OLSON 
 
 EFFICIENCY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF 
 CRIMINAL JUScTICE. 
 
i^ 
 
 s>' 
 
Efficiency 
 
 in the Administration of 
 
 Criminal Justice 
 
 Address before the 
 
 New York State Bar Association 
 
 January 12, 1917 
 
 by 
 
 HARRY OLSON 
 
 Chief Justice of the Municipal Court of Chicago 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
Efficiency 
 
 in the Administration of 
 
 Criminal Justice 
 
 Address before the 
 
 New York State Bar Association 
 
 January 12, 1917 
 by 
 
 HARRY OLSON 
 
 Chief Justice' of the Municipal Court of Chicago 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Court Organization 3 
 
 Simplified Procedure 14 
 
 Prosecuting Attorney 20 
 
 Police : 21 
 
 Intensive Study of the Criminal 26 
 
 Appendix : Cases, etc 47 
 
changes in procedure. Very little progress has been 
 made, however, in this direction. Less has been said, but 
 much more accomplished during the last ten year period 
 in the reorganization of our judicial establishment, es- 
 pecially in the large cities of the country. Beginning 
 with Boston — Chicago, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Cleveland,, 
 Pittsburgh, Atlanta and New York City, in its Magis- 
 trates Courts, have reorganized their city courts. Such 
 organization has been found necessary because the need 
 has been first felt in the city. A city court must deal with 
 a great volume of litigation; it must enforce numerous 
 police regulations made necessary by conditions of city 
 life; it must enforce the criminal law where crime 
 flourishes. To do this effectively, numerous tribunals 
 must be established. These must be organized in order 
 to avoid the waste of judicial power, save time, pro- 
 mote efficiency of administration, and economy of expen- 
 diture. 
 
 The earlier court system of the United States was 
 adopted at a time when the thirteen states had no greater 
 population than New York City has today. In the 
 pioneer days, a judge was assigned to a county or to a 
 district. He handled all sorts of litigation, civil and 
 criminal, and traveled from county to county holding 
 terms of court. Litigated cases were simpler in their na- 
 ture. As population and wealth increased, and cities 
 developed, the legal problems_became more intricate and 
 more important questions were involved. The tendency 
 was to establish numerous distinct, unrelated courts. As 
 judicial power developed to meet expanding human 
 needs, portions of it were from time to time parceled out 
 to newly created tribunals. 
 
 In the formative period of the American state judicial 
 system we went a great way to correct this primitive 
 looseness of structure. The separate Surrogates Court 
 
5 
 
 was in some states the only "special" court except those 
 inferior courts created in order to provide a tribunal for 
 small controversies convenient to every litigant. 
 
 So for the greater part of our national history we en- 
 joyed relative unity of courts and judicial power. But 
 in the past few decades there has been a great widening 
 of litigation in accord with the widening and diversifying 
 of industry, commerce and social life. The increase in 
 volume of judicial business and growing diversity of 
 causes has called for classification and division of labor 
 on the part of judges. No judge can be expected to be a 
 master of the entire range of substantive law. A tend- 
 ency to specialize, for the sake of expertness and result- 
 ing efficiency, has been conspicuous. To meet this need 
 special tribunals have been set up. Their distinctiveness 
 and separation have resulted in rigidity of judicial pro- 
 cedure while the elective system of obtaining judges has 
 quite generally disregarded the need for special training, 
 experience and mental qualities on the part of judges of 
 special courts. 
 
 We experience now a need for specialist judges work- 
 ing in a court of inclusive jurisdiction. Without co- 
 ordination of the judges sharing judicial powers the ju- 
 dicial machinery is necessarily rigid, wasteful of experi- 
 ence and talent and inefficient. 
 
 The great central problem of administering justice is 
 to grant adequate power to the judge to right wrongs and 
 establish justice in every case arising of whatever nature 
 cognizable by the law, and still not permit unwise use of 
 this great power through the weakness and fallibility of 
 human nature. 
 
 The personality of the judge is of the greatest conse- 
 quence and no means has been found until recently to em- 
 ploy the full powers of judges without subjecting the pub- 
 lic to potential dangers. We cannot give the single judge 
 
absolute and unchecked power because of the abuse of 
 power inherent in fallible human nature, and especially 
 in a forum where human passions converge. 
 
 In view of the problem thus stated it has been consid- 
 ered necessary to adopt such procedural rules as would 
 secure the greatest degree of average satisfaction and 
 justice for all the persons and interests concerned, such 
 as the requirements of expedition as well as thorough- 
 ness and certainty, the rights of the defendant as well as 
 those of the plaintiff, the interests of the community as 
 well as of the individual, etc., so as to maintain a proper 
 balance or equilibrium between all these opposing forces 
 and interests. 
 
 Our policy has been to limit judicial power in various 
 ways to overcome the limitations of the personal factor 
 in the equation, as by numerous separate courts and rigid 
 statutory procedure. The result today is seen in a confu- 
 sion of separate unrelated courts and judicial power split 
 up in many instances and always hampered by a growing 
 mass of legislated procedural law. 
 
 Concurrent with these efforts to establish successful 
 courts has been a constantly growing inefficiency. 
 
 The way out of the difficulty, and the only way out, is 
 indicated clearly by the success of the recently estab- 
 lished courts of unified and coordinated structure. In 
 eight of our larger cities in the past ten years such courts 
 have been established, e'ach taking the place of numerous, 
 separate and ungovemed courts. These courts are or- 
 ganized in that they provide for administration as well 
 as adjudication ; the judges act as the board of directors 
 of a corporation; they have a chief administrator, re- 
 sponsible for the smooth operation of the entire judicial 
 machine. Power is necessarily given this chief judge to 
 control all calendars and establish specialized branch 
 
courts at will, so that the widely varying functions of the 
 court may be exercised in a businesslike manner. 
 
 All of the judges are made responsible for results by 
 conferring upon them power to regulate procedure, and 
 by requiring them to meet together frequently to con- 
 sider the problems of judicial administration and to hear 
 complaints submitted by any citizen. Such a court is 
 made responsible to the public finally by provision for 
 minute a.nd complete statistics and their publication and 
 wide dissemination. These statistics tell the story of the 
 court's success or failure in respect to every sort of busi- 
 ness and they set a standard of attainment which the 
 court must not fall short of in each succeeding year. 
 Such a court has the direct and unequivocal duty of dis- 
 posing of all the business coming to it from year to year 
 and no member of it can shirk without incurring the crit- 
 icism and wholesome discipline of his colleagues, admin- 
 istered privately at the court's meetings. 
 
 The head of such a court, in his power to direct the ac- 
 tivities of all its judges with reference to the various 
 calendars established to take care of the various classes 
 of judicial business, is able to adjust the particular work 
 to those most competent to perform it satisfactorily. 
 The problem of specialism is finally settled by the con- 
 scious and expert assignment of the specialist judge to a 
 special calendar. 
 
 Finally, and greatest achievement of all, the personality 
 of the judge is practically eliminated as a factor, for the 
 individual judge, so far as opportunity is given for him 
 to go wrong, is merged as a mere unit in a judicial body 
 large enough to absorb and negative, or neutralize, the 
 personal characteristics or limitations of any single 
 judge. In large measure the court and every single judge 
 must measure up to the standard set by the more con- 
 scientious and responsive members. Given freedom of 
 
8 
 
 functioning, closely co-ordinated responsibility, and pub- 
 licity and it is inevitable that the standard will be set by 
 the most responsible and conscientious and that the re- 
 mainder will have to measure up to this standard. 
 
 That is what is meant by the "organized court" or the 
 ' ' unified court. ' ' It means the creation of a piece of po- 
 litical machinery, given freedom to function and so con- 
 stituted that it must react consciously to the practical 
 needs of the times and the community which it serves. 
 
 It is unlike all the quack remedies proposed and many 
 of which have been tried, for it does not undertake to 
 compel efficient performance where conditions necessary 
 to efficiency are impossible. It does not impose fresh lim- 
 itations upon the judiciary. It unlocks the powers of the, 
 individual judge. It gives to every judge the sort of 
 work for which he is best fitted and judicial power to deal 
 with all phases of the most involved proceeding. Every 
 judge is free to decide the particular cause without re- 
 straint from any source, and is given larger powers than 
 now, for he participates in rule making and in governing 
 the court as a whole. It does not disturb our traditional 
 principle of contentious procedure but it makes of the 
 court and every judge a vehicle powerful enough to func- 
 tion as leader in the most contentious matters. Finally 
 it makes for a democratic court and procedure, answer- 
 able to the best existing public opinion and satisfies all 
 that might be just in the criticism that led to the demand 
 for the recall of judges. 
 
 The safety of personal liberty, of the rights of the pub- 
 lic, and of property depend upon the impartial enforce- 
 ment of the laws of the land, which is intrusted to the 
 courts. 
 
 The time has come in the United States for strengthen- 
 ing rather than weakening the courts. The great power 
 of wealth, of the press, of politicians, of corporations, 
 
and of labor unions may occasionally intimidate the ac- 
 tion of an isolated judge, who would not fail in his duty 
 if he were a unit in a great and stable court organization. 
 Progress has been made in the development of our 
 courts as all progress is made, even as it was in the Stone 
 Age, by perfecting old methods for long periods of time 
 until suddenly a new method entirely different is 
 adopted. We have developed the pioneer judicial 
 system both in our states and our larger cities 
 until now a new method is appearing, a fundamental 
 change from the decentralized administrative irresponsi- 
 bility and extreme individualistic judicial action to a cen- 
 tralized organization, concentrated administrative power 
 and responsibility, specialization and co-operation. To 
 develop these principles and to bring about an improve- 
 ment in the administration of justice, one of America's 
 far-sighted business men has provided funds to enable 
 the lawyers of the country to employ experts to work out 
 a new system satisfactory to the Bench and Bar. An 
 organization, has been created and is known as "The 
 American Judicature Society, to Promote the Efficient 
 Administration of Justice." This organization is man- 
 aged by a Board of Directors of twelve men and a Gen- 
 eral Council of more than five hundred of the leading 
 lawyers of the country, every state in the Union being 
 represented. Model acts for court re-organization, pro- 
 cedure, and methods for the selection and retirement of 
 judges are drafted and submitted to the members of the 
 General Council throughout the country; these sugges- 
 tions are reviewed, adopted or rejected, and after the 
 opinions of all who can be induced to express them are 
 canvassed and considered, a final draft is published and 
 distributed to the Bench and Bar and the members of the 
 Legislature of the various states. 
 
 This is an extensive undertaking and could not have 
 
10 
 
 been entered upon without ample financial support. The 
 organization has been at work for nearly three years and 
 is about ready to issue as a suggestion to the Bar of the 
 country its final draft of court re-organization applicable 
 to a state and to a metropolitan district. It has provided 
 in a model act a single court for the entire state, called 
 "The General Court of Judicature." All judges are 
 judges .of this court and all judicial power is vested in 
 this court. Three permanent divisions are made in the 
 court, as stated in the introductory note of the draft, 
 which are as follows: 
 
 "1. The Court of Appeal, in which appellate 
 jurisdiction is lodged. 
 
 "2. The Superior Court, in which all original 
 jurisdiction is vested. Two plans of organization 
 for the Superior Court are presented — the territo- 
 rial and the functional. The former calls for five 
 territorial districts in the state, in each of which a 
 corps of judges, led by the Presiding Justice of the 
 district dispose of the judicial business of the Su- 
 perior Court in that district.. The Presiding Justice 
 of the district is given full power to arrange the 
 dockets and make assignments of the causes to the 
 different divisions, so as to secure such specializa- 
 tion of effort among the different judges as may 
 seem desirable. The functional plan consists of the 
 division of the court without any particular refer- 
 ence to territory into A Common Law division, han- 
 dling for the most part jury trials, civil and criminal, 
 and a Chancery division, which as the name indi- 
 cates, handles chancery cases and special contested 
 , probate and domestic relations cases. 
 
 "3. The third permanent division of the court 
 consists of the County Courts. There is one of these 
 for each county of the state. Each County Court 
 has jurisdiction of all legal business of the county 
 in which the smaller amounts of money are involved 
 and which should be tried locally and expeditiously. 
 The County Court sits not only at the county seat, 
 but in several districts of the county so as to bring 
 justice to the door of the litigant having small 
 
11 
 
 amounts involved. Counties with, a population in 
 excess of 40,000 may have one or more Associate 
 County Judges. The County Court is assisted by 
 District Magistrates, one in each district." 
 
 Extensive powers of making rules and regulations 
 covering practice and procedure and the operation of the 
 courts and the carrying on of the administration of jus- 
 tice by the courts are vested in the judicial council. This 
 council is composed of the Chief Justice and Presiding 
 Justices of the divisions of the Superior Court, and the 
 Presiding Justices of the County Courts.* 
 
 A single court organization in great cities like New 
 York and Chicago would handle the administration of 
 criminal justice with enormous efficiency and economy as 
 compared with what is now being done in these cities. 
 There would be efficiency in administration ; promptness 
 of trial ; specialization of judges ; so that there would be 
 expert ruling on evidence, and expert instructions to 
 juries ; for sucb a court would have the -power to select 
 from its members those who have been specially pre- 
 pared by experience or learning in the trial of criminal 
 cases either for the prosecution or the defense. The' 
 criminal law must be administered with due regard for 
 the rights of the defendant as well as of the public. 
 These rights are technical and must be accurately en- 
 forced. The results of criminal trials before capable, ex- 
 pert judges are seldom reversed. The blunders of the 
 criminal court judge leading to reversals are expensive 
 to the tax-payers as well as exceedingly damaging in fail- 
 ing to bring about a prompt satisfaction to the state 
 when a crime has been committed, and to the individual 
 when he is falsely charged. 
 
 No matter what the method be of selecting judges, 
 whether by appointment or election, a court organization 
 
 *See A. J. S. Bulletin, 7a. 
 
12 
 
 that has the power to dispose of a particular judge where 
 he can be most useful in the administrtaion of justice 
 would bring about a higher order of service. Such an 
 organization behind an individual judge would hold him 
 to an accountability that he does not always recognize 
 where he sits as an independent court. 
 
 To illustrate : A defendant of professional ability and 
 high political standing was on trial in one of our Ameri- 
 can cities for a serious offense affecting the administra- 
 tion of justice in the courts. He was convicted in the 
 trial court, prayed an appeal to an intermediate court 
 upon which sat a former partner of the accused. The 
 suggestion was made by the Prosecuting Attorney to the 
 court that this judge ought not to sit in review of the 
 case. It was supposed that only a suggestion would be 
 necessary, but the court ignored the suggestion of the 
 Prosecuting Attorney, heard the cause, reversed it on an 
 erroneous principle, declared to be such by the highest 
 court in the same state both before and since. The fact 
 that the decision was based on an erroneous principle 
 was laid before the first reviewing court on a motion to 
 modify its opinion, abundant authority being cited for 
 such modification, three opinions of the Supreme Court 
 of the state, many text books on evidence, and the de- 
 cisions of the Supreme Courts of at least twenty other 
 states. The Court refused to modify the opinion despite 
 these authorities and the fact that the ruling was a bad 
 precedent affecting the rules of evidence in a great crim- 
 inal jurisdiction. 
 
 Such conduct upon the part of a reviewing court, under 
 the circumstances, in a properly organized court would 
 have been called to the attention of the judicial council 
 of such a court. Under the present court system the 
 judges in question represented the whole court. There 
 was no place to go except to another, the reviewing court 
 
13 
 
 with the complaint of their failure to follow the plain and 
 undisputed law, as laid down by the State Supreme 
 Court, the text writers and the courts of the nation. In- 
 stances like this are very . rare, but there have been 
 enough of them throughout the country over a, long 
 period of years to create a demand for a remedy, which 
 took the form of recall of judges. The courts would bet- 
 ter discipline themselves than let an outside agency try- 
 to do it. 
 
