CORNELL UNIVERSiri: 
 
 LIBRARIES 
 
 ITHACA, N. Y. 14853 
 
 JOHN M. OLIN 
 
 LIBRARY , 
 
 ■% 
 
Cornell University Library 
 DF 221.T8S341 
 
 llios. 
 
 3 1924 028 248 593 „„.,,,. 
 
 DATE DUE 
 
 RINTED IN U S I 
 
ILIOS 
 
 THE CITY AI^^r) COUNTEY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE TEOJANS 
 
 THE RESULTS OP RESEARCHES AND DISCOAERIES OX THE SITE OF TROY AND 
 THROUGHOUT THE TROAD IN THE YEARS 1S71-72-73-78-79 
 
 IXCLUDIXa AN 
 AUTOBIOUUAl'HY OF THE AVTIIOR 
 
 By DTI. HENRY SGHLIBMANN 
 
 I'.S.A., F.R.I. DRITL^II ARCIIITEf TS 
 ACTIIOr. OF "TUOV AND Fl.S EE.MAINS " " MYCEN Ji " ETC. 
 
 WITH xV PREFACE, APPE.XDICES, AXI) NOTES 
 
 BV ITlOFES.SOr.S lirDOLF VrRCT-IOW, M.\X .Mt'I.LEK, A. II. SAYCE, J. P. MAIIAFFY, II, BltriiSFI-I-BEY 
 P. ASCHERSUX, II. A. Fl ISIULACCAS, M. E. BUBXUFF, Mk. F. CAIAEKT, ,l\d ill:. A. J. DUFFIELI) 
 
 KhzXi'rl fttv, Tpi'tFr izai u'ln'ijfin r-r '.-\\ra'.u' 
 fjTUl tyioi' £(/.u 7ti)vt'i ' IXiOi' iii'tiuitfTfjav 
 
 11 iii. 304, :;i)5 
 
 'LKiov h'v(j(-}iif_v ' (jin' yap (juo ti\ii\ov^)jit-r 
 
 li i.\. 4 b, 49 
 
 WITH MAPS, PLANS, AND ABOUT 1800 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 N E W Y O R K 
 
 II ART Ell & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 
 
 188 1 
 
 > 
 
..J)F 
 
 
 I c: 
 
 
 ) // / -7^ 
 
 Entered fieeoi'ding to Act of Coiia;ress, in tlie year 1880, by 
 
 Dr. he -\ Pv Y SCHEIE M A X X, 
 
 111 the . OOice ol' the Eil.irarian of Ooiia'res.s, at Washuifituii, 
 
 AU righls rcsisrved. 
 
THE EiaHT HONOUEABLE 
 
 WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE, M.P., D.C.L., 
 
 AS A TRIBUTE TO HIS 
 ENTHUSIASTIC LABOUl'.S AND SINGULAr, INGENUITY IN ILLUSTRATING 
 
 THE POEMS OF HOMER, 
 
 THIS 
 ACCOUNT OF EESEARCHES AND DISCOVEIUES ON THE SITE OF 
 
 SACEED ILIOS 
 is iicspcctfulhj ^cDiratcli 
 
 BY HIS ADJURING AND GRATEFUL FRIEND 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PREFACE.— By rrofessor Eudoi.f Virciiow 
 
 INTRODUCTION.— AuTODioGr.APiiY of tfie Authoe, xsd Nareative of 
 HIS AVoiiiv AT Troy ...... 
 
 CHAPTER I. — The Coltxtry of the Tkojaxs (ot T/jojcsI . 
 
 n. EtIISOGRAPHY of the TriUASS : their SE\ri.;i!Ai, DOJUSIONS 
 
 IX the Troao: Topookapiiy of Troy 
 
 III. — The IIlstory of Troy ...... 
 
 lY. — 'J'he Ti:ue Site of IIomei;'s Iliuji .... 
 
 V. — The Pirst Pre-IIistorio City ox the Hill hi- IIissARpnc 
 
 VI. — The iSECoxri Pke-Historkj City on the Site oi' Trhv . 
 
 YII. — The Third, the Burxt City ..... 
 
 VIII. — The Foupth Pre-Historic City on the Siti: of Tphy 
 
 IX. — The Fifth Pre-Historic City of Troy 
 
 X. — The Sixth City, siost probaply a Lyhiax SitTTPEJOiXT 
 
 XI. — The SE\'ENTn (_'ity : the Greee; Iliuji; or Koyitm Ilium 
 
 XII. — The Coxical Mounds in the Troai> ('allei> the Hia:oio 
 'J'UJHUT ........ 
 
 PA';!: 
 
 ix 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 119 
 1.52 
 184 
 211 
 2(14 
 :;05 
 618 
 57:; 
 5S7 
 G08 
 
 648 
 
 APPEIsDIX I.-— Troy and Hissarlik. By Professoi- \iiv:n(Av 
 
 ,, II. — Ox THE Relation uf Xoj'uji Ilium to Tiiii Ilios of 
 
 Homer. ]-!y Profossor J. P. Mahaffy" 
 
 ,. III. — The Ixscriptiiixs fouxd at Hissarlik. By Professor 
 A. H. Sayoe " . 
 
 ,, IV. — Tiivjippa, Hanai Tepeh. By Mr. Consul Fp ax k" Cal\i:i;i 
 
 ,, V. — Medical Pi;ai.:ip;'E ix the Troad ix 18(;!i. By Pro- 
 
 fessor Rudolf Vii;cipiw ..... 
 
 „ YI. CaTALiioUE III' the 1'LAXTS niTIIEPKi KNOWN OF ITIE 
 
 Tro.VD, Cd.Ml'ILED ACCliPDIXC lO THi: COLLECTIOXS OF 
 
 Professor Ji.uDoLi' Vniciiinv anii Dp. .Julius SciiMnrr, 
 AND from thi: Lril';i:APY Shupcls pv I'rofessor I'aul 
 A.scHiiPsox of Berlix, Proi'Essoi: Theodop vox Held- 
 
 EEICH OF AtHEXS, AXH DdCTOR F. KURTZ OI' BePLIX 
 
 ,, VII. — On the Lost Art of Harhexinc Copper. By A. J. 
 
 P)ufiteld ........ 
 
 VIII. — On Hera Boopis. LW Profcssdr Henry Bi:ucscii-Bey 
 IX. — Troy and Egypt. By Profrs>or Hexry BitUGScii-PiiY 
 
 INDEX 
 
 673 
 
 686 
 
 601 
 70G 
 
 721 
 
 740 
 745 
 
 752 
 
 Note. — Special attcnliou is alsn cnllc-d tn Profi .ssor Mas Blullcr's DisATtaliun un 
 tlio ^ and ^ at page.s :ilO-:M9. 
 
MAPS AND PLANS 
 
 AT THE END OF THE BOOK. 
 
 Mai' of the TitoAii. By E.mile Bur.NOUF 
 l^LAS I. — Of Tiiov. Idem. 
 ,, II. — Of the Helle.nic Ilium. Idem. 
 „ III.— The GiiEAT Centhai, Trench. (Section from North to South : 
 
 West Side.) Idem. 
 „ IT. — Grkat T):ench, from Sooth-East to North-West. (^Xorth Front.) 
 Idem. 
 
 „ V. — Plan of the Subterranean Builhinc.s of the Tujiulus called 
 Ujek Tepeh. By M. Gorkiewicz, 
 
 ,, VI. — TiiAxsvERSE Section of the Sajie. Idem. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 NuiILERS 1-1570. WuOD EXGRAYINGS IN THE BuDY OF THE AA'OKK. 
 
 NuTE. — Tliese are so rully duS'Tilicd in tlii-ir pLices, tliat tlie reiietitiun uf the 
 flesrrijitions hcru wciulil iie supertluous. 
 
 Numbers 1801 2000. — Teera-cotta Whokls, Balls, etc., on the Plates 
 
 AT THE End. 
 
 NuTE. — The intrriuriUnti! Numbers ImVu bci.'ii lufl vai'aut to avcud double 
 NumbLTs, as tlio Numbers ou the Plates had to be engraved before the 
 Numbers iu the text were lixed. 
 
DIAGEAM 
 
 SHOWING THE SUCCESSIVE STRATA OF EEMAIXS ON THE 
 HILL OF HISSAELIK. 
 
 j^lelres. Feet (aU.). 
 
 Surface. 
 
 10 
 
 to 
 16 
 
 Stratum of the 7tla City, tlie AcmIio Ilium. 
 
 gj Kfmainsjrf Ihej^th, the Lydian City. 
 
 Stratum of the ."itli Citj'. 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 Stratum of the 4th City. 
 
 I Stratum of the 3rd, the Burnt City (the 
 
 ITomeric IliosJ. 
 
 Stratum of ihe 2nd City. 
 
 4.5 
 
 to Stratum of the Lst City. 
 52J 
 
 Native rock.— Its present liei^-hl' ahove the 
 sea is lOlj-^- feet. Its present heii;ht ahove the 
 phiin at the foot of tlie hill is conswiuentl}' 
 59,V feet, but it ma}- prohalily have been 1(3 or 
 20 feet more at ihe time of the Trojau war, the 
 plain having increased in height by the alluvia 
 of the rivers and the delritus of veg;i table and 
 animal matter. 
 
COMPAEATIYE TARLE OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH MKASUKES, 
 EXACT AND Al'lTlOXIJIATE. 
 
 ! Metric. 
 
 1 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Incli. 
 
 Approximate. 
 
 
 Milliinctro . 
 
 0' 0000708 
 
 
 0^03937 
 
 - 04 or .}-- •■( i 
 
 ch. 
 
 Centimetre . 
 
 
 
 •393708 
 
 
 0^39371 
 
 •i ,> "s .. 
 
 
 Decimetre 
 
 O 
 'J 
 
 •93708 
 
 ., 
 
 3^9371 
 
 4 inclics. 
 
 
 Metro . . 
 
 39 
 
 :'.708 
 
 o 
 
 3^3708 
 
 3| fcct^ 
 
 
 2 
 
 7,S 
 
 •7116 
 
 6 
 
 6 •7416 
 
 6,V „ 
 
 
 3 
 
 118 
 
 1124 
 
 
 
 10-1124 
 
 10 „ 
 
 
 4 
 
 ir,7 
 
 48: i2 
 
 13 
 
 1-4832 
 
 13 „ ■ 
 
 
 5 
 
 I'.m; 
 
 8,-,40 
 
 16 
 
 4 - 8540 
 
 16', „ 
 
 
 6 
 
 20G 
 
 2248 
 
 19 
 
 s-2248 
 
 Kij ., 
 
 
 ; 7 
 
 275 
 
 5956 
 
 O') 
 
 11^59:,0 
 
 23 ,. 
 
 
 8 
 
 314 
 
 9664 
 
 26 
 
 2 •9664 
 
 261 „ 
 
 
 9 
 
 354 
 
 3372 
 
 29 
 
 6 • 3372 
 
 291 „ 
 
 
 10 
 
 393 
 
 7089 
 
 32 
 
 9-7080 
 
 33' „ 
 
 
 11 
 
 433 
 
 0788 
 
 :!(; 
 
 1 ■ 07S8 
 
 36 (12 y*.) 
 
 
 12 
 
 472 
 
 4496 
 
 .")9 
 
 4-441H; 
 
 391 foet. 
 
 
 i:i 
 
 511 
 
 8204 
 
 42 
 
 7 -'.'204 
 
 42J| „ 
 
 
 U 
 
 551 
 
 1912 
 
 45 
 
 11-1912 
 
 46 „ 
 
 
 15 
 
 590 
 
 5(i20 
 
 4 9 
 
 2-5620 
 
 ■191 „ 
 
 
 16 
 
 620 
 
 9328 
 
 52 
 
 5-9328 
 
 521 ,, 
 
 
 i 17 
 
 669 
 
 3036 
 
 T) 5 
 
 9-3036 
 
 55| „ 
 
 
 i IS 
 
 708 
 
 6744 
 
 59 
 
 - 6744 
 
 59 „ 
 
 
 1 19 
 
 748 
 
 0452 
 
 62 
 
 4-0452 
 
 621 ,, 
 
 
 20 
 
 787 
 
 416 
 
 65 
 
 7-4100 
 
 65^- „ 
 
 
 30 
 
 1181- 
 
 124 
 
 98 
 
 5-124 
 
 981 ^, 
 
 
 40 
 
 1574 
 
 832 
 
 131 
 
 2-832 
 
 13ll „ 
 
 
 50 
 
 1968 
 
 54 
 
 164 
 
 0-54 
 
 164 „ 
 
 
 100 
 
 3937-08 
 
 328 
 
 1-08 
 
 328 (.looj-fis.) 
 
 
 N.R.— 'i']ic fulliiwiiiii,' is ii, curivenieut iiiiproximate rule 
 into Yari].'<, iwld 1-lltli to tlie inuiiLer of Metres." 
 
 -" To tnr 1 Mltn 
 
PREFACE 
 
 A BOOK like the present, ecrtaiii to be so long tulked of after {Nachrede), 
 has no real need of a Freface (Vorredc). Nevertheless, 'as my friend 
 Seliliemann insists on my introdncing it to tlie public, I put aside all 
 the scruples which, at least according to my <i\vn feeling, assign to me 
 only an accessory position. A special chance allowed me to lie one of 
 the fcAV eye-witnesses of the last excavations at Hissarlik, and to see 
 the " Burnt " City emerge, in its whole extent, from the rubbish-heaps i.if 
 former ages. At the same time I saw the. Trojan land itself, from week to 
 week, waking up out of its winter's sleep, and unfolding its natural glories 
 in jnictures ever new, ever more grand and impressive. I can therefore 
 bear my testimony, not only to tlie labours of tlic indefatigaldc explorm-, 
 who found no rest until his work lay before him fully done, but also to the 
 truth of the foundations, on which was framed the poetical conception that 
 has for thousands of years called forth the enclianted delight of the edu- 
 cated world. And I recognize the duty of bearing my testimony against 
 the host of doubters, Avho, with good or ill intentions, have never tir(.'d of 
 carping alike at the trustworthiness and significance of his discoveries. 
 
 It is now an idle question, whether Schliemann, at tlie beginning of 
 his researches, proceeded from right or wrong presup]iositions. Not only 
 has the result decided in his favour, but also the metliod of his investiga- 
 tion lias proved to be excellent. It may lie, that liis hypotheses were too 
 liold, nay arlntrary ; that the enchanting picture of Homer's immiirtal 
 jioetrjr proved somewhat of a snare to his fancy; liut this fault of 
 imagination, if I may so call it, nevertlieless involved the secret of 
 his success. AVho would liavc-' undertaken sucli great works, cimtinued 
 through so many years, — have spent sucli larger niea.ns out of Jus own 
 fortune, — have dug tlij'ough layers of drljris heaped one on the otiier in a 
 series that seemed almost endless, down to the deepdying virgin soil,-- 
 except a man who was penetrated with an assured, nay an enthusiastic 
 conviction ? The ]jurnt City would still have lain to this day hidden in 
 the earth, had not imaginatKni guided tlie spade. 
 
 But severe encjuiry has of itself taken the place of imagination. Year 
 by year tlie facts have been more duly estinnrted. The search for truth — 
 I'or the whole truth and notliing but the truth -dias at last so far rele- 
 gated the intuitions of poetry to the background, that I — w, naturalist 
 habituated to the most dispassionate objective contemplation (;/(// d('r 
 Qev.'ohnhfH der I'-MeMen OlijWiiv/'fi'it) — felt myself forcd to remind my 
 
X I'REFAGE BY riiOFESBOR VIRCIIOW. 
 
 friend, that the poet was not a poet only, tliat his pictures must also have 
 had au objective foundation, and that nothing ought to deter us from 
 lu'iugiug the reality, as it presented itself to us, into relation with the old 
 legends fjruied upon definite recollections of the locality and of the events 
 of the olden time. I rejoice that the hook, as it now lies before us,^ fully 
 satisfies both re(|mreinents : while it gives a true and faithful description 
 of the discoveries and of the conditions of the land aiid the place, it 
 everywhere links together the threads, which allow our imagination to 
 firing the personal agents into definite relations with actual things. 
 
 The excavations id Hissarlik would have had an imperishable value, 
 even if the Ukid had never been sung. Nowhere else m the world has the 
 earth covered up so many remains of ancient settlements lying upon one 
 another, with such ricli contents within them. "When we stand at the 
 bottom of the groat fniin<d, which has opened up the heart of the hill- 
 fortress, and the eye wanders over the lofty walls of the excavations, 
 beholding here the "rums of dwellings, there the utensils of the ancient 
 inhabitants, at another spot the remnants of their food, every doubt as to 
 the antiquity of this site soon vanishes. A mere dreamy contemplation 
 is here excluded. The olijects present such striking peculiarities as 
 to position and stratification, that the comparison of their properties, 
 whether among themselves, or with other remote discoveries, is of neces- 
 sity forced upon us. One cannot be otherwise than realistic (olijecfiv), 
 and I have pleasure in testifying that Schliemann's statements satisfy 
 every demand of truthfulness and accuracy. Whoever has himself made 
 an excavation knows tliat minor errors can hardly be avoided, and that 
 the progress of an investigation almost always corrects some of the results 
 of earlier stages of the enquiry. But at Hissarlik the correction was 
 simple enough to guarantee the accuracy of the general result, and what 
 is now oflered to the world may be placed, in respect of the authenticity 
 of the facts, beside the best researches of arclutology. Besides, an error 
 m verifying the position of any object could in each case relate to details 
 only ; the great mass of results cannot be affected thereby. 
 
 The simple investigation of the fortress-hill of Hissarlik suflices to 
 prove with complcti:' exactness the succession of the settlements, of which 
 Schliemann imw sup])Oses seven. But order of succii'ssion is not yet 
 chronology. From the former we hai'ii what is older and Avhat later, but 
 not how i.ihl each separate stratum is. This (juestioii involves a comparison 
 with other like ]ilac(.'S, or at least obpxds, the date of which is well 
 established; in otiier words, iiiiei'])r(.'tation. But, with interpretation, 
 uncertainty also liegins. Tlie arclneologist is seldom m the yiositiou 
 of beiiiLi; al)le to support his interpretation by the identity of all the 
 olijects found. And especially, the hirther the comparisijiis have to lie 
 fetched, the less is it }iossible i.o calculate that discoveries -will corre- 
 spond in their totality. Attention is therefore directed to single objects, 
 just as the pabeontologist seeks for characteristic shells (Lidtmuschil)))^ 
 to determine the age ot a, geological stratnm. But experience has shown 
 how uncertain are the LrihimsrlwJii, of archeology. The human intellect 
 invents identical things at dilferent places, and dilferent things at the 
 
rPiEFACE ]5Y PIIOFESSOU YIltCIKJW'. XI 
 
 same place. Certain artlstical or teclniical forms are ilcvelopud simul- 
 taneously, without any connection or relation between tlie artists or 
 craftsmen. I recal the case of the maeniuhi- ornament, which appears 
 in Germany ijuite late, prol.ialjly not till the time of the Roman empe- 
 rors, but presents itself much later still in Peru and on the Amazon, 
 where it appears as yet inailmissible to regard it as iniportel. Local 
 fashions and artistic forms are so far from being uncomunin, that 
 the expert sometimes recognizes the source of the discovery from a 
 single })iece. 
 
 In the case of Hissarlik, the strata which can be defined according to 
 their whole character occur very near the surface. Under the Greek 
 City (NoTum Ilium), and the wall which is probably Macedonian, the 
 excavator comes upon obijects, especially upon pottery which, accord- 
 ing to its form, material, and painting, belongs to what is called the 
 Archaic period of Greek art. Then begins the Pre-historic age, in the 
 narrower sense of the term. Dr. Schliemann has endeavoured, on good 
 grounds, to show that the Sixth City, reckoning upwards, should be 
 ascribed, in accordance with tradition, to the Lydians, and that we may 
 recognize in its artistic forms an approximation to Etrurian or Umbrian 
 pottery. But the deeper we go, the fewer correspondences do we find. 
 In the Burnt City we occasionally meet with one or another object, which 
 reminds us of ilycenae, of Cyprus, of Egypt, of Assyria ; or probably 
 rather, which points to a like origin, or at least to similar luodels. 
 Perhaps we shall succeed in multiplying these connecting links, but as 
 yet So little is known of all these relatioirs, that the adaptation of a 
 foreign chronology to the new discoveries seems in the highest degree 
 dangerous. 
 
 An example full of warning as to this sort .of casuistical archaeology 
 is furnished by the latest attack upon Dr. Schliemann by a scholar at 
 St. Petersburg. Because Hissarlik offers certain points of correspondence 
 with Mycenae, and the latter again with South liussia, this scholar there- 
 fore concludes that the South Prussian chronology must also be the measure 
 for Hissarlik, and that both Mycenae and Hissarlik are to be referred 
 to roving hordes of Heruli m the third century after Christ. Going 
 right to the opposite extreme, other scholars have been inclined to ascribe 
 tlie oldest "cities " of Hissarlik to the Neolithic Age, because remarkable 
 weapons and utensils of polished stone are found in them. Both these 
 conceptions are ef[ually unjustified and inadmissible. To the third century 
 after Christ belongs the surface of the fortress-hill of Hissarlik, Avhich 
 still lies above the Macedonian wall ; and the oldest " cities " — although 
 not only polisiied stones but also chipped flakes of chalcedony and obsidian 
 occur in tliein — nevertheless fall within the Age of ^Metals. For even in 
 the First City, utensils of copper, gold, nay even silver, were dug up. 
 
 It is beyond doubt that no Stone People, properly so-called, dwelt 
 upon the fortress-hill of Hissarlik, so far as it has been as yet uncovered. 
 A progressive development of such a peo})le to a higher metallic civili- 
 zation can no more be spoken of here, than at any other point of Asia 
 Minor hitherto known. Implements of polished stone an- also found else- 
 
XU rrfEPACE BY PnOFESSOE VIRCHOW. 
 
 where in Asia MiiKir — as, for example, in tlie nein-lilioiirliooJ of the 
 ancient Sardes — but it is not yet proved that they Lehjng to the " Stone 
 Age." Probably this people immigrated at a period of their devolopment, 
 at wliich they had already entered on the " JMetal Age." Were we to 
 take for the foundation of the discussion what first suggests itselt, the 
 frequent dccurrence of nephrite and jadeite, we might suppose that the 
 immigratiiin took pla.ee from tlie borders of China, and that, when 
 the people reached the Hellespdiit, they had already acquired a high 
 degree of technical dexterity and of fiuished manufacture. 
 
 It may be an accident that even in the oldest city two stone hammers, 
 have been found witli holes Ijored through them, whereas in no other spot 
 of all Asia Minor, so far as I know, has any similar object occurred. In 
 any case tlie art of sldiK'-working was already far advanced, and tlie story 
 of tlie foundation of lliuin, as sketclied out in the Iliiol, exactly coincides 
 with the discijveries. The few skulls also, which were saved out of the 
 lower " cities," have this in common, that without excejition they present 
 the character (liaJiifn^) of a more civilized people ; all savage peculiarities, 
 in the stricter sense, an.' entirely wanting in them. 
 
 It IS strange enougli that this race, according to all appearance, liad 
 no iron. Although there occasionally occur native red inin-stones, which 
 have evidently been used, yet every object which was originally regarded 
 as an irrm instrument has proved, on closer investigation, not to be iron. 
 
 No less strange is it that even in the Ilurnt f'lty iki proper simril luis 
 ivil/H'here liren. fouii'i. Weapons of copp)er and lironze occur frecjucntly — 
 lance-heails, daggers, arrow-heads, knives, if avc mav designate these as 
 weapons — liut no swords. Corresponding to tins deliciency is another in 
 the case of ornaments, which to us Occidentals is still more striking, — 
 I mean tlie nhsijuv <;/' /lie JilniJn (tlie lurcdvli' of the broodi). Among the 
 copjier and bronze pins are many wdiieh, judging from their size and 
 curvature, may be reganled as pins for dri'ss; but no single filuila in our 
 sense has occurred. I was always of opinion, tliat the aliundance of 
 hbulfe in the northern discoveries is explained by tlie greater necessity 
 for fastening the garments tighter in colder climates. The lloman 
 provincial fibula, which m the northern countries is all but tlie most 
 frequent object in the discoveries of the Im]ierial age, I'nlls even in Italy 
 (juite into the background. liut the fict that, among a race so rich 
 in metals as the ancient Trojans, absolutdy no filmla. iias oecurred, is 
 certainly a sign of very hi -h ani iquity, and a sure mark of distinction 
 from tlie majority of Western discoveries which have been adduced m 
 comparison. Tlie same may- be said, m passing, of the al^ienrc of laiiip>i 
 in the ancient " cities." 
 
 Tlie pottery presi'iits many more points of correspond(uice with that 
 
 ot tlie AYest. I'o be sure I eoiild not cite any place where the wlloh; of 
 ilie pottery ioimd agrei'd witli that, of any one of the older cities upon 
 llissarlik. It is not till the Sixtli City that we find, a,s Dr. Schlieuiann 
 ha,s very convincingly proved, manifdd relations with_ the Etruscan 
 vases : and 1 iniulit still furtlier remark, that not a few of the forms 
 winch occur ;it llissarlik in clay are executed in Etruria in bronze. 
 
I'KEFACE r.Y Pr;(:iFESS(")li VJr.CHOAV. xlii 
 
 111 tliis ciiimoctioii I may aJHo refci-, as Leitiiiusclu-I ii , ti> tlio I'^trnscan 
 beaked pitchers, wliu-li have Leeii dug up in the lieart of deruiauy and 
 Belgium. In most of tlie pre-iiistorie cities of Hissaidilv tliere are terra- 
 cottas jnst like those which are fiX'ijirently nu't with in Hnngary and 
 Transylvania, in eastern and middle Germany, nay even in the pile- 
 dwellings of Switzerland. I mys(df possess, tjiroiigh tlie kiiulncss of 
 Dr. Victor Gross, fragments of hlack polished chiy boAvls from the Lake of 
 Bicnne, the inner surfaces of wliich are covered witli incisrd geometrical 
 patterns, hlled with white earth, siudi as I Ijrought away from the oldest 
 city of Hissarlik. (^uite lately I was present at the excavation of a great 
 conical barrow, conducted by Prof. Klopfleisch in the territory of Anhalt ; 
 the greater number of the clay vessels discovered there had broad wing- 
 shaped excrescences with perpendicular perforations, and very large and 
 particularljr broad handles, which were put on quite low down close 
 to the bottom, like those met with in the Burnt City. I have before 
 alluded to the similarity of the little animal figures, the ornamented 
 stamps, and other terra-eottas in Hungary. The strange perforated 
 incense-vessels (lanterns) of Hissarlik hud numerous analogies in the 
 burial-grounds of Lusatia and Posen. 
 
 I am not prepared to affirm that tliesc are proofs of a direct connection. 
 Tlurt (puestiou can only In' rcvieAvcd when the countries of tin; Balkan 
 peninsula shall have been more thoroughly investigated a.rchaH)logically, 
 a thing wdiich is urgently to be desired. But even if a real conuectum 
 should appear, the (juestion will still remain open, wdiethcr the current 
 of civilization set from Asia jliiior to Eiistorn Europe, or the inverse 
 way; and, since the former is jiresumptively the more probable, little 
 Would Ije gained hence for the chronology of Hissarlik. 
 
 Much mi^ht lie brought in here, as, for instance, the hooked cross 
 (Suastika), the Triijuetrnm, the circular and spiral decoration, the wave- 
 ornament ; liut I pass by these, as being widely-dilt'used marks, Avhich, 
 as we learn from experience, furnish little support for the determination 
 of time. On the other liand, 1 cannot entirely refrain from touching on a 
 point, on wlucli I do not completely agree with Schliemann. I refer to 
 our Fiici'^- Ya^e», such as occur plentifully in Pomerellen and East Pomerania, 
 as far as Posen and Silesia, in a region distinctly defined. I cannot deny 
 that there is a grca.t resemblance between them and the Tropin "Uwl- 
 Yases," thougli I also adiuit that the •' (Jwhs Eace" does not occur upon 
 them. But as to this matter I am disposed somewhat to modify my 
 friend's expression. So far as I see, there is not a single Trojan Eace- 
 Vase, which can be said to have a true Owl's Head, or m whieli the part 
 of the vase referred to can be regarded as completely in the form of a bird. 
 As a matter of Natural History, tlie type of the form modelh'd on tins 
 ujiper part is human, and it is only within the human outlines and pro- 
 portions that the nose and the region of the eyes are owl-formed. The 
 car, on the oth.'r Inuid, is always put on like that of a man, never like that 
 of an owl. I do not deny that the form of the face often repri^sents the 
 owl-type, and I have no objection to make against the connection with 
 the vXaJ/croTTis^ but I sli.nild not like to extend the likeness to a larger 
 
ZIV PREFACE BY PriOFESSOR A'lECIIOW. 
 
 surface than armuid tlie eyes ami tlie upper part- aljou.t the nose : the ears, 
 and the mouth (where it occurs), as well as the breasts, are exclusively 
 human. And so — only still more m the human form— are also the Face- 
 Urns of Pomerellen. I do not therefore give up the hope that a certain 
 connection may yet be discovered; luit, if so, I am prepared to find that 
 our Face-Urns will have to be assigned to a much later period than those 
 of Troy. 
 
 l[y conclusion is this : that the- discoveries at Flissarlik will not be 
 explained by those made m the Xortli or the West, but, inversely, that 
 we must test our collections liy Oriental models. For Hissarlik also, the 
 probalde sources of connection lie East and South ; but their determina- 
 tion rec^uires new and far more thorough studies in the fields ot the 
 (Jriental world, hitherto s(_) scantily reaped. It was not the IHo/l itself 
 that first brouglit the Phoenicians and the Ethiopians into the Trojan 
 legendary cycle ; the discoveries at Hissarlik themselves, in placing betore 
 our eyes ivory, enamel, figures of the hippopotamus, and fine works m 
 gold, point distinctly to Egypt and Assyria. It is there that tlie chrono- 
 logical relations of Hissarlik must find their solution. 
 
 Meanwhile, however, there stands the great hill of ruins, forming fi)r 
 realistic conteniplatum a plieuomeiiou quite a,s unique as the " Sacred Ilios 
 for poetical feeling. It has not its like. Never once in any other heap of 
 ruins is a standard given by which to judge it. Therefore it wull not fit 
 into the Procrustean bed of systematizers (ScliemaWirr). Hiiic illae true. 
 This excavation has opened for the studies of the arclnx'ologist a completely 
 new theatre — like a world by itself. Here begins an entirely new science. 
 
 And m this unique hill there is a Stratum, ami that i-)ne of the 
 deepest —according to Scliliemann's present reckoning, the Third from 
 the liottom, — wliich especially arrests our attention. Here was a great 
 devouring fire, lu wlncdi tin' clay walls i;d' tho buildings were molten and 
 made fluid like Avax, so that congealed drops of glass bear witness at the 
 present day do the mighty c(")nflagration. Only at a few places are cinders 
 left, whose struidnre enables us still to discover wdiat was burnt, — whether 
 wood or straw, wheat or jiease. A very small }iart of this city has 
 upon the whole escaped tlie fire; and only here and there in the liurut 
 paids have pcjrtions of the houses remained uninjured Ijeiieath the rubbish 
 of the foundering walls. Almost the whole is liuriit to ashes. How enor- 
 mous must have been the fire that devoured all this splendour ! We seem 
 to hear the crackling i.if the wood, the crash of the tumbling buildings ! 
 And, in spite of this, what riches have been In-ought to light out of the 
 ashes! Treasures of gold, one after anotlu^r, presented themselves to the 
 astonished eye. In that r(unote time, when man was so little advanced in 
 the knowledge of the earth and of his own power, in that time when, 
 as the ]ioet tells us, llie king's sons were shepherds, the possession of 
 such treasures ol' tin.! precious mid,als, and that in the finest and most 
 costly workmanship, must have liecome famous bir and wide. The 
 sjdendour of this (dii(dlain must have awakened envy and covetousncss ; 
 and the ruin of his liigli fortress can signify nothing else than his own 
 downfall and the destrucdiou of his race. 
 
niEFACE BY PROFESSOR VlliCIIoW. XV 
 
 Was tliis chieftain Peiaji? Was tliis city SAciiED Ilios? No one 
 will ever fathom the question, ^Yhcther these were the names which men 
 used when the celehratecl king still looted out from his elevated fortress 
 over the Trojan Plain to the Hellespont. Pt'rliaps these names are 
 only the poet's inventions. Who can huoAV ? Perlia])S the legend liad 
 handed down no more than the story of the victorious enterprise of war 
 undertaken from the West, to overthrow the kingdom and the city. But 
 who will doubt that on this spot a terrible conquest was really won in 
 figlitagfrinKt" a" garrison, who not only defended themselves, their families, 
 and tdleir houses, with Aveapwis of stone and br(.inz(', Init who also had great 
 wealth in gold and silver, ornaments and furniture, to protect? It is in 
 itself of "little consequence to quarrel aliout the names of these men or of 
 their city. And yet the first ([uestion that rises to every one's lips, to-day 
 as in the time of Homer, is this ; — Who and whence amoirg mankind 
 were they ? Though the severe enquirer may refuse them names, tlKjugh 
 the whole race may glide past lietVire the judgment-seat of science 
 like the ghosts of Hades, — yet for us, who love the colours of daylight, 
 the dress of life, thj3 glitter of personality, for us Peiam: and Ilium 
 -^ili -r-emain the^ designations ujion wdiich our thoughts fasten, as often 
 as they concern themselves witli tlie events of that period. It was here, 
 where Asia and Europe for the hrst time encountered in a war of 
 extermination (in v<jll;erfrts>^Piidfin Kampfe) ; it was here that the only 
 decisive victory was won in ti/^lit, which the West gained over thc^ East 
 on the soil of Asia, during the wh(de time down to Alexander the Great. 
 
 And now, under our eyes, this site has been again disclosed. When those 
 men whom we call the Classics wrote, the burnt abodes lay hidden beneath 
 the ruins of succeeding settlements. To the <piestion — " Where was 
 Ilium ? " — no one had an answer. Even the legend had no longer a locality. 
 It must assuredly have been otherwise when the poem had its origin. 
 Whether we call the poet Homer, or substitute in his place a host of 
 nameless bards, — when the poetic tale originated, the tradition must still 
 have been preserved upon the spot, that the royal fortress had stood 
 exactly on this mountain spur. It is m vain to dispute with the poet 
 his knowledge of the place by his own eyesight. Whoever the " divine 
 bard " Avas, he must have stood upon this hill of Hissarlik — that is, the 
 Castle- or Fortress-Hill — and have looked out thence over land and sea. 
 . In no other case could he possildy have combined so much truth to 
 natur&in his poem. I have described, m a brief essay,' the Trojan country 
 "aTit is, and compared it witli what tlie Il/aJ says of it, and I believe 
 I may call any one to bear witness, whether it is possildo that a. poet 
 Irving^at a distance could have evolved out of his own imagination so 
 faithful a picture of the land and people as is eniboilied m the Iliail 
 — To-this is to be added another consideration, I'ho Ilvd is not merely 
 an Epic which sings of human affairs : in the conflict of men the great 
 circle of tlie Olympic gods takes jiart, acting and suffering. Hence it 
 happened that the Iliad became the special religious book, the Pilde of 
 
 ' See Apiii-u^lix I., 7>oy ^.mj mssniiik. 
 
X\-l riiKFACB BY PROFESSOR VIRCHOW. 
 
 tlie (Ireeks and partly of the Eomans. Ting must not be overlooked. 
 Tlicirfore I liave especially called attention to the fact, that the theatre 
 I'or tlie action of tlie gods has lieen drawn ranch larger than for the 
 men. The range of these poems extends far lieyond the Plain ot Troy. 
 Its limit IS there, where the eye finds its boundary, on the lofty sununits 
 of Ida and tlie peak of Samothrace, where the clouds have birth and the 
 storms make their home. AVho could have lighted upon such a story 
 of the gods with this fineness of localizing, except one who had himselt 
 h(di('ld tlie mighty phenomena of nature which are hero displayed? 
 Who, that had not gazed on them in their alternate course for days 
 and weeks together ? 
 
 'The fjuestion of the Iliad is not simply the old question — Tlji Ulum 
 fii/t .' No, it I'lnbraces the whole. We must not sever the story of the gods 
 fiom the story of the men. The poet who sang of Ilium painted also the 
 jiicture of the whole Trojan country. Ida and Samothrace, Tenedos and 
 the Hellespont, Callicolone and the Rampai't of Herakies, the Scamander 
 and the mcnKnial tumuli (jf the hcaoes — all this appeared before the view 
 of the enrajitured hearer. All this is inseparable. And therefore it is not 
 left tu our choice, where we should place Ilium. Therefore we must have 
 a place, which answers to all the requirements of the poetry. There- 
 fore we" are comprlled to say : —IL re, upon the fortress-hill of Hissarlik, 
 — lici'e, upon the site of the ruins of the Burnt City of Gold, — here 
 ii'ds 1/ in III. 
 
 And therefore thrice happy the man to whose lot it has fallen to realize 
 in the maturity of manhood the dreams of his childhood, and to unveil the 
 iJuriit City. Wliatever maj' be the acknowledgement of contemporaries, 
 no one will bo able to rob him of the consciousness, that he has solved 
 the great problem of thousands of years. A barbarous government, which 
 weighed as a heavy burthen on tlie land, has upon the wlude kept down 
 the condition of the surface of the country and the habits of human life 
 in the Troad at the same level as when it imposed its yoke. Thus, 
 mucli has been preserved which elsewdiere would probablv have been 
 destroyed by daily cultivation. Bchliemann was able to make his exca- 
 vations, as it were, in a virgin soil. He had the courage to dig deeper 
 :ind still dei.'per, to remove wliolo mountains ot rubbish nnd diijris ; and 
 at hist he saw befori' him the treasure S(Higlit and dreamt of, in its full 
 reality. And now the treasure-digger lias become a scholar, who, with 
 long and earnest study, has compared the hicts of his expinience, as well 
 as the statements of historians and geograiihers, with the legendary tradi- 
 tions of poets and mythologers. Way the work wdiich he has terminated 
 become to iiiariy thousands a soui'ce of enjoyment and instruction, as it 
 will In- to himself an eveiTisting glory ! 
 
 ItUUOLi'^ VIliCHOAV. 
 
 Dian.iN, hirijLaubrr lU///, IHyO. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF THE ArTHOE, AND NAEEATIVE OP HIS "WORK 
 
 AT TROY. 
 
 § I. Eakly and CojniEEciAL Life : 1822 to 1866. 
 
 If I begin this book with my autobiography, it is not from any fooling of 
 vanity, but from a desire to sliow how the work of my hxter life has been 
 the natural consequence of the impressions I received in my earliest 
 childhood ; and that, so to say, the pickaxe and spade fur the excavation 
 of Troy and the royal tombs of Itlyceuae were both forged and sharpened 
 in the little German village in which I passed eight years of my earliest 
 childhood. I also find it necessary to relate how I obtained the means 
 t.'hich enabled me, in the autumn of niy life, to realize tlie great projects 
 I formed when I was a poor little boy. But I flatter myself that the 
 manner in which I have employed my time, as well as the use I have 
 made of my wealth, will meet with general approbation, and that my 
 autobiography mofj aid in diffusing among the intelligent public of all 
 countries a taste for those high and noble studies, which have sustained 
 my coura.^-e during the hard trials of my life, and which will sweeten the 
 days yet left me to live. 
 
 I was born on the 6th of January, 1822, in the little town of Neu 
 Buckow, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, where my father,'- Ernest Schliemann, 
 was Protestant clergyman, and whence, in 1823, he was elected in that 
 capacity to the parish of the village of Ankershagen between Waren and 
 Penzlin, in the same duchy. In that village I spent the eight following 
 years of my life; and my natural disposition for the mysterious and the 
 marvellous was stimulated to a passion by the wonders of the locality in 
 v.'hich I lived. Our garden-house was said to bo liaunted liy the gliost of 
 my father's predecessor. Pastor von liussdorf; and just behind our garden 
 was a pond called " das Silberschalcheu," out of which a maiden was 
 believed to rise each midnight, holding a silver Iwwl. There was also in 
 the village a small hill surrounded by a ditch, probably a pro-historic 
 
 1 Deceased in November 1S70, at the acje of 90 years. 
 
2 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OP THE AUTHuR. [Ixtkod. 
 
 bnrial-place (or so-called Hunengral)) \- in wliicli, as the legend ran, a 
 robber kniglit in times of old had buried his beloved child in a golden 
 cradle. Vast treasiires were also said to be buried close to the ruins ot a 
 round tower in the garden of the proprietor of the village. My faith m 
 the existence of these treasures was so greai that, whenever I heard my 
 father complain of his poverty, I always expressed my astonishment that 
 he did not dig up the silver bowl or the golden cradle, and so become 
 rich. There was likewise in Ankershagen a medieval castle, with secret 
 passages in its walls, which were six feet thick, and an underground road, 
 which was supposed to be five miles long, and to pass beneath the deep 
 lake of Speck; it was said to be haunted by fearful spectres, and no 
 villager spoke of it without terror.^ There was a legend, that the castle 
 had once been inhabited by a robber knight of the name of Henning von 
 Holstein, popularly called"" Henning Bradenkirl," who was dreaded over 
 the whole country, for he plundered and sacked wherever he could. But, 
 to his vexation, the Duke of Mecklenburg gave safe-conducts to many 
 of the merchants who had to pass by his castle. "Wishing to wreak 
 vengeance upon the duke, Henning begged him to do him the honour of a 
 visit. Tho duke accepted the invitation, and came on the appointed day 
 witli a large retinue. But a cowherd, who was cognizant of Henning's 
 design to murder his guest, hid himself in the underwood on the road- 
 side, beliind a hill a mile distant from our house, and lay in wait for the 
 duke, to whom he disclosed his master's murderous intention, and the 
 duke accordingly returned instantly. The hill was said to have derived 
 its present name, " Wartensberg " or " Watch-mount," from the event. 
 Hcnninsj-, having- found out that his design had been frustrated by the 
 cowherd, in revenge fried the man alive in a large iron pan, and gave 
 him, when he was dying, a last kick with his left foot. Soon after this 
 the duke came with a regiment of soldiers, laid siege to the castle, and 
 captured it. When Henning saw that there was no escape for him, he 
 packed all his treasures in a box and buried it close to the round t.ower in 
 his garden, the ruins of which are still standing, and he then committed 
 suicide. A long line of flat stones in our churchyard was said to mark 
 the malefactor's grave, from which for centuries his left leg used to grow 
 out, covered with a Idack silk stocking.* Nay, both the sexton Prange 
 and tho sacristan Wollert sworo that, when boys, they had themselves cut 
 off the leg and used its bone to knock down pears from the trees, but 
 that, in tlie beginning of the present century, the leg had suddenly 
 stopped growing out. In my childish simplicity I of course believed all 
 
 - This si'inilclirc still exists, and when I unhappy days as tutor. See Dr. Fr. Schlie, 
 
 lately revisited Anl;prsha;»cn I strongly recnm- S<//ilirm.,iiia viul seino I!,-xtrcbu>ijcn, who cites 
 
 Tiiiiiided its |iri'srnt projirietcir, tlie e.xcellrnt \V. Ilerhst, .Tuliunn ILinricl, Toss, i. ]1. H). 
 Mr. E. Wiurkrliiiann, an.l his accomplished ' Accordiug; to the tradition, one of these 
 
 iad\', whose btaintiful hospitality I here grate- legs had ln'cn burieil just before the altar. 
 
 I'dly acknowledge, to exeav.lte it, on the ground Strani^e to say, when some years ago the chuieh 
 
 tliat they w-ould in all probability find there, not of Ankershagen was being repaired, a single 
 
 indeed a golden cradle, yet very interesting pre- leg-bone was found at a small depth before 
 
 liistt.ric antiquities. the altar, as my cousin the Rev. Hans Becker, 
 
 •■' In this very same castle, tlie famous German the present clergyman of Ankersjaagen, assures 
 
 translator of Ilumer, J. II. \'oss, passed very me. 
 
]_^29.] THE BOY'S DESIEE TO DIG UP TROY. 3 
 
 this ; nay, I often begged my father to excavate the tomb or to allow me 
 to excavate it, in order to see why the foot no longer grew out. 
 
 A very deep impression was also made upon my mind by the terra- 
 cotta relief of a man on the back wall of the castle, which was said to be 
 the portrait of Henning Bradenkirl himself. As no paint would stick to 
 it, popular belief averred that it was covered with the blood of tlie cow- 
 herd, which could not be efi'aced. A walled-up fireplace in the saloon was 
 indicated as the place where the cowherd had been fried on the iron pan. 
 Though all pains were said to have been taken to obliterate the joints of 
 that terrible chimney, nevertheless they always remained visible ; and this 
 too was regarded as a sign from heaven, that the diabolic deed should 
 never be forgotten. 
 
 I also believed in a story that Mr. von Gundlach, the proprietor of the 
 neighbouring village, Eumshagen, had excavated a mound near the church, 
 and had discovered in it large wooden barrels containing Eoman beer. 
 
 Though my father was neither a scholar nor an archfeologist, he had 
 a passion for ancient history. Ho often told me with warm enthusiasm 
 of the tragic fate of Herculaneum and Pompeii, and seemed to consider 
 him the luckiest of men who had the means and the time to visit the 
 excavations which were going on there. He also related to me with 
 admiration the great deeds of the Homeric heroes and the events of the 
 Trojan war, always finding in me a warm defender of the Trojan cause. 
 With great grief I heard from him that Troy had been so completely 
 destroyed, that it had disappeared without leaving any traces of its 
 existence. My joy may be imagined, therefore, when, being nearly eight 
 years old, I received from him, in 1820, as a Christmas gift. Dr. Georg 
 Ludwig Jerrer's Universal History,'' with an engraving representing Troy 
 in flames, with its huge walls and the Scaean gate, from which Aeneas is 
 escaping, carrying his father Anchises on his back and holding his son 
 Ascanius by the hand ; and I cried out, " Father, you were mistaken : 
 Jerrer must have seen Troy, otherwise he could not have represented it 
 here." "My son," he replied, "that is merely a fanciful picture." But 
 to my cjuestion, whether ancient Troy had such huge walls as those 
 depicted in the book, he answered in the affirmative. " Father," retorted 
 1, " if such walls once existed, they cannot possibly have been completely 
 destroyed : vast ruins of them must still remain, but they are hidden 
 away beneath the dust of ages." He maintained the contrary, whilst I 
 )'emained Erm in my opinion, and at last we both agreed that I should 
 one day excavate Troy. 
 
 What weighs oir our heart, be it joy or sorrow, always finds utterance 
 from our lips, especially in childhood ; and so it happened that I talked 
 of nothing else to my playfellows, but of Troy and of the mysterious 
 and wonderful things in wdiich our village abounded. I was continually 
 laughed at by every one except two young girls, Louise'' and Minna Vn 
 
 ' Niirnbei'g, 1828. ' Minna Meincke married, in 1846, the excel- 
 
 "^ Louise Jleincke has l^een, since 18S8, the lent farmer Hiohers. and is now living happily at 
 
 happy wife of the Rev. E. Frolich, and is now Friedland, in jMecklenburg. 
 
 living at Neu Brandenburg, in Mecklenburg. 
 
4 " AUTOBIOGEArHY OF THE AUTHOR. [Isteoi 
 
 Meincke, tlic daughters of a farmer in Zaliren, a village only a mile 
 distant from Ankershagen ; the former of whom v>'as my senior by six 
 years, the latter of my own age. Nut only did they not laugh at me, 
 Lut, on the contrary, they always listened to me with profound attention, 
 especially Minna, who showed me the greatest sympathy and entered into 
 all my vast plans for the future. Thus a warm attachment sprang up 
 between us, and in our childish simplicity wo exchanged vows of eternal 
 luve. In the winter of 1S29-30 we took lessons m dancing together, 
 alternately at my little bride's house, at ours, and in the^ old haunted 
 castle, then occupied by the farmer Mr. Heldt, where, with the same 
 profound interest, wo contemplated Henuing's bloody bust, the ominous 
 joints of the awful fireplace, the secret passages in the walls, and the 
 entrance to the underground road. Whenever the dancing-lesson was at 
 our house, we would either go to the cemetery before our door, to see 
 whether Henning's foot did not grow out again, or sit down in admiration 
 before the church-registers, written by the hand of Johann Chr. von 
 Schroder and Cfottfriederich Heinrich von Schroder, father and son, who 
 had occupied my father's place from 1709 to 1799 ; the oldest records 
 of births, marriages, and deaths inscribed in those registers having a 
 particular charm for us. Or we would visit together the younger Pastor 
 von Schroder's daughter,'^ then eighty-four years of age, who was living 
 close to us, to cjuestion her about the past history of the village, or to look 
 at the portraits of her ancestors,' of which that of her mother, Olgartha 
 Christine von Schroder, deceased in 179-5, was our special delight, partly 
 because we thought it a masterpiece of workmanship, partly because it 
 resembled Minna. 
 
 "We also often visited the village tailor Wollert,^" who was one-eyed, had 
 only one foot, and was for this reason called " Peter Hiippert," or Hopping 
 Peter. He was illiterate, but had such a prodigious memory that he could 
 repeat my father's sermon word by word after having heard it in church. 
 This man, who might possibly have become one of the greatest scholars 
 of the world, had he had a university education, was full of wit, and 
 excited our curiosity to the utmost by his inexhaustible stock of anec- 
 dotes, which he told with a wonderful oratorical skill. Thus, to "ive but 
 one of them : he told us liow, being desirous to know whither the storks 
 migrated for the winter, he had, in the time of my father's predecessor 
 Pastor von Piussdorf, caught one of the storks which used to build their 
 nests on our barn, and had fastened round its foot a piece of i)archment 
 on which, at his request, the sexton Prange had written that he himself' 
 the sexton, and WoUert the tailor, at the village of Ankerslia<-'cn in Meck- 
 leuburg-Schweriu, humbly begged the proprietor of the bani, on which 
 
 •> I>r.>as,,,l in isu, nt the ac;'' nf 08. possession of my fafl.er's surcessnr Pastor Con 
 
 » ]ly the kmd elloi-to of Wi.s Ma Frijlieli. the raili, who ha.l bequratheil thorn to f|,e ,.1 • • 
 
 arcoinplished daughter of Mrs. L,o,ise Frijlieh, of Ankershagen, hot lie ceded them to V""^'' 
 
 all these j.ortraits— live in nurnher— have lately order to use the proceeds for presentin!" t" 
 
 become my j.roperty, and I have assigned to them that church, while he still Bved, a more d"° 1 l'^ 
 
 the plaoe ol honinir in my liloary, facing the object, namely, a silver calvx, 
 
 A'lopoli, of Athens. At t'hc ,leath of jMiss ron "> Deceased in 185G. 
 Sehrb.ler, these iiortrailshid pa<-,ed over into Ine 
 
i;i831.] MINNA MEIXGKE. 5 
 
 < the stork Imd its nest in tlie winter, to inform them of the name of his 
 country. When tho stork was again caught by liim in the spring, 
 another parchment was found attached to its foot, with the folhjwing 
 answer in bad German verse : — 
 
 " Scliwerin Ilecklenburi; ist una niolit bekimnt, 
 Das Land wo sich dcr Storcli belaud 
 Nenut sich Sankt Johannes-Land." 
 
 '' Wo do not know Scliwerin Mecklenburg : the country where the stork was is called Saint 
 John's Land." 
 
 Of course we believed all this, and would have given years of our 
 life to know where that mysterious Saint John's Land was to be found. 
 If this and similar anecdotes did not improve our knowledge of geo- 
 graphy, at least they stimulated our desire to learn it, and increased 
 our passion for the mysterious. 
 
 From our dancing-lessons neither Minna nor I derived any profit at 
 all, whether it was that we had no natural talent for tho art, or that our 
 minds were too much absorbed by our imjiortant archseological investi- 
 gations and our plans for the future. 
 
 It was agreed between us that as soon as wo were grown np we 
 would marry, and then at once set to work to explore all the mysteries 
 of Ankershasen ; exeavatino- the crohlen cradle, the silver basin, the vast 
 treasures hidden by Henning, then lienning's sepulchre, and lastly Troy ; 
 nay, we could imagine nothing pleasanter than to spend all our lives in 
 digging for the relics of the past. 
 
 Thanks to God, my firm belief in the existence of that Troy has 
 never forsaken me amid all the vicissitudes of my eventful career ; liut it 
 was not destined for me to realize till m the autumn of my life, and then 
 vdthout Minna — nay, far from her — our sweet dreams of fifty years ago. 
 
 Bly father did not k-now Greek, but he knew Latin, and availed him- 
 self of every spare moment to teach it me. When I was hardly nine 
 years old, my dear mother died : this was an irreparable misfortune, 
 perhaps the greatest which could have befallen me and my six brothers 
 and sisters.'^ But my mother's death coincided with another misfortune, 
 which resulted in all our acquaintances suddenly turning their backs 
 upon us and refusing to have any further intercourse with us. I did not 
 care much about the others ; liut to see the family of Meincko no more, 
 to separate altogether from Minna — never to behold her again — this was 
 a thousand times more painful to me than my mother's death, Avhich 
 I soon forgot under my overwhelming grief for Minna's loss. In later 
 life I have undergone many great troubles in different parts of tho Vi'orld, 
 but none of them ever caused me a thousandth part of the grief I felt at 
 the tender age of nine years for my separation from my little bride. 
 Bathed in tears and alone, I used to stand for hours each day before 
 Olgartha von Schroder's portrait, rememl.iering in my misery the happy 
 
 " JIj- two lirnthers -nre dead. Of my four of rrnfc-s.ir Wilhelm Kidise in IiiUonlmrs 
 
 sLiters only the eldest, Elise, is unmarrieil. The (Hes.se-Cas.sel); ,Tiid tho fuurtli, bmiise, is the 
 
 second, Doris, was the happy wife of the late happv wife of the teacher Martin I'eehcl in 
 
 sec]-etary Hans Petrowsky in Roebel (Mecklen- Darguu (Meeklenljurg), 
 burg) ; the third, Wilhelmine, is the happy wife 
 
AUTOBIOGEArHY OF THE AUTIIOE. [Iktkod. 
 
 (lays I liad passed in Minna's company. The future appeared dark to 
 me; all the mysterious wonders of Ankersliagen, and even Troy itse , 
 lost their interest for a time. Seeing my despondency, my father sent 
 mo for two years to his Lrothcr, the Eeverend Friederich Schliemann, 
 who was the pastor of the village of Kalkhorst m Mecklenburg, whexe tor 
 one year I had the good fortune of having the candidate Carl Andres" troin 
 Neu Strelitz as a teacher; and tlie progress I made under this excellent 
 philolo-ist was so great that, at Christmas 1832, I was able to present my 
 father a" ith a badly-written Latin essay upon the principal events ot the 
 Trojan war and the adventures of Ulysses and Agamemnon. At the age 
 of eleven I went to the Gymnasium at Neu Strelitz, where I was placed 
 in the tliird class. Tint just at that time a great disaster befel our family, 
 and, being afraid that my father would no longer have the means of 
 supporting me for a iiumi.er of years, I left the gymnasium after being 
 in it only three months, and entered the Ilealschule of the same city, 
 where I was placed in the second class. In the spring of 1835 I advanced 
 to tlio iirst class, which I left in April 183G, at the age of fourteen, to 
 become apprentice in the little grocer's shop of Ernest, Ludwig Holtz,^' in 
 the small town of Fiirstenbcrg in Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
 
 A few days before my departure from Neu Strelitz, on Good Friday 
 1836, I accidentally met Minna Meincke, whom I had not seen for more 
 than five years, at the house of Mr. C. E. Laue.* I shall never forget that 
 interview, the last I ever had with her. She had grown much, and was 
 now fourteen years old. Being dressed in plain black, the simplicity of 
 her attire seemed to enhance her fascinating beauty. "When we looked at 
 each other, we both burst into a flood of tears and fell speechless into 
 each other's arms. Several times we attempted to speak, but our emotion 
 was too great ; neither of us could articulate a word. But soon Minna's 
 }iarents entered the room, and we had to separate. It took me a long 
 time to recover from my emotion. I was now sure that Minna still loved 
 mr, and this thought stimulated my ambition. Nay, from that moment 
 I IVdt within me a boundless energy, and was sure that with unremit- 
 ting zeal I could raise myself in the world and show that I was worthy 
 of her. I only implored God to grant that she might not marry before 
 
 1 liad attained an independent position. 
 
 I was employed in the little grocer's shop at Furstenberg for five 
 years and a half; for the first year by Mr. Holtz, and afterwards by 
 his successor, the excellent Mr. Theodor IInckstaedt.=^ My occupation 
 consisted m retailing herrings, Initter, potato-whiskey, milk, salt, coffee, 
 sugar, oil, and candles; in grinding potatoes for the still, sweeping the 
 shop, and the like employments. Our transactions were on such a small 
 scale, that our aggregate sales liardly amounted to 3000 thalers, or £450 
 dly; nay, we thought we liad extraordinary luck when we sold two 
 
 annuaJ 
 
 • Deceased in ISOl. now eighty-four years old, is still livin„ at Neu 
 
 ^ Camlidate Carl Andres is now lilrarian of Strelitz, where the author lately .saw her 
 the Grauil-ducal liljrary and keeper of tlic Mu- ' Th. Hiickstaedt died in 1872, liut the ]iftl 
 
 seum of Antiquities in Ken Strelit;^. grocer's business is continued l)y his e.xceU^ f 
 
 2 riercased in \»'.'',G. widow and her son-in-law, Jlr. liever. 
 
 3Ir. Lane died in 1800, In.t Jlrs. L, 
 
 aue, 
 
1837.] THE MILLER RECITING HOMER. 7 
 
 pounds' worth of groceries in a clay. There I of course came in contact 
 only with the lowest classes of society. I was engaged from five in the 
 morning till eleven at night, and had not a moment's leisure for 
 study. Moreover I rapidly forgot the little that I had learnt in child- 
 hood ; hut I did not lose the love of learning ; indeed I never lost it, 
 and, as long as I live, I shall never forget the evening when a drunken 
 miller came into the shop. His name was Hermann Niederhoffer. He 
 was the son of a Protestant clergyman in lioebel (Mecklenhurg), and had 
 almost completed his studies at the Gymnasium of Neu Kuppin, when he 
 was expelled on account of his bad conduct. Not knowing what to do 
 with him, his father apprenticed him to the farmer Langermann in the 
 village of Dambeck ; and, as even there his conduct was not exemplary, he 
 again apprenticed him for two years to the miller Dettmann at Gustrow. 
 Dissatisfied with his lot, the young man gave himself up to drink, which, 
 however, had not made him forget his Homer ; for on the evening that 
 he entered the shop he recited to us al.iout a hundred lines of the poet, 
 observing the rhythmic cadence of the verses.'^ Although I did not 
 understand a syllable, the melodious sound of the words made a deep 
 impression upon me, and I wept bitter tears over my unhappy fate. 
 Three times over did I get him to repeat to me those divine verses, 
 rewarding his trouble with three glasses of whiskey, which I bought with 
 the few pence that made up my whole fortune. From that moment 
 I never ceased to pray God that by His grace I might yet have the 
 happiness of learning Greek. 
 
 There seemed, however, no hope of my escaping from the hapless and 
 humble position in which I found myself. And yet I was relieved from 
 it, as if by a miracle. In lifting a cask too heavy for me, I hurt my 
 chest ; I spat blood and was no longer able to work. In despair I went 
 to Hamburg, where I succeeded in obtaining a situation with an annual 
 salary of 180 marks, or £9 sterling : first in the grocer's shop of 
 Lindemann junior, on the Fishmarket in Altona ; and afterwards in that 
 of E. L. Deycke junior, at the corner of the Miihren and Matten- 
 Twiete in Hamburg. But as I could not do the heavy work, owing to 
 my weakness in the chest, I was found useless by iny employers, and 
 was turned away from each place, after having occupied it for only eight 
 days. Seeing the impossibility of filling a situation as grocer's shop- 
 man, and prompted by want to engage in any work, however humble, 
 
 ® This Hermann NieJerhuffer is now GG years employment as communal elerk at WreJeuhagen, 
 
 old, and is living in easy circumstances at Roebel, and remained for four years in that capacity, until 
 
 where the author lately saw him, and instantly in 18-18 the magistrate of Koehel ga\'e him the 
 
 recognized him by the pathos with which he de- oilice of collector on a turnpike road. In this 
 
 claimed Homer, as well as by other circumstances. employment he at once married an exiidlent 
 
 Having been born in 1813, he was twenty-four wife, who induced him to give up intoxi- 
 
 years of age when, in 1837, he entered the little eating liquors, so that he retained the same 
 
 shop of Ernest Ludwig Holtz, at Fiirstenberg, place fjr thirty-one years, only leaving it in 
 
 where the author was apprenticed. He remained the spring of 1879, when he retired to Koebel. 
 
 for seven years afterwards, making in all ten Wonderful to say, in spite of all the vicissitudes 
 
 years, a journeyman miller, working successively of his eventful life, he has firgntten neither his 
 
 at a great many diiferent places in Germany. Homer nor his Virgil, and stiil declaims them 
 
 Having in 1844 returned to his family at Koebei, with the same warm enthusiasm as he did lin-ty- 
 
 through the influence of his relations he obtained three years ago in the shop at Fiirstenberg. 
 
8 AUTOBIOGKAPIIY OF THE AUTHOR. [Introd. 
 
 aierely to earn my food, I endeavoured to oLtain employment on l3oard 
 a sliip, and at tlie recommendation of a vcvy Idud-lieartcd sliipbroker, 
 Mr. J. F. Wendt, a native of Sternberg in MccklenLnrg, who when a cliild 
 had been brought up with my Me mother, I succeeded in obtaining a 
 situation as cabin-boy on board the little brig Dorothea, commanded by 
 Captain Simonscn, owned by the merchants Wachsmuth and Kroogmann 
 of Hamburg, and bound for La Guayra in Venezuela. 
 
 I had always been jioor, but never yet so utterly destitute as at that 
 time ; I had even to sell my only coat in order to buy a blanket. On 
 the 28tli of November, 1841, we left Hamburg with a fair wind ; but in 
 a few hours it turned contrary, and we were accordingly detained for 
 three days in the river Elbe, near Blankonese, until on the 1st of 
 December the wind again became fair. On that day we passed Cux- 
 haven and entered the open sea, liut we had no sooner reached Heligo- 
 land than -the wind returned to the west, and remained there up to the 
 12th of December. AVe were continually tacking, but made little or 
 no progress, until in the night of the llth-12th December we were 
 sliip wrecked in a fearful storm off tlie island of Texel, on the bank called 
 " de Eilandsche Grond." After escaping innumerable dangers, and having 
 been tossed about by the fury of the elements for nine hours in a very 
 small open boat, the crow, consisting of nine men, were all saved. I 
 shall always rememljcr with gratitude to Heaven the joyful moment 
 when our boat was thrown by the surf on a bank close to the shore of 
 the Texel, and all danger was over. I did not know the name of the 
 land we had l)een cast upon, but I perceived that it was a foreign 
 country. I felt as if on that bank a voice wdiispered to me that the 
 tide in my earthly affairs had come, and that I had to take it at its 
 flood. My belief was confirmed wdien, on the very day of our arrival, my 
 little box, containing a few shirts and stockings, as well as my pocket- 
 book with the letters of recommendation for La Guayra procured for me 
 by Mr. Wendt, was found floating on the sea and was picked up, wdiile all 
 my comrades and the captain himself lost everything. Lr consec[uencc of 
 this strange event, they gave me the nickname of " Jonah," by which I 
 was called as long as we remained at the Texel. "We were kindly received 
 there by the consuls Sonderdorp and Ram, who proposed to send me, 
 together with the rest of the crew, by way of Ilarlingeu, back to Hamburg. 
 But I declined to return to Germany, where I had been so overwdielmingly 
 unfortunate, telling them that I regarded it as my destiny to remain in 
 Holland, that I intended t( proceed to Amsterdam to enlist as a soldier, 
 for I was utterly destitute, and saw, for the moment, no other means of 
 obtaining a living. 7\.t my urgent request, therefore, Messrs. Sonderdorp 
 and liam paid 2 guilders (3s. 4rf.) for luy passage to Amsterdam. 
 
 The wind having now changed to the south, the little vessel by 
 Avhich I was fa- warded had to stay a day at the town of Enkluiyzen and 
 it t(jok us no less than three days to reach the capital of Holland. For 
 want of clothes I suffered fearfully on this passage. Fortune did not 
 smile on me at first at Amsterdam : winter had set in ; I had no coat 
 and was suffering cruelly from the cold. My intention to enlist as a 
 
lSi2.] MODE OF LEAEXIXG LANGUAGES. 9 
 
 soldier coiikl not be re.ilized so soon as I Lad imagined ; and the few 
 florins -which I liad colleeted as alms on the island of Texel and in 
 Enkhuyzen, as well as the two florins which I obtained from Mr. Quack, 
 the consul for Mecklenburg at Amsterdam, were soon spent in the tavern 
 of Mrs. Graalman in the Eamskoy at Amsterdam, where I had taken my 
 lodgings. As my means of living were entirely exhausted, I feigned 
 illness and was taken into the hospital. From this terrible situation 
 I was released by the kind shipbroker already mentioned, Mr. "Wendf 
 of Hamburg, to whom I had written from the Texel, informing him of 
 my shipwreck and my intention to try my fortune at Amsterdam. By 
 a lucky chance my letter reached him when he was sitting at a dinner 
 party with numerous friends. The account of the disaster which had 
 befallen me excited universal compassion, and a subscription which lie 
 at once raised for me produced the sum of 240 florins (£20), which he 
 sent me through Consul Quack. At the same time, he recommended me 
 to the excellent Consul-Greiieral of Prussia at Amsterdam, Mr. W. Hcpner,'* 
 who procured me a situation in the office of Mr. F. C. Quien.^ 
 
 In my new situation my work consisted in stamping bills of exchange 
 and getting them cashed in the town, and in carrying letters to and from 
 the post-oiBce. This mechanical occupation suited me, for it left me time 
 to think of my neglected education. 
 
 First of all I took pains to learn to write legiljly, and this I 
 succeeded in doing after twenty lessons from the famous calligraphist 
 Magnee, of Brussels. Afterwards, in order to improve my position, I 
 applied myself to the study of modern languages. My annual salary 
 amounted only to 800 francs (£32), half of which I spent upon my 
 studies ; on the other half I lived — miserably enough, to be sure. My 
 lodging, which cost 8 francs a month, was a wretched garret without 
 a fire, where I shivered with cold in winter and was scorched with the 
 heat in summer. My breakfast consisted of rye-meal porridge, and my 
 dinner never cost more than two-pence. But nothing spurs one on to 
 study more than misery and the certain prospect of being able to 
 release oneself from it by unremittincr work. Besides, the desire of 
 showing myself worthy of Minna created and developed in me a boundless 
 courage. I applied myself with extraordinary diligence to the study 
 of English. JSTecessity taught mo a method which greatly facilitates 
 the study of a language. This method consists in reading a great deal 
 aloud, without making a translation, taking a lesson every day, con- 
 tantly writing essays upon subjects of interest, correcting these under 
 the supervision of a teacher, learning them by heart, and repeating in 
 the next lesson what was corrected on the previous day. My memory 
 was bad, since from my childhood it had not been exercised upon any 
 object; but I made use of every moment, and even stole time for study. 
 
 s 
 
 ^ ^ly bciiefiictor J. F. Wcndfc clied in January fnunilr-r of tho house is <lrad, but bis two sons, 
 
 1856. Charles ami George Quien, who were already 
 
 ^ Consul Hepner died in 1S70. partners in the house when the author iirst 
 
 " The commercial hfiuse of I'. C. C'uien still entered it at the beginning of 18i2, are both 
 
 exists at Amsterdam, under the same name. The still alive. 
 
10 AUTOBIOGEAPHy OF THE AUTHOE. [Inteod. 
 
 In order to acquire a good pronunciation quickly, I went twice every 
 Sunday to tlie Englisli'churcli, and repeated to myself in a low voice 
 every word of the "clergyman's sermon. I never went on my errands, 
 even in the rain, without having my book m my hand and learning 
 something Ly heart ; and I never waited at the post-otfice without reading. 
 By such "methods I gradually strengthened my memory, and in three 
 months' time found no difficulty m reciting from memory to my teacher, 
 m. Taylor, in each day's lesson, word by word, twenty printed pages, 
 after having read them' over three times attentively. In this way I 
 committed to memory the whole of Goldsmith's Vicar of Wal-tfiell and 
 Sir Walter Scott's Ivmilioe. From over-excitement I slept but little, 
 and employed my sleepless hours at night in going over in my mind 
 what I had read on the preceding evening. The memory being always 
 much more concentrated at night than in the day-time, I found these 
 rrpetitioiis at night of paramount use. Thus I succeeded in acquiring 
 in half a year a thorough knowledge of the English language. 
 
 I then applied the same method to the study of French, the difficulties 
 of which I overcame likewise in another six months. Of French authors 
 I learned by heart the whole of Fenelon's Aventures de Ttlemaque and 
 Bcrnardin de Saint Pierre's Paul et Virr/inie. This unremitting study 
 had in the course of a single year strengthened my memory to such 
 a degree, that the study of Dutch, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese 
 appeared very easy, and it did not take me more than six weeks to write 
 and speak each of these languages fluently. 
 
 "Whether from my continual readings in a loud voice, or from the 
 effect of the moist air of Holland, my complaint in the chest gradually 
 disappeared during my first j'ear's residence in Amsterdam, and it has 
 never returned. But my passion for study caused me to neglect my 
 mechanical occupation in the office of Mr. F. C. Quien, especially as I 
 began to consider it beneath me. My principals would give me no 
 promotion ; they probably thought that a person who shows his in- 
 capacity for the business of a servant in an office proves thereby his 
 unfitness for any higher duties. At last, however, through the inter- 
 cession of my worthy friends, Louis Stoli ^^ of Mannheim and J. H. 
 Ballauf '^ of Bremen, I had on the 1st of March, 1844, the good fortune 
 to obtain a situation as correspondent and book-keeper in the office of 
 Messrs. B. II. Schroder & Co. of Amsterdam,' who engaged me at 
 a salary of 1200 francs (£48); but when they saw my zeal, they added 
 800 francs a year more by way of encouragement. This generosity, for 
 which I shall ever be grateful to them, was in fact the foundation of 
 
 my prosperity; for, as I thought that I could make myself still more 
 
 anguage 
 
 useful l)y a kuowL.'dge of Ifussian, I set to work to learn that la 
 also. ]-!ut the only Eussian Ijooks I could procure were an old 
 
 o^ 
 
 grammar. 
 
 " Jlr. L. StuU is still (lourishiiig at Maun- Mr. B. H. SchvoJer died in lS-19, hiit Sir Henrv 
 
 li'ini- Schroder, the same who personally engao-ed r- 
 
 " Iieceased in 1S7:;. on the 1st of Mavch, 1844, and Avho °vas t> ' 
 
 ' The lionse of IS. H. Schi'iJdei- and Co. of ali-eady a partner in the house, is still on- "-'^'j 
 
 Amsterdam still e.xists and continues to iluurish. principals. ^g „ 
 
18i6.] BEGINS BUSINESS IN liUSSIA. 11 
 
 a lexicon, and a bad translation of Lcs Avenlures do Telcmaque. In spite 
 of all my empirics, I could not find a teacher of Eussiau, since, with 
 the exception of the Russian Vice-Consul, Mr. Tannenberg, who would 
 not consent to give me lessons, there was no one in Amsterdam who 
 understood a word of the language. So I betook myself to the study 
 of it without a master, and, with the help of the grammar, I learned 
 the Eussian letters and their pronunciation in a few days. Then, 
 following my old method, I began to write short stories of my own 
 composition, and to learn them by heart. As I had no one to correct 
 my work, it was, no doubt, extremely bad ; but I tried at the same 
 time to correct my mistakes by the practical exercise of learning the 
 Eussian Aventures de TeJimaque by heart. It occurred to me that I 
 should make more progress if I had some one to whom I could relate 
 the adventures of Telemachus ; so I hired a poor Jew for four francs a ! 
 week, who had to come every evening for two hours to listen to my j 
 Eussian recitations, of which he did not understand a syllable. j 
 
 As the ceilinri-s of the rooms of the common houses in Holland consist 
 of single boards, people on the ground-floor can hear what is said in the 
 third storey. My recitations therefore, delivered in a loud voice, annoyed 
 the other tenants, who complained to the landlord, and twice while stu- 
 dying the Eussian language I was forced to change my lodgings. But 
 these inconveniences did not diminish my zeal, and in the course of six 
 weeks I wrote my first Eussiau letter to Mr. Vasili Plotuikoif, the London 
 agent for the great indigo-dealers, Messrs. M. P. N. Malutin Brothers,- at 
 Moscow, and I found myself able to converse fluently with him and the 
 Eussian merchants Matweieff and Froloff, when they came to Amsterdam 
 for the indigo auctions. After I had completed my study of the Eussian 
 language, I began to occupy myself seriously with the literatures of 
 the languages I had learned. 
 
 In January, 1846, my worthy principals sent me as their agent to ""• 
 St. Petersburg. Here, as well as in Moscow, my exertions were in the 
 very first two months crowned with the fullest success, which far ex- 
 ceeded the most sanguine expectations of my employers and myself. Ino 
 sooner had I rendered myself indispensable to Messrs. B. H. Schrtkler 
 & Co. in my new career, and thus obtained a practically independent 
 position, than I hastened to write to the friend of the Meincke family, 
 Mr. C. E. Laue of Neu Strelitz, describing to him all my adventures, / 
 and begging him to ask Minna at once for me in marriage. But, to my/ 
 horror, I received a month later the heartrending answer, that she was 
 just married. I considered this disappointment at the time as the 
 greatest disaster which corrld have befallen me, and I was for some time 
 utterly unfit for any occupation and sick in bed. I constantly recalled to 
 mind all that had passed between Minna and myself in early childhood, 
 all our sweet dreams and vast plans, for the ultimate realization of which 
 I now saw such a brilliant chance before me ; but how could I think of 
 1 
 
 " 'i.The three brothers Malutiu have been long de;id, but the commercial house continues to flourish 
 exists at *he same name. 
 
12 ArTOBIOGl^ArilY OF THE AUTIIOr,. [r^;Ti;nD. 
 
 rcalizin^c;' tlicm witliout lier participation ? Then again I bitterly accused 
 myself for not having demamled lier m marriage before proceeding to St. 
 Petersburg ; birt again I recollected that I could not havo done so without 
 exposing myself to ridicule, because while in Amsterdam I was only a 
 clerk, and my position was a dependent one, subject to the caprice of my 
 employers; besides, I was not sure of succeeding at St. Petersburg, 
 where instead of success I might have made a complete failure. I fancied 
 that neither could she bo happy with anyone else besides me, nor that 
 I could possibly ever live with another wife but her. Why then should 
 fate be so cruel as to tear her from me when, after having for sixteen 
 long years striven to reach her, I seemed at last to have succeeded in 
 attaining her? It had indeed happened to Minna and me as it often 
 happens to us in our sleep, when we dream that we are pursuing some- 
 body and can never catch him, because as often as we reach him he 
 escapes us again. I thought I could never get over the misfortune of 
 losing Minna as the partner of my life ; but time, which heals all wounds, 
 at last healed mine, so that, although I remained for years mourning 
 for her, I could at least continue my mercantile pursuits without further 
 interruption. 
 
 In my very first year at St. Petersburg my operations had already 
 been so successful, that in the beginning of 1847 I was inscribed in the 
 Guild as a wholesale merchant. But, in sjiite of my new functions, 
 I remained in connection with Messrs. B. H. Schroder and Co. of 
 Amsterdam, whose agency I kept for nearly eleven years. As I had 
 acquired in Amsterdam a thorough knowledge of indigo, my transactions 
 were almost exclusively limited to that article; and, as long as my 
 fortune was below 200,000 frs. (£8000), I never gave credit except to 
 merchants of the very first standing. Thus I had to content myself at 
 first with very small profits, but my business was a perfectly safe one. 
 
 Not having heard of my brother, Louis Seliliemann, who in the 
 beginning of 1849 had emigrated to California, I went thither in the 
 spring of 1850, and found that he was dead. Happening, therefore, to 
 be in California when, on the 4th of July, 18.50, it was made a State, and 
 all those then resident in the country became by that very fact naturalized 
 Americans, I joyfully embraced the opportunity of becoming a citizen of 
 the United States. 
 
 At the end of 1852 I established a branch-house at Moscow for 
 wholesale dealing in indigo, first under the direction of my excellent 
 agent, Mr. Alexei Matweieflf, and after his death under the direction of 
 his servant Jutcheuko, whom I raised to the dignity of a merchant of 
 the Second Guild, considering that an able servant "may easily become 
 a good director, whilst a director can never become a good servant. 
 
 As I was always overwhelmed with work at St. Petersburg, I could 
 not continue my linguistic studies there, and it was not until the year 
 1854 that I found it possible to acquire the Swedish and Polish languages. 
 Divine Providence protected me marvellously, and on more than one 
 occasion I was saved from apparently certain destruction by a mere 
 accident. All my life long I shall remember the morning of the 4th of 
 
1854.] A "WOXDEEFUL ESCAPE. 13 
 
 October, 1854. It was at tlie time of tlie Crimean war. The Enssian 
 ports being blockaded, all tlie mercliaiidise intended for St. Petersburg 
 had to be shipped to the Prussian ports of Memel or Konigsberg, thence 
 to be forwarded overland. Some hundreds of chests of indigo, as well as 
 large quantities of other goods, had been thus shipped by Messrs. J. 
 Henry Schroder & Co. of London " and Messrs. B. H. Schruder & Co. of 
 Amsterdam, on my account, by two steamers to my agents, Messrs. Meyer 
 & Co. of Slemel, to he sent on by the latter overland to St. Petersburg. 
 I had just returned from the indigo auctions at Amsterdam in order to 
 see after my goods at Memel, and had arrived late m the evening of the 
 3rd ol October at the Hotel do Prusse in Kduigsberg, when, happening 
 to look out of the window of my bedroom on the following morning, I 
 saw the following ominous inscription, written in large gilt letters on the 
 tower of the gate close by, called " das GriUie Thor :" *— 
 
 " Tultiis forhmae variatur imagine luuae, 
 Crcscit dtcrescit, coustans persiatere nescit." 
 
 Though I am not superstitious, the inscription made a profound im- 
 pression upon nic, and I was seized with a kind of panic, as though an 
 unknown disaster were hanging over me. In continuing my journey by 
 the mail-coaeh, I was horror-stricken to learn, at the first station beyond 
 Tilsit, that the whole city of Memel had been consumed on the previous 
 day by a fearful conflagration ; and I saw this but too well confirmed 
 on my arrival before the city, which resembled an immense graveyard 
 on which blackened walls and chimneys stood out like tombstones, 
 mournful monuments of the fragility of human things. Almost in despair, 
 I ran among the smouldering ruins in search of Mr. Meyer. At last 
 I found him, and asked him whether my goods were safe : by way of 
 answer, he pointed to his smouldering warehouses and said, "There they 
 are buried." The blow was tremendous : by eight and a half years' hard 
 labour m St. Petersburg I had only saved 150,000 thalers, or £22,500, and 
 this was now all lost. But no sooner had I acquired the certainty tiiat 
 I was ruined, than I recovered my presence of mind. It gave me great 
 comfort to think that I had no debts to pay, for it was only at the 
 beginning of the Crimean war, and business being then very unsafe, 
 I had bought only for cash. So I thought Messrs. Schroder of London 
 and Amsterdam would give me credit, and I felt confident that I sliould 
 make up the loss in course of time. In the evening, when on the point of 
 leaving by the mail for St. Petersburg, I was telling my misfortune to 
 the other passengers, when a bystander suddenly asked me my name, and, 
 having heard it, exclaimed : " Schliemann is the only man who has not 
 lost anything ! I am Meyer & Co.'s first clerk. Our warehouse being 
 
 " Thi? house of Messrs. J. Henrv Sclirbder leuce das Srhrutk'rsrJuj S/ift, still mannges the 
 
 ■Tml Co. of London and Hamburg, with whom I Hamburg hcaise ; bis jiartner is thi' very able 
 
 ha^-e had the good fortune to be in connection now ]\Ir. ^'og^.M■. The Lornbai hou^e is managed li}' 
 
 for thirty-four }ears, is one of the ricliest and the venerable Tiarnn .J. H. W. Scliibder, juii., 
 
 most eminent commercial houses in the waiirld. and his very able partners 'Sir. Ibairy Tiarks 
 
 The senim- jiartner, the venerable Baron John and i\Ir. von der Jfcden. 
 
 Henrv von .Schruder. now ninet\--si\- \'ears (dd, "^ d'his gate was ])ullei.l down in Angu>t 13G4-, 
 
 the ibnndcr of the celebrated house of beucvo- in consei|uence of munic,i[ial in]|irovements. 
 
14 AUTOEIOGr,AriIY OF THE AUTHOR. [Inteod. 
 
 crammed full of goods wlicn the steamers arrived with his merchandise, 
 wo were obliged to build close to it a wooden barrack, in which all his 
 property lies perfectly safe." 
 
 The sudden transition from profound grief to great joy is difficult to 
 bear without tears : I was for some mmutes speechless ; it seemed to 
 me like a dream and incredible that I alone should have escaped unhurt 
 from the universal ruin. Ikit so it was. The strangest thing was that 
 the fire had originated in Meyer & Go.'s stone warehouse, at the northern 
 extremity of the town, whence, owing to a furious gale which was blowing 
 from the" north at the time, the flames rapidly spread over the whole 
 city; whereas, under the protection of the same storm, the wooden 
 barrack remained unhurt, though it was not more than a couple of 
 yards north of the warehouse. My goods having thus been preserved, 
 I speedily sold them to great advantage; turned the money over and 
 over again ; did a large business in indigo, dyewoods, and war material 
 (saltpetre, brimstone, and lead) ; and, as capitalists were afraid to do 
 much business during the Crimean war, I was able to realize large 
 p)rofits, and more than doubled my capital in a single year. I was 
 greatly assisted in my transactions during the Crimean war by the great 
 tact and ability of my agent, my dear friend Mr. Isidor Lichtenstein, 
 senior, partner in the house of Messrs. Marcus Cohn & Son at Ivonigs- 
 berg, and his junior partner, Mr. Ludwig Leo, who forwarded all my 
 transit goods to me with a promptitude really wonderful. 
 
 My wish to learn Greek had always been great, but liefore the 
 Crimean war I did not venture upon its study, for I was afraid that this 
 language would exercise too great a fascination over me and estrange 
 me from my commercial business ; and during the war I was so over- 
 whelmed with work, that I could not even read the newspapers, far 
 less a book. When, however, in .lanuary 1S5G, the first tidings of peace 
 reached St. Petersburg, I was no longer able to restrain my desire to 
 learn Greek, and at once set vigorously to work, taking first as my teacher 
 Sir. Nicolaos Pappadakes and then Mr. Theokletos Vimpos, both from 
 Athens, where the latter is now archbishop. I again faithfully followed 
 my old method ; but in order to acquire quickly the Greek vocabulary, 
 which seemed to me far more difficult even than the Russian, I procured 
 a modern Greek translation oiPaid ct Virgiui,', and read it through, com- 
 paring every word with its equivalent m the French original^ Vlien 
 I had finished this task, I knew at least one-half the Greek words the 
 book contained, and after repeating the operation I knew them all, or 
 nearly so, without having lost a single minute by being obliged to use a 
 dictionary. In this manner it did not take me more than six weeks 
 to master the difficulties of modern Greek, and I next applied myself 
 to the ancient language, of which in three months I learned sufficient 
 to understand some of the ancient authors, and especially Homer, whom 
 I read and re-read with the most lively enthusiasm. 
 
 I then occupied myself for two years exclusively with the literature 
 of ancient Greece ; and during this time I read almost all the classical 
 authors cursorily, and tlie Iliad and OiJij»s,:ij several times. Of the 
 
1856-57.] STUDY OF CtEEEK AXD LATIX. 15 
 
 Greek grammar, I learned only tlie declensions and the yerbs, and 
 never lost my precious time in studying its rnles ; for as I saw tliat 
 boys, after being troubled and tormented for eiglit years and more in 
 schools with the tedious rules of grammar, can nevertheless none of them 
 write a letter in ancient Greek without making hundreds of atrocious 
 blunders, I thought the method pursued by the schoolmasters must be 
 altogether wrong, and that a thorough knowledge of the Greek grammar 
 could only be obtained by practice, — that is to say, by the attentive 
 reading of the prose classics, and by committing choice pieces of them to 
 memory. Following this very simple method, I learnt ancient Greek as 
 I would have learnt a living language. I can write in it with the greatest 
 fluency on any subject I am acquainted with, and can never forget it. 
 I am perfectly acquainted with all the grammatical rules without even 
 knowing whether or not they are contained in the grammars ; and when- 
 ever a man finds errors in my Greek, I can immediately prove that I am 
 right, by merely reciting jpassages from the classics where the sentences 
 employed by me occur. ^ 
 
 Meanwhile my mercantile affairs in St. Petersburg and Moscoav went 
 on steadily and favourably. I was very cautious in my business ; and 
 although I received severe blows du.ring the fearful commercial crisis 
 of 1857, they did not hurt me much, and even in that disastrous year 
 I made, after all, some profits. 
 
 In the summer of 1858 I renewed with my friend. Professor Ludwig 
 von Muralt,'' in St. Petersburg, my study of the Latin language, which 
 had been interrupted for nearly twenty-five years. Now that I knew 
 both modern and ancient Greek, I found the Latin language easy enough, 
 and soon mastered its difficulties. 
 
 I therefore strongly recommend all directors of colleges and schools 
 to introduce the method I have followed ; to do away with the 
 abomin.able English pronunciation of Greek, which has never been in 
 use outside of England ; to let children first be taught modern Greek 
 by native Greek professors, and only afterwards begin ancient Greek 
 
 '^ I hear with pleasure from my honoiireJ little conceive how an)' one could make a good 
 friend I'rofessor Rudolf Vircliow of Berlin, that Greek translation without a literal knowledge of 
 he learned the classical languages in a similar Buttmann's Grammar, that he openly accused me 
 way ; he writes to me on the subject as follows : of deceit ; even when in spite of all his vigilance 
 " Up to my thirteenth year I took private lessons he could not detect me in any illicit expedient, 
 in a small Pomeranian town. My last teacher he nevertheless pursued me with his suspicions 
 there was the second clergyman, whose custom until my excuncn abitarientis. At this he ex- 
 was to make me translate and write a great deal amiued me out of the Greek text o( the New 
 extemporaneously ; on the other hand, he did not Testament j and, when I passed successfully, ho 
 let me learn by heart a single grammatical rule in declared to the assembled teachers, who unani- 
 the stricter sense of the word. In this way the mously bestowed upon me a favourable tes- 
 learning of the ancient languages afforded me so timony, that he had to decide against me, shice 
 much pleasure, that I also very frequently made I did not possess the maturity of morals re- 
 translations for myself which had not been set quired for the University. Fortunately tins 
 me as a task. When I was sent to the Gymnasium protest remained without elfect. Having passed 
 at Coslin, the director was so highly pleased with the examination, I sat down in my room and 
 my Latin that, until my departure from the learned Italian without any assistance." 
 school, I remained his particular favourite. On " Professor von Muralt is now living at Lau- 
 the other hand, the teacher of Greek, Professor sanne, in Switzerland. 
 Giieben, who had studied theology, could so 
 
K; AUTOIUOGRAI'IIY (W 'i'lll'l Airi'IIOIi. [Introd. 
 
 when tlioy ran spcuk and write ilio modorii laii^nngo with fliU'iicy, wliii-Ii 
 it can liai-dly taI<o tlicm iiioro tliaii wix moiilJis to dn. Tlic Haiac pi-i)f<'HSors 
 can tcacli tlic ancicjit ]ajj<j;ua,t;-o, and liy rnllowinf^- my metliod tlmy will 
 enable intelligent Ijuys to master all itn didii'nlties in a year, k.o tLat 
 they will not only Icai'ii it as a Jivinj^- lan£,nia,ft-e, Imt will also understand 
 the ancient (dassics, and Ijo able to write ilnently on any subject they are 
 acquainted with. 
 
 This IS no idle tlieory, but a stul.born hct, wliieh therefore ouglit to 
 be listened to. It is a cruel injiistiec to inilict for years upon an 
 unhappy pu]iil a lan;;iia;4e of whi(di, when lie ]ca,ves eolh'g'e, as a !.;eneral 
 rule ho knows hardly more than wlicn ho Jirst began to learn it. The 
 causes of this inisera,ble result ar<', in the first place, the arbitrary and 
 atrocious pronunciation of (dreek usual in J'^nglaiid ;' and in tlie se<-o]id 
 place the erroneous method employed, according to wdiieh the pu})ils learn 
 to disregard the accents entirely, and to consider them as mere impiodi- 
 ments, whereas the accents constitute a most im])ortant a,uxiliary in 
 learning the language. AVhat a happy effect would lie p)roduced on 
 general education, and what an enormous stimulus would Ijo given to 
 Bcientific jmrsults, if int(dligent youths could oljtain in eiglite^en monllis 
 a thorough knowledge of modern (ircek, and of f,]iat most liea,utiful, 
 most divine, and most sonorous language, wliich "\va,s spoki'ii by Jlomer 
 and Plato, and could learn the latter as a living tongue, so as never 
 to forget it ! And Jiow efi,sil3% at how small an expense, could the 
 change be ma,de ! (ireece abounds with highly-educated men, ^vho have 
 a thorough knowledge nl' the language of their ancestors, wdio ai-e jier- 
 fectly ac(|ua,iiited with all the classics, and who would gladly and at 
 moderatij salaries accept places in England or America. How gri.'atly 
 tlie knowledge of modern Greek assists the stud(3nt in mastering ancient 
 Greek I e,ould not illustrate better than by the fai:t, that I have seen here 
 in AtliCiis o[rice-cli;rks who, feeling no inclination i'or commerce, have 
 left the counting-house, settled down to study, and been abh; in four 
 months' time to understand Homer, and (;ven Thucydides. 
 
 Latin should, in my opinion, be taught not lud'ore, but after, Greelv. 
 
 In tlie yeiii- 1 X.^iS I Ihought I had money enougli, and wished io retire 
 I'rom commerciad jmrsuils. I tiavidled in Sweden, Diuinuirk, fbu'iiiany, 
 Italy, and I'jgypt, where I sailed up tlie Nile as fa,r as tlie Second 
 dataracts. I a,vaa]ed myself of tliis opportunity lo h'arn Arabie, and 
 I afterwards ii'avelh'd across tlie desert iVoni Cairo to Jerusalem. I 
 vruted I'etra, and traversed tlie whole of Syria; and in this manner had 
 abundant <ipporl nnil y of acfjuiring a jjraetieal kiiowledg(! of Arabie, the 
 deeper study of wdii(di I continued afterwards in St. iNdersbiii'!''. After 
 h;aving Syiia, I visileil Smyrna, tlie Cyclades, and Athens, in tlie summer 
 of Jo.jl), and I was on the point of starting for tin; island ot Itlaica Asiu'ii 
 
 ' 'I'd s;iy i.nr l'-:i:.t, CrrrU \v;is ]iroiMinliri;il in l;i(:,;,i:ill jut :vA i.liry .'irr iitiw ] jniDmi iicc'il 
 
 S'.IJ yours .■i'j;o |,]Tri,.,.|\ :,:, it i,, ii.iw in ( nTfrc, in Crc. ■(■!■. Tin- .sinir ni;iy 1,,^ ijii,| nl | |n' ( ; n,,.]- 
 
 ■,u,r-^ 1,11 111- ')i-"l; word, l,.,n,«v>iil l-ytin: ii.'inii-, « liirii .irmr i n t li.' rninnrurni in;,,-,ij,|,i,,„s 
 
 l;n..i;ili ]:in'..^n:n_^'', wln'ti in tliSS A.K. laT,..i:l (jl tiuj tinn; ijl ihu Si;lL'Heii.l.-.. 
 
 .■ilM|,l.rl tin; Crrrk )i:l I ._;inn, :u.; pnii n. r I 
 
jy,;:;.] r.ETIKlJS FKOM I'.USIXESS. 17 
 
 1 ',vas sc-izijil witli fever. At the same 'time I received iiifiirmatlou from 
 St. Peterslmrg tliat a merehant, ■\[r. Stepaii Sulovieff, vrlio Lad failed, 
 uwiiiL; nie a largo sum of runney, aud with whoui I had agreed that he 
 shnuld repay it in the course of four years hy annual instalments, not 
 iinlv had imt made his iirst payment, h>it had hrought a suit against mc 
 ill the Ciimmercial Court. I tlierehire hurried hack to St. Petersluirg, 
 was cured of fever by the change of air, and promptly gained my cause. 
 J'.ut my antagonist appealed to tin;' Senate, where no hiwsuit can Le 
 terminated in less than three and a half or four years; and iiiv presence 
 oil tlie spot being neeessary, I v, -ut into hiismess oucq more, niueh iM_'aiii^t 
 niv Will, and e)n a much larger scale than lirfore. j\[y imports I'roiii Mux 
 to October ISCO reached as high a sum as iJoOO.OnO. ]!c...iihvq indigo and 
 cdive oil, I also in IS (J mid iSiJl eiuh.irkeil largcdy in ctton, wliudi gave 
 great profits, owing to the Civil A\'ar in the United States of America, and 
 the blockade of the Southern jiorts. ]»iit when cotton bi came too dear, 
 I ubandoned it, and in its stead v.-eiit into tea, the importation of which 
 bv sea was permitted from Slay 18i;i> and onwards. 3Iy first tea ijrder to 
 I\Iessrs. J. Henry Schroder and Co. of London was for oO chests ; and 
 ■ wlien these were advantageously disposc'd of, I imjiorted lOOl), and after- 
 wards 4000 and GOOO chests. I also bought of :\rr. J. E. Gunzburg of St. 
 Pi'ti'rsburg, Vilio was withdrawing from the traile in goods, his whole 
 stock of tea, at a cheap rate, and ,L;aiiied in the first six months £7000 
 on my transactions in that commodity, ]'iut when in the winti?! of 
 1802-1803 the insurrecti(Ui broki/ out in Poland, ,aiid the Jews, profiting 
 liy the disonler then prc'vailiiig there, smugcjled immense quantities of 
 fi'a into Piussia, I could not stand this competition, being obliged to ]iay 
 the high imprirt duty. I fle'i-efore retired a^ain from the tea trade, 
 but it took me a long time to sell at a small profit the r,(j(l(l chests vduch 
 liai] remained on mv hands. Put niv staple eommoditv akvavs remained 
 indigo; for, as I knew the article well, and was always favoured liy 
 ?.Iessrs. John Henry Schroder and Co. of London with choice and cheap 
 Jiurchases, and as I also imported large (jualitities direct from Calcutta, 
 and never confided the sale of indigo to clerks or servants, as otliers 
 did, but always stood myself in my wareliouse, and sliow(.'d and S(dd it 
 jiersoually and wholesale to the indigo dealers, I had no compidition to 
 fear, and my net profit on this article was on an average .-fl0,(llllj annually, 
 with G per cent, interest on the capital employed. 
 
 Heaven continued to bless all my mercantile undertakings in a won- 
 derful manner, so that at the end c:f ISt;:"! I fiuind myself lu possession 
 of a fortune such as my ambition had never ventured to aspire to. Put 
 in the midst of tliG Imstle of business I never forgot 1'roy, m- the agree- 
 ment I had made wdtli my father and ]\Iimia m PS'In to excava.te it. I 
 l'">v((l money imleeil, but solely as the means of realizing this great idea 
 of my life. Pesides, I had recommenced business much against my will, 
 and merely in order to have some occupation and distra(dion ^^hlle the 
 ("■'dions lawsuit with the merchant wdio had attaclieil nu; v>as ,L;oing fui. 
 ^\ hen therefore his apjieal had been rejected by the Siuiate, and 1 had 
 received from him the last payment, in December 1803, I began to liijui- 
 
IS ri;ELIJIINAI!y INVESTIGATIONS. [Intkod. 
 
 date my busincs;-!. But before Jevotiip:' mvRolf entirclv to arcliicoloo-v 
 1111(1 to the roii.lization of the dreain of my life, I wisbi'd to see a littbi 
 more of the worM. So I started in Apri!, liSli4, for Tunis, to investigate 
 tlic ruins of Carthage, and went thence, liy -way of Egypt, to India. I 
 visited in succession the island of Ceylon, IMadras, Calcutta, Ijeiiarcs, 
 Agia, Lncknow, Delhi, tho Himalaya i\rountains, Singapore, and the 
 island of Java, and stayed for two months in China, where I visited Iloiig 
 KoiiL', Cantiin, Aiiioy, Fiiochoo, Shanghai, Tin-Sin, Peking, and the Great 
 Wall. I Ihen v.cnt to Yokohama and Jeddo in Japan, and thence crossed 
 thi:> Pacilic Ccean in a small English vess(d to San Francisco in California. 
 (Jnr jiassa^e lasted lifty days, which I eni])loyed in writing my first work, 
 L,i Cliiiir (I Ir Jiijiivi." From Sau Francisco I went, by way of Nicaragua, 
 to thi:' Eastern United States, travelled tlirough most of them, visited 
 Itavannah and thr> city of Mexico, aiel m tlie spring of LSiiij settled down 
 ill I'uris to study arch:ecilogy, henceforth with no other interruption than 
 shiirt trips to America. 
 
 § II. FiKsT Visits to Itii.vca, the PEi.or(.'Xxr;srs, and Tkoy : 
 
 ISfJS, 1S70. 
 
 At last I wa.s able to realize tlie dream of my life, and to visit at my 
 leisure the scene id' those events whiedi had always had such an intense 
 interest for me, and tlic' country of the lun'oes whosi; adventures liad 
 delielited and cumforteil my (dnldhood. I started theretore, in April 
 ISiiS, by way of Pmiie and Naples, for Corfu, Cephalonia. and Ithaca. 
 This fiiiKiUs island I investigated cari'fully ; Init the only excavati(uis I 
 made there Were m the so-called Casth.' (d' Ulysses, on the ti)p of ]\Ii)Uiit 
 AtMiis. I fmnd tla; local idiaracter of Ithaca to agi-ec perfectly with tlie 
 imlieations of (be f_A/;/sNrv, alio shall have occasion to describe this island 
 more fully in the subsenueiit pages. 
 
 I alterwards visited the Peloponnesus, and particularly examined the 
 ruins et' .Mvci'iiae, where it appeared to mi' that the passa'_;e in Pausanias'' 
 III wloi b the liii\al Sepulchres are mentioned, and which has now lu'coiue 
 so taiiiiiiis, bad lieeii wrongly interpreted ; and tliat, contrary to the general 
 Ijeliel', those tiuiibs Were nut at all understood by that wrili r to lie in the 
 IdWer twuii, but in tlie Aeriipelis itself. I visited Athens, and started 
 fnim the Piraeus fu' the 1 Jardamdles, whence I wr'iit to the villai^'i' ef 
 Pnunarbaslii, at the southern extremity of tlie Plain nf Troy. P.llllnarlla^-b i, 
 tneelber With the rocky heights behind it, called the Pali l>aL,di, bad until 
 then. III rinnl /mrs. been uliuost universally considered til be the site III 
 till- Il'iiiierie lliuiii; the springs at the fent of that villa'^e baviii'_,' been 
 ri'Ljarded as the two springs mentiiined by Iloiuer,'" mie ui wbieli sml 
 forth ^^■;irnl, tlie etjier enld water. Put, instead of only two springs. 1 
 biiinil tbirty-fiiiir, and pmbalily there are birty, the sit" nl' them lieing 
 called liy the Turks Kirk-fiios, — that is to say, " forty eyes ;" nnirenver, 
 I found in all the sprin:j;s a niiifirm teinperatiire of 17' centigrade, 
 equal to frJ'-O Fahrenheit; In aiblition to tins, the distance of I'ouiiar- 
 
 Paris, 1800, I.ibr.iirie Ccutr ilc. » I'aus. ii. 10, § 4. " II. .>;.\ii. 147-1.:'G. 
 
ISOH.] BOUXARBASin. 19 
 
 1in-;lii froin tlic Hellespont is, in a straight lino, eight miles, \Yhilst all the 
 inilicatidiis (if the Iliad seem to prove that the distance hetv>een Ilium 
 ,111(1 the Ilelhspont was hut very short, hardly exceeding three miles. 
 Xor would it have licen possihle for Achilles to have pursued Hector in 
 tlie plain round the v.'alls of Troy, had Troy stood on the summit of 
 iMiiinarha^hi. I was tlicrefon' at once convinced tliat tlie HoUKnic city 
 could not possihly have heen here. Nevertheless, I wished to investigate 
 so iiiiportiiut a matter hy actual excavations, and took a numlier of work- 
 men to sink ]iits in hundr(-'ds of dilferent places, Letween the forty sjjrings 
 and tlie extremity of the heights. Lnt at the syirings, as Well as in 
 r.ounarliaslu and evci-ywhere else, I found only pure virgin soil, and struck 
 tlic r((ck at a very small d.ptli. At the southern enil of the In-iglits alone 
 (here are soiiK.' ruins ludonging to a very small fortified placr, which I 
 litdil with the learned archniMilogist. my friend i\rr. Frank Calvert, United 
 States Vice-Consul at the Dardanelles, to he identical with the ancient 
 citv uf (lergis. Here the late Austrian Consul, tr. vou Halm, uiade S(3me 
 excavations, in 5Iay LSli-l:, in company v>ith the astronomer Sidimidt, of 
 Atliens. The average dc|4li of the tJ.lrrui v.-as found not to exceed a foot 
 and a half; and Yon Haliri, as well as myself, discovered there (Uily Irag- 
 mcuts of inferior Hellenic })ottery of the jMacedoiiian time, and not a 
 single relic of archaic pottery. The walls too of this little citaihd, in 
 which so many great luminari(;s of arclnt'ology have recognized the walks 
 of Priam's Pergamus, lurve Ixcn erroneously calleil Cyidopean. 
 
 I'ounarliashi having thus given negati\'e results, 1 next carefully 
 (■xamin(.'d all the heights to the right and let't of the Trojan Plain, 
 hut mv researches hore no fruits until I came to the site of the city 
 called hy Straho iSew Ilium,' whi'di is at a distance of only tlirce miles 
 fj-oin the Hellespont, and perfectly answers in this, as widl as in all 
 other respects, to the topographical requirements r.f the Iliad. I\[y 
 partieu.lar attc'ution was attra(-teil to the spot hy the imjiosing piosition 
 and natural fortifications of the hill called Hiss.vui.ik, whicli liuuiied the 
 north-western corner of Xovum Ilium, and seemed to mo to mark the 
 site of its Acnipolis as widl as of the Pergamus of Piiam. According 
 to the measurement of mv friend i\I. Eniile Lurnouf, honorary dinv.dor of 
 the French School at Athens, the elevation of this hill is •i'..)"--io nn.'trcs 
 or lG2ft. nhovc the level of the sea. 
 
 In a hole dug here at random hy two villagers, some twr'utv-five years 
 ago, on the brink of the northern slope, in a part of the hill which 
 hfdongcd to two Turks of Konm-Kaleh. there was found a small treasure 
 of ahout P200 silver staters of Antiochus III. 
 
 The first recent writer v,ho asserted the identity of Ilissarlik with the 
 Homeric Troy was Jlaclaren.- He showed hy the most conviiudng argu- 
 ments that Troy could never have heen on the heights of Pouiiarhashi, 
 and that, if it ever existed, Hissarlik must mark its site. But already 
 
 ' ^h\ to (ISO hi> fx.ict [)ll^.'^^e, "the presunt - I>is.^rrt'iti''n on Vic Tnpo.;i;jp]ri nf tlie Plain 
 
 ' '." the Ilium "(' hii (l.-iv, TO fvy "lAioy, i) of 7';("/, tMinl)iir!,'li, ISJli; ,iinl The I'lam of 
 
 "iy TTu.Vis, Tu ar]p.(pii'l,i>''\\iov. Tmu dacr,',, ,J^ tM;nljui\'h, lSiJ3. 
 
20 PEELniTXAIlY INYESTir.ATIOXS. [I.xTnor.. 
 
 before him, Dr. Edw. Dan. Clarke^ had decdarcd himself n.ij;ainst rMiuiiar- 
 hashi, and thought that the Homeric city had hecn at the viHage of 
 Chihhik, a theory afterwards adopted hy P. Barker Webb.'' Such weighty 
 authorities as (leorge (_Trote,-' Julius ISraun,'' and Gustav von Eekeii- 
 breeher,' have also declared in favour of liissarlik. Mr. Frank (.'alvert 
 further, wlio began by npholding the theory wdiich placed Troy at 
 Bouiiarbashi, became, through the arguments of the above writers, and 
 particularly, it appears, through tliose of JIaclarcn and Barker Webb, a 
 convert tri the Truy-IIissarlik theory and a valiant champion of it. lie 
 owns nearly one-half of Hissarlik, and in two small ditches he had dug on 
 his property he had la-ou'j;ht to light behu-e my visit some remains of the 
 ^lacediiuian and liomau periiuis ; as well as part of the wall of Hellenic 
 masiniry, v.diich, according to I'lufareh (in his Life of Alexander), was 
 built by Lysimachns. I at once decided to commence excavations here, 
 and announced this intention in the work Ithnqne, le relopcmn ,-:i' it Troie, 
 winch 1 puldislu'd at the end uf ISIIS." Having sent n copy of this work, 
 together with n dissertation in ancient Greek, to the University of liostock, 
 that learned body honoured nie with the diploma of Doctor of Philosophy. 
 AVith unremilting zeal I have ever since endeavoured to show myself 
 udfthy (if the dignity cnni'erred on me. 
 
 In the beiik ref'rred to I iiieutidiied ('p. fi?) fliat, according to my 
 intei-pii'tation (d' the jaissage id' P-usanias (ii. IG, § 4) in which he 
 spe.il;s uf the Sejiulchre^ at Mycenae, the Poyal Tombs must bo looked 
 fir in the Acrnp(dis itself, and not in the lovrer tnwn. As this intor- 
 pretatieui id' mine was in oppositiiiu to that of all other scdiolurs, it wag 
 at the time refused a hearing ; now, however, tliat in lS7Li I have actu- 
 ally fniind tliese sepulchres, with their immense treasures, on the very 
 site iiiilicated by me, it would si;em that my critics were in the wrong 
 and net niysidf. 
 
 r!icuiii>tances obliged me to remain nearly the whole of the year 
 lSi;',l in till"' I'nited States, and it was thend'ore only in A])ril 187t) 
 that I was able to return to Hissarlik and make a jiridiiuinary lAcavatioii, 
 111 cinlei td ti'st the depth to v,hi:di the artificial sml extended. I made it 
 at the niirth-western corner, in a place where the hill had increased 
 coiisid.eiabiy in si/,1"', and where, coiisenueiitly, the accuiaulatinn of ih'liris 
 of the Ileljeiiii' periiid was Very great. Hence it was mily aftir digging 
 Id ft. b^dnw the surfiee, that I laid bare a wall .d' huge stones, Ce', fl. 
 thick, whiidi, as my later excavations liavo shown, belonged to a tower 
 of the ."\[ac(.doliiali epoeli. 
 
 = /■■.,'.- ei .■,,r/. '1^ r,,.,„(//.s .a" /.'re-"//.-, .l:/'!, Z.-itnll.r. \\,:\.\':\\„:x'-. IR.'-r,- ] S.'.S, ii. ,,],. '2i\C.- 
 
 and Afi-f I : i.nn-lnn, ISii'. '.T-l-. 
 
 ' T"i";<:ii.h:,: drl, 7,.. :./.■: Paris, 1^-14, ■ /),;■ I.., j • ,1^ /l.j,i,,-n\r',cii Trojn ; fiiissol- 
 
 '- Ih-t. <r Orr,;;-; Ith c^llt. l.undnn, 1S72, i. ilnif, 1875. 
 pp. r;ii:., :;ili;. » in rrciirh, pnl.li^hr l liv C. Ilrinunll, ]:. riKV 
 
 ' Ijcfrliirlit'' thr Kiinft in ihr, in Eni nrldiin I'- di'i Saints I'i'its, I'.uis ; in (jLTuian, h)- F. A. 
 
 ga>,je, WifbaJ'Ti, ISJiJ ; and llomrr 'jiiU ii-m I'.rock liaus, L'.-ipiig. 
 
1371.] FIRST TEAR'S EXCAVATIONS AT TROY. 21 
 
 § III. FiKST Year's "\Voiik at Hissaklik : 1871. 
 
 In order to carry on more oy.tcusivo excavations I needed a firman 
 from tlie Sublime Porte, wliich I only obtained in September 1871, 
 throni:;!! tbe kind offices of my friends the United States Minister 
 llcsideut at Constantinoi)le, 5[r. Wyne ]\rcVeagh, and tlio late dragoman 
 uf the United States Legation, 'Mv. John V. Brown. 
 
 At lengtli, on the li7tli of September, I made my v.-av to the Darda- 
 nelles, together with my wife, Sophia Sclilieiuaun, who is a native of 
 Athens and a warm adiuiriT of Ilnmer, and wiio, with glad enthusiasm, 
 jniued me in executing tlie ;,a-eat wmk which, nearly half a century ago, 
 mv childish simjilicity had aL^r.M.'d iqnui with my father and planned with 
 3Iiniia. ]iut we met with evrr-recurring ditliculties on the part ot the 
 Turkish authorities, and it v.-as m>t until the lltli of October that we 
 could fLiirly commence our work. There being no other shelter, we were 
 obligi d to live in the neighbouring Tuikish village of Childak, a mile and 
 a quarter from Hissarlik. After working with an average number of 
 eighty laliourers daily up to the 2-itli of November, we were compelled, 
 to cease the excavations for the winter. But during that interval we had 
 Iji.'cn able to make a large tren(di on the face of the sfi'r;p iKirthern slope, 
 and to dig down to a depth of S'i It. belnw tlie surhice of the lull. 
 
 Vt'c first found there the remains ol the later Ae(jlic Ilium, which, 
 on an average, reached to a depth of G^ ft. Uiifnrtunatel.y v;o wure 
 (ibliged to destroy the foundations of a buildiiiL', o'.lft. long and loft, 
 broad, of large wrought stems, which, liy tlic' inscri[)tiiiiis found in or 
 close to it, which will be given m the chaptrr on the Greek Ilium, seems 
 to have Iieen the I'ouleuterion or Si.-iiate House. Below these Hellenic 
 ruins, and to a depth of about 13 ft., the Ji'lris contained a few stones, 
 and some very coarse hand-made pottery. iJelow this stratum I came to 
 a large numljer of house-walls, of unwrought stones cenientud with earth, 
 and, for the first time, met witli immense quantities of stone implements 
 and saddle-querns, together with more coarse hand-made pottery. From 
 aliout '20 ft. to Soft, bekiw the surface, nothing v/as fouiul but calcined 
 (h'l)-is, immense masses of sun-dried or slightly-baked bricks and house- 
 walls of the same, numbers of saddle-qnerns, but fewer stone implements 
 of other kinds, and much better hand-made pottery. At a depth of 30 ft. 
 and 33 ft. we discovered fragments of house-walls of large stones, many 
 of them rudely hewn ; we also came upon a great many very large blocks. 
 The stones of these house-walls appeared as if they had been separated 
 from one another by a violent earthquake. My instrnments for excavating 
 were very imperfect : I had to work with only pickaxes, wooden shovels, 
 baskets, and eight wheelbarrows. 
 
 § IV. Seconb YEAr.'s Work at Hissarlik: 1872. 
 
 I returned to Hissarlik with my wife at the end of March 1872, 
 and resumed the excavations witli 100 workmen. But I was soon able 
 to increase the number of my labourers to 130, and had often even 
 150 men at work. I was now well prepared for the work, having been 
 
00 
 
 XAKiiATivr; riF work at troy. 
 
 [IxTI'.dD. 
 
 pvi)viilc(l liy my liiniourcil frioiuls, Jlcssrs. Joliii llCury Scliruder i.'(' C'>. 
 of Lii}iiloii, v.itli tlir vi'i'v lit'st Kuylisli whcclliiin-ows, jiickuxcs, uiul 
 spailc'-;, iiiiil liiiviii',; iilso jinH-iu'cil thri'e ovci'scci's and an I'ligiucer, Jlr. 
 A. Laurent, to luako tin: maps ami plans. The last rcrL'ivrd monthly 
 t'20, tlii^ c)vcrsi'(i-s .to cacli, and my stTvunt £7 -In.; whilst th'"' daily 
 waters id' niv common lahourcrs were 1 tr. Sll c, or ahout IS pi.'uce 
 sterliu^c. I now built on the top of Hissavlik a wooden house, with three 
 roiims and a luagaziue, kitchen, i,l'c., and eo\"ered the buildings with 
 waterproof felt to protect theui from the ruin.''' 
 
 
 ?^'" '^■^^ 
 
 =„.j??w,4't^ 
 
 ^;R=fr>-';ri-= 
 
 .Nti, 1. 'liuj da M:i:i Iri.iu K'ouoi Kiii, in Juul- 1>;9. 
 
 On the stei'p ni)rtliern slope of Hissarlik, wdiich rises at an angle 
 ef 1") , and at a perpendicular depth of dliJ, ft. Ixdow the surface, I 
 duu' "Ut a platfuiu 2'!o ft. wide, and fniiid there an linuienso number of 
 pnr~iiniius snakes; among them remarkably numenms specimens of the 
 small lirnwu adder called antdijn (avTi'jXiov), which is hardly thiidier 
 than a;i (arthwiu'iu, and gets its name from tlie vulgar belief, that the 
 person bitten liv it lUilv sui'vives till sunset. 
 
 1 lir,-t sti'uek the reid; at a depth of alioiit ■"-:"! ft. ladow the surface of 
 the hill, liud tnuud tin; lowest stratum id' artificial soil to consist of very 
 coMipMet ./(///-/s of houses, as hard as stone, ami Iniuse-walls of small 
 pioe, , ,il' uir;, roULjht or vc'ry rudely 'ut limestone, put to;_;ether so that 
 the' Joint betwei'u two of the stijiies ill a lowi'i' layer IS always eriviU'eil liy 
 a. siliude --tone HI tile eourse abo\-e It. This lowest stratum was succeedeil 
 by ho,i~e-walls built of biri,". liine-tone blocks, ;;( iierally iinwrought, but 
 olteii rudi Iv cut into ^omethillg resemlding a i|iiadraiej;ular shape. Some- 
 time.; I e.iiiie upon laree masses of sucli massive blocdcs lyiii'^ elose upon 
 one another, and having all the ajifiearaiice (d' being the broken v.'alls 
 of some lar.i^o building. There is no trace (d' a, eeiieral eonllagratioii, 
 either in this straliim of buililings luiilt wulli lar;j-i; stones or in the 
 lowest layer of ih'lns ; indee.l, the multitudinous shells lound ni these 
 tv,-o lowe.^t strata arc uninjured, whhdi sutliciently proves that they have 
 not been exposed to a. great heat. I found in these two lowest strata the 
 
 ^ Tlic-se h('Usos ,irc -'i u in tlu' vi.. wi on the sub^fuLient ]ifig'-'^, N"- a ''H ]'■ -'-', •,'^c 
 
1ST2.] SECOXD YEAirS K XCAVATIOXS. 23 
 
 sniiic stone implements as before, but the pottery n diHerent. Tlir 
 piittory ditlers also from that in the upper strata. 
 
 As tlie cutting of tlie great platf.inii uu the north si.le of ITissarlik 
 n.lvaneed but slowly, I begun on the 1st of 3Iny a secoud large trench 
 from the south .suU' ; but the slnpe huiug tliore but sli.u'ht, 1 was forced 
 to give it a dip of 1-1 . I here brouglit lo liylit, near the surface, ;, 
 pretty bastu.n, composed of largo blocks of limestone, wliicli may dato 
 from the time of Lysimachus. The southern part of ITissarHk has been 
 formed principally by the ch'hris of th.- later or Novum Ilium, and for 
 this reason Greek antu]_unies are found here at a much gi eater deptli than 
 on the top of the lull. 
 
 As it was luy object to excavate Tuov, whudi I expected to find 
 in one ot tlie lower cities, I ^vas tVu-ced to demolish many interesting 
 ruins m tlie upper strata; as, for example, at a depth of "20 ft. below 
 the surface, the ruins of a pre-liistorie buildin;,' luft. high, the walls 
 of which c. insisted of hewn blocks of luuestoiie jierfectly smonth and 
 cemented with iday. The buihlmg evidently belonged to the fourth of 
 the enormous strata of ih'liris in succession from the virgin soil ; and 
 it, as cannot be doubted, cacli stratum represents the ruins (if a distinct 
 city, it lielon,u:ed to the fourth city. It resteil on the calcined bricks and 
 other J/hrii; of the third city,'" the latter being apparently marked by 
 the ruins of four ditlerent Jiouses, which had succeeded each other on 
 the site, and of which the lowest had been founded on remnants of 
 walls or loose stiuies of the second citv. I was also lorced to destroy 
 a small channel made of green samlsteiie, S m. liroad and 7 in. deep, 
 wdiicli I found at a depth of about oil ft. lielov; the surface, and v, Inch 
 pr(dialdy siuwed as the gutter of a house. 
 
 Witii the consent of 'My. Frank f'alvert, i also began on the liOth 
 of June, with the help of seventy labiuircrs, to excavate in his tiefl on 
 the north side of Hissarlil:,'' where, close to my large platform and at a 
 lierjiendicular dejith of 40 ft. below the plateau of the hill, I diiL,' out 
 of its slojie another platfeirm, about 10'.) t't. broad, witli an ufiper ter- 
 race and side galleries, in order to lacilitate the removal of the diliris. 
 No sooner had I commenced the \york than I struek against a marble 
 triglyph with a splendid metope, representing Plioelms Apollo and the 
 four liorses of the Sun.'- This triglyph, as well as a number of drums 
 of Doric columns vdiich I femnd there, can K'ave no doubt that a temple 
 ot Apollo of the Doric order once t'xisted on the spot, which had, how- 
 ever, been so completely destroyed that I dnl imt discover even a stone 
 ot its t'oundations in tn'/n. 
 
 AVlien I had dug this platform for a distance of 82 h-et into the hill, 
 I fiuiml that I had commenced it at least li'i,'. ft. too lii.Ljh, and I therefore 
 aliandoned it, contenting myself with cutting into its centre a trench 
 
 '^ In my {oTn\fT work, Troi/ and its I'rm'-n'ns, ' .See llie l.Tri^c Ircnch ni.irkei \" on ih ■ niTlh 
 
 this burnt citv, which I licM to bo th" lli\ini of si>lf t" tl)r n^ht nl point c, on I'lan I. (. if Troy), 
 
 liornrr, w .-xs rcckoneii as the ^iccojiJ iVoni the - See tlo' on'.:r.avin;:; iintl descriptiiai in the 
 
 virgin soil. The reasons tor now reckoning it chajiter on the Liroek lliuin. 
 the lAird will be given at the proper place. 
 
•24 
 
 XArn.VTIVE OF WORK AT TlltiV. 
 
 [Fnteo 
 
 •2(") ft. vriilo at tlio top nml i;"! ft. wiJe at tlir Imttom.' At a distance of 
 131 ft. from tlio ^lope of the hill, I came uiion a ,L;ieat ^vall, 10 ft. hi;;h 
 
 and C\ ft. tliick (^sce Xo. 2, i;), 
 the top ,,1' wlucli is just 34: It. 
 bidow th,' snrfico. It is built lu 
 the so-called Cyclopean manner, 
 of laru'e blocks j.nurd together 
 with small ones : it had at one 
 time been much higher, as the 
 quantity ('i stones lying iK-side 
 T^'^KgSo '^ it seemed to prove. It evidently 
 belonged to the city built with 
 large stones, the second in suc- 
 cession fnun the virgin soil. At 
 a depth of il ft. hrhw this wall I 
 found a retainmL; wadl of smaller 
 stones (seo Xi.i. 2, a), rising at an 
 angle of d-" '. This latter wall 
 
 No. 2. Krout View i.'f \\'.ilU U-longing lo ihe First anj 
 .s,-C' nil iritKs. 
 
 riio wjU n is bultt "f l.irpe blocks joinn] ^i:b ,=rr.;iU iiii--; ; 
 l;.s .-...iirv.-s aro slupiiig. :ii;(l iipj-oar tu li.vve i'uH-.iwl'J iIil' 
 dtp if till.- uncitnt S'.il. Tbo v.a.l a i^ >ull ni.Ti.' ancitn! ; 
 lti«r,n.Mmur,»orr.^,.in,n, „.ai,:mJ ha, .crv.dto ^^^^..f ,-,£ ^.,,^,j.,^-, p,,. -^ |J 
 
 than the former: it evidentlv 
 siu'vrd to support the slope of the hill, and it proves beyond any doubt 
 tliat. since its erection, the lull had increased LU ft. in breadth and 34 ft. 
 m height. As my friend Professor A. H. Sayce was the hrst to point out, 
 this Wall, A, 13 built in exactly the same style as the house-walls of the 
 lirst and lowi-st city, the joint between two of the stones in the lower 
 layr bi-ing always covered l>y a third in the upper layer. Accordingly, 
 lu au'reemcnt with him, I do not hesitate to attribute this ^vall to the 
 lirst city. The ./^7-/■/s of the lower stratum being as hard as stone, I 
 had vory great dithculty in excavating it in the ordinary way, and 
 I f'und it easier to undermine it liy cutting it vertically, and with tlie 
 h.ip Ml' windlasses and enormous iron levers, ni^arly 10 ft. in length and 
 li in. Ill circumference, to kioseii and so break it ihnvn in fragments 
 M ft. hiLrh, li'ift, broad, and 10 ft. thick, T.ut T fumd this manner of 
 rxr'avaliiii,' very diuic'erLius, two workmen havini; been buried alive under a 
 mas> iif il'l'/'is i.f ■2'ii'in cubic teet, and having been savid as by a rniriicle. 
 In enn<.;i|uenee ,if this accident I tjave up the idea of ruiinino; the L'reat 
 plat!-.rm 2:;:-; ft. bro:i4 throu-li the whole len'.'th of tlie bill, and devuled 
 liii lir^t diL'gliiL,' a trench, OS ft, wu.le at the top ami H." ft. at the bottom. ■* 
 
 As tie:' great extent of my excavations re'iidrrrd it nei-rssary for me to 
 v.-ork with no loss than tnnu 12l"l to l-id lab(mrers, I was obli'_'ed, on the 
 1st of June, oil aceouut of the harvest si.ason. to luerea-e the daily wau'cs 
 to 2 francs, I'eit even this would not have lUiabh-il lie to cidlect the 
 riMjuisite iinmb'u- ot nnui, jiad not the hite Mr. Max MuUer, (bu'iiian 
 Consul at (dallipoli, sent me 40 workmen from that place. Alter the 1st 
 
 ' Soo thi.^ tven.-h m.irkol w in the ninMlo '■( n.e. III. nt the vi.d of tlte volutiie, the letlei-s 
 
 the lar;;e tiernh V, to the n,;ht t.l' ji-jnt c en x-v en this jihin in.irkiiii; the e.ist side el thi, 
 
 n.m I. (el'Trev). pre.it treneh, whieh ii ilelieited by the same 
 
 * Sec ;>o. i, i'. '.'S, to the ri,-ht ; also Sectieoal letters on I'lan 1. (ol'Trov). 
 
