ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 
 of 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 at 
 
 Cornell University 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QC 88.C6 
 Weights, measures, '^Jgj'lff 
 
 3 1924 002 965 840 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002965840 
 
WEIGHTS, 
 
 MEASURES, AND MONEY, 
 
 OF ALL STATIONS. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 F. W. CLARKE, S.B., 
 
 PBOFESBOB OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY IN THE UNIYEB8ITY OF CINCINNATI. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 
 
 1, 8, and 5 BOND STREET. 
 
 1885. ( 
 
Ehteeed, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 
 
 D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 (3.6*f1t 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I.— Introduction . ....... 5 
 
 II. — The Weights, Measubes, and Money, of all Nations, al- 
 phabetically ARRANGED ACCORDING TO LOCALITY . T 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 I.— Measures of Length . . . . . .85 
 
 II. — Eoad Measures ........ 91 
 
 III. — Square Measures . . . . . . .92 
 
 IV. — Land Measures ....... 93 
 
 V. — Cubio Measubes . . . . , . .95 
 
 VI.— Liquid Measures ...... 96 
 
 VII.— Det Measubes . . . . . . .101 
 
 VIII.— Weights ........ 106 
 
 IX.— Monet 116 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 In the following pages the compiler has sought to ar- 
 range, in a manner convenient for reference, the weights, 
 measures, and money, of all nations. The work is naturally 
 divided into two parts : first, a classification according to 
 countries, arranged alphabetically; and, second, a set of 
 tables in which the value of each unit is given both in 
 English and in metric standards. This use of the metric 
 system, coextensively with the ordinary system, may be 
 regarded as the characteristic feature of the book. Of 
 course, its introduction on so broad a scale doubled the 
 labor of constructing many of the tables in the work, but 
 the writer believes the labor to have been profitably spent. 
 The metric weights and measures are now legal in this 
 country, and are used by at least twenty nations besides ; 
 surely, then, they deserve as much attention as our own 
 more locally familiar but more bungling systems. Our 
 three sets of weights, our three different gallons, and our 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 two dissimilar bushels, all unrelated to each other, or to 
 the units of length, must soon give way before the sim- 
 plicity and elegance of the metric system. That this event 
 may soon happen, and that the weights and measures of 
 the world may before long be reduced to metric uniformity, 
 is the sincere wish and hope of the writer. 
 
 F. W. C. 
 
WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONEY. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 The tables given in this part of the work need no explanation 
 save in one particular. In the tables which relate to coinage the 
 weight is expressed in troy grains, and the fineness in thousandths. 
 Thus a gold coin is 900 fine when it contains in 1,000 parts 900 
 of pure or " fine " metal. It will be noticed in many cases that 
 the absolute metal value of a coin varies from its assumed the- 
 oretical worth. Variations of this sort are, however, generally 
 trifling, although obviously unavoidable altogether. 
 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 Length. — The pic = 27 inches, or 0.686 metre. 
 liquid Measure. — The kuba, or cuba, = 0.2684 gallon, or 
 1.0166 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. — For grain, the chief measure is the ardeb; 
 which at Gondar in the interior is divided into 10 madegas, and 
 at Massowah on the sea-coast into 24 madegas, _ At Gondar, the 
 ardeb equals 0.11465 bushel, or 4.039 litres ; at Massowah it is 
 0.33333 bushel, or 11.745 litres. 
 
 Weight. — 10 dirhems make 1 wakea. 
 
 12 wakeas " 1 rotl, rottolo, or liter, = 4,800 
 
 grains. 
 32 rotl " 1 mond, or maund. 
 
 12 dirhems " 1 mocha, = 1 troy ounce. 
 
8 AGE IN. 
 
 For coinage, Abyssinia depends upon foreign countries. Ve- 
 netian sequins, Spanish dollars, and the " Maria Theresa dollars," 
 of Austria, are chiefly in circulation. The last-named coins are 
 also called patakas, or patacks. 
 
 23 harfs = 1 pataka. 
 2\ patakas = 1 sequin. 
 
 Large payments are made in gold ingots, weighed by the 
 wakea. A wakea of gold commonly rates at a little less than 12 
 patakas, but of course the value fluctuates. Jn some localities 
 small bricks of salt, and strings of beads, serve as currency. 
 
 Achin, or Acheen. See Sumatra. 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 The money, weights, and measures of Afghanistan are like 
 those of Persia, Arabia, and India. 
 
 In length, 1 goess = 46.6? inches, or 1.16 metres. 
 
 Algeria. 
 
 Since the French conquest, the French coinage, weights, and 
 measures, have been used. The earlier, native values were about 
 as follows : 
 
 Length. — The Turkish pic = 24.92 inches, or 0.633 metre. 
 
 " Arabic " = 18.96 " " 0.482 " 
 Each pic is divided into eight parts, called robi. 
 laquid Measure. — The khoulle = 4.4027 gallons, or 16.66 litres. 
 Dry Measure.— The tarrie = 0.56296, the saa = 1.36215, and 
 the caffiso = 9.00718 bushels. 
 
 Weights. — The karob = 3 grains. The mitkal or metical = 
 72.06 grains, used in weighing gold, etc. The wakea = 12.04 oz. 
 The roti attari, for spices, = 1.20396 lb. ; the rotl feuddi, for 
 gold and silver, = 1.096714 lb. ; the rotl gheddari, for fruits, = 
 1.354458 lb. ; and the rotl khebir, ='2.03167 lbs., or a little less 
 than one kilogramme. There are also corresponding quontars, or 
 cantaros, equal respectively to 100 of each rotl 
 
 Money. — The former silver rial-boudjou was equal to $0.3617. 
 The pataca chica, money of account, was worth about $0,223. 
 
ARABIA 9 
 
 Amboyna. See Moluccas. 
 
 Annam. 
 
 Length. — Here there are two systems ; the first used for cloth 
 measure, the second employed by architects and builders. 10 Iy 
 = 1 phan ; 10 phan = 1 tac ; 10 tac = 1 thuoc ; 10 thuoc = 1 
 truong ; 3 truong = 1 that ; 10 that = 1 gon. In this system the 
 phan = 0.2858 inches. In the architect's scale the phan = 0.1918 
 inches, and is subdivided as in cloth measure. Above the thuoc, 
 5 thuoc = 1 ngu ; 3 ngu = 1 sao ; 10 sao = 1 mau. 
 
 Jtoad Measure. — 2 ly = 1 dam, of about 0.55 mile. 
 
 Surface.— Squares of builder's long measure are used in meas- 
 uring land. 
 
 Capacity. — No authentic system. 
 
 Weight. — The ly, = 0.6 grain, is decimally subdivided down 
 to its millionth part. Of course these minor weights are imaginary. 
 Above the ly, 10 ly = 1 phan ; 10 phan = 1 dong ; 10 dong = 
 1 luong ; 10 luong = 1 nen ; 1.6 nen = 1 can. The can = 1.878 
 lbs., or 624.838 grammes. 10 can = 1 yen ; 6 yen = 1 binh ; 2 
 binh = 1 ta ; 5 ta = 1 quan. The quan = 688.76 lbs. 
 
 Money. — 60 sapeks = 1 mas ; 10 mas = 1 kwan. The kwan 
 equals $0.6698. 
 
 Antigua* See West Indies. 
 
 Arabia. — Mocha ; See also Muscat. 
 
 Length. — The guz, gez, or goess = 25 inches, or 0.63498 me- 
 tre. The cobido or covid = 19.0 inches, or 0.4826 metre. The 
 kassaba = 4.1 yards, or 3.75 metres. 
 
 Road Measure. — The baryd, of 4 farsakh = about 12 miles. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 16 vakias = 1 noosfia or nusfiah ; 8 noosfias 
 = 1 gudda or cuddy; = 1.999 gallon, or 7.567 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure.— 40 mecmedas or kellas = 1 t email or tomand ; 
 1 teman of rice weighs 168 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Weights. — 40 vakias = 1 maund or maon, = 3 lbs., or 1.3608 
 kilogrammes. 10 maunds = 1 frazil, = 30 lbs., or 13.61 kilo- 
 
10 ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 grammes. 15 frazils = 1 bahar, = 450 lbs., or 204.12 kilo- 
 grammes. At Bet-el-faki the maund is equivalent to 2.039 lbs., 
 and at Jidda to 1.830078 lbs. In the former place the bahar con- 
 tains 400 maunds, and at the latter only 100. These towns also 
 have a rotl, equal at Bet-el-faki to 1.019531 lbs., and at Jidda to 
 0.366016 lb. 
 
 At Mocha the wakega, used in commerce, = 1 lb. avoirdupois ; 
 the wakega for gold and silver being only 0.68571 lb. Minor 
 weights are the danik, 7.86 grains troy ; the coffala, used in weigh- 
 ing gold and silver, 48 grains ; and the miscal, 72 grains. 
 
 Money. — Accounts are kept in piastres of 80 caveers; the 
 value of the piastre being about $0.8337. Another authority 
 makes it 90 ceuts. Payments may be made also in Spanish dol- 
 lars. The commassee is a small native coin containing 7 carats 
 silver, and worth about 40 to the dollar. 
 
 Argentine Confederation. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures has recently been 
 introduced, and is now the only system recognized in the custom- 
 houses of the republic. The former weights and measures were 
 as follows, being of Spanish origin : 
 
 Length. — 4 palmas = 1 vara ; 2 varas = 1 braza. Also, 3 
 pies = 1 vara. The vara = 34.1208 inches, or 0.866 metre. 
 
 Road Measure. — The legua = 600 varas, or 0.3231 mile. 
 The nulla = 1.149 miles, or 1.85 kilometres. Used upon rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 32 frascos = 1 baril. The frasco = 0.6274 
 gallon, or 0.2374 litre. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The lastre = 2 toneladas, or 15 fanegas. The 
 fanega = 3.8936 bushels, or 137.195 litres. 
 
 Weight. — 25 libras = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal ; 20 
 quintals = 1 tonelada. The libra = 1.0127 lb., or 0.45936 kilo- 
 gramme. The arroba of Buenos Ayres "= 25 Castilian libra, or 
 25.3583 lbs. The marco, for gold and silver, = 3544.4 grains. 
 
 Money. — 8 reales = 1 peso fuerte; 16 pesos = 1 onza. The 
 United States value of the peso fuerte (Secretary of the Treasury, 
 1874) is exactly $1.00. The gold onza, of 1813 to 1832, according 
 
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 11 
 
 to the United States assay, = $15.5146. That from 1S28 to 
 1832, $14.6579. 
 
 Australia. 
 
 Generally the same as Great Britain. The value of certain 
 gold coins is given as follows by the Director of the United States 
 mint: Pound of 1852, weight .281 ounce, 9164 fine > Talue $5,324. 
 Of 1855, weight .256 ounce, 916J fine, value $4.8501. Sovereign 
 of 1855 to 1860, weight .2565 ounce, 916 fine, value $4,857. 
 
 Anstrian Empire. 
 
 . After January 1, 1876, the metric system will be the legal one. 
 See also, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. 
 Length. — 12 punkte make 1 linie. 
 12 linien " 1 zoll. 
 12 zoll " 1 fuss = 1.03713 feet, or 0.31611 
 
 metre. 
 6 fuss " 1 klafter. 
 The elle = 2.465 fuss, = 30.676 English inches. 
 The rathe = 12 fuss, = 12.44556 English feet. 
 Engineers and surveyors use a system derived from the ruthe, 
 in which -fa ruthe = 1 decimal fuss, xJtt ruthe = 1 decimal zoll, 
 an( i lu ' un ruthe = 1 decimal linie. 
 
 Road Measure. — 4,000 klafter, or 24,000 fuss = 1 meile. The 
 meile = 4.714227 miles, or 7.5866 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. — Commonly, squares of the measures of length. In 
 measuring land, the joch (which is divided into three metzen), = 
 1,600 square klafter, or 57,600 square fuss. The joch = 1.4223 
 acres, or 57.55 ares. 
 Jjic/wd Measure. 
 
 2 pfiff make 1 seidel. 
 2 seidel " 1 kanne or halbe mass. 
 2 kannen " 1 mass, = 1.49525 quarts, or 1.4149 li- 
 tres. 
 10 mass make 1 viertel. 
 4 viertel " 1 eimer, = 14.9525 gallons, or 56.5997 
 
 litres. 
 24 eimer make 1 dreiling. 
 32 eimer " 1 fuder. 
 
12 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Dry Measure. — For coke and coal the stiibich, = 2 metzen, ia 
 used; for lime, the kalkmiitkel, = 2J metzen; for wood, the cord 
 of i cubic klafter. Ordinary dry measure is as follows : 
 2 becher make 1 kleines massel. 
 
 2 kleine massel " 1 grosses massel. 
 2 grosse massel " 1 miiller-massel. 
 2 mtiller massel " 1 achtel. 
 2 achtel " 1 viertel. 
 
 4 viertel " 1 metze,= 1.74512 bushels, or 
 
 61.49 litres. 
 30 metzen " 1 muth. 
 
 Weight. — 1st. Ordinary Commercial: 
 4 pfennige make 1 quentchen. 
 4 quentchen " 1 loth. 
 2 loth " 1 unze. 
 
 4 unzen " 1 vierding or vierling. 
 
 2 vierding " 1 mark, = 0.6173 pound, or 280.0 
 grammes. 
 
 2 mark make 1 pfund, = 1.2346 pounds, or 560.0 
 
 grammes. 
 20 pfund make 1 stein. 
 
 5 stein " 1 centner, = 123.4615 lbs. 
 4 centner " 1 karch. 
 
 20 centner " 1 schiffslast (shipping ton). 
 
 40 centner " 1 last (ordinary). 
 The saum = 275 pfund. 
 
 The saum (of 2 lagel) for Styrian steel = 250 pfund. 
 The zollpfund of the Zollverein, for customs, = 500 grammes. 
 The miinzpfund also = 500 grammes. 
 2d. Weights for Predmts Metals : 
 4 pfennig make 1 quentchen. 
 4 quentchen " 1 loth. 
 
 16 loth " 1 mark, = 4,333 grains, or 280.0 grammes 
 
 The karat for jewels = 8.1799 grains, or 0.206085 gramme. 
 3d. Apothecaries 1 Weight, in which the pfund is 1J mark. 
 
 20 gran make 1 scrupel. 
 
 3 scrupel " 1 drachme. 
 8 drachmen " 1 unze. 
 
 12 unzen " 1 pfund = 6,499 grains troy. 
 
AUSTRIAN' EMPIRE, 
 
 13 
 
 -Formerly, 4 pfennige made 1 kreutzer ; 60 kreutzer 
 1 florin or gulden ; 2 gulden 1 thaler. The ducat was 4£ gulden, 
 20 gulden were coined from the Cologne mark of fine silver, each 
 one being worth $0.5054. 
 
 The new florin or gulden of 100 kreutzer ia equal to *V of a 
 munzpfund (500 grammes) of fine silver. The vereinsthaler of 
 ■fa munzpfund is 1£ florins. This florin is worth $0.4803, and 
 rates in the United States custom-houses at $0.4760. 
 
 The following table gives the chief coins, their value, weight 
 in troy grains, and fineness in thousandths : 
 
 Former four-ducat piece. Legal 
 
 " " " By TJ. S. mint 
 assay. 
 
 Souverain or sovrano. No longer coined 
 " " " By TJ. 8. mint as- 
 say 
 
 Yereinskrone 
 
 Halbe vereinskrone , 
 
 Ducat Before 1865 
 
 Four-florin piece. By U. S. mint assay 
 
 Hungarian ducat 
 
 Old scudo. By U. S. mint assay. , . . 
 
 Former Conventions or specie - thaler. 
 Before 1857. 
 
 Former Conventions or specie - thaler. 
 By TT. S. mint assay 
 
 Maria-Theresa-thaler. Still coined with 
 date 1780 
 
 Maria - Theresa-thaler. By U. S. mint 
 
 Vereinsthaler 
 
 ** " By TJ. S. mint assay. . 
 
 Three-gulden piece 
 
 Two ll " 
 
 Gulden before 1653 (Conventions-florin). 
 " " u Kate in TJ. S. customs 
 
 " " " TJ. S. mint assay... 
 
 New gulden or florin 
 
 " " " TJ. S. mint assay. 
 
 Quarter-gulden. Weight 5 grammes. 
 
 10 kreutzer. " 2 " 
 5 " "1 « 
 4 " 
 
 Kreutzer 
 
 Half-kreutzer 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Billon. 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 215.04 
 
 986 
 
 
 900 
 
 174.24 
 
 900 
 
 171.27 
 
 900 
 
 85.64 
 
 900 
 
 
 9S6 
 
 49.92 
 
 900 
 
 401.23 
 
 902 
 
 432.96 
 
 833 
 
 429.60 
 
 838 
 
 286.08 
 
 900 
 
 570.91 
 
 900 
 
 8S0.61 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 216.43 
 
 833 
 
 190.56 
 
 900. 
 
 77.15 
 
 520 
 
 30.86 
 
 500 
 
 15.43 
 
 375 
 
 201.59 
 
 
 50.39 
 
 
 25.20 
 
 
 $9.1502 
 
 6.7788 
 
 6.7540 
 6.6462 
 8.3231 
 2.2871 
 1.9350 
 3.2946 
 1.0260 
 
 1.0109 
 
 1.0230 
 
 1.0109 
 
 1.0210 
 0.7204 
 0.7810 
 1.4409 
 0.9606 
 0.5054 
 0.4S50 
 0.5110 
 0.4803 
 0.4860 
 0.1201 
 0.0480 
 0.0240 
 0.0192 
 0.0048 
 0.0024 
 
 Azores Islands. Generally like Portugal. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 2 quartos = 1 meio ; 2 meios = 1 alquiere ; 
 
14 
 
 BADEN. 
 
 4 alquieres = 1 fanga, of 1.35959 United States bushels, or 47.90? 
 litres. 
 
 Money. — The milreis, in U. S. custom-houses, rates at §0.835. 
 
 Baden. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — The ruthe, = 3 metres, is divided decimally into 10 
 fuss, 100 zoll, 1,000 linien, and 10,000 punkte. The elle = 6 deci- 
 metres. In United States measure the fuss = 11.811 inches. The 
 klafter = 3 ellen. 
 
 Road Measure. — The wegstunde (£ meile) = 14814.8148 fuss. 
 The meile = 5.5234 English miles. 
 
 Surface. — 100 square ruthen = 1 viertel ; 4 viertel = 1 morgen. 
 The morgen = 36 ares, or 0.8897 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — The fuder is divided decimally into 10 ohm, 
 100 stiitzen, 1,000 mass, and 10,000 glaa. The value of the mass 
 is 1.5 litres, or 1.585 quarts. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The malter (of 150 litres) is divided decimally 
 into 10 sester, 100 masslein, and 1,000 becher. 10 malter = 1 
 zuber. In United States measure the malter = 4.257 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 1 centner =: 10 stein =: 100 pfund = 1,000 zehnling, 
 = 10,000 centass = 100,000 dekass or pfennig = 1,000,000 ass. 
 The pfund, which is the same as the zollpfund or miinzpfund of 
 Germany in general, = 500 grammes, or 1.1023 lbs. 
 
 For apothecary's weight, see German Empire. 
 
 Money. — The table gives the more important coins of Baden, 
 their material, fineness, and value in United States dollars : 
 
 Former Ludwig d'or 
 
 " doppelthaler (8J gulden). Before 1857. 
 " 2 guldenstuck . " " 
 
 " gulden of 60 kreutzer " " 
 
 " " " " in U. S. custom-houses 
 
 Vereinsthaler (If gulden) 
 
 Gulden (60 kreutzer) 
 
 iguldenstiick 
 
 8 kreutzersttick 
 
 Kreutzer 
 
 i kreutzer. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 u 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 900 
 
 Billon. 
 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 
 $8.4388 
 1.4409 
 0.8252 
 0.4126 
 0.4000 
 0.7204 
 0.4117 
 0.2054 
 0.0206 
 0.00686 
 0.00343 
 
BA VARIA. 15 
 
 Bahamas. See West Indies. 
 
 Balearic Islands. See Spain. 
 
 On these islands there are various local measures and weights. 
 Even the more general standards, as the libra, the cantaro, palma, 
 etc., have, however, different values on the different islands of the 
 group, the discrepancies being sometimes very great. Peculiar to 
 Minorca is the gerrah = 3.18599 gallons. Majorca has the quartes, 
 1.10274, the quartin, 7.16781 gallons ; and the oder of 100.2178 
 lbs. For length, the palmo = 7.697 inches. For weight, the libra 
 = 0.882 lb. 
 
 Bantam. See Java. 
 
 Barbadoes. See West Indies. 
 
 Barbary States. See Algeria, Tripoli, and Tunis. 
 
 Barbuda. See West Indies. 
 
 Batavia. See Java. 
 
 Bavaria. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 121inienmakel zoll. 
 
 12 zoll " 1 fuss, = 11.49 in., or 0.29184 metre. 
 
 6 fuss " 1 klafter. 
 10 " " 1 ruthe. 
 
 The elle = 34.25 zoll. By engineers and surveyors the fuss is 
 decimally divided. Local values of the fuss and of the elle are 
 known at Augsburg and Nuremberg. 
 
 Road Measure. — The meile = -fa of an equatorial degree, = 
 4.6143 miles. The Anspach meile = 5,3652 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The juchart, morgen, or tagewerk = 40,000 square 
 fuss, and is decimally divided. It equals 34.0536 ares, or 0.8416 
 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 64 mass make 1 eimer. For wine, the eimer 
 = 16.9444 gallons; for beer, 18.07505 gallons. The mudde of 
 Augsburg, an old measure, = 14.92156 gallons ; the Nuremberg 
 visirmass = 0.30302 gallon; and the schenkmass of the same 
 
16 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 city = 0.28505 gallon. In old times almost every large town 
 seems to have had its own local system. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 2 dreissiger make 1 masslein. 
 
 2 masslein " 1 massel or achtel. 
 4 massel " 1 viertel. 
 
 2 viertel " 1 metze. 
 
 6 metzen " 1 scheffel, = 6.31002 bush- 
 els, or 222.34 litres. 
 For wood, the klafter is used, = 126 kubik fuss, or 3.1325 cu- 
 bic metres, or 110.6305 cubic feet. 
 
 Weights. — 4 quentchen make 1 loth. 
 
 4 loth " 1 halber vierling. 
 
 2 halbe vierling " 1 vierling. 
 4 vierling " 1 pfund. 
 
 This is the pfund of the Zollverein, of 500 grammes, or 1.102364 
 lbs. avoirdupois. The commercial pfund = 560 grammes, is 
 divided into 16 unzen, 32 loth, and 128 quentchen, and is equal 
 to 1.2346 lbs. avoirdupois. For apothecary's weight, the old 
 apothecary's pfund of Nuremberg, with its subdivisions, is used 
 throughout Germany. See German Empire. 
 
 Money. — 4 pfennige = 1 kreuzer ; 60 kreuzer = 1 florin or 
 gulden; 16 gulden = 1 krone. The table gives the more impor- 
 tant coins, their material, weight in troy grains, fineness in thou- 
 sandths, and value in United States dollars : 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 it 
 
 Silver. 
 Billon. 
 
 V. 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 171.444 
 85.722 
 
 900 
 
 900 
 
 $6.5872 
 
 
 8.2936 
 
 
 4.9920 
 
 
 
 
 3.3414 
 
 
 
 
 2.2876 
 
 Vereins - Zweithalerstiicfc ( 2 - Thaler 
 
 571.481 
 285.742 
 826.561 
 16S.2S2 
 81.641 
 70.650 
 88.005 
 19.002 
 12.988 
 88.575 
 19.282 
 102.224 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 520 
 
 1.4409 
 
 
 .7204 
 .8234 
 .4117 
 .2058 
 
 8 " 
 
 .1029 
 .0412 
 0206 
 
 
 .0069 
 
 Heller 
 
 .0034 
 .0017 
 
 
 
 
BOHEMIA. 
 
 17 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 The weights and measures are the metric weights and measures 
 of France. Sometimes different names are used, as aune for me- 
 tre, litron for litre, livre for kilogramme. 
 
 Money. — The lawful currency is in francs and centimes, pre- 
 cisely as in France. The value of the franc, as a money of ac- 
 count, is in the United States $0,193. The franc formerly rated 
 at $0,186. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 SUver. 
 
 121.92 
 385.81 
 1S3.60 
 
 899 
 89T 
 835 
 
 $1.7200 
 
 5 " 
 
 .9800 
 
 2 " 
 
 .86K> 
 
 
 
 Beloochistan. Like Afghanistan - . 
 Bengal. See India. 
 Bermudas. See West Indies. 
 
 Birmah. (Rangoon.) 
 
 Length. — The palgat or paulgaut =: 1 inch, or 0.0254 metre ; 
 18 paulgauts = 1 taim or cubit ; 22 paulgauts = 1 saundaung or 
 royal cubit. 
 
 Jtoad Measure. — 1 saundaungs =: 1 dha or bambou; 1,000 
 bambous = 1 dain or taing. The taing = 2.4306 miles, or 3.9116 
 kilometres. 
 
 Weight. — 100 ticals or 3 catties = 1 vis ; 150 vis = 1 candy. 
 The candy = 500 lbs., or 226.801 kilogrammes. 
 
 Bohemia. (Prague,) See also Austria. 
 
 Length. — The Prague fuss = 11.88 inches, and the elle 23.2 
 inches. 
 
 Surface. — 2 strich = 1 Austrian joch. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 4 seidel = 1 pinte ; 32 pinten = 1 eimer ; 
 4 eimer = 1 fass. The fass = 64.5598 gallons. 
 
18 
 
 BOKHARA. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 12 seidel = 1 massel ; 4 massel = I viertel ; 
 i viertel = 1 strieh. The strieh = 2.65618 bushels. 
 
 Weight, — 20 pfund = 1 stein ; 6 stein = 1 centner. The pfund 
 is subdivided as in Vienna, but is a trifle lighter than the Imperial 
 standard. 
 
 These are only local weights and measures. The legal system 
 is, of course, that of Austria. 
 
 Bokhara. See Tubkestan. 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 The metric system is recognized at the custom-houses. The 
 other weights and measures are of Spanish origin. 
 
 Weight*. — 4 arrobas = 1 quintal. The quintal = 46 kilo- 
 grammes, or 101.4179 lbs. 
 
 Money. — 10 cents = 1 real ; 10 reals = 1 peso. The peso is 
 rated in the United States (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874) at 
 $0.9651. Its theoretical value is about $1.03. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 corns. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value, 
 
 Onza or doubloon (1S27-1S36). Legal 
 
 Goia; 
 
 Silver. 
 
 (4 
 
 
 
 $15.6018 
 15 508 
 
 Onza or doubloon (1 827-1886). By XS. 8. 
 
 418.16 
 808.61 
 207.86 
 381.48 
 
 8T0 
 9031 
 667 
 900 
 
 Peso. Former. By TJ. S. mint assay. . 
 1 peso w u u « u 
 
 New peso " " * " 
 
 0.791 
 0.892 
 0.961 
 
 Borneo. 
 
 The island contains English and Butch settlements, in which 
 the corresponding weights and measures are known. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The gantang = 0.73782 bushel. 
 
 Weight*. — The pecul = 135.6354 lbs. Minor weights seem to 
 be something as follows : 
 
 3 malaborong = 1 tica ; 1J tica = 1 copang; 4 copang = l 
 mace ; 4 mace = 1 pahaw ; 4 pahaws = 1 tael. The tael =s 
 about 614 troy grains, or 39.828 grammes. 
 
BREMEN. 
 
 19 
 
 Bourbon, Isle of. 
 
 French colony, using French weights and measures. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 The metric system is now the legal system of weights and 
 measures. The former scales were essentially Portuguese, with va* 
 nations, these being different in different parts of the empire. 
 The alquiere = 1.13512 bushels ; the vara = 1.18878 yards ; the 
 arroba (of 32 arratels) = 32.3792 lbs. ; the quilate, a weight for 
 gems, — 3.075 grains ; and the outava, for topazes, = 57.17 grains. 
 
 Money. — The milreis, as a money of account (Secretary of the 
 Treasury, 1874), is rated in the United States at $0.5456. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 Material. Weight. Fineness. Value. 
 
 20 Milreis. Legal rate 
 
 «* " By U. 8. mint assay 
 10 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Former Joao 
 
 2 milreis. Legal rate 
 
 " u By 0. 8. mint assay 
 
 Milreis 
 
 60l> reis 
 
 200 » 
 
 20 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 276.00 
 
 HIT* 
 
 138.80 
 
 916 
 
 69.15 
 
 916 
 
 393.89 
 
 916 
 
 393.60 
 
 918} 
 
 196.64 
 
 916 
 
 98.82 
 
 916 
 
 89.83 
 
 916 
 
 
 
 $10.9235 
 10.906 
 5.4617 
 2.7809 
 8.7195 
 1.0924 
 1.025 
 0.5462 
 0.2781 
 0.1092 
 0.0109 
 0.0055 
 
 Bremen. See also German Empire. 
 Length. — 10 linien= 1 zolL 
 
 12 zoll = 1 fuss, = 11.386 inches, or 0.2892 metre. 
 
 2 fuss = 1 elle. 
 
 3 ellen = 1 klafter. 
 8 " = 1 ruthe. 
 
 Bond Measure.— The meile of 20,000 Kheinfuss = 3.9 miles, 
 or 6.28 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. — The morgen = 120 square ruthen = 30,720 square 
 fuss. The morgen — 0,6343 acre. 
 
 Solid Measure.— Ihe faden = 72 kubikfuss. 
 
20 BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 
 
 4 mingel make 1 quartier. 
 9 quartier " 1 viertel. 
 
 5 viertel " 1 anker. 
 
 4 anker " 1 ohm, = 38.2965 galls., or 144.964 
 litres. 
 
 6 ohm " 1 fuder. 
 The stiibchen = 4 quartier. 
 
 " oxhoft = 6 anker. 
 Dry Measure. — 
 
 4 spinten make 1 viertel. 
 
 4 viertel " 1 seheffel, = 2.10196 bushels, or 
 74.064 litres. 
 40 seheffel make 1 last. 
 
 4 ort make 1 quentehen. 
 
 4 quentehen " 1 loth. 
 2 loth " 1 unze. 
 
 8 unzen " 1 mark. 
 
 2 mark " 1 pfund, = 1.09906 lbs., or 0.498 
 
 kilogramme. 
 The schiffpfund (of 20 liespfund) = 290 pfund. The fracht- 
 pfund or pfundschwer = 300 pfund. The centner = 116 pfund. 
 
 Money. — 5 schwaren=lgrot ; 72 groten=l thaler. The value 
 of this thaler is $0.7476, but it was recognized in the United 
 States, under the law of March 3, 1843, at $0.71. By the law of 
 1842, the silver rix-thaler, worth $0.7911, was rated at $0.7875. 
 The old gold thaler, of which about 8-^ equal the modern vereins- 
 krone, = $0.7912. 
 
 Brunswick (Braunschweig). See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 12 zoll = 1 schuh ; 2 schuh = 1 elle. The schuh = 
 11.235 inches, or 0.285 metre. The ruthe = 8 ellen. 
 
 Road Measure. — The meile (of 34,424 Rhenish feet) = 6.7136 
 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The morgen = 120 square ruthen, or 30,720 square 
 schuh. English value, 0.6208 acre. 
 
CANARY ISLANDS. 21 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 2 nossel = 1 quartier ; 4 quartier = 1 stub- 
 chen ; 40 stubchen = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The fuder also = 
 4 oxhoft. The fass of beer (4 tonnen) = 108 stubchen. The 
 stubchen = 0.988 gallon, or 3.74 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 becher or locher = 1 vierfass ; 4 vierfass = 
 1 himt ; 10 himt = 1 scheffel. The scheffel for wheat = 8.6672 
 bushels ; for oats, 10.40064 bushels. 4 scheffel make 1 wispeL 
 
 Weight. — 2 heller = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennigs = 1 quentchen ; 4 
 quentchen = 1 loth ; 16 loth = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The 
 pfund = 1.0306 lbs., or 0.46% kilogramme. The schiffpfund = 
 20 liespfund = 280 pfund. 
 
 For apothecary's weight see German Empire. 
 
 Money. — The former gold pistole, = 5 gold thaler, was worth 
 $3.96. The silver thaler of 24 gute groschen was worth $0.7254. 
 In the TTnited States, by law of 1846, it rated at $0.69. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. See Argentine Confederation. 
 
 Cambodia. See Annam. 
 
 Canada, including Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfound- 
 land, Prince Edward's Island, and the other British Pos- 
 sessions in North America. 
 
 Weights and measures as in Great BBnAiN. In Lower Can- 
 ada, however, one or two old Erench measures are occasionally 
 met; as the roinot, for wheat, = 1.11111 United States bushels; 
 and the arpent, for land, = 0.8449 acre. 
 
 Money.— The standard is the dollar of 100 cents, equal in value 
 to that of the TTnited States. The silver 20 and 25 cent pieces are 
 925 fine, with the following weight and intrinsic value : 20 cent, 
 weight 72.0 grains, value $0.185 ; 25 cent, weight 90.0 grains, value 
 $0,231. Under United States statutes, prior to act of March 3, 
 1873, the pound of the British Provinces rated in our custom- 
 houses at $4.00. 
 
 Canary Islands. 
 
 The measures, weights, and coins, are derived from Spain, 
 though somewhat varied. For length, the pie or Castilian foot = 
 11.126 inches. In weight, the libra = 1.0148 lbs. 
 
22 
 
 OANDIA. 
 
 Candia. See Ckete. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, or Cape Colony. 
 
 Weights and measures those of Great Britain. The currency 
 '19 also British, although occasionally the former Dutch values are 
 encountered. 
 
 Cape Verde Islands. See Portugal. 
 
 Celebes. 
 
 The pecul = 135.64 lbs. In general, the weights and meas- 
 ures resemble or are indentical with those of the other neighbor., 
 ing islands under the sway of the Netherlands. 
 
 Central America. (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, San 
 Salvador, and Costa Rica.) 
 
 The weights and measures are of old Castilian origin, but 
 varied. 
 
 Length. — The vara = 32.874 inches, or 0.835 metre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — The cantara of 4 cuartillas = 4.2631 gal- 
 lons, or 16.137 litres 
 
 Dry Measure. — The fanega of 4 cuartillas = 1.5745 bushels, or 
 55.48 litres. 
 
 Weight.— 25 libras = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal. The 
 libra = 1.043 pounds, or 0.4731 kilogramme. 
 
 Money. — The unit is the pezo or dollar of 100 centavos. , Its 
 value in the United States (Secretary Treasury, 1874) is $0.9650. 
 
 coinage table. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Onza of 1833, by U. S. mint assay 
 
 Costa Rican half-onza of 1850. U. S. 
 
 Gold, 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 Silver.^ 
 
 
 
 $14.9658 
 
 
 
 7.6232 
 
 2 escudos, or i onza. TJ. 8. mint assay. 
 Pezo, or & onza, 1825-1849. IT. 8. mint 
 
 100.32 
 
 S53J 
 
 3.6375 
 8295 
 
 i Reals. U. S. mint assay. . . . 
 Pozo, 1840— 1872. ' 
 
 12.96 
 
 853} 
 
 .4S80 
 1.0311 
 
 " 1855 " " " 
 
 
 
 1.0187 
 
 
 415.68 
 
 850 
 
 .9810 
 
CHINA. 
 
 23 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Generally, British measures of length and surface are used. 
 The covid, when employed, = 18.5 inches. 
 
 For liquids, the seer = 1.2 quarts ; and the parrah = 6.75 
 gallons. 
 
 In dry measure, the chundoo = nearly half a pint. The amo- 
 mam = 5.7757 bushels. 
 
 The candy, or bahar, for weight, = 500 lbs. Old measure = 
 520.675 lbs. 
 
 The public accounts are kept in sterling money ; but, in or. 
 dinary commercial transactions, the sicca rupee is the standard. 
 8se India. 
 
 Chili. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures is now legal. Old 
 standards, of Spanish origin, are as follows : The vara = 2.78 feet ; 
 the quartillo = 0.2906 gallon; the fanega = 2.575 bushels; the 
 libra = 1.043 lbs. 
 
 Money. — The peso or dollar of 100 centavos is the exact equiv- 
 alent of 5 francs, French currency. Value in United States cus- 
 tom-houses (1874), $0.9123. The gold condor — 10 pesos. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 it 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 $9.1225 
 9.1360 
 
 
 236.16 
 412.T2 
 
 893 
 908" 
 
 Old peso or dollar. By U. S. mint as- 
 
 1.0460 
 
 
 0.964S 
 
 » a » h By u. 8. mint assay. 
 
 384.4S 
 
 900} 
 
 0.981 
 
 China. 
 
 Length. — The yan is decimally divided into 10 cheung, 100 
 chik, 1,000 tsun, 10,000 fan. The official chik, as fixed by the 
 Mathematical Board at Pekin, = 13.125 inches, or almost exactly 
 % metre. The surveyor's and engineer's chik = 12.7 inches ; 
 and the commercial chik of Canton = 14.76 inches, but varies a 
 little. 
 
24 0IB0AS8IA. 
 
