CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ^ c THE WORDSWORTH COLLECTION FOUNDED BY CYNTHIA MORGAN ST. JOHN THE GIFT OF VICTOR EMANUEL OF THE CLASS OF I919 r WIIUAM GEORGES SONSU? flQ DADlf CTDFFTPDIQTni ^(r/A^k) riC ■ ?5 - 721 ' '7 yj]i)^ ^ - r • '« RIVINGTONS ILontlon Waterloo Place ©xforlJ High Street (Catnbrt'Oge .......... Trinity Street THE MACCABEES AND THE CHURCH HISTORY OF THE MACCABEES CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE TO THE PRESENT CONDITION AND PROSPECTS , OF THE CHURCH PREACHED BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE By CHR. WORDSWORTH, D.D. BISHOP OF LINCOLN RIVINGTONS |:ottiion, ©a^forli, anil Cambribgc 1871 3o f\ip3An IS" V 'I ( ; TO THE LOYAL SONS OF Cfie Cijurcf) of CnglanD ESPECIALLY IN HER UNIVERSITIES E'i^eQt ^exmonQ ON THE PATIENT ENDURANCE AND HEROIC DEEDS ®t ^ehvei3i iPtartgrs antr ©onfessotrs ARE INSCRIBED Hebrews xi. 35 Others were tortured., not accepting deliverance, that '/ they jnight obtain a better Resurrection. TT is my purpose to invite your attention to a portion of tlie Hebrew records, wliicli seems to have fallen into unmerited neglect, and which has a special interest for ourselves in the present times. I refer to the history of the Maccabees. In earlier ages of the Christian Church, the acts and sufferings of the Maccabees were celebrated with devout veneration. Their ex- amples were commended to the imitation of the A 2 The Maccabees and the Church faithful by the eloquence of holy men (as appears from their extant works), such as S. Gregory Nazianzen^ and S. Chrysostom^ in the East, and S. Augustine ^ and S. Leo* in the West. They are eulogized by the Holy Spirit Himself in the eleventh chapter of the Epistle to the Hebrews, who may justly be supposed to be referring to them when He says, " Others were tortured " (literally, were beaten to death on the ' S. Gregory Nazianzen : Orat. xv. p. 286, ed, Paris, 1778. ^ S. Chrysostom : ' Three homilies (probably delivered at Antioch) on the Maccabees,' torn. ii. ed. Paris, 1718; see also torn. xii. p. 396. 3 S. Augustine: Sermons 300 and 301, ed. Paris, 1838, torn. V. p. 1973; cf. S. Ambrose, " De Jacob, et vita beata," ii. 10-12; Prosper Aquitan. "de Prsedict." ii. 40. 4 S. Leo: Sermon 82, p. 167, ed. Lugdun. 1700 : " In natali sanctorum septera Martyrum Maccabseorum ." The Maccabees and the Chtirch 3 rack^), "not accepting deliverance" (literally, the, deliverance proffered by the persecutor, if they would obey him), " that they might obtain a better resurrection." A yearly FestivaP was instituted for their commemoration, and still holds its place in the Greek and Eoman Calendar, and is called the " Birthday of the Maccabees," because it com- memorates their birth by death into the felicity and glory of everlasting life. WTiether because this portion of history lies in the interval between the Old Testament and the New, or whether from an excess of reaction against the authority of the Books commonly called Apocryphal (which might be more fitly 1 eTv/jLiraviadrjaav. The word rvfj-iravov occurs in 2 Mace, vi. 19, 28. ^ On August 1. 4 The Maccabees and the Church termed Ecclesiastical i), or from whatever cause it has arisen, it surely is to be regretted that the names of the Maccabees have almost jjassed into oblivion among ourselves. But, brethren, it would be difficult to find such illustrious examples of holy heroism, as are seen in the history of those who are com- prehended by a general term under the title of Maccabees.^ In that history we may behold a specimen of ^ See Hooker, 'Eccl. Pol.' v. xx. '^ The name "Maccabee," perhaps from the Hebrew "Makkabah," a hammer, (Gesen. Lex., p. 502,) has passed from the family of Mattathias, the father of Judas Maccabeus, to designate all the martyrs and confessors in the great religious struggle against Antiochus Epiphanes. On the Rabbinical derivation of the word from the supposed inscription on the standard of Judas, see Prideaux, " Con- nection," pt. ii. bk. iii. on B.C. 166. The Maccabees and the ChzLrch 5 unswerving faitli and indomitable fortitude in tlie venerable priest and scribe Eleazar/ ninety years of age, who declined all overtures of royal favour, and would not accept the offered deliver- ance, when he might have escaped death, even if he had made semblance of eating the unclean flesh placed before him by the persecutor ; and turned his eyes from the king, and looked up- ward to Heaven with faith, and went joyfully to the rack, and was beaten to death upon it, rather than disobey the law of God. Behold, brethren, that other aged priest Mattathias, rejecting the temptations of earthly honour, riches and favour, by which the emis- 1 2 Mace. vi. 18-22. He is called by Nazianzen, " Orat. in Maccab." 287, " tlie first-fruits of those who suffered before Christ for the Law of God." 6 The Alaccadees and the Church saries of Antioclius allured him, and refusing to be called "the king's friend;"^ see him fired with the holy zeal and courage of a Phinehas or a Gideon, for the faith and worship of God, and destroying the idolatrous altar at Modin, and saying " Though all the nations, that are under the king's dominion, obey him, and fall away every one from the religion of their fathers, yet will I and my sons and my brethren walk in the covenant of our fathers. We will not hearken to the king's words to go from our religion, either to the right hand or to the left." Behold him, with his dying words giving to his five children a father's benediction, and exhort- ing them to be loyal to their country and to their God,^ and to remember the noble acts of 1 1 Mace. ii. 17, 18. ^ j jiacc. ii. 49-70. The Maccabees and the Church 7 Joshua and Caleb, of Elijah and Daniel, and the three children at Babylon,^ and to give their lives for the covenant of their fathers,^ Contemplate those five sons, obedient to their father's charge, and joining together with one heart and hand. Behold the generous self-sac- rifice of the elder among them, submitting to the chieftainship of their younger brother, Judas Maccabeus, whom their father had appointed to be their leader. See that lion-hearted soldier of God, seeking for strength and courage and wis- dom, in prayer to God, and in His Holy Word ; and rallying a small but faithful band under his standard, and going forth to fight the Lord's battles. Look at his noble feats of holy and heroic daring, during the six years of his career 1 1 Mace. ii. 55-60. ^ 1 Mace. ii. 50. 8 The Maccabees and the Church in which he vanquished with a scanty force immense armies of Syria in many pitched battles, and recovered the City of Jerusalem, and went up with his faithful followers unto Mount Sion, where they wept when they saw the Sanctuary desolate,^ and the gates burned up, and shrubs growing in the courts; and they blew an alarm with the trumpets, and renewed the Altar, and adorned the front of the Temple with crowns of gold and shields,^ and restored the Candlestick and the Table of Shewbread, and offered up burnt-offerings with gladness, and burnt incense on the golden altar, and cleansed the Temple which had been profaned by idolatry, and celebrated with harps and cymbals the Feast of Dedication, which after- 1 1 Mace. iv. 38-40. 2 ^ jvjacc. iv. 56-59. The Maccabees and the Chzn^ch 9 wards, in the fulness of time, was adorned by the presence of Christ, the Lord of the Temple Himself.^ Yet further, this history not only presents examples of faith and fortitude and valour in reverend old age, and in ripe and vigorous man- hood, in priestly families such as those of Eleazar and Mattathias, but also in tender youth and weak womanhood in secular life. Eemember that heroic mother, who — in the presence of the royal persecutor Antiochus Epiphanes, commanding the instruments of tor- ture, the fire and rack, to be prepared ^ for that fierce trial— encouraged her children to step forth on the burning coals, and to die for the 1 S. John X. 22; cf. 1 Mace. iv. 55. 2 2 Mace. vii. 20, 21. lo The Maccabees and the Church Law of God in hope of a glorious resurrection. And when she had seen six of her sons tortured and slain before her eyes, she did not desire to reserve the seventh as a stay to her old age, but calmly exhorted him to "have pity" on her (wonderful words !) who had borne him in her womb and nursed him at her breasts, and not to shrink from the torture or to gain a reprieve from it, as the king urged her to do, by eating the unclean food, but to follow his six brethren and to die joyfully for God, that he might be joined with his brethren in glory, and that she might receive them all again as her own for everlasting life.