DISCOVERY OF GliEAT WALLS. 
 
 ZO 
 
 cf July, liowrviT, I easily procured a constant supiily of ITiO workmen. 
 TLrou-h the kindness of Mr. Charles Cookson, English Consul at Constan- 
 iinoplr, I si-eured 10 hand-earts, \vhieh are drawn by two men and pushed 
 by a third. I thus had 10 hand-earts and S8 wheelharrows to work with, 
 in additiuu til which I kej-t (1 horse-earts, each of which cost '> francs 
 or -is. a day, so that tlie tntal cist of my excavations aiaounicd tn ninrc 
 lliaii UMi francs (tli;) a day. P.esidcs screw-jacks, chains and wiml- 
 lasses, my implements consisted of '24 large inui levi->rs, IDS spades, and 
 103 pickaxes, all of the best English manufacture. 1 had three capital 
 
 V 
 
 
 Nu- 3. Tbc Great Towpr of niam. wen from Ihe S.E. 'Yhr tnp i<i s m. ('JO It.) 1h l,.w iljc frrljcr of Uic hill: 
 the foi;nd.ition is on thf rock, U li. (4CJ ft.) dorp: the lioight of ih.- Toucr i-^ -Jii fl 
 
 foremen, and my wife and myself were present at the work from sunrise 
 to sunset; but our dilSeulties increased continually with tlie daily 
 augmenting distance to wdiich we had to remove the ih'loi's. biesidis 
 this, the constant strong gale from the nortli, v,liich drnve a blinding 
 dust into our eves, was exceedinglv triuiblesmue. 
 
 On the south side of the hill, wdiere on account of the sliu;Iit natural 
 slope I had to make my great trench with an inclination uf 7() , I dis- 
 covered, at a distance of 197 ft. from its entrance, a great mass nf masuiiry, 
 consisting of two distinct walls, each about 15 ft. broad, built closj 
 
2G KAi;i!ATI\-K OF WORK AT TKuY. [Lxtuod. 
 
 toiijothcr, and foundru on tLe rock at a depth of -Uj-}. ft. below tlie surface. 
 Both are 'ID ft. hi''ii : the outer ^Yall shnies on the snuth suh- at an au"\o 
 of l.'j", and is Vertical on the north side. The inner wall hills off at an 
 aULjle of 4.1 on its south side, which is epjiosite to the north side of the 
 outer ^vaIl. There is thus a deep hoUovv' between the two walls. The 
 outer Willi is built of smaller stones eeuicnted with clay, but it dues 
 net consist (if siilid m;;siuiry. The inner wall is built of lar;j;e uinYrou;_;dit 
 blocks of liuicstone ; it has ou the north side solid mastniry to a depth 
 of onlv 4 ft., a.nd leans hero a,^ainst a sort of rampart G.').\ it broad and 
 !<'•'. ft. liy^h, partly composed of the limestone which had to be removed 
 ill ordiT to level tl: ' rock for building the wails upon it. These two walls 
 are perfectly dat ou the top, and have never been higlier ; they are 140 ft. 
 Ioul;, their agL'regate breadth being 40 ft. on the east and oO ft. at the 
 West cud. The remnants of brick walls and masses of broken bricks, 
 pottery, whiuds, stone uuplenn.'nts, saddlcquern-stoncs, Ac, with v.diich 
 they Were covered, appear to indicate that they were used by the iuha- 
 bitiiuts of the third or burnt eit\-, as the substrut'tions of a ijreat, tower ; 
 and I shall therefore, to avoid niisunderstanding, call these walls, through- 
 out the" present wijrk, " tiie (ireat Tower," though they aay (irigmally 
 ha\'e Ijcen intended by their builders for a dilfereiit purpose. The accom- 
 paiiviiu,' engraving (Xo. o) gives a sketch of the two walls as they looked 
 Vihcn they were lirst In'ought to li^ht and when they still appeared to 
 be line solid mass of maiiuiry. A much better viev," of these two great 
 walls is Lfivcii bv the eiiL;ravinL; Xo. 144. 
 
 § V. Tiiiiip Year's AVonic at Hissaultk : 1S73. 
 T ceased excavating on the 14tli of August, 1^72, and resumed my 
 opcnitioiis, m company with my wife, mi tlie 1st id' Fclnuiary of the 
 hillowiii;_; year. In the preceding autumn, by the side of my tvro wooden 
 buililini^-, we hail built a house for ourselvi's coin]iosed of stones In'ought 
 to liubt in my excavations, and had made tlir \valls 2 ft. thick;- but we 
 v.-erc coiiiprllcd to lot our t'oreuieu occiijiy it, as tlicv were not sulhciciitly 
 provided with (dothi's ;nid wrapjiers, and would cdlierwise have ]ierislied 
 diinn;^' the urrat cold of the winter. Mv ]ioor v.ife and myself, tlnrid'ore, 
 siilfered Very much, since' the icy north wind, which recal- Homers tre- 
 ipieiit mention of the bla-ts of r.oreiis, tdew with suidi violence through 
 the clunks of our house-u-aUs, which were iiiadc of ]ilaiiks, llait we were 
 not even abl" to li-lit our lumps in the eveniii,^ ; and althoimh we had 
 
 fire on the 1 rth, yid. the thermoimder showed -4 b.'aumnr «y 2:!' 
 
 rahreiilieit, while the wuter v.diich stood n-ar the hearth froze into solid 
 masses. ])urinL; the day we could to some deL,n'ee bear the cold by work- 
 Iul; 111 the excavations, Init in the evenings v,e had nolhiiiL; to keep us 
 warm excejit our enthusiasni for the great work of discovenng Troy.'' 
 
 .Sre rnLOMviriL; N". 'J, I'. :'■+, th.; hnuse to out this w ui k ii-c ttic niin-i '■ Tiny." .■!|iO ully 
 
 tlie ri,'llt, o-lTe-.litol nU" mi .\ii. in, ].. :;.\ o,, e.n,|.luvili- it to .Irimte tiif loioit elty, Ulr tllil.l 
 
 Willi li thf tidu^o to tho loft lb oijo ol ll.o w.ji.Joii ill MR. i,.,»i(oi lV"iii t li o V I r,' 1 1 1 s'ol, wliiitovor may 
 
 l.;;il.liii-s romoved hillior. l>o tlio loino wliioli will bo ulliiieitoly givtii to 
 
 ° For the sako ol couvciiioncc, I ^hall through- it by the soieutilic world. 
 
lt,:;3.] TIITTID YEAR'S EXCAVATIONS. 27 
 
 Onco wc had tlie narrowest possible escape frnm beinc^ Ininit alive. 
 The Htones of our tirepluee rested merely npou tlie boards of the floor, 
 and, whether through a ercviec in the ceiuent between the stones or from 
 sonic other cause, one night tiie floor took lire; and wdien I accidentally 
 awoke at 3 o'clock, I found flames extending over a large part of it. The 
 r(.oni was tilled with dense smoke, and the north wall was just beginning 
 \n catch lire; a lev.- seconds would have sufliced to burn a hole into it, 
 iind tlio vdudu house would then have been in flames in less than a 
 iniuute, for a high north gale was Idowing on tli it side. I did not, 
 hi)wcver, bi.-e my i)rcsencc of mind. Touring the contents of a bath upon 
 Ihr burning wall, I at once stopped the (ire in that direction. (Jur cries 
 awnko a laliourer who was ask'rp m the adjoining roiun, and hi' called the 
 fiircnieii from the stone house to our assistance. Without bising a uiiurient 
 thi-y fetched liammers, iron levers, and pickaxes: the floor was broken 
 up, tiirn to pieces, and quantities of damp earth thrown upon it, as we 
 had li'i water. liutjas the lower beams were burniiig in many ]daces, a 
 .jiiarter of an hour ckqised before we got the fire under and all danger 
 v.'as at all end. 
 
 For tlie lirst tliree weeks I had an averagi? number of 100 workmen 
 only, but (Ui the '24th of Feliiiiary we were aide to increase the number 
 to l.'iS, and later nii to Itiii, v.hicli remained our average numlier et 
 labnurers up to the hist. 
 
 I'Mi'sides continuing thc' excavations on the mndli sid(.' m the field ef 
 rilr. Frank Calvert, I opened another trench, 42^ ft. broad, on the same 
 side, at the eastern end of the large platform,' upon which I had to 
 throve the greater part of the ihjbris wdnch was dug up, as it would 
 have bei'ii dillii'ult to carry it to a greater distance. I also dug in a 
 north-we.-terly direction, from the south-eastern corner of the ancient 
 city." 
 
 As the hill at this point has only a very gradual slope, I was coni- 
 pcdled to give the nev.' trench a considerable dip, but nevertheless was 
 able to make eight side passages for removing the ih'hns. l]xperience 
 had shown me that much precious time was lost in breaking down an 
 earthen Av.all with long iron levers driven in by a ram, and that it was 
 muidi neire prolitalde and less dangerous for the workmen to keep the 
 eartlien wall always at an aseending angle of 55", since they can then 
 dig as occasion requires, and cut away the debris from below with 
 pickaxes. 
 
 In this new trencli I had flrst to break through a wall 10 ft. thick, 
 consisting of largo Idocks of marble, most of which were drums of 
 Corinthian columns cemented wiih lime; then I had to pierce the wall of 
 Lysimaclius, which was also 10 ft. thick, and Iniilt of large hewn stones. 
 Lesides this, we had to cut our way through two Trojan walls, the lirst 
 5 1 ft. thick, and the sec.md 10 ft.; both consisting of stones joined 
 together with earth. ^ AVhile making this excavation I found a great 
 
 ' Seo No, -1- to the left, ,lnd on Pliii I. (of and on .Socliona! t'l;ei IV. t;,e points Z-z. 
 Troy) the lottirs !■ 1' to the south of point C, » See ihid. 
 
 ' See on I'lrin I, (of Troy) the trench z-z 
 
NAimATn'r; oV WORIC at TliOY. 
 
 [Intriid. 
 
 numlun' of Lirpe oartlien wine-jura (-mVot). from P.', to 0-. ft. hifjli and 
 from 2 to 4ft. wide, a.-5 v,\ll as numerous drums of CormtLian columns 
 
 
 
 ^ j^ W yl ^? 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' -yj^^^^M. 
 
 -<il}k 
 
 and otlier sculptured liloeks of marlilo. All these niarliles must Iiavo 
 beloni^'ed to the Helk-uic buddings, tlic suutlieiii wall of ■which I laid 
 
IrV.V] 
 
 riUEEK TEAIPLE OF ATEENI^. 
 
 29 
 
 larc to a (listi-inee of 285,^ ft.'" At first tins wull is compospil of small 
 stdiics jdiiK'd with cTiueiit, and it rests upon wrll-hcwii Llucks of liiuo- 
 stniu' ; furtber on it consists solrly of this latter masonry. Tho direction 
 ,,f the \\all, and lience of tlir wlidle buildin,L', is cast Foutli-east. 
 
 Three inscriptions, which 1 found amon;^' its nuns." and one of ^Y]Judl 
 states that it was set up in the it/^ui' — that is to say, in tic tcnijdi — 
 leave no douLt that this ^vas the temple of the Iliun Athene, the ttoXi- 
 (^-vos <'c", for it is only this sanctuary that cnuld have heen called 
 siiniilv TO itfjvv 1.111 account i.if its size and imjKirtunce, whieli sur]iassed 
 that of all the other temples of Xuvum Ilium-. 
 
 No. S. The r.xciTOlion^ lul'.v.- thf Trnij.li' r,f .Allirn.'. Fruni Ui<- F„i?t. 
 As Lbii c.\ca\"aLiuii^ .^jil^tMrLil in ,\piil 1^7J. 
 
 Its foundations nowhere extended to a f^'rcater depth than (U ft. 'Ihe 
 floor, wdiich consisted of lar.u'C slabs of limestone restinu" ii]iMn double 
 layers of hewn blocks of the same material, was frequently covered with 
 only a fnot of vegetable soil, and never with more than .'!| It. of it. 
 This explains the total alisence of entire sculptures; b>r v.ha' ver sculji- 
 tures there wore m or upon the temph;' could not sink into the 1,'riiund 
 on the summit of the hill wdien the building,' was dr.-^t riiycd, and tliry 
 therefore remained on the surface for many centuries, till ihey wiu'c 
 broken up by relii,nous zeal or out of sheer mis(diief. Hence we can 
 easily explain the enormous mass of fragments of statues wliieh cover 
 the entire hill. In order to bring Troy itself to light, I was hirceil to 
 sacrifice the ruins of this temple, of wdiicdi I left standing only some 
 parts of the north and south walls. ^ 
 
 " Scr- .Sccti.innl n.-in IV., line Z-z, ulI I'hui I. C,r,-Ai llii.m. 
 ('iTTrnv) unilcT the .snnie Irtter-. ' S-' tlie iv(-r„l- ut* X". .0, Xo. 7, anJ Sectional 
 
 " Thev will be given in the cha]iter on the I'l.m I V., p.iint , z-z in Ihc upper luw, niarke-l U. 
 
30 XAHliATIVE OF WOKK AT TROY. [I-.tkod. 
 
 Just, bolow tlio sonfli \\all nf tl\o temple I broii.^ht to li^lit tlio 
 remains of ;i t^mM nmiul erllar, l').[, ft. in diameter and about 'J.\- ft. lii.Ljh, 
 wliich stood boiicatli the foundatiuns, and must therLd'orc be older than the 
 temple. It was budt of elialk ami stnnes, but the inner side had been 
 ilaubi_'d tivcr v.itli a kind id' vaniisli nr ylaze, and had a glossy appearance. 
 This small eidlar was hllnl with fragmi'uts of Greek terra-eottas, among 
 which, hdwi'vcr, I louiid six small \ases almost miiiijured. 
 
 jKdnw tlir tcm[)li\ at a drpth uf from '23 to 'JG ft. ficiieath the surface, 
 I disciivi-icd a lioimc with eight or nine chambers:" its walls cimsist 
 of small stiiiirs crniciitcil with o.irtli, from I'J'z to '2')\ in. thick. Several 
 id' tlii'si' wuUs were It) ft. high, and on some of them could be seen large 
 patches I'f a plaster made of ydluw nr white clay. lu most of the rooms 
 the ll.uirs had been of wooil; in one ouly I found a lloor of unhewn 
 si. lbs of limi'stoiic'. 
 
 Jly the sule of tlii"' litiuse. as v\-cll as in its larger apartments, I found 
 a gnat (paantity of human bono-, lait only two skeb_doiis, whiidi must 
 be tlio-r of warriors, fir tliov were found at a depth of 2.'i ft., with 
 fraunueiits of hidmcts on or near their heads. Unfortunatel v tho frag- 
 ments are so small and C'U'roded. that the lielnuds cannot lie put togi-ther 
 again ; but their upper portions (f6,/\o;) w(n-e Vicll preserved, and a ilrav,'- 
 iiig (d' one of them will be Lriven iii its plaei\ ]\Iv hmioured friend, 
 I'rolissiir Ibidolf Virchov,' of rierliii, has kiiull}- niadi_' exact drawings of 
 the.-e skulls, whiidi will be given in the (diapter on the Third, the Inirrit 
 Cilv, together with his dissertation mi them. l'>x the sub.' of euie of 
 the sk(dctons, I found a large laiice-lu'ad, of v.hicii I shall also give 
 a drawing. 
 
 The (piantitv of pottery found in and around tliis house was reallv 
 onornious. It deserves particular mentiiui that, v.dien the d'einple of 
 Atheiu' was built, the site on wliudi it stood was artiticially levelled, and 
 a con>ider,able portion of it was cut away, ddiis is provr'd by the caleined 
 rums of the burnt eit"*" winch are lim'C found imnii'diatidv below the 
 foiindal loll- of the temple, -vlcu'eas elsewhere two distinct strata of il'hri.-<. 
 H; If . deep, intervene iH'tweeii the Hidleiiic' city and tlie burnt city. 
 
 On the' east side of the house was a saerihcial altar of a very 
 yirimitive desmuption, whieli is turni.'d to the X W. by W., and consists 
 of a slab of shite-granitc' alniut ."i [ ft. buig and .">lft. broad.' d'he 
 uppiT ]iait of tlie stone is eiit into till' form (<( a erc'scent, ]iroliably 
 to faeiblale the slaiiLjlifer i'{ the animal wbudi was intended bu' saerilice. 
 About 1 It. liefiw the sacritieial allar I loiind a ehaiinel made of slabs 
 of green slate, wliieh ]n-obably -erved to carry off tlie blood. The altar 
 
 st 1 on a pedest.il id' brieks but very slightly buiiit, and was siirroumb d 
 
 bv an enormous ipiaiititv id' similar bricks and wood-ashes to a height id 
 ItU'eet. I'.otli the sacnfieial stoiie and its pedestal were daubed over with 
 a wdiite crust of clay, v.liieh upon the pedestal was nearly an iiieh tlmd;. 
 
 llidow tlie level of the altar and the pre-historic house already 
 mentioned, I came upon walls cd' fm-titication "' and very ancient houses,-' 
 
 ' Sfe thr' en'^r.iving Xo. 7. tw-i placns miirkcd ;', /i. 
 
 = See the c-ngrnv.ng No. C. ' See Xa 7 to (ho lA't, just beluw tho over- 
 
 i ^- - iH .. ... T..,..- nil the .south side, in the hanging marble bluclx. 
 
iKT.;.] 
 
 LABYRINTH OF HOUSK-WALLS. 
 
 31 
 
 ilie walls of which are still partially covered with a coating of clay and 
 white colour, all bearing traces of a terrible conflagration, which had 
 
 Kt>- C. Great A!Ur for Sucrificia, fomi.! in I'-.c ilcpth^ r.f <]:o J. niplc of AtlicTK-. (1 : 25 actual sko.) 
 A^ tin- alLir iippLjrcd lu 1-7'i. 
 
 so completely destroyed everything in the chtmihcrs, that wc only occa- 
 sionally found charred fragments of pottery annniL,' the red and yellow 
 \V(i(id-ashes witli wliirh the spaces v.'en:; tilled. Cunouslv enough, othor 
 honse-wttlls were au'ain h'Und ludow: these must he still older than those 
 above ; like them, tiicy show indications of having been exposed to a 
 gi'cat heat. 
 
 In tact, this labyrinth of ancient house-walls, built one above another 
 and discovered under the Temple of Athcnt^' erected liy I^ysimachus, is 
 uiii(pie, and presents the areha'nhi^ist with the ritdiest matinnals for 
 investigation. The greatest dilliculty connected with the discovery, 
 however, is alForded by one of the aliove-nuuitioiied walls of fortification, 
 11/ ft. high, which runs through the labyrinth from W.N.W. to E.S.E. 
 Tins is likewise liuilt of stones joined togi-dher wuth earth, and is G ft. 
 broad at the top and 12 ft. broad at the foot. It dot/s n(]t stand directly 
 upon the native rock, nor was it limit till tlie rock had gradually become 
 Covered with a hivi.-r of earth 1',' ft. in thickness. Itnnning parallel 
 with this wall of fortification, only '2h it. from it and at the same depth, 
 there is a wall 2 ft. high, wdiich is likewise built of stmies cemented 
 with earth." 
 
 The chamlior at the greatest depth to wdiitdi I have excavated is 
 10ft. high and 11-|- ft. wide; but it may have been luLdier: its length 
 I have not been able to ascertain. One of the comjiartmeuts of tlio 
 
 " See Plan I. (of Troy), od the south side, in the pl.-ices intirkcJ /, h. 
 
NAKKATIVE OF WOUK AT TROY. 
 
 [TKTnOD. 
 
 nppovniost liousfR, Lelow the Temple of Athene and belonc;ing to the 
 tuuJ, the burnt eity, appears to have been used as a magazine for storing 
 
 •a ■> 
 1 
 
 - '^^=^%S^^p 
 
 
 iv 
 
 r ^.-^:X 
 
 
 
 TL^r^'^il -^^"S 
 
 corn fir wnie, fnr there are in it nine enormous eartlim jars (znthn) of 
 various forms, about D'l ft. high and -i'l ft. across, tlieir moutlis l.ieing from 
 
ih::;,] 
 
 THE COLOSSAL JAKS. 
 
 33 
 
 •20', t(i "''\ in- bniaJ." Each of tlicm lias iVmr Lainlles, 0;' hi. hruaJ, and 
 the c-lay of which tlioy are luaJe is as much as 2\ iu. thick. Upon the 
 
 smiiu side of the javs I found a wall of fVirtificatioii, 2(1 it. loni; and 10 ft. 
 liiL'h, Liiilt of siin-dncd hncks. which, thou-h tlmron^'lih' baked iu the 
 coiillagratioii, were cxcerdiiiL;] y fraijih'. 
 
 In the inuldle <d' ^larcli 1 also commencid a large excavation close 
 to uiy v,'ooden house and to the west id' th'"' (Iriat T(iwer.- I found 
 near the surface tlie rums of a hiri^e house of the Greek period, which 
 extended to a deptli of Ij^rft. It must havc' liclon^ed to a creat man, 
 perliaps a high ]U'iest, tor the floiu's of the rooms \vere made of lai'^i' slabs 
 of red stone excidleiitly poli-hed. llclov; this (Ireek house I lound, as 
 usual, a layer of <li'hri>: with but fmv stones ; then a number (d' house- 
 walls composed of small stones joined to;,'!.d]ier wuth earth ; and beneatli 
 these again immense masses (d' Imrnt and partly-vitritied l.iricks. At last, 
 at the depth of oO ft. below the surfice, I lirought to li-ht a street 17 { ft. 
 wide, paved Avith stone tlags, from 4', to "» ft. long and from o5 in. to 4.J, ft. 
 broad, wdiich runs down very abruptly in a south-wx'sterly direction 
 towards the Plain.'' The sIojjc of the .street is so great that, wdiile on the 
 north side, so far as it is there uncovered, it is only .'1(1 ft. below th(> 
 surtace of the hill, at a distance of ooft. further to the south it alri'aily 
 lii's as low as 37 ft. under the ground. 
 
 This well-paved street led me to conjecture that a large building m ist 
 ;it one time have stood at the end of it, at a short distance on the uorth- 
 
 ' In the- v>i'n-, Xo, ,S, SIX of tl;r. Jnrs .ire slinwn, ' ,S-o .N'n. 3 to tlir left, 
 
 •in.l a sfvcntli (lr"l;en)is liutsiilt- thu trrnrh to » .'^.-l' Nu. 10 and No. 1."., ami I'laii I. (of 
 
 'lie ri_,'ht. The two l.nrgi'st of ,t11 ,irc out of vi<j',v, Tri'v), a. 
 "a the otlier tide of the v.-all of the ma(ra/,ine. 
 
34 
 
 NAIIKATIVK OF WORK AT THOY. 
 
 [Intkod. 
 
 cast side, and I tlierefore immediately Bet 100 men to dig tlirougb the 
 ground lying in front of it in that direction. I found the street covered 
 to a height of frcnu 7 to 10 ft. with yellow, red, or hlack wood-ashes, 
 
 
 t1^ 
 
 
 
 \" 
 
 r 
 
 1 i 
 
 h 
 
 J 
 
 
 mixed with thoronghly-hurnt and often parti y-vitrilird fi-a.u'iiieiit^ of hricka 
 and stones. Above this thick layer of f/-7„-/.s I came ujion tlie ruins of 
 a lar^e building composed of atones cemented with earth, of which I only 
 
is::;.] THE GREAT TREXCH. 35 
 
 broke luvav a.= much as -was neeessarv to clear the street with its 
 
 
 ii 
 
 i'^ri 
 
 I / I 
 
 
 ; = - -i I ' g 
 
 » \ 
 
 r 
 
 
 V...\V.^: 
 
 
 R ^^w" -H its , i > :^ ijy 
 
 I'Sii f "f^ III #!Ev,^i; -j,V > 
 
P.O 
 
 XAItHATIVE 01' WnJlK AT TROY. 
 
 [I:;ti;od. 
 
 parupcts.'" ProccodiiiL; flins in a norfh-eixstcrly ilircetion, I bi-onp;ht to 
 light two htrge gatewuvs, staiuling 20 ft. apart, ami in eaeli of tliom a 
 long ropjirr liiilt, which had no iLniht served to fasten 
 thr wooden wiiigs of the gaff\^, and of which I give 
 drawinc,'s. The lirst gateway i^ lLl[ ft. wide, and is 
 loi'iued liv two projections of the side-wall, one of which 
 stands out to a distance of l!.\ ft., the other to a distance 
 of 2'; ft.; both are :",{ ft. hi-h and :V' ft. broad. The 
 paveuii'iit of larL:;e ilags ends at the iirst liiitf, whence tij 
 the second ,i;ate— tor a distance of -^i) ft.— the street is 
 Very ro;iL;hly paved with largr' uiih;:wn stones.' The 
 pavement has probalily liecome uneven through the fall 
 of the walls of the great tov'er, which must once have 
 crowned the Crates, and of wlajse existence the masses 
 of calcined rnblush, fi-om 7 to ll) tt. deep, which covered 
 the passai,'!-, furnish the most evident jiroofs. It is clear 
 tliat wooil entered largely into the construction of these 
 walls, not only from the hirge masses of wood-ashes, but 
 also from the iiict that the large red tlags of the street, 
 thou'^h thev looked fresli and solid when first brought 
 '!'''," to liL;ht, sperdily crumbled away when exposed to the 
 In e..' n.i.MiciN.i \i' air; a circumstance which can only be explained by the 
 of ii.!'F.-o'[iu'oa;. -■.. " mti'U-e heat to whi(di they had been subjrcted. 
 
 Like the lirst ,e;ate, the second gate is al-^o formed bv 
 two proji-cticins in the wall, which are 2ft. high, niore than oft. broad, 
 and pr.ij-ct about 2h ft. 
 
 I idi.'ared the street as far ns 5 ft. to the north east of the secrmd 
 '.,'ate, but did not venture to jiroceed fnrtlu'r, as this cijuld not havo 
 bci'ii d.-iiii' without breakiiu,' down more of the walls of tlie large house' 
 elect' d upon the (/'///vs with which it is covereil to the depth of from 
 7 t'i 111 ft. Tliis liiuise is, of course, of later dat(_- than tlie double gate; 
 I'Ut still I con-idered it of <^vc:d intei-est to a)-clia"N,I(i;_'y, tlie more so as 
 it ce\-ered tlie ru'Tis of i-xtensivc and more ancieijt buil lines to tlie riudit 
 and left iif tlie gate. These latter are on fi levid with tlie double 'jate, 
 and, a- tliat ti) the north-west seems to bo the larL'est buildiiiL,' of the 
 bui-nt city, tlie tliird in succession from the virgin soil, I l)e]ie\"ed it to be 
 the ijciiisioe of the last chief or kin,L,' of the town, d'le"- cori-ec(ness of 
 this opinion appi'iirs to Ije corroborate(l liy tin' Large number of tre:isures 
 I subseijilent ly di-covereil m f,i- (dosf; to it. I'lie more recent house hail 
 lieen erected wjieii tho I'uiiis of the more ancient houses were ciiiirpletelv 
 covered with ashes and burnt ihlir/s, as is obvious I'roin the fact that the 
 more ri'ceiit v.;il]s run in all directions above the more ancient ones, never 
 standing directly upon them, and frequently separated froni fliem by a 
 hiyer of calcined. rubbi,-,h, fiom 7 to 10 ft. deeji. The ruiiU'd walls of the 
 lower as well as of the upper houses are built of stones joined to,','ether 
 with oiirtli ; luit the wrill.s of the lower houses are niueli thicker and moie 
 Bolidly built than those of the upper one. It is plain tluit the nioro 
 
 "> .S,-e No. 10. ' Sec N'o. 10 .-lUil ,\o. i:i, iirul tliu |.l;icc- m.-irkcd a on I'l.aj 1. (..f Tiov). 
 
!.^7.;.] 
 
 THE DOUr.T.E GATE. 
 
 ,.|,|.,.|it lioiisr was nut Luilt till tile street wiis c-ovrred up, to a deptli of 
 [iiiiii 7 I" 1" lt-> I'V *'"' ruins and di'hr/fj tA tlie fallen Iniililiiigs. 
 
 Fr>iiii tlieso ami utliei' ci.iusnleratiuns, I wislieJ to preserve as much 
 
 us iio.-silili' uf luitli the ancient uiiJ the more recent buildings, the more 
 
 
 
 %i. 
 
38 NAIMiAl'U'E OF WOItK AT TROY. [Intkod, 
 
 SO as I feared iny statements in re;_,'ar(l to tlieiii mi.tj;lit he disLelieved. 
 Coii'^e.pieiitly, after clearing tlie iloulile ^'ate, I left tla; riiius of Loth 
 l)Uililiu,L;s //; aifu, and reuioved the ilr'hriH from those clianiljrrs only 
 of the ancient hoiisus which couhl ho excavated v.-ilhout injury to tlio 
 hiiihlini; ahove theni. I found in tlieni a vast (quantity of pottery of the 
 most interestinL; character, "which will be made known to the readier in 
 the jiropor place 
 
 The ;<rcat C(dd did not last long, anil wo had aftorwaixls s]ilcndid 
 weather. The ni'_;hts however wi're C(dd up to the middle of Jlarch, and 
 the thernionieter frei|iiently fell to the freezing'-point towards morning, 
 whereas during the day the heat of the sun was already beguiniiig to he 
 troulilesdine, the thermometer (jftt'ii showing IS ' Kt'aumur {1'2\ Fahren- 
 heit) m the shade at mid-day. From ahuut the 1st of ]\Iarch we heard 
 the ]icipi'tiial croaking of millions of frogs in the surrounding marshes, 
 and in the second week of ]\Iareh the storks returned. One of the many 
 disciiml'.irts id' our life in tin: wilderness we inhabited was the hideous 
 shrieking of innumerable owls, which built their nests m the holes of 
 my trenches; their shrieks had a weird and horrible sound, and were 
 esjieciaily intoleralile at night. 
 
 I'p to the beginning of 3[ay 187o, I liad believed that the hill of 
 Ilissarhk, where I was excavating, marked the site of the Trojan 
 I'itadel only; aint it eertiiinly is the I'act that Ilissarlik w^as the Acriip(dis 
 ef Novum Ilium.'- I therehire imagined that Troy was larger tlian the 
 latter tnwn, or at least as large'; but I thouglit it important to dis- 
 cover the precise limits of the Homeric city, and accordingly I sank 
 twenty shafts as fir down as the rock, on tin; west, south-west, south- 
 seiith-east. and east of Ilissarlik, directly at its foot or at some distance 
 from it, en the jdateau of the Ilium of the Greek colony. As I found 
 111 the-e shafts no trace of fragments either of pro-historic pottery or of 
 jire-hi.-tnric house-walls, and nothing but fragments of Hellenic pottery 
 and Hellenic house-walls; and as, moreover, the hill of Ilissarlik has a 
 veiy steep slope towards the north, the nurth-east, and the north-west, 
 lacing the Hidlespent, ami is also very steep on the west side towards 
 the I'iaiii, the city could Hot possibly have extended in any one of these 
 direetions beyond the hill itsidf. It therefire appears certain that the 
 ancient city cannot havi! exteiidi.'d (>n any side beyond the jirimeval 
 plateiiu ef Ilissarlik, the cireiiml'ereiiee el' which is iiidieateil on the 
 smith and snuth-we.-l by the (Ireiit Tower and the deulde gate; and on 
 the niirth-west, north oust, and east, Ijv the great bnundary wall. 
 
 The shafts whudi I sank beyond tlie bill are all indicated by letters, 
 A to c, on till' I'lan of the Hellenic Ilium, on wlncli it is also stated at 
 wdiat precise depth in each of (hem the rock was struck; and of the seven 
 deepest shafts sections arc given. I tlieref)re call particular attention 
 to this rian.'- I also call particular attention to the tombs wdnch I 
 came upon in the shafts which are marked d, o, and n on the Fhiu ot 
 
 = I ri'luctantly give the titer I!ii;m ttie for perh-Tps 1400 yf^rs. A'l flii--si<al writers 
 epillii;t >;ii\uiii, b'-'i-aiise tlio city existeil for at (e.xii-pt Strali") call it simply Ilium, 
 least 1000 years, anJ its site has beCQ a desert ^ .See I'laii 11. at the cdJ of llie volume. 
 
isT,',.] LnriTS OF THE lIO:MErjC TROY. 39 
 
 N"\uin Ilium. Each of these three tornbs was cut out of the roclc and 
 covcri'tl with flat shiLs : each contained a corpse; hut the corpses \Yere 
 all so much damai^cd, that the skulls crumbled to dust when exposed 
 t.i the air. The tomhs evidently bclon<:i;ed to persons of small means 
 and id a late, date, since what little pottery was found in them was of 
 ■d very inferior descri[itii)n and evidently of the Ivomiui period. But the 
 hiet that in three out of tlu- twenty shafts, which I sank at random 
 (111 the sitr (if Novum Ilium, tombs were discovered, seems to denote 
 with i^Teat pn.lialulity that tin- inhabitants of that city biirii'd their dead, 
 (ir at hast a lari:re jmrtmn of them, witliin the prernuds (i[ tlic tnwii. 
 rremation ho\\rvi'r was also in usij with them, since in the first tri'iicdi 
 I opened, in A})iil 1S70, I struck ujiou an urn of the lloman pcrind, lilled 
 with ashes vi animal matter intcrmixeil with lemiiants of cahdiK il bonrs, 
 which arc evidently those of a human body. I did, not find any (dlier 
 burnt biidii's in tlie .strata of Xrivum Ilium, Init it must lie remember:'d 
 that I oidy excavated in Hissarlik, which does not cover a twenty-llflh 
 part oi the later city.^ Ilissarhk moreover was tlie Acropolis of Novum 
 Ilium and contained the principal temph'S, in consei|uence of vdiich it is 
 lik' ly that it wa.^ con.siilered sacred ground, in wdueh no luirials were 
 allicvi d. Hence it is very probable that, if svstematic excavations were 
 made in the h.iwer city, many sepulchres and funeral urns would be I'nund. 
 
 Tlie inhabitants of the tivc pre-historic cities of Ilissarlik .^eem ^'cm- 
 ralh' to have burnt the dead, as I found m 1872 two trijiod-urns with 
 Calcined human remains on the virgin soil in the iirst city; and lu 
 lS7t. 1872, and ls7."., a vast number of large fumu-al urns, coutaiu- 
 ieg human ashes, in the third and fourth cities. I tniind no liones 
 hiiwever except a single tooth, and on one occasiiui among the ashes a 
 human skull, wdiich is well preserved, with the (■xceptioii of the lower 
 jiiw, v.diich is missing: as I found a brooch of bronze aliuig "with it. 
 I sujipnse it rnav have belonged to a woman. I am also indebted to 
 Plot'. Vircdirivr lor drav.'ing's of this skull, whidi wull be given, tugidher 
 wuth his disscrtatirm on it and the otlu'r skulls, m the chapter on the 
 Third, the burnt City. 
 
 It is true that nearly all the pottery found in the pri'-histiuie ruins 
 of Ilissarlik is f.roken, and that there is hardly one large vessel out 
 of twentv wliich is not in fragments; nay, in the iirst two citii'S the 
 pottery has all lieen shattered by the weight and pressure of tlic stones 
 with which tlie second city was Imilt. Jlut still, eviui if all tlie funeral 
 urns with human ashes ever depnsited in Ilissarlik had ln'Cii well 
 fireservcd, yet, juilging from the fragments of thrm — in spite of the 
 aluindanee of these fragments — I can liardly think that I could have 
 found even a thousand entire urns. It i.s, therefire, evidiuit that the 
 inhabitants of the five pre-historic cities of Ilissarlik buried only a 
 small part of their funeral urns m the city itself, and that we must 
 look for their principal necropolis elsewdiere. 
 
 AVhikst these important excavations were going on, I neglected the 
 trenches on the north .side, and only worked there when I had workmen to 
 
 ' .See I'lan 11. (.if the Ilellunir Uiuin). 
 
40 KAiir.A'nvi: of avlh;k at ti;ijy. [intrco. 
 
 ppnro. Ent I iMTumht tr.i lip;lit lure tlio prdlrinpatiini id' the great wall 
 wliirh I ai^Ti'e with I'rof. Sayee in attrKjiitiiiL; to the .seci'iul stone city.^ 
 
 A\ishiii'^' to iiivi'stiL^ato the foi'tilijations on the wrst and north-west 
 siiles lit tlir aueicnt city, m the lieguuiuiL;' "( ^lay 1S73 I also coni- 
 meneeil nuikini,' a treneli. o'o ft. hroad ami 141 ft. lon.t;, on the north- 
 wrst si'le of till' hill, at llii"' v.ry juiint where I hail niiulo the first 
 trcneli in April 1S70.'^ I broke lirst t.hronLjh an Helleiue circuit-wall, 
 prnlialily that whieh, ar'eonliiiL; to I'lutareh in his IjiiV of Alexander, 
 was Iniilt hy Lysiniaelms, and fouml it to he loft, high and 10ft. 
 tliiek, and tn i^nsi^t of large lu'wn Mocks of limestone. Afterwarils I 
 hrnkc thriinLjh an uhLr wall, S ,' ft. hi;,'h and ft. thick, composed of 
 lari;o hlueks ecniontod with earth. This secund wall is attaehed to the 
 largo Wall which I hr. night to light in April 1S70, and the two form 
 two sides of a (|na.dr;:nL,oiIar llclhniie tower,' a third wall of which I 
 had to hrcak lline.y-h later cii. 
 
 Thi> I'art lit the lull was c\]ilentlv nmcli Liwer in ancient tinn^s, as 
 peeii!-< t" h" prio'ei] not nnlv hv the wall of Lvsiniachns, which nnist at one 
 time ha'>e risrn to a consnleralde heiL,']it ahevc the snrhiee ijf the hill, 
 whereas it is now cuverel hy 10! ft. of rulilnsh, hut al-o hy the remains 
 of till' Ilelh'iiic periiid, whiidi are here fcnml to a great depth. It appears, 
 m l.-i't. as if the ruhlii>h and d'hrii^ of halutations had heeii thrown down 
 (111 tliis s'de 1\<T canturies, in urder to increase the heit^ht of the' place. 
 
 In eidrr til hasten tlir' exr-avaticlis eiii the iierth-Avest siile of the hill, 
 I cut a deep trench fmni the West side alse," m wduch, unfortunately, 
 I struck lihliquely the circuit-wall of Lysimachus, here 10 ft. high and 
 10 ft. thick, and v/as consennently com]ielled to remove a deuhle (juaTitity 
 lit <tiiiii'- til fiirce a way thii'iii^Oi it. lOit I aLiain came upeii the ruins of 
 larL'e liuOdiiiLrs of tljo Ifelleiin' mid pre-llilhnic Jierinds, sn that this 
 excavatmn crnild only proceed slov.lv. Here at a distance cf 00 ft. from 
 the- decdivity iif tic lull, at a depth I'lf '20 ft., I struidv an ancient enclo- 
 sure-wall. Oft. high, with a pnijecting liattleinent, wOnch, mi account nf 
 lt< cnmparatP. 'Oy modern structure and small heiLjht, must hclnn'.,' to a 
 jiii.^t-Trnjan ]ieri(iil. Lehiml it I toiind a level jilacc, paved Jiartly wuth 
 laru'c IhiL's et stnne, partlv v.utli stmies ninre or h-ss hewn ; and after 
 this a wall nf hntilicatnin, lioft. hi,i,Oi and It. thick, hiiilt nf lar,-e stmies 
 and earth, which ran hidov,- mv wnudeii house, Init li'. It. almve the Trujau 
 circuit -Willi, ^vluch starts fn.im the riate.'-' 
 
 A\ lule lellicMn'.,' up this circiiit-vall. and Orini.rinL': mere ami more of 
 it t'i li-mt, clii-e til the ancient liuilduu.,' and nnrth-we-t uf Ihi' (.late, I 
 struck upiiii a lar^c cop]ii-r article of the mc-t reiiiarkal'le Inrm, which 
 attracted my ;ittentiiin all the more, as I tlmuelit I saw L^nld behind it.'" 
 On thi.' tup ot' it was a layer nf red and calcined rune', frniii 4 , to 0} ft. 
 thick, as hard as stmic. and aljove this again thci aliove-mi'iitmneil wall of 
 
 ' Soiml.e c-iti"ml n.iii 111- -x, r. ' Sir- nn th<' I'l.m I. Oil Ti-.y) thu tr,:riin 
 « This tri-ncn i> ju^t m linut '■( tin? re.i.liT in iii.irkuil a to the \v..-.t ul' tho S-Co. 
 th- Tieu- Nil. n"', p- -JJ ; It 's 'il^" rrinc.ji.iiM " See this TiMJin w.tII, markoa A, to tho nm th- 
 ou the Seijtii'Uiil I'lao No. IV., z, V."e,t, alil mi west nl'ttie >;:it.. nn I'lan I. (nf Trej). 
 the Phin ]. ("f Tmv) iin.ler tl,e letter /,'. '" The jii'e.ise s|".t uf this iin|.nrtaiit discnvcry 
 
 ■ S'-e .\n. le (p. '■j'J) a* 't^s tieneh below tiie is mjr.-ieJ A on Plan ]. ( of Trn_v_). 
 Bt.inilint; inau. 
 
ly73.J DISCOVEKY OF THE GEEAT TEEASUEE, 41 
 
 fortifbMtinn (ft ft. broad and 20 ft. lii,L;li), Luilt of large stones and earth, 
 wlih-h imist have been erected sliortly after tlio destruction of Troy. In 
 (inliT to secnre the treasure from my workmen and save it for archae- 
 oln;^'V, it ^vas necessary to lose no time; so, altliiiUL;!i it «as not yet tlie 
 iiiiur for breakfast, I iiumediatcdy had piinjas called. Tliis is a word of 
 uucrtain derivation, which has pass.'d over into Turkish, and is hero 
 (■ui]di>vi'd m phu'c of uruTrauais, or time frir rest. "While the men were 
 eatmi; and restini,', I cut out tlie Treasure with a laryi' knife. This 
 ri'iiuired great excrtimi and involved great risk, since the wall of tortifica- 
 tmn, beneath whieli I had to dij,', thrr^atened every moment to fall down 
 ujHin mc. V,\\i the sight of so man}- cibjects, every one of wliicli is of 
 incslimablc value to arrli.-roh'u'y, nuulr me rrckless, and I never thought 
 of any danger. It wnuld, however, have been impossible I'm' mc to have 
 remcivcil tli(.' treasure without the Ind]) of my dear wife, who stood at 
 uiv side, ready to pack the things I cut out in her shawl, and to carry 
 them away. All the dilferent articles of wliich this Tn/asure was com- 
 piisiil will be deseribed at the proper jdace m the precise order in which 
 tliev were taken emt of the rums. I here onh' give a general view of the 
 wliele (No. 14). 
 
 As I Iciund all these articles toi:;ether, in tlic huun of a rectangular 
 mass, ur packed into one another, it sc-ems certain that they were placed 
 on the city v/all in a wooden chest. This supposition seems to be corro- 
 liorated b}' the fact that close by the side of these articles I found a 
 cfipjier key. It is therefore possible that some one packed the treasure in 
 the chest, and carried it off, without having had time to jmll out the key; 
 when he reached the wall, however, the hand of an enemy, or the fire, 
 overtook him, and he was obliged to abandon the chest, which was imine- 
 di.'itely Covered, to a height of ') ft., with the ashes and stones of the 
 ailjoiiiing house." 
 
 Perhaps the articles found a few days previously in a ro<un of the 
 cliiei"s house, close to the place where the Treasure was discovered, 
 belonged to this unfortunate person. These articles consisted of a helmet 
 and a silver vase, with a cup of electrum, which will be described in the 
 cliajiter on this Third City. 
 
 (Jii the thick layer of dthris vrhich covered the Treasure, the builders 
 of the new city erected a fortification-wall already mentioned, composed 
 of large hewn and tinhewn stones and earth. This wall extended to 
 within 3] ft. of the surface of the hill. 
 
 That the Treasure was packed together at a moment of supreme 
 peril appears to bo proved, among other thiiies, liy the contents of the 
 largest silver vase, consisting of nearly OtlUO objects of gold, which will 
 be described in the subsequent pages. The person wlio endeavoured to 
 save the Treasure had, fortunately, the presence of mind to place the 
 silver vase, with the valuable articles inside it, upright in the chest, so 
 that nothing could fall out, and everything has been preserved uninjured. 
 
 " I'-ut as in 1878 .and 1879 I found, at a (lis- storey of the towu-chiefs house, I now r^itlier 
 
 tance of but a few yarJa from llie spot where think that the same may have been the case 
 
 this trcisure was discov ered, iour more treasures, with the large treasure, 
 which inuit evidently have fallen from an upjier 
 
42 
 
 NAr.UATivE OF \voi;k at TUuY. 
 
 YlNint'D. 
 
 ILip;:i,LC to fiiid inorc trcasni-cs here, I pulleil tlowii the upper wall, 
 aiiJ I also hroke uvwiy the eiioniinus hlock nt' i/iY/r/s which separated lay 
 westrrn :ui(l iiorth-westiTU Ireiiehcs' IViim (he rt' at massive walls whicli 
 I used to call the " Tower. ' iJut to do this I had to pull down the 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 Ill ^i^wzi^^s^ssb 
 
 ^^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N'n. II. 'arrT.il Vi. «-nf 'I,,. Trr.Mif. ( 1 i.f.th, '2^ fi.l n. K-y of (liP 'rrraMir'- Oir.-t. ^ Tl.f enM-n Hi.nlfni'i, I^ill^t, 
 
 Kar-riiit'i, an. I ^ni..ll .r.v.i.K, r. S.hrr ■•r..l-nl-" ;,riil V.-.^-l^ .,[ Silver .iii.l '.-l.l. ./. S;Iv,t \'a^c'i I 
 
 tiiri'US I'l.ite Ml (■,,|,|M r. c. WiMiiuii^ aici ir Irii'l-tTeas "1 I'.jpieT ur I'l.'ii/e. /. Lmjiji'T Ws-el. tj. (Ju]i['tT 
 Ciiuldrua- h. ' up[i r >li|e|J. 
 
 larii^er of my wooden hoiisr^s, and to bridL^^e civer the dates, so as to 
 facilitate the removal uf the Jrhn's. I loiiud there numy interesting 
 
 ' See Phn I. (of Troy) ; al^o on Xos. ;i ,11, J Id tl]f riock in front, ,inJ on No. 13 on the loft side. 
 
IsTl.] "TROY xVND ITS ItEJIAIXS." 43 
 
 iiiiiiiiuitics ; more especially three silver dishes {(pidXai), 1 ft. 9 in. below 
 llio jiliirc where the Treasure was diseoverej : two of them were broken in 
 jiifci's by the hibourer's pickaxe, the third is entire That the Treasure 
 it -elf escaped injury from the jiickaxes, was due to the larp;e copjier vessel, 
 wiiuli projected in such a way that I could cut everything out of the 
 ij;ii'd (ii'lir/s with a knife. 
 
 I now perceived that the trench which I had made iii April 1870 
 li;;d exactly struck the ng1it point for excavat'iig,- and that, if I had 
 iiiilv continued it, I should, in a few weeks, havi' uiicov(_u'ed tlie most 
 n iii::rl.al.li' buildin^rs in Trny; whereas, liy alianddiiinq it, I had lu make 
 fof'.-sal excavations from ea^t to west, and from north to south, through 
 the entire hill, in order to liud tlicin. 
 
 AVo discontinued the excavations on the 17th of June, 187.'1 
 
 In Deci'iuber of the same year the Turkish authorities of Koum 
 Kalrli seized many gidd ornaments wliicdi two of my workmen had 
 fcuiil in three dillerenl places in the jireccding ]\Iandi, whilst working 
 for me in the trenches of Ilissarlik, at a depth of nearly 30 ft. below the 
 surfice of the hill. Ilfost of these jewels were contained in a vase with 
 an owl's head. Unfortunately one of the workmen had got his part of the 
 booty nudted down l.iy a goldsmith at Iti'ii Kioi, and made into (uuni- 
 meiits after the present Turkish hishion. All these g(dd oriiaiiieiits, lioth 
 genuine and re-made, are now in the Imperial MusiMim at Coiistaiitiiuiple. 
 Till.' genuine ones will be representi'd and explained in the subsecjuent 
 I'ages; and it will be seen that tlu'y are nearly all of the same type as 
 tliose contained in the L;reat treasure discovered by me, though similar 
 types had never before lieen found elsewhere. 
 
 In the beginning of 1871, 'Slv. F. A. Lrockliaus of Leipzig published, 
 in (rerman, an account eif my excavations and discoveries at Troy, under 
 tlie title of TroianiscJie AJturtlnnncr, of which a translation in French by 
 ^Ir. Alexander \l. Piangabe, Ambassador of (xreece at Ferlin, appeared 
 simultaneously. Iloth editions were accompanied by an Atlas containing 
 218 photographs, representing nearly 4000 of the objects discovered in 
 the excavations, together with a minute descrijition of each of them. The 
 J'higlish translation of the same work, made by I\riss Dora Schmitz and 
 edited by I\Ir. Philip Smith, was puldished li}' I\Ir. John iMurray of London, 
 111 November 1871, under the title of Troy and its lli iiiains. 
 
 § A I. IXTEKV.VL IX Tin: "WoKK AT TrOY : ExC-VV.\.TIOXS .\T JIVCENAE : 
 
 1S74-1S77. 
 Having obtained from the Grcid; (b)vernment permission to excavate 
 at ]\[yeenac, I began operations there in February I S74, by sinking thirty- 
 lour shafts in its Acropolis ; and I had just discovered the site of the 
 ancient lioyal Sepulchres mentioned by Pausanias, when I was interrupted 
 
 See No. 10, p. 35, the trench just in front, Im'Idw the st.Tnding man. Tlic s.ime trench ia 
 marked z' on I'lan 1. 
 
44 d:ti-i;val of woi:k at tp.oy. [In-thod. 
 
 in my oxvilorationa l)y tlic legal proccfJings instituted against me at 
 Athen-i liy tlie Tiirkisli Government, wliieli eluiiiied one-lialf of ray eoilec- 
 tion of Trojim antiquitiis. Tiic lawsuit lasted for a year, when the Court 
 dceiih d tliat I should jiay tho Turkish Government an indemnity of £100 
 in setth'nieiit of (heir elaims. But instead of £100 I sent, in April 1875, 
 H-i 111) to the Turkish Minister of Public Instruction, for the beneht of 
 the Imperial iMuseum, expressing my great desire always to remain ou 
 friendly terms with them, and oxplaminp; to them that they stood as much 
 in nei'd (if a man like myself as I stood in need of them. i\Ly dijnatiou 
 was so kindly received by II. II. Safvet Pasha, then i\Iini>ter of Public 
 Instruction, that I was emboldened to go to Constantino})le at tho end of 
 December IS?."), to solicit a new firman for the exploration of Troy. By 
 the jjowerful assistance of my honoured friends, II. E. the United vStates 
 j\Iinisti'r Kesident ]\Ir. i\Iaynard, H. E. the Italian Ambassador Count 
 Corti, 11. II. Safvet Pasha, and particularly by the uuri'initting zeal and 
 uiid;iunled eiier!:;y of II. E. the (treat Logotheto Aristarclies Bey, I was 
 on tlie piuiit <d' olitaiiiniL^ my lirmaii, when my recpiest \Yas suddenly 
 rejiM'ted by the Council of State. 
 
 Poit II. E. the Great Logothete Aristarclies I'>ey liaving introduced 
 me to II. E. tlio late liashid Pasha, ^ tlien Minister of pDrcign Affairs, 
 a man of hi;_,di culture, who had been for hve yi;ars Governor of Syria, 
 I li:'.'l iKi dilhcnlty ill inspiring him with a v.'arm enthusiasm for Troy 
 and its remains, so that he went himsedf to H. II. the (irand Vizier, 
 I\Iu]iiiiiiud-Xcdim Paslia, spoho warmly in my favour, and fibtained from 
 him an urder that the hrman slunild be ^'iveii me witliout diday. I 
 received mv firman aceordin,L,dy at the end of April ls7(j, and at once 
 priicrrdcd to (lie I);irdanelles to continue my excavatimis. But I tlc'ro 
 found the Gnvrrnor-* ieneral, Ilirahim Pasha, totally aver.'^e to the 
 coiitmu.ili'in iif the works, proliably because ever since I had stopped 
 them, iu June ISTo, he had been m llio haliit of himself giving a sort 
 of liniian in the numerous travellers who came to see my excavations, 
 and this of course would have ceased had I rcsumeil my opm-ations. 
 liaviii'.,' kopt me therefore for nearly two months at the 1 )ardaii(dles, under 
 tlio jindeiice tliat he had not yet received tho confirmation of my firman, 
 he at last aIlowe(l me to recommence tho excavations, but gave me as 
 "uardiaii a certain Izzet liireiidi,' whose sole ofFice it was to throw 
 ob.-,taeh-.-, in my way. Seeing tlie utter impossibility of going on, I 
 returned to Atlii IIS, and v.'rote a letter to tlii' 7V/»es (published 'iltli of 
 Julv, ISTli), m wliich I denoujiced Iljraliim Paslia's conduct before tlie 
 tribunal id' tlie' civilized world. The article having licen reproduced i)y 
 tlie Ciuistaiitinople papers, he was transferred in October ISTG to another 
 Vilayet. 
 
 I could then have recommenced the excavations at Troy ; but at tho 
 cud of July I had begun to excavate again at i\lycenae, and could not 
 work there until I had thoroughly explored all the royal 
 
 ' Rcshid Pasha was murJcrca in June, 187G. account of gross cmbczzlomcut of government 
 
 * Tills kzet tllenJi has lately been exiled ou monies. 
 
ISTG] EXCAVATIONS AT JIYCEXAE. 45 
 
 t(iinl'.'=>. Tlie really vron<lcrful sufcess which attended my excavations, 
 the iunnciise and marvellous treasures with which I enriched the Greek 
 natiiiH, are well known ; for all a,L;-es to curne travellers from all ]-.arts of 
 thi' world will ilock to the (ireek capital to see here in the 3iycrnue 
 Mu,. um the vrsult of my disinterested laliours. The iiuhlication of my 
 work I'll ^lyci'nae in English ami (lerman occupieil tin' whole of 1S77 ; 
 the Frenidi edition kept nie husy until the suuimer of ISTSi, and it 
 \va< only Ml July of that year that I was ahle to think of continuing 
 thi- exc:!\'ati<uis at Troy. But my hrimin of April l.STlJ having keen 
 '_;ivrn lor two years only, it had iiov, expired, mid a ncvi' rinieiii hud to 
 lie procured ; many fresh dillicnllies, loo, had aiisen wlii(di 1 eould 
 iK'Vor have overconio without the aid of mv honourod Irimid Sii Auslru 
 Iloiiry Tayanl, Amljassiidor of her I'lntaiinic ^iln jcstv at CoUslaiil iiiojde, 
 who smoothed away all my diiliculties with tiie Turkish (iovrrniaeut, 
 ohtaiiiod f;u- me a more lihcral firman than that v.diich I had had holore, 
 and ahvavs cheerfully lent me his ])owcrful assistance whenever I applied 
 for it, winch sometimes happeuc'd as (jften as twice a. dav dunn;^ the 
 progress of the excavations. I therefore fiillil a most a;_i'eealde duty 
 m icjw thanking his Excellency puldicly and most cordiaUy lor all flie 
 services he has rendered mc, without which I could never hav(j hrought 
 my work to a close. Eut my new lirman not heine ready tdl Septemher 
 1S7S, I had time t ■ make a more thorough exploration cd' the island of 
 Ithaca. 
 
 5 YII. l^XPLOr.ATieiN- OF ItIIACA ; 1S;78. 
 
 I regret to say tliat systematic exeavatioiis fir arclaeoloi^'ical purposes 
 are altoeether out of the question here. I he;_'-aii mv reseandies in the 
 vallev called Polls, v.diieh is in the northern ]iart of the island, and has 
 geiKU'allv heen considered as the site of the Ifonieric capital id' lthac;i : 
 lirst, on account (d' its name, which is the (dreek wcu'd for city ; seeond, on 
 aci'ount cn its splendid harhour, at a distance of only two miles from a 
 small island now called ]\rathitarii'i, which, heiiig tin' only one lu the strait 
 lietween Ithaca and Cephaloriia, has naturally ahvavs keen {(haitilied ^',lth 
 the Homeric island ni Asteris, hehind wlmdi the suitors of EeiKdope lay 
 in y:a.it for Telemachus on his return from Pylos and Sjiarta.'' As a f lurth 
 reason for the identity of Polis with the site of the ciqiital of tthaca, 1 
 may mention an acropolis which a travelh'r f nicies he can ])erceive on 
 the very steep rock, at a lu ight of ahoiit 4011ft., on the north side of 
 the port. Jfy first care was to climh nji to it, and I fuiiid it to consist 
 of a very irregular calcareous rock, winch had evidently never keen 
 toU(died hy the hands of man, and can na.st eertninly never have s( rved as 
 a v>a)jk of defence. But as seen ivum h(d(nv, this rock has ilie shape id' a, 
 firtress. It is still at the present day called " e;istron " hei'e, and in like 
 nianner it must in remote antiquity have Ijeen called " P(dis," the orieinal 
 mi aning of this word having been "acro]i(dis," Thus there can he no 
 
 
4G EXPLORATION OF ITHACA. [L\ti;od. 
 
 doubt tliat the name of tins valley is derivoJ — not, as has liitlicrto been 
 tlioii^lit, from a real eity, Imt merely from an imaginary fortress. 
 
 ISesiJcs, tliis valley is the most fertili^ spot in Itliaea, and it can 
 therefore never have lieeu ustd for the site of a eity; in fact, no case 
 has ever oecurred in Ch'eece where a city was built on fertile land, and 
 least of all eau sueh have licen the ease ou the rocky island oi Ithaca, 
 where aralili' land 'is so rx>-ri'diiii;ly rare and lu-ecious. If, therefore, 
 tliei'e had been a eity at I'olis, it could only have been built on the 
 siirrouudiiiL,' rocky b('ii.;hts, the pointed or aljrupt and always irref^ular 
 shape of whiidi preidudes tlie idia that they can have ever lieen inhabited 
 by luon. Coloiiid Lcalce '' mentions an old ruin on the south side of the 
 piU't ; it .;ill exists, but is nothin;^ else than a Christian church of 
 the 3Ild.!le A-r,. 
 
 I vi'iited and carefully measured the island <d' i\ratliitari(i. Its leiip;tli 
 is 'iSlili.; its Iiroudth varies between lOS ft. anil ITGft. On account of 
 thesr small dimeiisioiH, it cannot possildy bi.' idontifiod with tlio Homeric 
 Astrris, wliich, as the poet says, had two piorts, each of them with two 
 entrances. r.iit still I liavo no reason to (jurstiou that the si.ndit of 
 r.Iathitario may have L;i\en to Homer tho idea of liis imaLcmary Asteris. 
 On tlic i>l,uid ai'e thr luiiis id' a tower and tliroi.> buildiiii^s, one of which 
 is said to liav(.' bicu a schooldiouse, wlii(di would t'Xplam fho name i^tathi- 
 tario. Thr rums can hardlv 1"' more than a couple of centuries old. 
 
 Tliou-h tor all these reasons I was peiTeetly convinced that no city 
 can eviu- have oeeupled the fertile valley of Pidls, yet 1 tliou^^lit it in the 
 interi'st of scnuice to investieate the matter by actual excavations. A\itli 
 the perniK-ion of tlie owner of tlie land, i\lr. X. Jletaxas Zannis, I sunk 
 many ^liatt^ ther(.' ; liut in nearly all of tliem I struck tlie natural rock at 
 a depth of 1(1 to l.'l tt., except ill tlie middle of the valley, wliiidi seems to 
 have been hollov.ed out to a ^'reat depth by a mountain torrent. FraLj- 
 nieiits of rudely-niadi' blaek or white <irc'ek pottery and pieces of tiles 
 were all I tound. d'liere were only a few fraemeiits of undiaic pottery, 
 for which I could elaim the date id' the sixth century n.c. Tombs are 
 "" soiiietinies lound on the iieii,diliourin,L( liei^hts, but, as is proved by the 
 pottery and coins contailn.'d m tlii'in, they are of the third, fourtli, lU' filth 
 century i:.r. Of the sa.me period are also the antnpiitles found m a 
 cavern to the rii,'ht of the port of Pidis ; for an in.-ei-ipt ion found there, I 
 can ^vitll eertaintv ejaim the date ot' tlie sixtll or e\"ell tlie seventh century 
 D.c' Thercdore, the supposition tliat Tolis is the site of the Homeric 
 capital of Itliaea must now lie delinitely abandoned. 
 
 I alterwards carefully surveyed the remaimni,' northern part of the 
 island, but I nowhere found the site of an ancient town, except in tln^ 
 envii'ons of the small liiiildiiiL; of eyclo])ean masonry, n^iually called 
 the " Seliool of Homer," wdiiidi llie ow-ni;r of the jiroperty, the priest Sp. 
 Vretii, has, iii his pious zeal, latidy converted into a small eliuridi. Put 
 unfortunately he hd't in it the thick layer of (I'liriti it contained, whiidi 
 has now become the jiavcment of the church. Had he cleared it out ami 
 
 " TravcU in Xurthcrn Greece, ^ See my Mycenae, p. 7S. 
 
js7>.] THE CAPITAL ON JIOUNT AETOS. 47 
 
 r.irrfully collocted tln^ potslierda, ^YC mi;^'ht prol>aLly at once have fdUiiJ. 
 ill l\i<<r the key lo tlie dati.^ of the Luililing. lie refused me peiniissiDU 
 ',,, cxcuvatf in tlie elmrcli, Imt allowed iiic to do bo in tlie adjoiniiif; 
 III Ills, wliiTi' a nnnilier of rock-hewn liouse-fi.wndations and remnants of 
 ,-v<-lt.]ican ^valls testified to the existence nf an ancient settlement. I diip; 
 \\\rvr a i^'ieat many holes, Lut always strnck tlir native rrick at less than 
 :'. It., and sonu'limes even at a depth of less than I'J in. : thus there can he 
 II,, ,l,,uht that a town existed here m classical times, and most jinihahly it 
 is the veVY town mentioned liy tScylax, i'er. o4, and Ptolemy, lii. 14. IM. 
 
 1 pMiceedeil thencc' to iliiunt Act, is, situateil on the narrow isthmus, 
 liardiv eiie mile wide, whicli J'nns Xnrtlieni and Southern Ithaca. 1 
 l,,dieved the ancient city tu have l.een lit the northern font of that 
 iieiiinlain, and t'> have extendid all over the small ridu'e which crosses the 
 li,,ll,,\v hetwet-n it and Blount ^Icreviini to the south of it. Lint I dis- 
 ci, veii'd I had Ijei'n mistaken, fur I hiund everywhere the purest virgin 
 snil. I'Xeipt 111! the Very crest nf the ridge, where, near the ehajicl of ira'_;ios 
 (ieniu'ies, I hiund a ViTy small plain with an aecumulatinn of artificial 
 snil h' It. deep. I dug there two Ihiil; tremdies, in one of which I hrought 
 til li^ht a terrace-wall 7 It. high, consisting of huge ]iulygiinal hloeks 
 v.ell htted toLii'ther; to compare this wall to the modern terrace-walls 
 wlindi siirrnund it, is to comjiare a giant's work to a work of dwarfs. Of 
 pnttrrv I f iiiiid there nothing Init a few fragments of Mack (ireek vases. 
 llaviiiL!; here alsii faileil in mv researches, 1 most carid'ullv explored 
 Mount Ai'tos, whieh rises to a height of (Jt'lJ ft. froni the sea, and has on 
 its ai tilieiallv hut rudtdv levelled summit a jilatform of triangular form, 
 with two lar^'e cisterns and a small one, and remnants of six or seven 
 small c^'elllpl■lln linildiiigs, which v,a'i-e cutlier sejiarate houses or, more 
 ju'oliahly, chamhers of the lurge i'y(dopean mansion whicdi is said to have 
 stood there, and is commonly called "the Castle of Ulysses." There 
 can hardlv lie any doulit that in the same manner as the Acrojiolis of 
 Athens was wnleued hv Cuiion," wdio took in a large portion of its iiorth- 
 eastmi slope and i'llled Up the lower space wuth stones and d('h)-i^:, the 
 levid summit of !?.[ouiit Actus was extemled to the imrth and smith- 
 west hy a huge evelo|)ean wall still existing, tlu' spaci' hetweiui the to[i 
 and the wall heing filled uii with stones nwl ih'liri.t. Thus the summit 
 I'nrmed a levtd rpiadrangular ]ilatforni, l(j(> ft. 8 in. long hy I'll ft. 4 m. 
 hrnad, so that there was on the summit aniph" room for a large mansion 
 and courtyard. To the north and south of the circuit-wall are towers 
 ot cy(do])ean masonry, from each of wliitdi a huij;e wall of immense 
 hiiulders runs down. ]!nt at a certain distance these twai walls hegin 
 fo form a curve, and ultimately join each other. Two more cyclojiean 
 Walls run down from the top — the one m an easterly, the! other in a 
 south-easterly direction — and join the curve hirmed hy the two iirst- 
 nanii'il walls. Lastly, I have to mention a huge circuit-wall ahoiit 5(1 ft. 
 hilow the upper circuit-wall. This wall has fallen on the west sidi , 
 hut is in a marvellous state of preservation on the other .sides. To 
 
 ^ Paus,ini--i3, i. 'Ji-., ^ .3. 
 
o 
 
 48 KXrLOKAi'IOX OF ITHACA. [Intkod. 
 
 increase tlie strength of the place, tlie foot of the rock hag been cut 
 away SI) as to form a perpciulicuUir wall of rock 20 ft. high. Three gates 
 can he rrcoguizcd in the walls. 
 
 I'n'twecu all thrsc cvchipeaii walls there once stood a city, wliicli may 
 havr iMutaiucil ^IHIO houses, either cut out in tho rock or built of cyclo- 
 pcau mas. liny. Of 190 of these houses I have been able to find the ruins 
 moTL' or h'ss well presi'rved. I measured twelve of fluin, and found them 
 bctwi'iai 21 it. and (j.'l ft. long, and from 15 ft. to 20 f[. broad. The usual 
 size, iif the r>idely-cut stiuus is fi ft. in length, -lit. Sin. in breadth, and 
 2 ft. in tliicknes-. The size of these stones by far exceeds that of the 
 stoui's in the cvrlnncan houses I discovered at Jlveenae and Tiryns. 
 Slime of the housrs consisted of only one roi>m ; others had fnur or even 
 six eliandjrrs. I'mm bidow not one of the houses is visilde ; and as the 
 pra^iuits 111 Ithaca thnught them to be mere heaps of stunes, tlieV did not 
 piiint tlii'iu nut to loreigiiers, whn might a^cmul ]\I(iuiit Aidos a liundred 
 tiiiii- v.itlinut iiiiticini^ any nue nf tln'iri, ior the slnprs nf Artos ascend 
 at all anu'!'' nf '■'>'>, and thoy are thus 7'' steeper tliaii the uppi r cone of 
 !\bimit Vesuvius. It is thrreiore excecdinL'ly dillicult and latiguing t 
 ascend ]\fi)unt Aetos, the more so as it is full of pointed rocks, and over 
 gniwii v>ith tlinrny underv.-oml and thistles, liesides, the jiatli by which 
 the peasants leail strangers to the tup dues not pass iieur any of the 
 betler-pi'rserved cvclopeiin linuses ; it passes only a few Inundations, in 
 whiili ev.'ii the best arelKenlngist might fail tn recngnize remnants of 
 hnuses unless lie had seen the better-preserved buildings. For all these 
 reasniis eviui Cnlniiel Leake niily saw '■'some terraee walls and some 
 I'niiiidati.ius of buildings en tlie side nf Aetns ;" and frnm tins remark of 
 Ins nn niie enulil have expertid tn find here the ruins, mnre nr less well 
 preserved, of IIKJ hnuses nf Itliaeu's must ancient capital, which had, 
 linwever, long liefire Cnlnnel Leaki', been identilied by William Gell.''' 
 This evelnpean capital is unii[Ue m the wmld, ami every admirer ot 
 lliimer nu,L,'ht to enme out tn see it. A'isitors ou;..,dit to take as their guide 
 the pe;is;iiit Xii'ijlans Tsamjs, whnm I have repeuti'iUy shown oviu' the 
 aiicinit citv. He lives at the font of Mount Aetos, close to the chapel 
 of lla;4lns (ienrgins. 
 
 Fnr two wei'ks I excavated with thirty workmen in thnse eyelnpcan 
 biiiMin-s : liut framiielits nf pntti.'ry, whicli has no resemblaiiee to any of 
 the ^Iveeiiean pntterv, but IS uiucli like that frnm the two most ancient 
 cities at Trnv , fragments nf must curinus tiles v,-ith impressed nrnaments ; 
 alsn two witii a sort nt' written cliaracters fnr wliieh I .•animt elaim a hiedi 
 antiiiuitv; furtlnu', the fragments nf a very aneiei.t and nmst curinus 
 p,;,,iilmill — these were the only results of all my labour. Fut I must 
 wniider that I have succeeded in finding even thus mucli, lieeanse nn 
 aceount (d' tlie steep slope 110 accumulatinii nf tJrhri:< was pnssibh' jiere, 
 and the heavy winter rains have for ages swept all remnants of ancient 
 industry into the sea. The heat on Mount Aetos is nverwhidming, on 
 account of the rocks and stones, which get hot in the sun. 
 
 • The GccujnnJii/ and AntiquUii.^- of fi'iaca ; London, 1S07. 
 
1 .7S.] GROTTO OF THE XYMrilS. 49 
 
 1 ni'r.l liurdly sny tluit the drawiii.:,' wliich Sir "\V. Gfll p\\e^ in liis 
 llli.ir.i 111' tlic I'aluco iif riysscs is alto^'ctlier iiiia,i;iiiui-y. 
 
 1 ;ils() c'diiimciiccd cxcaviitinf^ tin; stiihictite f^Totto near tlii^ little iiort 
 .,f Drxia, v.-liich IS j^'cii. 'rally iJflitlficil witli the in.rt of I'lankys, wliriv 
 I'lv.--.- wa-i laiiJrd l.y tlic Plmca.'iaus, tlic .urotto Iiciul; ri.^iitlv coii- 
 sid.T.d tti Ik' iiLiitical ^vitll the Hoiiirric ("irottu df tin- Xvini'ihs, in 
 wliicli riyssi'S, assistcil liy AthiMu', hill Lis treasures. Kiit liaviii^ (ipcni'il 
 a tivurli just Irloi-r t!ic little altar, down to (lie \;h-V, witlmut even 
 111,,!. 11- a |ii.t~lirrd, I aliaiidoued tins ungrateful exeavatidii. Tlie .^rottn 
 IS very siiaeiou-, and it exaetly answers tin' descniitiiiii of Ilenier, vilio 
 savs ■■that It has two enlrances, ..lie on it~ inirtii siile |or uk'H, and 
 ,,!,r oil lis s.mth sale for the ininioital <:od<. for no man e;,n enter hv the 
 divine door."'' All this is true; hut hy tlie eiiti'anee inx the ^nmIs he 
 nieaiis the artdieially eilt hole m the vault of tlie erotto, which must 
 have M rved as a ehimiiey to earry olf the sinoke of the saerifieiai lires. 
 From this ehiiniiey to the hottom of the on.fto the dejitli is ."ii; ft., and, 
 of course, no mall can enter hy this wav. J'.ut for a^es the j.roorietors 
 of the lield se.'Hi to have util.zed this chimney to uet rid (d' some .d' the 
 stomas which ahouiid here, for the f^rotto is lilled with small stones to 
 the depth of ') or (i ft. From the vault cd' the ^q-otto haii- innumerahle 
 slalaet.tes, which ,^.ive to lloiuer the idea of the stone urns and aniidior<X', 
 and til!' stone Iranies and loiuus on v.hieli the Xvmphs \vo\-e imride- 
 coloiired mantles and veils.' I most caret'ully I'Xplorcd the whole southeri) 
 piU'tioii (d' Ithi.ca. The town of Vathy, the present cajutal of Itha.ra, is 
 not Vet a liuiulrod years old, and tlu' complete ahseiice of ancient potsherds 
 on *ihe llat soil seems to provi' that there was no citv or villaee on the site 
 in ancient times llelVu'i' Vathy v.as loundeil. the citv was on a rockv 
 hi'i'.ht alie>iit one mile further south. On the site ui the ohl town I touud 
 hut a verv small accumulation n'i ihhris. and no trace (d'ancii'iit pidtcrv. 
 
 Near the soutli-easti-rn extremitv of tlie island, ahout -i '. miles from 
 A atliv, are a uuinlM'r of roonis like stahles, axcraeiiiL,' '!') tf. in lein^tli 
 and 10 If. Ill lireadtli, piartlv rock-cut, partlv I'ormed liy cvclop. an walls 
 of vei'v hii:j;i> rudelv-wrouoht sloms, which must ha\e o-i\"en to iromer 
 the idea for tlu' twelve' pi^'-sties hiiilt hy the divine swineherd ]'jimaeiis.- 
 To the east of these staldes, ami just m front of them, thousands of verv 
 coiiimoii hut most ancient jjidsherds indicate the existi'iiee of an ancient 
 rustic hahitation, winch lloiner appears to have descrihed to us as the 
 lioiise and station of Eumaeus.-' This is the more prolmlde, as at a verv 
 
 '" S -ri CiJ, \iii. 1M',1-1I2. Till' wliol'j pr\ -.tl;'"' o' 5' ='5 ""p-"'! Norou eiVi OelTtfaf ciSf ti hs I'rj; 
 
 (1"--11„') is: arV'5 inepx)vraL, d\.v' atlararuji' oT'us t Tir. 
 a!jTl,p fV! Kparh-i AiufVos Tai'u^i'.'AVnT (Aa'7), ' So' w. li),')-les in thr pu^-age jiet iil.'il. 
 
 °7X''f*i 5' a^'Ti)s ai'Tpov c-Tr-ijparoi' Tjfpon'j^s, ' ^''c -O"- !■'■ l^- 
 
 'pii' Ni'»0da)i' a' NTjVdSfl KaAf'oi-Toi. I'l-TOfrOf i- 5' a'JATJt iTvt;-(ni:s SunnaiccKa ttokiv 
 
 tV 5f KpTlTTipfs Tf Kal au(tn(t)np-ije^ ^aaiv TrATlrreii' aAA-yjAa'i', f.'j'as avfJLj-'. 
 Adi't'ir ^vBa 5' fTTciTa Tidaifiwrrrrnu'^i fif\l(r(Tai' ' "''■ ^e■. .>-li): 
 
 ff h' iVto! Ai'fltoi Trfpiu-Zjifffj, fvBa Tf vva<t>a.i Tur ap' h\ irpuhuu';' up' fjfi.i'cn', ifOa oi ai'Aij 
 
 Oape' v<t>a.ii'ovn-i'j 'a\LiTop<bvpa, Barua ^'iiafloi, I'-'i-^jVi; 5c5ut]-o, nfpinKfirT<j> e'l-i X^P'''^ 
 
 iv 5* r'>53T' a-'fi d'-.i'Ta. S/'oi 5(' t« n\ %voo-i f^rrU\ KaAi't 7e ij.(^ya.\T) Tf, ■nfpiopouo'i' ni' L>a re'/Ba'TTjs 
 
 at i^ii, TTptj! B ipeao, /tiiTaiySaTol aiOpiinoiaty, auT^s Sfi'fiafl' ueirrrif irroixouiyoio aroKTos, 
 
 E 
 
50 KXl'LORATION OF ITHACA. [Intuud. 
 
 shiirt uistunce to tlir sonlli (if this site, uiul uciir llio scrt, is a wliitc clilT 
 witli a jii'rprmlii'ulur di'srciit ul' 1(1(1 it., which to the jii-cscnt Jay is caHcd 
 Koriix, " th ■ Kuvcu lIiH-k," to v.luch Ilnmrr rrlV'is wlion he veprcscuts 
 Ulysses as clialli'iii^inL:; iMiuiacus "tn pi'('ci|iilalc huii li'diii the j^rrat rock" 
 if he liuds that he is telliiii; lies.' lielow tile Koi'ax, iii a recess, is a 
 natural auil always jileiitiful spriiiL,' of pure water, which tradition identi- 
 ties with lloiuer's (oiiutain oi Arethiisa, wheic^ the swine of Emuaeus ^Yere 
 watered.' 1 excanated iii tlie stahh'S, as well as in front of tlieiii on the 
 site of thi' rustic hahitation; 1 haiml llii' stahles lill.'d wuth stones, but 
 on the site of tlie house 1 ^trU' !■; thi' rock at a ih'[dh of 1 ft., and found 
 tliere liauuieiit--' ol' ver\' inleres'iUiL:, most ancient, iinpaiiitc'd pottery, 
 also (if ar(diaic pottery Willi red bands, and masses of l.irokeli tiles of a 
 later ju'rioil. 
 
 1 found in mv exca\ations at the foot of .Alount Aetos two Coins of 
 Itliaca, havili;,' on one side a coi k with the l(\L,'eliil i<-)AK12X, and oil th(.' 
 otlier side a head of l'l\ s>es with a conical ca[i or julidlon ; also twa.) coins 
 of .\;4atho(des ot' Syracuse. 1'li(>e latter coins are liere lre(|Uently found 
 and alitiiidantlv olfeied tor sale, (.'oriiitliiaii and llomau coins are also 
 ver\' ficipiciit liere. Accordiiiij; to Aristoth'' and Aiiti;j;(Uius Carvstuis,' no 
 hare can h^'e on liliaca.. I'ut, on tlie contrary, hares are more abundant 
 here than ou any other (lre(d{ island, it bein^" next to impossible to hunt 
 them on the steep slopes of tin; huge mountains overgrown with thorny 
 uiid(U'wood. 
 
 1 iiiav add that Ithaca is, like T'tica, a Plioenician word, and means 
 "coiouv." According to Homer, I'oseidoii was the grandtather of jjiiertcs, 
 and Mr. 'Gladstone appears, theretiu'e, to be right in bidding that the 
 descent from Po-eidon al\va\s means " descent fiajiii the I'lioenicians." 
 
 I stnuiLjIv recommend a visit to Ithaca, not only to all admirers of 
 Holier, but also to all those wdio v.ish to see the ancient <lre(d^ type of 
 mcii and LM-cat female beauty. Visit. u's sliould not omit when at A'atliy, 
 the capital (d' Ithaca. t(j call ujioii my friend Mr. Aristides liL'ndniios, to 
 whom and to who.se amialde ladv, .Mr,-. I'laxidea llendrinos, 1 here make 
 my \varme4 ackliowded^ment f(jr their b(aiiitifiil hospitality. ?tlr. Ucii- 
 drinos IS the most wealtliy m.ili iii Ithaca, and will at all times b(.' happy 
 to iissist I lav.dleis witli his advice. He has a son T(demiudius and a 
 daughter J'em.dope. 
 
 § VHI. roi-KTii Yi:\i:'s W.iiiK AT Tiaiv: l^TS. 
 
 I recommenced m\- excavations at Tioy l(e,vard:- llie end n( September 
 ]S7n. \vitli a lar;:e number of wairkiiieii and several liorse-carts, having 
 previ(c,i.,ly built t(dt- ■o\-ered wooden barra(d;s, wutli nine cliamb(M-s for 
 Ui\ own accomiiiodatKui and that of my ()Vurse(;rs, servant,-;, and visitors. 
 
 roTipii' o^rTvolrri'; Ka] Aaf'prao yf'p'H'Tw;, ^ "<f. ^iil, -tec-l-ld: 
 
 pvTtncny Aae.T.ri, Ka'l ,ep'iyKoiiT(v axi'l'Sw. otiw. tuf ■/( nvurai wTfiiifity^r.- ctl 5c I'luofTa, 
 
 ' (/,/. .xiv. :!as-4ijl'>: TTiifi Ko'pa/ov -rrfTpy. ►ttI if Kin',!;; 'Apilloinr/, 
 
 ei 5f' Ki ut; iKeTiaiv afof Tfu's, i l a7opfi''iD, inUovcrai flaAai-op ii<v«uK>a Ka\ fifXaf "'Tiap 
 
 iiiios iTTitrufvai 0a\f(iv l^(ya.\-qi Kara ntTpi)',, Ti'ti-:ivnai, ra If i«-nni Tpt'cjjti Tc(laAi/ia]/ aAocf.i'/i-. 
 iKppji Ka\ aAAos irruiyh^ a\fVfTai r)T!fp<nr(vriy. ° J/i!,l. An. vili. '.'T. -. ' JJil., il'r. U. 
 
,s7-;.] EXCAVATIONS. IJESUJIED AT TKOY. 51 
 
 1 „l,so built a wriodon Imrrack, \y1uc1i sutvoJ both as a storclion-^o for aiiti- 
 iinilif;* aii.l a> a siiuiU <liiiing-liall, together with a wooden umgaziue, in 
 whuli the ;iiiti(jiiities Were ]ireserveil, wliieh weri- to be divided between 
 thr lnil"'i-ial I\Iuseum ami iiiYS(dl', and of whieh the Turkisli deh'gate 
 had tin- ki'v ; al-ii a wooden iiiaLjazine iur niy ini|denients, wheedliarrows, 
 haed-i-aits. and ether niaeliinery for exeavatini; ; Ijesides a Hinall stone 
 liud>e (nv the kitelu'ii, a w^inden hense for my ten gensdannes, ulid a slabhj 
 fer tlie herses/ All these buildmes were erei'ted on the norlh-west 
 sldpe (.1 llissarlik, wliudi liere descends at an angle of 7") to the jdani. 
 'I'll,' ':'e ef inv barraid^'s is, aeeerdnig te "M. J '■uriinnf 's nieasureiiient, 
 l;.')-.").") nielics = Slt't. abeve the le\el (it the sea; eonse'i|nent I y l^^l'SS m. 
 = 7S)t. Ill low llie suniniit of Ili.^sarlik. 
 
 'I'lie tell eeiisdarnies, to wdioiii ] ]iaid i'2(l lOs. nionthlv. were all 
 letiieees troiu liounielia, and were of e'leat use to nie, loi- tliev not 
 enl\- ^i■rved as a guard aifamst the brigands by whom the Troad was 
 iiile^ted, but they also earelully watched lay labiuirers whilst they wi.'re 
 e\ca\ating, and thns birced them to be honest. 
 
 llo\\' necessary the ten geiisdarmes were to me cmild not have been 
 bet ter jirovi'd than by the lieht which took }dace a short tin;e after my 
 de]ia|-luri? Ill the villaee of Kalitalli, only twenty minutes' walk from 
 llissarhk, lietween the peasants and a lar^e inimher of armed C'lreassiaiis, 
 who in tlie nieht attaid^ied the house of a villager reputed to possess 
 111,0(111 frs. The villae-er ascended the terrace cd' hi.- house and cried 
 for assistance, wdiereiipon his n(Ui:liboiirs hiirneil out with their rilles 
 and killed two of the assailants, luit uiitbrtuiiat(dy lo.st i wo (d' their own 
 number — the brother-in-law and son-in-l.aw of the deiiiai'(di of Jvililal li. 
 
 The wages of my three overseers were from -t'.o to i'Kl monthly; those 
 ef t!i(_' eoiuiuoii workmen, 'J frs. or 'JO pence daily; the three car[ienters 
 leceived .'! j frs. or '2s. 7'/. ; tie; wdieclwnglit o frs. or Is. a day. ]'>ut tlie 
 hi^'hest waeos of all were paid to my servant, who thoiieht he was 
 indispensable, and therid'iire refused to serve for less than .'lOt) frs. or £12 
 inoiitldv; but he made at least twice as luucli out ol his wiiie and bread- 
 store, (d' wdiiidi his brother was the niaiiaeer, for he radd to mv labourers 
 I'll credit, and, as he was my paymaster, he alwaj's got laick his money 
 easily and eoiihl never hise. 
 
 My emhaivours were now primdpally clireeted to the excavation of 
 ilie lar^^e building to the W'est and north-west (d' the gate, and (if the 
 north-eastern pridoiigatioii of tlu; gateway.'' I liad always uhuililied the 
 large luuldini,' with the resideliia' of the last chief or kme id' Troy, because 
 in it, or close to it, had been biund not only the large ti'essnri.' 1 niyselt 
 discovered, but also the treasure v.diich had lieeii eimcealed inuu me 
 hy my labourers and sreziMl liy the Turkish auih(U-ities, besides a vast 
 <|Uanl]ty of Trojan pottery; but I iinw laainta.in that ideiifity with mere 
 assuraiKM": than ever, having again discovered in it, or close to it, three 
 small treasures and a large one of g(dd jewels. Of these the iirst was 
 I'ound and excavated on the 21st of October, in the presence of seven 
 
 ■"^oc the fiunti^pif.,.,., to tlH< ri'^lit. 
 ' 5l.u ull .N.J. M, p. :i:>, the uhcli- blutk in froht ; al,,n th,' lilnrk n,, uIikI, tiic two lioiens stunl. 
 
KAiniATIVE OF WORK A'l' TIIOY. 
 
 [Intriih. 
 
 officers of IL^iLS. }[onarcJi, in a dianiLpr in tlic north-cast part of the 
 huihling, at a depth of i^lj ft. 5 in. below the surface of the mound. 
 It was contained in a broken hand-niadt^ lerra-cotta vessel, Vi-hich lay m 
 an olilique position about o ft. above the tloor, and must have fallen from 
 an upper sturey. 
 
 I 'j-ivc a dravi'in;_;- of flic town-chiefs houso in the idiapter on the 
 Third I'lty. Its lon^r,,^t ^y^H y^^^^^ p-iialhd with the ^I'eat external wall 
 of the CUV, and is ."):'. ft. din. Iohl; and 4 ft. dm. hi;j;h ; it c(]iisists of 
 smaller niul larj.;rr stmics jouu'd teuadhcr with clav. Xear tlu' north- 
 western e.\tieni:ty nf this wall, and just i] ft. above the greund, I found, 
 in a layer of gii'V WDDil-ashcs, two nnu'e small treasures, both contained 
 in linikeii haiid-niade terra-cidta vases, of which the one lay m an 
 obli(|ue, till' (itlicr in a hnriznntal iiosition, from wdiich circnmstaiice I 
 conclude that both had liilleii from an upj)er part of the heuse ; the 
 oriliccs of the vases nearly tiniched each other. Only o ft. from this 
 discovery, but on tin^ hiuisc-vrall itself, and at a dejdli of l^(j ft. below 
 the surfac(> of tin; ground, a larger treasure of bronze weapons and gold 
 jewids was found. All the objects contained in these four treasures, 
 as w(dl as all the other aiitupiities discovered in these excavations, will 
 be di'scnbed in the subse(|uent jiages, as well as the gold ornaments 
 huuid elsi-whi're. 
 
 I also continued excavating on the site of my hjrmer jilatform, on the 
 north side of the lull,'" but, on account of the winter rams, was obliged 
 to stop the w.jrks on the 2oth of Xovember. According to the stijiu- 
 lations of my tirman, I hail ti.i give up twcj-thirds of all the objects I 
 found to the imiiena! Museum, and carried olf only oiic'-third mvseit. 
 
 5 IX. FiiTir Yi:ai;'s AVouk at Tr.ov and tiik Heroic Tr.Mt:Li, axd 
 
 Exi'LOKATlO.X OF THE TuoAU ; 187!J. 
 
 I went to Ihirope, and returned to the I)ardanidl(;s towards the end of 
 Februarv ISi'.). Having again procured the services of ten :2;ensdarines 
 or z;ipliehs and l.")l) workmen, I rcciunmenced the excavation^ on tlu' 1st 
 (d' Maiidi. I'p to the middle of 31arch I sullered cruelly li-(,m the north 
 wind, which was so icv cold that it v\'as impossible to reiid lU' write in mv 
 AVooden barracks, and it \vas onlv possible to kceji (nies(df warm bv active 
 exeicise in tin; tremdies. To a\'(nd talcing colil, I wi-nt, as I had always 
 done, very I'arly e\cry iiiorniiiL;' on horsebaid-c to the Ilellespiuit to talc 
 my se;i-bath, but 1 alwavs returned to llissarlik befori' sunrise and bidiuc 
 the Work eomiiieiiced.' Two of my gensdarnies alwa\s ser\'ed me as a 
 guanl 111 the batlung (;xcursions, or whenever I absented iin"si;lt' from 
 
 '" Sr-. X... 4 r. Ilir IrTl ; ;,1„. Pl.in I. (ofTrny) n|M,n ni.'. IvmAA ,int rNlvn.c. iiiv.i'lr iV.iin 
 
 lietiM lai lijr |iiint^ X aihl ■;. Ii.iic;i'h it; an. I lie l' ns'la ■. Ii;n iiiL: l' 
 
 ' Tli.'v; ri.t:, ai tlir.l.uk ^^.■le rmt \\ithnnt ahead, r. ,1,1 I ia,t lirar mv.ra... A whiilr liniir 
 
 aiaailrnts. Tra\a-l|rT« e> lla' Tma-I will ^i:: a 1 ;vas in till, (ir-|u')al- l.i.Mlaai, till at la^t 
 
 largL' MlHjk ini>>ill'.; iVnlil tla; ni-rthrni f<|,jM ,,f ni\- ^nMI'lariin-S, tint Sram-^^ Iia; .n|))ill'4 ta III', 
 
 til.; Ijli'laij nf Kaulll K'iai. Til i ^ st ..Ilr u as I u i ,k rll usual l,atlllll','-|ilara at KaraliliK. latliviifil aiil 
 
 out winai (iiic.j in the ilark I rciln tcm la'ar tin- cxtntatnl me. Sinra that ar.il.nt 1 al«a\s 
 
 c-ili;':, anil t v.a« ]irrri|.itatr'l with my h.rfse al i-ht lat'nra passilii; a Turkish la i,|-<', iml Laid 
 
 illlu thi; liuohi;, LflaW. The llnlse ha\ili;4 fill. II my horse .iver hv the iaail.'. 
 
It,;.,,] FIFTH YEAirS EXCAVATIONS. 13 
 
 llis-;irlik. B'lt tlie cold weather did not last longer than a furtni^^lit, 
 iiiid .liter that we had a snecessiou ot fine ^Yeatller. The storks appeared 
 in the hrginiiinj,' of ?.Iareh. 
 
 At the eiul lit March I was joiiud at Ilissarlik hy my honoured friends 
 I'rofi'ssiir Kudolf Vircdiow of llirlin, and 'SI. r-]niilc loirnonf of Paris, 
 ilonoraiv I)irect(ir (if the Frenidi Selinol at Atln-ns ; tlic latter liaving 
 Prrii sriit to 'J'roy on a scicntilic mission liy the French (iovrrnnii-nt, 
 at the initiative of ."\I. .Jules Ferry, tlu' ]t[iuister (]f Puhlic Instruction. 
 I'uitli assisteil ]n(; in my researi-iii's to the utmo t of tlieir ahilily. Tro- 
 fe-^so]- ^'lrehow stU'hed the flora, launa. and ,L;eolo^dcal ch.ai'acteristics of 
 till' I'lain of d'roy, as well as the condition (if the rums ami ilrhr/s hniUL,dit 
 to li'jht 111 the ciiurse oi my excavations; and .M. r>iiriiouf, \n1io is an 
 (.\eilleul i/iiu'inei'r aiiil painter, nni'le all the plans and maps, as W(ll as 
 numv ot' thi_' sketches contained m this hook. Jle alsii studied thi' e.oloey 
 ,,|' thi' Idain of d'roy, as wi'U as the si'veral layers (if (li'Lrls at llwsarlik. 
 
 .Alv eni[i'aV(iUrs were this time jirineipally directed towards hriiii,dng 
 (() liLjIit the entire circuit of the v.alls, and I therelore excavated to the 
 cast and Si iUtli-v>'cst ot the gate" (which, accordiiie' to ^I. iJurnouf s mea- 
 surement, 1.- li'lU netres = Fjr) ft. L! in. aho^■e the leV(d of the sea, and 
 S-."..'I m. = '2( it. -J in. ludow the surface (il tie.' hill), ami to the iKuth-west 
 and north of the Jiouse (if the chnd', as well as to the east lif niv' ,1,'reat 
 northern trench. ■ It liein;j; especially important to preserve the h(iiises 
 (if the liiirnt citv, I gradually exca\ated the ruins of the three ujiper 
 cities lioi iZ'iiitally, layer hy layiU', until I n ached the easily-recoL;!iizalil"' 
 ( .ilianeil f]i'l,r/s (if tlie third or hurnt city. llaviiiL; hroue'lit diiV.n to 
 one level tic whole Space I mteiidc-il to ex[ilore, I licLjan at the i'xti(;mity 
 I'f t\if area, excavating house hy house, and ta'adually proceeilini; Viitli 
 this Work in the directnin of the iKirthern slope, whci-e the 'h'liris had tii 
 he shot. In tliis manner I was ahle to excav.ate all tin; houses of the 
 lliird City without injuring their walls. Fut of couisi- all that I ciiiild 
 hriiiL; t(i liL,dit of tlnuii were the sulistnictions, or lir,-t storeys, :! to Fj tt. 
 hi^di. hiiilt of hricks or of stones cemented with eartji. ddie ,1,'reat numher 
 ot jais tlie}- contain can hardly leave any donht that tliesi' served as 
 cellars; thoULrli at first sight it is diilicult to explain the scarcity of 
 doiu'ways, i.if which yisitors will see hut few. Fut it ajipears that these 
 lower jiarts ai the liousos were entereil hy wooden stairs or ladders fr(im 
 .ahove ; regular openings for the doors, however, exist m all the rooms ami 
 chaniliers of the large Imilding to the west and mu-th-west of the cate. 
 
 Professor \ irchow calls attentirm to the fact that, in an architectural 
 point of Yiew, the condition of this third city is the exaid prototype of 
 the kind of liuilding wdiicji still characterizes the YillaL'cs of Die Troad. 
 It was only when his medical practice' had inti-(idiiced him into the 
 mternn- (if the present liouses that he v,as ahle to understand tlie arclii- 
 tei.'tural details of those of tlie ancient stati>. The (diaraideristie of the 
 architecture i.s, that in most case.s the lower part of the houses has no 
 
 See i'lin I. ('if Ti-fiy'). intcri'stiii'^' .icciiimt of his mcdiiul iHMcticc in 
 
 ' .s<'(; .Sectional I'Lin 111., x, Y. the TriijJ. 
 
 ' I (Jive in ApjieQiJii \'. i'rul'essor Virchou's 
 
54 
 
 NAR?w\TIYE OF AVOKK AT TKOY. 
 
 [Introd. 
 
 entrance, and is surroni„lca l,y fi .stune vrull. The iippi^r storey, which 
 13 liuilt of qu;i(lran,t;nhir snu-arirj hrick^ sorvcs us the habitation fur 
 the family ; the hnvcr on.., \vhich is entered hy stairs or hulders from 
 ahove, serves us a storehouse. Wlienever the -reiind-ihjor has a door, it 
 IS alsu very frequently used as a stahh> for the cattle. When, as often 
 happrus also at the prrsent day, nin,le:n houses of this kind hill into 
 laini, the niins present precis, ly the same aspect as those of the third 
 or Inirnt city of Ilissarlik. The sioiies of the walls of the first storey of 
 the Trojan houses present no trace of haviii'.,' been wroii^L^lit ; they have 
 come troiu the easily-olitaucible natural strata of the tertiary fresh-water 
 limestone uf the iieiL,dihourin,L,' nd,i,a\ The rooms enclosed by these 
 Ti-ojaii house-walls contain those ,^nr,'antic terra-cotta jars which often 
 stand in wlioh; rows, rejire.^enting a considerable fortune liy tlieir Lu,"e 
 si.ze, whi(di is so sfeat tliat a man can stand uprii,dit in each of them. 
 
 Stnets also were scarce; for besiiles the broad street of the r^'ate, 
 
 1 brou,L,dit to li^dit only one street 4 ft. broad, paved with lar^e flaLjs, 
 whiidi liear the marks of the intense heat to vrhicli they have licen 
 exposi'd. This street may be seen just aliove the ruins of the second 
 cit}", on the cast side of my '_,'reat trench ;'•' there is, liesides, a passage 
 
 2 If, brriail, between the Trojan houses running oil at riglit angles from 
 the strref il to the N.]']. I further excavated to the east and south-east 
 of fill' "(ireat Tower,'' where I was h)rced to destroy a numljer of house- 
 walls closo to the magazine containing the nine great jars discovered in 
 IST.'h'' m order to uni-urtli the city wall and its connection witli the two 
 gigantic stoiir walls called liy me "the (Ireat Tower." All this has 
 licc-ii accompli:-lie(l. I\[y excavations to thi' south, south-west, west, 
 north-west, and north of the gates, have also enaldrd me to uncover tho 
 city wall in these directions; so that it is now disclosed in its entire 
 circuit, except where it has been cut through by my great trench. In 
 thit Course of those researches I tound, in the piresencc of Professor 
 Vir.-how and M. J'.urnouf, on the slope of the nruth-western piart of the 
 wall aiiothrr troasure, coii.-^istiiig of gohl ornamriits, whiidi will be de- 
 SiTlbeil hrTealter. 
 
 (liitsido the city wall on tlie east side, I discovered a great many 
 honse-walls, but sca.ri'cly any anti(juities, wdiicli circumstance a]ipears 
 to pro\'c that the suburb was inhabiteil liy the poorer class. The south- 
 |'a^t coriirr id' the citv pi'csents iki sil'Iis of the i_;i'eat coliilagial iou. 
 
 1 diiLT about oiiedialf of niv L'rout tiT'iu'li down to tho limestone 
 roid:, ami thus laul liare three ]iaralhd house-walls' of tlie first sctthus on 
 Ili^sarlilc. I al~o dug a dee]-i drain h)r the discbarge of the rain-wati'r. 
 
 Although 11. F,. i\[uiuf l^lfeiidi, the ^rinister of Public Inst ruction, had 
 already in January ]S70 consented to H.E. Sir Iliuiry Layard's re(|uest 
 that a firman should be granted me for the exploration ot' the Tumuli, 
 the so-called heroic tombs of the Troad, I had the very greatest ditlicnlty 
 in obtaining it. I was liowever jiowerfully aided by Sir Henry Layard 
 and my honoured friend Mr. Ed. Mulct, Minister Plenipotentiary during 
 
 • This street is mnike-J d ,ni Plan I. (of « .Sf,; Xo. fi, p. :;:'.. 
 
 Troy)., ' S'-e ['Ian III./, betncen SI an] N. 
 
,,;;,.] AXOTIIEK VISIT TO BOUNAlHiASlII. 55 
 
 liis iiLsLiice, ns well as liy H.E. Count HatzfeUU, the ricrmnn Amhiissador 
 nt Ciiii'^tiintiiiopk', who ussistcd mo at the request of Professor Yirchow, 
 iiU'l til'' linniiii at hist arrived ciu the 17th of April. I immediately 
 started to explore the two largest tun;uli of the Troad, the Besika Tcpeh 
 and the I'jek Tepeh, as well us four smaller ones. These excavations will 
 ]„■ do^crihed at leiiLjth iii tlie elia])ter on the Tumuli. 
 
 In eoiiipauy with rnd'ess(jr Yirchow, I again visited the village of 
 llounarhashi, and tin;' heights Lehmd it, th(.' iJali Dagh, which have had 
 lor ni arlv a hundred years the undeserved honour of hcing ulentified 
 with the site of the llomerie Ilium. 
 
 I'rofi'ssor A ircliow fully agrees witli rne that tlie circuit-walls of the 
 little Acropidis — which, acccu'ding to AT. Duriionf's measurement, is 
 1 I I .")ii nietri'S = 47'^ ft. ahove the leved of the sea, ami in which so 
 iiiaiiv ereat modern luminaries in arcluT'oloev have seen tin' walls of 
 I'li.aiii's I'ergamus — have never deserved to he called ''Cyclopean." IIi' 
 \\a> l!ie lirst to ohserve. from the peculiar manner iii which the stones of 
 the walls have been wrou^dit, that thev have been slowly shaped {aJuje- ■ 
 ^I'lill' li) with an irou picl;-hammer, and must conseipieutly belong to a 
 coinparatn'elv late perioil. As above mentioned, these ruins proliably 
 mark the site of (rergis, wdiere, according to Xeiiophon,'' t^ueen rilania 
 kept h(T treasures. I showed him that the average depth of the accuniu- 
 latnui of Ji'liris in the litth' Acropolis is cnily I it. (1 iii., and that only 
 Hellenic pottery is found there. He recognized tlie /I'jnra of the little 
 town m a recess of aniphitheatrical form, in Viduch the ruins of feur ro\\s 
 of stone seats may still be seen. It is strange that this ((yen( never tell 
 under tlie notice ot any one betore, and that it was reserved for the keen 
 eye of Professor Vircdiow to discover it. 
 
 A\'e also visited the springs'' of Bounarliashi,"' v.hich, according to 
 Al. Purnoiif's me-isurenieiit, are '27'77 metres = !_ll ft. above the level of 
 the sea, and in which the defenders of the Louiiarbashi theory rccoi^'uize 
 two springs only — one lukewarm, the other icy cnld — in oi'dcr to force 
 I hem into agreement with those described by Homer, near which Hector 
 was killed by Achilles : "Put they dashed forward by the watch-tower 
 and tlie wund-beaten Cg-tree always alonu' the wall, on the ehariot road, 
 until thev reached the two fair-tlowing sj)rinu;s, where the twin sources 
 of the eddying Scamaiider bubble up: for the one llows with lukewarm 
 water, from wdiich clouds (jf steam arise as from a burning lire ; the other 
 runs forth in summer like hail or cold snow, or as from frozen water."" 
 
 ' //e/. ''if., iii. 1, § I.j: TaiVa o't TT:nr,aas thrr- is a Pril tl-' lynnvli, uhich nuTins " li'.id 
 
 ^'cT/i^iK Kai VipyiOa ^xvpas 7T'/,\eiS i:o.r firx<^'\ '-'' t :i'' t hic^' sj^-Mii:-." 
 
 (lOa Ka\ TO. xP'^^ct'T'^ (UaAio'Ta i)i' rfl Mai'in. " 7/. -\-\ii 14.'i-l.jJ ; 
 
 " WIh'Ii he ( Mfidiiis) ha I liniic tlii>, h-' tuci^ o1 01 napa (TKOTrnjv Kal et)Li'(ui' ip'e^iUrra 
 
 pn,-.-;. ssinii <if the rnrtififd cit'r^ '■{ ^>i:\>As Mi'l Ta'xeos aiirf VTTiK liar' aud^irijf ^aoQuoi'TO- 
 
 'naj;is, w iiiTc Maiiia 'lii.aiN- k'l-t Ipr t rri^iiics." npoufiv 5' iKav^n' uri\\ipf"'>u\ uOaBf^ -rrr^yai 
 
 " A^ Lii/rnre niunttonctl, 1 cuiint'd hrrij tliirtv- Soiai ai'Maffoum :iK:iudf5pov Oif^tt-To^. 
 
 tuur sprin.:^; but ns tlie S|nit ^nIhtc' tlii'v riM; ^ u^y yap 6' ijoaji \iapy pffi, autfu 5t KaTTvb\ 
 
 Is ' .illfd Kirk-(iio."i, or '' fortv ev-.s," there are yiyvirTai t^ alni]',, d"j(l Tri/pus aii^oufroio. 
 
 ]ir"lial,lv lurlv Epriiijs here. 5? 5' irepri dfpf'i ■npopiii fiKv'i ;;^a^a(,I7, 
 
 " liounarba.'.hi means "head of the springs." i; x"^^^ 'l"'XP/'> 'l 'f CSaros Kpu jraAAtfi. 
 Clarke (i. p. 109) reminJs us that in Walej 
 
5G KAKLATIVE OF WUKI-: AT TUOY. [Intkod. 
 
 Professor Vircliow I'oniul in two of the sprin.fjs a terapr-rature of 
 lG'-8 ceiiti'_;nule ((i2 -24 Fuhreiilieit), in a third 17' ((i-J iJ Fahrenheit), in 
 a fourth 17 i ((io -.'Vi Falirenheit). The hist spring rises in a swamp, 
 and, as ProiVssor \'irehow exphiiug, i3 for this reason sliglitly warmer, 
 the water hi'iii;.,' stagnant. ( )n the other hand, the sprinp; whieh shows 
 17' niiis at oiiee into a little riviilet formed liv other sourees hiL:;her 
 irp, and it appi'ars, therelore, to he a little colder; the fwo springs of 
 llP'S were trsti'd a^ ihey Imhliled forth fi om Ijeiieath the roi'k : and 
 thus, Yir(dio\v says, it is (jiiite iiitelligihle that, tli(5 difterenee of tem- 
 perature of tlie wati'r in the swamp and of the running water in the 
 rivuli't liriuL.' still more marked in winter than in spring or sumiuer, 
 vajiour might he seen to rise from the former and not from the latter. 
 
 I further visited, in company with the sann' ifiend, the vast ruins of 
 Alesandria-Ti'oas on the coast nearly opposite Tenedos.' We went from 
 thence to tlio hot springs called Ligia Ilammam, in a valley to the south- 
 cast ; the hoiglit ahovc tin' sea is S.J ft., according to Virchovy-. The water 
 is saliij' and tiTiugiiious, and its temperature is l.MJ' Fahrenheit, accord- 
 ing to ParloT W'clili;- according to Clarke,' only 142' Fahn-nheit. d'he 
 numerous anciout ruins in the valley leave no doulit that the springs were 
 \-erv rojrhratcd in antiijuitv. I'he haths are much trequeiited in summer 
 tor rhrumatie aiul cutanoous affections. AVe passed the night in the 
 prospoidiis I'lirlnsh village of Ivestamhoul, whudi commands a maguiticeiit 
 view of ?douiit ('higri (called in Turkish " Chigri I'agh") and tla; AeL^'can 
 Sea. Next wo asc.'udod .Almiiit (Jhigri (its Inught aliove the sea is l(i:;',l It. 
 arc(U'ding to \ ir(diow), passing (Ui our wav tin- ancient ipiarrios near tin/ 
 village of Ko.di-Ali (Jvassi. "W^' saw thero srven columns winch lael licen 
 cut wholo out of the granite rock, caidi MS It. (J in. lonL(, tho diameter at 
 till! to]) Iioiul; 1 It. ti 111., and •") tt. (i in. at the hase. Tlioy ap[iear to have 
 hri'ii dentin, d (,,r Ah'Xaudria-Troas, as they ar(.' exactly simdai' to the three 
 wliioli ho there on the hi'atdl. 
 
 'Ml tho top of .Mount ('higri we greatly admired the va-^t llojlonio 
 ruins supposed liy Mr. Cahort to mark tlie ~ite of Xi'andna, wlidst othcs 
 identify tlii'in With t.'enehreae. I'lie hii tress, \vhiidi has the unusual hiit^th 
 of I'.MII). parrs, and IS o2(J paces hroad, is cou.^idered to he vel'V ancient, 
 
 ' In nj,|,M.in-li 1-. tir rfiiiiiini, I ,r | j ( ■ f, J 1 1 1 i 1 1 k oipit.il ufTa^Ji Tpa'al./t (Airx.U! In.,) ifal Tj";s 
 
 fh'it tlio ii!v w ;o iii't r,,iiii'ica 1p\' .\iiO'.,'"iiii , a/jx^'^t^s 'lAt'ot', :niiir.iinr t" /nsmii .; ti' ^tyaitf.' 
 
 I, lit tint It IV :o n;,|v ■ u 1 :i l-.^'rj Ky liliii, I'd" MimI." (-"■), .'K ■ .ilMili,' tn /.< .|i :i T. i -. 1 nJ, r 1 1 .L 1 O.l II, tlir 
 
 (liii. |ip. ."ilr'i, rii-l) ...|,rrsC, o.Cr- that "iti crlcKi.,!, 1 Mr:i'. r 1 1- rnjrs At t h if> \i :o ^n; , i-ii,,r ..1 
 
 -it.juio liir riv . .ill- .' ' Si-ia," :iii,l that .\liti- tlir-nlv. S.-oimI |,.,rl iiao nj the -t-iiiilii :h|iir- 
 
 i;nnie, iiaMn..' .nl,.ni/, I it uitli tin- ililial-l ' .llif H ilii.t vvliirh la- laiill, ,aial t" Ih -I ..I viliirh 
 
 .i! riirvs.i, C. I.i-.ar', .X-Mmlria, So-p-is, Lan.s-.a, li o lal lua Att i. lo rnal i ilniti'-l llaa-a nullaaool 
 
 I'ulaiiar, llaiiMMtio, aiM "tIaT r,ta -. aaiiiial It (Ivarliina-, af Ills .rv.ii r -v, itiM ..M-t. Ala\- 
 
 Aiiti'.;"ai.a." II' laiah.r ^tat-^ tiiat it v.m aiaii i a-Tr a, i - aUo iiaait aaaM in i jilv Sari|.l iiia.' 
 
 altiTwaials ( inl- lleiif.l l.v l.\ .Miaarlnra wlaj (I'V tna ii.an I Tiaias; as ..lie .a" tlh; iit. 
 
 nam.., I It. 11 1 ..iir 1.1 Al. Mui.l.a- tli.. Or.ot, u hi.h w . la- vi-it..! l.y SI. I'aui (.\its .\.\. ,'.). 
 
 ".'VlL..\.iiiilri.a-Tr as,'' .1 ii iiii.s ( a.-s.ai w as s.. inn. h Its .'\tia-i\i- I'.s/.ant iiia inilis l.av.' la. .I.ail.t 
 
 [.liMS.'.l uitli it,s sit.., that, a.-. ..r.liii.,' t.. Sia-t..- that it u-is inhaiiit-.l till tl lal ..f th... .MaMh; 
 
 riilis (./l/7. C.i.'.s. 7!l), h.-- int.aiil...l ti. iiiaki. it ll,.; Aa.'s, It i, iii.w ..all.al " Kskl-staiiihul " (i.e. 
 
 capital of th<: I;. .mail Kiii|.il.'. Aro.i .liufr t.i tlr; ()|.| Cit y ), 
 
 Zo3imu3 (ii, IIU) aii.l Zi.ii.ii-ns (.Mii. :',), c.n- - 7'„y.,, ;,■,//„',,.,■ ,7,.- Ai 7"/-...i..'', ].. 1,'"1I. 
 
 ^tantiiK; tlif (Ireat iial tin- same i.i.'.a l...r..rL. Ii-i "* J r-nrl^ tn rnrious Cu ' ut nc.^ uj Laro}H\ Asia^ 
 
 Oliose B}a;a!itiiini : he inteiidcl to buill his ntw aild Afr^a, i. 1-ib. 
 
j^;.,] THE ANCIENT CITY ON MOUNT CIIIGIil. 57 
 
 .,iiil p.irt^ fit' it aro nssipnod to tlic Siniie epdcli as Tiryiin and I\ryceiiap. 
 I'.ut \v<' i-oulil not discover in it anytlun^' wljicli might claim u liip;li 
 iinl Hl"'''^' ! oosidcs, prc-liistonc cities arc always very small. Tlie walls 
 uvera'_;e 10 ft. in Lrcadtli, and consist of two [larallel walls of regular 
 heriz'Mital ccjiirses of granite liloc Ics cut into a wedge-like sliajie, with 
 thrir broad end turned outside, the space hi'tweeii the two w^aljs, .'is well 
 ■ r; the interstices between the Id'udcs, lieiiig filled lip with SIiiull stones. 
 'I'll this sort of niasonrv, which can also hi' M'eii m the iamous Ai'ropidis 
 ef .\sso-, we did not think (iiirsid\'es |u>tilie.l in attrihuting a greater 
 Miitiiiuitv than the Maceileinan period, the luoie sn liS llie stenes have 
 lu'i'ii WHiked with an iron pick-hainnier, Smue parts ut' tlir walls we 
 -aw were cc Uiqii 'Scil nf Jinly uoual stullcs widl fitteil togetlnr, 1iiit tleW 
 laiiiallv tailed to cunvcw te us an idea ( d' liiudi aiiti'iuitv. In fact, 1 lamld 
 pi^iiit "lit in Cdrcaaa' a numhr'r ut walls iermeil of poh^diial stones, which 
 \M' kieiw to lia\'e lacu ercctdl in i\Ia(ajdonian tiiiu's; as, fer instance, 
 ihi' siih<truct Ions et some ni the tmuhs in the ancient (MMiietery of the 
 lla-ia Trias at Athens and the hutdications eii Salanr.s. Tie- wails of 
 ihi' fortress on 3toiint Cdu^ri are for the most jairt wadi ])resci '/ed, hut 
 in maiiv places tliev are more or less deslroveil. 1 attnljute th.s ta the 
 roots (if the tria's which grow hetweeu the small stiiiies and niu,-t have 
 disliicatial the large blocks. I'rcd'cssor \'ir(diow chas not think this 
 explanation insiltlicient, but prid'ers to ascribe the destruction of tlie \valls 
 tn cartli([uakes. It di-serves to be notiiaal that the hare rock cl'ops out in 
 all jiarts of the fortress, and that there is no accumulation of ihlirm: only 
 liia-e and there I saw a late iJomau potsherd and .-oiue Ifagmeiits ef bri(d-:s 
 ..fa late date'. 
 
 We next visited the small Turkish town rd' Im', on the Scamander, 
 •Mlltt. abdve the sea, the name of wlindi is probably a (airruidion of 
 .I'/e/f.' However this mav be, it appears C'Vident that Iiii' occupies 
 I lie sue ot an aneieiit town, perliaps of Scamaiidna, as ]\lr. (.'alvert 
 thinks, for many fragments of ancient sculptures are ti) be si-cn there, 
 and masses id" fragnuuitarv pottery peep mit nt' tlie clay wall< ef the 
 iiiiiises, a gdud manv of the fragments laang Ilelleiiic. Trom Iiit' we 
 went to the prcdtily-situated town of lleiramich, wdiich stands on a 
 plateau on the banks of the Scamander, ."Hlft. above the siai according 
 bi \irchow, wdieiico we proceeded to the nrait village id' Evjilar, situated 
 f^ii! ;, hove the sea: the ruuie.' Evjilar means ''village id' the hunters." 
 '1 his also stands on the bank of the Scamander, wlmse width varies here 
 tioia -111 to GO ft., wdiile the water is hardly a loot deep. 'We had with us 
 three geiisilurmes on liorsebaek and two on loot, the country being unsafe. 
 
 Thence we ascended the miuintains <d' Ida, which are covered with 
 a I'eaiitiful forest of oak and pine,'' intermingled with chcstuut-trecs, 
 
 I iicri- liL-ih':^ siher-rnini'S utMi" Iiil- (sfc Kui^Tj (sre * Jro-kiirii, ii. yy. 4S0 an:l .SSa). Tliiiy, 
 
 ''ii.-ni II. 1-, 1. 14-.>; IVicnrke, iii. |>. IGn; aa.i II. X. ii. ail, ',0, v. :'.a. :'.IJ, I'.nil Sti'ph. I'.yz. 
 
 l.'-i iirvalirr, l./ya/c i/,;«.v /a 7>r»/7.', ]>. l.'S). it 13 |i. 4S7, wiai naiit.>n .\rn, Mrin to linvc tak.n 
 
 'i'^'iilv ITiil-aljlc that, insti-ail nf r; N'c'a K^^'ur (icai it IVi.in Stral.", ].. lie:!. A. I'auly. /.'a/ l-nnj- 
 
 °^>-/i'pLji}, l.rtwiT.n i'nlichna anil I'alafso'jisi^, v, ^ cloj""! c, 3. \-. '*.\i:a." 
 I ij'.:hf tn rraij in Strahn, .\iii. p. ijeil, aicardin;:; '-' Ii. m, 4a4 : 
 
 tu lije jiaraljel jiagsage, xii. p. 002, ht^fa or ''Et'Ca 7ro\Aas ot o^fs nt,aA€as, TroAAas 5/ re Tfti'Kaj. 
 
5^ KAP.r.ATiVE OF \V01;K at TKOV. [Introd. 
 
 j)l;ui('-trofs, limes, nnil tlie like. The rain, wliifli camo down in torrents, 
 prcventc'l us tVniu reaeliinf^ the summit of (larijarus, uliit'li is 5750 ft. 
 aliove tlio level of tli(> sea. AVe could only '^rt as far as the sources 
 of the ScamanJer, whicli are -i(}'>>> ft. below the tup oi the mountain. 
 The principal source, which according; to Yirchow's measurement is 
 l(ili4 ft. aLoY(> the level of the sea, dashes t'orth lu a stream ahout 7 ft. 
 l)roail from a natural cavern, m a nearly vertical ro(d-c v»'all, from '2^>0 
 to otiO ft. high, which is composed of a cmirse crystalline marble. It falls 
 at once almost vertically (iO to 7<l ft. over prejecting blocks of rock, and 
 afN.'r a course of "2U0 ft. it is joined by a small stream, formed liy the 
 waters of three smaller luit still abundant sources, and a uumlier of very 
 small ones rising out of crevices in the rock close to the ^-'-iie one, as well 
 as by a large rivulet wliieh is supplieil from the mcdted snow, and has but 
 very little water in summer. At about '2(H) ft. from the L;i'eat cavern, five 
 or six paces from the ri\'cr-bcd, is a small cavity, evidently the same as 
 that of wlii(di P. ]larkcr AVdib'' sp(-aks, and from wliicli tlicre once ran a 
 Copious Source of warm water ; but ni_)W. and probaldy bn- many years past, 
 this cave is dry, the spring having l.)ored another eliaiuiol through the 
 rock coii>i<lcrably bi.dow it, ami close' to the Scamander, into winch it tlows. 
 Tins source had, according to Yirchow's observations, a temjierature of 
 (;i) 41 Fahrenheit, the air brin.^' at .^S'-li-l ; and the water (jf the Sca- 
 mander, a- It llows from the cuvcrn, 47 T2. Trob'ssor A ir(diow ' ol.>serves : 
 " Altliou^h in tlie I/i^i'l' the Scamander is mentioned as ('»■■ of the rivers 
 Vidiicli ri.-e fi-oin th(_' Ida range, yet a certain doubt has pn vailed as to the 
 cxiict jilacr ot its origin. It apjiears to me that this doulit is due to the 
 statriueiits ..f Ijenictnus of Scepsis, Avlio, among the various pe;iks of the 
 Ida, indicntrd the Cotylus as the place of the sources of the Scamander, 
 while the presumptions of the I/iml essentially r.der to 3Iount Gargarus. 
 Here a urove and an altar Were consecrated to Zeus;'-' and here he was 
 voiiit to stav.'" Ami when the Scamander is indicated as the son of Zeus, 
 wheii' (dse could bis souice be, liut oil ;\Iouiit (iargarus? Though, accord- 
 ing to llerdier,' the repeated addition, or aOiiva-ro^ reVcTo Ztis',- may bo 
 reiecteil as a later inteip(ilation, there remains the epithet Ou77cTeo9 
 -rrornnnlo. which occurs tliiee times;-' and <'Ven if the be--;nning of the 
 twelftli book of the ///'('/, when' the Scamander is caUeil 'ca,s.' should not 
 be ucnilllle. Vet the divuie (dialacter of the riVer-god IS .'Xpi-essly testllled 
 iu the M,,Y,,' 7-»,.a7ro-aV;.o,, lien' callin'4 him a^laraTur ('e.r,'' and Acliilles 
 corjT/j.V^t's." In tic iniaeiii.ition of the p-iet the river and llie river-god 
 bleiiil tii'.,'i'ther into a single personality, and the ori-in of liotli is reh'rred, 
 as it were, to the gnat wi ctber-'jod on .Mount C.arearus." 
 