 Itoad Measure. — The itinerary chik = 12.17 inches ; of these, 
 1,800 make 1 li, = 1,825.5 feet, or 556.41 metres. 
 
 Capacity. — Since in China almost every thing is sold by weight, 
 the wet and dry measures are seemingly superfluous. There are, 
 however, two systems, in which the measures are similarly named, 
 the names being distinguished by the affixes tsong and shi. These 
 series stand to each other in value as 65 to 100 ; the former being 
 for liquids, the latter for grain. In the liquid, or tsong series, the 
 tau is divided into 10 shing and 100 kop. The shing-tsong = 
 0.1375 gallon. The dry-measure shing (shing-shi) = 0.02177 
 bushel. Another measure, the sei, = 3.4716 bushels. 
 
 Weights. — 10 mace = 1 tael ; 16 tael = 1 catty or kan ; 2 cat- 
 ties = 1 yin ; 50 yin = 1 pecul or tarn. The catty = 1 J£ lbs., or 
 604.8 grammes. Hence the pecul = 133% lbs. The shik is a 
 weight of 160 lbs. 
 
 Money. — The tael is decimally divided into 10 mace (tseen), 
 100 candereens (fun), and 1,000 cash (le). 
 
 The tael now rates in United States customs at $1.61. Old 
 rate, $1.48. In parts of China some coins from the English 
 mint are used ; these are of silver, 901 fine. The dollar of this 
 series weighs 415.68 grains, and is worth (by United States mint 
 assay) $1.04. The corresponding ten-cent piece weighs 41.76 
 grains, and is worth $0.10£. 
 
 Circassia. See Russia. 
 
 Cochin China. See also Annam. 
 
 Here the covid = 15 inches. The tael — 590.75 grains. 
 
 Cologne. See German Empire, and Prussia. 
 
 Until recently the Cologne mark was used throughout Ger- 
 many in weighing the precious metala. This should equal 8,609 
 troy grains ; but the standard copy at Hamburg is 1 grain lighter. 
 
 Colombia, or New Granada. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures has recently been 
 adopted. The former system was of Castilian origin. 
 
CYPRUS. 
 
 25 
 
 Money. — The peso, or dollar, is exactly equal to five franca 
 French currency. It is divided into 10 decimos and 100 centavos. 
 10 pesos make 1 gold condor. The value of the peso in United 
 States customs is $0,965. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 M 
 K 
 
 Silver. 
 
 $15.6106 
 
 15.3775 
 
 
 
 9.6476 
 
 
 9.6T51 
 
 
 0.9726 
 
 
 0.9692 
 
 
 
 Corea. See China. 
 
 Corsica. See France. 
 
 A few liquid measures of Italian or Spanish origin may be 
 met with. 
 
 Costa Rica* See Cextral America. 
 
 Crete, or Candia. 
 
 For length, the pic = 25.09 inches, or 0.6373 metre. 
 For liquids, the oke = 0.3458 gallon. The mistate, for oil, = 
 2.948 gallons. 
 
 The carga = 4.32311 bushels. 
 
 For weight, the cantaro of 100 rottoli or 44 oka = 116.57 lbs 
 
 The currency is essentially Turkish. 
 
 Cuba. See West Indies. 
 
 Curacoa. See West Indies. 
 
 Cyprus. 
 
 For length, the pic = 26.45 inches, or 0.6718 metre. 
 For liquids, the cass = 1.25 gallons. 
 For grain, etc., the medinno = 2.1312 bushel§. 
 2 
 
26 DEMERARA. 
 
 Weights.— 'The oka = 2. 1 795T lbs. The rotolo = 1% oka, and 
 100 rotolos = 1 kantar or cantaro. Hence the kantar = 624.2 
 lbs., or iSl.11 kilogrammes. The moosa is a weight of 112 lbs. 
 
 Demerara. See Guiana. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Length. — 12 linie = 1 tomme. 
 
 12 tomme = 1 fod = 12.358 inches, or 0.3139 metre. 
 
 2 fod = 1 aln. 
 
 3 aln = 1 favn. 
 5 " = 1 rode. 
 
 Road Measure.— The miil (=12,000 aln) = 4.6812 miles, or 
 7.5335 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. — The tondeland (= 14,000 square aln) = 1.3635 acres, 
 or 55.2 ares. 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 4 poegel make 1 pot, — 1.0208 quarts, or 0.9666 
 
 litre. 
 2 pot " 1 kande. 
 
 39 " " 1 anker. 
 
 The pot = ^ cubic fod. The tonde (for beer) = 4.25 cubic 
 fod. The tonde (of tar) = 1 20 pot. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The tonde used for coal and charcoal = 5.5 
 cubic fod. Eegular measures are as follows : 
 2 halvotting make 1 ottingkar. 
 2 ottingkar " 1 fjerdingkar. 
 2 fjerdingkar " 1 skoeppe. 
 8 skoeppe " 1 tonde, = 3.U11 bushels, or 
 
 139.098 litres. 
 This tonde = 44- cubic fod, or 144 pot 
 Weight. — 10 ort make 1 quint. 
 
 10 quint " 1 pund, = 1.102368 pounds, or 500 
 grammes. 
 100 pulid make 1 centner. 
 In this scale the pund is the pfund of the German Zollverein. 
 The old pund was defined as the weight of ^ cubic fod of rain- 
 water at 16$° Centigrade ; or about 1.100885 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
ECUADOR. 
 
 27 
 
 16 old pund = 1 lispund ; 20 lispund = 1 skippund. 
 For precious metals — 
 
 4 ort make 1 quintin. 
 4 quintin " 1 lod. 
 
 16 lod " 1 mark, = 0.5149 lb., or 233.66 
 
 grammes. 
 Apothecary's weight — 
 
 60 gran make 1 drachme. 
 
 8 drachme " 1 unze. 
 12 unze " 1 pund, = 0.1S89H lb. avoirdu- 
 
 pois. 
 Money. — The rigsdaler equals 6 marks, and each mark is di- 
 vided into 16 skillings. 2 rigsdalers make 1 specie daler. 
 
 The krone is a money of account, worth in United States cus- 
 toms $0,268. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Dobbelt Christian d'or (14f rigsdalers)... 
 Frederick d'or, or pistole (7f rigsdalers). . 
 
 Gold. 
 
 M 
 U 
 
 ll 
 
 Silver. 
 
 u 
 11 
 
 » 
 
 Billon. 
 Bronze. 
 
 204.96 
 188.24 
 
 444.96 
 
 896 
 896 
 895 
 900 
 ST9 
 875 
 8T7 
 875 
 
 $8.0124 
 4.0062 
 
 20 krone. w " « u 
 
 
 
 
 " " By V. S. mint assay. . 
 
 1.0926 
 1.0840 
 0.5408 
 
 
 0.5800 
 
 
 
 875 
 500 
 250 
 
 0.2781 
 
 
 0.0910 
 
 
 0.0228 
 
 1 " 
 
 0.0057 
 
 j. « 
 
 
 
 0.0029 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dominica. See West Indies. 
 
 East Indies. See India, Ceylon, Annah, Birmah, Siam, Ma- 
 lacca, Moluccas, Philippine Islands, Sooloo Aechipelago, 
 Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc. 
 
 Ecuador. 
 
 Formerly, Spanish weights and measures were employed. Now 
 the metric system is in vogue. 
 
28 EGYPT. 
 
 The peso, or dollar, is the equivalent of the French 5-frano 
 piece, and is rated in United States customs at $0,965. 
 
 The 4 escudo gold piece, by United States mint assay, weighs 
 207.84 grains, is 844 fine, and is worth $7,555. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 Since 1871 the metric system has been legal. 
 
 Length. — 4 karats make 1 abdat. 
 
 3 abdats " 1 kadam. 
 
 2 kadam " 1 derah, deraa, or pic. 
 
 4 derahs " 1 
 
 Of the derah there are six different kinds, as follows : The Nile 
 pic = 0.2545 metre ; the native pic (derah baladi) = 0.5682 me- 
 tre; the Constantinople pic (derah Istambuli) = 0.6691 metre; 
 the cloth pic (derah hendazeh) = 0.6479 metre ; the builder's pic 
 (derah meimari) = 0.7500 metre ; the itinerary or road-measure 
 pic =0.7389 metre. 
 
 The derah Istambuli = 26.34 inches. 
 
 Ancient measures were the natural cubit, 17.71 inches, and 
 the royal cubit, 20.66 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. — For the itinerary derah or pic, see table of 
 length. 
 
 2 baah make 1 cassaba (equal to 5 derahs). 
 500 cassabas " 1 mili, = 1.148 miles, or 1.847 kil- 
 ometres. 
 
 3 mili " 1 farsakh or league. 
 
 4 farsakh " 1 baride. 
 
 2 baride " 1-1 Safar y0me ' ° f which ** make I 
 J 1° of the meridian = 60 mili. j 
 
 Surface. — Land is partly measured by the squares of the derah 
 meimari, and of the cassaba. (The cassaba, in length, = 3.55 
 metres.) 
 
 The feddan = 333J square cassabas, and is divided into 24 
 kerat. Value of feddan, 1.038 acres, or 42.008 ares. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — The guirbeh = 70.4467 quarts, or 66| li- 
 tres. 
 
EGYPT. 29 
 
 Dry Measure. — 
 
 2 kSrat make 1 kharroubah. 
 
 2 kharroubah " 1 thoumn-kaddah. 
 
 2 thoumn-kaddah " 1 roub-kaddah. 
 
 2 roub-kaddah " 1 nisf-kaddah. 
 
 2 nisf-kaddah " 1 kaddah, = 1.735 quarts, 
 
 or 1.91 litres. 
 
 2 kaddah " 1 malouah. 
 
 2 malouah " 1 rcubouh, or rob. 
 
 2 roubouh " 1 kele. 
 
 2 kele " 1 ouebeh. 
 
 6 ouebeh " 1 ardeb, = 2.603 bushels, or 
 91.72 litres. 
 
 These values are from the report of the United States Com- 
 missioners to the Paris Exposition of 1867. Other authorities 
 give the ardeb = 5.1648 bushels, and the ardeb of Alexandria = 
 7.6907 bushels. 
 
 WeigJUs. — i kamha make 1 kerat. 
 
 24 kerat " 1 darhim or drachm,=: 47.73 grains, 
 or 3.0929 grammes. 
 400 darhims make 1 oke, oka, or occa, = 2.7275 lbs., 
 
 or 1.237 kilogrammes. 
 144 darhims make 1 rotl, or rottolo = 0.9819 pound, 
 
 or 445.41 grammes. 
 100 rotl make 1 cantaro = 98.19 lbs. 
 
 The harsela, used for weighing silk, is the oke. The darhim, 
 when used for weighing gold, silver, or gems, is also known as the 
 mitkal or meticaL 
 
 Money. — 40 paras make 1 piastre. As a money of account, 
 the Egyptian dollar of 20 piastres now rates in United States cus- 
 loms at $1.0039. (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874.) 
 
BO 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Tslu. 
 
 Bedidlik, orlOO-piastre piece. Legal rate. 
 " " " U.S. mint 
 
 Gold. 
 
 11 
 
 Silver. 
 
 u 
 11 
 
 Copper. 
 
 K 
 11 
 
 181.761 
 
 132.00 
 66.881 
 
 6464 
 
 429.691 
 214.796 
 107.898 
 20.888 
 19.2110 
 10.441 
 5.221 
 799.490 
 899.745 
 199.872 
 99.986 
 
 875 
 
 875 
 
 875 
 
 875 
 
 675 
 
 888i 
 
 888* 
 
 633} 
 
 750 
 
 755 
 
 750 
 
 750 
 
 $4.9690 
 
 4.9740 
 2.4845 
 0.9940 
 0.2475 
 0.9900 
 0.495 
 0.2475 
 0.0475 
 
 
 20 " " rt " 
 
 5 " " " " Very rare.. 
 TaHari or dollar, 20 piastres. Legal rate. 
 Half-tallari, 10 " ' " u 
 Quarter" 5 " " " 
 1 piastre, " ** 
 
 
 
 J " " " 
 
 0.0124 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 " " " " 
 
 0.0124 
 
 5 " " " " 
 
 0.0062 
 
 
 
 England. See Great Britain. 
 
 Fayal. See Azores. 
 
 Finland. See Russia. 
 
 Formosa. See China. 
 
 France (including Corsica). Colonial Possessions: Alberia, 
 Senegal, Isle of Bourbon, Island of St. Marie near Mada- 
 gascar, Pondicherry and other towns in India, several of 
 the West India Islands, French Guiana or Cayenne, the 
 Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon near Newfoundland, 
 the Marquesas Islands, and New Caledonia. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures originated in 
 France, just before the beginning of the present century. All its 
 units are derived from the unit of length. 
 
 Length. — The unit here is the metre, which/ was intended to 
 represent the ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator 
 to the pole, measured over the surface of the earth. It slightly 
 varies from this, however, and can therefore be regarded only as 
 a unit of length represented by a bar of platinum in Paris, meas- 
 
FRANCE. 31 
 
 ared at the temperature of melting ice (0° Centigrade, or 32* 
 Fahrenheit). 
 
 10,000 metres make 1 myriametre,=: 6.214 miles. 
 1,000 " " 1 kilometre, = 0.6214 " 
 
 100 " " I hectometre, = 328.09 feet. 
 
 10 " " 1 decametre, = 32.809 " 
 
 The metre = 39.37079 inches. 
 1 metre equals 10 decimetres. Decimetre = 3.937079 inches. 
 1 " " 100 centimetres. Centimetre = 0.3937 " 
 
 1 " " 1,000 millimetres. Millimetre = 0.03937 " 
 
 Surface. — Squares of the metre and its derivatives are used. 
 Also the are, equal to a square of ten metres to the side. 
 
 100 ares, or 10,000 square metres, make 1 hectare = 2.4714 
 acres. 
 
 The are of 100 square metres = 1076.43 square feet. 
 
 The Tfoj of an are, 1 sq. metre, is the eentare = 1550.06 square 
 inches. 
 
 Capacity. — The litre is the unit for both wet and dry measure, 
 and equals one cubic decimetre. 
 
 10,000 litres make 1 myrialitre,= 2641.8 U. S. gallons. 
 1,000 " " 1 kilolitre, = 264.18 " " 
 
 100 " " 1 hectolitre, = 26.418 " " 
 10 " " 1 decalitre, = 2.6418 " 
 
 The litre = 1.05672 quarts, XS. S. measura 
 1 litre equals 10 decilitres. Decilitre =0.211344 pint, " " 
 1 " " 100 centilitres. Centilitre=0.021 13 " " " 
 1 " " 1,000 millilltres. Millilitre = 0.002113 " " " 
 
 In dry measure the kilolitre = 28.3782 IT. S. bushels ; the hec- 
 tolitre = 2.83782 bushels; the decalitre = 1.13513 pecks'; the 
 litre = 0.227 half-peck, and so on. In measuring wood and coal 
 the kilolitre is known as the stere, the myrialitre as the decastere, 
 and the hectolitre as the decistere. 
 
 Weight. — The standard of weight is the gramme, which repre- 
 sents the weight of one cubic centimetre of distilled water at its 
 maximum density. 
 
62 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 -Avoiidupolfc 
 
 1,000,000 grammes make 1 millier or tonneau, = 2204.62 lbs. 
 
 100,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 1 quintal, 
 1 myriagramme, 
 1 kilogramme, 
 1 hectogramme, : 
 1 decagramme, : 
 
 The gramme : 
 
 .- 220.462 
 : 22.0462 
 : 2.20462 
 : 3.52739 
 0.35274 " 
 15.432349 grains. 
 
 oz. 
 
 1 gramme equals 10 decigrammes. Decigramme =1.543235 " 
 1 " " 100 centigrammes. Centigramme=0.15432 " 
 
 1 " " 1,000 milligrammes. Milligramme =0.01543 " 
 
 The " Systeme TJsuel," interdicted since 1840, was a popular 
 compromise between the ancient system and the present one. In 
 it, the metre was divided into two pieds or feet of twelve pouces 
 each. Two metres made one toise, and twelve decimetres, one 
 aune or ell. In weights, the livre or pound of 500 grammes was 
 divided into two marcs, sixteen onces, one hundred and twenty, 
 eight gros, and nine thousand two hundred and sixteen grains. 
 The ancient French pied-de-roi was equal to 12.79 inches ; six of 
 these pieds made one toise, and two thousand toises one lieue-de- 
 poste, or league. The ancient pound (poids-de-marce) previous to 
 1795 was equal to 1.0793 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. — 10 centimes make 1 d6cime ; 10 decimes make 1 franc. 
 The theoretical value of the franc in United States money is 
 $0.1946. The value recognized in United States custom rates is 
 $0,193. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 100-franc piece. Legal rate 
 
 60 " " " " 
 
 2o " " « " 
 
 20 " " By TJ. 9. mint assay! '. .' 
 
 10 " " Legalrate 
 
 5 « H U 41 
 
 Louis (Tor, 1785 
 
 " " 1810tol840. 
 
 5-franc piece. Legal rate 
 
 " " By TJ. 8. mint assay. . 
 
 2-franc " Legal rate 
 
 " 1867-'8. By V. S. mint 
 assay. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 49T.742 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 248.871 
 
 900 
 
 H 
 
 99.648 
 
 900 
 
 kl 
 
 99.360 
 
 899 
 
 " 
 
 49.774 
 
 900 
 
 Silver. 
 
 24.882 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 385.760 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 884.000 
 
 900 
 
 » 
 
 154.320 
 
 835 
 
 it 
 
 153.600 
 
 835 
 
 $19.2955 
 9.6478 
 8.8591 
 8.8470 
 1.9296 
 0.9648 
 4.6604 
 S.825S 
 0.9726 
 0.9600 
 0.8S90 
 
 0.8560 
 
FEANKFORT-OF-TEE-MAINE. 
 coin table. — Continued. 
 
 33 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 77.100 
 
 835 
 
 $0.1945 
 
 u 
 
 38.580 
 
 835 
 
 0.0972 
 
 u 
 
 15.432 
 
 835 
 
 0.0889 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 154.820 
 
 
 0.0195 
 
 " 
 
 TT.160 
 
 
 0.0097 
 
 tt 
 
 80.8C4 
 
 
 0.0039 
 
 " 
 
 15.432 
 
 
 0.0019S 
 
 Franc, weight 5 grammes. Legal rate. 
 Piece of 50 centimes. " " 
 
 « » 20 " 
 
 « " 10 " 
 
 " " 5 " 
 
 » " 2 « 
 
 tt U 1 u 
 
 Equivalent in value to the French franc are the francs of 
 Switzerland and Belgium, the lira of Italy, the peseta of Spain, 
 and the drachma of Greece. These should weigh 5 grammes 
 apiece, the minor silver coinage being proportionately heavy. 
 Several of the South American states now have silver pesos or dol- 
 lars weighing 25 grammes, and equivalent to the B-franc piece of 
 France. Of the bronze coins, whose weights in the above table 
 are given in grains, the weight of each one is represented in 
 grammes by the number of centimes ; 10 centimes weighing 10 
 grammes, and so on downward. 
 
 Frankfort-on-the-iHain. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 12 linien make 1 zoll ; 12 zoll make 1 werkschuh or 
 fuss. This fuss = 11.205 inches. The elle = 21.55 inches. Sur- 
 veyors use a fuss (feldfuss) of 14.006 English inches. This is 
 decimally divided into 10 zoll or 100 linien. 10 feldfuss make 1 
 ruthe. 
 
 Surface. — The morgen = 16,000 square feldfuss = 0.5004 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — i eichmass, or 4£ neumass = 1 viertel ; 20 
 viertel=l ohm; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The viertel = 1.8945 gal- 
 lons. The mass is divided into 4 schoppen. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 schrott = 1 masschen; 4 masschen = 1 ge- 
 scheid ; 4 gescheid = 1 sechter ; 2 sechter = 1 metze ; 2 nietzen 
 = 1 simmer ; 4 simmer = 1 malter or achteL 
 
 The malter = 3.25626 bushels. 
 
 Weight*. — 2 heller = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 
 * quentehen = 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 
 
34 FRENCH GUINA. 
 
 mark = 1 pfund. There were in Frankfort two different pfunds, 
 this one (= 1.114073 lbs. avoirdupois) being about 8 per cent, 
 heavier than the other. Apothecary weight has been long uniform 
 throughout all Germany. 
 
 Money. — 2 heller or pfennige = 1 kreuzer ; 4 kreuzer = 1 
 batzen ; 15 batzen = 1 gulden or florin ; 1-J- florins or 90 kreuzer = 
 1 thaler. The former gulden (1837) was worth $0.4126. In 
 United States customs it rated at 40 cents. The value of the 
 former gold ducat was $2.2876. 
 
 French Guiana. See Guiana. 
 
 German Empire* See also Baden, Bat aria, Bremen, Bruns- 
 wick, Cologne, Frankfort, Hamburg, Hesse, Hanover, Lij- 
 beck, Mecklenburg, Prussia, Saxony, and Wurtemberg. 
 
 For old or local systems of weights, measures, and coinage, see 
 these various headings. Recently the metric system has, been 
 adopted as the lawful system of Germany, with merely some trifling 
 modifications. 
 
 Length. — The meter or stab, zentimeter or new zoll, millimeter 
 or strich. 
 
 Surface. — The ar and hektar. 
 
 Capacity. — The liter or kanne, the hektoliter or fass. 50 liters 
 make 1 scheffel ; -J liter is called a schoppen. 
 
 Weight. — The kilogramme, of 2 pfund ; the dekagramme or 
 neu-loth ; dezigramme, zentigramme, and milligramme. 50 kilo- 
 grammes make 1 zentner ; 1,000 kilogrammes make 1 tonne. 
 
 For the values of the above measures and weights, see the tables 
 given under France. 
 
 Under the Zollverein the weights were a zollpfund of 30 zoll- 
 loth, = 500 grammes or -J- kilogramme ; the zollcentner of 100 
 zollpfund ; the zollstein of 2 zollcentner. The miinzpfund, used 
 for gold and silver, and divided into 10,000 ass, also equaled 500 
 grammes. 
 
 Throughout Germany the apothecaries have used the apothe- 
 cary weights of Nurnberg, or Nuremberg. The pfund of this ays- 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 35 
 
 tern is subdivided exactly as in English apothecaries' weight, and 
 equals 0.788974 lb. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. — The present standard is the mark of \ of a thaler. 
 In United States customs it now rates at $0.2382. The vereins- 
 thaler equals ^ of a miinzpfund of fine silver, and in Northern 
 Germany is divided into 30 silbergroschen. In Southern Germany 
 the florin or gulden rates 52J to the miinzpfund of fine silver, and 
 is divided into 60 kreuzer. 
 
 coin table. {See also the various German States.) 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ten-thaler piece. By TT. 8. mint assay.. 
 Vereinskrone. Should weigh just 10 
 
 Gold. 
 Silver. 
 
 204.960 
 
 154.820 
 
 TT.ICO 
 122 880 
 
 285.600 
 
 895 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 $7.9000 
 6 6442 
 
 Vereinskrone. By TT. 8. mint assay 
 
 6.6420 
 8.8281 
 
 
 1.4409 
 7204 
 
 " By TJ. 8. mint assay 
 
 0.7140 
 0.7220 
 
 " " " By IT. 8. mint assay 
 Gulden or florin of 8outh Germany be- 
 fore 1857 
 
 341.760 
 
 750 
 
 0.7120 
 
 Gulden or florin of South Germany since 
 1857 
 
 
 
 4117 
 
 Gulden or florin of South Germany since 
 1857. By U. S. mint assay 
 
 108.200 
 
 900 
 
 408 
 
 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland. — Colonial Possessions: Helgo- 
 land, Gibraltar, Malta and Gozo, in Europe ; Gambia, Si- 
 erra Leone, parts of the Gold Coast, Cape Colony, Natal, 
 the islands of Fernando Po, St. Helena, Mauritius, and the 
 Seychelles, in Africa ; Aden, British India, parts of Far- 
 ther India, Ceylon, Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Labuan, 
 and Hong-Kong, in Asia; Canada, New Brunswick, Nova 
 Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, Newfoundland, Labrador, 
 Hudson's Bay Territory, Balize, most of the West India 
 Islands, Bermudas, Guiana, and Falkland Islands, in Amer- 
 ica; Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, 
 Auckland Islands, and the Feejee Islands, in Polynesia. 
 
86 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Length. — 3 barleycorns make 1 inch. 
 
 12 inches " 1 foot = O.ZQit metre. 
 
 3 feet " 1 yard = 0.91438 metre. 
 5^ yards " 1 rod, perch, or pole. 
 
 4 poles or 100 links " 1 chain. 
 10 chains " 1 furlong. 
 
 8 furlongs " 1 mile = 1.6093 kilom'rs. 
 
 The old Scotch mile was 1 J, and the old Irish mile 1-ft- English 
 miles. 
 
 A line = -fa inch. A nail = 2\ inches (cloth measure). A palm 
 = 3 inches. A hand (in measuring height of horses) = 4 inches. 
 A span= 9, a cubit 18, a Scotch ell Z1.0&, and an English ell 
 45 inches. A fathom is 6 feet, and a cable's length 120 fathoms. 
 A league = 3 miles. A degree of the equator = 69.1613 miles, 
 and a degree of meridian = 69,046 miles. 
 Surface. — 
 144 square inches make 1 square foot, = 9.29 sq. decimetres. 
 1 " yard, = 0.836 sq. metre. 
 1 " rod. 
 1 chain. 
 1 rood. 
 
 1 acre, or 43,560 square feet. 
 1 square mile, = 259 hectares. 
 The acre = 0.405 hectare. 
 Liquid Measure. — The imperial gallon is here taken as the 
 standard, and defined as the bulk of ten pounds of distilled 
 water at the temperature of 62° Fahr. Its cubic capacity is 
 2V'7.2'74 cubic inches. The gallon of the United States is 231 cu- 
 bic inches ; the old com-gallon contained 268.8, and the old beer, 
 gallon 282. 
 
 Wine Measure. — 
 
 4 gills make 1 pint, = 0.56Y932 litre. 
 1 quart, = 1.135864 litres. 
 1 gallon, = 4.543458 litres. 
 1 tierce. 
 1 hogshead. 
 1 pipe, butt, or puncheon. 
 
 9 " 
 
 feet 
 
 30* " 
 
 yards 
 
 16 " 
 
 rods 
 
 40 " 
 
 M 
 
 4 roods 
 
 
 640 acres 
 
 
 2 pints 
 4 quarts 
 36 gallons 
 64 " 
 108 " 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 37 
 
 But these larger measures are not always to be trusted. In 
 practice, they are actually measured in gallons. 
 
 Ah and Beer Measure. — Up to the gallon, like wine measure. 
 
 9 gallons make 1 firkin. 
 2 firkins " 1 kilderkin. 
 
 2 kilderkins " 1 barrel. 
 
 3 " "1 hogshead. 
 2 hogsheads " 1 butt. 
 
 2 butts " 1 tun. 
 
 The ralue of such terms as barrel, pipe, hogshead, butt, pun. 
 cheon, tun, etc., varies with circumstances. Thus, a hogshead of 
 claret is about 46 gallons, one of brandy 55 to 60 gallons. Tha 
 pipe, for different wines, ranges from 90 to about 120 gallons, and 
 so on. These terms are not rigidly denned. 
 
 Apothecaries' Measure. — 
 
 60 minims make 1 fluid drachm ( 3 ). 
 
 8 drachms " 1 " ounce ( § ). 
 20 ounces " 1 pint. 
 
 8 pints " 1 imperial gallon. 
 
 Dry Measure. — Up to the gallon, the same as in liquid mea& 
 ore, the value of the gallon being the same. 
 
 2 gallons make 1 peek, = 9.0865 litres. 
 
 4 pecks " 1 bushel, = 36.3460 " 
 4 bushels " 1 coomb. 
 
 2 coombs " 1 quarter, = 8 bushels. 
 6 quarters " 1 wey or load, = 40 bushels. 
 2 weys " 1 last, = 80 bushels. 
 A strike is 2 bushels. A pottle is half a gallon. 
 
 Cubic Capacity in general. — A cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches 
 A cubic yard = 27 cubic feet. 
 
 42 cubic feet make 1 shipping ton (British). 
 
 Weight. — The standard is the pound, which is divided into 
 7,000 grains. These grains are of equal value in all the following 
 tables : 
 
38 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight.- 
 
 make 1 ounce (oz.), = 28 - 35 grammes. 
 " 1 pound (lb.), = 453.6 
 " 1 stone. 
 
 " 1 quarter (qr.), 28 pounds. 
 " 1 hundred-weight (cwt.), 112 pounds. 
 1 ton, 2,240 pounds. 
 
 16 drachms 
 16 ounces 
 14 pounds 
 
 2 stone 
 4 quarters 
 
 20 hundred-weight 
 
 Troy Weight. — 
 
 24 grains make 1 pennyweight (dwt.). 
 
 20 pennyweights " 1 ounce, = 480 grs., or 31.15 gram'es. 
 12 ounces " 1 pound, = 5,760 " or 313.16 " 
 
 By this scale, gold, silver, platinum, and some gems are 
 weighed. Pearls and diamonds are weighed by the carat of 4 
 grains ; 5 diamond grains being equal to 4 grains troy. 7 
 
 ApotJiecaries' Weight. — 
 20 grains make 1 scruple. 
 
 3 scruples " 1 drachm. 
 
 8 drachms " 1 ounce j Same as in troy weight, as is also 
 12 ounces " 1 pound ( the grain. 
 
 These weights are used in compounding prescriptions. Drug- 
 gists buy by avoirdupois. 
 
 4 farthings make 1 penny. 
 12 pence " 1 shilling. , 
 
 20 shillings " 1 pound or sovereign, = $4.8666. 
 In United States custom-houses it rates at $4.84. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pound. Newly coined. By U. S. mint 
 
 Gold. 
 
 123.14T 
 
 123.264 
 
 123.024 
 61.5T4 
 
 916 
 
 Olfi* 
 
 916} 
 916 
 
 $4.8666 
 4.8650 
 
 Pound. Average worn. By U. 8. mint 
 
 4.8560 
 
 
 2.4383 
 
 
 
GREECE. 
 coin table. — Continued. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 
 Gold. 
 Silver. 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 
 
 
 o a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sa 
 
 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *§ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 435.E97 
 
 217.948 
 
 174.359 
 
 87.179 
 
 87.600 
 
 85.440 
 41.SS9 
 29.060 
 21.794 
 14.530 
 7.265 
 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 
 924} 
 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 925 
 
 $1.1105 
 
 Half-c 
 
 Florin 
 Shillk 
 
 aesa 
 Shillii 
 
 assa 
 Sixpe 
 Fourf 
 Three 
 Twop 
 Pennj 
 Penn 
 Halfp 
 Farth 
 
 
 0.5552 
 
 
 0.4522 
 
 
 0.2261 
 
 Newly coined. By TJ. 8. mint 
 
 0.2250 
 
 g. Average worn. By TJ. S. mint 
 
 0.2190 
 
 
 0.1130 
 
 
 0.0723 
 
 
 0.0E65 
 
 
 0.08T7 
 0.0188 
 
 
 0.0188 
 
 " " 
 
 
 
 0.0094 
 
 nff " " 
 
 
 
 0.0047 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greece. 
 
 The present system of weights and measures is chiefly metric. 
 
 Lergth. — Formerly there were twdvpiki, one for silks of 25 
 English inches, another for linen and woolens of 27 inches. The 
 present piki is the metre, with the usual subdivisions. The kilo- 
 metre is called stadion. In ancient Greece the foot was equal to 
 11.81 English inches ; the cubit was 1£ feet, the stadium was 400 
 cubits'. 
 
 Capacity. — The litra, or litre ; the kailon, or hectolitre. The 
 former staro of 3 bachels was equal to 2.54835 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 400 drachms or 44 oke make 1 cantaro. In different 
 places the cantaro has different values, ranging from 112 to 128 lbs. 
 
 The gramme is known as the drachme, the kilogramme as 
 mina, and 1J kilogrammes as talanton. 
 
 Money. — 100 lepta or centimes make 1 drachme or franc. The 
 drachme is the exact equivalent of the French franc, and rates ill 
 the United States at $0,193. Formerly its value was only $0.1761. 
 
10 GREENLAND. 
 
 In gold, the 20-drachme piece, by United States zoint assay, ia 
 900 fine, weighs 88.8 grains, and is worth $3,442. 
 
 The silver 5-drachme piece, by the same authority, is 900 fine, 
 weighs 345.12 grains, and is worth $0,863. 
 
 The true value of the present coinage is, of course, somewhat 
 higher. 
 
 Greenland. See Denmark. 
 
 Grenada. See West Indies. 
 
 Guadeloupe. See West Indies. 
 
 Guatemala. See Central America. 
 
 Guiana, British. See England. 
 
 Guiana, French. See France. 
 
 Guiana, Dutch. See Netherlands. 
 
 Guinea. 
 
 Length. — The jaktan =: 4 yards, or 12 feet. 
 
 Weight.-r-2 media-tabla = 1 aguirage ; 2 aguirages = 1 piso 
 or uzan ; 4 pisos = 1 benda-offa ; 2 benda-offas — 1 benda. 3 
 media-tabla make 1 quinto; 6 media-tabla 1 seron; lOf media- 
 tabla 1 eggeba. The media-tabla = 31.02 grains troy. The akey 
 is a weight of 20.03 grains. The rotl = 0.9538 lb. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. — Beckoning is mostly in dollars. 
 
 Hamburg. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 8 achtel = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll =: 1 fuss ; 2 fuss = 1 elle. 
 The fuss = 11. 21 inches. Surveyors use the Rheinfuss (12.357 
 inches) decimally divided. 
 
 Road Measure. — The meile of 24,000 Rhenish feet is equal to 
 i.68 miles. 
 
 Surface. — Themorgen = 117,600 square fuss, = 2.3852 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 2 ossel = 1 quartier ; 2 quartier = 1 kanne; 
 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1 viertel ; 5 viertel = 1 
 anker ; 4 anker = 1 ahm ; 6 ahm =: 1 fuder. The eimer = 4 
 
HANOVER. 41 
 
 viertel ; the tonne = 24 viertel ; the oxhoft = 30 viertel. The 
 viertel = 1.90737 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 spinten = 1 himt ; 2 himt = 1 fass ; 2 fass — 
 
 1 scheffel ; 10 scheffel = 1 wispel ; 3 wispel = 1 last. The scheffel 
 = 2.98811 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 
 
 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund ; 14 
 pfund = 1 liespfund ; 20 liespfund = 1 schiffpfund. The pfund = 
 1.067886 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 Money. — 12 pfennige == 1 schilling; 16 schilling = 1 mark; 3 
 mark = 1 rixdollar. This mark = $0.2972 ; old United States 
 customs rate $0.28. 34 marks are coined from the Cologne mark 
 (3,608 troy grains) of fine silver. Banco is an imaginary value 
 of account, in which the Cologne mark is divided into 27} marks 
 banco. The mark banco = $0.3642 ; old United States customs 
 rate, $0.35. 
 
 The gold ducat = $2.2715. 
 
 Hanover. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 12 linien or 8 achtel = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2 
 fuss = 1 elle ; 8 ellen =: 1 rathe. The fuss = 11.496 inches. 
 
 Moad Measure. — The meile of 25.400 fuss = 4.6086 miles. 
 
 Surface. — 60 square ruthen = 1 vorling ; 2 vorling = 1 morgen 
 of Calenberg. Also, 1J drohn = 1 morgen of Calenberg. This 
 morgen = 0.6472 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 2 nossel = 1 quartier ; 2 quartier = 1 kan- 
 ne ; 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1 viertel ; 5 viertel = 
 
 1 anker ; 4 anker = 1 ahm ; 6 ahm =: 1 fuder. 8 viertel = 1 
 eimer ; 30 viertel = 1 oxhoft. 
 
 The viertel = 2.07198 gallons. For beer, 26 stiibchen =: 1 
 tonne ; 4 tonnen = 1 fass. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 vierfass or 3 drittel = 1 himt ; 6 himt = 1 
 malter ; 8 malter =r 1 wispel ; 2 wispel = 1 last. The malter = 
 5.30559 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 4 brtchen = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth 
 
 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The 
 pfund = 1.079444 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
12 HA WAIL 
 
 Money. — The thaler of 24 gute groschen. The former silver 
 thaler was worth $0,722. The former gold Louis d'or.Wilhelm d'or, 
 or pistole, = $3.9593. 
 
 Hawaii. See Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Hayti. See West Indies. 
 
 Hesse-Cassel. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 12 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss (waldfuss or 
 standard foot). This fuss =11.324 inches. The landfuss or 
 surveyor's foot — 11.217 inches. 2 landfuss = 1 elle; 7 ellen = 
 1 ruthe. 
 
 Surface. — The acker (of 29,400 sq. landfuss) = 0.5897 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 4 mass = 1 viertel ; 
 20 viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The mass for wine = 
 0.52423 gallon; for beer, 0.57667 gallon. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 masschen = metze ; 4 metzen = 1 hunt ; 2 
 himt = 1 scheffel. The scheffel = 2.3 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 16 unzen 
 = 1 pfund. The pfund = 1.067534 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 For apothecaries' weight, see German Empire. 
 