-^ What, brethren, was this, but to say that life with cowardice and shame is not life but death, that deliverance from death by ^ 2 Maec. vii. 27-29. The Maccabees and the Church 1 1 denial or desertion of the truth is worse than all death, and that death for the faith and worship of God is not to be feared, hnt rather to be gladly welcomed, as that which alone deserves the name of life ? The young man gladly obeyed his mother's words, and the mother followed her seven sons, whom she had not lost but had sent before her to God; and thus they all gained together the crown of mar- tyrdom, which they will wear for ever in heaven. Such examples as these hold an unique place in Hebrew history. The Maccabees did not en- joy the privileges wdiich had been vouchsafed of old to their fathers. In the Patriarchal age God had manifested Himself in dreams and visions. He had talked with Abraham and Jacob at 1 2 The Maccabees and the Church Shecliem and at Harare, at Moriali and at Bethel, and had quickened their faitli and cheered their hopes with personal promises. In the thousand years between Moses and Malachi, there never was a time without a jorophet from God to encourage the Hebrew nation with messages from heaven. The Fathers had the Tabernacle and the Pillar of Cloud and Fire in the wilder- ness, and for many generations the prophetic light gleamed from the oracular jewels in the breastplate of the High Priest ; and even when the Jewish captives hung their harps on the willows of Babylon, they were cheered by the prophetic voices of Ezeldel and of Daniel, the "man greatly beloved." The three children who were cast by Nebuchadnezzar into the furnace on the plain of Dura had One walking by their The Maccabees and the Church 1 3 side like unto the Son of God/ "Who quenched the violence of the fire ; and when Daniel was thrown into the den of lions God sent His angel to stop their mouths,^ and the prophet sat un- harmed among them. And after the return from Babylon the flagging energies of the Hebrew rulers and people were stirred by the fervent accents of Haggai the prophet and of Zechariah the son of Iddo,^ and were encouraged to build the Temple by glorious visions of Christ, But in the days of the Maccabees there were no such heavenly visitings as these. The cloud of the Divine Presence had passed away for ever from the Mercy-seat in the Holy of Holies; 1 Dan. iii. 25. ^ Heb. xi. 33. 3 Ezra V. 1 ; vi. 14. 1 4 The Maccabees and the Chtirch the voice of prophecy was heard no more ; the light of the Urim and Thummim was quenched. They were left in a spiritual solitude. The God of their fathers, Who had sent His angel to guard His aged prophet in the den of lions, vouchsafed no such heavenly messenger to the venerable priest and scribe Eleazar, to rescue him from the torture, or to that holy family at Modin when beleaguered by the Syrian soldiery. The God Who had raised the child of the widow of Sarepta by Elijah, and of the Shunamite by Elisha, and Who had protected the three children at Babylon by the Presence of the Son of God, despatched no such embassies of love for the deliverance of the seven children of that magnanimous mother in the days of the Maccabees at Jerusalem. They were left The Maccabees and the Church 1 5 to suffer in silence, and no voice was heard from Heaven to cheer them. This, brethren, it is which imparts a special interest to their history, and gives it a peculiar value for ourselves. We are like them. AVe have no visible supernatural helps. No Elijali or Elisha is manifest among us. ¥0 Ezekiel or Jeremiah comes forth with a voice of power to strengthen and comfort us. No Haggai or Malachi is sent with prophetic utterances to stimulate us to labour and to suffer for God. No angel from Heaven comes to stop the mouths of the lions in our trials and persecutions. No Son of God walks visibly by our side in the fiery furnace of the sufferings of these latter days. We are left to ourselves like Eleazar the a-T-ed priest in the full view of the rack. We 1 6 The Maccabees and the Chtirch are like Mattatliias in the hour of peril which threatened the Hebrew Church. You, my younger brethren, are like his five sons; you are like those seven children of that intrepid mother who encouraged them to suffer for Grod, and who taught them to live in eternal glory by dying gladly for the faith. But, thanks be to God, we are like the Mac- ^ cabees, not only in what we have not, but in what we have. Are we to imagine, brethren, that Eleazar and Mattatliias, and Judas Macca- beus and his brethren, and that noble-hearted mother with her seven sons, were less favoured by God than Daniel and the three children at Babylon, because they were not miraculously de- livered by Him as they were, but died for His Law? Was God's arm shortened? Had the The Maccabees and the Chttrch 1 7 power and love of the Eternal and Unchangeable been weakened by time ? Surely not. Daniel and the three children were rescued ; and thus their history displays not only a bright example of faith and courage, but a practical evidence of the power of God to rescue His faithful and valiant servants in every age. Yet by that de- liverance, Daniel and the three children were reserved for other trials, which they afterwards had to encounter. But the Maccabees (let us be allowed to adopt the general name) were delivered by God, not from death, but ly death. They were freed from this death-like life of ours into that glorious life which never dies, and which we hope will be ours on the other side of the grave. They looked upon their death-day as their birth-day, their B 1 1 8 The Maccabees and the Church birth-day to life eternal, and they rejoiced in it as such.^ Again ; true it is, the Maccabees had no prophets visibly present among them. But they had the written Word of God which lives for ever; they had the abiding voice of prophecy. The Canon of the Old Testament was then completed. They heard it read in the Syna- gogues ; they held it in their hands. It was the living and energizing power of the Divine Word, received into their hearts with faith, which by God's grace enabled them to do and suffer what they did and suffered. It is not easy to say how it was, but certain it is, that when the entire volume of the Old ^ The Christian Church well calls it by that name. See above, p. 2, note 4. The Maccabees and the Church 1 9 Testament was sealed, it beamed forth with new light, caught from the unseen world and from visions of futurity, which cheered the hearts of those who then lived, with hopes suflftcient for their need. It is a remarkable fact, clearly displayed in the speeches of the Maccabean martyrs and confessors, that they had a lively faith in the Immortality of the soul and in the Eesurrection of the body,^ and that they looked upon the grave not as a dreary place, but as a bright passage to that blessed region in which they would dwell for ever in glory. Yet further. The Maccabees had another advantage, which was not vouchsafed in equal measure to their fathers, but is given also to us, and which stimulated them to act 1 See 2 Mace. vii. 11, 14, 2-3, 29, 33. 20 The Maccabees a7id the Church boldly and to suffer patiently and joyfully for the truth. , They had not prophets among them ; but they themselves were the subject of prophecy. The three children in the furnace at Babylon had a Daniel near them, and they had the presence of the Son of God ; and Daniel in the den of lions was protected by an angel from heaven. But their sufferings and trials had not been foretold by ancient prophecy. On the other hand, the Maccabees v;ere not cheered by the personal presence of prophets, but they saw their own sufferings predicted in the sacred pages of Holy Scripture ; they beheld them in the eighth and eleventh chapters of the Book of the Prophet Daniel. There they read the words, that " many of understanding would fall The Maccabees and the Church 2 1 by the sword and by the flame," that is, would pot be delivered, as the three children and Daniel had been, but would die as martyrs for the truth, and that their sufferings would not be for destruction, but " to try them, and purify them, and make them white," ^ and that " the people who knew their God would be strong and do exploits." ^ They read also there, that this trial of persecution would only be for a short season, a time appointed by God, and that the persecutor would suddenly be cut off;^' and that at length the End would come, and that the Judgment would be set, and the Books be opened,^ and that many who slept in the dust of the earth should awake, " some to 1 Dan. xi. 33-35. ^ Dan. xi. 32. 