 In contrast to this situation, I might mention that a 
 unified court of one of our cities, under a law that made 
 it the duty of the judges to consider at their monthly 
 meetings any matter pertaining to the proper adminis- 
 tration of justice in the city, undertook to, and did, dis- 
 cipline one of its own judges whom they considered, on 
 investigation, had not properly administered the crim- 
 inal law in a large number of instances. There could be 
 no dispute between lawyers as to the impropriety. Ac- 
 cording to the findings of a committee of the judges 
 appointed to investigate his judicial acts, he had im- 
 prisoned persons in the county jail without bail, and had 
 in the first instance tried offenders and found them not 
 guilty, and at a subsequent date changed this finding and 
 found them guilty on the same charge, and in the same 
 case ; he had found defendants guilty upon the trial and 
 at subsequent dates had sentenced them a second and in 
 some instances a third time, and to pay heavier fines for 
 the same offense on the same complaint in the same case; 
 he had assumed in addition to his judicial power the 
 power of the legislature to make new laws, the power of 
 the executive to pardon offenders, to grant reprieves and 
 to commute sentences of those guilty of violations of the 
 law. His discipline consisted in a recommendation by 
 the judges of the court that he be removed from the trial 
 
14 
 
 of criminal cases altogether, and the chief justice had the 
 power and did so remove him. 
 
 Simplified Pbooedure. 
 
 After we shall have obtained a satisfactory court or- 
 ganization, the next step in securing a maximum of effi- 
 ciency in the administration of the criminal law, will be 
 to develop a simplified procedure in the matter of pre- 
 senting the defendant for trial. At one time nearly every 
 state in the Union required that all criminal cases of the 
 grade of felony should be prosecuted by the indictment 
 of a grand jury. Today prosecutions for felony are car- 
 ried on in twenty-seven states by information rather than 
 by indictment. But few of these states have large cities 
 where crime flourishes and where the simpler procedure 
 would be extremely effective in deterring the commission 
 of crime by those capable of fear induced by the example 
 of swift punishment. 
 
 One of the greatest defects in the administration of 
 criminal justice in Chicago today is the cumbersome pro- 
 cedure and its consequent delays in the prosecution of 
 felony cases where the punishment is imprisonment in the 
 penitentiary. At present the customary procedure in 
 Chicago, and in most large cities of the country, involves 
 complaint by prosecuting witnesses to the police officers, 
 the state's attomfey or a judge, a passing on the pro- 
 priety of the issuance of the warrant by either the state's 
 attorney or a judge, a preliminary examination by the 
 court of first instance, a second examination by a grand 
 jury and finally a trial in the criminal court. The wit- 
 nesses must attend. Continuances are often necessary 
 for both the prosecution and the defense. The unscrupu- 
 lous criminal lawyer gets as many continuances on one 
 pretext or another as he can, and sometimes the judge 
 
15 
 
 fails to be firm in denying delay, fearing he may be con- 
 sidered unfair or may displease the lawyef. 
 
 After the witnesses have attended several sessions on 
 the preliminary hearing and the defendant is bound over 
 to the grand jury, the witnesses must attend one or more 
 sessions of that body and later again the trial in the 
 criminal court, where the same process of delay is re- 
 enacted as was the case on the preliminary hearing. 
 
 If the defendant is guilty and on bond he must raise 
 money to pay the lawyer and other incidentals, unwise to 
 mention. Many desperate crimes that would not other- 
 wise happen, are committed by criminals under the stress 
 of the want of funds to get them out of a critical situa- 
 tion. 
 
 In the meantime the prosecuting witness tires out, 
 leaves the city, if a transient, as he often is when the de- 
 fendant is a pickpocket. The delay encourages the de- 
 fendant and other criminals, gives them security, false 
 or otherwise, in the furtherance of criminal enterprises. 
 This delay, on the other hand, discourages the witnesses, 
 the prosecuting attorney and the general public in the 
 effort to enforce the law. This procedure also divides 
 responsibility for law enforcement between the prelim- 
 inary court, the grand jury and the trial court, to say 
 nothing of a shift of prosecutors before each tribunal, so 
 that no full history of the proceedings are in the mind of 
 the last trial lawyer for the State. If any one of the 
 official agencies is at fault, or there is a lack of co-ordina- 
 tion between all of them, the criminal profits. No central 
 co-ordinating power exists such as would be the case in a 
 unified court system. 
 
 Ninety per cent of the felony charges are comprised 
 in criminal assaults — larceny, burglary, robbery and 
 rape. These cases are simple in legal principles involved 
 and not complicated by an intricate set of facts. They 
 
16 
 
 can be expeditiously handled by the State. The delay 
 will come in giving the defendant ample time to prepare 
 his defense. A reasonable time is all that is necessary 
 and what is reasonable will depend upon the given cir- 
 cumstances. Usually two weeks would be ample. If these 
 charges were brought by information, the time and ex- 
 pense of the prosecuting witness, prosecuting attorney, 
 the courts and the business men who must serve as grand 
 jurors, would be conserved. 
 
 I am reminded of an incident that occurred when: I was 
 in charge as prosecuting attorney of a grand jury that 
 was presided over as foreman by James R. Forgan, then 
 president of the First National Bank, and which was in- 
 vestigating a burglary of the home of a corpulent colored 
 *' mammy" who waved a greasy corset, the stolen prop- 
 erty, that was evidence in the case. Mr. Forgan felt 
 pride in doing his patriotic duty as a grand juror, but 
 his innate Scotch business sense caused him to turn to 
 me and say reprovingly : 
 
 "Can't you lawyers devise some simpler and less 
 expensive way to investigate such matters than to 
 take twenty-three business men away from their af- 
 fairs to do it?" 
 
 Wearing apparel is still waved at grand jurors and 
 men like Mr. Forgan to the number of twenty-three are 
 still required to investigate such cases, in spite of the fact 
 that it is a real sacrifice to require busy men of large af- 
 fairs to give up valuable time to do what any assistant 
 attorney and judge of a preliminary court can accomplish 
 in one-third the time and one-twentieth of the expense 
 considering the salary the State pays the grand jurors, 
 and one-fiftieth of the expense, when the earning capacity 
 of the twenty-three grand jurors i& measured. 
 
 The average citizen and many lawyers believe that 
 there is something sacred in the privilege of being in- 
 
17 
 
 dieted by a grand jury, rather than being presented by 
 information filed. Grand jury indictments are often 
 based on wrong legal advice of the assistant dis- 
 trict attorney, and when that individual's principal 
 is also a political power he is sometimes not over- 
 scrupulous, where political enemies are involved, in 
 giving advice, even when he has the ability to know bet- 
 ter, which is not always the case. A grand jury about 
 six years ago was imposed upon by the failure of the 
 state's attorney jn charge to call before them the wit- 
 nesses who knew material facts. The record of that 
 grand jury was investigated by me and I found that in 
 many cases where there were "no bills" only the police 
 officers were called, and conversely in other cases, only 
 the complaining witness was called, thus presenting only 
 half a case. One of these latter cases involved the crim- 
 inal assault upon a young girl under the age of consent, 
 only the girl was called, and she was quickly discredited 
 by some one in the room, came out crying, and the secre- 
 tary of the grand jury called out: "No other witness 
 wanted in this case." In my investigation I secured not 
 only the admission of another assistant state's attorney, 
 who had prosecuted the case on the preliminary hearing, 
 but also of two attorneys for the defense in that hearing, 
 that the guilt of the defendants in question was abso- 
 lutely proved. 
 
 The grand jury may be made an instrument of oppres- 
 sion without its knowledge as well as an instrument to 
 protect criminals without its knowledge. 
 
 Because the jury needs legal advice as to whether cer- 
 tain facts constitute a given crime, they usually rely, as 
 they have a right to rely, upon the attorney before them 
 in voting an indictment. As such attorney presents the 
 facts also, and is chargeable with bringing the witnesses 
 before them, they also rely upon him to produce all the 
 
18 
 
 facts and to suppress none of them. If that individual 
 is legally incompetent generally, or specifically in the 
 given case, lazy, indifferent or corrupt, there may be a 
 miscarriage of justice. 
 
 The office of state's attorney in the large cities is 
 usually held by competent and reliable men, but when it 
 is considered that the office of district attorney, and es- 
 pecially that of assistant attorney is considered a place 
 for young lawyers lacking experience and seeking it at 
 the public?s instead of a private client's expense, thereby 
 escaping liability for malpractice, the chances of things 
 going wrong occasionally are not remote. 
 
 Under a system of prosecuting by information the dis- 
 trict attorney would have to convince a judge of a court 
 of record, presumed to know the law, instead of grand 
 jurors who do not as a rule, that the defendant ought 
 legally to be proceeded against. At any rate the defend- 
 ant would have the benefit of two legal opinions as to 
 whether a given state of facts constituted a crime. 
 
 When I was admitted to practice law in Illinois the 
 grand jury in Cook county was selected by the county 
 commissioners. It was in politics occasionally with a 
 vengeance. The foremanship was regarded as a big 
 plum. It was occasionally used to blackmail prominent 
 men and to cover up charges against influential individ- 
 uals. Some of its members, unbeknown to the others, 
 held night sessions devoted to exchanging information 
 as to who could be blackmailed into paying money for 
 immunity, and as to ways and means of proceeding. 
 This was the little grand jury, contra-distinguished 
 from the full one. The same man was frequently fore- 
 man of more than one grand jury during the year. 
 
 But the grand jury ougjit not to be abolished. It 
 serves a useful function. When charges affecting per- 
 sons or officials strongly intrenched in political, financial 
 
19 
 
 or social power are made to a district attorney he may 
 hesitate to proceed, the witnesses may fear to disclose 
 facts, or secrecy may be needed in order to procure evi- 
 dence. Under such conditions the grand jury is effi- 
 cacious, for it is composed of a body of citizens, the re- 
 sponsibility is borne by several; its deliberations being 
 secret, guarantee safety to witnesses and relieve them- of 
 the risk of telling what they know of a scandal, no sub- 
 sequent responsibility rests upon the grand jurors after 
 they are dissolved, and they make no final disposition of 
 the case. Besides unwilling witnesses are more apt to 
 tell a body of men what they know than they would a 
 single individual. It was my experience that some wit- 
 nesses who pretended to know little about a crime when 
 interrogated by me as an assistant state's attorney pri- 
 vately were stimulated into full knowledge by the psycho- 
 logical effect of the concentrated fire in forty-six human 
 eyes. One such witness, after lying for a half hour to a 
 grand jury turned to the rear of the room to get a drink 
 of water to moisten his parched lips, when he observed 
 the jurors look at each other significantly and smile 
 cynically. During the noon adjournment he inquired of 
 me what their looks might mean. I told him what he had 
 suspected, that they knew he was lying, and I suggested 
 that they would probably indict him in the afternoon. He 
 then requested the high privilege of returning to tell the 
 truth. 
 
 ' But offenses requiring inquisitorial powers for inves- 
 tigation are rare; they do not constitute three per e6nt 
 of the entire number of felonies in any jurisdiction. 
 More than ninety-seven per cent of all felony charges can 
 be expeditiously presented by information and without 
 the ponderous and expensive machinery of the grand 
 jury. This is the experience of twenty-seven states. 
 Such a procedure will give the grand jury time to inves- 
 
20 
 
 tigate offenses of a serious public nature such, as ballot 
 frauds, now much more common than the public suspects ; 
 conspiracies to wrongfully and wickedly increase the 
 price of food, coal and other commodities; conspiracies 
 to obstruct justice ; to injure business and trade ; to bribe 
 jurors and legislators ; to do acts injurious to the public 
 safety, etc. The grand jury is overwhelmed in Chicago 
 with routine criminal business of the petty sort. In fact, 
 in Chicago failure to enforce petty ordinances or the giv- 
 ing of a worthless bond in a case where in New York and 
 in Europe no bond would be required, concern us more 
 than the 285 murders I mentioned, if one were to judge 
 by the direction of the energy of some of our citizens. 
 
 Prosecution on a preliminary hearing by information 
 filed before one judge, with a final trial before another 
 judge, in 97% of the felony cases arising in a large city 
 ought to be sufficient safeguard for the defendant, and 
 will speed up the administration of the criminal law in 
 such cities, where it is so much needed. One concrete ex- 
 ample, and all our large cities will follow. 
 
 The Prosecuting Attobney. 
 
 The Prosecuting Attorney and his assistants should 
 hold office as a career. Only by such tenure can the pub- 
 lic be assured the experience that will guarantee expert 
 service. "When the public prosecutor changes every four 
 years, and a new corps of young assistants is installed 
 with each change, inexperience is often substituted for 
 experience. The criminal lawyers who defend do not 
 change. They prey upon each new staff of prosecutors, 
 until they have learned to be efficient. In the meantime 
 the Supreme Court is compelled to reverse many cases, 
 and press and public demand less technicality in the 
 court of review. 
 
21 
 
 With, tlie coming of the short ballot, it may be well to 
 permit the Attorney General of the state to appoint these 
 officials in each county, or the Court might be intrusted 
 vrith that duty. It is well known that the State 's Attor- 
 ney in the country counties is usually a young lawyer at 
 the beginning of his professional career, and that he is 
 opposed in important cases by the former State's Attor- 
 ney who has had from four to eight years' experience. 
 For the results read the reversals of criminal trials in the 
 volumes of any State Supreme Court Reports. Of 
 course, there are exceptions, I am only stating the rule. 
 
 The prosecutors should know something of the sig- 
 nificance of criminal statistics, sociology, psychology, 
 anthropology, and criminology. With such knowledge, 
 we would not see the spectacle, often enacted, of the pub- 
 lic prosecutor calling loudly for the death penalty upon 
 ' a feeble-minded defendant, who is incapable of taking 
 care of himself on the very question of his guilt, to say 
 nothing of the extent of tbe penalty. 
 
 The Police. 
 
 A first requisite of a good police department is the su- 
 perintendent. 
 
 The head of a police force of a large city should be a 
 man of education, force of character, experience in the 
 department, and should be untrammeled so far as politics 
 are concerned. It is one of the most important posts in 
 our whole system of city government, yet the position in 
 many of our cities is given out as the reward of politics, 
 and the recipient is expected to conduct the department 
 so far as he can to aid in manifold ways the political in- 
 terests of the mayor and some aldermen. 
 
 One of the principles of scientific management, as out- 
 lined by Taylor at Midvale and Bethlehem, was a revi- 
 
22 
 
 sion of responsibility as between the management and 
 the men. The men holding the higher positions assume a 
 much smaller proportion of the actual responsibility than 
 they should in spite of the contrary supposition. This is 
 true in government as well as in industry. 
 
 The police departments of the larger cities of the coim- 
 try have much to do with the administration of crimihal 
 justice, because its members are first upon the scene of 
 the crime. The burden of preparing the case for the 
 state is first upon them. If they knew what evidence to 
 look for and how to preserve it, a great many cases 
 otherwise lost by the state would be won. 
 