 Money. — The former gold pistole or Wilhelm d'or, value 5 tha- 
 ler, = $3.9822. Modern pistole or Friedrich-Wilhelm d'or = 
 $4,009. Silver as in Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. (System of 1821.) Sec also German Em- 
 pire. 
 Length. — The fuss, = J metre or 9.8427 inches, is divided 
 
 decimally into 10 zoll of 10 linien each. 10 fuss make 1 klafter. 
 
 The elle = $ metre. 
 
 Surface. — 40,000 square fuss or 4 viertel make 1 morgen, = 
 
 0.6178 acre. 
 
 Solid.— The steeken for wood = 100 cubic fuss, or 55.177 cu- 
 bic feet. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 4 mass = 1 viertel ; 
 
 20 viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The schoppen = £ litre, 
 
 or 0.52836 quart. 
 
HUNGARY. 
 
 43 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 masschen = 1- gescheid ; 4 geschcid = 1 
 kiimpf ; 4 kiimpf = 1 simmer ; 4 simmer = 1 matter. The mass- 
 chen = I litre, or 0.001419 bushel. The raalter = 36.326 bushels. 
 For lime, the kalkbiitte = 10 cubic fuss, or 5.5177 cubic feet. 
 
 Weight. — 4 richtpfennig = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 
 loth ; 32 loth = 1 pfund; 100 pfund = 1 centner. The pfund = 
 600 grammes, or 1.1023 lbs. 
 
 Before 1821 the weights and measures were those of Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 Money. — Florins or gulden, of 60 kreuzer, of 4 pfennig. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 Silver. 
 
 « 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Billon. 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 Copper. 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 J4.08T1 
 
 
 4.9920 
 
 
 1.4409 
 
 
 0.72(14 
 
 
 0.8284 
 
 
 0.411T 
 
 
 0.2058 
 
 
 0.0720 
 
 
 0.0860 
 
 1 " 
 
 0.0120 
 
 
 0.0030 
 
 
 
 Iliudostau. See India. 
 
 Hollands See Netherlands 
 
 Honduras. See Central America. 
 
 Hungary. See Austria. 
 
 There are some local weights and measures, and some local 
 variations from general standards. In length, the arsin = 23.01084 
 inches, and the stab — 5.18565 feet. For liquids, the fass = 
 52.545 gallons ; and the eimer varies from 15.03 gallons in Lower, 
 to 19.37 gallons in Upper Hungary. 
 
 The metze = 1.77354 bushels. The oka is a weight of from 
 2.78 to 3.082 pounds. 
 
44 ICELAND. 
 
 Iceland. See Denmark. 
 The alen = 22.4 1 ? inches. 
 
 India, British. The Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and 
 Bombay. 
 
 India, French. Pondiciierry and other minor cities. 
 India, Portuguese. Go a and other cities. 
 
 For Farther India, see Birmah, Annam, Siam, and Malacca. 
 See also Ceylon. 
 
 Originally, the weights and measures of India were extremely 
 discordant, every petty state or city having its own system. For 
 present purposes only the chief headings can be given, taking first 
 the three Presidencies in their order. 
 1. Bengal (Calcutta). 
 
 Length. — 3 jows or barleycorns make 1 unglee. 
 4 unglees or fingers " 1 moot. 
 3 moots or hands " 1 span. 
 
 2 spans make 1 cubit, covid, or haut = 18 inches. 
 2 covids " 1 gez, guz, or yard, =36 inches, or 
 
 0.914 metre. 
 2 guz make 1 fathom. 
 Another table divides the haut or covid into 8 gheria of 9 jaob 
 each. The guz of Patna = 42.5 inches. 
 
 lioad Measure. — The coss of 1,000 fathoms = 1.1364 miles. 
 Surface.— 20 square covid = 1 chattack ; 16 chattack = 1 
 cottah; 20 cottah = 1 biggah. The biggah =0.3306 acre, or 
 13.38 ares. 
 
 Grains and liquids are generally measured by weight. Still, 
 some dry measures can be given : 
 
 6 chattack = 1 khoonke ; 16 khoonke = 1 raik ; 4 raik = 1 
 pallie; 20 pallie = lsoallee. The soallee = 2.3378 bushels. The 
 kahoon, of 42.44 bushels, represents 2,986J pounds weight of 
 grain. In the Mahratta country the koorah = 4.0615 bushels. 
 
 Weights. — There are two sets of values for these, the factory 
 values and those of the bazaar. The latter are ten per cent, 
 heavier than the former. The factory-weights are the ones given 
 
INDIA. 46 
 
 6 siccas make 1 chattack. 
 16 chattacka " 1 seer. 
 
 40 seera " 1 maund, = 74.66? lbs., or 33.87 
 
 kilogrammes. 
 In the Mahratta country the maund = 26.249 lbs. ; and at Mal- 
 da it =; 100.45 lbs. The pussaree is a weight of 10.27 lbs., and 
 the pao for grain = 0.816114 lb. 
 
 For gold and silver, the new sicca weight or tola is used, of 
 180 grains ; being \ grain heavier than the bazaar tola. For pearls, 
 the ruttee = 2.825 grains. At Delhi the ruttee is used for precious 
 metals and gems, and is 1.25 grains; another weight for similar 
 purposes being the val, of 5.63 grains. Still another set of weights 
 for precious metals exists, as follows : 2 punko = 1 nely ; 2 nely 
 — 1 dhan ; 25 dhan = 1 anna of 14.04 troy grains. 
 
 Money. — 12 pies or pice make 1 anna ; 16 annas make 1 Com- 
 pany's rupee = $ 0.46217. 
 
 The sicca rupee is worth slightly more than the old rupee, 
 and weighs just one new sicca or tola ; 80 sicca rupees, or 36 cop- 
 per annas, weigh one seer. The gold mohur = 15 sicca rupees. 
 
 In United States customs the Company's rupee formerly rated 
 at 44} cents ; the sicca rupee is now received at $0.4584. By 
 United States mint aaaays the rupee and gold mohur rank as fol- 
 lows : Silver rupee, weight 179.52 grains, 916} fine, value $0,457. 
 Gold mohur, weight 180 grains, 916} fine, value $7.1059. 
 
 2. Madras Presidency. 
 
 Length. — The covid, cubit, or haut, is here very variable. At 
 Madras it is 18.6 inches, nearly; at Masulipatan it is 19.125 
 inches ; and, at Mysore, 19.1 inches. Two of these, at Mysore, 
 make 1 gujah. At Travancore the kole =: 29.065 inches ; and on 
 the Malabar coast the ady = 10.46 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. — At Seringapatam, the coss = 3.6458 miles. At 
 Mysore, the hardary = 2.7344 miles, and the gavada 14.5833 
 miles. 
 
 Surface. — 24 maoney make 1 casseney or cawney, of 240 
 square covid. At Madras the cawney =: 1.3223 acres ; in the Car- 
 natic it is 1.0047 acres. 
 
46 INDIA. 
 
 Capacity. — 8 ollucks make 1 puddy. 
 
 8 puddies " 1 marcal, — 0.34884 bushel. 
 5 mareals " 1 parah or chunam. 
 80 parahs " 1 garce, = 139.535 bushels. 
 At Masulipatan the marcal = 0.403 bushel. At Mysore the 
 candaca = 11.13 bushels. Both wet and dry measures are de- 
 termined by weight. 
 
 Weight. — 10 pagodas make 1 pollam. 
 8 pollams " 1 seer. 
 5 seers " 1 vis (visay). 
 8 vis "" 1 maund, =: 25 lbs., or 11.34 Ml. 
 
 ogrammes. 
 20 maunds make 1 candy, = 600 lbs. 
 The candy (also called baruay) is 485.5 lbs. at Mysore and 
 Seringapatam, and 695.5 lbs. on the Malabar coast. The mangal, 
 for pearls, = 6 grains. 
 
 Money. — Essentially the same as in Bengal. The star pagoda 
 formerly rated in United States customs at $1.84. Its real value 
 is $1.9102. The gold mohur of Madras = $7.0696. 
 3. Bombay Presidency. 
 Length.. — 16 tussoos make 1 hath or cubit, = 18.12 inches. 
 
 24 " " 1 guz " yard, — 27.18 " 
 
 At Guzerat, the guz = 23J inches. The hath, haut, or covid^ 
 at Surat, = 20.9 inches ; at Ahmednuggur, 14 inches. 
 Surface. — The biggah = 0.6074 acre. 
 Capacity. — 16 adoulies make 1 parah. 
 
 8 parahs " 1 candy, = 25 bushels. 
 At Anjar 4 mapp make 1 shye, = 0.88243 bushel. 
 At Mangalore the mudi = 1.3019 bushels. 
 Weights. — 30 pice or 72 tanks make 1 seer. 
 
 40 seers " 1 maund, = 28 lbs. 
 
 20 maunds " 1 candy, = 560 " 
 
 At Surat the candy = 340.16 lbs.; at Ahmednuggur, 1577.14 
 lbs. The maund is 26.23 lbs. at Anjar, 75.87 lbs. at Aurungabad, 
 79.78 lbs. in the Deccan, and 39.74 lbs. at Gujerat. Tor pearls, 
 the ruttee = * grains. 
 
ITALY. 41 
 
 Money. — 100 reas make 1 quarter. 
 
 4 quarters or 16 annas make 1 rupee, = $0.46217. 
 100,000 is a lac, and 10,000,000 a crore of rupees. The gold 
 mohur of Bombay = $7.1061. 
 
 4. PoNDICHERRY. 
 
 The covid = 18 inches. 
 
 The garce = 103.967 bushels. 
 
 The maund = 25.9.1bs., the candy = 588.04 lbs. 
 
 For gold and silver, the nello = 0.37 grains. 
 
 The gold moon pagoda = $1.6015. 
 
 5. Goa. 
 
 The covado or cubit = 26.8 inches. 
 
 The maund = 24.75 lbs. ; the candy or bahar = 495 lbs. 
 
 Portuguese weights and measures are somewnat used. 
 
 Ionian Islands. 
 
 With the exception of some scattered weights and measures 
 of Italian or of Turkish origin, the British standards have been 
 adopted. 
 
 Length. — The Jarda Ionia = 1 yard. The Btadio = 22 yards. 
 
 JAquid Measure. — The dicotoli = 1 imperial pint ; the gallone 
 = 1 imperial gallon ; the barile = 16 imperial gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The chilo = 1 imperial bushel. 
 
 Weight. — The libbra sottile = 1 lb. troy ; the libbra grosso = 
 1 lb. avoirdupois ; the centinajo or talento = 100 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 In old weights, the oke = 2.6998 lbs. ; the cantaro s= 118.8 lbs. 
 
 Money. — 104 oboli = 1 Spanish dollar. 
 
 Ireland. See Gbeat Britain. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 For former local systems of coinage, weights, and measures, 
 see Modena, Pakma, Koman States, Naples, Sardinia, Venetian 
 IiOMBARDY, and Tuscany. 
 
 For weights and measures, the French metric system is em- 
 ployed. 
 
 The monetary system is also like that of France, the lira being 
 the equivalent of the franc. 
 
48 
 
 JAMAICA. 
 
 The present value of the lira in United States customs is 
 80.1930. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 $3.8691 
 
 
 99.36 
 
 884.00 
 
 76.80 
 
 899 
 900 
 885 
 
 5 U if U U k J '" 
 
 0.9600 
 
 Lira. " " « « 
 
 
 
 Jamaica. See West Indies. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Length. — The ino = 6.25 feet, or 1.906 metres. 
 
 The sals = 11.9291 inches, or 0.303 metre. 
 Capacity. — 5 itchigau make 1 gonghau. 
 
 2 ghongau " 1 ischiomassS. 
 10 ischiomasse " 1 ittomasse (or sjoo ?). 
 The itchigau is about 1.68 litres, or 1.115 quarts. 
 Weight. — The monme = 27.007 grains. The rjoo = 116J 
 grains, or 7.525 grammes. 
 
 Money. — Gold and silver ingots, whose value varies with the 
 demand, are used in circulation'; also coins of varying values, 
 those of brass and copper having central holes. The chief value 
 in commerce now is the yen, the equivalent of our trade dollar, 
 and which is received in the United States customs (1874) at 
 $0,997. The kobang, itzebu, and itakane, are no longer coined. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Kobang-, J Two assays at XT. S. mint 
 
 Gold, 
 it 
 
 Silver. 
 
 ti 
 it 
 
 17S.T6 
 
 13S.72 
 514.56 
 
 cm 
 
 572 
 900 
 
 $4.4400 
 8.5760 
 
 
 19.9440 
 
 
 2.9280 
 
 
 
 
 0.3650 
 
 
 183.92 
 
 416.016 
 192.96 
 
 890 
 900 
 800 
 
 0.8310 
 
 Ten. " " " " 
 
 1.0400 
 
 60 sen. " " " « 
 
 0.4880 
 
 
 
LTJBECK. 49 
 
 Java. 
 
 Old Dutch weights and measures are somewhat in use. Other 
 weights and measures vary, having, perhaps, one value at Bantam, 
 and another at Batavia. 
 
 Length. — The covid = | of a yard. Other units are old Dutch. 
 
 Capacity. — The kanne = 0.394 gallon. The legger, for arrack, 
 = 160.0 gallons. 
 
 The bambou, at Bantam, = 0.09223 bushel, and the koyang 
 = 147.566 bushels. At Batavia the koyang = 62.432 bushels. 
 This measure is for rice. 
 
 Weight. — 10 catties make 1 gantang (for coffee) ; 100 catties 
 make 1 pecul. The pecul = 135.6312 pounds. The bahar at 
 Bantam = 396 lbs., that used for pepper = 406.78 lbs. ; at Bata- 
 via its value is 610.17 lbs. The timbang, for grain, = 677.9625 
 lbs. At Bantam the tael = 0.1511 lb., and at Batavia it equals 
 0.0847 lb. 
 
 Money. — See Netherlands. Prior to January 1, 1874, the rix- 
 dollar of Batavia was rated in United States customs at 75 cents. 
 It is divided into 48 stivers. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 Weights, measures, and money, like the United States. 
 
 The dollar of Liberia rates in United States customs at $1.00. 
 
 Jjombardy. See Venetian Lombabdy, and Italy. 
 
 Lubeck. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 12 punkte = 1 linie ; 6 linien =: 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 
 fuss ; 2 fuss = 1 elle. The fuss = 11.335 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 2 ort — 1 planke ; 2 planken = 1 quartier ; 
 2 quartier = 1 kanne ; 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 3 stttbchen = 1 
 viertel ; 5 viertel = 1 anker ; 4 anker =s 1 ahm ; 6 ahm — 1 fu, 
 der. The eimer is 4, and the oshoft 3.0 viertel. The viertel = 
 1.9787 gallons. 
 
 Ihy Measure.— {Fqt wheat,) 4 fass = 1 sobefM ; 4 scheffel 
 ■= 1 tonne 5 3 tonnen = 1 drGmt ; 8 dromt = 1 last. The soheffel 
 3 
 
50 MADAGASCAR. 
 
 = 1.0091 bushels. For oats and fruit, the scheffel = 1.1213 
 bushels. 
 
 Weights. — 4 pfennige = 1 quentehen ; 4 quentehen = 1 loth ; 
 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark — 1 pfund. The 
 pfund = 1.068744 lbs. 
 
 Money. — 12 pfennige = 1 schilling; 16 schilling = 1 mark 
 (Hamburg standard). The former gold ducat = $2,271, and the 
 silver thaler of 2-J mark = $0,722. 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 But little is known of the weights and measures of this island. 
 
 Length. — The rahf = 46.46 inches, or 1.18 metres. In the 
 northern part of Madagascar its value is double this. 
 
 Capacity. — The bambou = 0.0568 bushel. 
 
 Weight. — For gold and silver, 3 nanki = 1 vari ; 2 vari = 1 
 sompi. The sompi = 60 grains. 
 
 Madeira Islands. See Portugal. 
 
 Some of the standards vary slightly from those of the mother 
 country. The libra = 1.011 lbs. For wine, the pipa = 110 gallons. 
 Prior to 1873 the milrea of Madeira rated in United States customs 
 at $1.00. 
 
 Malabar Coast. See India. 
 
 Malacca. Including Straits Settlements. 
 
 Length. — At Singapore the covid or hasta = 18 inches. An- 
 other covid = 18.0529 inches. The jumba = 14.4 inches. 
 
 Surface.-r-ThB orlong = 1.3223 acres. 
 
 Weight. — 100 catties = 1 pecul ; 3 peculs = 1 bahar or candy. 
 The catty = 1.35 lbs. ; that used for gold and silver, 2.049143 lbs. 
 The mace, or miam = 44.83 grains ; at Singapore, 52 grains. The 
 buncal, for gold (Singapore), = 822 grains. For tin, the tampang 
 (an equivalent of the catty) = 1.356 lbs. ; and the. kip = 40.678 
 pounds. 
 
 Malay Archipelago. See Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, 
 the Moluccas, etc. 
 
MEXICO. 51 
 
 Malta. 
 
 Length,. — The canna = 8 palmi of 10.3 inches each. The foot 
 = 11.17 English inches. 
 
 Capacity. — For oil, the caffiso = 5.499 gallons. For wine, the 
 barile = 10.997 gallons. For corn, the salma = 8.224 bushels. 
 
 Weight.— The libbra or rottolo = If lbs. The cantaro = 100 
 rottoli. 
 
 Money.— 20 grani = 1 taro ; 12 tari = 1 scudo. The scudo of 
 Malta used to rate in United States customs at 40 cents. SO tari 
 = 1 Sicilian dollar. Both dollars and doubloons circulate. The 
 former gold doppia or pistole of 10 scudi (before 1800) was worth 
 $4.6512 ; and the silver oncie (also before 1800) was worth 
 $1.6955. 
 Manilla. See Philippine Islands. 
 
 Marquesas Islands. Now a French Colony. 
 
 Martinique. See West Indies. 
 
 Mauritius. 
 
 The weights and measures of Great Britain, and also those of 
 the metric system, are used. 
 
 Money. — The current dollar of 100 cents. In public accounts 
 the pound sterling is the standard. The Spanish dollar, French 
 napoleon of 20 francs, and East India rupees, are also in circu- 
 lation. 
 
 Mecklenburg. See also German Empire. 
 
 The weights and measures are those of Hamburg ; except in 
 the case of measures of capacity, which come from Liibeck. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 The weights and measures are Spanish, with many local va- 
 riations. The metric system is now legal. 
 
 In length, the vara = 32.9 inches. In liquid measure, the 
 frasco = 2i quarts, and the baril = 20 gallons. In dry measure, 
 the fanega = 1.55 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 25 libra = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal The 
 tercio -- 160 libra. The libra = 1.01418 lbs. 
 
52 
 
 MOCHA. 
 
 Money. — Formerly, the dollar was divided into 8 reals ; now, 
 the usual division into 100 cents is employed. The dollar is rated 
 in United States custom-houses at $1.0476- 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 $15.7471 
 15 6110 
 
 " Newly coined. By U. S. mint 
 
 416.40 
 416.40 
 
 870} 
 866 
 
 Doubloon. Average worn. By U. S. mint 
 
 15 5300 
 
 
 
 " " of Maximilian. By U. 8. mint 
 
 521.28 
 
 518.88 
 
 875 
 873 
 
 19.6430 
 
 20 pesos of Republic. By U. S. mint as- 
 
 19 5150 
 
 
 1.0567 
 
 " <•<• " Average. By U. S. mint 
 
 415.68 
 
 901 
 
 1.0400 
 
 
 
 " " " By U. B. mint assay. 
 
 413.28 
 
 902} 
 
 1.0550 
 
 mocha. 
 
 Modena. 
 
 I Arabia. 
 ■ee also Italy. 
 
 Length, — 6 piede = 1 cavezzo. The pie = 20.593 inches. The 
 braccio = 22. Ml inches. 
 
 Surface. — 36 square piede = 1 square cavezzo ; 4 square ca- 
 vezzi = 1 tavola ; 72 tavole = 1 biolca. The biolca = 0.7009 
 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 2 boccali = 1 fiasco ; 20 fiasci = 1 barile. 
 The fiasco = 0.56028 gallon. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 2 staja = 1 sacco. The stajo = 1.9978 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 16 ferlini = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra or lira. 
 The libbra = 0.7044 lb. 
 
 Money. — 15 lire Modenesi = 1 scudo. The scudo = $ 0.8058. 
 
 Moldavia. See Roumania. 
 
 Molucca Islands. 
 
 The chief islands are Gilolo, Amboyna, Cerajt, Ternate, and 
 the Banda group. Being under control of the Netherlands, tho 
 
NAPLES. 53 
 
 modern Dutch weights and measures are somewhat used. Still, 
 there are other standards resembling those of Java, Sumatra, etc. 
 
 In Amboyna, the bahar = 597.61 lbs., the mace = 28$ grains, 
 and the tael = 455.8 grains. Hence, 16 mace = 1 tael. The 
 koyang = 55.3371 bushels. 
 
 In Ternate, the catty == 1.3017 lbs. 
 
 Montenegro. 
 
 Coinage, weights, and measures, of the neighboring countries. 
 
 Montserrat. See West Indies. 
 
 Morocco. 
 
 Length. — The codo, covid, covado, cadee, or dhra'a, as given 
 by different authorities, varies from 19.85 to 22.48 inches. Per- 
 haps 20.92 inches, or 0.5313 metre, isthe best value. The pic = 
 26 inches. 
 
 Capacity. — The muhd or mud — 5.184 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 100 rotl = 1 cantaro. The rotl of commerce = 1.19 
 lbs. ; that of the markets = 1.7 lbs. 
 
 Money. — Spanish dollars and doubloons circulate. 
 
 The gold boutki or bendoki = $1.9952. The silver rial of 
 1776 = $1.0449. 
 
 Unseat. 
 
 Length. — The covid = 39.13 inches. 
 
 Capacity. — 34 sidios = 1 ferren. The ferren == 7.9254 gallons. 
 Weight. — 24 kotschas = 1 maund; 60 maunds = 1 candy. 
 The maund = 8$ lbs. 
 
 y. — As in Persia and Arabia. 
 
 Naples. See also Italy. 
 
 Length. — 5 minuti = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 palmo ; 8 palm! 
 = 1 canna. The palmo = 10.381 inches. 7£ palmi make 1 per 
 tica or passo. 
 
 Road Measure. — The miglio of 7,000 palmi = 1.147 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The moggio of 50,625 square palmi = 0.8584 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 60 caraffi= 1 barile ; 12 barile — 1 botta, 
 2 botti = 1 carro. The caraffa = 0.1929 gallon. This scale is 
 
54 NATAL. 
 
 for wine and spirits. For oil, 6 misurelle = 1 quarto ; 16 quart! 
 = 1 stajo ; 16 staja = 1 salma. The stajo is sometimes divided 
 into 20 pignate. The stajo = 2.61633 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 24 misure = 1 tomolo ; 36 tomoli = 1 carro. 
 The tomolo = 1.6646 bushels". 
 
 Weight. — In general commerce the rotolo of 2 J libbre is used, 
 the libbra = 0.70722 lb. avoirdupois. The same libbra occurs in 
 the following tables : 
 
 1. Weight for gold, silver, silk, spices, drugs, and colors. 20 
 accini = 1 trapeso ; 3 trapesi or scrupoli — 1 dramma ; 10 dramme 
 = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra. 
 
 2. Apothecaries' weight. 20 accini = 1 scrupolo ; 3 scrupoli' 
 = 1 drachma ; 10 drachme = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra. 
 
 Money. — 10 grani = 1 carlino ; 2 carlini = 1 taro ; 5 tari = 1 
 ducato. 
 
 The ducat, by United States law of 1846, rated at 80 cents. 
 
 The gold oncetta, or 3-ducati de regno, = $2.5067. The silver 
 ducato = $0.8265. Scudo or piastre, of 12 carlini, = $0.992 ; or, 
 by United States mint assay, $0.9437. 
 
 Natal. See Cape op Good Hope. 
 
 Netherlands. Colonial Possessions : Java, Sumatra, parts of 
 Borneo, Banc a, Celebes, the Moluccas, other smaller islands 
 • in the East Indies, and part of New Guinea. In America, 
 Dutch Guiana, Curacoa, and other West India Islands. 
 
 Since 1817 the weights and measures of Holland have been of 
 the metric system ; merely some of the old Dutch names have 
 been retained. Compare France. 
 
 Length. — The streep or millimetre, duim or centimetre, palm 
 or decimetre, el or metre, roede or decametre, and mijle or kilo- 
 metre. Before 1817 the voet was a measure of 11.15 inches, and 
 the old Amsterdam el was 27.08 inches. 
 
 Barf ace. — The vierkante roede or are, and the bunder or hec- 
 tare. 
 
 liquid Measure. — The vingerhoed or centilitre, maatje or 
 decilitre, kan or litre, and vat or hectolitre. 
 
NEW CALEDONIA. 
 
 55 
 
 Dry Measure. — The maatje or decilitre, kop or litre, schepel or 
 decalitre, mudde or hectolitre, scheepston (wisse) or kilolitre, and 
 last or 30 hectolitres. 
 
 WdglU. — The korrel or decigramme, wigtje or gramme, lood or 
 decagramme, ons or hectogramme, Niederlandscb. pond or kilo- 
 gramme, and centnaar of 100 kilogrammes. 
 
 In apothecaries' weight a pond of 375 grammes is subdivided 
 into ounces, drachms, scruples, and grains, exactly as in the United 
 States and Great Britain. 
 
 Money. — 5 cents make 1 stiver. 
 
 20 slivers " 1 florin or guilder, = $0.4084. 
 50 stivers " 1 rijksdaaler. 
 
 Formerly, 12 groot made 1 schilling. In United States cus- 
 toms the florin now rates at $0,405. Formerly it rated at $0.40. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 Double William. 20 florins, about, 
 
 Doable ducat 
 
 William. 10 florins, about 
 
 " By U. S. mint assay.... 
 
 Ducat 
 
 Half- William 
 
 Eijksdaaler. 2} florins. Weight 25 
 
 grammes 
 
 Kyder. (For colonial trade.) 
 
 Guilder, or florin. 10 grammes weight. 
 Half-guilder. 5 " 
 
 ^-guilder. (For colonies). 
 
 tV " (" ," ) 
 
 is " (" " »■ 
 
 25 cents. ( Pays-Bas. 
 10 " ( " " 
 
 5 " fun 
 
 2| " ( Colonies. 
 
 Cent. ( " 
 
 " ( Fays-Bas. 
 
 J-Cent. ( » " 
 
 " ( Colonies. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 207.657 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 107.825 
 
 983 
 
 tt 
 
 103.82S 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 103.200 
 
 899 
 
 " 
 
 53.912 
 
 933 
 
 u 
 
 61.914 
 
 900 
 
 Silver, 
 u 
 
 385.750 
 
 945 
 
 154.320 
 
 945 
 
 It 
 
 77.160 
 
 945 
 
 Billon. 
 
 49.067 
 
 720 
 
 " 
 
 19.315 
 
 720 
 
 it 
 
 9.414 
 
 720 
 
 it 
 
 55.162 
 
 640 
 
 u 
 
 21.605 
 
 640 
 
 " 
 
 10.570 
 
 G40 
 
 Copper. 
 
 192.875 
 
 
 
 74.064 
 
 
 it 
 
 59.328 
 29.664 
 
 
 u 
 
 35.494 
 
 
 $8.0514 
 4.5663 
 4.0257 
 8.9970 
 2.2S34 
 2.012S 
 1.0212 
 
 1.3189 
 0.4084 
 0.2042 
 0.1021 
 0.0403 
 0.0204 
 0.1021 
 0.0408 
 0.0204 
 0.0102 
 0.0011 
 0.0041 
 0.0020 
 0.0020 
 
 Nevis. See West Indies. 
 
 New Brunswick. See Canada. 
 
 New Caledonia. (French Colony.) 
 
56 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Newfoundland. See Canada. 
 New Granada. See Colombia. 
 New South Wales. See Australia. 
 New Zealand. Same as Australia. 
 Nicaragua. See Central America. 
 
 Norway. {See Sweden for modern system.) 
 Length. — 12 linie make 1 turn. 
 
 12 turn " lfot,=11.6904inches,or0.297metre, 
 
 2fot 
 
 u 
 
 1 aln. 
 
 S aln 
 
 t* 
 
 1 famn, 
 
 6 " 
 
 u 
 
 1 rode. 
 
 Soad Measure. — The miil of 36,000 fot, and grenzmul of 
 80,000 fot. The latter = 5.6352 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The tunna or tondeland = 56,000 square fot. 4 
 kappland = 1 fjerding ; 4 fjerding = 1 spannland ; 2 spannland 
 = 1 tondeland. The tondeland = 1.2132 acres. 
 
 Solid.— 1 vedfamn = 108 cubic fot, or 99.858 cubic feet. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 
 
 4 jungfrus make 1 qwarter. 
 4 qwarters " 1 stop. 
 
 2 stops " 1 kanna, = 0.69106 gallon, or 
 2.617 litres. 
 48 kannas make 1 tunna. 
 Dry Measure. — 
 
 4 orts make 1 qwarter. 
 4 qwarters " 1 stop. 
 2 stops " 1 kanna. 
 
 1 kannas " 1 fjerding. 
 
 4 fjerdings " 1 span, = 2.0786 bushels, or 
 73.2419 litres. 
 
 2 sjans make 1 tunna. 
 
 The tunna also = 32 kappe. 
 
PALESTINE. 
 
 57 
 
 Weight. — i qwintin make 1 lod. 
 2 lod " 1 untz. 
 
 16 untz " 1 skalpund, = 0.93V3 lb. 
 
 This pund is divided into 8,848 as. 
 
 20 skalpunds make 1 lispund. 
 400 " " 1 skippund. 
 
 Apothecaries use a pund of 7,416 as, which is divided into 
 untz?, drachmas, scrupels, and grans, as in England. 
 
 For gold and silver, the mark, of 4,384 as, is divided into 8 
 untzs, 16 lods, and 64 qwintins. 
 
 Money. — 12 runstycken make 1 skilling. 
 
 120 skilling " 1 riksdaler, = $1.0929. 
 
 Former value of the riksdaler in United States custom-houses, 
 $1.06. The crown now rates (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874) at 
 $0,268. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 « « " By TT. 8. mint 
 
 Silver. 
 
 41 
 
 «( 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 s.t 
 
 u 
 ft 
 
 446.688 
 
 444.960 
 223.841 
 92.129 
 
 44.598 
 
 875 
 
 87T 
 875 
 878 
 
 878 
 
 $1.0929 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 « 
 
 
 
 
 £ « 
 
 
 
 0.0046 
 
 
 
 
 Nova Scotia. See Canada. 
 
 Nubia. See Egypt. 
 
 Oldenburg. See also German TSmpim, 
 The former gold pistole = $3,9593. 
 
 Ottoman Empire. See Turkey. 
 Palestine. See Turkey. 
 
58 PARAGUAY. 
 
 Paraguay. 
 
 The peso of Paraguay rates in United States customs at $1.00. 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 Parma. See also Italy. 
 
 Length. — 12 atomi = 1 punto ; 12 punti = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie 
 = 1 braccio di legno ; 6 braccia = 1 pertica. This braccio = 
 21.344 inches. The pie is a measure of 22.428 inches. 
 
 Surface. — 12 tavola = 1 staro; 6 stari = 1 biolca of 288 
 square pertica. The biolca = 0.7528 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — As at Milan. See Venetian Lombabdt. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 8 quarteroli = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo or 
 staro. The stajo = 1.334 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie 
 = 1 libbra ; 25 libbre = 1 rubbio. The libbra = 0.7197 pound. 
 
 Money. — The gold sequin, or zecchino, = $2.2691. Gold pis- 
 tole = $4.2676. Gold 20-lire — $3.8591. Silver ducato (prior 
 to 1815) = $0.9933. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 No regular system of weights and measures applies to the 
 whole country. 
 
 Length. — The archin arisen = 38.28 inches, and the archin 
 schah = 31.46 inches. At Ispahan, the guerze or gueza = 37.39 
 inches, or 0.949 metre. 
 
 Capacity. — i sextarios make 1 chenica. 
 2 chenicas " 1 capicha. 
 25 capichas " 1 artaba, or arta, = 1.8514 bush- 
 els, or 65.236 litres. 
 The artaba also equals 8 collothun. 
 Weight. — 2 mascais make 1 dirhem. 
 50 dirhems " 1 rattel. 
 6 rattels " 1 batman. 
 In Tauris the batman = 6.3408 lbs. ; in Shiraz its value is 
 double the above. In Ispahan, the mahnd shah = 13.6601 lbs. ; 
 while in Shiraz, Bushire, and Gamri, its value is 27.3202 lbs. In 
 Teheran, the rik of 1,600 miskal = 17.075 lbs. 
 
POLAND. 
 
 59 
 
 '. — 5 dinars make 1 kasbequis. 
 
 2 kasbequis " 1 dinar-bisti. 
 5 dinars-bisti " 1 shatree. 
 2 shatrees " 1 mahmoodi. 
 
 2 mahmoodis " 1 abassi. 
 50 abassi " 1 tomaun. In gold, = $2.2437. 
 
 There is also a half-tomaun in gold. In silver, the sahibkiran 
 of Mohammed Shah = $0.2243 ; but this coin varies in value un- 
 der different rulers. 
 
 Pern. 
 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 The vara = 33.367 inches. The libra = 1.014286 lbs., the 
 quintal = 100 libra, and the fanega = 140 libra. 
 
 Money. — A system based on the French was adopted in 1863, 
 In it the sol (divided into 100 cents) is the equivalent of 5 francs. 
 In United States customs the sol now rates at $0.9650. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 corns. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 $19.2958 
 
 it u u » By TJ. S. mint assay 
 
 Old doubloon. " " " " 
 
 506.40 
 
 898 
 
 19.2130 
 15.5567 
 
 Old dollar. " " " " 
 Dollar of 185S. " " " « 
 Half-dollar, 1836-1S3S. By U. S. mint 
 
 415.6S 
 307.68 
 
 207.S4 
 384.96 
 
 9(Ji 
 909 
 
 650 
 900 
 
 1.0430 
 0.92S0 
 
 0.S750 
 
 
 0.9600 
 
 
 0.9726 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philippine Islands. (Colony of Spain.) 
 The pecul = 139.45 lbs. 
 The caban of rice = 133 lbs. ; of cocoa, 83^ lbs. 
 
 Poland. See Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 
 
 The former standards of Krakau (Cracow, in Austrian Poland) 
 are worth partially citing. 
 
 Length. — The stopa (of 12 calow, etc.) = 14.032 inches. 
 
60 PORTO BIOO. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — The garniec z= 0.99145 gallon. That of 
 WarBaw was 1.05671 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The korzeo = 3.4082 bushels. At Warsaw, 
 8.6324 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — The funt (of 2 mark or 48 skoyciec) = 0.895 lbs. 
 
 Money. — The former gold ducat (25 zloty) =: $2.9887. 
 
 The silver zloty = $0.1146. There were also pieces of 2, 5 
 and 10 zloty. 
 
 Porto Rico. See "West Indies. 
 
 Portugal. Colonial Possessions. — The Madeira, Azoees, and 
 Cape Vebde Islands, Island op St. Thomas, parts of Guinea, 
 Mozambique, Goa, and other cities in India, Macao in China, 
 Timor and other islands in the Malay Akchipelago. 
 
 The metric system has lately been adopted. The old style 
 was as follows : 
 
 Length. — 12 pontos make 1 linha. . 
 
 12 linhas " 1 pollegada. 
 
 8 pollegadas " 1 palmo da craveira. 
 
 3 palmos " 1 covado. 
 
 5 palmos " 1 vara, = 43.28 inches, or 1.099 
 metres. 
 
 2 varas " 1 braca. 
 
 The grao = 2 linhas, and the dedo = 8 linhas. 
 Poad Measure. — 8 estadios make 1 milha, = 1.2786 miles. 
 
 3 milhas " 1 legoa. 
 /Surface. — The geira is 4,840 square varas, = 1.4287 acres. 
 Cubic. — Timber is measured in cubic pollegadas, earth in cubiu 
 bracas, brick and stone work in cubic palmas. 
 Liquid Measure. — 
 
 4 quartilhos make 1 Canada. 
 
 6 canadas " 1 alquiere, pote, or cantaro. 
 2 alquieres " 1 almude. 
 
 In Lisbon the alquiere = 2.18475 gallons, or 8.6299 litres. 
 " Oporto " " = 3.31279 " " 12.5399 " 
 
 26 almude make 1 pipa or bota. 
 2 pipas " 1 touelada. 
 
PORTUGAL. 
 
 81 
 
 Dry Measure. — 
 
 2 maquias make 1 outava. 
 2 outavas " 1 quarto. 
 * 4 quartos " 1 alquiere. 
 4 alquieres " 1 fanga. 
 15 fangas " 1 moio. 
 The fanga of Lisbon = 1.534'? bushels, or 54.0768 litres. 
 " " " Oporto = 1.9374 " " 62.2663 " 
 For coal, in Lisbon, the fanga = 21.1667 bushels. 
 Weight. — 24 graos make 1 serupulo. 
 
 3 scrupulos 
 
 " 1 outava. 
 
 8 outavas 
 
 " 1 onca. 
 
 16 oncas 
 
 " 1 arratel, = 1.01186 lbs 
 
 grammes. 
 