3 Dan. viii. 25. • * Dan. vii. 10. ^ 2 2 The Maccabees and the Church everlasting life, and some to sliame and ever- lasting contempt," and that they who were "wise should shine as the brightness of the firmament, and that they who had turned many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever."^ Here then is the answer to the question, How w^ere the Maccabees enabled to act and suffer as they did ? It was by faith in those glorious revelations. Their acts and sufferings are explained by the Book of Daniel ; they are evidences of its Genuineness and Inspiration. His prophecy fits into their history, and their history fits into his prophecy ; the one accounts for the other. They suffered gladly and joy- fully the worst tortures, because they saw their own sufferings and victory foretold in that ^ Dan. xii. 2, 3. The Maccabees and the Church 23 Book, which they knew to be Divinely inspired ; and it is remarkable that the Maccabean confessors, who stood foremost in the struggle, were learned men. Scribes and Priests, such as Eleazar and Mattathias and his family, who were versed in the history of the Canon, and in the criticism of the Text of the Hebrew Scriptures, and whose judgment concerning the Book of Daniel is therefore of more value. They saw there a prediction of the sudden destruction of the persecutor, and beyond all the trials of the persecution, and beyond the term allotted by God to all eaxthly Empires, which would be broken into fragments by the stone cut out without hands, which is Christ, and be "scattered like chaff of the summer threshing-floor," they beheld in that prophecy a 24 The Maccabees and the Church vision of the everlasting kingdom, the kingdom of Christ. They saw the Son of Man coming in the clouds of Heaven/ and the stream of fire issuing from His Throne, and the Eesurrection of the dead, and the future Judgment of the "World, and the everlasting glory reserved for those whose names were written in the Books, and who had contended and suffered for the truth. Belief in these truths produced the acts of the Maccabees ; and therefore the Christian Fathers, in the writings already cited,^ do not hesitate to speak of them as martyrs of Christ. They lived and died in faith; faith in the Eesurrection of the body; faith in that ever- lasting bliss and glory which are due to the Incarnation of Christ and to His Passion ; and 1 Dan. vii. 13. ^ See above, p. 2. The Maccabees and the Church 2 5 which having been foreshadowed by types, and foretold by prophecies in the Old Testament, are now revealed in the New. Thus they were martyrs of Christ before Christ came into the world. This again it is which makes their history to be full of interest and instruction to our- selves. We also, brethren, who live in the latter days are like them, subjects of prophecy. The same Book, the Book of Daniel, which foretells the trials and persecutions of the Maccabees, fore- tells also ours. It forewarns us that there will " be a time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation."^ And this is not all. It teaches us that the trials of the Maccabees in 1 Dan. xii. 1. 26 The Maccabees and the Church the days of Antioclius Epiphanes, are fore- sliadowings of the severer trials of the Christian Church in the last times. In the Maccabees we may recognize ourselves. In their tempta- tions and sufferings we may see a vision of our own ; and, if we have their faith, their courage, and patience, their noble contempt of ephemeral opinions, and of earthly honours, and temporal enjoyments, as compared with the Law of God and the glory of the world to come, then, thanks be to Him, in the victories of the Maccabees we may see a type and prophecy of our own victories also. It is the opinion of the best expositors of the Book of Daniel, that — as the Psalmist in the seventy-second Psalm passes on immediately from Solomon to Christ, and thus leads us to The Maccabees and the Church 2 7 regard Solomon as a type of Christ, and as our Blessed Lord in the twenty-fifth chapter of the Gospel of S. Matthew, passes immediately from a prophetic description of the judgment hang- ing over the city of Jerusalem to deliver a prophecy of His own future coming, and of the universal Judgment of quick and dead ; and by this immediate transition, teaches us to regard the judgment of Jerusalem as a figure of the Judgment of the world — so, in like manner, the Holy Spirit, speaking by the Prophet Daniel in the eleventh chapter, and delivering a prophecy of the trials and sufferings which awaited the Hebrew Church in the days of Antiochus Epiphanes, and by proceeding im- mediately to predict the trials and sufferings which the Christian Church will have to endure 2 8 The Maccabees and the Church in the latter days, teaches us by this process to regard the former as the type of the latter, and prepares ns to see Antiochus Epiphanes repro- duced with intensified energy and enlarged pro- portions in the workings of that Infidel Power which will precede the Coming of Christ, and will be utterly destroyed by it.^ Therefore the peculiar characteristics of the sufferings of the Hebrew Church in the days of Antiochus, and the various forms of trial wliich she had to endure, deserve a careful analysis, not only on their own account, but as having an analogical character and a prophetic interest for ourselves. Time does not allow us to examine •^ S. Cyprian speaks the general language of Christian anti- quity when he says, 'De Exhort. Mart.' c. 11, "In Antiocho Antichristus expressus est." The Maccabees and the Chtirch 29 tliem now ; they must be reserved for consider- ation in the next discourse. In the meanwhile, let us put to ourselves the following question — If the Maccabees, to whom less was vouch- safed of spiritual grace and light than it is our privilege to enjoy, did and suffered what we know them to have done and suffered, can we imagine that there is any danger which they would not gladly have encountered, or any sacrifice they would not cheerfully have made, or any suffering which they would not joyfully have endured, for the sake of the faith which is now revealed to the Church of God ? If aged men, and tender children, and weak women, went cheerfully to the rack and to the flames, rather than taste food which was forbidden by 30 The Maccabees and the Chii-rch God, how shall we be able to find any excuse or apology for ourselves, if, with our abundant measures of Divine knowledge, and gifts of grace, we fall short of their faith, patience, and courage ; and flag, falter, and faint in our con- fession of the truth as revealed to the Church of Christ ? They had only the Old Testament ; we have the Old and the New. They had only ]\Ioses and the Prophets, whose pages then shone faintly as in a dim twilight. We have Moses and the Prophets illumined by the noonday splendour of the Gospel, and we have Jesus Christ and His holy Apostles and Evan- gelists. They had Levitical ceremonies ; we have evangelical Sacraments. They had the shadows of good things to come ; we have the good things themselves. They had visitings of The Maccabees and the Church 3 1 the Holy Ghost; we have the indwelling of the Comforter. Our bodies are temples of the Holy Ghost.