 To illustrate : About a dozen years ago three youths 
 robbed the car-bam of the Chicago City Eailway Com- 
 pany, escaping with four thousand dollars. Two mur- 
 ders were committed in carrying out the robbery. One of 
 the robbers with a mask over his head wielded a heavy 
 sledge-hammer with which he broke down the wooden 
 partition in order to reach the money. This sledge- 
 hammer was left upon the scene after the robbers fled. 
 The police came upon the scene from two police stations, 
 one east and one west of the car-barn, the scene of the 
 hold-up. The police from the western station took one 
 of the dead bodies and the sledge-hammer; the police 
 from the eastern station took the other dead body and 
 the wounded, and such other evidence as oould be found, 
 such as cartridges. The officers of the eastern station 
 had charge of the investigation of the crime, and none of 
 them saw or examined the sledge-hammer. All the rob- 
 bers escaped and were not captured until two months 
 afterwards. In the meantime they had killed altogether 
 eight persons, several at the time of their -capture. They 
 stole an engine, ordered the engineer to proceed with 
 them, which he did until they were obliged to stop by an 
 oncoming train on the same track. They killed a brake- 
 
23 
 
 man when making away with the engine. They killed 
 several officers in the attempt to make their arrest. 
 When I was preparing the case for trial, the sledge- 
 hammer was brought from the western station where the 
 wagon-man had taken it. This sledge-hammer bore on 
 its face the initials "C; N. W.," the initials of the Chi- 
 cago Northwestern Eailway, and on the other side was 
 roughly chiseled into the hammer the figure "4." A po- 
 lice officer was sent to the shops of the Chicago North- 
 western Eailway Company. It was not long until he 
 located engine gang number 4, whose hammer this was. 
 The hammer had been missed the day before the robbery 
 when one of the robbers, who had worked a short time 
 with them, quit the employ. This hammer was the iden- 
 tifying link between the robbers and their crime. If it 
 had fallen into the hands of a higher officer than the 
 wagon-man, the police would havQ located one of the rob- 
 bers and thus the whole gang within twenty-four hours, 
 and perhaps saved the lives of more than half a dozen 
 people. The failure to make use of the evidence appar- 
 ent on this hammer and the consequences was a most 
 conspicuous example of the danger of having untrained 
 men on the police force. 
 
 The police department should conduct a school contin- 
 uously. The curriculum should cover every phase of 
 police work, such as finger prints, the Bertillion systein, 
 the identification of the lower types of mental defectives, 
 the training of police-dogs, courses in evidence covering 
 confessions, the necessity of the immediate marking of 
 circumstantial evidence especially for chemical examina- 
 tion and otherwise, the art of photography, and the im- 
 portance of immediate initiative in the investigation of 
 crime, because more can be learned about the identity of 
 the perpetrators of most crimes within twenty-four hours 
 of their commission than for weeks afterwards. 
 
24 
 
 All recruits of the police department slioTild attend 
 this school for at least three months. There should be 
 classes for all ranks ; the higher the rank the more exten- 
 sive the training. Physical instruction and drilling 
 would, of course, be included. Special work could be pro- 
 vided for detectives. Certificates of graduation from 
 classes should have a certain value to be added to any 
 marking attained in civil service examinations for higher 
 rank. 
 
 An illustration of efiSciency of well-trained men in com- 
 parison with the ordinary policemen is shown in the ac- 
 tivities of the detective sergeants of Chicago, who num- 
 ber 550 men. Police records show that there were in Chi- 
 cago 21,479 arrests in felony cases in the year 1912-13, 
 and 28,101 arrests in felony cases in the year 1914-15. 
 The detective sergeants have participated in over 90% 
 of these arrests, besides they participated in over 50% 
 of all arrests for misdemeanors and violation of ordi- 
 nances. The detective sergeants with this record have 
 been promoted by civil service examinations, and while 
 there have been many arrests in cases in which one of 
 the four thousand active officers has taken the initiative, 
 yet this proportion is so great as to suggest a failure of 
 supervision over the four thousand active men. 
 
 Political influence in the police department is its prin- 
 cipal curse. Every good policeman hopes for the day 
 when this may be removed. I was told by a police officer 
 in our city that on one occasion a competent, fearless 
 commanding officer was assigned to a certain district, 
 where there had been lax administration supposed to be 
 due to political control. My informant said that he 
 called in the officers of the district to a secret session at 
 the station house, and that he laid down the statutes of 
 the state, the ordinances of the city, and the police book 
 of regulations upon his desk. He told the assembled po- 
 
25 
 
 licemen that during tlie time of his assignment in the 
 district these three books were his bibles; that he ex- 
 pected every officer to carry out the laws, ordinances and 
 miles without fear or favor; that the new regime would 
 start within ten days, and that in the interim any who 
 could not conscientiously or for political reasons carry 
 out the law should exercise their "pulls" to get trans- 
 ferred from the district. This commanding officer was 
 a diplomat. He is said to be a university man. The 
 story illustrates conditions in the department. 
 
 Greater activity is often displayed in enforcing minor 
 infractions of the law than of the more serious offenses. 
 In "snooping" around the corners for violators of ordi- 
 nances the police are in danger of tripping over the dead 
 bodies of men shot in burglaries and robberies. Those 
 interested in the enforcement of the minor ordinances 
 have organizations, field workers, spokesmen and inves- 
 tigators, but there are no vigilance committees prodding 
 ' the police when the grosser crimes are committed. 
 
 Building operations are frequently at a standstill for 
 long periods of time in some of our American cities, ow- 
 ing to conspiracy to injure the business of the contractors 
 and owners. A contractor in one of the large cities of the 
 country told me that his city was not gaining in popula- 
 tion or business and that the city had been at a stand- 
 still for many years, and he believed would soon retro- 
 grade. He gave as the principal reason the mighty grip 
 of a group of individuals who levy criminal tribute upon 
 all building activity. Many of our large cities are suf- 
 fering from this same evil. Contractors and owners pay 
 tribute cheerfully in order that their buildings may 
 progress, but they do not build the second time. 
 
 High-class detectives would secure the evidence 
 against such a band of pirates. 
 
 Blackhand murders baffle the ordinary policeman, but 
 
26 
 
 such crime must be suppressed, and only can be by ex- 
 pert police work. 
 
 Homicides must be lessened. A rigid enforcement of 
 the law against murder will accomplish something. Iso- 
 lation in institutions of security of the paranoiacs, de- 
 mentia praecox cases, epileptics, pfropfhebephrenia 
 cases; and a protected environment for the feeble- 
 minded, will accomplish a reduction of the larger pro- 
 portion of them. 
 
 A certain percentage of the remainder are committed 
 by psychopaths, especially when under the influence of 
 liquor. 
 
 Burglaries, robberies, larcenies and criminal assaults 
 upon women are the work principally of menta-L defec- 
 tives. Their identity and isolation is impera,tive. This 
 is a new problem to which the police are just awakening! 
 
 Your New York police department is the best -in this 
 country, and has a high repute which I hope it justifies. 
 
 Importance op Intensive Study of the Criminal 
 Himself. 
 
 "Know thyself" was represented more than two thou- 
 sand years ago to be the highest attainment for which 
 human beings could strive. 
 
 Dr. Pinell in Paris more than a hundred years ago 
 called attention to the great number of volumes adorning 
 the shelves of libraries in comparison with the meagre 
 record of exact observations conducted upon individuals. 
 
 Upon entering the medical department of the Crerar 
 Library with a friend, he said to me: "Here is where 
 you get the material for your talks about the Psycho- 
 pathic Laboratory." I was obliged to reply, without 
 realizing how important it was, that I did not; that I 
 got it from John Doe and Richard Roe, from thousands 
 
27 
 
 of individuals charged with crime who came to my notice 
 during twenty years' daily experience in the courts, in- 
 terpreted in the last few years, in the light of testimony 
 in court and demonstrations in the Psychopathic Labora- 
 tory by the director. 
 
 During ten years ' experience as a public prosecutor in 
 the criminal courts of Cook county the fact was con- 
 stantly being impressed upon me that large numbers of 
 the criminal classes were defective to the extent that 
 their defect was the cause of their criminality. Espe- 
 cially was this so of many offenders of adolescent age. 
 
 The first fact that attracted my notice was the uniform- 
 ity of the number, character and conditions of crime. 
 For instance, in Chicago, the aggregate number of ar- 
 rests for felony from year to year is as uniform, propor- 
 tionate to population, as the number of births. On 
 making inquiry elsewhere, we would find that the same 
 unifomiity exists in all countries and all degrees of civ- 
 ilization. Only about 2 per cent of the population in 
 most civilized countries are ever charged with crime. If 
 we were to look into the character of crime for which 
 convictions were had, we would find a like uniformity. 
 If we were to ascertain the ages of those arrested and 
 convicted, we would find that the average criminal age 
 throughout the world is between 18 and 24. 
 
 This static character of criminal statistics in relation 
 to population the world over; the fact that the criminal 
 age, when most first commitments occur appears early 
 when responsibilities come, and ranges from 16 to 24 
 years, and that only two per cent of the population are 
 ever charged with crime, always impressed me as sig- 
 nificant facts pointing to something inherently defective 
 in the race. The investigation and research of the alien- 
 ist and the psychologist tend strongly to confirm this 
 belief. 
 
28 
 
 Thus far little or no impression has been made on the 
 static existence of crime by our efforts at punishment 
 and prevention. 
 
 There were at one time in England 165 crimes punish- 
 able by death ; in turn maiming, mutilation and branding 
 were practised. Then the idea of adding humiliation was 
 practiced; ducking in the pond, public square whipping 
 posts, etc., were tried; and the idea of solitary confine- 
 ment followed. The ball and chain was next added. As 
 a reaction to these conditions the idea of reformation 
 was introduced in penology ; thfen came parole and proba- 
 tion. Yet in spite of all these efforts, extending over a 
 long period of years, the percentage of crime and crim- 
 inals remains static, about two per cent of the general 
 population still are criminals. It may be of interest to 
 know that it has been, conservatively estimated that be- 
 tween one and two per cent of the general population are 
 feeble-minded. This small per cent however is an expen- 
 sive element in the community. 
 
 The cost of crime and the care of the defective classes 
 is becoming a great burden upon society. The State of 
 New York now spends one quarter of its total expendi- 
 tures in the care of the insane, and then more than ten 
 thousand who need institutional care are not receiving it. 
 The State of Illinois pays for its charitable iastitutions 
 28.1 per cent of its total expenditures, of which the men- 
 tal, nervous and insane group make up 21,8 per cent, and 
 this state, like New York, is not giving institutional care 
 to thousands who need it. The City of Chicago expends 
 about eight million dollars annually in handling the crim- 
 inal situation, over six and one-half millions being ex- 
 pended for the police department alone. That we are not 
 getting an equivalent in results for such outlays, aU 
 thoughtful people must agree. Besides, the record of 
 assassinations and attempts made on the lives of others 
 
29 
 
 by insane dementia praecox and feeble-minded individ- 
 uals is not a credit to our methods of handling this class. 
 
 The courts are now censuring and punishing them be- 
 cause they conflict with laws intended for normals and 
 not for defectives. They are deserving of our care and 
 consideration. The idea of full responsibility and crim- 
 inality in these cases must be corrected. It is all the nor- 
 mal can do to hold his own in the fierce competition of 
 modern life. The subnormal has the same desires, the 
 same instincts to eat, to procure shelter and to preserve 
 self, as the normal. In competition with the normal they 
 fail and,' in more direct efforts to supply needs, break 
 laws intended only for the normal. In industry they get 
 the lowest and poorest paid work, which, as a rule, only 
 lasts a short time. Charity bureaus clothe, feed and find 
 them work, and yet they do not get on. Industry more 
 and more weeds them out as incompetency identifies 
 them. 
 
 In view of the comparative failure of our past efforts 
 to suppress crime, of the increasing charge upon the 
 state in taxes for maintaining police prosecutions, courts 
 and jails, of the menace to society of the defective delin- 
 quent when uncontrolled and running at large, and of the 
 injustice involved in the neglect of the feeble-minded, we 
 must adopt new methods to prevent crime and to care for 
 the mentally afflicted. Since there is a correlation be- 
 tween crime and mental disease, we should try the mod- 
 em methods of the medical profession — diagnosis and 
 prevention, where cure is impossible. As has been said 
 in medicine, the diagnosis is half the cure; so we hope 
 and feel in criminology that if we can diagnose the cause 
 we will be well on the road to a cure. 
 
 Medical science has advanced, but the law has lagged 
 behind. In the study of defectives and criminals, the. 
 medical profession, unlike the legal, has gone forward. 
 
30 
 
 but not with, rapidity, for the youngest of all the sciences 
 is the study of the activities of living individuals. One 
 reason for the delayed birth of such inquiries grows out 
 of the fact that the average physiciaii outside the alienist 
 group has given, as a rule, but little attention to the sub- 
 ject of insanity or feeble-mindedness, but leaves that field 
 to the specialist. The average physician devotes himself 
 to curing disease, and as there is no cure for feeble- 
 mindedness, he is but little interested in the subject. Un- 
 til a few years ago very little instruction was imparted 
 in the medical schools in psychology and psychiatry. 
 The financial rewards were not inviting in this field, nor 
 were the prospects of successful achievement on a par 
 with the opportunities in internal medicine or surgery. 
 If the ordinary physician has lacked interest in the sub- 
 ject, what must be said of the lawyers and the judges! 
 Unless a large fee were involved, which seldom was the 
 case "where the feeble-minded were concerned, the lawyer 
 gave no attention to the subject. Our judges as a rule 
 have little knowledge of psychology, sociology, anthropol- 
 ogy or the significance of criminal statistics, and, if we 
 were to judge solely by the legal test for insanity prev- 
 alent in most of our states, the medical profession is 
 many years in advance of the legal profession. Abuses 
 of expert testimony in the courts in insanity cases have 
 resulted in obscuring the substantial progress made by 
 the medical profession in the study and classification of 
 mental diseases. Courts are beginning to rely more upon 
 the opinions of medical men than formerly. The insti- 
 tution of psychopathic laboratories in connection with 
 courts is an indication that the legal profession is begin- 
 ning to appreciate that a large number of the chronic 
 offenders are not always benefited by the legal punish- 
 ment which is inflicted with the three classic objects in 
 view — retribution, intimidation and reformation. We 
 
31 
 
 are beginning to understand that the unrelenting and 
 retributive idea of "an eye for an eye" has no applica- 
 tion to the irresponsible. The idea of punishment for a 
 deed presupposes responsibility. We are learning that 
 many of the criminal insane and feeble-minded on whom 
 legal punishment has been inflicted in our courts were not 
 fully responsible and their punishment did not work their 
 reformation. 
 
 Prof. Dr. Hans Gros, who died not long ago, and who 
 was one of the foremost criminologists of the world and 
 director of the Criminalistic Institute at the University 
 of Gratz, Austria, one of the greatest of its kind, said in 
 his wonderful work, "The Handbook for Examining 
 Magistrates," that it would be much better that judges 
 would make mistakes in sending no end of normals to the 
 psychopathologist for examination, rather than make the 
 mistake of passing over .one who was not normal. But 
 even if they should do this, they could never wipe out the 
 terrible stain which rests upon them for hanging and in- 
 carcerating all these years irresponsible individuals. 
 
 Perhaps our efforts to overcome recidivism, which is a 
 reflection on our theory and methods of punishment, have 
 had more to do in driving us to a comprehension of the 
 criminal than any other factor. So long as human nature 
 is what it is, a certain amount of law infraction must be 
 expected. A law implies its abuse or avoidance in a per- 
 centage of cases. We can not look forward ever to es- 
 cape from crime in this sense. As we breed out certain 
 grosser criminal traits, we raise our social and legal 
 standards,, and persons formerly normal become crim- 
 inals by virtue of more stringent legal regulations. But 
 with our idea of ' ' retribution, intimidation and reforma- 
 tion" the habitual criminal, the recidivist, was an incom- 
 prehensible element; theoretically he should not exist; 
 actually he is present in large numbers. This led first to 
 
32 
 
 the theories of the habitual criminal, the criminal mind, 
 the physical stigmata, and all those ideas which proved 
 on closer study to be false theories. So we have been 
 forced to mental study for the key to the problem. If 
 Lombroso had been an alienist and psychologist, the 
 science of criminology would have been much further ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 Sweden regulated judicial procedure with reference to 
 accused persons of doubtful sanity as early as 1826. Be- 
 fore judicial judgment was pronounced the opinion of 
 authorized physicians was submitted to the college of 
 health for its approval. The health authorities pre- 
 scribed further measures to be adopted in dealing, with 
 an accused, and not the court, where mental alienation 
 was suspected. Experience showed that a great number 
 of persons mentally deranged were sentenced without 
 inquiring into their mental condition, because the exist- 
 ence of mental derangement was overlooked by the court 
 in more than two-thirds of the cases, illustrating how 
 necessary it is for our law schools to guarantee the 
 scientific capacity of the criminal judge. 
 