 W'r M'tiinied to I'Lvjilar, and [irocceilcd thence, by way of Ercnlu 
 (780 ft. abovi' the sea), loijuk lioiinarbasbi, and Aiwa<ljik, to liehrahm, 
 the ancient Assos, whence we returned in an open boat to the Plain of 
 
 = T../..ir.jJ.i- Jr /., Tr,..lr, p. rc. ' /Vu7. «,.l h,sl^.r. A'>h. ,l.r /.. M..,l. d. HV.- 
 
 ' Ih,tra;r .:iir LaivJ^shiwJ,: <Ar Tn^is, |>. 30. sms,/,. ; UerHn, is;.'., i.. 10... 
 
 8 J., J,, o] • J'. .\iv. 4.14 •, -wi. -; .N.viv. ',;y:}. 
 
 , y/.\.:„.48. ' ^'- ^"'- -''■' ^^'- -''^. ■'-'- 
 
 '» Jl. .,.-. lo^ 158. - ^"- -1- ' ^'''- '^"'>- "'■ "'3- 
 
MTf^. KAEA YOUR AND OULOU DAGH. 
 
 59 
 
 Trov. Ai'CorJiug tn Yircliow's nicnsnrcmeut, Tlnjulc Bouniirliaslii is 007, 
 "vi\vii(l|ik IS S71, ami tlir Aonipolia of Assds til.") 11. alinve tln' level of tlio 
 ^,,,j 1 fiillv ap;ri'o with Coli:>neI Leake, that tl)i3 ruins of Assoa ;:;ive the 
 nnist I'erfect idea of a Greek city that we can now iind anywhere. Its 
 ,-irriut-\vulls are lietter imilt, and are in a far better state of preservation, 
 than lh<i-eof any otlier Greek eity ni)w existinij. d'hey are, on an average, 
 S It. 4 m. tliiek, and eousist nt wroiiL,'lit stimes, eitlier sijuare or wed,e;e- 
 shaped, which arc [)ut together jirecrsely like tliese of the walls of tho 
 .'icat fortri'ss on ^leiint Clii.ui'i ; the interior of tlie walls, ;is \vell us tho 
 intersiiees between the stones, beinLT filled wilh small stones. AVIierever 
 thi' wall consists of S(jii:ir'> Llorks, thesi' an:: intersceted at rei^'ular distances 
 Pv p,]iu" wed^ilike h|ock-s, which serve to eon^(didate them in their posi- 
 th.iL All the stones -how the most evident marks oi liavine keen worked 
 With an iron pick-hammer, and conseijiiently cannot <daim a very remeitc 
 antiqnitv. Professor \ irchi")\v a^n-es with nie in thinkini; that, allhoue-h 
 some parts of the w;dls ni.-iy LelonL; to the sixtli century n.e., yet hy far 
 the laiL'cr part of them has l.ieen Imilt in ]\ract'donian times. 
 
 In company with Professor Yirchow and ]\[. ]'>nniouf. I also made an 
 i>\eursion through tho Doumbrek valley to ;\Ionnt Kara Your and 3Iouut 
 Onlou l)a'_'h, tho former of wdiich is, according to 'SI. Bnrnouf's measure- 
 ment, 'JilDni. = (JSI) ft. aliove the level i)f the sea, and lias hitherto liad 
 the hoP.ottr of being identified with Blount Callicolone, mentioned twice 
 
 Nu i;. Til.. M nn r,f tl,,^ Siii.ji-, fr..ii. 111., l.jnl. r ,1 iif .--.juil.cei Su.uiili T.i tli.- l.fl, the Il-iphls hrlK. rn 
 
 l\.,-. Si i, ;,n,| the [I. ll.-.?putll ; t'j Ibc r.gljt, lii.i I'lat-au bctuecu Lb-- buu.ji.^ .iiiJ tin-- 'ilj} iiitjeu^; i[i ibe hjOc- 
 
 Kiouij.l, i:ir Oul.ju n.igb. 
 
 by Homer. ' But, as the poet makes the war-god leap alternately from 
 Ilium to Callicolone, and from Callicolone to Ilium, Professor Yirchow 
 consid,.rs it to be implied that Callicolone must be visible from Ilium; 
 and ."\rount Kara Your not fnlfillin'- this condition, he identities ]Mount 
 Onlou I)a-h with the Homeric Callicolone, tliis I'ein,!,' the only other great 
 heivrht in tlie neighbourhood of the Simois ; besides, Ilissarlik and nearly 
 every point of tho Plain of Troy can be seen from this mount, which is 
 not tlie case with Jlount Kara Your. Mount Oulou Dagli is, according to 
 M. Bnrnoufs measurement, ■i2n-,'=;0 m. = l-iO'.l ft. above the lev(d of the sea. 
 We also visited the ruins of the ancient town of Cphrynnim, now 
 
 ■ //. >:s. :.2, 53: 
 
 iiAAoTf Trap ^t^ocyTi Oi'xv iirl KaWiKoKa^i'T}- 
 
 mill XX, 1 .")1 : 
 
CO 
 
 nai;i;ative of Vv'oi;k at Tni")Y. 
 
 [IXTRIID. 
 
 riilaoo-K;i<tr.ni, wliifh stnnj lictwcon Ciipe rihootcum and tlie villa;,'o 
 (if Ki'ii Kii.i, on a lofty lici^lit <iviTluin;;iii,L,' tlie Ilellcspout ; hcuei- its 
 iiaiiio (fr(Mu o6/jL\). Its Ari-opdlis is almut tlio same size as Ilissarlik. 
 Koiiiiiants (if tW: v.all arc visible ou tlir(_'e sides, with traces of two 
 towers; there was jirobahly no wall oil the fourth side, tins bciii,^; pro- 
 teeted by the {jreeipice. Wdthiu the Aerop(dis are remains of several 
 buildin-s. The lower town appears to have extended to the valley on 
 the south s:de of the Aeropidis, where several heaps of stiuies a]>[iear to 
 mark the sites i.f houses; but all the fraijuients of pottery I could ,1,'ather 
 there and in the Acropolis are oi the Ilelhuiic period. As to the identity 
 ol tlie place with (Jphryninm, the coins found on tht! spot leave no doubt. 
 The site (d' Opliryniuiu is erroneously marked on Admiral Spratt's map 
 to the east ot' lb n Kioi, two miles distant frtuii its real position. 
 
 AVe also visite(l the rocky hei,!.;lit ojiposite the IJali l)a,L;li, lui the east 
 side (d' the Scainaiider. We lound there on the north-west, north, north- 
 east, east, and SdUth-Ca-t sid(.'S of the suiniiiit lar,^c IVaLjinentarv walls, 
 \\lucli, to judu'c from the huije heaps of st(jncs ou either side of them, 
 appear to have had a height of 'JH ft. or more; they consist (jf unwroiiL^dit 
 ;,tn!H s jdiiie'l teu'etlier witli suuill (Uics. Tlic lar^^est blocks contained m 
 tlc' walls are "ift. loll;;, ami about l.Ud. in breadth and, height; but m 
 general I he stones are miudi smaller. AVitliin the walls may bi> traced 
 some fiiumhitieiis <d' h(Ulses. ^[aliv iiKU'e foundations can be detected on 
 flu; platiail bidow the summit as W(dl as down tlu/ wlade slope, where tin:' 
 lower citv appears to have extended. The hill runs in an almost vertical 
 ]iue (,11 tlie south and west sides towards the Scamauib r. ( >u acc(Uint (d' 
 the manv iiici|ualiti./s id' ground in the little Acr(.ipolis, as W(dl as m the 
 lowiU' lutv, the rains have so ctunpletely swejit away every vestiije ot 
 artificial i////;-/s. that tin' bare rock everywlKUc protrudes, and no excava- 
 tli'iH are jiossibh'. In spite (jf the most careful examination, I could md 
 find a siu-le fra.L'nicnt vl puffery either on the Acro]Milis or in the lower 
 tnwn. (Ill the slojie (HI the north side is a tnmnlus of loose stones, winch 
 has lost ifs cniiical shajie. Tdie ruin-i of this ancient Acropolis ami city 
 ;:rc luail.-d on .\diuiral Spratt's map of ISU), but they had been indicated 
 to h:m bv Mr. f-'rank Calvert, who discovered tliem, 
 
 I .^ive here all extract from the spec(h whi(di Professor Yirchow made 
 1,11 Ins return to ]',<ulin from Ins exjiedition to the dd-oad, before the 
 IJcrlm S.i,-hlv f.,r Anfliropidnuy, Kt lino|o,L,'y, and rn-histonc Andueol.i-y, 
 oil the 'JiUli of June, Isy.l : — 
 
 "Tiiat part of the cibebd-lnll of Ilissarllk in which the calcined ruins 
 of the '/,»)■;(/ city' were found had at the time of my departure from the 
 Tread been .deared away, in a considerable number of places, down to tlie 
 viri,'in soil. At one place we rea.died the rock itself, (Ui wliiidi the most 
 
 ancient citv li.ad 1 u built. In the midst of the great trench S, liliemann 
 
 had left standin- a mi.i^htv bUick, which, OS long as it Icdds to-ethcr, will 
 indicate to visitors the onunud levid of the siud'ace. It forms a lar-o 
 quadrangular column, which rises between K and !.» mi tres (L'C, ft. d in. to 
 2'J ft. 7 in.) above the level of the ground on which the town-.docfs house 
 Gt'ands. But below this latter level one may dig G, 8, nay 10 metres 
 
1.-7V.] 
 
 VIIirHOW OX THE r:XCAVATIOXS. 
 
 G] 
 
 VKi4^'i/»^^ 
 
 %r/mm§, ' 
 
 
 
 ^t,s 
 
 ?¥J 
 
 ii^ 
 
 >cr 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ♦^ f 
 
 
 ? s|^ -"^^ 
 
 M 
 
 iiW!fr.i;iiii'!'i:!il|lii 
 
 
 :i:i:;iJi'iiiiyi:p:;i^^ 
 
 A f 
 
 (in ft. 9 in., 2(1 ft. 4 in., or ol! ft. 10 in.), Ixfore penetrating tlirmiph all 
 th.' !;!ver.s of ruin. Thus tlie a-'sregate il.'ptli of all the strata of Jtlrts, 
 
62 NAREATIVE OF WOrJv AV TiiOY. [Ini-i,ud. 
 
 from the snvfocc to tlic rock itself, amounts to nearly 1^0 metres (GG ft.). 
 The whole of this depth consists of the remains of ancient habitations. 
 There is iiothin.i;- m or aliont it which could i;ive the impression of having 
 lielon'_;cd to anything; else. 
 
 "Its situatioir is as follows: on the hist spur of a tertiary mountain- 
 ridge, which projects Irom the volcanic mountains on the I'ast towards the 
 Scamander, and rises jicrhaps 1(.)U ft. above the plaui, there has been 
 heaped up a series of layei-s of drhris, in which it is easy to recognize the 
 stratification of the settlciui'uts wdiich have succeeded each other. These 
 masses oi iJcbris have indeed grown to an incredible height. Lut the very 
 circumstance, that perhajjs nowdiere else in the world has an accumulation 
 of this kind been hitlierto'disc(.)Vered — an accumulation consisting of such 
 a mass of iW;,-?V of successive settlements — proves that an extraordinarily 
 long time must have elapsed from the foundation of the tirst settlement to 
 the destructuMi of the last. Whatever ojjinion may be formed of the 
 inaiiner in which the suc'-''ssive buildings were constructi d, fur the masses 
 of Ji'hris to have attained such a depth more time is uinbuibtedly needed 
 tliaii we ari. justilieil in acceptm- for the fermation of the nidunds of nuns 
 at anv other ]ilace wliate^-er in the world. If one wishes to make a com- 
 parison, at the best a certain parallid might Ije found m the Assyrian 
 miiunds, in which, nwiiig to the great quantity of bricks that entered 
 into their Construction, the dissolving masses of clay have attained a 
 verv extrai.irdinarv bulk. A (.'ertain cmnparison is also ]iresented by the 
 excavations on the Talatiiie .Mount at Kome. IJut the accumulations at 
 Ilissarlik are distinguished from all others by the tact, that there 
 exists here a Itr^ii r t-trii-^ of sucrrs^iva In t'/ro'/eiKOii:^ slriil'liriidmi^ than in 
 anv other known spot; and the-e, by their whole nature and condition, 
 testifv to repeatid changes in the population. Their duration cannot, 
 indeed, lie calculated bv delinite numliers of years; but we nevertheless 
 gain a chronological basis froiu the enclosed material, wdiicli exists m 
 rich abundance. 
 
 '• How long the ab)resaid block can resist the influences of the weather, 
 T ilare not sav. At all events, it will bir a long time to come ;i:ive testi- 
 mony, not only to the gigantic height of these masses of ruius, but also, 
 as IlKdieve, to the inrredilde energy of the man, who has with his own^ 
 private means succeeded m removing such enormous nia-ses oi earth. It 
 you could see what mounds of earth (in the full sense ,,f the word) had 
 to be duLC awav and removed, in order to have a view of the lower 
 
 Piyers. VoU Would Unlee,} Seareelv belleVe tliat a Slll-le luall 111 the 
 
 ,. nurse of a few yi'ars ef)uld liav(^ accomidished so eivat an under- 
 taking. On this occasion I would stand up fm' Sehliemaiin against 
 a reia-oach which, though plausible in itself, bdls to the ground (.n 
 closer consideration -the reproach that he has not excavated from 
 the surface, layer by layer, so as to obtain a complete plan for each suc- 
 cessive period. 
 
 "There is no doubt that tlie manner in wliich he lias ex.aivated, by 
 making at once a large trench through the whole hill, has had, m the 
 hi^'hest (le-ree, a destructive etlect on the upper layers. In (Ik.sc near the 
 
1,-7'.|. 
 
 Yir.CIIOW ON THE KXCAVATIOXS. 
 
 G3 
 
 surfiu'O wri'o portions of temples of tlie ITelleiiic period, columns, tiiglyplis, 
 mill all kiiuls of marlile fragments, tlirown together jiilr-iin'le. Neverthe- 
 less, with great care and uttention, smdi us tiiat with which the exeava- 
 lions at Ulym]iia are carried ou, it might perhajis have heeii piissilde to 
 h.ive reconstructed a temple, at least in part. Hut Stdiliemann felt no 
 interest in a temple helonging to a permd I'ar too late for him. I may also 
 >;n- lliat, after havinu seen a coiisideralile preportioii of tlie fiagmeiits, I 
 deillit \vhether, if all had lieen hrought togetlier, an ess(_'ntial gam would 
 have lieen cniitriliuted to the history of art or to science. I allow that it 
 lias liei'H a kind (d' sacrilege. Schllemaliu has cut the telujde {ni Atlii'lie) 
 iiL;ht 111 two; the liuildiiii;' material has lieeii tlirowu aside and [)arlly 
 auain hur'e'd ; it will net lie easy fir any one, even with the largest expen- 
 diture, to collect it again. ]>iit, uiidoulitedlv, if Schliemaiin had proceeiled 
 111 siedi a way as to renio\"e the rums stratum hy stratum trom the surtace, 
 he would, owing to the vastuess of the task, not even to-day have reached 
 
 
 Ji^ISl;-' 
 
 .^. 
 
 
 .No, IT. Truv srrn fnoi th.' S.utlj- a^; -il.-. Tlii- pn ni nf viriv lia^ (.rin liki'n from tir I'lal^au bctuccn 
 t^-. .MLiioiS .ilij lliL' 'rijvniblius, jbuve Ihu ib' aire' in Xovuiu UiiiLl], \'ic\\ la'i' u ii) I^T'J. 
 
 ihi' layi"r< in wdiich tlie principal ohjects were found. He only reached 
 them hy at once extractniL; the nmdeus of the great hill. 
 
 ''The hill of Ilissarlik has indeed increased, m tlie course of time, 
 Hot iinlv in height, but also //( hr'U'ltli iiiul thir],-)i, ss^ through the masses 
 o| ili'Lrin ri.mioved and thrown aside hy successive generations, m order 
 lo ohtain a site ou which tliry ciuild huild. Since the excavations in this 
 diri'ction have now keen carried on systematically, chronological con- 
 '■liisiens ma.v he drawn with the greati'st jirecision I'lum tin'' accumulation 
 o| the ihi>ris, wdiicli show in the vertical trenches a series (.if stratifica- 
 tions lying the one upon the other, and falling olf ohlii|uely. Such eoii- 
 'lusioiis could hardly have bemi arrived at, if the stiata, which lie one 
 npou the ediier, hut do not always continue on the same level, had been 
 sinqdy taken ofl' in succession. 
 
 '■ Xear the surlacc, ^ye see in one jilai^e tlu' foundations of the temple, 
 in anotlier the wall composed cd' regular layers of wrought stones of i\\c 
 Alexnndrian time, the so-called wall of Lysimaidius. Its situation ia 
 iiiglilv characteristic. In the vertical trenches made rhrouirli the outer 
 
Gl 
 
 XATIKATIVE OF WORK AT TROY. 
 
 [Intimo. 
 
 cu\'nr,iferonce of tlir lull luuy be seen snccfssivo slaiitinc; laviTS of fL'hri:^^ 
 froin \vliicli It mrtv easily be pereeived that the (Khfis liail been thrown 
 over the slope ot the hill. I'u these accumulations the wall has been 
 
 
 m 
 
 s.- 1 
 
 
 '£:#■ sill ; 
 
 ■ok , »*" 
 
 
 
 err-'ote,]'' it ^loes not staml njion the primitivo roch, but on the material 
 which Las been thrown Jown .^ulewnvs, an.l in-lee^ m places where there 
 
 • See the Section given 
 
 in the .lti|iter on the O'lCL'k Ihu 
 
 rn. 
 
j,,;,,] A'lKCIlOW OX THE EXCAVATIONS. G5 
 
 j.; i,o I'li'lc :it all below. It may tlins ho unJ(r.:;tood that tlio surfuiN-; of 
 ill,' liill li;i-; manifestly incrrused in widtli from settlement to settlement. 
 'I'lir (•ireiuuferenei' of tlio liill went on continually enlar^'inp; in tlio cour.se 
 ,.f time. In this way it has increased to dimensions winch, in lii^i^lit as well 
 ,1.; ill wivllh, very hir exceed those of tlie 'burnt city.' Tliis latter lorms, 
 ill the midst ot the whole, a propurtionatidy snjall central jiart. Tlie 
 .siu-cessive cities liecame continually lar-cr and ]ar,c;er, and extended their 
 Midius. (>ur attention was iirst called to this hy our own W(irk in order 
 to l)rinL; lo liLjht the 'burnt ciiy.' The '?c7;r/s was taken oi;t from tlie 
 iiiid>t, and carried to the side; Init as the slope was hrrr, it was carried 
 tliioU'_;li a trench, whicdi had been cut radially tlirmigh thr hill, t(i tlio 
 brink I'f the slope, and was there thrown over. Thus the mass of earth 
 iiartlv slid down th'> slope, and partly remained lying on it, whib' only 
 the hii'L'or stoiirs rolled down into the ]dain. ]'>y these means the hill 
 \i<lblv and continmdly increased, and, as seen from below, it appeared to 
 br ;ilua\"s growing larger and larger. It now looks, I believe, more stately 
 than rvor it did before. The various trenches and accumulations have 
 eivoii the hill the ;ippearance of something vdiich very much resembles a 
 laru'e b)rtrcss. The hill thus artificially excavated is now in the following 
 condition. Apart from the single trenches, the exterior covering of tlu' 
 aneient lull still remains at its original height, when'as the interior is 
 excavated. Standing (Ui the circuit-walls, one looks down inti) a sort 
 of large canldroii, at the bottom of which lies the 'burnt city,' with 
 lis walls and fijundatious visible as on a plan. In this way the vi'.itor 
 IS ill a jiositiou to become acquainted with the jieculiar nature of the 
 constructions, 
 
 " This is in so far of great interest for those i)hilologists v.dio wish to 
 inveslie;ite how far the indications of Homer agree with the existing con- 
 ditions: lor exam]ile, with reference to the course run three times round 
 llii' City by Hector and Achilles. The (question is no longer, as hitherto, 
 aljoiit tlie whole hill of Ilissarlik, but only alumt the central part of it, 
 v.bich n-allv reprc'sents the ancient settlenn/nt. This latter is much 
 siiadler than the whole content and circumlereiica' of Ilissarlik itself. I 
 must, however, lay stress on the fact, that in comjiarison with th(^ 
 Ai-ropolis on the Lull Dagh, even this smaller part would still represent a 
 considerable town, which far exceeds the settlement on lionnarbashi." 
 
 As on my last journey to England and riermany I have heard it 
 repeiiteiUy stated that, carried away by ambition, I am ruining mysidf in 
 niy arclhTidogical explorations, to the prejudice of my children,'' who will 
 be peiiiiiles- ;ifter my death, I find it necessary to assure the reader that, 
 alilion'_!;h on account of my present scicntihc pursuits I am liound to keep 
 aloof Iroiii all sorts of speculation and am compelled to ciniteiit myselt 
 with a small interest on my capital, I still have a yearly income of .flUDO 
 as the net proceeds of the rents of my four houses in Paris, and £(ilJO() 
 
 ° I have f.iiir children: a sod, ,Sci';;iu.s bnrn ISTS, and d,iujhtcr, Au'linmathc, hurn in ISTl, 
 i'l r- ■'.'■, .tipI ilauiihter, X.-ideshila, hurn in Isijl, by my second wife, 
 hy iny first wife; .-iiiiI a son, Againeninon, Ijurn lu 
 
 F 
 
66 DESTINY OF THE COLLECTIOXS. [iNTnoD. 
 
 interest on my funded property, malcing in all £10,000 ; wliilst, inclnsivo 
 of the large cost of my excavations, I do not spend more than £5000 a 
 year, and am tlnis able to add £5000 annually to my capital. I trust, 
 therefore, that on my death I shall leave to each of my children a fortune 
 large enough to enable them to continue their fatlier's scientific explora- 
 tions without ever touching their capital. I avail myself of this oppor- 
 tunitv to assure the reader that, as I love and worship science for its own 
 sake, I shall never make a traific of it. My large collections of Trojan 
 antiquities have a value which cannot he calculated, hut they shall never 
 bo sold. If I do not present them in my lifetime, tliey shall at all events 
 pass, in virtue of my last will, to the Museum of the nation I love and 
 esteem most. 
 
 I cannot conclude this introduction without expressing my warmest 
 thanks io my honoured friends I^lr. Frank Calvert, Consul of the United 
 States of America ; ^Ir. Pa'd Yenizelos, Consul of Greece ; Sir. Emilio 
 Yitali, Consul of Italy; and ]\Ir. Nicolaos Didymos, first dragoman and 
 political agent of tlio Turkish Government at tlio Dardanelles, for all 
 the kindness thev have shown and all tlie valuable services they have 
 rendered me during the long period of my excavations at Ilissarlik. 
 I also warmly thank my friends, Doctor F. Imhoof Blumer of Winterthur 
 and Mr. Aeliilles Postolaecas, keeper of the Xatunial Collection of Coins 
 at Athens : the former for the great kindness ho has shown me in getting 
 pliotographed for me all the diiferent Ilian coins he had at his disp(^)sal ; 
 the latter for the great friendship he has shown nie in snperintciiding the 
 drawing of these coins, as wrdl as of all the Ilian coins contained in the 
 collection under his cliarge ; also for tlic learned dissi-rtation he has 
 written for me on the Ilian coins and medals, vvdiich will appear in 
 the chapter on Novum Ilium. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE COUNTTtY OF TJIE TROJANS (ol T/jwev). 
 
 § I. The Extent of the. Tko.tax Laxh. The Troad (/'; Tpw^-, sv. y-?/). 
 
 Ix iiitci'iiretiiig tlio Honif-ric goograpliy of the Troad, Strulio ' riglitlj^ 
 says: "The coast, <]f the Pnipontis extends from tlie district of Cyzicus, 
 and tli(,'. iieigliLonrliiiod of tlie Aesopus and tlie Grauicus, to Abydus and 
 Sestus ; tlie laud around Iliuui, and Tenedos, and Alexandria-Troas from 
 Abydus to Lectum : " lint alinve all tlieso lies tlie inountain-rangc of Ida, 
 wliicli extends to Lectum. Uut from Lectum to tlie river Caieus'and 
 (tlie promontory ofj Canae tliere follows the country around Assos,'' 
 and Adramyttiuni, and Atarneus/' and Litaue,'' and the Elaitic Gulf;' 
 opposite all of wliieh stret(dii;s the island of the Lesliiaiis : then follows 
 immediately the district of (^'ynie, as far as the Llermus ^ and I'liocaea, 
 which forms the lieginning of Ionia and the end of Aeolis. Such being 
 the localities, the poet gives us to understand that, from the district of 
 the Aesepus and the present province of Cyzicene to the river Caicus, 
 the Trojan rule extended, di'\'id(,'d into eight or even nine parts, according 
 to the dominions ; but the mass of auxiliary troops is counted among 
 the confederates." 
 
 Thus the Homeric Troad comprised the north-western part of the later 
 Mysia, between the rivers Aesepus and Caicus : this is fully confirmed by 
 the poet, Avho makes Achilles mention in conversation with Priam that 
 Priam's dominion comprises all that is bounded to the north-west (^avw) 
 by Leslies and to the north-east (KaOuvepder) by Phrygia and the 
 Hellespont. All tlie nati(jns wliicli inliabit tliis dominion are called 
 Trojans (Tpwe?) by Homer, although he sometimes appears to designate 
 under this name more csjiecially the inhabitants of Ilium and its 
 immediate environs. 
 
 ^ Aiii. ji. TiS] ; 'AtT'J 06 Tq^ Kv(ilC7]''?l'; KO.l T CuV 
 Kal STIrTTOl"', r-ljV t7]S npOTTOl'TihoS TT O-poXioM (JiyO.L 
 
 ^uixfioU'^L ■ a.TTu 5e 'A/3u5ou jJ-^Xi"- Ae/cT'^ii Tct irt^pl 
 '\KiOv, ical TeVeS w. Kal 'AAe^arSpeiar T-i]i' Tpcodoa' 
 TTai'Twi' 5J/ rovrwu vTrfpicftrai '/? ' \drj tu lipas, 
 t^-^XP^ ^f^i^Tov icaB-fjKnurra ' u.iro AfKTou 5e P-^XP'- 
 Kaiicw 7r(jTO.fxod Kal Tujf KafoJi' K^yoix^vij^v f^nrl ra 
 
 Tpucas o.plo.L f-i-^'XP^ Tuv Ka'iKov -nnTopKni bnjp'qjie- 
 viw^ Kara Quvo.aT^ias nts oictw ^^pihos, '/) lioX 
 (ii'vlo. • Tu 5e Twv aKKoiV l-KlKovpoiv 7r\7iOos Iv 
 Tori fTu,UjUaY(>is SiaptO^^^Tat. 
 
 - T."; AeicTur, imw , :illr,l ("';i|ir l',;ih;i (.)■ Santa 
 Jlaria. Hire Ui'n', in .nmiiany uilli Jlv|iiios, 
 
 first, t.iurlie.s til. 
 
 ij.an 
 
 llrr w a\' t>i) 
 
 (//. ,\iv. 'js:;, 'JiS-t . "I5/)i/ 5' 'iKfaOvv ■ 
 
 AefcTur, 
 
 i;r 
 
 Trepl'^Aaaoi', Kal ^ A^pajj-urruiv, Kal 'hrapvia. Kal oOi ■jrptjjTuf AnvW-qv a\a). 
 Hirdv-qv, Kol tic 'EAaiVi/cin' /ciJattoi' , o'l^ Traaii' 
 OMTmap-i]Kf^L 1] Twv AeiT/3iaij' ffjiTos " ^W' (/^ijs -ra 
 Tvf^pl Kufirji', fx^xP^^ "Ep/xiw Kal 4>wKaias, '/pn^p 
 apX'h ^ec tT/s 'lairtas eVri, ir^pas 06 t-i/v AioAiOm. 
 
 TmOVTWl' 5f TOij' Tl'lTTOltf ufTWf, p.eiX TTOr/JTV/S 
 
 anlt Tici' Trepi ArTTjTTOi' tottoi/', ko.1 Tojr -nfpi T'qv 
 vvv V^vC^ui-qv'ipj x^P^-^7 v-Kajup^'j^L ^6.M(rTu. ruhs 
 
 .\i,\v Ak-Sii 
 ■' \"«- 
 
 ■'■ .Vinv Iiikrii Kii.i. 
 '• \nw Saiii|ia-li. 
 ' N.nv tliij (iiill'iirSanilr 
 
 ll.iihcr. 
 
 river is liuw c 
 
 alleil (ieilis ur (jbieJiz 
 
 I'sijliai. 
 
G8 THE COUNTRY OP THE TROJANS. LChap. I. 
 
 We sliall foUov,' Bucliliolz = in (lewril.ing in the following order tlie 
 eiglit or nine smaller dominions of wliicli tlie Troad was composed : — 
 
 I. Dominion of randarns.'" 
 
 11. Dominion of Adrestus and Ampliiirs.' 
 
 III. Dominion of Asiiis." 
 
 IV. Dominion of Aejieas (Dardania).^' 
 
 A' . Doniini(ju of Hector (Troy m the more narrow sense).'' 
 
 The following districts are further mentioned in Homer :-- 
 
 YI. Dominion of Altes (the Lelcges)."' 
 YH. Dominion of the Cilicians, viz. • 
 a. Dominion of Eiition.'' 
 h. Dominion of J\Iynes.' 
 ('. Dominion of Eurypylus (the Ceteians)." 
 
 § II, MoUXTAINS OF THE TeOAD. 
 
 MouxT Id.v (// "Io);/' rk 'lofua op»/ '") still retains its ancient name. 
 Its Homeric epithets are v^ifKi) (high '), iroXv-rrloa^ (rich in fountains ') ; 
 and from its aVjundance of game it is also called the motlior or 
 nourisher of wild animals (|i);T);p Oypcof ''). It extends thrriugh AVestern 
 Mysia in many branches from south-west to north-east. On account of 
 its manifold ramificatiijiis, it was compared by the ancients to a centipede 
 {scohipi'itilra)} One of its principal branches extends along the northern 
 coast of the Gulf of Adramyttium, and runs out into the promontory of 
 Lectum ; "' the other extends in a westerly direction along the river 
 Aesepus, and terminates at the city of Zeleia : — " those who inhabited 
 Zeleia at the lowest foot of Ida." '' In Ida rise the rivers liliesus, 
 Heptaporus, Caresus, Iihodius, (i-renicus (Granicus), Aesepus, Scamander, 
 and Simois ; — "Then ]-'oseidon and A])ollo took counsel to destroy the 
 V','a]l, turning against it all the rivers that flow from the mountains of 
 Ida into tiie sea — lihesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, Iihodius, Grenicus, and 
 Aesepu_s, divine Scamander also and Simois." ' As already stated, the 
 lii<'hest summit of Ida is l\Iount Gartrarus, now called Ivaz Dafrh, .5750 ft. 
 above tlic level of tlie sea. On (larp^arus was " a t'^nteiws sacred to Zens, 
 
 '' 7hinu:ri :«:]«: J\<ismi<ijri'ipJuc imd (.icoijrnphic, TrpoTTodas i) ^IS?; ko.\ <TKo\o-iTevhpu.'h'i]s oixra to 
 
 ■oil Or. E. liuclilinlz ; LeijiziL;, 1^7 1. (T\i'}ixa . . . 
 
 ^"^ II. li. H-j4-SL'7. ^ J/, ii. S_'S 8:'.-!-. ^ Stralio, \iii. ]). (In;,: -q yap ayrr; mv Ai^ktov 
 
 ^ //. ii. S:'..t-S:'.ll. ■' //. ii. Sl.'J-Sj:;, pi^-X'^ avar^d'ovaa irphs tv/J' ''IStji' uTrepKeirat tlov 
 
 "^ //. ii. Sif.l-SlS. ■' //, x.\i. si;, S7. Trpancou tov kuXttov id^pwf, . . . 
 
 '"' //. vi. :;'.)(;, :;',"i7 ; ii. ('•'■}2. '^ //. li. sl!4, s-_:r>: 
 
 ' //. x'w. 'J!m;. ^ ijil, xi. .'iilO-.O-il. o'l ?i€ ZeAemi' ^vaiov vival -noho- j'eiaroj' ''iSijS, 
 
 ^' II. viii. '_:m7 ; xili. V'j. atpvivn., -Kivovr^s iJOwp fj.i\ay Ai(rr,irnLo^ . . . 
 
 ^" //. viii. 17n. ■ //. >ii. 17-'J_': 
 
 ' //. x'w. !J'.i". : '^IStjs" v\p-i]A-7js. 5J; TiWe fiT^Tincoi^TO Tioaadawv ical "AttoAAoj;' 
 
 " 7/. \'iii. 47 ; -\'i\'. 107, HiSil, :ji)7 ; -xv. l.'il ; reZx*'^ o.p.o.kouvai, ■m.na.jj.wi' /.lei-us eirrayayui'Tes 
 
 ;x. 5'J, lilS; xxiii. 117. uiTrrm aw' 'iSat'o'i' op^wv aAab^ irpopiovmv, 
 
 " //. viii. 47 ; 'Pf;rrus B' 'EirrdTropos T€ Ko.p'qo'os Te 'Po5t(is Te 
 
 "'IStji' 5' 'iicavfv TToAuTriho.Ka iJ.f]Tf.fio. Oi^pcot', . . . Tp'fji'tKu'i re koI Kutyittos 57os re 'S.KO.jxav'bpos 
 
 ^ Slraljn, xiii. \\. OSij : -noKKous 6' ^X'W'^^ Kal 'ZifJ-o^iSj vdi ttoAAo. (iodypia Kal rpufpaAaai. 
 
§ II.] MOUNTxVINS — MOUNT IDA. 69 
 
 and a fragrant altar." ^ Mount Gargarus is further mentioned tLree 
 times by Horner.^ 
 
 According to P. Barker "Webb/" the summit of Gargarus consists of 
 actinolithic schist, nearly all the rest of the mountain being of mica- 
 schist. This scliist is accompanied by immense deposits of primitive 
 white compact calcareous rock. Here are the sources of the Scamander, 
 which, as I have related above, I visited in company with Professor 
 Yirchow. According to "Webb, travellers have penetrated for a distance 
 of 200 metres (058 ft.) into the cavern, from which the principal source 
 dashes forth, without reaching its fountain. Tchihatcheff's measurements-' 
 make the sources 650 mistres (2138 ft.) above the level of the sea. The 
 mica-schist of Gargarus has a somewhat greenish colour ; it sometimes 
 contains a little asbestus. In the lower part of the mountain this schist 
 assiimes a diiferent aspect ; and under its new form, which is that of the 
 true mica-schist, it extends exclusively from the top of Gargarus as far 
 as the village of Saliklar Ivioi. This primitive rock extends to the plain 
 on the north side of tlie river, where the hills have some elevation. 
 
 Turning now to the South, we see a country very different from that 
 we have just left. Alexandria-Troas is built on an ashy syenite, com- 
 posed of the three usual elements, among which the felspar predomi- 
 nates ; it gives its colour to the whole mass, in sp)ite of a quantity of 
 crystals of blackish mica. The syenite extends through the whole 
 country to the east of Alexandria-Troas, as far as Ine or Ene. The valley 
 of Ligia Hammam is formed of schist surrounded on all sides by syenite. 
 Between Kemalli and Ine are the silver mines already referred to. 
 P. Barker AYebb goes on to say : "Descending the hill about 200 metres, 
 we found ourselves on a volcanic tufa, which was succeeded at first Ijy 
 columns of phonolith, and then by trachyte, as far as Ine. At a distance 
 of two hours from Ine the syenite meets a series of trap and basaltic 
 rocks. Not far from Ine is the curious conical hill called Ine Tepeh, 
 or Suran Tepeh, which has been thought by some to be an artificial 
 tumulus ; but in reality it is nothing else than an isolated mass of 
 basalt, which rises abruptly in the midst of the plain. The valley of 
 Beiramich, as well as the other valleys which converge there, are com- 
 posed of the secondary limestone of the Troad. Several chains of hills 
 penetrate into it towards the south ; they consist entirely of basaltic or 
 trap rock, and rise from the great centre of ancient volcanoes around 
 Assos. The largest of the lateral valleys is that of Aiwadjik, already 
 mentioned, three hours to the south-west of Beiramich. About halfway 
 
 8 //. viii. 48: (IJrTc quickly ascended Gargarus, the summit of 
 
 rdpyapot^, ^fOa re ol (Z-qvi) t^jx^pos (iw;x6s re lutty Ida.) 
 du-f]€is. --^iv. o.'- : 
 
 ^ //. xy. 152, 153: oJs o ^ter arpe'/ia? e£5e Trur-qp ava Tapydpcp ixKpa;, 
 
 eUpov S' eupvowa KpOfiS-nf i-fi. Tapydpaj &Kp<p . . . (So he the fatlier slfpt quietly uii the lieiglit 
 
 'rifiei'oy. of Gargarus.) 
 
 (They found the wide-thundering son of Krorios " 'fupoijrapliie J<: hi Troiul: unrh.mic it mo- 
 
 enthroned on the peali of Gargarus.) derne ; Paris, 1844, [>. l-'J. 
 
 xiy. 292, 293 : ' -A.sie Mineure : Description phijxiipu:, stati- 
 
 "Hpi; 5e KpanvvUs irponi^naiTO Tapyo.pov uKpov stiquc, et arche'ulorjique dc cctte contree ; I'aris, 
 
 "IStjs Lri(/7)Ar)s • 1853-69, pt. i. 
 
70 THE COUNTRY (VF TUB TEOJANS. [Chap. T. 
 
 between tlie two towns rises a lieiiutifnl conical hill called Kara-Euli, 
 wliicli stands isolated in tlie plain. Its sides, wlncli resemble walls, are 
 formed of basaltic columns, presenting to the eye a thousand elegant 
 shapes. Having passed the mountain, we had before and around us 
 a tliousand varieties of trachyte and other rocks of igneous origin, Avith 
 volcanic agglomerations and tufa. Sometimes pretty large masses of 
 hardened schistose clay alternate, striated with variegated colours, in 
 company with jasper and jasiioidc therinantide. Aiwadjik is liuilt on a 
 height of volcanic rock, and its walls are composed of the same material. 
 Among the stones of the walls we noticed a very strange white tufa, 
 which was probably cut from a neighliouring c^uarry. ^Yherever we 
 looked, the country appeared to have lieen overturned liy the action 
 of ancient volcanoes until we arrived at Assus. At Mantasha, distant 
 an hour from Assos, on the road to Aiwadjik, the ruins of a castle may be 
 seen on the top of a small hill, which has the appearance of an extinct 
 volcano. Wo also noticed towards the sea a current of trachyte lava of 
 considerable length. As tufas and conglomerates are found there, it is 
 highly probable that it Avas a submarine volcano, wdiose scoriae, ashes, and 
 pumice-stone have been carried aAvay by the water. We nevertheless 
 felt a great pleasure in still observing volcanic remains and erratic 
 masses of obsidian strewn here and there on the surface of the current. 
 The summit on which Assos is situated is a spur of that of Mantasha, 
 thougli the former is mucli higher and occupies a much greater space. 
 From the top, where we now sec the ruins of the citadel of Assos, 
 currents of trachyte extend in various directions, similar to those at 
 Kemi, near Itome, principally in the direction of Adramyttium. This 
 country also recals to mind, though on a larger scale, the volcanic 
 bill of liadicofani in Tuscany; and tlie resemblance Avas increased liy 
 our iindmg in the rock the mineral Avliich Thomson calls jlorite, and 
 Avhicli by the (Jeruian mineralogists is termed lnjalite. Though the 
 volcano is no longer active, Ave saAV evident signs of internal subver- 
 sions of the soil and of tlie fref|uent earthquakes Avhich ravage this 
 country."^ 
 
 "In tJie Troad there is no primordial volcanic formation; the principal 
 part of tin:! volcanic districts is situated in the south. We find there 
 at every step thermal fountains and an abundance of salt-water springs, 
 the intimate relation of Avhich to the jihenomoia of volcanic eruptions 
 has been so often oliserved by geologists; nay, thesi' hot springs are 
 so numerous, tliat the vapours produced by tlie hot Avater liave made 
 some authors say that tliey spiead a, thick (doud as far as the extremity 
 of the (iulf of Adramyttium." ■• "The lowlands, and that part Avhich is 
 properly called the Plain of Troy, are interrupted by frequent elevations, 
 AV<.: miglit almost say by sliglit undulations of the ground, formed by 
 flu; spurs of JLiunt Ida, Avhich terminate imperceptibly on the sea-coast. 
 Towards Dardania and Cebrcnia, the mountainous ridges of Ida rise one 
 
 2 P. linrkcr Wcbl., Tnpo'jr. dcl.r 7>o.<,/c ; I'avis, 184-4-, pp. i;j5-137. 
 
§ n.] OULOU DAGII — CALLICOLOXE. 71 
 
 above the other, covered with pine-trees. Tlie basaltic rocks of the 
 Bali Dagh attach these ridges to the syenite mountains bidiind Alex- 
 andria-Troas, in the midst of which rise those conical masses which are 
 visible to so great a distance at sea." * 
 
 Between the two atiluents of tiie Simois, which meet at the village of 
 Doumbrek, there is, according to the investigations of Professor Virchow 
 and M. Burnoiif, an extensive mass of diluvium, comj^osed of quartz, 
 diorite, serpentine, trachyte, etc., more or less rounded. The vegetation 
 consists principally of arbutus, audrachnes, and pines, which increase in 
 size with the height of the mountain ridges. There is a group of tangled 
 heights formed of qnartzose mica-schist, where the pines are of noble 
 dimensions. There is a rivulet in every dale. The dales become more 
 and more hollow, and it is difiicult to advance owing to the shrubs which 
 cover the slopes. The Ouloii, Dagli is now reached ; it is a long ridge, 
 belonging to a range of Ida, whose height is 429 • SO m. = l-±09 ft. 
 The Oulou Dagh consists essentially of a somewhat laminated serpentine : 
 on its roundish conical surface we see many steeply-raised enormous 
 masses of snow-white c[uartz and brown ferruginous f|uartzite, which lie 
 pretty accurately in the direction of north and smith. The mountain- 
 ridge maintains this character as far as the Kara Your ; only from hence 
 the ridge extending towards Chiblak and Hissarlik consists of tertiary 
 limestone. 
 
 From the Oulou Dagh may be seen to the west a large part of the 
 Troad, Ida, Lesbos, the Kara Dagh, the islands of Tenedos, Imbros, and 
 Samothrace, the Plain of Troy, ITissarlik, and the confluence of the 
 Simois and Scamandor. The descent is easy by the mountain ridge ; there 
 is a good road through the pines, which form here and there beautiful 
 tufts. These woods are now cultivated for sale by Turcomans, whose 
 graves may be seen here and there. 
 
 Following the ridge, the Kara Your is reached. This mountain, 
 which is 209 metres = 68G ft. high, forms the eastern extremity of the 
 plateau which separates the basin of the Simois from that of the Thym- 
 brius. From the Kara Your we enjoy a fine view over the basin of the 
 Thymljrius as far as the heights of Bounarbashi, with all its undulations ; 
 but Hissarlik is not visible from hence. 
 
 I may here remind the reader that Mount Kara Y'our has hitherto 
 been held to be identical with the Homeric Callicolone ; but that, as 
 Troy is not visible from it, I have now, at the suggestion of Professor 
 Virchow, and in accordance with Burnout's view, transferred that honour 
 to the Oulou Dagh, which fultils tins apparently indispensable condition. 
 I must hoAvever remark that Strabo, on the authority of Demetrius of 
 Scepsis, evidently Ijclievcd in the identity of the Kara Y'our with the 
 Homeric Callicolone, for he states it to be only 5 stadia from the Simois 
 and 10 stadia from 'iXiwv Kdjfi-r], which distances perfectly agree with 
 the situation of the Kara Y'our, Init not witli that of the Oulou Dagh." 
 
 ^ P. Brirki?]- Webb, op. (it. p. 129. Aotpos tis, ttq^j' ul> u Siuo'eis {itl, -irai'TaaTaSicu 
 
 ^ Stl-iibii, .\iii. p. ''07 ; vwlp Se rfjs 'lAie'wr Sie'xw''- 
 cS^-n: Se'/ta araSiois iarlv v liahAiicoAwrq, I femiiuj. tkc trader, once fur all, ihat the 
 
72 THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 Professor Virchow, moreover, poiiitetl out, to mo on the Kara Your the 
 fonu(hitions of an ancient Imildine-, perhaps a temple, whereas there are 
 no traces of huiklings on the Ouh)u l>agh. 
 
 The plateau between Kara Your and the village of Chihlak is desert, 
 uncultivated, destitute of wood, and full of ravines. Here and there are 
 some bushes on a sort of very meagre prairie. In proportion as you 
 advance to the west the soil becomes limestone ; Ijut the vegetation is the 
 same, except the pines, which cease with the schist. 
 
 Of Promontorir^, I have in the first place to mention Cape Ledum, 
 opposite Lesbos, which is the westernmost peak of Ida, and the extreme 
 southern point of the Trojan dominion. In Strabo's time the altar was 
 still shown here, which, according to tradition, had been erected by 
 Agamemnon to the twelve gods ; '^ but this very mention of a definite 
 number of the gods shows that its origin must belong to a later period. 
 Here, as before stated, Ilere, in company with Ilypnos, on their way to 
 Mount Gargarus, first reached the Trojan shore.' It is also mentioned 
 by Herodotus.* 
 
 Next comes the famous Ctipe Sii/cwn, which forms the north-western 
 point of all Asia, at the entrance of the Hellespont, opposite to the city of 
 Eleusa on the southern extremity of the Thracian Chersonesus. It is now 
 called Cape Yeni Shehr. According to M. Burnouf's measurement, the 
 height of Cape Sigeum is 77 " 20 metres = 252 ft. above the level of the 
 sea. On this cape (and not, as is erroneously shown on Admiral Spratt's 
 map, on the high plateau to the y.8."\Y. of it) was situated the ancient 
 city of Sigeum : in the first place because there is here an accumulation 
 of ancient debris G ft. deep, whereas there is none at all on the neigh- 
 bouring plateau ; and secondly because Sigeum had a port, which did in 
 fact exist immediately to the east of the promontory, whilst there is none 
 at the foot of the plateau. The city was destroyed by the Ilians soon after 
 the overthrow of the P(n'sian empire, and it no longer existed in Strabo's 
 time.'-* Like the whole ridge of which it forms the north-eastern extremity, 
 this promontory consists of limestone, and falls off very abruptly towards 
 the sea. It is now crowned by the village of Yeni Shehr, which is 
 inhal)ited exclusively by Christians, and stands on the dclris and ruins 
 of the ancient city of Sigeum. 
 
 In a direct line to the east of Cape Sigeum is Cape Illiottruiii, now 
 called In Tepeh, on the Hellespont. The distance between these two 
 promontories is, according to Strabo," GO stadia ; but this is one of the 
 
 st.„i;,nnnf (iOo 0,rrl:f,rt ,r„s f/ir truth part <:f <> llcl;,, i. IS. Il : Tlin. //. X. v. ",:1 ; Srrv. 
 
 thr Kr.jli,], ,ir,,in,,.hir,l .,„;lr. /„ „,/,,,. ,,-„,,/,, ,„, ,.|,„ jj, :;io. ^„ ^[y,„„^ ]I,,„,1. y. C,:., 0+; 
 
 111 .sf,„/,„ = i .irn.!. niilr = \ ,„;,-,„fr,,f „ Jr.jrrr TllUcv.l. viii. 1111; Stralu., xiii. p. f.05 ; I't,.! 
 
 aithrE.,i„d..r.^ _^ _ V. 'J:;; Strpl,. I'.vz. ,1. .V;i7. Strabo, xiii, p. C.IKJ, 
 
 .Straljo, MIL ],. nil,, : eVi Se tw Asktw /3u>,ur« iiiIIn it als.i 7) ■Siy<:ias atipa. Tlie town tu Sl^Elof 
 
 TO.;- SoiSilccL fitw„ Sc/h-ruTai, KaAoiV. 5' 'A7a^f>- is also rMvd ZijV hy llt'cataeus, p. 'JOS ; Scylas, 
 
 ■ '''''■ ~^''' ~^-^ '■ I" xiii. ]'. Tiil."): efj-Ti 5f Tu /.niKos tt)s irapa- 
 
 In?/^ t> iKf^frOrji' Alas TauT7j5 ana rov 'Poirei'ou /ue'xpi ^lytiou Hal 
 
 AfKToV, 591 TrpiTof XiiTf-niv a'Aa- Toi'AxtWews /J-vrifiaTos (vev-rvXoovl'TWV ki,-{]liOliTa 
 
§ III.] EIVEKS OF THE TEOAD. 73 
 
 many proofs that tlic geographer never visited tlie Troad, tlie real distance 
 being only 30 stadia, ^vhich is given by Plmy/ On tins cape fVjrmerly 
 stood the town of Ithoeteiim (to 'i'otTeiov).'^ It is not a promontory in tljo 
 proper sense of the word, but an elevated rocky shore with several peaks, 
 of which the highest, according to M. Burnonf's measurement, is only 
 1G8 ft. high. For this reason it is also called by yintipater Sidonius 
 'Vonifioe^ uKTal? It is spoken of as the " lihoetea litora " by Yirgil."' 
 Ehoeteum is also mentioned by Livy.^ (Jn a lower peak of this pro- 
 montory is the tumulus attributed by tradition to Ajax, of which I shall 
 treat hereafter. It deserves particular notice that the names of the two 
 capes, Siyeiov and 'Poireiov, do not occur in Homer, and that he only 
 once mentions them where we read that, although the sea-sliore w-as 
 broad, yet it could not contain all the ships, and the jn'ople were 
 crowded ; they had therefore drawn them up m rows, and had filled 
 the long mouth of the whole shore as far as it was enclosed by the 
 promontories." 
 
 § III. PiIVERS OF THE TkOAD. 
 
 ('("/) The Sihiois (6 —ifj.6et(;), now called Donmbrek Su, rises, according 
 to Homer, on ilount Ida. but more precisely on the Cotylus. Yirehow,' 
 who investigated this river together with me, writes of this river as 
 folloAVS : " In its beginning it is a fresh mountain-l)rook. Its sources lie 
 eastward of the wooded mountains of the Oulou Dagh. From numerous 
 little watercourses, wdiich partlj" Ijuljble forth from the rock, and some of 
 which form little torrents, U\o rivulets are at first formed. TIk/ larger 
 and longer of them flows in a valley gap, bietween a promimuit spur of the 
 Oulou Dagh, separated from the principal mount by a deep, green meadow 
 valley, and a spur of the tertiary mountain ridge, which descends from 
 lien Kioi towards Halil Eli, nearly parallel Avith the ridge of Ehoeteum. 
 The shorter and more southerly rivulet gathers the water from the Kara 
 Your and the mountain ridge which joins it to the Oulou Dagh. Both 
 rivulets join not far above Doumbrek Kioi and form the Duumlirek Su 
 (Simois), which is midway between a small river and a large rivulet. Its 
 bed, which is deejily cut throughout, and proceeds now in shorter, now m 
 longer windings, is at Doumbrek perhaps from 12 to 30 yards wide; l)ut 
 on the 11th of April the water covered only part of the bottom of this 
 bed, and nowhere did its depth exceed 6 inches. We could wade through 
 it without any difficulty. The current is rajiid ; the 1.m it tdiu is covered 
 with small pebbles, now and then also with somewhat larger rounded 
 stones from the Oulou Dagh." The valley itself is small, but very fertile. 
 
 * //. X. V. .v3 ; "fait et Aeantium, a Rhoiliis aiytaAos vqas x^Se'ea', o-Teii'/irro 5e Xanr 
 
 fonditum, in .altero cornu, Aja^je ibi s^epulto, -\x.\. rtj. pa irpoKpoaaos epULraf, ko.I TrA-^jirav airacrris 
 
 stad. intervallo a Si^^eo." TjtoVos ari'iixa /j.a.Kpoi'^ o<jov aur^fpyaSof aKpai. 
 
 = Herndot. vii. h ; S.-vlax, p. 35; ,St('|di. ^ Bcltrwjc an- L,ni<lcsl:iiuh <lrr Trooi-, ff. 
 
 Byz. p. -j11 ; Mela, i. 18. :,; Plin. //. A', v. i;:) ; 92-00. 
 ThucvJ. ir. .52, riii. 101. ' In the celebrated passat;e wlieTe the Sea- 
 
 ^ Anf/iol. Gr. ii. p. 2-1, ed. Jacobs; i. p. 254, mander summons the Simciis tn little against 
 
 Xo. UG, ed. Tauchnitz. Achilles, it is said (//. x\i. 31 1-:;U): 
 
 ■* Acii. vi. 595, and Plin. II. A*, v. 33. aX\' i-ndp.vfe Tax'trra, Kal ep.-KLTrXriOi ptnOpa 
 
 ij_ 37_ I'SaTos e'/c Trr^yewr, -Kavras S' opuOut'Oi' ivavKous^ 
 
 xxxvu. 
 
 ive 
 
 « //. xiy. 33-36 : iVti) Oe /ie'7a Kv/^ia, ■noAvv 5' opvpLaySiif up 
 
 0-j5( yap ov5' evpvs nep' iaiy (SmrffaTO iratjas (pirpcii/ ical Attoii', iVa Taviro/xii/ aypiov avdpa 
 
7-i THE COUXTKY OF THE TliOJAXS. [CiiAr. I. 
 
 If we tlieii pas>i tlio nioniitaiii nd.^c wliu'li crosses tlic y-Alej below Donm- 
 lu'ck Kiel, ami desceiul en its L;ra(luallY slopni,^- went side to the region of 
 llalil Ell, wliieli alfounds with trees and fruit, we tiud the little river 
 seareely larger at this village. Here also we rule through it without the 
 horses' fV'et getting wet ahove the ankles. The elearness of the water 
 permits us to see the liottoui cuvered with small pehhles and gravel. At 
 a short distance hidow the village, whieh is situated on its right hank, 
 the little river divides into two arms. The right or northern arm, after 
 haviiiL;- received the ' Eain-brook of Iten Kioi,' — a very small and incon- 
 sidcrahlo riviih't, whiidi has only an intermittent flow of water, — forms 
 a large swamp in which it disappears. On the other hand, the left or 
 southern arm approaches more and m(ir(.' to the mountain ridge which ex- 
 tends from Kara Your past Chihhik towards Hissarlik, and it ilows p)retty 
 near the lower edge of its slope. At first, as long as it tlows through the 
 'Plain,' it has a somewhat deeper hed, whose hanks are fref[uently under- 
 mined and hill otT every here and there 5 or G ft. ; its breadth varies, liut 
 it hardly anywhere exceeds 20 ft. Here and there groups of willows and 
 other hushes grow on the bank and on small islands in the river-bed; a 
 rich vegetation of shrubs, especially of tamarisks and T ite.v (iij)ius-ciiitiis,'' 
 extends along its banks. But further on, in proportion as the little river 
 approaches the foot of the mountain ridge, it divides into more and nnu-e 
 arms, whose course, as one easily sees, must be very irregular. One after 
 the other disappears in the large and deep swamp, whieh, connected at 
 many points with the northern swamp, exti'iids as fir as the foot of His- 
 sarlik, and occupies tlie larger part of the so-called Plain of the Simois. 
 AVhilst the ramification of l)y-rivulets and their disappearance in the great 
 swam}) causes a continual diminution of the volume of running water, 
 there nevertheless still remains a ' main arm,' which ciuitinues its course 
 along the ridge. We could still follow it up along the three springs of 
 Troy, thougli it was there reduced to a little rivulet of 4 to 5 paces in 
 breadth, and with an insignificant, though still rapid, t'urreiit. Of these 
 three springs, all of which are marked on our ]\[a}) of the Troad, the first, 
 ■which runs from a stone-eiudosure and has a temperature of Pi'li CV'lsius 
 = OS-US Fahr., is immediately below the rums of the aaieient city wall. 
 The second, whose stone-enclosure is destroyed, and a third, with a 
 well-preserved stone-enclosure and a doulile outlet, having a temperature 
 of 14 -3 to 1-V Celsius = r)7 -74 to [>'.)' I'ahr., are within a quarter of a 
 mill' from the first s)>ring. 
 
 "At the west end of the great swamp fiirmed by the waters of the 
 Riniois, a short stream ga,thers again, and ]iours into the Kalihitli Asniak. 
 The spot wliere the ga.thering of the wa,ter takes place is pretty nea,rly in 
 a straight line drawn from Hissaadik to the. In Tep(di Asmak ;' tliat is to 
 say, at the jioint on the western edge of (lie swam]) whi(di is hirthest from 
 Hissarhk. Apiiareiitly witliout any preparation, thei'e is almost immedi- 
 ately u laige liroad river-lied, with many windings, between steep banks 
 from (J to Sfi. high ; this river-bed is interrupted by numerous islands, 
 
 '' dyfoi = aynroi m , .v/;,,- .vitinic (TIum,- ainls ei/Voj-ur (i lio.s.viride.s). yoo Ud. is. 4'i7 ; 
 
 l.lini-t. i. p. 'J64). Ill 111,. ///,„/ (,:i. 1(1,-,) tlie X. IGG. Jlijmii. ad lHonijs. 13, eJ. lli.iuel, 
 shvub lo c.illei] Aij-yos. 5ia tuv ttci,', tcs i-ciSSods p. 37. 
 
§ lll.j 
 
 PilA'ERS — THE SUIOIS. 
 
 but every here aiiJ tliere it is pretty deep. vM'ter a course of scarcely 
 10 miiuites the stream empties into the eastern liciid nf the Kalifatli 
 Asmak, a little above the place where an artificial ditch leads from the 
 Kalifatli Asmak to the In Tepeh Asmak, above a stone bridge -whieh here 
 spans the Kalifatli Asmak in the direction of Koiim Kioi. No water can 
 flow through the ditch except during the inundations." 
 
 The Simois is ineutioned seven times in the I/i id. Thus the poet savs : 
 "But when they (Hck'' and Athene) approached Troy and the tAvo flowing 
 streams, where the Simois and Scamander mingle their currents, there 
 Here, the white-armed goddess, stopped the horses, releasing them from 
 the chariot, and she poured a thick cloud around them, and the Simois 
 sprouted ambrosia for their pasture."^" Again : " Simois also, where many 
 ox-hide shields and crested helms fell down m the dust." ' Again : '• Black 
 as a storm, Ares cried on the other side, now shouting shrilly to the 
 Trojans from the citadel, now running along the Simois unto Calli- 
 colone."- Again: ''He (Scamander) grew yet more furious against 
 the sou of Peleus, and, lifting high the crested wave of (his) stream, 
 shouted to the Simois."" Again: "Descending from Ida along the 
 banks of the Simois." * Lastly : " The dread battle-shout of Trojans 
 and Achaeans was left alone ; and many times did the fight sway hither 
 and thither over the plain, as they pointed against each other their 
 brazen spears between Simois and the floods of Xanthus." ■' The river 
 
 also mentioned by Aeschylv 
 
 Ptole 
 
 my. 
 
 Stephanus Byzautinus," 
 
 3Iela,'' Pliny, ^'^ Horace,^ Propertius,- and Yirgil.'^ 
 
 The identitv of this river with the Simois of Homer is confirmed by 
 Strabo,"' who states, on the authority of Demetrius of Scepsis ; 
 
 "' From the mountains of Ida two ridges advance to the sea, the one 
 
 >' n. T. 773-776: 
 a\\' uT€ 5// Tpon]i' l^oi^ l70Tau.o: t€ f.'ie'o!'Te. 
 
 Aucracr' e| ox^'wr, Trept 5' 7)€pa ivouXhif ix^^^^' 
 
 1 II. sii. 22, 2:3 : 
 Ko.l 2i,U(j6iS, odi TToWa. I3adyf'ia a'^1 Tpv(pa\^.i0.i 
 
 KO.TTlT^aOl' ^v KOl'iri<Tl . . . 
 
 - II. XX. 52. 53: 
 
 u^li fcar' a.Kpordrijs ttoXlos Tpu^icat /ceA.euwi', 
 dWore Trap ^LUoei'TL 8ea.'f eVt KaKhLKoKojvri. 
 
 - //. xxi. 305-307 : 
 
 6.K\' tTi ^ud-Wo:' 
 Xa'€TO rTTjAeta-j't. K6pvrr(T€ 5? Kvjxo. puoto 
 V'\>^a aeipa'/iei'VS. '^i^o^VTi Of KeK\€T d'vffas . . . 
 
 < //. iv. 4-75 : 
 ''ISTj'-'ei/ KaTwvO'a. ira.p ^x^yTi 'Zmo^vros . ■ . 
 
 • II. VI. 1-i: 
 Tpwccv 6' oiu^dy-j Kal 'Axtt'i'i' (poX-Oins o.ivi] • 
 TToWd 5' dp' ivSa Ka\ iff)' Wurre ^uaxl Treoioio, 
 d\\7}\(i)if Idvvoix^vwv xaAi:7|pf« 5o0pa, 
 IJ.e(T(Tr\yvs 'S.iixo^vTos iSe "B-O.vdoLO poa.a:y. 
 
 '■' A'1'nwiunon^ V. GOO. ed. Tauchnit;i. 
 
 ■ V. 2, 3. " P. GOl. '■' i. IS. ::. 
 
 '" II. X. V. 33. 1 Fpod. 13. 21. -' iii. 1. 27. 
 
 = Am. i. CIS ; T. 262, 473. 
 
 "■ Strabo, xiii. p. 597: citto Se tT/s KaTo. 
 
 rous ronous 'I5aia5 upiEiy^js SI'O (f??(T£l' dyii'l'ia^ 
 iicT€'ii'€adai irpus dj-Aarrai', rnu ^tei' ev6v '?Qi- 
 T€iuu Tuy 56 ^Ly^LOv, TTOiGiii'Tas f^ au^o7i' ypau- 
 pi-^ju rifj.iKUK\iwd'ii ■ TeAeuTKj^ 5' e'l' tw iv^Sla', 
 TO(TOvTuv aTre'xorTas ttjs 6aAaTT7]5 l(rov ru I'iip 
 ^IAloi'. tovto filv 5'ij jj.i^T0.^v t7/s TfAeuTr/s Ta'j/ 
 Afx^f^'"^^^ dyKwi^ccf eii'ai, to 5e TraAaioj' KTicrp.a 
 ^.erai^v tT/? dp\7js ' a7roAo/x/3ai'eo'0ai 5' trras 
 T(i Te ^lUotEiiJioi' ire^ioi' 5i' uu u 2i^toe!s <p^peTO.L, 
 Kal TO ^KafJ.di'OpLoi' 53 oi '^Kdij.ai'hpos ptT. tovto 
 5e Kal iSiais TpwiKou Aeyerai, Kal tovs TrAiiarous 
 dyicya'i 6 TroiTjrJjs h'ravda. aTro5i5a50'i ' TrAaruTe- 
 pou ydp iiTTL, Kal Tuus 6yoixa(^ouii'ovs tottov^ 
 ivTO-i'da. oeiK^uueVoi'S opicfiff. tuv ipn'^av. Tov 
 TOO Anjv/]Tou Ta(/)oi', Triv BaTi'eiai'. to too 'IAou 
 rrriua.. oi 5e -jroTauol o re ^Ka^uavOpos Ka.L u 
 ^io.6^LS. /J.h' Tip 2i7eta' nKrjiTidaa^ u 5e Tcp 
 'PoireiCL', fiufpuv e/xTTpuffOtEi' ToD rvi' 'IAlov au.u- 
 ^dWovrril', eir' eVi tu So'eio;- efvSiSu'atri Kal 
 ■jvoiovTi t)}v aTop.a\iij-i'rji' KO.\ovp.h'T)i'. Si^tpya 
 
 6' €Kd.T^pOl' TUil' AiiX6€VTb:V TTI^OiUl' dlZO do.T€pOV 
 
 /^e'-)'a? TiS ai\\'?V Td<v e('pi|^ej'a>i' dyKi^'^'an' ctt 
 ^udiias, d.no tou I'vu 'lAiov t;;i' dpxqv ex'^''' 
 (ruu<pvi]s o.vtu\ Tiii'oueyos 5' eoj? t/;5 K€/3prj- 
 vias Kal aTTOTi\o;i> to (^ ypdu-y.a irpos TOvs 
 ki:aTip'j.Qiv dyKd:yas. 
 
7G THE COUNTRY OF THE TTiOJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 terminating in the promontory of lilioetenui, tlio other in that of Sigeum; 
 they form "with it a semicirck', hut terminate in tlie Phiin at the same 
 distance from the sea as Kovnm Ilium. This eity, therefore, lies hetweeu 
 the two extremities of the ridges already named, Imt the ancient town 
 hetw'Cen their starting-points; l)nt the inner space comprises as well the 
 Plain of the Simois, throngh which the Simois flows, as the Plain of the 
 Scamander, through which the Scamander flows. The latter is properly 
 called the Trojan Plain, and the }>oct makes it the theatre of most of the 
 battles ; for it is broader, and here we see the places mentioned by the 
 })oet, — tlie fig hill, the tomli of Aesyetes, the Batieia, and the tumulus of 
 Ilus. P>ut the riv(>rs Scamander and Simois, of which the one approaches 
 Sigeum, the other Ehoeteum, join at a short distance below Ilium, and 
 discharge near Sigeum, where they form the so-called Stomcdimne. The 
 two above-mentioned plains are separated l)y a long neck of land, which 
 issues directly from the two ridges already named; beginning from the 
 projection on which Novum Ilium is situated, and attaching itself to it 
 (avf-i(f>vj]<; avrro), tliis neck of land advances (southward) to join Cebrenia, 
 thus forming with the two other chains the letter €." 
 
 The description of Pliny ^ agrees with that of Strabo : " dein portus 
 Achaeorum, in qucm influit Xanthus Simoeuti junctus : stagnumcjue prius 
 faciens Palaescamander." 
 
 The identity of this river with the Homeric Simois is further con- 
 firmed by Yirgil, who tells us that Andromache, after Hector's death, 
 liad again married Heleuus, another son of Priam, wdio became king 
 of Chaonia : 
 
 "Ante urbem in liico falsi Siiiiocntis ail iimlara 
 Libiibat cineri Amlroniaclie, Manosque vocabat 
 Ilectoreiim ail tuniuluni, viridi queiii cespite iiianem 
 Et gemiuas caiisam lacrjmis sacravrrat aias." ° 
 
 Thus Hector's tomb was in a grove near the Simois ; but, according to 
 Strabo,' Hector's tomb was in a grove at Ophrynium, and this is also 
 confirmed by Lycophron in his Cassandra. But" Ophrynium is m close 
 proximity to the river of which we are now speaking, and which, from 
 this and all other testimonies, can be none other than the Simois. 
 
 ^s "^l"-" pi'eseut name of the Simois, Boumhrel-, is believed not to be a 
 Turkish word, some take it for a corruption of the name Thymbrius, and 
 use it to prove that the river— which runs tlirough the north-eastern 
 vall.-y of tlie Plain of Troy, and falls into the Kalifatli Asmak (the ancient 
 bed of the Scanian.h.r) in front of Ilium— is the Thymbrius, and cannot 
 possibly be the Simois. 
 
 To tins I ri'i.ly, that there is no example of a Greek word ending in os 
 l^emg rendered m Turkish by a word ending m 1: ; further that Doumbrek 
 must certainly be a corruption of the two Turkish words ;; , (^ ^^ 
 
 Don harrl: Do,, signifies " ice," and lard: - possession " or " habitation :" 
 the two words therefore mean much the same thing as " containing ice," 
 
 '' ''■ ^'- ''■ ■"■■'• " Ai;in;i. iii. ;;o2-:io.j. 
 
 ' .xiil. p. 595: TvAwlo" 5' itrrl Th 'O^ipivior, (>• S tI ToiV'EhTopos ij.\aus eV Tr(pt<f,avei rowa- 
 
^ III.J EIYEES — THE THYMBraUS. 77 
 
 and tlie name might be explained by the fact, that the inundations caused 
 by the Siniois are freqiiently frozen over in winter, when tlie whole 
 north-eastern plain forms a sheet of ice. 
 
 But if in classical times this river was called Simois, there can be no 
 doubt whatever of its identity with the Homeric Simois, because — as 
 MacLaren ** justly observes — in all parts of the world rivers have preserved 
 their names with wonderful persistency in the midst of linguistic change 
 and political revolution. An ancient name may indeed be lost, but, if it 
 still exists, it would be diificult to conceive how it could possibly be 
 transferred from one river to another. 
 
 iNo ford of the Simois is mentioned in the Iliad, though the armies 
 must have passed the river constantly in marching to or from the plain 
 between this river and the Scamander, where all the battles were fought. 
 But though the Simois may perhaps have had a slightly larger quantity 
 of water in ancient times, before the invention of water-mills, it can 
 never have been of much consecjuence. Therefore, there was no need to 
 speak of a ford. 
 
 (h) The TJujiiihriiis, called 6 Qu/xi'Spw^ by Strabo ^ and Eustathius," is 
 a small rirer, which originates in the immediate vicinity of Mount Kara 
 Tour, and receives the drainage of ten or twelve valleys, pouring at a 
 right angle into the Scamander opposite Bounarbashi. Its present name 
 is Kemar Su, from the Greek word Ka/xdpa (vai(Jf), and the Turkish word 
 '■■ su " (ivater), the river being crossed, at about 3 miles above its con- 
 fluence, by a Pioman aqueduct. Homer does not mention this river at all, 
 though he mentions the town of Thyinbre.'- 
 
 The site of this ancient town corresponds with the farm at Akshi Kioi 
 on the banks of the Thymbrius, the proprietor of which, Mr. Frank 
 Calvert, has made excavations there, and has found inscriptions which can 
 leave no doubt of its identity. The whole place is strewn with archaic 
 Hellenic potsherds. The height of the site above the level of the sea, 
 at the place where Mr. Calvert's farmhouse stands, is, according to 
 M. Burnout's measurements, G3-35 metres or 207 ft. Strabo states that 
 close to the confluence of the Thymbrius and Scamander, and at a distance 
 of 50 stadia from Novum Ilium, stood the famous temple of the Thymbrian 
 Apollo,- which, as my friend Professor A. H. Sayce, who lately visited the 
 Troad, remarks,^ must be identical with the almost entirely artificial mound 
 of Hanai Tepeh, which I have excavated in company with Mr. Calvert, and 
 of which I shall treat hereafter. According to il. Burnouf's measurement, 
 the height of the Hanai Tepeh is 87 • 75 metres = 285 ft. above the level of 
 the sea ; the confluence of the Thymbrius and the Scamander biung 24 • 5 
 metres = SO ft. 5 m. The distance given by Strabo is perfectly correct. 
 
 M. Burnouf makes the following remarks upon the river:— "The 
 
 s Obscrmtiona ore tl,c Toinjraphij of the I'lahi (" Tuwar.ls Tlivmbrij the Lyrinns ni,a tin? Inraiy 
 
 of Troy. See Barker W'ebb, To^-y^/w/'/i/c * i'« Mysians bail tlieir plaee allnttcl."; 
 
 Troade, p. 47. " -^i"- V- SOS : TrATjai't..- yap erri to tteSioj' 7, 
 
 » siii. p. 598. @vfi.^pa Ka\ o Si' aiiToi peaiv -noTciun! Qv/xPplos, 
 
 " Ad Horn. II. X. 4"0. iii.Qa.K'Kwv eis Tor Sxa^uai'Sfioi' kotci to Qup.Qnaiov 
 
 1 //. X. 430 : ' k-KoKKsMvos Upui'. 
 
 ■npls 0v/.i$p-iis S' eAaxo" AvKini Vlucroi t a7e- ^ in the Acadenvj, Oct. 18, 1879. 
 po-xoi. 
 
78 THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [CriAr. I. 
 
 Thjnubrius flows in tlio liollow of a valley between the liills of Akslii 
 Kioi uud the heights to the south. It is about 30 ft. broail. Its banks 
 are steep ; it is perl'eetly limpid, and is overshadowed by large trees. Its 
 banks, whieh are from 10 to lli ft. high, show two very distinet layers: 
 first, a. modern alluvium, consisting of earth washed down by the rains 
 from the hills ; seeondly, below this, a thick layer of plastio clay, 
 aualogmis to that which forms the soil of the plain of the Scannrnder. 
 The Confluence of the Thymbrius and the Scainander is not difficult to 
 determine,' since the banks are high. During tlic inundations, the 
 great jiolygon formed ]>j the Thymlirius, the Scamander, and the hills to 
 the east, Ix'comes covered with water, which runs with great impetuosity 
 in an easterly direction ; inundates the swamp (now rendered salubrious) 
 to the north of Akshi Kioi; pours into the large bed of the Ivalifatli 
 x\smak, which is identical with the ancient bed of the Scamander ; and 
 forms other streams, wdiich flow in the same direction. On the IStli of 
 Jlay, 1870, wo saAV this whole plain covered with dead trees and branches, 
 which had been carried away in the same direction, and caught by the 
 bushes of the agnus-castus and tamarisk." 
 
 (cj The Hi-iimanilcr (o iKuf.iav'^po-^, as it was called in the language of 
 men, according to Homer, but XaiitJiiig, "the yellow stream," as it was 
 termed by the gods '') is the modern Mendere, a plain corruption of the 
 name Scamander. 
 
 Tiie punning etymology of Eustathius " makes SKofiai'Spo^, aKufXfia 
 avSpoi ( U paicXeov^) roi' 'BiivOoi' eV yTj^ TTpoi'iyayei', since "the excavation 
 of the man (Heracles) brought the Xanthus forth out of the earth." This, 
 of course, is mere trifling ; but the termination of the name is one which 
 we find in many of the river-names of Asia Minor, such as Maeander, 
 Alander, and the like. It is possible that the title by which tlie river 
 was known m the language of the gods— that is, of the Greek settlers- 
 was a translation of its native name. 
 
 As before mentioned," Homer makes the Scainander rise from two 
 springs — one lukewarm, the other cold— close to the city wall; while 
 in anotlnu- passage, already quoted, he correctly makes it rise m IMount 
 Ida. I have already descrilied its sources from my own inspection of 
 tliem." Strabo asserts, on the authority of Demetrius of Scepsis— who, 
 as he says, was a native of the country— that the Scamander flows from a 
 single source in Mount Cotylus, one of the peaks of Ida, about VIO stadia 
 abov(_'. Scepsis, and that the Granicus and Aesepus originafe from the 
 same mountain from several springs, in sucli close proximity to the 
 source ,-,[■ the Scamander, that all are within a space (d' '20 stadia, the 
 Scamander flowing in a westerly, the two others m a northerly direction, 
 and the length of the Aesepus lieing aliont 500 stadia." He confirms the 
 
 i.u;. mr.iiis tii.Lt 1,10 liank^ nl IIh' r'lvrr ^irc tukwi', us ttf firixapios ai'TJp, o Atj^tjtP'os Tore 
 
 not n],'.,U'rnU:\, :m\ do imt r(,iirn,in(| tlinmsrl vi'S /j-fi' iwTw; Af-j-H irepl airSiw " eWi yap Aocfov 
 
 ™', ' ■'' 1""'"- TH T-rji "157)5 \\,')Tv\os- {iirepKeiTai 5' oi>tos 6(i:a- 
 
 . aX. j,., /4 : J-/,,, Tp^j,, ,^.^jj clVoiTi (TTaSi'ois ^i{'lj\p€ws^ e^ ou (I 
 
 . . . noTaniis fiaBuSiinjs, Te SKafirtrSpos pil Ka'i o Vpai/ticos, fcal A'urriTros, 
 
 •<ii, ■Eiu'flni, KoAlnvni Benl, SrSptv Be ^KiixavSpov. ,>i filv -wphs iipKTnv Ka\ tV npoTroi-Ti'Sa, in 
 
 » A<l [I. XX. 74. ■ Sr,. |,. r,:,. 8 K,. 
 
 ■n-K(:iui'wi' TTTiyon' rTv\\(:ijiopL^vrn^ ,', 5e 2/cajUar5pos 
 
 .Sti'aljo, xai. ji. OO'J : ?/i7rc-ipos 8' iiv tojf iw\ Svam tit fiias -irij-yjjs ■ TTHirai o' aAAi'jAais 
 
§ III.] 
 
 niA'ERS— THE SCAMANDEK. 
 
 79 
 
 fact that the Scamancler and Simois meet, and says that the Scamander 
 falls into the Hellespont near Sigenm : " But the rivers Scamander and 
 Simois, of vrhich the former approaches Sigeum, the latter Ehoeteum, 
 join a little below Novum Ilinm and fall into the sea at Sigenm, where 
 they form the so-called Stomalimne "' '" (i.e. ''lake at the mouth"). 
 
 He further says that : " A little beyond lies the village of the Ilians 
 (Wiiaiv Kco/j,i]), where the ancient Ilium is believed to have formerly 
 stood, 30 stadia distant from the present city." ^ And again : " There 
 are neither hot springs iu this place, nor is the source of the Scamander 
 here, but in the mountains ; and there are not two sources, but only one. 
 It seems therefore that the hot springs have disappeared, but that the 
 cold spring escapes from the Scamander by a subterranean channel, and 
 rises again in this place (before TXtt'wi' Kco/j,ri) ; or else that this water 
 is merely called a source of the Scamander, because it is near to it : for 
 several sources of one and the same river are so called." - 
 
 The length of the Scamander from its sources to its mouth in the 
 Hellespont close to Koum Kaleh is, according to CI. von Eckenbrecher,^ in 
 a straight line lU German miles* (=47 English miles nearly); accord- 
 ing to Tchihatcheff,^ 20 French leagues. The sources of the Scamander 
 are 650 metres (2138 ft.) above the sea ; the fall of the current is on an 
 average 21 metres ( = 09 ft.) to the league, which is equal to 30 ft. per 
 mile.*^ But the fall varies Avith the locality : thus from the sources to 
 the district of Ine (Ene), and even to Bounarbashi, the fall of the river is 
 ver}^ rapid, but further on it is comparatively insiguificaut. 
 
 31. Burnouf, who has studied the ancient and modern beds of the 
 Scamander with great care, sends me the following note on the suliject: — • 
 " At the time of inundation the Scamander bursts with great impetuosity 
 through its narrow pass between the rocks of Bounarbashi, carrying 
 with it sand and gravel, which it heaps up over pretty large spaces of 
 ground, and which are sufficient to modify its course. Its course is 
 therefore changeable : it takes a fixed direction only after its confluence 
 with the Thymbrius, which, when I measured it at the end of May, was 
 24i^ metres (80 ft. 5 in.) above the sea. This elevation is highly impor- 
 tant from all points of view, because it gives the slope of the Plain of 
 
 ^larrT'quo.Tf TrX^'ifrroi' 5' a.(l>€frT-qKrV a.Tvu t7js 
 apx^is Tu TOv A/UTjirov TeAor, (rYeScji' Ti Kul 
 Trei'TaKOfTiOvs (rradiovs.'^ 
 
 '" ,\iii. p. .5'.l7 : ol 5e TTOra^uol a r^ '^KC'.aayopos 
 net a 'S.iiweiS, 6 /J.'ff tu> ^lyeloi nX-qfridfras, o 06 
 rco 'PoiTetw, fiiKphv efiTrpoird^p tou I'vf 'IXiov 
 
 TTOtoviTi r)}U 'S.TOp.o.XiiiV'QU KaAoD^uez'Tji'. 
 
 * ,\iij. p. 597; 'TTrep 5e TOvrov pLiKput^ ■/} Twy 
 ^Wuoiv tcu:p.7] ecTTiL', ef /) fopiii.^raL ru TvaXaLui/ 
 ''IMov IhpvaQai Trpcfrepoi'. Tpia.Koi'ra (rradlovs 5i€- 
 Xojf airh T7JS fi'V 7r(j\€'jj^. 
 
 - Stralto, siii. p. Gii2: ovrf: yap dipixo. vi'V eV 
 TO) ToTTip eupL(TK€Tai. Oi'6' '/? TOU 'S.icapidi'opou TT-qy)] 
 eVrao^a, aW' iv rid op6i, Ka\ jxio., a.W' ov dvo. 
 TO. fi(i/ ovir Btpfxa iK\(Ai't<pBai ei/co's, ToOe 4'"XP^'' 
 
 KO.TO. SiaSofTif viT€Kp^oi^ e\" TOO ^Kauai'dpov KO.TO. 
 toot' ai'aT€W€LV to ;^a'ptoi'. v) Hal dia to ttAijO'ioi' 
 ^li'ai TOO 2Ka,actj'5poo Kal tooto to oSa-p \^ye- 
 aOaL TOV 2/ca^ai'5poo Tn]yi]V ovraj -,ap X^.yovjai 
 TrAeioos ir-qyoX too avrov iroraaov. 
 
 ■■ Hi,: Lvp: J,:s n.,i„..rlsrh< ,, Tn.j:,, p. 4. 
 
 J Tiie i";rrm:in mile, "f 1.'. tn the degree, is 
 equal to 4 Ell^ll^h ge.igriiiilueal miles or nearly 
 4-3 statute iiiih;s. 
 
 ^ ^ds7o J///O.IIIV ; Jh'xri-iptinii j'hi/si'iue, stdii- 
 
 sVq'tC, mv/,0"/..//7»e, ^e., p. 7S, 
 
 '■ 111 his raleiilatiMii Teliihateheft' has no Jonbt 
 taVen into aeeniiiit all the wijolings ef the 
 SeamanJer, Lecause, if the lall ol the current 
 were to be reckoneil in a straight line from tha 
 sources, it would exceed 40 I'ei't jier mile. 
 
^!0 TEE COUNTRY OF THE TROJAXS. [Chap. I. 
 
 Troy. In order to obtain tlio average slope in each metre, it is siifficient 
 to take oil our r^Iap tlie distance in a straight lino from the confluence 
 of the Thymhrnis to the shore of the sea. near the Stomalimne, and to 
 divide this distance by 24 m. 50 cent. In tins way we shall obtain the 
 number of millimetres to eacdi metre, representing the average slope of 
 the plain. In order to obtain the fall of the river, it is necessary to 
 follov\- all its sinuosities on the map. The number of metres thus obtained 
 will be greater; nevertheless, when divided by 24m. .00 cent., the result 
 "ives a considerable, average rapidity to the stream. During the inunda- 
 tion this rapidity is much grea.ter, because the elevation of 24 m. 50 cent, 
 would be br(.iugiit to at least 20 in. 50 cent., or 27 metres, by the rise of 
 the waters. During the inundation the Thymbrius carries a considerable 
 cjuantity of water, Ijecause in spite of its high banks its bed is then full 
 of water, which overflows into the plain. At its confluence, the Sca- 
 mander has a breadth of aljout 150 metres = 402 ft. Its banks are not 
 so high as those of the Thymlirius, because there is no upper alluvial 
 layer, as in the Ijaiiks of the latter. Thus the lower part of the valley 
 of the Thymbrius is elevated by about 2 metres above the plain of the 
 Scarnander at the same place. The altitude of the plain of the Seamander 
 at its confluence is 27 m. 22 cent. = 90 ft. 9 in. After its confluence, the 
 present bed of the Seamander liocomes more contracted ; the river flows 
 from thence between two steep banks of plastic clay. At the ferry near 
 Kalifatli these banks are about 1 metre = 3 ft. 4 in. high; the breadth of 
 the river there is only about 30 m. = 08 ft. 5 in. ; it is deep in its whole 
 breadth. At the bridge of Koum Kaleh the bed of the Scamairder has 
 a breadth of 117 metres = 384 ft., of which — in the middle season between 
 the rising of the waters and the drought — about one-half is occupied 
 by the water. 
 
 " Tlir (iiic/riif led of tJie Seamander, which is identical with the 
 Kalifatli Asmak, is characterized by fallen l)anks, want of level ground, 
 and little hills of alluvial sand, while the new l)ed has steep banks, 
 and no alluvial sandhills except at Koum Kaleh, near its mouth. The 
 accumulations <if sand and gravel have nearly obliterated the ancient 
 lied for some distance below the confluence of the Thymlirius. The 
 westerly Aviiids have extended these sands on the east side of the plain; 
 their rotatory currents have heaped them up in the form of small hills 
 along almost the whole length of the ancient bed. I have myself witnessed 
 such a phenomenon. The last inundation had left a layer, a fraction of 
 an iu(di deep, on the submerged lands; the sun had dried it, and the 
 wind, Avliich carni'il the sand away towards the east, formed of it small 
 heaps round the bushes of the ancient bed of the Seamander, and brought 
 the clay of the plain again to light. The translocation of the river-bed 
 has lieou favoured by the ccn figuration of the soil. The spurs of the 
 heights on the east side of the Tlaiii liave in their lower part a projection, 
 wlueli slopes d(i\Yn to the river and forms there a steep bank, while the 
 small plains between th(un terminate, in a swamp. In front of Novum 
 Ilium the ancient bed of the Seamander passes betweeir a bank of this 
 kind and a somewhat elevated hill of alluvial river-sanJ, after which the 
 
§ 111.] 
 
 laVEIiS— THE AXCIENT SCAMAKDEE. 
 
 81 
 
 Ko. 19. Plan showing the ancient Erd of the Scaraander 
 in front uf Tiny. 
 
 bed again extends and lias a treadtli of not less titan 200 m. = G5G ft. 
 
 A little furtlier down it encounters the slope wliicli descends from 
 
 Hissarlik towards the west, and which fVirces it to make a Lend almost 
 
 at a rigdit angle ; aftervarrds comes another bend, wdiich brings it back 
 
 to its first directitin. In fact, 
 
 in front of Troy, the plain rises 
 
 suddenly, forming from /j to Z; a 
 
 sort of bank, 5 ft. high at least; 
 
 from this point the ancient bed 
 
 proceeds straight towards the 
 
 bridge bielow Hissarlik. 
 
 "At the bridge the plain is 
 15 m. = dO ft. 2 111. al.iove the 
 level of the sea ; the breadth of 
 the ancient bed is there 03 metres 
 = 30.3 ft. A shaft sunk at this 
 spot on the right bank has proved 
 that the bed of the river "was 
 once larger, and that it has been 
 narrowed by the accumulation of 
 the sand of the river. This sand 
 contains no marine deposits ; it 
 
 is composed of the detritus of the rocks which form the massive Ijlock of 
 Mount Ida. The space comprised between the bridge in front of Hissarlik 
 and the small hill, w^hich we hold to he identical Avith the Tumulus 
 of Bus, presents most interesting features. About .500 m. = 1040 ft. 
 below the bridge, there rises on the left bank of the ancient hud of the 
 Scamander a large hill of river-sand, the western part of which is 
 covered with ruins and tWjris, which mark the site of an ancient towm ; 
 remnants of the wall are still extant. Very probably this is Folium, 
 which, according to Strabo, the Astypalaeans, wdio inhabited the city of 
 Pihoeteum, built on the Siinois ; it was afterwards called Polisma. Xot 
 being built on a place fortified by nature, it was soon destroyed." 
 
 " It is true that this site is not exactly on the Simois, but imme- 
 diately in front of its mouth in the ancient bed of the Scamander. 
 The site is now partly occupied by the miserable village of Koum Kioi 
 (Village of Sand), wdiiidi is not inhabited in summer on account of the 
 pestilential air ; on the eastern part of the site is a Turkish cemetery. 
 Between this cemetery antd the ancient Scamander is flat ground, a sort 
 of lagoon, which extends to the river. On the east side of the ancient 
 Scamander is the plain of the Simois, wliich runs out to the firmer river 
 in a bank, 2 metres = G ft. 7 in. higher than the left bank. Immediately 
 below this is the confluence of the Simois with the ancient Scamander. 
 As the latter bends suddenly at this spot to the west, its bed appears to 
 be the continuation of the Simois, which flows from the cast : this fact has 
 
 ^ StT.tlio, .\iii. p. 001 : irpujTOi fJ.€V ouf 'A(7T'J- Trpos Tw 5(/xofi/T£ rioAioj', o vvv KaX^'nai rioAicr^uaj 
 
RO, 
 
 THE COUXTJiy OF THE TKUJAXS. 
 
 [Chap. I. 
 
 canseil tlio error of the topographers, who mate the Simois run directly 
 to the sea through the bed of the river In Tepeh Asmak. In this bend 
 the bank of the ancient bed of the Scamandcr, on the side of Koum Kioi, 
 
 ITcIT 
 
 
 N 
 
 W 
 
 Tumulas ofJIiJ 
 
 ^'ir^^. 
 
 N Tl 1 s f tl c Anciont Scamandcr. 
 
 The conniicncc of Lhc Simois ond t \ 
 Kioi, 'I'hc pliiiii uf l!ji> Siii). 
 tbia conlliH'iKT Is a \:i\-~iy dinic I 
 Tomb or Iliis; lhc .lc]ii,.sH„,, I 
 to the river, w l/ich I]a.M ilisclsitf^ I 
 
 t 1 s h' Iwccn Ti'oy and the liiU to tlie north-east of Kotim 
 
 tl 1 t I ghcr than Ihf plain .if llic Scamandcr. ]n front of 
 
 I I 1 h IS been cut through by tlic river Istwecn Kouin Kioi and the 
 II \\ 1 (^"^3 metres) and the hill uf tlic Kalyvia gave a passage 
 
 II t b I 1 rtbcIuTcpcb. F,ct«ecn the Tumulus ol- Ilns and till' 
 
 bed of the In Tepcb can be Men the sand which has blled up this dcpressiom (d'he mmdicrs indicate the 
 altitudes in mctres.J 
 
 is efliiced and confounded with the pLain ; on the opposite side it has a 
 high bank. The land which terminates in this steep bank rises gradually 
 
§ III.] KIVErvS — THE ANCIENT SCAMANDEri. 83 
 
 towards the liills of In Tcpeh, and opposes iiii insnperalile liarrier to the 
 waters of the Simois. Afterwards comes the bridge of Konm Kioi, to the 
 north of the alluvial hill of river-sand. A shaft sunk near the cemetery 
 reached the plastic clay on a level witli the plain, and proved that the hill 
 of sand at Koum Kioi is really formed hy tluvial deposits. 
 
 " To the north of the bridge of Konm Kioi the bank is 10 metres 56 c. 
 = 31 feet 8 inches above the level of the sea, and the soil maintains 
 this elevation for a distance of aliont 1000 metres = 3281 feet to the 
 west. This plateau terminates in the remnant of a conical tiiimilns 
 which, from its situation, must be identical with the Tomb of Ilus, 
 repeatedly referred to in the Iliad. But the shaft sunk in it has given 
 no proof of its claim to be a sepulchre ; it rather appears to have been 
 a mere hill of river-sand, \vhicli has been transformed l:iy tradition into a 
 tumulus. In its present ruined state this tumulus is only 1 iii. = 3 ft. I in. 
 high; but the soil on vdiich it stands consists of river-sand, and is more 
 than 2 m. = G ft. 7 in. above the mean heitrht of the water. For a 
 
 o 
 
 distance of more than 200 m. = (3.50 ft. to the west of the Tomb of Ilus, 
 the bank of the ancient Scamander consists of river-sand ; afterwards it 
 assumes again its ordinary character of plastic clay. There is therefore 
 on this spot a barrier of sand, through wdiicli the river has dug its 
 bed. From the Tomb of Ilus this liarrier extends to the north for a 
 space of more than 500 m. = 1040 ft. in length, and of a great breadth. 
 This space of ground is under cultivation, but the pioverty and scantiness 
 of its gram offer a striking contrast to the rich crops which are grown 
 on the clay of the plain to the east and west. At a distance of 500 m. = 
 1G40 ft. is a well on the border of this field of sand ; the altitude of this 
 Avell is no more than 7 ni. 23 cent. = 23 ft. 9 in. above the sea — that is 
 to say, it is lower than the level of the river, which at the Tomb ai Ilus 
 is 8 m. 30 cent. = 27 ft. 3 in. aliove the sea. It is therefore evident that, 
 if this sand were removed, the surface of the clay beloAV it would form 
 a large channel, through which the river would flow off. This depression 
 in the ground terminates in the bed of the In Tepeh Asmak. It may 
 therefore be admitted, with very great probalnlity, that at the time when 
 the hillocks of river-sand at Koum Kioi and the Tomb of Ilus had noi 
 yet obstructed the ancient Scamander, its waters flowed to the north and 
 poured through the present bed of the In Tepeh into the sea. This 
 invasion of the sand has forced the river to bore its new bed to the west. 
 This conclusion has the more probability, as the general level of the 
 great plain, to the west of the In Tepeh Asmak, is higher than the surface 
 of the sandy depression. 
 
 " If, at the time of the Trojan war, tlie principal stream of the 
 Scamander occupied the large river-lied, which still serves to carry its 
 waters during the period of inundation, the change just descrilied must 
 have taken place a short time afterwards. This appears to be conclu- 
 sively shown from the word StomaJiiniie (pool at the mouth) employed 
 by Strabo, because this word shows tliat there was the mouth of a river 
 in the Stomalimne at the time of this geographer, or at least at that 
 of Demetrius of Scepsis (about 180 e.c). 
 
84 THE tiOlTNTKY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 " Below the Tomb of Iliis, tlic ancient Scamander flows between very 
 lii-li vertical banks, wbicb indicate tbat the l.)ed is relatively of recent 
 formation. At tlie wooden bridge above the StomaUmne, the altitude of 
 the plain is not more than 2 m. 77 c.=8 ft. 10 in.; the breadth of the 
 ancient Scamauder is there 4.j in. = 1-17 ft. Sin. 
 
 "The StomaUmne is a pool about 800 m. = 2025 ft. long and 200 
 to 300m. = C5G to 984 ft. broad on the average. Into this pool flow 
 the waters of the Ivalifatli vVsmak, which is identical with the ancient 
 Scainander. This pool communicates by a narrow channel with the 
 Hellespont, and its water is lu-ackish. The clay of the plain extends 
 on the right of the pool to the sea, and borders it with vertical banks. 
 On the left of the pool — that is to say, on the west side — the clay ceases 
 about 300 m. = 984 ft. short of the sea-shore ; the space which follows 
 forms a triangular neck of land, which terminates at the channel of 
 the Stomalimue. This neck of land is an undulating sandbank, the 
 hollows or cavities of which are 50 centimetres = 1 ft. 8 in. above the 
 level of the sea, whilst its projections are from 1 to 2 metres = .3 ft. 4 in. 
 to ft. 7 in. above the sea-level. I sank a shaft 1 metre = 3 ft. 4 in. deep 
 into one of these hollows, and thus penetrated lielow the level of the sea. 
 The upper layer, which consisted of grey sand, is only 2 centimetres deep; 
 after that coirres a dark blue sand mixed with many roots of plants ; 
 below this I found pirre dark blue sand, of older date and a marshy cha- 
 racter. These layers are obviously produced liy river silt ; they contain 
 no marine deposits, and no stones. The space occup)ied by this undu- 
 lating sandbank is very small ; the soil of it appears to be formed in the 
 same manner as the alluvium of Ivoum Kaleh, but apparently it cannot 
 extend furtlier into the sea, because the current of the Hellespont tends 
 to maintain it in its actual limits. The shaft, having been dug below the 
 level of the sea, gradually filled with water up to that level : this water 
 Avas at first turbid, l>ut it soon lieeaine clear, and had a hardly percep- 
 tible Ijrackish taste; it therefore did not come from the sea, but from 
 the iStiiijiijIi'mne." 
 
 I'rofessor Virchow also afiirms that he has found in the Plain of Troy 
 nothing which tells in favour either of a marine formation of the soil, 
 or of the growth and increase of the })laiu towards the Hellespont. 
 In a hmg and learned dissertation he" proves beyond any doubt that 
 the liydriigraphy of the Plain of Troy must have lieen at the time of 
 Pliny and Strabo much the same as it is now, and that when, in following 
 up tin.'. Trojan coast from south to north, Pliny ^ says, — " Scamander 
 amnis navigalulis, et in promontorio (|uon(laui Sigcuin oppidum. Dein 
 portus Achaeorum, in quem iufluit Xanthus Simoenti junctus : stag- 
 nuini|ue prius faciens Palaescamander," — he cannot mean liy the ancient 
 Scamander any other river liut the In Tepeh Asmak ; by the "Xanthus 
 Simoenti junctus " the Kalifatli Asmak, into which in his time, as now, 
 the Simois flowed ; and by " Scamander " the great river near Sigeum. 
 
 I'nifessor Virchow says : " There can be no doubt whatever that the 
 
 » iMiukshumk; &c., pp. 124-140. » //. N. V. 33. 
 
§ III.] rJVERS — THE AKCIEXT SCAMANDER. 85 
 
 volume of water wliicli once flowed in tlie bed of tlio KalifVitli Asmiik \Ya3 
 mneli larger tliau tliat wliicU now flows in it, even at the period of the 
 inundations. Its bed answers so well to a great and powerfully workinn- 
 stream, that the present river appears only as a residue of its former 
 wealth. AVhere was formerly water, there are now broad edges of bank 
 overgrown with bushes, and now and then showing deeply-indented 
 borders. In places here and there are still deep bays, of whose origin 
 the present current oft'ers no explanation. In many places, especially on 
 the left bank, are rows of sand-hills, which must once have Ijeen formed 
 by alluvium ; they are at present so high that even their foot is never 
 reached by the water. The common sources of the Asmak in the Duden 
 swamp, close to Akshi Kioi, are not copious enough to feed a large river. 
 Now, in the region of the confluence of the Thymbrius and further 
 down, liroad and for the most part dry water-beds branch off from the 
 Scamander, extending to the Kalifatli Asmak close to those sources, 
 and even now, at the time of high water, receiving the overflowing water 
 of the Scamander. But even these merely temporary affluents are not 
 sufficient to make the Kalifatli Asmak so impetuous as it must once have 
 been, judging biy the testimony of its banks. This could only happen 
 again, if the main volume of the Scamairder were let into it. Has 
 this ever taken place ? A glance at Spratt's map shows in fact that 
 the main ' winter-bed,' which loads from the confluence of the Thymbrius 
 to the Kalifatli Asmak, is the direct continuation of the Scamander, as 
 this river is seen after having flowed around the Bali Dagh and entered 
 the Plain. If the line of the river-course, the direction of which is 
 here almost directly to the north, be prolonged, it comes in a straight 
 line to the sources in the Duden. Nothing, therefore, is more profiable 
 than that the Scamander once took this course, and that the Kalifatli 
 Asmak represents the further course of the Scamander at that time. 
 Later on it may have displaced this bed by its own alluvial deposits, 
 and may have pierced a new bed more to the west through the Plain.'' 
 
 Further on,'° Professor Virchow thinks it perfectly certain that, 
 immediately below Kourn Kioi, the ancient Scamander (in the bed of the 
 Kalifatli Asmak) turned eastward, and that it poured into the Hellespont, 
 by the bed of the In Tepeh Asmak, on the east side of the Plain, 
 close to the promontory of lihoeteum. He thinks that the deep sandy 
 depression found by ^1. Burnouf below Kouni Kioi, between the Kalifatli 
 and the In Tepeh Asmak, marks the ancient bed of the Scamander, 
 He holds such a communication to be the more probable, as the In 
 Tepeh Asmak is far too broad and deeply cut for him to suppose that 
 it could possibly have been formed by the northern arm of the Simois, 
 which is a most insignificant rivulet. This rivulet may have flowed 
 later into the In Tepeh Asmak, perhaps at a time when the communi- 
 cation between the ancientr Scamander (Kalifatli Asmak) and the In 
 Tepeh Asmak had already been closed, but most certainly it was never 
 strong enough to produce the Ijed of the latter. Professor Virchow 
 
 '" Landcskundc, kc, iip. 106, 137, 170. 
 
SG THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [GiiAr. I 
 
 iidds : '' " The Kalifatli, in that part of its conrse vrhic-h cxtemls from 
 hetween Ilissarlik and Kalifatli to the junction of the Simois, has a 
 lied just so hroad, that it is not inferior to the present hed of the 
 Scaniander itself, and no other river m the Troad approaches it even 
 remotely, and tkisj'ud Ints been overlooked hi/ nearly all critics:' Professor 
 Yirehow' furtlier "says: '• Eegardmg the alluvial deposits in the Plain, 
 i\Iaclareu - has advanced an mrportant argument. Ho proceeds from 
 the soundings made by the English Admiralty m the Hellespont, which 
 are indicated on their map. Following these, he has drawn along the 
 coast of the Plellespont three curves, wdiich connect together the depths 
 of one, two, and three fathoms respectively. These lines are not parallel 
 with the coast, but they nearly join at the mouth of the Scaniander; 
 tliey reccule from the coast before the Stoitudiinne, and still more 
 before the In Tepeh Asmah, and again approach each other, as well 
 as the coast, at the neck of land before PJioeteum. There is, besides, 
 tlie differmice produced in tlie form of the coast-line by the curves 
 of one and two fathoms; that is to sa.y, they are bent inward to 
 tlie SDuth, whereas the three lathi uns' line forms a curve which is 
 on the mirth bent forward to the Hellespont, and projects far bej^ond 
 tlie coast and the neck of land. Immediately behind it the depth of 
 tlie water amounts to 10, 12, Hi, and V.) fathoms. Maclareu concludes 
 Irorn this tha,t the mass of alluvium, wdiich has raised the bottom of 
 the Helli'spont, cannot have been produced by the present Scamander, 
 1)ut must 1)0 at.triliuted to a time when this river flowed first through 
 the In Tepeh Asmak, and later througli the Storiuiliinne ; that the 
 Hellespont, wdiose current has a velocity of two miles an hour, carries 
 its own alluvial material and a large part of that of the Scamander into 
 the Aegean Sea, liut tlie counter-current along the Trojan coast, which 
 sometimes, especially with west and south-west winds, is very strong, 
 distriliutes a certain quantity of the material along the coast as far as 
 Iihoeteum ; and that, if the month of the Scamander had always been 
 at the present place, the lines of depths would lie parallel with the coast- 
 line. Til this it may lie replied, that we cannot at once admit Maclaren's 
 supposition, that the depth of the Hellespont once was nearly as great 
 on the coast as in the midst of tliis channel, and that the present 
 difference in depth has been produced solely by alluvial deposits. On 
 the other hand, we have some safe indications, which show the fact of the 
 alluvial deposits, as well as their direction. As snch I consider three 
 pheniiinena. : — 1. The liar of sand l)efore the inoutli of the In Tepeh 
 Asmak,'-' -which has exactly tlu! direction of the Hellespont current, 
 for it is joined on the east side to PJioeteum, and proceeds thence 
 for a long distance westward. 2. The sandlumks at (lie mouth of the 
 Scamander. ?<. Tlie sandy plain which projects into tlie Hellespont, on 
 which Koum Kalrli is situated, and which extends in a south-westerly 
 direction to the hiot of the tumulus of Achilles. It appears to me that 
 
 " r..nHlshHi„l,;kv.,y. 138. ■' Charlos Maclaren, T]ie riain of Tro;/ dc- 
 
 ' lb:,!, p. U:j ir. soil'cl: Kilinbui-gh, isr.,3, p. 4i:;. 
 
 ^ Virchow, LanJj:sknnik\ &c., p. 14-4. 
 
§ in.] RIA^ERS — THE ANCIENT SCAMANDER. 87 
 
 tliese facts prove, not only that tlicre exists a perceptible alluvinm, bnt 
 also that the easterly stream is the one which decides its formation. If 
 it depended principally on the westerly or south-westerly counter- 
 current, neither would exist the neck of land of Koum Kaleh, nor the 
 sand-bar of the In Tepeh Asmak. Here comes in another circumstance 
 which must not lie underrated, namely, the direction and force of the 
 wind. I may cite two oliservations which I consider to be sufficiently 
 certain. One is the motion of the sand at the citadel of Koum Kaleh, 
 which proves the predominance of an easterly or north-easterly direc- 
 tion of the wind, m accordance with the direction and current of the 
 Hellespont. The other is the position of the trees on llhoeteum and 
 on the lower section of the Plain. The trunks of all these trees (Yalonea 
 oaks) are uniformly inclined towards the west-south-west. This is in 
 accordance with Maclaren's* statement that the wind formerly called 
 Ventus Hellespontinus blows for at least ten months in the year down 
 the Hellespont. This direction of the wind explains sufficiently why the 
 sand is carried along the coast in a westerly direction, and why in the 
 course of time it has accumulated more and more below and before 
 Sigeum, so as to form there the neck of land of Ivoum Kaleh. The coast- 
 marsh proper, therefore, remains protected against an accumulation of 
 ' sand, unless — as in the Stomalimiie — the sea itself washes away part 
 of the marsliy soil. Indeed my investigations in the hjtomaJlmne have 
 proved that not only is there no allnviirm, but rather a waslri'iir/ aivai/ 
 of tlie marshy soil, which is partially replaced by sea-sand, but that 
 there is no formation of dunes. This washing away takes place on the 
 west side of the Stomalimne ; it testifies to the powerful agency of 
 the water in the direction of the Hellespont current. I must, therefore, 
 acknowledge that Maclaren's arguments must not be rated so low as 
 might appear. If it is found that, notwithstanding the force of th§ 
 easterly current of water and wind, the three fathoms' line before the 
 In Tepeh Asmak extends in a convex curve far into the Hellespont, 
 and indeed also far beyond the neck of land of Khoeteum, this would 
 tell decidedly for the view, that much alluvium has once been brought 
 down by the In Tepeh Asmak, and perhaps also liy the stream of the 
 Stomalimne, provided of course the raising of the Hellespont bottom be 
 due to sand and other alluvium. This has not been proved,- Imt it is 
 probable. In no case can I admit tliat this raising could have been 
 produced by deposits of the water of the Hellespont which comes down 
 from the Propontis. While, therefore, I do not hesitate to admit the 
 existence of sand accumulations at the coast as certain, and for some 
 distance from the coast in the Hellespont itself as probable, still I can 
 infer but little from this as to tlie formation of the coast-land. Strabo 
 says, indeed, with much assurance v' ' The Scamandcr and Simois, uniting 
 in the pdain, and bringing down a great quantity of mud, bank up the 
 sea-coast, and form a blind mouth, salt-water lagoons, and marshes.' 
 
 "* Loc. cit. p. 215. Karafp^poi^Tes IXw, 7rpo(r%o{'(Ji T-qv TrcpaKiav, 
 
 ^ Strabo, jiiii. p. 595 : (Tu/j.7re(rtiyTes yap ore Kal TV(l)\hj^ frnj/xa re Kal \LiJ.yoOa\di ras nal 
 
33 THE COUNTRY OP THE TROJANS. [Ciiap. I. 
 
 But nii\Yliere on the coast can there he shown an increase of the soil hy 
 real unul (!\ik), except in the In Tepeh Asmak itself, namely in its 
 upper part. The mud which reaches the Hellespont is soon^ cleared of 
 its clayey ins-redients ; what remains is clean quicksand. This sand can 
 change or fill up the mouths of the rivers, and can thereby cause the 
 damniino- up of the water ; but except at the neck of land of Koum Kaleh, 
 it has exercised no immediate influence on the growth of the coast-land, 
 at least not so long as the coast-marsh has existed. In order, therefore, 
 to obtain a somewhat sure basis for the question of the alluvial forma- 
 tions, it appeared to ns necessary to investigate the soil of the Plain 
 itself at various places."' 
 
 Professor Yirchow " commenced his investigations by digging a number 
 of holes; the first to the right of the bridge which spans the Ivalifatli 
 Asmak near Hissarlik. To a depth of 1 • 2-5 metres, he found a very com- 
 pact blackisli soil, and below it coarse sand, among which small pieces 
 of quartz, flakes of mica, blackish grains and coarser fragments of rock, 
 were conspicuous. There were no remains of shells. He dug the second 
 hole in the flat dune-like hill on the left bank of the Kalifatli Asmak 
 near Koum Kioi, on which is a Turkish cemetery. He found there to a 
 depth of 2 metres nothing but coarse sand of a dark colour, consisting 
 principally of angular grains of quartz mixed with mica, and some coarser 
 but smoothed pebbles of rock ; no trace of shells. He dug the third hole 
 in a place near the road to Koum Kaleh, where the zone of the Yalonea 
 oak-trees ceases, and where the coast-marsh proper begins. He found 
 there to a depth of 1 metre very rich dark clay, of which the banks of the 
 Kalifatli Asmak are also composed. He dug a fourth hole in the dry 
 overgroAvn bcil of the In Tepeh Asmak, close to the little neck of land 
 at till.' sijiitli-Avest corner of Pihoeteum. Here he found the same compact 
 clammy ricli black earth, to a depth of 1 metre 10 centimetres ; there 
 were no stones in it, but a great number of rounded pieces of baked 
 bricks. He dug a fifth hole 1 metre deep to the west of Kalifatli, in a 
 fillcd-up channel of the Scaniander. The soil consisted there of fine sand 
 near the surface and of coarse sand Ixdow ; the latter vvas mixed with a 
 fiui' elayish sand, and small grains of Cjuartz, jjartly rounded and partly 
 angular, as Avell as with largo mica-flakes and coarse small stones, for 
 the most part angular, but rounded at the corners. In none of these 
 holes was found any trace of a marine formation. Professor Yirchow 
 having taken samph^s of the sand from all these holes, and having had 
 them analysed in Berlin, tliey were all found to consist of quartz-liearing 
 syenite. This, in his opinion, solves the question as to the origin of 
 tlie alluvial layers in the plain, for the Scaniander flows above Evjilar 
 through a liroad zone of syenite wliich is in process of disintegration.' 
 A similar region, also drained liy the Scamander, is situated on the 
 north-east part of the Chigri Dagh. Consequently the alluvium of 
 THE Plain of Troy is essentially the product of the hiCtHer moun- 
 tains, ESPECIALLY OF Ida. At the .period of inundation the Scamander 
 
 " L''nJrsh'rtJc dcr 7roas, pp. 146-154. ^ See TchihatchL'lK, loc. cit. t. i. p. 35y. 
 
§ in.] RIYEES — THE AKGIEXT SCAMANDEK. 89 
 
 carries away not only tlie primary proclncts of tlio (lisiiitr;;rat(.'(l syenite, 
 liut perliaps tlie larger part of the mnd wliieli tlie river Lrings to tlio 
 lower plain originates in the older deposits of the n[iper plain between 
 Ine and Beiramich. Here the Seamander and its nnmerons affluents 
 are continnally tearing and carrying away fresh parts <if the hanks. Its 
 water, which is perfectly clear at its sonree, and which at Evjilar still 
 shows no turbidity, apjiears in the lower plain tnrliid a.iid ycdlnwish, so 
 that the name of Xanthus is here perfectly suitable. This change in 
 its appearance, therefore, occurs during the course of the river through 
 the upper plain, and the suspended matter whiidi causes the ninddjf 
 appearance belongs for the most part to the frc'shly-dissulved masses of 
 a very ancient alluvium, which was formed in the upp(.'r plain at a time 
 when it was still a hike. By thus proving that the alluvial soil of the 
 lower plain is essentially of a sv'enitic origin, every pussiliility at once 
 disappears of attributing to the other rivers and rivulets any deter- 
 mining part v.'hatever in the conveyance of the alluvial deposits. Xeither 
 the Bounarbashi Su, nor the Kemar Su, nor the Kalifatli Asmak, can 
 be taken into consideration, unless indeed they might occasionally again 
 put in motion the alluvium already deposited by the Seamander. The 
 fact is of very special importance, that the silt of all the Asinaks — 
 of the Kalifatli Asmak, of the old Scamander-bed to the Avest of Kalifatli, 
 and especially of the In Tepch Asmak — is derived from thu upper moun- 
 tains. It is not the material of the Onion Dagh, such as the Simois 
 carries away, which can possibly have tilled up the In Tepeh Asmak ; 
 the syenitie admixtures of the clay, vrhich I took fnun the ancient bied 
 of this jismak, now filled up, point distinctly to its having lieen covered 
 by the mud of the Seamander. The Plain of the Kalifatli Asmak also 
 consists, beloAV a later layer of a fine clayish deposit, of the same coarse 
 sand, which now, as before, the Seamander alone lirings down from the 
 high mountains. Nay, the cpiicksand of the Sfoiiiuliinne, though of much 
 finer grain, has nothing of maritime origin except an admixture of 
 shells ; and for the rest, this cjuicksand is just such a syenitie sand as 
 that of the Plain, — river-sand, carried into the Hellespont, but thrown 
 by it on the land.'^ 
 
 Professor Yirchow ' goes on to say : " However satisfactory this result 
 is in itself, it is but of little use for the chronological fjuestion. Only in 
 the In Tepeh Asmak I found fragments of bricks in the silt of the river- 
 bed, vrhich bore witness to the comparative lateness of this silting up, 
 which must, therefore, have taken place when liriidv-baking men already 
 had their habitations in the Plain. I observe here tluit tliese brick frag- 
 ments occurred not only on the surface, but also below. t)n this side, 
 therefore, there can exist no evidence against the opinion that tJte In 
 TepeJt. Asriiah lias ceased to he a real outlet only in a relafivi-hj mnilrrn time." 
 
 The result of the investigations of Yirchow and ISnrnouf, that except 
 in its hydrography the Plain of Troy has undergone hardly any material 
 change since the Trojan war, is identical with that whicli Prot. P. AV. 
 
 s Mawluit, Dc'couvertcs duns la Troadc, 11 1-36. 'Op. 
 
50 THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap, I. 
 
 m 
 
 Forclilii-imiiier'" olitainoil Ijy tlio explorations he made in 1839 
 company with Lieutenant (now Admiral) T. A. B. Spratt : " We reject," 
 he says, " as utterly erroneous the theories, that the lower plain may 
 have been formed by a post-Homeric alluvium, and that the latter 
 may have covered up a pretended port, wdiich once extended for a long 
 distance into the land. Both these theories are decidedly contradicted 
 by the facts, and they are not in any way corroborated by the Plomeric 
 poems. It would be perfectly inexplicable how vertical banks, from 
 6 to 10 ft. high, could have been built up liy the alluvial soil on the 
 sides of the rivers after tlieir prolongation and at the eastern end of 
 the strand, while the lagoons were not filled up by them, but were 
 nevertheless separated from the Hellespont by a sandbank. Homer, who 
 mentions the largo lagoon, neither knows of a }iort in the neighbourhood 
 of the Greek camp, nor alludes to its existence by a single word. On 
 the contrary, many passages in the Iliad ' prove that the Greek camp 
 w^as ou the actual shore of the sea or of the Hellespont. Scylax rightly 
 states the distance from Xovum Ilium to the sea to lie 25 stadia. The 
 plain in its present condition is, in all essential features, old Priam's 
 ancient kingdom and the battle-field of Hector and Achilles." 
 
 I may also cite here what I wrote on the same subject twelve years 
 ago : - " I followed the seashore to the west towards the promontory of 
 Sigeuni, investigating most attentively the nature of the soil, in order to 
 see whether it might be, as Strabo asserts, of an alluvial formation later 
 than the Trojan w'ar. The gradual elevation of the heights of In Tepeh 
 appeared to me at once to refute the supposition tliat a gulf could ever 
 have existed there, and I l>eeame fully convinced of this on seeing the 
 high vertical banks of the little rivers In Tepeh Asmak and Kalifatli 
 Asmak near tlieir mouths in a swampy soil. If the soil of the plain had 
 been produced by the alluvium of the present rivers and rivulets, their 
 banks could not have had a perpendicular height of from G to 10 ft., in 
 places where the ground is marshy and loose. Besides, the large deep 
 lagoons on the shore of the plain make it impossible that the Plain of 
 Troy could have lieen formed, either entirely or partially, by alluvial 
 soil ; because, if the rivers had deposited alluvial soil to the profit of 
 the plain, these deep lagoons would have been filled up first. The great 
 Sliiiiiah'iinir, or lagoon and swamp, of which Stralio •'' speaks, still exists, 
 and doubtless it is now neither larger nor smaller than in the time of 
 that geographer, because the water which evaporates from the lagoon 
 is immediately reidaced by infiltration from the sea. The current of the 
 Hellespont, moreover, wdiich runs at the rate of two miles an hour, 
 carries away the alluvial matter of the rivers, and deposits it on the 
 shallow grounds t<j the left outside the Hellespont, at a distance of 
 several kilometres from the Plain of Troy ; and this same current must 
 at all times have prevented the growth of the shore." 
 
 '" T,,jm<ir,iphische und phijsiographisdio lie- " Jt/iaqu,',lc Pclopoiiiu-sect Troic ; Palis, ISid, 
 
 r,rlirrilniii<i ihr rjjene von Troia, p. 28. p. 'JOS. 
 
 ' //. ii. tl'J, ir,2 ; viii. TiOl ; xiii, C82 ; xiv. 31 , ' xiU. p. 505. 
 
 .wiii. C'i ; XIX. 4(J ; xxiii. 59 ; xxiv. 12. 
 
§ in.] EITEKS — THE AXCIEXT SCAilANDEr.. 91 
 
 In his learned clissertcition ' on Tlie Asiatic Coast of fJte IleUespont, 
 Mr. Frank Calvert, who has been for twenty years a resident on the 
 Dardanelles, proves beyond any donbt the cessation of the growth of 
 the land on the coast, and the gradual invasion of the sea npon the 
 land. After having cited a number of instances where the waters of 
 the Hellespont have v^-ashed away portions of land on the Asiatic coast 
 above the Plain of Troy, he writes : "' The present effect of the Hellespont 
 on the alluvium of the rivers which discharge into it, may in its con- 
 sequence be compared Avith the impetuous current of a large river at 
 the mouth of an affluent. Since on the sea-front of Sultanieh Kaleh '' 
 and Koum Kaleh, ^ at the mouths of the rivers Ehodius and Scamander, 
 no increase has taken place, it is thereby clearly proved that no growth 
 of the coast has occurred since l-±53 and 1659. If the hypothesis of 
 the disappearance of a large part of the alluvial neck of land of Kagara 
 (Abydiis) since the time of Xerxes is admitted, then the proportion can, 
 on the ground of historical testimonies, be dated back to a much earlier 
 period ; namely, to 480 e.g. The natural geological testimony presented 
 by the crumbling sea-washed slopes of the coast, and the narrow strand 
 close to the river-mouths and their deltas, especially near the pro- 
 montories of Sigeuni and Pihoeteum, proves that the destructive agency 
 of the sea has been in activity long before the historical time, whilst the 
 recession of the deltas would sIioav that this is to be attributed to a 
 change in the relative level of land and sea. The change is not limited 
 to the Hellespont. An investigation of the whole northern coast of the 
 Gulf of Yolo in 1875 has proved that, in those comparatively Cjuiet 
 waters which have no current, the sea has advanced on the land. If 
 it is admitted that the alluvial coast between the promontories of Sigeum 
 and Pihoeteum marks the site of the Greek camp and the Kaustathmos, 
 then in my opinion the testimony of geology proves that the coast-line 
 was, at the time of the Trojan war, not different from what it is now." 
 
 I may here still further mention that those, who assume from the 
 Iliad the existence of a deep gulf in the plain at the time of Homer, 
 do not, in my opinion, rightly interpret the passages they quote, where 
 the poet states that " they marched in front of the deep shore," ' and 
 again, that " they filled the long mouth of the whole shore, as much 
 as the promontories enclosed." ^ He evidently intends merely to describe 
 the low shore of the Hellespont, shut in as it is by Capes Sigeum and 
 Pihoeteum ; that is to say, by the heights of In Tepeh. Again, the words 
 — " But the eddying Scamander will carry you to the broad bosom of the 
 sea"'* — cannot mtike us think of a real gulf; besides, the word evpv^ 
 means in the Iliad " broad " and not " deep : " evpij^ atoXtto? can there- 
 fore mean nothing else but the broad or the vast expanse of the sea. 
 
 ^ Frank Calvert, Ueher die asiatische Kiiste ' //. ii. 92 : 
 
 des Hellespont, vorgelegt in der Sitzung der Eer- riUvos irpowdpoiOe $a0elris idTixooivTo. 
 
 liner Anthropol. Gesellschaft am 20 Becbr. 1879, ' II. xiv, 33, 36 r 
 
 ]-,_ 39_ . , KoX TrXriffa.i' andffT]^ 
 
 '■' The fort in the town of the Dardanelles, T]iuvos irTo/xa p-aKpw, iuov crvi'eepyaBoy aKpai. 
 
 built in 1453. ° H- xxi. m, 12o ■ 
 
 " Built, according to Mr. Calvert, in 1659. oA^a 'S.Ko.p.a.vipos 
 
 o1<T€i Oicrei? €'l<t(jj aAos ei'pfa ko'^itov. 
 
92 
 
 THE COUMTKY OF THE TROJAXS. 
 
 [Chap. I. 
 