^ They had faith in the Eesurrection of the body and eternal Life ; and being strong in that belief, they looked tortures in tlie face and encountered death with joy. They did this before the Coming of Christ, when Sin had not been taken away by the Lamb of God, and when the bars and gates of Death were yet unbroken, and the Grave was an unknown place, and the world beyond it w^as like an unexplored sea, whence no navigator had returned, to report of its depths and shallows. But we have a chart of the unseen world. We have a compass to steer by. We have One at the helm Who has made the voyage. We have ever with us the pre- 1 1 Cor. vi. 17, 19 ; 2 Cor. vi. 16. I 3 2 The Maccabees and the Church sence of Him Who is the Eesurrection and the Life. We have clear proof, and a practical pledge and earnest, of our own future Eesur- rection to glory, in the Eesurrection and Ascension of Christ, Whose very members we are. What therefore, brethren, shall we say ? We have the example of the Maccabees; and this example is itself a privilege such as they themselves had not, and which they, and those who have followed them for more than two thousand years, have now bequeathed to us. They were the proto-martyrs of the Church of God : they led the van of that noble army. We have the assurance of spiritual strength from Christ and from the Holy Ghost. What Christian therefore, — to adopt the words of an The Maccabees and the Church 3 3 ancient Father^ preaching at Antioch on their Festival, — can look for pardon from God, if lie shrinks from suffering for the Faith ? And in the words of an African bishop,^ may we not say, — " If we admire the Maccabees because they refused to touch those meats which Chris- tians may now eat without scruple, but which were then forbidden by God, how much more ought we, who are Christians, to be ready to suffer all things for the sake of Christian Bap- tism and the Christian Eucharist, and the sign of Christ, inasmuch as the things which the Maccabees possessed were only promises of what was to be fulfilled thereafter, whereas what we possess are evidences of things which 1 S. Chrys., vol. ii. p. 627, cf. xii. 396. 2 S. Aug. ad Faustuiu, xix. 14. C 34 The Maccabees and the Church have been fulfilled already. For whatsoever is still promised to the Church — that is, to Christ's mystical Body — has been already ful- filled in Him Who is the Head of the Church, the Saviour Himself, the One Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus.i For what are the things still future which are pro- mised to us ? What but eternal Life after the Eesurrection from the dead ? But Piesurrec- tion to Life eternal has already been fulfilled in that very human flesh which is worn by Him Wlio is our Incarnate Lord, and of Whom it is written, " The Word was made Flesh and dwelt among us." 2 In the days of the Maccabees the faith was shrouded with a veil, but now the veil hath been taken away, and the faith is 1 1 Tim. ii. 5. 2 John i. M. The Maccabees and the Ch2i7^ch 3 5 clearly revealed, and the glory which is promised to the faithful, and will he given to them at the Judgment to come, is already accomplished in Christ, Who came not to destroy the Law and the Prophets, but to fulfil." 1 Therefore, brethren, in times of trial, in days of distress, defection and dismay, let us think of the Maccabees. Let us read our own history there. Let us not consider what the World is saying, or the World is doing, or what the World is promising, or the World is giving, or what the World is threatening. But let us look up to God, Whose Eye is ever upon us. Let us look forward to the future. Let us be- hold the Son of Man coming in the clouds of Heaven in His glorious Majesty, to judge the 1 Matt. V. 17. 36 The Maccabees and the Church quick and dead. Let us behold Him Who is "King of kings, and Lord of lords. "^ Let us look to the great White Throne,^ and the Judgment set, and the Books opened, and ourselves called from our graves to stand before Him in the presence of an innumerable company of spectators, of holy Angels and beatified Saints, of Patriarchs, Prophets, Apostles and Evangel- ists, Martyrs and Confessors of every age. And then what will become of the World's opinions, the World's honours, the World's rewards, and the World's threatenings ? The World will be judged by Christ. Therefore listen to His Voice, " Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee the Crown of Life.^ ^ Rev. xvii. 14 ; xix. 16. ^ Rev. xx. 11. » Rev. ii. 10. II Daniel xii. lo Mafiy shall be purified and made white j but the wicked shall do wickedly, and ftone of the wicked shall understand, but the wise shall understand. TT was my endeavour last Sunday to commend to your attention the history of the Mac- cabees. It was observed, that this history exhibits illustrious examples of noble daring and patient endurance for the cause of Divine Truth, and in defence of national Institutions, in days of peril and persecution. It was remarked, that these specimens of valour and suffering were displayed at a period 38 The Maccabees and the Chtirch of Hebrew history when no prophet arose to strengthen and cheer the drooping spirit of the Nation ; and that they were produced by faith in the written Word of God, especially Divine prophecy, by which those sufferings had been foretold; and that they afford evidence of the fulfilment of that prophecy, especially of the Book of Daniel, and thus supply a presumptive proof that his other prophecies concerning the trials of the latter days, and the final triumph of the Truth, and the dread realities of the General Eesurrection, and the Universal Judgment of quick and dead, and the awful Majesty of Christ's Coming, and the everlasting glory of the faithful, will be fulfilled also. Hence the following question arose for our consideration : — The Maccabees and the Chzirch 39 If such were the fruits of the Word of God in the Old Testament, and if Faith in that Word produced such a rich harvest of noble and patient suffering in the Maccabean martyrs and confessors, before the Incarnation of Christ, and when the victory to be achieved, and the glory to be purchased, by His Eesurrection and Ascension, were seen only in dim visions of the future ; and when the gift of the Holy Ghost had not as yet been bestowed upon the Church; what excuse can be pleaded for those who possess the New Testament as well as the Old and who have the life-giving Sacraments of the Gospel, and the glory of the Eesurrection, and Life Everlasting clearly displayed to them in the Eesurrection and Ascension of Christ, and who show less faith, less courage, less zeal, less 40 The Maccabees and the Chtti^ch endurance and self-sacrifice for God and His Church, than the Maccabees did in the defence of those things which were but dim foreshadow- ings of those Evangelical substances which by Grod's mercy in Christ are now vouchsafed to ourselves ? It was also observed, that the trials of the Maccabees, as foretold in the Book of Daniel, are prophetic and figurative of the trials which await the Christian Church in the latter days, and that they have thus a special interest for ourselves. In continuation therefore of this subject, let us now proceed to analyze those trials, and then let us consider what warnings, instruction, and encouragements are supplied by them to us. The sufferings of the Hebrew Church in the The Maccabees and the Church 4 1 days of the Maccabees — or, in other words, during the reign of her persecutor, Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria for nearly eleven years, from B.C. 175 to B.C. 164 — were without a precedent in her history. They were trials of her faith in her religion. Her religion itself was the object of attack. Antiochus Epiphanes stands forth in the history of the Church of God as the first deliberate and systematic persecutor of His Truth and Worship, and as boldly avow- ing a design to sweep away every vestige of it from the face of the earth. The secret springs of this impious purpose it is not easy to discover. We can readily com- prehend why an ambitious monarch should invade a neighbouring province, and why a covetous prince should pillage an opulent 42 The Maccabees and the Church Temple in an ancient city, in order to aggran- dize and enricli himself : but why, after he had done all this, he should proceed to compel the inhabitants of that province and city, and the worshippers in that Temple (as Antiochus Epiphanes endeavoured to force the Jews) to eat certain meats prohibited as unclean by their laws, and to give up the copies of their sacred books to be burnt, and to partake in idolatrous sacrifices, and to join in idolatrous processions ; and why he should forbid them to circumcise their children, and to observe their sabbaths and holy days, and to offer the daily sacrifice ; and why he should proceed to torture and to destroy thousands of them, — his own subjects, — if they refused to obey his commands and abandon their religion, and to adopt The Maccabees ajtd the Church 43 heathenism, for which he cared but little, it is not so easy to explain. For my own part, I frankly confess, that I recognize here the working of the Evil One. We know from the Book of Daniel, that Powers of darkness, called the Princes of Persia and Media (that is, evil angels^ who claimed dominion in these kingdoms, and who worked in them and by them against the kingdom of God), endeavoured by their means to hinder the restoration of the Temple and of the City of Jerusalem, and for this purpose strove against Michael the Archangel, the Champion of the Church of God. Satan knew that Christ was to come to that City and Temple ; and therefore he thwarted the work. The agency of spiritual 1 See on Dan. x. 13-20 ; cf. Zech. iii. 1, 2. 