 The re-discovery of Mendel's Law of Heredity has 
 caused the archaeologist and the historian to revise his 
 notions of the races of man, and it has also caused the 
 alienist and psychologist to look toward heredity instead 
 of environment as a prime factor in juvenile delinquency. 
 The physician has learned, as we laymen are slowly 
 learning, that we cannot change the leopard's spots by 
 environmental means. Enviroimient has not near the in- 
 fluence on the normal boy that has been assumed. Dr. 
 Hickson of our laboratory says: "Thanks to laws of 
 heredity, some of our greatest men have attained emi- 
 nence despite the slums in which they were born and 
 raised. The normal boy will take care of himself in any 
 environment. That playgrounds, social centers and the 
 
33 
 
 like are good for him, no one will deny; that they are 
 essential, is not true, because normality means adaptabil- 
 ity. The social agencies do not reach the defective and 
 cannot. ' ' 
 
 After the re-discovery of Mendel's Law, the develop- 
 ment of psychopathology in the great German clinics of 
 Kraepelin in Munich, Ziehen in Berlin and Bleuler in 
 Zurich has contributed most to an understanding of the 
 criminal. Bleuler has developed the psychological ap- 
 proach to mental disease to a very high state. For this 
 reason we chose as director of the psychopathic labora- 
 tory of the Chicago Municipal Court an American phy- 
 sician, Dr. William J. Hickson, who had specialized in 
 neurology and psychiatry and spent two and one-half 
 years in the above mentioned European clinics, having 
 been a ihember of Bleuler 's staff for about a year, and 
 also on the psychiatric and neurological staff of the 
 clinic in Berlin. 
 
 In our court the chief justice has power to segregate 
 the cases upon the calendar where offenses of a similar 
 character and . defendants of a particular group are 
 brought together, such as the Court of Domestic Rela- 
 tions, in which the wrongs against women and children 
 are adjudicated and where either the father or mother is 
 generally the defendant ; the Morals Court, in which all 
 proceedings growing out of the enforcement of the laws 
 against vice and immorality are heard; the Boys' Court, 
 in which are gathered all cases for the violation of all 
 state and city laws, against boys above the juvenile court 
 age, ranging from 17 to 21 years. These years cover the 
 period of adolescence, the dangerous age, when most first 
 commitments occur. In addition to these courts we have 
 the regular criminal branch courts to the number of thir- 
 teen. 
 
 The laboratory has been in existence now nearly three 
 
34 
 
 years. In a great city like Chicago, 5,000 policemen are 
 on duty daily in the enforcement of law.. They appre- 
 hend those "who do not conform to the normal standards 
 demanded by law, and hence they become agents in bring- 
 ing material to a great clinic. These courts, therefore, 
 bring together daily in the City of Chicago material for 
 the greatest clinic of abnormal psychology in this coun- 
 try. No medical school in the land has any such wealth 
 of material. This great clinic would have been impossi- 
 ble without the development of the branch courts and 
 without power to segregate the cases upon the calendar. 
 
 The history of these branch courts shows that a court 
 is much more than a mere passive arbiter; that under 
 modem metropolitan conditions a court has necessarily a 
 profound social duty. Without in any way impairing the 
 nature of the obligation that the court must be essen- 
 tially the judicial branch of government, it must, give a 
 larger meaning to the word "judicial" in an age when 
 society is bent upon remedial action, when it is necessary 
 to throw light into the dark comers of our civilization 
 and procure data essential to constructive treatment of 
 social ills. 
 
 The laboratory has been of great assistance to the 
 court in administering the criminal law ; in enabling it to 
 decide wisely when probation should be granted and in 
 discriminating between punishments allowed by law. Of 
 course, there is a certain percentage of more or less out- 
 spoken cases of insanity and f eeble-mindedness which are 
 more or less obvious to the laymen ; a larger percentage 
 is more or less obvious to the police judge; but a still 
 larger number must be reserved for the identification of 
 the expert psychopathologist. The judge is always 
 guided by the "World Test," which Dr. Hickson says is 
 the most adamant of them all and an assaying crucible of 
 the highest value, which consists of the evaluation of the 
 
35 
 
 reactions of our cases to their environment, and a check- 
 ing-up of their capability of adjustment, their failure and 
 successes at home, in school, at work, etc. 
 
 The intensive study of the defective criminal classes 
 with present-day knowledge of psychiatry and psychol- 
 ogy has brought about a real advance in the suppression 
 of criine. We are finding a large proportion of crime is 
 committed by the defective classes; that a considerable 
 percent is found to be feeble-minded and, therefore, un- 
 able to cope with the difficulties and hardships of a com- 
 petitive life, and that they breaik down because of intellec- 
 tual weakness which unfits them for anything but the sim- 
 plest sort of work. We are finding that dementia prae- 
 cox alone or grafted on feeble-mindedness is playing a 
 large role in crime, so that it may be regarded as the 
 criminal psychosis par excellence. We are finding that 
 dementia praecox is only second to feeble-mindedness as 
 an underlying cause of conflict with the law ; that the vast 
 majority of sex crimes and crimes of violence are perpe- 
 trated by the dementia praecox cases. Epilepsy is also 
 an important factor, as are cases of moral defect. The 
 moral defect shows a fair average, though uneven level 
 - of mental development, sometimes in their younger years 
 passing one or two years above the average. These 
 cases seem to lack the ability to assimilate or carry out 
 ethical ideas. They appear, except in the lightest grade, 
 to be incurable. 
 
 We are finding in the Domestic Relations Court feeble- 
 mindedness, dementia praecox, both uncomplicated and 
 complicated with alcoholism, alcoholic delusions of infidel- 
 ity and other paranoid manifestations, and a respectable 
 percentage are cases of pfropfhebephrenia, a grafting of 
 dementia praecox upon feeble-mindedness. 
 
 We are finding in the Morals Court about the same con- 
 ditions as in the Boys' Court. They are the female 
 
36 
 
 equivalents of the juvenile delinquents from the Boys' 
 Court, except that the average chronological age in this 
 court is ahout 24.8 years. In a group of- 283- girls from 
 the Morals Court the director found 25, or 8.8 per cent 
 showed average intelligence and only about 45, or 15.8 
 per cent might be considered capable of maintaining 
 themselves independently. About 84 per cent of the 
 group "of 283 cases the doctor found to be definitely fee- 
 ble-minded. This finding of the doctor is corroborated 
 by the experience of a committee of the Chicago Vice 
 Commission, of which I was a member. Under the aug^ 
 pices of the Chief of Police and the Health Commissioner 
 of the city, a special committee of the Chicago Vice Com- 
 mission, in 1911, in the course of its investigation, visited 
 a famous house of ill-repute kept by a woman which had 
 been run-openly for many years, despite the laws of both 
 city and state. So bold had she become, by reason of im- 
 munity from prosecution, that she issued circulars con- 
 taining views of the rooms of her house. It was reported 
 that this woman had, among the inmates in her house, 
 graduates of a well-known women's college. The com- 
 mittee made special inquiry of the inmates, some thirty 
 in number, who were brought before it separately, as to 
 their schooling, age at entry into the life and as to the 
 prevalence of disea,se. The rumors regarding the educa- 
 tion of these women were not well founded. Our inquiries 
 showed that not a single girl in the house had passed the 
 grammar school grades. Nearly all admitted having 
 venereal disease, and it was plain that many were feeble- 
 minded. All claimed to have entered the life at the age 
 of seventeen. 
 
 After three years' work with the laboratory we can 
 say that there is a positive correlation between crime and 
 mental defectiveness. 
 
 On the whole the underlying defective states. that are 
 
37 
 
 responsible for crime fall quite noticeably into two main 
 classes: The straight feeble-minded tending more to 
 crimes of larceny and burglary, and the praecox cases, to 
 crimes of violence and sex crimes. The large group of 
 the pfropfhebephrenia cases (dementia praecox grafted 
 on feeble-mindedness) seem to fall into either classifica- 
 tion according as the dementia praecox element or the 
 feeble-minded element predominates. 
 
 After the foregoing groups the next principal group 
 is the psychopathic constitution, alone or combined, and 
 then a scattering of the various psychoses and neuroses, 
 such as epilepsy, juvenile paresis, hysteria, etc. 
 
 The psychological method of approach to mental dis- 
 ease is important in a great laboratory because of the 
 rapidity with which diagnosis can be made. Speaking of 
 the diagnosis of dementia praecox. Dr. Hickson said in a 
 paper read before a meeting of alienists and neurolo- 
 gists : 
 
 "From the clinical side, in a large percentage of 
 these cases, there is nothing very definite on which 
 to establish a diagnosis; while at the same time the 
 disease is of the utmost potentiality in thfe thinking 
 and doing of the victim; this is sometimes called 
 predementia or latent dementia praecox, which, as a 
 matter of fact, is not latent at all except in the physi- 
 cal sense. The psychological side may be quite well 
 advanced and highly potential criminally, while yet 
 there are practically no definite physical or clinical 
 signs; in fact, as a clinical entity dementia praecox 
 in its present advanced development can be hardly 
 said to exist in a large proportion of cases. 
 
 "Many such physical or clinical signs should not 
 be relied upon to make the diagnosis ; and it is well 
 known how well cases of dementia praecox parano- 
 ides can dissimulate on occasion. By the psychologi- 
 cal method we take the diagnosis to the case in the 
 same way that we take the tests these days to the 
 feeble-minded, and not sit by and have to await_ de- 
 velopments as is the case in many instances diag- 
 
38 
 
 nosed by the ordinary clinical methods, and these 
 tests are to the dementia praecox in the reliableness 
 and applicability what the Binet-Simon tests are to 
 the feeble-minded. These psychological signs and 
 symptoms are as clear and definite to the properly 
 trained man as they are unknown or unappreciated 
 by those unfamiliar with the method." 
 
 The laboratory has examined hundreds of alcoholics. 
 The director says that he has yet to find the first case 
 of chronic alcoholism where there was not at least a psy- 
 chopathic constitution, dementia praecox, maniac depres- 
 sive insanity, epilepsy or feeble-mindedness at the basis, 
 with the exception of a few cases where there was a phy- 
 sical basis such as diabetes or tuberculosis, and the man 
 was whipping up his flagging energy with alcoholic stim- 
 ulants. The group with the mental defects at the bottom 
 of the alcoholism practically all show a defective hered- 
 ity beyond the average. The fact should be emphasized, 
 therefore, that chronic alcoholism is secondary to some 
 underlying mental or physical defect which is primary, 
 and without which the chronic alcoholism would not exist. 
 
 I am publishing as an appendix to this paper a report 
 of the laboratory on 2,700 cases. Your attention is di- 
 rected to the results of the diagnosis. 
 
 I am also publishing in the appendix the result of Dr. 
 Hickson's application of the visual memory test. These 
 appear to be genuinely significant and furnish a clew to 
 the type of mental trouble. These drawings show the 
 difference between high and low grade feeble-minded- 
 ness, alcoholism, paresis, dementia praecox:, etc. Several 
 of the plates show a series of drawings by five different 
 individuals in each group. The feeble-minded lack per- 
 ception and analysis; in the alcoholic group they show a 
 coarse, irregular, alcoholic tremor; in the drug habitue, 
 lack of perception and a characteristic fine line with 
 tremor; in the dementia praecox, phantasy, or the addi- 
 
39 
 
 tion of finishing touches of their own ; in paresis, lack of 
 perception, analysis, and in some cases a very irregular 
 and -coarse ataxic tremor, similar to the alcoholic, except 
 that they do not approximate the design so closely. 
 Even the layman will see the approach here to a rough 
 mental "finger-print" method of identification of mental 
 disturbance. 
 
 I am also attaching to the appendix typical case his- 
 tories and direct your attention particularly to the hered- 
 ity. 
 
 The law does not now provide for obligatory psychiat- 
 ric examinations. Whether or not a defendant goes to 
 ■ the laboratory is purely a voluntary matter. Of the thou- 
 sands of cases that have been brought to" be examined in 
 the laboratory, the number refusing examination is al- 
 most negative, not exceeding four. 
 
 The judges take into consideration in fixing the pen- 
 alty, the fact of morbid disturbance of the mental facul- 
 ties. On the testimony of the physician who is employed 
 by the city and has no interest for either the plaintiff or 
 the defendant, the court is able to protect the public from 
 the more dangerous types of mental defectives, as for ex- 
 ample the dementia praecox, and especially the dementia 
 praecox grafted on feeble-mindedness. 
 
 Judge Fisher of the Boys Court sent this last type, to 
 the reformatory, because they could be incarcerated un- 
 "der the law for a period of a year. These cases need 
 permanent custody, but the law does not yet permit it. 
 ,When about 100 of these cases had been committed, I 
 received a letter from Mr. Graves, the superintendent, 
 telling me that the boys from the Boys ' Court were an 
 incorrigible lot ; that he could not reform them in a year ; 
 that it did no good to send them down there. Superin- 
 tendent Graves had no idea that we were sending him a 
 particular specimen of offender. I wrote him that he 
 
40 
 
 could not reform them in a year, nor in a lifetime; that 
 we sent them to him for the safety pf the public. These 
 are the type of cases that have made the most trouble in 
 the feeble-minded institutions. They have not been un- 
 derstood but have been classed with the ordinary feeble- 
 minded. 
 
 The laws of our state in regard to insanity and idiocy 
 are nearly seventy years old. They will have to be re- 
 written in the light of modem science. Our American 
 courts have been influenced by English decisions on in- 
 sanity. The English courts were slow to give up the 
 rulings in McNaughton's case. The Lord Chancellor of 
 England in the House of Lords on so late a day as 1862, 
 declared that : 
 
 "The introduction of medical opinions and medi- 
 cal theories into this subject (of insanity) has pro- 
 ceeded upon the vicious principle of considering in- 
 sanity as a disease. ' ' 
 
 There are a few notable exceptions in our American 
 courts. The leading case of Parsons v. State, 2 Southern 
 Eeporter, p. 854, an Alabama case, though written thirty 
 years ago, is abreast of modern science. Judge Simmons 
 quoted from the German code, relating to insanity, which 
 is said to have been written by Kraepelin. His observa- 
 tion meets the situation of the right and wrong test from 
 the modem point of view. Judge Simmons on page 865 
 makes this notable statement : 
 
 "The practical trouble is for the courts to deter- 
 mine in what particular cases the party on trial is to 
 be transferred from the category of sane to that of 
 insane criminals; where, in other words, the border 
 line of punishability is adjudged to be passed. But, 
 as has been said in reference to an every-day fact of 
 nature, no one can say where twilight ends or begins, 
 but there is ample distinction nevertheless between 
 ■ day and night. We think we can safely rely in this 
 matter upon the intelligence of our juries, guided by 
 the testimony of men who have practically made a 
 
41 
 
 study of the disease of insanity ; and enlightened by 
 conscientious desire, on the one hand, to enforce the 
 criminal laws of the land, and, on the other, not to 
 deal harshly with any unfortunate victim of a dis- 
 eased mind, acting without the light of reason or the 
 power of volition." 
 
 Judge Simmons was thirty years ahead of his brethren 
 on the bench. What a tribute- to the quality of his mind 
 and the. tenderness of his heart ! 
 