 I have myself alwa5'S niamtaineil, not only tlie identity of tlie Kalifatli 
 Asmak witli tlie ancient Scamander, but also that the latter once turned 
 at Koum Kioi into the hed of the In Tepeh Asmak, through which it 
 fell into the Hellespont close to the promontory of Ehoeteum.^" That 
 the ancient Scamaudcr had this course and no other, appears evident from 
 Homer; for, had it occupied its present lied at the time of the Trojan 
 war, it would have flowed through the Greek camp, and Homer would have 
 had abundant opportunity of speaking of so important a fact. As he 
 never mentions a river in the camp, we must infer that he did not know 
 that thrre Avas any there. l!ut there are several passages m the Iliad 
 which prove that in the poet's mind the Greek camp was to the left and 
 not to the right of the Scamander, as would have been the case if the 
 river had tlien had its present course. AVhen, for instance, Priam on 
 his visit to Achilles passes the Tomb of Ilus and immediately afterwards 
 reaches the ford of the Scamander, where he waters his horses and mules, ^ 
 the Greek camp is necessarily to the left of the river, and this is clearly 
 also the case when, on his return from the Greek camp, he again reaches 
 the ford of the Scamander and drives his chariot to the city, while the 
 cart drawn by mules follows with the corpse of Hector." I may further 
 cite the passage where, Hector being wounded, his companions lift him in 
 their arms and carry him from the battle-field, where his charioteer stands 
 with the splendid chariot and the svdft horses, which bring him back 
 deeplv groaniiii;- to the town. But when they reached the ford of the 
 broad-llowing Xantlius born of Zeus, they lifted him from the chariot, laid 
 him n\ the ground, and poured water over him." As Y\'. Christ'' justly 
 remarks, this passage can leave no doubt tliat, on his way to Ilium, 
 Hector had necessarily to pass the Scamander (or Xanthns), for it cannot 
 possilily be admitted that the charioteer could have deviated from the 
 shorter and more direct road to reach the river, in order to pour water 
 over the dangerously wounded hero. 
 
 That the Greek camp was to the left of the Scamander, and that this 
 river flowed between the town and the camp, is further proved by the 
 passage wdiere, after Patroclus had cut oif the foremost Trojan troops, 
 he drove them back again to the ships, baffled their attempts to gain the 
 town, and attacked and killed them between the ships, the river, and the 
 high walls of Troy." 
 
 My theory that the Scamander, after its confluence with the Simois, 
 flowed into the Hellespont to the . east of the Greek camp, has been 
 
 ^° See my T/v.jy oaif its lirnuiins, pp. 72, 7^5. 
 ' //. xiiv. :;;4-;i-:j51 : 
 
 o'l 5' eVei ovi' fxiyo. crf/Z-ia Trape^ "lAoio eAairrrai', 
 tjrri'Tav afj Tjiiujuous re koX 'tmrouSj uippa Trtoiei', 
 eV TToraf.iiv. 
 - II. xxiv. 002: 
 o.\X' ore 5?) irajjof i^av ^'OppfElos xoTa^oro, 
 and iJ'.ii;, (;ii7 : 
 
 u'i o' €is aaTv eAaiz/ oifiwyij re (TTOvaxv "^^ 
 
 'iTVTVDVi, IJfiioi'OL 56 I'^KUl' f/)6pOI'. 
 
 " JL Kiv. 428-430: 
 
 ruv 5' ap^ eTotpoi 
 X^palv aeipai'jes ffiepo;/ eV Trijcou, o(pp' i/ce(?' 'Ittttovs 
 
 ctTTaaaf yfLoxoiJ re uai ap^uara iroi/ciA' exofTes " 
 o'l toi' ye irpoTL aarv (pepoy /Sape'a crreraxoi'Ta. 
 
 aA\' 'ore drj TrSpou l^oi' eOppeiOS ivora^oTo, 
 "Bat'Sov 5a''/j6i'TOS, 01' aSdraTOS reKero Zeui', 
 tiOa f.up 6^ VTTTCiU' -TreAajar x'^'^^'h '^^5 5e ol uSa'p 
 X^t'OM- 
 
 ■' \\'. C'lirist, l'ij/'ngr<qih!c der Trui'inischen 
 E'lciu; ]>. 2ii:;. 
 
 ^ II. \vi. :!94-398 ; 
 YldrpoKKos S'eTrel oui^ Trp[joTas iirJitepae ^aAayyas, 
 tiip eVl VTjas tepye TraAi^TreTe's, oudk WA7jo5 
 t'm Ufxevovs eVi/^aii'e^ef, dAAa /xeaTjyvs 
 in]o)v Ka\ TTorap.ou Kai Teix^os u^ijAoto 
 
§ III.] EIVEIiS—THE AXCIE^'T SCAMAKDEE. 93 
 
 -warmly defended as far Lack as 1852 by the late gifted scliokr Jnlins 
 Braun, in his learned dissertation Homer unci sein Zeitalterf' W. Chri.st' 
 nevertheless thinks that the Scamander must have flowed on the west 
 side of the Greek cami^, hecanse all the principal battles are in the plain 
 between the Scamander and Simois, where the armies alternately pursue 
 each other to the town or to the ships, without any mention being made 
 of their having to cross the rivers. But Homer is an epic poet, and no 
 historian ; he writes with poetical licence, not with the minute accuracy 
 of a geographer, and we must be thankful to hini for giving us the 
 general outlines of the topography of the plain. From the passages 
 quoted above, where the ford of the Scamander is mentioned, it is clear 
 that this river had to be passed in order to reach the Greek camp, which 
 lay to the left of it. The poet further alludes " to the confluence of 
 the Simois and Scamander immediately in front of Troy ; he repeatedly 
 and most distinctly describes the principal battles as taking place on the 
 plain between the two rivers and the city ; but to demand from him also 
 a description of the manner in which the armies passed the Scamander, 
 is asking, I think, too much from an epic poet. The passage to which W. 
 Christ refers ^ can only mean the plain between the Scamander, the Simois, 
 and Troj-. In a passage already referred to '" the Greek ships are said 
 to fill the whole shore between the two promontories of Sigeum and 
 Bihoeteum. But this may well be said of a camp which extended frojn 
 Cape Sigeum eastward, and was only separated from the opposite cape by 
 the breadth of the river. 
 
 The Homeric epithets of the Scamander are ■jjioet?,^'- Avhich signifies 
 higli-ljanl;ed, from ffiajv, used in Homer only of the sea-shore; tvppoo<;,^ 
 fair-floiving ; Sivi]eL^," eddying ; fieya<; TroTa/to? /BadvBivrj^," the great deep- 
 eddijing river; l3a9uppoo^ apyvpoovijs,^ deep-flowing vntlb silverg eddies; 
 eippoo^ dpyvpoOivT]^,^ fair-flmving with silverg eddies; oto?, divine.'' Its 
 banks were steep and high;' and live bulls and hard-hoofed horses were 
 sacrificed to it.- The Scamander was said to have been born of Zeus,'' 
 and had its priest in Troy, who was venerated by the people as a god,' 
 which leads us to suppose that the river-deity had a temple or at least 
 an altar in the town. He was called Xantlius by the gods, and assisted 
 at the assembly of the gods on Olympus;" he took part in the battle 
 of the gods before Troy ; ' he made great inundations ; ^ and, as at 
 the present day, his banks were abundantly covered with elms, willows, 
 tamarisks, lotus, bulrushes, and cyprus-grass.'" 
 
 ' Ileidelbei-g, 1856-1858. ' II. .\iv 434 ; xii. 2 ; xxiv. 093, 
 
 ' Topofjr. d. Ti-oian. Ehciie, p. 202. " //. v. 77- 
 
 " II. Y. ni-nS. ^ //. vi. 4. AoAojri'o(/os, 0! pa '^Ka/j.ai'Spov 
 
 ^" il. xiy. 35, 3G. ^^ IL v. 36. ap-rjri^p ir^ruKro^ 6ieos 6' &s riero d'i]/J.q:, . . . 
 
 1 //. xiv. 433; xxi. 130 ; xxir. 693. " //. xx. 5-40 and 73, 74. 
 
 ^ //. xir. 434 ; xxi. 2, 8 ; xxiy. 694. ' //. xx. 73, 74. 
 
 = //. XX. 73 ; xxi. 329, 603. - II. xxi. 234-242. 
 
 ^ //. XXI. 8. '' II. xxi. 130. ' //. xxi. 350-352 • 
 
 ^ //. xii. 21. ^ //. xxi. 171, 175, 200. Ko.iovTo -K'nX^o.i te koI ir^at ijSe ^up7Kaiy 
 
 ^ //. xxi. 131, 132 ; uaUro 5e Aoirys t' j5e Bpvov Tj5e Kinretpo^u 
 
 ...... w S'/j S-rjOa TToXeas Upevere ravpovs, to. nep\ na'Aa p^edpo. a\is norau-o^o 7Ti<pvKeLi'. 
 
91- TIIR COUN'l'IlY C)F Till'] ITiD.JANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 I may ndd, lliat notliin.c;- Rfoms to mo liotter to pliow tlio threat 
 importinicc Avliidi tlic Trojaim nltiicliril to tin's river, aud tlie veneration 
 wliicli they lirul for it, tliuu tlio fart tljat Ili.'otor, llie most loowerful 
 cliampioii of Ilinui, coiiiparos liiinsclf to tlie Seaiuaiidcr, and gives to his 
 son Astyanax tlio naiuo of " Scaiuandrin^," or the Seaiiiaiidrian.'' 
 
 Herodotus says tljat ^vhen tlie arrny of Xerxes reaehed the Sca- 
 rnander, it was the first stream tliey had crossed since leaving Bardis, 
 the water of which failed them, and did not sntMce to satisfy the thirst 
 of the men and catth:', and that the Persian monarch afterwards ascended 
 into the Pergamns of Priam,''' in order to see it. Tliis a.i-connt of Hero- 
 dotus appears to he no exaggeration; for, althongh the Scaiiiand(,'r has 
 a hrrge volnme of water in winter and spring, it is in the drjr season 
 generally reduced to a very sh'iider and shallow Lrook. I have seen it 
 several times, and the last time in Septeml)er and Octoher 1878, so dried 
 np that there was no stream at adl in the Plain of Troy, nothing in fact 
 hut a series of pools of stagnant water. This is hy no means a rare 
 occurrence; nay, the viUagers of Kalifatli, Yeni Shehr, and Yeni Kioi 
 assured me that in dry summers, and on an average once in three years, 
 there is in August aud lSept(.'mlier no llowing water whatevi.'r in the river 
 in the Plain of Troy. They also asserted that this always occurs in the 
 late summer or autumn, if in April and Slay there have been in the 
 mountains of Ida abundant rains, which rnelt away tlie snow, and these 
 have been followed by a long-protracted drought. If the army of Xerxes 
 reached the Scamander when in such a condition, it is no wonder that 
 its water did not sufUco for the men and animals. This comlitiein of 
 the Scamander is described with some exaggeration by Lucan, who says 
 that Caesar had unconsciously passed the winding Xanthus on a surface 
 of dry sand, and had safely put bis foot among the deep grass." 
 
 In the time also of Pomponiiis Mehi, the Pioman geographer, wdio 
 llourished during the reign of the Emperor Claudius (41-54 a.d.), the 
 Scamander and Simijis were considered to possess no other importance 
 than that of the reminiscences attached to them ; for he oliservos, in 
 speaking of them, " Fama Cjuam nalura niajora fluniina."' This very 
 just observation stands in striking contrast wiili the statement of Pliny,''' 
 W'ho, twenty-live or thirty years later, mentioning the objects he saw from 
 his ship when passing the coast of the Troad, syicaks of the Scamander as 
 " ainnis navigaliilis." Now, to call the Scamander a "navigable river" is 
 simply a bad joke, because even in winter it is not navigalde for small 
 ■' //. vi. -lOJ, 4o:;; 
 
 u.KK'.n 
 ^AtTTvupaKT^ ■ iii'>% yap f^puero ''l\iov"Elcra.'p. 
 
 ■' VII. -lii ; A7rnco/,Le;^(tu 6t ruv irrpaTDu tVt 
 r/ji/ 'Xn'j^^avopijv, 'uS' TrpwTOS ■Korafiiiii'j tVc-t Te e/c 
 'Zo.phLu)V upfx7]0€VTes e7r€;^tlpT)(Tai' TT? uoo'y tVe'AtTre 
 To pe^6p<ji^ olio' ajT^xi'V^^ Ty orpcTif/ re ko.I 
 
 J(li(TL KTlifetTL TTiriJ/iCi'US, CTtI TUl^TUl' O'l} Tvl> TTLI- 
 
 Tc./.uVoj; atviK^TO ^€p^ris, eSTi\ Ujudiiiiu n4pya/ioi' 
 v.vfil^rj T/.ifpof extoc O^'rjua-fjdai. 
 
 '' /'/,„,■:<„/. ix. ;i74: 
 
 " Insciu.^ in siceu aurpuutciii pulvci'c rivLini 
 
 
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 aria, 
 
 ■ninl, 
 
 a 
 
 uaiiaaa. 
 
 0|>;ii- 
 
 .Uii 
 
 1 K 
 
 M', S 
 
 
 mall 
 
 I.T a 
 
 iinis 
 
 lia\a'4alal is. 
 
 tt ill 
 
 |iVi 
 
 ninii 
 
 tiirio 
 
 M 
 
 llnll 
 
 am S 
 
 i ;;-! a n 
 
 1 1 
 
 j.|ialiilil. 
 
 Ilriu 
 
 l'"l 
 
 tllS 
 
 Aril 
 
 
 run 
 
 , ill 
 
 ,|1K;11 
 
 
 iliiiit X 
 
 aiithiis 
 
 Sill 
 
 "I'll 
 
 i .il 
 
 ni 
 
 tiis : 
 
 .stag 
 
 UUUli 
 
 uu 
 
 jirius 
 
 I'aciuus 
 
 I'al 
 
 au.^L 
 
 unaij 
 
 lij 
 
 r." 
 
 
 
 
 
 
§ III.] EIYLKS — THE IX TEPEH ASMAK. 95 
 
 boats, on accoiint of its siroiig current and many sandhanks. The Eoman 
 naturalist commits also a i obvious error in making the Xanthus and the 
 Scamander two distinct ri -ers, and mentioning besides a Palaescamandcr. 
 It has been repeatedly asst rted by scholars ■who never visited the Troad, 
 that, as Pliny nientious th"^ navigable Scamander before the promontory 
 of Sigeum, he cannot possibly mean anything else than the artificial 
 channel by which part of the waters of the rivulet called the Bounar- 
 bashi Su run into the Bay of Besika. This channel, however, is onlj^ 
 from 13 to 20 ft. broad, and its depth is from 1 to 4 ft. ; but it is 
 much less still at its mouth. It would therefore bo a ridiculous parody 
 to call it an " aninis iiavigaliilis." Hence I perfectly agree with Professor 
 Virchow that Pliny cannot mean by his Scamander any other river than 
 the present Scamander; by the "Xanthus Simoenti junctiis," the Kali- 
 fatli Asmak, into which the Simois still ilows, and the bed of which, as we 
 have before explained, is identical with that of the ancient Scamander ; 
 lastly, by Palaescamandcr, the In Tepeh Asmak, by which the ancient 
 Scamander once fell into the Hellespont close to Cape Sigeum. '■" 
 
 ('/) The In Tt'peh A^maJ: '" " runs along the eastern border of the plain 
 in a parallel line with the PJioeteuin ridge, and falls into the Hellespont 
 at a distance of about GOO ft. to the north of In Tepeh, the tumulus attri- 
 buted to Ajax. According to Akerbilad ' and Forchhammer,- the mouth of 
 the In Tepeh Asmak is called by the inhabitants Ivaranlik-Limani (Port 
 of Karanlik, which word means ' darkness '). But this is an error, for 
 by this name is designated, not the mouth of the In Tepeh Asinak, 
 but a small bay or creek immediately to the east of the projecting neck of 
 land of Phoeteum ; it is encompassed by a rampart-like Ijorder of the 
 tertiary ridge, and is thus pretty well concealed : hence its name. Here, 
 as I have said, I always took my morning bath in the dark. Maclaren" 
 holds the month of the In Tepeh Asmak to l)e identical with the Portus 
 Achaeorum mentioned by several ancient writers.* This mouth is 
 separated from the Hellespont by a vast, flat sandbank, which Pro- 
 fessm- YirchoAv estimates to be 230 paces long, and which is connected 
 on the east side with the projecting neck of land of Pihoetenm. From 
 its mouth to the bridge,-' which is 72 paces long, the In Tepeh Asmak 
 becomes a river of importance. It preserves its breadth fur some 
 distance, but its banks and borders are covered with a richer vegetation; 
 the rushes, which are very hard and pointed, become higher and 
 thicker; here and there the wild vine (Vitis vinifi-ra) slings its long 
 branches among them; tall shrulis of Asphodid and an odorifemus Arte- 
 misia occupy the higher and dry places. At some fifty paces above the 
 
 ° Eiichner, Ilomerische Stwlicn, i. ii. Progr. LiPsramamlcr." 
 
 Schwei-in, 1871, 1872, endeavours tn ]a-nve (i. p. '" I ext.rac't this interesting ileserij.tinn of tlie 
 
 15) that Pliny held tlie rhaniel of tiie tounar- In Tepeh Asmali fiom P. ^'irch"^\•, Vcitrwje 
 
 bashi ,Sii, ivhirh empties itself into the liay of zvr Lamkshiindc da- Tnj.is, pp. S2-'J-.'. 
 
 Besilia, to lie the Scamander, the Mendere or ' Lechevalier, op. cit., t. ii. ]i. 244, note, 
 
 present Scamander the Xanthus Scamander, and - Forchlianimer, Tupo^jr. ntid jdi'jsivjr. Be- 
 
 the Kalifatji Asmal< the Palaescamaiider. E. sc/iivlljuiv] der Elicnc run Truia, p. 12. 
 
 Brentano, Alt-Tliou un Vumhrehthal, p. S, pro- ^ jfadaren, on. cit., p. 41. 
 
 poses to read tlie passage in Plinv : "Xantlius < As c../. l-v Plinv, //. X., r. :13. 
 
 Simoenti junctus stagnumque prius faciens^ Pa- ' See the Map of the Troad. 
 
QQ THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. Chap. I. 
 
 briclo-e the open water-current in the river-be I becomes narrow, and it 
 soon disappears under a ricli vegetation of r .'eds, rushes, and Typha. 
 It ajjpears again here and there, but covers itself with a thick veil of 
 water-ranunculus. Still further on may lie seen in the river-current 
 solid islands, of greater or less length, partly covered with vegetation, as 
 well as masses of ground projecting into the; river from the banks which 
 are here higher, so that the width of the river-ljed l^ecomes quite out 
 of proportion to the breadth of the water-current. About ten minutes' 
 walk above the first liridge is a second stone bridge, but it is short and 
 low. Soon afterwards the watercourse appears only as a small ditch; 
 finally it becomes altogether dammed up by rushes and harder soil. 
 This IS the case somewhat lielow the high ground which projects from 
 the south-west corner of Ehoeteum, and which can easily be recognized 
 by a couple of sheep-folds which stand on it, and which belong to 
 Koum Kioi. Here the ancient river-bed, which is easily recognized 
 by its sloping lianks, is still 42 paces broad, l.>ut is entirely dry, except 
 on its right liorder a ditch-liko watercourse i to 5ft. broad, which has 
 no current. It is still cut like a trough, but the surface is unequal, 
 being here and there slightly billy, and in general somewhat higher 
 ill the middle than on the sides. It is covered with grass interspersed 
 with clover (\&)to<) and numerous blue flowers of the Gynandriris; there 
 are still hero and there thick lieds of rushes. A short distance farther 
 upwards the trough is still more filled up, and on the further side of the 
 above-mentioned high ground the old river-bed can no longer be dis- 
 tinctly recognized." Professor Virchovif goes on to say : " I have described 
 the nature of the In Tepeli Asiuak thus fully, in order to put an end to 
 the uncertainty regarding the extent, the character, and the connection 
 of that river. It will be seen from this description that at present tJris 
 Asnuih is a Jcud, stin/naid v:ate'rcuiirse, whoso upper bed is more and more 
 overgrown, and whose lower part is only kept open by the flowing in of 
 the Hellespont. It is no Jonijer (in outfloiving, hut ratlter an vijlowiuf/ 
 stream (inlet Inwike). What water it receives, except at the time of the 
 inundations, can only be rain-water." 
 
 (ft) TJie BiiuiiarJiaslii Sn. — The principal part of the water which com- 
 poses this rivulet comes from the 3d or, more probably, 40 springs at 
 the foot of the heights of Bounarbashi, vdiich I visited and explored in 
 company with Professor Virchow.'' The first three of them are in close 
 proximity ; a little further north are two more, and the others rise 
 within a distance of aliout 1700 ft. Their waters form a rivulet from 
 3 to Oft. deep and 13 to 20ft. broad. It is joined at once by a very 
 small aflluent, which cemes from the valleys to the east of the Bali Dagh. 
 "In its further course," says Professor A^irchow,' "it forms a series of 
 large swamps, which have been most accurately described by M. Forch- 
 hanimer.- The rivulet of Bounarbashi," he adds, "notwithstanding it 
 
 .s 
 
 iturniug off by the artificial cha,nnel, provides, during its short course, 
 
 ° See ]i. 5."). 8 P. W. Forchhammcr, Topogr. und phijsioijr. 
 
 ' Jiiitiilji; ,-,«)■ Lamlcskunik dcr Troas, pp. Pesrhr. Jcr FJjcnc nii Truia, p. l."i ; compare 
 114-119. Muclarcii, p. 12:j. 
 
§ III.] PJVEES— THE BOUXAIIBASHI STJ. 97 
 
 four lai'se basins with a lasting,' snpply of water even dnrino- tlic snmmfr. 
 Apart from tlie iniiltratiou tlirou^-li tlio compact soil at the srmrces 
 themselves, we fiiul to the east of Ujck Tepeh a lar,o-e tank, wliich is 
 deep in the middle and ovei\L;Town with reeds and rushes ; even in the 
 height of summer it is navi,t;-ated by fishing Louts. Further down, at 
 Yerkassi Kioi, is a smaller swamp with abundance of water. There is 
 a similar swamp in the valley through which the canal is cut. In the 
 rainy season, the same rivulet (the Bounarbashi Su), by means of the 
 winter-stream of the original bed, the so-called Lisgar, fills also a vast 
 swamp m a sinuosity of the promontory of Yeiii Shehr below Hagios 
 Demetrios Tepeh. This swamp dries up m summer, and it was in August 
 overgrown with high dry reeds. 
 
 "The winter-stream (just mentioned) of the 'rivulet,' as Forchhammer 
 calls the Bounarbushi Su in a very significant manner, is in his opinion'^ 
 identical with the original bed, which existed before the artificial channel 
 to the Aegean Sea was cut. That ancient bed is partly cut deep in the 
 clayey soil, and partly it spreads over the flat surface Yv'ith undefined 
 borders. But even in these flat places its limits do not change from year 
 to year. While the stream prefers in winter the already existing bed to 
 any other course over higher ground, in summer it all the more pre- 
 serves the course impressed on the claj'cy soil, the clay becoming by the 
 heat almost as hard as stone. In the hard clayey soil of the level 
 parts of this winter-lied small artificial channels were visilile, whose 
 age may perhaps be consulerable. This winter- stream of the B(ninar- 
 baslii Su discharges in two places into the Scainander above Yeni Shehr, 
 and pours with it into the Hellespont. 
 
 "From this description it is apparent that the whole west side of 
 the Plain along the Ujek and Sigeuin ridges is full of the swamps ot 
 the Bounarbashi Su, and this is still more evident from Spratt's map. 
 These swamps occupy all the sinuosities of the coast-line and encroach 
 to a great extent on the Plain, so that they leave only in its southern 
 part a small portion of land for tillage ; and even this is also exposed 
 to the inundations of the Scamander. One can liest view all this by 
 following up the road which leads from Kalifatli to Yerkassi Kioi and 
 Ujek Kioi. On the 22nd of April it was in the following condition : — 
 Having passed a field still very wet from the last inundation, and 
 covered in places where it had drieil up with a rich crumbling crust, 
 I first came to two small arms of the Bounarbashi Su, which are close 
 together, and in which there was open, but scarcely flowing, dirty 
 water, a half-ruined bridge leads over them. To the right (north) these 
 arms were lost in a vast swamp thickly overgrown with luxuriant 
 water-plants. To the left, where the swamp was not less extensive, old 
 reeds still stood, double a man's height. Through this swamp a long 
 winding road leads over a ruined stone dyke. <Jn the west side we 
 reach another small stone bridge, spanning with a single short arch 
 the excavated canal below. Somewdiat turbid but still transparent water 
 
 ^ Topofjr. uivJ pltijsio'jr. Bcsclir. der Ebcne von Troia, p. l-i, 
 
 H 
 
98 THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 flows through it in a rapifl currpiit. Immediately beyond it, on the 
 western l>ank, firm soil is reached." 
 
 Considering the series of swamps and particularly the ancient water- 
 lieds of the Bonnarhashi Sn further down, Professor Virchow^" thinks 
 the construction of the artilicial canal to the Aegean Sea cannot claim a 
 high antnjuity. In fact, various conjectures have been made as to its age. 
 It was first spoken of by Wood,^ who supposed it to have been excavated 
 by a Turkish govcuuior. Hunt," who travelled in the Troad in 1801, 
 says he heard from the peasants, that eighty years before (that is, in 
 17:40) the canal had been made liy a Sultana of the Serail, who was at 
 that time proiirictor of the estate, and that it had been afterwards 
 restored by Hassan Pasha. The Turks of Yerkassi Kioi assured Le- 
 chevalier' that the Ivapudan Pasha Hassan had built a mill and baths 
 in the neighbouring valley, and they had themselves been employed 
 m the excavation of tlie new canal. Lechevalier thinks that the water 
 of the Pounarbashi Su had formerly been led oft' to Alexandria-Troas 
 by the aqueduct of Herodes Atticus. Parker Wei;)!)* also s;iys that 
 Hassan Pasha el (Ihazi led the water of the Pounarbashi Su through 
 an old canal which he restored and which moves a mill. Mauduit^ 
 is of opinion that the canal has been restored at different periods, 
 liut tluit rfc already existed at the time of Xerx(;s, and that at the time 
 of Demetrius of Scepsis it led off all the water of the Pounarbashi Su 
 (called by him Scamander) into the Aegean Sea. Forchhammer'^ shares 
 the opinion that the canal is very ancient. Colonel Leake' did not 
 venture to decide whether it was a work of the ancients or of the 
 Turks. Put I think we find the best answer to the c|uestion in the 
 alluvium deposited liy this channel, which covers a space about one 
 mile and a half long and broad, and has thus already filled up liy fiir the 
 larger portion of the Pay of Pesika. That a small rivulet like this 
 channel should form such immense alluvial deposits in a hundred years 
 is out of the cjuestiou ; in my opinion, a huig numlier of centuries is 
 rer|uired. This canal is, as l)efore mentioned, from 13 to 20 ft. broad, and 
 from 1 to 4 ft. deep. It is cut for a long distance in the rock. 
 
 Virchow' says : "As M. Forchhammer rightly ol)serves in the passage 
 f|uote<l above, the ancient water-beds of the Pounarbashi Su are partly 
 very deeply impressed ; and, I might add, they are impressed so deeply 
 that we cannot well suppose them to have been preserved so for 
 thousands of years. This can best be seen by following the road from 
 Yeni Kioi down to the ferry of the Scamander. A long turning is first 
 made to the north round the Lisgar ; then the road leads round a spur 
 of the ridge towards a couple of bridges on which wc cross two such 
 watercourses. When I first came there, I thought, especially at the 
 
 ^ IteiMhie tur Lnulr.lmmhdcr Tn„is. ,,. US. ■' P.arka- Wrbb, at other places, ).. ?,i, notes. 
 
 ^'''"'' "" ""' "^y^"'"' '■'nwismul M-niin.jsuf '■. A, F. Maa.luit, DkomcHes dans la Troade; 
 
 Iloinrr ; I^nndi.n, ITT.'f, 
 
 » Wal,»,lr, J/rmairs rr/atnn/ l„ Knn.p.an. and 
 A.n,Un Tnrlnal; l.,„„lo„, 1817, p. W.t,. i ,/„„„,„/ „f „ Tanr in llktMhlor, p. 293. 
 
 Lechevalier, \ ona.jc dc la Truadv en n»:,, « Landrdamdc, &c., ,,. 118 
 
 178G, ii. p. 193. ' 
 
 I'ai'is et Jjiiiilres, 1840, pp. 132, 21:.. 
 F<ii-ehliarniiier, "p. n't. p. 2(.i 
 
§ III.] RIYEES— THE BOUNAEBASHI SU. S9 
 
 eastern bridge, that I saw a stately river before me. As far as I could see 
 on both sides there was before us a broad bed, with but sliglit windmg.g, 
 filled with open water and sharply-cut banks, presenting on a small 
 scale the image of the Scamander which is close by. But a further 
 investigation showed that this bed had no continuity ; even at the time 
 of high water it was connected with the Bounarbashi Su only by the 
 swamps and the inundating water. This water, however, had not been 
 brought down by the Bounarbashi Su, but by the Scamander, wliieh 
 inundates its left bank in certain fixed places. The three principal places 
 where this occurs are accurately marked on Spratt's map, just as I found 
 them to be. The first is not far below Bounarbashi, where, after its 
 entry into the Plain, the Scamander makes its first great bend to the 
 west and forms the islands. The second is opposite the Ujek Tepeh, and 
 indeed in a distinctly-marked connection with the great reedy swamp of 
 the Bounarbashi Su. The third is much farther down, opposite Yeni Kioi ; 
 it fills the swamps of the Lisgar district and the adjoining low ground. 
 
 " Properly speaking, the proportion of the Bounarbashi Su to the 
 Scamander is very similar to that of the Kalifatli Asmak. Both of them 
 are indebted for their existence, in a large degree, to the powerful 
 ' brother.' If it were not for the artificial canal to Besika Bay, the 
 water of the Bounarbashi Su would also pour entirely into the Plain, 
 and it would fill the watercourses further down which are now dry, just 
 as the water of the Duden sources fills the bed of the Kalifatli Asmak. 
 There should, therefore, be also a name ' Bounarbashi Asmak.' The 
 name Su is only suitable if the artificial canal with its flowing water 
 is referred to." 
 
 Another canal, which has evidently rec[uired even greater labour, has, 
 at an unknown period, been cut across the promontory of Sigeum between 
 Yeni Kioi and Hagios Demetrios Tepeh. According to Forchhammer,'^ 
 the length of this canal is 3000 ft., its depth more than 100 ft., and its 
 upper width about 100 ft. At present it is filled up 10 to 15 ft. deep 
 with earth, so that it is of no use whatever. It had evidently been 
 made to drain the waters of the Lisgar and the Avinter inundation of 
 the Bounarbashi Su." 
 
 Before the artificial canal was cut, and before the Scamander had its 
 present course, the Bounarbashi Su ran along the heights of Sigeum and 
 fell into the Hellespont. As in this position, and also on account of its 
 insignificance, it in no way interfered with the movement of the armies, 
 it is not mentioned by Homer. 
 
 (/) Of the Kalifatli Asmah—vi\ncl-i, with Virchow, Burnouf, and Calvert, 
 I hold to be identical with the ancient bed of the Scamander~I have 
 already spoken at some length. It is enough to add here, that one arm 
 of it rises in the Duden swamp ^" on IMr. Calvert's farm of Akshi Kioi, 
 while another arm starts from the point where the Scamander and 
 
 ' Forchhamraer, op. at. ]i. 20. ilricil up and coiiTerteil intn ni'wl Tahialjle 
 
 ^^ This swamp, which formerly covered an land ; the thi-ee springs wiiich produced it still 
 
 area of about 250 acres, has by the e.xertions of eiist 
 
 Mr. Calvert and his engineer, Mr. Stoney, been 
 
100 THE CUUA^TEY OF THE TROJANS. _ [Chap. I. 
 
 Tli3-iubrius meet. The latter arm, wliieli is broad and deep, brings at 
 tuo tmio of tlio floods an immense Tolume of ^Yater from the Scamander, 
 and joins the former arm at a short distance to the north of tlie Duden 
 swamp. There can hardly be any doubt that this is the ancient bed of 
 the Scamander. At a sh(jrt distance to the north of the confluence of the 
 Scamander and Thymbrius there is a second channel, and a little further 
 on a third, through which the Scamander now sends its surplus waters 
 into the Kalifatli Asmak. In all three channels, but particularly in 
 the last one, may be seen countless trunks of uprooted trees, which have 
 been carried down the stream by the force of the current. Tho Kalifatli 
 Asmak has scarcely any current except in the winter months ; in the 
 dry season it consists of a hmg series of pools of stagnant water. 
 
 ('/.) The river lUi.esus (6 'P/"/cros' ") was called Khoites ('PoeiV?;s') in 
 tlie time of Stral)0, who says, however, aw the authority of Demetrius 
 ot Scepsis, that possibly the river which flows into the Granicus mir'ht 
 be identical with the Ehesus of Homer. ^ 
 
 (/;.) Tho river Rqitajxirus (o 'ETTTaTropov"), according to Strabo,^ flowed 
 ISO stadia to the north of Adramyttium. 
 
 (/.) Tho river (.'aresas (o Ka'pj/cros^"') originated at j\Ialous, between 
 Palacscepsis and Achaeum, on the coast opposite Tenedos, and fell 
 into the Aesepus."' 
 
 (j.) The river Tiliodius (o 'PoS/ov'") is, in all probability, the small river 
 which falls into the Hellespont at the Dardanelles.' According to Strabo, 
 it fell into the Hellespont between Abydus and Dardanus; opposite its 
 moutli, on the Thracian Ghersonesus, w^as the Dog's-tumulns (Ci/nossema, 
 l\vi'6<: aPjfLci or Kwocraij^Ma), the pretended tomb of Plecuba. Strabo 
 farther states that, according to others, the Fihodius fell into the Aesepus." 
 Elsewhere Strabo says that the Pihodius fell into the Aenius ; he remarks 
 at tlie same time that it came from Cleandria and Gordus.^ 
 
 (J.:) The Graninm (o Ppfpi/co^'") rises in llount Cotylus, one of the 
 peaks of Ida.' It Hows to the north-east through the district of Adrasteia, 
 and falls into the Propontis opposite the island of Ophiusa (now Afzia).* 
 On tlie lianks of this river Alexander the Great defeated the army of 
 Darius (^31 e.c.) 
 
 (/.) The Aesepus (6 Mai]iTo^^) rises also in Mount Cotylus,'' receives 
 tho Caresus, as before stated, passes to the north-east of Zeleia, and 
 
 " ri. Aii. L'o. , g ... 
 
 'n,, ,'.„,. ,; , \ £ . . ^ „ , , , UJ.IIIV) o folios (KTriTTTei TTDTailOS, Kud 01' el' T7) 
 
 ■pr,.T„'s eVr,,'. f.u/^^AAav Xjp^.amjrroj t), Kvrhs a;,/^i ^rrir, o <paaw '^KO.Sns 
 
 •; // ^jj ,,,, <^''''" Ta'poV 01 Se Toy 'PoSi'oy e!s tui' Ai'iJjjTroj' 
 
 ., ... ■ " ■ ,, , €/.if3d\\fii' ipaaiiJ. 
 
 a-li'^Tuy (Karon Kai oyOoiiKovTa araoiuvs. r,!„S,iu I) X,.V. - ,- ' 'yi 
 
 1 y/ ^jj ..|| 1 opooM a Otex>^t rr}s Ka\i^s T7fBVK7)s e^ipcoi'Ta 
 
 :■ ^, ■■■ CTTaSinvs- (/jBdWit 5' f'ls rhv AiVior. 
 
 , " '' l"\ -'""■ I'. '''"'■' : Kaprirros 5' o.tto Ma- '» //, xii. 'Jl. 
 
 ,■ fl'r -' "?' ^^'''"" "" Tf^fS.'-.' n.paias- 'IS,,; Kor.Aos • i^ „S S Te S.^MaySpo. uu Kal 
 t-u/JctAAei oe eis t <!/ Aumror ' r > \ « :/ r- r r 
 
 ,: J. ^^ lov nio-q-noi. o TpaviKOi Kai AtcrriTros. 
 
 ., ,.' p"' ,"! ', " f"'- Burhhnlz, IToincr. Kosmnqr. nrid Gc<yjr. 
 
 !'■ Jjiirhnolz, U„rna: Kosmo'jr. und Gdrjr. p. ."11. 3 /-/ ^jj oj 
 
 ■' Strabo, siii. p. 602, just cited. 
 
 r- :JI0, 
 
§ IV.] 
 
 THE CLIMATOLOGY OF THE TKOAD 
 
 101 
 
 falls into the Propontis opposite the island of Halono, the present 
 Aloni.^ 
 
 (in.) The Stlle'ts (6 S6/vX,)/et?*^) flowed in the neighbourhood of Arislro. 
 Strabo says : " Of the rivers the poet makes the Selleis flow near Arisho, 
 if indeed Asius came from Arishe and the river Selleis."' 
 
 (,7.) The Practius (o IIpuKTto?") flowed between Abydus and Lamp- 
 sacus. Strabo says : " The Practius is also a river, but a city (of this 
 name), as some have thought, is not to be found. This river flows also 
 between Abydus and Lampsacus.'"'' 
 
 (o.) The Safnio'is (6 -aTinoeis), to which the poet gives the epithet 
 evppeLTi]^ (with a fair current'"), is now called Tuzlatchai, that is to say, 
 " Salt river : " it rises in Ida, flows in a westerly direction through the 
 southernmost part of the Troad, and falls into the Aegean Sea between 
 Larissa and Hamaxitus.' 
 
 § IV. The Cldiatology of the Tkoad. 
 
 If we consider the Homeric Troad to extend from the coast of the 
 Propontis and the district of Cyzicus to the Caieus, it would lie between 
 40' 30' and 39" X. latitude ; Kovum Ilium being in latitude 39' 53' : 
 its climate therefore must be almost identical with that of Constanti- 
 nople, which lies only 1" 7' further to the north. According to Tchiha- 
 tchefi',- the mean temperature of Constantinople is 14"'27 Celsius = 57"''7() 
 Fahrenheit; while that of Kome, which lies in the same latitude, is 15-01 
 = 59-30 Fahrenheit, that of Barcelona 17' = 6'2'-60 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Table of the mean Number of Days of the Foue Cakoinal Winds; of fine Days; r;F 
 bainyDays; and of more or less clofdy' Days in tue Years 1S17, 1S18, and ISol." 
 
 South. West. J"« ■ r..i,iy I Cloudy 
 days. days. days. 
 
 Jiinuary . 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 C 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 February . 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2,i- 
 
 21 
 
 March .... 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 8.V 
 
 15 
 
 April .... 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 It 
 
 May .... 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 4i 
 
 12 
 
 Jime .... 
 
 1.5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 IIJ 
 
 3 7 
 
 10 
 
 July .... 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 August 
 
 21 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 >Septeriibcr 
 
 2'Ji 
 
 - 
 
 (J 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 ! s 
 
 15 
 
 October . . . 
 
 21 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 
 Xoveiiibor. 
 
 19 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 ij 
 
 iiii 
 
 14 
 
 Decembrr . 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 Kii 
 s(;i 
 
 14 
 158 
 
 Total numbers. 
 
 217 
 
 17 
 
 91 
 
 15 
 
 '■ v.. Endiliiilz, IL/jiuT. Kosiiuxjr. iind Gco,jr. 
 p. 311. 
 
 ' II. ii. S:!S, 839 : 
 
 AfTLos 'TpTaKiorj^, nu 'Apifrlit^Q^i' <f>^pov 'lttttoi, 
 
 oX6o:v€s, fii^ydKoi, iroro.aov airu SeAA'/jefTOS. 
 
 ' Strabo, xiii. p. 5!'tl : Twv 5e -KoTaixcov Tof 
 
 fief 2eAA7j6i'ra (p-qaii^ o Trnt-qr-QS irphs rfj 'AptV/B?; 
 
 pe?!'' UTT^p b '^ hrrtos ^ ApiirBrjOiv re ijK^ koa 
 
 Trora/jiod 6,-ko SeAArjei'TOS. 
 
 « II. ii. 835 : 
 
 01 5' &pa UepKdnriv ical npaKTion afupsviixouro. 
 
 '■' .xiii. p. 5',.ln : b 5e TlpaKTius ttotq/^'A ,aeV 
 eVri, 7r4\ti 5' uvx evpintCiTai, ws Tii'es ^u6p.iaav 
 pal 5e itai ol-ros pttTal^u 'AfivSou lia'i Aaftif/aKov. 
 
 "^ //. \\. ''14 : ^aTCioez/Tos 4vpp<^LTci.o. 800 als(i 
 xiv. 445 ;ui4 xxi. S7. 
 
 ' E. r.urliholz, Iluiiu.r. KmtWKjr. vml Licvijr. 
 p. 354. 
 
 = I>. 4c 'i'rhiliatolioir, Asir 3JuKiirc : [l. C'lima- 
 
 (.Jor/ir rt. Znnln.jiP, pp. ;15-37. 
 
 3 P. Jo 'roluhatcholi; Hud. p. 44. 
 
1U2 'J'llE COUXTliY OF THE TEOJAXS. [Chap. 1. 
 
 It -will he iseeii from tliis tablr tlint tlio nortli ^Yi^d predominates very 
 decidedly, except in Felinwry and Ajiril. Tims in January it is on an 
 avera^-e nearly three times more frerjuent than all the other winds taken 
 together; in March it is a quarter more frequent than the rest; in Jfay, 
 November, and I)cceniher, almost twice as frequent ; in -July, more than 
 three times as frequent ; and in August, twice as frequent. 
 
 These north winds Idow nearly always with great violence, and they 
 caused us much suffering during the whole period of our excavations 
 at Troy. 
 
 The rainy season here is in Peceinher, January, and February. From 
 the beginning of April to the end of < )ctiiber it hardly ever rains, and in 
 the inaiiv summers I passed in the Troad I experienced hardly any rain 
 exeejit in the shape of an occasional thunderstorm. 
 
 The winters are seldom very severe in the Troad ; the cold generally 
 does not set in before January. It is seldom so cijld that the rivers freeze. 
 I have seen the Kalifatli Asmak frozen over in the winter of 1873, but 
 never the Scamander or Simois. But it appears that even the Ilellesjjout 
 has sometimes been frozen over, since the straits wore frozen in 73'J ^ and 
 Too ■' A.])., while in 755 a.i>. liotli the ]]osphorus and the Hellespont are 
 reported to have been covered with ice.'^ Tchihatchefl',' from whom I 
 take this information, mentions further two occasions when the Bosphorus 
 was frozen during the reign of the Emperor Piomanus (•J19-1J44 ad.), 
 one in 1011 and one in lOtiS ; also one iir 162t) a.d. 
 
 No traveller has .studied the climate of the Troad with more attention 
 and accuracy than P. Barker Webb, viho expresses himself in the following 
 terms ■.'^ — " The Troad being placed in the delicious temperature of Northern 
 Asia, its winters are tempered by the south winds wdiich blow from the 
 J\[editcrranean ; the summer heat is also modified by the regular return 
 id' the Etesian winds, which are poetically described by Homer under the 
 imagi.' of Boreas traversing the Thracian Sea. The fertility of the fields 
 and valleys, continually irrigated by the waters which descend from 
 Mount Ida, so rich in springs ; the variety of the soil, now flat, now 
 mountainous; the almndance of the rivers; the neighbourhood of the 
 sea ; the charming and jiicturesque landscape, which Nature alone has 
 had the care of forming, without Art having any share in it,— all pleases 
 the eye and strikes the imagination : in one word, the situation of 
 this country, considered as a whole, is such that Nature leaves nothing 
 t" desire. In fact, if this country had a more enlightened government, 
 it it were under a, less barliarous rule, few countries m the world could be 
 compared witli it, whether for tlio richness and variety of its products, or 
 fer the abundance of all that is necessary for human life. We may say 
 the same of the whole of vVsia Minor, which was celeln-ated for the luxury 
 and the riches of its ancient inhabitants; but Phrygia in particular 
 appears to have been in a high degree favoured by Heaven. Its forests 
 
 * Vcn lliiviiiiifr-I'iirgstall, <_;,_'s,:/i. Jrs (A,m. ' .Is/.' J//«. ; /Vscc. |j/ii/s. j.. 70. 
 
 ici'/.7i,s-, 'JikI (;,1. veil. ii. ]i. 78+. 8 'r^jiiiiirniiliicdola Troade ancknne et moderne, 
 
 ■• lllyras, i-A. ];„!,., |,. 4'j:;. J, p. 11,1^ 111. 
 '' TIk'o]^j1uuu's, ed. Loll., vul. i. pp. 540 and 670. 
 
Yeiii Shelir 
 
 No. 2IB. \qEW OF THE SOUTII-EASTEUN PART 
 
 OFl 
 
Peninsula of Gii.ui-oLi. 
 
 3Amelfl it liie '-'M ^'^ '■'■" '■''^ 5citu.iiiiii;r. 
 
 Y. FROM THE HILL- OF HL^SAELIK. 
 
 Uo Jact pagi: lUJ. 
 
 Mount Garraru^ (Kaz Dagh). 
 
 T.,J.... J: 1' 
 
 OY. FROM THE HILL OF HIRSARLIK. 
 
§ v.] PAXOr.AMIC VIEW OP THE PLAIN OF TliOY. lUL! 
 
 and pastnre-lands are greener than those of the neighbouring countries 
 of Europe, and the fertility of its soil is by no means inferior to that of 
 the rest of Asia : add to this that it has neither the rigorous winters of 
 the former nor the scorching heat of the latter. ^Yhat is missing here 
 is man. DtSimt nutiuis posceiifihiis arvis! The want of population has 
 changed these very blessings into as many misfortunes ; nay, this wani 
 of men is the cause of those pestilential miasmata which have rendered 
 endemic in this country the sickness represented by Homer under the 
 image of the arrows cast by the wrath of Apollo. The aspect of the 
 country is in the highest degree picturesque : sometimes it reminds an 
 Englishman of the landscapes of his own country. Tliis resemblance is 
 due as much to the form of the fields enclosed by verdant hedges, as to 
 the trees which arc scattered here and there without symmetry, now 
 isolated, now in detached groupis ; and this gives to the wlnde the appear- 
 ance of a park, or of a large space of ground destined to please the eye of 
 the traveller by its variety. There are but few vineyards here ; what is 
 chiefly cultivated is gram.'' 
 
 § V. Paxokajiic View of the Plain of Tkoy. 
 
 I might add, that the Plain of Troy itself is even more favoured than 
 the surrounding country in the exuberant fertility of its soil and the 
 glorious beauty of its landscape. I beg the reader to accompany me at 
 sunset in spring to the summit of Hissarlik, in order that he may 
 convince himself liovr greatly the Trojans were favoured above other men 
 in the fieautiful situation of their city.^ Immediately before us extends 
 the plain bordered by the Simois and the Kalifatli Asmak, the ancient 
 Scamander, which was the theatre of the principal battles of the ll/ad 
 and the scene of so many heroic actions. It is covered with grain and 
 innumerable vellow or red flowers. It ends at the confluence of the two 
 rivers, a mile distant, close to the village of Koum Kioi, whose small 
 terraced houses much resemble the mud hovels of the Egyptian fellahs. 
 The ridge to the right of this village, clotlied with Yalonea oaks, runs 
 out on the north-east into the promontory of PJioeteum, on a lower 
 height of which, to the left, our eyes discern the tumulus which tradition 
 attributes to Ajax ; its summit is, according to Burnout's measurement, 
 40'2"2 metres = 131 ft. aljove the sea. To the north of this tumulus lies 
 the site of an ancient city, Sm. = 26ft. Sin. above the level of the sea, 
 according to Burnout's measurement. It is strewn with fragments of 
 ancient pottery and scul}itured splinters of white marble. Near the sea- 
 shore rises a small mound, which, according to Pausanias,"' must be the 
 tumulus to which tradition pninted as the original ttmib of Ajax. I shall 
 revert to it in the description of the Heroic tumuli.' ' Close to this 
 tumulus lies a mutilated marble statue of a warrior, drajicd and of 
 colossal size. In all probalulity the spot marks the site of the ancient 
 city of Aeanteum, which is not mentioned by Strabo, but is alluded to 
 by Pliny,'^ who says that it no longer existed in his time. 
 
 " See the View, So. 2lA, '" i. 35. 5. " See Chapter XII. (on the Tumuli). ' H. A". T. S3, 
 
104 THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 Oil the promontory of lihoetuum, 250 iii. =820 ft. to the east of the 
 grout tuiuiihis of Ajax, are immerons traces of an ancient city, probably 
 lihoeteum, which i8 repeatedly mentioned liy Strabo," and still existed in 
 the time of Pliny.-' A little further to the east and north-east are four 
 more snuxU artificial tumuli, on the height which descends to a miniature 
 port now called " Karanlik" ((hirkness). Fragments of marl)le columns and 
 pottery alidund here. I agree with Mr. Calvert that the above-mentioned 
 city (if Aeanteum must havi? extended as far as this, and that Karanlik 
 marks its port, and ]ierliaps at the same time the port of lihoeteum. 
 
 Cliise to the height of lihueteum, and parallel wath it, is the deep bed 
 of the In Tcpeh Asmak, into which the Scamander once flowed a little to 
 the north-east of Koum Kioi. We cannot discern from hence the tumulus 
 of Ilus, where the Scamaiider formerly bent to the north-east or east, as 
 it is too low. The eye follows for some distance to the north-west the 
 present l)ed of tlie Kalifatli' Asmak, until we lose sight of it among the 
 oaks with which the plain is covered; luit we can distinctly trace its 
 course to the north as far as its month by the two rows of trees with 
 whicli the banks of the Scamander are lined. To the left of its mouth 
 we see the little town of Konm Kaleh, vvith its two white minarets and its 
 citadel surrounded with high walls, which can now be easily scaled, the 
 wind having accumulated immense masses of sand on its eastern side. 
 Koum Kaleh was a thriving and flourishing city before the town of the 
 Dardanelles was built, which cannot be much more than a hundred years 
 ago ; indeed, the masses of marljle whicli have been lavished on its 
 mosques and its fountains, now dried up, testify to its former opulence. 
 Fragments of ancient marldes, as well as stone tombs, which are some- 
 times dug up in Koum Kaleh or its neighbourhood, lead me to think that 
 it marks the site of the ancient city of Achilleum (to 'A^/XXe/oz'), wdiich, 
 according to Herodotus,^ was built by the Mytilenaeans. It is mentioned 
 by ytrabo as having been destroyed by the Ilians,-' and by Pliny," who 
 says that it no longer existed in his time. M. Burnouf oljserves to me : 
 " The current of the Hellespont does not prevent the accumulation of 
 alluvial soil at Koum Kaleh, because (1) the fort is almost buried under the 
 sand wliicli the north and nortli-cast winds heap up there : (2) the current 
 of tlie Scamander forms beh)re Koum Kaleh horizontal mounds of sand, 
 where the swamp changes little liy little, by tlio eifect of the vegetation, 
 into vegetalile earth; (o) tliere are deposits of sand at the mouth of the 
 Scaiiuiiider, Avhich are on a level witli the snrfa.ce of the sea ; though it 
 appeal's tliat they ca.iiuot grow higlier, since the wind carries away their 
 crest wlien it enii'rges and liecomes dry: (4) behind Konm Kaleh, on the 
 side of the Aegean, is a la.goon of salt water, which tends to lill up and 
 ajipears to have once lieen connected with the sea. In short, the wliole 
 neck of land of Koum Kahdi seems to be of recent formation; the sea 
 must once have waslied tlie loot of Cape Sigeum. But probably tliis neck 
 of land, in its iiresent condition, already existed in the Trojan time, for 
 such a, formation ri'fjuires ages." 
 
 Ml, CO I, 002. ^ II. K. V. 33. < v. 94. = xiii. pp. GOO, G04. « 7/. N. v. 33 
 
§ v.] PAKOEAMIC VIEW OF THE PLAIN OF TROY. 105 
 
 To the sontli-wGst of KoiTin Kuleli we see Cape Sigcum, c^o^Yne(I with 
 the Christian viHage of Yeni Shehr, 252 ft. above the sea, and its many 
 windmills ; and immediately to the east of it two tumuli, one of which is 
 attributed to Achilles, the other to Patroclns. Looking further on, we 
 see the beautiful blue Hellespont, bordered on the north by the Thracian 
 Chersonesus, which runs out to a point, crowned by a lighthouse, the 
 site probably of the ancient Elaeus (E'Aaiovf) mentioned by Thucydides.' 
 Further to the north-west, we see in the Aegean Sea, and at a distance 
 of about 23 miles from Cape Sigeum, the island of Imbros. It is about 
 23 miles in circumference, and in ancient times had on its east side a 
 city of the same name. Aljove Iiubros rises the high mountain of the 
 island of Samothrace, on the top of which Poseidon sat, and gazed with 
 wonder at the battles before Troy : from thence he overlooked the Greek 
 fleet, the city of Troy, and Mount Ida.^ According to the Scholiast (on 
 this passage) and Plmy,'' this mountain was called tawKri : it is 5000 ft. 
 high. Plm}^ adds, with absurd exaggeration, which seems a copyist's 
 error : " Samothrace attollitur monte Saoce x. mill, passnum altitudinis." 
 A httle more to the west we discern, at a distance of 119 miles, the 
 beautiful cone of Mount Athos, called \\66u>^ by Plomer,^" "XOa^ and "AOm' 
 by other classic writers " (now Monte Santo), the highest and most 
 eastern ridge by which the Macedonian peninsula of Chalcidice penetrates 
 into the Aegean Sea. Pliny ^ states that it extends for 75 Pioman miles 
 into the sea, and that its circumference is 150 miles. Strabo - compares 
 its form to a woman's breast. 
 
 A severe critic of mine has declared that Mount Athos is only visible 
 from Hissarlik at sunset in early autumn;^ but I can assure the reader 
 that this is an utter mistake, as the mountain is visible from Hissarlik 
 all the year round at sunset, whenever the weather is clear. 
 
 According to Herodotus,^ Xerxes, during his expedition to Greece, 
 dug a canal through the neck of land which joins Athos to the Chalcidic 
 lieiiinsula. The promontory was also called Acte.^ Mount Athos is now 
 celebrated for its monasteries, of which there are said to be 34 (32 Greek 
 and 2 Piussian), and for the ancient MSS. preserved in their libraries. 
 
 lieturning to the Plain of Troy and turning our eyes to the north- 
 west, west, and south-west, we see immediately before us the broad bed of 
 the ancient Scamander (now the Kalifatli Asniak) ; then the Christian 
 village of Kalifatli, with its wooden church steeple ; further on, the lines 
 of trees which flank the course of the present bed of the Scamander ; 
 then fields of gram, followed by vast swamps, which are impassable 
 except m the very driest season of the year, and even then only m a few 
 places. There are, however, three bridges in these swamps, by which 
 
 ■ viii. 10--', 107. ' //. -V. iv. 10, 17. I'liii}- f^a^geviite^ thu 
 
 ' I/, .\-iii. 11-U: lengtli i.f Athos, which is actually abuut 40 
 
 Kal yap o 6avfj.a(^iov T\t7T0 Tn6\€^6u xe /idxv^ T€ KogUsh miles. 
 
 v^l^ov eV a.KpoTo.rr]S Kopv(^nis 2ci^ou vArieffffTls * vil. ]>. .i.il. 
 
 epv'iKiris- ei'eei' yap icpaifCTo ivaaa ^yiS-n, ' B. .Stark, Jcnocr L'dcrfitm- Zedinnj, 1874-, 
 
 (palpETo Si Tlpid/j-oio ttoAis Kal vniiS 'Axaii'f'. ^'"- -''■ 
 
 ' //. X. ir. 12. '_':l. '» Jl. xii-. 229. ' rii. 23. See also Diodor. ,xi. 1, and Plin. 
 
 " See Tzsohucke, aud Mela, ii. 2, 10. H. X. iv. 10, 17. =■ Thucydidcs, iv. 109. 
 
106 THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 tliey may always be crossed, except during the period of inundation and 
 tor some' time afterwards. Tliese large sheets of stagnant water, helped 
 by the decomposition of the animal and vegetable matter contained in 
 them, produce pestilential miasmata, which engender much sickness and 
 especially intermittent fevers. 
 
 We ieurii from ancient authors that swamps existed in the Plain 
 of Troy throughout antiquity, even at a time wdien the population was 
 numerous and powerful. There was even a swamp immediately below 
 the walls of Troy itself, for Ulysses says to Eumaeus:'' " ]5nt when we 
 reached the city and the high wall, we lay down in full armour around 
 the citadel, in the midst of the tliick shrubs, among the rushes and 
 the swamp." Hut the swamps must have largely iucreased since the 
 disappearance of the industrious population which formerly inhabited 
 the Troad. lienewcd prosperity and cultivation can alone remove the 
 maj(n-ity of the endemic diseases wdiich are due to them. 
 
 The Trojan plain, which is about two hours' ride in breadth, is 
 bounded on the west by the shores of the Aegean Sea, wdiich aie, on an 
 average, 1P>1 ft. higli, and upon which we see first a conical hill, not 
 unlike a tumulus in appearance. This is called Hagios Demetrios Tepeh, 
 "the hill of Saint Demetrius," on account of an open chapel dedicated 
 to that saint, which has been Iniilt at the foot of the hill, fragments of 
 sculjitured white marljle having been used for the purpose. Many other 
 sculptured marble blocks lie close by, and evidently mark the site of an 
 ancient Greek temple, which, as Mr. Sayco justly ol)serves,' must in all 
 p>robability have been dedicated to Demeter, who — like nearly all other 
 Greek deities — has been metamorphosed into a saint of no real existence, 
 or absurdly confounded with a real one." l!ut here people have not 
 even gone to the trouble of changing the name more than was necessary 
 in order to alter the feminiue gender into the masculine (A)//a))t7;/3 into 
 Ari/j.>jTpiu^). I explored the tumulus and shall revert to it later on. 
 
 A little further to the south-west lies the large Christian village of 
 Yeni Ivioi, in a splendid situation on the cliff, '2U3 ft. high, and over- 
 hanging tlie sea. ]>ut in spite of its high situation, it is, owing to its 
 close neighbourhood to the swamps, imiro infested by fever than any 
 other place in the Troad ; it even sometimes happens that all the inha- 
 bitants of Yeni Kioi are fever-stricken at the same time.'' 
 
 ° O'li/^. x'lv. 47'2-47'i : dnii^nr, sn the Greek sailors of our own time 
 
 a\\' <JT( hi] /j' iKofj-^tjOa TTOTi tztuKw aiivv re iii\olcc Saint Nicholas to the same etVeet. 
 
 T«i'X'«, '■' Without iiossessing the slightest l<no\vleilse 
 
 Vs" M*" 'Tf/J' ^■iT'^" Kara (iwir-iiia Triiia'ci, .>f nieiliriiH., I linami' celebrated in the Troail as 
 
 &y Seca/ftty Ka\ eAes, uirh Teoxf'ti TTeTTTrja'Tes a physirian, owing to the epiantity of quinine 
 
 Kiip.<:Oa, vv^ 5' ap eTTl]A0s Kaicr) Bope'ao an. I timture ol" aruoM 1 hail lirought nilh me 
 
 Trfrri'iyTiii. .,11,1 ,lis| ,rns,.,l lilnnallv. In all the villages of 
 
 ' Athr,ijr„i„, Oct. 4th, IST'.I. the Ti I, the jniest'is the jiarish il.Hjtor; and 
 
 1 lius, fir exiinijile. Saint Nicludas has taken as he himsell' jiossesses no medieines, and is 
 
 the |ilaee and Cunidions .d' I'oseidon. Manv of ignorant of their properties, liesides having 
 
 tlie ehapels er ehnjahes dedicated to him o,eupy an iinuite dislike to cold water ami all species 
 
 the site wliere a samtnary or temide oftlie of wasliing, he never uses any other means than 
 
 Greek god once stood ; and just as iu (dd tihu'S bl liii',', which of (amrse never cures, and often 
 
 the saihirs in\oked the assistance of I'oseiih.n to kills the poor creatures he takes in charge, 
 grant theni a fair wind or tu save them from 
 
§ v.] PAXOliAillC A'lEW OF THE PLAIN OF Ti;(JY. 1G7 
 
 To the south-east of this viUase is the military farm of lerkassi, 
 with its ruined most|ue and minaret ; and further south, on tlie heights, 
 the lofty tumulus called Ujek Tepeh, which is 83 i't. high, and thus hy 
 far the highest of all the tumuli in the Troad. Those who would place 
 Troy at BounarLashi erroneously identify it with the tonih of Aesyetes. 
 I have thoroughly explored it, and shall describe it in detail m the 
 following pages. 
 
 To the north-west of Ujek Tepeh, we see high up on the shore the 
 tumulus called Besika Tepeh, which I also explored, and of which I shall 
 speak hereafter. Of this tumulus, however, we can merely catch the top, 
 as it IS screened from our view by the intervening hills and tall oaks. 
 Immediately to the west of Besika Tepeh is a small promontory, which 
 has the shape of a castle, and is for this reason called " Palaeocastron." 
 I visited it in company with Professor Yirchow. We found there the 
 foundations of one or two modern buildings, but no accumulation of dehris 
 and no fragments of pottery, — those everlasting and indestructible wit- 
 nesses cf ancient settlements. Here begins the far-stretching Bay of 
 Besika, in front of which lies the island of Tenedos, still called by its 
 ancient name, but by the Turks Bogdsha-Adassi. It is distant about 
 40 stadia from the mainland.^" Pliny ' gives its distance from Lesbos 
 as 56 iioman miles, and from Sigeum as 12i miles. 
 
 This island appears to have been celebrated in ancient times, together 
 with Chryse ' and Cilia, '^ for its worship of the Sminthian Apollo : " Hear 
 me, God of the silver bow, thou that guardest Chryse and most holy 
 Cilia, and rulest Tenedos with might, Sminthean Apollo ; if ever I roofed 
 for thee an acceptable shrine, or if ever I burnt for thee fat thighs of 
 bulls or goats, fulfil for me this wish."'* 
 
 Tenedos is now celebrated for its excellent wine, which is not 
 mentioned in Homer. 
 
 Pieturning again to the Plain of Troy, our eyes wander in a southerly 
 direction,^ for the distance of a two hours' ride, as far as the Turkish 
 village of Bounarbashi and the heights to the right and left of it ; this 
 village rises up with its white minaret, and behind it, at a great distance, 
 Mount Chigri, wdnch I liave mentioned before. To the n<)rth-east of 
 Bounarbashi we again recognize the Scamander by the masses of trees 
 with which its banks are lined ; here to the south of its confluence with 
 the Thymbrius is its best ford. As I have said before, from the temple 
 
 '» Strabo. xiii. p. 604. Stralio's time. 
 
 1 // ^Y ^^ oy 140^ ' (.'ilia was in the Taliuy of Tlu-lje in tha 
 
 = Chryse was'acity on the rr.ast of theXrosd, Trna.l, on the river Cillaeus, at the foot cf 
 
 situated'onahillnearThebe,intheneighbourhnoa Jlount Cillaeus ([lart of the ivm^e uf Ida): 
 
 ofAdramyttium, with a temple of the Sminthian Strabo, .xiii. ].].. OIL', 018; I'liny, //. A. v. :J0 ; 
 
 Apollo ia a sacred grove. It was the home of Herodotus, i. 1+9 ; 0\v\, Md.nn. xiii. 174. 
 Chryseis: Iliad, i. 390, 4.52 ; Ovid, Mdan. jiii. "' //. i. 37-41 : 
 
 174; Strabo, xiii. pp. 605, 611. I'liny, //. .V. v. KXiBi ^eu, hpyvp6To^', ts Xpiaw o.n^i&ffinK".i 
 
 ■32, says, " fuit et Polvmedia civitas, et Cliry.;a Ki'AAai/ t6 (.afleT;!/, Ttviioio re i(pi avaaaecs, 
 
 et Larissa alia Smintheum templum durat ;" XuivOfi. et Tvore rtn xap'fT M vv'j^ (pH'^, 
 
 but he can of course only mean the later Chryse, fj d 5ij Trori roi Kark ir'iuva f^vp" eK7)a 
 
 which was near Hamasitus (Strabo, xiii. p. 612), Tavpuif 7)5" alyHr, TuSe ^oi itpitvi'ov ieXSuip- 
 the ancient city having utterly di'sappeared in '- See the View, No. 2lB, opposite p. 1U3, 
 
108 THE COUNTRY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 of the TliymLriaii Apollo, at the confluence, to Novum Ilium is, according 
 to Stralio,'' 50 stadia. At a mile's distance in a north-westerly direction 
 lies the heautiful estate belonging to my friend Mr. Calvert, the old name 
 of which— Akshi Kioi or Batak (which latter means " swamp ")~has 
 now hcen changed into Thymhra. It deserves the change of name, for 
 jiot only IS it hounded hy the river Thymbrius, but it stands, as before 
 stated, on tlie site of tlie ancient Thymbra. It also comprises the site 
 of an early settlement, on a small hill to the north of Mr. Calvert's farm- 
 house. This site is covered with fragments of ordinary Greek pottery, 
 and in regard to position, distance, &c., corresponds so closely with the 
 statements of Strabo, that it must certainly lie his 'iXiecov Kco/xj;, wliere, 
 on the authority of Demetrius of Scepsis, he places the Homeric Troy. 
 At the foot of the hill are, curiously enough, the three springs of water 
 already described, which produced the Duden swamp, now dried up, of 
 which I have spoken before. The temperature of these springs is, 
 according to Professor Yirchow's measurement, 68^-71°'G0 Fahr. 
 
 I have explored the site of 'Wieoii' Kco/xt;, but found it. to consist 
 simply of coarse gravel sand ; there is no accumulation of dehris ; and the 
 scanty potsherds lie on the surface of the ground. Demetrius of Scepsis 
 may have been deceived by the appearance of the soil ; he may have 
 supposed the Trojan walls to be hidden under a small natural rampart, 
 which projects to some distance and encloses the site in some places; 
 but it really consists of nothing but gravel and sand. Mr. Calvert has 
 excavated a number of tombs close to this site. If wo may judge from 
 the contents of the tombs, they would belong to poor villagers. Another 
 curiosity of the estate is the tumulus of Hanai Tepeh, of which I shall 
 treat hereafter. 
 
 Between the estate and Ilissarlik arc small heights covered with 
 oaks, low shrubs, and bushes. At a short distance to the south rises a 
 tumulus called Pasha Tepeh, which has been excavated by Mrs. Schlie- 
 mann, and which I shall describe hereafter.' To the north-east of it 
 is the Turkish village of Chiblak or Tchiplak (a word which means 
 "naked"), witli its minaret lately built with the stones I excavated 
 at Hissarlik. This tumulus is situated on a neck of land wdiich projects 
 thence in a westerly direction for half a mile further into the Plain of 
 Troy, and wdiose last spur dominates the swamp of the Kalifatli Asmak. 
 On this sort of promontory "Webb" places ancient Troy. But his map 
 is in confusion, for ho says that this promontory is to the east of Ilium 
 and to the south-cast of Chiblak, whereas it is to the south of the former 
 and to the west of the latter. ^Yebb■' supposes that there were two 
 springs at the foot of tlie site, which formed a sv,'amp. But there are 
 no springs; there are only low lands which are inundated at the period 
 of th(.'. high waters. He commits a further error in making the Kalifatli 
 Asmak come from Childak, and m identifying the tumulus of Acsyetes 
 with Besika Tepeh. The facts are, as M. Burnouf writes to me, that 
 
 ° -xiii. p. r>08. 8 1'. I'.uvkei- Wi^bb, TupiMji-aphic da la Troadc, p. 55. 
 
 ' Sue ChaplorXIi. » Ibid. p. 55. 
 
§ v.] 
 
 PANORAMIC YIEAV OF THE PLAIN OF TKCiY. 
 
 io:j 
 
 ^*^l> 
 
 v\\\\\\l|(il////, x-^^ 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 The Hill wliicb oxt'-nds flora Pasha Tepivli, in tlie 
 furni (.if a snuill prumuntory, to the Plain, 
 
 the little joromontory consists of a horizontal limestone rock 290 metres 
 = 951 ft. long by 16 to 911 metres = 52 to 295 ft. broad; the two lower 
 spurs, Ij and c, advance from it to the nortli-west and south-west. (See 
 the Plan, Xo. 22.) On the hill a' are to be h>und only a few fragments 
 of red modern potter}'. Advancing towards a, the (quantity of vase- 
 fragments increases, but the pottery is the same, wheel-made, and dull 
 red. There is no fragment of 
 hand-polished pottery, no frag- 
 ment of a saddle-quern, or of 
 other ancient objects. The 
 accumulation of dthris here 
 
 and there hardly amounts to ^\^^^'^^J]]MMl!Sjl^/, 
 1 inch ; below it is the naked 'y:y/Ji$ 
 rock. But there are frag- 
 ments of white or coloured 
 marble, some of vfhich arc 
 sculptured. 
 
 The hill is crossed by the footpath which leads from Kalifatli by Pasha 
 Tepeh to Chiblak. In the dale at the southern foot of the hill is the little 
 rivulet of Chiblak, which is hardly 3 ft. wide, and generally dry ; it passes 
 in front of the little promontory a', feeds the reeds in the plain, and dis- 
 charges into the Plalifatli Asmak at about 300 metres =984 ft. below the 
 village of this name. To tlie south-east of Chiblak J\Iount Gargarus, now 
 called Ivaz Dagh, lifts up its head in the far distance. Immediately to 
 the south-west, south, and east, is the site of Novum Ilium, the walls of 
 which may still be traced in a number of places. Its extent would imply 
 that it may have had from 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants. The accumula- 
 tion of dtbris on its site is generally from to 10 ft. deep. The surface 
 is covered with Hellenic and Koman potsherds, as well as with fragments 
 of marble sculptures and columns, which testify to the ancient magnifi- 
 cence of the toAvn. 
 
 As before explained, the hill of Hissarlik is the spur of a continuous 
 ridge, which Strabo well describes by the words awexv^ pAY'^^." because 
 it runs for 12 miles m an easterly direction. It is partly covered with 
 oaks, and apparently terminates in Mount Oulou Dagh, which I have tried 
 to identify with the Homeric Callicolone. Between this ridge and the 
 heights of Pihoeteum is the beautiful plain called Halil Ovasi, from 1 to 
 LV mile in Ijreadth and 4 miles in length, which is traversed by the 
 Simois, and extends to the ffH.t of the hill upon which are the ruins 
 of Ophrynium : m this valley, wliich forms part of the great Plain of 
 Troy, at a distance of 2\ miles, lies the Turkish village of Halil Eli. 
 Another branch of the same valley extends from this village along the 
 Simois to beyond the pretty Turkish village of Dfiumbrek, which is at 
 a distance of 8 miles from Hissarlik. This second valley is of wonderful 
 fertility; its orchards are full of peach-trees, almond-trees, pear-trees, 
 and the like 
 
 In the steep rocky slope close to Hissarlik, a large theatre has been 
 
 Strabo. .\iii. ta. 59-9. 
 
110 'VUK C<.)UNTKY oV THE TllOJANS. [iJiiai>. I. 
 
 cxciivatcil, witli a sta^e 1117 11. ln'oad, iuid apparoutly capaJilo of contain- 
 ing HDOO pi^-.soiis. Til judge fi-oiii llie iVa,gnicnts of scnlplni-cd niaililo I 
 have dug up tlu'i'O, it appears to lielong to the Macedonian time. It was 
 prol)al)ly Luilt Ijy LyHimaclius, and was one of the favours he conferred 
 upon Novum Ilium." 
 
 Immediately to the east of this theatre, directly helow the ruins of 
 tlic town-wall of Novum Ilium, and exactly 3(55 mi'tres or 31)'.) yds. from 
 Hissarlik, is the spring, wlmso water lias, as hil'ore )iientioned, a, tempei'a- 
 ture iif 11 -(i Cdsius (oS -JS I'ahrenheit). It is enclosed to a height of 
 (i,', ft. hy a wall of hirge^ stimes joined with cement, !) | il. in hreadth, and 
 in front of it thei'(^ are two ston(^ troughs hir walering caltli^. A second 
 siiring, wliicli is lilcewisf^ still helow tlie nuns of the ancient town- 
 wall, is exa,ctly 72o metres {7'.y^ yds.) ilistant from Hissarlik. It had a 
 similar enclosure of large sfoiies, 7ft. high and Tift, hroad, and lias the 
 sami.i temjterature. ]'>ut it is out of rejiaar: all tlu; stones <if tlie (Uiclosnro 
 havi^ l)een taken away l)y ihe villagers for hnililing purposc^s, and the 
 water no longer I'uns fhrough the stone pipe, hut along the gi'ouud 
 hefore it readies the pijie. Aft(U' these tw'o springs, exactly Dlo mdres 
 or 101!.'-] yds. tVom Hissarlik, is a third spring. It is t'opious and I'lins 
 out through two stone pi[ies jihiced side hy side in a,ii enclosure com- 
 posed ot large stones joined with earth, which rises to a height of 711. 
 and is 2.'! ft. hroad. The t(uiiperalure of the sjiring is from M^.'Stolfi' 
 Celsius (•")7 '71 to .01)' Fahr.). In front of the spring are six stone 
 troughs, plac(!d so that flu.! su}ierlluous water runs from tiu! lirst ihrougli 
 all the others. All these enclosures and troughs are of Turkish ma,S(Uiry 
 and manufacture. These tliree, springs were of coirrso insuificient for the 
 vast jiopulation of Novum Jlium ; a, large (juantity of water was conse- 
 (jueiitly hroiiglit also from tlie Upper Thymhrius liy the great anueduct 
 already meiitiom;!, wdudi still spans the lower course of that riviu'. 
 
 § yi. ZoOLOfiY OF THE TkOAI). 
 
 Barker AVehh writes:' "The zinie of forests with wliidi tlio Gargarus 
 is surrounded is prolja,hly in the same state of wild nature in which it 
 wa,s at the time of tin; Trojan war; even at a much more advanced 
 stage of civilizalion it jireserved IJie same, aspect, for Lilian ius informs 
 us thai th<; mountains of Ida were iiihahited liy a peculia,rly wild s]iecies 
 of hear;" nay, (Iresconius (lorippus, at a later jieriod, descrihes ilie sa.iiie 
 wild scene as existed at the liuK! of Homer and as still exists to-day.'' 
 I'hese forests are peopled hy liears, wolv<.'S, and a y.ia: of animals, ])rohalily 
 ja,ckals, wliiili, we lii'ar, pursue their jirey in ha,nds. Mount Ida, is still 
 the fJ-i'inifj thjjiMn (mother of wild lieasts), and, if we hdieve t,he in- 
 liahitants of the country, even tigers are sometimes seen there." 
 
 I will lier(! make some extracts from Tdi i hatch df on the Zoidogy 
 of the Troad : "Jackal ((Ihacaljis a, rersia,n word. The wolf, descrihed 
 hy yViistot,le a,nd Pliny under the iuuih! of ^^'iv, is identical with tlie jackal. 
 
 " Sti;ilHi, jiii. |,, UV;. a Fl;,vii CiVM C.,ri|,|,. ,I,ili;iinrnlos. 
 
 ' 'ri,,n,.jr:ii,h',r il,; l,i. Tririlil', ]i. 1 1 .■:. ■■ Ask jUiiuim:: /),-sa: phi/a. j,. .S'.I'J IT. 
 
 ' L;l.aiiiiis, J-J/nsL rUi. 
 
§ VI.] ZOOLOGY OF THE TEOAD. Ill 
 
 The lion, so well known to Homer, in the time of Herodotus^ still inha- 
 bited the country between the rivers Nestus" and Aehelons ' (between the 
 present Missolonghi and Saloniea), so that he calls it infested by lions. 
 Aristotle ** reproduces the delimitation of the country inhabited by lions 
 as drawn by Herodotus. Parthenius,'^ who lived about 50 b.c, says that 
 the hunter Euanippus hunted lions and boars in Thessaly. Aclian/" who 
 flourished in the beginning of the third century of our era, mentions lions 
 and bears on ilouut Pangaeus in Tlirace. An Homeric hymn '' mentions 
 lions, panthers, bears, and wolves on Mount Ida. According to Aeliau,' 
 there were lions in Armenia. According to Constantme Porphyro- 
 genitus,- lions existed in Cappadocia. The medals of Tarsus represent a 
 lion devouring a bull. It appears that the lion had already in the time 
 of Hadrian (117-138 a.d.) left the districts which it had inhabited in 
 Europe. Lions were still seen in Asia Minor in the sixteenth century 
 of our era ; but they have now completely deserted the peninsula. We 
 learn from the Bible, '^ that lions were very common in Palestine and 
 Syria. That they were bold enough to attack, not only flocks guarded by 
 shepherds, but wayfarers on the roads, is shown by the lions killed by 
 Samson (Judg. xiv. 5, 6) and by David (1 Sam. xvii. .34), and by the 
 lion that slew the disobedient prophet (1 Kings xiii. 24). The lion is 
 a constant image of strength and courage, violence and oppression, in 
 innumerable passages, especially of Job, the Psalms, the Proverbs, and 
 the Prophets ; and he is the symbol of the trilie of Judali, and of the 
 Messiah himself (Gen. xlix. 9 ; Piev. v. 5). The retrograde movement of 
 the lion seems at first sight the more difficult to explain, as the countries 
 which it inhabited underwent an immense decrease of population. Put 
 the cause is to be found in this very decrease of population and domestic 
 animals. Panthers are no longer found in the Troad, but they are 
 still seen in the environs of Smyrna. Boars are very frequent in all 
 the mountains of Phrygia and in those of the Troad, which appear to 
 have been one of the most ancient residences of this pachyderm. But 
 it must be distinctly understood that our domestic pig docs not descend 
 from the Sus scropJia, or boar, but from the wild pig of India. 
 
 "Horses are very numerous in the Troad. We know from the testi- 
 mony of Homer that Asia Minor and Thrace were celebrated for their 
 horses. According to the Bible,'' Solomon (1000 e.g.) had 12,000 horse- 
 men ; Isaiah (700 e.g.) speaks of the cavalry of the Israelites, and 
 mentions the horse as serving for agricultural purposes. Asses, mules, 
 oxen, goats, camels, and sheep, are ecjually plentiful. The wool of 
 Phrygia and of Miletus was ycvj celebrated in antiquity, for Aristophanes 
 thrice '^ mentions that the Athenians imported their wool for the manu- 
 facture of cloth from Phrygia and Miletus. Herodotus " represents 
 
 ' Herodotu.s, vii. 120. " //i/»/». in Vcncrcm, rv. (19, 199. 
 
 " The present Karasu or JIaistc, t.o the east ' /lisf. Arunutl. .x-fii. :\i. 
 
 of Saloniea, " /'■ T/icmat., i. IVtun. Anvniiiirinn. 
 
 ^ Proljably the Asprnjiotamus, in Li\a iia. ^ .Ten.Mniali ^^ G; xlix. 19; Snl<nnnn's Sun^, 
 
 » J-Iist. Animal, viii. 28. ix. 8. J 2 Chrniiide.s, i. U. 
 
 ° Ed. Passau ; Leipzicr, 1824. » In yln., verse 49.T ; in J^ijsist., verse 1?M; 
 
 " Ilist. Animal, iii. 13. and in L'aii., verse .549. " y. 49. 
 
112 THE COUNTRY OP THE TROJAKS. [Chap. I. 
 
 Phrygia as tlio ricliest eountry in the world for flocks. Appian informs 
 us tLat on tlio shores of tlie Pontus tlie abundance of cattle v.'as so 
 great that, when Lucullus besieged Amisus (Samsoun), the price of an ox 
 was 1 drachma (about 1 franc), and that of other animals in proportion. 
 
 "Of the eight different species of oxen only the ox (Bos taurm) and 
 the buffalo {Bos hiihalus) are found in Asia Minor. Independently of the 
 little advanced state of industry and agriculture, the development of the 
 bovine race finds in this Cduntry rather unfavourable- conditions, owing 
 to its mountainous formation and the nature of its pasture-grounds. 
 These are generally composed of an herljage more or less short, which 
 is excellent for sheep, goats, and even horses, but not good for oxen. 
 Milk, cheese, and meat, being furnished here almost exclusively by sheep 
 and goats, the use of the ox is limited to the needs of agriculture ; and 
 as this is here but very little developed, the number of oxen and buflaloes 
 is naturally inconsiderable. Varro' mentions very wild bulls {perferi 
 boves) in Dardania (the Troad), as well as in Thrace and i\[edia ; but 
 these certainly do not remind us of the present bulls of Asia Minor, 
 which are so (juiet and inotfensive. 
 
 "Aelian" informs us that the laws of Phrygia condemned to death 
 any one who killed an ox destined for the plough. This proves either 
 tlie great scarcity of this animal, or the groat development of agri- 
 culture. Varro, ^ Pliny,'" Valerius Maximus/ and Columella,- also inform 
 us that the ancients had such a respect for the ox, as indispensable for 
 agriculture, that they decreed death to any one who killed one. 
 
 "The buffalo is very common, and fre(|ucntly serves instead of oxen 
 for the labours of agriculture. Of camels, the only species found here is 
 the (Jdiiidus Badrlaims. That this species was known in Assyria, which 
 has close relations with Asia Minor, is proved by the appearance of the 
 two-humped camel among the trilnites brought to king Shalmaneser III. 
 (n.c. 840), on the famous black obelisk in the British Sluseum. This 
 animal seems to have been unknown in Asia Minor and Greece in high 
 antirpxity, for Herodotus '' attributes the victory of Cyrus over Croesus at 
 Sardis to the presence of camels in the Persian army, wdiich were 
 unknown until then, and the sight of which frightened the Lydian 
 cavalry. 
 
 "The stag (Ot'Tvus eJuplius) is rare, whereas the deer (Cervus dama) 
 and the roelnick {Cervus cupriolus) are very abundant. Of gazeUes, the 
 Antihipii Boreas is the most frequent. 
 
 "The oniifJioIof/ical Fauna is very rich, l)ut little known. Crows, 
 ravens, partridges (Ijeth red and grey), (piails, as well as storks, are 
 very abundant. The jiart wliicli the stork plays in the physiognomy 
 of the landscape is particularly due to the respect shown to him : this 
 respect is such tliat he is everywhere inviolable, and Ins presence is 
 regarded as a good omen. According to Eoseninirller, the word Clbasidah, 
 by which the stork is named in the Bible, signifies ' pious.' " 
 
 /),,■ Ik Hust. ii. U 8 Ilkt. Aniuotl xil. :A. " T>c Ec Last. ii. 5. 
 
 //. N. viii. 70. 4. ' viii. 8. - Dc Ec Eust.ri. > i. 79,80. 
 
§ VI.] ZOOLOGY OF TEE TEOAD. 113 
 
 I must mention, however, that the storks build tlieir nests only on 
 the houses of Turks, or on -walls and trees, never on the houses ot the 
 Christians ; for while the former have a sort of veneration for the stork, 
 the latter call it the sacred bird of the Turks, and do not sutfer it to 
 build nests on their houses. The Turks, on the contrary, can never have 
 too many storks' nests on tlieir houses. There are houses in Bounarbashi 
 with four, six, eight, ten, and even twelve storks' nests on one and the 
 same flat roof. 
 
 Cranes do not remain in the Troad durina; the summer, but mit^'rate 
 northward in immense swarms in March, and return in August to 
 more congenial climes. Aa Homer never mentions storks, though they 
 must have been at all times plentiful in the Troad, I am inclined to think 
 that he includes under the word yipavoi both storks and cranes. Nothing- 
 can be more beautiful than his description of the passage of these birds : 
 "The Trojans went with clanging and noise like birds; as when the 
 clanging of the cranes rises in the face of heaven, who, after having 
 escaped the winter and the tremendous rain, fly with loud cries over the 
 streams of Ocean, bearing niurder and destruction to the Pygmaean 
 race." * 
 
 There are various species of vultures in the Plain of Troy, but only 
 one species of eagle. This has a very dark plumage, nearly black, in 
 consequence of which M. Burnouf holds it to be identical with the 
 Homeric TrepKvo^, of which the poet says : '' Zeus, the counsellor, heard 
 him (Priam), and forthwith sent an eagle, the king of birds, a dark bird 
 of chase, which men also call jjercnos." ^ 
 
 There is also a small bird in the plain with a beautiful plumage, 
 which M. Burnouf holds to bo identical with the Homeric Cymindis, 
 called Chalcis liy the gods. The reader will remember that Sleep, in 
 the shape of this bird, sat hidden in the foliage among the boughs of 
 a pine-tree.''' Owls are here even still more plentiful than in Athens. 
 Some species of them hiive a beautiful plumage ; they used to make 
 
 ^ //. iii. 2-0; Th(3 Suhiiliast ot■^'onice, int^.-riiretinc; the name 
 
 Tpcies •./ill KAayyfi t' Ivciri) t' luav, opviBes Us, XaA/ci's, says ("d Ilkid, xiv. 'JOl): " Sume jn'oijle 
 
 Tjl'iTe 7r€p KXo.yyi\ yf^pupici' TreAei ovpavoOi trpdy .say that XaAKis is the muther of the Oory- 
 
 o'l t' eVei ov!/ x^ijjMva (pu'/ou Ko\ o.Q^(T<po.TGv hant(.'S ' (oi Oe ti]v ^!.7]T€pa ruji' Knpu/3ai'Twi/ 
 
 ouj3poVy XaA/ciOa (pao'ij'). H(j aih.Is tliat, aci'iir^ling tu tlie 
 
 K\ayy7i rai y^ ir^rovTai eV ^[iKiavolo pooMv^ traditiuns, this biril was nntliini; e'Ise but a 
 
 iivoparri YlvyiJ.aioLrn rpuvov noA icqpa (p^povaai. irietamorphoscd heroine, and tliat its name \\'as 
 
 5 //. xxiv. '■'>IA-?}1\'> : derived either iVom its eopper-eoloured jiliima^e, 
 
 ois eipar' ivxoiJ.evos, rod S' l/cAu€ /.i7)Ti'fTct ZeiJr. or frimi the ^ir^llm^taIll■e tliat, diirilin' her lil'e- 
 
 cSjTiKO. 5' ahruv t]k^, TeA^LuraTOU TreTeTji/wc, time, the iKnaane' dwilt at <')ialeis in Lldjeea. 
 
 p.rjp(pvov BT]p'nTrip\'bi' Kol TTfpKvhv K.a\iov(Tw. ^s we sliall .see in the sn|jse(|uent jiages, tlij 
 
 There can he no doubt that ij.opct>u6s means Coryb.iutes were cehjbiated metallurgists in the 
 
 dark-coloured (/je'Aai) ; according to Hesychius, service of RlaM and practised divination on the 
 
 it is related to upcpyri, which appears to be con- island of Samothrace. Professor Sayce observes 
 
 firmed by the word Trepuvoj (aKo irepKoi in to me, that, " it' Kv/j.LvdLs in the language of 
 
 Aristotle), because the verb Trepicdfeij', which men— that is, iu the languagi; of the natives — 
 
 has the same root, is used for gra|ies which are had the same meaning as the Greek XaAia's or 
 
 beginning to tnrn black. ' bronze-coloui-ed,' we might comjiare it with 
 
 '' II. -xiv. [iS9-'29] : aKafiafOpo^, tie.' fjreek equi\alent ot' which was 
 
 ej'6' ^<tt' u^oktlv TreTTU/cacr^eVos eiKaTivoKjiv, i^avdos^ and ili.|i\-e them both from a root or 
 
 upviQi Xtyvpfj ^yaAiyKios, tjv t' 4v vpf^dfnu stem sbjmanij, signilying '\-elh)W.'" 
 Xa\Kida klkKv.itkovui Oeoi, 6.yop€s Se nvfiii'dLi^. 
 
114 THE COUNTIiY OV THE TROJANS. [Citap, T 
 
 tlicir nests in tlio holes of my trendies, and finnoyed iis a great deal, 
 particularly at nis'lit, Ijy their doleful and hideous cries. 
 
 Sualvcs ar(^ very frequent in tlic Troad ; in fact, so much so that, wero 
 it not for tlic wtorlis \vlii(di eat them, the Plain would ahonnd witli them. 
 Tliero arc a great many dilferent species of snakes, and among them many 
 are very poisonous; hut, as Ijcfore mentioned, the most poisonous of all is 
 said to ho a small adder, not larger than a worm, wliich is called nmi'iKiov 
 ])j tlie present Trojans, pi-ohahly hecause they hincy that a ])erson hitten 
 hy it can only live till sunset. Tlie jioijIs of the Plain of Troy ahound 
 with water-snakes, some of wliieji are saj'd to he venomous. As tortoises 
 are not eaten, Imtli hmd and Avater tortoises are very ahnndant; in hiet, it 
 v/ould not lie difficult to ca,tcli sonre hundreds of tliem in a day. 
 
 All ihe water-}ioi)ls in tiie Phiin of Troy are alscj very ricli in 
 annelids of tljc sucker class, particularly in medicinal lee'(dies and horse- 
 leeches; the former, indeed, are so plentiful that an okc = 2J7 Ihs. troy is 
 sold for 10 francs = 8s. sterling, so that a pound of leeches would cost 
 only M.S. 2(1. 
 
 Th(i devouring lonists [Gn'Uiis riiir/rator/ins) are very common. Tliey 
 sometimes mal<:(; tlieir deva,stating visits ior sev(;ral years in succession. 
 Very common also is Die Kenni-s (Corni:-; iliris), whicli inhahits the 
 evergreen oak ((^hiririiK vVcr) and the Qiiercim cocrifera. 
 
 I am iiidelited to Professor Virchow for the hdlowing report on the 
 Concliylia whicli lie has lirought from tlie Tread. He collected thein 
 partly in his excursions iii tlie Troad, Jiajdly in my excavations. Tlie 
 report was read (Ui the ITtli of June, 1S7'.), liy Ihna' von ]\Iart(_'ns, at the 
 session of the (Irsi-Jl^rJuift luiturformliender Frauihth;, at Perlin. 
 
 " 1. L.vxi) Snails. — Ifi/alina liydatina (Iiossni.), hmnd at Koum Kaleli, 
 at the mouth of tlie Scamander. Helix vermiriiln/n ( JIull.). I [<■]!. r Taiirira 
 (ivryncki ; radiuKii //j]cii\('y -^ Itossmiissler, fig. 4n(j), from the Ida moun- 
 tains. JIdix Jiijiili nil fPurr). Iblix riirinli'dls (Drap). Another ILdix 
 of tlie grouji of tlie Xerophils. Helix Cunfiana (Montague), near Koum 
 Iva.hdi. iSidiiiiiirnii fiiJim-ididiis (Turtoii), also from Koum Kaleh. Jtidi- 
 iiiiniis Niy.o (Itisso; si'diirdlis^ Ziegler) : this species wa,s Jiilhertij sup- 
 posed not to he found in Asia ]\Iinor. iSten"r/i/rn, deeoUata, (L.). 
 
 "2. l''i;i:siiwA'ri;i: Conchylia. — Liiiinaea <■ in-ii-nlnrin (Tj.), from the 
 ScamandiU'. ]\lrhiiiiipHis prnerosa (L.), A'ar. Hrrnssuri (Potli.) ; numerous 
 in the Pounarhaslii Su. ^fr/iuiojisis eostida fOliv.), found on tlie strand 
 of the Hidlespoiit near lihoeti^um. Nerilina Hifricira, var. Trd/iiiid (Cliar- 
 pentiei') ; hjund in the I'lounarliaslii Su, together with M. jirarrnsa. 
 
 " '■>. Makink Conoiiylia. (IL, on the shore of the, H(dlespont near 
 Rhoeteum. A., collected alive in Ihe Gulf of Adramyttium, at Assos.) — H. 
 Conns Mrdifeiraneus (Kvin^H). IT. <J(dinnhclli rn^tica, (L.). 1 1. A. Nassa 
 neritendh.). II. Curi/liiiiin i'lili/nhnu, var. jiiitr/nJ/iini (Phil.). IF. Ceriihiina 
 ]\I(-dilrvraii.euiii, (iJesh.). II. Cirilliiiiin srahrnni. (Olivi). 11. A. Trfxdins 
 (ir/irn/ii/iis (Lamaridi as Moiiodonhi ). i\. Troidnis diraricidjis (L.). 
 if, l'nir/iii>i (dhidny. (dmelin ; dHnsnlrtlii , Phil.j. 11. Tror]iiit< Adrialieus 
 (Phil.). If. Patella TM-erdimi {^ii\\H;Liim.). H. JDentaliuin Tarentinuni, 
 (Lam.j. H. Anoiiiia cepa (L.j. Pecten glaher (L., from the Dardanelles). 
 
§ VI.] zij(:iloCtY of the truad. 11," 
 
 H. A. Iibjt'dus eiliilis (L.). H. Mi/filiis minimus (Poli). A. Curdita sul- 
 cata (Brug.). H. Cardiiiiii edidc (L.), var. rnxticiun (Lam.). H. Liiriua 
 leuconia (Turt. ; Itc/ea, imvt.}. H. i'//f]terea Cliione (L.). H. Ytu as ver- 
 rucosa (L.). Venus (jaJliua (L.), in the sand of the serail at Con- 
 stantinople. H. Tapes decussatus (Jj.). Tapes aureus (l^hdioii). 11. Mart ra 
 sfudtorum (L.). H. Douax trunndus (L.). H. Tedina tenuis Bacjsta. 
 mouth of the Seamancler. H. Telliua frajdis (L.j. 
 
 "In the excavations at Troy wevc fonml ;— 
 
 " Mure.x trunculus (L.). Purpura haehiastorna (L.). CohnuleUa rus- 
 tica. Ceritliium vuhjatuui, var. spiuosuui (Philippi). Gijpraea hirida (L.). 
 Troclius artieuJatus (Lam,). Patella caerulea (L.). Ostrea lameUosa 
 (Brocchi). Spejndijlus ijaederopus [Jj.). Peefen r/Iidier {h.) Puefeit edaher, 
 var. suleafus (Born). Pectuncidus pilosvs (L.). Perfu}u:ulus violascens 
 (Lam.). 2Tijtdus uJudis (L. ), var. G/dloproviuciaJis (Lam.); very numerous. 
 Cardiuui edule (L.), var. rusticum (Lam,); very numerou.s. Venus ver- 
 rucosa (L.). Tapes decussatus (L.). /S'o/t-;( y(iar^/««^»s (Pulteney ; vac/ina, 
 auct.). 
 
 " 3Iurex trunculus and Purpmra haemasfoma have probably served 
 for the manufacture of purple. This is the more likely, as precisely 
 these two occur in peculiarly sharp angular fragments, such as are not 
 found at present either on the seashore or in kitchen-middens. But, 
 as Aristotle and Pliny expressly state, the purple-fish were violently 
 broken for the manufacture of purple, Murev tiamculus is the very 
 kind which was already found in 1811 liy Lord Valentia, and later by 
 Dr. Wilde (1839-1840), in the ruins of Tyre, and was recognized as 
 the purple-fish ; it was found also in the Morea by Bory St. Vincent. 
 purpura l.aena:<stoma serves the fishermen of Minorca at the present day 
 for marking their shirts. It was used by Lacaze-Duthiers for his well- 
 known researches on purple ; but as far as we know, no specimen of 
 it, preserved from antiquity, hail hitherto been known This Trojan 
 specimen is therefore of capital interest. AVe may conclude from the 
 statement of Aristotle ' that the industry of purple-dyeing llourished on 
 the coast of the Troad, as well as that a large species of pur})le-iish Avas 
 found near Sigeum, The knowledge of purple among the Greeks goes 
 back to a very remote period, as is proved by numerous passages in the 
 Homeric poems, which mention p)urple, sometimes in its proper sense 
 for dyeing garments, sometimes in certain well-known passages, as the 
 colour of very heterogeneous objects, 
 
 "Most of the other cochleae and conchylia found m the excavations 
 have doubtless served the Trojans or Ilians as food, C'erithium, Troclius, 
 Patella, Ostrea, Spondylus, Pecten, Cardium, Venus, Tapes, and Sidcn, 
 are precisely the kinds wdrich the inhabitants of the Mediterranean 
 coasts are still fond of using for fnod; as well as the iuhaljitants ot the 
 islands in the Aegean Sea,"' of Balmatia, of the eastern coast of Italy, 
 and of Southern France, In sonic parts of the Upper Adriatic, even the 
 ancient Greek names of these cochleae and concliylia are preserved. 
 
 ' Hist. Aniiu'-il. V. 15. ' See Toui-nefort's Travels into the Lctunt, Lwid. 1718 
 
110 THE COUXTEY OF THE TROJANS. [Chap. I. 
 
 Tims Crrifliiiiiii vuhjutniii is called vtromliolo in the fisli-market of Spalatro. 
 l'>y tlie stfomhos of tlie ancient Greeks we are to nuJerstaud tins peculiar 
 species, and not tlie general conception of a coclilca with spiral con- 
 volutions. It is therefore of interest to find the CeritJiiuiii among the 
 antiquities of Troy. The ancient authors took their statements on sea- 
 animals essentially from the mouths of fishermen and lovers of delicacies ; 
 but such only know and name what is of practical interest to them. 
 HoAv important the cochleae and conchylia were as food to tho ancient 
 (jreeks we see from the comedies, as well as from the Deipuosopliistae of 
 Athenaeus. On the other hand, it appears strange that wo find no 
 mention made of them in the Iliail and Och/ssei/. A passage in the 
 Iliad;' which compares fho mortally-wounded Hebriones, p)recipitated 
 from his chariot, to a diver who searches for r/jOea, has indeed been 
 referred to oysters; but as this W(jrd does not occur again in Homer, 
 wheri.'as tho very similar Tridvov means in Aristotle and others merely 
 ascidia (uahucta, acephalous molluscs), which still serve on the Mediter- 
 ranean coast as food for men, that interpretation is at least doubtful. 
 The Homeric poems describe chiefly the royal festive meals of sacrificial 
 meats, not tlie daily food of the common people. We hesitate to regard 
 as remains of food only the L'ul u mlxAla, on account of its sinallness; 
 the Troi-hns (irticidatiis, on account of its good preservation; and the 
 Prr/iiiiciihis, on account of its perforation, which may perhaps be artificial. 
 These sjiecies may have been used as ornaments or toys." 
 
 § YII. The Floea of iHii TnoAn.'" 
 " ]\rost of the plains and lulls of the Troad abound with trees, par- 
 ticularly with that kind of oak which yields the valonea (from /3d\apo^, 
 ' acorn '), called Quonis arr/ilqis. The road from Luunarbashi to Alex- 
 andria-Troas leads through an almost uninterrupted forest of these oaks, 
 mixed here and there with S(mie nettle-trees {Cdtis Tonrnrfort/'i). If left 
 to its natural development, this oalc grows majestically ; l.ut as the oaks 
 are aunually Ijeaten with poles in order to knock off the acorns, they 
 are ..ften much defjrmed. The acinuis are gathered a little before 
 maturity; they are thrown into heaps, and after a slight fermentation 
 the acorn detaches its.df from the cup. Only tliis hHter is used. It 
 IS expos.'d to the air, and as soon as it is complet.ely dry it can be used 
 fa' tanning. This is the most important province ,jf tlie Troad, and is 
 largely exported to England. There is another varndy of oak, the leaves 
 el Avliirh have both surfaces of an idenli(.,l green colour, and scarcely at 
 all villous {Qurrru, troj.jnn, Nob.). On all (he low ami barren hills 
 flourish two other hinds ,d' onk, the mfcct„ria and the nwrifora, or rather 
 i,),!rrrn, ]meiul<i-rocnfrn(, whieh randy exceed the size of a shrub. The 
 loinior of these shrubs produces the gall-nut or oak-apple of commerce, 
 
 ../'■^'■' '';','■ , l'-avn.^,l aisscrtatinn wliicli tlic .Trromvilishcil 
 
 «< or, -nuvKa, ,r„rTa. ,, ,x9"of<'T, 7e,-„,To, l,„t;„„st 1'. Ilarkcr W.lil, ^-ivus ,„i tlie lima of 
 
 A"t. l-u,., . l„,la,nst,„y,^.ir, I tl,i„k I , annot ,,a../cr„.r, p,,. IIO-IL'S. 
 'lo bettiT than ipintu liLTu a traiislatiuu ul' tho 
 
§ VII.] 
 
 THE FLORA OF THE TROAD. 
 
 117 
 
 ^vliicli is notliing else than an excrescence in tlic form of a walnut, 
 pixxluced by the sting of an insect ; the latter yields the small red grains 
 of the dyers, produced by a similar cause : but m the Troad none of 
 these ofijects are used, or even gathered. 
 
 " Homer is an admirable painter of the beauties of physical nature. 
 One of his characteristic qualities is to sketch by a few masterly strokes 
 the most simple objects and the distinct cpialities of eaeli object. He 
 describes to us the Plain of the Seainander, where the Greek army was 
 draAVii up in battle array — ' they stood on Scamander's flowerj' meadow.' ^ 
 He tells us that it was covered Avith flowers, just as we see it now. AA'hen 
 the soldiers return to their tents, they give their horses the Lotus and 
 Aphuti, with vdiich the swamps are covered.'-^ AVhen Hephaestus, vield- 
 ing to the prayers of Hero, kindles a great fire (jii the liunks of the 
 Scamander, ' the elms, the willoAvs, and the tainarisk-shrulis burned ; 
 and the lotus burned too, and the reeds, and the gallmgale, Avhich grev; 
 abundantly about the fair streams of the river.'" In another passage^ 
 we find also mentioned the /xvplKcii and the Cuvak-e'; (Tarnari.v GaUica and 
 AniiiiJo dona'''), which grew near the river. See besides in the Iliad 
 (vi. o'.l; ^ XXI. IS,'' 2-12'=); Odi/sseif (xiv. 474''), and the description of the 
 nuptials of Zeus and Here in the Iliads All the plants named there by 
 the poet still exist. 
 
 " The ipaoiciL of Homer are now called pooooii<f)i'i], but more freipuently 
 TTiKpoocK^mi in modern Greek (X/;r/um Oleander, Lin.). The}- are found 
 everywhere on the banks of rivers or in dry river-beds, side by side with 
 the Platanus orientaJis, the Vite.x Ae/nus-castus, and the aforesaid Tamari:c 
 Gallica, called /ivp^Ki] by the poet." 
 
 "Webb says : " Though the year was on its decline, we still saw in 
 flower, on the top of Gargarus, a dianthus, sp. n., and a ceiitaurea with 
 yellow flowers. These two plants flourished on the top of Gargarus, Avhere 
 the long duration of the snow stops even the vegetation of the pines. 
 Near them was an exceedingly beautiful purple-coloured garlic, and several 
 other interesting vegetables, wdiich vrere no longer in flower. A little 
 farther down we found the ground covered v/ith the autumn crocus, C'ol- 
 cJiici'.m antumnale et varieijatirni, and fJ^Jun/s fijitralis, but less abundantly. 
 
 " In some places the ground Avas entirely covered Avith these plants, 
 and presented to our eyes the floAvery couch on Avhich the nrqitials ot 
 
 ' //. ii. 4:G7 : 
 ^aro.:' o' eV K'=Lp.(i^vi '2.KaaauOfjioj ai'd^iJ.o^vTL . . . 
 - U. li. 775-777: 
 
 'litttdi oe Trap' apuamv a'aTiv iicarrros, 
 
 XWTVV ^p^lTTOjXfiVOL € Af 'J (^pfTTToV T6 ly^Xll'Uf 
 
 ' II. xxi. 350-"5i, 
 KO.LQVTo iTr^\€a.L r€ no.l ir^ai 7)0€ p.vplKa., 
 KaifETO 5e KojTos re loe OpV'ty rjOe Kviri^Lpof, 
 TU. Trept Ka\a pe^dpa a\iS iroraao^o 7re(pvK€Li'. 
 
 ' Ii. X. 4CG, 407 : 
 OTpc^f arb. p.vpiKrjV oeeAof 5' eVt (Triad r '(^O-fjKfy, 
 cryu^uap^/a? ZoifaKa.^ pvpuir)'! t' ipiBriXio.^ 'H''"^5, . . . 
 
 '■" /.ivpiKri, tamarisk. 
 
 "^ Trre\€'i}, elm. ' 5uVa|, reod. 
 
 ' //. xiv. a4C,-051 ; 
 'H pa, KoX dyicas epapwr^ Kpot'iw 7ra.h ^Jf irapa- 
 
 KOITW. 
 
 Tfnrri 5' VTTU Y^fa-i' Bla fl>v€v i-eo^TjAea Trof'/jr, 
 A'.L'T(jf 0' ^prf-p'^VTa loh KpoKrjy ?)5' udnwOoi' 
 TTVKvuv Kol ij.ci.\a.KQU. OS aui x^oi/ys v^Q(j' iipy^-V. 
 tC' ert Ae^c7.T07]r, fVi 5e rer/>eAlJi' ciTfrai'TO 
 KaXrjU ;^;puiTeiTji' ■ rrTiKTrrat o' aTreTTtTTui' lE^pffai. 
 
 '•The son nl' Cronus ol;ij,|irf| hn roniurt in 
 hi? arms; an4 under tljoui 'liviiie enrth j'Ut 
 forth the new-blown grass, and dewy lotus, ami 
 croens and hyacinth thiek-s]n-ead and soit, 
 whieli shut them otT aloft from the ground. 
 Theri.'on they lay veiled in a lioautiful grildon 
 cloud, and glistering dewdi'ojis fell from it," 
 
lis THE COUXTET OP THE TEOJAXS. [Chap. I. 
 
 Jove were accomplislicd.' The Homeric descriptions are always founded 
 on reality, and show that Homer was a most accurate observer as well as 
 an inimitable poet. His verses describe admiraljly the cloud of dew 
 Avhich enveloped the mountain ; they are likewise the result of observa- 
 tion and truth.'" "We are indeed at a loss -which to admire most, the 
 beauty of the allegory or the fidelity of the description. 
 
 " in the second ;5one of forests, the only plant which we saw in flower 
 as far as Evjilar, in the shade of the pine-trees, was the Adenocarpus 
 divaricatus, which is not found at a lesser elevation. We found there the 
 Qjiercus crinita, wdiich did not reappear after Kuchunlu Tepeh, and 
 around the Bali Dagh an almond-tree, which Jaubert and Spach have 
 called Aiiujf/d(dii^ Wchhi/. 
 
 ''" "We have already mentioned one of the most important productions 
 lif tlie rural economy in this plain ; that is to say, the valonea, or fruit 
 ijf the (^)n^■rrus aec/ilups. In the fields we see the women working the 
 soil w^ith their families, and at every step on the roads we encounter their 
 little carts, whicli have the shai)0 of the ancient chariots, and quietly 
 return laden witli the produce of the soil. Around the Greek villages is 
 gatliered a certain ijuautity of excellent wine, and especially at Giaur 
 Ivioi and Yeni Ivioi. If the red wine of Tenedos were carefully made, it 
 would not be inferior to that groAvu in France. It rnnst also be said that 
 they have not in this country the bad hal)it, which prevails nearly every- 
 wliere in the iMorea, of mixing rosin or pitch with the wine to preserve it. 
 From these ingredients the wiiio gets a taste which is highly disagreeable 
 to any one not accustomed to it. Isevertheless this habit must date from 
 a very remote antiquity, for Ave know from the most ancient monuments 
 that the fruit of the pine has at all times lieen sacred to Dionysus. 
 
 " (Jn the banks of the Simois, and particularly in the village of 
 Doumbrek, tlie Turks themselves cultivate the vine ; they make of the 
 grapes either a sort of syrup, called 'pttmcz, or a kind of preserve. They 
 also dry the grapes in the sun, and thus preserve them as provision for 
 tlie winter. Grapes, water-melons, and several other fruits, form a large 
 part of their food in summer. They cultivate the Solanum MeJomjena 
 and tlie St^iiinnia orieiifidc, from wdiich they know how to prepare an 
 excellent oil. They spread on their liread the grains of this plant, 
 mixed with those of the Ndjidhi, duiaasceua . Homer mentions this habit 
 m tlie B'.dri.udiiJiiii/iiiiiiir]i/i(. They also cultivate the llilu^wns esculenfifs, 
 Av)ii(di they vulgarly call Bamia, as well as chick-pease, kidney-beans, 
 lentils, and varimis other h'L;umiiions plants. The cultivation of cotton, 
 wheat, and Indian c(.rn is tlie must piofitad.de. According to Sibthorpe, 
 the yellow variety ot Indian corn is the commonest. They also gather 
 here eocrions fd' silk, wliieli they work rudely enough. "We observed 
 tJiat, as regards the cultivation of ilie lig-tree, they always employ the 
 ancient nietliod of ca.prihcation. The pomegranate attains a great de- 
 velopment, and almost all trees appi^ar to tlirive in this climate." 
 
 I may here add that Homer mentions a fiidd of wdieat under the very 
 walls of Troy.' - - - -- - - - 
 
 ■' Srr (III' piiMi-liii;.,' iMilt '. '» 77. xiv. 347-351. ' //. xxi. G02 : TreSioi' 7rupo<^o'poc. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 ETH1\"0CtB.APHY of the TKOJAKS : TIIEIE SEVERAL DOMINIONS 
 IN THE TEOAD: TOPOGEAPIIY OF TROY. 
 
 § I. Ethnogeaphy of the Teojans. 
 
 "We have the testimony of Herodotus ^ that the Trojans were 
 Teucrians. This is coniirmed by the tradition preserved by Apollo- 
 dorns, that from Electra, the daughter of Atlas, vs'ere born by Zeus 
 lasion and Dardanus. Now lasion, having fallen in love vith Demeter 
 and intending to violate the goddess, was killed by a thunderbolt. Dar- 
 danus, grieving for his brother's death, left the island of Samothrace, 
 and crossed to the opposite continent. Here reigned Teucer (Teu/cpo?), 
 son of the river Scamander and a Nymph of Ida, from whom the 
 inhabitants of the country were called Teucrians. Having been adopted 
 by the king, he married his daughter Bateia, received part of the land, 
 built the citj' of Dardanus, and, after Teucer's death, named the whole 
 country Dardania.^ 
 
 In the time of Herodotus, the inhabitants of the city of Gergis'^ 
 were still considered a remnant of the ancient Teucrians,'' who, in 
 company with the Mysians, had crossed the Bosphorus into Europe 
 before the time of the Trojan war, and, after conquering all Thrace, 
 liad pressed forward till they came to the Ionian Sea (the modern 
 Adriatic), while southward they reached as far as the river Peneus.^ 
 According to some writers, these Mysians appear to have been Thracians, 
 who had come into Asia from Europe." Others, and among them 
 Herodotus,' seem to have looked upon the Mysians as a genuine Asiatic 
 race, closely akin to the Lydians, whose language the Mysian tongue 
 greatly resembled. According to Xanthus," the Mysian dialect was akin 
 both to the Lydian and the Phrygian (jit.^oXvoio^ kcu /.(t^o<f)pvyini).''' By 
 the Pioman poets the names Teucrians and Trojans are employed as 
 
 ' 11. llS; T. 13. 
 
 - Ajjoll. lii. 12, § 1 : 'H/\e/iTpas oe r^js ''At- 
 Xo.VTOs Ko.l Aios 'lacr/o'j' ical Aap?iaurjs iy^vovto, 
 'laiTLWl^ jx'^y ovv^ 4paij6els A'l]/Jirirp05 Kal B^Awf 
 Karaiuxvi'OA ri-jv O^ov, K^po.ui'uvrai^ Aapho.vos 
 ok eVt TOJ Bava.TW tov a<ii^\fprjd Ai'Troi'/^ej'oy, 2a- 
 f-i.odp6.K'rjU aTvoAiiroJl' e/'s T>;^' aurin^pa ■qi:€ipoi' 
 'ijKBe. ToAn-qs 56 e/3a(jiAei'e Te^Kpos TzoTO^i-iov 
 ^Ka/j.o.ydpou Kal i/u^i^Tjs'lSaias ■ a.(p' o'ii ko.\ ol r-qi' 
 X<^po-^ vt^ixiifx^voi TevKpOL irpoo-qyopeuopro. 'Tnc- 
 oexO^ls 5e u7rb rod (iaaiK^oiS Kal Aa^oji' fi^po'; 
 Tfjj y?,^ Ka.l T-qv iKeivou 6uya,r^pa. V>a.TGia.i', Aap- 
 Oo.vov acTirrt; ttoKl^, reKevr-qaaPTOs 5e TevKpou 
 Tl}i> x^-p^^ airaiyav AapdayiaM eVaAecrf. 
 
 ^ In all probability the small city on the 
 Bali Dagh behind Bounarbashi. 
 
 ■' Herod. V. 122 and vii. 4::. 
 
 '' Jlerod. vii. 2(.) : /-I'/jre Tui/ iMutraiF re Kal 
 Tei'/cpuii', Tuf irpo Twf TpfxHKwv y^i'ujmi'ov^ oi 
 Oiajiai'Tes es r-qf EvpwTT-qv Kara Boanopoi', Tecs 
 T€ i^p'qiKa^ Ka.T<i(7Tpl^avTc_, irdi'Tas koa eVi tuj' 
 'idyioi' TTovTov KaT€f3r]jai' A'-^XP' "'"^ nip'€iQu 
 -jrora/Aou rh -npus ^^fro.jifipi'qs ^jXaaav. 
 
 '' Strabo, iii. )ni 29.5, 303, viii p 572- cf. 
 Xantli. LipJ. Frat;. 8, 
 
 ' Herod. 1. 171. = Frag. 8. 
 
 » \l-A\\-\in-.m\& IhstAjrij r.f Herodotus, iv p 23, 
 note o. 
 
jvo ETIlNuaUAPUY OF THE TllUJAiNS. [Chap. II. 
 
 cr[nivaloiits ; ^" on tlie otlier Land, the Roman prose-writers generally use 
 tlie word Trojan/? 
 
 It is curious that, whilst Herodotus always calls the old Trojans 
 of eyiic poetry Tcucrians, the Attic tragedians and the llonian poets 
 call them Phrygians, although the Trojans and Phrygians are repre- 
 sented as completely distinct in the Plomeric IL/mn to Aphrodite, where 
 tins goddess says to Anchises : " (Jtrcus is my sire, famous of name, if 
 anywhere thou hearest it, who reigns over all well-hirtified Phrygia ; and 
 liotli your language and mine I know well, for a Trojan nurse nourished 
 me in the palace ; she nurtured mo, taking me as a little hahy from my 
 mother: thus I know indeed your language well."" The name Hector is 
 Phrygian ; '' so also are Paris and Scamandriiis, for the Greek Alexandres 
 and Astyaiiax seem to 1)0 Plirygia.n H.ppellations.'' Moreover, the Phrygians 
 are merely mentioned in the Iliad as allies of the Trojans from distant 
 Ascania,^ and there is little indication of any more intimate relationship, 
 Hecuha., however, was a Plirygian princess," and her hrother lived in 
 Phrygia on the hanks of the Bangarius.' According to Straho'^ and 
 Steplianus Byzantinus, the Phrygians were Thracians. Herodotus reports 
 tliat the ]\Iacedonians preserved a tradition, according to wdiich the 
 Phrygians had once lieen their neighljours, hut that they had afterwards 
 emigrated to Asia Minor.'' The Lydian Xantlius "' asserts that this 
 emigration did not occur till after the Trcjan wa,r ; Init Conon ^ makes it 
 take place as early as ninety years before this war, under King Midas. 
 On till! other hand, several testimonies have been preserved to us as to 
 the alKnity existing between the Plirygians and the Armenians. In the 
 expedition of Xerxes, both these nations appear under one commander- 
 in-chief and with the same armament ; nay, IIer(jdotus " adds that the 
 Ariueniaais Avere descendants of the Phrygians. Eudoxus'^ confirms this, 
 and mentions, in addition, the similarity of the two languages. So too 
 we find subterranean dwellings in use among liotli the Phrygians and the 
 Armenians.'' Finally, botli ]iii,ti(.)ris were actually considered as identical,^ 
 the Armenians being said to liave conio from Western Phrygia. 
 
 ISut tlie Assyrian inscriyitions make it clear that no Aryans were 
 settled eastward of the Halys lii^fore tlie eiglith century n.o. Armenia 
 was inhalnted by a non-Aryan race, which has Irft Iji.diind it many still 
 uudeciphered inscriptions at Van and its neighliourhood, until the close 
 of the Assyrian monarchy, and there are no traces of Aryan inha- 
 
 1" A'irLMl, .4(7!,. i. 17'2; t. '20:.; xli. IST. •" //. yi. 40-J ; Strabu, xiv. |-ip. fiSfi, r,81 
 
 Ii.ir.-Hr, ti:/. \v. i;, 1.".. On, I. i/ri. xii. (ii;. ■''' y/. ii. si;:;. '^ y/. xvi. 7is, 719. 
 
 > C'lr. Hi,-, ii. :i'J; Livy, i. ]. ' //. xvi. 717. 
 
 - "T/ij/os ei's 'A^^jpooiTiji/, I I I -II'; ; * Striili.i, vii. |i. '20,', rind x. p. 471. 
 
 'Orpeuf 5' 1(Jt\ Trarf/p ofofxa /cActoj, fAirov '* Ilnl'mlittiis, \'ii. IVk 
 
 a/crjuc-is, '" Slv;iliii, xiw ]). OSl), 
 
 av nuff-rj', 'hpuyi'f}'; ^\iT^tyjqTi.nu avu.aa^A. ' Aji. I'iMiliiini, p. ISO, Br4:l:. 
 
 yi\ui(Ttro.v h' u jif-^T ^>'r}V KaX rj^jc-xep?]!' adi^ia nloo., ^ fji'l-ml. xn. 7.';. 
 
 T/i(ijas yap /J.t^y6.pw fif TpOffjo^ rp^fp^r ' 77 5e biaJVj>o ■' Aj>. Se']i]i. ]'>]/.. s. v. ' ApjJ.il'La ; and Kustaih. 
 
 'TjjAKp^iiV TTj.td' dTiTcAAf^, fjji\-i}'; irapa /iprpuj i:u.l I'iiui. J.'cr. 'W^-V. 
 
 (rKtwrra. ^ A'ilrin-. ii. ], ."> ; Xcnn])h. Annh. \v, 5, 2.j ; 
 
 C.'i 0' 7/T'ii 7Awn'(Tai' y<:-. Ka\ viic-T^pijv €(> olua. I'iiid. xi\'. '2S. 
 
 ^ Hi' .yrliiijs, s. y. Ao.ptE'iir.. ■' Craiiiei', Anccd. Grace.; e'.xon. i\". p. 2.^7. 
 
§ 1.] TEUCTilANS AND rHEYGIANS. 121 
 
 bitants ill Armenia until a, ninch later period. Even tlie Aryan Meilcs 
 dill not occupy the country to the sontli of the Caspian nntil tlio ei"litli 
 century n.c. The Assyrians tirst becaino acquainted Avitli tlirm in the 
 reign of Shalmanescr III. (b.o. 840), when they lived fa.r to tht! ea.st, the 
 non-Aryan Parsnas or Parthians intervening between them ami Assyria. 
 It is not till the age of liimmoii-nirari, about 7!J0 B.C., that they had 
 advanei'd into tin? country known to tla;. classical geograplnu's as Media 
 Pihagiaiia. All the proper names mentioned on the Assyrian monu- 
 ments as belonging to the natives r)f the districts east of the Halys 
 continue to lie non-Aryan up to the last, and the language of the modern 
 Iron or Ossetes in the Caucasus is, like' the Ivurdisli, a member of the 
 Iranic or Persian stock." An examination of tin-. Plirygian words pre- 
 served in classicil wndters and inscriptions, which has Ijeen made by 
 Fick,' has shown that, while the languai^'i! was ridati.'d to Thraeian and 
 Lydian, it was so closely allied to Greek as to be fitly termed its sister, 
 both Greek and Phrygian presupposing a common parent-language. 
 Professor E. Curtius in his Ilistonj of Gi-rece had already pointeil out a 
 close connection between the Greeks and the Phrygians upon other 
 grounds, while Plato ^ bjng ago recognized the affinity betweiui the 
 languages of the two nations. The Plirygian legends of Midas and 
 Gordius formed part of Grcidt mythology, and tlu; royal house of the 
 Pelopids was made to come with all its wealth from the golden sands of 
 the Pactolus.^ The Armenian language, on the other hand, stands apart 
 by itsidf, and Ixdongs rather to the Asiatic branch of the Aryan fiimily id' 
 speech than to the Eurojiean. 
 
 It deserves particular attention that the Teucrian name is nowdierc 
 connected in Homer witli Tniy or its people. But as they had a city 
 Gergis, Gergitlius, or Gergetlia, in the Troad, wo mnj perhajis connect 
 the name with that of the Homeric Gargarus '" as well as with Gor- 
 gythion, who, with Cebriones, is mentioned by Horner as a natural son of 
 Priam. ^ The poet thus gives, as Grote " remarks, a sort of epical re- 
 cognition to botli (rergis and Cebren. It must, however, be remarked 
 that Ti;iir-er (Tencro:^), the celebrated archer, was according to legend the 
 son of the Trojan princess Ilesione, wdiom she Ijoro to Telamon.'* 
 
 According to a tradition which we find in Strabo, the Teucrians 
 immigrated from Crete into the Troad. An oracle had bidden them 
 settle down in the place where they should be assailed by tlie earth- 
 born. This is said to have luqipencd near Hamaxitus, where an immense 
 host of field-mice came forth from the ground, and gnawed away all tho 
 leather of their arms and utensils. There consequently they estaldished 
 themselves, and called the range of Ida after the mountain of tliat name 
 in Crete. Strabo adds that this tradition had been first related by the 
 
 " Saycp, T'riaciplcs of Comparative riulohjiji/, ' //. viii. r,fl2. 
 
 2n.l (.•(lU. |.. :;01. 2 Histnril nf Crrm-, i. ],. T'lHT. I oI.mm-vo 
 
 ■ //;,' tlinunlujc Spradieinkclt Luropa's, 1S73. hern that for all i|ia.tal i.iiis Imiii finitr's Ilittuioi 
 
 » Cnlhlhis^ 410 A. of Crorrr \ i,m. tlir 41, ll rJitiuli, L^ai.lnli, 1S7'-'. 
 