44 The Maccabees and the Church Powers warring against Christ and His Church is revealed to us more clearly in the Apocalypse; which is the sequel to, and completion of, the Book of Daniel. And we know from the prophecies of Daniel and S. John,^ and from other portions of God's prophetic Word, that, as Satan tried to hinder Christ's first Advent to save the world, so he will do all in his power to prevent, or at least to postpone, Christ's second Advent to Judgment, which will be the signal for his own condemnation to his dark prison-house. He will endeavour to corrupt the Church by specious flatteries and worldly ^ In the second, third, and fourth Seals, Rev. vi. 4-8 ; see also Rev. xii. 7 ; of. 1 Pet. v. 8, where S. Peter ascribes the persecution of the Church in Nero's time to the agency of Satan. See also Matt. xiii. 39 ; 1 Thess. ii. 18. The Maccabees aitd the Church 45 temptations, and secular influences, and at length will break out in open rage and furious XJersecution against the faithful soldiers of Christ. It rnay reasonably be supposed, that in the days of Antiochus Epiphanes, when the time of the Incarnation was drawing near, the great Adversary of Christ and His Church was eager to wage a deadly warfare against the City and Temple of Jerusalem, to which it was foretold in Hebrev/ prophecy that Christ would come ; and to destroy the sacred volume of the Old Testament, which witnessed of Christ ; and to exterminate the Levitical ritual, which in aU its offerings and sacrifices foreshadowed the One Great Sacrifice, by which the world would be redeemed. 46 The Maccabees and the Ch^irch The times and character of Antiochus Epi- phanes were favourable to that design of the Evil One. The victories of Alexander the Great had diffused the language and literature of Greece. Palestine lay between two Greek kingdoms, Syria on the north, and Egypt on the south.^ Greek influences filtered from both of them into it. Greek conquests, Greek commerce, Greek philosophy, Greek poetry, Greek rhetoric, Greek arts, Greek religion, with their fascinating allurements, conspired to Hellenize Palestine. Thus the Hebrew Church and Nation were exposed to a severer, because a more subtle, ^ Hence in the Book of Daniel (xi. 5-15), the king of Syria is called the "king of the north," and the king of Egypt the " king of the south." The Maccabees and the Church 47 trial than they had to endure from the arms of Assyria under Sennacherib, or from those (jf Babylon under jSTebuchadnezzar. Their Faith and Worship were menaced by dangers similar to those (but far exceeding them in intensity) which threatened the Christian Church in Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries after Christ, at Florence and at Eonie, in the days of the Medicean Princes and Pontiffs, especially (jf Leo X., when a refined Paganism, with all the graceful charms of classical literature and ancient art, almost supplanted Christianity, and Hung the fair drapery and picturesque mantle of elegant scholarship and artistic beauty over libertinism and scepticism in the Church.^ 1 See Mul'atori, " Annali d' Italia," a.d. 1521; torn. x. p. 127, ed. 1735. Tiraboschi, "Storia della Letteratura 1 48 The Maccabees and the Church Antiochus Epiphanes was a person well fitted to do tlie work of the Evil One. He had spent seven years at Eome, and seems to have acquired a many-sided versatility from his residence there.i On his brother's death he usurped the throne of Syria, which belonged by right to his nephew. He is characterized in the prophecy of Daniel^ as " a vile person," or rather, a despicable one. Not that he was deficient in intellectual ability, or in military skill and prowess; but lie had no gravity, seriousness, or earnestness, no faith, no enthu- siasm, no love of what is grand, noble, beautiful Italiana," torn. vii. parte Ima. p. 15-19, ed. Firenze, 1809. Kanke's "Lives of the Popes," cliap. ii. ^ Liv. Hist. xli. 25, per omnia vitte genera errans, uti nee sibi nee aliis, quinani homo asset, satis constaret. - Dan xi. 21. The Maccabees and the Chiirch 49 and true. He was a clever mimic/ a witty jester, a scurrilous buffoon ; lie is described as casting off all royal dignity and common decency, even in religious festivals (espe- cially that magnificent one which he cele- brated at Antioch^ almost at the close of his life), and as playing the part of a menial lacquey in the crowd, and as capering with ludicrous antics and grotesque pranks and grimaces like an actor of low farces and bur- lesques, for the diversion of his own sub- jects. And yet he was a lavish prodigal,^ sometimes showering handfids of money about him in the streets, a sumptuous exhibitor of 1 Athen. v. 194. 2 Polyb. xxxi. 3, apud Athenaeum, v. 194 ; x. 438. Diod Sic, " Excerpt. Vales," p. 321. 3 1 Mace. iii. 30 ; cf. Dan. xi. 24. D 50 The Maccabees and the Church splendid shows and gladiatorial spectacles/ and withal a sensual libertine, a heartless sceptic and bold scoffer; a sacrilegious spoiler of temples^^ and a ruthless persecutor of the Church of God, and, exulting in the sufferings of his victims who were tortured to death before his face. Such was Antiochus Epiphanes. But he w"0uld have had no power against the Hebrew Church and Nation, if their rulers, priests and people had been true to God and to themselves. •^ Liv. xli. 25: " Spectaculorum omnis generis magni- ficeutia superiores reges vicit." Livy describes the taste of Antiochus for the savage spectacles of gladiatorial conflicts ; which probably predisposed him to look with complacency on the sufferings of those Hebrew Martyrs who were tortured by him at Jei'usalem. 2 He died in a campaign which he imdertook into Persia, in order to plunder a heathen temple. 1 Mace. vi. 1, 2. The Maccabees and the Chttrch 5 1 This had been shewn in the age immediately preceding Antiochus Epiphanes. Ptolemy Phi- lopator, king of Egypt, the conqueror of Antiochus the Great the father of Antiochus Epiphanes, had attempted to enter the Holy of Holies^ at Jerusalem, but he was encountered and withstood by the vigorous resistance of the priests, encouraged by the exhortations and prayers of the faithful high-priest Simon, and was smitten with paralysis in the attempt.^ Enraged by this repulse, he afterwards perse- cuted the Jews,^ but they remained loyal to God, and were protected and rescued by Him. Again, in the year before the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes, when a certain time- 1 B.C. 217 ; 3 Mace. i. 11. ^ 3 Mace. ii. 22. 3 3 Mace. ii. 28 ; iii. 24-30. 52 The Maccabees and the Church serving Jew named Simon, the captain of the Temple, being jealous of the good high-priest Onias, had reported to Seleucus, king of Syria, that a large sum of money had been amassed by the Jews, and was laid up in the Temple, and Heliodorus was sent by Seleucus to pil- lage it, Onias the high-priest stood firm, and gathered the priests and people together to join in prayer to God, and Heliodorus was suddenly seized with panic and alarm, and fled from the Temple in dismay.^ Thus it had been proved, that if the priests, rulers, and people of the Hebrew Nation had remained faithful to God, the powers of Egypt and of Syria would not be able to harm it. But at the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes 1 2 Mace. iii. ■ The Maccabees and the Church 53 a change came over Jerusalem. The faithful high-priest Onias, the son of the faithful Simon, had two brothers. Both of these were disloyal to their country and their Church. They were allured by the flatteries of the Syrian king Antiochus. Greek influences insinuated them- selves stealthily into their moral and spiritual being. The dogmas of the Hebrew Creed, the precepts of the Hebrew Law, the ordinances of the Hebrew Eitual, seemed to them to be galling restrictions of a slavish bondage, and worn-out badges of a superannuated bigotry. There w^as, they thought, an air of genial freedom, freshness and joyousness, in the atmosphere of Greek civilization. They made up their minds that Jerusalem must be Hellenized, in order to accommodate itself to the spirit of the age. 54 The Maccabees and the Church " Let us go," they said, " and make a covenant with the heathen that are round about us."