 
 32 arratels 
 
 " 1 arroba. 
 
 4 arrobas 
 
 " 1 quintal. 
 
 13} quintals 
 
 " 1 tonelada. 
 
 or 459 
 
 For gold and silver, a mareo of -J- arratel is used. Apothecaries 
 have a libra of 12 oncas, or $ arratel. 
 
 Money. — The rei is an imaginary money of account, the sum 
 of 1,000 reis being called a milreis. A million of reis is a conto 
 of reis. 
 
 20 reis make 1 vintem. 
 100 " " 1 tostao or testoon. 
 320 " " lpataca. 
 400 " " 1 crasado. 
 
 480 " " 1 sello or new crasado. 
 1,000 " " 1 milreis. 
 The milreis now rates in United States customs at $1.0847. 
 The British pound rates in Portugal at 4,500 reis, and the 
 French franc at 180 reis. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight 
 
 fineness. 
 
 Valne. 
 
 Ooroa. (Crown, 5,000 reis.) 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 
 
 85.S25T 
 
 
 147.84 
 
 912 
 
 
 
 
 192.00 
 
 912 
 
 0.4360 
 
 
 
62 PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. 
 
 Prince Edward's Island. See Canada. 
 
 Prussia. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 12 scrupel = 1 linie ; 12 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 
 1 Kheinfuss. This fuss = 12.357 inches, or 0.3138 metre. 12 
 Kheinfuss = 1 ruthe. The elle = 2£ fuss. Surveyors divide the 
 ruthe decimally into 10 decimal fuss, 100 zoll, and 1,000 linien. 
 
 Road Measure.— -The postmeile of 24,000 Rheinfuss = 4.6807 
 miles, or 7.532721 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. — The morgen of 180 square ruthen = 0.6309 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 2 ossel = 1 quarlier ; 30 quartier = 1 an- 
 ker ; 2 anker = 1 eimer ; 2 eimer = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. 
 The anker = 9.07319 gallons, or 34.345 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. — i miisschen = 1 metze ; 4 metzen = 1 viertel; 
 4 viertel = 1 scheffel ; 12 schefFel = 1 malter ; 6 malter = 1 last. 
 
 The wispel = 18 scheffel. The scheffel = 1.5597 bushels, or 
 54.9577 litres. 
 
 Cubic Measure. — The klafter = 108 cubic Eheinfuss, = 117.8 
 cubic feet. The haufen = 4£ klafter. 
 
 Weight. — Formerly, the pfund (= 1.03118 lbs. avoirdupois) 
 was divided into marks, unzen, loth, and quentchen, as in most 
 of the other German states (for example, Hanover and Ham- 
 burg). This pfund was represented by ^ of a cubic Kheinfuss of 
 distilled water, weighed in vacuo, at the temperature of 65$° Fahr. 
 16J pfund made 1 liespfund, and 20 liespfund made 1 schiffpfund. 
 22 pfund made the stein, and 5 stein the centner. The more mod- 
 ern scale is as follows : 
 
 10 zent = 1 quentchen ; 10 quentchen = 1 loth ; 30 loth = 1 
 pfund ; 100 pfund = 1 centner ; 3 centner = 1 tonne. This pfund 
 is the Zollverein pfund of 500 grammes, or 1.1023 lbs. 
 
 For gold and silver, the mark of ^ the old pfund is divided into 
 16 loth or 288 gran. 
 
 Apothecaries' weight as in Nuremberg. See German Empire. 
 
 Money. — For recent system, see German Empire. Formerly, 
 12 pfennige made 1 groschen, 30 silbergroschen made 1 thaler. 
 Still earlier, the thaler was divided into 24 gute groschen. The 
 thaler equals in weight fy of a Cologne mark of fine silver. 
 
ROMAN STATES. 
 
 63 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 Old ten-tlialer piece. By XJ. S. mint 
 assay. 
 
 Old Friedrich d'or 
 
 Old ducat . ; 
 
 M ereinekrone 
 
 Halbekrone 
 
 Doppeltchaler. 2 thalers 
 
 Thaler 
 
 " By U. S. mint assay 
 
 " Old. Before 1857. By U. 8. mint 
 assay 
 
 Seehst el thaler, or 5 groschen 
 
 2&-si)bergrnschen&tizck 
 
 Silbergroscben 
 
 j silbergroschen 
 
 4 pfenmge 
 
 8 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 1 u 
 
 Material. 
 
 Welgbt. 
 
 Fineness, 
 
 Gold. 
 
 M 
 
 SUrer. 
 
 <( 
 Billon. 
 
 u 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 204.960 
 
 908 
 
 
 
 171.278 
 85.687 
 571.555 
 285.778 
 285.6(10 
 
 841.760 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 750 
 620 
 875 
 220 
 220 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $7.9710 
 4.0096 
 2.0043 
 6.64615 
 8.82808 
 1.4409 
 0.7204 
 0.7140 
 
 0.7120 
 0.1201 
 0.0600 
 0.0240 
 0.0120 
 0.008O 
 O.OOliO 
 0.0040 
 0.0020 
 
 Queensland. See Australia. 
 
 Roman States. See also Italy. 
 
 Length. — The commercial palmo = 8.796 inches ; the mer- 
 cer's palmo = 8.347 inches ; the architects palmo = 8.79 incheB. 
 The pie = 11.592 inches ; at Ancona, ] 5.384 inches. The canna 
 = 78.4 inches, the braccio of Rome = 30.732, and the braccio of 
 Ancona=- 25^ inches. Architects divide their palmo into 12 oncie of 
 10 decimi each ; 10 of these palmi make 1 canna, and the catena 
 of 10 stajoli is 57^ palmi. There is also an architect's pie or foot 
 of 16 oncie, = 11 72 inches. 
 
 Surface. — The rubbio of 370,300 square architect's palmi = 
 4.5658 acres. It has various subdivisions. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 4 quartucci = 1 foglietta ; 4 fogliette = 1 
 boccale ; 32 boccale = 1 barile ; 16 barile = 1 botte. For wine, 
 the barile = 15.412, and for oil 15.185 gallons. In Bologna, 4 
 fogliette = 1 boccale ; 15 boccale = 1 quarterone; 4 quarterone 
 = 1 corba. This boccale = 0.346 gallon. The soma = 18.49 
 gallons at Ancona, and 43.386 gallons at Rome. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 quartucci = 1 scorzo ; If scorzi = 1 sta- 
 rello ; 4 starelli = 1 quarta ; 4 quarte = 1 rubbio. At Rome, the 
 
64 ROUMANIA. 
 
 rubbio = 8.355 bushels ; at Ancona, 1.914: bushels. In Bologna, 
 4 quarticini = 1 quarterone ; 4 quarterone = 1 Btajo ; 2 staja = 
 1 corba. This corba is the same as in liquid measure, and = 2.232 
 bushels (20.7617 gallons, liquid). 
 
 Weight. — 24 grani =: 1 denaro ; 24 denari=l oncia; 12 on- 
 *ie = 1 libbra. In Bologna, 4 grani =3 1 earato ; 10 carati = 1 
 ferlino ; 2 ferlini = 1 ottavo ; 8 ottavi = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 lib- 
 bra. The libbra = 0.1411 lb. at Rome, 0.7984 at Bologna, and 
 0.1211 at Ancona. 
 
 Money. — 10 bajocchi = 1 paolo ; 10 paoli = 1 scudo. The 
 scudo (of 1835) = $1.0465. The Madonna scudo of Bologna = 
 $1.0445. In gold, the 10 scudi Bomani of 1853 = $10.47 ; and the 
 zecchino of Rome and Bologna prior to 1835 = $2,276. A modern 
 piece of 2| scudi, by United States mint assay, is worth $2.6047. 
 
 Roumania. (Moldavia and Wallachia.) 
 
 Length. — The palma = 10.89 inches. The khalebi, for wool- 
 ens, = 26.43 inches, and the kot, for silk and linen, = 24.86 
 inches. The endaseh is 26.08 inches. 
 
 Capacity. — The viadra of 10 oka = 3.7434 gallons, or 14.1699 
 litres. The kilo = 12.345 bushels, or 434.98 litres. 
 
 Weight. — 4 litra = 1 oka or occha ; 44 okas == 1 cantaro. The 
 oka = 2.818 lbs., or 1.2786 kilogrammes. 
 
 Money.— 100 ban para = 1 piastre or lei. The lei is meant to 
 be the equivalent of the franc. The silver piece of 2 lei, by 
 United States mint assay, weighs 154.56 grains, is 835 fine, and 
 worth $0,358. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Length. — 12 linia make 1 duime. 
 
 12 duimes " 1 foute, = 1 English foot, or 
 0.304761 metre. 
 7 foutes make 1 sagene, sashen, or sachine. 
 4 verschoks make 1 tchetverk. 
 4 tchetverk " 1 archeen, archine, or arsheen. 
 3 archines " 1 sachine, = 7 feet, or 2.1335 
 metreB. 
 
BUS8IA. 65 
 
 Road Measure. — The verst or werst = 500 sacliines, or 3,500 
 feet. The Lithuanian meile = 4.9958 miles, or 8.039816 kilo- 
 metres. 
 
 Surface. — The deciatine = 2,400 square sachines, or 2.6997 
 acres. 
 
 IAguii Measure. — 100 tcharfcas = 1 vedro ; 3 vedros = 1 an- 
 ker ; 40 vedros = 1 sarakowaja. The vedro = the volume of 
 750.57 cubic inches of distilled water, or 30 pounds weighed in 
 vacuo at the temperature of 16f° Centigrade. 
 
 2 quars make 1 polou-stoff. 
 
 2 polou-stoffs " 1 stoff. 
 
 4 stoffs " 1 polou-vedro. 
 
 2 polou-vedros " 1 vedro. 
 The kronchka is -fa vedro. The vedro = 3.249 gallons, or 
 12.299 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 
 
 2 garnetz make 1 tschetverka. 
 4 tschetverkas " 1 tschetverik. 
 2 tschetveriks " 1 pajak. 
 
 2 pajaks " 1 osmina. 
 
 2 osminas " 1 tschetviert, or chetviert. 
 The tschetverik = 0.7446 bushel, or 26.2367 litres. 
 
 Weight. — 96 dolis make 1 zolotnick. 
 
 3 zolotnicks " 1 loth. 
 8 " " liana. 
 
 12 lanas " 1 funte, = 0.9028 lb., or 0.4095 
 
 kilogramme. 
 
 40 funtes " 1 pood or pud. 
 
 10 poods " 1 berkowitz or berkovetz. 
 
 3 berkovetz " 1 packen. 
 
 Ir pharmacy, the funte is $ of the commercial funte, and is sub- 
 divided, as in England and Germany, into ounces, drachms, scru- 
 ples, and grains. 
 
 Money. — 100 copgcks make 1 ruble or rouble. The ruble =s 
 $0.7779 ; or, in United States customs (1874), $0.7717. Before 
 1800 the ruble was of somewhat greater value. 
 
G6 
 
 ST. BARTHOLOMEW. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 Material. Weight. 
 
 Half -imperial. 5 rubles 
 
 " B> U. 3. mint aBsay 
 
 Euble 
 
 11 By TJ. 8. mint assay 
 
 Half-ruble, or poltinnik 
 
 Quarter-ruble, or tschetvertak 
 
 Fifth-ruble, or abassis. 
 
 1 5 copecks, or zloty-polski 
 
 10 " " grivenik 
 
 5 " " piatak 
 
 Copeck 
 
 Doneschika 
 
 Polusbka 
 
 Gold. 
 Silver. 
 
 100.842 
 ] 00.800 
 820.862 
 820.160 
 159.S38 
 80.948 
 04.827 
 43.020 
 82.923 
 16.464 
 
 916 
 883 
 875 
 833 
 833 
 883 
 820 
 
 8.9760 
 0.7779 
 0.7780 
 0.8889 
 0.1945 
 0.15S6 
 0.116T 
 0.0778 
 0.0890 
 0.0078 
 0.0039 
 0.0020 
 
 St. Bartholomew. See West Indies. 
 
 St. Christopher's or Kill's. See West Indies. 
 
 St. Eustatius. See West Indies. 
 
 St. Helena. (British Colony.) 
 
 St. John. See West Indies. 
 
 St. Martin. See West Indies. 
 
 St. Thomas. See West Indies. 
 
 St. Vincent. See West Indies. 
 
 Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Weights, measures, and money, as in the United States. 
 The barrel of whale-oil = 31£ gallons. 
 
 San Salvador. See Central America. 
 
 Santa Cruz, or St. Croix. See West Indies. 
 
 Santa Lucia. See West Indies. 
 
 Santo Domingo. See West Indies. 
 
SARDINIA. 67 
 
 Sardinia. See also Italy. 
 
 Lergth. — 12 atomi = 1 punto ; 12 punti = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie 
 = 1 pie liprando. This pit; = 20.228 inches. In Genoa there 
 is a pie manuale = f the above. In the same city, 5 J oncie — 1 
 palmo ; 2% palmi = 1 braccio ; and about 9 palmi = 1 canna. In 
 Turin and Piedmont generally, 6 piede liprando = 1 trabucco ; 2 
 trabucci — 1 pertica. The raso = 14 oncie. 
 
 Road Measure. — The miglio (4333J piede liprando) = 1.3835 
 miles. 
 
 Surface. — In Piedmont the giornata of 100 square pertica = 
 0.9393 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — In Genoa, 90 amole or 50 pinte = 1 barile ; 
 
 1 barili = 1 mezzaruula. This barile = 17.084 gallons. 
 
 In Piedmont (Turin), 2 quartini = 1 boccale ; 2 boccali = 1 
 ■>inta ; 6 pinte = 1 rubbio ; 6 rubbi = 1 brenta ; 10' brente = 1 
 carro. The rubbio = 2.4804 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — In Genoa, 12 gombette = 1 quarto ; 8 quarti 
 =r 1 mina. The mina = 3.4257 bushels. 
 
 In Turin, 20 cuechiari = 1 copello ; 4 copelli = 1 quartiere ; 
 
 2 quartiere = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo ; 3 staje = 1 sacco. The 
 sacco = 3.2635 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — In Genoa, 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 
 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra ; 1J libbre = 1 rottolo. The libbra 
 = 0.70021 lb. ; in peso grosso it is Vj higher. 
 
 In Piedmont (Turin), 24 granotini = 1 grano ; 24 grani = 1 
 denaro ; 3 denari = 1 ottavo ; 8 ottavi = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 
 libbra. This libbra = 0.81332 lb. The marco, for gold and sil- 
 ver, is | libbra. The apothecaries' libbra is lj marco. 
 
 Money. — 100 centesimi = 1 lira nuova. The lira = $ 0.193. 
 The silver livre of Genoa formerly rated in United States custom- 
 houses at 21 cents. 
 
 Former Coinage. — la Genoa, the gold zecchino or sequin, 
 coined for the Levantine trade, = $2.2906. The gold dopia or 
 Genovine, old, = $23.5913 ; new, = $14.9082. The doppie (20 
 lire nuove) of Sardinia = $3.8591. The carlino of Piedmont 
 (1786) = $27.4582 ; of Sardinia (1773) = $9.4586. The silver 
 scudo (6 lire Piedmontese), before 1800, = $1.3689. The seudo 
 or scutcheon dollar of Sardinia (2£ lire of S.), 1773, = $0.9091. 
 
68 SAXONT. 
 
 Saxony. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length.— 10 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2 fuss = 1 
 elle ; 8 ellen = 1 ruthe. The fuss = 11.148 inches, and the ar- 
 chitect's fuss of Leipsic = 11.13 inches. 
 
 Road Measure. — The postmeile (24,000 fuss) =: 4.223 miles. 
 The polizei-meile (32,000 fuss) = 5.6303 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The morgen of 76,800 square fuss = 1.6216 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 4 quartier = 1 nossel ; 2 nossel = 1 kanne ; 
 63 kannen = 1 eimer ; 2 eimer = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. 
 Also, 64 kannen = 1 anker ; 3 eimer = 1 oxhoft ; 6 eimer = 1 
 fass. The kanne = 0.3181 gallon. In Dresden the measures are 
 I- smaller than the above, which belong to Leipsic. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 4 masschen = 1 metze ; 4 metzen = 1 viertel ; 
 4 viertel = 1 seheffel ; 12 seheffel =: 1 matter ; 2 malter = 1 wis- 
 pel. The seheffel = 2.9485 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 15 gran = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentlein ; 4 
 quentlein = 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark 
 = lpfund. The pfund = 1.0306 lbs. The centner = 110 pfund. 
 For apothecaries' weight, see German Empire. 
 
 Money. — 12 pfennige = 1 neugroschen ; 30 neugroschen = 1 
 thaler. Values as in Prussia. 
 
 The former August d'or (and double August d'or in same pro- 
 portion) = $4.0098. The former specie-thaler of 24 gute groschen 
 (l£ thaler) = $1,091. 
 
 Sennaar. See Egypt. 
 
 Servia. 
 
 Length. — The archine = 28.0 inches, or 0.711 metre. 
 Weight. — 100 drachm = 1 litra ; 4 litra = 1 oka. The oka -ss 
 2.8188 lbs., or 1.2786 kilogrammes. 
 
 Money. — 80 para = 1 piastre. The piastre = $0.0794. 
 
 Siam. 
 
 Length. — 2 soks make 1 ken. 
 
 2 kens " 1 vouah, = 6.306 feet, or 1.922 metres 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 69 
 
 Road Measure. — The roenung of 2,000 vouahs = 2.3886 miles, 
 sr 3.84401 kilometres. 
 Capacity. — 
 
 40 sats make 1 sesti, = 0.33462 bushel, or 11.7908 litres. 
 40 sesti " 1 cohi. 
 In liquid measure the cohi = 13.385 gallons, or 50.6662 litres. 
 Weight.— 
 
 4 ticals make 1 tael. 
 20 taels " 1 catty. 
 
 50 catties " 1 pecul, = 133.35 lbs., or 60.488 kilo- 
 grammes. 
 Money. — Gold ticals, each equal to 10 silver ticals. The latter 
 is worth about 61 cents, United States coinage. 
 
 Siberia. See Russia. 
 
 Sicily • See also Naples, and Italy. 
 
 Length.. — 8 palmi = 1 canna. The palmo = 9.5297 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — The salma = 22 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The salma generale =7.8 bushels ; the salma 
 grosso = 10 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — The libbra of 12 oncie = 0.70723 lb. The rottolo 
 grosso of 33 oncie = 1.925 lbs. ; the rottolo sottile of 30 oncie = 
 1.75 lbs. 
 
 Money. — 20 grani = 1 taro ; 12 tari = 1 scudo ; 2£ scudi = 1 
 oncia. The silver Sicilian scudo of 1785 = $0.9833. Prior to 
 1873 the oncia rated in United States custom-houses at $2.40. 
 
 Sierra Leone. {British Colony.) 
 
 Society Islands. (French Colony.) 
 
 Sooloo Archipelago. 
 
 The mace = 58.33 grains. The tael = 0.0833 lb. The lachs* 
 = 66$ lbs., or 30.236 kilogrammes. 
 
 Soudan. See Egypt. 
 
 South Australia. See Australia. 
 
70 SPAIN. 
 
 Spain. Colonial Possessions. — Canary Islands, Cuba, Poeto 
 Rico, etc.; Philippine Islands, part of New Guinea. See 
 also Balearic Islands. 
 
 The metric system of weights and measures is now the legal 
 system. Its units have Spanish names, however, as " litro," " me- 
 tro," etc. The following tables belong to the old system, as used 
 in Madrid : 
 
 Length.— 1 2 puntos = 1 linea ; 12 lineas = 1 pulgada ; 6 pul- 
 gadas = 1 sesma ; 2 sesmas = 1 piS (foot) ; 3 pies = 1 vara ; 4 
 varas = 1 esladal. The pie = 11.128 inches ; also, 9 lineas = 1 
 dedo ; 12 dedos = 1 palma. 
 
 Pood Measure. — The legua of 8,000 varas = 4.2151 miles. 
 Surface. — The yugada, of 50 fanegadas, or 460,800 square 
 varas, = 79.355 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 4 copas = 1 quartillo or cuartillo ; 4 quar- 
 tillos = 1 azumbre ; 8 azumbres = 1 arroba mayor or cantara. 
 This arroba = 4.26304 gallons, and is supposed to contain the 
 weight of 35 libras of pure water. The arroba for oil, divided 
 into 4 quartillos or 100 panillas, = only 3.31853 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — i ochavillos = 1 racion ; 4 raciones = 1 quar. 
 tillo ; 2 quartillos = 1 medio ; 2 medios = 1 almude ; 12 almudes 
 = 1 fanega ; 12 fanegas — 1 cahiz. The fanega = 1.599 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 12 granos = 1 tomin ; 3 tomines =r 1 adarme ; 2 
 adarmes = 1 ochava or dracma ; 8 ochavas = 1 onza ; 8 onzas 
 := 1 marco ; 2 marcos — 1 libra. The libra = 1.016097 lbs. The 
 apothecaries' libra = 0.7615 lb. 
 
 25 common libras = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas =: 1 quintal ; 20 
 quintals = 1 tonelada. 
 
 Money. — The peseta of 100 centimes = 1 French franc. 
 
 Formerly, 20 reals vellon, or 10f reals of plate, made 1 duro, 
 piastre, or dollar. Also, 10 reals made 1 escudo j each real being 
 divided into 10 decimes. 
 
SWEDEN: 
 
 71 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 Potion. 10 escudos 
 
 " " " By XT. S. mint assay, 
 
 4 escudos 
 
 2 " 
 
 100 reals. By IT. S. mint assay 
 
 80 '* u u u u 
 
 Doblon de Isabel 
 
 4 pistoles, or onza de oro 
 
 Becent duro or dollar. 2 escudos 
 
 Dollar of 5 pesetas. By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 Escndo 
 
 Peseta. Former 
 
 " Present. By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 Media peseta. Former 
 
 Beal 
 
 ftS,? 1 ) These coins contain 95 
 
 832?- [ gfisr- 4 * 1 ' 
 
 Media-decima. ) ana 1 2me - 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 129.411 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 129.984 
 
 896 
 
 u 
 
 51.T64 
 
 900 
 
 m 
 
 25.882 
 
 9U0 
 
 " 
 
 128.640 
 
 896 
 
 Silrer. 
 
 103.200 
 
 896} 
 
 
 
 400.513 
 
 900 
 
 " 
 
 884.000 
 
 900 
 
 ii 
 
 200.281 
 
 900 
 
 .t 
 
 80.118 
 
 810 
 
 u 
 
 76.800 
 
 885 
 
 u 
 
 40.057 
 
 810 
 
 " 
 
 20.028 
 
 810 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 192.900 
 
 
 " 
 
 96.450 
 
 
 u 
 
 88.5S0 
 
 
 u 
 
 19.290 
 
 
 $5.1678 
 5.0150 
 2.0088 
 1.0019 
 4.9640 
 8.8S40 
 4.9861 
 
 16.1154 
 1.0100 
 0.9600 
 0.5049 
 0.2020 
 0.1780 
 0.1010 
 0.0505 
 0.0252 
 0.0126 
 0.0050 
 0.0026 
 
 Sumatra. 
 
 Length.. — 2 jankal — 1 etto ; 2 etto = 1 hailoh ; 4 hailoh = 1 
 tung. The tung =: 4 yards, or 12 feet. 
 
 Capacity.— The koolah = 0.11M bushel. The pakha=0.14535 
 gallon. 
 
 Weight. — The catty — 2.118 lbs. ; the maund, 11 lbs. ; the pe- 
 cul, 133 J lbs. ; the candil, 423J lbs. For camphor, the ootan=4 lbs. 
 
 Surinam. See Giiana. 
 Sweden. See also Norway. 
 
 The systems here are decimal, but based upon former units. 
 Length. — 10 linien make 1 turn. 
 
 10 turn " 1 fot, = 11.679 inches, or 0.2966 
 
 metre. 
 10 fot " 1 stang. 
 10 stang " 1 ref. 
 Surface.— The square ref, of 10,000 square fot, = 0.2175 acre, 
 or 8.8007 ares. 
 
 Capacity. — Si both wet and dry measure cubes of the measures 
 of length are used ; as, the cubic turn, cubic fot, etc. In both wet 
 and dry measures the canna is tV of » cubic fot, and equals 
 
72 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 2.617188 litres. In dry measure this = 0.7428 bushel. In liquid 
 measure it = 0.6914 gallon. 
 
 Weights. — 100 korns make 1 ort. 
 
 100 ort3 " 1 skalpund, 
 
 423.57 grammes. 
 100 skalpunds make 1 centner. 
 100 centners •' 1 last. 
 Money. — 100 ore make 1 riksdaler-ryksmint, or crown, 
 former riksdaler silfver was 48 skillings of 12 ore each, 
 crown now rates in United States custom-houses at $0,268. 
 riksdaler, prior to 1873, rated at $1.06. 
 
 0.93379 lb., or 
 
 The 
 The 
 The 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Material. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 tt 
 
 Silver. 
 
 u 
 Bronze. 
 
 it 
 u 
 
 214.909 
 
 107.455 
 63.727 
 53.280 
 49.920 
 528.581 
 261.765 
 180.887 
 181.040 
 52.353 
 
 976 
 976 
 976 
 975 
 900 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 750 
 
 $9.0420 
 
 Two " 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carolin (10 francs). By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 1.9350 
 
 
 5512 
 
 
 0.2756 
 
 " By XJ. S. mint assay. 
 
 0.2780 
 0.1102 
 
 
 0.0551 
 
 
 
 
 0.0220 
 
 Ore 
 
 
 
 0.0110 
 
 
 
 
 0.0055 
 
 
 
 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Prior to 1856, almost every canton in Switzerland had its own 
 system of weights and measures. The present uniform system 13 
 upon a semi-metric basis. 
 
 Length. — 10 traits make 1 ligne. 
 
 10 lignes 
 10 pouees " 
 timetres. 
 2 pieds " 
 
 2 braches " 
 
 3 aunes " 
 The perche 
 
 1 pouce. 
 
 1 pied, = 11.8112 inches, or SO cen- 
 
 1 brache. 
 1 aune. 
 1 toise. 
 = 10 pieds. 
 
TRINIDAD. 73 
 
 Road Measure. — The lieue of 16,000 pieds = 2.983 miles, o« 
 4.8 kilometres. 
 
 Surface. — Thearpent, 400 pieds square, = 3.558 acres, or 1.44 
 hectares. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — 
 
 25 pots make 1 setier. 
 4 setiers " 1 muid. 
 
 The pot is subdivided into -J, £, and -J-. It represents -jV cubic 
 pied, or the bulk of 3 livres weight of pure water at the tempera- 
 ture of 4" Centigrade. The pot = 1.585 quarts, or 1.5 litres. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 10 emines make 1 quateron (usually divided 
 into \ and -j^). 10 quaterons make 1 sae. 
 
 There is a double quateron also. The quateron, $ of a cubic 
 pied, is the volume of 30 livres of pure water at 4° Centigrade. It 
 is equal to 0.4257 bushel, or 15 litres. 
 
 Weight. — The Hvre or pfund of the Zollverein is used, equal 
 to 1.1023 lbs., or 500 grammes. 100 livres make 1 quintal. 2 
 loth = 1 once ; 16 onces = 1 livre. 
 
 The livre of pharmacy = 375 grammes, and is divided into 12 
 onces, and these again are subdivided into drachmes, scrupules, 
 and grains, as in England. 
 
 Money. — 100 rappen make 1 franc. This franc is foe exact 
 equivalent of the French franc. See France. 
 
 By United States mint assay, the silver 2-franc piece of Swit. 
 zerland weighs 153/6 grains, is 835 fine, and worth $0,356. 
 
 Syria. See Turkey. 
 
 Tahiti. See Society Islands. 
 
 ■ Tasmania. Like Australia. 
 
 Tobago. See West Indies, 
 
 Tonquin. See Annam, 
 
 Tortola. See West Indies. 
 
 Trinidad. See"WsST Indies. 
 4 
 
74 TRIPOLI. 
 
 Tripoli. 
 
 Babca and Fezzan have the same weights and measures. 
 Length. — The dra'a or pik of 3 palmi 26.42 inches. The 
 arbi dra'a or lesser pik 19.029 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — The mataro, for oil, 6.163 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 
 
 4 orbahs make 1 temen. 
 
 4 temen- " 1 ueba or hueba, 8.0452 bushels. 
 Also, 20 tibeii 1 cafiso, 1.152 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 16 kharoubas make 1 drachma. 
 10 drachmas " 1 uekia. 
 16 uckias " 1 rotl. 
 
 100 rotls " 1 cantaro, 109.714 lbs. 
 
 Also, 40 oke " 1 cantaro or kantar. 
 The metical, for gold and silver, 73.6 grains. 
 
 Money. — 100 para 1 gersh {plural, gurush). The gersh = 
 = 10.1046. Under Mahmoud II. (1808) the gersh = $0.1865. 
 The mahbub of 20 piastres = $0.8709 in United States custom- 
 houses. 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 Length. — The dra'a hendaseh, for woolen goods, 26.49 inches; 
 The pik, for linen, 18.62 inches ; for silk 24.83 inches. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — The metter or mitre 2.6417 gallons. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The cafiz or caffiso 14.0753 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 16 uokia make 1 rotl ot rottolo, 1.1175 lbs. 
 
 For meat, etc., the rotl suckyl.2532 lbs., and the rotl ghredari 
 for vegetables 1.4098 lbs. The cantaro 100 rotl. 
 
 For gold and silver, the metical 59.7 grains. 
 
 Money. — 1 6 kharoubas make 1 piastre, $0.1286. In United 
 States customs it rates at $0,125. 
 
 The gold 25-piastre piece, by United States mint assay, weighs 
 77.28 grajns, is 900 fine, and worth $2.9954. The silver 6-piastres 
 (same authority) weighs 245,28 grains, is 898J fine, and worth 
 $Q.«12. 
 
TURKEY. 75 
 
 Turkestan. 
 
 Length. — The hasch = 28 inches, or 0.711 metre. 
 Weight. — 8 seer make 1 batmann, = 276.41 lbs., or 125.38 
 kilogrammes. 
 
 Money. — 44 pools make 1 tenga. 
 
 21 tengas " 1 tilla, = $2.7155. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 In Turkey (both European and Asiatic) the weights and meas- 
 ures vary in the different provinces, and with the nature of the 
 substances to be measured. The following system is that used in 
 Constantinople : 
 
 Length. — Builders' and surveyors' scale — 
 12 nock tats make 1 hatt. 
 12 hatts " 1 pannack. 
 
 24 parmacks " 1 archine, = 29.528 inches, or 75 
 centimetres. 
 Scale for measuring cloths — 
 
 2 guirahs make 1 ouroub. 
 
 8 ouroubs " 1 endaseh,=:25.7 inches, or 0.6523 
 metre. 
 At Smyrna the endaseh — 24.65 inches, and the pic = 26.29 
 inches. The pic = 26.63 inches at Aleppo, and 22.83 inches at 
 Damascus. 
 
 Capacity. — 4 chiniks make 1 kilo, = 1.00075 bushels, or 35.26 
 litres. 
 4 kilos " 1 fortin. 
 For liquids, the almud = 1.381 gallons. 
 Weight. — 4 karats make 1 deuke. 
 
 4 deukes " 1 dirhem or drachm. 
 100 dirhem " 1 chequi. 
 
 4 chequis " 1 oke or occa, = 2.8337 lbs., or 
 1285.4 grammes. 
 44 okes make 1 kantar or cantaro. 
 In Asia Minor and Syria there is also the batman of 6 okes. 
 Also the rottolo, which ranges from 1.2656 lbs. at Smyrna to 5.0643 
 lbs. at Aleppo. 
 
76 
 
 TUSCANY. 
 
 Money. — 40 paras make 1 piastre. The piastre is also divided 
 into 100 aspers. Its value is $0.04325. United States custom, 
 house rate, $0.0439. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 500-piastres, or becheyuslyk 
 
 250 " " ykiyuslyk 
 
 100 " " yusilykmedjid 
 
 100 " By TJ. 8. mint assay. 
 
 50 " " ellyklyk 
 
 25 " " yirmibechlyk.. 
 
 20 " " yrmilykmedjid 
 
 20 " By U. S. mint assay. 
 
 10 " " onlyk 
 
 5 " " bechelyk 
 
 2 " " ikylyk 
 
 Piastre, or kourouehe 
 
 ^-piastre, or yaremlyk 
 
 40 paras (= 1 piastre) 
 
 20 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 5 " 
 
 Fara 
 
 Material. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Fineness. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 657.552 
 
 910} 
 
 u. 
 
 278.776 
 
 916* 
 
 " 
 
 111.224 
 
 910} 
 
 11 
 
 110.380 
 
 915 
 
 " 
 
 55.612 
 
 916} 
 
 » 
 
 271806 
 
 916} 
 
 Silver. 
 
 371.224 
 
 830 
 
 " 
 
 869.600 
 
 830 
 
 " 
 
 185.612 
 
 830 
 
 u 
 
 92.806 
 
 830 
 
 " 
 
 87.194 
 
 830 
 
 » 
 
 18.597 
 
 830 
 
 " 
 
 9.298 
 
 830 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 881.860 
 
 
 it 
 
 165.680 
 
 
 u 
 
 82.840 
 
 
 u 
 
 41.420 
 
 
 1( 
 
 S.2S4 
 
 
 $21.6250 
 10.8125 
 4.3250 
 4.3700 
 2.1625 
 1.0812 
 0.8650 
 0.8520 
 0.4325 
 0.2162 
 0.0365 
 0.0432 
 0.0216 
 0.0482 
 0.0216 
 0.0108 
 0.0054 
 0.0011 
 
 Tuscany. (Florence and Leghorn.) See also Italy. 
 
 Length,. — 12 denari = 1 soldo; 10 soldi = 1 palmo; 2 palmi 
 = 1 braccio ; 4 braccia = 1 canna. The palmo = 11.49 inches. 
 The architect's canna — 5 braccia. 
 
 Road Measure. — The miglio of 2,833 J braccia = 1.0277 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The saccato of 16,500 square braccia = 1.389 acres. 
 
 Liquid Measure. — For wine, etc., 2 quartucci = 1 mezzetta ; 2 
 mezzette = 1 boccale ; 2 boccale — 1 fiasco ; 20 fiasci = 1 barile. 
 The barile = 12.0444 gallons, and should weigh 1S3J- libbre. The 
 barile of spirits weighs 120 libbre. For oil, the barile is only 16 
 fiasci, and weighs 120 libbre. 2 barile of oil = 1 soma. 
 
 Dry Measure. — 2 bussoli = 1 quartuccio ; 2 quartucci = 1 
 mezzetta ; 2 mezzette = 1 metadella ; 4 metadelle = 1 quarto ; 2 
 quarti = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo ; 3 staja = 1 sacco ; 8 sacci = 
 J moggio. The moggio = 16.5904 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 3 denari = 1 dramma; 8 
 dramme = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra. The libbra = 0.7486 lb. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 77 
 
 ■y. — 100 ceutesimi = 1 lira. Lira = $0.1637. Formerly 
 rated in United States custom-houses at $0.16. The deni of 10 
 lire = $1.6341. The francescone, of 10 paoli or 4 fiorini (before 
 1839), = $1.0904. The fiorino or florin (before 1850) •= $0.2728. 
 In Lucca, the silver 5-lire nuove Leucchesi of 1840 = $0.7221. 
 
 United States of America. 
 
 In weights and measures, the United States differs but little 
 from Great Britain. By an act of Congress, passed in 1866, the 
 metric system was legalized, but as yet it has not come into use. 
 Some of the units in this country are slightly varied from the true 
 units, however, as for instance the metre, which is really 39.37079 
 inches, is legalized at 39.37 inches. These variations will be given 
 in their proper places below. 
 
 length. — The ordinary system as in Great Britain. Iu the 
 metric system the metre is legal at 39.37 inches. The standard of 
 length is a brass copy of the English standard yard, by Troughton 
 of London, and is deposited in the office of weights and measures 
 at Washington. The scale is 82 inches long, the standard yard 
 being from the 27th to the 63d inch. At 62° Fahr. it exceeds 
 the true British standard yard by 0.00087 inch. 
 
 Surface.— As in Great Britain. The hectare is legal at 2.471 
 acres, and the are at 119.6 square yards. 
 
 Cubic Measure. — For wood, 16 cubic feet make 1 cord foot, 
 and 8 cord feet make 1 cord. 
 
 Shipping Measure.— 40 cubic feet make 1 United States ship- 
 ping ton. 100 cubic feet make 1 register ton. The latter value 
 is merely to facilitate computation. Wheat in bulk is a good 
 standard of comparison, since the long ton of 2,240 pounds of 
 this grain occupies just about 40 cubic feet. The register tonnage 
 of a vessel represents her entire internal capacity. Her real car- 
 rying capacity for cargo is, however, 20 to 25 per cent, less than 
 this ; so that her actual measurement cargo in shipping tons is 
 from 1 \ to 2 times the number indicated in the register. 
 
 liquid Measure. — The standard is the Winchester gallon of 
 231 cubic inches. In Great Britain the imperial gallon is 
 277.274 cubic inches. Hence the imperial gallon =: 1.2003 United 
 
78 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 States gallons. The litre is legal at 1.0567 quarts. The follow- 
 ing table is the usual one for wine measure : 
 
 (hhd.) 
 