 A number of our judges, especially those who have held 
 the special criminal branch courts, are becoming exceed- 
 ingly capable in identifying a defective defendant. The 
 evidence in the ease, his conduct or his appearance will 
 inevitably give a clew to the experienced judge. The ex- 
 perienced probation officer or social worker is also rely- 
 ing upon the reports of the laboratory: The advanced 
 workers «ome to the laboratory for a report as to the 
 mental responsibility and possibilities of reforming their 
 cases. For instance, a few months ago a young man 19 
 years of age was accused of murdering a woman. He 
 has since been found guilty by a jury, and sentenced to 
 hang which was modified to life imprisonment by the 
 judge. This young man was in the Boys' Court two 
 years previous to this crime and found to have a mental- 
 ity of a child between 10 and 11 years. He had prior to 
 that time been in the Juvenile Court. The director of the 
 laboratory predicted to one of the judges, when the de- 
 fendant was in on a minor charge, that he would become 
 a serious offender. Our judge bound him over to the 
 Criminal Court on a felony charge. The Criminal Court 
 judge released him on probation, having no suspicion 
 of the dangerous character of the boy. The fact that 
 records are made, in many instances, before the crime, 
 the findings are free from the suspicion of having been 
 made to meet the emergencies of a particular case. 
 
42 
 
 On September 30 last,, a Greek skot two officers and 
 felled another worker with a vicious blow on the head 
 with a coffee pot, at the Congress Hotel in Chicago. The 
 officers came to the Municipal Court Laboratory and 
 found that he had been examined over a year previously 
 and that his deportation to Greece had been recom- 
 mended, as he was suffering from dementia praecox. 
 The recommendation is now being carried out after the 
 damage is done. 
 
 A certain woman came up for trial in the Morals 
 Court. She had served 57 sentences in the bridewell, to 
 say nothing of the many times she had been arrested and 
 discharged. This woman had been suffering all these 
 years from dementia praecox paranoides. She was com- 
 mitted from our court to the insane asylum, where she 
 will get more appropriate care and treatment than in 
 the bridewell. But for the laboratory this woman would 
 be continuing to go back and forth to prison to the end 
 of the chapter. 
 
 One day a man came up for trial in the -Domestic Eela- 
 tions Court for failure to support a wife and five chil- 
 dren. He had been arrested eighteen times and sen- 
 tenced to the bridewell for this same offense more than a 
 half dozen times. On this occasion he was sent to the 
 laboratory and found to be a Cretin 10 3/5 years old. 
 His wife was a Cretin 10 2/5 years old mentally. The 
 five children were Creti'ns and alL dwarfed. The children 
 were put on thyroid- donated by Armour & Co. The 
 little girl especially is becoming more intelligent. Think 
 of a court being engaged in this sort of business ! This 
 same man came up again, after he had been in the lab- 
 oratory, before another branch court, the judge of which 
 did not utilize the laboratory. He was again sentenced 
 to the bridewell. The director of the laboratory got him 
 out for Christmas. 
 
43 
 
 One more illustration: A robbery occurred about 
 three weeks ago, participated in by four men. The vic- 
 tim escaped, but one of the robbers shot another. The 
 three living were brought to the laboratory and all were 
 found to be feeble-niinded. The one who did the shoot- 
 ing was nearly 11 years old mentally with dementia prae- 
 eox grafted upon feeble-mindedness. The social worker 
 for the Jewish Charities, who had seen piany cases in 
 the laboratory, on hearing that the youth who had 
 done the killing was in the Boys' Court ante-room 
 with fifteen or twenty other boys, stepped in the room 
 and picked out the one who did the shooting. He had the 
 characteristic blank stare of the Katatonic dementia 
 praecox, by which she identified him as dangerous. This 
 case illustrates that the dangerous type of defective can 
 be identified before he commits the crime instead of after- 
 wards. 
 
 Here then is indicated the importance of identifying 
 the mental defective in the public schools. The pupils of 
 all schools should be gone over carefully by trained alien- 
 ists and those behind grade for age more than three 
 years should receive special attention. The defectives 
 should be identified and protected so that they would not 
 come in conflict with the law. Not long ago I visited the 
 room for defective children in one of the public schools. 
 The teacher^ who had worked patiently to teach her back- 
 ward pupils said to me : 
 
 "I understand their limitations. I worry nightly 
 of what will become of these children when they 
 leave my care. I fear their limitations will not be 
 understood and that they will be sentenced to jail 
 for crime. I would rest easier if I knew that they 
 would be transferred from this school room to a 
 farm colony, where they would be protected." 
 What then is the promise of the future? The feeble- 
 minded situation as a whole is a hopeless one. Our only 
 
44 
 
 present methods of handling this situation are isolation 
 and sterilization, since we realize more and more daily 
 that the vast majority of these cases are of hereditary 
 nature. However, the possible regeneration deserves 
 some study for its possibilities, especially since, at the 
 present time, the problem of isolating and controlling our 
 large feeble-minded and psychopathic population is so 
 gigantic. As for the treatment of the defective delin- 
 quents who get into the courts, the farm colony offers the 
 one solution. The by-product of the manufacturing 
 world has become almost an industry of itself, and. this 
 human by-product of the' industrial and commercial world 
 can in its turn be utilized to a very high extent in such 
 colonies. The psychopath and dementia praecox case 
 should be recognized at the earliest possible moment. 
 The psychopath, the praecox case, when taken in the 
 early years and given the proper training can undoubt- 
 edly be helped. The feeble-minded, especially the higher 
 "grades, which are more or less difficult to recognize in the 
 early years, except by the expert, should be sorted out 
 and new methods of training evolved. 
 
 The courts of our large cities must meet the responsi- 
 bilities thrown upon them by the discoveries in science by 
 instituting psychopathic laboratories, so that the crim- 
 inal defective may be identified. If followed by legisla- 
 tion permitting the segregation of the defective classes 
 who need such care, we shall have made a substantial ad- 
 vance in controlling crime. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the findings of the laboratory 
 are full of significance for neurology, psychiatry, psy- 
 chology, ethics, and especially for criminology. The ob- 
 jective view of crime has heretofore prevailed in the 
 United States ; the' laboratory emphasizes the personal 
 side of the criminal and the subjective side of the crime. 
 The slight advance made in the battle for the suppression 
 
45 
 
 of crime has been due to the fact that we have relied 
 upon legislation prescribing penalties instead of doing 
 what we should long ago have attempted — study the in- 
 dividual himself who commits crime. We have laid too 
 great importance on the environmental factors and paid 
 too little attention to the problem of heredity. 
 
 Where heredity plays a part as it does with the feeble- 
 minded, insanities and psychopathic, the laws of eugenics 
 must be invoked. Bad heredity creates a bad environ- 
 ment immediately, but it takes bad environment ages to 
 create a bad heredity, if it does at all. After a genera- 
 tion or two of combatting crime, insanity and feeble- 
 mindedness along these new lines, we shall find that these 
 defective stocks will gradually disappear. The battle on 
 mental deficiency and crime is as important as any the 
 nation will wage. 
 
 In order to win the war against crime and mental de- 
 ficiency, however, we must develop medical men who can 
 lead. Large cities of the country, which are also medical 
 centers, should lead the way in developing great teaching 
 centers from which other cities might draw its experts. 
 Here then is the opportunity and the duty of the medical 
 profession, and of psychopathologists. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the federal government will do 
 something in regard to the scientific study of unfor- 
 tunates, especially the criminal classes. A bill has been 
 introduced inta Congress — Senate No. 4990 and House 
 No. 8820^but Congress so far has been indifferent to- 
 ward its passage. It carries a small budget of about 
 $5,000. When it is considered that the burden of crime 
 and mental disease runs into many millions of dollars, 
 when the whole nation is considered and that defectives 
 are coming in with immigration, this paltry proposal dis- 
 credits our intelligence. Besides conditions in Europe 
 
46- 
 
 are such that a special duty falls on us to carry on scien- 
 tific research. ' 
 
 Prof. Svante Auhrenius, Director of the Nobel Insti- 
 tute, Stockholm, in acknowledging the receipt of the an- 
 nual report of the Psychopathic Laboratory, said : 
 
 "I am very glad to see that the U. S. A. is proceed- 
 ing rapidly on the rational and naturalistic line of 
 jurisdiction instead of the old scholastic and for- 
 malistic which was regarded as the highest wisdom 
 fifty years ago. I fear the U. S. A. will make such 
 rapid progress in all branches of practical applica- 
 tion of scientific methods that Europe will have been 
 left in a great distance after this deplorable and 
 cruel war and before the following time of depres- 
 sion has been overcome. ' ' 
 
47 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The following appendix contains the findings of Dr. William J. 
 Hickson, Director of the Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal 
 Court of Chicago, on cases examined by him between May 1, 1&14, and 
 December 5, 1915; also illustrations of his Psychopathic Test, which is 
 one of several differential psychopathic tests used by him, and also a 
 few histories selected at random which briefly show in a general way 
 the average run of cases in the specialized branches, such as the Boys', 
 Morals, and Domestic Eolations Courts, and also some bastardy cases, 
 which are handled in the latter court. 
 
 BOYS' COUET. 
 
 CASES FEOM THE BOYS' COURT FEOM MAY 1, 1914, TO DEC. 6, 
 
 1915. 
 
 Average Intelligence 
 
 In this group of 126 eases the 
 
 Average chronological age was 18.95 
 
 Average basal age was 10.6 
 
 Average total mental age was .• 12.6 
 
 Out of tHis group 12 cases we have no arrest record on. 
 
 Out of this group 114 cases the average per cent of 
 
 Arrests in the Boys' Court was 1.6 1 
 
 Arrests in other courts was 35 1- to a group 
 
 Arrests in the Juvenile Court was 17 J 
 
 Out of this group 29 boys or 25.4% have had 40 arrests in other 
 courts or 1.4 arrests to a boy; 16 boys or 14% have had 20 arrests in 
 the Juvenile Court or 1.25 arrests to a boy. 
 
 Out of the total group of 126 cases there were 
 
 31 Dementia Praecox 
 5 Alcoholics 
 
 1 Dementia Praecox plus Drug 
 1 Drug plus Psychopathic constitution 
 
 1 Dementia Praecox plus Moral Defect 
 
 2 Psychopathic constitution 
 
 1 Hysteria 
 
 2 Homosexual 
 
 1 Moral Pervert 
 7 Moral Defects 
 
 2 Effeminate 
 
 1 Drug habitue 
 
 3 had been in St. Charles 
 
48 
 
 Out of this group of 126 Average Intelligence cases 24.6% have 
 Dementia Praecox without other complications; 1.6% have Dementia 
 Praecox with complications, giving a total of 26.2% with Dementia 
 Praecox. 
 
 School Record. 
 
 Average Age Age 
 
 ,No. of chrono- B^al Total began, stopped 
 cases logical age age mental age school school Grade 
 
 Average Intel- 
 ligence 109 18.95 10.6 12.58 6.2 14.84 8.04 
 
49 
 
 Higb Grade Borderland Sociopath 
 
 In a group of 141 cases the 
 
 Average chronological age was 18.8 
 
 Average basal age was 10.15 
 
 Average total mental age was 12.2& 
 
 Out of this group we have no arrests on 10 cases. 
 
 Out of the group of 131 cases the average per cent of 
 
 Arrests in the Boys ' Court was 1.43 "] 
 
 Arrests in other courts was 56 l to a group 
 
 Arrests in the Juvenile Court was 34 j 
 
 Out of this group 43 hoys or 32.8% have had 73 arrests in other 
 
 courts or 1.7 arrests to a boy; 33 boys or 25.2% have had 44 arrests in 
 
 the Juvenile Court or 1.33 arrests to a boy. 
 
 Out of this group of 141 cases there were 
 
 24 Dementia Praecox 
 
 1 Dementia Praecox case with a serious active tuberculosis 
 
 3 Drugs 
 2 Psychopathic constitution 
 
 5 Alcoholics 
 
 8 Moral Defects 
 
 1 Alcohol plus drugs 
 
 2 Alcoholics plus Dementia Praecox 
 
 1 Dementia Praecox plus moral defect 
 1 Moral Pervert 
 1 Effeminate 
 
 9 Had been in Homes 
 
 5 Had been in the John Worthy School 
 
 Out of this group of 141 High-grade Borderland Sociopath cases 
 17% have Dementia Praecox without complications; 2.8% have De- 
 mentia Praecox with complications, giving a total of 19.8% with 
 Dementia Praecox. 
 
 School Record. 
 
 High-grade Borderland 
 
 Average Age Age 
 
 No. of chrono- Basal Total began stopped' 
 
 cases logical age age mental-age school school Grade 
 
 Sociopath 122 18.7 10.14 12.2 6.19 14.7 7.57 
 
50 
 
 Higb, Middle and Low Grade Sociopath 
 
 In these groups of 117 cases the 
 
 Average chronological age was 18.65 
 
 Average basal age was 9.75 
 
 Average total mental age was 12.03 
 
 Out of this group we have no arrest record on 8 cases. 
 
 Out of these groups of 109 cases the average per cent of 
 
 Arrests in the Boys ' ' Court was 1.77 1 
 
 Arrests in other courts was 51 I- to a group 
 
 Arrests in the Juvenile Court was 27 J 
 
 Out of these groups 38 boys or 34.8% have had 56 arrests in other- 
 courts or 1.428 arrests to a boy; 24 boys or 22% have had 37 arrests 
 in the Juvenile Court or 1.46 arrests to a boy. 
 
 Out of these groups of 117 cases there were 
 
 16 Dementia Praecox 
 1 Dementia Praecox plus Drugs 
 1 Dementia Praecox plus Alcohol 
 
 5 Alcoholics 
 1 Simulator 
 
 1 Moral Defect 
 1 EflEeminate 
 
 6 had been in the John Worthy School 
 6 had been in Homes 
 
 Out of these groups of 117 High, Middle and Low-grade Sociopath 
 cases 13.68% have Dementia Praecox without other complications; 1.7% 
 have Dementia Praecox with complications, giving a total of 15.38% 
 with Dementia Praecox. 
 
 School Record. 
 
 Average i Average Age Age 
 
 No. of chrono- Average Total began stopped 
 
 cases logical age Basal age mental age school school Grade 
 
 103 18.4 9.8 12.0 6.1 14.3 7.08 
 
51 
 High Grade Moron 
 
 In this group of 728 cases the 
 
 Average chronological age was 18.47 
 
 Average basal age was 8.72 
 
 Average total mental age was 11.11 
 
 Out of this group we have no arrest records on 53 cases. 
 
 In the group of 675 cases the average per cent of 
 
 Arrests in the Boys ' Court was 1^6 ] 
 
 Arrests in other courts was 57 I to a group 
 
 Arrests in the Juvenile Court was 42 J 
 
 Out of this group 221 boys or 32.7% have had 391 arrests in other 
 courts or 1.77 arrests to a boy; 170 boys or 25% have had 284 arrestg 
 in the Juvenile Court or 1.67 arrests to a boy. 
 
 Out of the total group of 728 cases there were 
 
 100 Deraentia Braecox 
 
 21 Alcoholics 
 
 5 Dementia Praecox plus Alcohol 
 
 1 Drug plus Dementia Praecox 
 
 7 Drugs 
 
 1 Dementia Praecox plus Moral Defect 
 
 1 Psychopathic constitution 
 5 Epilepsy 
 
 2 Moral Defects 
 
 25 had been in the John Worthy School 
 
 3 had been in Pontiac 
 
 35 had been in St. Charles 
 1 had been in Dunning for a year 
 (1 Dementia Praecox case tested 19-8-10.4 — has been in our court 
 
 once — other courts 23 times — Juvenile Court 14 tinies.) 
 
 Out of this group of 728 High-Grade Moron cases 13.67% have De- 
 mentia Praecox without other complications; 0.96% have Dementia Prae- 
 cox with complications, giving, a total of 14.7% with Dementia Praecox. 
 
 School Becord. 
 
 Average Age Age 
 
 No. of chrono- Average Average began stopped 
 
 cases logical age Basal age mental age school school Grade 
 
 655 18.49 8.71 11.1 6.45 14.29 •6.36 
 
 *We have taken the boys' word as to what grade they reached in 
 school and actually it is perhaps a little lower than our figures, but the 
 grade attained, on the whole, correspond with the mental level. 
 