^ They who were her priests would shew their so-called superior illumination, and would set the example. One of them called Joshua, or Jesus, laid aside his Hebrew name, and assumed the Greek appellation of the Argonautic hero Jason : his brother Onias adopted the high- sounding name of the Lacedsemonian chief Menelaus.^ Another example of the same Hellenizing process displayed itself afterwards in his successor in the priesthood, Joachim, who Grecized his name into Alcimus. The first of these three high-priests, Jason, supplanted his own brother, the virtuous high-priest, by means ^ 1 Mace. i. 11. 2 Joseph. : "Ant." xii. 5, 1; xii. 9, 7. The Maccabees and the Church 5 5 of bribes to Antiochus.^ He set at nought the Divine Law concerning succession and ordination to the Hebrew Priesthood, and in order to ingratiate himseK with the Syrian king, he requested permission to erect a Greek gymnasium at Jerusalem, and to train the Hebrew youth in its exercises;^ and he assured Antiochus that the Jews were weary of their own national laws, and wished to give up their Hebrew franchises and to be enrolled as citizens of Antioch. Many of the priests had no longer any heart to serve at the Altar, but forsook 1 2 Mace. iv. 8. 2 Joseph. : "Ant." xii. 5. "In quo scilicet adolescentes discerent non tantum gentilium fabulas, item digladiari, certare cursu, saltu, disco, sed etiam omnem luxuriam, etiam contra naturam." Corn, a Lapide in 1 Mace. i. 15; cf. 2 Mace. iv. 12. 1 56 The Maccabees and the ChiLrch tlieir sacred calling and apostatized from their religion, and adopted the fashions of the heathen. Many of the people denied their circumcision.^ The high-priest of Jerusalem, Jason, made a public display of his so-called freedom from the trammels of prejudice, by sending an embassy to Phoenicia, to communi- cate with the Tyrian Hercules by an offering to that deity, at a religious quinquennial fes- tival which was celebrated there by Antiochus. The example of Jason was imitated by his brother Menelaus, who, being employed by Jason to convey his tribute to Antiochus, availed himself of that opportunity for sup- planting Jason in the high priesthood, by a larger bribe to Antiochus, as Jason had sup- ^ 1 Mace. i. : cf. on 1 Cor. vii. 18. The Maccabees and the Church 5 7 planted his more virtuous brother Onias.i One priestly concession and compromise was fol- lowed by another. Jason had opened the City of Jerusalem to Antiochus, but Menelaus led him into the Temple itself. The king plun- dered it of its sacred vessels and treasures, and profaned the Sanctuary with the sacrifices of unclean animals.^ And what, brethren, was the consequence ? Almighty God forsook the Temple, which had been betrayed by its own priests, and He pun- ished them by means of that heathen power which they themselves had courted and caressed.^ 1 2 Mace. iv. 20-25. 2 Joseph. : "Ant." xii. 5, 4 ; cf. 1 Mace. i. 21-28 ; 2 Mace. V. 11-21. 3 See 2 Mace. iv. 15, 17, where it is said that "not setting by the honours of their fathers, they liked the glory of the 58 The Maccabees and the Church Antioclms having been driven from Egypt by the Eomans (as Daniel had foretold^), and being vexed and exasperated by this in- dignity, wreaked his fury on the Jews. Apollonius, his treasurer, whom he had sent to spoil the city, took many captives and made great havoc in Jerusalem, and planted a Syrian fortress there, and laid waste the Sanctuary.^ A certain Athenian was sent by Antiochus to force the Jews to forsake their religion,^ and he changed the name of the Temple of the Lord Grecians best of all ; by reason whereof sore calamity came upon them, for they had them to be their enemies whose customs they followed so earnestly, and unto whom they desired to be like in all things, for it is not a light thing to do wickedly against the Law of God." ^ Dan. xi. 30. Joseph.: "Ant." xii. 5, 3. 2 1 Mace. i. 31-39 ; 3 Mace. v. 25. 3 2 Mace. V. 1, 2. The Maccabees and the Church 59 and dedicated it to Zeus Olympius, and defiled it with revelry and license. The Priests had Hellenized themselves ; why should not the Greeks imitate them and Hellenize the Temple also ? Antiochus himself came to Jerusalem^ and endeavoured utterly to uproot its faith and worship. He burnt the copies of the Scrip- tures, and put to death those who possessed them;^ he forbade the Jews to observe the Sabbaths and Festivals, and prohibited circum- cision, and slew mothers who circumcised their children,^ and took away the daily sacrifice, as Daniel had prophesied, ^ and commanded them to eat unclean meats on pain of death for 1 1 Mace. i. 56, 57. ^ 1 Mace. i. 60. 3 Dan. xi. 31. 6o The Maccabees and the Church refusal; and to walk in processions bearing the ivy-tufted thyrsus in honour of Dionysus,^ and erected heathen altars in the streets of Jerusalem, and placed an idolatrous altar on the Altar of Jehovah itself, and offered heathen sacrifices on that Altar, and thus fulfilled the prophecy of Daniel, ^ that he would set up the " abomination of desolation ; " that is, an abomination which made the Temple desolate, by driving devout worshippers from it, and by depriving it of the Presence of God. Then it was that those noble examples of holy heroism were displayed, which were des- cribed in the last discourse.^ Then Eleazar 1 1 Mace. i. 54-64; 2 Mace. vi. 7. Joseph.: "Ant." xii. 5, 4. 2 -Qwa.. xi. 31 ; 1 Mace. i. 62. ^ See above, p. 4-11. The Maccabees and the Church 6 1 the venerable Scribe and Priest — ninety years of age — went boldly to the rack, in defence of the Law of God.i Then that courageous mother exhorted her seven sons to choose life eternal and a glorious resurrection by dying for that Law, rather than accept the offer of a death-like life of shame by breaking it. '-^ Then the valiant priest Mattathias, on his deathbed charged his five sons to be loyal to God and their country. Then one of those five sons, Judas Maccabeus, with a scanty band,^ did glorious feats by faith in God, and by prayer and fasting and meditation on God's Word, and routed the armies of Antiochus, and recovered Jerusalem, and cleansed the Sanctuary, and set 1 2 Mace. vi. 18-31. ^ 2 Mace. vii. 3 The "little help" of Dan. xi. 34. 62 The Maccabees and the ChiLrch up the Altar anew, and celebrated the Feast of Dedication with great joy and gladness. ^ This was in the winter of the year B.C. 165. In the following spring the Persecutor himself was suddenly cut off. In the prophetic words of Daniel he was " broken without hand," ^ that is, not by human power, but by the visita- tion of God ; he died a wretched and loathsome death in a far-off land, racked by tortures of body and soul. Such was the end of Antiochus Epiphanes. The priestly instruments of his crafty policy and cruel persecutions shared a like wretched fate. The high-priest Jason fled to the Ammonites, and afterwards died an exile in 1 1 Mace. ii. 16-28, 49-70, iv. 41 ; 2 Mace. x. 1-9. ^ Dan. viii. 25 ; 1 Mace. vi. 1, 2 ; 2 Maec. ix. 1-12. The Maccabees and the Church 63 Greece, without a friend to mourn for him or bury him.i The high-priest Menelaus was put to death by the son of Antiochus himself, with a punishment suited to sacrilege.^ The high-priest Alcimus, who had thwarted the valiant Judas Maccabeus, and accused him as a traitor,^ was suddenly smitten by palsy when pulling down the wall of the Temple, and opening the Sanctuary to the heathen. Such was the end of these renegade priests who betrayed the cause of God and His Church. Brethren, let us apply these things to our- 1 At Lacedsemon. 2 Mace. iy. 26, v. 9, 10. 2 2 Mace. xiii. 3, 4. 3 1 Mace. vii. ix. ; 2 Maec. xiv. 26; Joseph.: "Ant." vii. 9, xii. 10. 1 64 The Maccabees and the Church selves. Sacred prophecy leads us to ex23ect that the times of Antiochus Epiphanes will be reproduced in the latter days. The Prophet Daniel, having foretold the one proceeds at once to speak of the other ; he joins them together in one grand prophetic picture ; the one forms the background of the other. He does not conceal from us that the trials of the former will be in- tensified in the latter. " Then," he says, " there shall be a time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation."^ Our Blessed Lord and His Apostles confirm this testimony.