 4 gills 
 
 make 1 pint. (pt.) 
 
 2 pints 
 
 u 
 
 1 quart, (qt.) 
 
 4 quarts 
 
 u 
 
 1 gallon (gal.) 
 
 42 gallons 
 
 It 
 
 1 tierce. 
 
 63 " 
 
 <( 
 
 1 hogshead. (1 
 
 84 " 
 
 cc 
 
 1 puncheon. 
 
 126 " 
 
 u 
 
 1 pipe. 
 
 252 " 
 
 u 
 
 1 tun. 
 
 10 " 
 
 (( 
 
 1 anker. 
 
 18 " 
 
 (1 
 
 1 runlet. 
 
 31* " 
 
 (1 
 
 1 barrel, (bbl. 
 
 Tn some of the States 32 gallons make a barrel. Beer measure 
 as in Great Britain. Apothecaries' measure also as in Great 
 Britain, except that its gallon and subdivisions are of the Win- 
 chester scale. 
 
 Dry Measure. — The bushel is 2150.42 cubic inches, that of 
 England being 2218.192 cubic inches. Hence the imperial 
 bushel = 1.0315 United States bushels. In dry measure the litre 
 is legal at 0.908 quart. The following is the usual table : 
 
 2 pints make 1 quart. 
 4 quarts " 1 gallon of 268.8 cubic inches. 
 2 gallons " 1 peck. (pk.) 
 4 pecks " 1 bushel, (bush.) 
 36 bushels " 1 chaldron. (For coke and coal.) 
 
 Weight. — The three scales, avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries', 
 are the same as in ' Great Britain. The standard avoirdupois 
 pound of the United States, copied from the British standard, is 
 0.00734 grain too heavy. The gramme is legal at 15.432 grains, 
 and the kilogramme at 2. 2046 lbs. For postal purposes, at pret- 
 ent, 15 grammes is reckoned the equivalent of the half-ounce. As 
 for the ton, in some States it rates at 2,240 lbs., and in others at 
 only 2,000. The latter value is the more usual and the more ra- 
 tional one. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 79 
 
 Money. — 10 mills make 1 cent. 
 10 cents " 1 dime. 
 10 dimes " 1 dollar. 
 10 dollars " 1 eagle. 
 
 In the West and South, 12£ cents make a bit. In New York 
 this sum is called a shilling. The shilling of the New England 
 States is 16 J cents. These values, however, are not legal. 
 
 The present nickel five-cent piece represents the metric sys- 
 tem ; being 2 centimetres in diameter, and weighing 5 grammes. 
 
 com TABLE. 
 
 ti- 
 
 iV 
 
 Double-eagle. $20. 
 
 Eagle. $10. Before July 81, 1834.. 
 
 " Since " " " .. 
 
 t-Eagle. $5. Before » » » .. 
 
 " Since " " " .. 
 
 }-EagIe.$2.60. Before " " " .. 
 
 Since " " " .. 
 
 Three dollars 
 
 One dollar. 
 
 Trade dollar 
 
 Dollar. Before Jan. 18, 183T 
 
 " Prom " " " to 1853 
 
 Half-dollar. Before " " " 
 
 Byactof » " " 
 
 Since March 81, 1853 
 
 " By act of 1878, weighs 12J grammes. 
 
 Quarter-dollar. Before Jan. 18, 1837 
 
 " Byactof " " " 
 
 u Since March 81, 1853. 
 
 " Act of 1878, weighs 64, grammes 
 
 Dime. Before Jan. 18, 1837. 
 
 « Byactof " " " 
 
 " Since March 81, 1853 : 
 
 " By act of 1873, weighs 2J grammes 
 
 Half-dime. Before Jan. 18, 1*47 
 
 " Byactof " '■ " 
 
 " Since March 31, 1853 
 
 Three-cent piece. Before 1S53 
 
 " " Since " 
 
 Copper and nickel 
 
 Five-cent 
 Three-cent 
 Two-cent 
 Cent. 
 
 Copper, tin, and zinc. . . 
 Weight variable for different dates. . 
 
 Copper and nickel 
 
 " Copper, tin, and zinc 
 
 Half-cent. Obsolete. Weight variable — 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Alloy. 
 
 Bronze. 
 Copper. 
 Alloy. 
 Bronze. 
 Copper. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 516.000 
 
 270.000 
 
 253.0U0 
 
 135.000 
 
 129.000 
 
 67.500 
 
 64.500 
 
 77.400 
 
 25.800 
 
 420.000 
 
 4I6.0C0 
 
 412.500 
 
 208.000 
 
 208.000 
 
 192.000 
 
 192.900 
 
 104.0J0 
 
 103.125 
 
 96.400 
 
 96.450 
 
 41.600 
 
 41.250 
 
 88.400 
 
 38.530 
 
 20.S00 
 
 20.625 
 
 19.200 
 
 12.375 
 
 11.520 
 
 77.160 
 
 30.000 
 
 96.000 
 
 72.000 
 
 45.000 
 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 WO 
 900 
 900 
 909 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
80 URUGUAY. 
 
 The following tables give the standard weight and least current 
 weight of gold coins, both singly and in sums. 
 
 1. In sums. Coins over $1.00 in value : 
 
 Sum of $100. Standard, 5.375 oz. Least current weight, 5.348 oz. 
 
 " $500. " 26.875 " " " " 26.741 " 
 
 " $1,000. " 53.760 " " " " 53.481 " 
 
 " $5,000. " 268.750 " " " " 267.407 " 
 Of the gold dollar, 5,000 pieces are current when weighing not 
 
 less than 266.145 ounces troy. 
 
 2. Single coins : 
 
 Name of Coin. 
 
 Standard. 
 
 Least Current Weight. 
 
 Double-eagle, 
 
 516.0 
 
 grains, 
 
 513.42 grains. 
 
 Eagle, 
 
 258.0 
 
 « 
 
 256.71 " 
 
 Half-eagle, 
 
 129.0 
 
 u 
 
 128.36 " 
 
 Quarter-eagle, 
 
 64.5 
 
 (( 
 
 64.18 " 
 
 Three dollars, 
 
 77.4 
 
 (( 
 
 77.02 " 
 
 Dollar, 
 
 25.8 
 
 " 
 
 25.55 " 
 
 Uruguay. 
 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 The fanega = 7.776 bushels, or 274 litres. 
 The libra = 1.014286 lbs. 
 In money, the pataoon rates in United States custom-houses at 
 $0.9498. 
 
 Tan Diemen's Land. See Tasmania. 
 
 Venetian Lombardy. (Venice and Milan.) See also Italy. 
 
 Length. — 12 atomi = 1 punto ; 12 punti = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie 
 == 1 braccio. Also, 2 piede = 1 braccio. The pie = 15.61 inches 
 at Milan, and 13.69 at Venice. The metre and its divisions are 
 also used, under Italian names. 
 
 Road Measure. — The miglio = 1 kilometre, or 0.6214 mile. 
 
 Surface. — 100 square palmi make 1 tornatura, = 1 are, or 
 0.0247 acre. Also, 1 campo — 0.6881 acre. 
 
 Capacity. — 10 coppi = 1 pinta ; 10 pinte = 1 mina ; 10 mine 
 = 1 soma. The pinta is the French litre, or 0.26418 gallon. 
 
WEST INDIES. 81 
 
 Weight. — 10 grani = 1 denaro ; 10 denari = 1 grosso ; 10 
 grossi = 1 oncia ; 10 oncie = 1 libbra metrica, or kilogramme. 
 This libbra = 2.2046 lbs. 10 libbre = 1 rubbio. 
 
 For gold and silver, 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 on. 
 cia; 8 oncie = 1 marco. The marco = 7.5562 troy ounces. 
 
 Money. — 5 centesimi = 1 soldo Austriaca ; 20 soldi = 1 lira. 
 This lira = 20 Austrian kreuzers ; hence, 3 lire = 1 Austrian 
 florin. 
 
 In gold, the sovrano = $6,778. The zecchino, or sequin, by 
 French mint assay, is worth $2.2704. 
 
 In silver, the scudo nuove = $1.0109 ; the scudo Cisalpine = 
 $0.8971 ; and the croisat, or scudo della croce of the Venetian 
 Republic, = $1.2839. The Filippo of Milan (1786) = $1.1408 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Weights and measures of Spanish origin. 
 
 The vara = 32.874 inches, or 0.835 metre. 
 
 The arroba = 17.052 quarts, or 16.137 litres. 
 
 The quintal of 4 arrobas — 101.4381 lbs., or 46.012 kilo 
 grammes. 
 
 The peso of 100 centajos = $0.7836. In United States cos. 
 torn-houses it rates at $0.7773. 
 
 Victoria. See Australia. 
 
 Wallachia. See Roumania. 
 
 West Australia. See Australia. 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 1. Spanish. — Cuba, Porto Rico, Isle of Pines, and Cvlebra. 
 
 2. French. — Martinique, Deseada, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, 
 Lee Saintes, and part of St. Martin. 
 
 3. Swedish. — St. Bartholomew. 
 
 4. Dutch. — Part of St. Martin, Bum Ayre, Curafoa, Oruba, 
 and Tcrtuga. 
 
 5. Danish. — Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. Jan or John. 
 
82 WURTEMBERG. 
 
 6. British. — Jamaica, Barbadoes, Grenada, Santa Lucia, St. 
 Vincent, Trinidad, Tobago, Antigua, Barbuda, Dominica, Nevix, 
 Montserrat, St. Kitfs, Tortola, the Bahamas, and various minor 
 islands. 
 
 7. Independent. — Hayti, including the separate republic of 
 Santo Domingo. 
 
 In the Spanish West Indies, Spanish weights and measures 
 are used, with slight variations. The vara = 33.375 inches. The 
 fanega = 3.12361' bushels. The arroba = 4.1 gallons. 
 
 In money, the peso of Cuba and Porto Eico now rates in 
 United States custom-houses at $0.9258. 
 
 In the French possessions, the old weights and measures of 
 France are used. In Martinique, the aune = 1.30148 yards ; the 
 barique = 50 gallons; the livre = 1.079176 lbs.; the carre = 
 3.1909 acres. Les Saintes has the British system. 
 
 In St. Bartholomew, Swedish values are used. 
 
 In the Danish possessions the weights and measures are those 
 of Denmark ; although English standards of length are also used. 
 
 In the Dutch West Indies, except Ccrasoa, the weights and 
 measures of Holland are employed. Curacoa has a Spanish sys- 
 tem, in which the vara = 33.375 inches. 
 
 In the British possessions, the weights and measures are 
 practically those of the United States. In Jamaica, 102.023 gal- 
 lons make a puncheon. The pound of Jamaica rates in United 
 States custom-houses at $4,865. 
 
 In Hayti and Santo Domingo are still the old French weights 
 and measures, as in the French West Indies. The dollar of 
 Hayti is the same in value as the dollar of the United States. 
 
 Wnrtemberg. See also German Empire. 
 
 Length. — 10 punkte = 1 linie ; 10 linien = 1 zoll ; 10 zoll = 1 
 fuss ; 10 fuss = 1 ruthe. The klafter is 6 fuss. . The fuss .= 11.26 
 inches, and the Stuttgart elle = 24.18 inches. 
 
 Surface. — The morgen of 38,400 square fuss = 0.7789 acre. 
 
 Liquid Measure.— ri schbppen = 1 mass ; 10 mass = 1 immi; 
 16 immi = 1 eimer ; 6 eimer = 1 fuder. The mass = 0.4853 gal- 
 'on. 
 
ZANZIBAR. 
 
 83 
 
 Dry Measure. — i viertlein = 1 ecklein ; 2 ecklein = 1 mass- 
 lein ; 2 masslein = 1 achtel ; 2 achtel = 1 viertel ; 4 viertel = 1 
 Bimri ; 8 simri = 1 scheffel. The scheffel = 5.0292 bushels. 
 
 Weight. — As in the Zollverein, whose pfund is 600 grammes. 
 For gold and silver, the mark = 233.855 grammes. The apothe- 
 caries' pfund (subdivided as in Germany generally) — 357.6337 
 grammes. 
 
 Money. — 60 kreuzers = 1 florin ; 5J florins = 1 ducat. 
 
 COIN TABLE. 
 
 Vierfac-he j ubilaum s-dukaten 
 
 Former Friedrich (Tor. 11 gulden 
 
 Dukaten , 
 
 Doppelterereinstbaler 
 
 Zwei-gulden 
 
 Yereinsthaler. 
 
 Gulden or florin 
 
 Half-gulden 
 
 6-kreuzer 
 
 8 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 i " 
 
 Material. Fineness. Value, 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Billon. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 9S6 
 
 986 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 
 3335 
 16T| 
 
 $9.4898 
 4.5410 
 2.3725 
 1.4409 
 0.8242 
 0.7204 
 0.4126 
 0.2063 
 0.0413 
 0.0206 
 0.0069 
 0.0034 
 0.0017 
 
 Yucatan. See Mexico. 
 
 Zanzibar. 
 
 Length. — The ohra = 22.48 inches, or 0.671 metre. 
 
 Capacity. — The djezla = 7.305 bushels, or 257.4 litres. 
 
 Weight. — The bazla = 34.226 lbs., or 15.525 kilogrammes. 
 The mane = 3.0071 lbs. The franzella of 36 rotoli = 35.2822 lbs. 
 
 Money. — The Austrian " Maria Theresa thaler " is here knowr 
 as the " Janurio dollar." 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 I. — MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 Is the following table the unite of length of various nations 
 are arranged alphabetically ; the value of each one being given in 
 English or American feet or inches, and in French metres. The 
 metre is now a legal standard in the Argentine Confederation, 
 Belgium, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Ger- 
 many, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, and the United 
 States. After January 1, 1875, it will also be the standard in 
 Austria. 
 
 Any value in feet may be converted into Russian sachines by 
 simply dividing by seven. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Melrea. 
 
 Ady 
 
 Malabar Coast.... 
 
 10.460 
 
 24.716 
 
 22.470 
 
 23.3808 
 
 19.029 
 
 38.2S 
 
 31.46 
 
 23.00 
 
 28.00 
 
 29.5231 
 
 46.SSS3 
 
 47.2449 
 
 0.33334 
 
 7.218 
 25.3333 
 20.9635 
 22.741 
 27.508 
 
 inches. 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 44 
 
 44 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 feet. 
 inches. 
 
 44 
 
 0.26568 
 
 Aln 
 
 0.62T77 
 
 44 
 
 
 0.57078 
 
 44 
 
 
 0.59386 
 
 
 
 0.48333 
 
 
 
 0.97229 
 
 
 
 0.79907 
 
 
 
 0.71119 
 
 
 
 0.71119 
 
 14 
 
 
 0.750U0 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 1.19005 
 
 
 1.20000 
 
 
 0.000S5 
 
 
 2.2O007 
 
 
 0.61346 
 
 44 
 
 
 0.53221 
 
 (| 
 
 
 0.57761 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.69869 
 
86 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or 
 
 nchfis. 
 
 Metros. 
 
 
 
 21.344 inches. 
 
 80.732 " 
 
 22.98 
 
 27.38 " 
 
 23.6225 " 
 5.6868 feet. 
 7.8553 
 
 6.8667 " 
 6.9207 " 
 6.5834 " 
 6.8531 " ' 
 
 10.2965 " 
 0.893708 inch. 
 
 10.9375 feet. 
 
 18.125 inches. 
 
 12.7 
 
 14.76 " 
 
 12.17 « 
 
 19.000 
 
 26.800 " 
 
 25 968 
 
 14.0000 " 
 
 18.0000 " 
 
 12.1200 " 
 
 18 50UO " 
 
 15.0000 
 
 27.0000 » 
 
 18.6000 " 
 
 20.9200 " 
 S9.1800 " . 
 18.0000 
 18.0000 « 
 20.9000 " 
 32.80399 feet. 
 3.937079 inches 
 0.7212 «■ 
 0.67923 » , 
 
 0.54018 
 
 
 
 0.78079 
 
 11 
 
 
 0.53114 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.09293 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 S9185 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 93689 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.01000 
 
 
 
 Uhik. Official ;... 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 " Itinerary 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 Goa 
 
 68071 
 
 
 
 
 
 - Ahmednugg'ur... 
 
 0.85559 
 45719 
 
 
 
 0.46026 
 
 
 
 46989 
 
 " 
 
 Cochin-China. ... 
 
 38099 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 0.47243 
 
 " codo, covado, cadree, 
 
 
 0.53186 
 
 
 Muscat 
 
 0.99388 
 
 M 
 
 0.45719 
 
 
 0.45719 
 
 
 0.53085 
 
 
 
 10. 000000 
 
 
 0.10000 
 
 Dedo 
 
 0.01882 
 
 
 
 0.01773 
 
 Derah, deraa, dhra'a, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.3987 
 1.00000 
 89.37079 
 45.0000 
 37.0600 
 '80.6758 
 23.62^5 
 32.2235 
 22.772 
 22.470 
 22.543 
 22.992 
 22.434 
 81.4966 
 22.670 
 23.200 
 26.2536 
 
 inches. 
 
 ii 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 (1 
 
 it 
 11 
 
 0.01000 
 
 
 0.02540 
 
 El 
 
 England.... 
 
 1.00000 
 
 KU 
 
 1.14209 
 
 
 0.94131 
 
 Elle 
 
 
 0.77915 
 
 
 
 0.60000 
 
 n 
 
 
 0.81847 
 
 
 
 0.57S88 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.57013 
 
 u 
 
 0.57251 ■ 
 
 11 
 
 0.58398 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 0.56981 
 
 tl 
 
 80000 
 
 u 
 
 0.57581 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.58927 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.66696 
 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 87 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or 
 
 nebca. 
 
 Metros. 
 
 Mile 
 
 
 22.296 
 
 24.130 
 
 24.65 
 
 26.08 
 
 25.70 
 
 11.128 
 
 18.0000 
 
 70.1424 
 
 0.18125 
 
 6. 
 74.148 
 
 inches. 
 » 
 
 u 
 
 feet. 
 Inches. 
 
 41 
 
 inches. 
 
 56631 
 
 
 
 0.61416 
 
 
 0.62610 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 0.66242 
 
 (i 
 
 0.66227 
 
 
 
 8.8S275 
 
 Etto 
 
 
 0.45719 
 
 
 
 1 .76158 
 
 
 
 fl.no: 33 
 
 
 
 1.-82877 
 
 
 1.88881 
 
 
 
 Fod 
 
 
 12.858 
 12.000 
 11.17 
 12.000 
 11.61104 
 11,679 
 12.0000 
 12.4456 
 11.811 
 11.490 
 11.386 
 11.205 
 14.C06 
 11.27 
 11.496 
 11.824 
 9.84"7 
 11. ft 5 
 11.680 
 12.357 
 11.148 
 11.260 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 it 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 It 
 u 
 
 It 
 
 0.81889 
 
 Foot 
 
 0.80476 
 
 
 0.2E871 
 
 it 
 
 United States .... 
 
 0.80476 
 
 Fot 
 
 0.29693 
 
 
 
 0.296C4 
 
 
 
 0.S047C1 
 
 
 
 0.816111 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.80000 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.29184 
 
 t; 
 
 
 0.28919 
 
 
 
 0.28460 
 
 
 0.85575 
 
 
 0.2S626 
 
 i. 
 
 0.29199 
 
 
 Hesse-Cassel...... 
 
 H esse-Darmstadt. 
 
 0.2«763 
 
 
 0.25000 
 
 u 
 
 0.28790 
 
 a 
 
 
 0.-80174 
 
 
 
 0.31386 
 
 it 
 
 0.2SS16 
 
 (C ' 
 
 
 0.26599 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.25 " 
 
 0.05715 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G89.49S 
 0.1803 
 87.89 
 1.6062 
 
 feet. 
 
 inch. 
 
 inches. 
 
 194.91606 
 
 
 
 0.00458 
 
 
 
 0.94S69 
 
 
 
 0.04077 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bengal 
 
 45.6700 
 86.0000 
 27.1800 
 23.3834 
 24.9998 
 83 2000 
 815.0000 
 4.0000 
 28.0000 
 
 it 
 it 
 it 
 
 1.16 
 
 
 0.91438 
 
 
 0.69086 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.5'I266 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.68498 
 
 
 
 0.97026 
 
 
 
 0.91483 
 
 
 Great Britain . . . 
 
 0.10160 
 
 
 0.71119 
 
 
 
 0.1025 
 
 19.1250 
 
 19.1000 
 
 326.0S99 
 
 6.25 
 
 feet. 
 
 
 tiirat, or hath. See also covid 
 
 
 0.48577 
 0.4S518 
 
 
 
 100.00000 
 
 
 1 1.90624 
 
68 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 Inch 
 
 Jaktan 
 
 Jaiikal 
 
 Jaob 
 
 Jarda Ionia 
 
 Jow 
 
 Jumba 
 
 Kassaba 
 
 Ken 
 
 Khalebi, for woolens.. 
 
 Kilometre 
 
 Klafter 
 
 Kole 
 
 Kot. For silk and linen . . 
 
 liigne 
 
 Line 
 
 Linea 
 
 Linha 
 
 Linia 
 
 Linie 
 
 Link 
 
 Mail 
 
 Metre 
 
 Millimetre 
 
 Moot 
 
 Nail 
 
 Ngu 
 
 Kocktat 
 
 Ohra 
 
 Ouroub 
 
 Pa Iff at, or paulgaut., 
 Palm 
 
 Palma. . 
 
 Pal mo.. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Guinea 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Ionian Isles 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Singapore 
 
 Mocha 
 
 Siam . . '. 
 
 Boumania 
 
 France 
 
 Austria 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 "Wurtemberg 
 
 Travancore. . 
 
 Kou mania 
 
 Switzerland . . . 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Spain 
 
 Portugal., 
 
 Russia 
 
 Austria 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Norway 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Annam 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 feet. 
 
 feet. 
 
 France . 
 
 Parmack 
 
 Perch. See mi 
 
 Perche 
 
 Phan. Cloth measure.. 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 
 Annam 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Birmah 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Kouraania 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 Balearic Isles 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Malta 
 
 Naples 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Rome 
 
 Sicily 
 
 Spain 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Annam 
 
 1.0000 Inch. 
 
 12.0000 feet. 
 9.0000 incites. 
 0.250 
 
 86.0JOO " 
 0.250 " 
 
 14.400 
 
 12.800 
 
 8T.S36 inches. 
 
 20.43 
 8230.839 
 6.22278 
 5.9056 " 
 5.765 " 
 5.698 " 
 8.202 " 
 
 5.68 " 
 
 29.065 inches 
 
 24.86 " 
 0.11811 " 
 0.08883 " 
 0.07728 " 
 0.09016 " 
 0.08388 " 
 0.08648 " 
 0.0855 " 
 0.03118 " 
 0.1168 " 
 8.0:100 " 
 0.02553 " 
 289.75 feet. 
 
 89.87079 inches 
 0.039871 
 8.00000 
 
 2 2500 
 
 7.991T 
 
 O.O0S54 inches. 
 22.48 
 
 8.2125 
 
 1.0000 
 
 8.00000 
 
 8.937079 
 10.89 
 
 8.5302 
 
 7.697 
 
 8.9797 
 10.3000 
 10.381 
 
 8.656 
 
 8.796 
 
 9.5297 
 
 8.846 
 11.49 
 
 1.2808 
 16.6667 
 
 9.8426 
 
 0.2558 
 
 inch. 
 
 0.02540 
 8.65753 
 0.22859 
 0.00635 
 0.91433 
 0.011635 
 0.86575 
 8.74S97 
 0.96101 
 0.67131 
 
 1000.00000 
 1.89667 
 1.80000 
 1.75104 
 1.78514 
 2.50000 
 1.71599 
 0.73S24 
 0.03143 
 0.00300 
 0.01)212 
 0.00197 
 0.00229 
 0.00212 
 0.00219 
 0.00218 
 0.00206 
 0.00297 
 0.20819 
 0.00065 
 78.07448 
 1.00000 
 0.00100 
 0.07620 
 0.05714 
 2.43583 
 0.00022 
 0.57098 
 0.0S153 
 0.02640 
 0.07620 
 0.10000 
 0.27660 
 0.21666 
 0.19550 
 0.22809 
 0.261C2 
 0.26367 
 0.21936 
 0.22849 
 0.24705 
 0.21199 
 0.29057 
 0.08126 
 5.07991 
 
 - 8.00000 
 0.00649 
 
MEASURES OE LENGTH. 
 
 89 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metros. 
 
 
 
 27.0000 inches. 
 
 20.630 " 
 
 24.92 " 
 
 25.09 " 
 
 26.45 " 
 
 22.83 " 
 
 9.0198 " 
 
 22.3705 " 
 
 25.5083 " 
 
 29.5281 " 
 
 29.0911 " 
 
 26.0000 " 
 
 26.42 " 
 
 24.83 " 
 
 11.3736 " 
 
 11.126 " 
 
 11.128 " 
 
 15.384 " 
 
 20.223 " 
 
 13.485 " 
 
 15.61 " 
 
 20.593 " 
 
 22.428 " 
 
 11.592 " 
 
 13.69 " 
 
 11.8112 " 
 
 89.37079 " 
 
 16.6667 feet. 
 
 1.082 inches. 
 
 0.0075 " 
 
 1.18112 " 
 
 0.00720 " 
 
 0.9273 " 
 
 0.0064 " 
 
 7.7438 feet. 
 
 8.8716 " 
 
 97.825 » 
 
 8.115 inches. 
 
 16.6667 feet. 
 
 10.2988 " 
 
 9.7420 
 
 82.80899 
 
 12.44556 " 
 
 9.8427 " 
 
 9.575 " 
 
 15.181 " 
 
 14.960 " 
 
 11.6717 " 
 
 15.328 " 
 
 13.0865 " 
 
 12.357 " 
 
 14.865 " 
 
 9.3833 " 
 
 7.00000 " 
 
 11.9291 inches. 
 
 23.975 feet 
 
 22.0000 inches. 
 
 0.63579 
 
 it 
 
 0.67689 
 
 u 
 
 
 68296 
 
 u 
 
 
 63727 
 
 tt 
 
 
 0.67182 
 
 » 
 
 
 0.57987 
 
 « Nile 
 
 0.2545 j 
 
 
 
 0.5682 
 
 * cloth 
 
 H 
 
 0.0479 
 
 
 it 
 
 0.7500 
 
 » road 
 
 u 
 
 0.7889 
 
 «t 
 
 
 0.66089 
 
 «t 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Tunis...: 
 
 0.67106 . 
 
 " for silk 
 
 0.68067 
 
 pie 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 0.28888 
 
 
 28259 
 
 it 
 
 0.28265 
 
 pig 
 
 
 0.89075 
 
 
 
 0.51 87T 
 
 
 
 0.34251 
 
 
 
 0.39649 
 
 tt 
 
 
 0.523115 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.56966 
 
 ti 
 
 
 0.29443 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.84772 
 
 Pied 
 
 
 30000 
 
 piki 
 
 1.00000 
 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 
 5.07991 
 
 
 0.02748 
 
 
 
 0.00019 
 
 
 
 0.03000 
 
 Punkt 
 
 00018 
 
 
 
 0.02855 
 
 
 
 0.00017 
 
 Eahf 
 
 N. Madagascar... 
 S. " 
 
 2 86012 
 
 U 
 
 1.18006 
 
 Eef. 
 
 29.66412 
 
 
 
 0.07912 
 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 
 5.1.7991 
 
 Eode 
 
 8.13885 
 
 » 
 
 2.96930 
 
 
 
 10.00000 
 
 Etlthe 
 
 3.79832 
 
 
 
 3.000110 
 
 «i 
 
 
 2.91841 
 
 « 
 
 
 4.62704 
 
 u 
 
 
 4.56534 
 
 u 
 
 S.5574S 
 
 It 
 
 4.67184 
 
 u 
 
 
 3.98867 
 
 11 
 
 8.76635 
 
 (I 
 
 
 4.58048 
 
 u 
 
 
 2.85999 
 
 Sachine, sag6ne, or sashen . . 
 Sals 
 
 2.18856 
 
 
 0.80299 
 
 Sao 
 
 
 7.8074S 
 
 Bsundaung, or royal cubit. . 
 
 
 0.55873 
 
90 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Mctrea. 
 
 
 
 11.285 inches. 
 
 5.564 
 18.918 " 
 
 9.0000 " 
 
 9.0000 
 89.87079 " 
 62.2278 " 
 66.000 feet. 
 8280.699 " 
 
 9.7825 " 
 
 0.08SI87 inch. 
 
 0.03937 " 
 
 2.558 " 
 18.0000 " 
 
 7.00000 " 
 63.9498 feet 
 25.58 inches. 
 11.8112 feet. 
 
 1.02983 inches 
 
 0.011811 " 
 21.8166 fret. 
 
 1.3125 inches. 
 
 0.9742 " 
 
 1.1679 
 12.0000 feet. 
 
 0.7500 inches. 
 84.1208 " 
 42.7961 " 
 82.674 " 
 33.867 " 
 88 875 " 
 83.875 " 
 82.9 " 
 88.367 " 
 43.28 " 
 83.384 " 
 82.874 
 
 1.75000 " 
 
 6.306 feet. 
 
 0.28536 
 
 
 0.14182 
 
 Sok 
 
 
 0.48051 
 
 
 
 0.22859 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 0.22859 
 
 
 1.00000 
 
 
 1.5S055 
 
 
 20.11644 
 
 
 1000.00000 
 
 
 
 2.96641 
 
 
 
 0.00100 
 
 
 0.00100 
 
 Tac 
 
 0.0649T 
 
 
 
 0.45719 
 
 
 0.17780 
 
 That. 
 
 
 19.49161 
 
 
 
 0.64972 
 
 Toise 
 
 
 8.60000 
 
 
 0.02610 
 
 
 0.00030 
 
 
 6.49720 
 
 Tsun 
 
 China 
 
 0.08834 
 
 Turn 
 
 
 0.02474 
 
 
 
 0.02966 
 
 
 
 8.65753 
 
 
 
 0.01905 
 
 
 Argentine Gonfed. 
 
 0.86664 
 
 
 1.08700 
 
 u 
 
 Central America. . 
 Chili.... ..... 
 
 0.83493 
 
 ti 
 
 0.84756 
 
 (4 
 
 Cuba 
 
 0.84771 
 
 11 
 
 
 0.84771 
 
 U 
 
 
 0.83564 
 
 u 
 
 0.84756 
 
 u 
 
 
 1.09928 
 
 11 
 
 
 0.84794 
 
 li 
 
 
 0.88498 
 
 
 0.04445 
 
 
 
 1.92203 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 109.375 " 
 3.0000 " 
 0.3987 inch. 
 1.03713 " 
 1.1811 " 
 0.9575 " 
 0.9488 " 
 0.9862 " 
 0.98375 " 
 0.9891 " 
 0.958 " 
 0.9437 " 
 0.9446 « 
 1.02975 " 
 0.9290 " 
 1.1260 " 
 
 83.8869 
 
 Yard 
 
 0191438 
 
 Centimeter. See centimetre 
 Zott 
 
 0.01000 
 0.02634 
 
 
 
 0.08000 
 
 ii 
 
 
 0.02482 
 
 ii 
 
 
 0. 02409 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.02R78 
 
 ii 
 
 0; 02872 
 
 ii 
 
 0.02385 
 
 ii 
 
 0.02483 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Cassel. . .. 
 
 0.02897 
 
 u 
 
 0.02899 
 
 ii 
 
 
 0.02615 
 
 ii 
 
 
 0.02859 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.02859 
 
 
 
ROAD MEASURES. 
 
 91 
 
 II. — KOAD MEASURES. 
 
 The value of each unit is here given in English miles and 
 French kilometres. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Kilometres. 
 
 
 
 12.0000 (about). 
 13.776 
 
 1.1864 
 
 3.6153 
 
 0.55 (about). 
 
 0.1598 
 
 8.0000 
 
 3.411 
 
 0.125 
 14.5333 
 
 5.5352 
 
 2.7314 
 
 S.OUUO 
 
 8.8858 
 
 0.3231 
 
 4.2151 
 
 0.3457 
 
 2.9826 
 
 0.275 
 
 4.7142 
 
 5.5231- 
 
 4.6143 
 
 3.9DI6 
 
 6.7136 
 
 4.6807 
 
 4.61)86 
 
 4.9958 
 
 4.6307 
 
 4.2227 
 
 5.6303 
 
 0.6214 
 
 1.1469 
 
 1.3685 
 
 1.0277 
 
 4.6312 
 
 6.6122 
 
 0.6214 
 
 1.001)00 
 
 1.27273 
 
 1.1250 
 
 1.27S6 
 
 1.143 
 
 1.149 
 
 2.8386 
 
 2.4306 
 
 0.6628 
 
 2.7617 
 
 19.311780 
 
 
 
 22.169928 
 
 
 
 1.8.M*>26 
 
 
 Seringapatam 
 
 5.867241 
 
 
 0.835x23 
 
 
 
 0.257168 
 4.827915 
 
 t. 
 
 
 5.542431 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 0.201164 
 28.16J123 
 
 
 
 8.91783 
 
 
 
 4.40051 
 
 
 4.827945 
 6.172044 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 0.51997 
 
 
 6.783424 
 
 Li 
 
 Ly :.. 
 
 
 0.55641 
 4.80000 
 0.442561 
 
 
 7.536613 
 
 
 
 8.8S858 
 
 u 
 
 
 7.42S85 
 
 (( 
 
 
 6.27729 
 
 a 
 
 
 10.804297 
 
 « 
 
 7.532721 
 
 u 
 
 7.416626 
 
 tt 
 
 
 8.039S1G 
 
 tt post 
 
 u it 
 
 7.532721 
 6.79565 
 
 
 u 
 
 9.060372 
 
 1.000UO 
 
 1.84572S 
 
 it 
 
 
 2.226187 
 
 il 
 
 
 1.653S9 
 
 Miil 
 
 
 7.53852 
 10.68989 
 
 Miilo 
 
 Mile 
 
 
 1.00000 
 1.609315 
 
 
 
 2.048219 
 
 « 
 
 
 1.810479 
 
 Milha 
 
 
 2.057348 
 
 Mili 
 
 Egypt........... 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 1.847194 
 
 Milla 
 
 1.849108 
 
 
 8.81401 
 
 
 
 3.911601 
 
 
 
 1.066654 
 
 
 
 4 11111 
 
 
 
 
92 
 
 SQUARE MEASURES. 
 
 III. — SQUARE MEASURES. 
 
 The value of each unit is here given in English square 
 inches or square feet, and in square metres. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 6.0549 feet. 
 
 15.5006 " 
 
 0.1550 inch. 
 
 1.1959 feet. 
 
 1076.43 " 
 
 15.5006 inches. 
 
 1.0605 foot. 
 
 1.0000 " 
 
 0.9484 " 
 
 0.9472 " 
 
 1.0000 " 
 
 1.0757 " 
 
 , 0.9688 " 
 
 0.9168 " 
 
 0.9003 " 
 
 0.8719 " 
 
 1.3623 « 
 
 0.8820 " 
 
 0.9178 " 
 
 0.8905 " 
 
 0.6728 " 
 
 0.8922 " 
 
 1.0605 " 
 
 0.8638 " 
 
 0.8805 " 
 
 9.0000 " 
 
 88.7283 feet. 
 
 34.8763 " 
 
 88.2352 " 
 
 81.6969 " 
 
 10.7643 " 
 
 0.00155 inch. 
 
 0.520S foot. 
 
 0.4836 " 
 
 0.8600 " 
 
 1.6485 " 
 
 2.8415 " 
 
 1.2628 " 
 
 1.6922 " 
 
 2.9449 " 
 
 8.4981 " 
 
 0.9831 " 
 
 1.8015 " 
 
 0.9688 " 
 
 266.6222 " 
 
 106.0519 " 
 
 94.9066 " 
 
 154.8980 " 
 
 96.8787 " 
 
 91.6806 " 
 
 230.4628 " 
 
 0.5625 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 1.4400 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 (i 
 
 chik. Mathematical 
 
 0.1111 
 
 it 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 0.0100 
 
 ti 
 
 fod 
 
 0.09884 
 0.09288 
 
 it 
 
 
 it 
 
 fot 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 0.08799 
 
 (4 
 
 
 
 09288 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 0.09998 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 0.09000 
 
 (1 
 
 tt 
 
 
 0.08517 
 
 tt 
 
 U 
 
 
 0.08362 
 
 tt 
 it 
 
 " (feldfuss) 
 
 
 0.08099 
 0.12656 
 08194 
 
 it 
 
 H 
 
 0.08524 
 
 (1 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 0.08273 
 
 it 
 
 U 
 
 0.06250 
 
 (1 
 
 U 
 
 0.08289 
 
 11 
 
 1( 
 
 
 0.09834 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 0.06018 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.08184 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.88859 
 
 11 
 
 klafter 
 
 
 3.59782 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
 8.24000 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 8.06614 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 
 2.94465 
 
 it 
 
 
 1.00000 
 0.000001 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.06565 
 
 H 
 
 tt 
 
 
 0.04494 
 
 «( 
 
 
 u 
 
 0.07989 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 0.15268 
 
 11 
 
 
 0.tfiS!16 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 0.11731 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 0.15721 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 
 0.27858 
 
 it 
 
 tl 
 
 
 0.32456 
 
 (I 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.08669 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 0.12091 
 
 tt 
 
 LI 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 0.09000 
 25.80588 
 
 tt 
 
 
 9.86288 
 
 tt 
 
 
 8.81674 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 14 SS912 
 
 ft 
 
 
 9.00000 
 
 it 
 
 
 8.51712 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 
 21.40918 
 
LAND MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metres. 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 224.4004 feet. 
 