 Age 6 Grade 1 on entering 
 
 Age 7 Grade 2 
 
 Age 8 Grade 3 
 
 Age 9 Grade 4 
 
 Age 10 Grade 5 
 
 Age 11 Grade 6 
 
 Age 12 Grade 7 
 
 Age 13 Grade 8 
 
 Mnish grade 8 at age 14. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that months at these mental years are 
 equivalent in relative mental growth to years later on. 
 
52 
 
 Middle Grade Moron 
 
 Of this group of 151 cases the 
 
 Average chronological age was 18.25 
 
 Average basal age was 7.82 
 
 Average total mental age was 9.66 
 
 Out of this group we have no arrest record On 20 cases. 
 
 In the group of 131 cases the average per cent of 
 
 Arrests in the Boys ' Court was 1.62 "] 
 
 Arrests in other courts was 48 [■ to a group 
 
 Arrests in the Juvenile Court was 37 J 
 
 Out of this group 43 boys or 32% have had 63 arrests in other 
 courts or 1.5 arrests to a boy; 29 boys or 22% have had 49 arrests in 
 the Juvenile Court or 1.69 arrests to a boy. 
 
 In the total group of 151 cases there were 
 
 21 Dementia Praecox 
 1 Epilepsy 
 3 Alcoholics 
 1 Simulator 
 1 Drug 
 1 Hysteria 
 
 6 had been in John Worthy School 
 6 had been in St. Charles 
 
 Out of this group of 151 Middle-grade Moron cases 13.9% have De- 
 mentia Praecox. 
 
 School Becoid. 
 
 MIDDLE GKADB MOEON. 
 
 Average Age Age . 
 
 No. of chrono- Total began' stopped 
 
 cases logical 'age Basal age mental age school school Grade 
 
 120 18.16 7.85 9.66 7.11 14.0 5.04 
 
53 
 
 Low 0rade Moion 
 
 In this group of 52 cases the 
 
 Average chronological age was 17.74 
 
 Average basal age was 7.03 
 
 Average total mental age was 8.55 
 
 In this group the average percentage of 
 
 Arrests in the Boys' Court was 1.84 "1 
 
 Arrests in other courts 45 I to a group 
 
 Arrests in the Juvenile Court was a 39 J 
 
 Out of this group 13 boys or 27% have had 23 arrests in other 
 courts or 1.76 arrests to a boy; 11 boys or 23.9% have had 19 arrests 
 in the Juvenile Court or 1.72 arrests to a boy. 
 
 Out of the total group of 52 cases there were 
 
 6 Dementia Praecox 
 
 1 Demtentia Praecox plus Alcohol 
 
 3 had been in Homes 
 
 Out of this group of 52 Low-grade Moron cases 11.5% have De- 
 mentia Praecox without other complications; 1.9% have Dementia Prae- 
 cox with complications, giving a total of 13.46% with Dementia Praecox. 
 
 School Record, 
 
 LOW GEADB MOEON. 
 
 Average Age Age 
 
 No. of chrono- " Total ^ - began stopped 
 
 cases logical age Basal age mental age school school Grade 
 
 23 18.0 7.26 8.70 7.65 13.91 3.83 
 
54 
 
 MORALS COURT. 
 
 Average Intelligence 
 
 This group of 42 cases showed the 
 
 Average chronological age' was 25.7 
 
 Average basal age was 9-7 
 
 Average total mental age was 12.4 
 
 SCHOOL SPAN. 
 Average Intelligence 
 
 Average Average Age Age 
 
 No. of chrono- Average Total began stopped 
 
 cases logical age Basal age mental age ' school school Grade 
 
 39 25.4 9.6 12.38 6.2 15.0 8.66 
 
 High Grade Borderland Sociopath 
 
 This group of 24 cases showed the 
 
 Average chronological age was 24.8 
 
 Average basal age was 9.9 
 
 Average total mental age was 12.16 
 
 SCHOOL SPAN. 
 High G-rade Borderland Sociopath 
 
 Average Average Age Age 
 
 No. ot chrono- Average Total began stopped 
 
 cases logical age Basal age mental age school school Grade 
 
 20 24.05 10.05 12.26 6.25 14.6 7.84 
 
 High, Middle and Iiow Grade Sociopath 
 
 This group of 43 cases showed the 
 
 Average chronological age was 25.3 
 
 Average basal age was 9.2 
 
 Average total mental age was 11.7 
 
 SCHOOL SPAN. 
 High Grade, Middle Grade and Low Grade Sociopath 
 
 No. Of 
 cases 
 
 Average 
 
 chrono- Average 
 logical age Basal age 
 
 Average 
 
 Total 
 
 mental age 
 
 Age 
 began 
 school 
 
 Age 
 stopped 
 school 
 
 Grada 
 
 36 
 
 25.2 9.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 14.3 
 
 7.3 
 
55 
 
 High Grade Moron 
 
 This group of 261 cases showed the 
 
 Average chronological age was 25.8 
 
 Average basal age was. . , 8.5 
 
 Average total mental age was 11.2 
 
 SCHOOL SPAN. 
 High Grade Moron 
 
 Average Average Age Age 
 
 No. of chrono- Average Total began stopped 
 
 cases logical age Basal age mental age school school Grade 
 
 243 25.5 8.5 11.2 6.7 14.7 6.74 
 
 middle Grade Moron 
 
 This group of 64 cases showed the 
 
 Average chronological age was 25.8 
 
 Average basal age was 7.6 
 
 Average total mental age was 9.7 
 
 SCHOOL SPAN. 
 
 Middle Grade Moron 
 
 Average Average Age Age 
 
 No. of chrono- Average Total began stopped 
 
 cases logical age Basal age mental age school school Grade 
 
 53 2S.6 7.7 9.7 7.15 14.3 5.05 
 
 Iiow Grade Moron 
 
 This group of 23 cases showed the 
 
 Average chronological age was 27.3 
 
 Average basal age was 6.17 
 
 Average total mental age was 8.35 
 
 SCHOOL SPAN. 
 Low Grade Moron 
 
 
 Average 
 
 Average 
 
 Age 
 
 Age 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 began 
 
 stopped 
 
 
 sases 
 
 logical age Basal age 
 
 mental age 
 
 school 
 
 school 
 
 Grade 
 
 19 
 
 27.6 6.4 
 
 8.5 
 
 6.4 
 
 13.6 
 
 3.4 
 
56 
 
 DOMESTIC RELATIONS COURT. 
 
 FEOM June s, 1914, to December 6, i9i5. 
 
 During this period there were 696 cases thoroughly examined in 
 addition to a quite large group where a thorough examination was not 
 made, either through lack of time or not desired, etc. 
 
 In this group of 696 cases we find that 295, or 42.39%, were chronic 
 alcoholics. 
 
 75 or 10.77% of this group of 696 cases had chronic alcoholism in 
 addition to an outspoken psychopathic constitution. 
 
 123 or 17.67% of this group of 696 cases were eases of Dementia 
 Praecox. 
 
 95 oases or 13.65% of this group of 696 cases were medical, sur- 
 gical and neurological cases, including such diseases as tuberculosis, 
 chronic Bright 's disease, diabetes, locomotor ataxia, neuritis, etc. 
 
 In the 696 cases there were 8 cases of Paresis or 1.15%. 
 
 In this group of 696 cases there were 26 cases or 3.73% of 
 Hysteria. 
 
 In the same group there were 7 cases or 1% of Epilepsy. 
 
 In the same group there were 4 cases or 0.59% of Senile Dementia. 
 
 In the same group there were 6 cases or .86% of Moral Defect. 
 
 In the same group there were 8 cases or 1.15% of Gonorrhea. 
 
 In the same grovip there were 23 eases or 3.3% of Syphilis. 
 
 In the same group there were 70 oases or 10.1% Mental Defectives. 
 
 Of the above group of 295 cases or 42.39% chronic alcoholics we 
 practically found none but what whose alcoholism could be traced to an 
 underlying psycho-neurotic basis, such as psychopathic constitution. De- 
 mentia Praecox, preparalytic dementia, epilepsy, etc., and a few scat- 
 tering cases with a physical basis, such as diabetes, tuberculosis, loco- 
 motor ataxia, etc., where the cases were trying to whip their flagging 
 energies by these means. 
 
 The other alcoholic groups, suoh as that with psychopathic consti- 
 tutions and Dementia Praecox, were purely artificial divisions, separated 
 out because the underlying psychopathic bases were more clearly out- 
 spoken than in the other large alcoholic group. 
 
PSYCHOPATHIC LABORATORY 
 
 MUNICIPAL COi;flT OP CHICAGO 
 
 57 
 
 Exposed for ten seconds after 
 Iiroper setting of the case. 
 
 tag- 
 
 Alex, C. age 18 
 
 em 
 
 S,Q. age 17 
 
 tnr 
 
 Henry G. age 18 
 
 n 
 
 a. 
 
 Miahael C, age 19 
 
 fjlp- ^ 
 
 E.7. age £0 
 
 Group of five oases .of average Intellloenee 
 «d their reaotioas to the Visual Minifv Sf , 
 
 Visual Memory Test 
 
58 
 
 lotr Grade Msroji. 
 5 Cases 
 
59 
 
 L3 
 
 S eases SfropflieTjepIirenla 
 (Henentlft Fraecox grafted 
 on PeeTjle-Mindeflness), 
 
60 
 
 John C. age 43 
 Chronic alooholism 
 
 With example before him 
 
 Alice B. »«• 2T 
 Chronic Aloohollam 
 
 nth example before her 
 
 tos. F. 
 
 Chronic Aloohollsm 
 
 Third consecutive exposure, ten seconds 
 
 Third consecutive exposure, ten seconds 
 
 J. M. age SB 
 Chronic Alooholisn, 
 
61 
 
 High Grade Moron plus epilepsy 
 
 High grade moron plus epilepsy 
 
 Stug habitne 
 
 1 , 
 
 Drag hahltue 
 
o 
 a 
 B 
 
 7 
 
 
 Seooiid consecutive exposure, 10 seconds 
 
 Dementia paralytics 
 With example before him 
 
 First exposure 10 seconds 
 
 With example tefoj-e fuj 
 
63 
 
 Hysteria, 
 first exposure 10 'seoonas 
 
 Second consecutive exposure, 10 seoonda 
 
 Third consecutivs exposure, 10 seconds 
 
 rpurth consecutive exposure 
 
 
64 
 
 BOYS' COUET CASES. 
 
 The following record is rather typical of the feeble-minded boy, 
 mentally testing about 11 years, chronologically he is 17 years old, found 
 in the Boys' Court. He had the following arrests in the Juvenile Court: 
 
 Arrested 1910 tryanoy; committed to the parental school. October 
 
 11, 1911, stole $5 worth of clothing from Salvation Army wagon. Away 
 from home for three weeks. Beyond control of mother. Case continued. 
 December 1911, stole purse containing $4 from a lady at Boston Store; 
 returned to parental school. September 1913, arrested with two other 
 boys while attempting to drive away a peddler's wagon loaded with 
 vegetables; had a revolver in his possession; was committed to St. 
 Charles School. August 1914, brought in court because he had repeatedly 
 run away from St. Charles and the superintendent said he could not 
 keep him; placed on probation to live at home. February 1915, arrested 
 at 11:30 P. M. attempting to open a showcase in front of a store; 
 county agent appointed a guardian. August 1915, arrested with several 
 others charged with a burglary of a saloon, taking liquor valued at 
 $25. August 31, 1915, held on feeble-minded petition to live at the 
 Lincoln State School for the Feeble-minded; taken to Lincoln September 
 3, 1915. Ran away September 7, 1915. Returned to Lincoln November 
 
 12, 1915; ran away again December 15, 1915. Arrested December 
 23, 1915 for holding up a man, taking his watch and chain; had a 
 loaded revolver which belonged to his father; he was ordered returned 
 to Lincoln. Escaped again from Lincoln. Returned January 21, 1916 
 to Lincoln. March 21, 1916, ran away from Lincoln. Was arrested on 
 June 17, 1916, tried in Boys' Court; sent back to Lincoln. Ran away 
 again, and on July 4, 1916 was again returned- to Lincoln. July 20, 
 1916, ran away again. August 21, 1916, returned. October 20, 1916, 
 ran away again. December 26, 1916, arrested with a 38 caliber loaded 
 revolver in a house of prostitution trying to force a prostitute to sub- 
 mit to him at the point of a gun. His cousin, age 23, married, was 
 with him, who is a low-grade sociopath, psychopathic, and shows light 
 degree of chronic alcoholism. Our boy attended school from age 6 to 
 14, and got as far as the 6th grade. 
 
G5 
 
 The following case from the Boys' Court we know as the Baby 
 Bandit: 
 
 The family history illustrates another type of our boys and may 
 pay a rapid review. 
 
 His father graduated eighth grade; before he died held a political 
 job for ten years; always drank to excess; drunk every Saturday and 
 Sunday of his married life; never stayed a,t home. Wife said he was 
 very wild as a young boy and would run away from home. Was in- 
 different to everything; died of cirrhosis of the liver. All the boys 
 are like their father. The mother of the boy attended school from 
 age 7 to 14 and got as far as the sixth grade. She is very nervous. 
 Goes out washing and cleaning now. Our boy has one brother who at- 
 tended school from age 6 to 14 and got as far as the fourth grade. 
 He was in the house of correction 1912 and 1913 for stealing. When 
 he was 16 years old they had to put him in the John Worthy School 
 for six months. Has never lived home since then. He is now about 
 23 years old. The family never see him; drank to excess and was a 
 cocaine fiend. Another brother attended school from age 6 to 14 and 
 got as far as the sixth grade. Was arrested in 1915 and since then 
 and finally sent to Pontiac Eeformatory. Another brother had to be 
 put in the parental school because they could not induce him or make 
 him attend school. He has been arrested with other boys. Another son 
 attended school from age 6 to 13 years and got to the eighth grade; he 
 worked steadily but met with an accident and died. One sister at- 
 tended school from age 7 to 15 and got to the eighth grade; is nervous, 
 but never in any trouble; works steadily. Has had one position for two 
 years and in her present position now two years. The grandfather 
 on the father's side was a chronic alcoholic; he had a brother who 
 was also a chronic alcoholic; another brother got to the fifth grade in 
 school, is a chronic alcoholic; has been arrested seven times for steal- 
 ing. The sister of the father is age 42, single, and doing pretty well. 
 Another, age 36, single and getting along all right; as well as another 
 one, age 30, and single. One sister had spinal trouble when a child and 
 has been blind .ever since. Very little data could be obtained concern- 
 ing the relations of the mother of the boy, except that one, age about 
 50, is married and has eight children living, earns fifteen dollars a 
 week. Another brother died at 27 of tuberculosis; he was a chronic 
 alcoholic; was a teamster at $12 a week; another brother was a drifter 
 and wanderer who worked at long intervals. One sister is married 
 and deformed. The ease himself attended school- from age 6 to 13 
 
66 
 
 and got as far as the seventh grade; he has been arrested many times 
 for stealing; he has been in St. Charles Home, Juvenile Coiirt, Boys' 
 Court and Criminal Court. While on probation and awaiting trial 
 while out on bail he would be brought in on charge of stealing. The 
 psychological examination showed him to be a high grade borderland 
 sociopath on which was grafted a pre Dementia Praecox. This latter 
 diagnosis tells the whole - story. From the mother 's side we see the 
 intellectual' defectiveness and from the father 's side the emotional de- 
 fectiveness. That this boy could be anything else than he is, is im- 
 possible, in an environment intended for average normal people. 
 
 Murder Case From Boys' Court. 
 
 A grocery delivery boy, 21 years old, delivering goods to a cus- 
 tomer, murdered her and her child in their home. He said: "There 
 was a dispute over him getting there too late," and after a violent 
 tussel, he stunned her with a hammer and then cut her throat, likewise 
 the baby's. The baby boy was standing at the dining-room door, he 
 said, and began to cry, so he killed him thinking the neighbors might 
 hear. After murdering mother and child, he stole some money and 
 jewelry, which was later found in his employer's lavatory. 
 