^ What then shall we say ? In reading the history of the Maccabees let us observe that all the miseries of the Hebrew ^ Dan. xii. 1. 2 Matt. xxiv. 21, 22 ; Luke xxi. 25 ; Rev. vi. 12—17 ; xvi. 18. The Maccabees and the Chiirch 65 Church and Nation were from within. As long as they were true to God, He helped and de- fended them. The attacks of Philopator and Seleucus recoiled upon the aggressors. The Jewish priests and people overcame their foes by faith. But a spiritual degeneracy ensued. It began with the priests. They were fasci- nated by the attractions of worldly popularity, ease and luxury, and by the allurements of a specious secularism and spurious liberalism. They loved to make ingenious compromises between the Church and the World. They wished to be priests of the former and yet votaries of the latter; they would assimilate the one to the other. The consequence was that God withdrew His grace from them, and darkened their intellectual and spiritual E 66 The Maccabees and the Chtirch vision. Then their faith in their religion lan- guished, their moral courage failed, their inner life was blighted, cankered and withered ; they were ashamed of the great and glorious doc- trines of the old Hebrew Creed, and were weary of the prophetic ordinances of the old Hebrew Eitual ; they longed to cast them aside as trammels of a servile vassalage and as relics of an obsolete superstition; and they endeav- oured to accommodate themselves with elastic pliancy to the ideas and fashions of Syria and Greece. They G-recized their own names and desired to Hellenize Hebraism. They had no belief in their own priestly office; no heart for the solemn worship in which they were appointed to officiate; no reverence for the Holy Scriptures which they held in their hand ; The Maccabees and the Church 67 no relish for the sacred prayers and praises which they uttered with their lips. They were lovers of the world and of themselves rather than lovers of God ; they craved the applause of the world rather than His approval. They sought to promote their own interests rather than His glory. They endeavoured to ingra- tiate themselves with a secular and heathen power for their own aggrandizement; and after a series of cowardly compromises, in which they sacrificed the doctrine, the disci- pline, and the ritual of the Church of God, they at last openly communicated with heathenism itself. No wonder that God forsook the sanctuary which His priests had profaned, and gave it up to the heathen. As Daniel the prophet had 68 The Maccabees and the Chtirch foretold "the transgressors had come to the full."^ In the words of the same prophet, Antiochus " had inteUigence with those who forsook the holy covenant," ^ and by their means " he prospered and practised and destroyed the holy people."^ God punished the apostasy of the priests by the agency of him whom they had flattered. The Syrian king raged against the Hebrew Church with ruthless fury, and set up the abomination of desolation in the Temple of Jerusalem, and endeavoured utterly to extirpate the faith and worship of the Most High. Here are warnings for ourselves. Our dan- gers are from within. If the Priests of God's Church stand firm, nothing can harm her, she 1 Dan. viii. 23. ^ D^n. xi. 30. ^ Dan. viii. 24. The Maccabees and the Church 69 will be safe against her enemies, as the Hebrew Church was safe against Syria and Egypt in the days of her faithful high-priests, Simon and Onias. Suffer therefore the questions, — Are we prepared, with God's help, to maintain the faith of Christ, whole and undefiled. and to contend earnestly for it ? Are we looking to Him for strength ? Do we act in the belief that " every good and perfect gift is from above, and Cometh down from the Father of Lights?"^ Do we rely on God's grace vouchsafed to the faith- ful in prayer, public and private, and in devout meditation on His Holy Word, and in the re- ception of the Blessed Sacraments ? Do we labour for His glory as the paramount aim and end of om- being ? Do we live and move in ^ James i. 17. 1 JO The Maccabees and the Church the atmosphere of a clear persuasion that the world's wisdom ^ is different from God's wisdom, and that we must become as little children if we are to enter His Kingdom;^ and that "he that winneth souls is wise;"^ and " they that are wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament, and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever ? " ^ Such questions as these might not unfitly be addressed to the whole English Church. But time does not allow us to take so wide a range. Let us limit our field of view. Gathered together here to-day in the Church of an ancient University, let us inquire in a spirit of dutiful loyalty and reverential love, 1 1 Cor. iii. 19. ^ jj^tt. xviii. 3. 3 Prov. xi. 30. 4 Dan. xii. 3. The Maccabees and the Chtirch 7 1 Do we, who are priests of God's Church, and are set here as watchmen in Israel, regard onr own sacred oflice as a solemn trust from Him ? Have we faith in that office ? Do we believe Christ's promise that He will be alway with His Church, and that the gates of hell shall not prevail against her,^ and that He will send the Holy Ghost to abide with her for ever,2 and that she is Christ's Body and Spouse,^ the Pillar and ground of the Truth?* Do we look to the sacred services of our Col* lege Chapels as the sources and well-springs of our moral and spiritual and intellectual strength? Have we faith in the Holy Scrip- tures which we there read, and in the Holy 1 Matt, xxviii, 20; xvi. 18. ^ John xiv. 16. 3 Ephes. V. 24, 25; Col. i. 18. * 1 Tim. iii. 15. I 7 2 The Maccabees and the Church Sacraments whicli we there administer, and in the Creeds and Prayers in which we there join ? Or are we like those recreant priests of Jerusalem, Jason, Menelaus, and Alcimus, ready to barter away the sacred doctrines and the holy ritual which are committed to our charge, and which are treasures far more precious than all the silver and golden vessels stored in the Temple at Jerusalem, which they surrendered to Antiochus ? Are we ashamed of the Chris- tian heritage received from our pious fore- fathers as if it were a badge of slavery or ves- tige of superstition ? Are we eager to Helle- nize ourselves ? Are we ready to destroy the fences of our Christian faith and discipline, and to remove those religious safeguards which guarantee the Christian character of these The Maccabees and the Church 7 o venerable Institutions, and protect the rising generation of England against the pernicious teaching of heresy and unbelief?^ Are we ^ The allegation that religions tests may be abrogated in our Colleges and Universities because they are taken by some who do not hold the doctrines expressed by them, might be urged equally well against all subscriptions to Creeds, Articles, and Confessions of Faith in the Church itself, and if carried out to its legitimate consequences would, under the pretence of liberty, degrade the congrega- tions of the Church of England to a state of slavery, and expose them to the danger of being tyrannized over by a freethinking Clergj^ If religious tests are taken by freethinkers, there is this beneficial result at least from the tests, even in their case, that the freethinkers who take them are self-condemned, which is the proper penalty of heresy (Titus iii. 11), and they make shipwreck of their moral character, and thus their influence for evil is neutralized. Besides, though some free- thinkers may be hypocrites, yet all are not so, and many are prevented by the restraining action of religious tests in Colleges from instilling their sceptical tenets into the minds 1 74 The Maccabees and the Church prepared to subvert the foundations of the Christian priesthood, and to hold communion with unbelievers, as the high-priest Jason of those who are sent by their Parents to the English Uni- versities in the confident hope that they will be there trained in the Christian Faith. If religious tests are abrogated in our Colleges, Parents will have no guarantee that the sons sent by them to English Universities may not be required to listen to lectures on divinity from the lips of unbelievers, or on the Greek Testament from some who may use their posi- tion as a vantage-ground for shaking the faith of their hearers in the Godhead of Christ and in the Inspiration of Holy Scripture. The history of theological teaching and biblical criticism in the Universities of Germany