 186.2286 " 
 
 234.9476 " 
 
 111.2565 " 
 
 152.6964 " 
 
 2i0.9682 " 
 
 S8.0465 " 
 
 49.0000 " 
 
 0.8766 " 
 
 8.0710 " 
 
 12.6594 
 
 7.5049 " 
 
 7.7315 " 
 
 7.7354 " 
 
 7.5165 " 
 
 7.7315 " 
 
 18.00S0 " 
 
 7.7395 " 
 
 7.5049 
 
 9.00(10 " 
 1.0757 inch. 
 1.8950 
 0.9168 " 
 0.9003 " 
 0.S766 " 
 0.8719 
 
 0.8820 " 
 0.9178 " 
 0.8905 " 
 0.5922 " 
 1.0605 " 
 0.8638 " 
 1.2679 
 
 20 84689 
 
 
 12.55545 
 
 tt tt 
 
 21.82572 
 
 tl tt 
 
 
 
 11 14 
 
 14.1S539 
 
 11 it 
 
 
 20.52543 
 
 
 
 8.17958 
 4.55108 
 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 Brazil 
 
 0.08143 
 
 
 0.75106 
 
 
 1.17603 
 
 it U 
 
 Central America. 
 Chili 
 
 0.71720 
 
 it It 
 
 0.71834 
 
 It (I 
 
 
 0.71861 
 
 U tl 
 
 
 0.69814 
 
 tl 11 
 
 
 0.71834 
 
 U 11 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1.20S46 
 
 U (1 
 
 
 0.71910 
 
 41 U 
 
 " zoll 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 0.71720 
 0.88592 
 0.00069 
 
 
 
 0.00090 
 
 U 11 
 
 
 0.00059 
 
 tl li 
 
 
 0.00058 
 
 ii n 
 
 
 0.00056 
 
 tl it 
 
 0.00056 
 
 tt it 
 
 U (1 
 
 0.00057 
 0.00059 
 
 tt it 
 
 
 0.00057 
 
 it tt 
 
 0.00057 
 
 tl it 
 
 
 0.00063 
 
 tt tt 
 
 
 0.00055 
 
 It it 
 
 
 0.00082 
 
 IV. — LAND MEASUKES. 
 
 Here the value of each measure is given in English acres and 
 in French ares. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Ares. 
 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Great Britain.. ) 
 United States., f 
 
 Lower Canada... 
 
 0.5897 
 
 1.0000 
 
 1.0000 
 
 O.024T 
 
 0.0247 
 
 0.8449. 
 
 3.5588 
 
 28.8610 
 
 
 40.4629 
 
 
 40.4629 
 
 Ar 
 
 1.0000 
 
 
 1.0000 
 
 
 84.1912 
 
 
 144.0000 
 
91 
 
 LAND MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Ares. 
 
 
 
 0.3806 
 
 0074 
 
 0.7009 
 
 0.7528 
 
 2.4714 
 
 0.6981 
 
 1.0047 
 
 1.8228 
 
 0.00025 
 
 0.00103 
 
 0.0165 
 
 2.6997 
 
 0.4315 
 
 1.5371 
 
 1.0382 
 
 0.15165 
 
 1.4287 
 
 0.9898 
 
 2.4714 
 
 2,4714 
 
 1.4228 
 
 0.08791 
 0.04826 
 0.0551 
 1.8201 
 0.8584 
 0.8897 
 0.8416 
 0.6348 
 0.6208 
 0.5004 
 2.3852 
 0.6472 
 0.6178 
 0.6809 
 1.5216 
 0.7789 
 1.8228 
 0.2175 
 0.2500 
 4.5658 
 1.8890 
 0.6066 
 0.1255 
 0.7111 
 0.00978 
 0.01045 
 1.8635 
 1.2132 
 0.0247 
 0.0247 
 0.2234 
 0.1544 
 0.3286 
 79.8550 
 
 13.3770 
 
 
 
 24.5772 
 
 
 
 28.3605 
 
 
 
 30.4605 
 
 
 Ven. Lombardy. . 
 
 100.0000 
 
 
 27.8425 
 
 u it .. 
 
 40.6531 
 
 
 58.5042 ' 
 
 
 
 0.0100 
 
 
 0.0417 
 
 Cottah 
 
 ii 
 
 0.6676 
 
 
 
 119.2498 
 
 
 
 17.4597 
 
 
 
 64.2188 
 
 
 Egypt 
 
 42.0084 
 
 
 
 6.1342 
 
 
 
 57.8094 
 
 
 
 38.0068 
 
 
 
 100.0000 
 
 
 100.001)0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.5839 
 
 
 Egypt 
 
 1.7504 
 
 
 
 2.2295 
 
 
 
 53.4152 
 
 
 
 34.7334 
 
 
 
 86.0000 
 
 u iucbart, or tagewerk 
 
 u 
 
 
 840536 
 
 
 25.6656 
 
 ti 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 25.1194 
 
 it 
 
 20.2476 
 
 u 
 
 96.5123 
 
 11 
 
 26.1876 
 24.9980 
 
 II 
 
 25.5281 
 
 II 
 
 
 61.5686 
 
 11 
 
 
 81.5166 
 
 
 53.5042 
 
 
 
 8.8007 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 10.1157 
 
 
 184.7459 
 
 
 
 56.2031 
 
 
 
 24.5448 
 
 
 
 5.0781 
 
 
 
 28.7783 
 
 
 
 0.3937 
 
 
 
 0.4328 
 
 
 
 55.1713 
 
 
 49.0S97 
 
 
 Yen. Lombardy.. 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 1.0000 
 
 
 1.0000 
 
 
 9.0000 
 
 
 6.2474 
 
 
 13.0988 
 
 
 
 8210.941 
 
 
 
 
CUBIC MEASURES. 
 
 95 
 
 Y. — CUBIC MEASURES. 
 
 The following table is inserted merely to facilitate many calcu- 
 lations, and does not pretend to be even approximately complete. 
 The value of each cube is given in English cubic feet or cubic 
 Inches, and in either cubic metres (m.), cubic decimetres (dm.), or 
 cubic centimetres (cm.). 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metric. 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 14.8996 feet. 
 0.0610 inches. 
 1.3034 feet. 
 62.449 inches. 
 1.0922 foot. 
 1.0000 
 0.9246 
 0.9219 
 
 1.0000 " 
 1.1156 
 
 0.9585 " 
 0.8778 " 
 0.S542 " 
 0.8141 " 
 1.5S99 " 
 0.82S4 
 
 0.8792 " 
 0.8408 " 
 0.5518 
 
 0.8420 " 
 1.0919 " 
 0.801 T 
 
 0.8261 " 
 1.0000 inch. 
 85.315 feet. 
 
 618.56 inches. 
 
 581.35 
 0.79T4 feet. 
 2.1070 
 
 4.7888 " 
 1.4191 " 
 2.1970 " 
 5.0537 " 
 6.5287 " 
 0.9015 " 
 1.4848 " 
 0.9535 " 
 0.8185 " 
 27.0000 " 
 1.1421 inches. 
 16476 
 
 0.87S0 " 
 0.8541 " 
 0.8206 " 
 0.8140 " 
 
 0.421875 m. 
 
 
 China 
 
 1.00UOO cm. 
 
 " ehik (mathematical).. 
 
 13.70159 dm. 
 
 Great Britain. .... 
 
 1.000 " 
 
 » foot 
 
 80.842 • 
 28.807 " 
 
 » fot. 
 
 26.179 " 
 
 11 I. 
 
 
 26.108 " 
 
 » foute 
 
 
 2S.30T " 
 
 
 
 81.558 " 
 
 U 1. 
 
 
 27.000 " 
 
 u ii 
 
 
 24.S56 " 
 
 u ii 
 
 
 24,185 " 
 
 H 11 
 
 
 23.052 " 
 
 M u 
 
 45.020 » 
 
 u tl 
 
 23.458 " 
 
 U 11 
 
 24895 » 
 
 (1 it 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 23.796 " 
 
 u u 
 
 15.625 " 
 
 U II 
 
 23.863 " 
 
 II II 
 
 
 80.9:1 " 
 
 11 It 
 
 
 22.704 " 
 
 It « 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 28.891 " 
 
 " inch 
 
 16.88T cm. 
 
 
 
 
 10.628 dm. 
 
 
 
 9.52T " 
 
 
 *» 
 
 22.581 " 
 
 « pie 
 
 
 59.662 " 
 
 
 
 185.620 " 
 
 " "manual 
 
 
 40.181 " 
 
 it u 
 
 
 62.885 " 
 
 « u 
 
 
 143.090 " 
 
 11 11 
 
 
 1S4.860 " 
 
 u u 
 
 
 25.524 » 
 
 H II 
 
 
 42.048 " 
 
 " pied 
 
 
 27.000 " 
 
 " schnh 
 
 23.287 » 
 
 " yard 
 
 0.764 m. 
 
 " zolL 
 
 18.275 cm. 
 
 M (l 
 
 
 27.000 " 
 
 U U 
 
 
 14.835 " 
 
 U II 
 
 
 18.980 " 
 
 U U 
 
 
 13.44T " 
 
 u u 
 
 13.846 u 
 
96 
 
 LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 Cubic zoll., 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Hamburg 1 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Hesse-Cassel. 
 
 Lu beck 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Wiirtemberg-. 
 
 Feet or Inches. 
 
 Metric. 
 
 0.8282 
 
 inch. 
 
 18.598 en 
 
 0.8792 
 
 
 14.402 " 
 
 0.S404 
 
 
 18.772 » 
 
 0.8428 
 
 
 18.807 " 
 
 1.0919 
 
 
 17.882 " 
 
 0.8017 
 
 
 13.128 " 
 
 1.4276 
 
 
 . 28.944 " 
 
 VI. — LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 In this table the value of every measure is given in United 
 States or Winchester quarts or gallons, in English imperial quarts 
 or gallons, and in litres. The litre is a legal standard in the Ar- 
 gentine Confederation, Belgium, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador, 
 Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, 
 Spain, and the United States. After January 1, 1876, it will be 
 the standard in Austria. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 TJ. S. Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 
 
 88.1472 gnlle. 
 
 41.4395 " 
 
 39.5788 " 
 
 1.88086 " 
 
 4.8695 " 
 
 6.62558 " 
 
 2.18475 " 
 
 3.81279 " 
 
 0.1898 " 
 
 9.5741 " 
 
 9.9528 " 
 
 9.6868 " 
 
 10.3599 " 
 
 9.8935 " 
 
 9.0782 " 
 
 17.1768 " 
 
 10.0000 " 
 
 4.100 " 
 
 4.26304 " 
 
 8.31S58 » 
 
 4.268 " 
 
 0.5329 " 
 
 20.0768 " 
 
 20.0000 " 
 
 19.2096 " 
 
 81.7735 galls. 
 
 34.515S " 
 
 83.1288 " 
 
 1.1517 " 
 
 8.6894 " 
 
 6.5186 " 
 
 1.8197 " 
 
 2.7593 " 
 
 0.15S9 " 
 
 7.9744 " 
 
 8.2898 " 
 
 7.9434 " 
 
 6.6289 " 
 
 8.2405 " 
 
 7.5572 " 
 
 14.8064 " 
 
 8.8208 " 
 
 8.4141 " 
 
 8.5507 " 
 
 2.7640 " 
 
 8.5507 " 
 
 0.4439 " 
 
 16.7223 " 
 
 16.6416 " 
 
 16.0000 " 
 
 144.8988 
 
 
 156.8609 
 
 a 
 
 
 149.7986 
 
 
 
 6.2269 
 
 
 
 16.5899 
 
 
 
 25.07S8 
 
 
 
 8.2699 
 
 
 12.5899 
 
 
 
 0.7184 
 
 
 
 86.2408 
 
 
 
 87.6748 
 
 u 
 
 86.0996 
 
 H 
 
 89.2153 
 
 U 
 
 
 87.4498 
 
 U 
 
 
 84.3447 
 
 (I 
 
 
 65.0174 
 
 ct 
 
 United States 
 
 Cuba 
 
 87.6523 
 
 
 15.5197 
 
 
 
 16.1369 
 
 
 
 12.5615 
 
 11 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 16.1369 
 
 Baril 
 
 2.0172 
 75.9966 
 
 
 75.7046 
 
 
 Ionian Islands. . 
 
 72.7146 
 
LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 97 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United Ststes 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Barile. For wine. . 
 
 II V " 
 
 Malta 
 
 10.997 gulls. 
 11.0056 " 
 
 11.574 " 
 
 15.412 " 
 
 17 034 " 
 
 12.0444 " 
 
 50.0000 " 
 
 43.2126 " 
 
 81.5000 " 
 
 0.27514 " 
 
 0.4816 " 
 
 0.2067 " 
 
 0.3011 " 
 
 113.631 " 
 
 128.878 " 
 
 246.593 " 
 
 129.6643 " 
 
 129.6643 " 
 
 5.499 " 
 
 0.36412 " 
 
 4.2631 " 
 
 9.1505galls. 
 
 9.1667 u 
 
 9.6402 " 
 
 12.8809 " 
 
 142295 " 
 
 10.0319 " 
 
 41.6040 " 
 
 86.0000 " 
 
 26.2363 " 
 
 0.2291 " 
 
 0.4011 " 
 
 0.1721 " 
 
 0.2503 " 
 
 94.6451 " 
 
 107.8446 " 
 
 205.3906 " 
 
 108.0000 " 
 
 108.0000 " 
 
 4.5302 " 
 
 0.3038 " 
 
 8.5508 " 
 
 41.6259 
 
 
 41.6594 
 
 u W U 
 
 
 43.8110 
 
 u u « 
 
 
 68.3390 
 
 u 
 
 
 64.6680 
 
 
 
 45.5916 
 
 
 Great Britain .... 
 United States 
 
 139.2615 
 
 
 163.5725 
 119.2369 
 
 
 1.0415 
 
 
 
 1.8226 
 
 it 
 
 
 0.7824 
 
 u 
 
 
 1.1397 
 
 Bota. jfeepipa... 
 
 
 430.1272 
 
 
 437.8416 
 
 .. U II 
 
 
 933.4242 
 
 Bntt. For wine... 
 14 "beer 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 
 ii i* 
 
 Malta 
 
 490.8199 
 
 490.8199 
 
 20.8153 
 
 
 
 1.4788 
 
 
 Central America. 
 
 16.1371 
 
 
 
 Gantaro. "alquiere 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.77156 qts. 
 
 257.757 galls. 
 
 14S.322 '■ 
 1 25 u 
 o!l057 qts. 
 13.385 galls. 
 
 0.1382 qts. 
 
 1.0567 " 
 
 20.7617galls. 
 
 1.0658 " 
 
 0.5329 qts. 
 
 0.2684 galls. 
 
 1.9990 " 
 
 2.6418 " 
 
 0.1057 qts. 
 
 0.6003 " 
 
 353.86 galls. 
 
 14.9525 " 
 
 16.9444 " 
 
 7.6295 " 
 
 16.5753 " 
 
 7.9147 " 
 
 16.1887 " 
 
 1S.1464 " 
 
 20.0384 " 
 
 77.6494 " 
 
 106.7045 " 
 
 26.418 " 
 
 107.7430 " 
 
 52.5150 " 
 
 64.5598 " 
 
 100.1737 " 
 
 7.9254 " 
 
 2.2011 qts. 
 
 0.6427 qu. 
 214.6901 galls. 
 123.9563 " 
 
 1.4114 " 
 
 0.0830 qts. 
 11.1486 galls. 
 
 0.1109 qts. 
 
 0.8302 " 
 17.2921 galls. 
 
 0.8877 " 
 
 0.4439 qts. 
 
 0.2236 galls. 
 
 1.665 " 
 
 2.2004 " 
 
 0.8302 qts. 
 
 0.5000 " 
 
 298.9 galls. 
 
 12.4583 » 
 
 14.1132 " 
 
 6.3547 " 
 13 8062 " 
 
 6.5923 " 
 13.4416 » 
 15.1144 " 
 16.6903 " 
 04.6755 " 
 88.8756 " 
 22.004 " 
 89.7409 " 
 43.7656 " 
 53.7729 " 
 83.4864 " 
 
 6.6012 " 
 
 1.8333 qts. 
 
 0.73059 
 
 
 
 975.687 
 
 
 
 563.3356 
 
 
 
 4.7316 
 
 
 
 0.0100 
 
 
 50.6662 
 
 
 
 0.1274 
 
 
 Yen. Lombard}'. . 
 
 Soman States 
 
 Central America. . 
 
 0.1000 
 
 
 78.5392 
 
 
 4.0344 
 
 
 0.5053 
 
 Cuba or tuba. 
 
 Caddy. See gudda. 
 
 
 1.0159 
 T.6668 
 
 Ionian Islands. . . 
 
 10.0000 
 
 
 0.1000 
 
 
 0.5634 
 
 
 1858.4 
 
 
 ii 
 
 56.5997 
 
 " For wine... 
 
 
 64.1896 
 28.8799 
 
 «. 
 
 62.7443 
 
 u 
 
 
 29.9595 
 
 It 
 
 
 61.0398 
 
 It 
 
 
 68.6895 
 
 It 
 
 
 75.8513 
 
 (I 
 
 German Empire.. 
 
 293.93 
 
 
 403.91 
 100.00 
 
 » 
 
 407.84 
 
 U 
 
 
 198.9 
 
 It 
 
 244.88 
 
 u 
 
 
 879.187 
 
 
 
 80.0000 
 
 
 
 2.0842 
 
98 
 
 LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 United Stales 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Fiasco. , 
 
 Firkin 
 
 Fluid-drachm.. 
 " ounce . . . 
 
 Foglietta 
 
 Frasco 
 
 Fuder. . 
 
 Gallon. Beer mens. 
 " Winchester. 
 " Imperial... 
 
 GUI 
 
 " "Winchester. . . 
 
 Glas 
 
 Gonghau 
 
 Gudda or cuddy. 
 
 Guirbeh 
 
 Hectolitre 
 
 Beer. . 
 Wine.. 
 
 Ischiomasse. 
 
 Itchigau 
 
 Ittomasse.,.. 
 
 Jungfru 
 
 Kan 
 
 Kande 
 
 Kanna 
 
 Kaone., 
 
 Khoulle 
 
 Kilderkin 
 
 Kilolitre 
 
 Kop 
 
 K uba or cuba . . 
 Logger. For arrack 
 
 Litre , 
 
 Maatje 
 
 Mass 
 
 Tascany 
 
 Great Britain .... 
 United States 
 
 Eoman States 
 
 Argentine Gonfed. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Austria 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hesse -Darmstadt. 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Wiirtemberg 
 
 United States.... 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United Sta_tes 
 
 Baden 
 
 Japan 
 
 Mocha 
 
 Egypt 
 
 France, etc 
 
 Great Britain... 
 
 United States... 
 Japan 
 
 Norway 
 
 Netherlands .... 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Norway. 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Austria 
 
 German Empire. 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Java 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Great Britain... 
 
 France, etc 
 
 China 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Java 
 
 France, etc 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Austria 
 
 2.4089 qtfl. 
 
 10.8051 galls, 
 
 0.0039 qts. 
 
 0.0S125 " 
 
 0.4816 " 
 
 2.5096 " 
 
 2.500 " 
 
 478.479 galls. 
 
 896.27 " 
 
 229.779 " 
 
 237.121 " 
 
 227.846 " 
 
 228.884 »• 
 
 248.683 " 
 
 251.524 " 
 
 253.618 " 
 
 287.448 " 
 
 217.788 " 
 
 240.461 " 
 
 465.904 " 
 
 1.2251- " 
 
 1.0000 " 
 
 1.2006' " 
 
 0.1501 qt. 
 
 0.125 " 
 
 0.1585 " 
 
 2.2191 galle. 
 
 1.9990 " 
 
 17.6117 " 
 
 26.418 " 
 
 64.8324 « 
 
 64.8824 " 
 
 63.0000 " 
 
 4.4382 " 
 
 1.7752 qts. 
 
 44.3822 gaiu 
 
 0.0S64 qta. 
 
 1.0567 " 
 
 2.0416 " 
 
 2.7642 " 
 
 2.7656 " 
 
 0.7477 " 
 
 1.0567 " 
 
 1.9074 « 
 
 2.0720 " 
 
 1.5760 " 
 
 1.9787 " 
 
 1.2728 " 
 
 4.4027 galls. 
 
 21.6103 " 
 
 264.3 S " 
 
 0.0550 qts. 
 
 1.0736 » 
 160.0000 galls. 
 1.0567 qts. 
 0.1057 « 
 1.4954 '• ! 
 
 2.0064 qts, 
 9.0000 galls. 
 0.1.0325 qts. 
 0.02603 " 
 0.4011 
 2.0908 
 
 898.533 
 
 Till.. 
 
 830 00 
 
 U 
 
 191.887 
 
 " 
 
 197.501 
 
 II 
 
 189.8(H) 
 
 " 
 
 190.641 
 
 II 
 
 207.095 
 
 " 
 
 209.499 
 
 u 
 
 211.238 
 
 « 
 
 197.768 
 
 II 
 
 181.899 
 
 " 
 
 200.284 
 
 •I 
 
 209.499 
 
 11 
 
 1.0204 
 
 •I 
 
 0.8829 
 1.0000 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 0.125 
 
 qts. 
 
 0.1041 
 
 
 0.1820 
 
 ii 
 
 1.8488 toll,. 
 
 1.6C5 
 
 " 
 
 14.6685 
 
 « 
 
 22.004 
 
 i> 
 
 54.0000 
 
 •I 
 
 54.0000 
 
 " 
 
 52.4737 
 
 ii 
 
 8.6967 
 
 " 
 
 1.4786 
 
 qts. 
 
 86.9667 gal Is. 
 
 0.O720 
 
 qts. 
 
 0.8S02 
 
 
 1.7005 
 
 " 
 
 2.3023 
 
 ii 
 
 2.3035 
 
 ii 
 
 0.6228 
 
 " 
 
 0.8802 
 
 " 
 
 1.5SST 
 
 " 
 
 1.7258 
 
 " 
 
 1.3127 
 
 » 
 
 1.64S9 
 
 ii 
 
 1.0597 
 
 it 
 
 8.6671 galls. 
 
 18.0000 
 
 u 
 
 220.04 
 
 " 
 
 • 0.0458 
 
 qts. 
 
 0.8942 
 
 ii 
 
 133.207 gulls. 
 
 0.8302 
 
 qts. 
 
 0.0380 
 
 u 
 
 1.2455 
 
 " 1 
 
 2.2809 
 
 40.01C6 
 
 0.00 !7 
 
 0.0296 
 
 0.4560 
 
 2.8749 
 
 2.3672 
 
 1811.19 
 
 1500.00 
 
 869.78 
 
 897.67 
 
 860.06 
 
 866.89 
 
 941.17 
 
 952.09 
 
 960.00 
 
 910.22 
 
 1768.58 
 
 4.6400 
 
 3.7858 
 
 4.5435 
 
 0.1421 
 
 0.1184 
 
 0.1500 
 
 8.4000 
 
 7.5663 
 
 66.6655 
 
 100 000 
 
 245.410 
 
 245.410 
 
 288.474 
 
 16.8000 
 
 1.6800 
 
 168.4000 
 
 0.0818 
 
 1.0000 
 
 1.9832 
 
 2.6174 
 
 2.6172 
 
 0.7079 
 
 1.0000 
 
 1.8061 
 
 1.9620 
 
 1.4914 
 
 1.8737 
 
 1.2047 
 
 16.6655 
 
 81.8038 
 
 1000.0000 
 
 0.0521 
 
 1.0166 
 
 605.65 
 
 1.0000 
 
 0.1009 
 
 1.4149 
 
LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 99 
 
 Mass 
 
 " For beer. . . 
 14 Eichmass.. 
 " Neumass... 
 " For wine. . . 
 
 Mataro. For oil... 
 Metter or mitre.. . . 
 
 Mezzarnola 
 
 Mezzetta 
 
 Millilitre 
 
 Mini 
 
 Mingel 
 
 Mistate 
 
 Misurella. For oil 
 
 Muid 
 
 NCssel 
 
 Koosfiah or nusflah 
 Oessel 
 
 Ohm. (Compare 
 ahm.) 
 
 u 
 
 " For beer. 
 
 Oka..'.'.'";!!'.;'.'.'. 
 
 Oke 
 
 Ort 
 
 Oxhoft 
 
 u 
 
 Pakha.!!!!!!!!!!! 
 
 Panilla 
 
 Parrah 
 
 Pflff. 
 
 Pint. Imperial... 
 
 " Winchester, 
 
 Pinta 
 
 Pipa. For wine. . 
 
 Pipe...'.'..!!!!!!!! 
 
 Planke'.'.'. !!!!!!'.! 
 
 Poegel 
 
 Pot 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Wurtemberg. 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Tnscany 
 
 France, etc 
 
 Ven. Lombard)-. . 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Crete 
 
 Naples 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Mocha 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Boumania 
 
 Crete 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 Spain 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Austria 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States — 
 Sardinia. Turin.. 
 Yen. Lombard)' . . 
 
 Madeira 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 1.585 qfe. 
 1.1296 " 
 1.8945 " 
 1.6844 " 
 2.0969 " 
 2,1134 " 
 1.9412 " 
 6.1 630 galls. 
 
 2.6417 " 
 84.1680 " 
 
 0.60212 qla. 
 0.00106 " 
 
 2.6418 e aU.. 
 0.2131 qta. 
 2.948 galls. 
 0.1114 qt«. 
 
 89.627 call.. 
 0.4940 qts. 
 0.5180 " 
 0.6362 " 
 0.999T " 
 0.4T68 " 
 0.6049 " 
 
 89.627 pills. 
 
 88 2965 " 
 
 89.5202 " 
 
 87.8910 " 
 
 46.1838 " 
 
 42.26S8 " 
 
 86.2928 " 
 
 40.0806 " 
 
 1.4974 qta. 
 
 1.8832 - 
 
 0.2475 " 
 57.4448 galls. 
 
 59.2802 » 
 
 57.2210 " 
 
 62.1598 " 
 
 59.3608 " 
 
 60.1158 " 
 
 0.5314 qti. 
 
 0.1327 " 
 6.T5 galla. 
 
 0.1869 qta. 
 
 0.6008 " 
 
 0.5000 " 
 
 1.6586 " 
 
 1.0567 " 
 llO.OOOOgalli. 
 
 56.8035 " 
 129.665 
 126.0000 
 
 0.4960 qts. 
 0.2552 
 1.0203 
 1.585 
 
 qta 
 
 1.820 
 0.9408 
 1.5779 " 
 1.4029 " 
 1.7465 " 
 1.7604 " 
 1.6168 " 
 5.1338 galls. 
 2.2008 " 
 
 28.4591 " 
 6015 qti. 
 0.00088 " 
 2.2004 galls. 
 0.1776 qta. 
 2.4505 galli. 
 0928 ql.. 
 
 83.006 galla, 
 0.4115 qts. 
 0.4314 " 
 0.5549 " 
 0.8351 " 
 0.8971 " 
 0.5088 " 
 
 33.006 galls. 
 
 31.8969 " 
 
 82.917 " 
 
 81.560 " 
 
 88.425 " 
 
 85.2064 « 
 
 80.229 " 
 
 83.883 " 
 
 1.2472 qta. 
 
 1.1521 « 
 
 0.2061 " 
 47.8467 galls. 
 
 49.8755 " 
 
 47 6603 " 
 
 51.7785 " 
 
 49.4426 " 
 
 50.0710 " 
 
 0.4S43 qts. 
 
 0.1105 " 
 5.6222 gails. 
 
 0.1557 qla. 
 
 0.5000 " 
 
 0.4164 " 
 
 1.3778 " 
 
 0.8802 " 
 91.621 galls. 
 
 47.3126 " 
 
 108.0000 " 
 
 104.9475 " 
 
 0.4128 qta. 
 
 0.2126 " 
 
 0.8502 " 
 
 1.320 " 
 
 1.5000 
 1.0696 
 1.7989 
 1.5949 
 1.9855 
 2 0000 
 1.SS38 
 
 23.32S8 
 9.9996 
 129.8366 
 0.5701 
 0.0010 
 
 10.0000 
 0.2018 
 
 11.1590 
 0.1055 
 150.0000 
 0.46T8 
 0.4905 
 0.6024 
 0.9466 
 0.4515 
 0.5728 
 
 150.0000 
 144.9637 
 149.5958 
 148.4287 
 174.6283 
 160.01100 
 187.3790 
 151.717 
 1.41T9 
 1.3097 
 0.2384 
 227.446 
 224.394 
 216.598 
 285.291 
 224.698 
 227.554 
 0.5600 
 0.1256 
 25.5507 
 0.1770 
 0.5679 
 0.4734 
 1.5658 
 1.0000 
 416388 
 215.018 
 490.82 
 476.95 
 0.468T 
 0.2416 
 0.9666 
 1.5000 
 
100 
 
 LIQUID MEASURES. 
 
 Puncheon . 
 
 Quart. Beer meas , 
 " Imperial... 
 " Winchester 
 
 Quarter 
 
 Quarterone 
 
 Quartier 
 
 Quartilho. . 
 Quartillo. . . 
 
 Quartino , 
 
 Quarto. For oil.. 
 Quartuccio. Wine 
 
 Rubbio 
 
 Runlet 
 
 Salma 
 
 Schoppen. . 
 
 Seidel.. 
 
 Betier 
 
 Shing-tsong . . . 
 
 Sidio 
 
 Soma 
 
 " For oil. 
 
 Stajo. Tor oil. 
 
 Stop 
 
 Stiibchen 
 
 Stutz. . . 
 
 Tau 
 
 Tierce. , 
 
 Tonelada 
 
 Tiinde. Of beer. , 
 
 "tar.. 
 
 Tonne 
 
 Tun. . 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Great Britain-., 
 United States.. .. 
 Great Britain.... 
 
 United States 
 
 Norway 
 
 Roman States 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hamburg- 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony. 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Chili 
 
 Spain , 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Naples 
 
 Roman States 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 United States.... 
 
 Sicily 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 German Empire.. 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Austria. 
 
 Prague 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 China 
 
 Muscat 
 
 Roman States.... 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Ven. Xombardy.. 
 
 Naples 
 
 Norway 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Baden 
 
 China 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Denmark 
 
 United Statu 
 Measure. 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Great Britain. 
 United States . 
 
 qt 
 
 129.665 palls. 
 
 84.0000 " 
 1.2251 qts. 
 1.2006 " 
 1.0000 " 
 0.8455 " 
 5.1904 galU, 
 0.8524 qt. 
 0.98S0 " 
 0.9536 " 
 1.0360 " 
 0.9900 ,L 
 1.209S " 
 0.51904 " 
 0.8641 " 
 11624 " 
 0.5829 " 
 0.4134 " 
 0.6541 » 
 0.1204 " 
 0.8011 " 
 2.4804 galls 
 
 18.0000 u 
 
 22.0000 " 
 0.4T36 
 0.5284 
 0.5-i42 
 0.5284 
 0.4S53 
 1.2000 
 0.3T38 
 0.5044 
 9.90.37 galls 
 0.55 qt 
 0.9824 " 
 
 43.886 galls. 
 
 19.271 " 
 
 26.418 " 
 2.6163 " 
 1,8821 qts. 
 3.4096 " 
 8.9520 " 
 8.814T " 
 4.1439 " 
 8.9574 " 
 8.9627 galls. 
 1.125 
 
 48.2216 
 
 42.0000 
 113.607 
 
 84 7072 
 
 30.624 
 
 26.676" 
 
 45.7771 
 
 41.2646 
 259.33 
 252.0000 
 
 English 
 
 Measure. 
 
 108.0000 galls. 
 
 69.97 • 
 
 " 
 
 1.0204 
 
 qt.. 
 
 1.0000 
 
 » 
 
 0.8B29 
 
 u 
 
 0.2878 
 
 » 
 
 4.8282 galls. 
 
 0.7099 
 
 qt. 
 
 0.8229 
 
 u 
 
 ' 0.7942 
 
 (L 
 
 0.8629 
 
 « 
 
 ' 0.8246 
 
 11 
 
 1.0077 
 
 it 
 
 04323 
 
 U 
 
 0.8032 
 
 U 
 
 0.9632 
 
 " 
 
 0.4438 
 
 u 
 
 0.3443 
 
 u 
 
 0.5448 
 
 " 
 
 0.1003 
 
 K 
 
 0.2508 
 
 " 
 
 2.0659 galls 
 
 14.9925 
 
 " 
 
 18.3242 
 
 « 
 
 0.3945 
 
 qt. 
 
 0.4401 
 
 
 0.4306 
 
 " 
 
 0.4401 
 
 " 
 
 0.4042 
 
 " 
 
 0.9995 
 
 l - 
 
 0.8118 
 
 " 
 
 0.4201 
 
 u 
 
 8.2515 galls. 
 
 0.4581 
 
 qt. 
 
 0.7766 
 
 u 
 
 86.187 galls 
 
 16.0511 
 
 ** 
 
 22.004 
 
 " 
 
 2.1791 
 
 (i 
 
 1.1512 
 
 qts 
 
 2.8399 
 
 
 8.2917 
 
 " 
 
 8.1773 
 
 u 
 
 8.4515 
 
 it 
 
 8.2962 
 
 " 
 
 8.8006 galls 
 
 0.987 
 
 " 
 
 36.000D 
 
 u 
 
 8.4932 
 
 " 
 
 94.6252 
 
 " 
 
 28.91)82 
 
 u 
 
 25.5072 
 
 " 
 
 22.2189 
 
 u 
 
 8S.12S5 
 
 II 
 
 34.8708 
 
 u 
 
 216.0000 
 
 It 
 
 209.895 
 
 1. 
 
 490.82 
 
 817.965 
 
 *«t.l600 
 
 1.1853 
 
 0.9469 
 
 0.8271 
 
 19.6407 
 
 0.8071 
 
 0.9855 
 
 • 0.9029 
 
 0.9810 
 
 0.9374 
 
 1.1455 
 
 ' 0.4914 
 
 0.3448 
 
 1.1007 
 
 0.4946 
 
 0.3914 
 
 0.0104 
 
 0.1140 
 
 0.2851 
 
 9.8388 
 
 63.1341 
 
 88.2766 
 
 0.4484 
 
 0.5000 
 
 0.4964 
 
 0.5000 
 
 0.4595 
 
 1.1363 
 
 0.8539 
 
 0.4776 
 
 87.5000 
 
 0.5407 
 
 0.8S29 
 
 164.225 
 
 72.9464 
 
 100.0000 
 
 9.9035 
 
 1.8087 
 
 8.2285 
 
 8.7421 
 
 8.6121 
 
 8.9323 
 
 8.7478 
 
 15.0000 
 
 4.2585 
 
 163.606 
 
 153.98 
 
 429.993 
 
 181.877 
 
 115.9209 
 
 100.9766 
 
 178.279 
 
 156.1609 
 
 981.641 
 
 953.895 
 
DRY MEASURES. 
 
 101 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 
 
 88.1709 e»!K 
 0.0624 qt. 
 
 26.413 gulls. 
 8.249 ■>' 
 8.7i34 " 
 8.7831 " 
 1.9143 " 
 1.S945 " 
 1.9074 " 
 2.0719 " 
 2.0369 " 
 2.1184 " 
 1.9787 " 
 O.OIOG qt. 
 
 27.62SS gills. 
 0.05197 qt. 
 
 22.004 call-. 
 2.7061 " 
 8.1179 " 
 8.1135 " 
 1.5949 " 
 1.5771 " 
 1.5887 " 
 1.7257 " 
 1.7465 " 
 1.7608 " 
 1.6431 " 
 0.0033 qt. 
 
 
 
 
 0.0591 
 
 Vat. 
 
 
 100.0000 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.1609 
 
 
 14.1498 
 
 
 
 7.2102 
 
 u 
 
 
 7.1712 
 
 H 
 
 7.2208 
 
 U 
 
 7.8423 
 
 u 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 7.9874 
 
 u 
 
 8.0000 
 
 « 
 
 7.4899 
 
 
 
 0.0100 
 
 VII. — DRY MEASURES.. 
 
 The Talue of every unit is here given in British or imperial 
 bushels or pecks, United States or " Winchester " bushels or 
 pecks, and litres. For the list of countries in which the litre is 
 recognized, see the note at the head of the Liquid-Measure table : 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Achtel. 
 
 i massel.. 
 malter... 
 
 Adonlie.. 
 
 Alinude. . 
 Alquiere . 
 
 Amomam . 
 Ardeb 
 
 Artaba. . . 
 Bamboo. . 
 
 Becher. , 
 
 " or ldcher 
 
 Bushel. Imperial... 
 