 " A. Il.Saycc, CwUciii.jrorarij Ilccicii:, Upccmber ^ liidd. iv. :;_!- 4'.J ; cumjiarc the VciK't. Schol. 
 
 187S. ad Iliad, riii. 284. 
 
 '" II. viii. 48; xiv. 2'j2.,.jj2 ; xv. 152. 
 
122 ETHX0G1;APHY of THK TEOJAXS. [Chap ii. 
 
 elegiac poet Calliinr^ (aljoi;t tiGO e.c), anil after liim by many others." So, 
 e.g., l>y Ovid." 
 
 It appears from this legend that the Teucrians were credited with 
 having introduced into the Tread the worship of the Smmthian Apollo, 
 who liad a celebrated temple at Chrysa near Ilamaxitus. Strabo distinctly 
 says that Chrysa was said to be the spot where the newly-arrived Teu- 
 crians were attacked l)y the field-mice. {S/u.h>6o^, it may lie added, is said 
 by the Venetian Scholiast on the Iliad to have meant a field-mouse, both 
 in the Cretan and in the Aeolian dialects.'') Others, however, denied the 
 legend, maintaining that Teucer, the primitive ancestor of the Teucrians, 
 had immigrated from Attica.' 
 
 I may mention here that the name of the Tekkri, believed to be 
 identical' with that of the Teucrians, figures m the mural paintings of 
 j\Iedinct-Abou among the confederate nations, which in the thirteenth 
 century B.C. invaded Egypt during the reign of Eamses III.' 
 
 The connection of the Teucrians with Crete seems to be confirmed by 
 the similarity of certain geographical names, such as those of Mount Ida 
 and the city named Pergainus." 
 
 Grote says : " From the Teucrian region of Clergis and from the 
 Gergithes near Ivynie sprang the original Sibylline prophecies, and the 
 legendary Sibyl, who plays so important a part in the tale of Aeneas. 
 The myth of the Sibyl, whose prophecies are supposed to be heard in 
 the holloAV Idast bursting from obscure caverns and apertures in the 
 rocks,'" was indigenous among the Clergithian Teucrians, and passed from 
 the Kymaeans in Aoolis, aL.nig with the other circumstances of the tale 
 of Aeneas, to their brethren the inhabitants of Kumae in Italy. The date 
 of the Gergithian Sibyl, or rather the circulation of her supposed pro- 
 phecies, is placed under the reign of Croesus, a period Avheii Gergis was 
 thoroughly Teucrian. Her prophecies, though embodied in Greek verses, 
 had their root in a Teucrian soil and feelings ; and the promises of future 
 empire, wliieli they so liberally make to the fugitive hero escaping from 
 the fiames of Troy into Italy, become interesting from the remark- 
 able way 111 which they were realized by Eome, The date of this Ger- 
 githian Sibyl, or of the prophecies passing under her name, is stated 
 by Heracleides of Poiitus, and there seems no reason for calling it 
 in f|uestion." " 
 
 According to Herodotus, the Paeonians prided themselves upon being 
 Teucrian colonists from Troy.' The descent of the Paeonians from the 
 Teucrians is confirmed by Stralio," wdiilst others held them to have been 
 descended from the Phrygians." It is important to notice that in Homer 
 we find Paeonians from the Axius fiKhtine; on the same side as their 
 
 ' Sti-.li.i, xiii. |i. Cm4, '0 Vn-gil, .Fnckl. yi. 43-4:^: 
 
 ^ j]If't^f„/nrj>/i. xui. Vi.t''. 'M'^xoisiiiii I'^ilinicae latns iiio-oiis nipis in antrum, 
 
 ^' * <i-iili)nanii, Aj^oilu rhiiinf.lcu.^ ■imdihe T'rJrit.- Qiiu lati duciint atliius continn, o.^tia centum; 
 
 tunj ,1, r M:in,-,' ;,i ,/,■,• }l,jll„J,nji,' , I'ra-. ISijJ-. Uial; nimit tntulrin vnces, rchpunsa Sibyllae." 
 
 '■ Strabd, XIII. p. Ij04. " ("Irntij's UisUinj «j Greece, i. olO, :.U1. 
 
 ^ lU'ania.iis ],(.ainrinaiit, [,es AiUiejuitcs <h: (a ^ IIciMilof,. v. l;.i. 
 
 Tro'ule , Pans, 1S7G, p. 7:. '- Fra-ni. Talat. Vatic. 37, cd. Tafel. 
 
 » I'lin. //. ^\ IV 12, 20. ' Eustath. od Hum. II. ii. S48. 
 
§ I.] AFFINITY AVITH TIIKACIAXS. 123 
 
 Trojan kinsmen."' Tlieir expedition to Perintlins on the Pnipontis, 
 according to the statement of HeroJotns, must have taken place at a 
 very early epoch.' To the east of the Axins, Crestouia and Bisaltia were 
 once Paeonian possessions ; " to the west Emathia was formerly called 
 Paeonia ; ' -while Pieria and Pelagonia had originally a Paeonian popula- 
 tion.^ In Piernr was a city named Pergamus.'^ Plmy^" calls the Eordiaus 
 a Paeonian nation ; and it is evident from Lycophron ^ that they were of 
 Phrygian race. They are doubtless the Mysians, whom Hellauicus - calls 
 neighbours of the Macedonians. To these Eordians the name of the river 
 Eordaicus," the present Deval or Devol, doirbtless belongs ; it is near 
 the lake of Lychnidus, where wo also find traces of the Phrygians.^ 
 
 Homer has no knowledge of Dardanus having immigrated from Samo- 
 thrace, Arcadia, or Italy ; he only knows him as a son of Zeus, and as 
 having his origin in Dardania. He conceived the Troad to be inhabited 
 by a non-Hellenic population, — Trojans, Dardanians, Cilicians, Lelegians, 
 and Pelasgians. Of these, the Dardani or Dandani (Dardanians) of Iluna 
 (Ilion) are mentiijiied, together with the Leka (iiossibly the Lycians) and 
 the peoples of Pedasa (Pedasus), the llasu (filysians), and the Akerit 
 (perhaps the Carians), in tlie poem of Pentaur -in the " Saltier " hieratic 
 papyrus, preserved in the British 3Iuseum, among the confederates who 
 came to the help of the Hittites (or Khita) under the walls of Kadesh, on 
 the Orontes, in the fifth year of Pamses II. (cir. 1333-13(10 b.c). There 
 was therefore at that period a kingdom of the Dardanians, one of whoso 
 principal towns was Ilion, a kingdom which ranked among tlie most 
 powerful of Asia Minor, and sent its warriors into Syria to do battle with 
 the Egyptian troops for the defence of Asia. This agrees admirably with 
 what Greek tradition says of the power of Troy. This poem of Pentaur 
 is also to lie seen engraved on the walls of the temples of Luxor and 
 Karnak at Thebes. It deserves particular attention that in the mural 
 paintings and inscriptions in the teni]de of Medinet-Abou at Thebes, 
 among the confederates against Pamses III., about 12(10 n.c, instead of 
 the Dardanians, who do not appear at all, only the TV-uerians (Tekkrij 
 are mentioned.-' 
 
 According to Forbiger,, the Trojans were a Thracian race, who had 
 immigrated at a remote p)eriod into the Troad and had there intermarried 
 with the Phrygians, who until then inhabited the region." T''liis appears 
 to be confirmed by Strabo, who mentions at a distance of only 40 stadia 
 from Lampsacus a temple of great sanctity dedicated tn the Mother of 
 
 • //. ii. SJ8-S50, xvi- 287-291, xvii. 348- ■• Franrois Lpnomi^mt, ni tliL' y1. ■,/,!',»// "f 
 
 3,33; XXI. 139. 21-~t nn.l 2Stii JI:iivli, ] S74. I'mfr-Mu- Sav,T 
 
 ^ Herodot. T. 1, 2. writes to iiic : " IlniL'srli-Doy, IhMvrver, lias 
 
 '' Strabo, Fn:i<irn. 4(1 yirnjidsed dill-|jrcnt ulentiliratioiis )"r tlicsc nainrs. 
 
 ' Polyb. xxir. 8 ; Liv. xl. 3; .Justm. Til. 1. He makes tlie Tekkri tlie Zy;^q-itae at tlie 
 
 Strabo, Fnn/m. 37 ; Eustath. ail II. l. 1. Caiieasus, the Leka the Liu-yes, the I'aiVlaai tie.' 
 
 ' Herodot. Tii. 112. Dardanians ul' Kiirdistau (Her d-t i. 1S9), t^e 
 
 " //. J. iv. 17. ' Alexandra. JIasn the inhabitants of Mount JIasius, and 
 
 " .1/1. C'en-taut. Porphvi-ocjen. de I'Jicm- ii. I'eibisa the town of I'idasis, -while lie reads 
 
 2, p. 4S ; Sehol. (id I]>,in. II. xiii. 3. ' Iluna' as jMaluna. — /,'-;';/•/ vndcr /Ae 7'Inir<nJis 
 
 ' Arrian. A/e.rand. Annbns. i. ,^., 9. (l^'iS- transl., vnl. li. p. 129, 2nd ed.)" 
 
 ' Pauly's lieal-Encyclo/mdie, s. y. " Pliryges." " Pauly's Hail-Eiicijc/ojnklie, s. \. '■ Troajs." 
 
124 KTIIXOGfi-VrHY OF THE TEOJAXS. [Chap. 11. 
 
 the Gods, surnametl tlic sanctuary of Ehea.' In anotlier passage lie says : 
 ■• The r.erecyntluans, a Plirygian race, and the Phrygians generally, as 
 well as those of the Trojans wlu) live in the district of Ida, worship 
 Eliea, and celebrate orgies in her hononr, calling her the Mother of the 
 Gods, and Agdistis, and the great Phrygian goddess, adding, according to 
 the localities, the epithets Idaean, Dmdyniene, Sipylene, Pessinnntis, 
 and Cvliele (Cvl'elie)." ' He further states that the country near the 
 junction of the Hellespont and the Propoutis was originally mliabited by 
 the Eebryeians,'^ who had immigrated from Thrace ; ' also that a great 
 many Thracian names existed in the Troad. " On Lesbos (he says) was 
 a city Arisba, whose; lands are now possessed by the Methymnaeans, and 
 there is in Thrace a river Arisbus, on which live the Thracian Cebrenians.- 
 There are indeed many similar names common to the Thracians and the 
 Trojans : for instance, the Scaeans, a certain Thracian race, the river 
 Scaeus, the Scaean wall, and the Scaean gate ; the Xanthians in Thrace, 
 and the river Xanthns at Troy; Ehcsus, a river at Troy, and Lliesus, 
 king of the Thracians. The poet also mentions another person of 
 identical name with the Asius,"" who was an uncle of Hector the tamer of 
 horses, Heculja's full brother, and son of Dymas, who resided m Phrygia 
 on the river Sangarius.""' 
 
 I may here add that, according to Stcphanns Byzantiiius," there was a 
 city Ilium in Thrace ; further, that Strymo was the daughter of the river 
 Scamander, wife of Laomedon and mother of Priam, "^ whilst Strymon 
 was a great river in Tlirace ; ' further, that the name of the powerful 
 Tr(jan province Hardauia also existed in Thrace, the island of Samo- 
 thrace having originally borne this name.' 
 
 In the Iliad the Thracians are allies of the Trojans.' According to 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus,^" the Trojans Avere Gre(dvS. The Dardanians 
 play an important part m the Iliad : to the descendants of their prince 
 
 ^ xiii. p. .OS!); 01 5' aTvli T€TTapaKMi'ra xf/s "" Stralpf. xiii. ]i. TiOO : rj;' 5e Kol 4v AtVpa' 
 
 Aa^uil/ct/fou (rTaStaif SfifcrKuucrt A('ij>0[', e(f)' a' ,tojTpus TroAij 'Apir,3a^ 7js T/jr %Wf)az' ^X'^^'^^ Mr}9v- 
 
 S^wy [apvv eo'Ttj', ayioi' TJj? 'Per/jj eTviKa\oru.^in}y. ixpa'ioi ■ t'nTi 5e Ko.\ i^OTaixos^ hpiajios eV ©pnKj?, 
 
 ^ .\. ]i. 4*>^) : ol Se Bepe/tiirres <J'pi/-ya'i' Ti u'direp €'lp-riro.L^ Kal tovtov ttAijo'ioi' ol Ke^pljt'ioi 
 
 (j'vXoi' Kal airXivs o'l •f'pt'^ej Kal tu.'i/ Tpu'-jci^ ul Qpa.K^s. ^jAAai 5' 6idu:i'i\ULaL &pa^L KaL TpojiTti', 
 
 TTspl T-i]i' \5t]v KaroiKOvi'Tes Ptai' fur Kal aiiTot OiOJ' UKainl GpaK€s Tii'e? Kal 'SKaihs ivOTajxiis Kai 
 
 riuum^ Kal upyidl^ouai raur?), uTjTf'^ia Ka\oui<T^^ ^Kauiy rfE7\os Kal ii' Tpola '^Kaial nvAar Hai'tJiOi 
 
 t'eu'V Kal ''Aybia-^if Kal 'i'pnyiai' O^uy ^tfyaA?)!', ©po/cey, Hai'Coy iroraau^ ii' Tpola- '^Apta&'n o 
 
 aTTy Se Tu.';' TfiTrau' 'loaiav Kal ^tvZ\jjj.TiVriv 6,u/3i/\Aa't' 6'\~ Tur "E/3l>(Ji', \\pLi~[3Tl t'r T^ima' 
 
 Kal 2(7ruA7jt'77!' Kal riscTmi'Oui'TtSa /,-al Kuj^eXri' 'P7jtTos -^OTaLu/s tz' TpoiQ, '¥"}aos Se Kal u /3a- 
 
 ri\i//3///3j?i']. '-' .Striirii. xiii. |i. OSi;. (riAei's Ttl'j' &paKu.H'. e{TTi OfE Kal ri "Airiw 
 
 ' Sti'alio. vii. |i. LM'o ; xii. y. r.42. uy-d'vv^os hrepos irapa to: Tronjij; ''Aitios " os 
 
 " 1 li'.Tr c:ill aiti'litinii tn thi.' lianio iif tlK^ in)rpa:s 'i'ji' "EKTOpos l-jnToSayULO, avroKaaiyjnjTO^ 
 
 anriotit rity nl' C\brriie 111 tbi' Trriaa. 'Eha/5Tj?, vlos 5e Aruaz'TOS, us ^pvyi-qu paieffKe 
 
 ^ Ilrj-L' Stralio evldrutly ini.'ans l^vtlic fDrnior pofi:; ^ttI '^ayyapioio.^^ 
 
 A^ills th^• son nf Ilyrtarus, the Irivb.-r nf the ^ S. v. ''lAmz-. 
 
 ti-nups fi-ipiii AhvJns, of whulii lu.: s])0aks at |i. ''■ A]Mill(ninr. iii. 2, .". 
 
 .^s:., whilst at'p. .SSii he tell-; ii^ that tho ' Stat. l"/,./'. y. ISS ; Stoph. Pyz. s. v. M.'f C<i^ 
 
 ili-tiiit nf AhviUis was hria liv tlie Lrhryclans, " Pausanias, vii. 4; Stoph. r.yzant. s. v. 
 
 a Tiirai'iaii raco (p)i. -O.'i, .")42), aii4 was siih- AapSai'z'a. 
 
 soqinaitly ..rcupidl hy Thracians, wlio lia-l ina.- » //. x. 434, 4a."i ; xx. 484, 4?,-.. 
 
 bal.iy nrwiy iitimi:.,n-ate4. All, theveh.ve, th.at " Anli-l. l;<nn. i. C,2 : i'S /-liv SJ; Ka! -rh Tpo;- 
 
 lip shows lis liy tla^ name Asins is, tliat it ox- ikuu yu'os 'EAAijzaza'Z' apxv^^'' i)i', SeSijAwraz 
 
 lAnil in Thrace and in riii-y;_aa. /iuz. 
 
§ I.] COXNECTION AVITH THE THOEXICIAXS. 125 
 
 Aeneas is predicted the future douiinicni over Troy : " But now the 
 mighty Aeneas shall reign over the Trojans, and his sons' sous, who 
 shall lie horn hereafter.'' ' The genealogy of the royal house of Dardania 
 presents, as Aldenhoven- observes, some strange names, which mats 
 him think that they are of Phrygian origin. 
 
 I think it not out of place to cite here the following words of Grote : ^ 
 '■'According to the Trojan legend, it was under proud Laomedon, sou 
 of Ilus, that Poseidon and Apollo underwent, hy c(unmaud of Zeus, a 
 temporary servitude; the firmer huildmg the walls of tin.' town, the 
 latter tending the flocks and herds. AYhen their task was completed, 
 they claimed the stipulated reward; hut Laomedon angrily rcjiudiated 
 their demand, and even threatened to cut off their cars, to. tie them hand 
 and foot, and to sell them in some distant island as slaves.^ He was 
 punished for this treachery hy a sea-monster, whom Poseiddii sent to 
 ravage his fields and to destroy his subjects. Laomedon puldicly off'ered 
 the immortal horses given by Zeus to his father Tros, as a reward to 
 any one who would destroy the monster. But an oracle declared that a 
 virgin of noble blood must be surrendered to the monster, and the lot fell 
 upon Hesione, daughter of Laomedon himself. Ilerakles, arriving at this 
 critical moment, killed the monster by the aid of a fort built for him by 
 Athene and the Trojans, '' so as to rescue both the exposed maiden and 
 the pci.iple ; but Laomedon, by a second act of perfidy, gave him mortal 
 horses in place of the matchless animals which had been promised. Thus 
 defrauded of his due, Herakles equipped six ships, attacked and captured 
 Troy, and killed Laomedon,'' giving Hesione to his friend and auxiliary 
 Telamon, to whom she bore the celebrated archer Teucros.' A painful 
 sense of this expedition was preserved among the inhabitants of the 
 historical town of Ilium, who off'ered no worship to Herakles." - 
 
 I have cited all this in order to show that a link of connection seems 
 to have existed between Troy and Phoenicia, f jr, as Mr. Gladstone has 
 ingeniously endeavoured to show,"^ a connection with Poseidon frecpieutly 
 denotes Phoenician associations ; and further, as ]\[ullenhof has proved, 
 in his Bentsche AltertJiumsl-KuJe,^" Herakles is the representative of the 
 Phoenicians. This has also been pointed out by Professor Sayee, who 
 says : " The wliole cycle of myths grouped about the name of Ilerakles 
 points as clearly to a Semitic source as does the myth of Aphrodite and 
 Adonis." ^ 
 
 The Homeric Cilicians (KiXiKe^) of the Troad inhabited the plain of 
 the Hypoplakian Thebes, and appear, according to Strabo," to have been 
 of the same race as the inhabitants of the later Cilicia. 
 
 ' //. x.x. 307, 308 : ' Diodoru.s, iv. 32-4-0. Compare Scliol. VculI. 
 
 t'Cf 5e 0?) AiVet'ao /3i'7? Tfjw^fTfny ai'd^^t ad Ili''J. viil. 2S-t. 
 
 KoX naioo)!/ TraiOes, tq'l ii.<^v fj.eTu7riG0^ y4u<j.^vTo.L. - Strab'.i, -xiii. )'. 30G. 
 
 - Ueher chs netwntdec/de Troia. '> See liib Pret;ice to my iLjccnnc, jip. viii. and 
 
 •* History of Greece, i. p. 264. xxiy. 
 
 '//. vii. 452, 453; ixi. 4.51-456; Hesiod. cjj. ■° W. Christ, Ihc Tvpogroj-ldo dcr Trokia. 
 
 SckiA. L-imphr. 393. Eh,:,,,:, p. 225. 
 
 '■ [I. XX. 145 ; Dionys. i. 52. ' Contemporarij J!,',:ic,c, Deeeniljer 1878. 
 
 c //_ X. 640-C42. ^ Strabo, viii. p. 370 ; xiy. p. 676. 
 
126 ETHNOGEAniY OF THE TEOJAXS. [Chap. II. 
 
 Tlie Leleges (AeXeyes") are often lironi^'lit into connection with the 
 Cariiins. In fact, ficenrding to Herodotus,^ the former wris merely the 
 ancient name of the hitter ; Homer, however, mentions the Leleges and 
 Canans as two distinct peoples. Dut we also find the Leleges in Gfreece, 
 as a very ancient and wide-spread race, dating from a pre-Hellenic time. 
 Thev arc mentioned liy Homer side by side ftith the Pelasgians.* The 
 little troop of Leleges, of whom the Iliad speaks, occupied tlie district 
 to the east of Cape Leetnm.^ 
 
 Piegardmg the Pelasgians, I think I cannot do lietter than give 
 here an extract freun a letter of Professor Sayce pnhlished in the 
 Acadeniif of the 2oth of January, 1879: "I do not intend to dispute 
 the existence of trihes c.iUed by the Greeks Pelasgians. But to turn 
 these into a particular race or people is quite a different matter. It is 
 true tliat Greek writers, from Homer and Hesiod downward, mention 
 Pelasgians, but if we examine their statements we find that the term is 
 used ill two (or ]ierha}is three) senses : firstly, as denoting a certain Greek 
 tribe wliicli inhabited Thessaly during the heroic age ; and secondly, as 
 equivalent to our own term ' pre-historic' In the first sense it is used 
 twice m the lliml (ii. (J81 and xvi. 283). In two other Homeric 
 passages of later date (II. x. 429 ; OJ. xix. 177), the name lias passed 
 into the region of mytholrigy, and a Avay has accordingly been prepared 
 for the use of it liy later writers to denote those populatieins of Greece 
 and its neighbourhood which we shorrld now call pre-historic, or whose 
 origin and relationship were unknown. (For this employment of the 
 v:ord. see Herodotus, i 1-16 ; h 5(j ; ii. 56 ; viii. 41; vii. 94; ii. 51 : v. 26; 
 vi. loS.) The name is more especially applied to the natives of Thrace, 
 who seem to have belonged to the lUyrian stock (see Herodotus, i. 56 ; 
 Thucydules, iv. 109). It is probable, tlierefore, that there were trilies on 
 the coastland of Thrace who were known as Pelasgians ; and, since the 
 same name is also found m i\Iysia (U. ii. 840-3), it is probable that it was 
 a word of general meaning, like so many of the names of early Greek 
 ethnology, and accordingly applied to tribes of difterent origin and race. 
 Hence Piscliel's etymology, which makes HeX^fo-vo? a compound of the 
 roots Ave have m irepai' and tl/^ii (ija), and so meaning ' the further- 
 goers ' or ' emigrants,' becmnes very probable. 
 
 ■'AVe now know enough of the languages of Italy, Greece. AHiania, 
 and Asia Minor, to be able to lay down that, althougli all ]n-obably 
 belonging to the Indo-European stock, tliey are as distinct from one 
 another as Latin and Greek. Indeed, it is still doubted by some philo- 
 logists whether AUianian should be classed as an Aryan language at all. 
 However this may Ijc, I am quite willing to allow that it is very probably 
 a. descendant of tlie ancient lUyrian or Thracian, and I will not quarrel 
 with any one wlio wishes to call the latter Pelasgian. But it must be 
 remembered that we know nothing about the Pelasgian language or 
 
 '''^" '■ !'■ ^''- p^-X^^y araTeii'Ovrra irplis t-J/i' ^I57jz'. vir^pKenai 
 
 - x. 4-,); llpciit. "ji. Strab. vii. p. ;.;i;t, Tair -Kp'l^rwv rov /aiA-rroi' (x^pm'- iv oTs -KpwTOV 
 
 __' ''■ ■""-■ Tous AeAe-yas" thpuf-Uvovs u ttoi7]T'i]s ireTToirjKSf. 
 otraljOj .xJii. p. G05 . ?/ yap arru rod Ae/crou 
 
§ I.] THE AEOLIAX C0L(^)XIZAT1(:)X. 127 
 
 languages ; and that, if tlie ancient Tliraco-Illyrian is to l.e called 
 Pelasgian, the latter term must be closely defined. In the oldest passages 
 of Homer where it occurs, it is applied to Achaean Grreeks, not to 
 barbarous Thracians ; in later G-reek literature, it is merely synonymous 
 with ' pre-historic ; ' while in modern times it has served as tlie watch- 
 word of all kinds of obsolete theories and pre-scientific fancies." 
 
 Strabo informs us that after the Trojan war the whole Troad, from 
 Cyzicus to the Caicus, was Aeolized ; that is to say, it was occupied 
 by colonics formed by Peloponnesian Achaeans and Aeolian Boeotians, 
 wdio had lieen driven from their homes by the Dorian invasion. As 
 Mr. Gladstone judiciously observes. Homer was not aware of the existence 
 of Aeolians, only of Aeolids. But in the later Greek tradition we have 
 numerous notices of Aeolians as settled in various parts of Greece. In 
 Homer a variety of persons and families, holding the highest stations 
 and playing important parts in the early history, are descended from 
 or connected with Aeolus, a mythical eponymist, but of an Aeolian tribe 
 he is ignorant.'^ 
 
 According to Thucydides,' tlie Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus 
 took place SO years, according to Strabo" GO years — that is, two gene- 
 rations — after the Trojan war ; according to Pausanias,'-' in the time of 
 Orestes. Pausanias seems probably to bo in the right, for the dynasty 
 of the Pelopids appears to have ceased at Mycenae with the death of 
 Aegisthus, which occurred in the eighth year after the murder of Agamem- 
 non,^'-' and thus about eight years after the Trojan war ; in fact, tradition 
 says that Agamemnon's son Orestes reigned in Arcadia and Sparta, but 
 not that he succeeded his father. Only a fearful political revolution and 
 catastro}>he, such as the Dorian Invasion, could have prevented Orestes 
 from becoming king in Mycenae, which Avas the richest and most powx'rful 
 State of Greece, and belonged to him as the only son of the glorious 
 and universally lamented Agamemnon. Strabo" says that Orestes began 
 the emigration, that he dii-d in Arcadia, and that his son Pentlnlns came 
 as far as Thrace ; whilst his other son, Arclielaus, brought the ileolian 
 colony into the district of Cyzicus, in the neighbourhood of Daseylium. 
 But Gras, the youngest son of Arclielaus, penetrated as far as tlie river 
 
 *" Homeric SijncJo'onisii}^ p. 74. rou TpavLKou ivoTaixov koX iro.pfMK^vaai.Ui'ov 
 
 ^ i. 1'2. ^ xlii. p. 5S2. a,(te(Z'oj' Tr^fjaalaai to ttA^uv t?)^ (TTparicts e/s 
 
 ^ "\'iii. 5, ij 1. Ae(T/3'jf Kal Karaax^'^^ avrriv K/\e['7jj' 5e "juv 
 
 ^'^ Od. iii. ;j0.3-oL)7 : Adyou Ko.l MaAa'Jr, ical avToi'S a-n-u-yin'oui LfTos 
 
 eTTTaeres 5' '/7i'aa'0"e (A'lyio'dos) -rroAuxP'^'f^oiO ' A.yaijJ/xi/Oi^as, irurayayt^Tu fj.h' Ti]i^ (npariav KaTo, 
 
 MiJK'fji^ris' Toi' avTuv Yfioj'ol' Ka6' 'ijv 'icoA Xl^vOiXos^ aAAa 
 
 Tu: 5f ol oyoodrcp Kaiojv -/jAufe b7os "OpecTTTj? rui' ^.ku rov nifdiAou aToXov (pO^]vai -n^panj^^^vTa 
 
 a-y a-rr 'Adijvdctii', Kara 5' e/CTafe ■na.Tpo(pQv7jO.. e'/c t/Js QpaKijs e<j t-Jj^ 'Arrmi', tovtuvs 5e ir^pl 
 
 '^ .xiii. ]i. .SSJ : 'OpiiTr7]v p-lv yap ap^ai rod riji' AoKpiScr. Ko.l to ^plKiou vpos hioTpi^oA ttoXvu 
 
 fTToKov, TovTou 5' eV 'ApKaBicL TeAeuT7)(rafT0? Toy XP'^^^^^ vfTT^poi/ 06 SiajSc'j/Tas KTiaaL t^' Kc^T/J' 
 
 liioy diad'i^aTBai Toi^ vlov aorov W^vdiXov^ koX ti)v ^piKwviha. KX'qQ^ltro.v diro tou AoicpiKOv 
 
 Tvpo^KB^Iv /-L^XP^ ©pdlCTjS k'^'fjKOVTa ereiri Tiou Ijpou^. Tcui^ AloAiwi' roipuv Ko.0' oK'^f TK^Oa- 
 
 TpuiKihv v&Tepov, vtt' aiiT-iji' T^v Twv 'HpaffAeiSoJ^ uBgi'tmi' tiii/ x^P^-^^ h" ^<pa/j.^v oiro tou ttoitjtoi' 
 
 €is U^AoTTOVi^-qfTOi' KaOoSoj'- elr' 'Apx^Aaof viol/ AeyeirOoA Tpwi/CT?!^, ol vfTT€poi' oi fX(:V ■jvci.aa.v 
 
 iKeivou Trepaiwaai Thi> AujKikov (TtoKov €is T-qif AioKiSa irpoa'o.yopt^vovaii' ol 5e jx^po'i, koX TpQiaif 
 
 yui> K.v^iK'!)i'T]V Ti)v TTCpl To AaUKvAlov Tpni' 5e ol ^tef oA'/jy oi 5e /j.€pos auT7;s, ouo^y oKws 
 
 rhv vlhi^ TOVTOV tuv v^wTaTOV TrpoiAdoi'Ta fJ-^XP'- o.\Ati\ols 6i.Lo\oyavyTes. 
 
12S 
 
 ETHXr)GI^APHY OF THE aTOJAIs'S. 
 
 [Chap. IL 
 
 Granicns, led tlie lar^^er })art of liis troops over to Lesbos, and occupied 
 tliis island. Penthilus tlicn broiiglit his expedition over from Thrace 
 to the Troad, and was followed by other descendants of Agamemnon. 
 The lioman o-coo-rapher further says that, the Aculians haying spread over 
 the whole country called Trojan by the poet, the whole was by some later 
 writers called Aeolis, whilst others call only part of it by this name. 
 
 Stral)o informs ns that Abydos was tirst occupied by Milesian colonists 
 m the reign and by the permission of the Lydurn king Gyges (cir. G98-GG0 
 u.o.), to whom the whole Troad and the neighbouring territory belonged. 
 A promontory near Dardanus was called after him, Gygas.^ Neither 
 Stral)0 nor any other classical author tells us when this Lydian dominion 
 in the Troad commenced. But, as I shalh describe at length in the 
 subsecjuent pages. I found in my excayations at Hissarlih, at an average 
 depth of from G to 7 ft. below the surface of the ground, and just between 
 the ruins of Xovum Ilium and the delris of the latest pre-historic 
 city, a mass of pottery which, both in shape and fabric, has the very 
 greatest resemblance to the most ancient Etruscan pottery, whilst it 
 has no similarity whatever either to any of the pre-historic pottery or 
 to that of Xovum Ilium. Professor Sayce calls my attention to the 
 fact, that two terra-cotta cones, inscribed with the C'ypriote character 
 mo and found at a depth of 3 metres, exactly correspond in size, shape, 
 and material with a cone found by the late Mr. George Smith under the 
 floor of Assur-bani-pal's palace at Kouyunjik. This cone must have been 
 brought by an embassy sent to Nineveh by Gyges about b.c. CG5, when, 
 according to the inscriptions, the Assyrians heard the name of Lydia 
 for the hrst time, and became accjuainted with the districts westward of 
 the Halys. 
 
 Now we read in Herodotus:' "In the reign of Atys, son of Manes, 
 there was a great famine throughout all Lydia. The Lydians bore the 
 calamity patiently for some time, but, seeing that it did not stop, they set 
 to work to devise remedies for the evil. Yarioirs expedients were dis- 
 covered by various persons; dice and huckle-bones and ball, and all such 
 games, were invented, with the exception of tables, the invention of which 
 
 ^ .xiii. p. .' 9i) : "A/Bi'Sos 5e MiATjcrtdJi/ eVxt 
 icTiaua eTTiTpeipa.i^To'i Tvyuv ruv AvOwi' ^o-aiXiias' 
 i\v yaj.) €7r' eKeii'w to. x<-^p^<^ K'^'^ V Tpi^as aTTOjja.^ 
 
 OV 01.1.0.(^^7 0.1 5e K0.\ 6.Kp<XiTi]piOV Tl TTpU'; Aapddi'(v 
 
 Vvyas. 
 
 - Ilrrijilnt. i. 04-, ed. George Rawlin^un: eVl 
 "Arutij Tov Mai'eoj /SairiAeo? (TiTuhri'i-qv lax^'pW 
 u.vh. Ti]v Auo'nii' iraiTai' yn'^irOo.L ' ko.\ tous ivvOovs 
 Tfoos /.tei' oiayeii' knrapsoi'TaSy /.lexa 5e, 6is uu 
 TTaveaOai^ oK^a oii^riaBat, aAAoi' 5e aWo eVi- 
 /j.y]\ai'un'9ai avra^v. l^€vp^Qr]i'a.i Oq u.'f rare Kal 
 Twv KvlioJi' Kal raw a.(TTpaya\wi' Ka\ rris inpa'tpris 
 Kal Ta>y aAAeoij' -naadwv iraiyui^wv ra el'Sea ttA?;^ 
 Trerrrroju ' tovtwv yap ihv Ti]v e^evpefrw ovk ui.~ 
 icrj'iovi'Tai AuS'Ji. TTOieeir Se wSe irphs rhv Aifxiii' 
 ^^f^vpm'Tas, Ti/i' /.lef eTepvji' to'j' ?;/j.epea'r Trait^^ii' 
 ■jTuna.f. 'Ivo. hij jx)) (7]TioL^v diTia, ■T^]l' 5e kTf^priv 
 aiTeeirOai TTavnu^vnus Twi' ivaiyi'L^wy. TOLnvT''^ 
 T'^jiTQ.1 bidy^iv tV eT€a ouccu b€ouTa ei'icJO";. e/r_i 
 
 re Se ovk avUvai rh KaKov. aAA eVi fxaWoi' eTj 
 /3ia^€(j0ai, ouTcc 5?; rhy /Sao'iAea aurCn' dvo /.Loipas 
 OieAurra Aubwv irdvTWV KKripwaau ti]i' /j.€U eirl 
 /-'-ovji, TiV S-- eVl e|t55tij €K Trjs x^'P'O^-' ^"' ^''^^^ 
 /.ihi' Tl] /^e'l'e./ alnoii \ay\ai'ov(ji) ra'i' ^oipiwv 
 ko^vTuv TOV /3a(TiAta irpoaTaaa^iv, eVi Se tt? aixak- 
 \o.iT(TOp.^l'TI Ti'il' €WVTOV TTaiSo, To3 ovfo/xa €tvaL 
 TvpiJ-qi'tn'. \a\6i'Tas 5e OiVaT tovs erepuf? e^i- 
 4i'ai. (K TTJs X'^V"?^' KaTat2?ji'aL is '2.iivpvi]v Kal 
 /.irjxc-^V'T^'^^^^'' 7rAo?a, is to. iaOQfx^i'Ovs to. Trai'ra, 
 uaa (T(pi i]V XP'O^^'^^ cTTiTrAoa, aTroTrAtea' koto. 
 /3i'oi' T6 Kal 77)? (,V;tt7(Tii', es o et^rea ttoAAcc 
 7rapa/xf n|/a,ae'i't)us airiK^aOai is 'OftlBpiKovs, €i'6a 
 CTififas ivibpV'TanOai iroXias Kal olKi^iv tu f-i-^XP^ 
 Toub€. cli'tI 5e A ['5 it' /j-eTOVufxaaOrivai avTOvs 
 inl TOV ;8aiTiAe'((? tov iraibos^ os atpeas airriyay^' 
 
 iirl TOVTOV T7/I' eVa'J'l'/XlTJI' TTOliVp.ivOVS OVOfJia- 
 G07}l'aL TvpffTjl'OVS. 
 
§ I-] LYDIAKS AXD ETIiUSCAXS. 12'.) 
 
 they do not claim as theirs. The device adopted against tin- iauinie ^Yas 
 to give up one day so entirely to playing as not to feel any want uf food, 
 and the next day to eat and to stop the games. In this manner they 
 continued for eighteen years. As the affliction lasted and even became 
 more grievous, the king divided the nation in half, and made the two 
 portions draw lots, the one to stay, the other to emigrate from the 
 country ; he would remain king of those whose lot it should he to remain 
 behind, whilst his son Tyrsenus should he the leader of the emigrants. 
 AVhen they had drawn lots, those wdio had to emigrate went down to 
 Smyrna and built themselves vessels, in which they put all needful 
 stores; after tliat they sailed away in search ot laud and sustenauce. 
 After having sailed past many countries, they reached Umbria, where 
 they built cities for themselves and fixed their residence. Instead of 
 Lydians they called themselves after the name of the king's sou, who led 
 the colony, Tyrsenians." 
 
 In these Tyrsenians the general voice of antiquity saw the Etruscans, 
 though Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the contemporary of Straho, main- 
 tained that neither in language, religion, laws, nor customs was there 
 any similarity between the Lydians and Etruscans. But so firmly 
 convinced of the relationshiii were most of the ancients that, according 
 to Tacitus,^ in the time of Tiberius deputies from Sardis recited before 
 the Iioman Senate a decree of the Etruscans, declaring their consan- 
 guinity, on the ground of tlie early colonization of Etruria by the 
 Lydians. Mommsen,'' Corssen, and other authorities, however, now agree 
 with Lionysius. The fact that the great cities of Etruria Avere inland 
 and not maritime shows that they could not have been founded by 
 a people who came by sea ; and tlie native name of the Etruscans, 
 the liasena, is evidently identical with the Ehaeti of the Ehaetiau 
 Alps, whose language, according to Livy (v. 33), was similar to that of 
 the Etruscans. Now, Etruscan inscriptions have been found as far 
 north as Botzen, the phonology of which belongs to an earlier period 
 in the history of the Etruscan language than the phonology of the 
 inscriptions found in Etruria proper. Moreover, no relationship can be 
 discovered between the Etruscan language, which is agglutinalive, and 
 the remains of the Lydian language, which are Aryan. If, nevertheless, 
 the connection between Etruria and Lydia is still maintained," con- 
 sidering the striking resemblance of the curious pottery found at 
 Hissarlik immediately below the ruins of Novum Ilium, with the most 
 ancient pottery found in the cemeteries of Felsina,'' Villanova,' and 
 Volterra,'^ I think it possible that there may have been a Lydian settle- 
 
 ' Annul, iv. .55. Etruria, i. )ip. xxxv, 57. 
 
 ' L'Onusche Geschicldc, i. 9. Mommsen sug- " CiiuYanni finzzadini, di tjlruni Srpolcn drUc, 
 
 ger.ts that the notion uf a connection between AWrnpo/r Frhin.'i'. p. C. 
 
 Ktruria and LyJia arose out of a confusion " <V\nY:mm ^\..ziAy\i[ii,Ja IXccrcpoIc Ji ^ dlo.acza 
 
 Ijctween the Tursenni (more propei-ly Itascna), (ISTn), p. y.l. 
 
 corrupted by Greek pronunciation into Tvr- M.. I'igorini, /o'//cHmo A' P«?c<(M'oyc(, anno i. 
 
 rheni, and the Lydian Tyrrheni, whose- name, K. is. 4 and 5, April and May tSTo. J'late iii, 
 
 according to Xanthus, was really Torrlirbi. Nos. :_'..! and oh. 
 
 ' See George Dennis, Cities and Ccnnt.rics of 
 
130 ETIIXOGEAPHY OF THE Tr.OJAKS. [Chap. II. 
 
 ment ..n 3[r,i-mt Hissarlik contemporary with the colonization of Etrmia 
 by the Lvilians (1(J44 B.C.), and that the Lydian dominion may have 
 been estabhshed over the whole Troad at the same epoch. 
 
 or other nations which may have sojourned for a short time m the 
 Troad, I may name the Trerians, whom Strabo mentions once as neigh- 
 bours Of the Thracians." They invaded the north coast of Asia Minor 
 m the seventh centurv b.c. m company with the Cimmerians/" and even 
 took Sardis, which had been already taken by the Cimmerians. ^ But 
 in another 'passage Strabo states that the Trerians were a Cimmerian 
 -oeoplo;- and again in another he says that the Trerians were also called 
 Cimmerians, oi°a trilio of them.' According to Aristotle, the Cimmerians 
 settled in Antandros on the Gulf of Adramyttium, at the foot of Ida, 
 and remained there a hundred years. This appears to be confirmed by 
 Pliny ^ and Stephanus Byzautimis,^ according to whom the town was 
 formerly called Cimmeris and Edonis. Alcaeus '^ calls it a city of the 
 Leleges; Herodotus' and Cnnon " call it a Pelasgian city. 
 
 Hew fearfully the Troad must have been devastated by these inva- 
 sions, we may conclude from the statement of a Greek historian, that 
 the district of Lampsacus had formerly been called Bebrycia, but that 
 the Bebrycians had disappeared through the frequent wars.^ 
 
 I have further to mention the Gauls or Galatiaus, who, in 270 e.g., 
 passed over into Asia Minor, partly by the Hellespont, partly by the 
 Thraciau Bosporus,^'-' and spread such terror by their devastations that, 
 according to Livy,' " the coast of the Hellespont was given up to the 
 Trocmi, the Tolistolioji obtained Aeolis and Ionia, the Tectosagi the inland 
 parts of Asia, and they exacted tribute from all Asia within Taurus, while 
 they chose their own abode aliout the river Halys,— so that at last even 
 the kings of Syria did not refuse to give them tribute." But these 
 Galatians seem not to have stopped for any length of time in the Troad, 
 for otherwise Strabo would have known the fact through Demetrius of 
 Scepsis, who flourished but a hundred years after the invasion of the 
 Gauls. But as Straljo is silent on the subject, and only mentions the 
 Gauls as living cjuietly in the country on the Halys, south of Paphlagonia, 
 we may consider it as certain that they did not stay in the Troad. 
 
 » i. ]i. r.9 ; but it must l.c- dibtinctiv \iuJcr- sent tribute to Nineveh. See also Oil xi. 14- 
 
 ft>«n\ that Stralj" nuwliov un-utinus tliat the 111." = xiv. \\ G+T. 
 
 Tia-iiaus .settled tiir any Irii-th "f time in the ^ i. p. (11. * //. .V. v. r.2. 
 
 Triiail ; he only .speaks of thijir ennslant in- ^ S. v. Kip.ix(^pos. '^ Aji. Straho, xiii. p. GOB. 
 
 Tasii.us. i» xii. ].. :,l:i. ' vii. 4'.'. « S.n-r. 41. 
 
 ' .\ii]. p. C:i7. ProiVssiir .Sayer .alls my » Chamn in Schol. ap. I:/i'„l. L', 2. 
 
 attentinn to the fact that, "aee.uvliii- tu tlie i» i\haini"n Hcrael. .7). Thot. i. I. 
 
 .Assyrian inscriptions, the (linjirrai or Cim- ' .Sec Wea-ns.hirf, ilc Tlciiii':!. Gcdatl. i. p. 15. 
 
 merians invaded J.vdia in the time "f (;vg:es, Liv. xxxviii. m : *' Troeuiis Helles]Hmti ora 
 
 whn sent two <d" their ehiets in ch.ains tn Assur- data, TnlistdiDii Ai'idida atijue loniaui, Tectosagi 
 
 tiani-|i,al, the Saidanapulus of the ("Irecks (ahout mediterranea Asiae sortiti sunt, ct stipendium 
 
 V..C. fa;,"n. Suijsei[ueutly *I\'ges assisti'd Tsaui- tola (as d'auruni Asia exigehaut, sedem autem 
 
 metnlins of Eg_\'pt in sliaking citf the Assvrian ipsi sihi circa Halyn flumeii ceperunt, — iit Syriae 
 
 yoke, in eonsei}nence etf xvhich, savs .\ssnr-hani- (|uo(pie ad ]iostrcnium reges stipendium dare 
 
 pal, tlie gods punished him hy causing him to nun ahnuerent." The Trocmi, Tolistolioji, and 
 
 be defeated and heheaded in battle liv the (.'im- Tectosages were the three races or clans of the 
 
 merians. His sem and successor, Ardys, again Gauls. 
 
§ I.] TECUUAE SlTUATKiX OF TllnX. i;jl 
 
 I sliall not speak in this place of the passage of the Persians, 
 Macedonians, Romans, &c., throngli the Troad ; I have enumerated only 
 those nations of whose sojourn or devastation in this country tradition or 
 history has preserved some record. It will lie seen in the fuUowing pages 
 that the ruins at Hissarlik bear testimony to the settlements of at least 
 five different nations, which have succeeded each other on the site in 
 remote pre-historic ages. In fact the passage of nations to and fro on 
 this spot could not have been better described than lij' Mr. Gladstone :'" — 
 " It appears as if the Hellespont and the immediate neighbourhood of 
 the Bosphorus had formed a sort of hinge, upon which turned the fortunes 
 and movements of mankind from a very remote period. Consecjuently 
 I am not surprised wdien I see how some powerful cause has determined 
 the course of events actually exhiliited in historical times. I am not at 
 all surprised to find at Hissarlik the marks of an extraordinary interest 
 attaching to that neighbourhood, and of a great numlier of successive 
 races, beginning with the earliest recorded periods of civilized settlement, 
 endeavouring to lodge themselves upon this particular spot. To me it 
 involves no paradox, because I think it greatly supported and confirmed 
 by what we have seen since in respect to the desirableness of' that spot, 
 and its importance in connection with the movements of races. The very 
 circumstances of climate and soil may, I apprehend, be considered as 
 rendering it a very eligible site, and therefore there is nothing strange 
 to me in finding that a number of different peoples should have planted 
 themselves upon the hill of Hissarlik within the course of " certain 
 number of centuries." 
 
 I also cite here what Mr. Philip Smith ^ has written on the subject i 
 "Apart even from its traditional claim to be the Ilium nf Homer, 
 Hissarlik lay in the track of the primitive migrations of the Indo- 
 Enropean race from their cradle in the East to their settlement in the 
 AVest ; and not of one migration only, but of their passage to and fro 
 between the shores of Asia and of Europe ; as well as upon the path 
 of their commerce and military expeditions, after they were settled in 
 their homes. For. lest wo be misled by the arbitrary distinction between 
 the continents, which is stereotyped m the names of Asia and Europe 
 —that is. East and West — it must be borne in mind that the Hellesjiont 
 and Bosporus (as the latter name expresses) were ferries rather than 
 sundering seas, and the islands of the Aegean were step[riiig-stones. 
 The chjse affinities of the early settlers on both shores had long since 
 been proved ; and, in particular, the presence of the great Pelasgo- 
 Hellenic or Graeco-Italic family had been traced on botli. The very 
 ancient habitation of the north-western parts of Asia Minor by the 
 lonians— the Oriental name of the whole Hellenic race— long before 
 their traditional colonization from the peninsula of Hellas— had been 
 maintained by Ernst Curtius twenty years ago,* and more fully csta- 
 
 = At the Royal Institute of British Architefts, = See my Tm,/ and (ts ^.cm'iiiis, p. 364. 
 
 30tli April, 1877; see Sessional Papers, 1876- ' Curtius, Lie Rmia- cur dcr Wmdrrmv] ; 
 
 1877 Xo. 1-. Berlin, 1855. 
 
132 
 
 DOMINIOXS OF THE TROAD. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 Llislied Ly recent Egyptologers ■' — thus confirming the most ancient 
 ethnic record, that the Is/f.s of tlui Geiifiles were divided among the 
 families of the Sons of Javan." '' 
 
 § II. The several Dominions of the Tkoad." 
 
 1, TJie Dominion of Pamlarns. — This possession of the Lycians 
 extended ahmg the Aesepns to Zeleia; its inhabitants are called vs'ealthy 
 (a(prtioi). Their leader is Pandarns, son of Lycaon, the excellent archer. - 
 
 Cities. — The only city mentioned by the poet is Zeleia, situated on the 
 Aesepus at the last spur of Ida.. According to Strabo," it ^Yas at a 
 distance of 80 stadia from tlie nearest sea (the Pnipontis) into which the 
 Aesepus falls, and 190 sta,dia from (the post-Homeric) Cyzicus. 
 
 '2. TJic Dominion of Adrestus and Aiiipliius, so)is of Merojis. — This 
 dominion bordered on the preceding, as is shown by Homer, ^" as well 
 as by Strabo ; "Below Zeleia, on. the sea, on this side of the Aesepus, 
 was situated the plain of Adresteia." ^ The leaders of the Adresteans 
 are Adrestus and Amphius, sons of ilerops, though elsewhere Amphius 
 is calli.'d tlie son of Selagns. 
 
 Cities. — Three arc mentioned by the poet : — 
 
 a. Adresttia (/'; 'Aopiiareia) was situated between Priapus and Parium." 
 
 h. Apaesus (ij 'XTraicro^),"' also called Paesos (?'; Haiao-i),"^ was situated 
 between Lampsacus and Pariuin on the river Paesus. Strabo says that 
 the city was destroyed and that its inhabitants bad settled in Lamp- 
 sacus,'' because they were ]\Iilesians, like the Lampsacenes, which is 
 confirmed l.iy Anaxinienes.'^ 
 
 c. Fiti/i-iii (ij lliTveia)' was sifuatod in Pityus, a district of the 
 territory of Parium, at the foot of a mountain overgrown with pines, 
 betAveeii Priapus and Parium, close to the tovm of Linum on the sea. 
 
 = e'hal.:is, 7;/.(-.'.N sk;- rAN.t!<j:i;te lustorhfue; 
 I'aris ISTJ, p. lyii. 
 
 '■ '■ G.'llPsi.s X. 4, r>. Thr Csst'Tlf ial Irtt'TS .if the 
 
 llrljvcw name ]V arc iilaitical with the tiliajk 
 inN (hiiO, and liiith are equivalent fn the 
 
 ^I'nr.ui.is, tlir 'vnnn^rr j'aee' .if tl IJ Arj-an 
 
 Iraliti.ii)^, «hn nn^-ratr.l to the \Vr,t, while the 
 ehier hraneli rrniainea in th.- I•:a^t. See the 
 ^7.'.y.7l^'^ Ananit IliiL.ni ,,f tin' A'./,,/, (;iia]il er XX., 
 oil tile Nations <it' Asia Muh'I", whieh runr.ain.^ a 
 diseu,v>inn !•( tlic liell.uie allinilie., ut tlie I'liry- 
 gian.^ ami 'hi-egans in [lartieular." 
 
 ' In tlie grn--ra|.lty "i' ttie scver.'il (haniniuns 
 "ftlir Trea.l 1 have -ehiptea tie.- uran- h.lloive.l 
 hy E. liindihelz ill hi.s r.\,,.|l,.nt w.irlv, 7/„„„v,.sv/„: 
 Kvsninii,;,/,/,,;: a,„l (.,. ."//r/y./iie, and I have in a, 
 lai--r extent ]ii-.i|ited i.y lies detaihs ; hint as re- 
 gards lliun), 1 have nut used his wnrlv at all. 
 
 " //. ii. S-4-S27 : 
 >n §6 ZeAeiai' (iifauiu vivai -rreOa I'eiaTOf "IS?;?, 
 a.<pviL'n. TTifui'T^s v5icp fxiXav AiaijTTOiij, 
 d'^iwfi' Tcer cclit' I'lPX^ Avicdovos a7Aaes Uies, 
 rtai-eapes, <h Kai re^er ^ AnuWojy auTus eSaiKej'. 
 
 ' Stralai, xiii. |e .SS7 : 'H fuv 07) ZfAfia ei' 
 T'/ Ttapa'peic', if/ ixnari} rri'i IStjs '4(nii/, anf- 
 
 Xouaa Kui^tKou juef (TToStovs 4t'tEin]K0t'ra Kai €Kci- 
 ToV, TrjS 5' ^yyvrdru) OaKam^s ko.O^ iV eKSiSoajn' 
 Ahry-jTros ti<70v oyZoi]KOVTO.. 
 
 '" n. ii. S'JS-SoO : 
 OL 5' 'ASpi/cTTeiav t' elx^^ '^"^^ ^rifiop 'Airaiaov, 
 Kcil UiTueiau txoi' Kal TTypei'/js iJpes alirv 
 Taic y)f>x' '^A5p'i]aTus re Kal ''AlJ.(pLos \n'oda:p7]i'. 
 
 ^ xii. p. oOo : Tj] 5e ZeAeia vnOTreinuKe Trphs 
 OaXdrrij eTriraSe Ton A/Vtjttou re rfjs 'ASpTJirreiay 
 
 - Slrahn, xiii. ]i. ."iSS : 7; ^tei/ ovv ttqAis [v 
 'AoprpTTf^ta) /.Lf^ra^u FlfnaTrou Kai ria.pioi'. 
 
 ' .//. ii. S'-'S. 
 
 ■' J/. V. hl'J: 
 tca.\ /BctAec ''A/.tdncn', '^eXdyou vlov^ iis p en Haioa' 
 ralf. 
 
 ■' S;v:i1hi. xiii. ]"). .^St' ; it' 5e tw ^CTa^n Ao-fx- 
 Tpdicov leal Uapiov Uatrrus I'jy tt'jAis Kal Trorauos' 
 Kar^iTiranrai 5' 7'; TruAi?, 01 5e nai(77ji'ol ffsroj- 
 KijiTai' eiv Adfx^aKOV^ MiATjTttol' iii'Tes diroiKOi 
 KO.I ai'Tol Ka6dv€p Kal ol Aafn|'aKTji'ot. 
 
 '' .Straliii, xi\\ ]i. Ce'>,e : ' Ai'a^ifx^vrjs yovy 6 
 Aa/.n|/aK?7ees- ovrcc f^^TjiTiV, oTi — MiK'i](TlOL avi'U'KV- 
 trav — ''A/3e5ee. "Api(T/3aj', Xlaiffoi'. 
 
 ' M. li. »:.:9. 
 
§ 11.] 
 
 DAEDAKIA, THAT OP AEITEAS. 
 
 wliere tlie Liuusiaii cochleae ^Ye^e fisiicd up, which were considered the 
 best of all sorts of cochleae.^ But others maintained that Pityeia ^Yas 
 only the ancient name of Lampsacus.''' 
 
 3. The Boiniiiioii of Asius. — Tliis dominion extended alont;- the coast 
 of the Troad, from Percote to Abydos. Asms, son of Hyrtacus,'" was the 
 ruler of this drstrict ; irnder his command was the contingent of the 
 Thraciau city of Sestos on the Hellespont/ 
 
 Of Cities Homer mentions three in this dominion : — 
 
 (/. Percote (;; IlepA-ojT);)," of Avhich its present name, Borgas or Bergas, 
 may be a corruption. Its ancient name was also Percopt'.^ 
 
 li. Ahydos (i) "A/SuSos~),"' at the narrowest part of the Hellespont, 
 which, according to Herodotus,^ was there only 7 stadia broad; but in 
 reality the breadth of the strait is here 10 stadia. Abydos was situated 
 opposite to Sestos, though slightly to the sou.th-east. A little to the 
 north of the city Xerxes passed the Hellespont on a bridge of boats, in 
 dSO B.C. Of Abydos no ruins are extant ; only fragments of pottery 
 or marble mark its site. It is at a distance of 3 miles from the present 
 town of Dardanelles. On the site of Abydos are two nearly conical 
 natural hills, lioth of which may have once been fortified, but the opinion 
 of some travellers,'' that they are composed of debris, is altogether erro- 
 neous ; they consist of purely natural soil. 
 
 c. Arishe (>; 'Apiaf3i]), not far from the Selleis,' was the residence of 
 Asius, and has in the poems the epithets " divine " {oiay and " well- 
 built " (evKTiiJuiin-i)? 
 
 4. The Dominion of Aeneas (Dardania). — Strabo defines Dardania as 
 foUoAvs : — " On the further side of Aliydos come the distiicts around Ilium, 
 the sea-shore as far as Leetum, the land of the Trojan Plain, and the 
 district at the side of Mount Ida subject to Aeneas."'" Again; "The 
 mountain-border (of the Trojan Plain) is narrow; on one side it extends 
 in a southerly direction to the district around Scepsis, on the other side to 
 the north as far as the Lycians of the district of Zeleia : this plam the 
 poet puts under the dominion of Aeneas and the Antenorids, and calls 
 it I>ardania."' This dominion was therefore long and narrow; it ex- 
 
 ^ Str:il.iO, xiii. p. oSS : rilTua 5' eVrlf er Diru- 
 ovi'Ti TTjS XiapiaprjS uTT^pKdij.i^i'Oi' ^xovrra 7riTuti5e? 
 vpos fj^^Ta^h 5e K^lrai Ilapiov Kai Tlpidirou koaI^ivov 
 Xoiplov eVi OaKaTTT], uttou ol Aifovaioi /cox^^"' 
 apLrrroL roji/ Trai'Tttjr aAirn^oyrai. 
 
 '^ ^-tojih. Lvz. ;inil Kt\-m. 3I;l:,^ s. v. Aojx^aKos ; 
 Srlinl. Aj.r.li'. I'huJ. i.'9:;3; Uyph. Ar./. 4SS ; 
 Plin. //. ^A'. V. o- : '■ Lamii^ncum raitea Pjtyusa 
 dirtuin," This IS also imjiliuil in thi.' .stor\- to]<l 
 HI IleriiJotus, ri. .'JT, tliij jHiiat of whicii is 
 misseil I'V the histnriaii, wlm ih:ies not seem t" 
 hare lieard that I'itveia (a- I'ityusa was reputed 
 to lia^'e been the aneient name >A Lamjisacus. 
 
 "' JL ii. 837, 838: 
 Ttt'j/ aiiO^ 'TpraKiSris i)px ''AfTios^ upxauos a^'5pi^', 
 ''ATios 'TpTaKiOr]S. 
 ' Ii. ii. 833. 
 
 = J/, ii. 83.5 ; xi. 229 ; xv. .".+S. 
 ^ Stepll. Bvz. s. ^'. rlffJ/i-a'TTj : riepfcaJTTj Kal 
 TraAai UapKwTn] -rroXis Tpajdoo^, 
 
 li. s:; 
 
 34: 
 
 €inL 06 eTTTa 
 
 Monjcnljndc, p. 43o. 
 
 ej T'/jf a.-KO.VTiQV. 
 
 '' IJlrhter, iro///,(/„.;,;,i 
 
 ' //. 11. 838, 830 : 
 
 ' Ap'ifrli'i)6€l' . . . 
 TTOrauov dizu 2eAAije:'TQS. 
 C'omp. xii. OiJ, 97. 
 
 ^ //. 11. 8'al ; xxi. d'i : hlav 'ApiV/3?;^'. 
 
 '' Jl. VI. 1.3: ivKTif-UvTi fV 'A/y((T/3;?. 
 ^'* xiii. ]i. b'?'l : ''E^o) 6e 'A,Gu5uu rd Trep! rh 
 "iXioif euT!, rd re irapdAia eojs A^HTOU Kal rd 
 eV TW Tpoiiiicp Treoi'ai teal rd napap^ia rijs 157;s 
 Ta VTTo rd} AiVet'a. 
 
 ' xui. p. .;i9ii : TouTow 5' v i-ifv Trapupeius 
 tVri rrrei'-/;, Tij jx^v eVi ri]U /.Liir^yj.l3pLau TeTa,ueV?j 
 ^e'x'pt Twr Ko.Td '^Ky^^ii' TuTrwr, t?} 5 tTTi Tas 
 dpKTOus ;L[fcXP' '^dji^ Kara. ZeAeiai/ Ai/Kta'!/. to.vtijv 
 6' u 7ron?T./jy inr' AtVei'a rdrT^L Kal rois 'AfTTj- 
 fopidaLS, /caAel 6e AapdaMiap. 
 
134 
 
 DOMIKIOXS OF THE TEOAD. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 temlud lictween Priam's (.lomimmi and that of the MeropiJs, being bor- 
 dered ou one side by tlie Hellespont, on the other by the Leleges and 
 Cilieiaus. Its inhabitants, called Dardanians (SapBavioi- or AdpSavot),-^ 
 Avere a race kindred with the Trojans, and are sometimes confounded 
 with them: thus, lor instance, Euphorbus, son of Panthoiis, a Trojan, is 
 called a Pardanian.' 
 
 (_)f (,';firs we can only mention Dardania, bnilt by Dardauns at the 
 foot of Ida before sacred' Ilium was founded m the plain." In the time 
 of Strabo It had utterly disappeared.'' It has of course nothing in 
 common with the later Dardanus, which— as excavations lately made 
 there at my re(|uest by the military governor of the Dardanelles have 
 sliOAvn— has left a layer of dAris hardly 2.\- ft. deep, in which nothing 
 but fragments of Greet potsherds arc found. It therefore appears certain 
 that it^was built by the Aeolian Greeks. It lies on the shore of the 
 Hellespont, as Strabo" rightly remarks, at a distance of 70 stadia from 
 Abydos, and, according to Pliny,'* 70 stadia from Ehoeteum. 
 
 ;"). Tlie Boiniiiiuii of Altcs/'—Wc find also m Homer that a troop of 
 Leleges had settled iu the Troad, on the river Satniois near Cape Lectum : 
 thus they seem to have dwelt between the dominion of the Cilicians and 
 that of the Dardanians."' Their king was Altcs, father of Laothoe, who 
 bore Lycaou, and father-in-law to Priam. ^ 
 
 Of Cities I can only mention Pcdasus (i) Ih'joaao'i) on the Satniois, 
 witli the epithets '-lofty" [aiTri'ieaa-a),- "high-towered" or "high- 
 walled " (cuTreiv-i'j).^ It was destroyed by Achilles,"' and is supposed, as 
 I have liefore observed, to be mentioned on the Egyptian monuments 
 under the name of Pidasa. 
 
 li. T/ie Duiiiinimi of tlte Cilicions. — 
 
 <i. Tlie Dominion of Ettion (the Theban Cilicia) ^' extends between the 
 district of Lyrnessus occupied by the Cilicians and the Leleges., The 
 description given liy Horner of Thebe '^ has led to the general belief 
 
 "- II. ii. 819: 
 /^apou.viicv o.vt' '/'ipx^i' e'L'S ttcus 'Ayx^<J^o 
 hlviios .... 
 
 2 JL iii. 4.ji;, vii. :US: 
 »ieK"/\LiTe /'-eu, Tf)wes, Kal Aapbai'Oi ?j5' eVtfirot'poi. 
 
 ' //. xvi. SOT: 
 
 . . . . Aa-jjOaMos ai^'iip^ 
 navdoiS-,]'; EiUpnpliui, .... 
 
 ^ //. .\x. 'Jl.'.-i;lS: 
 Aapaai'i'ji' o-v irpu^Tov t6/c6To t'e(p^\'pyepi=ra 
 
 eV Tv^difp ',T€7ru\LiTT0, -TTi/Ais piepoTvwv avOpojlTwv, 
 U.W' ef inrix'p^ia'i w.'ceci' TroAuTTiSK/fOS "IS'/jy. 
 
 '' :^iii. ]i. .)';'J : vvi^ fiii' yap uvo' V^^fJ^ iruXiws 
 (Tw{^c-TaL avTuOi. 
 
 ^ .\iii. )'. 59."': y TTiiXis ij Adf(0ai'(J9, 5i6\0U(Ta 
 T7i? 'A/3i'ooy u aTaOiiiu^. 
 
 » /r. X. V. :;:;: "a. liliui'tco ]):llMauiuiii (111)11- 
 ilmn )j:ir\'itrn iilicst stadia ]xx." 
 
 ' ll.nialillf; lirrc Ijailll (he nv.lcr loUi.wnl l,v 
 I-;. I'.iirlilinl/.'y/,,,,,,-,'. 7u.M,;. »,;./ (/,',./,■., I sliail 
 lir^t .s))rak 111" tile (Inniinioiis ul tliu J.cle-''S ami 
 the Ciiiciaij^, anil ailerwanls ol' the doniiuiun of 
 
 Tmy priipLT, as this hitter will oceupy a large 
 
 O-TTO TOV 
 
 "^ strabo, xiii. ]i. lio,') : -jj yap anli 
 AenTOv f)a\is arareiVoi'ija irpus T'liv "IS?)!' I'lre/i- 
 
 K€lTaL TO.'l' npLVTOM T OV KuXtTOV f-i^pWV, CJ' OIS 
 
 Trpu'Tiii' rolls A/Afyas iSpvf.i^l'Ous u ttoj'iJTj/s 
 7re7ron?h'(F J'. 
 
 ' Jl. xxi. s+-sr, : 
 
 /.ui'ui'faSioi' 5e lie /.n';TT)p 
 y€iyaTo AaoOini, Ouydri^p'^AKTao y^poi'Tos, 
 ^A\t€Cxi us AeAeytiTdi (j}i\onro\'^ /J.01G w ai'dcraCL. 
 
 - II. sxi. ST : 
 ("AAtijs) W'l\Zai7ov atTn'/ftTtrai' eYwi/ c-ttI ISaxi'iu- 
 ej'T;. 
 
 ^ II. vi. :U, :i:. : 
 
 j'are 6e 2xaTi'oie;'T05 kvp'p(^[Ta.Q irap o\(?as 
 
 n-y'/SaiTur atTTiiynp'. 
 " II. XX. H-J : 
 
 Tre'^rre 6e ('AxiAAet's) Avpv'i)(T(T\n' Ka\ Yli]^a'TOV. 
 '• Stralin, xiii. ]i. rtS'i : ?; rajf KiAiKa'j' SiTT-/;, i; 
 
 /-KI' &i](ia'iKij 1] 5iE AvpV)]lTlJLS. 
 
 '■ ]l. vi. i'l'.Ki. :;VT : 
 'HeTiu')', u5 (I'ai^^i' {'nil Yl\aK(p oAijecruj; 
 0///377 vTroTvAalciri, KiAiKeacr' acSpedtriy avatycTiov. 
 
§ II.] TIIEr.K. — VIEWS OF JU;. GLAHSTOXK. 133 
 
 that tlicro was a mountain called Plakos, at tlie foot of wliirli tlio city 
 was situated. ]*>nt Stralio knows no sneli ninrmtaiu ; lie says : " But in 
 the inteiaor, "lO stadia further on, is the now deserted Thebe, which the 
 poet puts helow the ' wooded Plakos,' hut there is here neither a Plakos 
 nor a Tlax, nor is there a forest above it though it adjoins Ida." ' 
 
 Cit/'i!^. (a) Thebe (i) W);'/i^;) was situated (j(1 stadia to the north-west 
 of Adraniyttiuni," between the latter and Carine.'^ It was the capital 
 of Eetinn; hence its epithet ''sacred cifij of EifiiDi.'"^' It is called 
 '■flourishing;'" (tern'triaocra) and ''high-gated" (v^lnirvXaq), aud was 
 destroyed by Achilles." It was a fortified place, for Homer speaks of 
 Its wails, > 
 
 ilr. (iladstone- has sought to show that under Thuthmcs III., whoso 
 reign is computed to have extended over the first half of the sixteenth 
 century i:.c. (or lCiOO-l.'>.">0), when the power of the great Egyptian 
 Empire reached its climax, it embraced most of the populations of Cxreece, 
 where Thcithnies put his own sons as governors in the places he had 
 conquered. He calls attention to the fact, that the Thebe of Eotiijii is 
 couuecled in the I/iad with special excellence of horses; that it is tin.' 
 sacred city of Eetion ; ami that lastly it has lofty gates {v^lrLTrv\o<;)r' It 
 is surely remarkable, he adds, that we find all these three characteristics 
 reproduced m the Cadmean Thelies of lioeotia. It is sacred (tepa Trpus- 
 reiyta i-'! >/ f3 >] ^) ^ It is most closely associated with the horse ; for to the 
 Cadmeans alone, besides the Trojans, does Homer give the designatinn 
 A-e'cTopfs (■7777(0!'." It is also rcmarkablc for its gates, being the seven- 
 gated Thebes.'' Both cities, too, were rich. The Thebe of Eetion is 
 evvaieraoua-a. or "a tlourishiiig city;" while the C'adnieau Thebes is 
 irk-Tijuerov TTToX/tt'poz', " a well-built fortress," ' and eupv\^opo^, " an exten- 
 sive (r) city." - These three pointed characteristics, as well as the fourth, 
 all belonged to the mighty city of Thebes m Egypt. This had a Imndred 
 gates ; this horsed 20,000 chariots ; and was eminently a sacred city, for 
 she was the centre of the worship of Ainun.''' 
 
 Kecent researches, however, seem to show that the ideutificatitms with 
 Greek tribes proposed for geographical names occurring in the Egyptian 
 inscriptions are untenable. The chief support for 'Mr. Gladstone's views 
 
 " Strali.i, xiii. p. 01+ : eV Se tjj p.iaoya'ia cmh ' //. ii. 001 : Tfi'xea Qlj^ns. 
 
 Tr€i'T)]KOi'Ta arabiwy iarlr ?/ 0/j5?J epfjaos, I'ji' ' IfiniKnc Siindiruiii^iil^ \'. I.m. 
 
 (pi)i7a' u TTonjT?)?, " vTTu UXaK'-v i\i^€(T<Tr} " oi'Te 5c ^ /'"'^. p. l.'S. //. iv. o^ S. 
 
 Ttti Kairoi TTfios rfy'lSij. " ^'. "'■ -^"f' ! '-'<^- ^'- -'-'■'• 
 
 * .Stl-;lli", xiii. p. 012: Sit'xouo-l 5e 'ASpa.uuTTlou ~ H- ii. ."'".'i ; vi. 41.".. ' Ci'. xi. '2e.">. 
 
 (TTciSroi'S 7) ,uei'(0i'(^r)) ej7)K''!'''a, 1) Of (Ai'pnjTtriO ' ILjmci-. Sipirhr.. p|i. l.iS, l..',i. Fn'iiarilinj 
 
 oySmjKovTa kjI otcri- eVl Oarepct. tl>'.' On™ nf tlu' n:imr, h c iiiiiy .■lail. th.it «liil..it 
 
 » IIl'Im.I, vii, 42: ctiru Si ravT^s (Kapinis) oia tlir rity uf l',rti(iil is al\v:iys eiille.l 'I'llrl.n iii tlie 
 
 0ij/37)S -iSlov iiTopeieTo. 'ASpatj-iTTiwi/ re TTi'.Xiv sinu'iilar, this was alsn tlif jin>j>,.'i- lOvni l.ir tlie 
 
 i;al"Ai-Tai'5pov rif Ui\ci(ryi5a Trapai.ieifii[uii'os. l"._'yi'tian city, whusc original naiiu- (uaiiirlv, 
 
 ui ji^ i ;;(;,; . file name ol' its sarrcl iiuavtor, to tlia cast .n' llio 
 
 ts tV,'i/3,„/ I'ep!,.' 7rc!,\U' "HfTUca-os. Nile) was T-APE. 'I'he Creeks asMuulateil the 
 
 H //. vi. 41-.. 41i; : name to tliat ..t'Tlii'l.es (07j/3ai) ill l''"e"tia : Out 
 
 EK 5£ TTu'Air TTipjci' (' Ax'>^^<:v s) KiXIkxp euraif- thi.,.ity, as « e sec iti Homer, is aUo calleil llicOc 
 
 TaaMTtti' (,0/)/3?)). 
 0/;/3r)r iiJ/i7r;.;\oy- 
 
13G DOMINIOXS ()V 'I'lIK Tl;OAD. [Ciiai-. IT. 
 
 consfi|iiciitly fVills to tlii^ i^'roimd. Since, tlie Ciidmoans (if Booot.iun Tliobes 
 Wfi-r n l'h()('iii(;iuii cdlony, it is jirdlnililc tliut tlio iirifj;iii of tLc uaiiio of 
 the city must l)c soiiij;]it in tlic Semitic luiic^miKcM. Oji tlio otlxjr liaiid, 
 Eij:yj)tiiui TlicLi's <li'i'ivcil its uiimc IVom tlic I".^'y|itiiiii ///.-{iji/'ii, tljc jiliiral 
 of fii~iiji, " tlio little liousc," II title oi-i,'4iiial]y CMVi'ii to one only of tlic 
 qmirtcrs of the city. Accoi'diii'^ to Yarro ('/r< 7ic iiud. ii']. 1, \i>), "the 
 Aeoliiin ISoeotiaiis" and the Sahincs called liills fulidi' rir fli<:h(M\ 
 
 (/j) t'hrj'si- ()'; Xfjvari), ali'cady desolate in StraLo's time, was situated 
 cdose to I'licLe, a,iid lifdoiieed to tjje ]iosseKsions <d' E(d.i(jn, as is evidiait 
 from the f;i.ct thai Chryseis was cajitnred hy Achilles when he dc-stroycd 
 Theh:'.'" It had a temjdi! <A' Apollo Smi7ifheiis, of which the futju'r of 
 Chryseis was the priest.' It was w]tuat(.:d on the sea, and had a jiort in 
 whiidi Ulysses landed Avlien he hrone;ht Chryseis hack to lier father with 
 a hecatomh iVjr the ij;od. As Straho remarks, it is to ht; distinguished 
 from the Jii/rr t'ljrysa,, near llamaxitiis, which had also a tejuple, (,f the 
 Smintliian Apollo, Imt no port." The tcmjdc of this god, wdiich Pliny'' 
 mentions heve, c-.i-n conscr[nGntly refer only to the later phi,(.:e. 
 
 (y) Cilli' (Kt\/V)/), situated also iu the Theh;in plain on the small river 
 Cilhieus, at the foot of Mount Cillaeus a,ud in the iieighhourhood of 
 Antaiidros, was founded hy Pelops, son of Tantalus, a,nd had a cidehratcd 
 temph.' of the Cillaeau A])ollo, which still exist(.'(l in Stradjo's time.^ 
 
 h. 'J'hd J)i)iniii/oii, of Hfipics appears to have lieen limited to the city 
 of Lja'nessns {Xvpin-jaaos), called also the oty (.if ]\Iynes hy liomer/' 
 destroyed hy Achilles, avIkj here captured Lriseis.'' Hither Aeneas fled, 
 pUl'SUed hy Achilles.' It AVas situated in the Thiiu of Thehi', .S,S stadia 
 from Adramyttium, and is described hy Straho as fortilie'd hy nature, 
 hut deserted.* Fellowes ''' believed he had hjund lis ruins hmr miles 
 from Kara.varen. 
 
 c. 'J'Ih- J)oiiiniiiiii of ]''iiri/pi/Jiis IS difficult to define. II(^ Vv'as leader of 
 a tvooji of Ket(-iiii (/j! Ki'iTfioi), whose identity with the Ilittites of the 
 Old Testament, the, Klieta of the Egyjttian monuiiifnits and the Khattiii 
 (li the Assyrian inscriptions, has be('U luost ingeniously maintained hy 
 
 //. i. :;i;(i, :;i;7 
 
 ) I ■_' ; TTAjjoioU (Jl/C T'7/5 (-lv'/3/;^ ^Tl I'Vf 
 
 lix'il'-'^D' es Biifiriv, Ufnii' iroMy 'HfTiwi'05 Ki'aAo. Tt: ToTTiji AtyrTai, fV tij KtAAaiav 'AiroA- 
 
 ■r'liv hi hifKpo.OniJ.d' Ti KUA iiT'l'-'" fvi)u.<i(: irii'TO.. Awi/rn (miv Up/iu ■ Trajia^iliel a' a.'nw t'^ 'lo/js 
 
 /'. t. .>7-..'.i ; fji'^jMjij.rfii^ () KiAAann irma/jjU. (I\i<l, .'A/. -\ili. 
 
 :!AlU! /j.cu, ipyvp/jTO^', is Xpicrrii' ci./.ir;,,/3f/37)/cas 171. I'lii;. //. ,\,, v. :;'J, .Miy.s tliiit it nu )uli-iT 
 
 ■\',i,-.1''ii ill 111-, tniir. 
 
 2/^ii'fl!i". ^ //. .\r.,. •^■ir, : 
 
 Sfriil,ii, .viii. p. f;l2: 'H 6<- Xyurra t'-rrl irr patv hi ttoAw Oelum mvvqTO-;. 
 
 (iaXaTTij ■nnAixi'viv »> f^ni' Ai/j.rVa, TrAr/rn'rw r,e '' II. ii. li'.ni, i;:i| : 
 
 ^Trf'picEiTai •;; (-)iifi-q ■ ij^To.iJh. fi 7> koX ti, i,j,},v t',]v ittptrr-ijlna) uc AnpfTtmrou i(f.'iA(ru mAAa. 
 Tou :2,u.i!/(j(oj<, ' AttoAAo.'i'u^ kua'/i Xftunrjn- T/pv/ua'Tai /JiryijiToA-. 
 
 ai I'lji/ TO xwf"'"'' TeAtws ■ rU (jt ryi- u'rv Xpvnuv AvprqtriT/n' fiia.TrnpUriaas. 
 
 TV/t- KO.TC/. 'A/m(iTijll Hf0iopVTaA TO Irpnr, TWA ' II. \\, | ', I 1 . \'M : 
 
 liiAui^iv Toil/ jjAv fis tV Ua/j.fvA'w.i/ fKWfm',vTo}v iv(l'-v(,' t\ Aupv-i)mj<,v I'nrfKrjiuyfs ■ uinup <.yu>Ti]V 
 
 T<j>iihi fi's ' Au.rj.i^ni'iv (I'lV i.-niipiiTt-pinTiiv -na/Aaiiiv ■wf'piro. /AfHiipu-rillr-i;. 
 
 iTTupmp ivTtt.Ula Tnu Xpvnriv ko\ tV Xpuir-qifia ' .\iii. p. IllL': ^,,T0.vlla. yap Ka.l i] &iifii] KM ii 
 
 y^yovA^va.L ipum Kat Tui/ (i/Anc'ii' thiWou thu Avpi'qtTfTi'n. f'pv/Afhi' x^'I^'^"^ ' ^I'VI/-'" ^>' ^■Hf''>'''^P^' ' 
 
 ToJTi.u iJ.ep.vtjTHai- o.AA' ouTf Ai;j.7/i' •ajtw rVTwpOa, oic-xiiuai 7i, ' A''jpA,j.,jTTimi aTabinw, i; (Hii/B/)) p-'V 
 
 c'ltrij-i/i Of -/r/jo-ii/ "oi oTf oil Aip.'-vo; TTuAofi'i,- i^-qnnvTa y ( Aupinirrntr,) oi l,yr,m,K,il>Ta Ka\ liinw 
 
 fii/.n (inn: 'iiannii." ■'■ II. A', v. :VZ. S. eTri u6.Tr.pa. ,S-r al ,o llin.l, v. V.i ; I'liii. //. A'. 
 
 MIii,i.;r, //. i. :;!(. II<,n,i|,it. i. I4y. stml,,,, V. ui; ami :;-. '• l^xruiMj«, in yla„< .l/m.„,i,.:;0. 
 
§ 11.] THE KETEIOI AND AEIMI. 1^7 
 
 Mr. GLulstone." His arguments lead to the conclusion tliat lljc; Keteioi 
 "come from outside the circle of the earlier Trojan alliunces, and 
 therefore from Lycia, and the countries of the Mysoi and Ivilikes." ^ 
 Strabo says : ' " Just as the land of the Cilicians is twofold, the Thehan 
 and the Lyrnessnin, to which may also be reckoned the domain of 
 Eurypylus, coming next to the territory of Lyrnessus." And again : ^ 
 "According to Homer, Eurypylus reigned in the country on the 
 Caieus, so that perhaps a part of the Cilicians also was snlijcct to him." 
 And further:'' "But it can only be a question of probabilities if any 
 one endeavours to determine from the poet the exact frontier to which 
 the Cilicians and Pelasgians extended, as well as the Keteioi lietween 
 them who were under Eurypylus. As to the Cilicians and the subjects 
 of Eurypylus, we have already stated the probability ; and how they 
 were bounded, especially by the districts on the Caicus." 
 
 It is on account of Strabo's first statement, which makes the 
 Keteioi under Eurypylus border upon Lyrnessus, that their territory 
 has been noticed here. 
 
 7. Tlie Boinuiion of the Homeric Arimi (ol "Api/j.oi). — The Arimi 
 seem to be a mythic people, who have been searched for in various 
 regions. They are only once mentioned liy Homer : " The earth 
 groaned under their feet, as when the god of thunder, Zeus, in wrath 
 strikes the laud of the xirimi around Typhoons, where the bed of 
 Typhoeus is said to be." ^ According to Strabo, this land of the Arimi 
 was identical with the Catakekaumene (or " burnt land ') possessed by 
 the Mysiaiis and Lydians.'' In another passage he states that liy some 
 the burnt land is believed to be in Lydia in the environs of Sardis ; 
 by others in Cilicia or in Syria, by some on the Pithecussae (monkey- 
 islands), who said, at the same time, that monkeys were called Arimi l;iy 
 the Tyrrhenians.' I may here mention that the present Island of Ischia, 
 in the Gulf of Naples, was once called Pithecusa, Aenaria or Inarimc. 
 Strabo also cites the opinion of Posidonius, according to which " the Arimi 
 are not the inhabitants of a certain district of Syria, of Cilicia, or of any 
 other country, but the inhabitants of all Syria, who are called Aramaei. 
 But perhaps they were called Arimaci or Arimi by the Greeks." " 
 
 " Jfnuicric S:/nclromsm, pp. li.'I, 127, 171, ^ //. ii. 781-7S:; : 
 
 171-, 177, 18", ISr. yala 5' u7rea'TeMi;^;i(^e Au ojs TfpiTiKepavi'cp 
 
 ^ //'/(/. 1). IS.!. ^(la'O/ieVtt', ore t' a/.i(^l Ti^f^ejei' 'yarai' (^aud?; 
 
 - y/iii. \K .''.SO: naBdnep Kal 'o twf KtXLKwf tiV 'Apt'^uois, o6l (po.a-1 Tu(pw€os ^fifitEi'aL tEvi^d::. 
 
 ^iTT-'q^ 7/ jAv QrlfiaiKy ri 5e Avpv'i](rais- eV o.vti] 5' '' -'^ii. \>- -07'.) : koX Ori koa rd nc-p\ Toi' Tv(pu)i'a 
 
 ap Xf^x^'^'V V '^'"'t' EvpvTTvXw icpe^rjS oOna rfj TrdBfj ffraida. /.njOeuoutn Kal rov'^ ^ hp'iixovs KoX 
 
 AvpvrjtTai^i. '^V^ Ko.ro.K€KavpAvYiiJ Tainriv iii^oi (/jarTiC. 
 
 ^ ,\iji. pi. GIG: uTL (V To7s Trep! rhf Kai'/cor ' .^ii'. ]'. GiIG : dWoi 5' «V K!A(/,-io, Tivks 5' eV 
 
 roTTOls ipolueroA jSsfiaaLX^v :ws Ho.ff "Oi-irjpov d '^vpio. TrKd.TTUvni tov /xvOor luvTov. ol 5' h' 
 
 EupuTTuAor, u!(Tt' iVuJS Kdl Tujif KiAlku)!/ Ti fj.^pos UiOt] KovfTTo.is ^ o'l Ku.l Tov^ TTiO-qt^un S' (^>a.al irapd 
 
 'iiv utt' auTov. T"o7s Tupp-qi'oh dpi/iov^ KaXflaOoA. 
 
 ^ .Xlii. p. G-JO : e^KOToXoyfw 5' eiTTi Kar dX tl^ ^ .xvi. p. 781-: Ae'yei 5e kua rods 'Api^tot's d 
 
 Tur d-KpL^?! (."rjrer Ko.rd. TrV iroiriT'iju dpov p.'^XP^ 7roi7jT7)s. ous (p7}fn Tloa^t^coyLos o^x^rrOoA 5^;;' f-n} 
 
 riuos ol KiAifces oUreiVOU koa ol Y\i^Xo.(Tyol koa tuttov riva tTjs 2vplos 'ij ti]s KiAiKias '}j dXXi'j'i 
 
 €Ti ol /i(:TO.i;d TOVTi^i^ K'qT^LOt X^jo^i^voi ol VTTo Tii/os yljS, o.XXd T'QV 'S.vpio.v odniji' 'ApauoLOL yap 
 
 rtp EdpuTTuXaK TTcpl p-lv oof Td)V KlXiKOjy KOA 01 eV adnrj ■ rdxa 5' ol ''EXXTjif^-i 'Aptfxaiovs 
 
 TOjp VK EupvTTvXw rd iyoyra ^'ipTjTai, koa Olotl acu.Xouv i) 'Apl/.iOVS. 
 [eVl] rd wepl rhi' KaiKOf jxaKKTra Trepa.Touinai. 
 
133 DOMIXIOXS OF THE TROAD. [Ohap. II. 
 
 8. Tlie Boniiiiinn of Hie PeJasginns (ol IJeXaa'yoi). — I finally men- 
 tion lieretlio driminion of tlie Asiatic Pelasgians, who were nnder the 
 cominanil of Hippotlioiis and Pylaens, sons of Lctlms,'' and occupied 
 tlio district of tlie Aeolian coast from tlie river Caicns np to the 
 Ionian frontier. Tlieir chief city was Larissa (•) Adpiacra, Adpiaa), 
 wliieh Strabo places in the neii;dilionrh(iod i:if Cyme, for lie says:'" 
 "lint the Pelasgians wo have reason to place next to them (the 
 Cilicinns) and the subjects of Eurypylus, as well fro)ii the indications 
 of Hniiicr as from other information. For the poet says: 'Hippotlioiis 
 led the trih^'S of the spear-practised Pelasgians, who dwelt on tlie 
 fertile soil of Larissa — these were led hy Hijipothous and Pylaeus, 
 th(.^ oH's[iriiig of Ares, both sons of the Pidasgian Letlius, the son of 
 Teutaums.' Ilereliy he indicates a consideralde multitude of Pelasgians, 
 because he speaks, not of 'a trilie,' but 'of tribes,' and puts their seat 
 in Larissa. Novn' there are many Larissas, liut we must assume one 
 in the neighbourhood; and we should be most right in supposing tlie 
 one near Cvine. For there are three, but the one near Ilamaxitus 
 lies diri'ctlv in siglit of Ilium, and very near it, aliout i^OO stadia dis- 
 tant, so that it could not have lieen rightly said that Llippothoiis fell 
 in tlie fight over Patroelus 'far from Larissa;' but this would rather 
 have been rightly said of the Larissa near Cyme, because there are about 
 1000 stadia lietween that Larissa and Ilium." 
 
 9. The Dominion of Pyimii, IHuin, and tlie Countrij lieJonr/iiir/ fo it. — 
 For the extent of this dominion we have Strabo's statement: "Below 
 it (Aeneas's dominion of Dardania), and nearly ]iarallel with it, is Ce- 
 brenia, crnisisting for the most part of table-land. But there was once 
 a city Ccbreno. Demetrius suppioscs that here was the limit of the 
 country about Iliniu subject to Hector, which thus extended from the 
 naustathmus to Cebrenia." ' 
 
 Of Cities belonging to this dominion, we hnov.' from the poems 
 only Ilios ()} "iXfos) and Thymbre (/'; Hv/x/jp?/). The latter is only once 
 montioued by ihe poet: "lint towards Thymbre encamped the Lycians 
 and the haughty Mysians, and the Phrygians, tamers of horses, and 
 the i\Lii'Ouians with their horsehair crests."^ Strabo erroneoirsly sup- 
 posed that Homer spoke here, not of the city of Thymbra, but of the 
 plain of Thymbra, for he says: "But near to it (Ilium) is the plain 
 
 '' J^. ii. S4n-8-l-:). acpijcipa iv oiaKouiois ttou fiTaSiofs, witt' ovk tv 
 
 ^'i'ikoyov TOVToL^ tfj^c^T^s TiOfVai eV TC Tojj' u^jj' UaTpuKAov a7ai['i "tT/A' aTrt* Aaptcnjs," ro.vrris 
 
 'Of-cripov KayufjAvwu Kal 4k t^is dKA'i]^ laTopias. u ye, aAAa p.aWov tT/s Trepi K(;,u7;r- y'-^'^^' 7"P ^^^ 
 
 l^uv yap (ivTu) (j;ri<TLi' '' 'IttttoOuo^ ?)' aye t^niAa ardoLoi yuera^u. 
 
 UeAaaycif iyxe'^i/J-i^ptop, T<j)v fil Adpiiraf ^nl^w- ^ Str.ilin, .\iii. p. r>'J(i : virud^Tavrri Kf/3p?]i//a, 
 
 Aaira paf^Taafrnoi^- Tojf 'tjpx 'liriTudous Te n/'Aaio? TreSias 77 7rA€i(TTi/, TrapaAAijAu? ttw? t?7 AapSni'ia • 
 
 t' <;,(,(js *'Ap77(js-. ute 61'''^ A'i]6oLO Tlf^Xacryov Teura- f/i' 6e Km iroAn TrOTt Ke/Bp'/V'T). viTOl^oc^7 0' o 
 
 /.ai>a/j." e|' d'V irAriOo'; Te e/i(pa.iyi^L d^wKoyov A-rji.i'ltTpios l-i-f-XP^ Seipo Siarei't'ea' tI;;' Trepl to 
 
 70 Twv neAc'.rr7uii' {ov yap tpvAov^ aAAa (j.'vAa "] Alov x^P^^ "^Vl^ ^1^0 Tw "EKTopi, du'ipcouaaf drrh 
 
 eip-i]} i<aX T,V oLiniinv tV Aapiari cjipdi^fi ■ -rroAAal tuij i'auiTTafl/.tou ^if'xpi Ke/3pi)i'i'a;. 
 
 /.if;' 001/ at AapuTai, Oe? 6e rwf e-yyt'js rii'a - //. x. 4.'><l, 4:U : 
 
 SF^arrCai, p.d.Ataro. <>' di' T7/1' Trppl KopTjV vTroXdfioi iTpos Qofifip':)^ 6' ^Aa-xov Avkloi ^^oaoi r' dy^pw- 
 
 7IS opOws' ■ Tp.djy yd.p o\iad>v 7'/ /xiV uaO' 'A/(a^- X'" 
 
 iTu// tV uil/ei TfcAe'ws io'rl T^ 'IA(V. aoX tyyus Kal i'>pvy^s iTnvuday.oL Kal Mjjofes 'nrTTOKopucrai. 
 
§ in.J 
 
 DOMINION AND CITY OF TEIAM. 
 
 139 
 
 of Tliymlira and tlic river Tliymbrins, •wliicli flows tlirou,!:;-li it and falls 
 into tlie Scamamler close to the temple of the Thymhriaii Apollo, at 
 a distance of 5U stadia from Novnm Ilium," ^ Stephanus Byzantinus'' 
 and Pliny "■ understood the poet rightly, for they mention ThymLra as 
 a to\yn. 
 
 The other city of Priam's dominion, whose fame and fate gave birth 
 to Homer's immortal poems, demands a separate notice. 
 
 § III. The City op Ilios, Iliuii, ou Tkoy. 
 
 Iririi, or Ti;oy, the residence of Priam, the city besieged by the 
 Greek army under Agamemnon, is called "IXtos- and Tpolij liy the poet, 
 ■who fre(juently uses the latter name both for the city and the land 
 belonging to it, calling it ipLjSioXa^ ("fat and fertile"). "lX(os-, on the 
 other hand, is only used for the city ; but the oldest form was evidently 
 fi\ios, with the A an or Digamma.'' The neuter, "l\ioi', occurs only once 
 in Hniuer,' in coiiseij^uence of which vVristarchus considers the passage 
 as a later interpolation." I>ut the tragic poets ^ having adopted it, it 
 was also used commonly by the prose-writers.-'" Tlie Latin writers use 
 the corresponding forms, Iliinn and Truja, the latter being preferred l)y 
 tjte 2-""-'ts, i'-'i' the reason that lUum could not fit into an hexameter verse. 
 Morritt " thinlis that TX?;(oi' is derived from "JAi/, ;'»)■)//«, and that the 
 TreoLov 'Wi'fiov was the Campus Martins of Troy, which be lielieves to 
 have been in the open plain about Arablar.^ 
 
 The city has in Horner the following epithets: evpvayvui,' "with 
 broad streets;" evnTifj.evov (irToXleOpov)," and ei'S/ii/ros",* "well built;" 
 chvaiofjievov {prToKiedpov),^ " well inhabited " or " flourishing ; " ipuTeiv/j,'^ 
 "pleasant" or "elegant;" euvrojAo?,' "rich in foals;" /-leya {aa-rv)," 
 "great;" evTel^eo^,''' " enclosed by good walls;" ojjpvoeaaa,^" "beetling;" 
 
 xiii. ji. oltS : TrATjutoi^ yo.p ean ru ir^Oiov 'ij 
 Qij^.fipa KoX u Zi ai'Tou /^'ea'i' irorauMS QvfLJBpLos^ 
 i^fidWdiv (IS Tui^ ^Kaaapopoi' KaTo. to Qi'i^fipaLOu 
 'AiroWojfos UpoVj Tov 5e vvv 'l\iou ical -K^vrq- 
 KOVTO. (TTaBious 5texei. 
 
 ^ S. V. @vjjl3pri. 
 
 = II. y. V. :j:j. 
 
 '' S.;e, Inr instance, /'. xx. -JlCr 
 KTLfTrrtE oe Aapoai'i-rii'y iircl ovwfjJ "'lAios i'pi'j . . . 
 
 ' //. XV. 7U, 71: 
 
 .... ^liTOK 'Ax^iO' 
 ''lAioj' alirh kXoir^v 'AO'i]ya'n^s ota /3oyAas. 
 
 ^ Sei' ;ilso .Stf.ph. Lyz. s. v. "lAioy. 
 
 » Soph. I'/,;/. i:,i, liJiin, turip. Anlr. 400; 
 Troad. i.j, 145, .511; dr. l:;sl. 
 
 '» Hcro.l. ii. 117, IIS ; Kcylax, 35 ; Platn, Lcjf/. 
 iii. GS_', an4 otliers. 
 
 " ApwJ Robert Walpole, Memoirs relating to 
 European and Asiatic Turkey, edited from manu- 
 script joiu-nals ; Loudon, 1817, p. 578. 
 
 ' i;. \'irclion', Beitrilije zur Jjaiideslamdc dcr 
 Troa.s, p. 40. 
 
 - II. ii. 141- 
 uu yap ^TL Tpoirii' aipriao/.i.ei' ^vpvo.yvio.v , 
 li. IJ: 
 
 puv yap K€i' eAoi ttuAii' evpuayviai' 
 2 //. xxi. 4:;:; 
 
 'lAioU iKTiip(TO.l'T€S illKTilJ.ei'Ol' TTTG At eOoO^. 
 
 //. IV. 53 : 
 
 'lAtou e|aAa7ra^at ei'/CTi/xeror irToALeOpci'. 
 ■' II. x.xi. 510- 
 
 fj.€fif3\€To yap OL t6?xos iv5}rj]TOiO ttoA^tOj, 
 ' I/, xiil. 380 ■ 
 
 'lAt'ou iKTT^pcnjs evvaiufiepoi^ -irroXieOpcy. 
 "7/. V. ill)- 
 
 ore "IAkii' eis ^parcii'iiv. 
 ' 7/. V. 501 ; i'<i II. ]y, -xiv. 71 ; 
 
 ''lA/OI' €1.3 eijTTCOkGl'. 
 
 8 //. li. 332, 803 : 
 
 drrrv ^i:yo. Upto./xoto. 
 ^ IL 11. 113. 
 
 ^\Kiov iKTViprrai'T" €UTeix^ov aTTOpeeaOai. 
 '^ //. xwi. -ill,), 4U : 
 
 . . . . ats ei aTvana 
 ''ikios 6<l'pv(j(:iTija TTUpl (yiivxoiTO Kar '6.Kpr}S, 
 
140 
 
 TOI'OfiliArilY or 'I'llDY. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 «(Vi')' iiiid aLTreiin'i,'' "str('|i" or "lofty;" yvefMoeaaa;' " cxjifisod to tijo 
 wind;" /'/^i/,' " sii.ci'cil." It liiid iiu Acrojioliw i-Jlcd tlif; Por.'^uiiioH (() lle'p- 
 yafio..), \vlii(di was ill a irioro elevated po.sition than the town, and had the 
 epitliets leiJi'jJ' "sacred," and llicpri''' "highest ])oint." Here was Priam's 
 lieuiitirul hahitiition, hiiilt ot jiolislied stoiK', with iil'ty chaniliers in wJiich 
 his Sons sl('[)t with tlieir W('dd(.!d Avives ; while opposite, within tlie court 
 on an iipjicr ilooi', "were twelvo chanjliei's, lik(!wise of polished stone 
 ;ind (dose to eacdi other, in Avliirji I'riajn's sons~in-]a,w s](.'pt with tlicir 
 cliiisto wives.' Ilefore tlje doors of this palace was the Agora,. '^ Ilei-e was 
 also the well-huilt dwelling of Hector,'' as well us the heantiful ihvfdliiig of 
 Paris, which he h;id himself hiiilt, aided Ly the hest Liiildei's (jf the fertile 
 re;il)ji (if Troy : — " They made him a chamber, a hall, and. a, court, close to 
 the residences of ]''riam and Hector in the Acropolis." '" Here, moreover, 
 was th(! 'IV'iiijde of Pallas Athene, the tutelar <leity of Troy,' with a statue 
 of the giiddess, prolialdy of wood, in a sitting posturi' ; for unless it had 
 lieen sitting, tin; priestess 'Jdieiuio could not have deposited Hecuba's 
 jii'pIdH on its knees.' Ifere was also a teiiqde of Apolhi,'' I'rom which tlie 
 ,<-;"od IS represented as looking down.'* It further a^ipears that Zeus had a 
 temple fu' at least an altar here, on Avlindi Hector sacrificed the thighs of 
 oxen." In the poet's imagination the hill of tlie I'ergamos appears to 
 
 ' //. .\r. 71 : -"lAioi/ anu (Itiis \vr,,(. l,;,;, l,(.. 
 ;,I.va.|,-.|n'.l-l). 
 
 - //. .\iii. Ill, 77:;: 
 
 vi'V wA^Tu TTc.cja /cc.t' 6.Kp'q<; 
 
 lAl'Ji aiTT'^IL'T/. 
 
 //. ,vv. -i:, : 
 
 [Mou a(7reii/r/s Tre'/jiOv/rTfTai, ov'cj tOr^Kria^i 
 
 II. y.^u. 'Ml, r.l.;: 
 
 Atv^ia. iruj'i ay koX virlp OpOi/ (^ipvrraaiTB^ 
 ' lAoj/ a'Treti/'iji'. 
 
 '■' II. \iii. 4:i;i, .\i]. 1 i:. : 
 
 aif/ aTTnuuiTTiia-^iv TTfjorl ''IAkji/ -Ijyfp.ikfjfTo.y. 
 
 //. 
 
 -'4- : 
 
 II. .xviii. 17-1- : 
 
 II. x.\iii. i;l: 
 
 Ei<Top ^navji7o:i/ iTpinl ^lAioy rjfffj.hfrrtjav. 
 II. y.:.m. I'.n : 
 
 ii'a. jiri 111 'fwiitO' uw.j 'lAiMi/ /lUfu.iiearro.i'. 
 
 ' II. VI. -IIS: 
 
 •rTrrpTc/! ij^uap, ur' u.i' nin" nA'JiAri ^lA io'. tp-'i 
 ll.yxW.-21: 
 
 <M. .wii. -J.'.!::-. 
 
 napo'j f] ei^ 'lAioy tp-ii^ 
 
 VXfTii 
 
 //. xii. 1J8: 
 
 rlA)npr.rT0' t'lrToafii am v KLXr-li>IJ.tli"\Aiov ipii': . 
 '■■ II. y. 4-1 1; : 
 
 Tifpyajuo i'm Upp, nOi i,'i yp/r. ■■/ irr-ruKTu. 
 '■ //. V-. -HI' I: 
 oy, ^'.TTwv, aliro', /-'.'•^f ^rj)il{yT(i Ufpyd/.'.u) dicpy. 
 
 ' //. M. L' I :-'--,-.' I : 
 aAA' r'lrp op UpidixDio fju/jof n^piKaAA'-.' 'inavf-v, 
 
 TT^VT-ijKnyT^ ^i/ftTa.u 6dAa.ij.iji ^frmlnj Aidinti, 
 TTA-pmoL aAA-ijAav fiiO/j.rj/j.ili'in ■ ^I'Oa. 5e TraiSe? 
 fcaiUMtrro Upiau.oKi napd ^vpmfiS kAoX'*"^"'- 
 Kovpa.wv h' (T^pojO^y t^i/ayrifu ii/SoO^y a.\)AjjS 
 fjiohcK lhno.i> rl.-yf.in BdAap-oi ^t^rrrtno AiOijio, 
 irA'paiOL a.AA-pAuy fj^oix-qix^yof ^yOa. 06 yau.- 
 
 Kfniioji'To UpiO.ij.oio Tap' oAOi)hj<; 6.Xijx<>i-(Tlu. 
 
 ' II. \ii. :;4:,, :;-!';: 
 
 Tpu]wi/ o.ut' d'/Djj',) y^Vpt' 'lAirjiJ tV TTi'/Ai^i v.Kjirj 
 SfU'T/, TC:Tp-qx>na^ Trapa. nfjidu.uto Oupriniv. 
 '■' II. VI. ;i7n: 
 
 "ElCTWp 
 
 o.iipa o' eTreiO' 'iKaV: Fjo!j.ou; ^ i't^a.i'irdovTa'j. 
 
 '" II. VI. :;):; :;i7: 
 
 icaAa.., Tu. ;'/ oj'n'i)'> eTeu|e aw ui'Opdmf, o'l n'n^ 
 
 dpifFTm 
 Virai^ eVl Tpo'nj ^pil^wKaKi TfKTou^s o.i^Opc;- 
 o'l 01 ^TTOLYjaoM OaAa/j-oi' ical doj/xa Kai a.uK-'qv 
 f^yyuOi rr- UpLd.iiotu Kai" EicTupo', tV TroAr-i d.Kpr]. 
 
 ' //. M. ;-;.S: 
 vriifi/ ^ AO-iifairj', yAauicojirtODS tV tt/iA(i oMpr]. 
 
 - II. \i. :;'i'j, :;(;;; : 
 
 r/ 6 v.pa TTfivKiiv f-Aoucra Ofafo; KaAAnrapvo^, 
 O'liKfu ' AH-quai-qs fVi yav'va.fnv 'qi'>Ko/J.nL<i. 
 
 ■' II. V. -1 i:,, 4-l-(i: 
 Alvcz'iav o' v.TTu.n^pBuv i'j/j.lAou O'ijKev 'AttoAAw:' 
 Tlr-pyai-f;.' (-11' lopii, I'lOi o'l u-qds '■/ ^.tIivkto. 
 ■' //. vii. 'JO, -I : 
 
 Tp 7} durio', u-'pi'vr^ ' kTvi')AAo:iv, 
 Ur.pyd/inij uc icariOo:!!, Tpw€tTm biy ftouAfTo viirrjv. 
 ' II. xxu. ]<;',I-I7J: 
 
 ^/j.oi/ 5' oAo(jjvp(Tai 'I'iTiip 
 
 y.KTopo-.., f'lV fxin iroAAu. (iowv (Vi /.'.'']/"" ('i<.r}^v 
 UiTj: eV icopv^fjijai 7r(jAu7rTi.';i^o)', aAAore 5' avTc 
 fv TToAci dicpordrri .... 
 
§ III.] ITS WALLS AXD TOWERS. ITl 
 
 have formed a slope ; for Cassandra — probalily on leaving Priam's liouse 
 ■\vhicli vras itself in the Acropolis — still ascends the Pergamos.'^ 
 
 Iliiim was snrroumled by a strong wall (as is shown by its epithet 
 €uTei^eo<;), which was Ijuilt by Poseidon and Apollo ; for the former says, 
 "They will forget the wall which I and Phoebus Apollo built with much 
 pain for the hero Laomedon." ' But according to another passage it was 
 built by Poseidon alone, for he says to Apollo : " Do you not remember all 
 the wrong we two sutlcred for Ilium, alone of all the gods, when for a 
 year we served proud Laomedon by Jove's command, for a fixed liire, and 
 he assigned our labours ? I indeed built for the Trojans round about the 
 city a wall broad and very fair, that the town might be impregnable, 
 whilst thou, Phoebus, didst tend the oxen with twisted horns and crooked 
 gait in the glens of woody Ida, with its many dales." "* 
 
 These walls were provided with parapets" and towers, for a watch- 
 tower {aKOTrn]Y" is mentioned ; also another tower different from that ot 
 the Scaean Gate.' On one side of the city, close to the wall, was the 
 Erineos. or wild fig-tree ; but the word was irnderstood by Strabo to 
 mean a rugged stony place (probably a small hill) covered with wild fig- 
 trees ; ^ so that he thinks Andromache was right in saying to Hector, 
 " Array the troops by the erineos, for there the city can most easily 
 be scaled, and the assault on the wall is the most practicable." " 
 Andromache adds : " For three times have the most valiant chiefs come 
 and assailed this point, those with the two Ajaxes and famous Idomeneus, 
 as well as those with the Atreidae and the mighty son of Tydeus."* But 
 this being the only passage where Homer mentions the wall as of easiest 
 access on this side, or that a fight had occurred here, some commentators 
 have assigned the event to a time before the Trojan war. The Cyjiria 
 of Stasinus describes it as having taken place when the embassy of the 
 Greeks had been unsuccessful. But it appears very likely that the poet 
 had this very same weak place in vieiv, "when he makes Patroclus thrice 
 endeavour to scale a corner or buttress of the wall, whence he is as 
 many times repulsed ]iy Apollo, who stood on a tower. ^' The Erineos 
 is further mentioned when Achilles and Plector pass it in their course 
 round the city ; '' and here also it appears to be close to the walls. 
 
 " Jl. xxiv. C'.iO: '" //. xxii. 14.j ■ 
 
 n^pya^iou 's'uTO.i'alSdfTo.. ol Of iro.pb. tTKonu]!' Ka\ ipLUt^uir -}]tfii-uj€fTa. 
 
 ' //. vii. 4:j2, 4,'j3: ' //. xvi. 700: 
 
 Tov 5' iTri\i](rovra.i. rh £70) ko.1 ^oT/3os 'ATraAA.wi' ei ij.)] 'AttoAAoij' '^o7{ios ^'u3fj.rjTOV eV) Trvpynv. 
 
 't]pa) \o.ojj.^Z>WTL -KoXiairaixiV 6.dK'ij(To.i/Ti^s. ' Mii. p. oWS : Tpax^s ri^ tuttos kqi fpiiyeud'i]:^, 
 
 ^ //. xxi. 441-440 : TO} ixf.u apx'^-'^^ KTi<rjxaTi uTrOTreTrTaiKer. 
 
 oi'Oe vv ruif7T€p ^ Jl. \i. 4.0.'i, 4.")4 ' 
 
 p.€p.vy]ai^ 0(70. Ol] tv6.Bgij.^v KaKa^'lALoy a.p.(j)i^ Ao.up oe rrTiirrov Trap' epw^ui'. ecf^a jj.a\L(no. 
 
 liouvoL vwC 6^U)V, ur' a'p]Uopi Ao.op.^6ovTL 6.iJ.fiarus iuTi. ttuAi',, Kal iiriopo^aoi' tTrAero T€t\cjs 
 
 Trap Aih'i iA96:/T€S 6riTeuaa/x€i/ els iviavrhv '' //. \0. 40."i-40T : 
 
 p-iffOcp lETTi p'qro} ■ t) 5e <n]jxaivuiV eVeVeAAei/. rpls yap rij 7' €\6oyT€S €ir€tp7}iTav0' ol apiaroi 
 
 ^ Toi eyw Tpwerro'L 'k6\iv Tr€pL Telx^s eSei^ua, ap.'p' Alayre Si^co /cat a.yaK\vTuv ldofL€l'i]a 
 
 eupv re Ka.1 /j.dKa Ka\6v, 'Iv appTjKTO'i vrtiAls eilj 7j5' dfj.fp' 'Arpeioas Ka\ TvOeos a.AKLp.Of inui/. 
 
 'i'o7$e, <Tv 6' elKiTTo^as kKiKas liovs fiovKoKeeaKes '' //. xvi. 702, 703 : 
 
 "lOTjs eV KyriixoliTi ttoAutttuxou u\rj>=aarj5. rph lAv eir' ayKwvos I3?i reix^os v'l/ijAoiO 
 
 " //. xx:ii= o: UdrpoKKos, TpU 6' av,'uv 6.irearu(peAi^€i' 'AroA- 
 
 KeK\ijj.eiJGc !C'j.Kri<7LV eiraKledLv .... Xwp . 
 
 " II. xxii. 145, just citL'4. 
 
142 TorOGllAPHY OF TIIOY. [CiiAr. II, 
 
 Bnt ill a iJiinl [);i;;ou_c;-e v;e see tlio Trojans rusliing near the tomb of 
 Iliis, tlirono'h tlie middle plain, past the Erineos, longing to reach the 
 town. Ilore tlicivhiro tliis hill is described as lying on the usual line 
 of march of liotli armies.' 
 
 There was n(.i impediment to running all round the city wall, for 
 Aeliilles -;.ursued Hector three times with flying speed about the city.'* 
 It has often lieen contended that the preposition Trepi. (around) has in 
 this passage tlie siguilication of Trapd. (near) ; and that, consequently, the 
 . course of the t«-o heroes was ;dong the wall of Troy, between tla? two 
 springs and the Scamander. ]>ut this interpretation is inadmissible, for 
 Homer represents the course of the two heroes as beyond the two S})rings.'' 
 That this meaning and no other must lie attributed to the poet, is clearly 
 proved bv the passage in which he descriljes Achilles as dra,Li;ging the 
 liody of Hector three times vrept (around) the sepulchre of Patroclus.'" 
 Besides, throughout antiquity the passage was understood to mean that 
 the race had been all round the city, as Virgil proves by saying : 
 
 '* Ter circiun IliiLC-o.^ rnplavcnit Ilrctoiii iiiiiros.' ' 
 
 Strabo, again, in speaking of Novum Ilium, says that the flight of Hector 
 round the city is improfiable, for no one could run round that town on 
 account of tlie adjoining ridge, but one could have run freely round 
 the ancient city." I may further mention that my friend L)r. (}. von 
 Eckenbrecher calls attention to Aristotle,' " who cites the pursuit of 
 Hi.'ctor as an example of how the poet had judici(Uisly taken advan- 
 tage of the impossilde, t(j excite greater astonishment. He must 
 theref)re have understood the poet as intending to describe that the 
 heroes rail three times round the city, for otherwise there would not 
 have Ijcen a trace of impossibility in the pursuit of Hector. It has 
 been maintained very improperly that Virgil, in the 12th Aeneid, very 
 accuratfdy imitates Hector'.s flight ; that ho consequently must have 
 understood Homer to describe a course hcfure and not round Troy, 
 because he maki.'S Aeneas and Turnus run, not round Laurentum, but m 
 five circles hi--j'(,,-<; the city. It is evident that A^irgil here imitates Homer, 
 but it is just iis evident that he endeavours to distinguish himself from 
 him, in order not to serve up to the readers of Homer what they were 
 acijuaiuted with ; nay, be intended to furnish something new, and he has 
 done this with f'xtraordinary art. Thus, although be might understand 
 Homer just as all other ancients did, ho could very well change the race 
 roun<l the town into a race before it.'' But it ought to be well understood 
 
 Ji. Aj. llph-lhS : 1 .^ijj p ,-;,(-, _. ^j',5' :^^ Tov"EKTopos 5e nspiopo^T] 
 
 OL 5t Trap \Kou aijua -iro.Xo.utv Aaphafidau, ?/ irfpl tI)v ttijXlp e^fi ti fivKoyov ■ ou yap ^fJTi 
 
 ixiiraoii Kaw TT^aiiw Trap' ipwuuv inatvovTu viipiSpuij.os i] n'l/ 5ia T7|J/ iruiKX'l i>°-X"' ' V '''^ 
 
 Up.fV<n TToAios. TTaKaiii. exei -nipihpop^-'iw. 
 
 -''-^"- ' -'"' ■ ■' I'w firir^ ^xv. : TrapaSiLyixa 7] tov "ElcTopos 
 
 &s rii rpU npio.p.010 ttuAiv Tr(piiivi]e-i)Triv. hia.'ifi. 'Ffn' ]iass:i'^(', J'.mIich, xjiv. — ra irepl tV 
 
 ^ ■ ^''i- '■" ■■ "EyfTopov hiu^Lv — (l(M's iiiit cmici'i'n tliis (jiicstion, 
 
 T7, pa TTapa5pa/xeT-r)v, ipdyuv, !, V tnanOi Zi^kuiv. f.ir it tivats nf Hii> ilillcri-nc.^ iM-twfMi, wh,at can 
 
 '" i'',",'^' "'' '' ' '"' i'1"-''S''"t>M 1. 11 thf staL'ranil in tin: I'.jios. 
 
 T-ph 5" f'pwav TifpX irii/^u Mf»/oiT,aoaa Oa^/oVTos ' 'i'li.- |,laiu I'.irt that \'ir;4il nll.l^•r^t I Ilnrafr 
 
 avTL-, tV; KAtrrir, nauiaicero. ji,.,t as wr d.., and as all the anri,,i,ts did, is 
 
 ""'''-'• '■ -i^''- shun-n by the ahove-cited 
 
§ III.] THE SCAEAN GATE. 143 
 
 tliat, with liim, Aeneas urts cniharrassed in Jiis rimning Jii/ a icouiid lie had 
 received siiortli/ hefore ; wliilHt, in Homer, Achilles is the pursuer m his 
 full strength, "which makes him superior in swiftness to all other heroes. 
 Thus, with Yirgil, a repeated circular run on a level gronud without 
 impediment is possible, Ijut this would have been impossilde in the case of 
 Achilles and Hector."^ 
 
 I may add here that the run round Hissarlik is very easy, and may he 
 accomplished witlniut any dimimition of speed. The only steep phiee is 
 near the theatre, hut here — as is seen in the Frontispiece and the view 
 No. IG — the footpath ascends ohli(|nely with a gentle slope. In this respect 
 therefore, as in all others, the Homeric text is well adapted to Hissarlik. 
 
 Of Gates the poet only mentions that one which faces the plain, and 
 which he alternately calls the Dardauiaii and Seaean Gate (iKa'ai ni'/Xa(). 
 It has always been l)elieyed that the latter name is due to the jiosition of 
 the gate to the left hand of the augur, who turned his face towards 
 midnight, that is the north, and consequently had the cvcniug or west 
 side to his left. But the celelirated Orientalist, the late Professor ^lartiii 
 Haug of Munich, who read in the Trojan inscriptions the name of a god 
 or hero Sigo or Siko, maintained '^ that the name of the Trojan Gate 
 is liy no means the adjectiye anaiof, hut contains the name of the same 
 god or hero, which he also duds in the name Scamander, as well as 
 in the Trojan promontory, Sigeum ; in Sigia, the original name of the 
 site of Alesandria-Troas ; in Sichaeus, the Imshand of Dido, who was 
 visited by the Trojan Aeneas; and in Sigon, a city of Phoenicia men- 
 tioned by Arrian.' 
 
 Dr. Franz Eyssenhardt sends me an interesting dissertation on the 
 subject of the Trojan Gate,- of which I here give the translation : 
 
 "The ancient critics (Rchol. A V on Iliad, viii. 58) have rightly 
 observed that, in mentioning the Gates (HuXat) of the city, Homer 
 employs the word difl'erently from the later classical writers ; for he 
 means by the plural the two wings of the gate, and, consequently, but 
 one gate. "When Priam looks on the battle from the wall, ho orders 
 the watchmen to keep ' the gates ' open, in order that the fugitives 
 might escape into the city." Antenor alone, leaning against the beech- 
 tree, awaits Achilles ;'" and Hector also waits close to it at the Scaean 
 Gate.-^' Hence it is evident that 'the gates' can he no other than the 
 Scaean Gate. But this gate again, as has already been observed by 
 the ancients (Schoh ad Iliad, v. 789; ix. 354), is identical with the 
 Dardanian Gate; for where this latter is mentioired, it is also close to 
 the frequently-mentioned beech-tree, wdiich is close to the city wall. 
 If, therefore, having regard to these passages, it cannot be doubted 
 
 ^ Dio Larje des Homerischen Trota, pp. 24, '25. ^ //. xx\. .^;.jl, .Oil'.! : 
 
 ^ See his letter on "Trojan Inscriptions" in -re-n-Ta/xeVas eV x^P""^ iruAas e^er' iiauK^ Kaol 
 
 the Balajjc zur Av/jshnr'J. All^jcmeincn Zeitunj. ixBwui irpori aaru Trei^^u^'ure?. 
 
 Fell. ], 1874. '" //. XXL .5411 : <pt]j(ji K^KAij-iivos. 
 
 ' Anab. ii. 13. 8. " II. xxii. 5, i; : 
 
 ^ Sammlung Wissenscltaft/ icher Vorirdi/c, vm "EKTopa 5' avjov lA^lvai d\o-i} IVIoi"p' cTieS'/ja'cj', 
 
 Rud. yirchow und Fr. von Holtzunilortl'; 1875, 'lAt'ou irpoTvu.poiB^ irvXao^v re S/caiaav. 
 Ser. ,x,, Heft 229. 
 
1-14 
 
 TOrOGUAri-IY OP TEOY. 
 
 [ClIAP. 11. 
 
 that Komcr gives only one gate to tlic sacred Ilios, there is a still 
 more evident proof of this in the acconut of the last combat of Hector 
 ^vlth Achilles. Hector is pursued by Achilles round the city ; but 
 whenever he appreaches the Dardanian Gate, he is prevented by Achilles 
 from escaping beneath the Avail er into the city.' It is self-evident 
 that this could only be said if Troy had but one gate." 
 
 This Scaean Gate had over it a tower, often mentioned in the Iliad, 
 where it is called ilie ijreat tower of Ilium ^ and the divine toicer ; ^ but this 
 latter ejnthet may perhaps refer to ibs divine origin, as having been built 
 by Poseidon, or liy Apollo and Poseidon. It deserves to be mentioned 
 that, when Homer does not use the plural of 7rvpjo<; figuratively, he 
 generally means by it the walls of defence. 
 
 There is also mentioned, close to the city wall, a chariot-road 
 (cifia^iTo^,'^ sc. dSos"), which appears to have led from the Scaean Gate to 
 the two sources of the Scamander. These sources were at a short distance 
 from the Scaean Gate and the Erineos, probably on the other side of the 
 road ; one of them had lukewarm water, from which smoke rose as if from 
 burning fire ; the water of the other was in summer as " cold as hail 
 or as winter-snow, or as water frozen to ice." Close to the two sources 
 were beautiful stone washing-troughs, in which the Trojan women for- 
 merly, in the time of peace, before the arrival of the Greek army, had 
 used to wash their clothes. ° Close to the city wall, and probabl)- close to 
 the two sjirings, was a swamp overgrown with thick shrubs, bushes, and 
 reeds.'' I may remark here that swamps appear to be further indicated 
 in the lower plain, near the Greek camp, by the reeds which Ulysses 
 broke, and with which he made a mark on a tamarisk," as well as by 
 the herou (a bird wdiich lives in swamps), whose cries Ulysses and 
 Diomedcs hear on leaving the camp." 
 
 I have further to mention the tree {(pijyoi;), which stood before the 
 Scaean (iate, and which is mentioned seven times in the Iliad. It w^as a 
 li/ijlt tree and saei-rd to Zeus;'' it is also called tlie verij heaiitifitl (pip/o^ of 
 tie aeijis-Iieariiii/ Zeua}" On this ^7/709 sat Athene and Apollo, in the 
 
 > //. Xiii. l;i4-l',li; : 
 
 o-vTiov ai'^atTSai, ^'Ohfj.i)Tavs iiiTu irvpyovs, 
 ei' TTOJS' ol KaSv-n^pdf^v aKaAKOiei' ^eAhtraiy. 
 
 2 //. v., :;Sil: 
 
 aAA' eVi TTvpyoi' e/3?j jxi-yav "lAi'oi;. 
 
 ' //. x.\i. r.L'i;: 
 
 ErrT7j/if 1 5' o -yepajc Flpia^uo? Oeiou eVt Tri'p'you. 
 
 * //. Mii. 141.,: 
 
 o\ h\ 
 
 Tei'x*^'^? aifi' vtt\k ko.t a^a^irhf ^aaiEvoi'TO. 
 
 '' I/. ,\\ii. 147-l:.i;: 
 upovi/ii) 5' 'tiio.vov KaWtjjpuai, ivda re iri^yal 
 6oia\ ayaiffffovirt 'ZKaixdvUpov Swi}*^utus- 
 % fJ-ty yap 0' vho.Tt Kiapo} phi, ajj-cjA 5e kcittvus 
 yiyv^Tai e^ avTii^, ws- 6i irupos alOofx^voio ■ 
 'fj 0' erepjj OeptE'i Trpopeei f^llcu^a x^Aai^rj, 
 V) X"'''' 4"^Xpfi^ '*) ^'1 vSaros KpufrrdWic- 
 t:i'6a 5' eV oMTawv rrrAvvol fiipf'^s (-'7'yi's ^aaiv 
 KaKc'i 'Adit'^oi, ii$i d'laaTa aiyoKoivjc. 
 
 TrAi/j'en/coi' Tpoiajr aAoxoi, Ka\a'i re ^vya-rpts 
 ru 7rp\i' eV ilprifos, irpip ^XBfE'ty uias 'A\aitl';'. 
 