 His school record from teachers aay that he was always a dull boy. 
 Doctor Hickson's report: Began school at the age of 8 and left' at 14 
 and was in 3rd grade by courtesy. Hearing and vision are very defective 
 and he has suffered from mastoid abscesses. Mentally he Is a low grade 
 moron, testing eight and two-fifths years, and in addition to this there 
 is a latent underlying Dementia Praecox condition. There was evi- 
 dence discovered on his rectum of sexual assault. 
 
 Example of feeble-minded boy from Boys' Court, chronological age 
 17, mental age 8 2/5 years. Arrested March, 1916, for disorderly con- 
 duct and June, 1916, for annoying women at bathing beach. 
 
 FATHER: 
 
 52 years; writes a little; very hard for Mm, to write or figure; al- 
 ways got someone to do it ■for Mm. Came to U. S. 20 yrs. old; spoke 
 English; blacksmith; married; 26 yrs. old. When young worked steady; 
 drank; got drunk just once in a while; last ten years of his life with 
 wife drunk every day; lost his job; would get angry at boss; very 
 mean at home; beat wife and children; wife used to get out when she 
 saw him coming; always wanted to fight when he came home drunk; 
 if no one was at home he would lie down and go to sleep. In 5 yrs. 
 wife had him arrested 4 times; 1st time — abuse; 2nd, 3rd and 4th 
 arrests — abuse and non-support; 5 yrs. ago was ordered in Domestie' 
 Relations Court to work; left town 4 years ago. Wife heard he was 
 , back again living with his brother; never very bright. 
 
 FATHER'S FATHER: 
 
 ' Brick-layer; drunkard; very abusive to family; -wife and children 
 came to TJ. S. and left him in Germany; he died 65 or 66 yrs.; didn't 
 know cause. 
 
67 
 
 FATHEE'S MOTHEE: 
 
 Lives in Chicago; 80 yrs. old; had 15 children; 6 boys and 5 girls; 
 4 died m infancy. e °> 
 
 FATHEE'S BEOTHEES: 
 
 O— ; 55 yrs. married; blacksmith; 12 children; some died; 1 boy 
 Joe never liked to go to school; when 7 yrs. old sent to Parental Home; 
 thief; arrested many times; when released steals again; can't help it- 
 has been m the Bridewell; is about 21 yrs. now; don't know where 
 he is. 
 
 Cf — ; lives in Chicago; shoemaker; very abusive to wives and 
 children; married 3 times; 1st wife died dropsy; had five boys and 2 
 girls; W — 24 yrs. married; has one child; used to run away from home 
 abusive father; soldier for awhile; prize-fighter now. M— 22 yrs. 
 single; ran away from home; abuse of father when 14 yrs.; prize 
 flghter. B — 16 yrs.; single. A — 19 years, feeUe-minded; helps at 
 home; father abusive to him. C — ■ 20 yrs. single. E — 14 yrs.; S — 12 
 yrs.; very much afraid of their father, thin not strong; never had any 
 good clothes or any fun; still and look dull. 2nd wife died 3 mo. after 
 marriage to G — ; 3 boys and one girl by former marriage. 3rd wife 
 widow; ran away 1st yr. she was married to Q — . 
 
 A — ; 42 yrs. twin of A — ; shoemaker; owned his own shoe shop; 
 now owns cleaning shop-; married; 2 girls, 1 boy. A — 18 yrs.; well; 
 good boy; G — 14 yrs.; graduated 8th grade in Feb., 1916; A — 12 yrs., 
 now in school. 
 
 C — 30 yrs. married; 6 children; all well; never goes to see this 
 family. 
 
 A — 40 yrs. upholsterer; no children; drinks when he comes to Chi- 
 cago to visit brothers. 
 
 FATHEE'S SISTEES: 
 
 One girl died 9 yrs. old; ugly and deformed; couldn't tell how 
 she was deformed but said she was so ugly she couldn't go to school; 
 couldn't talk plainly. 
 
 O — died in Chicago; 44 yrs. old; caused abortion because husband 
 didn't want any more children; had 3 sets of twins; one of each died; 
 . those who lived were: D — 24 yrs. married; has 1 boy and 1 girl; H — 
 22 yrs. single; sickly; had pneumonia; works in bookbindery; H — 19 
 yrs. single; anaemic and has female trouble. Husband of O — was 
 laborer and drunkard; A — 12 yrs. old; feeble-minded; first sent to 
 Lincoln 3 yrs. ago; can't, talk; father didn't want him; he was 7 mo. 
 baby. 
 
 M — 45 yrs.; married; 1 boy, 3 girls; well; husband carpenter; 
 does not drink now, used to. 
 
 S — 35 yrs.; married; has 2 children living; don't know how many 
 she had; husband farmer; good man. 
 
 A — 42 yrs. old; married; twin of A — 6 or 7 children; husband 
 a farmer; was a widower; 20 yrs. older than A — . One child has hair 
 lip; others well. 
 
 MOTHEE: 
 
 O — 46 yrs. ; school 7-12 yrs. ; was in class of children 14 yrs. old. 
 Came to IT. S. when 12 yrs. old; worked 7 yrs. as tailor; married 20 yrs. 
 old; 8 children; one miscarriage; menopause 1 yr.; has dropsy, Bright 's 
 disease; asthma 1 yr. very fat and hard for her to breathe; since 
 husband has been gone worked in tailor shop; not steady^ and before 
 
 her husband left worked there some. She changed their name to-^ 
 
 BO her children would not be taken for Polish. 
 
. 68 
 
 MOTHEE'S PA THEE: 
 
 68 yrs. ; well; has teen in JoUet serving a life sentence for killing 
 his wife; has been there 23 yrs.;. carpenter; drank to excess; always 
 mean, at home. 
 
 MOTHEE'S MOTHEE: 
 
 Died 44 yrs. Had husband arrested for abuse and saloon man 
 bailed him out and he came home and wife was alone; he hit her o,ver 
 the head; she was in hospital 11 days; died; had 15 children; Z died 
 when babies (one lived to be 1 yr. old; died from cold) 4 boys and 4 
 girls. 
 
 MOTHEE'S BEOTHEE: 
 
 C — 35 yrs.; married; 2 boys and 4 girls; foreman; non-alcoholic; 
 never arrested; all well. 
 
 E — 40 yrs.; machinist; married twice; divorced twice; no children; 
 both wives were bad women; drinks; doesn't get drunk; doesn't care 
 about his brothers and sisters; never comes to see them. 
 
 — 30 yrs.; married; one boy and one girl; married a widow who 
 had one boy; he is a scroll cutter; gets drunk off and on; not steady 
 drinker. 
 
 A — 28 yrs.; married one year; left wife; she was a stupid and 
 couldn't do anything about house; upholsterer; drinks; not to excess; 
 works off and on. 
 
 MOTHEE'S SISTEES: 
 
 A — 24 yrs.; died; married; pregnant; husband would not allow 
 her to have children; bought her an instrument to cause abortion; died 
 of blood p'oisoning, husband decorator; drunkard; very abusive to wife; 
 was a widower when A — married him, but she did not know it; di- 
 vorced from 1st wife; had children; didn't know how many. 
 
 A — 44 yrs. old; married; 5 children; well; husband drinks a little; 
 good man. 
 
 H — adopted when 4 yrs. old; Mrs. D. had her and couldn't keep 
 her and H — is angry because tl;ey gave her away; never writes; 
 married and lives in Mich. 
 
 BEOTHEES: OF THE CASE: - 
 
 H — 24 yrs.; school 6-14 yrs.; 8th grade; printing shop 6 mos. $4 
 wk.; iron worker $6 wk.; now gets $25-$30 wk. Married when 20 yrs. 
 old; had one girl; wife older than H — ; she was married to 1st- hus- 
 band when 15 yrs. old; had one girl; divorced 1st husband. H — used 
 to drink; can't now, it affects his stomach. Father had him arrested 
 once in fight at home; he defended his mother and made father mad. 
 
 A — 19 yrs.; school 6-15 yrs.; 6th grade; chauffeur $12 wk.; idle 
 all winter; worked 1% yrs. in Post Office — special mail boy $8-10 wk.; 
 iron work $8 wk.; too hard for him; well; never arrested; never drinks 
 anything alcoholic. 
 
 A — 15 yrs.; school 6 yrs.; just graduated 8th grade. Errand boy 
 $4.50 week; never arrested; well. 
 
 SISTEES OF CASE: 
 
 C — 23 yrs.; school 6-14 yrs.; 8th grade; knitting factory 2 yrs., 
 $9 wk.; salesgirl 6 mo., $5-$6 wk.; painting on silk 2-3 mo.; telephone 
 operator 1 yr., $5 wk.; married 20 yrs.; has one boy 3 yrs. old; sick; 
 had operation; ovaries removed; sick from July until after Christmas, 
 getting well now; very fat. 
 
69 
 
 L— 21 yrs.; school 6-14 yrs.; Sth grade; knitting factory sales- 
 woman; telephone operator $15-$20 every two weeks: 5 yrs. heart 
 trouble; eyes not strong; nervous; lives at home. 
 
 E — died 8 mo.; convulsions; sick one day. One girl still born. 
 
 CASE: 
 
 B— ; school 6-15 yrs.; 3rd grade; can read and write a little; can't 
 figure; worked 1 day in brick yards; boys teased him so he quit; 3 days 
 in tannery; too hard for him; helps some on express wagon; helps at 
 home with housework can't go ahead by himself; must be shown to 
 do anything and watched while doing it. When under 1 yr. had small- 
 pox; when 2 yrs. old fell from 2nd story window; when they picked him 
 up he coughed hard; then fell asleep and they could not wake him from 
 7, p. m. until morning; no ill effects right away; until J, yrs. old could 
 not talk- so anyone except his mother could understand him; stutters 
 now. Dr. Y — helped him 1 yr. ago; went for treatments and was 
 given salve to rub. on spine; sometimes came home with bottle broken; 
 couldn't ai¥ord ten cents carfare and ten cents admission; so stopped 
 going; helped him while he went. 2 arrests — 1st arrest was standing on 
 street; looked like tramp, dirty; winter 1916; 2nd arrest March, 1916, 
 teamster sent him for coal from tracks; Judge said to send Mm to 
 Lincoln; mother thinks It is too far away; disposition like father. Be- 
 fore B — was born had lots of trouble with husband; when baby came 
 he had very large head; heavy child; always nervous; never laid still; 
 used to scream and talk in his sleep; get out of bed and try to crawl 
 up the wall; 14 yrs. old had epileptic fits sometimes two a week and 
 sometimes one a month; treated at Eush Medical two, years ago. 
 
 Case from the Boys' Court, Average Intelligence, But Suffering from 
 Pre-Dementia Praecox. 
 
 The question is very often asked: How many crimes are com- 
 initted before the doer is apprehended? And the answer is: That it 
 depends very largely on the grade of the doers mentality or psychoses. 
 Sooner or later all repeaters are caught. 
 
 The following ease illustrates a boy from the Boys' court with 
 average intelligence but suffering from pre-Dementia Praecox, who per- 
 petrated 23 holdups that- the detectives were able to check up on within 
 a month when he was caught about the length of time he was in city. 
 His paraphernalia consisted of a large silver' glass toy pistol and a 
 pocket full of red pepper. He. would press the gun against the victim's 
 chest in the region of his heart, and after relieving him of his valu- 
 ables would throw red pepper in his eyes and escape. It might be - 
 interesting to review his family history. 
 
 The boy's father has not been heard of for about ten years. He 
 was about twenty-five when he married and -his wife was fourteen. 
 He was such a drunkard,, his wife had to leave him after four months 
 and our boy was born ten months after they were married. His wife 
 returned to him and they lived together for three or four years. He was 
 "a periodical drinker, getting beastly drunk on an average of once a 
 month and remaining so for three or four days. He was some sort of 
 
70 
 
 a machinist, best salary he ever made was about $18.00 -when he worked. 
 He was always getting into fights and it was not an uncommon thing, 
 for him to come home covered with blood. He lived in a prohibition 
 state and when he could not buy a drink he would steal it. He was 
 also a boot-legger, carrying this on as a side line. He was arrested 
 six or seven times for disorderly conduct and once for boot-legging; 
 he had a very high temper and when drunk would pick something up, 
 hit a horse in the head, and knock him down with it. He went as far 
 as the eighth grade in school but did not graduate. His wife finally 
 had to divorce him. His father was very peculiar and eccentric man. 
 His mother was a nervous woman. Her father was a chronic alcoholic. 
 She had one brother age 50, single, a chronic alcoholic; was always 
 getting into trouble through fighting and disorderly conduct; at times 
 people said he was not sane. The boy's grandfather on the father's 
 side was very peculiar and eccentric. The boy's father had three 
 brothers, one 35, a chronic alcoholic, with a very high temper; another 
 50, a moderate degree of chrgnie alcoholism with -a, very high temper; 
 another, age 40, chronic alcoholic; very high temper, three children, wife 
 separated from him several times. There were two sisters, one forty- 
 five, very nervous, high, vicious temper; another age thirty-eight, mar- 
 ried, husband chronic alcoholic, three children. The mother of the 
 boy's father said that the wife should not blame him as chronic alco- 
 holism and high temper ran through the family. 
 
 There were two children to this marriage, our case and a child 
 that died at the age of one and a half years of convulsions. The boy's 
 mother is of fair average intelligence, but psyehopathic. She divorced- 
 her first husband about two years after the birth of our ease. She had 
 had several miscarriages. She then married another man whom she 
 divorced after a few ye'ars of married life and remarried again, but 
 is separated from her present husband. Her father was most likely a 
 case of dementia praecox; had a violent temper; had a college edu- 
 cation; was brilliant; but his talents and his productiveness contra- 
 dicted each other. His father in turn was also known as a man with 
 a bad temper. He was a minister. The boy's grandmother on the 
 mother's side divorced her first husband and remarried. The boy him- 
 self attended schopl from age 6 to 13 and graduated from the eighth 
 grade; he has been a rover and been doing such work as driving a 
 grocery wagon, working in the harvest fields, etc. He admits having 
 been previously arrested on a vagrancy charge and served a jail sen- 
 tence. The detectives who had him in charge believe that he ia an 
 experienced hand. 
 
71 
 
 MOKALS COURT CASES. 
 
 Case of a Witness in the Morals Court, with Dementia Praecox 
 
 Paranoides. 
 