 " Winchester 
 Caffiso or cofiz. . 
 
 Cahiz 
 
 Candaca. . 
 
 Austria 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 WQxtemberg. . . 
 
 Bombay 
 
 Spain 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Gondar 
 
 Massowah 
 
 Persia 
 
 Bantam 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 Austria ........ 
 
 Baden 
 
 Brunswick. 
 Great Britain.. 
 United States. 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Tunis..., 
 
 Spain 
 
 I Mysure 
 
 0.3726 peck 
 
 0.8459 peel. 
 
 0.8143 peck. 
 0.7818 " 
 0.5830 " 
 1.13512 hu. 
 1.5847 peck. 
 5.7757 bush. 
 2.603 " 
 0.45 iS peck. 
 1.8333 " 
 1.8514 bush, 
 0.3639 peck 
 0.2272 « 
 COM4 " 
 0.0170 " 
 0.2167 " 
 1.0315 bush. 
 1.0000 
 9.0072 
 14.0753 
 19.1897 
 I 11.18 
 
 0.3047 peck. 
 0.7574 ' 
 0.5167 
 1.1004 bush. 
 1.4873 peck. 
 5.5993 bosh. 
 2.5285 
 0.4446 peck. 
 1.2926 " 
 1.7943 bush. 
 0.8576 peck. 
 0.2203 ' 
 0.0527 
 0.0164 
 0.2101 
 1.0000 bush. 
 0.9694 " 
 8.7821 " 
 13.6454 " 
 18.6087 " 
 10 79 " 
 
 T.6368 
 
 8.6496 
 
 6.8S25 
 
 4.6592 
 
 39.9965 
 
 18.5192 
 
 20.9924 
 
 91.7196 
 
 4.0398 
 
 11.7458 
 
 65.2361 
 
 3 2396 
 
 2.0014 
 
 0.4792 
 
 0.1500 
 
 1.9089 
 
 36.3460 
 
 85.2361 
 
 817.88 
 
 495.96 
 
 676.20 
 
 892.18 
 
302 
 
 DRY MEASURES. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Candy 
 
 Capicha 
 
 Carga 
 
 Cairo 
 
 Centilitre 
 
 Chattack 
 
 Che Liiea 
 
 Chilo 
 
 Chinik 
 
 Chundoo 
 
 Cohi 
 
 Collothun 
 
 Coomb 
 
 Corba 
 
 Cuartilla 
 
 Decalitre 
 
 Decilitre 
 
 Djezla 
 
 Dreisaiger 
 
 Drlttel 
 
 Dn'Jmt 
 
 Ecklein 
 
 Einine 
 
 Fanega 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 Fanga 
 
 Fass 
 
 u 
 
 Fjerd'ing 
 
 Fjerdingkar. .. 
 
 Fortin 
 
 Gantang 
 
 Garce 
 
 u 
 
 Garnctz 
 
 Gombetta... . 
 
 Gonghau 
 
 Grosses massel 
 Halvotting.... 
 
 Hectolitre 
 
 Hirat 
 
 it 
 Isc'hioniiLssc.. . 
 
 Itckigau 
 
 Ittomass6 
 
 Kaddah 
 
 Eahoon 
 
 Kanna 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Bombay 
 
 Persia 
 
 Crete 
 
 Naples 
 
 France, etc 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Persia 
 
 Ionian Isles 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Siam 
 
 Persia 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Bologna, 
 
 Central America. . 
 France, etc 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 Central America. . 
 
 Chili 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Spain 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Oporto 
 
 Hamburg... 
 
 Liibeck 
 
 Norway 
 
 Denmark... 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Borneo 
 
 Madras 
 
 Pondicherry 
 
 Russia 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Japan 
 
 Austria.. .... 
 
 Denmark . . . 
 France, etc.. 
 Brnnswick. . 
 Hamburg... 
 Hanover.... 
 
 Hesse- 
 Japan.. 
 .. 
 
 u 
 
 Egypt. . 
 Bengal . 
 
 Norway, 
 Sweden. 
 
 United States 
 
 English 
 
 Litres. 
 
 Measure. 
 
 Measure. 
 
 25.00 bush. 
 
 24.2850 bush. 
 
 880.9 
 
 2.9632 peck. 
 
 2.8716 peck. 
 
 26.1292 
 
 488811 bu. 
 
 4.1911 busb. 
 
 152.829 
 
 56.3258 " 
 
 61.6057 " 
 
 1984.7 
 
 0.03135 pk. 
 
 0.0011 peck. 
 
 0.0100 
 
 0015 " 
 
 0.0014 " 
 
 0182 
 
 0.14812 " 
 
 0.1486 " 
 
 1.8048 
 
 1.0315 bosh. 
 
 1.0000 bush. 
 
 86.3460 
 
 1.00075 pk. 
 
 0.9702 peck. 
 
 8.8156 
 
 0.03125 " 
 
 0.0307 " 
 
 0.2758 
 
 18.3848 bush. 
 
 12.9760 bush. 
 
 471.162 
 
 0.9257 peck. 
 
 0.8974 peck. 
 
 8.1545 
 
 4.1260 bush. 
 
 4.0000 bush. 
 
 145.884 
 
 2.282 " 
 
 2.1541 " 
 
 78.6847 
 
 1.5745 peck. 
 
 1 5264 peck. 
 
 13.8698 
 
 1.1352 " 
 
 1.1005 " 
 
 10.0000 
 
 0.0IS5 " 
 
 0.0110 " 
 
 0.1000 
 
 7.805 bush. 
 
 T.08l9busb. 
 
 257.4 
 
 0.1316 peck. 
 
 0.1276 peck. 
 
 1.1598 
 
 1.1790 " 
 
 1.1480 " 
 
 10.«S58 
 
 12.1164 bush. 
 
 11.7464 bush. 
 
 426.98 
 
 0.0078 peck. 
 
 0.00.5 peck. 
 
 0.0687 
 
 0.1703 " 
 
 0.1651 " 
 
 1.5000 
 
 3.8936 bush. 
 
 8.7747 busb. 
 
 187.19 
 
 1.5745 " 
 
 1.5264 " 
 
 55.479 
 
 2.575 " 
 
 2.4963 " 
 
 90.788 
 
 8.1287 " 
 
 8.0268 " 
 
 110.067 
 
 1.55 " 
 
 1.5026 " 
 
 54.6159 
 
 1.599 " 
 
 1.5502 " 
 
 56.8425 
 
 7.776 " 
 
 7.5885 " 
 
 274.0 
 
 1.534T " 
 
 1.4878 bush. 
 
 54.0768 
 
 1.9874 " 
 
 1.8782 " 
 
 62.2668 
 
 1.4941 " 
 
 1.4484 " 
 
 52.6162 
 
 1.0097 peck. 
 
 0.9778 peck. 
 
 8.8944 
 
 2.0786 " 
 
 2.0151 " 
 
 18.8104 
 
 0.9869 " 
 
 0.9567 " 
 
 8.6936 
 
 4.0080 bush. 
 
 8.8807 busb. 
 
 141.05 
 
 2.9513 peck. 
 
 2.8612 peck. 
 
 25.998 
 
 189.535 bull. 
 
 185.274 bush. 
 
 4916.66 
 
 103.967 " 
 
 100.792 " 
 
 8663.39 
 
 0.3923 peck. 
 
 0.3803 peck. 
 
 8.4553 
 
 14274 " 
 
 1.8838 " 
 
 12.5789 
 
 0.9547 " 
 
 0.9256 " 
 
 8.4000 
 
 0.2181 " 
 
 0.2114 " 
 
 1.9212 
 
 0.2467 " 
 
 0.2892 " 
 
 2.1782 
 
 2.838 busb. 
 
 2.7512 busb. 
 
 100.0000 
 
 3.4669 peck. 
 
 8.3610 peck. 
 
 80.5399 
 
 2.9881 " 
 
 2.S963 " 
 
 26.8222 
 
 8.5371 " 
 
 3.4291 " 
 
 81.1588 
 
 4.5615 " 
 
 4.4222 " ■ 
 
 40.1822 
 
 1.9095 •' 
 
 1.8512 " 
 
 16.8000 
 
 0.1909 " 
 
 0.1851 " 
 
 1.6600 
 
 4.7788 bmb. 
 
 4.62S0bush. 
 
 168.00 
 
 0.2169 peck. 
 
 0.2103 peck. 
 
 1.9104 
 
 42.44 busb. 
 
 41.144 busb. 
 
 1495.42 
 
 0.2969 peck. 
 
 0.2878 peck. 
 
 2.6154 
 
 2.9712 " 
 
 2.8804 " 
 
 26.1719 
 
DRY MEASURES. 
 
 103 
 
 Kele 
 
 Kella. See mecmeda 
 
 Kerat 
 
 Kharroubah 
 
 Khoonke 
 
 Kilo 
 
 Kilolitre, or stere . 
 Kleines massel. . . 
 
 Koolah 
 
 Kop 
 
 Koyang. . 
 
 Kumpf.. 
 Last 
 
 Lastre 
 
 Litre 
 
 Maatje 
 
 Madega 
 
 Masschen . 
 
 Malouah . 
 Malter... 
 
 Maquia. . 
 Marcal... 
 
 Massel or achtel. 
 
 Mc-iinno . 
 
 Medio 
 
 Motze 
 
 Mina. . 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Egypt. . 
 Mocha. . 
 Egypt.. 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Ronmania 
 
 Turkey 
 
 France, etc... 
 
 Austria 
 
 Sumatra. 
 
 China 
 
 Netherlands... 
 
 Bantam 
 
 Batavia 
 
 The Moluccas. 
 Hesse-Darmstadt 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 Netherlands....... 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Argentine Gonfed. 
 
 France, etc 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bavaria..-. 
 
 Wiirtemberg . 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Baden 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Madras 
 
 Masulipatan 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Prague 
 
 Cyprus 
 
 Spain 
 
 Austria 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Hesse-Cassel 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Parma 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 0.8685 peek 
 
 0.0068 " 
 0.0186 " 
 0.0078 " 
 
 12.345 bosh, 
 1.00OT5 " 
 
 28.38 " 
 0.1090 peck. 
 0.4692 " 
 0.008T " 
 0.1185 " 
 147.566 bash. 
 
 62.482 " 
 
 55.8371 " 
 
 0.9082 peck. 
 
 84.0779 bush. 
 82.5200 " 
 89.6488 » 
 84.8894 " 
 96.9312 " 
 85.14 " 
 112.2917 " 
 58.4040 " 
 0.1135 pock. 
 0.0118 « 
 0.0459 " 
 0.0509 " 
 0.2876 " 
 0.0567 " 
 0.0975 " 
 0.1S43 " 
 0.1708 " 
 0.2682 " 
 0.1572 " 
 0.4887 « 
 4.2570 bash. 
 8.25626 " 
 5.30559 " 
 3.6326 " 
 18.7164 " 
 85.3S20 » 
 0.0959 peck. 
 1.85936 " 
 1.612 " 
 0.5264 " 
 0.6640 " 
 2.1312 bush. 
 0.2664 peck. 
 1.7451 bush. 
 4.2067 peck. 
 1.6281 " 
 1.1500 " 
 1.7735 bush. 
 0.3899 peck. 
 0.7371 " 
 0.6670 bush. 
 
 English 
 
 0.8419 peck, 
 
 0.0066 " 
 0.0132 " 
 0.0071 " 
 11.963 bush 
 0.9702 " 
 27.5121 " 
 0.1057 peck 
 0.4548 " 
 0.0084 " 
 0.1105 " 
 143.059 bush. 
 60.525 " 
 53.647 " 
 0.8S04peok. 
 81.5103 bush. 
 80.0000 " 
 86.9057 " 
 82.2970 " 
 98.9710 " 
 82.54 " 
 108.8624 " 
 56.6204 " 
 0.1105 peck. 
 0.0110 " 
 O.0445 " 
 0.0493 " 
 0.27S8 " 
 0.0550 " 
 0.0945 " 
 0.1786 " 
 0.1651 " 
 0.2551 " 
 0.1524 " 
 0.4204 « 
 4.1268 bnsh. 
 8.1568 " 
 5.1434 " 
 8.5216 " 
 18.1448 " 
 34.3050 " 
 0.0929 peck. 
 1.8178 " 
 1.5628 " 
 5108 " 
 0.6437 " 
 2.0661 bush. 
 0.2534 peck. 
 1.6913 busb. 
 4.0782 peck. 
 1.5784 " 
 1.1149 " 
 1.7193 bnsh. 
 0.3779 peck, 
 0.7146 " 
 0.6466 bush 
 
 7.6506 
 
 0.0599 
 0.1198 
 0.0643 
 434.98 
 85.2624 
 1000.00 
 0.9602 
 4.1332 
 0.0766 
 1.00 
 5199.64 
 2199.85 
 1949.86 
 8.00 
 2962.57 
 2907.68 
 3153.63 
 .17 
 8415.46 
 8000.00 
 3956.72 
 2057.92 
 1.0000 
 0.1000 
 0.4043 
 0.4434 
 2.5335 
 0.50 JO 
 0.8539 
 1.6235 
 1 .5000 
 2.3185 
 1.S84S 
 8.3205 
 150.0000 
 114.787S 
 186.943 
 128.000 
 659.492 
 1246.7 
 0.8448 
 11.9749 
 14.2001 
 4.6371 
 5.8492 
 75.0951 
 2.3467 
 61.4904 
 87.0568 
 14.3419 
 10.1304 
 62.4912 
 8.4346 
 6.4931 
 23.5025 
 
104 
 
 DRY MEASURES. 
 
 Mina. . 
 
 Minot. Old measure 
 
 Mism-a 
 
 Moggio 
 
 Moio 
 
 Mudde 
 
 Mudi 
 
 Muhd 
 
 Miiller-massel . . 
 
 Muth 
 
 Ochavillo 
 
 Olluck 
 
 Orbah..... 
 
 Ort 
 
 Osmina 
 
 Ottingkar. 
 
 Ouebeh 
 
 " or neba .... 
 
 Outava 
 
 Paiak 
 
 Pallie 
 
 Parah 
 
 " or chunam.. . . 
 P eck. Im perial .... 
 
 " "Winchester. 
 
 Puddy 
 
 Quarta 
 
 Quarter 
 
 Quarterolo 
 
 Quarterone 
 
 Quarticino 
 
 Quartillo 
 
 Quarto 
 
 Quartuccio 
 
 Quateron 
 
 Bacion 
 
 Kaik 
 
 Roubouh or rob 
 
 Rubbio 
 
 Baa.... !.'.'.'.".'.'.' 
 Sacoo 
 
 Balma 
 
 " generate. . 
 
 " grosso.. . . 
 
 Sat 
 
 Scheepston 
 
 Bcheffol 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Sardinia.... 
 
 Turin 
 
 Tuscany. 
 
 Ten. Looibardy. 
 Lower Canada. . . 
 
 Naples 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Mangalore 
 
 Morocco 
 
 Austria 
 
 United States 
 
 Spain 
 
 Madras... 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Norway 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Egypt...* 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Portugal.. :..-.. 
 
 Russia 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Bombay 
 
 Madras * 
 
 Great Britain.. 
 United States. 
 
 Madras 
 
 Borne 
 
 Great Britain . 
 
 Norway... 
 
 Parma. ....... 
 
 Bologna 
 
 Spain 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Borne 
 
 Switzerland . 
 
 Spain 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Ancona 
 
 Borne 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Modena 
 
 Turin 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Malta 
 
 Sicily 
 
 Siam 
 
 Netherlands. . 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick.. 
 
 8.4257 bush. 
 0.6627 
 
 1.6590 peck. 
 1.1352 " 
 1.1111 bull. 
 0.2607 peck. 
 
 16.5904 bush. 
 
 28.0202 " 
 2.838 " 
 1.3019 " 
 5.1840 " 
 0.4362 peel. 
 
 52.3536 bush. 
 0.0084 peck. 
 0.0217 " 
 0.7613 " 
 0.0088 " 
 2.97-4 bush. 
 0.9869 peck. 
 1.4020 " 
 8.0452 bush. 
 0.1918 peck. 
 1.4892 bush. 
 0.4676 peck, 
 8.125 bush, 
 1.7442 " 
 1.0315 peck, 
 1.0000 " 
 0.1744 " 
 2.0887 btnli. 
 8.2520 " 
 0.0389 peck. 
 0.3335 " 
 1.1160 « 
 0.2790 " 
 0.1 882 " 
 1.7129 " 
 0.3886 " 
 0.3798 " 
 1.7028 " 
 0.08SS '.' 
 0.1169 ■» 
 0.4339 " 
 7974 buth, 
 8.855 " 
 1.8621 " 
 8.9956 " 
 3.2635 " 
 2.0788 " 
 8.224 " 
 T.8 " 
 
 10.0 " 
 0.3346 peck, 
 
 28.38 bosh, 
 6.81002 " 
 2.10195 " 
 8.6072 " 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 8.8211 bosh. 
 0.632S " 
 1.6083 peck. 
 1.11105 " 
 1.0772bosb. 
 0.2527 peck. 
 
 16.0887 bush. 
 
 22.8172 " 
 2.7512 " 
 1.2621 " 
 5.0257 " 
 0.4229 peck. 
 
 50.7548 bush. 
 0.0081 pock. 
 0.0210 " 
 0.7881 " 
 0.0090 " 
 2.8874 bush. 
 0.9567 pock. 
 1.8592 » 
 2.9522 bush. 
 0.1859 peck. 
 1.4437 bush. 
 0.4588 peck. 
 8.0295 bush. 
 1.6909 " 
 1.0000 peck. 
 0.9694 " 
 01691 " 
 2.0249 bush. 
 8.0000 " 
 0.0877 peck. 
 0.8283 " 
 1.0819 " 
 0.2704 " 
 0.1291 " 
 1.0606 " 
 0.3719 " 
 0.8682 " 
 1.6504 " 
 0.0828 " 
 0.1188 " 
 04206 " 
 7.7805 " 
 8.0998 " 
 1.8205 " 
 8.8786 » 
 8.1638 bush. 
 2.0104 " 
 7.9728 " 
 7.5618 " 
 9.6946 " 
 0.8244 peck, 
 
 27.5121 bush. 
 6.1178 " 
 2.087T " 
 8.4025 " 
 
 120.703 
 22.9986 
 14.6141 
 10.0000 
 89.1503 
 2.2965 
 584.58 
 811.141 
 100.000 
 45.874 
 182.663 
 8.8425 
 1844.78 
 0.0740 
 0.1912 
 6.7063 
 0.0819 
 104.95 
 8.6986 
 12.8502 
 107.80 
 1.6896 
 52.4785 
 4.1191 
 110.118 
 51.4515 
 9.0865 
 8.8090 
 1.5868 
 78.5976 
 290.8 
 0.3427 
 2.937S 
 9.8308 
 2.4577 
 1.1784 
 15.0889 
 8.8791 
 8.3457 
 15.0000 
 0.2983 
 1.0298 
 8.8222 
 280.972 
 294.897 
 47.9950 
 140.789 
 114.992 
 78.0725 
 289.781 
 274.841 
 853.26 
 
 2.9475 
 1000.00 
 222.84 
 74.0645 
 305.3'JS 
 
DRY MEASURES. 
 
 105 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. ' 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 
 German Empire.. 
 
 1.4190 bush. 
 2.9881 " 
 2 3 u 
 l!o097 " 
 1.1213 ". 
 1.5537 " 
 2.9485 " 
 5.0292 " 
 1.1352 peck. 
 0.0127 " 
 1.5191 " 
 0.8140 " 
 3.4716 bosb. 
 0.0554 peck. 
 1.7028 " 
 1.3385 " 
 0.0370 " 
 3.6297 " 
 8.2568 « 
 8.6326 " 
 2.5146 " 
 1.9788 " 
 2.3378 bmb. 
 2.8860 " 
 2.078C " 
 0.5255 peck. 
 0.7470 " 
 1.1169 braA. 
 1.9978 " 
 1.3387 " 
 1.0878 " 
 0.6915 " 
 2.0888 peck. 
 0.1656 " 
 2.65618 bo. 
 2.2518 peck. 
 0.S708 " 
 2.9784 " 
 0.7446 " 
 5.9521 boab. 
 3.0452 peck. 
 8.9477 bosh. 
 1.5646 " 
 29.2020 " 
 4.0388 " 
 4.. 572 " 
 8.0452 " 
 0.6S44peck. 
 1.7451 " 
 2.1CS3 " 
 2.1019 " 
 2.6562 " 
 1.5697 " 
 2.9485 " 
 0.6284 " 
 0.0019 " 
 41.260 bosh 
 
 1.8756 bosb. 
 2.8968 " 
 2.2297 " 
 0.9788 " 
 1.0S71 " 
 1.5121 " 
 2.65S4 " 
 4.8756 • 
 1.1005 peck. 
 0.0123 " 
 1.4727 " 
 0.7691 " 
 8.3656 bmb. 
 0.0537 peck. 
 1.6504 " 
 1.2975 " 
 0.0358 " 
 8.4219 " 
 8.1568 " 
 8.5216 " 
 2.4378 " 
 1.9185 " 
 2.2664 bosh. 
 2.7512 " 
 2.0151 " 
 0.5094 peck. 
 0.7242 » 
 1.0817 bosb. 
 
 1.9868 " 
 1.2929 " 
 1.0546 " 
 0.6704 " 
 2.0250 peck. 
 0.1508 *■ 
 2.5751 boab. 
 2.1880 peck. 
 0.8442 " 
 2.8874 " 
 0.T219 " 
 5.7703 " 
 2.9528 " 
 8.8271 bosb. 
 1.5163 " 
 28.8102 " 
 8.9154 " 
 4.0302 " 
 2.9522 " 
 0.8574 peck 
 1.6918 " 
 2.0891 " 
 2.0877 " 
 2.5751 " 
 1.5121 " 
 2.S5S4 " 
 0.6092 " 
 0.0018 " 
 40.0000 bosb 
 
 50.0000 
 
 
 105.2808 
 81.-25 
 
 " . for wheat.. 
 
 86.5778 
 89.5102 
 
 i. 
 
 
 64.9577 
 
 ii 
 
 
 108.8685 
 
 11 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 117.2098 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 
 0.1119 
 
 
 13.8817 
 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 7.1705 
 
 
 122.3256 
 
 Seidcl 
 
 
 0.4680 
 
 
 
 15.0000 
 
 
 11.7903 
 
 
 
 0.3259 
 
 
 
 31.0931 
 
 
 Frankfort.. 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 28.6847 
 
 u 
 
 32.0000 
 
 
 22.1611 
 
 
 17.3672 
 
 
 82.3749 
 
 
 Yen. Lombard}'.. 
 Norway 
 
 100.0000 
 
 Span 
 
 78.2419 
 4.6291 
 
 
 
 6.6308 
 
 Btajo '.". 
 
 89.3164 
 
 
 
 70.3946 
 
 ii 
 
 46.9944 
 
 it 
 
 Turin 
 
 8S.3288 
 
 ii 
 
 
 24.3658 
 
 Starello 
 
 
 18.4002 
 
 Stop 
 
 
 1.8707 
 
 Strich 
 
 
 93.5905 
 
 
 
 19.8371 
 
 
 
 7.6709 
 
 
 
 26.2367 
 
 
 
 6.5592 
 
 
 ii 
 
 2C9.728 
 
 
 
 26.82E2 
 
 TGnde 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 139.098 
 
 
 55.1308 
 
 
 1029.3 
 
 
 142.512 
 
 
 
 140.448 
 
 
 
 107.801 
 
 
 
 7.7907 
 
 Viertel. 
 
 
 15.3724 
 
 
 
 18.5280 
 
 u 
 
 
 16.5156 
 
 II 
 
 
 23.3985 
 
 II 
 
 
 13.7894 
 
 u 
 
 25.9783 
 
 II 
 
 Great Britain... 
 
 5.5356 
 
 
 0.0167 
 
 Wey. 
 
 1458.84 
 
106 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 United States 
 Measure. 
 
 English 
 Measure. 
 
 Litres. 
 
 
 
 84.6638 bail. 
 29.8811 " 
 42.4447 " 
 28.0746 " 
 70.7641) " 
 42.5700 " 
 
 83.6101 bush. 
 28.91)86 " 
 41.1485 " 
 27.2172 " 
 68.4328 " 
 41.2632 " 
 
 1221.59 
 
 
 1052.89 
 1495.59 
 
 w 
 
 
 989.i2 
 
 (i 
 
 
 2493.45 
 
 
 1590.00 
 
 
 
 
 VIII. — WEIGHTS. 
 
 In this table the value of every weight is given in English 
 or American avoirdupois, and in metric grammes. Each value in 
 grammes may be converted into pfunds of the German Zollverein 
 by dividing by 500. The gramme and its derivatives are legal 
 standards in the Argentine Confederation, Belgium, Brazil, Chili, 
 Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mex- 
 ico, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United States. After Janu- 
 ary 1, 1876, the metric system will be the legal system in Austria. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Accino . . . 
 Adarme . . 
 Aguirage. 
 
 Akey 
 
 Anna. .... 
 Arratel. . . 
 
 Arroba. 
 
 As. 
 
 Bahar. See also candy. . 
 
 At Bet-el-faki. . 
 
 " Jidda 
 
 " Mocha 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 For pepper 
 
 Naples . 
 Spain. . . 
 Guinea.. 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Argentine Gonfed, 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Central America. 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Portugal 
 
 "V enezuela.. 
 
 Norway 
 
 Baden 
 
 0.69 
 27.78 
 62.04 
 20.08 
 14.04 
 
 1.0119 
 
 1.0119 
 25.8175 
 82.8792 
 25.8536 
 26.0750 
 25.3645 
 82.8795 
 25.4024 
 25.3595 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.77 
 
 gram, 
 
 0.044T 
 1.8001 
 4.0202 
 1.2979 
 0.9098 
 459.00 
 459.00 
 
 11441.8 
 
 14687.4 
 
 11500.4 
 
 11827.7 
 
 11505.4 
 
 14687.4 
 
 11522.6 
 
 11503.1 
 0.0479 
 O.05O0 
 
 Amboyna, . 
 Arabia 
 
 Bantam . 
 
 597 607 
 8x5.625 
 188.003 
 450.000 
 396 000 
 406.780 
 
 lbs. 
 
 271076. 
 86U970. 
 87018. 
 204121. 
 179627. 
 184517. 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 107 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Graumies. 
 
 
 
 610.170 lbs. 
 
 276776. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.6816 " 
 17.0022 
 
 6.8408 
 276.41 
 84.226 " 
 
 2.2689 oz. 
 
 1.1344 " 
 
 360.6764 lbs. 
 
 68.8760 " 
 
 1.9017 oz. 
 183.000 lbs. 
 83.500 
 
 1.3775 " 
 428.5 
 1577.140 
 500.000 " 
 560.000 " 
 600.000 
 496.000 " 
 500.000 " 
 695.500 
 405.000 " 
 525.000 " 
 4e5.500 " 
 588.040 " 
 840.160 
 
 5750. S 
 
 
 
 7712.2 
 
 u 
 
 
 2876.2 
 
 u 
 
 
 125880. 
 
 
 16526. 
 
 
 
 64.8288 
 
 
 
 82.1605 
 163608 
 
 Binli 
 
 
 31242. 
 
 
 Philippine Isles . . 
 
 58.9186 
 
 
 60829. 
 
 
 87876. 
 
 Can 
 
 624. S3R 
 
 
 
 192101. 
 
 
 Ahmednuggur... 
 
 715395. 
 
 
 226S01. 
 
 u 
 
 
 254018. 
 
 it 
 
 
 226801. 
 
 it 
 
 
 224538. 
 
 u 
 
 
 226801. 
 
 u 
 
 
 315481 . 
 
 « 
 
 
 188709. 
 
 u 
 
 
 238142. 
 
 M 
 
 
 220<s24. 
 
 ti 
 
 
 266787. 
 
 u 
 
 154293. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 116.570 
 524.100 " 
 98.190 " 
 112.000 " 
 118.800 
 175.000 
 119.000 " 
 128.992 
 109.714 " 
 111.750 
 124.682 " 
 2.91 grains 
 
 52886. 
 
 
 
 287774. 
 
 u 
 
 
 44539. 
 
 u 
 
 
 50804. 
 
 
 58888. 
 70881. 
 
 
 
 53979. 
 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 56243. 
 
 « 
 
 49767. 
 
 « 
 
 
 50690. 
 
 u 
 
 
 56556. 
 
 
 
 0.1886 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.8568 lbs. 
 
 1.1111 
 
 1.8500 " 
 
 2.0491 " 
 
 2.6670 " 
 
 2.1180 
 
 1.3017 
 77.161 grains 
 
 0.154 " 
 100.000 lbs. 
 220.460 " 
 128.4615 " 
 110.280 " 
 127.4909 " 
 
 615.222 
 
 u 
 
 
 503.998 
 
 " For gold and silver 
 
 
 612.864 
 
 
 929.478 
 
 
 1209.759 
 
 u 
 
 
 960.723 
 
 t( 
 
 
 590.455 
 
 
 
 5.0000 
 
 
 
 0.0100 
 
 
 45360.3 
 100000. 
 
 
 51)002. 
 
 
 
 50000. 
 
 
 67830. 
 
108 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammei. 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 110.280 lbs. 
 110.230 " 
 136.080 " 
 110.230 
 113.866 
 98 .879 " 
 2.0531 oz. 
 1.8664 
 11 .8848 
 48.0 grains. 
 9.60 
 T.86 
 
 50000. 
 
 u 
 
 50000. 
 
 u 
 
 61726. 
 
 a 
 
 
 50000. 
 
 41 
 
 
 51423. 
 
 u 
 
 
 42857. 
 
 
 
 . 58.2058 
 
 
 
 52.9128 
 
 
 821.8488 
 
 Coffifla 
 
 
 8.1104 
 
 
 
 0.6220 
 
 
 
 0.5988 
 
 
 
 
 
 u tt 
 
 154.82 " 
 
 1.5432 " 
 7.766 " 
 17.02 " 
 17.49 " 
 18.17 " 
 39.77 " 
 18.19 " 
 15.432 " 
 12.897 w 
 0.56 " 
 40.00 
 47.73 
 
 295.90 u 
 .48.00 " 
 
 49.59 " 
 .0.685 . " 
 
 60.27 
 .60.00 
 15.482 " 
 
 57.60 " 
 49.83 " 
 67.70. " 
 57.53 
 57,58 
 
 55.57 « 
 41.25 tt 
 54.59 " 
 
 830.88 " 
 
 29.11 . " 
 
 25.68 " 
 
 S29.718 lbs. 
 
 85.2822 " 
 
 80.0000 " 
 
 0.9028 " 
 
 0.7899 " 
 
 13.5631 " 
 
 1.0000 grain. 
 
 15.432 
 
 1.18 " 
 
 0.96 " 
 
 0.9G " 
 
 0.95 
 
 io.6666 
 
 Decigramme. (In Germa- 
 
 0.1000 
 
 5000 
 
 
 
 1.1029 
 
 
 
 1.1338 
 
 « 
 
 
 1.1774 
 
 tt 
 
 Turin 
 
 1.2811 
 
 « 
 
 
 1 .1T87 
 
 tt 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 
 1 0000 
 
 
 0.8038 
 
 Dhan. For precious metals. 
 Dirhem, darhim, or dracbm. 
 
 It tt tt u 
 
 
 0.0363 
 
 
 2.5920 
 8.0929 
 
 (I tt U (I 
 It u It It 
 
 Persia. Shiraz. . . 
 Tripoli 
 
 19.1744 
 8.1104 
 
 It tt U tl 
 
 
 8.2133 
 
 Doli 
 
 Bussia 
 
 0.0444 
 
 
 8.9055 
 
 Drachm. Apothecaries'. . . . 
 
 England and 0. S. 
 
 8.8880 
 1.0000 
 
 
 
 8.7825 
 
 it 
 
 
 8.1966 
 
 
 
 4.8869 
 
 
 
 8.T279 
 
 tt 
 
 8.7279 
 
 
 8.6009 
 
 
 
 2.6730 
 
 
 
 8.5874 
 
 
 
 21.4412 
 
 
 
 1.8863 
 
 
 
 1.6641 
 
 
 
 149560. 
 
 
 
 160O4.0 
 
 
 
 18608.1 
 
 
 
 409.510 
 
 
 tt 
 
 858.298 
 
 
 
 6162.2 
 
 
 England and U. S. 
 
 0.0649 
 
 
 1.0000 
 
 tt tt 
 
 0.0782 
 
 
 0.0622 
 0.0622 
 0.0616 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 109 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Gramme3. 
 
 Si 
 Or 
 
 
 
 0.96 grain. 
 
 0.94 
 
 0.72 " 
 
 0.71 " 
 
 0.73 
 
 0.76 " 
 
 0.77 
 
 0.82 « 
 
 0.76 
 
 1.54 
 
 0.08 « 
 
 0.77 " 
 154.82 " 
 
 2.7275 lbs. 
 
 8.5273 oz. 
 
 7.04 grain. 
 
 7.62 " 
 112.000 lbs. 
 100.000 
 
 0.49 grains. 
 
 1.3834 lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 0.0492 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 0.0500 
 
 
 I 
 
 Turin 
 
 0.0531 
 
 
 I 
 
 Ten. Lombardy^. 
 
 0.0492 
 
 
 
 0.1000 
 
 Gi 
 61 
 6 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 K 
 K 
 K 
 K 
 K 
 X 
 E 
 K 
 K 
 K 
 K 
 Li 
 
 L 
 L. 
 
 L 
 E 
 
 
 0.0019 
 
 
 
 0.0500 
 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 
 10.0000 
 
 
 1287.2 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States 
 
 100.0000 
 
 
 0.4562 
 
 
 0.4933 
 
 
 50703. 
 
 
 45S60. 
 
 
 0.031T 
 
 
 
 604.83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 .09 grains. 
 493.85 . _ lbs. 
 3.00 grains. 
 1.99 
 
 8.00 « 
 2.2046 lbs. 
 40.678 
 1.54 grains. 
 5.8333 oz. 
 
 C6.6667 lbs. 
 
 1.2087 oz. 
 4938.46 lbs. 
 9337.9 
 
 0.7277 u 
 
 0.7984 
 
 0.7002 
 
 0.7691 " 
 
 0.8229 
 
 1.0000 
 
 1.7500 
 
 0.7044 
 
 0.7072 " 
 
 0.7197 " 
 
 0.7477 " 
 
 0.7072 
 
 0.S133 
 
 0.7486 » 
 
 2.2046 " 
 
 1.0127 
 
 0.8820 
 
 1.0148 
 
 1.0430 
 
 1.0480 " 
 
 1.0110 w 
 
 0.2002 
 
 
 
 224009. 
 
 
 
 0.1944 
 
 
 
 0.1239 
 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 0.1944 
 
 
 
 1000. 
 
 
 18:451 
 
 
 
 0.1000 
 
 
 160.8762 
 
 Sooloo Archipela- 
 
 
 
 30236. 
 
 
 34.1251 
 
 
 
 22S0035. 
 
 
 4245671. 
 
 
 350.58 
 
 
 
 862.15 
 
 " Sottile 
 
 
 817.61 
 
 
 848.85 
 
 " Sottile 
 
 tt u 
 
 378.27 
 
 
 453.603 
 
 
 794.005 
 
 it 
 
 
 819.52 
 
 u 
 
 
 820.79 
 
 u 
 
 
 326.46 
 
 (1 
 
 
 389.16 
 
 u 
 
 
 320.79 
 
 it 
 
 Turin 
 
 869.91 
 
 (« 
 
 
 839. £6 
 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 Argentine Conied. 
 Balearic Isles 
 
 Central America. 
 
 1000.00 
 
 
 459.86 
 
 
 400.07 
 
 u 
 
 460.81 
 
 it 
 
 478.10 
 
 (( 
 
 473.10 
 
 
 
 458.50 
 
no 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 libra 
 
 
 1.0142 lbs. 
 
 1.0143 " 
 0.7539 " 
 0.7615 
 1.0161 " 
 1.0143 
 
 15.8868 " 
 14.4284 u 
 14.9481 
 18.7457 " 
 
 460.04 
 
 
 
 460.09 
 
 
 
 844.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 460 09 
 
 
 6979 4 
 
 
 
 6544.7 
 
 it 
 
 6780.5 
 
 
 8503 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.2720 oz. 
 11.2720 
 
 1.0792 lbs. 
 
 1.1023 
 
 0.8267 " 
 225.27 grains. 
 205.00 » 
 203.14 
 
 154.32 » 
 270.06 
 270.06 
 
 241.12 « 
 240.42 » 
 225.44 " 
 243.89 
 
 233.60 « 
 286.10 « 
 233.52 « 
 241.12 " 
 233.79 
 257.19 
 197.49 
 241.12 
 
 0.60 
 28.50 
 
 88.38 " 
 60.4-2 » 
 52.00 " 
 58.88 » 
 13.6601 lbs. 
 27.8202 
 
 2.13 grains. 
 
 3.0071 lbs. 
 
 6.00 grains 
 
 8.1015 oz. 
 