 '' I'll. siv. 4-7-J-4T:) : 
 dAA' ure 67/ p lK:j/.i.€ij9a TTOTi ■jvtuXli' aiiru re 
 
 ■ij/.i^is f-i'fv Tv€p\ 6.mv icaTo. puw-iiia ivvKvix 
 
 til' diivcLKa^ KOi tAos, L/TTu Tei^xeiTt TreTTTija'Tes 
 
 ' //. X. 4r,i;, 4(;7 : 
 
 SeeAor 5' eVl iT7i/j.d t' ^0-qKei'. 
 
 <Tv^Ll.ldp^pa^ 36i'a.ixas fiupticiis r' epL0i]\^as u(tjus. 
 
 « //. X. 'JTi-L'TT : 
 To7cn Se Si^ihv i]K€i' ^pwSiiti' ^yyus udo7o 
 naAAas 'Adrjifai-q ■ rol 5' ova 'idov u(pBa\i.ioi(Tw 
 I'vKTa 6i' opcpyaif^l', dAAa K\dy^ayros aKOuaaf 
 X^ipe 5e ru' tipj'if?' 'OSurrei'S, iiparo 5' 'Ad'ljl'Tl. 
 '■' //. vii. Co : 
 
 ipy)yw €<p' v^l>ij\y narpu^ Aius aiyn'ixoio, 
 '» //. y. Il!i:;: 
 eiiTaf [W a^yioxoio Alus ~(?,)iK\^,AA t'l (p-.y/w. 
 
§ III.] THE <I>Hr02 (BEECH?) OF HO.MEl! ^ 145 
 
 shape of Yultiires (Viilfiir harhaius), to enjoy the sight of the battle.'- 
 Under this 4)tr/(k the woundeLl Sarpedon is deposited hy his companions. - 
 Here also Hector and Agamemnon awaited each other." Leaning on this 
 (pif/o-;, Apollo, enveloped in fog, encourages Agenor to fight against 
 Achilles.* Buehholz " mentions that, according to Jliquel,'' (pi]y6<; is not 
 a beech, as has been generally understood, but an oak iQuereus escttliii:)^ 
 whilst Euchholz recognizes in it a chestnut-tree (Fa/jiis castanea),'' and 
 Braun * a yalonea-oak. 
 
 Professor Yirchow,^ in a learned dissertation on the Trojan c6?/7ov-, 
 seems rather to incline to the opinion that the tree meant is the 
 Carpinus Bdulus, L., which in Germany is vulgarly called Buclie (beech). 
 " I found it," he says, " everywhere m the Troad ; in the plain as well 
 as in the mountains. In opposition to the real or red beech, it is called 
 ^.vhite lieech or small beech (IVtiss-IIage-, or Eijin-huclit), which even in 
 Germany reaches a height of 70 ft. In ancient times the opinion seems 
 to have been prevalent that the (pi]~/6^ of the IhoJ was an oak-tree. In 
 favour of this are the accounts of the existence of very ancient (pijyol 
 before Ilium. Theophrastus "^ mentions ' the (pip/ol at Ilium on the 
 tomb of Ilus,' among the trees which were known for their great age, 
 being already spoken of by the ' mythologists.' In manifest connection 
 with this remark of Theophrastus, Pliny ^ expresses himself in the 
 following manner in a passage in which he treats of very ancient 
 trees : ' Juxta urbem (Ilium) C[uercus, in Hi tumulo tunc satae dicuntur, 
 cum coepit Ilium vocari.' Here apparently cprjyov'i has been rendered by 
 qutrcus. But, whatever value may be attributed to the statement or to 
 the translation, at all events the question is here of a number of trees, 
 and we cannot derive from it a decision as to the one <pi]yo^ betore 
 Ilium.'' 
 
 Behind Ilium extended a plateau called the Ilian or Ileian Plain {Uedtov 
 IXijioi'),- whence the heights of Ida, overgrown with shrubs, could easily 
 be reached.^ From these heights flowed a river, probably the Scauiander, 
 in which Agenor thought to bathe if he could escape from Achjlles."* 
 
 Below the wall in the plain was a wheat-field, of which I have spoken 
 before. At a distance from Troy, near the Simois, was the hill called 
 Callicolone. Ares, like a black storm, commands the Trojans, shouting 
 
 ' //. vii. 53-60 : " Homer. Fiora. 
 
 Kab 5' ap' ^AB-qvai-r} re Kal apyuporo^os 'Atto/VAcj;' ' !/■'/-'' IL'utrr.^ 1 ro^^ir. p. 14. 
 
 6 ^''cV^Tji', opiHULU eoiKoVes aiyviTiolaLV ^ ■^iil- Ijiaun. JL>nu:r ihi<l snu. Zcdaltcr^ .S. 9. 
 
 (p'qyo: ^fp' ui|t),\7? Trarpus Aiuj aly^uxoto. ^ JJciirdijc :'n- L^ntdc^hniaJc ucr Tr'jf.is, pp. 
 
 ■ //. V. G0-','li9:j : 72-78. 
 
 oi' /!€>' ap' a^Ti'fleor 2apTr7(5u'i'a o?oi eTo?poi "' Thenphrnsti Kresii (/.■ IJist. li'iiit., iv. 14: 
 
 fiuav vtt' alyioxoio Aius TTfpiKaWei <p?)7o>. <p-qyovs Si ras ei' 'lAi'a' ras eVl rov ''l\ov iiin)- 
 
 ' II. .xi. 17u, 171 : ■ p.aTos. 
 
 iiW' Sre S;; 'S.Kaias reVi'-Aas ko.\ tpfiyhv 'iliovTO, ' "C'aju, I'linius Sccmicllis, IIMoi: Sntny.{v'\.. 
 
 ^v8^ apa di] 'i^ravro, Ka\ aAA'/jAous avipipi'ov. Lipntit. 17S,;), .wi. SS. 
 
 ^ i/. -xxi. 547-549 : - //. xxi. :.:iS : 
 
 eV p-iu ol h-paSir) Bapcros /3aA6, Trap 8e' o'l avfos (pevyu Trpus iriSuw 'lAi'por, ucf'p' 'ay 'iKoipai. 
 
 e<JT7], OTTO'S davdroto /3ap€tas Krjpas a\d\KOt, ^ //. xxi 9 ; 
 
 (pTiyaj KeK\iix€vos- KiKaKvirTO 5' ap' TJf'pi TroAAij. "157)! Te Kinipovs, Kara re pajiT-qia 51™. 
 
 ' k. Buehholz, JIuuic: Kv.sin. uad Ofogr. pp. -" //. 
 
 j-i;, o-fj. 
 
 L 
 
146 Toroor>AriiY of Tr.oy. [Ghap. ii. 
 
 now from ilio Acropolis of Troy, now from Cullieolonr!."' Tlic Ti'ojanR, 
 thus excited t(j ludlle liy Ares, stooil on tlie Ofjrocrfxu^ Tveoioto, which is 
 generally trunshiteil .Ly " liill in tlie plain." iJnt this translation is, in 
 my opinion, altogether wi'ong: iirst, Lccause there is no sepai'ato ele- 
 vation in t]i(! riain ol' Troy ; secondly, Ijecaiise philologically tlie words 
 can only nican "rising of the plain;" and, thirdly, because the sense of 
 the three Homeric passages in which these words occur does not admit 
 of such a translation. Wc read in the Tl/ad:''' "Awake, son ot'Tydeiis; 
 why dost thon indulge in sleej) all niglit ? Hearost thou not how the 
 Trojans are encarnjii'd tVi Op<oa/ifo Treoioio, near the ships, and that now 
 liut a small sjiaee keeps them off?" In another passage' we read: 
 "Tlie Troja.ns drew up tVt OpMa/u-co ireoiuLo, around great Hector and 
 Mamidess Pidydamas." In both these passages tlie bpaxjixo^; Treoi'ouj is 
 the site of the Trojan eanip, on the right liank of tin.: Sca.mander, already 
 referred to in the kaghth ]!ook (vv. 489-492), wdiere we read as follows : 
 "Illustrious Heetin- then called an assemldy of the Trojans, having con- 
 duct(_'d thern apart from the ships on (the Laidv of) the eddying river, in 
 a clear space where the grouiul Avas free from corpses; and, alighting 
 from their horses, they listened to his speech."'^ In these verses no 
 suggestion is madi; thfit the site (d' ihe Trojan camp, on the, Ijank of the 
 Scaniander, was higher than the plain. We find th(.' words Opoja/io'; 
 ireolouj a third time in the Iliad: "Thus, son of Pelens, around thee, 
 insatiable oi battle, stoed tlie Achaeans armed, beside their curved ships, 
 and the Trnjans, on tlaj idher hand, tVi 0fj(i}a/j.fo Treot'oto." '' Here also 
 tli(.: words indicate the site of the Trojan camp, which has been previously 
 descriljed in II. xviii. 2.')(j : " In tlie plain near the shijis, for we a,re far 
 aw ly from the wall " — sliowing that the site of the camp was in the level 
 plain near the shi[is. I call particular attention to the fact that, in these 
 th)'e(! cases, tlie poet mentions tlie site of the Trojan camp in opposition 
 to tlie site Hi ilie (Ireek canii), whicji la.lter was situated on the shore 
 of tlie Ilellespdiit. Consi'quently the only possilde translation of the 
 fiproiTfj.o-< Tr./ouiii, would lie " f,he Upjicr Tlaiii," wdiiidi rises a little, but 
 has no elevations in (he sliajie of hills. 
 
 Ijefore tlie city, but a little sideways from the Plain of Ti'oy, there 
 stood in a free space a high tumulus, called by men Batieia, wdiilst the 
 gods called it the sepulchre of the swift J\Iyrine; hero the Trojans and 
 their auxilia.ries arra^yed theii- troops."' Myrine, according tii Stralio. was 
 
 . A.\. ■> -.>■, . vijfTfpL f^oji/ ayaycoi/, irora^uw tTri ow-'h^vti, 
 
 av<i y 'Ap7,j iTfpco0eu, ijKp.vi, halhawi lav;, ,V Kaflapw, Sfl, 5), va<ia)v sifr/iaiVeTo x^'P"'- 
 
 i,pj Ka.T' i.KfoTa.iri-, -nihi.n Tp^tcrai itfKivuiv, i^ Uivt^v 5' a.7r„/Dc,VT€5 (V! x"'!™ I^ve.jp o.Kiivov. 
 oAA'iTC Trap Sl/J-Mf^/Ti flf'wj/ eVl Ka\/^iKo\uil/Tj. " II, x\. 1-:'. : 
 
 i:.'.i-ii;i : 
 
 ws <H fj.li/ TTo.pa y-qunl Kopo)vi(ri 6wpT](TfToyTO 
 
 fuK alfAS, cii Tpcifs eV! epuifff,.,f, TreSi'oio Tp.'.cs 5' oMf i-rlpu/fttv (ir't Opwapii ttcS.'om. 
 n'lo.Ta.i a'/x' ffiov. o\iyos S' en x'^pi'l ipi'Kfi : '" fl. ii. SI l-Sl.", : 
 
 ■ -'■'■ -J'', 'O : erTTi 5f ris TrpuivdpinOiE ttoK^os alTTfrn KoKoiVt], 
 
 Tpcjp'; 8' aiS' irfpoiUfv eVl 0paicr/jM TTfOiiJiri, tV TreSioi uwivuvBe, irfpiSpoixos fvOa Kal tvSa, 
 
 iiKTdpa. t' a«(/;l ij.fyav KaX a.ij.v/j.niia n«i)Au5a- rip: y, Tin a.}/Spc-s BaTi'fiai' KlKKr\aiinvniv, 
 
 p.oMra. dOdfaTin 06 t€ ai^fJ^a TroXuiTKapO/xoio Mupti/rjS 
 
 ^^^ '"■ 'I'..!-'!.).! : ^i/Oa tutc Tpties re oiacpidev 7)5' ^iritcovpcL. 
 Tp'Jiwi' omt' a.y:iii],v Trin-rpTu.ro (^ai5l/j.os "Ektwo, 
 
§ ni.] TUMULI OP AESYETES AND ILUS. M7 
 
 held, from her epithet iroXvaKapQixc^ (" racer "), to he one of the Amazons ; 
 this epithet beini^ given to h(-irses fivnn their swiftness, and Jlyrine was 
 so called from her swiftness in driving the cliariut/ ISiit Professor 
 Sayce tells me that he fancies j\[yrine to be identical ^vith the Amazon 
 Smj-rna, that is, a name of Artemis-Cybele, the Amazons having been in 
 the lirst instance the priestesses of this ^Asiatic goddess. Myrine was the 
 name of a town in Lemnos, as well as of another on the coast of Mysia, 
 -fIJ stadia to the south of Grynion, and Smyrna or Samoriia was an old 
 appellation of Ephesus, whose foundation was ascribed to the Amazous. 
 Myrrha, a name of the Oriental Aphrodite, is but a form of Smyrna, n 
 being assimilated to the preceding r. 
 
 Homer further mentions the tumulus of Aesyetes, from the top of 
 wdiich Polites, son of Priam, trusting to the rapidity of his feet, sat 
 waiting until the Achaeans should rush forward from the ships." This 
 tumulus must therefore necessarily be sought between Ilium and the 
 G-reek camp. The son of Aesyetes, Alcathoiis, was married to the daughter 
 of Anchises, Hippudaineia.^ 
 
 At a certain distance before Ilium was, as already stated, the con- 
 fluence of the Scamander and the Simois, as well as the ford of the 
 Scamander ; and near them was tlie tumulus of Ilus, crowned with a 
 pillar, against whicdi Paris leant when lie shot an arrow at Diomedes 
 and wounded him."' This position of the monument is also proved by 
 tlie agora which Hector held far from the ships, on the bank of the 
 Scamander, ° and close Ijy the tumulus of Ilus.'' It was between the 
 Greek camp and the Scamander, for the thousand wateli-fires of the 
 Trojan camp were seen between the ships and the river.' ISut it must 
 be distinctly understood that, as the tumulus of Ilus was situated 
 between the Greek camp and the Scamander, it was of necessity on or 
 near its hft bank, which is an important circumstance in determining 
 the topography of the Plain of Troy. There is, however, another passage 
 which appears to contradict tliis again; for Priam, on his way to visit 
 Achilles, first passes the tumulus of Ilus, and then reaches the ford of 
 the Scamander, where he waters his mules and horses.- It appears 
 further to be contradicted by the passage wdiere it is stated that Hector, 
 
 ^ .Stralii', .\ii. p. ">73 : eV 5e tw 'lAia/ca- Trehujj (TTrj'Kij K^KXipAvo^ af^potcu-i^rri) eVt Ti',u/3w 
 
 KoX^'J-i/'f] ris '^ffTiv 'iiy IrrmpovfTi jj.iav eii^ai TWi' '^lAou Aap5ayi5ao. TraKo.Lov di^ioy^poi'Tos. 
 'Af.iaiyn'oji' fK ToJJ €Tri9<^ToijT€tcu.aipo;j.€vrif evmtapO- ^ 11. vili. -iS!t, 4110: 
 
 ixovs yap 'Uttovs AtyeiOat hio. to rdxos KO.Kf^i- Tpa!o:y omt' ayop-'iif Tron^ro/r ) (f al^il-'.os"ii^KTO.'Pf 
 
 uTju ovv TroAv(TKapBij.ov 5ia to v.ttu t7jS TjVLOY^zias i'6iT(pi i'€uju ayayojj'. TroTau-y tiTL oli'-i^guti. 
 Tax'is. ' ' I'. X-. 4U, 41:1 : 
 
 - //. ii. 7IJ 1-704 : "EkTO^P P-€1/ {.L^TO. T07fTLlJ. uiTOL f3ov\l1(fjOpOL CiLTi!', 
 
 I'lTo.To oi (pdoyyiiy vll'Upia.iJ.010 XIoXitti, 0ov\as PovAeum Beiou -naph it-i'i/J-eti "lAcw. 
 OS Tpr^icv (TKOTTOS I'^e, ■jrodivKeiTjo'L rreTTOif^ci;, ' /'■ \"iii. .''>'>--SiK. : 
 
 Tvfil^w eV aKpoTa-Tip klavi]Tao y^povT^os^ Toiyao. y.<^fT;^yv I'ewv -fjhe ^di^Ooio paaccf 
 
 Siynei^os oTTw/jTe vatKpii/ dcjxipiiriOiiiv 'Axa'ci. Tpdav KauivT(jiu nupd. (iaiVtro 'lAiuUi npo. 
 
 ^ //. \iii. 41^7 — }-_!0 : X''^^' ^-p' ^'^ 7re5t6L' TTopd KaicTO. nap Se kKaarw 
 
 ivB' h'liruiTO.'j SioTp€ip(os (p'lKov v'tov, n'iaTO ivfUT-qicovTO. (TeAal TTi'/os ajDoy.ivoio. 
 '''ipoj' 'AAKadooy — yafx^phs 5' -^jV 'Ayx'Tao, ^ ^^- x\i\'. ;;4'.l-:'..il : 
 
 irpiirfiuTaT-qv S' Siirun euyaTpdv 'lTnroSdij.€ta.}'. 01 e' eVel ovv /xfya crfj^ua Trape^ 'lAnno i\arr,jai', 
 
 ■' //. xi. oG9-37'2 : aT^^aa'j dp rnJAoPovs re ical i'/rTro-JS, dtppa Trioift', 
 
 avTap 'A\€^avdpoSj 'EAo'tjj TroVis rjvn:dfj.oiO^ tV 7roTa;j.'jp. 
 
1-18 TuroGitArny or tuoy. [Chaj'. ii. 
 
 -wild w;iK fi,L;'li(:iug on ilio loft of tlio l)attlo on tlio Lank of tlie Sca- 
 iiiauilrr, kiiew nollung of ilio Klaugbtor '' wliicJi was going on near tlirj 
 tumulus of Iliis, wlicrc, arciu'ding to II. xi. ofJII-oT'.J, Uiouiodcs liad Locn 
 wounded 1)}' I'aris. 
 
 Fr<im all tlie iudicatinns of the I/lml we see that tlio station of the 
 shijis (Xaustathmosj and the camp of the (Iri^ek army extiaided along the 
 low shore of the Hellespont, lietwcen Cape, Sigoum and <.-ai)e Ehoetenui. 
 Tho distance between these two heights is inToneMiusly stated by Strabo '" 
 to lie (iO stadia, whilst I'liny ' gives it rightly as .'JO stadia.. As before 
 explained, the Scamander must have fallen into the ]lellesp(jnt tlirijugli 
 tJie bod of the' jiroseut In Tepeli Asrnak, close to Cape lihoetoiiin. 
 TJio ll."-;!) (rroek shijis wer(! drawn up on the Ijeaeh, but the; availajjle 
 space boiug too narrow, they were placed in several lines, one behind the 
 olliia-, and usod partly as the camp ;nid hirtifications, the sterns being 
 turned towaj'ds tlio land. To pri'veiit the shijis' koels beeoniing rotten, 
 they Avere jnit (ui stoiu; supports (t)(/MiTa) ;- but nevertheless, after nine 
 years, the' wood and tlie; ropes of the sliips Ijegan to rot." The troo}is 
 of e'ach tribe lay with theiir cimmiander liehind their ships, which served 
 them as a pr(jtection. The; ships wlii(di had first come to laud were 
 drawn furthest up the slnire and formed the iirst line; the later comers 
 T\-(jre arranged in the: second or third line.' At the two extremities of 
 tJie Iirst rank were the ships and camps of Achilli's and Ajax; the former 
 to tlie right, at the; i'oot of CJajio Sigeuni, the latter on the opposite side.'^ 
 To tie; right of Ajax would have been the Atlienians, if tlie verse in 
 IL ii. rj.ly hiul been genuine, whrn'O it is statcel that Ajax jdaced his 
 sliijis where the Athenian phalanxes stood.'' liut this verse was already 
 ill an(;ii;nt limes considered t(j have been interpolated liy Solon or 
 I'isistratus on politi(;al grounds. Tdie Athenian ile(;t und(;r jMenestheus 
 appears to have been furt]i(;r on in this line towards the centre, for 
 they defended that jiart of tjie rampart Avhich was attacked by Hector 
 and Sarpedou ; that is to say, at the middle gate.' Further on in the 
 same; luie appear to have also been the ships of the iSoeotians," to the 
 
 //. Ai. -j!'(— l.'ll; Oi^' e(^/ aAus' 7roAn/i ■ ras yaf) rrpwTos TreSeji/Sf 
 
 .... (WOP TTui V,KTa:p ^'tfwffai', ainb.fi T6r;^09 eV! -npvavi^fnv ^opipav. 
 
 TTfvOfT'. tTTf'i jia. iJ-dxri', eV ti.puTTip'u. pApi'a.Tu o'ii'ii yap ou5' evpis irsp iiiv eSvi/i^iraro Tranas 
 
 (iX^a\ Trap Trtno.p.ii'io ^icap-di'ripou. ■' //. .\i. IJ-'J: 
 
 III. ).. ,i'.i.. : oTTi 5e tJj pSp{U! Tf/s TrapaAi'as •"/ // tV p.^rraaTip (itk<; yeyaji'(p.fi/ aptliOTtpuUi, 
 
 Tai'.Ti/i uTTu T„{, 'I'oiTEi'ou ^c'xpi ^lyiiuu hOA Ti/u ij/jey iV AWtos (cAiilias 1 €ka.p.uii/ia.hao, 
 
 'AxiAAfoj, fj.v-lipaTij; eufluTrAorjwTui;/ i^-l]KuvTa '(Jo' eV 'AxeXAv/iis, tui p' errxara i/f,as eiVas 
 
 (TTa'jioji'. ^'[piiijo.i'. rii'iijUij TTimipin Hui icdpT^i xf'f'wi'. 
 
 ' //. j\'. V. :;:;: " luit rt Arniitnmi, a lUiiiilils 'I //. ,i. .-,.-,«: 
 
 eoii'litiiln, ill :ilti.rn ((,|.uu, Aj.'ic:'; llil M'|,iiltii, (TTipTt Z' dyuiv 'it/' ' t\(j-i]Va,'iWV 'itTTaiiTii <^)V.\ci.yy(i. 
 
 >.x<. hi-.A. iiii.Tiallii ,'i .si'ji.'c, et ipsij stutiunt ■ //. ,\ii. :;:; I , ;;;;j : 
 
 Tovs Se IZ'oi/ piyqij' uui^ TIiet^uju Mei^eTf^et's ■ 
 
 ^ ■ TuD yap 5-/^ Trphi Trvpyiiif urai' KoMi'iT'qro. fjitfiijifT^S. 
 CI. jiu. TToAKa, Ooacuf ( xp.c.Ta uijujv. ^ Ii. \\\\. i;s.'.-(;S'.l : 
 
 ej'Oa 06 BoioiToi KaX 'Ic/.o^es tAicexi'^^^f 5> 
 
 M >\\ 
 
 II. ii. r;i, 1 
 
 ivvla <r,\ iinSidu.ai An,', p.fyi.hmi iviauTui. Auiipol icai 'Mwi Kal (/jaiSipofj/Tfs 'Eirfioi 
 
 'Ml Oq Oiiupa (t/ijjjtte uf.dv Ku.i mrdpTa AtAvvTai. .tttouSj; sTroiVcroj'Ta viuin tx"". "'''>' fSiVai/TO 
 
 ■' -'^'^- ■' ' ■'' ■ dma.i a.nu (jt^ipiojv (^ikoyl e'/'/ceAoi' "E/CTo/ja bujy' 
 
 -h,\A,if yap p' andiM^uUe lJ.dxV- iipva.Tu v',,ii o'l piiv ' Mrivaiaiv irpoAiAiypfiyrji. 
 
§ ill.] CAMP OF THE GUEEKS. l-i9 
 
 left of whom stood the Phoceans.^ Thus the Athenians were succeeded 
 by the Phoceans, and further on to the right foUowed the Boeotians ; 
 the last in this line to the right being the Myrmidons under Achilles. 
 It is difficult to determine the order of the ships in the second 
 
 rank, the indications contained in the Iliad being too slight. Lenz "' 
 supposed that in this line were the Locrians under Ajax, the sou of 
 Oileus, the Dulichians, Epeians, and so forth ; for, according to the 
 passage already (j_uoted,^ they were near the foremost row, whilst, accord- 
 ing to another passage," they were near the rear line. Agamemnon, 
 Ulysses, and Diomedes are stated to have drawn their ships on shore far 
 from the battle :'^ they must therefore have been in the last line, which, 
 as Lenz supposes, they filled up by themselves. In the middle of this line 
 was the little fleet of Ulysses.* Before this last was the Agora, which 
 served as the place for the public assemblies, the council, the military 
 tribunal, and the sacrifices :^ here were the altars of the gods," especially 
 that of Zeus Panomphaeos, on which, when in great distress, Aga- 
 memnon sacrifices a fawn.' This Agora must have extended into the 
 second line of -ships, for the whole Grreek army is frequently called 
 hither to an assembly. , As the people sat in the Agora, there must have 
 been seats of stones or turf.^ Nestor's ships and tents must have been 
 ill the hindmost line, as it is exp)ressly stated that his tent was on the 
 shore.' It appears very probable that Menelaus was encamped close to his 
 brother, Agamemnon, ilccording to thcBoeotia (or Catalogue of Ships), 
 Menelaus came with the sixty ships of the Lacedaemonians, who arrayed 
 themselves separately (aTraxep^e) ; that is to say, they were not mixed up 
 with Agamemnon's troops, but formed a band by themselves. Between 
 the ships were many lanes and roads,'" of which, as Lenz suggests, the 
 chief ones may probably have extended between the three lines of ships, 
 while a great number of lanes run crosswise between the ships. 
 
 There were, writes Lenz,' no tents such as are now in use ; but all 
 the troops had huts,^ which were probably of wood and earth with a thatch 
 
 ^ v. ii. 525, o'^^'i : olff^rw €S /j.^cra-qi' ayopi'ii'^ 'Iva irdt'T^s 'Axato: 
 
 o'l ^.Iv '^C0K7\(jiv cTTLXas 'ijTO.TOP af^fpUTTOi/T €S , oif'OaXfj.o^a II' 'ISojai, <7V 6e tppaal ffjjaiv lavdys- 
 BoLWT&y 5' 6,U7rAr)f' eV aptar^pa d(t)p'fjO'froyT0- '' I'- ^i- S'-'o ; 
 
 '° C. G. Lonz, Die Ehav: vmi Tniia; Kimj Strclitz, . . tt/ Si; itaX ffipL 0iiiv eVeTeuxaTo iiiMiioi. 
 
 IIW; p. 10:;. ' //. xiii. 685-(;S9. ' //. viii. 249, 200 : 
 
 - //. X. llU-ll:;: Trap 5e Aujs jiw/xaj TrfpiKaAAei" K6.lilio.\<^ v^f^puy^ 
 
 7)5' ( iyelpo/x^iy) Ai'avra To.xtjv kciX -l^i/Aeo? dXic-Lauv €pQa ■Ko.vojj.^a.ifj: Zr}i'\ pii^auKoi' 'Ax^'(^'- 
 
 vi6v. " //. ii. 8i;-9'J. 
 
 aAA' ei' Tis Kai rovsOe /j,eroi%o/.',ei'OS KoA^-iyptlv^ " /^. .^i- '->1S-Ii22 : 
 
 avTienov t' Kiavra teal 'I5o/.iec((ci dyaicra ■ of 5' ore Sri KKiaiqv NilAijiViSeai dipilcovTC, 
 
 Tar yap vri(s eacTLv kKaeTTaTU, ovSe fj.dk' 4yyiJS tuI S' (Nirrriap Kal Maxdav) idpd) arev/i- 
 
 ^ //. xiv. 29-.jt ; x^"''^''-' X''^^'''^^' 
 
 TuSdSrjs 'OSvaeis re ko.I 'ArpulSy^i 'AyapJ/j.foiv. (rrd.vT( ttotI Trron'/r irapd 67i/' ahds. 
 TToWov ydp p dirdi'^u0€ pj-xv^ e'pvaro vTj'is " II- ^- '^'-' : 
 
 b"iv e<^' aA^s -KoKirjS. iroAKal ydp avd (Trpo.T6v dfft Ke\€v9oi. 
 
 ' II. viii. 222-220 : ' '•-'■ '"'■ Lenz, Dk Ehciie von 'Trvui, I'p. 2o0- 
 
 (TTTJ S' eV '05uo'0'T]os ,ueyafvi^Tgi i^rjl /j.p.Xa.ii'r}, 2(.'3. 
 /} p eV ixf^irad-TO} ^gk€, y^yo^v^jj.^]/ dp.(por€pa)iT<E • 
 
 II. xvi. 15.3, 156: 
 
 niiiv eV A'iavTO's KXiijias TnKafioividSao, Mvp^uiSoms S' dp' f-iroixofi-<^vos ed'priliiJ 'A/jAAcvs, 
 
 ilS' eV 'Ax'AAv/os ■ Toi p' irrxara vria; itaas ' vd.vras ara ttAi.Ti'as iTvv Tevx^o'"'' 
 eipvtTai'y Tjyop^y -niirvvoi kox fcdpre'L x^'P^''- ^^*^ -''■ -^'-"^iii- li-b 1'--' ■ 
 
 ^ //. xix. 172-17-4: ovprids t' idTpui'^ ical d.vi-po.s dii,4p.(^v vKt^v 
 
 Ta 
 
 oe OCDpa. cc^a| d.v'dpd^v 'Ayay.'E/j.yuu iravroB^t/ e/c /cAifriwr. 
 
150 
 
 topoCtI;ap:iy of tkoy. 
 
 [Chap. II. 
 
 of rnslies. Tlie cliief liad prnl:iul)ly his tent in the foremost line of his 
 troops : this is certain as regards the tent of Ulysses, in front of which a 
 lane passed, and the Agora commenced. All the tents or huts of the 
 chiefs must have been more or less like that of Achilles, which is described 
 in the tiitli Itook of the IJiiul. It was surrounded by an enclosure of 
 posts, and had. a gate which shut with a bar.-^ Inside, around the hut, 
 w^as a court, in the midst of which stood an altar, for here Achilles 
 prayed to Zeus and poured out liljatious of wine.* The hut proper, called 
 oIkck;' and fiiXadpoi','' but usiuilly Kkiaii), was surrounded by an open 
 vestibule, which rested on posts, and was called TrpuBo/xo^ ' and atOovaa,'^ 
 from which the hall'' was entered by an opening called irpoQvpov'^" or 6vpa} 
 The hall was probably decorated wath trinkets won as booty." In this 
 sense we may probalily explain the gJittcrinij vaUn in tlte tent of Idomencus." 
 Behind the hall wore chamliers, wdiich served partly for storing the 
 treasures, partly as a habitation for the female slaves and concubines ; 
 here also Achilles and Patroclus had their separate chambers.'' The 
 huts had a thatch of woolly rushes.^ There must, besides, have lieen 
 in the court sheds iVjr chariots and stables for the horses, of w'hich 
 Achilles possessed a Avlade stud;'^' also stables for oxen, sheep, goats, 
 and swine, as for meat-eaters like the Greeks a considerable stock of 
 cattle was indispensalde. 
 
 Xear the ships of Ulysses, and along the shore as far as those of 
 x\ gamemnon, there must have been a considerable space ; for the races 
 with horses and chariots, as well as the other funeral games to the 
 memory of Patroclus, were held there. Here also was an elevated seat 
 
 '■ II. xxiv. 4'>2— tr.r; : 
 au(^ji 5<F ol [x^yaX'qv aij\7)f TTOn-jiTai' ai'aKTi 
 
 '7pe?s 5' aifaoiyeiTKOi/ /.L^yc/.Kriv K\T}'iSa dupdojp, 
 tC:v d\Awp' 'AxiA-tus 5' ap' 4ivipp-ij(T(riE(rKe iced olos. 
 
 ■' II. x^i. 2:;i, -sv: : 
 
 f^^X^^' tTreiTa a"Tas fi^.ijcc 'ipK(:i. Kufle oe ulyuf 
 o-jpai/hv elaavidwi/ ■ Aw. o' uu Au()e repirtKepavfOV. 
 ^ II. xxiv. 471, V,l: 
 
 yepiijv 5' idu^ Kl^y o'lKuu, 
 rfj p 'Ax'Aet'? 'li^eaKe on(pt\os. 
 '' 11. ix. ty.'jW, C4ii : 
 
 ffu 5' 'iKo.uv eVfeo 6v{i6t^^ 
 a1Tif.u(rai Oe jj.^\adpov. 
 
 ■ II. xxiix i;?:;, i;74: 
 
 0! i.iiv ap' ill TrpoSu/xtfi SoVou avroBi Koifi.i](Tavro, 
 Kripvl /ml npmitos, irvKivb. (ppetrl /J7'|5e' exoFTes. 
 
 " II. xxiv. i;4.j, {i44: 
 ''' i-' 7 Ax'Aei/s 5' €rdpaifTii/ iot 5i.i.u'yj(rc KiAiVoeu 
 oi^j-'.VL iiTT^ cuOfilnry Oii.tei'O.L Ka\ fn'/yea A'aAa. 
 '■ II. xxiv. i;47: 
 ac LiTaii (K fJ.nydpoio odos /uerp, ^lEpali' 
 
 ^X'"^^'^^' ■ ■ • 
 '" //. xix. 211, 212: 
 
 "S jj.<H eVl KXifTii] OeoaV-y^/.eVos- n^i'i xaAlcw 
 'iTfiTai, di'u. irpodupifl' 7 €T/>oauf r.'s. 
 ' //. XX, V. ,-171 , ,-i72; 
 aM a/>aT\ tSeiaej' 5' o yipu^v Kai iir^'iOf^TJ ^Lti'/Oov 
 n?;7e,'07)5 5' oi'/toio Ae'wc &i aAru 0vpa(e. 
 
 " II. xxiii. 558-.^i"tl : 
 'Aj/t/Aox', et IJ.'^v 5'/j ^te /ceAeueis oUioiif^v dWo 
 ]i.\ifj.'QA(p i-KL<^ovva.i, i-yoj 5e /le Kai To TeAeViTw. 
 Oti'tTco ol 9a>pi-)Ka Tbv ^AaTiEpoTToiou o.-iTi^vpa^i', 
 X'lA/ceoT', (p Trep; X'^i'M^ <pa€Li'uv KaaaiTipoio. 
 
 ' II. xiii. 2G1 : 
 . . . . eV KXian] Tvphs ivu:TTto. ■Ka.u.(pavu(j:vTO.. 
 
 * //. ix. (;r;:',-i;r;:.i : 
 
 o.vTo.p 'Ax'AAei's eyOe i.wx'p KXi'Tirjs einT'iycTov 
 Toj 5 dpa Trap/caTtAe/cTO yvi'-i]^ tJji' AeffficBev 
 
 •^opIiavTos Oiiyd-Trip AiO,u'//o?? /caAA(7rap7;os. 
 riaTpo/cAos o" €T€pad€i' cAe^aTO ■ Trap §' dpa Kal tw 
 'l^pLs- iv^a'vos, Ti'ji' OL 7rap6 S7os 'AxlA\€VS 
 ^Kvpop kAwv anrelai', 'Ei/i/f/os TrToAiePpOf. 
 o't 5' (jTe 5J/ K\ifrU}(rLV eV 'ATpe'iSao y^voVTO, . . . 
 
 II. >;xiv. (u.'i, 67i; : 
 avrdp 'AxiAAeps et'Se /-^>-'XV '^AiiTiyjS evnrtKTOV • 
 T<Z 5e BpiiTT?!? 7rap€AiF^aT0 /caAAiTrap?jox. 
 
 '■ //. XXH-. 4.".0, 4.'.f : 
 
 axap KadvTT^pd^v ^pt^^av 
 Aa\j'7jei'T' upofpov K^ifXwpoO^v d.ui^a'ai'T^s- 
 
 •' fl. xix. 2S1 : 
 'iTTTTovs 6" eis cr.yf-\i]i' ^Ao.ffai' B'^pd.iTovTfEs ayavoL 
 
 II. ii. 77.V77S: 
 .... i'TTTnn 5e Trap' dpfiatni' outlv '^icaffTos, 
 
 AojTrV fp^inOjJ.^l'Ol iAeodpCTTTiW T6 CTtAil't^J', 
 
 iiTTo.Tay, dp^ara 5' ei; TT^irvKaau^i'a kclto dvanrwv 
 
 Iv KAliTLljS, 
 
§ in.] 
 
 FijETIFICATICiXS OF THE GliEEKS. 
 
 151 
 
 {ireptcoTn]),' as in Xestor's tent, from tlie top of Avliich Llomeneus looked 
 on id the games. Here on the projecting shore were raised the tumrdus 
 of Patroclus and at a hrter period that of Achilles." Thore was also an 
 ancient sepulchral monument, or goal of a hippodrome, consisting of tho 
 trunk of a tree with two white stones on either side,'-' and near it a road 
 hollowed out hy the winter rain.^'' 
 
 For nine years the ships of the Gret-ks appear to have been their 
 sole fortification, but then, after the first Ijattle of the Iliad, Ly the 
 advice of Xestor, a coranion tumulus was erected in front of the ships 
 over the ashes of all the dead, to which was joined a high wall Avith 
 towers, and before it was dug a deep moat.^ The wall was built of 
 earth, into which v.X're rammed trunks of tri_'es and stones to give it 
 greater solidity.'- It had wi.'oden towers." and in or close to them were 
 gates."' On the wall and the towers were bre-astworks (ewuX^ei^), which 
 projected from the wall like steps (Kpccrcrat) ; also buttresses (ajifyai, 
 TrpojBX'iTti). serving to protect and consolidate the wall.'' There seem 
 to have been only three gates. Between the wall and the moat was 
 a path.'-' in front of which a stockade or thick row of palisades Avas stuck 
 into the edge of the moat, iu order to render the approach still more 
 difficult to the enemy." 
 
 I have further to mention the wall of Herakles (Ttly^o^ aix(pLyyrov 
 'HpttA-'Xi'/o?),- called also (jKOTrirj,'-' a sort of rampart Avhich the Trcijans 
 and Pallas Athene had erected for the protection of Herakles, lest the 
 sea-mcuister w-hich threatened Hesione with destruction should pursue 
 him from the beach to the plain. It therefore appears to have been near 
 the shore. 
 
 ■ //. xxiii. 451 : 
 r^iTo 'fO-p €kt'os ayu^vos uTrepraros ef TrepiWirfj. 
 
 5 //. .xiiii. 125. l-JG: 
 fico 5" ap* eV aKrrjS fSy-Wo'^ 4irLfrx^p<^\ ^I'f^' ^f' 
 
 'AxiA.Vei'S 
 (ppaTaaTo UarpoKXcv fJ.4ya -qp'iov r^Se oi aura'. 
 
 ijj. x.xir. 80-82 : 
 o.p^(p' avTo7{TL 5' ejreiTa u^yau Kai davuova Tviifiov 
 Xei'ttuei' 'Apyeiuv Upbs (rrparbs aixuTjTao'i', 
 a.Krf; iiri Trpouxot/CTj. eTrl vrAaret 'EAAtjctttoi'TC/;. 
 
 -' JL xxiii. Z'll—S-jJ : 
 sTTTj/ie ^v\oy auoif, 'ijaov t' upyui\ virep arrj?, 
 ■/'/ bpvvs ■;) TriEvK-ili ■ Tij pi'^v oh KaraTrvStrai uiijipv, 
 \a€ Oe rov kKO.TipBei' ^prip^haral 5vo AeuKui 
 eV ^uvoxiiffiv oSoS, Ki'iQS 5' LTnToopoaos aufpis' 
 'Tj reu (TTjua fipoTo7o TraAat Kararedyr^wros, 
 /; TO -/€ yij<Taa t^tvkto eVl irpOT^pwv avQp^n'jjv, 
 KoX I'll' repu-ar' tt^Tjfce TroOapKTJs STos 'Ax'AAeKS. 
 "' //. xxiii. rtlS-421 : 
 
 ai\l/a b' eTreira 
 rrTe7vQs bbou K0i\7]s tb^v 'AyTiKoxos /xerex^P,^''?^- 
 pojx/J-bs eTjj/ yairis, j? xetuepioi/ aX'^v vbc^'p 
 ^^pl)7}^€P booLO, fSadufe 6e x^P^^ a-Kavra. 
 ' //. vii. 327-347, 435-441. 
 ■ II. xii. 28. 29 : 
 .... eV- 5" b.pa 'Ka.uTa Beu€i\ta Kvu.o.Ti TreuTrer 
 (piTpa,^ Ka\ Ac'.o't', ra d^To-v jj.oyi^ oi'Tes Ax'^-i'^'- 
 
 3 //. xii. 35. 36 : 
 
 TuTe 5' ap^tpl fJ-O-xV ii'on-ii re bebr,€i 
 raxos ^vbpiTiTOV, Kavax^C*= ^'^ bovpara Trvpyojv. 
 
 * J I. Tii. 338, 339: 
 TTvpyovs v-^qAovs, €i\ap vi)u.'V i-e Kai avT'ln'. 
 ii' o' o.vrolrfi irv\as ■jTOLrjffop.ei' €u apapuios' 
 rtivl 43';-4:;S : 
 
 aKpiToi' iri Treoiou, ttotI b' aiiTuv T€ixo^ eSeiuaf 
 TTi'pyovs 0' v-'\yri\oi'S- ^iKo.p V7]u:v re Ka.\ avrajv. 
 eV 5' a-jTo'^rn TTi'Aas tVeTroieor et) apapvLUS. 
 
 ' II. xii. 258-200 : 
 KpbijrfU.'i uXv Tzvpy(j:v €pvof, Ka] ep€i7rof tTraA^eis, 
 o-T-ri/Vas Te 7rpo/3Af/Tas efj.ox^^oi', us ap' 'Ax^iot 
 irpwras eV yo.ir, Qiao.v euueyai eXP-ura. irvpyo)y. 
 
 " II. ix. 07, 87 ; xii. C4-0i;, 145 ; xviii. 215, 
 228; XX. 4'.i. 
 
 ■ //. xii. 03-00 : see aUo 54-57 ; xii. 941 ; ir 
 350. 
 
 s //. XX..145-148 : 
 r^lxos es b.u.fpix^'^ 'JV 'l{pa.KXii<JS dfioio, 
 wb-q\uv. To pa u'l "Tpwss feci FlaAAas 'A9-riv7] 
 TToi^oi'. u(ppa Tu k-7JT0S im'=Kirpo(pvywv aKiairOj 
 OTTTToTe pLv (TeuaiTO o-tt' -qiui'os rr^QLOi'ptE. 
 
 '-> II. XX. ISO, 137 : 
 o.AA' -qu^'iS p€v i-Kf^LTo. KaOei^ii'peada KLCyre^ 
 e;c Trdrov es crKOTTLTji'. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE HISTOIIY OF TEOY. 
 
 As Mr. Gladstone ^ ri,e;litly remarks, the Danlaiiiaii name in tlie Biacl 
 is the ollest of all those names, IVmnd in tlie Poems, which are linlced hy 
 a distinct genealoLjY ^vitli tlio epuch of tlie Trojan war. As already stated, 
 Dardanns Avas called the son of Zeus by Electra, daughter of Atlas, and 
 was further said to have come from Samothrace, or from Arcadia, or 
 from Italy;" but Houjer mentions nothing of this. Dardanus founded 
 Dardania in a lofty position on the slope of Mount Ida ; for lie was 
 not j'et powerful enough to form a settlement in the })lain. He 
 married Bateia, an Idaean nymph, ^ daughter of Teucer, son of the river 
 Beamander, and begat Ilus and Erichtlionius, who became the richest 
 of all mortal men. He had in his pastures three thousand mares, the 
 offspring of some of whom, by Boreas, produced twelve colts of super- 
 natural swiftness.'' Having married Astyoclie, daughter of the river 
 Siiuois, he liad by her a smi called Tros.' This latter, who l:>ecame 
 the .eponym of the Trojans, had by his wdfe Calirrhoe, daughter of 
 the Scamander, three sons, called Ilus, Assaraeus, and Ganymedes, and 
 a daughter, called Cleopatra." Ganymedes having become the most 
 beautiful of mankind was carried away by the gods, and made the cup- 
 
 ' Ihniicrk SiiucJn-onism, p. n22. 
 
 - IL.-ll-iuiiju', />,.;/,„. 129, i:'\. DMnt ; Di.invs. 
 Hal. i. .:.U-G1 ; Aliollndnr. iii. 12. 1 ; Srlm]. 
 Iti'iil.. xviii. 4Sij ; A'aiT", ofi. .Srrviuiii ni }'ir<ill. 
 
 ArlvJ:!. ill. 1G7 ; Orplialuu. GtT- itluilS ,qj. Steph. 
 
 Byz. s. A-. 'hpia^q. 
 
 '-■ n. XX. 2 13-2 IS: 
 Adfiriaifoiy av npojTou T<iK€TO reilieATj^eptVa ZtEijs 
 KTiurriE 5e Aap^arn-jy eVel outtl'J^IAlos Ipi] 
 er 7reO(CL> TreTTuAfTTo, TroAis /x^pona'V ai'9pu}noji', 
 dAA ey' uiro:peLos wKeov iroAyTriSaKos 'l^-qs. 
 
 .\p(ill"il..ru«, ill. 12. 1 : AdpSayus Se tVl Toi 
 fo.i'j.TiU) t.j5 a!)f\rpou AuTl-oiV-eJ'OS, SauoOpaiojF 
 dTTuAnrwy, eh- r^jv avTiivf^pa. 'ijir^Lpoy -?j\0<^. Tat'i- 
 T-/|5 5e eYJao-lAfi^e TevKpos TTiiTaaov ^Kafidytjpov 
 i.ai NvfJ-cpTis 'iSaias, ar// oj i.al oi T-i/i/ x^-'P"-" 
 v-Tj-'Mji'^vuL TaimpoL -Kpo(ri)yop(^vuvTo. 'T7ro5e\(f6i? 
 ce viTo Tiiu /SarriAfoi; Kai Xo-li^v /.i^pos t7/s- yT/? 
 /'CI tV t/teiVou BuyaTfpa BaTeiar, AapHaurn' 
 
 tl.-TKTe TrnAll'. TfFA^t'Tv'/rTai'TllS 5e Tei' 
 
 X^'-'pc'-i' d-KaTau Aaphaviav tKaAeirt. 
 
 ' //. w. 21 ',1-223 : 
 AdpOai'ui au TtKilf vujv 'E.pix9uvL0V QacnXiia, 
 hi 6i( utfu/iivToLTos yiv(TO ffv-riToiy ai/Bfiiiraiv • 
 
 VKpuVj T-ljV 
 
 Tov rpLfTx'A^^^ ^ijTKOL tAos KJ-Ta l^oviioX^oyTo 
 Oij\€:ai, ird)\oL<Jiv dyaWujxi^vai araKfifXiv. 
 rdcoi' Kal BopeTjs ripdaaaro ^otJKO^evdo^v • 
 'ltttvoj 5' eladixivos 7rapeAe'|aTo Kvavox^'^'^]h 
 dl 5 viroKv(T(jd/j.€i/ai ^T€KOy buOKalSeKa ttwAous. 
 a'( 5' lire ^tei' (TKipro:ep eV! ^ei'Sa'poi' dpovpav ' 
 aKpov eV a.i'SepiK'^'v Kcp-Kov B^ov, ouSe kut i li\it.n' , 
 ctAA' cire 5/; (TKLpToiiv eV €vp(a po.'Ta Ba\aa<Ti]S^ 
 aKpov iirl pniyLuya c.\ui '!ro\lo7o Bi^'TKin'. 
 
 ^ .\pnlI*.Ml<>ni^. iii. 12. 2; rei'ii^aeVuT 06 avrdj 
 (Aapodi'w I TraiSo.'!' ''lAot' h-al 'Epi\Oiji'i()i^ " ''lAos 
 ^tf ovi' dirais aTref^ai'ej' ■ ^Epi\6uin'ii oe OiaSe^a- 
 /j.<^i'Oi T)ji' /3a(T(Aeiai', 77';uas 'Aittl'ua:'']'' '^V'^ 
 ^i^tdti'Tos, Ti^Kyo'i Tpwa. 
 
 //. XX. 2:;n: 
 
 Tpct'a 5' ^EpixOui'Liis Te'/i6To Tpw^rrcnv ai'a/fTa. 
 
 '■' Apiilli.nliiiMi.'^, iii. \-. ■_! : outos {Tpws) ivapa- 
 
 Tpo'iaf t/LtxAeiTe. Kal yi']f.ias Ka.\ipp6r)i' tvj:' 
 
 '^.Ko.iidi-'dpov^ yeuvy Ovyarfpa /.tej/ KAeoTrcrpni', 
 
 TralSa? ot ''W<n' i-cal AaadpaKOi' Kal Tavvf-i'ijOrji'. 
 
 It. N.v. 2:; I, -JiVJ: 
 
 T^ia'us 5 ai) Tp^ls TraToes h,ixv\xovis i^ey^i'oi'TO^ 
 
 'IK6s t' 'AaadpaK6s re Kal ayrideos Tai^vfxrjBTjs-. 
 
CuAP TIL] 
 
 ILITS FOUNDS ILIUM. 
 
 iriii 
 
 lie.irer of Zeus," ^Yllo gave to Tros, as tlio price of the yontli, a team of 
 immortal liorsos/ From Ilus aiiil Assaraens the Trujaii ainl ])ardaiiiau 
 lines diverge: the former proceeding from Ilus to Latimedun, I'riam and 
 Hector ; the latter from Assaracus to Capys, Anchises and Aeneas.'' 
 
 Ilns went to I'lirvgia, \Yhere he arrived during tlie ganu;s instituted 
 hy the king, in which he toidv part, and, having coiiijuered in wrestling, 
 received troiii tlie king, as his prize of victory, tifty youths and fifty 
 maidens. The king also gave him, lu accordance with an oracle, a cow 
 of many colours, directing him to build a city in the place where the 
 animal should lie down. Ilus therefore followed the cow, which lay 
 down on the hill of the riirygian Ate, where he built Ilium. Having 
 praveil tei Zeus to give him a hivourable sign, on tlie follmving day 
 lie saw lying before his tent the Palladium, wdiieh had hilleii from 
 heaven (Sii7rtre<). It "was three cubits (d,J.ft.) lung, its feet were 
 ioined ; in its right hand it held an uplifted lance, in its left a distati 
 and spindle.^" 
 
 In Homer Ate is represented as the personified power of infatuation 
 and delusion, and is the pernicious eldest daughter of Zeus.^^ She is 
 stronn" and swift ; ' Hesiod mentuuis her among the children of Eris ; " 
 she walks wuth her light soft feet over the heads of men." At the 
 birth of Herakles she caused even lier oayii father, Zeus, to swear an 
 over-hastv oath, in consotjuence td" which he seized her liy the hair iu 
 his wrath and cast her out of Olympus, swearing a mighty oath that 
 
 OS [VarvinlSi^s) S'l] KiWicrros yiv€To fli-TjTi'i' 
 
 Tui' Kal ar7?peii|arTo t?eJi Au oJro\oet'eir, 
 KaW^os eiVe/,:a olo, iV adavdroiai ,ueT6i7/. 
 
 Api:'Un,lnru^, iii. 1-. - : rovroi' ,u€i' ovf 5ia. 
 kIWos ai-apTrdiTas Zei's Si' asTuf, fleii' oii'0\uoi' 
 er ovpai'o: /iareVrTjuer. 
 
 At tirst Ganymedes is montione 1 n-; cup-bearer 
 of the go, Is, ami particularly of Zeus, in tlie place 
 of Heue (-ee Virgil, .U',i<:i\l. i. :2S); afterwards, 
 especiallr since Pimlar, lie is said to have lieeu 
 beloved bv Zeus, KaWeos e;V6h-a. In tlie same 
 wav, in <_ij>i<. Y. 1'21, Orion, in f>/;/s. xv. -ol, 
 Kh.'itos, aiiil m ApoUnd. iii. 2. 4 (see /'. xi. 1) 
 Tithoiuis, is carried oil' by Eos on account of 
 his beautv. 
 
 * Hellanirus, F,:-,iM. U6. ApoUodorus, 
 ii. o, V : Tainriy {'Hmuinp') lOi'i- eKKeii«'n)i' 
 'Hpa^-ATJs, v7r(<T\€To <Tw<Tea' aeT7;r. ei ras ittttoi'? 
 TTapa AaOjtie'Soi'TOs X7'iiieTai. as o Zees ttou');!' t?;s 
 rai'cuijSoi'S apirayi^s tSa'hre. 
 
 Tj's yap Toi yiv€^]^, i]s Tpu-'i Trep erpvoira Zeis 
 Su.'\ laos ■jTiMin)v Vaifvui'^deos ■ ovv^k apuTTOL 
 'lirnajy. oiT(Toi eaiTir vir' ijto T -iitiXun' re. 
 
 ' II. XX. L'.ei-'JrO: 
 "lAos 5" av Tfiitd' vloy duv.uoi'a AaoaeSocra, 
 AaoueSwr 5' apa TL0a'fOV te'keto Upiauuv re, 
 AauTToi' re KAcrior B' 'iKCTaovi t' o^'oi' '.^p-rjos ' 
 'Atrcrapoices 5e Kairvf ■ u 5' dp' 'Ayx^O'V'-' '^^'^^ 
 TralSa • 
 
 avTap ijj.' ' Ayxi(n]S, npiauos 5' frTe\' '^Y.KTopa 
 
 Z'iOV. 
 
 '^^ Apollipdiiriis. iii. 2. ?' : ''IXos 5e €("s ^pv^io.y 
 d{piKou€ros, Ka\ KaTaXa^D^'i' vtt'u too /3acriAea's 
 ai'Todi Tedeiue'cer d-^d'ta. I'lKy. naXii' • Ka\ Xa^dv 
 a.6Xoy TrecTi'jKan'Ta KOvpoi'S K'ai Kupas Tas uras, 
 SorTos ai'Tcv rod $aaiXea:s Kara \prjiTa'ui' Kal 
 /Sjui' 7rol^a'A7);^ Kal (ppdoai'Tos. ii' a-Trep dv avT^j 
 
 KXidfj TU7T0'. TTuAil' Krii^Cil'. tiVeTO T7; $of. 'H 5^ 
 
 dcpLKO^aevr] eVi Tor A€70,u6roi' tTjs 'I>po'} las "At7|s 
 \6<poi'. KX'iyerai ■ erfa ttoAii' K'TiiTas ' lAos. TaoTiji' 
 ,uer ^lAioi' e\-aAeiTe. Ttp 5e Alt (T7ju€a7i' et'|a- 
 ,a€i'os aiToe n <paii]rai. ,U€0' i]uepai' To 5;i'7reTes 
 riaAAaOiOi' Trpo T7'is tTKip'ijs /i"ei,u€i'oj' eSeaaarc. 
 
 ' Hv 5't Tip f.i€y€BiL Tpi7r7]\t'. TO?S 5c TTOlJi (Tl'U- 
 
 /3€/37)K-o's, Kal rf} pel' Se^io 5opi' dulpixeroi' exoi', 
 TV 5e tTtprt 7?.\iiKaT7ji' lial aTpaKTOi'. 
 
 '" //. xix. 'Jl-;io ; 
 Trpt'(T/3a Ajos flu-) aT7;p ".\t7j, ^'; Trai'Tas aoTai, 
 ooAouefoj, T)'/s pft' t>' aTraAoi Tropes ■ od yap e7i' 
 
 ooSet 
 Tn'Ai'arai, a.W' dpa 7j-) e KaT' ai'Opdf Kpdara 
 
 I3au-ii. 
 
 > //. ix. :,iK,-:xi: -. 
 
 1} 5' ''AT7; rrOivapil Tt Kal dprl-rvos ■ ovviKa Trairas 
 TTOAAoi' 07re/,-:rpo()eei, (pt}dyti 6e Ti iruaav eV cdcai 
 QXd-rvTovty' di'Spwiriivs. 
 
 ' J/o-..;;.oi/.(, 2r,e : 
 AocTi'ouii7J-. ■'Att)!' Tf, (TvvxBeas aAA7')A7)(ra'. 
 
 3 //. xix. !il-;i:;, just cited. See also Ehianus, 
 i'p. Stcb. J/o/-. iv. p. J4. 
 
15-i 
 
 THE HISTORY OF TP.OY. 
 
 [Chap. HI. 
 
 slie slioukl not return tliillier; and she quickly fell on the ^YO^ks 
 of men/' 
 
 The tradition cited above from Ajjollodorus is confirmed by Lyco- 
 phron''' as well as by Eustathius," Hesychius,' and Stephanus Byzan- 
 tiuus;^ From all these authorities my friend Professor Otto Keller^ 
 has concluded with certainty " the existence of a Phrygian goddess 
 Ato, her worship on the hill of Ilissarlik as well as on a second hill 
 on the river iJhyndacus, and her idol which fell from heaven. '" The 
 Ilian xVthenr, who originated from this Ate, appears on a medal as 
 an especially Phrygian gdddess, wearing the Phrygian cap. She is 
 distinguished from the common Greek Ate or infatuation, who is a 
 mere abstraction, by the epithet ?/ (\'>pvyia. Probably she was related 
 to the Phrygian god Atis (Attis or Atys). Owing to the similarity iu the 
 sound of their names, after the eoiujuest of the land by the Greeks, Ate 
 and Athene were combined, and thus originated the pjeculiar Athene Ilias 
 with the Phrygian caj), spear, torch, and owl. The non-Hellenic torch 
 was replaced by the distaif and spindle. In the Ephesian Artemis we see^ 
 betore us a very non-PIellcnic, but genuine Asiatic goddess, confounded 
 with an Ilelleiiic goddess; nay, a goddess overloaded with symbols of 
 maternity confounded with a virgin goddess. "We have examples of the 
 remoulding of the names of Asiatic deities in a Greek form, amongst 
 others, in Eileithyia-Yoledeth, Muledeth, Mylitta ; or in Apollo Ismenius, 
 ^vho is the Phoenician Eshmuu ; for the common etymology from the 
 Indo-European isli, ' desire,' is not satisfactory. Even the Zeus Meili- 
 
 ' //. xix. l-JG-l:31 : 
 
 cxn'tKO. 5' eiA' "At?;;/ /cei^a^r^s Ai7rap-(j7rAo/ca,uoiO, 
 
 Xcv^u'^uej/os (ppnalv f](Ti^ Kal (^/.toae tcapTephf apKui' 
 
 /j.'i] ttot' es OvXviXTTup re ko.\ oupavhy affrepo^vTa 
 
 ai>Ti? eAeufTeiT^ai ^At7ji/, 'Jj TTj.i'Tas aarau 
 
 tis e/TToir ippi\^€i^ an' obpavov d.aTep6ei>TOs 
 
 X?ip! 7rfpuTTpei|/as- ■ Taxa 5' 'l^icro ipy' avOpw7:o:i'. 
 
 ^ .lA,A/„J,w, -la-M): 
 
 ri 5' eVfeo;/ (TxaTafTa IBaKX^'iou (Truua, 
 
 'At-jjs aTr' ajtpojv ^ovizXavoKTiffTwv A[>(/>a'[', 
 
 roiOii' 5' ayr' apx^is itpx 'AAe^ar5/?a \uyojv. 
 
 See Schol. ^'^o^^llJ"n. \. itj,. liaelimaiiii, ]]. i6 ; 
 
 Ao'tpQS -rrpu Tuu efcaAelra Kal ^AXlos (|il-e'lpnlilv 
 
 i]ist(.'a;l uI'^'Atios); and Txet/.i.'s : ary-js ■qyoui' 
 
 fiXdfi-iis, •!) ui'Ofla iipous, Ao.'f^oF aT7)s Kal /3ouirAa- 
 
 voKTLtnov T',]v Tpoio.v \4y^L .... Au.poai'us 5e 
 
 KaTa.KXvTfj.rju yeyoyijTos e/c 'Xafj-oOpaKi^s 6/'s T7?i' 
 
 avTiTT^pa 7fjj/ irt^paiOvTaL Kal ttji' pvi> Tpoio.i' 
 
 eu^AAe kt[(,€,^'. Xp'qrr/aiis oe ruvroi' (cwAuei ktl- 
 
 Uir Toj' Kiiipoi) TuvTuv (iwLov /3/\a/37)j/ ytuiaSoA 
 
 TouTov Tols- ai/Tui' KttT oiK'ii>Ta<XiV . eV Uptq-n-a' 5e 
 
 f>ai'TeiVaTo. ^XPV^e Si ainiS u TlpniTTa'o!: 
 
 A-KuWwi' fi-q KTiC^eti' Thv X6<pov TQvTov, aTQs yap 
 
 ainliv iip-q. Siu ical AapSafOs KtoAvfleU aurhi' ulm 
 
 hcTtmv, aWa -r'qv imu T7)j' "IStjii AapSaviai', irpo- 
 
 ■ripny:SKa,u.aySpov\u(poyKa\oufLi:iiTiy,l3aiTi\€voi'Tos 
 
 TfjTC- tS}v TpwiKiiv ^nfpmy Tulmpov Tou 'S.Kap.a.vSpov 
 
 Kal 'Ihaias I'u^f/jvjs. o'j '^Ka^udi^dpov tJ/c BuyaT^pa 
 
 BaTeiai/ Aa/Sic u Aap5ai/os, V Kal !) AvKMppwv 
 
 'Apinp-qif Ae'yei, yey^a "lAoi' ;ca! 'Epixflwioj/ ■ cii/ 
 
 "lAus arraiv TeAeura, 'Epixduiaos 5e e^ 'AfTTuoxVS 
 T?jS ^i/j.ijei'Tus yei'fd Tpwa. Tpccus Kal KaWtp- 
 p'Jijs Tijs '^Kaij.diybpou ''los (sie) Kal eVepoi. ''Os 
 ' lAos €is 'Ppvyiav iXdd'y Kal dyiova vtto tou 
 ISaaiKews nOf^iix^vou ^iipwr i/iKa irdXip^ Kal 
 XafioM' iK TOU /3a(riAe'a;s dt^Aoj' v Kapas Ka\ v 
 Kopous, dK Xf'V^l^oi' eiVeTo /3oi" 7rAai'7;t>ei(T7/ (K 
 Mvaias, 7Jt£s a^jKoueVij ijrl Tui' X^yousi'ov T7}s 
 ^Ppvyias "'Attjs X6<poii KaraKXif^rai, ^I'Sa irvXii' 
 KTiiTas d "lAos ^IXioy ETcaAeire. 
 
 " Eiistath. nil J/. \\x. l,ji; : (ftaal Se eis ''lAioi' 
 liarei'lly^xOaL pi(ptE7iTo.i' tI]1' " Arriv, Zid Kal^Arrjs 
 Xo(pos efce?. ov u AvK6<ppa.'y /^e^ta'7jTai. tovto ?e 
 a(7T6iC(JS TreTrAafTTai bid rds /.i^ydXas dras, as iK 
 Aius oi Tpifs (waSov. Selidl. ia J I. i. .'i!!! : 
 Xu<^}OS At7;j eV Tpo'ia napd AvKuippoi'i, ii'da virlj 
 Adis e/ceiV7? ippL<prj, d s Kal ei' rols 'Attlwi'OS 
 Kal 'H poS d po u tyriXovrai. 
 
 ' S. \'. ^ArwXotpos- uvTn::- r5 ''lAioi' ('^lAeoj' 
 <Otl,) €/,-aAe?To TTpaiTui'. 
 
 '^ ^\XiOi' TTuAi? Tpa^dbos and ''lAou, v al Tpd'e^ 
 "At-iiv (aKT-r]!' in the IIS,) ixaXovi' Kal "Arqs 
 Xdtjwp ■ 5et7Te'pa < avr^]s Xufpot 5va in tlio ]MS.) 
 tV TTj ripOTTOi/TiSi irapd Pui'Sa/ifo TroTaut?, 
 
 ■' THr KntJccLuiij I/ivids ;.u J/igsa,-!ii; ; Fre;- 
 lini-'-, 187.'>. 
 
 '^' .Selinl. ii(J. If. i. .")01 : eyOa vnh AicfS eKetVjf 
 ipp'upi] ] also iVpullmlnmus, iii. 12, ami Diodoru.s, 
 Fni^m. 14, p. G-tU ; Wos.sel. a Suneres. 
 
C'liAP. III.] THE COAV OV MANY COLOl'liS. 155 
 
 cliios, ^Yltll Lis soft iiiimo, is mily ilio Ilollouic mask of the tcnible 
 Moloch, greedy of liumaii siUTilJces. 
 
 " Now ^Yitll regard to tlie eow of many colours, tins animal is quite 
 in its place in the traditieu of the foundation of the temple cif the 
 Iliau Athene. Nay, it may servi' us an authentic proof of the genuine- 
 ness and antiquity of the le,i;cnd, which is told us liy ApoUodorns, and 
 was certainly not invented liy him. The legend of Avliich we speak is 
 common Indo-European prupertv.^ Horses, stags, bears, and hulls 
 designate the place where' churches and monasteries are to he huilt ; 
 these animals direct also the luiilding ef castles, cities, and colonies. 
 A god-Sent animal is wont to show the wandering army their place of 
 settlement. Sacred cows indicate hy standing still tlie place for 
 church huildmg.- AVe lind similar legends in Friedreich. ■' To this 
 class helong, the legend of the l^picians who Avere guided Ly a Lull, 
 and the jieculiar rite of drawing the farrows with a plougli wliereLy 
 luunan cities were consecrated. A cow also sLowed I'admus, Ayheii he 
 came from Asia, the site where TlieLes was to Le erected : this cow 
 had nil Kirii side (I irhilc iihii-l{ in tlie fnvin of the full iiiooii:^ A cow, 
 proLaLly lihtii-ise a si/iiihal if the inuon i/oddtss, was tlie symLol on the 
 coins of the L'ilician cities of Tarsus, ILiUus, and h^oloi, likcAvise of 
 Side.'' AYe also see the cow on the medals of the neighhouring 
 (Jyzicus.'' i\Iar(|uardt ' refers tliis to rcrsejdione. AVe think we are 
 not mistakeir in nnderstanding tlie cow of many colours, A\diicli indi- 
 cated the site of Troy, as the sacred symLol of Athene or Ate, the 
 goddess of Night cir tlie ilooii. Tlie lifty Leys and lifty girls wLo 
 follow tlie nioou-cow are notliing else tliau tLe Hfty weeks of the year.-^ 
 From the Ilian coins, ou which is represented the sacrifice of a cow 
 before the statue of Atliene Ilias, we inh'r tliat tlie cow was cliosen as 
 the sacriticial animal of that goddess,'' which seems also to Le proved 
 from Homer.'' Thus for every one who docs not wilfully shut his eyes 
 we have furnished the proof that the legend of the foiuidatiou of Ilium 
 IS Ly no means a frivolous i'<v eliildish invention of ApoUodorus, Lut an 
 ancient legend of primitive growth, which is devised with Leautiful sym- 
 bolism, and relates to the jieculiarities of the worship of the Ilian Athene. 
 Nay, this legend also contains a very interesting topograjihieal notice 
 concerning the hill of Ate, a notice which Las not been understood 
 either Lv the narrators fhcmsolves, or till now Ly the commentators. 
 
 ' Seo II. r.. SuliinJlor, Ah,:r<jlaiihc diS iltttcl- e^e\Ae Kajxavaa oi;\a.fjia' ■ aTro<pa.'ivovijiv ovf Kal 
 
 alters, p. I'll."'. TorTt) To \u'fi'n'. 
 
 "- A'ei-nal.'ken, ,lyVHSr,,;,-ji, a.lli. ^ l■.l^■ll^li^, Mnh:ij\-s.i, In Yor.Jcroslcn, p. 3:4. 
 
 ' f^ilHil.Jil: unJ JIiit/io/.«iic </,r X-/"/-, )i. 4;iS. '' Jliuouct, Kos. las, aus. 410 ; set- also Se^tiui, 
 
 "' rauiaiiins, ix. ll', § 1 : Aeyerai 5« Kal .'iSe I'rs.'r. il. Stiitcn Ant. ]'. .A. 
 ('Tt' avTu.n' \oyos, tl'S airwvTi fK AeAf/ia'i' KnSua' " O/: /ia/,s- ///o/ m. '" Ot/(/i /, p. 1.'4. 
 
 Tj;i' eVi ^awi'ea'x' /Bors 7ej'L>iT0 7;7ei(iiT tT/j 7rtY>e(ay, ^ '"^t'c 1-^, (icrliaru. I r<jur<inins, ]). I'u . 
 
 Ti,i. Se 0OVV TaaTijr 7ra,.a /3ovK,',\a.-v diai Tur " M iiilrr, Wirsrlor. ani.Uk'stLTU'y. 7 '. --1. A . li. 
 
 UiE\dyovTos tl'in]Ti}i' ■ tVi 5e iKan^^a tT;? /3au? L! 1 , "JL'J ; Si-.^tiuj, J'csrr. ^nm. \n. ,j, p. .jau ; 
 
 Tr-\ei'pa iT7;ae?oz' eTreTraj \<eukui\ eiKaui-iti'oy kvkX'l' rrilcrin, T,'. < t 1 . ii. ."'1. •'>. 
 T7;s LTtA7'))'7;y, vtt6t€ ei'ij TT\i]pT]s ' tOfi 5e cipa ^' //. \t. ai'>. '.'4: 
 
 Ka5at'i' Ka\ tuj' itit ai'To; nr^arhn u'TaiOa Kai o't vTr^>tT\il,TOai Si'0Kai5e/,a $ovs ei'l I'V? 
 
 oiul^aai Kara Tov d^ov t\i' ^ai'Tilav, tvOa y /jufs iji^is ij/i'taras. L€p€UiJ€u€i\ u n' tAeija?;, 
 
156 
 
 'llir. inSTUliY OF TIUJY. 
 
 [ClIAP. III. 
 
 To this the medieval li-gends of tlie saints offer hundreds of parallels, 
 which German science "has only lately nnderstood m the sense in 
 wliich, as I hare shown, it must he understood in the legend of the 
 
 lull of Ate." 
 
 Thns, acrording to the tradition, sacred Ilios was huilt hy Ilus, who 
 married Enrydice, daugliter of Adrastns. His son Laomedon married, as 
 some said, Strymo, daughter of the Scamaiider, according to others 
 Thikia, daugliter of Atreus or of Lencippos ; his sons were Tithonus, 
 Lampmi, Clytius, Hicctaon, J'odarces ; his daughters, Hesione, Cilia, and 
 Astvoclie.^ ' As already stated, it was under Laomedon that the walls of 
 Troy were huilt hy Posiudon alone," or by him and Apollo,^ and also that 
 tlie city was attacked and captured Ijy Heraklcs, who kilh-d tlie king and 
 all his suns except Podarces. Herakles liaving allowed nesi(-im:' to choose 
 from among them wliomsoevcr slie wished, she chose Podarces; but 
 Ibn-aklrs demandi;d tha.t he slmuld first be sold as a slave, allowing 
 Ikt to luiy him afterwards with whatever she pleased. He was there- 
 fire sold,' and Hesione liouglit him back with her veil, in consequence 
 (if whidi he was called Priam (Ilp/a/xo?, from TrpiaaOcu, " to purchase." 
 particip. Trpni/j.evo';). 
 
 Grute^ sivs: "As Dardanus, Tros, and Ilos are respectively epo- 
 nyins of iJai'dania, Troy, and Ilium, so Priam is eponym of the Acropolis 
 Per<"'aniuin. llpuifio^ is in the Aeolie dialect 1 1 t'/3/3a/.i09 (Hesychius) : 
 upon which Ahnnis remarks, ' caeterum ex hac Aeolica nominis forma 
 apparet, Piiamum mm minus arcis llepyd/j-wv eponymum esse, quam 
 Ilum urbis, Troem populi ; Mepya/ia eiiim a Y\.epia/.ia natum est, i in 7 
 mutato.' " '■ 
 
 I may here rmnind the reader that there were several cities of a 
 similar name; first tlie celebrated .Pergainon in the Mysian provmce 
 of Teuthrania, and then Pergamus in Crete, considered by Cramer ' to 
 be identical with the present Perama on the north side of the island. 
 Acci.irding to Yirgil,^ this latter city was founded by Aeneas. 
 
 Priam married the I'lirygian princess Hecabe (Lat. Heculia), daughter 
 of (Jisseus, wdio is a very distinguished character in the IJtail. By 
 
 ' A]pnllni!nvns, iii. "_', '■'> \ ^IXos 5e y^jxas Eupu- 
 olrcrjy T-i]v 'A5pa(TT0t', AaojA€Ooi'Ta e^eVi'TjO'ei' ■ us 
 '/£'.','.€( ^Tpvi^ii) T'iju ^Kaadvdpou ■ Ko.ra oe Tica?, 
 IWa.KiO.u T;/i/ 'Arpeoij, naT^ eVious Of, Aff'fiTTTr'ji; ■ 
 KaX T^KVin TTOAOas ixevTi0<t:i^o', Adi.i.7rwt'a, KA/(Tm'I', 
 'iKeTo.ora, TloodpuriP ■ Ouyarf^pas Of, 'H(TfJi'7]i', 
 t:al KikAaf Ko.t 'Arrruoxv^'- 
 
 ■■' II. xxi. 44_'-+4;i: 
 /.'.e/.tc7jai, 'ii(ya. h'l) naSoixef naKa' lAtOv ajx<pis 
 JJ.0VV01 voi'i Sf^wv, ut' ayriuopi AaofjAoovri 
 Trafj Aios eA0orTes 9r)TeviTauti' e/\ eViai'Toi' 
 I'.irrdM eVi pTjToJ ■ o Of {T-fj^aah'wi' fVeVeAAei'. 
 "') Tot eyw Tpw€fTrrL TTitAii' Trepi Telx''^ toei^a, 
 ^iipv re /{a} p.rr.Ka Ko.\au, li/' app'r}KT0S TroAis ei'v) ■ 
 V"i/3e, rrv 5' e/AtVooa? 'dAtKos lii'ws pouKuAleaius 
 
 ' lu-/j'i fU Kff}UintTL TroAUTTTIIX"'-' (' A 7J f iT'TVJ V- 
 
 ■' //. \ii. 440-4:v; : 
 
 ^'jAafjav, oi)06 fleoTo-i 5oVd[' KAeiTu.s iKarofJ-jias : 
 rod 5' r/ TOi /cAf'os iiXrai ufTofT eVt KtSfaTaLTjws' 
 rvu 5' tVjA7jO'oi'Tai, T^ iyoj Ka\ tI>oT/3os 'AttoAAwi' 
 ■I'lpy Ao.oi.udnifTt TroAl(T(Tafj.€v a6Ai;(Tayrfs. 
 
 ' A|inlln.|.iriis, ii. G. 4: Ka! javTri {'Hffuji/ij) 
 fvyxo-'pi^ rajy aix/xa\wTw!\ 01/ v/OeAfj' aysffOaL. 
 T-r)5 Of ai'pou/JtVris Tvii o.SeAcphu Uoiapici^v, fcl'i) 
 Sfif TTpwTov aurhv ()QvAoi' yiEfifrOat^ na'i Torf, ti 
 7roT€ Quuirav ai^r' ai/Tor, Aaji^lv avTuv. H Of, 
 iziTTpa^KOjiivou, T/jf KO.Avnrpo.v o.(peAolx^v'i] T'ns 
 KUtpa.X^s avriSailc€v ' hBep UoSdpK-fIs npia/ios 
 eKAvO'/]. 
 
 '• nisturil of On-rrr, i. |i. [H].: 
 
 f'Ahrriis, /),.' Jii<, /,■,■/<, .lrn/;,w, 8. 7, 11. 50; 
 C()in|iarf i'>iJ. 'JS. S, p. l.'iii, Trepp' airaAio. 
 
 ' Crninri-, /',■■■»'. of Anc. Greece, iii. p. 383. 
 
 » Acn. iii. 133. 
 
Chap. III.] THE EAPE OF HELEN. 157 
 
 lier and other women lie had fifty sons and twelve daiighters.' 
 Among the sons wove Heetor/" Paris, I)eiphobus, Helenus, Troilns, 
 Polites, Polydorns; among the daughters, Laodice, Creiisa, Polyxeua, 
 and Cassandra, were the most distinguished. The birth of Pans was 
 preceded by tVirmidable presages; fur Heeulia dreamed tluit slie was 
 delivered of a firebrand, and Priam, on consulting the soothsayers, was 
 informed that the son a,bout to bo born would cause the destruction 
 of Troy. Accordingly he was exposed on Mount Ida, was brought uji 
 by shepherds, and was finally recognized and adopted by his parents.' 
 He was distinguished fir beauty and strength, and was a. courageous 
 defender of the flocks and shepherds, fur which reason he was called 
 Alexandres (defender of men).- By his wife Oenone, daughter of the 
 river Cebren, he had a son Corythus.'' To Paris came the three god- 
 desses, Here, Aphrodite, and Athene, that he might decide the dispute 
 which had arisen among them at the nuptials of Thetis and Peleus, 
 as to which of them Avas the most beautiful. Paris awarded the prize 
 to Aphrodite, who had promised him the most beautiful of women for 
 his wife ; in conseiiuence of which Here and Athene became the bitter 
 enemies of Troy.* Paris then built ships and went on a visit to 
 Sparta, where he was hospitably received liy Menelaus, whose wife Plelen 
 he carried ofl', together with large treasures, under the protection of 
 Aphrodite','' and returned by way of Kgypt and Phoenicia to Troy." 
 Jlenelaus found universal sympathy among the Greek chiefs. Ten 
 years were s])ent in eijuipping the expedition destined to avenge the 
 outrage. By the united efibrts of all the Greek chiefs a force was at 
 length assembled at Aulis in Boeotia, consisting of 1180 ships and more 
 than 100,000 men, under the command of the ava^ avopSsv, Agamemnon, 
 king of Mycenae. This force oLitnumbered by more than ten to one 
 any that the Trojans could oppose to it, and was superior to the defenders 
 of Troy even with all her allies included.' 
 
 ' II. vi. 242-2.30 : "EjcTopss). A jiriucL- lirliin!,nng to the rei;al 
 
 aA/V' (ire 5/; riptafioio Ociuo;' Trept/caAAe" [Kafei', liijiih' uf Chii.tS, antHTii.ir tu the Ionian settle- 
 
 ^c(TTi;s o.iBqv<ti)gl reruyfi^i/ov — aurap ei' avT<p ini'iit, as nn'Utitjned Ijy the <.'liian jioet Jon 
 
 ■jrevTriKovr' ^vi^(rav 6dAo./j.oi ^saroio AiOoiO^ (I'aiisanias, vii. o. 3), was so calh.'ih'' 
 
 TTKrjTLOl a.\XrjKwv SeS/^rj/ieVoi ■ ^vBa. 5e TraiSes ^ ApiinoJorns, iji. 11. .3 ; ll\"^". /'"/'. 91 ; Ovhl, 
 
 Koiaa;fTO Ylpia.lJ.OiO irapa p.v'f]<nys a.AuxOiTLi'. Jlrr. .\vi. 4.5, and 359 ; Ilninio-, II. iii. o2.5, xii. 
 
 liovpdaip 5' €r4poiQ^v ivavrioi ivhoB^i^ auXtjS 9.'! ; Se^^^ ad Virg. Aca. v. .".T". 
 
 owSeK itrav reyeoi daKaixoi |eo"To?o XiBoiO, - A|i(.iUolorns, iii. 12. b ; Sehol. Horn. 11. ii:, 
 
 7r\7]aioi aWriXccu 5eO/j.Tjfj.i=yoi ■ tvBo. Se yo.uPpoi .32.3. 
 
 KOLfion'To Ilpidfj.010 nap' o.loQiijs dXiixoifJii'. - 'I'/.i/tz. nil Lvco|ih]". .37 ; (_'onon, J\o./'r. 22 ; 
 
 '" (Irots Ilntn.-f/ .>/ (.n.r.-r, vnl. i. p. 203, re- l';,rthen. L'n.t. 04. 
 
 marks: "Heetorwas aliirmel, inith li\- Sti'Siohorns '' S^tw m/, 3'irL;'. Arn. i. 27; //. .\xi\'. 2.3; 
 
 and Iljykus, to he the son ol' Aj.idhj (Stesiohorus, T/.Oz. fnl Lvooiihv. 90. 
 
 "/'. .Srhnh AO-n. o.yi//.e/. xxi\-. 209 ; Ihyei -F/w./'". ■' 1 1 //. iii. 40-49, 144; VM. OOD-OOO; 
 
 .\i\". oil. So'hneidewin) : h"th ]'io|iloo'i.in ( /'■. 1 20, A|Mii h.Oinais, iii. 12. C. Sre alsn I'.aus. iii. 22. 
 
 J^Ii'ineke) and Alexander Aetolus lidhjwtlie s.'ioie l; ; also in the argnoient of llie 0_vprian IViem 
 
 iilca. Ktesichorus further stated, that after tlie (roio].. Aeschvl, ..h;"»«;//i//r/)/, 004). 
 
 siege Apollo had carrieil llekahe away into ' Honi. O'l iv. 22S ; //. vi, 291; Herod, ii. 
 
 Lykia to roseue her fr<nn (.■;ipti \ ity (I'ansanias, H:;. 
 
 -x. 27. 1). Aeeording tc. Euripides, Apollo had '//.ii.l2S. As Grote remarks, Uschold makes 
 
 promised tliat she shonld die in Troy {Trrj.id. the tnt.d as great as 100,000 men {Geschkhte 
 
 427). By S.'qipho. Ileet(.r was given as a sur- (Jcs Trwuiu'schcii Krk'jcs, p. 9; Stuttgart, 1836). 
 
 name of Zeus, Zeus "EKTojp (llesyehiiis, s. v. 
 
i:,y THE HISTOKY OF TlJdY. [riiAp. IH. 
 
 After many liinilraii(H\-J. tlio Wori ;tl last rcachial the shore of tlie Plai]i 
 of Trov. The Troj;nis liad -ailirrra troojis t'roiu all the districts of their 
 own I'onntrv hotwi'oii the Ai'se[ins and the ( 'aieus, as \vidl as allies from 
 various jiarls of Asia Elinor ;iiul 'riiraia> : C'ariaiis, Blysians, Lyeians under 
 Sarp('(lon, J\[aconiaiis. I'hryi^aans, Idiraeiaiis, Paeonians, and Alizoniiuis.'' 
 But Iho Trojans in vain o|iposi'd the laielini;' ; tlu\y wore routed and 
 driven within thoir w:dls. Attor this, the war was earrn'd on with little 
 vi;;oni- tor nine vears, dnrini;- ^v]ludl the (ireoks srom to have oeenjiied 
 their timo juamdpally in attaidcs on nei-hhonrin-- eitios. Thus Aehdles 
 stormed Tliehi'j J.vrnessns, I'edasus, Leshos, and other places, twelve 
 towns on tlu' coast and elewn in the interior. " Ten years was," as 
 Grote '•' rennirks. "the fixed epical dni'ation of the siei^e of Troy, just as 
 five years was the duration of fhe sie^-e of Kaniikns hy the Krelan aruia- 
 liuait, which came to u\"eiei;e the death (d' JEinos.'" Tiui years (d' prc[)a- 
 ratuui, len years of su'^'c, and ten yi'ars of wauderini;' for ( tdyssens, were 
 periods suited to the rough chrmndoeical dashes of the ancient e}ue, and 
 suggesting no dmihts nor dilHenlties AVith the original hearers. Dut it 
 was otherwise, wdieii the same events came to he contem]dated hy tlu^ 
 historieising Greeks, wdio could not he satisfied without eilher hndiiig 
 or inventing satisfa(dory honds of ccdierence hetween the separate eviuits. 
 'ihucvdides t(dls us that the (Ireeks Wi're less iinmeriuis than the poehs 
 have represented, and tliat, heiiig moreover very poor, tliev were unahle 
 to procure adeijuate and constant provisions: hence they were cmupelled 
 (o disperst' their army, and to emjiloy a part of it in ciiltivating the 
 Chersonese, a part in marauding expeditions over the neiglihoiirhood. 
 Could the wdnde army have hi'eii employed at mua' against Troy (he says), 
 the siege would have heeii mmdi more s|ieedily and easilv cimelnded.^ 
 If thi> great historian could peniiit hims(df thus to amend the legend in 
 go many points, we might have imagined that a, simpler course would 
 have been to include the duration of the siege among the list of poetical 
 exaggeratiiuis, and to ailirni that the real siege had lasleil only one year 
 instead (d' tiui. Jiiit it seems that tli(> ten years' duration vas so cajiital 
 a feature in the aiudiuit lale, that no critic veiiliired to meddle witli it." 
 
 The Il/iiil describes the I'vents (d' the war in the tiuifli year during a 
 period of lifty-one days. It begins with the wrath id' Achilles, of wdiieh 
 
 Src 1 lie (. at ;non-iHj (il tlir Iriijaii^, y/. ii,81.)- nui'i^aou rpa.7vnu(:i-in no} A?,'(TT6iar Tf;\- Tfui(p?j'i 
 
 C'J'- aTTiif'ia ■ ij koa /.luWoi' o'l Tfufts ajncoi' OKaira^)- 
 
 ■ llisl<ii-'j "I < ' i;'i-rr, I. ji. '_!i-(-. [.i^i'Lvi- ra 5e/."a en; avT€7\i)i' t?ia tois ati i'tto- 
 
 " llf'Vniii't Its, \ii. I I G. 'ii'ii year-: i •; a )irn]icr Ainrof.i.<.^rois~ ai'r'nruX'tL u!-t(\- ■ Tre^Tioi'.Ti'ai' St t; 
 
 rny(hi(:il \nr],u\ \\,\- a ••v>".\t war lo la^t. 'I'lic t;A('(»i' t\r.)'T(s t/kk/'T/v, n'l vi-r^s aOpmu ar^v 
 
 v;;ir lirl.wccn I hr ( )|_\ i,i|,jr <;-n,ls ainl llir Tilan \ii,TTiias ual 7fa7>7iav ^vre\LC-< toi' TToA^fun' 
 
 :-;'"'> I't-^t- trll y.-AV^ (llr^ln.l. '/'/irn./nu. W.W. ) ; 5 1 1 ./'t/ MM', (') Ct^ , U' V ai-/-Ld\lJ KpUT <I-~,'T ^ -i ^l\«1% o'lyG 
 
 c< iMparr StKara- ei'iauTro ( lliini. n,/. x\ i_ 17). ,,-„) ,„■„,- aOju'uu, aAAa /.n'j^d T(.3 ctel ivapoi'Ti 
 
 ^'\l\^u-\^. i. I 1 : A'iTLOi' fV -/)(' fi'x h ''Aqar- «rTt^\iii'- -KoAun'ic'ia R' hv Trj>n,Th-aOK<^<'i/.u-i'oi tV 
 
 CpcvTTia TonovToi', oatn' 7? c'.\ /n//(aT/a ■ t^/v '^oji i\du,T,>i''t rt \fini'a' xai u.Trnj'.cTC'juji' Tijr TpoiaV 
 
 TfUHJiYi'; aTTopia rui' re arpaToi' (Aduacc -iiyayor, (i\i»i/- aAAa ^it^ a.\pi]f.LaTiai' rd 7( TVfo tovtwv 
 
 Hal i'tiJ<ii> i'lATTii^^iii' avToO^r 7r<jA€/.((ir'i'Ta /3nJTt t'lirtir, a.iikini 7/1'. icja aiVa, -)'t 5i; Tarra I'n'inia'TTi'nuTa 
 
 ^Trrridi'j T<s d(lnKijfX€i'iu fuixy ^Kpar-i-jaa!' {b7i\(i;' dt • tCcv np]i' y^foi^i^ro. di-jKovTai, toIs i^yoi^ rTToSe- 
 
 To yaf} ki>\'iia riv aTi>a7uTTtd(f ouic t.y cVci\i- e'lrrefia orra rTfi '/n'/Z-n/s- noA rov vvi' 7ref4 avru}i' 
 
 (vai'Tii), (jiaii'Di'Tai 5" ouB' ^rravOa irdaii ti; 5i'ra- but ruvs Tnuj^xav Aoyot' tear c a \-i] kotos. 
 fx^L x^rijirauei'oi^ c'.AAa TTf>nj y^copy'tat' t'ijs X<:i>- 
 
Chap. III.] THE TROJAX AVAE. 159 
 
 Apollo was tlie originating cause, from eagerness to avenge the injiirj' 
 wliicli Ills priest Chryses Lad suffered from Agamemnon. Under tlie 
 influence of his anger, Achilles refuses to jmt on his armour, and keeps 
 his Myrmidons in the camp. The other (Ireek chiefs vamly stroTC to 
 make amends for this 'hero's ahsencc. The humiliation which they 
 underwent was severe ; they were many times defeated by Hector and the 
 Trojans, and driven to their ships. At last the fearful distress of the 
 Greeks aroused the anxious and sympathising Patroclus, who ext(jrted a 
 reluctant consent from Achilles to allow him and the Myrmidons to avert 
 the last extremity of ruin. Patroclus was killed Ijy Hector, when 
 Achilles, forgetting his anger, drove the Trojans with great slaughter 
 within their walls, and killed Hector, with whose funeral the Iliad ends. 
 
 Then — to follow the story from the allusions in Homer, and from 
 later epic poets and mythologists — there came from Thrace to the relief 
 of the Trojans the beautiful warlike queen of the Amazons, Penthesileia, 
 with a band of her countrywomen ; but she too was slain by the invincible 
 arm of Achilles. 
 
 The dismayed Trojans were again animated with hope liy the arrival 
 f Memnon,- son of Tithouus and Eos, the most stately of living men, 
 with a troop of Aethiopiaus, who at first made great havoc among the 
 Greeks, and killed even the hero Antilochus, son of Nestor ; but at last 
 Memnon himself was slain by Achilles in single combat. After proving, 
 by a series of most ingenious arguments, that in all probability Memnon 
 was the leader of the Iveteioi or Hittites, Mr. Gladstone" adds: "Now, if 
 Memnon were leader of the Keteioi, it may be oliserved, in the first place, 
 that this country lay far eastward in the same parallel of latitude as 
 Southern (freece ; and he might therefore, with ampjle consistency, be 
 called by the poet, son of the Morning. And most certainly the Homeric 
 statement, that Memnon was the famous son of the Morning, would l:ie in 
 thorough accordance both with the poet's geographical idea of the East 
 and sunrise, which the Oihjssen Ijy no means carries far towards the 
 south, and with the fame to which the Kliita (Keteioi), as the resolute and 
 somewhat successful opjponents of the vast Egyptian power, may well 
 have attained." Memnon's tomb was shown on a hill near the mouth of 
 the Aesepus in the Propontis.'' 
 
 Soon after Memnon's death, Achilles himself was slain near the Scaeaa 
 Gate by an arrow from the quiver of Paris." According to Dictys 
 Cretensis (iii. 29), the murder took place in tlio temple of Apollo at 
 Thymbra, whither Achilles had gone to marry Polyxena.'^ 
 
 
 
 - Chl'j^-^. xi. 5-- : lia-l mnn; from Egypt. 
 
 K^7vov 5i; KdK\i(T70i' 'ihov u.eTa Meui'Oi'a o'loi^. ^ Jl'micric S;inc/ironisiri^ p. ITS. 
 
 S.:;e also OJ. i\". 187 ; rimlar, P'/t/i. vi. ■">!. ^ Stralm, .xiii. ]>■ -^'S? : vn^> 5e r-r^? e«/3'j/\7;s 
 
 Aesch\"liis (^'jL Stral>. -xv. ]). 7'!^) rnni.ci\a's tou AiV'/jTrou crx^SuV Ti . . (TTaStous /lOAa-ryj 
 
 JJcmnoii as a I'l-rsiau, wlio h:al oorno frnni Siisa. efjTJj', e(|)' ^ rdrpos SeiKi'vraL Mffifoi'os rov 
 
 According to Ctesias, the e.xpjeilitifin uihIot Tidwvou. 
 Memniiii \Yas sent by the king of Assyria to tlje ^ i'. xxii. 360, Snph. Pliitud. S.34 ; Virjil, 
 
 relief nt' his vassal, Priam of Trov. (Jtesias i)re- Acn. y'\. .50. 
 
 tended to h.ave got tliis intV.rmation from the ' '' See Philnstratns, Ilcr. 10. 11 ; Hrginii.s, 
 
 rnyal .archives. According to Diodorus (ii. 2'2 Fnh. niT, IKi; Q. Smyrntcus, iii. 50; Tzetzes, 
 
 and IV. 77), the Egyptians asserted thai IVIemnun ad Lycophr, 307. 
 
IQO THE HISTOKY OF TUOT. [Chap. III. 
 
 The Greeks learned from Heleiuis, son of Priam, vrliom Ulysses Lad 
 eaptured lu amlmscade," tliat Troy eould not be taken nuless both 
 riiiloetetes and Neoptolemns, the son of Achilles, joined the besiegers. 
 Tlie former had been left on Lemnos at tlie beginning of the campaign, 
 haying been stung in tlie foot by a serpent, and having become intolerable 
 to tlie (Irreks from the stench of the \vonnd. l>ut he had still the 
 'peerles^ Imw and arrows of Ilerakles, which were said to be essential to 
 the capture of Troy. He \Yas lironght by Diomedes to tlio Clreek camp, 
 and healed liy ilacdiaou i"" hi3 fiuglit liravely against the Trojans, 
 and killed Paris in single combat witli one of the arrows of Ilerakles. 
 Ulysses fetched Xcdptolemns from Scyros, whilst the Trojans were 
 reinforced by Eurypylns, king of the Iveteioi (or Khita), on the 
 Caicns, Avlio was son of Ttdephns and Astytiche, sister of Priam. He 
 came with a large band and killed Machaon, but was himself ■slain by 
 i'Teitptohmins.'' This son of Achilles drove tlio Trojans back with 
 great sbmghter within their walls, from whence they never again came 
 forth to give battle.'" 
 
 Put nevertheless Troy was to remain impregnable so long as it 
 retaine(l the Palladium, which — as we have liefore said — had been given 
 by Zeus fo the fiuuder of the city, Ilns. Ulysses, however, haviug 
 disguised his person with miseraldc clothes and self-inflicted wounds, 
 intr(.)dueed liimself into the city, and found' means to carry away the 
 Palladium by stealth. He was recognized only by Helen, wdio concerted 
 with him means for the capture of the town.' A final stratagem was 
 resorted to. At the suggestion of Athene, Epeius and Panopeus con- 
 structed a h(dlow wooden horse, capacious enough to contain a hundred 
 men. In this lun-se the! most eminent of the Greek heroes concealed 
 themselves, wliilst the whole Greek army, having fuirnt their tents and 
 pretended to give u}) the siege, sailed away with their ships, which they 
 anchored liehiud Tenedos. Overjoyed to see themselves finally relieved, 
 the Trojans issued from the city and wondered at the stupendous horse, 
 on which was written, that it was dedicated to Athene by the departing 
 Greeks. They were long at a loss what to do with it; and the anxious 
 heroes from witliin lieard their consultations, as well as tlie voice of 
 Helen, when she iirouounced the name of each hero, counterfeitinc; the 
 accent of his wife's voice." Some desired to bring it into the city and 
 to dedicate it to the gods; others advised distrust of the enemy's 
 legacy. Laocoou, the priest of Pcjseidon, came with his two sons, and, 
 in his indignation, thrust his spear against the horse. The sound 
 revealed tliat the horse was hollow ; but at the same moment Laocoou 
 
 ■ Sn],!,. r/,:i;rt. i;o4. Silly™. _x. sr, 1 -::ii;{i. wiih this irsim.! about 
 
 >= Supliodcb [rhil.vt. l-t'T, 14:;s) inakrs IK/m- tlic rallailiuni inav \«: r,>iii|iar.'J, a., <ir"tr snu'- 
 
 klcs send Asklepins tn tin; lucrk ramii tn liral -rsts, tlic l:.iiiiail ir^cild rrs|iri1iim- tliL' Alirilul 
 
 iliu wiiiiiiil. ( (ivi.i, /.;,,,./,; iii. ;5si ). 
 
 ■' I'aiisaliiax, iii. L'n, ;; 7. ■- 0,/:,,s'N. iv. 'J7r.-'J8;i ; Am. W. \"-'1(K Stcsi- 
 
 '° (hlii:ix.x\.:,H)-WZi) ; C^liiiiit. Sinyrn. vii. S3:!- .■Iidnis t;avc, as (Iruti; slatrs, in lii.s 'wiov 
 
 5-H, viii. 'Jill. rieVins, (lie iiumliiT nl' lirmrs ill th,. wnmlcn 
 
 ' Arcliiiiis, ,11,. llii.iiys. llalir. i. CO; irmii. Imrsr as 100. (Strsirhi.r. iV.ir;,,/. LIH, lJ. KIciuf ; 
 
 Oil iv. -J-l l-'Jli-l ; \'ir;4, A,:„. ii. 101-1(17 ; (,)uint. cniiiiiaix' Attieuaous, iiii. y,. 010.) 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 FALL OF TEOY. 
 
 IGl 
 
 and one of Lis sons perislieJ miserably, two monstrous serjients having 
 been sent Ly Here out of the sea to destroy them. The Trojans', 
 terrified hy this spectacle, and persuaded by the perfidious counsels 
 of the traitor Sinon — wlio had been expressly left behind by the Greeks 
 to give them false information— were induced to drag the fatal fabric 
 into their city ; and, as the gate Avas not broad enough to admit it, 
 they even made a breach m their own wall. Thus the horse was 
 introduced into the Acropolis, and placed in the Agora before Priam's 
 palace. But even now opinions were divided ; many demanding that 
 the horse should be cut in pieces, others advising that it should be 
 dragged to the highest point of the Acropolis, and thrown thence 
 on the rocks below. The strongest party, however, insisted on its being- 
 dedicated to the gods, as a token of gratitude for their deliverance.^ 
 
 After sunset the Greek fleet returned to the shore of the Plain of 
 Troy, and awaited the preconcerted signal. "Whilst the Trojans indulged 
 in riotous festivities, Sinon kindled the fire-signal and assisted the con- 
 cealed heroes to open the secret door in the horse's belly, out of which 
 they descended. The city was now assailed from within and without, and 
 was completely sacked and destroyed, nearly the whole population being 
 slain. Priam, who had vainly sought refuge at the altar of Zeus Herkeios, 
 was killed by Xeoptolemus. His son Deiphobus, who, after the death of 
 his brother Paris, had become the husband of Helen, was attacked by 
 Ulysses and Menelaus : he defended his house desperately, but was finally 
 overcome and slain. Thus Menelaus at length won back his wife."' 
 
 402, 
 
 the Al'trument of 
 
 the 'lAi'ou UfpiTi^ "f Ari'tinus, p. 'Jl ; liacehyli'les 
 and Euphorion, a/j. Servium, ad Acn. ii. 'JOl. 
 
 Grote, History of Greece, i. 280, says : " LJ.ith 
 Sinun ami Laocoon originally came from the old 
 
 I pie ] m nf Arctinus, though Virgil may per- 
 
 ha[is have immediately borrowed both them, and 
 other matters in his second boolv, from a pman 
 passing under the name of I'isander. (iMacrob. 
 S,:tuni. T. 2; Heyne, Fjxurs. 1 od Jen., ii. ; 
 Welcl«r, JJer cpische Cycles, p. 97.) in (Juiiitus 
 Smvrnaeus (xii. 366), the Trojans torture and 
 mutilate Sinon to e.xtort from him the truth ; liis 
 endurance, sustained by the inspiration of Here, 
 is proof against the e.xtremity of suffering, and 
 he adheres to his false tale. This is probably 
 an incident of the old epic, though the delicate 
 taste of A'irgil, and his sympatliy with the 
 Trojans, induced him to omit it. Euphorion 
 ascribed the proceedings of Sinnu to Ulysses; 
 he also gave a different cause fu- the death 
 of Laocnijn. (Fntfjm. 3.5, 30, p. .J.j, ed. Diintz, 
 in the J-Vwjeteuts of Epic Poets uftcr Alex- 
 cnidcr tlie Greut.) Sinon is iTaipos 'OJt/ddews 
 in Pausanias, x. 27. 1." 
 
 ■I 0./;,,v. viii. 402-:)2(l: 
 dAA' aye Sri ^6Ta/3i)fli, Kal i'ttttou Ku<Tp.ov aeiaof, 
 Sowpareou, Tit 'Evreios eirolritTei' crhv "ABrivri, 
 oV ttot' €s 6.Kp6TroXiV hoKov fiyayi Sios'OSvaatv!, 
 o.vapo)t> ^[xTrXTjcras, o'l ''lAior i^oXa-Ka^av . 
 at Key 6r) p-oi Tavra imia fi.oipai' KaTahit^ris, 
 
 aiiTtKa Kal irafTiv fxvOT}(TOfxai. avdpojTrOLaLV, 
 
 ws '6.pa Toi 7rp6<ppwi^ 6eus IcTracE Bea-Kiv aoih^v. 
 
 ois <pcid\ & 5' itp^iTjdels Q(:Qv iipx^TO, (pOAt^e 5' 
 aOiOJli^, 
 ei'B^f e\wiy ws o'l /xhif ev(T(re\p.aiv eVi V))chv 
 /3ai'Tes a-TTe-KXeiov, -Kvp €v KXiffirjaL ^o.\6ures, 
 'ApyeloL, rol 5' ^drj a.ya.KXvThp o.jj.(p^ '05u(jj)a 
 e/ar' eci Tftwar ayopfj K€Ka\u/j./xevoL 'linrfj: ■ 
 aiirol yap fxiv Tpojes is aKpoiroXiv ipvaauTo. 
 6:s o j.iev eiTTTjKei, rol 5' aKpna. ttuAA' ayopevov, 
 7}/j.ei'0L afx^)' ai^Tuv Tpixahe a(pi'JLi' i'lvZavn fiooKri, 
 '/?€ ciia-KXrf^aL KolXov Sopu y7)At'i x"'^''-''^' 
 -/) Kara. Trerpdajp I3a\€€ip epviTavjas tV aKpjp, 
 7/6 eaf jj-ey dyaKfJ.a QiijiV OfXKTTjpiOf fivai, 
 ry Trep 5;; Kal tTretra reAeuTqaeadaL t^eAAer ■ 
 alaa yap iiv airoX^aOai, eniji' ttoXls ajx(piKa\v'^ri 
 Sovpareov fxiya^v 'linTOy, od' ei'aro irdyres dpiarot 
 'Apyeio}!/ TpttjeCTi (povov Kal Kijpa (pepavres. 
 ijeiSej' 5' OJS daru dUnpaOoy vies 'Axatii^y 
 LTTnuO^y eKX''>/''-eyot, ko'lKov Aoxov fKTrpoAnroi'Tes. 
 aAAoc 5' aAA?? detdi Tr/iXii' KepaiC^elxev aiiriiP, 
 aerap 'Oouirrrria Trporl owoaTa Ai]i'^jolii.>iO 
 ^■i]fxeeai, 7/ut' '^Apija, tTve denOew MereAacp. 
 KeiOi 5/j airoraruy -rroAeij.oi' (pdro ToAuliaafra 
 yiKe<70A Kal eireira ijid /j.eydOv/J.ui' 'AO-i^fip'. 
 
 But the story of Hcl.u and of the Trojan 
 war was dilTerenlly told ly iio- priests of Jban- 
 phis to Ilerodofiis, wiio gives us tiic fillouiiig 
 account of it (lb_roilot as, translated by R.iwlin- 
 son,ii. 113-121): "The iiri^'sts, inanswertomy 
 enquiries on the subject of Helen, inf irnicd me 
 
 M 
 
162 TrlE HISTORY OF TEOY. [Chap. III. 
 
 Tims Troy \y;-is destroyed, :is Aeschylus says : the altars, the temples, 
 
 of tin: fnllnwing partifulars." [Here Ilawlinson Vjy adverse winds shoiilj ever lie put to ileath, 
 
 (ii. LS4)jiKtlv observes that the fact nf Homer 1 would certainly have avenged the Greek by 
 
 i.aving believe. 1 that Heden went to K-yi-t only slaying thee. Tln..u basest of men,— after aecept- 
 
 jirove-s that the story was not invented in tlie iiig lKis]iitality, to d(] so wicked a deed ! First, 
 
 lime of Ile^rodotus, but w,as current long lief. re.] thou didst seduce the wife of thy own host; 
 
 ■■ Whon Ale-xan.b.'r h.el earned ofl' Helen from then, not content tlierewith, thou must violently 
 
 Sparta, he took ship and sailed homew.ards. On e.xeite her mind and steal her away from her 
 
 his v.-av arrows the Aegean a cale arose, which husband. Nay, even then thou wert not satis- 
 
 drove I'lim from liis course and' took liiin down iied, but, on leaving, thou must plunder the 
 
 to tie: sc.a of Kc-vi.t. Hence, as the wind did house in which tliou h.adst been a guest. Xow 
 
 not .abate, he was carried on to the coast, when tiieii, as I think it of the greatest importance to 
 
 he went ashore, landing at the Salt-pans, in that )iut no stranger to death, I sufler thee to depart ; 
 
 mouth of tlie Nile wliich is now called the but the woman and the treasures I shall not 
 
 Canobic. At this place there stoo.l upon tlie iiermit to be carried away. Here they must 
 
 sheue a temple, which still exists, ddlicated to stay till the Greek stranger comes in person and 
 
 Hercules. If a slave runs away from his takes them back with hiin. For thyself and 
 
 master, and taking sanctuary at this shrine thy companions, I command thee to be gone 
 
 gives himself up to the god, and receives cer- from my land within the space of three days: 
 
 tain sacred marks upon his pierson, whosoever an.l J warn you that, otherwise, at the end of 
 
 his master mav be. he cannot lav hand on him. that time you will be treated as enemies.' Such 
 
 This law still I'eniaiiii-il unchanged to mv time. was the tale fold me by the priests concerning 
 
 Heai-ing, therefore, of the custom of the place, the arrival of Helen at the court of Proteus. It 
 
 the attendants of Ale.van.ler deserted him and seems to me that Homer was acrjuainted with 
 
 fled to the fean)de, whei'e they sat as sujipliants. this story; and. while discarding it, because he 
 
 While there, wishing to damage their inasfer, thought it less adapted fir epic poetry than the 
 
 they accused him to the Ecyptians, narrating all version which he fillowed, showed that it was 
 
 the circumstamie^s of the rape of Hiden and the not unknown to him. This is evident from the 
 
 wriarg done to ib.undaus. These charco-s thcv travels which he assigns to Alexandm- in the 
 
 brought, not only liefu-e the jiriests, but also //m.Z— and let it be borne in mind that he has 
 
 belbre the warden of that mouth of flu; river, nowhere else contradicted himself — making him 
 
 whose name ^\as dhonis. As sinin as he re- to be carried out of his course on his return with 
 
 cei\"ed the inteliigimcc, 'I'hbuis sent a message to Helen, attd after diverse wanderings come at last 
 
 I'rotous, who was at IMempihis, to this eliect : to Sidon in Phoenicia. The piassage is in the 
 
 'A,-tranger is arrived from Greece ; he is bv Pravery of Ihomed (//we/, vi. 289-292), and the 
 
 race a d'eucrian, anil has done a wicked deed in words are as fdlows : — 
 
 ' d'here were the robes, many coloured, the work 
 of Sidonian women : 
 
 tile Country from which he is come. Having 
 beguiled the wdfe of the man w"hose guest he 
 
 a^, he* carried her awav with him, and nnn h ti r c' i u i i ^ x- i 
 
 ' , ,,,",, flicv trmn Sidon had come, wdiat time god- 
 
 ea.,ure also, tompellecl by stress id weather, 'shaned \le 
 
 exanil 
 
 he has now put in here. Are we to let him ,-, ^i, i , i i ^ ^, ^ ., , ■ , 
 
 , ' , ,, Over the broad sea brought, that way, the high- 
 
 depart as he came, or shall we seize what he i^^. 7.1^1, . " " " 
 
 has lirought ? ' Proteus replied, ' Seize the man, 
 
 be he who he max', that has dealt thus xNickeillv ^^'^' eirajz ol TreVAot Trcr./j.TroiKiKoL^ ^pya yvvaiKOiV 
 
 with his fricnl, and bring him bel'ore me, that I SiBofi'w;', tcls ainhs 'AKi^avdpos fleoeiSi']? 
 
 rnav hear nhat he wall sav for himself.' ddibiiis, •'JTa76 2i5o;/iT|flei/, sTriTrAws eiipea TrofTof, 
 
 on reeeixing thee orders, arrested Alexander, '^'i'' °^'"' ''I" 'EA.ef'T)!' Trep a.vi]ya.yf:ti euwaTepeiav. 
 
 and stoiiped the departure of his ships; then, ,,1 n, r, 7 in r c ■ 11 1 1 
 
 ^ ' , I , TT 1 '^^ ^1^'^ Oi/i/ssci/ also the same fact is alluded 
 
 takniLTwith hiin Alexander, Helen, thi' treasures, ^ - ^i ' i \ /-. 1 ■ .,-.- .eo-., 
 
 . ' to. 111 these Words (Oouss. iv. 22(-2.Wi): — 
 
 and al,o the tiigitivc slaves, he went up to Mem- ' 
 
 iihis. When all were arrived, Proteus asked '^"^'l'. «' wisely prepared, were the drugs that 
 
 .-Vlevalldel-, 'who he was, and whence he ha 
 
 her stores alfordcl 
 
 Alexander replied by givine- his de- Excellent gilt which once Polydamna, partner of 
 scent, the name of his countrv, and a true Thonis, 
 
 account of his late vovage. Then Proteus ques- '-"="'- ''"'' '" '"S^'f*' "'i'-"' "''^">' "^'^ simples that 
 tioned him as to how he-" got possession of Helen. -''""' '° "''' ""-I'l""'*. 
 
 In his reply Alexander became confused, and ^'"'''"^ to cure in part, m part as potent to in- 
 ili\-erged from the truth, whereon the slaves .1""-- 
 
 interposed, ciuiliitcd his statements, and told roTa Aios Quya.TT^p e;^e (pdpi.iaKa f.ir!Tt6^i'Ta 
 
 the whole history of the crime. finally, ^tT0\a., rcj. ol nuKvSa./.il'a irop^i', Qaii/os TrapaKOtTls^ 
 
 Plotcii, delivered judgment as billows: ' |lid 1 Ai7i<7rTii), tt; Tr\eriTTa tpepei (fiSwpos apovpa 
 
 not regard it as a matter ot the utmost con- <p6.pi.iaKo- iroWa f.uv taOXa /j.€/.i.Lyfj.^vj. iroWa 5e 
 scuuence, that no stranger driven to my country Au-ypa. 
 
Chap. III.] THE EGYPTIAN ACCOUNT. ■ 163 
 
 and tlie population perished.'^ Antenor— haying rejected with mdi.-aia- 
 
 Menelaus, too, in the same poem, thus addresses 
 Teleinachiis (Odyss. iv. dol, 352) ; — 
 
 'Jluehdid I hing to return, but the gods still 
 
 ke[it me in Egypt — 
 Angry Ijecause I had failed to pay them their 
 
 hecatombs dulv.' 
 
 eTxov, eVe! oS a<pw epefa TtXi)iaaas lKaTo'u/3as. 
 "In these places Ilumer shows himself ac- 
 r^uainted with the royage of Alexander to Egypt, 
 for Syria borders on Egypt, and the Phoenicians, to 
 whom Sidon belongs, dwell in Syria. From these 
 various passages, and from that abmit Sidun 
 especially, it is clear th.at Homer did not write 
 the ':'///'(■'■'.( .■ for there it is said that Alexander 
 arri\-eil at Ilium with Helen on the third day 
 after he lel't Sparta, the wiml having lieen 
 favourable, and the sea smooth ; whereas m the 
 Ih,j''J. the poet malies him wander before he 
 brings her liome. Enough, however, for the 
 present of Hcuner and the Ci/pria. I made 
 eiK|uiry of the priests, whether the story 
 whicli the Greeks tell about Ilium is a fable, 
 or no. In reply they related the following par- 
 ticulars, of which they dechared that Menelaus 
 h.id himself informed them. After the rape of 
 Helen, a vast army of Greeks, wishing to render 
 help to j\Ienelaus, set sail for the Teucrian ter- 
 ritnry ; c>n their arrival thev disembarked, and 
 fcriiii;d their camp, after which thex^ sent am- 
 bassadors to Ilium, of xvhom IMenelaiis was one. 
 The emba=sy was received xvithin the walls, and 
 demanded the restoration of Helen, xvifh the 
 tre.asures wiiich Alexan-ler had carried oiF, and 
 likewise recjuired satisf^iction for the x'Tong 
 done. The Tencrians gave at once the answer, 
 in which they persisted ever afterwards, backing 
 their assertions sometimes even with oaths, to 
 xvit, that neither Helen nor the treasures claimed 
 were in their possession ; both the one and the 
 other had remained, they saiil, in Egypt ; and it 
 was not just to come upon them lau- x\liat 
 Proteus, king of Egypt, was detaining. The 
 Greeks, imagining that the Teucrians ivere 
 merely laughing at them, laid siege to tiie 
 town, anrl never rested until they finally took 
 it. As, iiowever, no Helen was found, and they 
 were still trdd the same story, they at length 
 believed in its truth, and despatched Menelaus 
 to the court of Proteus. So Menelaus travelled 
 to Egypt, and on his arrival sailed up the river 
 as far as Memphis, and related all that had 
 happened. He met with the utmost hospitality, 
 received Helen biack unharmed, and reeox^ored 
 all his treasures. After this friendly treatment, 
 Menelaus, they said, behaved most unjustly 
 towards the Egyptians; for as it happened that 
 at tlie time when he wanted to take his depar- 
 ture be xvas detained by the wind being contrary, 
 anil as he fcmnd this obstruction continue, he hail 
 recourse to a most xvicked expedient. He seized. 
 
 tliey said, two chililreu uf tlie jieople of the 
 country, and olhircd them up in sacribee. When 
 this became known, the indignation nf the ]ieiiple 
 was stirreil, and they went in pursuit of Mene- 
 laus, who, however, escaped with his ships to 
 Libya, alter which the Egyptians could not say 
 whither he xvent. The rest they knew full well', 
 partly by the enquiries which they had made, 
 and partly finm the circumstances having taken 
 ]ilace in their own land, and therefore not ad- 
 mitting of doubt. Such is the account given by 
 the Egyptian priests, and I am myself inclined 
 to regard as true all they say of Helen fmm the 
 following considerations: — If Helen h.id been at 
 Troy, the inhabitants would, I think, have given 
 her up to the Greeks, xvhcther Alexander con- 
 sented to it or no. For surely neither Priam 
 nor his family could have been so infatuated as 
 to endanger their own persons, their children, 
 and their city, merely that Alexander might 
 possess Helen. At any rate, if they determined 
 to refuse at first, yet afterwards, when so many 
 of the Trojans fell in eveiy encounter with the 
 Greeks, and Priam, too, in each battle lost a son, 
 or sometimes two or three, or even more, if we 
 may credit the epic poets, I do not believe that 
 even if Priam himself had been married to her 
 he would have declined to deliver her up, xvith 
 the view of bringing tlie .-eries of calamities to 
 a close. Nor was it as if Alexander had been 
 heir to the crown, in which case he might have 
 hail the chief management of allairs, since Priam 
 was already old. Hector, who was his elder 
 brother, and a far hrax-er man, stood before him, 
 and was the heir to the kingdom on the death ol 
 their father Priam. And it could not l»e Hector's 
 interest to uphold his ba-other m his w rung, when 
 it brought such dire calamities upon himself and 
 the other Trojans. But the fact was that they 
 had no Helen to deliver, and so tliey told the 
 Greeks, liut the Greeks woiuld not believe what 
 they said ; Divine Providence, as 1 think, so will- 
 ing, tliat, by their utter destruction, it might be 
 made evident to all men tliatxvhen great wrongs 
 are done the gods xvill surely \-isit them xvith 
 great punishments. Such, at least, is my view 
 of the matter. When Proteus died, Rhamp- 
 sinitus, the priests informed me, succeeded to 
 the throne." Eawlinson (p. I'Jii) tliinks this 
 is ex'idently the irame of a king Painses of 
 the I'.'th dynasty, and })rolialdy of Ramses HI. 
 This supposition is couHrmed by Brugsch (Hist, 
 of Fffi/pt), who shows that Ramses HI. was 
 called Romessu pa Nuter, i.e. "Ramses the gud " 
 — a name at once convertible into Rliamp- 
 sinitus, and also that the robbing of the trea- 
 sury is cjuite consistent wdth events in this 
 king's reign related in an Egyptian pajiyrus. 
 ^ Aeschyl. Ajfrnuciunun, b'27, 528 : 
 Bai/^oi 5' aiffroi Ko.l d^a^y ISpv/j-aTa, 
 Kal ^■jT^pij.o. TTo-iTTj^ t'^ttTTO A AuTai ;)(;0oros. 
 
1(U THE riIPT(3EY OP Tr.OY. [Chap. III. 
 
 tion tlio sn,^-,i:estii>ii of some Trojans to sla}- riysses and ilouelaus, AThen, 
 previous to the war, tliey liad come as amliassailors to Troy and were 
 his guests, and liaving moreover publicly defended them — was always 
 regarded favourably by tlie Greeks ; and he as well as Aeneas were 
 allowed to escape with their families. But there is a version, according 
 to which they had betrayed the city to the Greeks, and a panther's skin 
 hung out of Antenor's door Avas the signal to the besiegers to spare 
 the lious(,'.'' Ilectijr's son, Astyaiiax, was cast from the top of the wall 
 and killed. Priam's daughter, Polyxena, was immolated by Neoptolemus 
 on the touil) of Achilles. According to the tradition, Achilles had fallen 
 in love with her ; the Trojans had promised to give her to hmi on the 
 condition that he should make peace, but, when he came to negociate 
 it, he was treacherously wounded by Paris. When dying, therefore, he 
 had demanded that, after the capture of Troy, Polyxena should be 
 sacrificed on his sepulchre, which was done by his son.' According to 
 another version, Polyxena had lied to the Greek camp after the death 
 of Achilles, and had immolated herself with a sword on the tomb of her 
 lover.-- Her sister, Cassandra, had sought refuge in the temple and at 
 the altar of the Ilian Athene, whose statue she embraced. Here Ajax, 
 sijii of Oileus, made an attempt to violate her, and be seized her so that 
 tlie ided fell. This sacrilegious deed caused universal indignation among 
 the (ireeks, who could hardly be restrained from stoning Ajax to death ; 
 be on])' saved himself by escaping to the altar of the goddess." But 
 he had drawn both on himself and his country the grievous wrath of 
 Athene. Whilst he himself nuseralily perished on his homeward voyage, 
 a terrible pestilence liroke out inLocris. The oracle of Apollo having been 
 consulted, the god said tliat the wrath of Athene could only be appeased 
 if the Locrians sent annually two noble virgins to Ilium, to do menial 
 service m the temple of the goddess. This the Locrians scrupulously 
 performed until shortly before the time of Plutarch.'" 
 
 Keoptolemus received as his prize lioth Andromache and Helenus. 
 After his death, Helenus became king of Chaonia, and married Andromache, 
 whom the Molossian kings considered as their heroic mother.^ Antenor 
 went by sea with a body of Eneti or Yeneti from Paphlagonia, who 
 were allies of Tioy, into the inner part of the Adriatic Gulf, where he 
 vamjuished the neighbouring barbarians, and founded Patavium, the 
 present Padua. The Yeneti (founders of Yenice) were said to owe 
 their origin to this immigration." 
 
 As to the fate of Aeneas, the traditions were manifold. \Ye hear of 
 
 « Grute (llistorii r,f Onrrr. i. ]i. 2S1) roiiiarks Tro>t:l. Gil. 
 
 tliiit tliis sviiiliul nltri.tHhri'y alsi. Iluiivca in till.' '" Tiinaciis Sir\ilus, ,ijk Tzctz. Liicnphr. 1U.^•, 
 
 liiiruri; nl' rolys'iMitiis, lint tliat a diHrri'ut story Calliinaehus, ,7/. Sclml. aj [I. xiii. lii; ; Wdcker, 
 
 aiiiinars in Srl,„l. ,„/ ///,„/. iii. 'joG. Cr'i.vU. Vi-.i.t. 1. ,,. 1G4- ; I'lutarrh. .Sv. Xirmut. 
 
 ' Srrv. ,../ \'ir-. A,„. iii. :;■_"_'. \'iii,ll,-i. ,,. r.r.T, witli the ritati.m from Euplaivion 
 
 " I'liil-i.str. II.',-. xix. 1 1 : ser also V'd. AjioUnii. «r < 'allimarlius •. Diint/.er, JJ/u'cc. Ydt. y. 118. 
 
 '^' "'; ''■'■'■'2. '"/ A'/'"/''"'- •-■'-■'■ ' \'ir-. .['■/-. iii. 'JlU-mO; I'ausanias, i. 11. 
 
 •' All fiuiis, 'l\iov neptris in thr /,',(■,>■,/»;,, ,.l' 1, ii. l':1, g ; I.rsrlirs, Fni;iin. 7 (r,l. Piinfzcr), .ij' 
 
 Tr.-rlns; s.... Wi'lrkcr, Ep. Cild. ii. |i|i, is:, al,>l Srlinl. Jjirnpl,,-. Il'i;:J; sru ,aUn Srhnl. a.l Vrol. 
 
 ■■--■^ Sr,. al.Mi tlie rrpvps.aitali.iH on tlir rhrst '- SIralio, v. 'J T J ; dvid, F.i.^t,:, iv. T.a ; Liv. i. 1, 
 
 ol' Cy|if,eln.s, in Tanzania.-, v. l(i. 1; Eniii.i.les, xxkik. ■2'J ■ tierxius, ad Anivid. i. -242. 
 