 This man was a complaining witness in the Morals Court and made 
 a false charge against a girl. A bench warrant was then issued for 
 him and he tried to escape out of the building but was eventually 
 caught by a bailiff. At the same time he was out on a $2,S00 bond 
 awaiting a trial on a burglary charge. If he would be found insane 
 and sent, to an asylum the State 's Attorney would practically lose the 
 case, as the evidence was strong against the man. On the findings of 
 the laboratory the case was committed to the psychopathic hospital 
 where he was held under observation for a week until trial day, when 
 the jury confirmed the findings of the Psychopathic Laboratory and 
 committed the case to an asylum for the insane. The man in question 
 is thirty-seven years old. As a baby he was very cross; cried all the 
 time. At four months began having convulsions which was attributed 
 to teething; had two of these in one day. Later on he suffered from 
 whooping cough, measles and scarlet fever. He fell a great deal and 
 shows scars on his face and head. He dislocated his shoulder with a 
 fall at the age of nineteen years. He was always very hard to manage; 
 would run away from homo a great deal ^around age of nine, and be 
 gone two and three days at a time. It was finally necessary to send 
 him to an institution for incorrigible boys, but on account of his 
 actions there it was necessary to take him home after three weeks. 
 He could not be made to go to school. His mother would take hiip 
 there but he would run away. He attended school from age five to 
 fourteen and got as far as the fifth grade. He has been arrested in 
 all about twelve times. His first arrest was at age of 14. Several times 
 for burglary; served a couple of sentences in the House of Correction 
 and three at Joliet Penitentiary. It was not until after his 'last 
 term in Joliet of over four years that his folks regarded him as being 
 queer, and they attributed this to the large amount of solitary confine- 
 ment he had to undergo while in prison, which confinement no doubt 
 was brought about through his psychopathic condition which brought 
 him in conflict with the prison discipline. He had one illegitimate 
 son and later, on marjying the girl, and she finally divorced him. She 
 had had two illegitimate children before she married our ease and was 
 very wild and alcoholic. Consider the prospects of the offspring. He 
 deserted his wife twice; was very abusive to her and also his mother; 
 
72 
 
 the latter made him marry the girl when her child was one year old. 
 He had a bad temper; would break furniture, crockery, etc., about the 
 house when mad. The psychological examination showed this case to 
 be a case of dementia praecox hebephrenia plus chronic alcoholism. 
 It might be interesting to rapidly review this man's family history as 
 far as we could ascertain it. His father died at the age of 48 in a 
 hospital. The exact cause of death could not be ascertained but he 
 was a chronic alcoholic. The mother, age 59 is ver;^ nervous and was 
 blind from age 9 to 19, Which is supposed to have come from crying 
 after her mother was put into an insane asylum. She shows traces of 
 alcoholism and was mixed up sometime ago in a case in the Domestic 
 Relations Court. His father's father died of apoplexy at 50. He had 
 one brother a chronic alcoholic; another brother, age 55, single, chronic 
 alcoholic, was confined to an insane asylum for many years and now 
 living on the Poor Farm. Another brother, age 52, married and insane; 
 disappeared at one time and was never heard of again. .Another 
 brother, now dead, was insane and a chronic alcoholic; deserted his 
 family. Another died at the age of 33, who is also insane and a rover. 
 He has one sister, age 6S, who is very nervous and husband has a very 
 hard time getting along with her. On the mother's side of our case 
 we find that her father deserted his wife and four children and was 
 never heard from again. Her mother was insane a great many years 
 and finally died in an asylum, where she had been, confined. The 
 mother has one sister dead, who was insane. She has another sister 
 who has been married twice; the son by her first husband is insane; 
 and the son by -her second husband is also insane. She had another 
 sister who was also insane and committed suicide by shooting herself in 
 the head. There is another sister who is also peculiar. 
 
 The case has two brothers, one age 37 who is Sehiznophrenoid, 
 having delusions of right side paralysis^ feelings of electricity, etc. 
 He is a chronic alcoholic. Attended school from age 6 to 14 and reached 
 fifth grade. He has another brother age 35 a chronic alcoholic;- has 
 been arrested several times; was sent to Pontiae Eeformatory at age 
 20. One sister, very nervous. 
 
 The following case of Fredericka, aged 25, chronologically, mentally 
 10 1-5 years, is illustrative of the feeble-minded prostitute. 
 
 There is no truth in the average case from the Morals Court. They 
 are the most notorious repeaters, and it is Yeiy difficult to get at anyr 
 thing like an accurate history of the number of arrests. However we 
 
73 
 
 do know this girl was arrested in a house of prostitution during a 
 raid as long as six years ago. She was again arrested in a saloon 
 soliciting, and was now arrested in a saloon, and is a Government wit- 
 ness in a white slave charge. 
 
 Her father died before she was born. She knows absolutely noth- 
 ing of him or his family. Her mother is supposed to have been very 
 nervous, and died of worry. She says she has no brothers or sisters. 
 She attended school from age seven to age twelve and was three months 
 ii the fourth grade. She has been married twice. A forced marriage 
 when she was eighteen years old. The child died at the age of two and 
 second husband divorced her on account of drink. She is now living 
 with her third husband. The mother has one sister, aged 50, who is 
 very nervous, and has been confined in a sanitarium twice for nervous- 
 ness. The mother had another sister; died at the age of 47. She was 
 a bad chronic alcoholic and was married twice. The first marriage 
 ending in divorce. The girl herself, who is now aged 20, attended 
 school from age 6 to 14, and got as far as the 7th grade. She was 
 year and seven months to the House of Good Shepherd. The second 
 arrested twice in the Juvenile Court. The first time she was sent a 
 time, she was sentenced one month, and later on we find two arrests 
 She was now in the Morals Court for soliciting, and we also know 
 that she was in last March. Her father is still living at the age of 53. 
 He is an engineer; has quick violent temper; chronic alcoholic; abusive, 
 and deserted his wife and family and was later divorced. No further 
 data could be obtained, concerning other members of the father's family. 
 The girl's mother is aged .39, has been married three times. She is 
 very nervous, and a bad chronic alcoholic. She divorced her first 
 husband by whom she had one child, our cage. She remarried and her 
 a half; had St. Vitus dance and convulsions. Her first husband was 
 shot. Later on she married again and this husband left her. 
 
 The following Morals Court case is illustrative of a girl with a 
 mentality of a high-grade sociopath on which is grafted a pre-dementia 
 praecox, or also called by us high-grade sociopath plus schiznophrenoid. 
 recorded against her. 
 
74 
 
 Another Case from the Morals Court. 
 
 A charge against a man for assault on woman. The girl was 
 stating her case to' the assistant states attorney -and on account of 
 her many contradictory statements, she was brought into the Psycho- 
 pathic Laboratory. She was found to be a high grade moron prede- 
 mentia praecox. This girl was 17 years old and was brought in as a 
 witness. She had charged- other men of the same crime. As the case 
 progressed, she had several katatonic seizures hysteri form after each 
 day's testifying. Her mother was feeble-minded. Since the case has 
 been finished, this girl has many times visited the Laboratory giving 
 harrowing details of her many escapades. One of her stories was; she 
 had a position in the federal building and the court had assigned a 
 detective to take her home each night so that this man who had 
 figured in the assault ease could not follow her. He at the time was in 
 the House of Correction. She again figured in a case in the Boy's Court 
 as prosecutor against a boy whom she said had taken undue liber- 
 ties with her at a moving picture show. The courts seemed to have 
 a fascination for her, and she came so often to tell us of her many 
 experiences that I had to ask her to discontinue her frequent visits. 
 She is and will be a dangerous type to the community. She is forbidden 
 adinittance to all moving picture theatres in her vicinity by the man- 
 agers. 
 
 The following case of Mary, also from Morals Court is illustrative 
 of the paretics that are constantly coming before the courts, through 
 some sexual delect in this ease soliciting. She says she is 27 years old, 
 but is probably a few years older, and shows signs of a pre-paralytie 
 dementia. Her "father died at the age of 60 from cancer. He was a 
 farmer and was illiterate. Nothing further concerning the father's 
 family could be obtained. Her mother is - still living on a farm. She 
 has been married twice. She was one of ten children. She attended 
 school from age 7 to 14, and got to the 5th grade. She married at 
 age of 15 and several years later divorced. She has one child li ring. 
 
 DOMESTIC RELATIONS' COURT CASES. 
 Tjrpical Cases From Domestic Relations Court. 
 
 It might be well to .first, review the family, history of this case 
 and the case of the man's wife, as it has considerable interest in the 
 controversy, since these cases are both cases of paresis, as to whether 
 para syphilitic manifestations are due to particular strains of the 
 spirochetae, due to a pre-disposed constitution. 
 
 The father of our case, born in Ireland, coming to the United 
 States about the age of 12 and died'of hasty tuberculosis. He had been 
 married twice and had eight children in each marriage. He was a 
 chronic alcoholic going off on periodical sprees. He had one sister 
 whose husband was frozen to death and she was never the same again. 
 The mother of the case died at the age of 56. No further information 
 
75 
 
 concerning her obtainable. The case has three brothers living; the 
 oldest age 42, has five children and an insane wife; she has been in 
 and out of the asylum eight times. He has one brother age 35, single, 
 chronic alcoholic; another brother age 33, single, chronic alcoholic. 
 One brother died at the age of 37; feet were burned in foundry; heavy 
 chronic alcoholic. He had four half brothers of whom he knows noth- 
 ing and four half sisters, one living and three dead. The half sister 
 living is now age 57 and has suffered from nervous prostration. Little 
 or no data could be obtained concerning the rest of the family. The 
 case himself graduated from the eighth grade of the parochial school. 
 
 His wife has had him arrested three times because he was drunk 
 and abusive for the first two arrests, and would not support her and 
 their two children. He is now arrested for non-support. He was sent 
 to the laboratory for examination and showed evidences of a rapidly 
 advancing tabo-paresis. He is age 30 and received this infection at the 
 age of 15. 
 
 Very little data concerning his own brothers and sisters was obtain- 
 able, except that one left home at the age of 21 and never was heard 
 of again. Another one now age 36 left home, married, arrested for non- 
 support, and finally divorced by his wife. He has one sister living, age 
 37, very nervous. 
 
 The wife of this case is now suffering from pre-paralytio dementia, 
 that is, beginning paresis. She got her infection from her husband 
 before they were married and the scar of the chancre is quite visible 
 on her upper lip. She is age 27. Her father is age 66 and is a painter, 
 and is subject to painter's colic. He was a chronic alcoholic and the 
 family suffered very much for the necessities of life. He came from 
 Germany and was rejected from the army there. Very nervous, violent 
 temper, mentally below par. The mother of the case is age 62 and has 
 eight children. There were five boys, the oldest is age 44, married and 
 works in a foundry, has had three children. He attended school from 
 age 6 to 14 and got as far as the sixth grade. The next brother age 42 
 ran away at the age of 21; never heard from again; he was outspoken, 
 feeble-minded; another brother, age 38^ attended school from age 6 to 
 14, got to the seventh grade, then went to night school and is now 
 holding a clerical position. Another brother age 36, attended school 
 from age 6 to 14 and got to the sixth grade. His wife finally had to 
 divorce him and he left town to avoid paying alimony. One brother 
 died at the age of one year. She has one sister, age 40, attended school 
 from age 6 to 14 and got to the sixth grade and is very nervous. She 
 
76 
 
 was mentally a high grade moron and now shows the early signs of 
 paresis. Both children show mental and physical hereditary stigmata. 
 
 The following case from the Domestic Eelations Court is illustrative 
 of the feeble-minded type we find there: 
 
 The case is' age 44, chronologically, and has a mentality of 10 3-5 
 years. He is also a chronic alcoholic and a cretin. His wife is also 
 age 44, and has a mentality of 10 2-5 years. They have five children 
 who are all feeble-minded and cretinoid-. One son aged 16 spent 5 
 months in the parental school, and has three other arrests, one for 
 robbery, and two for disorderly. Another brother, aged 17, has been 
 in the Juvenile Court twice. In- one case he stole $130'. ' Has been 
 arrested three times in the Boys' Court. The father had a sister died in 
 the feeble-minded institution. 
 
 CASE FROM BASTARDY COURT. 
 
 Illustrating Feeble-minded Case. 
 Case of Kerr: 
 
 Married man was being tried before a jury on a charge of bastardy 
 as being the father of a child born by -a, girl age 22 who previously 
 had two illegitimate children, one white and one black, making three in 
 all. She has one sister, age 40 who is a prostitute and chronic alcoholi?; 
 is now living with a man to whom she is not married, and has had two 
 illegitimate children. She has another sister age 32, prostitute, now 
 living with a man to whom she is not married; has one illegitimate 
 child living, age 12, and only in the second grade in school; is very 
 tougli. She has another sister age 22, now married, who has been 
 a rowdy and prostitute; has had one illegitimate child. She has an- 
 other sister age seventeen who has one illegitimate child and forced 
 a marriage five months ago. She is one of the worst of her family 
 and a police character. She had one brother, single, who died at the 
 age of 30, who was a chronic alcoholic. The father and mother of this 
 family were both chronic alcoholics and disorderly people. During 
 the trial the- defendant went to our case, whom he knew, and said he 
 would give him $25.00 if he would assume the fatherhood of the child 
 and marry the girl. This the young man agreed to do, and the case 
 was dismissed. Very little could be ascertained concerning the young 
 man's antecedents and relations except that his father is a patent 
 medicine agent, canvassing from house to house. The case had two 
 
77 
 
 brothers, one age 23, who attended school from age six to sixteen and 
 got as far as the, fifth grade. Another brother age 17, who attended 
 school from six to thirteen and who got as far as the fourth grade. 
 The young man himself attended school from age six to fourteen and 
 got -as far as the fifth grade. He was arrested once in the Juvenile 
 Court. He wanted the Judge to marry him, but the judge refused 
 to marry two such feeble-minded people and they went out and were 
 'married by a minister of a Presbyterian Church. The father of the 
 young man said he has practically never earned a dollar and has always 
 been a constant source of worry and trouble to him. The young man 
 now began his married life with a wife and three children, one black 
 and two white. He had never supported himself and was now called 
 upon to look after four more. The result could only be failure. He 
 had only one complaint, and that was that the man only gave him 
 $23.00 instead of $25.00, holding back $2.00, one dollar for the mar- 
 riage license and one dollar for the minister's fees. He thought this 
 was very mean especially as the same man was involved in another 
 case of a similar kind and got this young man to step in and divert 
 responsibility. A couple of months after the marriage the young man 
 was arrested for non-support and con-tributing to the delinquency 
 of children and was sentenced to the House of ^Correction for one _ 
 year. 
 
 Bastardy Court case of the feeble-minded type: 
 
 She attended school from age 6 to ' 14 regularly, and got to the 
 third grade. It was very hard for her to learn. The girl's father 
 died at 58 of apoplexy; he was a common laborer. The girl's mother 
 56; never attended school very much. Has had nine children and two 
 miscarriages. The mother had a nephew born with spina bifida. The 
 mother had a brother aged 57, single; alcoholic; hadn't heard from 
 him for many years. The girl has one brother who attended school, 
 age 6 to 14, and got as far as the 5th grade. The girl has one sister 
 who attended school from 6 to 14, and got as far as the 4th grade. 
 This sister, had one child who at sixteen months had convulsions and a 
 paralytic stroke. The case had another sister, who attended school 
 from age 6 to 15, and got as far as the 5th grade. It was very hard 
 for her to learn. Her first husband was a drunkard and very abusive. 
 They were finally divorced. The case has another sister who attended 
 school from age 6 to 14 and got as far as the 6th grade. Another sister of 
 the case died at the age of three weeks. The report was that the 
 
78 
 
 mother had a bad scare the second day after the birth of the child and 
 this affected the baby. 
 
 The two following miscellaneous cases are merely cited to show some 
 of the by-product of the Laboratory: 
 
 Woman found walking on the coping of the City Hall. 
 
 Mrs. A — was a dementia praecox paranoides and was found walking 
 close to the edge of the coping on the eleventh floor of the Court 
 House Building with a rosary in her hand. She had hallucinations of 
 a flotilla in the skies wherein were all the crowned heads of Europe, 
 and she felt that being on the coping of the Court House, she could 
 better understand the messages that they were sending to her as she 
 was the only one who could settle this world war problem. This was 
 not a court case, she simply came into the building feeling that this 
 was an advantageous point from which to communicate with the flotilla. 
 All the messages that she received at home from the crowned^ heads 
 of Europe, she said were transmitted into the house from this flotilla 
 through the electric light wires. She was taken home to her husband 
 who said that he was capable of taking care of her. 
 
 S — ■ attempt to fool the Laboratory. 
 
 Case: a man sent from one of the courts charged with stealing a 
 revolver, and was brought in by a man posing to be an officer. The 
 so-called defendant was unkempt as if he had been in jail for several 
 days. We felt from the beginning that they were impostors, but hav- 
 ing in their possession a letter from the judge asking the Doctor to 
 examine the man mentally, we continued with the test which when fin- 
 ished proved conclusively that he was an impostor. We thought the 
 letter was forged but looking up others we had received from the same 
 judge, we found that this was not the case. After a little time, the 
 so-called officer was asked into the Laboratory and questioned as to the 
 reason of this unbelievable imposition. They proved to be reporters 
 from one of the Chicago daily papers. Needless to say, they made a 
 hasty exit. 
 
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