 8.0949 
 
 8.6754 " 
 
 8.1288 
 
 8.2902 " 
 
 9.8768 " 
 
 8.7925 
 
 8.2448 " 
 
 8.2491 
 
 8.2384 " 
 
 8.9126 " 
 
 8.6401 « 
 
 819.5684 
 
 
 819.5684 
 
 
 
 489.5251 
 
 
 500.0000 
 
 Lod. For gold and silver. . 
 
 875.0000 
 14.6041 
 
 " For gold and silver. . 
 
 
 
 
 10 0000 
 
 Loth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 15 6250 
 
 
 
 
 t. 
 
 
 14 6086 
 
 u 
 
 15.7718 
 
 u 
 
 15.1874 
 
 li 
 
 15.2994 
 
 u 
 
 II e s se - 1) ar m s ta dt . 
 
 16.1822 
 
 IV 
 
 15.6250 
 
 (( 
 
 15.1497 
 
 u 
 
 
 16 6666 
 
 u 
 
 
 12.7974 
 
 ti 
 
 
 15.6250 
 
 L? 
 
 0.0389 
 
 
 
 1.8468 
 
 
 2.4870 
 
 u 
 
 
 8.9152 
 
 11 
 
 ^ooloo Archipel.. 
 
 8.3696 
 
 it 
 
 8.7798 
 
 
 6196.2 
 
 
 
 12392 4 
 
 
 
 0.18S0 
 
 
 
 1864 02 
 
 
 
 8888 
 
 Argentine Confed. 
 
 229.68 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 "Ven. Lombardy.. 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 u 
 
 243.20 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Mascni.. 
 MauDd . 
 
 AiBet-el-faki. 
 
 u Jidda 
 
 " Mocha 
 
 i-'aotory.. 
 Bi*adr... 
 
 Media-tabla 
 
 Metical, or njitkal.. 
 
 Miliier 
 
 Milligramme 
 
 Mina 
 
 Miscal 
 
 Mocha 
 
 Monuie 
 
 Moosa 
 
 Munzpfnnd 
 
 Myriagramme 
 
 K anki 
 
 Holy 
 
 Nen 
 
 Occa or occha. See oka. , 
 
 Ochavaor dracma 
 
 Oka, or oke 
 
 OrtcheD . 
 
 Onca 
 
 Once 
 
 Oncia. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 HaDover. 
 
 Lilbeck 
 
 Norway 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Saxony 
 
 "Wurteniberg. . 
 
 Persia 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Anj&r 
 
 Arabia 
 
 Aurungabad.. 
 Bengal ...... 
 
 Bombay. 
 Deccan.. 
 
 Goa 
 
 Gnjerat.. 
 
 Muscat 
 
 Pondicherry . . . 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 Guinea 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Tunis 
 
 France, etc 
 
 Greece 
 
 Mocha 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Japan 
 
 Cyprus 
 
 Austria 
 
 France, etc.. 
 Madagascar. 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Annam 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 8.6366 oz. 
 8.5499 
 7.4BU6 " 
 8.2494 " 
 8.2448 
 8.2511 
 
 78.98 grains, 
 
 21 .9429 lbs. 
 
 26.2800 " 
 
 2.0890 " 
 
 1.6801 " 
 
 8.0000 " 
 
 75.8067 " 
 
 74.6f67 " 
 
 82.1838 " 
 
 28.0000 " 
 
 79.7800 " 
 
 24.7E00 
 
 89.7896 " 
 
 25.0000 " 
 
 8 7500 
 25.9000 
 77.01100 " 
 81.02 grains 
 72.06 
 47.78 
 
 78.60 " 
 
 69.70 
 2204.6 
 
 Spain 
 
 Crete 
 
 Cyprus 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Greece 
 
 Ionian Islands... 
 
 Koumania 
 
 Servia 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Russia 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Bologna 
 
 Genoa... 
 
 lbs. 
 
 0.i'154 grains. 
 
 2.2046 lbs. 
 72 .00 grains. 
 
 1 .0971 oz. 
 27.007 grains. 
 112.C000 lbs. 
 
 1.1028 
 22.046 " 
 
 10.00 grains, 
 
 0.28 
 18.7600 oz. 
 
 244.82 
 242.89 
 210. C6 
 283.8T 
 288.74 
 2S3.855 
 4.7939 
 9952. 
 10S98. 
 924. 69 
 830.13 
 1860.8 
 84418. 
 
 87256. 
 12701. 
 86168. 
 11227. 
 18026. 
 11840. 
 8969. 
 11748. 
 34927. 
 
 2.0101 
 4.6695 
 8.0928 
 4.7692 
 3.86B6 
 1000000. 
 
 0.0010C 
 
 1000. 
 
 4.6656 
 
 31.1020 
 
 1.7502 
 
 50708. 
 
 500.0000 
 10000. 
 
 0.64S0 
 0.0181 
 890.66 
 
 55.57 grains. 
 
 2.6402 lbs. 
 
 2.7C57 
 
 2.7275 
 
 8 8714 
 
 2.699S 
 
 2.8188 
 
 2.6188 
 
 2.7858 » 
 
 2.88S7 " 
 14.66 grains, 
 
 1.0119 oz. 
 
 1.0582 " 
 
 1.1091 
 
 1.0646 " 
 
 0.9836 " 
 
 8 
 
 1197 
 
 1268 
 
 1237. 
 
 1529, 
 
 1224, 
 
 1278 
 
 127S 
 
 1240 
 
 1285, 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 26 
 
 6009 
 
 .6 
 
 .1 
 
 ,6 
 
 .6 
 
 .6 
 
 .7 
 
 .4 
 
 .9029 
 
 ,6S73 
 
 ,6582 
 
 .5500 
 
 .1786 
 
 .4676 
 
112 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 - Locality. 
 
 Avolrdtpois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 
 
 0.9392 oz. 
 
 0.9429 " 
 0.9596 " 
 0.9969 
 0.9429 " 
 1.0844 " 
 0.9982 " 
 8.5278 " 
 8.5278 " 
 1.0161 " 
 4.0000 lbs. 
 
 15.08 grains. 
 
 77.16 
 
 14.08 " 
 65.85 " 
 53.22 
 59.80 " 
 
 1.0000 oz. 
 
 1.0971 " 
 
 57.17 grains. 
 55.34 
 
 10S2.08 lbs. 
 
 54.38 grains. 
 153.50 
 
 135.6354 lbs. 
 185.6400 " 
 183.3834 " 
 185.6312 " 
 135.0000 « 
 139.4500 " 
 188.85 " 
 133.38 
 
 24.00 grains. 
 
 16.88 
 
 14.09 " 
 15.21 " 
 14.60 " 
 14.61 
 
 14.18 " 
 1.2346 lbs. 
 0.9284 " 
 1.1023 » 
 1.1028 " 
 1.2346 " 
 1.0991 
 1.0806 " 
 1.1141 " 
 1.1028 " 
 0.7889 
 1.0679 
 
 1.0794 " ' 
 1.0675 " 
 1.1023 ■' 
 1.0687 
 1.1028 » 
 1.0806 " 
 
 26 6278 
 
 u 
 
 
 26.7812 
 
 u 
 
 
 27.2047 
 
 u 
 
 
 23.0621 
 
 » 
 
 Sicily 
 
 26.7812 
 
 u 
 
 
 80.7427 
 
 u 
 
 
 23.2990 
 
 u 
 
 Ven. Lombardy.. 
 
 100.0000 
 
 Ons 
 
 100.0000 
 
 
 28.8066 
 
 Ort j 
 
 
 1814.4 
 
 
 0.9789 
 
 
 
 5.0000 
 
 '• For gold and silver. . . 
 
 0.9124 
 4.2847 
 
 
 
 8.7727 
 
 
 
 8.842T 
 
 " Troy and apotheca- 
 
 England and TJ. S. 
 
 U 41 U 
 
 23.3502 
 81.1028 
 
 
 3.7046 
 
 
 
 8.5861 
 
 
 
 490810. - 
 
 
 
 8.5288 
 
 
 
 9.9469 
 
 
 
 61524. 
 
 ki 
 
 
 61526-.- 
 
 
 
 60480-. 
 
 
 
 61522. 
 
 U 
 
 
 61286. 
 
 U 
 
 Philippine Isles.. 
 
 63254. 
 
 U 
 
 6H48-1. 
 
 tl 
 
 
 60477. 
 
 
 England and U.S. 
 
 1.5552 
 
 
 1.0988 
 
 
 
 0.9140 
 0.9856 
 
 4t 
 
 0.9461 
 
 LI 
 
 0.9526 
 
 a 
 
 
 6.9139 
 
 Pfund 
 
 
 560.00 
 
 
 
 421.12 
 
 
 500.00 
 
 H 
 
 
 500.00 
 
 
 
 560.00 
 
 4L 
 
 
 498.54 
 
 ([ 
 
 German Empire,. 
 
 467.48 
 
 l( 
 
 505.84 
 
 U 
 
 500.00 
 
 
 857.68 
 484.40 
 
 U 
 
 439.64 
 
 (i 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 434.22 
 
 l( 
 
 500.00 
 
 K 
 
 484.77 
 
 U 
 
 
 600.00 
 
 U 
 
 
 467.48 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 113 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avolrdnpoli. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 pfund 
 
 
 1.1023 lbs. 
 329.57 
 
 6.03 grains. 
 163.83 
 124.H3 " 
 
 1.2250 oz. 
 
 2.2046 lbs. 
 
 0.8267 
 86.0076 " 
 
 1.0000 " 
 
 0.6229 " 
 1.1028 
 0.78897 " 
 0.7856 
 0.9373 
 0.9338 " 
 0.14 grains. 
 638.76 lbs. 
 28.0000 
 25.0000 
 67.51 grains. 
 60.28 
 67.51 
 60.10 
 
 56.36 " 
 60.85 " 
 63.40 " 
 59.02 
 53.83 
 60.23 
 
 58.45 " 
 60.23 
 
 56.70 " 
 3.075 
 
 1.7636 oz. 
 101.270 lbs. 
 101.413 
 104.800 " 
 220.46 
 
 101.418 " 
 181.429 
 129.518 
 101.609 
 110.23 
 
 101.438 " 
 50.32 grains. 
 51 .25 
 
 50.79 " 
 93.06 " 
 
 1.0568 lbs. 
 
 15.08 grains. 
 
 17.075 lbs. 
 
 116.125 grains. 
 
 0.6S57 lbs. 
 
 1.2089 " 
 
 1.0967 " 
 
 500.06 
 
 
 149493. 
 
 
 0.8907 
 
 PSce 
 
 
 10.5S3S 
 
 
 
 8.0404 
 
 
 
 34.7209 
 
 
 
 1000.00 
 
 
 875.00 
 16360. 
 
 " Troy and apothe- 
 
 England and U. S. 
 
 u u it 
 
 458.6029 
 873.2674 
 
 
 500.00 
 
 " See also skalpund. . 
 
 11 .t " u 
 
 857.89 
 356.85 
 
 
 425.16 
 
 
 428.57 
 
 Pnnko 
 
 
 0.0091 
 
 Onan 
 
 
 312221. 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 United States 
 
 12700.0 
 
 
 11340.0 
 
 
 4.3750 
 
 
 
 3.9062 
 
 
 
 4.8750 
 
 
 
 3.8945 
 
 u 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 8.6521 
 
 u 
 
 8.9476 
 
 u 
 
 3.7843 
 
 u 
 
 8.8045 
 
 II 
 
 Hesse-Cassel. ... 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 3.7880 
 
 « 
 
 3.9062 
 
 u 
 
 3.7876 
 
 u 
 
 8.9062 
 
 
 
 8.6093 
 
 
 
 0.1996 
 
 Argentine Con fed. 
 
 50.0000 
 
 
 45936. 
 
 
 46000. 
 
 u 
 
 Central America. 
 
 47310. 
 
 u 
 
 100000. 
 
 n 
 
 Pern 
 
 460O3. 
 
 ti 
 
 46003. 
 
 u 
 
 
 58749. 
 
 M 
 
 46089. 
 
 rf 
 
 
 50000. 
 
 K 
 
 46012. 
 
 
 3.6496 
 
 
 8.8210 
 
 « For gold and silver 
 
 
 8.2911 
 
 
 6.0303 
 
 
 
 479.36 
 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 0.9765 
 
 
 7745.2 
 
 
 
 7.5247 
 
 
 811.03 
 
 " fenddi, gold and silver 
 
 546.09 
 
 
 497.46 
 
114 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 Eotl gbeddari, for fruits. . 
 
 " khebir. 
 
 " At Bet-el-faki 
 
 " " Jidda 
 
 Of oo.rraierce 
 
 " the markets. 
 
 " sucky, for meat, etc.. . 
 
 " ghredari, for vegetables 
 
 Rotoio 
 
 Grosso '. 
 Sottile.. 
 
 Eubbio. 
 
 Euttee. For pearls .'. . 
 
 Baum 
 
 " For steel, 
 
 Schiffslnst 
 
 Schiffspfund 
 
 Scrupel. 
 
 Scruple. . . 
 Scrupule. . 
 Bcrupulo. . 
 Seer 
 
 Seron 
 
 Sbik 
 
 Sicca. Factory, 
 
 " Bazaar.. 
 
 Skiilpund 
 
 Skippund. 
 
 Bompi 
 
 Stein 
 
 Btone. 
 
 Ta 
 
 Tael. . . 
 
 Algeria. 
 Arabia. . 
 
 Egypt... 
 Morocco. 
 
 Tripoli.. 
 Tunis... 
 
 Aleppo.. 
 Crete . . . 
 Cyprus. 
 Genoa.. 
 Naples. . 
 Sicily... 
 
 Smyrna 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 Parma 
 
 Ven. Lombsrdy. 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Austria 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Austria 
 
 Germany 
 
 Norway 
 
 England and V. S. 
 
 Eussia 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Bombay 
 
 Madras' 
 
 Turkestan 
 
 Guinea 
 
 China. 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Norway 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Norway 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 Austria 
 
 Baden 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Annam 
 
 Amboyna 
 
 Bantam 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Borneo 
 
 China 
 
 Cochin China.. .. 
 Siam 
 
 lbs. 
 
 grains 
 lbs. 
 
 1.8545 
 2.1817 
 1.0195 
 0.86e0 
 0.9819 
 1.19 
 1.70 
 1 .0971 
 1.2582 
 1.4098 
 5.0648 
 1.1657 
 6.2419 
 1.0508 
 1.9645 
 1.9250 
 1.7500 
 1.2656 
 0.9801 
 17.95)25 
 22.046 
 2.625 
 839.536 
 303.669 
 2469.23 
 818.727 
 288.568 
 299.008 
 22. S8 grains. 
 19 13 
 19.02 
 20.00 
 19.20 
 18.89 
 
 1.8667 
 11.2000 
 10.0000 
 34.5512 
 186.12 
 160.00 
 168.82 grains, 
 179.64 
 0.9378 lbs. 
 0.9838 
 874.914 
 60.00 grains 
 24.694 
 11.0230 
 14.0000 
 137.752 
 1.0018 
 2.4176 
 1.8552 
 1.4084 
 1.3384 
 1.3508 
 2.1336 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 grains. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 614.40 
 921.58 
 462.45 
 166.02 
 445.41 
 589.79 
 771.12 
 497.64 
 568.45 
 639.49 
 2297.17 
 528.76 
 2877.78 
 476.42 
 891.10 
 872.18 
 793.80 
 574.08 
 444.57 
 8163.5 
 10000.00 
 
 0.1881 
 154014. 
 140018. 
 1120048. 
 144574. 
 180894. 
 186630. 
 
 1.4826 
 1.2429 
 1.2825 
 1.2960 
 1.2442 
 1.1917 
 846.74 
 817.5222 
 283.502 
 15672. 
 
 12.0606 
 72576. 
 10.5832 
 11.6407 
 425,16 
 428.57 
 170061. 
 
 8.8880 
 11201.2 
 5000. 
 6350.4 
 62484. 
 28.4010 
 48.5400 
 87.8529 
 39.8280 
 87.8019 
 88.2810 
 60.4ST' 
 
WEIGHTS. 
 
 115 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupoia. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 Tael 
 
 Sooloo Arcbipel. . 
 Ionian Islands... 
 
 1.3828 oz. 
 8.8070 lbs. 
 100.0000 " 
 138.8384 " 
 1.356 " 
 63.40 grains. 
 162.209 lbs. 
 6.40 grains. 
 233.33 
 
 2M.8S « 
 677.963 lbs. 
 9.26 grains. 
 2240.00 lbs. 
 2000.00 " 
 2025.40 " 
 1743.498 " 
 2032.194 " 
 2201.6 " 
 2204.6 " 
 13.75 grains. 
 1.0971 oz. 
 1.1175 " 
 0.9373 
 1.0477 " 
 0.9289 " 
 1.2846 " 
 1.2879 " 
 1.2346 
 1.0991 
 1.0519 " 
 1.1141 
 1.0519 " 
 1.0679 
 1.0794 " 
 1.0675 
 1.0687 " 
 1.0806 " 
 24S.16 grains. 
 1.2000 oz. 
 5.63 grains. 
 80.00 
 4.9384 oz. 
 4.4091 
 
 3.3388 lbs. 
 3.1250 " 
 400.00 grains. 
 12.0895 oz. 
 1.0000 lb. 
 0.6857 
 15.482 grains. 
 13.7752 lbs. 
 2.6667 " 
 1.7636 oz. 
 25.72 grains. 
 0.15 " 
 110.23 lbs. 
 110.23 " 
 
 87.7849 
 
 
 
 45860. 
 
 
 615.23 
 
 Tank 
 
 
 
 
 
 78605 
 
 'Ilea 
 
 
 414T 
 
 
 
 15.1201 
 
 
 
 15 1201 
 
 Timbang. For grain 
 
 Java 
 
 807524. 
 
 0.6001 
 
 
 Great Britain.... 
 United StatesV.T. 
 Argentine Goofed. 
 
 1016064. 
 
 
 907200. 
 
 
 918721. 
 
 
 793116. 
 
 u 
 
 
 921803. 
 
 
 German Empire. . 
 
 looaooo.. 
 
 
 1000000. 
 
 
 
 0.8910 
 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 31.0098 
 
 
 Tunis 
 
 81.6811 
 
 
 
 26.5724 
 
 " For gold and silver. 
 
 
 29.7028 
 
 ■■t 
 
 26.3343 
 
 
 35.0000 
 
 
 u 
 
 85.0944 
 
 
 85.0000 
 
 it 
 
 
 31.1595 
 
 
 
 2J.8214 
 81.5847 
 
 
 29.8214 
 
 
 80.2320 
 
 ti 
 
 30.6010 
 
 (t 
 
 30.2636 
 
 « 
 
 30.2976 
 
 u 
 
 
 29.2175 
 
 
 
 16.0809 
 
 
 
 84.0200 
 
 Val For gold, gems, etc . . 
 
 Delhi 
 
 3643 
 
 
 1.9440 
 
 H 
 
 140.006 
 
 
 125.000 
 
 Vis 
 
 
 1512 
 
 
 
 1417.5 
 
 
 
 25.9209 
 
 
 841.8198 
 
 " For gold & silver 
 
 
 453.60 
 
 
 811.03 
 
 
 1.0 J0« 
 
 
 6248.4 
 
 Tin 
 
 
 1209.6 
 
 
 
 50.0000 
 
 
 1.6666 
 
 
 German Empire.. 
 
 0.1000 
 
 
 50000.00 
 
 
 50000.00 
 
116 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 
 
 1.1028 lbs. 
 220.46 " 
 65.83 grains. 
 
 500.0000 
 
 
 100000.00 
 
 
 4.2658 
 
 
 
 
 IX. — MONEY. 
 
 
 In the following table only the more important monetary 
 standards are given, the minor subdivisions being, with few excep- 
 tions, omitted. For each unit four values are given : First, its 
 value in American currency {of the United States); which, ex- 
 pressed in dollars, represents also its value in dollars of Canada 
 and Liberia, pesos of Paraguay, and pesos fuerte of the Argentine 
 Confederation. Second, its value in French francs, to which are 
 equivalent the francs of Belgium and Switzerland, pesetas of 
 Spain, lire of Italy, drachmes of Greece, and piastres or lei of 
 Koumania. By dividing any value in francs by five, the corre- 
 sponding value may be obtained in pesos of Bolivia, Central 
 America, Chili, Colombia, and Ecuador, and in sols of Peru. 
 Third, its value in English sterling. Fourth, its value in German 
 marks : 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Francs. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Marki. 
 
 Crown. See krone . . 
 
 
 1.0000 
 
 5.1813 
 
 £. e. a. 
 4 1H 
 
 4.1450 
 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 Hong-Kong,... ... 
 
 1.0400 
 1.0000 
 
 5.3885 
 5.1813 
 
 4 By, 
 
 4 IX 
 
 4.3108 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 United'States.... 
 
 1.0000 
 0.1980 
 O.5049 
 
 5.1813 
 1.0000 
 2.6160 
 
 4 IK 
 2?* 
 
 
 
 0.8000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.1980 
 
 0.1980 
 0.1980 
 0.1046 
 0.4084 
 0.4803 
 
 1.0000 
 1.0000 
 1.0000 
 0.5419 
 2.1161 
 2.48S6 
 
 8 
 
 1 8« 
 HI* 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.6929 
 1.9909 
 

 
 MONEY. 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Dollar . 
 
 Francs. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Marks. 
 
 Gu 
 Kr 
 
 Kt 
 Le 
 Li 
 Mi 
 Mi 
 Mi 
 
 one. Vereins .... 
 
 Norway & Swed'n 
 
 0.4117 
 6.6462 
 2650 
 0.6698 
 0.1980 
 0.1930 
 0.2401 
 0.8642 
 0.5456 
 1.0S47 
 1.6015 
 7.1050 
 0.9498 
 0.1980 
 1.0000 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 0.9650 
 1.0567 
 1.0000 
 0.7836 
 0.0495 
 0.S337 
 0.1980 
 0.0794 
 0.0482 
 0.1286 
 4.8666 
 0.5463 
 1.0212 
 !l.0929 
 
 2.1882 
 
 34.4363 
 1.8886 
 8.4705 
 1.0000 
 1.0000 
 1.2500 
 1.8922 
 2.8269 
 5.6202 
 8.2979 
 
 36.8135 
 4.9212 
 1.0000 
 5.1S18 
 6.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.0000 
 5.4751 
 5.1818 
 4.06U1 
 0.2565 
 4.8197 
 1.0000 
 0.4114 
 0.2288 
 0.66C8 
 
 25.2158 
 2.8306 
 5.2912 
 5.6627 
 5.7114 
 1.4279 
 4.0806 
 2.3948 
 1.2606 
 6.0000 
 5.6611 
 9.8974 
 8.3419 
 5.2015 
 8.7500 
 4.0995 
 8.7500 
 
 14.0700 
 11.6254 
 5.3885 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 1 8? 
 
 1 7 45 
 
 1 1# 
 
 2 9 
 
 J* 
 
 11% 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 2S 
 
 67* 
 
 1 ill** 
 9# 
 4 IK 
 8 11| 
 
 8 111 
 8 ll| 
 8 llf 
 8 11? 
 4 4K 
 4 IK 
 8 2H 
 2X 
 8 5 
 9* 
 4 
 
 2« 
 6>» 
 20 
 
 2 8 
 
 4 2H 
 4 6 
 4 6K 
 
 1 1^ 
 8 2* 
 110X 
 1 
 
 8 11? 
 4 6' 
 T 105 
 6 8 
 
 4 \% 
 
 2H* 
 
 3 8 
 
 2 ny 
 11 IX 
 
 9 i% 
 
 4 8K 
 
 1.7066 
 27.6917 
 1.1109 
 
 
 2.7764 
 
 rk 
 
 Italy 
 
 0.8000 
 0.8000 
 
 
 1.0000 
 
 
 
 1.5188 
 
 
 2.2615 
 
 it 
 
 
 4.4962 
 
 
 
 6.63S3 
 29.4508 
 
 Pa 
 
 
 
 8.9370 
 
 
 0.8000 
 
 Pe 
 
 I (I u 
 
 1 i; it 
 
 Argentine Gonfed. 
 
 4.1450 
 4.0000 
 
 
 Central America. 
 Chili 
 
 4.0000 
 4.0000 
 
 
 
 4.0000 
 4.0000 
 
 
 
 4.8801 
 
 PI 
 
 
 4.1450 
 8.2481 
 0.2052 
 
 Bi 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 8.4558 
 
 
 
 8000 
 
 
 0.3291 
 
 
 
 0.1790 
 
 
 Tnnis 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 0.5330 
 
 
 20.1726 
 2.2615 
 
 
 4.2829 
 
 
 5.6626 
 
 
 
 1.1023 
 0.2756 
 0.7779 
 0.4622 
 0.2438 
 0.9650 
 1.0926 
 1.9102 
 1.6100 
 1.0089 
 0.7204 
 0.791a 
 0.7204 
 2.7155 
 2.2437 
 1.0400 
 
 4.5691 
 
 K ryks mint 
 
 u 
 
 1.1423 
 
 
 8.2646 
 
 Ei 
 80 
 
 & 
 
 St 
 
 Til 
 
 
 
 1.9100 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 1.0085 
 
 1 
 
 4.0000 
 
 
 
 4 5289 
 
 
 7.9179 
 
 
 
 6.6735 
 
 
 
 4.1612 
 
 
 
 8.0000 
 
 
 
 4.U796 
 
 Ti 
 T< 
 T 
 
 u Vereins 
 
 Ha 
 
 Germany 
 
 Turkestan 
 
 8.0000 
 11.2560 
 
 
 9.8008 
 
 
 
 4.8108 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE E 
 
 ND 
 
 
 
 
APPLETONS' SCHOOL READERS, 
 
 WM. T. HARRIS, LL. D., Sup't of Schools, St. Louis, Ho. 
 A. J. RICKOFF, A. M., Sup't of Instruction, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 MARK BAILEY, A. M., Instructor in Elocution, Tale College. 
 
 CONSISTING OF FIVE BOOKS, SDPEEBLT ILLUSTEATED. 
 
 Appletons' First Reader. Child's Quarto. 90 pages. 
 
 Id the First Reader the combined word and phonic methods arc ad- 
 mirably developed and carefully graded. In the first 52 pages (Part I), 
 in connection with beautiful and child-life reading-lessons, are taught the 
 names of all the letters, the short sounds of the vowels, and the sounds of 
 the consonants and diphthongs. In Part II are found a systematic mark- 
 ing of silent letters and the more easily distinguished sounds of vowels, 
 and a continued drill in the sounds of consonants. The aim is to make 
 the pupil acquainted with the forms and powers of letters, and the sound, 
 construction, and meaning of words. The pictorial illustrations have 
 been made a feature not only of unusual attractiveness, but are instruct- 
 ive and interesting adjuncts to the text, as subjects for study and oral 
 exercises. 
 
 Appletons' Second Beader. 12mo. 143 pages. 
 
 This continues the plan of the First, and gives a complete table of all 
 the vowel and consonant sounds with their markings according to Webster 
 — " A Key to Pronunciation." Preceding each reading-lesson the new 
 words of that lesson are carefully marked for a spelling-exercise. This 
 Reader gives prominence to the phonic analysis and the noting of silent 
 letters, to the_ placing of diacritical marks, which must be learned by prac- 
 tice m marking words ; also, to the spelling of words and to sentence- 
 making, using the words occurring in the reading-lessons. 
 
 Appletons' Third Reader. 12mo. 214 pages. 
 
 In this Reader the plan of the Second is continued, with the addition 
 of some important features, notably the lessons " How to read," placed at 
 intervals through the book. They form the preliminary instruction in 
 elocution which Professor Bailey has developed in this and the succeeding 
 volumes in a masterly and unique manner. 
 
 The selection of " comparatively common words," yet such as are easily 
 and usually misspelled, numbering about five hundred, given at the close, 
 is a feature of very great practical value, and answers beyond cavil the 
 question sometimes asked, " Ought not a speller to accompany or precede 
 the series ? " 
 
 JsEE KEXT PAGE.] 
 
APPLETONS 1 SCHOOL READERS.— (Continued.) 
 
 Introductory Fourth. Reader. By William T. Habkis, A. M, 
 IX. D., and Andrew J. Rickoff, A. M. 12mo. 
 
 Designed for those pupils who have finished the Third Header, and 
 are yet too young or too immature to take up the Fourth. 
 
 Appletons' Fourth. Reader. VI mo. 248 pages. 
 
 It is here that the student enters the domain of literature proper, and 
 makes the atquaintance of the standard writers of " English undefiled " in 
 their best style. Having received adequate preparation in the previous 
 books, he is now able to appreciate as well as to assimilate the higher 
 classics now before him. 
 
 A new and invaluable feature in the editorship of this and the next 
 volume is the " Preparatory Notes " appended to each selection, for the 
 aid of both teacher and pupil. 
 
 The elocutionary work commenced in the Third Reader is continued 
 and gradually advanced to the higher phases of the subject. Spelling- 
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 This Reader is the one to which the editors have given their choicest 
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 All the departments of recitation — the earnest and plain, the noble, the 
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READERS AND READING CHARTS, 
 
 The Standard Supplementary Readers. Edited by William 
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 I. 
 EASY STEPS FOR LITTLE FEET. Supplementary to First Reader. 
 Cloth. 128 pages. 
 
 II. 
 GOLDEN BOOK OF CHOICE READING. Supplementary to Second 
 Header. Cloth. 192 pages. 
 
 in. 
 
 BOOK OF TALES. Supplementary to Third Header. Cloth. 276 
 pages. 
 
 rv. 
 
 READINGS IN THE BOOK OF NATURE. Supplementary to Fourth 
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STUDENTS' READERS. 
 
 A Geographical Reader. A Collection of Geographical Descrip- 
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 or suitable work for reading classes in intermediate or grammar grades, or 
 for home libraries, could be selected. 
 
 " Mr. Johonnot has made a good book, which, if judiciously used, will stop tbe 
 immense waste of time now spent in most schools in the study of geography to 
 little purpose. The volume has a good number of appropriate illustrations, and 
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 An Historical Reader, for Classes in Academies, High-Schools, 
 and Grammar-Schools. By Henry E. Shepherd, M. A. 12mo. Cloth. 
 424 pages. New edition. 
 
 " This book is one of the most important text-books issued within onr recol- 
 lection. The preface is a powerful Attack upon the common method of teaching 
 history by means of compecdiums and abridgment*. Professor Shepherd has 
 * long advocated the beginning of history-teaching by the use of graphic and lively 
 sketches of those illustrious characters around whom the historic interest of 
 each age is concentrated.' This volume is an attempt to embody this idea in a 
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 Mommsen, Guizot, and Gibbon are among the authors represented ; and the sub- 
 jects treated cover nearly all the greatest events and greatest characters of time. 
 The book is one of indescribable interest. The boy or girl who is not fascinated 
 by it must be dull indeed. Blessed be the day when it shall be introduced into 
 our high-schools, in the place of the dry and wearisome * facts and figures ' of 
 the ' general history ' 1 "— Iowa Normal Monthly. 
 
 A Natural History Reader, for Schools and Homes. Beautifully 
 
 illustrated. Compiled and edited by James Johonnot. 12mo. Cloth. 
 
 414 pages. 
 
 " The natural ram that children have for the country, and for birds and beasts, 
 wild and tame, is taken advantage of very wisely by Mr. Johonnot, who has had 
 experience in teaching and in making school-books. His selections are general- 
 ly excellent. Articles by renowned naturalists, and interesting papers by men 
 who, if not renowned, can put things pointedly, alternate with serious and hu- 
 morous verse. 'The Popular Science Monthly' bus furnished much material. 
 The ' Atlantic ' and the works of John Burroughs are contributors alBO. There 
 are illustrations, and the compiler has some sensible advice to offer teachers in 
 regard to the way in which to interest young people in matters relating to na- 
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APPXiETONS' 
 
 AMERICAN STANDARD GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 BASED ON THE PEISCIPLES OF IDE SCIENCE OF EDUCATION, 
 
 And giving Special Prominence to the Industrial, Commercial, and 
 Practical features. 
 
 The remarkable success which Appletons' Readers have attained is due 
 to the fact that no effort or expense was spared to make them not only 
 mechanically superior, but practically and distinctively superior, in their 
 embodiment of the best results of modern experience in teaching, and of 
 the methods followed by the most successful and intelligent educators. In 
 the same spirit, and with the same high aim, this new series cf Geog- 
 raphies has been prepared, and it is in harmony, therefore, with the active 
 educational thought of the times. 
 
 The series comprises two books for graded schools. 
 
 I. Appletons' Elementary Geography. Small 4to. 108 pages. 
 
 In this book the aim is to develop and present the subject in accord- 
 ance with the views of advanced teachers, and to embody the most natural 
 and philosophical system. It treats the subject objectively, makes knowl- 
 edge precede definitions, and presents facts in their logical connections, 
 taking gradual steps from the known to the unknown. 
 
 II. Appletons' Higher Geography. Large 4to. 129 pages. 
 
 In this volume, the aim has been to combine beauty of typography, 
 usefulness of illustration, attractive maps, and every element of mechan- 
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 methods followed by the most successful teachers of the day. 
 
 Prominence is given to a consideration of the leading Industries, as the 
 results of certain physical conditions, and especially to Commerce, a 
 feature which will not fail to be acceptable in this practical age. The 
 pupil is taught to what the great cities owe their growth, the main routes 
 of travel and traffic, where and how our surplus products find a market, 
 whence we obtain the chief articles of daily use, and the exports which 
 the leading commercial cities contribute to the world's supply. 
 
 The Maps challenge comparison in point of correctness, distinctness, 
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CORNELL'S OUTLINE MAPS AND KEY. 
 
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 THE WORLD. Size, 82 by 52 inches. Comprising the Eastern and 
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 and Zones, Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and Heights of the 
 Principal Mountains. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. Size, 27 by 32 inches. 
 
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 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES, Size, 27 by 32 inches. With en- 
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 SOUTHERN STATES. Size, 27 by 32 inches. 
 
 WESTERN STATES. Size, 27 by 32 inches. 
 
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 inches. With enlarged plans of the Isthmus of Nicaragua and the 
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 SOUTH AMERICA. Size, 27 by 32 inches. 
 
 EUROPE. Size, 27 by 32 inches. 
 
 BRITISH ISLANDS. Size, 27 by 32 inches. 
 
 CENTRAL, SOUTHERN, AND WESTERN EUROPE. Size, 27 by 82 
 inches. 
 
 ASIA. Size, 27 by 32 inches. With enlarged plans of Palestine and the 
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 and Cape Colony. 
 
 Appletons' Map-Drawing Cards. Consisting of Twenty-two 
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 respondence with those on the following maps of Appletons' Higher 
 Geography, but may be used with any geography, viz. : 
 Western Hemisphere ; Eastern Hemisphere : North America ; Do- 
 minion of Canada ; United States ; New England States ; Middle Atlantic 
 States ; Southern States — Eastern Division, Western Division ; Central 
 and North Central States — Eastern Division, Western Division ; Rocky 
 Mountains and Pacific States and Territories — Northern Division, South- 
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 Europe ; British Isles ; German Empire, Holland, and Belgium ; Southern 
 and part of Central Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; Oceania. 
 
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APPLETONS' ARITHMETICAL SERIES. 
 
 By G. P. QUACKENBOS, LL. IX 
 Upon the Basis of the Works of GE0E3E B. FEEKIES, LL. D. 
 
 This Series of Arithmetics embraces five well-graded text-books, which 
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 . was read and approved by several prominent members of the bar before 
 
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HISTORY. 
 
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 A History of Greece. From the Earliest Times to the Present. By 
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 Markham's History of England. From the Invasion of Julius 
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 $81 pages. 
 
 [see next page.] 
 
BISTOR Y.— (Continued.) 
 
 Kohlrausch's History of Germany. From the Earliest Period to 
 the Present Time. 8vo. 487 pages. 
 
 Arnold's History of Borne. By Thomas Arnold, D. D. Three 
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 the Elements of Mythology, Astronomy, Architecture, Heraldry, etc., 
 by Mrs. Julia Lawrence. Fifth American edition, with a Chapter 
 on the American Constitution. 12mo. 396 pages. 
 
 [see next page.] 
 
HISTOR T.— (Continued.) 
 
 Willard's General History, from b. c. 800 to a. d. 1876. Outlined 
 in Diagrams and Tables ; with Index and Genealogies. 8vo. 
 
 The "World in the Middle Ages. An Historical Geography. With 
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 ern Asia, and Northern Africa, from the Close of the Fourth to the 
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 College. 2 vols. 12mo. 850 pages. 
 
 Putz's Ancient Geography and History. 12mo. 396 pages. 
 
 Putz's Mediaeval Geography and History. 12mo. 211 pages. 
 
 Putz's Modern Geography and History. 12mo. 336 
 
 Dew's Digest of the Laws, Customs, Manners, and Institutions of the 
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 A History of Germany : From the Earliest Period to the Establish- 
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 History Primers. Edited by J. R. Green, M. A., Examiner in tha 
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 GREECE C. A. Ftffe. 
 
 ROME M. Creighton. 
 
 EUROPE E. A. Freeman. 
 
 FRANCE Charlotte M. Yonge. 
 
 OLD GREEK LIFE ..J. P. Mahafft. 
 
 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES A. S. Wilkins. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY George Grove. 
 
 MEDLEVAL CIVILIZATION G. B. Adams. 
 
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