Chap. III.] DTKASTY OF AEXEAS. 165 
 
 him, as Grote '' observes, '" at Aenus in Tlirace, in Pullene, at Aeneia in 
 the Thermaic Gulf, lu Delos, at Orchomenns and Mantineia in Arcadia ; 
 in the islands of (Jj-thera and Zaeynthus ; in Leneas and Ambracia, at 
 Buthrotnm in Epirns, on the Sulentine peninsula and various other 
 places m the southern rc--ion of Italy ; at Drepaua and Selesta in Sicilv, 
 ■A Carthage, at Cape Palinurus, I'umae, 3Iiseniiiu, (Jaieta, and finally 
 in Latium, vrhere he lays the first humble foundation of the mio-litv 
 Eome and her empire."' But Aeneas was, like Hector, worshipped as a 
 god ' in Xoviim Ilium ; and we have the remarkable statement of the 
 Lesbian Xenecrates, that Aeneas, ' having been wronged by Paris, and 
 stripped of the sacred privileges which belonged to him, avenged himself 
 by betraying the city, and then became oue of the Greeks.' '' One 
 tale among many respecting Aeneas, and that too tlii:> most ancient of all, 
 thus preserved among the natives of the Troad, who worshipped Aeneas 
 as their heroic ancestor, was that, after the capture of Troy, he continued 
 in the country as king of the remaining Trojans, on friendly terms with 
 the Greeks." 
 
 This tale appears to be fully confirmed by Homer, who informs us, in 
 the first place, that Aeneas always bore a grudge against Priam, because 
 he did not appreciate him, though he was one of the most valiant of his 
 men ;' in the second place, that Aeneas and his descendants should reign 
 over the Trojans. He gives us this latter information in the prophetic 
 words which he puts into the mouth of Poseidon, a god who is always 
 favourable to the Greeks, and even fights for them, but who here saves 
 the Trcjan or rather Dardanian Aeneas from certain death ; nav, even the 
 implacable Trojan-hating goddess Here assents to the proceeding : ■■ AVell, 
 let us snatch him (Aeneas) from death, lest Jdve be wroth if Achilles 
 slays him. It is destined to him to escape, that the race of Dardanus 
 should not perish without descendants and be forgotten, — of I)ardanus 
 whom the son of Kronos Lived most of all the children whom he begat by 
 mortal women. For the race of Priam has nijw become odious to the 
 son of Kronos; now, therefore, shall the power of Aeneas rule over the 
 Trojans, and his sons' suns, who shall hereafter be born." - 
 
 ^ Jlistory of Greece, i. f. 292. Lucian. iKorum Cviteil. c. 12, i. ill, p. 53-t. 
 
 ^ Dionys. Halic. Ant. Horn, i. 48-.54 ; Kevne, ed. Hemst. 
 
 Lxrurs. \ aJ AeneidAW. De Aeneae Erroribus. ■.\Ki<\ ^ IMtii'-riMt. ''y'. Di<inv.s. Hal. i. 48: 'Axaioi*" 
 
 ExcLirs. 1 t7'7 A'-^/('.'f7. T. ; Conon, i\>»"r. 46; Livv, 5' avt-q e/\6 {at'tin- the burial oi Fari^) Kal 
 
 xi. 4; Stejih. Byz. s. v. htv^ia. The inhabitants i^uK^ov ttjs (rrfiarnj^ ri-jv titEfpaX'iji' ainjpdxdai. 
 
 ut Aeuil-ia on till? Thermaic Gult' \Viii'ilii|Hied him "Ouws ok racpuf auroj Sairrai'Tes, eVoAeaeoz' -, ?? 
 
 with groat solemnitr as their hereic ti:iim(b;r Trdirr) a^pis ^lAio? kd\a\ Airei'ew iv^oyros. A'^- 
 
 ( I'ausan. iii. 22. 4 ; viii. 12. 4). The tomb of if^iris yap arira^ kicv viru 'AXe^arSpoi; koX dwo 
 
 Anchises was shown on the conlines of the Area- 'yepeo'i' tepwi' f^^ipyi'mei'os, dv^rpti-^^ Tlpiaiwi', 
 
 i-lian Orchomenns and Slantineia (compare St^'ph. Hpyaa-u^.f^vo^ 5e Taiira, eis 'A\aal'j' ^.y^yui'<Ei. 
 
 ISyz. s. y. Kacpudi), under the mountain called ' //. .\iii. 4iin, 4i;i : 
 
 Anchisia, near the temp>le of Aphrodite, f'n the [AjVe/cs] aiel yap Upidaa: eTre^uvV'^e 5iw 
 
 discrepancies respecting the death of Anchises, Olw^k' 6,p' eij(?Aei' eVicTa yter' di'Opdan' oij n ti- 
 
 see Heyne, Excujs. 17 "(/ Acn. iii. Segesta in etr/cer. 
 
 Sicily claimed to be founded by Aeneas (Cicero, ' //. .xx. ."lOO-.inS : 
 
 1 (■/•/'. iy. o3 ). dW' ayeO', ^yuels iriBp uiv vtIk 6ai'drov dydya-iuv. 
 
 ^ Lyeo])hron, 1208, and Schol. ; Atlienagoras, u?) ttcos Kal Kpoi^LO-ps KeyoAaMTeTat, eV k^v 'A\:A- 
 
 Lr.jot. 1 ; Inscription in Clarice's Tr^wch, v>']. li. Aet's 
 
 p. 80 : Ot 'I,\i6?s rbv Trdrpiov 6^hv htv^iav. t6u 5e /cara/cTeiV?; ■ ^6'piy.ov Se o'i eVr dXkaT^at, 
 
 [ifpj. 
 
iSG TPIK HISTORY OT TEOY. [Chap. III. 
 
 Again, Poseidon tells xieneas that lie lias nolliiiig to dread from any 
 other Greek than Achilles.'' I here call particular attention to another 
 passage in the J//'e/,''' in whicli Achilles tanuts Aeneas with being a 
 candidate hir the throne of Troy after the death of Priam. 
 
 Strah(">, who reiects all other traditions regarding Aeneas, infers from 
 this clear Homeric statement that Aeneas remained at Troy, that he 
 reigned there after the extinction of Priam's dynasty, and that his sons 
 and their descendants reigned after iiim.' If, therefore, we accept it as 
 an historical truth, that Troy ^Yas rebuilt after its destruction, and that 
 Aeneas and his descendants reigned over it, we find nothing extraordinary 
 in the hict that the Locrian maidens were periodically sent to Ilium, and 
 that this custom should have been continued for such a long number of 
 centuries. Mr. Gladstone- holds that "Poseidon's prophecy has every 
 sign of being founded on what actually occurred immediately after the 
 Troica ; and for this reason, that it was a tradition most unlikely to he 
 invented. The part taken by Aeneas m the war was not one of high 
 distinction; and his character, cold and timid, was one very far removed 
 from the sympathies of the poet and his countrymen ; he appears as the 
 representative of the Dardanian branch, with a sidelong jealous eye 
 towards the predominating Ilian house of Priam. It is a statement by no 
 means congenial to the general purpwse of the poem, which next after 
 Achilles glorifies the Aehaians, and, after the Achaians, the house of Priam. 
 But, on the other hand, nothing could be more probable or more natural 
 than that, after the Greeks had withdrawn, some s;icial or p(ditical order 
 should be established in Troas, and that its establishment should be effected, 
 after the ruin of the house of Priam, under the surviving representative 
 of the family which probalily was a senior branch, and which manifestly 
 stood next 111 influence and power. "We arc nowhere told that Dardanie 
 was, like so many other cities, destroyed in the war. The friendship of 
 Poseidon possildy indicates its possession of some foreign alliance or 
 sympathy, not enjoyed by the Trcjaus proper, whom Poseidon hated; and 
 if it be replied that sucli a sovereignty was more likely to be m Dardanie 
 than in a rebuilt Ilion, I answer that this is just wdiat the text seems to 
 contemplate, for it says that the might of Aeneas shall reign, not in 
 Troy, but over the Trojans {Troe^siii aiiaxei), and the Troes are the 
 people of the Troad (see cj. II n. 824-8-26)." 
 
 Groto ^ says that these '" passages regarding Aeneas have been con- 
 strued by various abile critics to refer to a family of philo-Hellonic 
 
 o<fipa ^r',i i.mTf'p!.ws jm's^i Ka'i mpavTo-; CXriTai (\TT<'ji.i(irov Tf)n'eiT(Ti.> ii-ci^tiJ' iinro'iiJ.uotiTti' 
 
 ^a.pQavov, 'hv Kfjoplori'; ir^pl ■Karro-'t' (/jiAaru irai- rLLnjs rq^ Upidi-Uiv : 
 
 ^"^''v ' Str;)!'!!, \iij. jt. GllS : "Ofiiipos f-ih'TOi avviy 
 
 ol eSei' (ItyivovTO ■yvvaiKSiv n (lvriTa.o.'v. yupi'w ovSeTepois iinKni', ouSf to?s TTfpX Tuin 
 
 -;/5i) 7ap UpidfUiu 7EceV iixSvpe Kpovtiov ■ apxi-iyiTwi' ttjs SKijil/foJl Af xfleMrii/ • (/.ujiaivei 
 
 fin' Se 5-!) Aweiaa fiii) Tpiitatnv dvata yap /ituifrilcuTa tov Au'e'iai' fV t;7 Tpoi'a Kal 
 
 lUL Tvaibaw TTCtiOes, rui iiei' f.n^TunL(r6t^ yt^rajfrcA. dtaO<^bcy/.t>iroi' ryji' dp\^jr Ka] TrapaoeOwKora Tratal 
 
 11. XX. ■'■■'''.>: -naiSwr Tiji' SiaSoxv^ ai'TT/y, jjipai'iiTfiei'ov Tuv 
 
 Oil p'ljfydp Tii- n' dWos 'Axaioir e^^rapi'^ei. Tav UpiafiiSuji' ^eVous. 
 
 '" //. .X5. 17S-1S1 : -' //,„i„;;-c ,^'!i,ichr,ii,;sr,i. ].. :14. 
 
 A.ipeia, Ti (TV 7i'ifT(Tijv oixiXov TToWui^ eTTeAOaJ?' ^ Jlistvr^ of Greedy i. p. 201. 
 
 eiJT7jj; ij ae ye Ovftbs e^ol /.ta.x^(Taa6ai dvuiyfi 
 
Chap. III.] ' ILTUJI BEr^UILT. 1G7 
 
 or semi-Hellenic AencaJae, known even in tlie time of the early singers 
 of tlie Iliad ns masters of some territory in or near the Troad, and 
 professing to Lo descended from, as avcU as worsliipjiing, Aeneas." Tlio 
 Scepsian critic Demetrius, a cemtemporary of Crates and Aristareluis 
 (about ISO B.C.),' wlio wrote a Commentary in tliirty books on the Homeric 
 catalogue of the Trojans/' and whoso arguments are in nearly every pmnt 
 adopted by Strabo, who did not visit the Troad himself — this Demetrius 
 informs us that Seamandrins, the son of Hector, and Ascanius, the son 
 of Aeneas, were founders of his native town, which had been originally 
 situated above the city of C'ebren, on one of the highest ranges of Ida, 
 near Polichne, and was subsequently transferred by them (JO stadia lower 
 down, to the site where it stood in his time : these two families are said 
 by Demetrius to have reigned there for a long time. Demetrius believed 
 that the ancient tovrn (Palaescepsis) had been the royal residence of 
 Aeneas, as it was situated midway between his dominion and Lyrnessus, 
 whither he had llod when pursued by Achilles." I3ut, as has been said 
 before, this conjecture of Demetrius is not admitted by Strabo, who 
 believed tliat Aeneas and his descendants reigned in Troy. According to 
 one passage in Strabo,' Novum Ilium and the Temple of Athene were 
 built during the dominion of the Lydian kings, and therefore at some 
 period later than 7li() n.c, ; but, according to another passage in the same 
 author,- it was only built under Croesus (5G0-54G n.c). But we shall 
 be able to shoAv in the subsequent pages thit this chronology is 
 altogether erroneous, because the pottery found in my trenches ;,t 
 Hissarlik proves that the site has continued to lie inhabited. 
 
 Xovum Ilium was situated on a low height in the plain ; that is to 
 say, nearly in its centre, because the ridge whose western spur it occupies 
 extends almost to the middle of the plain. Tliis western spur is sur- 
 rounded on three sides by the jjlaiu, into Avhich it slopes gradually on 
 the west and south sides, whereas to the north and north-east it falls 
 off at an angle of 45"; it is, according to ii\I. Bnrnouf's measurement, 
 49'43 m(etres = 1G2 ft. above the level of the sea,. 
 
 The distance from Novum Ilium in a straight line to the Hellespont 
 is, according to Scylax," 25 stadia, but in reality it is rather more 
 than 3 miles, and to Cape Sigeum 4 miles. 
 
 It was inhabited by Aeolic Grreeks, and remained a town of incon- 
 sideralile power, until after the time of Alexamh'r the Great, and even 
 until the period of the lionian dominion, as v/e see from the fact that 
 Pihoeteum, Sigeum, and Achilleum, though situated at distances of 
 between 3 and 4 miles from it, were all independent of Ilium. ^" But, 
 nevertheless, it was raised into importance liy the legendary reverence 
 
 ^ Strabo, xiii. p. GllO. ^ § 0.5 : 'EfretytJei' 5e Tpaias Ij.px^'^^-h '^"^ TruAeis 
 
 ^ Strabo, xiii. p. OD.'J. 'EAAT^j/iSey aalf eV auTJj alSe' Aap^avos. 'Vni- 
 
 ** Strabo, xiii. ]). 'juT ; irninijr, Ji'uul. xx. ISS— Teioj/, ''lAiOi' (aTre'xei 5e k-nlt rfjs fJaAaxT?;? crraOict 
 
 191 ; Nicolaus (.'p. Stcpli. li}Z. .s, \-. 'AiJKauia. /<e) koa eV avry ■rrorafj.hs '^tmixauopo';. 
 
 ' xiii. p. COl. '° Hernil.itiis, V. !M, 1!.".. S..t liis acrnunt of tlie 
 
 ^ xiii. p. .593; accorilint^^ tii the reailing of war lii'tw.'eu tlie .\t hmians ami i\lih-lenaeau3 
 
 HCTo. Kpo?(TOj', re.^tia'eil by Krairaa- (fnait two aljuut Sigeum aiel .Arliilbaiin. 
 
 MSS.) for the Kara xpV'^P-'^'^ of the ]MSS. 
 
iGS THE HISTORY OP TEOY. [Chap. III. 
 
 attaclicil to it, as lieing tlie only place which ever bore the sacred name 
 immiirtalized by Homer. Athene had her temple in the Pergamns of 
 NoviTni Ilium, and was worshipped as the tutelary deity of the city, just 
 as she had been worshipped in the Pergamus of the Homeric Ilium. 
 The Ilians maintained that at its capture by the Achaean troops their 
 city had not been entirely destroyed, but that it had always remained 
 inhabited, and had never ceased to exist. ^ The proofs produced by the 
 Ilians IVir the identity of their city with the ancient one, were, -as Grote " 
 remarks, testimonies which few persons in those ages were inclined to 
 question, when combined with the identity of name and general locality, 
 nor does it seem that any one did question them, except Demetrius of 
 Scepsis and Hestiaea of Alexandria-Troas, who from mere jealousy and 
 envy contested the universally acknowledged identity, and of whom I 
 shall presently have occasion to speak. 
 
 Polemon was a native of Novum Ilium, and wrote a description 
 (77tpL)'iy)]ai^) of the city. He flourished at the cud of the third and 
 beginning of the second centuries e.g., and was therefore earlier than 
 Demetrius of Sce}isis. He noticed in Xovum Ilium the identical altar 
 of Zeus Herkeios on which Priam had been slain, as well as the 
 iduntical stone upun which Palaincdes had taught the Greeks to play 
 at dice." Hellanicus, who was born on the day of the naval battle 
 of Salamis (-ISO B.C.), and was therefore a contemporary of Herodotus, 
 wrote a special work on Troy (called TpwiKci), in which ho testified to 
 the identity of Xovum Ilium with the Plomeric Ilium, for which asser- 
 tion Stralio (or rather Demetrius followed by Strabo) gratuitously attri- 
 butes to him an undue partiality for the Ilians.* 
 
 Herodotus says that Xerxes, in his expedition to Greece, ascended 
 into the "Pergamon of Priam, liecause he had a longing to behold 
 the place. Having seen everything and cncjuired into all particulars 
 of tlie Homeric siege, he sacrificed to Athene, the tutelary goddess of 
 Ilium, (his magnificent offering of) a thousand oxen (ten hecatombs), 
 wliile the j\Iagians poured libatimis to the heroes slain at Troy. The 
 night after, a panic fell upon tlie camp : l>ut in the morning they 
 started at daylight, and skirting on the left hand the towns of Pihoe- 
 teum, Ophrynium, and Dardanus (which borders on Abydos), and on the 
 right the Tencrians of Gergis, they reached Abydos." '•' It has been 
 
 ^ .Strntin, xiii. |(. Gue : ?\.4y(iuaid' ol fvi' '\\ie7s (i>6l3os es tlj (TrpaTfiTreSoi' h'^TT^iT^. aua V^^^PV 
 
 T'lji' Trn\Li' Kara T-ifV aKwaiv vnu Tiov 'AvaiL^u', 'PoiTeioi' tti'jXiv Hal '0(/:pi'a'f loi' kcu Aapdayoi', 
 
 ovo' e^fkiltpBri ouOeVoTE. -;|7rfp 5/') 'A/3i<5ai ofioupos eVri, eV OeJ()7 5e 
 
 - llidnrij ,,/ f,, ■,,',;,■, i. ],. 21lS. Tef)jt0o.s TuvKpuis. 
 
 ^ IM..|iH.[i, Fnninh iil.i, :V1, cil. Iiidnt. It is nuC c,f place tn speak here of the topo- 
 
 ■' .Str.ili.i, .\iii. ]i, ijlii': 'EAAai'iKos ol ^api(6- grafiliy ; liut in makiiv; this ([Untatinn from 
 
 f-ui'os ro7s 'IktfviTti', GUIS uieii'ov dvfius^ <TuvT]ynpti1 llrmihitus, I caniiut I'lU'cnn thr cppnrf iiiiitv uf ex- 
 
 To t])i' auT-'i}:/ eivai TTfiAti' t)-jV vvv rij Tore. plaining' the fnre^inii'^- eliajil i.t (l-H ), ^\liieh is dilli- 
 
 ' ]Ic!-iMh)tiis, \'ii. 4ii : eVi ToT'Tac 5// tIii' ttoto.- eiiU to uinh'Tstaiul : 'ETruieeroSe tiji' uOui' e/i Tijs 
 
 ,o.oL' ct'S awLKeTO Hf'f)^''jv, es TO WpLafxov rif/iyauoi' AeSnjs o (TTparos eVi re TroTa^uui' Kat/iOi' Kai ■yi]V 
 
 c-i'e/??;, 'iixepov e^Wf Bi^-f]a-a.a6o.i. Ue'ijadp.^ya^ 06 t//j' Mvdiijv, airo 5e KatKov dp/.t.eu:f.tevos, Kai'Tjy 
 
 KO.L TvuSi'ii.i.ai/os Keii'wp ^KO.'TTci. T [/ 'AOj/j'ai')? T?} opos e^wj' ei' apiTTepij, Sio. Tou 'ATapi'los es 
 
 lAiaOi edurrc' (iov^ ^tKio.^, X'-"^^ ^^^ "I p.6.yoi To'iiTL Ka.piri]i' TreAiZ'* ano 5e TauT?js §ia QrSrjS neBioo 
 
 •ipcoffL i-^^avTO. rauTa St ■Kon^Gaaiiunn voktos i^TrofjeveTOj'ATpafj.UTTeioi' re iroKiy Kal^'Al'TO.vdpov 
 
B.C. 4S0.] 
 
 XEP1XE8 AT ILIUM. 
 
 169 
 
 generally maintained in modern times, hj tlioso who dispnte the identity 
 of E^ovnm Ilmm ^vith the Homeric Troy, that the place called l)y 
 Herodotns the Pergamon of Priam mnst he different from NoA^im Ilinm ; 
 hut, as Grrote*^ I'ig^^tly observes, the mention of the Ilian Athene iden- 
 tifies them as the same. 
 
 Eckenhrecher ' ingeniously ohserves that " Herodotns cannot hnt 
 have identified the Aeolic Ilium with the Homeric city, because in 
 Eook i. c. o, he calls the latter -merely ^ Ilion,' without an epithet, just 
 as we should designate the present Eonie and the Piome of the ancient 
 Eomans by the same name. This," he argues, '' appears evident when 
 wo compare this passage, where the historian says that the Persians 
 traced their enmity against Greece from the conquest of Ilium, with 
 the passage in Book 11. c. 10. We see also," he continues, "that Xerxes 
 
 \a^iov is api<n^pi]v x^P^ ^'^ ^'^ "^''1^ 'IA.ia5a yljv • 
 Kal irpojra /j.4u ol viro ttj "IS?; j/vKra ayai-LeivavTi. 
 jBpoi'Tai re ko.I Trprjarrip^s iTreLairlirrovat-, icai rifa 
 aiiTOv ravrr) (Tuxphi' ojxiKov hLe<pdeLpav. '' The 
 march of the army, after leaving L^'dia, was 
 directed upon the river Caicus and the hiiiil uf 
 !JIvsia. Beyond the Caicus the road, Icax'iii'j; 
 ]\Iou]it Cana upon the left, passed thmugh the 
 At;."trnean plain, to the city of Carina. f^'uit- 
 ting tliis, the troops advanced across the jdaiii (.if 
 Thebe, passing by Adramyttium and Antandnis, 
 the Pelasigic settlement; then, kee[iin'j; I\Iount 
 Ida upon the left hand, thcv enterijil the- Trnjau 
 territorv. As they 1^i\"uuarked during tin; 
 night at the foot iA Ida, a stnrni rit' thuudL-r ami 
 lightning burst upon them, an^l kiUed a great 
 n^anv '.if them." 
 
 Lut if tlie Persian armv had cnrne liy the 
 ordinary road, crossing the ridge wiiich extends 
 frcan Ida westward and termiaates m (_'a]ie 
 Lectum, the true Ida must have been left con- 
 siderably to the right. It is therefore generally 
 thought that either Herodotus has made a mis- 
 take, or — as, among others, G. Kawlinson {IliU. 
 of Hcrodijtus, iv. p. 42, footnote) suggests — he 
 has given the name of Lla to the highlands 
 which close in the valley of the Scaniander on 
 the left, lying west and south of Pounarbashi. 
 Ijut this theory ajipears to us as unacceptaJde 
 as thnt of P. IJarker AVebb {Topoijr,'i>hir dr hi. 
 Troodt^ p. 134), who endeavours to ninke us 
 believe that the Persian army, in coming by 
 the ordinary wav, might have had ih(; true 
 Mount Ida to its left, for he s;iys : "To tin; 
 south of the prmnontory of Lectum, the coast 
 .slo}ies rfl])idlv to the east and north-r;i^.t, and 
 forms "with the opposite shore tin- * <u If of 
 Adramyttium. From this confornnitiou o|' tlie 
 &:ulf, which is not exactly marked on any ruodern 
 mnji, it results that the Gargarus, instead of 
 being situated, as is generally supposed, in the 
 centre of Phrygia, approaches much more to tlie 
 Gulf of Adramyttium, and appears almost to 
 tower above it. Thus Herodotus's account of 
 Xerxes, who on his march from Sardis to the 
 
 IIe!le^]iont left the Gargarus to bis left, a state- 
 ment whii.di a[>pears strange to nianv people, is 
 true ti.i the real position of LT.iunt ld;i." This 
 statement is altogether inconsistent with the 
 existing facts. 
 
 I can accept as the tmlv right explanation that 
 of Professor Vircln.>\^^, \\\\o \\'ritea to me: "As 
 Herodotus expressly states that Xerxes entered 
 the territory of Ilium having Mount Ida to 
 Ills lelt, 1 can but conclude fri.m this that 
 Xi'vxes went i'rom Adramyttium northward, and 
 jn.'Ui.'tratei.i from the ea^t iutu the Plain of 
 Pi-iramiid"! ; that is, nearly liv tlic i-ead taken hw 
 T<diihatchelf. The only doubt which coubl arise 
 would lie the mention of Antandros. which 
 a])pears to have been situated more to tlie west. 
 Lint tlie expression Trapaix^i^oy-^vos admits of 
 the interpretation that he jiassed by Antandrus ; 
 namely, that he passed by it to his left. <_tther- 
 wise he must have taken his way across the high 
 inountains. On the eastern road he passed round 
 Ida, wliich remained to his left, and descended 
 ifoiii tlie heights into the valley of the Sca- 
 niander. As he must have gnue from Ine 
 thrniigh the drtile into the Plain of Troy, he 
 had Peunarlia^hi t^ his left:.." Protessor Virchow 
 adds that Ibr this reason the small city on the 
 I'lali I'agh (.'an, in his o[iinion, in.d be Gergis, 
 beeause Ilemdutus (vii. 4:;) distinctly states that 
 on the d;n- after his vi~it to Ilium Xerxes went 
 liu-ward, pa-siiig to his b.dt Phoeteum, Ophry- 
 iiiuiii. and I);irdaiius, which Inirders on Abydos, 
 but to liis right the T(;ucriaiis of (Jergis (ay.a 
 rjiJ-^ptj dh iTTiipev^To iudivrev^ tV apicn^prj jj-^u 
 aiT^p-yojp 'PuLTeiOL' -KoKiv Ka\ '0<ppvi'€ioi' Kol 
 Aaphavov, -I/TT^p 5// 'A/3(''5a) o/xovpus icTL, eV 
 5e^i?/ 6e T^pyiOa^ T^vKpovs). As Xerxes jiassed 
 at the toot of tin: P.ali Oagh, it would a].pear 
 strange iiHJced tliat Herodotus sluiuld have 
 jinaitioned (;e|-'i;is, not ljeb)i'(; loit after Ilium, if 
 th(> little city on that mountain were identical 
 with (b'rgis. 
 
 '' f/iJori/ nf firrrrc, i. p. 2'..lS. 
 
 ' <<- von Kckenbreeher, Die Lnijc Ocs Homer- 
 iichcii Troia ; Di.isseldi.irf, iST.j, [i. 34. 
 
170 
 
 THE IIISTOEY OF TROT. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 considered the Ilion of liis time (tliat of Herodotus, Hellanicus, aud 
 Stralio) as tlie Homeric Ilioii, because ayc are told (vii. 43) that he 
 ascended to Priam's Pergamou, whicli he coukl not possibly think to be 
 situated anywhere else but in Ilion." 
 
 A further pn:>of <d' the certainty which people felt regarding the 
 identity of ancient Troy with Novum Ilium is furnished by Xenophon, 
 who relates that the Lacedaemonian admiral Mmdarns, while his fleet 
 lay at Abydos, went up himself to Ilium to sacnliee to Athene, and 
 saw from thence the naval liattle between the squadron of Dorieus and 
 the Athenians, near the shore off Itheetcum." 
 
 Though the dominion of Xovum Ilium was still very unimportant 
 during the interval between the Peloponnesiari war and the Macedonian 
 invasiiiii of Persia, and did not even extend to the neighbouring Helle- 
 spont, yet the city was garrisniied as a strong position. We see this from 
 the account given by Plutarch:'' "Ilion was taken byHerakles on account 
 of the horses of Lanmedon ; it was also taken by Agamemnon by means 
 of the wooden horse ; for the third time it was taken by Charideiuus, 
 because, a Iku'SC having fallen in the gate, the Ilians could not promptly 
 shut it." This is coulirmed liy Polyaeiius,^" wdio says : " 'Udien the Ilians 
 sacked the city cif Charidernus, he got hold of a slave, who had come to 
 plunder, and by great presents he induced him to betray the city (Novum 
 Ilium). Put in order that ho might appear faithful to the watchmen 
 of the gates, he gave him many sheep and slaves to bring in, twice 
 or three times. The watchmen, having distributed these, allowed him 
 often to go out in the night, and with him more men to l.iring in the 
 booty. Charidemus seized and bound those who had come with the 
 man, dressed his own armed men in their clothes, and gave them, with 
 the rest of the booty, a horse, as if it had been captured. But the 
 watchmen, in order to receive the horse, opened the whole gate. The 
 soldiers rushed in tegether with the horse, killed the watchmen, and, 
 having encountered the rest of the Ibrce, stormed the city. If we may 
 make the jest, Ilion was taken for the second time by the stratagem 
 01 a hiu'se. 
 
 This Charidemus can certainly be no other than the notorious merce- 
 nary chief, wdio flourished in the time of Philip II. (n.c. 3.j!)-33(i). We 
 know liim iirincipally from tlie speech of i)eniostheiies against Aristo- 
 
 ^ U' llrui>-:i, i. 1,4: M!t'0ap(J5 Se ko.tl'C)u:v ri^f 
 fi.dx'O'^ ^^ lAi&J Ovwy rfj 'ABrji'a, e/3o7)f?f£ eVi tz/i' 
 Bii\aTTav • !(al KadeKKvaas Tas kavTuii r^ir/jceis 
 aTreVAei, oirws u.i'a.AdlBoi raj ^lera A(iu)[ea'j. 
 
 " Lijc of Srr/nni/s, i. ; eciAoj Se Tlt'^lAiov vrp' 
 'HpaKA^ovs 5m ths Aao,ue5oj'Tos 'lttttdus, Ka\ uTrh 
 ' \yaij.^jxvoi'QS oib. tov Aovpeiou TTfioua^'uceuOei'Toy 
 'iiTjnjv. rpLToy 5' uttu Xapid'/jaiiv^ rds Tri'Aas, 'tTnrou 
 
 ''^ >'ir^itcji''. iii. 14: XapLO-quos, 'lAle'cL'l' A*F7j- 
 AaT'n'fTaij' avrnii Tijf ttoKli', ohciTqi' 'lAie'a Trpo- 
 eA'Jrjrra tVt Aeiar fruAAa/^aV, jj.^ydKoi^. ouypOL'i 
 ejreiiTP ttjih^uvvoa ttj!' tt/iAli'. "lj>a 5e TTKTTn'; 
 <\jj.i'*tii] 7j:s <pvAu.TT<n'(Fi rds TruAas, eooi/cei' aurrZ 
 
 TToAAa 7rpo/3aTa l:ai ai'^pdirooa oi's ttov ko.\ rpls 
 ayay^a'. Oi 51 (/)i'AoK"es, Tai'ra r^jun^afX'Oi, 
 (Tji'ex^^'pov!' avTu' TrcAAaKis e^ie'j'ai TVKTO-'p, Kal 
 Gvv aincp di'Opas irA^iovas T/,j' Aeiaj' Tre^'ieAau- 
 vovTas. Xapi57],uos tous ^ter ahi' avrw iTi'AAa/Su.'i' 
 657;(Ti? ■ TO 5e Toi'Toir il^aria 7rept/3aAa'i' f.5iois 
 di'dpdaLi' u'7rA((T,aej'ins", eSci'Kei' avro7s Ta re aAAa 
 T?is' Afias /jat '/ttttoi' a-s ai\,uaAa'Toi'. Oi (JinAa/ces, 
 'iVo. St'^aa'Td ruv i'TTTru;', Trucraj' T/;r TruAiji' ai'ta'^ai/. 
 Oi (TTpaTta'Tai, tw VTTTra' (Tui'eKTTreo'tjj'Tes, tovs Te 
 (j)u\oicas a7reKT(Fii'ai' Koj t)]i' Aoitt/V' Hvi'O-j-UV 
 oe^auej'oi tT/s TTuAecos ^Kpa.Tr}ao-i\ aNTTf, ei XP^? 
 Ti Ko.'i Tralc^at, Set'Te^ioi' laAuj To ^lAtoi' ■na'Ml' 
 'iivncp Kar aiJT parity ovp.il Of. 
 
15.C. 334.] 
 
 ALEXANDER THE CIEEAT AT ILIUM. 
 
 crates, in "wliicli tlie capture of Ilinin is confiriucci, Imt witliout particulars 
 as to how it LappeueJ. Dismissed by Timotlieus, lie took service in 
 Asia Minor with Memiiou and ileiitor, A\dii:) desired to liberate their 
 brother-ill-law Artaliazus, who had been taken prisoner l)y Autophra- 
 dates. The capture uf Iliuin by lain must therefore have taken place 
 about 356 B.C. From this event, therefore, it appears certain that at 
 that time Novum Ilium was a fortified city. 
 
 AVhen Alexander the Cxreat crossed the Hellespont, he sent his 
 army from Sestos to Abydos under Parmenio ; and, after having offered 
 solemn sacrifices at the tomb of Protesilaus at Elaeus in the Chersonese, 
 he crossed over to the shore of the Plain of Tro)'. Having ascended 
 to Ilium, he sacrificed to Athene, made libations to the heroes, hung up 
 his armour in the temple of the goddess, and took in exchange some 
 of the sacred arms which had been preserved from the Trojan war. 
 Such was his veneration for these Trojan arms, that he had them carried 
 before him in battle by his life^uardsmen. He also offered at Ilium, 
 lu tlie temple of Zens Hcrkcios, sacrilicGS to Priam, l.)eg,L;-ing liim to 
 relax liis v;ratli against tlio race of Neoptolemiis, to wlneli he, Alexancler, ' 
 Lelungecl.^ 
 
 Dicaearclius composed a separate work respecting tliis sacrifice of 
 Alexauder (irepl tT/s' iv 'JX/ro Ovatas)? 
 
 Plutarch tells us that Alexander, after having passed the Ilellespontp 
 ascended to Ilinm, sacrihced to Athene, and made otferiugs to the shades 
 of the heroes, and, after having anointed with oil the funeral column of 
 Achilles, he ran, as was customary, stark naked round the toml) with his 
 companions, put a wreath of flowcrrj on it, and felicita.ted Achilles ci: 
 having had during his life a true friend, and, after his <leath, a great 
 herald of his glory. As he was walking through the city (IliumJ and 
 examining its curiosities, some one asked him if he wished to see the 
 lyre of Alexander (Paris); he answered that he cared hut very little 
 al)Out that, but that lie desired to see the lyre of A(diilles, to vdiich he 
 had chanted the glory and the deeds of great men.^ 
 
 1 Arriau. JA.uv///./. Awih. i. 1]. :.-S : ixOi^v 0€ 
 is ^EAaioi'i/Ta 6uei Tlpo^TecriXa'jj eVi rco To.(p(j) rou 
 Upa)T€aiKdou^ oti Ka\ Upcor^o-iXaos Trpcuros iduK^L 
 iKii7]vo.i is t)]v ' Ao'lclv twv ' E/\'K'i,vo:)V twv ajj-o. 
 'Ayauiy.i'OPL es ''lAtoy (TTparevrraurun' ■ Kal 6 
 fovs T?is Sua las i)v iirirvx^o'Tipay ul y^viaOai 
 -/) UpccT€(rLXd'i> -T'ljV a7ry/3ao"iJ'. 
 
 Tlap/j.€i'Lcou p-lv 5>/ Tt)v -K^i^iov Tous iroWovs 
 Kai t)]v 'ltvttov 0LO.,Qi^d(TaL iraxO'i] iic Sjjotou is 
 " P^^vOov • Kal bii^'qaay Tpri]pG(TL fx^f eKarui^ nal 
 i^i-jKOfra, TT/voioLs 5e oAKols iroKXuis aTpoyyvAots. 
 ' AXi^aySpou oe i^ 'EXaiovi'Tos is rou 'Ax^'ii^ 
 Ai/xeVa KarupcLL b TrX^iwy Ao^o? icar^x^h '^^'■ 
 avToi' re Kv^^pvu^vro. t-i]v arpaTqyioa. vo-vy oia- 
 ^dW^iu Kal iireib)] Kara fj.i<juv rhu iropov ruv 
 'EWrirnroi'TOV e-yeVero, tT(pd^ai'ra Tav pov rep 
 Uoaeidonn Kal 'NTjp'n'l'TL (nvivdeii' iK xpt"7'^s (^^id.- 
 Atjs is Tov Tvui'To:'. Aeyovai 6€ Kal irpojTov in 
 TTjS viws (TUP ro?s -uTrKoLS iKJ^Tjuai avrliv is t)iu 
 ynv Tr\v 'AutV:' koX I3c:\.:'jvs lopvGa.nOo.i uOeu xe 
 
 eVraA'/j iK tijs Evpcvirris kcl ottou et,el3'n Tqs 
 'Aulas Alls d-TTul^aTripiou KaA ' A.O'qvas Kal 'Hpa- 
 K\ious ■ dveXOuyra oe is ''lAioi' rij Tc 'AQ-qyq. 
 Bvaai rfi 'lAicEoi, koa t-qv iro-VO-rrXiay Tvp auTov 
 avoSslvai is tuv y^wi', Kal Ko.OeX^'ii' o.vrl ravrris 
 Twi' i^pibi' Tiva iJirXwy eri e/c tov Tpaj'tKOv ipyou 
 awi^'juei'a. ical to.vto. Xiyouaii' uri oi vTraaiTL- 
 <TTa.l erp^pou irpo aurov is rds p.dxo,s. Ovao.i os 
 avTov Kol Ylpiajxcp eVi tuv /Scf/.iou rov Aios to-j 
 'EpK^iov Xoyos h-ccTe'xf, /xfji'ir Upidftov Trapairov- 
 fx^vov Tw 'N€0'!rTuXi/j.ijv yii'Gi, o ov; es avr oi' 
 
 KO-BlfK^V. 
 
 - i>icaenn;h. Fi'<"jiil \>. 114, ed, Fuhr ; Atlic- 
 
 ^ i'Jutarrh. A/r.r,nti(. w. : 'AvalBus 5' e/s 'lAioi', 
 iOucre TTj 'AOiiva, Kal ro'is 'iipw<Jii' eair^iiTe. T/^;' 
 5' "Ax'AAecc? (rTj]\-f]V aAen/za^ei'os AiVa, koa 
 (x^TO. TWf iraipoju avuavadpa/xitjv yvp.vos, a'UTrep 
 eOos iuriv, iarecpdi/wir^., fxaKapiaas auruyj in i:al 
 \^oy (pixov TTLu-Tov^ Kal rsX.eurija-as ixri'\-ih3v uv,- 
 
172 
 
 THE HISTOriY OF TROT. 
 
 [Chap. III. 
 
 I in-dY al^o call attention to tlie valuable inscription'^ Avliicli proves 
 the lilierality of Antiochns Sotcr towards tlie liian Athene in 278 B.C. 
 The inscriptions Nos. '-UJOl and 3(.l02 also attest that Panathenaic games 
 were soleinnizod at Ilium in honour (.)f tlie Ilian Athene hy the Ilians, 
 conjointly witli various etther cities in the neiglil)Ourhood.'' 
 
 Vre read in Strain:):'' ^^It is said that the city of the pnesent Ilians 
 was until then a small market-town, and that it had a small and insitr- 
 nificant temple of Atheno. Ikit Aloxandcr, having ascended to it after 
 the victory on the Granicus, adorned the temple with olierings, raised 
 the town to the rank of a city, commanded the wardens to enlarge it 
 by new buildings, and doclared the city free and exempt from all taxes. 
 At a later time, after the con(|U(.'st of the Persian empire, he sent to 
 Ilium a very kind letter, promising to make it a large cit}^, to make its 
 templo very celeltrated, and to institute sacred games in the city. After 
 his death, Lysimachus did much for the city, surrounded it with a wall 
 40 stadia in circuit, built a temple, and increased the population by 
 adding to it the inhabitants of the old nei.Lidibouring cities, Avliich were m 
 decay. Alexander felt a great interest in the Ilians, both cm account of his 
 relationship, and because of his admiration for Homer. There has been 
 handed down a corrected editimi of the Homeric poems, called ' the edition 
 of the casket ' (i/v tov luipOyKo^), because Alexander revised and annotated 
 these poems witli the aid of the pupils of Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, 
 and preserved tlifun in a richly ornamented casket, which he had found 
 111 the Persia.n tr(.'asury. Alexander's great kindness towards the Ilians 
 proce(.'ded, therefore, m the first place from his veneration for the poet, 
 
 TO. KO.TO. TV/f TToAl'J. ^pUiX€UOV TlVnS O.VTOl', €1 /BuU- 
 
 7veTca Tijf 'AA.e£a!'5pou Kvpa.v (SeTf, iXo-X'-^'^'J- 
 (ppovTii^iv iK^ivns i^p-q. T-Qi' 5' 'Ax'AAe'a'S l^-qTelv, 
 fj ra Kk^a nal ros -ivp6.E,^LS vav^i rujv a.yo.Owi/ 
 
 O.VOpWV ^K^'iVO'i. 
 
 ■' ^,0. 0.V..15 in Lnpckh's C u'lnis Inb-criptknt'iiri, 
 Grace. : 
 
 .... jBy.rTiXeu'^ ' AvTLOXOS .... 
 
 Tv;/i ij,ev Up^iay kj.I tou5 i^puyj/.wvs iczl rovs 
 TTpurdyeis €v^arrOai rij 'Adtjya. rfj 'lAidoi . . . ( c-ttI 
 oe) rat:; euxo.?? rfj jx^i/ ^ Adrjua (TvyreA^trdTwiTai' 
 ryji' i'opAi^oij.^i''ri'^ Kai Tvdripioi' 6u)(TLai' vl re 
 ir,poi'(>iujL .... ({TT-ijiTai 6' OAiTOv ^i)K6ua XP^''^V^ 
 er/j' ^iTnrou eV tm kpo) ttjs ' AOiji'us eV tw ^tticjic- 
 (v^fTTdrw Toww) .... Ka\ iiriypd^par 'O di'if^ws u 
 ('I/V;tcin' /BacriAea ^Avtl)oxoi' .... eiVe/Sfias 
 GVGK^v T'lii eis TO iepoff, ei'6p'yeT7]i' ual i7w)T'iipa. 
 y^yovuTa tov Z-i]jxov^ k. t. K. 
 
 ^ Thi; iiisrri|ilinij X(i. :;(.;mI is mnrh .lainai^nMl. 
 IVHi-rkh .says <>f it: " 1 'r'rr-.'tiiin Ilii atipir urliimn 
 viriiiarinii, ([iian ruin Ilin sacrurnin rununiniidiirm 
 habcljant d'j ratiniir ^ollriniii [n,i rt Jiirlnrmn iii- 
 stitiicnflnrum sritinn. Jla^-c siJlcmTiia arliitrnr 
 f'ui--i- J'anathi^naoa, '|ii;u.* (;t ijisa, miiKira <pMr|Mm 
 vs. 11 iiiiniinata sunt." The ioM'ri pi inn Xn. :;i;ii-_: 
 !^: ^\Ki(^7s KaX al) ixuXqis a.(i K)i>{ii/)oj{i'ov)aai (Trjs 
 Ov)aias Ko.l Ttjv aycwus i(a\ t?,s TrainiyvptEcos .... 
 /l:.rjiA'qTp'iou 'lAid^a, ko.Kojs koX i{v)')i'){i_)ws icavrj- 
 fpop-QO-aiTai', (e()rT)6/3e(as eVe/ce/' t7js irpus t-ijp 
 
 e^dy. 
 
 '' xiii. ]i. rv,;):;, IO-2O, ami p. .'.04, 30: tJ/;/ 5f 
 TCfc'i' 'lAietiJi' TTuAii' Tcvi' pvu Tews /.tei' kcc/.itjj' 
 ^ii'o.i (pad Tu Upuv exovcrai' ttjs 'ABtjvus jxinphi' 
 Ka\ €vT€/\€'i^ 'A\4^apbpoi' 5e ava^dvTo. fxiTo. t)jv 
 eVi TpaviK'p rLKTjv ai'aS'i]/j.a(TL re KO(Tf.fi)aai Th 
 If.pui' KoX TTpoffayop^vaaL iruMv ko.\ oiKoZoi.i.iais 
 aro.Xo.ji^'iv TTpoaTO-taL To'is iiruieXTiTOAS eAei'Ofpai' 
 re Kpa'OA KaX a(popov ' inTTepm' oe /.lgtu t]jV 
 KaTa'Auau' tcou lie pa an' i-mrrTuX'ijP i{aTa7r€u\pai 
 (piAdi'OpccTToi', viriaxvovufsvoi' ttuKii' re 7Ton}ac.L 
 l-L-iydKriv Kol Upoi' iivi-T'riuMTaTni' nal dyuva 
 aTTudei^iiv hpuv fi^TCi oh T);i' ^iceirov TeKiVT-ijV 
 AvcTLp.a.\os fidkirfTa t''i]s TruAea'S ^Treu^ArjOi] kcii 
 I'ed'i' icaT^aii^vaae koI Ter^os 7r6pie/3a/\eTO baou 
 T€TTapd.Koi'Ta. (TTaOi'ati', avvwKKTi tq els auTijPTo.'i 
 KvKA(p TToXeis dpxo.las v/O'/j KeKaKa:f.iei'u.s- 
 
 'E/cea'os" yap ko.to. <TvyyGi'€ias a-vaveojaiv u'p^tTjire 
 TTpovo^7i' ai'Twi'^ diia ical (piAufiripos low (p^p^Tai 
 yovv Tis BiopOwCLs t/^s 'Ofj.i]pou Troojirea-s, 7; e/i 
 Toil i'd-pB-i]Kos Ae^OjUei'Tj, tov ' AAe^at'Spoi' f,eTa Tccr 
 Trepi KaKKKTO^frj Kal ^ Ai/d^apxoi' eVeA^ui'Toj Ka\ 
 mji.LeLwo'afj.ei'OU rti/a, eTreira KUTaOei'Tos eis I'ap- 
 OrjKa ov Tjupep 4i' ttj WepaiKy ydC,ij iroXvTeAws 
 KaTe'Th-fi'aiT^terOi' ■ icard re Ovj tou tov ttoitjtuv 
 ^"/Aoj' ical KUTO. Ti-jv (Tvyy^veiav tiiv aTTu TOiV 
 Aio.KLOioiJ To)u eV McAoTToIj iSafTiAei/daj'Taw, Trap 
 ois KoX T^i]v ^ Avopojxdx'f)^ laTop jvai IBo-iTtXevcoA 
 T'lji' "EKTOpos y€VQ(x4vr\v yvi'oiKa, icpiKotppoi'^'iTO 
 TTpo!: Tovs 'lAiea? u ^A\€^ap5pos. 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 ILIJil UXDEE THE SELEUOID!^ 
 
 1 lyr 
 
 arid secondly from his relationsluji with the Aeacids, the kings of the 
 MoLissiaus, among whom, as is said, Andromache also reigned, ^\\\o was 
 once the wife of Hector." 
 
 But Strabo informs ns that, when the Eomans first went over to 
 Asia and expelled Antiochns the Great from this side of the Taurus 
 (190-189 B.C.), Demetrius of Scepsis, being then a youth, Yisited Ilium, 
 and saw the city so much ni decay, that there were not even tiles on 
 the roofs of the houses.' He further states that, according to Hegesiauax, 
 the Galatians. having come over from Europe, went up to Ilium m 
 search of a fortified place ; but that they left it immediately, because 
 the town had no walls of defence.^ But this statement is thoroughly 
 inconsistent with, and m contradiction to, the statement made by Strabo, 
 a dozen lines before ; '' for he had there informed us that Lysimachus, 
 after the death of Alexander, paid great attention to Ilium, surrounded 
 it with a wall dO stadia in circumference, and settled in Ilium the inha- 
 bitants of the ancient cities around, which were in a state of decay. 
 Besides, the passages in Livy (xxxv. 43 ; xxxvii. 9) and Polybius 
 (v. 78, 111) prove beyond all doubt that Xovum Ilium was fortified and 
 defensible about 218 b.c. 
 
 Livy informs us ^" that Antiochus the Great went up from the 
 sea to Xovum Ilium, to sacrifice to the Ilian Athene (190 b.c.) ; and 
 further, that the Pioman Consul Livius went up thither to sacrifice to 
 the same goddess. 
 
 ATe read in Justin " that, in the first Pioman expedition to iisia, 
 there was a reciprocal exchange of joy between the Ilians and the 
 Piomans, as if between parents and children after a long separation. 
 
 Eckenbrecher ^ mentions the statement of Ennius,- that when the 
 Eomans, under the command of Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, approached 
 the Trojan shore, they exclaimed, at the first glimpse of Troy : — 
 
 "0 patria, o diTora flomus Ilium, ct iacluta btllo 
 Pergama," 
 
 The Piomans, who were proud of their origin from Ilmm and 
 Aeneas, treated the city of their heroic ancestors with signal munifi- 
 cence, adding to its domain the adjacent territories of Sigeum, Elioe- 
 teurn, and Gergis, as well as the whole coast from the Peraea (or 
 
 ' But, rii ^J. Burnouf ingeniously obscrvGs 
 to me, tliis aoes not necessarily mean that the 
 houses had had tiles, and that for "want of ]-e- 
 paration they were withriut them. It mav imply 
 as well that the houses were poor buildintis, 
 which were not even covered with tiles, but 
 had only terraces of clav mixed w"ith ^t^a\v. 
 
 ^ Straho, xiii. [c ."py-t : Kal to "lAiof 5' o vvtf 
 
 eUTt KUIlOTTOXis TiS ''/!', 6t6 TTpWTOV 'VwfXaiOL TljS 
 
 'Aulas ^■jT^fiTjcro.v koX 4^^f3a\ou 'Avrioxov tup 
 /j-^yaf efc ri^s eVros tou To.vpou. (prial yovv 
 Ariij.Tirpios ^K-i)^LOs. jj.iip6.Kiriv iivLdrjtJ.T}aos eij 
 T'qv ttoXlv Kar' e^'eu'oos rous Kaipovs, oora'? 
 ujXi-ywprj^i^i'rji^ ld€U' t-i]V KaroiKLau l^tTTfi fj.riTj<^ 
 K€pa.uojTas ex?'!^ Tas areyas ■ 'H^Tjcriaz/a^ 6e 
 
 rovs Ta^dras 7repaiaif?ez'Tas tV" tt/s Evpu'7:-i]s 
 cipaQqvai jx^v ets TT]if itoXlv Seoii^rous ^pvixaros^ 
 Trapd xprjua 6' ^K'ALiruf Oia tu ar^ixtO'TOi'. 
 
 ^ //"'(7. xiii. p. o'J'o. ^^' xxxv, 4-3. 
 
 ^^ Justin, xxxi. S: '-Tanta lactitia i.imnium 
 fult, quanta esse piost hjn^aim tem[ius intca" 
 parentcs et Ijbia-'ps snh_'t. .hn-;il^nt llion.^es, ne- 
 potcs suos, ncridioiti.' i;t Aliica d'ooita, Asrini et 
 avitum reginmi \audicare. C'jitalolem ruiiiani 
 Trojae dicentes, ut tam feliciter reiiascta^etur. 
 Contra Romanos, avitos Lares et iueunaiiula 
 majpirum ac deorum simulacra inexplicabile Je- 
 siderium videndi tenebat." 
 
 ' Z'/e Zage des IIv,m,-isrl,c„ TroM, p. 37 
 
 - A-mal. 14. 9, ed. P. Jlernlae. 
 
174 THE HISTORY OF TTOY. [Coap. HI. 
 
 coiitinentiil territory") of Tenedos, sontliward of Si^'enm, to tlie confines 
 of Panlanus." The Sigcans would not suliniit to tins loss of autonomy, 
 ami tlieir city was therefore destroyed by the Ilians."* A like fate 
 ajipears to have liefalleu the neiftdibonrinL; city of Aehillenm. 
 
 "The diLaiit}- and power of IliiTm Leinc;' tlins," as Grote ^ remarks, 
 ''prodigiously enhanced, we ]Uiist find it Imt natural that the Ilieans 
 assumed t^) themselves exaggerated importance, as the recognized 
 parents of all-C(Uii|uering Eome. Partly, we may naturally suppose, 
 friim the ioalnusies thus aroused on the part of their neighhours at 
 Scepsis and Alexandria-Troas, — partly from the pronounced tendency of 
 the age (in which Ivratcs at Pergamus, and Aristarchus at Alexandria, 
 divided Ijetwemi them the palm of literary celeLrity) towards criticism 
 and illustratii)n of the old poets, — a blow was now aimed at the 
 mythical legitimacy of Ilium." 
 
 The two lenders in this new '''Trojan war" — the attempt to destroy 
 the traditional glory of Ilium — were, first, Demetrius of Scepsis, a 
 most labiirions Homeric critic, wh^i, as already stated, had written 
 thirty boiiks of Commentaries on the Trojan Catalogue in the U/aJ, and 
 Avhi) was amfiitious of proving that his native city, Scepsis, had also 
 been the royal residence of Aeneas : aird, secondly, Hestiaea," an 
 authoress of Alexandria-Troas. who had also Avritten comments on the 
 lliojl, and had made researches as to v.diether the Trcjan war could have 
 taken place before Novum Ilium. Both declared that there was no 
 space for the great exploits related iir the Iliad, the plain which now 
 separates this city from the Hidlespont liaviii!:;- fieen formed since the 
 Trojan war by the alluvium of the rivers. Further, that Ptdites, who, 
 relying on the swiftness of his feet, sat as a scout on the top of the 
 tumulus of Aesyetes, to watch when the Greek army should ru^h 
 forward from the ships, must have been a fool, as he could have observed 
 the movements of the Greek army much better from the mucli higher 
 Acropolis of Ilium, withcjiit needing his swift feet ; and that the still 
 extant tumulus of Aesyetes is situated live stadia from Xovum Ilium, on 
 the road ti) Alexandria-Troas. Further, that the race of Hector and 
 Achilles could not have taken place, it being impossible to run round 
 iSTovum Ilium on account of the adjoining ridge, but that they could 
 have run round the ancient town.' They admitted that no trace was 
 
 yeioy 
 
 Stial><>, xiii. I'. i)Ue : Kan^iTKaTTToA 5€ leal rh (see Stl'abo, xiii. p. ,502). 
 Hoiy virb rail' 'IKieaii' Sia -r'qv cnrniBeiar. inr' ^ Ilistori/ of Oivccc, i. 301. 
 
 infii-o:! yrjji I'll' ufjTfpov -li Trapo.Kia TTuaa. S] i.iex^' ° Ili'stiae.l is citeil repcatcdlv in thr Ilmiierio 
 
 AapSdvov, Ka\ vvv vtt' iKeirois itni. Schfili;, ( Sri), il. W-net. tit? ///-'./! iii. G-t ; luistath. 
 
 Livy, xx.wiii. :'iri. ,-,(/ ///,„/, ii, r,;i^y 
 
 ■' I may nanina tlip iva.lvr that riar.lamis, on ■ Strain., xiii. p. ,",00 : ircipaTlevTi S' o A7)^ii- 
 
 thi- pvrinhintnry "t <iy:,'as In'tna-rn IlliuFtruni rpios Ka\ tiji' 'AAf^avSpimp' 'T.miaiav fj-dprvpa., 
 
 .an-l tlir prcsunt r]ty "1 tiir Dai-aanclles, was an tiji- trvy-ypd-^aaat' irepl tT/j 'Ouvpov 'lAidSos. 
 
 Ae.ili,. srftlenaMit, ami liail tlin-pfma' no titir t" Tvveavoa(pr]v il irip] t)],' vvi' tt/iKw o -n-uAeuos 
 
 le;,n;ndary rrvrr.airo as the sprrial sovmajrnty of (Tm'cirTi), koX . . . to Tpioinoi' -n-fSo.i', o /lera^u 
 
 Aoni/as, whloii Orotr (//,>/. ,./' (,;'rv,v, i. |,. :;i;il) Tils- Tr<;,\ea,s ical tT/i eaXd.TTip 6 ironnh <ppa(fr 
 
 clTonronsly attviloitr, toll. ![.■ rviamtly ron- to ^i(v yap Trpl, tTjs- vm ivdAeois upiifiivot' irpo- 
 
 lOiHi'ls it witli li.anlanir, wliirh was sitnaleil far X'-'',""- '^"'"-^ tiTt TroTaudn' vaTepov ysyoj^iis. o te 
 
 fronj |iar<l;uins, on tlie slope of J.la, and nf wliirh OoA/tijs "'05 Tpiiuw iTKOTrhs 1^^ -^oSioKenjcTl m- 
 
 Tlu trarr was rxtant in tliu time of Demefrias TroiSoJs, tu^/36j eV a^-^OTara- AiVuijrao Yepoj'TOS," 
 
Chap. III.] 
 
 FIEST DISPUTE ABOUT THE SITE. 
 
 IiS 
 
 left of ancient Troy, but tliey found this quite natural; for flic towiiG 
 all arounil liaring been desolated, but not entirely destroyed, whilst the 
 aneient city had been eomiilctely destroyed, its stones had been used for 
 their restoration. Thus, tor example, they asserted that Archaeanas 
 of Sfitylene had built the Avails of Siseum with the stones of Troy." 
 Demetrius uiamtaiued that ancient Ilium Avas identical with the " Yillase 
 of the Ilians" (iXttcov Ko>/-iii), the site of which he indicates exactly, 
 for he says that it was oO stadia from Novum Ilium, and 10 stadia 
 from the lull of Callicolone, wdnch latter Avas at a distance of "i stadia 
 from the Simois. '■' Strabo does not tell us Avhether Hestiaea ci incurred 
 in the opinion of Demetrius, that Troy w'as identical Avith 'IXteaw Kco/xi;. 
 
 But all these objections are futile. In treating of the Tdjiogi-fipby, 
 I think I have proved that, except the course of the rivers, the Plain 
 of Troy cannot have undern-(.ine any essential change since the time of 
 the Trojan AA'ar, and that the distance from Novum Ilium to the Helle- 
 spont must then have been the same as it is now. "\\'ith regard to the 
 tumulus of Aesyetes, Hestiaea and Demetrius are perfectly right in 
 saying, that the Greek camp must liaA^e been more readily seen from 
 the summit of the Pergamus than from a sepulchral miuiud on the road 
 to Alexaudria-Troas, 5 stadia from Novum Ilium. For Alexaudria-Troas 
 lies to the south-west of Ilium, and the road to it, Avhich is distinctly 
 marked by the ford of the Scamander at its entrance intri the Plain of 
 Troy, goes direct south as far as Bounarbashi, whereas the Hellespont and 
 the Greek camp Avere north of Ilium. But to the south of Ilium, exactly 
 in the direction in Avhich the road to 7\.lexandria-Troas must have been, 
 I see before me. as I stand on Ilissarlik, a tumulus 33 ft. high and 
 131 yds. in circumference, and, according to an exact measurement 
 Avhich I have made, 1017 yds. from the southern city Avail. This, 
 tiierefore, must necessarily lie the sepulchral mound vrhich Hestiaea 
 and Demetrius indicate, but they evidently assume its identity Avith 
 the sepulchre of Aesyetes, merely in order to prove the situation of 
 this tumulus to be in a straight Ime between the Greek camp and 
 the Tillage of the Ilians ('IXtewp K(o/j.i]). and the latter to lie the 
 site of Troy. The tumulus of Aesyetes Avas probably situated at the 
 present A'illage of Koum Kioi, not far fr(un the c( influence of the 
 Scamauder and the Simois, for the remains of a tumulus se\"erul feet 
 in heiicht are still to be seen there. The tumulus said bv Hestiaea 
 
 fj.u.TOAOs '//I'. KO.'i yap CI eV aKptnarw o^ois 
 [ttTT'j] TTOAu tiv fj.si(^oyos v\povs r^i'i aKuonijKeoJS 
 eiTK07r€vef e| '[o'ou crxtSuf ti 5(aTT?';uaToj, p.-]] 
 deoaei'O^ ^TjOef Tr/S noTjiclc^ia? rov d.aipa?\ov:; 
 Xapii'' Tre't're yap 5i6';^ei irra^iovs o yvu o^iKfv- 
 /j-€i'os rov AifTvtjrov Td<pos icara T'/jv eis 'AAe^aj/- 
 Oj^iaM oSfJi'- ov5' 7} rou "Y.KTopos 6e ir^piSpo^uri -i] 
 TT^pl TYjU TTu\ii' 6X^1 T£ €vKoyov ' O'J yap iari. 
 i^^pihpoi^iOS 1] vi'i' oia T'pv (Tvv^-)(ri pax^^ ' V ^6 
 naAaia e^^/ -K^pi^pofj-rir. 
 
 ^ .Straljri, xiii. ]i. -'19^' : Ovd'ef 5" t^i'os Toji^sraL 
 t']s apxaias iroKf^ws. enccirwj • are yap eKTrc- 
 nopd'r)!J.iiJ(^v to:u kvkXoj TroAeoir, oj TeXio:^ oe 
 
 HaT€TnarTiJ.h'wi\ rain-q^ at fiadpa^f aiaTiTpa^j. 
 jj-f^vris, ol Kldi.n ndi'Te^ e/5 tJ/c e\'eij'ct.'i' araAijij-.i' 
 /.i>;r'pi'>^X^''laa!'. ^Apxo.id.yaKra yoif (j)aai Tof 
 MiTLiA7;:'ai(j|/ u: Tcl'j' eicelt'e;' AiOwf tu Zi^eiui' 
 T6ix'cra!. 
 
 '' Stralin, xiii. p. .'97 : 'T-n-ep 6e rovrou jxiKphi 
 ■p TctT 'lAra'c K^'i-iTj cVti'i', eV 'p fouit.erai tc 
 TiaXaufi' "IXiov U:pri70ii.i Trpcirfpo", rptaK'jyja 
 CTaoiovs otiixoi' diTo ryj^ I'it' TrtiAea's, vnep 5e 
 t7,s 'lAtea'i' Kiv/.ir}5 0€Ka irra^LOis (ijrli' ?; KaAAt- 
 KuKa'Vri^ AJi/ius Tij. Trap' ui' u ^Luo^ts /iie? irei'Ta- 
 CTTaOiOf 0:e'\a'f. 
 
176 TEH HISTORY OF TROT. [Chap. in. 
 
 and Demetrius to Ijc tliat of Aesyctes is now called Pasha Tepeli. It Las 
 been excavated by Mrs. Sclilieniann, and I sliall take occasion to speak 
 cf it more fnlly.'" 
 
 From tlie above indications of the distances, -^'e easily see that 
 DenieU-ins held Mount Kara Your, which I have already described, to 
 be the Homeric Callicoloue, and that, as before stated, his 'iXie'coi' Ka)/j.jj 
 must have occupied the site of a lovi* hill on Mr. Calvert's farm, to the 
 north-east of Thymbra, and just in front of the swamp, now dried up, 
 which used to be called the Duden swamp. A few coarse Hellenic pots- 
 herds mark the site of an ancient village there, but there is no 
 accumulation of r/.l/v>. The statement of Demetrius is gratuitous, 
 that Tr(iy had disappeared without leaving a trace, its stones having been 
 employed for the reconstruction of other cities, and especially for the 
 walls of Sigeum. If, as I hope to prove, liissarlik marks the site of 
 Trov, the Trojan Avails lay already buried upwards of 20 ft. beloAv the 
 surface of the ground when Sigeum was built, m the seventh century e.g. ; 
 and, as no vestiges of the ancient city were visible above ground, people 
 thought, of course, that even the ruins had entirely vanished .-—"etiam 
 periere ruinae." Thus it also happens that Strabo, who never visited 
 the Troad, adopts, as Grote ^^ remarks, the irnsupported hypothesis of 
 Demetrius, as if it were an authenticated fact ; distinguishing pointedly 
 between <Jld and Xew Ilium, and even censuring Hellanicus for 
 having maintained the received local faith. But it appears certain that 
 the theory of Hestiaea and Demetrius was not adopted by any other 
 ancient author, excepting Strabo. Polemon, who, as before mentioned, 
 was a native of Ilium, could not possibly have accepted their theory that 
 Ilium was not the genuine Troy, for his work describing the localities 
 and relics of Ilium implies their identity as a matter of course. 
 
 Novum Ilium continued to be universally considered aird treated 
 as the genuine Homeric Troy. According to Strabo,'- " Novum Ilium 
 was mucli damaged fiy the Ilomau rebel Fimliria, who besieged and 
 conquered it in the Mithridatic war (85 B.C.). Fimbria had been sent as 
 cjuaestor with the consul Valerius Flaccus, who was elected commander- 
 in-chief against Jlithridates. But having excited a revolt, and having 
 murdered Valerius in Bithynia, Fimbria made himself commander-in- 
 
 ^^ Si'O tlie rhnpter on the lleruic Tumuli. tuj' MiOpLodrrii' Kara avfxfida'eLS eis r-ijc oiK€Lay 
 
 " Jiibt'n'ij <>J Urc'-i-r^ i, |i, ;_;ilj. dTr€TT€i.i\pe, Toi'S 6' 'lAieas TTCip€^udri(raTO iroXko'iS 
 
 ^ xiii. .:i''4 : e/r' tKaKioiraf ayj/V TraAii' ol /.lexa e7raz't^pt?t/',aa(Ti. Kod' ^]ij.as ^UvTOi Ka^aap u Beus 
 
 •^IPLU-^Bpiov 'Pcjjy.a.'iOL /\a/3u'i'T6j e/c izoXiopKias eV ttoAu ttX^ov ainwv T^pol'vln)a<i C^iiXwaas dpia Hal 
 
 Tw MiOpLOaTLKo} TTuAeucL'. aui'eTr4/j:ipB-i] 5e oAnpi- ' AX^lavdpov , . . u 6e Kouaap Kal (pi\a\4^avSpos 
 
 fip'.as vnaTip OvaA€piip (pXaKKco Tafias irpox^L- IlW koX ttjs irpos roi'S TAieccs (TD77€reias 'yvwpi- 
 
 pitrQhrL eVi Tuu MLBpL^aT-qv KarafTraaidaas 5e fxantEpa e'x^J' Te/cto'jfua, ^irfip'pihffdri irpos T^i' 
 
 KoA di't^Xwp TiV u-nu.Toi' Kara BtOvy'Laf OMTus Kare- ev^py^aiai^ y^afiKuis ■ yfu'ptu.wrepa 5e', npwTOi' 
 
 iTToM-q Ki'pios tTj? (Trpo.TLas^ Ko.} TTpn^XQL^u €is /.u V <Itl 'Pwuaujs, 01 06 'Pcj.\ua't'ji Tvv Ah'^iai' 
 
 'lAior, ov dexofi^i'ivf o.vrof twv 'IAiea>i/ tl'? At/o"- apxi^y^Triv i^yovi'rai, trreira utl 'lov\ios 0.110 
 
 TTjr, fiiaf r€ 7rpo<T(l>epf^i Kal Q€KaTaiovs alp'^r Kau- ^luvAoy twos rwu irpoyov^v ^Keivos 5' aTrt) 
 
 XO.\a€t'ou 0' i'lTt ^qf ' Ay o.li€fLVui> nuAiv SeKaro' tVfi ^\ov\ov r-iiv -Kpoffwi'vpiiau eiTxe TavTi)U, tSiv O-tto- 
 
 uoAis elAe rov xiKioraov uroKoi' e;^a'i' /cal t-ijv yovicv tls Ibv TWf dirh AiVetOL'. ^wpaj^ re bi] 
 
 Tv^/rratTai' 'EWd.Oa rroiTTpaTeuoviToj', TOAm^i' auros TrpurreVei/.tej' auro7s K0.I T7/1' fAeufJepiay Ka\ TipJ 
 
 Tit^KO-Tp rip.lpa x^ipaWatTi), e/Tre tis- Ttii' 'lAieau' o-AeLTOvpyi-jcl'iav aiiTfus tTufsepuXa^e Kal jJ-exp^ ^^^ 
 
 " (m) yap 'i)t' "Ektu^p o linepp.o.X'J-^i' Tfjv 7rr(Aettis." ai'tJ.i.iei'OViril' eV TuuToiS. 
 ruvrov u€p our eVcAf^oJC St'AAas /caTeAufje, Kal 
 
B.C. 8i.] SACK OP ILIUM BY FIMEEIA. 177 
 
 chief of the army and marched against Ilium. When the Ilians refused 
 to receive him, as being a brigand, he attacked the city by force and took 
 it in ten days. When he glorified himself upon having overpowered in 
 ten days the city which Agamemnon, with his fleet of a thousand ships 
 and the whole power of Hellas, had hardly been able to conquer in the 
 tenth year, one of the Ilians said : ' It happened because we had no 
 Hector to fight for the city.' Fimbria was soon attacked and destroyed 
 by Sulla, who by the treaty of peace Avith Mithridates allowed the latter 
 to return to his country, and who consoled the Ilians by making many 
 improvements in their city. In our time the divine (Julius) Caesar 
 did yet more for Ilium, partly because he imitated Alexander (the 
 Great) . . . ; but Caesar also felt a juvenile impulse for his beneficence, 
 both as an admirer of Alexander and because he had still more evident 
 proofs of his relationship Avith the Ilians. Those proofs were the more 
 notorious, first because he was a Eoman, and the Komans hold Aeneas to 
 be their ancestor ; next because it was from lulus, one of his ancestors, 
 that he was called Julius, but he had received his name, as being one 
 of the descendants of Aeneas, from lulus [the son of Aeneas, Ascanius, 
 who, according to an old legend, was called lulus]. For those reasons he 
 allotted lands to them, and confirmed their freedom and exemption from 
 state taxes, and these privileges have remained to them until now." 
 
 But Appian' relates the conquest of Ilium by Fimbria difi'erently. 
 He says : " The Ilians, being besieged by Fimbria, applied to Sulla, who 
 told them that he would come, and ordered them meanwhile to tell 
 Fimbria that they had given themselves up to Sulla. When Fimbria 
 heard this, ho praised them as being already friends of the Eomans, 
 requested them to receive him as he was also a Roman, and ironically 
 referred to the affinity existing between the Eomans and the Ilians. But 
 when he entered the city, he murdered all who came in his way, burned 
 the whole city, and in various ways shamefully treated those who had 
 gone as ambassadors to Sulla. He neither spared the sanctuaries nor 
 those who had fled to the temple of xlthene, for he burned them together 
 with the temple. He also pulled down the walls, and went round on 
 the following day, to see whether anything of the town still remained 
 standing. The town suffered more than under Agamemnon, and perished 
 root and branch by the hand of a kinsman ; not a house of it was saved, 
 nor a temple nor an idol. But the statue of Athene, called the Palladium, 
 which is held to have fallen from heaven, some believe was found unhurt. 
 
 " i. pp. 3G4, oGj : 'lAreTs 5e iroXwpKOv/J.^yoi Kara.ipvyovTwi'y ovs al)T^ i/eoj Kar^TTp-qaev. Kare- 
 
 TTphs aiiTou Kar^'pvyov ^kv eVl '^.vXXo.v^ SuAAa cra-aTrre 5t Kal ra Tei'x^, ttal ttjs eVioi'cnys Tjpewa 
 
 Oe (p-fj!Ta.i'Tos auTOiS 'I'l^^ii^j fcal KeAevcravTos eV Trepawi' /j-ri tl (rvi'earriKe ttjs Tro^ews en. 7j /xe^ 
 
 Totrwoe ^L/xfipia. (ppat^ety on afpas iiriTerp/xpaffi 5?) x^'po^^- '^'^^ eVl 'Ayap-^fxifovL -jraOovcra virb 
 
 Tdj 2t^AA(^, TTudojx^vo^ ^iiJ-fipLas 4Tr7iPea'€ ^ef ws avyye^ovs 5ioAcoA€i, Ka\ oi/cuTreSoi' oiihei^ avrr,s 
 
 ^^T) 'Pwjxaiwv ipiXous, eKeAei^de 5e KoX aurhy uvra ovV Uphu ou5' ayaKiia ^ri r'll' • to 5e ttis ' hOrivas 
 
 'Poj/jLalov ecw Se'xetrt'ai, /caretpoii'euo'a/xeriis ri eoos, o riaAAaSioi/ KaKouat hial SioTreres T]yovv- 
 
 Kal rris (Tvyy^v^ias ttjs oucT'/js is 'Pu>fj.aiovs 'lAi- rai, fo/j-i^oviri ri^/es (vpeOrjfaL jure Udpava'TOy, 
 
 €vmy. 4(j€KBo)V 5e rolls iv ttoitI Travras eKT^tve Tiov iTmreaai'Twi' Teix^<^^ avrh TnpiKaXv^a.vrwv, 
 
 Kal Tzavra eVeTri^uTrp?;, Kal rovs irpea^evaai'Tas is ti /j.ri Aio/jLrjhrjs aiirh Kal ^OSuo'aevs il^ rt^ Tpu'iKt^ 
 
 rbf 2uAAaf i\v/xaiyero TroiKiAois, oijT^ twv Upijjv <^py<p ^errji'iyKo.i' e| 'lAtou. 
 (pitoS^^i OS o^r^ Toip is rbif yewf Tris 'A9-i]pas 
 
17S THE IIISTOKY OF TEOY. [Chap. III. 
 
 having lieeii covered liy tlie walls wliicli fell npon it, unless Diomedes and 
 Ulysses carried it away fmm Ilium in their exploit at Troy." Appian 
 adds that this hajipened at the very end of the 173rd Olympiad (that is, 
 in 84 B.C.). This account of tho complete destruction of Ilium, as given 
 by Appian, who flourislied at the time of Antoninus Pius, seems hardly 
 credihle, more especially as StraLo, who lived at the time of Julius Caesar 
 and Augustus (nearly 200 years earlier than Appian), and was almost a 
 contemporary of the event, luily knew that Ilium had Leen damaged, hut 
 not that it had lieeu destroyed root and Ijranch. 
 
 According to Suetonius, Julius Caesar even intended to make Ilium the 
 capital of the Roman empire;" and in tho well-known ode of Horace,' to 
 which we shall have occasion to recur, a like plan is attrilnited to Augustus. 
 
 Meyer" meirtions a passage in Nicolaus of Damascus, '^ according to 
 which " Julia, daughter of Augustus, unexpectedly came by night to 
 Ilium, and in passing the Scamander, which had overflowed and was very 
 rapid, she had a narrow escape of fieing drowned. Julia's husband, 
 Agrippa, punished the Ilians by imposing upon them a fine of a hundred 
 thousand denarii, for not having made provision for the safety of the 
 princess; but they had not been able to do so, as they were totally 
 ignorant of Julia's intention to visit their city. It was only by long 
 exertions that Nicolaus succeeded in procuring the remission of the fine, 
 by the intercession of Herodes." 
 
 Julia's son, Caius Caesar, who was the adoptive son of his grandfather 
 Augustus, and became governor of Asia at nineteen years of age, must 
 also have visited Ilium, taken a deep interest in it, and lavished favours 
 upon it ; for in an inscription found on the spot he is called the kinsman, 
 the benefactor, and the patron of Ilium.' 
 
 Ovid" also mentions his own visit to Ilium. 
 
 According to Tacitus,^ Nero, when still a boy (53 a.d.), made a speech 
 in the Forum of Iiome, in Grreek, in favour of the Ilians. He spoke 
 with so much elofjuenco of tlie descent of the Eomans from Troy, that 
 Claudius exempted the inhabitants from all pnilJic taxes. Suetonius 
 informs us that Claudius freed the Ilians for ever from all trilmte, 
 after having read aloud an old Greek letter of the Eoman Senate and 
 People, who offered to King Seleucus friendship and alliance only on 
 condition that ho would grant to tlieir kinsmen, the Ilians, freedom 
 from all taxes and imposts (jf every kind.'" 
 
 Eckeubrecher' quotes the statement of Tacitus," that " the Ilians were 
 
 ' Eiictoiiius, G'cs. 7'j. " Aiiiuil. \V\. r.S. 
 
 « Ilonit. r',„„!. jii. 3. SeeCh. IV. ]iyi. 'Jfi4, '^05. '» Siut. ('hmd, : " Ilirnsiljiis, .piasi Romaiwe 
 
 '•' t^diirird !Meyer, Oeschichtc von 'J'rous ; L(_'ip- '4<;iitis aiiitnriljiis, trilmta in per])ftuinn rrmisit, 
 
 zig, 1S77, p. 00. rocitiita \('tiTi; t'ltistola Graeca senatus populique 
 
 " /'y T//a sua: Fi-agni. 3, ud. Jliillcr ami lloiiiani, Sili'iico regi aniicitiam et societatem 
 
 Dinflnrf. ita lirmnm pulliceiitis, :si consanguineos suos, 
 
 ^ 'I'he insrriptiuij is given in lite elni[jter on liienses alj lanui genere immnnes praestitisset." 
 
 Novnni Ilium. i G. vun Eckenbrecher, iJk: Lii<j<: dcs I/umer- 
 
 " Fiist. \\. 421 : isclien Troia, p. :i'.l. 
 
 " C'reilitiir ai'mifcrae Bignim foelf'ste Jlinen-ae - Airmtl. iv. 'i'> : " Ne Ilienses quiilem, cum 
 
 IJi'l.is in Jliacac ik'siluisse juga : ]ian'ntf:ni iirhis Kuniae Trojam referrent, nisi 
 
 ('lira \\<\'-r\ liiit, villi tenipliiiiiiph' Icieiimque, antii|uitatis gluria pollebant.' 
 
 Ibi' Mijieia.sf iili: I'allada launa tenet." 
 
A-D- -WJ CAEACALLA AT ILIUM. 170 
 
 only important tlirough the glory of their antiquity, because they claimed 
 Troy as the parent of Eome ; and, he adds, this proves that Tacitus recog- 
 nized the ancient glory of the Ilians, and thus the identity of their ci?y 
 with the Homeric Troy." lie further mentions, that "' Plmy'- speaks of 
 the historical Ilium, calling it the fountain of all celebrity." He also 
 cites the testimony of Pomponius Mela,* who calls the Ilium of his time 
 " Urbs bello excidiofjue clarissima." Eckenbrecher further mentions that 
 '■ in like manner the identity of the historical Ilium with the Homeric 
 Ilium is acknowledged by Dionysius Periegetes (eir. 270 a.I).), the orator 
 Aristides=* (150 a.d.), Stephanus (iJe Urhe), and Suidas {in roci--)" 
 
 The Ilian coins, with the names and effigies of Eoman emperors and 
 empresses, and the legend " Hector of the Ilians," or " Priam of the 
 Ilians," are additional proofs that the identity of Novum Ilium with 
 Homeric Troy continued to be recognized.'" 
 
 The Emperor Caracalla showed his veneration for sacred Ilium, the 
 cradle of the ancestors of Piome, in a unique manner. He offered, with 
 his army, funeral sacrifices at the tomb of Achilles and honoured it by 
 races, which he and his army ran in arms around it. After that he 
 rewarded his soldiers with money, as if they had accomplished a great 
 feat, and had really conquered the ancient Ilium themselves ; and he also 
 erected a bronze statue of Achilles.'' 
 
 According to Herodian,^ " Caracalla first visited all the remains of 
 Ilium (by which we are of course to understand all the relics which were 
 shown by the Ilians as those of ancient Troy), and then Avent to the tomb 
 of Achilles, and having adorned it sumptuously with wreaths and ilowers, 
 he again imitated Achilles. Being in want of a Patroclus, he did as 
 follows : one of his freedmen, Festus by name, was his most intimate friend 
 and keeper of the imperial archives. This Festus died when Caracalla 
 was at Ilium: as siime people said, he was pijisoued in-order that he might 
 be buried like Patroclus ; as others said, he died from illness. Caracalla 
 ordered the funeral, and that a great pile of wood should be heaped up 
 fir the pyre. Plaving put the body in the midst, and having slaughtered 
 all kinds of animals, lie kindled the fire, and taking a cup he made 
 
 " U. X. V. 33: '• ^Vc miUe r|uingentis passibus ^ffr'f^aev. 
 
 rt'inotum a pui-tu Ilium immune — unde onmis ^ Herudian, i\-. 8, §§4, .t : 'Ett^aOwi' 5e irdfTa 
 
 rerum claritas." I remark here once for all that ra rrjs TroAews ["lAtof] Ae/J/aj^a, ijK€i^ e-jri r^f 
 
 for aU quotations from Pliny I have used the 'Ax'^^^'^s Tatjmv^ rrr^cpdi'Ois re KotTij.'i]iTo.s Kal 
 
 edition of 31. E. Littre ; Paris, 1800. dv6e(n iroAvTeAcis iraKiv 'Ax'AAe'a iixi^.uro. (-q- 
 
 ^ i. 18. rajv re Kal Yla.TpoK\6v nva tVoiTjO't Ti TOLOuTOf. 
 
 '" ii. 3L>0 ; ed. IhU'lorf: €i'9uij.^7<T6aL XPV ^^^-^ '''/^ avro} tls tui^ dTre\eu9€pcci' (piKraroSy ^/Icttus 
 
 Aeyeij' — I'tri eaAo; ,u€;' *^IAioy, -i) ouvaTunaJr] twv f-i'^v uyoi-ia, tt)? 5e fiaaiX^iou fivTj/J-TIs 7rpo€aTu.'S. 
 
 eV ry Atria ttoAi? Kar' e/cei'i'ous rous XP^'^^^^j outos vvtos auTOu iv 'lKi(p eVeAeuTTjo-tr, ws /^fV 
 
 aAA' u^(vs oiKeTraL pvv "lAio?. TU'ey eAe70^', rpapfxauo) ayatp^dils Vf' d>s FlaTpo- 
 
 ^ See«the description of the Ilian coins in the kXos rarpfj, ws 5e tir^pot ^tparrKor^ I'oVw 5ia- 
 
 chapter on Novum Ilium. <pOapeis. tovtou Ko^i<r9rivo.L k^K^vh rhv v^kvu, 
 
 ^ I*io Cassius, Ixxvii. 10: koX rhv 'EAAvjo'ttoi'- IuAojj' re iroWwi' dOpotad'7}i'ai irvpav • eTviQeLS re 
 
 TOf OUK dnivhvvuiS oiO-i^aXwv^ Tijv re 'Ax'AAea o.vThv eV /jeVw Kvl iravrodaTrd l^'^'a Karatripa^as 
 
 Kal ivayi(JlJ.a<n, /cat iK^piOpo^als ^i/oizXiois Kal V(pi)\l'€ Te, Kal (pLd.Xr\v Aa/Bi:' a-K^uhwv re To"iS 
 
 kavTOv KaX Toiv ffTpaTLwTwv eri^T^fre, Kal eVl dfe/j-ois g^x^to. irdru t€ iju if lAo/coprr'/js, ttAo- 
 
 TouTo) iKetvois re, ws Kal jj-^ya. tl KarcopdctiKoa-i, Kafxov iiriOe^i/o.L rep irupl {tjtwi' eyeAaro" -kX-qv 
 
 Kal ru ''iXiov a>s aJ\.T]da>s aurh ro dpxo-'tov ^p7]Ktjcrt, 6^v €?x^ TpLxaiy aTreK'e/paTO. 
 
 XPW'^Ta (5uKe, Kal avTliv tJic 'Ax'AAe'ci x''-^'"'"'' 
 
ISO 
 
 THE IIISTOr.Y OF Tr.OT. 
 
 [Chap. Ill, 
 
 ligations to the wiiuls and prayed. As lie was very bald-lieaded and tried 
 to put a lock of liair on the fire, he was laughed at ; only he cut off all 
 the hair he had." I shall show in the subsequent pages that Caracalla 
 erected in honour of Fcstus the tumulus now called Ujek Tepeh, which 
 is t]ie largest in the Troad.^ 
 
 AVhcn Constantme the Great decided upon building a new capital for 
 his vast empire, winch was dehnitiyely to replace ancient Home, he in- 
 tend(.'d ;it first to found Nova Itoma in the land of the ancient ancestors 
 of the liomans. According to Zosinius, he chose a site between Alexandria- 
 Troas and the ancient Ilium (jj^era^v TpoydSo^ fcal tP/^ npxaia^ 'iXiou) ; 
 according to Zcnaras, on Sigeum (h> ^ijaio), sic). There he laid the 
 Ibundations of the city; and part of the Vv^all had already been built 
 when he gave the preference to the much more suitable Byzantium.^** 
 ]\[eYer ^ mentions that ''the statue of Constantine, which was erected on 
 the porphyry column (the 'burnt column' of Stamboul), is said to have 
 originally been a statue of Apollo which stood in Ilium." -^ 
 
 I am indebted to my friend Dr. Card Henning, the learned assistant 
 of his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, for a copy of a letter of the 
 Emperor Julian, the manuscript of wliich he has discovered in the Har- 
 leian Library, 5(310.'' I give it here word for word, as it is a most 
 importaut contribution to the history of Novum Ilium : 
 
 lajiti.T on til 
 
 cseriptiiin of this tumulns in the 
 Plrroii: Tumuli. 
 ^" Zosimuy, ii. 30; Zonaras, Ann. p. 5, eil. 
 W-net. ; conu>are E. Jleyer, (.icschic/i-ic von Troas, 
 
 [>]i. Oi";, 117. 
 
 1 K. I\Jeyor, Ocscli. von Tnja.% p. 07. 
 
 - Znii;ir,'is, p. 'i, 0. : Aeyerai 5e Kal 'ATroWccifos 
 eJi^ai (rTi]\r}v to 6.ya\p.a, Ka\ f.i.er€V€xO'']^'^^ ^'^" 
 TT}s eV (Ppuyta Tr6\€cos rov '{Kiov. 
 
 ■' i'r. Ilenning has puLlished tliis inedited letter 
 ill tlie ][rrnics, vol. ix. jip. 257-2fitl ; Ylriydcnov 
 ■)iu€h oviTOT^ tiu TrporrrjKa/.Lev pa^icos, €i j-U] uo.cpoj'S 
 eTrfTreifT/j-e^a, on KoX -rrpur^pov ^Ivo.i ^OKUiv rivu 
 ra\i\oAwv ^TTLaKOTTos 'I'lTTiiTTaTo a€J3GiTdat aal 
 Tiij.o.!/ Tuns 6€ovs. ouK a.tco)}v iyix> aoi ro.vra 
 airayy^Woj tcvu -rrpi'S t^Bpo-v koa (piXiav A^y^if 
 ciccdoTCt)!', eTrel Kal ^/.Lin irdi'v bL€T€dpv\7]T0 ra 
 Toiai'Ta Trepi o-vrov., teal v]] rous Oeoi's oJij.r)v ouro} 
 XpH^'^'- ;J.i(T^iv avTui', ojs ovdeva twv TroyiipOTaTcci'. 
 eVel Sf KKrid€h ^<s rh (rrparuTrehoy viro tou 
 /j.aKapiTou KojvaTavTLOv To.vr7]v eivop^uofXTjv t/Jj/ 
 o5(j!', anil T)/s Tpo-'ciSos upOpov l3a9€os ^lauadrds, 
 ijiXBov eh rh "lAiov ir^pl irXriQovaav u.yopdv. o 
 5e v-wi]VTr\(re Kal ^ouAoixipM rqv ttoAiv (VTope?!/ 
 {-i)v yap i-LOi rouTO irpoaxiV'^^- rov (poirai' €ls to. 
 iepdj Trepn? 77777?$ t6 iy^vQro Kal ^^^vdyrirre /.le 
 Travraxov. dKov€ roivuv tpya Ka.] Aoyovs a''/>' 
 ojif dv Tis ei/cctireiej' ouk d.yywij.ova rd irphs rohs 
 Oeovs OAiToy. i}pyuv iaTiv"EKTopos uirou x(^Xk<ius 
 '(nT-qK€i' dvOpids ei' paLffKCf} (ipax^'i- tovtw tov 
 f-teyav avr^dTqaav 'AxiAAea Kara to viraidpov. 
 f I Tuf Ti'tTTov C'Q^diTw, yi'copi(^€Ls S-i]irov6eiy t> K^yw. 
 T-i]v f.i.fv uuif larupiai' dV '-qv u p.iya': 'A^'AAeus 
 dvrn<iTayj.i.(vos avTcp ttuu to v-KaiOpov KarciArjcpei', 
 Q^p(Trl aoL Tcoj/ Trepiriy-qrcov aicov^iv. e-yci; 6e 
 
 KCLTaXalij.'i' €/j.7rvpovs €tl^ /.iLKpov Sf'o) (piva.i 
 XafXTvpol'S €TL Tovs ^ca/xohs ko.1 Anrapws ccArjAi^u- 
 fJ.^V))V T1)V TOV "EKTOpOS e^KUI'tt, TTphs n7}ydfftju 
 aTTiOCt'j/ ' Ti Taf'Ta ' elwov ' 'lAjeTs Bvovaiv ; ' aTTO- 
 ■jr€ipco/j.€vos T/pe'jUa ttws ^X^'- y^^/^V^- '^ ^^ ' ^^'^^ 
 Tt TOUTO droTTOV, dp^pa ayadhv kavTO)V iroXlrTjv, 
 uidTrep 7;/xer? ' e(pTj ' rous fxdpTvpas-, et Qepair^v- 
 ovfjLv ; ' 7/ fj.kp ovv euiLLV oi'X vyn']S. 7/ 5e 
 Tvpoaipems iv iK^ivois il^rayjixiVT] rols Kaipols 
 d(TT€ia, TI 5/j rh fxerd touto ; ' jSaSio'ai/j.ei' ' 
 e07yi' * eVl to t7")s 'lAiaSos ^AOrjvus r€/j.€i'os.^ 
 5e Kal /idXa 7rpo6vf.tccs o.TTi]ya-ye fxe Ka\ area'^e 
 rhp v^uov, Kal cotnvep ^xaprvpoviiivos eVeSei^e }xol 
 TTavra aKpifiios au>a rd dydKjxaray koX eirpa^ev 
 
 OVOhl' (lev ^IwQaCFLV 01 Su(TIT€Q€7s iK€7vOL TTpaTTeU', 
 
 eVl TOV /xeru'TTOv to v'Koj.iv'Qua tov hvaa^&ovs 
 CKiaypaipovvres, oivSe iffvpiTTei'^ (hairep iKf'ivoi, 
 avTus KaO'' kavrov ■ i] yap UKpa OeoXoyLa Trap 
 avTol's i(JTL 6uo rauTa, avpirreii' re irpos tovs 
 daifioi'as Kal a'KLaypa(pe7u eVi tov /xeTu-Troiv tui' 
 aravpijy. 5uo Taina iirriyyei\d/XT)v tiVe?!' aoi ■ 
 TpiTov 5t iXBov iivl vovv ovK oljxai XP^^^^'- 
 aiwirat'. ^iko\ov6ti(T^ fxoi Kal irphs tl) ^Axt-XXiioi/ 
 6 aL'Tfis, Kal aTre'oei^e toi' Td(pov cwov ' eVeTruiT- 
 ^'i]v 5e Kal TOVTov viv' avrov St€a'Kd<pvai. o Se 
 Kai iiaXa rrefin^aGros avTus irpocn'jeL. TavTa tiSoF 
 ai'T6s. aKi^Koa Se ivapd twv vvv ix^P^^ ex^'Tcui' 
 TTphs avTuv, oTi Kal irpoaevxoLTO KaBpa. ko.l 
 ■KpoffKvvu'ii) TOV "HAtoj'. d.pa. ovK tr.v eSe'^oj /.tc 
 KoA ibicoT7}v jxapTvpovvra ; ttjs Trepl tovs Beous 
 ^iaB^a€(jos €Kd.(rTov tlv€s tcv eJev d^ioiriiyTOTepoi 
 f.idpTvp€S avTwu Tojv deoov ; -t^fxcTs h.v /epea Ylf]- 
 yamov iiroiovfxev, et (Xvv^yvwKeifx^v avToi ti 
 irepl Tous Beovs Sofrrre^Se's; el 5e tV iKeivois to?? 
 XpopoLs ei're SuyaaTe'.as 6pQy6}j.€vos eW\ oirep 
 
A.D. 354 or 355.] JULIAN'S VISIT TO ILIUM. 181 
 
 " We shonld never easily Lave had anytliing to do witli Pegasius, 
 had Tve not been convinced that formerly, whilst he appeared to he a 
 bishop of the Galileans, he knew how to respect and honour the gods. 
 I tell you this, not because I heard it from those who are wont to speak 
 from sentiments of enmity or friendship — and indeed a very great many 
 such rumours were current about him and came to my ears, and, by the 
 gods, I thought that he deserved to be hated more than the most depraved 
 wretches. But when, being called by the late Constantius to the camp, 
 I went by that road, I started from (Alexandria) Troas very early m the 
 morning and reached Ilium at the time of full market (between nine 
 and ten in the morning). He came to meet me, and he became my 
 guide, as for one who wished to know the city (this being my pretext 
 for visiting the temples), and led me about everywhere to show me 
 the curiosities. 
 
 " Listen, then, to facts and words from which one may suppose him 
 to be not regardless of the gods. There is a sanctuary of Hector, where 
 a bronze statue stands in a small chapel. Opposite to him they have put 
 up Achilles in the open air. If you have seen the place, you will well 
 understand what I say. You may hear from the guides the legend on 
 account of which great Achilles has been placed opposite to him, and 
 occupies the whole space in the open air. Happening to find the altars 
 still burning, and I might almost say still in a blaze, and Hector's statue 
 anointed with fat, I looked at Pegasius and said : ' What is the meaning 
 of these sacrifices of the Ilians ? ' — sounding him in a delicate way in order 
 to learn how his feelings were. He answered : ' AVhat is there unbecoming 
 if they do homage to a good man, their citizen, just as we do to the 
 martyrs ? ' It is true the statue is not uninjured ; but the good will of 
 (the Ilians) in respect of those times, if it is looked into, is comely. What, 
 then, happened afterwards ? ' Let us go,' I said, ' into the sacred pre- 
 cincts (the femenos) of the Ilian Athene.' He also most willingly led the 
 way, opened to me the temple, and, as if calling me to witness, he showed 
 me all the statues perfectly well preserved, and he did none of the 
 things those impious men are wont to do, who make on the forehead * the 
 memorial of the impious (one), nor did he hiss to himself (i.e. 'aside'), 
 like those (men), for their high theology consists in these two things, 
 hissing against the daemons'" and making the sign of the cross on the 
 
 TTphs 7JIXU.S %ipr} TToWaKiS, uTrep rod (jcctjo.L TWf ^ (jKLaypa(pouvT^s, i.e. making the sign of tlie 
 
 6€U)tf TO. eo'q TO. pj.!cia. To.vra irfEpLa/j.iriEiTX'^ro cro.ss in mere show "with the finger ; lilie ir/cm- 
 
 Ka'i Ti]i' arre^etav ^^xp^ (jv6^.aro3 v-jTZKpiva.To /j.o.xovyT€Sy maldng tlie mere movements of 
 
 (■n-€<p'r]ye yap ovdeu ou5a/j.ov rojif Upwu -/jSi/crjKws fi^^htin^. 
 
 -jrA-^jf oAiyoji' -iravTo.iTafyi k'lQccv e'/c xo.TO.\v/j.a- ^ ^ly friend the Houmiraijle Alexander ll:ui- 
 
 Tos, iVa avTcZ (Tx(^(^tv i^fi ra AoiTra), tovto gabe. Ambassador of Greeee at Beiliii, remiuds 
 
 eV Xoyui iToiovji^Qo. Ko.\ o'jk aicrx^^o/x^da raura. me tiiat the term Sa.tfj.oi'es was at lliat time 
 
 Trepl avTov TrpaTroi/r^s ocaTrep 'AfpdfBios eVoifi a[i[i]ied to the ancient gods wiin were identified 
 
 /cai 01 To.Ki\a7oL Traj/rey -Kpoff^vxoi^TaL Trdcxoi^Ta witii the devils. Tlie Cliristians, conseqnently, 
 
 ideiif auroi' ; e'l n fj.oL Trpocrex^'^i oo tovtov hissed to themselves in ordi-r to avert their 
 
 j.uji'ov aXXa Kal tovs aWous o'l /j.iETar46GiyTai energy, like now in the tireek eliureh, wlieu the 
 
 Tip.'fio-'Eis, 'If' ol ixlv paov v-KO.KOvau)(Tiv ^IIXLP firl priest baptizes a eliild, he Idows thrice into the 
 
 Ta Ka\a iTpoKcr.Kovfj.iEi/ois^ ol o' rjrrov x^.tpo^fTif. Ijafdismal water and s|)its thrice on the child, ia 
 
 ei 5e TOVS avTO/j.drovs lovTas aTT^/^avpoLfj-ef, ovSels order to avert the pjower of the devils tjnni it. 
 viraKova'^Tat pa^idis irapaKaAovail'. 
 
]_82 THE HISTOIIT OF TROT. [Chap. III. 
 
 forelieatl. Those two tliiug!^ I ilesired to tell you ; a third, vdiich comes 
 to my unrul, I think I must not conceal. The same Pegasius iVillowed me 
 also to the Achillenm, and showed me the sepulchre unhurt, for I had 
 heard also that he had excavated this tomb. But he approached it even 
 with great reverence. 
 
 "All this I saw myself. But I have heard from those who are now 
 inimically disposed against him, that m secret he prays to and vrorships 
 the sun. AV(juld you not accept my testimony, even as a private man? 
 Of the sentiments 'wduch each one has regarding the gods, who could be 
 more credilde w-itnesses than the gods themselves ? Should we have made 
 Pegasius a priest if we had knov>-n him to have been impious towards the 
 gods ? But if in those times, whether aspiring to power, or, as he often 
 told us, desiring to preserve the temples of the gods, he wrapped those 
 rags around (his body) and feigned impiety in name (fjr he has shown 
 that he never did mischief to anything at all in the sanctuaries, except 
 some few stones which he took out from an inu [or perhaps ruin, the word 
 KaTd\v/j.a being derived from the verb KaTal\vco] in order to be able to 
 save the rest) ; is it worth while to speak aliout it, and should we not 
 be ashamed to treat him just as Aphobius did and as all the GaHleans 
 pray to see him treated ? If you listen at all to me, you will honour not 
 him alone, but also the others Avho go over (from Christianity to heathen- 
 ism), 111 order that these may billow us easily wdieii we summon them to 
 the good way, and that the others (the Christians) may rejoice the less. 
 But if we drive away those who come of themselves, nobody will readily 
 follow w^hen we invite them.'"' 
 
 '^ Lh\ Himniii'^ SLivs, ia his commc-nls iio this { Herinlotiis, vii. 43; Xi?nnph. ////. i. 1. 4; 
 
 letter: "Tlie US. uf thi* letter is ol' the lour- Arrian. A,i,-il: i. 11. 7; rlutareh, Alcrnnihi-) . 
 
 teenth eelitury : it is pre.^ervea in tlie Lritish he r^iiens thi> ternple anel shows him all the 
 
 ^luseuni. The person tei whom the letter is a>\- statues of the goils intaet. He also shows him 
 
 dresseel is not mentioned ; he appears to have been the Achinenm. and proves to him that the tianb 
 
 a trie-nl "i' the Em[ie'reir, and. perhaps, as govern<a' is uninjured. At the time of this visit, and, as 
 
 of some pruviiiee, to liave made remonstrames Julian states nothing to the Oontrary, at the 
 
 with Julian fnr ha\-!ug giveu prnhahly an inthi- time when this letter was written, i.'-'. between 
 
 eutial saeerdotal jiosition to Pi'gasius, wdio was 361 and 363 A.D., the Lysimaehian Ilium, whieh 
 
 susiiocted oi' i diri^tianitv aud had been formerlv had so frequently suOered, but whieh hadbeetime 
 
 a (false) i.'hristian. J iiiian defeuels himself, anil pirosperous again under the I'uiman em]ierors, 
 
 shows how, when as pirinee he visiteil Ilium, he rnust have existed still, with all its temples and 
 
 had had occasion to recognize the heathen senti- curiosities. In spite of all edicts against the 
 
 nients of that false Christian, thouc^h a Christian ^\■orship of the ancient gdls, it must still have 
 
 bishop. .1 Lilian wrnte tin- letter as emperia" ; that lieen nnih'r the first Christian emperors a ]ilaee 
 
 is, betweeu bill and 363 A.D. First of all, this of ]iilgrimagc for the heathen world, for Julian 
 
 letter niicrs us an important &u|)plemeiit tn the speaks of the Feriegetae as of professional guides 
 
 history of Xnvuni Ilium, the existence of which, for strangers. The citv, with all its temples, 
 
 se^ tar as I know, could only be' t'edlnw-i.-d ujt to was indreil more than neghs.-tod bv the empe- 
 
 about :;."ei A.le bvthe coins. In the miihllr ..fthe rors ; but nevertheless we lind it treated better 
 
 fouith -eiaituiy .lulian oamc, (oi his wav to the than other cities, if Vs"e rememlier that by an 
 
 cnmp <if Con^tniitius, Irmo Ti'nas ('AAefacSpeia edict of the year 324, rc|ieated in 3i41, the ser- 
 
 •fl Tpwas) to Ilium. Jbiv ho is Ird rouml tlirough vie f the ilellenic worshij) of the gods was 
 
 tin- city and the triniilos by ro-gasius. lb- shnws prohibited in the East (Jliicke, Jiiliaiiiis, ii. 73), 
 
 hiici ,To ^ipoioi' "EKTOpos, \\'ith iis bronze statue the tem]des themselves were confiscated (3-6), 
 
 eV fa'iaKo.' /3pa\6?. and ruv /j.^yaf 'AxiAAe'a, ai'Ti- aud mauv of them were then destroved, pjartly 
 
 r^To.yii^vnv o.vTU' Kara to viraLBpoi'. ih\ the bv order of the authorities, partlv with their 
 
 alt.ars ^till -^low hre-tu'auds of the saerilices <e\|iri'ss or t.acit consent. Julian tlnds very 
 
 rnaile I'y the lliaiis. I'egiiMus then le.'ols creddile what Pegasius assures him, that he was 
 
 Julian to tlie r^/x^vos of the Ulan Athene nothmg but a false Christian (and that as such 
 
Chap. III.] LATEST COINS OF ILIUM. 183 
 
 Nothing is known to us of the further history of Novum Ilium, hu.t, 
 as the hxtest coins I found there arc of Constantius II., there can he no 
 doubt that it decayed with the prevalence of Christianity, the destruction 
 of its temples, and the consequent cessation of the pilgrimages to their 
 shrines. ]\Ieyer ' mentions, however, that by Constantinus Porphyro- 
 ennetus ^ (a.d. 911-959) most cities of the Troad are cited as bishoprics : 
 Adramyttium, Assos, Gargara, Antandros, Alexandria-Troas, Ilium, 
 Dardanus, Abydos, Lampsacus ; Parium even as the seat of an archbishop. 
 But there being no Byzantine potsherds or Byzantine ruins on the site 
 of Ilios, the bishopric of Ilium may probably have been on another site. 
 
 & 
 
 he had become iiriaKOTros TaJy TaXi^aiaify pro- not a Christian fanatic, as Ijishop or governor, 
 
 baljly in Ilium, and with the superintendence "have raged?" 
 
 over the confiscated temples), in order to be able Henuini^ then proves by a learned discussion 
 
 the better to preserve these monnments from that Julian's visit to ^Kovum Ilium must have 
 
 destruction. It is true that Pegasius, in order taken place either in December ojd, or in Sep- 
 
 to save the principal objects, was obliged to do tember-Octoher 355. 
 
 some trifling damage in the temples ; and if he, ^ Eduard Meyer, Xh'c Geschichte der Troas^ 
 
 in his devotion to the ancient gods and their p. 97. 
 
 worship, was forced to make this sacrifice to the ' Dc C'erem., ii. 54, pp. 792, 79-t. 
 
 destructive rage of the Christians, how then may 
 
CHAPTER lY. 
 
 THE TRUE SITE OF HOIIER'S ILIUM. 
 
 The problem of the real site of tlie Homeric Ilium slept dnring tlie 
 Middle Ages, and attracted no attention after the Tienaissance. The few 
 travellers^ who visited the Troad since the sixteenth century, either recog- 
 nized the Homeric Ilium in the rums of Alexandria-Troas,"' or limited 
 their researches to a very superficial inspection of the Plain of Troy or 
 only of its coast. ' 
 
 In 1785 and 17SG the Troad was visited by Lechevalier,^' who was 
 aided in his researches by the architect Cazas, and patronized by Count 
 Choiseul-GoutSer, then French ambassador at Constantinople. At that 
 time the science of archa3ology was only in its first dawn. Egyptology did 
 not yet exist ; the cities of Assyria w^ere not yet discovered ; pre-historic 
 antii|uities were still unknown ; excavations for scientific purposes were a 
 thing unheard of; the study of Sanscrit had not yet begun; the science 
 of comparative philology had not yet been created ; nay, philology was 
 limited to a stammering play on Latin words, from which all languages 
 
 ' So f'irtro Bc'loni, Observations dc phtsieurs 176.3-17G7 : a translation of her well-known 
 
 Siri'julfifites et Glioses remarqucib/es trouvc'es en English work). Buchholz also mentions Fococke 
 
 (./■til', Asie, Judee, E'jypte, etc., par Pierre I'.elon, (Beschreibung des Morgenlandes mid einiger aii- 
 
 du ilans, 1588; and Pietro tlella Valh', Les (trcj- iancie;-, German cd. by Breyer and Scheber, 
 
 fnneiLC Vog.uje.i Je P. J. V., svrii.iiiiuie I'i/liistre Erlangen, 1790, 1791, a translation of the well- 
 
 ]'uj/chirii,-, I'ai'is, 1070, See I.eeheralii-r, T-'y-';/'.- known English work) as the first who in the 
 
 (■/(• /■( Troude, ii. pp. lri7, l.jS; I. Sjion and veav 17:'.9 made thorough researches in the Plain 
 
 li. Wheeler, Voiiaje d'ftii/ie, ite. A la Have, of Trov, determined the situation of its various 
 
 1724-; see also Buchholz, i/o/Hfv. Ivjsuiojr. tiiid heroic tnraljs, saw the valley cd" the Thymln-ius 
 
 (nv»;;'. p. :i:;0. and the contlueioa- of the Scaman.ler and Siniois. 
 
 •- Sao.lys, dk-ser. r/ (,',.' Tnrk. Empire : Lou- Buchh.il/, p. o3i. also menthais Wood (Ess<i;l cm 
 
 don, 1(127. lie could only reninin one day on the Origin il Gerdus iind ^]'ritln<|S of Jlciiicr, 
 
 the sloire of th-t Plain ol' Trey, the conutry lieing London, 1709, 4; 177ii, 4; 1775, 4), who dis- 
 
 infested hy rohl.ers. firelot (dielativn d'lin. ]'ogo je covered the sources of the Seamander, helieving 
 
 (/c C-'nstnitinnp/e, li5S0) prot'esses to have seen them to he those of the Sini.iis ; also Chand- 
 
 the Plain of Troy as Avell as the Xanthus and ler {Trocc/s in Asia J//»o,-, Ovtiird, 1775"), who 
 
 Siniois fj(on_ (.'a]ie Sigeum : see Peehevalier, fi.xed the position of the hei'oie tonilis with 
 
 Vngagr dc la Tr<;idc, ii. |.p. 15S, 1 5;.l ; Le Bruyn, categorical cert.iiuty. 1 may further mention 
 
 Vugagc an I.crant. Bu.ddnilz mentions fiu- cu- F. A, C. Spohn, Gornntent. Gcogr. Grit, de agro 
 
 riosity's s:ike l.ady jMary Wortley llhjntaguc, 'J'ri>jami in i-arjninihns Ilonncrieis descripto, Lii^siae 
 
 :in euterpri-ing Euglisli traveller, whn, on her 1814; hut he had no personal knowledge of the 
 
 jeitrnev to till.' Hellespout and < 'onstani inoydi\ Troad, and cndi'avours to fix all the sites hy the 
 
 stopped with her ve.^sel :it<',ipe Sigenni, and went indications of llnuno'. Neitlicr did Alexander 
 
 — the- ///'/(/ in her hand — nj^ tn its tep, wfience she Fope know the Ti-oad pia'sonidlv, lait neverthe- 
 
 p( reeM\-ed the tuinolusid' Aidiiiles, ( 'a]ie Rioietenui h'ss he made a Map of Troy and its euAirons 
 
 udh the tumulus of AJai, ami the Siuo.is with (before he translated the Iliad). 
 the Seannnder (l.adyiMary Wortley l\b,ntague, ' T7o/o7f A- ?n Troatfe, 3 tomes, 3° edit. ; Paris, 
 
 dir„ /,- mihrcnd Hirer Jleisen in Enrai.a, Asicn, DontU, Ani X. 1802. 
 
 nnd Ajriha. 3Theilound Kachtrlige ; Leipzig, 
 
Chap. IV.] THEORIES OF LECHEA'ALlEl!. 185 
 
 v?cre tlioiiglit to be derived, except by those who held the fond fancy that 
 Hebrev/ was the primitive speech of the whole hnman race ; and no one 
 had an idea of the descent of our race from the highlands above India, 
 which indeed was still almost a terra incognita. Since there were no 
 archaeologists, there was no archaeological criticism. When, therefore, 
 Lechevalier ^ made his romantic pilgrimage in search of Ilium, and 
 learnt intuitively, without even touching the ground with the spade, 
 and as if by divine inspiration, — ^just as Virgil says : 
 
 " Hie Dolopnin manus, hie saeviis teudeljat Aehilles ; 
 ClassiLus hie loeus, hie acie certarc solchaiit,"' — 
 
 that Priam's Pergamus had been on the hill at the extremity of the 
 heights of Bali Dagh ; that the city had extended over the heights as far 
 down as the village of Bounarbashi, which marked the site of the Scaean 
 Gate ; and that the fortij coll springs at the foot of the village were the 
 tico sources of the Scamander, of which he described the one as u-arm, 
 with volumes of steam arising from it, in order to make it agree with 
 the Homeric indication ; '' — when further he affirmed that the rivulet 
 Bounarbashi Su, formed by the forty springs, was the Scamander (arentein 
 XantJii cof/nomiiie rlruin), and made this river appear on his map of the 
 Plain of Troy almost as broad as the real Scamander, which he called 
 Simois, declaring the Doumbrek Su (Simois) to be the Thymbrius ; — when 
 finally, in order to put his system in perfect accord with the indica- 
 tions of the Iliad, he represented his Scamander as joining his Simois 
 at Koum Kioi, and falling into the Hellespont close to Cape lihoeteum ;' — 
 his theories were almost unanimously adopted, and his imaginary identi- 
 fications produced in tlie scientific world a far greater sensation than 
 any real discovery in later times. 
 
 Lechevalier's theories found an especially warm defender in Count 
 Choiseul-Gouffier,' French ambassador at Constantinople, in whose service 
 he was, and who himself visited the Plain of Troy and confirmed all his 
 discoveries. Choiseul-GoufSer says that the sources of the Scamander at 
 Bounarbashi are still in the same condition as they were in Homer's 
 time ;" that one is warm and the other cold ;'" that the village of Bounar- 
 bashi is situated on the hill Batieia;^ that the Scaean Gate was a little 
 / above Bounarbashi, on the upper part of that hill ; that the Erineos can 
 be easily recognized ;'" that tlic site of Troy is covered with ancient dthris, 
 and that foundations of an ancient settlement can be traced ; '' finally, 
 that the tumulus of PTjek Tepeh is the sepulchre of Aesyetes."' Choiseul- 
 Gouffier admits, with Lechevalier, that the ancient Scamander fell into 
 the Hellespont at the foot of Cape Pihoeteum, for so he also represents 
 
 '' Voijar/e de la Troade, 'i tomes, ?j" il-i\\t. ; VmIs, " Vnijiiiji; piltc^rrstiiir dc In. Grrrc, tome ii. 
 
 Deiitu, An. .x. 1802. Leehevaliei-'s liescltrciljumj livraison ji. ; Paris, Isi'O. See \',\[r]A\iAz, Ilumci-. 
 
 der Ehene von Troia, init Anmerlmw/en von Dahel, Kosmotjr. und Gai'ijr. ]>. .'i.'j.".. 
 at'i dan Enrjlischcn, von Bornedden ; Leipzig, ^ See C G. Lenz, J>ld Ehciii' cuu 7ro'!f, rn'/rh 
 
 1792. dcm Grafen C'/ioiseul-Guufficr ; Neu Stn-litz, 17'JS, 
 
 = AenciJ. ii. 29. p. 2G. '» H'-'d. p. r.9. 
 
 = //. XXII. U7-152. ' I'nI. p. 31. = /'"■</. ].. ■■U. 
 
 ' See the map in his work above mentioned. 3 jj,y^ p^ ^^.^ 4 j/j^j^ j,p 54.^ 55^ 
 
ISO THE TRUE SITE OF HOMER'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV. 
 
 it on Li,-.! map ;^ this last appears to lie tlie single riglit view tliat tliese 
 two travellers liit upon. 
 
 The theory of Lechevalier and Choiseul-Gouffier, that ancient Troy 
 was situated on the heights of Bounarbashi, was at the end of the last 
 century vinlently opposed liy Jacoli Bi-yant/' who declares the war of 
 Troy t(j he a myth, l.iut maintains that Homer had in view a real space of 
 ground f)r his tragedy: this theatre of the Trojan war he places near 
 Cape Loctum and the city of Hamaxitus. 
 
 Jlessrs. IlaAvldns, Sibthorpe, Lyston, and Dallaway, travellers to the 
 Plain of Troy, mentioned hy Lechevalier, ' adopted his theory. This Troy- 
 llounarhashi thenry was further adopted hy the following writers: — ■ 
 
 Heyne, E'Vcurs. ad IJiail., lib. vi. 
 
 Carl Gotthold Lenz, Die Ehene von Troia ; Neu Strelitz, 1798. 
 
 ■]. L. S. Morritt, in his answer to Jacob Bryant, A Viiulieation of 
 Ilointr, York, 1708; and Bome Observations upon iJie Vindication of Homer, 
 Eton, 179'. 1. 
 
 "\Ym. Franklin, Ilemarlcs and 01/servations on tlie Plain of Troy, 
 hiade durinoj an Excursion in June, 1799 ; London, 1800. 
 
 Yhlliam Gell, The Tojior/rajylnj of Troy and its Vicinity ; London, 1801. 
 
 Hawkins, in the Ediuliuri/h Transactions, vol. iv. 
 
 Piobert AValpole, Memoirs relating to European and Asicdic Tar];ey, 
 London, 1817, adopts the observations made on the Troad by P. Hunt, 
 who pnits Troy at Bounarliashi. 
 
 Ott(j Friedrich von Pichter, WcdlfaJrrien im Morgenlande ; Berlin, 
 182-!. 
 
 Coldiiel W. M. Leake, Journal of a Tour in Asict Minor: London, 
 1824, p. 277 ff. 
 
 A' on Prokesch-Osten, Erinncrunrjen ecus Aegypten inid' Kleinasien, iii. 
 1-117, AVien, 1829-1831; and Eenhwiird igl;eiteu und Erinnerungen cms 
 dem Orient, i. pp. 137 ff'., Stuttgart, 1830-1837. 
 
 Field-i\Iarshal Count von Jilidtke has also declared in favour of the 
 Troy-Bounarbashi theory; Briefe idjcr Zustdnde und Begclenheiten in der 
 Tnrkei aus den Jahren 1835 bis 1839; Berlin, Posen, und Bromberg, 
 bei E. S. Slittler, ISdl, pp. 107-172. Moltke says: " AAY; who are no 
 scholars suiter ourselves to lie simply guided liy a military instinct to 
 the spot, which, m old times as well as now, would be colonized, if an 
 maccessilde citadel were to be founded." For these details of Field- 
 j\larshal C(.)unt von llloltko's judgment, I am indebted to my friend 
 L>r. G. von Eekriilirecher. 
 
 Sir Charles Fcdlowes, E.vcursion in A^sia J][inor, 1838. 
 
 Charles Texier, Description de I'Asie Mincuiv, i. ; Paris, 1839. 
 
 ■'■ 7'./,?. Si-c ,ii;ij, at the CTi.l iif tl.e wnrk Die IJbciw von Truid, &c. -p. Tiii.} 
 
 T.-v././r' y,///,„-,,„y„r ,1' hi rr,;, ikr. ; ;i]i(lC. (i. Obscrcations tipon a Treatise entitled a " Do- 
 
 Lfuz, /lie J'hriu: ,„,( Tnmi, i^v . ; ,i|„, ].,;rli,,v;i- seriptionof the I'laiii of Troy," hj II. Lechev.v 
 
 Imt, 1 .,,/,;/,■ n. I,, 'Jr..<i,lr, txr. Thu iii:i|K iil' 1 ii/r, Eton, 1795 ; and Dissertation conccniiiij the 
 
 L,-rhrv:,],,r 111,. I Choisrii l-( ;..ulli rj- ,-, re |„.rr,.,;tly War oj Troi/ ami the Expedition of the Grecians 
 
 i,lL'iitir;il, r,,r botli are notliin- l.iit eu|.i.s nfthe us described bii Iluiner, London, 1786. 
 
 map made by the architect (Jazas. (.See Leiiz, ' Voijage de la Troade, ii. 212. 
 
Chap. IX.] OriXIOXS FOE BOrXAEBASHI. 187 
 
 Henry W. Aclancl, TJie Plains of Tm;/ : Oxford, 1839. 
 
 Forliiger, Handhuch der alten Gtuqraiihie, ii. p. 110. 
 
 Miiuduit, Dicourerti-s dans la Troade ; Paris et Londres, ISIO. 
 
 Lientenant, now Admiral, T. A. B. Spratt, as well as Commander 
 Thomas Graves, follow the same theory in their map of the Troad. 
 1840. I cannot refrain from making; on this occasion a warm acknow- 
 ledgment to both Admiral Spratt and Commander Graves for the immense 
 service they have rendered to science by their most excellent map of the 
 Troad. Xothing lias escaped the close scrntmy they gave to every spot, 
 m order to produce as complete a map of the plain and the hills falling 
 into it as was possible, as a basis for the futnre study of Homeric Topo- 
 graphy. For all previous maps were mere compilations of many tra- 
 vellers' journeys, and so in many piiiiits very erroneous and confusing, 
 as well as deficient in giving the necessary geographical details. Every 
 ruin, however small, is marked on this map, which can hardly ever 
 be excelled. 
 
 P. AV. Forchhammer, Tojjoij'ra^'ihisclie tnud plii/sior/rapltisclie Beselirei- 
 liinr/ der Ehene von Troja, published in English, in the Journal of tJie 
 Boi/al Geoqrapliical Bociet>j, vol. xii., 1812, and repulilished in German, 
 Kiel, Is.")!); also in the Allr/erneine Zeitnnr/, 1871, Beilage zu Xo. 9'!; 
 also in his Baduclios, Einleitung in das Verlidltniss der JieUenisclien 
 Mijtlien, Kiel, 1875; also in the Amjsljurger Allr/emeine Zeitnnrj, Beilage 
 zu Xo. 92, 187.5 ; and his Scanur.idros in the JaJtrhuclier fur class. 
 Philologie, Jahrgang xxii. 187(3. 
 
 Friedr. Gottlieb Welcker, Kleine Scliriften, vol. ii. pp. 41, 44 ff . ; 
 Bonn and Elberfeld. 1844-1867. 
 
 Hemrich Kiepert, 2L-nioir idjer die Construction der Karle von 
 Kleinasien ; Berlin, 1854. 
 
 G. W. F. Hdward (Lord Carlisle), Diarif in Turlisli. and Greek 
 Waters ; London, 1854. 
 
 Sir J. C. Hobhouse (Lord Broughton), Travels -in ISIO, London, 
 1813 (ncAv edition, London, 1855), who puts Troy near Alexaudria-Troas. 
 
 J, G. von Hahn, Ansr/ralnuf/en auf der Homer. Pergamos : Leipzig, 
 1804. He excavated on the heights above Bounarbashi m 3Iay 1804, 
 and says, in conclusion, that he does not believe in a real Troy, liut 
 thinks Horner has adapted his poems to the site of Bounarbashi. 
 
 }d. G. Xikolaides, Tojioe/rajjltie et Plan strategique de Tlliadr : Paris, 
 1807. 
 
 L. W. Hasper, Beitria/e zur Topographie der Hoinerisclien Ilias, Bran- 
 denluirg, 1867 ; also. Das alte Troia und das Sclilaehtfrld der Ilmnerisehen 
 Eelde n, ' Glogan, 1808; also, Ueher die Lacje des alten Ilinni, Leipzig, 
 1873; also. Pas negative Residtut der Ausgrahme/en Schliemnnns auf 
 Ilissai-lil, und Brv:eis dass der Sanger der Ilias Troia avf Pali Pagli 
 erbaut angenornrnen liedje, Berlin, 1874. 
 
 Henry Fanshawe Tozer, Researches in the IPghlands of Turleij ; 
 London, 1809, p. 337. 
 
 Ernst Curtius, Griechische Gesehichte, 4th edition, Berlin, 1874; 
 also in his Lecture at Berlin in November 1871. 
 
188 THE TliUE SITE OF HOMER'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV. 
 
 S. T'>nr\i\\(ilz,Iloiiiei-if!r]ie Kosmrii/rajJi/e vnd Geor/ra-plcie ; Leipzig, 1871. 
 
 E. Isiiiiiliert, Itiiii'raire descriptif ; Paris, 187.3. 
 
 A. Corizc, Troianifii'Jie Aiisffralvnf/en, in the Preuss. Jahrhi'iclier, 
 xxxiv., Bt'ilin, 1874 ; and xxxv. p. 398, 1875. 
 
 Georgo Perrot, Excn)\^/oii ii Troie d aux Sources du Mendere ; Extrait 
 de I'Animaire de V Association 'pour VEiicourajjeiaent des Etudes >jrecques 
 en France, 1874. 
 
 Cr. crEiclitlial, Le Site de Troie selon LecltevaJier ou selon ScJdiemann ; 
 Pans, 1875. 
 