may warn us of our own dangers in this respect. The real questions at issue are — Is there such a thing as Religious Truth ? and are the Universities bound to teach it ? If so, then the present prevalence of Unbelief is the trial of the faith of the be- liever; and will exercise and prove his moral courage in endeavouring to maintain those religious tests which remind the Universities of their duty, and which help them to per- form it. The Maccabees and the Ch^irch 7 5 ciid, and to unite in the most solemn mysteries of Cliristian worship with those who deny the Godhead of Christ, and who teach others to do so ? Are we ready to imitate the high-priest Menelans, who opened the Sanctuary to the enemy and allowed him to profane it ? Are we willing to fol- low the example of the high-priest Alcimus who disparaged the holy valour of Judas Mac- cabeus as impolitic zeal, and censured his heroic piety as disloyalty to the secular power ? Are we inclined to imitate him, and to pull down the wall of partition which sepa- rates the Church from the World, and to change our seminaries of sound learning and religious education into mere literary and scientific Athengeums, and to transform these spiritual 76 The Maccabees and the Church Gymnasia, in which for many generations the youth of Cliristian England have been trained in holy discipline, and have been anointed with the spiritual unction of the Holy Ghost, in order that they may be able to wrestle^ against principalities and powers, and against the rulers of the darkness of this world, and against spiritual wickedness in high places, and to win unfading crowns of heavenly glory — into mere secular Palsestras, like those of the Syrian Antioch, which the high- priest Jason set up beneath the shadow of the Temple at Jerusalem, and which, though adorned with fair painting and sculpture, and embellished with the bright imagery of earthly beauty, had no visions of Divine Truth, no 1 Eph. vi. 12. The Maccabees and the Church J'j light from Heaven, and no hopes of Immor- tality. Alas for us, brethren, if this he so ! The re- sults of such a secularizing process are not difficult to conjecture. We, who are God's priests, may flatter the World, and the World for a time may flatter us, in order to win us to itself It will deal with us as Antiochus dealt with Jason and Menelaus, and as his son dealt with Alcimus. When it has gained us, it will despise us. In the wretched end of those un- happy priests 1 we may see our own. God will withdraw His grace from us, He will chastise us by means of that antichristian World which we have courted and caressed. He wiU raise up some modern Antiochus to persecute 1 See above, p. 62, 63. 78 The Maccabees and the Church the Church which we have betrayed and secu- larized, and to take away the daily sacrifice, and to set up an abomination of desolation in the Sanctuary of our Jerusalem. But, God be thanked, this history of the Mac- cabees has not only its warnings but its en- couragements. It not only displays to us dis- loyal and treacherous priests, such as Jason, Menelaus, and Alcimus, but it also exhibits to us true-hearted and valiant priests, such as Eleazar, Mattathias, Judas Maccabeus and his brethren. In the words of Daniel,^ " they were holpeu with a little help." Here is a comfort for us. God can save by a few. "How often," says a great English statesman of the last century,2 1 Dan. xi. 34. " Biirke, Letter to Wm. Elliot, Esq. ; Works, vii. 366. The Maccabees and the Church 79 "has public calamity been arrested on the A^ery brink of ruin by the energy of a single man ! I am as sure as I am of my being, that one vigorous man, confiding in the aid of God, with a just reliance on his own fortitude, would first draw to him some few^ like himself and then that multitudes hardly thought to be in existence would appear and troop around him. Why" (he adds) "should not a Maccabeus and his brethren arise to assert the honour of the ancient law, and to defend the temple of their forefathers, with as ardent a spirit as can inspire any innovator to destroy the monuments, the piety and the glory, of the ancient ages?" Yes, my younger brethren, Judas Maccabeus and his faithful band, though they were few in number, overcame the vast forces of the enemy I 80 The Maccabees and the Church and delivered the Churcli of God. And though some of them fell on the field of battle, yet they were more than conquerors. They did not estimate glory by ephemeral applause, and by temporary success in this world; they over- came in death and by death, they conquered death itself, because they had faith in God's word spoken by Daniel that their sufferings were appointed them by Him to purify them and make them white,i and to prepare them for a glorious Eesurrection and a Blessed Immor- tality. So may it be with us. Our times were fore- shadowed by theirs. They are described by Daniel ; " There shall be a time of trouble," he says, " such as never was since there was a 1 Dan. xii. 10. The Maccabees and the Chw^ch 8 r nation." But, lie adds, "at that time shall thy people be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the Book.' Let us then not be staggered by the present prevalence of Unbelief. Unbelief ought to strengthen our faith, for it is foretold in Holy Scripture; " When the Son of Man cometh shall He find faith on the earth ? " ^ Let us not be perplexed by the popular impatience of Creeds and Catechisms, and Formularies of Faith. This too ought to strengthen our belief; for this also is foretold in Scripture ; " The time will come," says S. Paul, " when men will not endure sound doctrine, but will heap to them- selves teachers, having itching ears, and shall turn away their ears from the truth." ^ Here 1 Dan. xii. 1. ^ S. Luke xviii. 8. 3 2 Tim. iv. 3, 4. 8 2 The Maccabees and the Chttrch then is another reason for belief in Scripture and for obedience to its commands, "Hold fast the form of sound words, fight the good fight of faith." ^ Eemember also that Daniel foretold the sudden destruction of the persecutor of the Hebrew Church, whom the world called Epiphanes, or " illustrious," but whom Holy Scripture calls ' a vile or despicable person.' ^ The world's Epiphanes is God's vile one. What is " higlily esteemed among men is abom- ination in the sight of God ? " ^ " Many that are first shall be last."* Daniel's prophecy was fulfilled in him ; you know his wretched end. ^ And the same prophet has foretold the utter 1 1 Tim. vi. 12. 2 j)an. xi. 21. 3 Luke xvi. 15. ^ Matt. xix. 30. 5 2 Mace. ix. 5-12. The Maccabees and the Church 8 3 destruction of all enemies of Christ. He has revealed to us the glory and the majesty and the victory of His Second Coming, and the everlasting bliss of those who have remained faithful to Him in times of trial, and have suffered gladly for Him.^ Lastly, the heroic mother in this history, who encouraged her seven sons to die joyfully for the truth, and who gladly followed those seven sons whom she had sent before her to God, has been well compared by an ancient Christian Father,^ to the Church of Christ, exhorting her children to contend valiantly, and to suffer patiently, for the Faith. " my sons, have pity on me," said that courageous mother — " have pity on me who have borne you in my womb 1 Dan. viii. 27, xi. 35, xii. 3. ^ §_ ^ug_ . ggj,_ 3Q2_ 84 The Maccabees and the Church and nursed you at my breasts." So says the Church to you. Do not forsake her. Do not desert those who have gone before you in the path of suffering and of glory. Do not prefer a shameful life of cowardice and treachery to the unfading crown of Martyrdom for God. Do not prefer popular errors to unpopular truths. The Faith's worst defeats are far more glorious than the World's noblest victories. Whenever the Antichristianism of these latter days en- deavours to allure you with its smiles, and beguile you with its flatteries, or appal you with its menaces, or wither you with its scorn, or persecute you with its fury, be not moved thereby, but raise your eyes calmly upward with faith and prayer to God; see Christ your loving Saviour standing at His right hand to The Maccabees and the Chitrch 85 succour you and to receive you to Himself. Behold Him coming in the clouds of Heaven to raise the dead from their graves and to call the world to Judgment. See the Books opened, and the great "White Throne set, and yourself standing before it. 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