 P. Stark, in tlie Jenaer LltercdurhJdtt, Xd. 23, 1874; also iSacli dem 
 (t r i cell i sell en Orient, lieisestudien, 1875, Jenaer Lit. S. LjG ; Aue/slju.rger 
 AJIqemeine Zeitunq, Leilage No. 8, Aracl. 5, S. (JOl ; Literar. Cerdrcd- 
 IjhM, S. 1131. 
 
 L. Virion de Saint-Martin, L'llion eVIIom'ere, Vlliuni des Flo mains ; 
 Revue Archeolor/ique, Nonvello Serie, xxix. ; Paris, 1875. 
 
 George Piawlinson, History of Herodotus ; London, 1875. See the map 
 in voL i\'. p. 43. 
 
 S. Cli. Schirlitz, in Ersch and GruLer's AlJijemeine Encyldopadie, 
 mentions further, among the exphjrers of the Troad, Dodwell and 
 Forster, whose dissertations and theories are nuhnown to me. 
 
 Of those who adopt other theories, different from the sites of Boirnar- 
 bashi and Novum lUum (Hissarlik) — 
 
 ]Jr. E. D. Chrrke, TrareJs in carious Courdries of Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa, Pt. i. London, 1812, endeavours to identify the village of Chiblak 
 with Ilium and with the village of the Ilians {'l\i^o)i> l\cl>/j.ri). 
 
 'Shiyjr .J. Eminell, Uhservaiions on tlie Tepoyraplnj of the Flain of Troi/, 
 London, I8l4 ; and later, H. N. Ulrichs, Fheinisidies Museum, 3 Jahrg., 
 pp. 573 If., translat(;d intd English ]>y Dr. Patrick Colquhoun, An Excursus 
 ou tlie Tiipoijriipluj <if the Homeric Iliinn, in the Transactions of tlie limjal 
 Snrlefif of Literature, vol. v. ;— identify the site of Troy with 'Wiewv Kdj/xij, 
 which they put on the height cA AhsJii Kioi, the farm of Mr. Calvert. 
 
 P. Barker Wehh, Topoc/raphie de la Troadc, Paris, 1844, identifies 
 a site to the west of the village of Clnhlak with the Homeric Troy. 
 
 H. Clelzer, Eine Wand' rune/ nacli Tmia, Basel, 1873, does not 
 decide in favour of any particular site; cf. Literar. Centrcdhlcdt, S. 
 1550 (1X74). 
 
 E. Brentano, Alt-Fion im Dumhrelihal, Frankfurt am Main, 1877, 
 endeavours to show that the Homeric Troy was on a hill in the Doumbrek 
 valley, lii'tween the villages (,f Halil Eli and Iten Kioi, but he will never 
 make a single convert to his impossible theory. 
 
 li. Hercher, Ueber die Homerische Ehene von Troia, Berlin, 1875, 
 seems to hidicvc that a real Troy never existed. 
 
 O. Ih-ick, Zur Trnisrhrn Frac/e, m the Jahrh. fur class. Phil., 187G, 
 pp. 281i if., does not venture to pronounce in favour of a particular site, 
 v/nd thinks the discussion on the subject not yet hir enough advanced. 
 
 L. V(in Sybel, Udier Schliemann's Troia, Marljurg, 1875, holds the 
 ijamo opinion. 
 
C.iAP. IV.] OPIXIOXS FOR HISSAELIK. 189 
 
 To these I must add seven scholars, whose opinions on the siil.ject 
 are unknown to me : — 
 
 Yirlct d'Aoust, Description tojjoo'rapliiqua et arcJwoIogique de la Troade, 
 1873. 
 
 A. de Longperier, Cnmpte Rnndn. 2, p. S4 ; Revue ArcheoJ., '11, p. 328. 
 
 Karl Henning, Nen-lliou,, m the Hermes, i'l, p. 25 ; and m the 
 Archiioloe/. Zeituiuj, p. lS(j, 1875. 
 
 0. Aldenhoven, Ueher das neuerddechte Troja ; In Neuen Reirh, i. 
 p. 560, 1874. 
 
 August Steitz, Die l.age dcs Roinerischen Troia, in the Jahrlnclier fur 
 classische Philolor/ie, ed. Alfr. Flockeisen, .Jahrgang xxi., Band iii. ; 
 Leipzig, 1875. 
 
 E. Mehlis, Scldiemauii's Troja und die Wissenscliaff, in the German 
 periodn-al Das Ausland : Stuttgart, 1875. 
 
 Julius Eieckler, Ueher i^cJdieiiiann's Ausf/raliingeii, Yerhandlungeii 
 detitsclier FhiloJogeii und ScJiuduiaruier : Tubingen, J87(j. 
 
 The following scholars have recognized the identity of Novum Ilium 
 vrith the site of the Homeric Troy : — 
 
 C. ]\Iaclaren, Dissertation on tlie Topographu of the Plain of Troy, 
 Edinburgh, 1822; and Tlie Plain of Troij described, Edinburgh, 18(J3. 
 
 G. von Eckenbrecher, Veher die Lac/e des Homerisclien Iliou, in the 
 Pilieiniselie Museum, Xeuo Folge, vol. ii. pp. 1 if. 1842; and Die Laeje des 
 Homerisclien Troia, Dlisseldorf, 1875. 
 
 George Grote, History of Greece; London, 184G, 1st edition, vol. i. 
 
 Julius Braun, Gesclriclde der Kunst iit ilrrein Entivicldungsr/ange, 
 Wiesbaden, 1856 ; and Homer und sein Zeitcdter, Heidelberg, 1856-8. 
 
 Dr. L. Schmitz, in Dr. AV. Smith's Dictionary of Grech and Roman 
 Gecjgrapliy, art. Iniuii ; London, 1857. 
 
 Wm. Biichner, Jaliresberield uher das Gymnasiu.m Fridericianum ; 
 Schwerin, 1871 and 1872. 
 
 Emile Burnouf, Revue des Deux Mondes, du l''' Janvier, 1874, 
 and Memoires de VAnticjuite, Paris, 1878. 
 
 Philip Smith, Discoveries cd Troy, in the Quarterly Review, April 1874. 
 
 C. T. Newton, Dr. Srhliemann's Discoveries cd Hium Novum ; Lecture 
 before the Society of Antiquaries, April 30th, 1874 ; Acadcinij, 1874, 
 No. 173. 
 
 Frank Calvert, who was formerly an adherent of the Troy-Bounar- 
 Ijashi theory, became a convert to the Troy-Hissarlik theory, which he 
 now energetically defends (see his Confribntions toivards tlie Ancient 
 GeograpjJiy of tlie Troad ; also Trojan Antiquities, arts. i. ii. ; The 
 Athenwum, 1874, Nov. 7 and 14, London). 
 
 Ph. Dethier, Une Partie du Tresor troyen an Musee de Constan- 
 ti)iople {Revue Arch. 31, p. 416), 1874; also Nouvelle Trouvaille faite a 
 Ilium-Hissarlih, 1874. 
 
 Otto Keller, Die Entdeehmg llions zu Hissarlih, Freiburg, 1875 ; 
 also Ueher die Entdeehung Trojas durch H. SchUemann, Beilage zur 
 Allgemeinen Zeitung, Nos. 344, 345, 1874. 
 
190 THE TEUE SITE OF IIOMtK'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV. 
 
 Felix Iiavaiason de Molieii, Uevm Archeologique, 26, p. JOi; cf. 
 Arcad. 2(3, p. 320. 
 
 Stc'iilK'n SalisLury, Ti-oij and Homer, Eemarls on the Discoveries of 
 Dr. ][. iScJiIieinann in the Troad ; Worcester, 1875. 
 
 G. A. Lauria, Troia, una Studio ; Napoli, 1875. 
 
 "\V. Christ, To/iof/rajJiie der Troiaiiisclicii Ehene, MiincLen, 1874; 
 also Trcija unci die Troade, i.-iii., in the Allgemeine Zeitung, 1875, 
 Drittes Quartal, Beilage zn Nos. 196, 197, 198. 
 
 Maxiiuc (In Gamp, L'Diiiplaceinent de I'liion d'lLouiere, d'aprcs les 
 jiJus ricentes Decourertes : Paris, 1875. 
 
 Francois Lenormant, Les Antiqiiifes de la Troade et Fllistoire primi- 
 tive des Contrees grecques : Paris, 1870. 
 
 F. Schlie, WisseiiseJiaftliclie Beurtlieihnig der Funcle Scldiemanns in 
 Jlixsarli];, Schwerin, 1876; also Schliemann mid seine Bestrebungen, 
 Sclnverin, 1870. 
 
 W. E. Gladstone, Homer's Place in Historg, in the Contemporary 
 lieriew, 1S74; Homeric Sgnchronism, Loudon, 1870; and Homer, London, 
 1878, enthusiastically defends the Troy-Hissarlik theory. 
 
 Eduard Meyer, GescJiicJitc von Troas ; Leipzig, 1877. 
 
 A. H. Sayce, in his letters to the Athenxum and the Academy, 
 Octoher 1879, and in the Contemporary Ileview, December 1878. 
 
 I have finally to mention the great authority of Professor Eiidolf 
 Yirchow, ^vho assisted me in my excavations at Hissarlik, from the 
 4tli of April till the 4th of May, 1879, and who energetically opposes 
 the Troy-Pounarbashi theory, and enthusiastically declares in favour of 
 the identity of Hissarlik with the Homeric Troy. See his Lectures in 
 the session of the ISerlin Anthropological Society of the 26th of June 
 and the 12th of July, 1879 ; in the Anthropological Congress at Strass- 
 burg on the 13th of August, and at Amsterdam on the 16th of September, 
 of the same year : also his excellent work, Beitrdge zur Landeshinde der 
 Troas, Berlin, 1879. 
 
 The principal argument of the defenders of the Troy-Boimarbashi 
 theory is that immediately below the village are the two springs of 
 Homer — one lukewarm, the other C(4d ; but this argument falls to the 
 ground before the fact already mentioned, that there are not two but forty 
 springs, all of which are cold and have a temperature of from 02" '24 to 
 02 ■() Fahr. Besides, as already stated, the Scamander originates, not 
 in the I^lain of Troy, but at a distance of twenty hours' journey from 
 Hissarlik, in the range of Ida, from a cold spring, which has a temperature 
 of 47 -12 Fahr. About 200 ft. from this source, tlio river is joined by 
 the water of a spring which has a temperature of 60'-44 Fahr., and 
 might perhaps, in comparison with the other spring, be called lukewarm. 
 Perhajis Homer had heard of this lukewarm spring and the cold spring 
 of the Scamander, and the pnet may have brought them from Lla down 
 to the Phiin in order to introduce his beautiful verses (U. xxii. 147- 
 152). He clearly states (II. xii. 19-21) that the Scamander flows from 
 Mount Ida. That he had not in his mind the sprin.s of Bounarbashi, ie 
 
! 
 
 CiliAr. IV.] THE SPADE AGAINST EOUNARCASIII. 101 
 
 i 
 alsio clearly shown by the statement, that close to the two sources wore 
 
 larjge washing troiighs of stone, in which the Trojan women used to wash 
 thetir clothes in the time of peace, before the arrival of the Greek army,'^ 
 heciVnse the Bounarhashi springs being, in a straight line, at a distance of 
 eighlt miles from the Hellespont and there being no regular siege, but 
 only\ battles in the plain, there would have been no cause for them to stop 
 washing at the springs on account of the war, as the advancing enemy 
 could: be seen at a great distance olf in the plain. Consequently, this 
 passage proves that, in the mind of the poet, the distance between the 
 Greek camp and Troy was but very short. 
 
 I must further absolutely deny the truth of the statement made Ijy 
 Choiseul-Gouffier '' and Ernst Curtius,' that the site of Troy on the 
 heights of Bounarbashi is covered with ancient ruins. I take Virchovv" 
 and Burnouf, who accompanied me all over those heights, as witnesses, 
 that not only are there no ruins whatever of ancient buildings, l)ut even 
 that there are no ancient potsherds or fragments of bricks, and that 
 the ground is everywhere uneven, full of pointed or abrupt rocks and 
 nowhere artificially levelled, so that the site can never have been inha- 
 bited by men. I also cite the weighty testimony of the late Austrian 
 Consul-General, J. G. von Hahn, who, with the celebrated astronomer 
 Julius Schmidt, excavated during the whole of May, 18G1, in the little 
 city at the southern extremity of those heights (the Bali Dagh), and who, 
 on stopping the work, writes as follows: - — "I can only confirm the tes- 
 timony of Von Brondsted, that the whole locality does not show the 
 shghtest trace of a great city ever having existed here, which ought to 
 have extended over the wide northern slope of the Bali Dagh, from the 
 foot of the Acropolis to the springs of Bounarbashi. In spite of our 
 zealous researches, we could not discover there — besides the tumuli — any 
 sign which might point to a former human settlement, not even fragments 
 of ancient pottery or bricks, those never-failing and consequently in- 
 evitable witnesses of an ancient establishment. No fragments of columns 
 or other building stones, no ancient freestone, nowhere in the native 
 rock a quarried bed of any such stone, nowhere any artificial levelling 
 of the rock ; everywhere the natural soil, which has never Ijeen touched 
 by the hand of man." I may here repeat, that my thorough exploration 
 of the heights of Bounarbashi in August 18G8 gave the same results. 
 I excavated in hundreds of places at the springs, in Bounarbashi itself, and 
 on the land between that village and the Scamander, as well as on the 
 declivities wherever I found earth. I struck the rock almost everywhere 
 at a depth of from ii to .3 feet, witli(>ut ever finding the slightest vestige 
 of bricks or pottery.^ 
 
 With regard to the walls brought to light by J. G. von Hahn and 
 
 '' Il.xx'u. I.'i3-150: 1820, \>. 44. 
 
 <iv9a.h' iir' abra-cov ttXvpoI eupees tyyus eauir ^ Lecture at Berlin, in jS'ovemljer 1871. 
 
 KaKol Aatfeoi, o9l e'lfj.ara aiyakdei'Ta ^ J. G. YOn Hahn, Z'ie An^ijrahuwjvn auf dcr 
 
 TvXvveaKov Tpwwv &\oxol KaKai re Bvyarp^s Jlomcrischen Fcrrjamos ; Leipzig, 1864, p. 33. 
 
 rh irplv iir' ^IpriPTis^ irplv 4\9e7i' vtas 'Ax^-wy. ^ See my Il/ti('j"c, /<' Pilopunnese ct Troie ; 
 
 " Voyage pittoresqua de la Grecc, ii. , Paris, Paris, 18ij9, pp. 151, ICl, 162; and aboye, p. 19. 
 
102 THE Tltl'E SITE OE IIO:\IEE'S ILIUM. [CuAr. |,V. 
 
 ■Julius Schmidt in tlio little city at tlie extremity of the Bali Daglii in 
 ^vliicli (SO iiiaiiy great luminaries of arcLfeology Lare seen the cycloplsan 
 \yalls of Priam's Pergamus, and ^diicli Ernst Curtius ^" holds to be i'on- 
 tempDraneous fl-ith the cyehipean walls of Tiryns and Mycenae, ',vliicli 
 latter are uuiTorsally considered to l.)e the most ancient specimens estant 
 of Cyclopean masonry ;— nearly all these walls are low retaining lA-alls, 
 formed of comparatively small c^uadrangular, or nearly cjuadranwnlar, 
 stalls • there arc also a few small straight walls of scjuare bhicks or 
 iiolygoiis (in the north side, a portion of one of which my friend Admiral 
 Sviratt re})rcsent3 in the vignette of his map ; there is also a fragment 
 (if Avail of scpiare hewn Idocts in the south-west corner: Lut we have 
 no right Avhatever to call these vralls, or any part of them, " cyclopean ;" 
 fur this epithet can only refer to the gigantic, never to the lilliputian. 
 In a hundred different places in Greece I can point out walls of well- 
 fitted polygons, of v.diicli we know with certainty that they are of the 
 ^,raced(jnian permd, or at least of the latter part cd' the fifth century B.C. 
 Put I vull here only name two jdaces which can he easily seen hy those 
 vrho visit Athens : namely, the tombs in the Hagia Trias at Athens, some 
 of the substructions of which consist of well-fitted polygons ; and the 
 fortification-.! on the island of Salamis, which show the same masonry.' 
 Unhewn boulders, rough cjuarried stones, and those which had a p(jlygonal 
 cleavage due to their structure, were often used for convenience by 
 1;uiiders, v\dio were cjuite able to work cjuadrangular Ijlocks, as is proved 
 by walls ill which the former kinds are placed above the latter.- AYalls 
 of polygons have for the last twenty years come into extensive use in 
 Sweden and Norway, as substructions of railway bridges; and if any one 
 in Sweden were to call this masonry " cyclopean walls," the people there 
 would laugh just as the Athenians would laugh if the fortifications in 
 Salamis or the substructions in Hagia Trias were called liy that name. 
 
 As to the chron(.)logy of the little city on the Ikali Dagh, we have 
 fortunately two data for its determination : first, by the manner in which 
 the stones have been worked ; and, secondly, from the pottery. On all 
 the stones of the walls, without exception, the blows of the stonecutters' 
 iron pick-axes are conspicuous, and therefore, in my opinion, no part of 
 them can claim a higher anti(|uity than the fourth or fifth century e.g. 
 As a witness to my statement I cite the authority of Professor Pudolf 
 A^irchow, who was the first to discover that all the stones had been 
 worked with iron pick-axes, and who expresses himself as follows : " — 
 
 "J Li.'Ctare at IJerlin, Id X(n"einber 1871. to *' cvcLipean " walls, botll of thf? rough- 
 
 ^ Kiiiili; IjuniMuf, J. a \'iUc. ft C Arropolc S([ViarL' ami polyclonal tvpe; am.! ther(? are huii- 
 
 d'At/iincs, pp. I'JJ, la:;. .Iicd.s offdrhcasrs of rough jnatcrials still used 
 
 ■ K. II. landau-)", (_'i/r/up,'<'}i J^caufius in Ctit- fna-ii mtith-os ot conv(?nience. 
 li-fil Jl'il;/, jii till- C7".-.s''i'/ J!:isiiiiii, 1S4.:>, vol. ii. ^ 1 I his Lecfuri! at the session of the Eerlin 
 
 pp. 1+7 .-t se(.i. ; and thi,> artioh; JU'i;c,s in Or. Anthiopological Society, 20th June, 1879 : "IHe 
 
 Will. .Siiiitli's Sktiona)-;/ of lir,;/; ami Jouihin ganze Art der Fimdation (iler kleinen Acropolis 
 
 Anti'iiiitn's. My friend, the writer oltliat article, am .Siidcnde des Bali Dagh) cntspricht nieht 
 
 informs me that im in-itii-ed, at tlie sra-side, a dem w as man yon einer so altcn Stadt erwarten 
 
 wall liiiilt \ip of hniihli-rs id' cnucrete from a niiisste, un.l cs ist wohl unz\yeifelhaft, dass die 
 
 sea-wall naslicd down during the jireceding wohlbeliauenen CJuadern, auf denen noch die 
 
 winter, «liii-h lia.l a nmst curious resemblance Hiebe der Steinhauer zu schen sind, mit guten 
 
Chap. IV.] SCANT AXD LATE POTTERY AT liALI DAGII. 193 
 
 " The whole character of the fouiulations (of the little Acropolis at the 
 southern extremity of the Bali L»agh) does not correspond Avitli \Yhat one 
 would have expected from so ancient a place, and there can he no donljt 
 that the well-cut blocks, on which the blows of the stonecutters can be 
 still seen, have been worked with good iron instruments. Whoever 
 compares this place with what presents itself at Hissarlik, cannot duubt 
 that it belongs to a much later period, and that, at the highest date, it 
 approaches the time of Alexander." 
 
 I further cite the testimony of Mr. Frank Calvert, as well as that of 
 Professor A. H. Sayce and Mr. F. W. Percival, all of whom acknowledge, 
 from their own inspection, that the stones of all the walls of the little 
 city have been worked with iron pick-hammers, and that, consequently, 
 these walls must belong to a comparatively late period.* 
 
 As a fifth most trustworthy authority for the comparatively late date 
 of the walls on the Bali Dagh, I cite the pottery contained in the very 
 scanty accumulation of debris inside the walls. Xo wall of any city or 
 acropolis in the world can be more ancient than the most ancient pots- 
 herds contained in the place enclosed by them : nay, the strongest walls 
 may be liroken away, or may, in the course of time, crumljle away and 
 disappear ; but not so the fragments of pottery, because they are inde- 
 structilile. The pottery I fouird in the royal sepulchres at Mycenae is 
 acknowledged liy all competent authorities to date from betwemi 1200 and 
 1500 B.C., and it is still us well preserved, and looks as fresh, as if it had 
 been made yesterday ; and, if it remained buried for millions of years 
 more, it would hardly have a dillerent appearance. The whole site of 
 Mycenae is strewn Vvitli fragments of most ancient pre-historic pottery, 
 which have proljably l:ieen exposed for .3000 years to the open air ; never- 
 theless they are as solid as if they had been but recently made, and their 
 painted colours have lost but little of their i('iginal brightness. In the 
 potsherds, therefore, contained in the debris inside of walls, we must 
 necessarily find two iermini for the age of the walls themselves. Now, 
 Von Hahn and Schmidt found in their excavations on the Bali Bagh, in 
 May 1804, only one small headless figure of terra-cotta, four tubes of 
 clay, a common clay pitcher, two clay lamps, some clay vessels, fragments 
 for the most part of black-glazed pottery, some copper coins of the second 
 and third centuries B.C., and some fragments of house-walls of a late and 
 poor Plellenic masonry.'' I obtained the same results m the exciivations 
 I made there in August 1808.'" I did not find one archaic potsherd, nor 
 one of those whorls with incised ornamentation, of wliich I found so many 
 thousands at Hissarlik; in fact, no pottery to wliieh arcliieology could 
 attribute a higher antiquity than the fourth or fiftli century n.c. A\ e 
 therefore obtained, by the exploration of the site, and particularly by 
 
 Eiseninstrumenten gearbeitet wiirili^n. Wf'iin Smyrna, in the ylc'"Av/^'/ nf IStli nrtii1)('r; and 
 
 man diese Stelle vergleicht mil di-iii, wa< in from ().\l'(jrd, in tin.- same jnurnal ol Sta 
 
 Hissarlik hervortritt, so zweifelt man nichi, dass Knvemlier. 
 
 sie einer riel spiiteren Periode augehurt uud " J. <i. ron Ilalni, Anx^jriilniinicii auj dcr 
 
 hdchstens sich der Zeit Alexanders niihert." H'jiuxnsrlicn Fcrt/'nuns. p)p. 'Ji', -■'•. 
 
 * A. H. Sayce, in his Letters from the Troad, ° See my It/fn/ur. Ir J',7:,jioniwse ct Troic, pp. 
 
 m the AthencBUm of October 4th, 1879; from 169, 170; and abov.', p. 19. 
 
 
 
194 THE TllUE SITE OF HOilEE'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV. 
 
 its iKittoi'A-, tlie same "chronology for the v,-{\\h which Tve olitain liy the 
 characteristic w-orkiug of the stones themselves, — namciT, tlie fourth or 
 fifth century B.C. Besides, the accumulation of diilris is but very insig- 
 nificant : in many places in the little Acropolis the bare rock crops out ; 
 nowhere did I strike the ruck at a greater depth than 5 feet, and 
 genemlli/ 'it a feir inches below tlie surface. I Ijeg the reader to compare 
 these re-;ults with th(.ise olitained at Hissarlik, where the accumulation of 
 cJthris is from .52 to 53 ft. deep ! 
 
 I may here mention that, as Homer makes Hector and Achilles run 
 three times round the city of Troy," it is a necessary condition that such 
 a course should be physically possible. But if the heights of Bounarbashi 
 mark the site of Tmy, such a course is perfectly impjossible, because 
 the lull of the little xicropolis ijn the Bali Dagh — (which, according to the 
 measurement of the astronomer Schmidt,'' is 472 ft. above the sea, and 
 according to ]\I. Burnout's measurement 144'36 metres, which equally 
 makes 472 ft.) — fidls oif very aliruptly to the north-east, the east, and 
 particularly to the south. Now, as the heroes must have run d(jAvn on the 
 south side to make the circuit of the city, I went myself down by this 
 side, which fiiUs off at first at an angle of 4.3', and afterAvards at an angle 
 of about '1Z>'; thus I Avas firced to crawl backward on all fours: it took 
 me a cjuarter of an hour to come down, and I carried away the conviction 
 that no mortal being, not even a goat, has ever been able to run swiftly 
 dnwn a slope wliich descends at an angle of 25" ; and that Homer never 
 intended to make us believe that Hector and Achilles, in making the 
 circuit of the city, could have run down this impossible descent. 
 
 I may add that neither from the Bali Dagh, nor from any other point 
 of the lieights of Bounarliashi attriliuted by Lechevalier and his followers 
 to Troy, can Mount Ida be seen ; bnit this is at variance with Homer, who 
 represents Zeus as looking '"Own from the top of Mount Gargarus on the 
 city of Troy.' 
 
 Furth(.'r, the heights of Bounarbashi belong to the lower range of 
 ilount Ida. If Troy had been situated on those heights. Homer could not 
 have expressly stated that it was built in the phdn, iyi opposition to the 
 first Trojan settlement, Dardanie, wdiich, as he says, was built on the 
 declivity of Ida rich in springs.'" Plato confirms the account that the 
 first Trojan settlement was on the heights of Ida, wdience they built 
 Ilium in a wide and beautiful plain, on a hill which was not high, and 
 close ti.i wdiich were rivers pouring down their waters from the heights of 
 Ida.' The position of Hissarlik, on a low hill almost in the midst of the 
 splendid Plain of Troy, agrees perfectly with this important statement of 
 
 ' //. xxii. IG.',, IGG: i» //. XX. 21G-218: 
 
 ujs Toi T-pls Tlpiajj.cno -koKw ■ntpiZwrjflijTnv KTiaae 5e AapSai/ir]v, eVei oti TTOi "lAlos Ip-q 
 
 KapiraKi^uoiai Troo^rriyi • Oeol 5e t6 Trai'Tej opwi'TO, eV TreSio' TreTroAjffTO, iTij\is p.€p6Troiv avQpwTTWl', 
 
 " .1. n. vf.n Hahn, Aus<jraliii,hjcn, &c., p. 7. aAA' efl' vtrapdas wKsoi' iroAuvriSn/tos '157)5. 
 
 '■' //. viii. ."il, ','1 : 1 Plato, Do Leijihm, iii. 08'-!, ed. G. Stallbaum : 
 
 ciiTus (Zeu?) 5' eV Kopv<pfj(Ti (ra.pydpou) /cafJfC^'eTo KarwKia'Bij Sv'/, (^a^ueV, eV tuju v\p7]\a3i' ets ix4ya 
 
 /cu5ei yaiCt)!/, TIE Ka\ Ka\uv TreSiof ''Wiov, eVt Aufpou riva ovx 
 
 elrropijwi' Tpujojp T€ TTuAif KoX i/f/tts ' hxo-i^v . vipT}\hi' Ka\ ^xui^ra Trora/xous tvqWovs 6.v<j)Q^v 4k 
 
 rrjs 'IStjj wp^T)}x4vovs. 
 
Chap. IV.] HOMER AGAINST EOUXAIIBASIII. 195 
 
 Plato ; whereas the heights of Bounarbashi, which touch this PLiin 1J11I7 
 on their small northern side, and are on all other sides connected with the 
 higher range of Ida, are utterly opposed to and in contradiction with it. 
 As to the objection made by the adherents of the Troy-Bounarbashi theory, 
 that "the high mount of Bali Dagh behind Bounarbashi offers the most 
 appropriate situatnin for a firtified city, and that for tliis reason — without 
 the slightest ancient authority and in opposition tn tlie distinct i]idicii- 
 tions of Homer, and to the firm belief of all antirpiity that Priam's city 
 was in the plain — we must transfer it to that mount,;' — this objection is 
 (as Eckenbrecher'- rightly oliserves) "untenable." lie adds: " Jlyceuae, 
 Tiryns, Athens, Pome, were l>uilt on low hills, Thebes^ alt(.igetlier in the 
 plain. ^Vhy, then, was not the citadel of Athens built close by on Mount 
 Lycaljcttus, ^Yhich towers high above the hill of the Acropolis ? " 
 
 " Xor must it,'' as Mr. Philip Smith obserres to me, "be forgotten, 
 throughout the whole argument, that the theory of Lechevalier is a mere 
 hijii(:flii:sis. born from the fancy of a modern traveller, uiiliout the sH/ilded 
 liistirrical or trailition<A fnundafion. The whole onus proln)u:h', therefore, 
 lies upon its advocates, and nothing but an overwhelming body of evidence 
 iov this new invention can prevail against that historical and traditional 
 9'if/]it of possession liy Novum Ilium, wliicli is even sounder in archaeology 
 than it is proverbially in law. Every new discovery in modern scholar- 
 ship is daily tending to restore the authority of historical tradition, in 
 opposition to the theories of sceptical encjuirers." 
 
 I must further repeat here, that the distance between the forty springs 
 of Bounarliashi and the Hellespont is in a straight line eight miles, and 
 from the little Acropolis, held to be identical with Priam's Pergamus, to 
 the Hellespont is upwards of nine miles ; whilst all the battles and all the 
 marches to and fro in the Iliad justify the supposition that the distance 
 between the city and the Greek camp cannot uave exceeded three miles. 
 Let_jis coiisider for instance the first battle, which, according to Pope's 
 calculation, is on the twenty-third day of the Hind. In tli(' night, 
 Zeus orders the God of Dreams to go to Agamemnon, and induce him to 
 arm "£lie~Tjreek:s,"^iromising him that he shall now take Troy.'' At the 
 first dawn, Agamemnon orders the Greeks to asseinlde in the Agora. ; lio 
 tells his dream to the other chiefs, and, wishing to sound their intentions, 
 he proposes to them to return to their country:^ the troops, with loud 
 cries, disperse among the ships and make preparations to set them afloat." 
 Ulysses restrains the troojis, persuades them to remain, and tlioy assemble 
 for the second time in the Agora,'' where long speeches are made by 
 Ulysses, Nestor, and Agamemnon.'" At last they decide to remain; the 
 warriors disperse again through the camp to prepare the morning meal, 
 
 - G. Yon Eckmlil-echi.-r, J'uj Lwjc dcs Ihincr- irdvTO. fidk' arpchecos ayopevtp-iv i'S eViTEAAa'. 
 
 ischeil Trojil; riiisseldorf, 187.5, p, 23. e^'pf/fai € /cEAfue Kcip?) Kof.wioi^Tas 'AxaMvs 
 
 ^ 3f. Burtiouf obserres to nie that, )irn|,crly iravrrvShj ■ ,'vv ydp Kif ikomnkii' niipvdyviay 
 
 speaking, Thebes i.s not built in the l>blin, but Tpuaii' ■ oi yap eV aiJ.if)U 'OAwiTria Su-ua-r' 
 on the Cadmea, which by a .scries of heights is exorres 
 
 conneeteil with Mount Helicon. aflaFaroi <t>pd(oi>Ta.i ■ cVeyyaMJ-ei' ydp d-Kdv-ras 
 
 11. ii, 8— l.j : "Hprj XiacTO^i.^i^l], Tpueaai 5e /c//56 ((pii 
 
 Trrao 
 
 Bda-K Wi, ov\e oceipe, 6od.s eV! vrjas ' kxa-^Sir 
 i\Owv es KKuj'n]v 'Ayafj-ifj-vovos 'ArpelSao 
 
 = //, ii, 48-14", '■■ //, ii, 142-]. ",.4, 
 
 //. ii. 182-210. " //. ii, 284-:'.fl,3, 
 
lijG TflE TRUE SITE OF HOMER'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV, 
 
 ^■liicli tliey tlien eat." Agamemnon sacrifices a fat ox to Zeus, and 
 asscmliles all tlie cliiefs for tliis ceremony.'" Nestor makes another 
 sneccli, after wliicli Agamemnon orders the heralds to summon the troops 
 tn draw up m order of battle; ' and the army is arrayed before their camp 
 m the Plain of the Scamander.'" 
 
 Iris "-ives notice of this to the Trojans, who arm themselves, open all 
 the oiites of the city, rush out with a great noise,^ and array their army at 
 tlie tumulus of Batieia.'' The two armies meet m the plain ; ' but the 
 idam could not have been large, because from the tower of the Scaean_ 
 tiate H(den recognizes the chiefs of the Greeks and recounts their names 
 to Priam.'' The Greek army could not have Ijeeii farther off than half 
 a mile, since one must be very keen-sighted in order to recognize men 
 at that distance. 
 
 Paris challenges Menelaus to single comliat. Hector makes a speech, 
 and Menelaus makes another.' Hector despatches heralds to Troy to fetch 
 live lambs, whilst Agamemnon sends his herald Talthybius to the Greek 
 camp for the same purpose.* As the Greek army could not be further 
 distant than half a rnile, at most, from the Scaean Gate, it would have 
 liei'ii fit least seven miles and a half from the camp, if Troy had been on 
 tlie heia'hts of Pouuarbashi, Avith its gate— as Cnrtins supposes — on the 
 site of this village. In this case Talthybius cijuld not have come back 
 in h.'ss than six hours with the live lamli. Put his absence is so short, 
 that the poet does not even mention it ; hence it is evident that the 
 distance which this herald had to go was very short. 
 
 Solemn, sacrifices are ofi'ored, and solemn oaths arc taken ; '^ the single 
 romba.t takes place; Paris is vanf|uished liy Menelaus, and carried away 
 liy Apliroditc.'" Pandarus shoots an arrow at Menelaus and wounds him ; ' 
 a long eoUoijuy takes place between Agamemnon and Menelaus ; - Machaou, 
 skilful in tlie art of heahog, dresses the wound." 
 
 Aga.me.ninon makes numerous speeches to encourage the Greek cliiefs ; 
 and at last the liattle begins. Athene leads the impetuous Ares out of the 
 battle, and makes him sit down on the, bank of the Scamander.'' The 
 Trojans are driven liack to the Avails of Troy.^' They an; excited to liattle 
 liy Apollo a,nd Ares.'' During the liattle, the wounded as well as thcliooty 
 talceii from the enemy are continually carried to Troy and to the Greek 
 Ciinip : arms, charieits, and horses.' The Greeks retire liaclcwards Ijcfore the 
 vict'jrious Trojans;" they are repulsed as far as the Naustathmus, because 
 they are represented as fighting near the ships." 
 
 9 
 
 ■I //. ii. :;',I4-401. '" //. ii. 4ii2-43:5. = //. iv. 208-219. •■ //. v. 35, 36. 
 
 ' //. ii. 441-4.-.+. = //. ii. 404-, 405. '• //. v. 37 : v 
 
 ■' //. ii. 7S0-S1O; iij. 1-0. Tpajas 5' '^kXlvo.v ^avao'v eA.6 5' ava^)0. lEKairTOS 
 
 ^ y/. ii. SIl-SlO. ^'ye^nj'oij'. 
 
 •' J', iii. 15. " //. iii. lGG-235. '• Jl. v. 400-170. 
 
 ' //. iii. 07-75, 80-94, 97-110. ' //. v. :;25-00:'., 068, 669. 
 
 "■ //. in. 1 J 0-120: " 11. \. 0119-702 : 
 
 EATOjp 5<; Trporl aiTTi' ouat fcv'j^m/cav e7re/j.7r€f 'Af)7e?(ji 5' I'm' '' Ap-q'i Kal"EKropi xaAfco/copucTT?} 
 
 Ko.jmaKijjMS apvas re (p^pCLf Upiap.oi' re K0.\4(j(ya.i. oi'ne Trore TTparpiirovTO ^.^Xaivawv eTTi vTjUjv 
 
 avTo.p u Ta\Buf3iOl/ TTpotii Kpt^iaii' 'AyafjL^/j.i/wv ovre ttot' aur€(p€povTO /Uaxj7, aAA' aiei' OTTUcrai 
 
 j'7/as cTTi y\atpupas (cyai, 7)5' 6.py t/ctAeuei' x^-C'^^^- 
 ol(r€f.i.€uai ■ o 5' &p' oiiK a-Kidfiff ^Ayafx4/j.i'ufL hioj. ^ //. v. 791 : 
 
 ''' 11. iii. 268-301. '" //. iii. 2,55-:'.S2. vvv 5e ehaj ttuAcjs KoiXris eVi v(\v(r\ fxaxoi'TUL. 
 
 • J/, iv. 104^140. ■- /I. IV. 155-191. \ 
 
Chap. IT.] EVIDENCE FROM THE ILIAD. 1!J7 
 
 The Greeks must in their turn have had tlie advantage, for we again 
 see a terrible battle between them and the Trojans in the plain between 
 the Scamander and the Simois. Tlie Greeks recede again ; '" and Hector 
 goes lip to Troy to order sacrifices to the gods.' He appears to arrive 
 there during the space of time occupied by the touching scene and the 
 beautiful colloquy between Glaucus and Dioniedes." Hector has long 
 conversations with his mother, with Paris, and with Helen ; he looks for 
 his wife x'Vndromache ; he meets her and has a very long and affecting 
 conversation w'ith her, after wdiich comes the pathetic scene with his son.'-' 
 Hector returns to the battle in company wath Paris, and it appears that 
 they reach the army immediately after having gone out of the Scaean 
 Gate.* Indeed the troops must have been before the Scaean Gate, because 
 Athene and Apollo, wdio had taken the form of two vultures, sit down on 
 the high lieech-tree ('li>r/<J^) to enjoy the spectacle of the warriors, whose 
 thidv lines are seated, bristling wdtli helmets, shields, and spears. '' As we 
 have seen before, this tree was near the Scaean Gate.'' Hector and Paris 
 kill several enemies ;' then Hector provokes the bravest of the Greeks to 
 single combat.^ -_Tliere is a pause, because nobody dares to oppose hnnself 
 to Hector ; then a speech of Menelaus, who offers to fight with him ; then 
 speeches of Agamemnon and Xestor.^ Nine heroes offer themselves to 
 fight with Hector ; they draw lots ; the lot falls on Ajax, son of Telamon, 
 vvdio rejoices and puts on his glancing armour.-'" Then follow the speeches 
 of the two adversaries ; •'' they fight till night falls, and then exchange 
 presents.'- The Greeks return to their camp ; the chiefs assemble in the 
 tent of Agamemnon, wdiere the king slaughters an ox ; the animal is 
 skinned, cut up, and roasted ; and after this has been done, the evening 
 meal is taken.- 
 
 Let us now once more review the multitude of incidents on this single 
 day : ~1irst, at daybreak, the general assemb^^T in the Greek carnp ; the 
 long speech of Agamemnon ; then the dispersion of the troops to set the 
 ships afloat ; the long speeches of three heroes ; the meal is prepared ; 
 Agamemnon sacrifices an ox to Zeus ; the new- speech of Nestor ; finally, 
 Agamemnon orders the army to be put in battle array. But this 
 variety of acts and speeches must have occupied at least four hours ; 
 therefbre it is ten in the morning when the troops advance in the Plain 
 
 ^'^ II. yi. 107 : ai'dpdo'i r'^p-nujj.^vof tcov 5e ittix^^ emro -TruK^'ai, 
 
 ^kpyn'ioi 5' virex^'PV'^^-^j Xri^av 5e (p6yOLO. atTTriiji koX Kopvdeijai Ka\ eyxecri 7Te(ppiKv7aL. 
 
 1 //. vi. 111-115. 2 //. vi. 119-235. « J/, ri. 237 : 
 
 ^ //. yi. '25-1:— 403. "Ekto^p 5' 6is '^ko.u's re iruKos Ka\ (p'qyijy 'iKav^i'. 
 
 * //. vii. 1-7: ■ . ' //. vil. 8-111: 
 
 ws ^lir^v TTvX^icv e^fVo-UTO (paidiiMOs"EKTOjp, ei'(J' eAeV?]!/ h [x\v vlov ^ hpri'iQooLO 6,paKT0S, 
 
 Tcp 5' a,a' 'AA^^avdpos hV aO€\'p(EUS ■ eV 5' apo. ^ hpvj) vaierdoi'Ta Mei'eVStOi', uf Kopw-i^TT)^ 
 
 OvjjM 76traT' 'Ap-qWoos Kal ^uAo/J.4^ov<7a ISocunts ' 
 
 a,U(J)OTepoi ij.ip.ci.aav TToKef.iii^iiii' riSl pJ.xfT0ai. "EKTcop 5' 'H'ioyfia l3dK' (fX'^'^ o|iioecTi 
 
 i'S Se 9fhs vavTriaiv iiXdoixipoKTiv iSaiitev aiix^v' inrh (TTfcpdpris (vxdAKov, Kvire Si yvia. 
 
 oupoif, i-TT^L /ce Kd/J.ojfrti' eu^eVrT^s iXdrriULV TXavKos 5' 'iTrTroAo'xoiO Trai?, Avklwi' dyus dpSpdw, 
 
 TTOVTOV iXavvovT^Sy K0.jj.d.TW 5' I'TTu yvia KeAvvrai, '\<pivoov jSaAe SovpX Kara Kparcp'i]v vfrp.il'rii' 
 
 ws dpa Tclj Tpd>€f7fTti' i€\5o/x€poL(n (pav'nTqv. Ae^iaOTjr, 'Itv-ko^v i'md\/j.<^i'Op oi/treiaccj^, 
 
 ^ II. vii. 58-02 : oifxov o 6' e| 'tmrQif xafJ.dSts TreVe, Avfro 5e yu.a. 
 
 icdS 5' dp' ^ hOrii'O.iTi r€ Kal dpyvporo^os 'ATroXKojy '^ //. rii. iiT-Ol. '■' fl. vii. 9''.-l(}0. 
 
 e(^eV67ji', IjpvLffiv ioLKoriES o.iyvTrio7iTiy, ^'^ //. vii. l'U-225. " //. vii. 22l)-24-3. 
 
 (py^yw e(^* v^v^V "carpus Aihs alyioxoio, ^ II. vii. 244-312. ^ 11. vii. 313-336. 
 
l!jS THE TRUE SITE OF TIOMEE'S ILIUM. [CnAr. IV. 
 
 of tliu iSciunrmdor. Tliey approat-li so near to tlio Scaean Gate, that 
 Holcn H'Connizos the Greek chiefs. Paris ehalh_'ng'es Meuehius- to single 
 eoiuhat ; there arc speeches of Hector and Meneh^ns ; heralds are sent to 
 Troy and to tlie Greek camp to fetch live laniLs; then come the solemn 
 sacritice and smgdo conihat. Xnmcrous speeches are made by Aga- 
 memnon. The Greeks drive the Trojans back to the walls of Troy, and 
 they are rejiulsed in their tnrn ; hut they retire haclnvartl to the ships. 
 The Greeks must have again advanced, for a fearful battle takes place in 
 the plain between the Scamander and the Simois. The Greeks retreat 
 again. Hector goes to Troy ; there are long speeches l)y him, by Hecuba, 
 by Paris, by Pleh.'n, and by Andromache. The Greeks must have 
 advanced again, for Hector and Paris are in their presence when they go 
 out of the Scaean Gate ; then come the speeches of Hector, of Mcnelaus, 
 of Xestor ; the single combat terminated by the night; and finally the 
 return of the Greeks to their camp. 
 
 Thus tliL' distance b(.'tweeii the city and the Greek camp has 
 been traversed at least .sv'.r times in the space of time from ten in the 
 morning to si'ven in the eveniug — namely, twice by the herald who 
 fetched the lamli, and at least four times by the army — aiiil even once 
 lacli wards : and all those marches and countermarches could be made in 
 spite of the enormous consumption of time occasioned by the numerous 
 speeches, the sacrifices, the diiferent liattles, and the two single combats. 
 It is, therefore, evident that the distance between the Greek camp and 
 Troy Avas assumed to be very short, and Itss than 3 miles. Bounarliashi 
 is S miles from the shore of the PIelles}>ont : if, therefore, Troy had 
 been on the heights of Bounarbashi, id least 50 miles would have 
 been traversed from ten in the morning to seven in the evening, in spite 
 of all the loss of time produced by the different causes vdiich I have 
 enumerated. 
 
 Leclievalier and his aalicrents find all tliis possible, relying on the 
 l:nncip]e that Homer, as a poet, exaggerates, and that the warriors of the 
 luToic timrs would have been able, or were believed to be aide, tn accomplish 
 superhuman feats. ]3ut if Tie put asidi.' the intervention of the gods, 
 Hiiiaer is, as AVebb ^ remarks, very exact about facts: " AATien he tells us 
 that Achilles, if Poseidon ga.vo him a good passage, would be in Phthia 
 (a distance of 200 miles) in three days,-^ and that the ships of Nestor and 
 Dionii'drs, Avith winds constantly favourable, sailed from Troy to Argos 
 (a distance of .']0() miles) in four days," he speaks to us not of an heroic 
 1-ut (if a, very common passage, for Herodotus counts for a day of naviga- 
 tion 700 stadia (70 geog. miles), and, for a day and a night together, 
 loOO stadia.'' Telemachus and Pisistratus, m a chariot with two swift 
 
 "J- '■■"'K'''' ^'''-Ijl', Tvjin/njjiliic Jc I, I 'l)''Kid,', d«5e ■ in]vs (TrUai' /.idKiard mj KaTai'vm ip /.mlipTj- 
 
 ' ■ '-''■ ■-' '■' ■ f-wpia^. ijhT] (by es /lec <I»a(j(i/ aTr^ tov aT6}xaT0S 
 
 'I'llio.Ti ;cf TpiTKTW <I>9ij)i/ ipilioiXw LKolfiTi,'. {to'uto jip icTTi To'u Hwrou t,.aK poT UT ov) l^/j-ep^oiv 
 
 ' ■ '"■ l^"t-IS_: : €yi'4a TrAooi- eVri ical vvKrHv oKTtS) • abrai evSeKa 
 
 Tf-rpaTiiv iip.ap (T]i', oV eVApyfi I'Tjay eiVcts ixvpidSes Kal Uarhy ip-yvi4aiv fhovTai, (K Sf -riiv 
 
 Ti'SfiOfw iro.poi Ai.ifiT/Sos LTT-EuSdfioM upyviiwp TOVTfbiv o-TciSioi iicaTuv Kal xiAioi 
 
 icTTaaav. ,;al fiiptoi eiVi. 
 '■ tl'.Todutus, iv. 80 : MfuJrpijTai Se raira 
 
Chap. IY.] MOYEMEA^TS OP GREEKS AKD TKOJAXS. ' 199 
 
 horses, took two clays to go from Pylos to Sparta, a distance of 50 miles.' 
 No doubt it woiild have been easier for Telemachiis to have gone to 
 Sparta in half a day, than for the Greeks and Trojans to have accom- 
 plished the task imposed upon them by the system of Lechevalicr." ■' 
 
 On the day after the jirst l^attle of the Iliad, the heriild Idaeiis 
 is sent by the Trojans at daybreak into the Greek camp to propose an 
 armistice, for the burial of the dead.'' He concludes the armistice, and 
 brings the news back to Troy; the Trojans begin to collect the 
 dead liodies 'and wood to burn them, and then only does the sun 
 rise.^" But how long can it have been between the iirst dawn of the 
 morning and sunrise ? Certainly not more than an hour and a half. 
 This is only consistent if we suppose Troy to have been at Hissarlik, for, 
 if it had been at Bouuarbashi, the herald would have had at least IG miles 
 to walk, and he could not have done this in less than five hours, for — as 
 Eckeubrecher^ observes — any one who has read Homer, even superficially, 
 will certainly not suppose that the herald could have gone on horseback 
 or in a chariot, fjr, if this had been the case, the poet would have men- 
 tioned it explicitly; but on the contrary he expressly says, " Early in the 
 morning let Idaeus go to the hollow ships," ^ and "Early in the morning 
 Idaeus went to the hollow ships ;" ^ and again " Idaeus went Ijack to 
 sacred Ilium."'' Eckenbrecher '' adds that Welcker,'" the warmest defender 
 of the Troy-Bounarbashi theory, suggests that the herald might have 
 run ; there being so much ruuniiig in the Iliad, and the poet endowing 
 his heroes with superhuman pOAver ; " But wherever he does this it 
 is to make them appear more heroic and more suldinie, and not to 
 make them ridiculous. Can the herald, who has to conclude the armistice 
 for burying the dead, be conceived of a,s^ running at a trot for four hours ! 
 Then we must supposeTihat^ if Troy had been at Bouuarbashi, still three 
 hours at least would have been occupied in \ concluding the armistice, in 
 its 2)roclamation, in the preparation for the setting out of the armies 
 and 111 their long march, before both armies could have met. Tlierefore, 
 at least seven Jtours would have been required to execute thai uhich Homer 
 
 ' 00. lii. 484—497 ami iv. 1 : there has ever been such a real. Tims to go in 
 
 fjAiTTL^ev S' ikdav, toi 5' ouk o.KovTf ■n-eTeiT8r]i' a chariot from Pherae (now Calamata) across 
 
 €S TTfS'iov, XiwiT-qv 5e UvKov alirv irroXUBpov. those mountains has at all times been impossible. 
 
 01 56 Trai^T^uJpioL (Telov i^ujhv a/j.(pb ex'""^f5. tut Homer, who probably did not know the 
 
 hva-ero t' -/jeXiOS (jKiowi'TO T6 Trao-ai a-yvia.i, locality, supposeil it to bo pn?:sible. 
 ey ^-qpds h' 'lkovto^ AlokA.7jos ttotI 3w/j.a^ ^ //■ "\'ii. ;bSl : 
 
 uUos 'Opaikoxoio, rbv 'AAcffiis reKe -n-aiSa. iiiiBev 5' 'ISatos ip.-l) KoiXas eVl vyas. 
 
 euda 5e vvkt a^cray, o 5e To'iSTap ^etVta BfiKej'. ^ II. vii. 4-1-4'JJ : 
 
 ))/i05 5" ripiyhiia. (p6.vr\ poSoSaKTvXos 'Hcis, ■t}4\los fj-ev tirEira vfOf 7rpocre/3a/\AE;' apovpas, 
 
 "ir-Kous re i^eiyvvvT ava 9' 'dpixaTa ttouciX ej dKaXappeirao l3a9vpp6ov 'nKcavoio 
 
 €fiaivov oupavhv ^l(Xa.VLWv • rn 5' ijyrfov aW-ii\oi(ni'. 
 iK S' i\a.<Ta.v irpoBupoio Kal aiBovffris ipiSovirov. ' Die Lwje des Uumcnschcn Troju, p. '_'9. 
 
 fxdiTTL^^v 5' €\dav, Tw 5' ovK &KoyT^ TrereVt?-?];'. ' /''• vii. .37^ ; 
 
 tcoi/ S' e's TTaalov irvprjtpopov, tvBa 5' etreiTa -'nSiBiv 5' 'iSaTos 'ha KOiAas tirl ffias. 
 
 '7)vov oBuf ' rolov yap inr^Kipepov wKees 'Imroi. ^ J I- \u. -jol, sup. cd. 
 
 OuceTO t' TjeKLQS (TKiOit^vTO T6 iru(jo.i dyviai, I', vii. 413 : 
 
 o't S' 1^01/ KOi\-riv Aa/ceSaiVora K-nTa>e<rffay, ■ ■ ■ &'poppov 5' 'iSaws efiv TrpoTi lAiOF iprjU. 
 
 " There is no carriage-road over jilt. Taygetiis, ' Die Zage des J-Iuetcr. Ti-nj,i, p. -."J. 
 
 which Telemachus and Pisistratus must neces- ' Kleinc .^clirifUn, Band ii. p. xviii. 
 
 sarily have crossed ; and there are no signs that 
 
200 
 
 THE TRUE SITE OF HOMEK'S ILIUM. 
 
 [Ci-iAr. IV. 
 
 men/ioris as Jiaviiic/ lieen done, at ilie most, in one hour and a liaJf. This 
 proYi.'S tliat the distance, at irhicli Homer considers his Troij to he from 
 tlie Iltlh-Sjjoid, is more tlian four times Jess than the distance of Bounar- 
 liashi from tlie sca-coa^t at the Trojan epoch." 
 
 On tlie tliinl day, rifter sunset,' Hector causes tlie Trojans to encamp 
 on tlie liank of tlio Seamancler,*^ ami orders oxen, sheep, and wine to be 
 brouudit quicklT from the city : " the animals and the wine, as well as 
 bread, are immediately brou,£i;lit from Troy.'" Oxen and sheep move 
 slowly, especially in the niyht, but nevertheless they arrive KapTraXifio)^, 
 prompthi. The Trojans slaui^diter the animals, and sacrifice to the .gods.' 
 Lut the Trojan camp Avas close to the Tumulus of Ilus,- on the left bank 
 of the Scamander, since the thousand watch-fires of the Trojans were 
 seen between the Greek camp and the river ; " the Tumulus of Ilus was 
 also close to the ford of the Scarnander.* The Trojan camp, then, 
 being at the Tumulus of Ilus, on the left bank of the Scamander, near its 
 fird, was, as Ave have seen, near Troy ; and this is further proved by the 
 poet's statement, that their watch-iires were burning before Ilium ('\Xm9i, 
 irpo). NoAv the proximity of this same Trojan cafnp to the Greek ships, 
 on the shore of the Hellespont, could not be better indicated than by 
 the passage in which Agamemnon is represented as looking from his tent 
 on to the plain ; Avheii he is alarmed at seeing the watch-fires of the 
 Trojan camp which Imrn hifure Ititun, and at hearing the sound of the 
 Trojau flutes and pipes and the hum of the vrarriors.^ 
 
 Now. if Troy had been at Bouuarbashi, the Trojan camp, which is 
 descrilied by the poet as being very near Ilium, must be supposed to 
 have bi-en at a distance of 7 miles from the Greek camp. But Avhat 
 mortal ear can hear, musical sounds or the hum of men at such a dis- 
 tance ? The same may be said of the 'IXiiwr Kw/ii], which is nearly as 
 far from thf Hellespont . . Eounarbashi, and which has besides the 
 disadvantage that it cannot be seen from the shore, being screened from 
 vicAv by the intervening heights. 
 
 On the day on which the third great battle took place, Avhich is 
 the twenty-eighth day of the Iliad according to Pope's calculation. 
 
 ' //. viii. 4S5-48S : 
 ej' o' e7r€(T' "ri(,-earco Aa/.tTrp.ji' (pdos -rjeAiow, 
 k\KOv pvKTa /.i^XaLvaf eVi (^'eiSwpoj' dpovpai'. 
 T/jwo-if /jeV ft' d^Kovcnv eSc (paus, avrdp 'Axcf.io'is 
 o.ffTvo.ai-f] TpikKirfTos e7r-/;Au6e vvi^ e'pe/3ei'j'?j. 
 
 s //. Tlii. 4S!i-4'Jl : 
 Tpwwj' auT ayypv/r 7rai{]aaT0 </Jai5iy.os "E/fTwn, 
 
 eV KaOapu, uOi 5/; v^Kvwv dietpaLPijo x<^pos 
 '■> [L xm. our,, 500: 
 
 Ko.piTa\ijj.L-is, olvov 6e ^€\iij,pui'a uii'lC^eaQf;. 
 
 '" //. viii. .■j4.3, .'i4ij : 
 ^K ttuKlos 5' d^aPTO I36as Kal itpia p-T^Aa 
 iw.pTvaAifiojs, oJvov 5e ii^Aitppova olvi^ovro, 
 
 ' //. viii. .S4S-,-,,:,0 : 
 ^pbov 5' dSoMo.TOLai TeAT?e'fTrras ^KaTopfiaSy 
 Ki'iiTT}!/ 5 tV TreSioi; d.vipoi tptEpov ovpaiyuf e^coj 
 
 - J/. X. 414, 41.3: 
 ' Ektu'p ^ih' ^t€Ta ToltTLi', ocToi l3ovAri<pijpo L eiVtV, 
 l3ov\ds fiuuA€V€t Oglou Trapd i7-)]jj.ari ^lAou, 
 
 ' 11. viii. 5G0-563 : 
 TyiTija f.i^aT]yv yedjif 7j5e Hai'Ooio podcui' 
 TpLt'coi' Kaioi'Twi' TTvpd (paiv^TO 'IAiijOl ttoo. 
 X''Ai dp eV 7re5t&.> Tri'pa KaUro, Trap 5e f:Kd(TTii> 
 iia.TO irevT-ipxOyra rreAai Tri'pus ait'o/^eVoiO. 
 
 * //. xxiv. :;4'.i-:;i.:il : 
 o'i 5 eVei uiw fj.4ya (T'i]ixa. Ttape^^'lAoio i\a(T{Xa.v, 
 UT'jaau dp^ ij^Lovovs re Kal iTTTrous, utppa Trioier, 
 tz' TTurajxcp. 
 
 IWit this pas-.ige, in coutradiction to tlie fure- 
 (;ning, malies it aiijiear tliat the tomli of Ilus was 
 on tlu' riu;ht iiank of the .Scamander. 
 _ '' II. X. 11-1:1: 
 
 -i) TOL Ut' tS TTtSlOJ' TO TpWiKUl' dSpi^fT ilf^V , 
 
 BavfxaC^i^u TTupd iruAXd rd Kai^TO ^lAidOi TTpo, 
 afActii' aupiyyuM/ t' €Vo7rr;f ofj.aS6;f t' avBpuil^xv, 
 
Chap. TY.] 
 
 DISTANCE BETWEEN TROY AND THE SHIPS 
 
 201 
 
 snnrise'^ and noon' are mentioned. In the afternoon tlie Greeks drive 
 tlie Trojans to the Scaean Gate ; '^ but the former are agahi driven hack 
 to the sliips, where a terrilde carnage takes phice." The Trojans are 
 again repulsed,'" hut they drive hack the Greeks a second time to the 
 ships/ -u-here there is a fearful slaughter. Patroclus drives the Trojans 
 to the walls of Troy, and tries three times to scale it ;- the Greeks fight 
 until evening before the Scaean Gate.^ Thus, in this third battle, as 
 in the first, the Greeks go at least four times in one afternoon over tlio 
 space between the camp and Troy, in spite of the long battles at the 
 ships, in the plain, and under the walls of Troy. 
 
 There is another passage which proves the short distance lietween 
 Troy and the Greek camp. Priam begs Achilles to grant an armistice of 
 eleven days for the funeral of Hector, for, he says, the city is shut up too 
 cltjsely by the siege, and they must fetch the wood afar from the moun- 
 tains."' The old king would certainly not have had to complain of this, 
 had Troy^ been at Bounarbashi, or at 'iXieoni Kw/t?/ ; for as l.iotli these 
 places — the heights of the former as well as the hill of the latter — are 
 connected with the higher wooded range of Mount Ida, the Trojans could 
 have c^uietly fetched their wood, without fear of being troubled by the 
 Greeks. 
 
 The defenders of the Troy-Bounarbashi theory lay much stress on 
 the passage where, in the battle at the ships, Poseidon reproaches the 
 Greeks, and says that formerly, before the retirement of Achilles, the 
 Trojans never for a moment dared to meet the Greeks in open battle, 
 whereas now they fight /ar/roiu the city at the hollow ships ;'•' — again, c:i 
 the passage where Pulydamas advises the Trojans, when they had with- 
 drawn from the Greek camp, to retire to tlie city, and not to remain all 
 the night in the plain near the ships, because "we are far from tlie walls 
 of Troi/ f^ — also on the passage in which L'Jysses, wdien lying with his 
 companions in ambush in the reeds and bushes before the walls of Troy, 
 says to them: "We have gone very /(cr from ilie sliiim."'^ But we do not 
 
 = Jl. xi. 1, 2 : 
 'HaJ5 5' e/L \i^y^4wv Trap' o.-yavoo TiOcci'o'io 
 o:pvuB\ 'iv aOai'droio'L (puws (p^pOL rjoh (iporolaiv. 
 
 ■ //. xi. Si-86: 
 utbpo. jj.€v Tjws ^v Koi ae|(?TO ii;pui/ v/J-cp, 
 TU(ppa fj.6.}C ap.fporepoji' )3eAe' '/jTTTeTO, irLirre 6e 
 
 Aaus ■ 
 ^p-O"; 06 SpvTouQs Trep ay'rjp osTTAnTtraTO '^^^iri^oy. 
 
 ^ II. xi. lGf3-170 : 
 Oi 5e Trap' *'IAoi' (Trip-a TraAaiaC AapSaiyldao, 
 fx^tTiToy Kair TreSior, Trap' iptyehy emTevoyro 
 Upteyoi TvoXios • t) 5e KiEKXrjyd:s tEirt^T' at^l 
 'Arp^'iBrjSy \vdpw 5e traKo.aiT^ro x^^pa? aaTrrouj. 
 aAA' uTfF oij Sfaias re ttvXos koX ^trjyijy 'lkovto. 
 
 '•' 71. xii. So to xiv. 4-o'J. 
 "' Jl. XV. US : 
 <TTri 5' ap' aya'i^as, i'5e 5€ Tpwas Ko.l 'Axaiouy, 
 Touy /j.ii' opLVOfX^vous TOus 5e KAofeoi'Taj uirLtrBev^ 
 'Apy^iovs, pL^ra. 5e (T(pi Uoaeihdwvo. avaKra. 
 
 ' //. XV. 343-345 : 
 L'd>p' OL TOvs iydpi^oy aTr' tyrea, TV(ppa 5' A^aiot 
 
 Tdcpp(i} Ka.l (TKoXoTTi^frcnv <^yin\rj^afr^s opvKT;} 
 ^i/Oa K0.1 ivQa (p^fioyro, hvoyro 5e Te?xos audyiah 
 
 2 II. xvi. Tirj, to:: : 
 Tp\s p.(zy eV ayKthuoi (57l reiveos v^pTlKolo 
 TidrpoKKos' 
 
 = //. xviii. 4,':;: 
 ■jrc'.p 5' 'i)p.ap p-dpyauTO Trept ^Kan^m irvKijaiV.. 
 
 ^ II. xxiv. mil', ijiiS : 
 olirOa yap ojs Kara, airrv eeA^ef^a, Tf]\u6i 5' v\:-} 
 dl^p^t^y e| t/'peos, pw.Ka Se Tpwes h^hlu.dLy. 
 
 '' II. xili. I(i:)-l(l7 : 
 a.'S Tptoey to TrptV y€ pidyu^ Ka\ Xf'"pas 'Axai^^ 
 {.d/xyeiy ovk iO^At^tTKoy iyayTiov, ouS' ■pfio.uiy. 
 yvy 5e Itcds ttuKlos tauAijs tVi vi-jvul pidx'JVTaL 
 - " //. xviii. •_'.')4-'J.5il : 
 
 dlJ.(pl piaKa. cppd.t^€(rB>E^ (pi\Oi ■ K^Xrjp.ai yap t'-yaj^c 
 aarvSe yvy l^yat, ^7/ piifiy^iy 'Hctt Oiay 
 iy Tre5(f>; napd v'fjvaly' e/cay 5' CTry TCix^oo 
 iip.^y. 
 
 ' Ud. xiv. 4110 : 
 
 An;;' 7ap yqdsy kKas i-iXduptcy^ 
 
202 
 
 THE TltUE SITE OF HOMEE'S ILIUM. 
 
 [Chap. IV. 
 
 see liow it cun he inferred from these passages that there must have been 
 a great distance lietwecu the Greek camp and Troy ; for in the first the 
 qnestion is of the Trojans fighting at the ships, and therefore at the 
 faitlirst possible point from Troy between the city and the Greek camp ; 
 in tlie second passage they are close by this farthest point; and in the 
 third passage Ulysses, in ambush under the very walls of Troy, is as far 
 as ho can be from the camp, speaking of the space between it and Troy. 
 Thus, the advcrli eKiJ^ is in all three cases used only relatively, and it 
 iii'L'd by no means indicate a really long distance, especially as the whole 
 Iliad siidws the space between Troy and the Greek camp to have been but 
 very sh(U't. I may add that in a war, such as was carried on bi.dween 
 the Greeks and Trojans, tlie distance between the Hellespont and His- 
 sariik cmu br and miglit tu be considered as relatively r/i-eat. 
 
 The short distance Ijetween Ilium and the Greek camp ajipears also to 
 be indicated by the short run which Dolon had to make, to reach the 
 ships." AV(.' further recognize the short distance, when, in the last battle, 
 the Trojans being arrayed tietween the Greek camp autl the Scamander, 
 Athene excites the (j reeks Jjy her cries from the wall of the camp and 
 from the sliorc, vrhilst Ares excites the Trojans liy his cries from the 
 height (if the Acropolis." It must be remembered that the Trojan camp 
 was at that time in close proximity to the ships. 
 
 Against Bounarfiashi vre have also the passage in the UaTpoKlyeia,^^ 
 where Tatroelus, after having driven back the Trojans to the ships, does 
 not allow tliein tij return to the toAvn, lut Jalh tlnia leticeeii the sliips, the 
 ivall {of the ci.tij), nnd tlie Scamander. This passage slujws three important 
 facts : in the hrst place, that the distance between the city, the Scamander, 
 and the Greek camp, was luit very short; in the second place, that the 
 Scamander was between tl'e city and the Greek camp ; and, thirdly, 
 that Troy could cimserjuimtly not be situated at Biuinarbashi, as the Sca- 
 mander Avould not have intervened between it and tlie Greek camp. 
 
 The Troy-I'xumarliashi theorists further maintain that, at the time of 
 the Trojan war, Hissarlik Avas close to the Hellespont, the whole lower 
 plain being a much later h:irmation ; and that, consequently, there was 
 no room for tin,; battles described in the Iliad. They refer to the before- 
 iiientioni.'d Hestiaea, who, according to Strabo,^ made the same objection ; 
 and also to Herodotus," who says that the land about Ilium (that is, the 
 
 ' //. X. :;07-.369. 
 
 '• J/. XX. 51, 52: 
 au€ o' ^ ApTls eT€'pa)&€[', cp^iimj Ao.iXa.Tri 7cros, 
 ot^v Ko.r' o.KpOTU.rT)^ ttuAlos TpujeiTtTt /ceAet'wi'. 
 
 " Jl. xvi. 394-398: 
 X\fj.TpoK\os 5 eVei ovu Tvpo^ra's eTre'/iepirt ili6.\o.yyo.s^ 
 > h.^ eVl vijos iipye 7ra.Ai/.nreTes, o{/5e 7ruA7?(js 
 
 i''q(<.'v K0.1 7ri)Tai.iov Hal t6i;(^€os u^'^'Ao'io 
 
 liTiiV€ fliTO.iijlTiOl', TTOAeO!!' 6' U.TTdTLVVTU TTDLyljl'. 
 
 ' .\iii. |i. 5119: TTapaTiOfjm 5' o ATjpi'fiTpios Kal 
 t'iiv ^ AKf.^cj.v^pii'rji' 'Eariatai' piaprvpa^ tijjj crvy- 
 ypd^aaay n^p'i tT^s 'OiJ.-i]pov 'lAinOiM, TTvyOavD- 
 /ieV'/jj' ei Tctzpl T-qu vuy iruXip I'j TruKe^os uvviaTT], 
 
 K0.1 . . . Tu TpCCllCUV 7r€5iO!', U /.i^Ta^V T'7?S TToAftii? 
 
 Kal T'//s OaXdrr'qs o iroLTjrijS (jfpdl^^L ■ tu p.'ey yap 
 TTpu rqs vvu TTuX^ccs u p u.\ui If f npu\w/da eirai rwp 
 TTOTa^Liioi' iltTTepot' y^yoi/os. 
 
 - ii. Ill: TCcf yap ovpfu:!^ twp ^Ip-q^uh'wi' rccp 
 I'TTep MfU(pii' nu\ip Kiifi^ifwi' TO /j.eTa^u G(po.ii'eTij 
 fAOt eli'at (tore /coAttos 6a\d<r(n)s^ uio-jrep 76 Ta 
 7r€p'i "IXlop Ka\ TevBpapiriy K0.I "E^peaov Tf l<a\ 
 Maiavhpov TreSnji', lcitt^ fJt'aL rrfimpd ravra }j.iyd- 
 XuifTi au/j-i^aX^CLi'. The |i:ir;illel is uii]u(k\- Tur 
 the thei>ry, sine; the gi'i,lri[;y of Egypt pruvos 
 McnKJiitus til lie utterly "wriuig in his assumption 
 (fur it is iiiithiiiL; more — and the same is true of 
 the I'laiii of Troy) that the Kile-valley was formed 
 
Chap. IA^] WAS ILIUM FINALLY DESERTED ? 203 
 
 historical Ilium) appears to liim to liavo once been a gulf filled up by the 
 alluvium of the rivers, like part of the Nile valley. But I have given 
 numerous reasons which lead to tlio conclusion that the Plain of Troy 
 must probably be ohlerevi'ii than the Hellespont, and that it must have 
 extended at the Trojan epoch just as hir towards the latter as it does now. 
 Moreover, Herodotus does not say that m his opinion the plain was formed 
 after the Trojan war; and, as Eckenln-echer" ingeniously remarks, " Hoav 
 could he have expressed such an opinion, as the historical Ilium is in his 
 view identical with the Homeric Ilium, which fact necessarily involves the 
 supposition that the plain existed at the Trojan epoch ? " 
 
 The defenders of the Troy-Bounarbashi theory further cite the testi- 
 mony of the orator Lycurgus,"' who says in liis speech against Leocrates, 
 accused of treachery after the battle of Chaeronea : " ^Yho has not heard 
 that Troy, the greatest city of its time, and sovereign of all Asia, after 
 having been destroyed by the Greeks, has remained uninhabited ever 
 since?" "But how" — asks Eckenbrecher^ — "could Lycurgus suppose 
 this to le uiuversaUij known, as there must have been not a few persons 
 who knew nothing about it ; for instance, the Ilians of his time, who 
 (with Hellanicus and others) had the firm conviction that the site of 
 their city vras identical with the Homeric Troy ? Tliis question can 
 only be solved by the right interpretation of the word ' uninhabited ' 
 (doiKTjTo^) ; and, fortunately, Lycurgus himself assists us in explaining- 
 it ; for he says also in his speech, that througli the treachery of Leocrates 
 Athens had been in danger of becoming ' uninhabited ' (uo/kjjtoj' ai/ 
 y£i'ea6ai). Does he mean by this, the danger of Uteralhj no one living 
 in Athens ? No, he can only have meant, in danger of liifconiimj deserted, 
 desolate, dead, which expressions we use in speaking of a ruined city, 
 just as the modern A^'enetians have been heard to say ' noii v' e piii 
 ■ Yenezia.' We see, then, that the word ' uninliabited ' was used in Greek 
 in this sense ; and we may therefore understand it so in the passage in 
 which Lycurgus applies it to Troy. In this way we remove the incon- 
 sistency involved in this passage liy translating the word ' uninhabited,' 
 and do away with the proof that the site of the Homeric Troy had never 
 been inhabited after its destruction. For the rest, Strabo^' cites the words 
 of Lycurgus, after having given Homer's authority for the complete 
 destruction of the city, in order to show, as he says, that this \vas also 
 acknowledged in later times. The confirmation of Troy's complete de- 
 struction (KaTeo-Kacpr)) contained in the words of Lycurgus served Strabo 
 for his purpose, for the sake of which he cannot have laid any absolute 
 stress on the words that the city of the Ilians (which he here calls Troy) 
 remained 'uninhabited' (uoikijtoii ovaav) ; for even a city wliiclb hau 
 literally not a single inhahttant need not on this account- be destroyed: 
 
 by the gradual filling up of a chasm, like tliat y.eyt^rrT] y€y^v'f)^^v'q Tijjv rare ttoAc^wi' ku.\ 
 
 oF the Red Sea, by the alluvial de['u.^its of the ird'rri^ i-ivap^aaa rri^ 'Atrias, ojs airal^ vno Tuy 
 
 river iu the course of centuries. 'EW/ivwi/ KaT^<TKd(pT}, ruv alwya doiKrirus icrrt^ 
 
 ' Die Larje des Hoinerischeii Trojn, p. 57. '•" IHe Lwjc Jcs Ilumer. Trojti, p. 41. 
 
 * Lrcui'g. in Leocratcm, ji. 02, el. CoimI. ' .xiii. p. 0')1. 
 
 Scheibe : ti}v Tpoiay ris ouK aK-i]Ko^v^ utl 
 
204 THE TRUE SITE OF HOMER'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV. 
 
 it can easily lie seen tliat Straljo only adds tlic final words in order to 
 conclude tlie phrase of Lycurgns." 
 
 Eckeubreclier ' fiirtlier says, in defence of Hissarlik against Bounar- 
 baslii : " Tlie propliecA' of Juno 'in the Ode of Plorace Jndnm ac tenacem, 
 A'c.,^ has bi'en cited as a drt-isive proof against Novum Ilium. Welcker " 
 maintaius": ' AYe cannot AVish lor a more cnnclusive testimony, that Ilium 
 was not rebuilt on the. ancient site, than this threat of , Juno, that the 
 Capitol would iiuly exist and that Eome W(.iuld only dominaie, dum Priami 
 I'll rill /s:j lie Ijiwto Insidtd ariuentuin <d cittulos ftrae Cdent iiiuJtite:' — 
 
 ' Dum longus inter saeviat Ilion 
 Eomamque pontiid, qiialiliet exsulus 
 In parte regnanto buati : 
 
 Dum Priami Pariilisque Ijusto 
 
 ' Insultet arraeiitum et catulos ferae 
 Cclent inultac, stut Capilolium 
 Fulgens triumphatisque possit 
 lioma ferox dare jura IMedis.' 
 
 " "We reply : Juno promises (1) that the liornans shall reign happily, 
 so long as the wide sea shall roar between Ilium and lioine ; and (2j that 
 the Capitol shall gloriously stand, and Eome shall be victorious, so long 
 as on the tumulus of Priam and Paris herds shall trample and Avild beasts 
 shall with impunity ciuieeal their brood. In the first part of this prophecy 
 is contained a guarantee for the eternal duration of the Capitol ; for it is 
 said that Itome's hapjiy dominion, which is unimaginable without the 
 existence of the Capitol, will last as loiii/ «.« tlie sea, sJtall roar between Ilium 
 and Home, that is, eternally. Now, Juno would have made a contradidio 
 in adjedo, if she had said in the second part of her promise, that the 
 eternal standing of the Capitol was uncertain ; but she would have said 
 this if she had designated lIic length of the duration of the Capitol's 
 existence, not by a thing which must last eternally, like the roaring of 
 the sea, but by something which might perhaps not last eternally. She 
 must therefore have thought, that the herds and wild animals must 
 continue for ever to trample on the sepulchre of Priam and Paris : thus 
 these graves are supposed to be at a spot, perhaps in the secluded dales 
 of Mount Ida, where pastuj'ing herds and wild animals are presumed to 
 remain for ever. What has been said of the latter wmild therefore give 
 the same sense as we might perhaps express by saying : ' As long as cows 
 are })asturihg on the Alps, and chamois climb about on their rocks;' thus 
 (Ills promise purports nothing else than: — the victorious power shall be 
 eternal. There is nothing else, therefore, in this passage; not a trace of 
 a proof against the identity of Novum Ilium with the Homeric Ilium. 
 Put we shnuld impute to Horace an absurd mode of writing, if, in the 
 second part of tin; promise — which, like the first, he introduces by dum, 
 'as long as' — he intended to express a condition which was not necessarily 
 t:i be i'ulfilled, like the condition contained in the first })art ; that is, 
 which was not to be fulfilled in case the liomans built a city on the site of 
 
 ' Hie Liujo J,s Jl.un.r. 'r,;,j,i, |,|i. 42-4G. « II. .rat. Carm. iii. 3. 
 
 ^ Welukcr, h'/t'ijiv Schrificii, Baud iv. p. 10. 
 
Chap. IV.] JUNO'S rEOrilF.CY IN HOIIACB 205 
 
 those tombs, wliereas it wonld hv. fulfilled if they did not do this. He 
 must have supposed, however, thiii in the. latter case herds and wild 
 animals would be eternally on those tumuli. He would, therefore, use 
 the image of the pasturing- flocks and wild animals as an image of 
 eternity. Those who pretend to find m the second part of the promise"-' 
 the condition that no city must ever be built on the site of ancient Troy, 
 ought not to be surprised, that with orir mode of explanation, we attribute 
 this meaning to Horace. 
 
 " But our Ode contains yet more than the promiise of Juno which we 
 have discussed. It is sfaid later on : 
 
 ■ Si-'l bellico,-i.^ fiita Quiritibus 
 Ila'' lege dico: ne liiiiiium pii 
 IJrbusque fidented avitae 
 
 Teeta velint reparare Trojne.' 
 
 "With reference to this we must say : If indeed these words were to be 
 understood to prescribe that Troy should never be rebuilt, as the con- 
 dition of the victorious grandeur of Eoiiie, Horace's opinion would cer- 
 tainly be expressed by saying, that it had never been rebuilt — that is, the 
 site of Homeric Troy had never again liorne human habitations; that 
 that site, therefore, was different from that on which, in Horace's time, 
 stood the great and flourishing city of Ilium. But Juno's words are not 
 necessarily to be understood as containing this condition. They may also 
 be interpreted, not altogether to prohibit building again on the site of 
 Priam's Troy, but merely to enjoin that this should not lie done with 
 exaijgerated piety {ne niin/ina pii), and with exaggerated confidence in tliL\ 
 secure power of Kome. I believe indeed that, considering the circum- 
 stances, we must say that Horace meant his words to be understood in 
 this manner : because, had he been understood to make it the condition 
 of Ptome's greatness, that the site of Priam's Troy should never be again 
 built upon, then every one would have concluded from this Ode. either 
 that Juno had prophesied falsely, or that — liy the reluiilding of Troy — 
 Eome had already for centuries worked at its own perdition ; for, according 
 to the popular belief as well as in the opinion of the most distinguished 
 men, on the site of Priam's Troy stood a city of Troy, Avhich the liomans 
 had with bountiful liberality for centuries been endeavouring to raise to 
 a highly flourishing condition. We must therefore explain Horace only 
 to have intended to reliuke t]ie exagrjerated pittji, &c. displayed in the 
 restoration of Troy, and not its restoration generally. Suetonius perhaps 
 gives us the explanation of the poet's motive for saying this in such 
 emphatic words. He tells us, in fact, that shortly Ijehjre Caesar's assas- 
 .sination there had been a strong and universally diffused rumoTir, that 
 he intended to transfer the centre of gravity of the Eoman p'ower to 
 Ilium. ^^ How much this was to the Eoman taste [or rather a favourite 
 idea of certain emperors] we see from the fact, that at a later time 
 Constantine the Great, before establishing Constantinople at Byzantium, 
 
 " See above. translatis simid 0|>ibus imperii, exhaustaque 
 
 " Suetonius, Julius Caesar, 79 : " raria fama Italia delectibus, et procuratione urbis amieis 
 percrebuit migraturiim Alexandrinm vel Ilium, permissa." 
 
206 THE TRUE SITE OP HOMER'S ILIUM. [Gi-rAr. IV. 
 
 liacl ill all serionsiiess selected the environs of Ilium for liis new -Cixpita].^ 
 Sucli plans may also liave linyerctl in tlie air at tlio time of Angnstus, 
 and may have induced Horace, vdio hrld them to 1)0 pernicious, to 
 express himself in the sharpest manner.- For the rest, the adherents of 
 Ilnuuarhaslii have overlooked the fact, that no one at liome ever at any 
 time thought of huilding a Troy outside Novum Ilium, on any site 
 helieved to l(e idiuitical with Priam's Troy, in opposition to Novum Ilium. 
 It therefore could not occur to Horace's mind to warn thein against tliat 
 scdjeiiie. 
 
 " Like Horace, Aesidivlus " is also most unjustly cited against Novum 
 Ilium. He savs no more than that Troy had heeii destroyed and its site 
 dest'rted,^ and tha.t Athene had taken possession of the Trojan laud as a 
 portion of hooty (\dy_o^) for the children of Theseus.^ If we suppose that 
 l)y this is meant only a portion of the Trojan land, it does not follow that 
 that land, as AVelcker maintains, should he thought to he excluded from 
 all kinds of prof me use (and therefore from the huilding of houses). And 
 whi(di portion of the Tr(jan land was it? Welcker indeed knows very 
 precisely that it was tlie region of Bounarbashi, but he does not make ,it 
 clear to us how hc^ knows tins. 
 
 " Just as little as the adherents of Bounarbashi can aj)peal to Aeschylus, 
 so little can they appeal to Lucau's PharsaJiaf' It is evident that Lucaii 
 makes Caesar visit the Ilium of his time and hold it to be the Homeric 
 city. Of this the verse 
 
 'Circuit cxiistae nomeu luenioruljile Tirjue' 
 
 can hardly leave any doulit, because on the coast of Troy there existed 
 only the city called Ilium or Tmy, and no other of this name. But it is 
 self-rvident that Caesar C(-mld not have found there ruins of the ancient 
 Per-araus and the wall of Piioebus Apollo, and this l>ears as little on the 
 sulijeet as the trees and lirakes which grew on the Pergamus, as now on 
 the Acrocorinthus and many another Acropolis, whilst the city which 
 belongs to it lives and hears its ancient name.' Let us also remember 
 Caesar's solemn vow made on the sacred precincts : ' 
 
 Eestitimio pci|niliis, L;-iata vice iiioeiiia rcddent 
 Ausoiiidau riiryj^-iljurt, Rumanaque I'eryama surgent,' 
 
 of which promise Lucaii says" that it has been fulfllled— , 
 
 ' Votaquc timiicrcmos non. inita fiulit in igiirs;" 
 
 which cannot refer to anytlung else than the numerous good acts and 
 
 (ubljnii, c. 17. Constantino; had ev.-n bcgim ^uipiol 5' ixirrroi Kal flecuj/ iSpiVara, 
 
 tn erect ou the chosen site ilii|iort:int nlal smn]- Kal o-irfp^a iroTTlr efaTroAAu-rai xflo''M- 
 
 tuons buililings, which afterwar(l^ Irll t., pieces. = Eumenkk's, ;ra7-Hi-J : 
 
 I ce also J.uebei), I r >rf i//is I'l-nirijmt ih:s ■n-pufraQei' ^'S^t}Kov(To. KKy)^uvos (io-qv^ 
 
 Ai'ip'^l !'.<, in Kanrners Idslnr. 'I n.^rli.'n'uirh.. 1 s:>-(-. aTru ^Ka^o-i'^pov 'yi)v Kara{p6a.TouiJi€vl), 
 
 VVelrki,r, A/a/te h'rhyij l.rii.. ]',,uel ic. p. 17. "tji/ S'fJT* 'Axctaij' aKTopes re KoX Trp6fj.0L, 
 
 .Vi'scliyius, A'l'iiiirnuinn, \\ . ..)■_' 4—.)L'S ; TO'i' aix^aKii'Tcov XP'^)!-'-^'''^^ \dxos ^te'ya, 
 
 a\A' (V vu- aa-Tratraa-es, ital yap ovv irpiirei, ^vi^i/j.av avTiTrpep-vov els rh tvui> ifioi, 
 
 Tpoiav Ko.jaaK^avTa rod 5iKT)j/)o'pou e^alperov Siipi]/.i.a 0-na-ews TOKOis. 
 
 Aihs ^iccKtAA;;, rf) KarelpyarrTat ttc'Su!'. " ix. 9G1. ' Lncan, F/iurs,fl. ix. 998, 999. 
 
 » PhiU-sul. ix, 989. 
 
V 
 
 CnAP lY.] LEGEND OF Ti-IE WOODEN HORSE. .207 
 
 favours, by which — as we uotorionsly know from history — JuHiis Caesar 
 endeavorireA loiyaise the Ilium of his time to a flouri-shiii,!;' condition."" 
 
 I may here add that the site of Boiinarhaslii is in contradiction Avith 
 the hydrographical foundations of oiir map, in consef[nence of which all 
 the adherents of the Troy-Bounarbashi theory must submit to a radical 
 renaming of the rivers of the plain. 
 
 It has been argued against the identity of Novum IHum with the 
 Homeric Troy that, if the latter had bd'n so near the ships, tjie Trojans 
 would not have necdi/d to encamp in the plain. But it was Hector's 
 intention to attack the Greeks the moment they should try to put their 
 ships afloat and to go on l.ioard, tVir he supposed thoy had such a (h.'sign.' 
 By encamping at the tuuiulus of Ilus he saved a march of a uiilo and a 
 half, and kept his Avarriors uuder arms instead of dispers('d in the city. 
 
 "When the battle is raging near Troy, Ajax is afraid that those of the 
 Greeks who had remained in the camp at the ships might be discouraged 
 at seeing their comrades repulsed by Hector.'" Tltu distance ajipears, 
 therefore, -to have Ijeen so sJtort that tlieij coutd see each other. Virgil, ^'■ 
 the mrist veracious narrator of traditions, and Quintug Smyruaeus,^ ■ 
 represent the Trojan women as looking at the Greek fleet from the walls, 
 and hearing the cries of the Greeks when they rushed from the camp. 
 These are merely instances of the views of these two later authors 
 with regard to the distance and the relative situation of the city and 
 the camp. But it must lie supposed that people at the camp and in Ilium 
 perceived each other only very imperfectly, for otlierwise there could 
 be no reason why Polites— who, confiding in his speed, sat as scout on 
 the tumulus of Aesyetes (which we may suppose to have been near Koum 
 luoi) — should have watched when the Greeks would rush forth from 
 their ships. - 
 
 The legend of the Trojan wooden horse is undoubtedly nothing Ijut 
 a sacred symbol. Euphorion, in the rationalizing spirit of the later 
 Greeks, supposed this horse to have been nothing else than a Grecian 
 ship called 'imro^, " the horse." ^ So too Pausanias pronounced that the 
 Trojan horse must have been in point of fact a battering-engine, because 
 to admit the literal narrative would l>e to impute utter childishness to the 
 defenders- of the city.* Keller^ suggests that " it proljably refers to an 
 oracle ; let us call to mind the numerous Sibyls in Asia Minor, at Sardis, 
 Erythrfie, and Samos,*^ as well as the oracle of the wooden walls of Athens, 
 which signified its ships." But the Trojan horse, as Grote ' says, -with its 
 
 » //. viii. 5i)S-.'ill : Eiluctam tectis, unde onmis Tmiii vjilrri 
 
 !is K(v irawiyx"" M«<r<f>' T]ods itpiyevfiris Kt Daiiaiini sulitac navus c-t Acliaira castra.' 
 
 KaLiofi€v TTvpa TToAAa, (re'Aas 5' eis ovpauhv 'iKijj i-^- To : 
 
 H-ll TTm Kai Sm vxiKTa Kapv K0ix6oivTis ' hX'^iOL Tpwf s 5' eur' eVufloi'TO Mv Kal \a.bi> tSufTO, 
 
 <pevy€iu dpfX'f)(T(jovTaL eV ^vp4a vo)Ta 6a\dffO'T]S. OafiPrjacy. 
 
 10 // ^^.,1 ij:;7-6:)9: ' ^1- ii- '7111-794, alr.Nnly 'iteil. 
 
 oi T!ou he'vp opioivTCS a.Kr)XiSa.T\ ohy iTi <paaiv ^ Fr.ijpiienta, 34-, ^jjk UrmtzLT, Fnigmcnta 
 
 "EKTopos avSpocpovOiO p.iwos Kal X^ ^pas adiTTOVS Fjtic. Onlcc. p. !J0. 
 
 ffXnffitrS', dXX' fV vi]v<t\ ij.iXaivri<nv TnaiiffBai. * Grote, Bistorij ../ (./ivtv, i. ji. JS... 
 
 " Aniei^l. ii. 46i)— 162 : ' ^ Die Entdcrhnvi IlioiiS :», llissarlih, p. 13. 
 
 "Tui-rim in praeciiati stantem summisque sub "^ Aclian. 1 .ir. Hist. ,\ii. 3.j. 
 
 jjgjj.,^ ' Hist, of Greece, i. p. 30.5. 
 
20S ' THE TSUE SITE OP HOMEE'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV. 
 
 accompajhiments, Siuon and Laocouii, is oiic of the capital and indis- 
 peivsal.le events in the epic : Homer, Arctinns, LesAvS, Virgil, and 
 Quintus Smyrnaeus, all dAvell upon 'it einpliatically as the proximate 
 cause of the capture of Troy. 
 
 I mention the Trojan horso here, in order to show -that those who 
 invented or supported the legend can only have had the idea that it 
 was dragged to a Pergamus situated at a very short distance from the 
 Greek camp, l)ut they cannot possihly have supposed that such an 
 immense machine, full of warriors, could have lieen dragged for eight 
 miles through the plain, and then for more than one mile up the steep 
 rocks of the' Bali Dagh to the Pergamus. The adherents of the Bouiiar- 
 bashi theory maintain that the passage in the Odyssmj '—which refers to 
 the consultation as to whether the great horse, which had been dragged 
 into the Acropolis, should he thrown down on the stones at its foot — can 
 only be referred to the little Acropolis on the Bali Dagh, with its deep 
 and steep slope, and not to Hi'ssarlik. But we see no reason for this, 
 because the slope of Hissarlik is on the north, north-west, and north-east 
 side at an angle of 45"; and the city had, besides, high walls. We must 
 therefore understand that it was proposed to drag the horse to the 
 edge of the wall and to throw it thence on the stones below ; there is 
 not tlie slightest reascm to suppose that Homer must necessarily have 
 meant here very high, almost perpendicular, ptiinted clitfs. 
 
 At the time of Demetrius of Scepsis the little Acropolis on the 
 Bali Dagh, behind Bounarbashi, was j^robably still standing. It was 
 strategically well situated ; but nevertheless, though envious and jealous 
 of [Novum Ilium, he did not, like the modern explorers, dare to proclaim 
 its identity with tlie Homeric Ilium. Pie preferred to instal a poor 
 unfitly situated little village in the legendary rights of the ancient 
 Ilium, because that name at least appeared to cling to it. Nobody 
 dared in antifjuity to shake the tradition of a name, — an example of 
 caution whicli should be a warning to us.^ 
 
 "\V. Christ ^" cites B. Stark of Heidelberg,' whose enthusiasm for his 
 Troy-Bouuarbashi theory goes so far that, without paying any attention 
 whatever to the ancient testimonies, he puts the 'Wiewv Kw/j.)j of 
 Demetrius close to Bounarbashi. 
 
 Grote '-^ oljserves : " Theophrastus, in noticing old and venerable 
 trees, mentions the cpip/oi ((^htercjia (irsciilut!) on the tomb of Ilus at 
 Ilium, without any doubt of the authenticity of the place (De Plant. 
 iv. 14) ; and his contemporary, the harper Stratonikos, intimates the 
 same feeling, in his jest on tlie visit of a liad Sophist to Ilium during 
 the festival of the Ilieia (Athenaeus, viii. p. 351). The same may be said 
 respecting the author of the tenth epistle ascribed to the orator Aeschines 
 
 8 (Id. viii. r,i)C:-Um: » otto Keller, Die Enidoching lUons :.n Ilis- 
 
 rpixo. 5e a(JMi7Li' -qvZoM^ (iov\T}^ sar/i/:, p. 'J7. 
 
 7j€ StaTr\T]^ai KolAov 5upu rTjAei' xcc'^f^, '" Die Tupographie dcr Trojan. Ebene; MiJncheTi, 
 
 ^ Kara Trerpaar (io.K^eiv ^pvfTo.vras eV aKpT]s, 1874. 
 
 ^} eV.cii/ jx^y' ayaKjj.a B^wy OeXKT'ijpioi' lElyci. ^ Jtrisc noch dcin grtechi-'^idu'ii Orient, p. 166. 
 
 - JJistory of Greece, i. p. 299. 
 
Chap. iV.] BELIEF OF THE GREEKS AT ILIUM. 209 
 
 (p. 737), m ^Yhicll his visit of curiosity to Ilium is described— as well 
 as about Apolloiiius of Tyana, or, the writer who describes his life and 
 his visit to the Troad ; it is evident that he did not distrust the 
 dpXaioXoyia of the Iliaus, who affirmed their town to be the real Troy 
 (Philostr. Vif. Apol Tijan. iv. 11). The goddess Athene of Ilium was 
 reported to have remlered valuable assistance to the inhabitants of 
 Kyzikus, wheu they were besieged by Mithridates, commemorated by 
 inscriptions set up in Ilium" (Plutarch, LiwuUus, 10). 
 
 Grote-^ also finds an important argument for the identity of Novum 
 Ilium with the Homeric Troy in the above-mentioned periodical sending 
 of the Locrian maidens to Ilium, to do menial service in the temple of 
 Athene, as an expiation of the sin of their hero Ajax, son of Oileus. He 
 thinks that the sending of these virgins could not possibly have been 
 commenced under the dominion of the Persians, as Strabo ' says : but, 
 on the contrary, he finds in it a proof that Ilium always existed, and, 
 consecjuently, that it had never , ceased to be inhabited. I may add that, 
 according to another passage in Strabo,'^ the Ilians maintained that the 
 annual sending of Locrian virgins to Ilium had commenced soon after 
 the capture of Troy, and that the city had neither been totally destroyed 
 by the besieging Greek army nor had it ever been (entirely) deserted. 
 The history of the city could not have been anywhere better preserved 
 than by its iiihalutants. 
 
 As the hill of Hissarlik, under wdiatever essential aspect we may 
 examine it, answers to the indications of the Iliad in regard to the 
 situation of ancient Ilium, the fact that a city of the same name existed 
 here in later times tends rather to conlirm than to enfeeble its right to bo 
 considered identical with the city celebrated by the poet. The identity 
 of name is a strong presumption in favour of the coincidence of position. 
 It must also be considered, that the inttrest which the ancients felt 
 for the Troy of Homer was far greater even than ours ; that they had 
 plentiful sources of information which are lost to us ; and that they 
 were coiisec[uently far better prepared for a thorough examination of 
 the site uhi Troja fuit than w'e are. The Ilians were Aeolic Greeks, '^ 
 who had immigrated into the Troad'' and had no doubt got mixed up 
 with the remaining Trojans, and who adhered with fervent zeal to the 
 worship of the Ilian Athene and to that of the heroes who had fallen 
 in the war, to whom, as we have seen,*^ funeral services were celebrated as 
 
 ^ Htdortj of Greece, i. p. 282. toiv iKXr^pov oiKriadvro^v'^lXiOV is t'i}u Kpien-v T-qv 
 
 * xiii. p. 001 : ray 5€ AoKpiSas Tye/j.(p9rii'0.i eVi tois ottKois fiKovcra. 
 
 Uepa-(^y ^677 KpaTOUfrwp avv^li-q. Pausanias, viii. 12. 'J : tqvtov 5e (ruyreXodfrii' 
 
 ■' xiii. p. iji.M) : A^yovtTi 5' ol vvv 'lAieTs Koi is ■jriiTTLv AloXiwy ol ''IKloi' itf 'i}jj.o:v e;*^oi'T€s, 
 
 rovTO ws ou5e reKiojs -ijcpa^/iaOaL avyiliatvei' rriv k. t. A. 
 
 Tr6\iu Kara tV a\toaLv virb rwy 'Axaiwi', 01)8' Grute, JJistory of Greece, i. p. 20;;, nlso cites 
 
 i^eKeicpdri ouSeTTOre ■ a'l fuvv AoKpiSes -rrapdivoi AioAeus €K TriiActos TpojctSos, tlir til ir prnilaiinfd 
 
 pLMphv viTTepov ap!;dfj.(yai i-K(/j.TvovTo /car' ctos. at the Olympic games (Pans. v. K. ;'.): like AioAsts 
 
 * Herodotus, v. 122: (''l>e'-;)j) ica.TaAnru}' t'ov ciTro Moupi'cas, from ]\l3-rina in tlie iinne .soiUlierly 
 npoTTOi/TlSa (irl Toj' 'EAA-V'TOfTOj' -I'lye tw region of Aeolis, wliich we lind in tliu list of 
 rTTpa.Tiii', Kal elAe /xev AioAe'ccs Trdi/ras, 'icroi tV victors at the (Jharitesia, at Orchomenus in 
 'lAiaSa vefiofTai, €l\e Se TepyiBas tovs inroXei.- lioeotia (Boeclth, Cor/). Liscrip. Grace. No. 1583). 
 ({jdii^ras Tu>u dpx^'^^ Teuicpojv. ^ See p. 128. 
 
 Pausnnias, i. o.3. 4 : Aayoi' §e rivi/ fj-ly AfoAear ^ 'See pp. ISO, 181. 
 
 P 
 
210 THE TPiUE SITE OF HOMER'S ILIUM. [Chap. IV. 
 
 Lite as the time of tlie Eniporor Julian. Everything tlierefore here eon- 
 triLuted te keep alive the reniiniscenees f>f the Trojan war and its locality. 
 
 Not only (lid an ancient and veneraLlo city stand on Hissarlik : this 
 city was also so rich and powerful that there could not easily be in 
 the Plain of Troy a second equally important city; it must therefore 
 have Ijcen regarded as the capital of the Trojan dominion.'-' 
 
 "The legendary faith (in the identity of Novum Ilium with the 
 Homeric Ilium) subsisted liefore, and continued" (as Grote '" says) 
 " afterwards, notwithstanding the topographical difiiculties. Hellanicus, 
 Ilerodotus, Mmdarus, the guides of Xerxes, and Alexander, had not 
 been shocked l)y them: the case of the latter is the strongist of all, 
 liecause he had received the best education of his time under Aristotle 
 — he was a passionate admirer and constant reader of the Iliad — he 
 Avas, moreover, personally familiar with the movements of armies, and 
 lived at a time when maps, which began with Anaximander, the disciple 
 of Thales, were at least known to all who sought instruction. Now if, 
 notwitlistanding such advantages, Alexander fully lielieved in the identity 
 of Ilium, unconsciiius of the topographical difiiculties, much less would 
 Homer himself, or the Homeric auditors, be likely to pay attention to 
 them, at a period, five centuries earlier, of comparative rudeness and 
 ignorance, wlien prose records as well as geographical maps were totally 
 unknown." Grote further cites the argument of Major Eennell ■} 
 "Alexander is said to have been a passionate admirer of the Iliad, 
 and he had an opportunity of deciding en the spot how far the topo- 
 graphy was consistent with the narrative. Had he been shown the 
 site of Bmiiiarbashi for that of Troy, he would probably have (juestioned 
 the fidelity either of the historical part of the poems or of his guides. 
 It is not within credilnlity. tliat a person of so correct a judgment as 
 Alexander could have admired a poem which contained a long history 
 of military details and other transactions that could not physically have 
 an existence. AVhat pleasure could he receive, in contemplating as 
 subjects of history, events which could not have happened? Yet he did 
 admire the poem, and Uitnfore must Jiure foniid tlic iopograidiy consistent; 
 that is, Bounarbashi, surely, was not shovcn to him for Troy." 
 
 Grote further mentions the testimiuiy of Arrian, " who, though a 
 native of Nicomedia, holding a liigli appointment in Asia Minor, and 
 remarkalde lor the exactness of his topographical notices, descriljes the 
 visit of Alexander to Ilium, v»'ithont any suspicion that tlie place with 
 all its rdics was a, mere counterfeit. Aristides, Die Chrysostom, Pau- 
 sanias, Appian, and Plutarcli, hold the same hmguage."- 
 
 » W. nirisl,/);L- Tni«,ir<:j,]ue ih-r Ti-oj,nikcl,cil war, is a(Mr...sc,l in the inlialiitaiits of Ilium. 
 
 El. nr: .Miinrl,,.,!, 1S7+. " IC.nt y,-..:;, what is Gmte .a,Ms : " lUit mn-lmi wvihT.. sr.m ihr the 
 
 II, i, r.ty hut it. ,lni,l,l,:''-^,injifUrhi J;,ricir, most i-art to liave taken „,, tl,e su|.|insiti.in IVnm 
 
 Anril IST-k |i. :,:,'.!. Stnilioasi.n|.liei(lva,l,,.t.ink it iVoiii Demetrius. 
 
 '" ^/''/"'■'/ ■:/■ '■''■■-•..-, i. ].. :;n:,. They eall Ilium liv the hisrespeetful aj.i.ellation 
 
 ' (J!>sr,-n,f;u,„ nn Ih,- l'l.,;„ ,<fr,;.,i, ], lo,S. of AV-. lli,,,,,. „l,ile the traxelh.r in the Troad 
 
 " .Arrian, .I,,.,/,, i. 11 ; A|i|aan. M Uhrl.l.d. v. .S:l ; looks for dl.l ll,,nn as if it were the unqucstion- 
 
 Aristel.'s, o,-../;„, 4:i ; A7e»/;.e„, ,, Sou (I li,„l„rf, ahle sj.ot where I'riam liad live.l and moved; 
 
 l..:;i;:i). The enrimis r/,7//,o,.i. of DioChrvsost.an, the name is even lornially enrolled on the best 
 
 in wliieh he writes his new version oh the d'rojan maps of the ancient Troad." 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE FIRST PEE-PIISTOMC CTTY OX THE HILL OF HISSAELIK. 
 
 As I liaTe explained in the prececlinfj; pa^es/ I ascertained Ly tlio 
 twenty shafts snnlj on the site nf Xcivnin Ilium, -which are accurately 
 indicated on the Plan nf tho Hellenic Ilium,- that the ruins of none of 
 the pre-historic cities, whicli succeeded each other here in the crmrse of 
 ages, exceeded the precincts of the hill of Hissarlik, which forms its 
 north-west corner, and served as its Acropolis. This Acropolis, like the 
 Acropolis of old Troy, was called Pergamum." Here were the temples 
 of the gods,* among wdiich the sanctuary of Athene, the tutelary deity 
 of the city, was of great celelinty. The Ilians, wdio firmly helieved 
 in the ancient tradition that their town occupied the very site of ancient 
 Troy, w^ere pr(:nid to sluiw in their Pcrgamum the house of Priam as 
 well as the altar of Zeus Herkeios, wdiere that unhapjiy old man had 
 lieen slain,' and the idiuitical stone on Avhicli Palainedes had taught the 
 Greeks to play at dice.'' They were so totally ignorant of archfcnlogT, 
 that they took it as an undijuhti-d fact, that the Trojans had walked 
 on the very same surface of the soil as themselves, and that the buildings 
 they showed were all that remained of the ancient city. It never occurred 
 to their minds that ruins could exist except on the surface. As they had 
 no cellars, so they had no excavations tci make ; Init still they om-c cer- 
 tainly made an excavaticjii, hecause there is a well' in the Acropolis, Aviiich 
 is walled up wdth stones and chalk, and was evidently dug hy tin' later 
 Ilians. This well has Ijeen dug with great trouble through numliers 
 of pre-historic house-walls. By a strange chance it has lieen pierced, 
 at a depth of about 30 ft. below the surface, through the thick w^alls of a 
 house, wdiich is the largest house in the burnt city, and whi(di I lirmly 
 hold to be the mansion of its chief or king, Ijccause, as mentioned iii 
 the preceding pages, in or close to it I fVmnd nine smaller or larger 
 treasures. But they dug with great pains through these house-walls 
 without even noticing thein, for, had they noticed tlinn, they might 
 have raised pretensions to archasology ; they might perhaps liave 
 excavated the wdiole mansion, and might have felt inclined to proclaim 
 it as the real house of Priam, instead of the building wdiicli tliey showed 
 2S or 30 ft. above it, on the surface of the hill. With the sanii' in- 
 difference they dug on, and, having pierced through several still more 
 
 1 p. 38. ' Theliisrri|iti"nsaiithfiiticafi', l'fsi'Irs.\tlM.nr, 
 
 2 The shafts are markeJ by the letters A t<j a temple of Zeus Pdlieiis at A'm am Ilium 
 V on Plan 11. ' (Buckh, Cor/.. Insc,:, Xn. :;:-9y). 
 
 ' Heroilcitus, vii. 4": to Ufpya/xoi^. Tho = (Jrote, ///sfoz-i/ (// '//■'■rve, i. ]i. "'.i8. 
 
 ferm in Homer is alwavs tj Uepyafios. T'he '' J'ulemon Perieget. /V"./. xxxi. ; cil. L. Pi-eller. 
 
 Tragic poets use also the i)lui"al, ra Hcpyafxa. ' This well is marked if z uii I'iau I. (tit Troy). 
 
212 THE Fir.ST PEE-HISTOPJC CITY. [Chap. V. 
 
 ancient Lou^;l-^Yalls, tlicy at last, at a deptli f)f 53 ft., roacliecl the rock, 
 into wlncli tlicy sunk tlieir sliaft deep enough to t^'ct ^Yater. The 
 Ilians du'"'- this well from ahove, whereas in describing the results of 
 my excavations I shall commence from below. 
 
 Thi! rock consists of soft limestone. 
 
 The first inhaljitants of these sacred precincts did not take the trouble 
 to remove the black earth which covered this rock to the depth of 8 in. ; 
 liut thry laid on it the foundations of their hnuses, of which three Avails, 
 eoinpiiscd of small uncut stones joined with earth, may be seen in my 
 great trench, which passes fnim north to south through the whole hill.** 
 On some of these walls tln', w(dl-sin(>othed clay coating, with which they 
 were once covered, is still preserved. 
 
 I have hitherto attributed the enormous layer of Ji'hris, 23 ft. deep, 
 vrhich covers the rock and precedes the Ijurnt city, to only one nation, 
 and have called those vast ruins the First City on the hill of 
 Hissarlik." ISut the pottery contained in the lowest stratum, from (J 
 to 7 ft. tliick, is so vastly, so entirely different from that of the suljse- 
 fjuent layer, 10 ft. thiedi ; and further — as Professor A. H. Bayce, who 
 recently visited the Tr(;iad, has ingeniously observed — the architecture 
 of the house-Avalls in these two strata, is so widely different, — that I 
 cannot but acknowledge, in agreement with hiin, that the first city 
 must have Iteeii destroyed or abandoned, and again built over by 
 another pi.'ijple. 
 
 To my great regret, I have l)een able to excavate comparatively 
 little of these two lowest cities, as I could not bring them to light 
 vnthout coinjdetidy destroying the burnt city, the third in succession 
 from the virgin soil, the rums oi which rest upon the second city. 
 For this reason also I can on]y give the depth of the ruins of the first 
 city"-' a[)proxiiiiately, as from (i to 7 ft. : in some places it may be a little 
 less, in others a little more. Thus, for instance, the depth of the dehris 
 of the first city is 9 ft. in two pilaces in which j\l. liurnouf has most 
 carefully examined them. He found them to consist of : 
 
 1. Tlie lihie-t'iiM.- rnrk ; 'riiickTH-"^s, 
 
 2. Tlir liiyci' nt' liLick oiirlli 211 cciitiiurtrea deep. 
 
 3. I'iii'k Mue plastic clay ........ :'. ,, „ 
 
 4. I. i;.'lit L'ley plastic clay . . ..... 3'; „ ,, 
 
 Ck iJai'k IjIuc pla.stir, clay ^i „ 
 
 G. Llack Oil til <J „ „ 
 
 7. Mall; lilii'' clay iiiixi (I -with grey clay ..... S „ „ 
 
 8. Jlixtinc. ef llic ].icc(_iliiiu' caitli with traces of cLiarcual . 2(5 „ „ 
 ^'■Vellnwclay ;) „ 
 
 10. Llaik lilno clay iiiixel Willi iiiiicli cliarc'-iul 13 „ „ 
 
 11. Ycll'iwisli day, iniicli mi.xcil \\itli Lji'cy clay ami lilack earth, 
 
 traces of chalenal ........ 20 „ „ 
 
 12. Tiaycr of iiiixeil earth hclwccii twn lii-uwii clayish la)iiiii;o . . 10 „ „ 
 
 13. lOartli iiiixcil Willi alMla , si: ell nil iit.s and with stuiics . . . 1 nO „ „ 
 
 'J'ln II fnllow thr: Ijiiiidings otlhc Si^cnnd C'ily. 
 
 2 metres 77 ctm. 
 
 « S.'c I'laii ill. (aiarkc.l / / / in Scrlinn cf tlic » Src my 'Trn,/ and its TJamams, pp. 148-1.5G. 
 
 Crca.t Central Tnaali, x-Y), als,, I'laii 1. (nf '» These rnnas ,,1 the lirst city are marked 
 
 Trey), eii nhieh fliev lire likewiae niarkel // N on I'lau ill. (Hectiun cf the Groat Central 
 
 in the dreat Treia h, x-v. Trench; 
 
Chap. Y.] POTTERY THE MOST ANCIENT OP IMITATrAn-. ARTS. 213 
 
 M. Burnouf remarks that these hiycrs are frequently interrupted hy 
 large cakes of clay (in French, f/uL-ttes) or groups of them, ^vhicll 
 were in general use with the inhaliitants of the hrst three, and even 
 of the first four, pre-historic cities. He explains that these clay cakes 
 were used to consolidate and to level the layers of delris, because as 
 they dried they hecame so hard that tlie heaviest walls could be erected 
 upon them. He adds that the layer of debris of the first city ofteu 
 contains single stones, small deposits of brown or black ashes, as well 
 as mussels and oyster shells, but few cockles and bones. The layers of 
 ili'hr/s slope with the hill towards the north. 
 
 This first city was evidently not destroyed liy fire, for I never found 
 there blackened shells or other marks of a great fire. 
 
 xsow, with regard to walls of defence, there are none in the excavated 
 part of it which I could with any proliability attribute to this first city ; 
 only on the north-east side of the hill, at a distance of 1.33 ft. from 
 its slope, I lironght to light a retaining wall of white stones,^ vrhich, 
 ill agreement with Burnouf and Sayce, I can attribute only to this first 
 city, because at a depth of 50 ft. it ascends, at an angle of 4.5'', G ft. 
 below the ruined city wall built of large blocks joined with small stones,^ 
 and it must, therefore, have been limit a very long time before the latter, 
 which we ascribe, with every probability, to the second city. 
 
 It appears that this first city had either no regular walls of defence, 
 or, as is more likely, its walls appeared not strong enough for the 
 second nation, which built, not only its walls, but even its houses, of 
 much larger stones. Professor Sayce suggests that the entrance to this 
 first city was not on the south-west side, where the second settlers 
 built their gate, but that it must have been on the west side, where 
 the hill slopes gently at an angle of 7,0'' to the plain. I think this 
 highly probable. 
 
 In treating of the objects of human industry found in the delris, I 
 begin with the most important — Pottery, — because it is the cornucopia 
 of arehfpological wisdom for those dark ages, Avhich we, vaguely gropiug 
 in the tAvilight of an unrecorded past, are wont to call pre-historic. 
 Indeed, "' the art of making pottery seems," as Mr. A. W. Franks " 
 judiciously observes, " to have been practised by mankind from very 
 early times. It is even a c[uestiou whether it was not known to the 
 primitive inhabitants of Europe, in those early ages when the mammoth 
 and reindeer still lived in the plains of France. The invention of pot- 
 tery in China is referred by native v.'riters to the legendary Emperor 
 Hwang-ti, who is stated to have commenced his reign of 100 years iu 
 2097 B.C. A subserjuent emperor, Yu-ti-shun (2255 e.g.), is stated to 
 have himself made pottery before he ascended the throne. The potter's 
 wheel was known in Egypt at an early period, having jirobably been 
 invented as early as the 6th Egyptian dynasty." 
 
 Of all the imitative arts the working in clay was naturally the most 
 
 Soe on the engraving;. No. 2, the ratainiiis ^ Introduction to iiis Oit,iln,iur of a CoHection 
 
 wall marked A. cf Oriental Porcelain and I'ottcrj ; London, 
 
 " See the wall B on the ^ame enca-avins;. 1878. 
 
lU 
 
 THE rn;sT ruE-HiSTORic city. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 fiuciciit, as modelling "f fonrso precedes casting, carving, ox painting. 
 TliC pre-lnstonc pc(.)pl<'S, win) inlialnted t]i(_' liill of Hissurlik, made of 
 Laked clay all utensils for everyday life and for depositing the remains 
 of tlie dead. Instead of wooden or stone coiBns tliey used funeral urns 
 of t(U-ra-cotta. Instead of cellars, cLcsts, or lioxes, tliey liad large jars 
 yTT(doi), from 4 to 7 ft. liigli, wliicL were dug into the ground, so that only 
 the mouth was visihle, and were used either for the preservation of food, 
 cr as reservoirs for oil, wine, or water. Instead of wash-tuljs, they used 
 large terra-cotta howls ; of terra-cotta were all their vessels used for cook- 
 ing, eating, and drinking ; of terra-cotta even were their hooks for hanging 
 up iddthes, tlie handles of their hruslnjs, their ex-nitoR, and the weights 
 of tlicir fishing-nets. Thus we cannot he astonished rtt finding in the 
 di'hri:< of their cities such largC! masses of l.)rokcn pottery, among which, 
 however, there is no trace of tiles. It therefore apjx'ars certain that, 
 just like the houses fit the present inhahitauts of the Troad, the houses 
 of all the five pri;-historic cities, whicli succeeded each other here, were 
 covered with flat roofs of lieams on wdiich was heaped a thick layer of 
 clay as protection against the rani. 
 
 If, as we judge of the de;;T(.'e of civilization of a country liy its 
 literature, and particularly hy its newspapers, it were possihle to judge 
 of tlie decree of eivilizLLiioii of a pre-historic people hy the greater or 
 less perfection of th(ur potteu'jr, then we might conclude, that of all 
 ilio peoples which liave succeeded each other here, that of the first 
 city was hy far the most civilized, liecause its pottery shows, tjotli in 
 fahrie and sliape, hy far the mo;-;t advanced art. But I am i'ar from 
 niaintaiuing this theory; I shall only cite facts. To this early people 
 the potter's wheid was alreadv kiioviui, hut it Avas not in common use, 
 
 hec;uise all tlie ImjwIs and 
 ^ y^ plates, as well as all the 
 
 larger vessels, are invariahly 
 hand-made. AVe may say 
 the! same of nearly all the 
 snadler vases, among winch, 
 however, we now and then 
 fi]id one which has most uii- 
 douhtedly heeu turned on 
 the potter's wheel, as, for 
 instance, the vase No. 2o, 
 wliicli is of a, dim hlack 
 Colour and glohular form, so 
 that it cannot stand without 
 heing supported.' Like most 
 vases of a similar shape in 
 this first city, it has on each 
 side two long vertical tuhular holes for suspension hy a string. AA e 
 
 luilrs nn rlMirr siub 
 I). iiUi, IS ft.) 
 
 ■* Tliia T.T-r' is in my cfill''fti(iii in t>n' Snnlli Krnsinutnn IMnsonni, \vhf>ro rvoiT iniR can con- 
 vince liiinscll tliat it is wlied-madc : tliis, liowcvcr, can lie also clearly seen iu the engravini:. 
 
Chap. \.'] VASE-COVEKS WITH DOUBLE rEIiFOIJATIUXS. 
 
 ilo 
 
 yo. 24. Fragment of a Vase, with two tubular holes on 
 
 lach side for suspt^nsijn. 
 
 (About halt actual size. I'epth, about 43 ft.) 
 
 see tliis same system on the aeeompaiiyiiig frag-meiit.s uf a lustroiis-ldack 
 
 liaiicl-m;itle vase (Xos. 2-± and 2-3). 
 
 Tins system of tloulile vertical tuldilar Itole.^ for suspension, wliieli was 
 
 in common use m tlio lirst city, has been but very rarely fouiul elsewhere. 
 
 The Museum of Saint G-ermain- 
 cn-Laye contains a fragment of 
 a (.lark-bro\Yn vtise, v^itli two 
 vertic;il tulmlar holes, found m 
 a cavern in Andalusia-, v/hieh iu 
 fabtric resembles some cf the 
 pottery of the first city at His- 
 sarlik. There arc also three 
 fragments of vases, with two 
 vertical tubular htiles, found in 
 
 Dolmens, the locality of which is not mdn ited ; luithei, the (a^ts of two 
 
 more such fragments, of which the m it^maK, pieseived in the rila^euni 
 
 of Yiinnes, wtn-e found in tlie 
 
 Dolmen of Kcrroh, at Loc- 
 
 mariaki:'!. Tht-re has also 
 
 been fiund in Denmark, in 
 
 a sepulchre of the Stone 
 
 age, a similar vase, with two 
 
 vertical tubular holes on 
 
 each side for suspension ; it 
 
 is presm'ved in the lioyal 
 
 Museum of !!!Ntirdiske (.ihlsager 
 
 ill Ciipenhagen, and is repre- 
 sented among the vases of 
 
 the Stone age, in J. J. A. 
 
 Worsaae's Nordislce OJdsager, 
 
 p. 20, No. 100. This Danish 
 
 vase is covered Y»"ith a lid, 
 
 having on each side two 
 
 corresponding perforations, 
 
 throngh vchich the strings 
 
 vrere passed : in this way 
 
 the vase could be shut ("juite close. Similar vase-covers, with two tubular 
 
 holes for suspension on each side, are frer|ueut in this first citv. The 
 
 accompanying engraving represents tv\-o such vase-covers, of which the 
 
 -\". 2.;. No. 2Y. 
 
 Xo. 25. Fragment of a Vase, witli two tabular Ijoles for suspi'iision 
 on each side. (Neatly actual size. Deiitlj, 4.4 ft.) 
 
 K'js. 2G, 27. "\'a.se Covers, witli vertical tubular lir)Ies for suspension. 
 (About half actual size, neptb, ts. fi.) 
 
IW 
 
 TIIR FIRST PRE-IIISTOniC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 Olio standing npriglit lius on its top four porforritcd projectioiiR, in the 
 form of feet, and a lil'tli not pcrforatr^d in tlio middle. The other, which 
 stands on its licad, lias an eqnal number of such foot-like protuberances, 
 of wliiidi (inly one on cindi side, is perforated: this latter, therefore, belongs 
 to a \asr with only one vertical tubular hole for suspension on each siile. 
 
 I may add that the hve fragments of vases found in French Dolmens, 
 as well as the Danish vase, have only the system for suspension in 
 common with tliose of the first city at Hissarlik; the fabric and clay arc 
 altogether different. 
 
 A very great numljer of the bowls and some of the vases of the first 
 city had, on tho inner side of thi;; rim, an incised linear ornamentation, 
 wdiich was filled up witli Avliite chalk, so as to strike the eye. To this 
 class of liowls belong tlie fragments Nos. 28 and 29, the ornamentation 
 of wdiiidi appears to have Ijeen borrowed from weaving patterns. Tlio 
 fragment No. .31 is the rim of a shallow basin with a jierforated handle. 
 Many others have an incised linear ornamentation on tlie outside of the 
 rim, like Nos. .30, 32, 33, and 31, of which that on No. 32 appears also t(j 
 be a tc'xtile pattern. No. 35 is the Ijottoin of a vase decorated v>'ith incisi(jns. 
 
 fe'i?^^^'-'*'" 
 
 ^u^ i<-jj In^iiMiit jf r II -1, finiarrifiilfil Willi linf'jir imil ollirr pnllpms fillfd with wliilc chalk. 
 (M ul Jiall;iOual bizc. Ijiptli, li; lu r,:i ft.) 
 
 The ornamentation of No. 33, wdiich is very common, appears to be bor- 
 rowed from the fish-spine. Very curious is the incised ornamentation on 
 
Chap. Y.] 
 
 EEMNAXTS OF THE AXCIENT COr.D. 
 
 217 
 
 the fragment No. 3G, wliicla resemtles an owl's face in monogram, hut 
 I am far from suggesting that the potter who made it intended to 
 represent an owl It is however, as M. Burnouf remarlis, easy to follow 
 upon the vases the series of forms gradually passing over from the owl- 
 head t(] this monogram. He calls attention to the bundle of vertical lines 
 to the right, which in his opinion are meant to represent female hair. 
 
 Most of the l)owls have on the two sides, as in Nos. 37 and 38, slight 
 projections in the run Avith Jiorizontal tubular holes, which — in proportion 
 
 No. 3o. Fr in t 1 [ 1 tl r mentaiion 
 
 Ml J Ih B Li t 11 
 (About half actual size. iJoptli, i* ft.) 
 
 No It II tl t b riz ntal 
 
 t lb r u r 
 
 ( Al t 1 4 a tj 1 I D itb 4jft ) 
 
 J\o. 38. Lustrous-black V^ow !, witii long borizoiital tubular rings for suspension on tbo rim, 
 (Aliout 1 ; 4 actual size, lleptb, about 48 ft.) 
 
 to the size of the vessel— arc from 2 to 4 in. long, and which likewiso 
 served for suspending the Ijowls. 
 
 The fragments with tubular holes (on p. 218) belong to large bowls, 
 on account of which the holes are much wider, as the heavy weight of 
 the vessels, when filled, necessitated a strong cord. 
 
 On some bowls these protuberances, containing the tubular holes for 
 suspension, are ornamented, as in Nos. 40 and 42, with deep impressed 
 furrows, so that they have the shape of a. hand witli the fingers clenched. 
 
 In the tubular htde of a fragment id' a bowl in my possession, my 
 friend the professor of cliemistry, Xavier Landerer, late of the University 
 of Athens, found the remnants of the cord which had served for sus- 
 pending the vase. He ascertained these remnants to be of an organic 
 nature ; they burned, he says, like tinder or like the fibres of a thread 
 or cord. On examination through a microscope, they proved to be the 
 remains of a twisted linen cord. 
 
21S 
 
 THE FJKST PllE-HlSTOPJC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 AVitli tlie exception of tlie vase No. 23— ^vliieli, as already stated, is of 
 :•. di^ll l)laek— and of Kof.;. 40 and -12, wliicli are of a yellow colour— all the 
 
 Ko. 40. 
 
 ;;i:fe4'' 
 
 Ko. -12. 
 
 llos. 39-42. Fragmonts nf rottfTy, witli tubular holes for suspension. 
 (,.\bout half actual size. Depth, 46 to 02 It.) 
 
 above fras-meiiis and bowls are of a lustrous Llaclc ; and tlie larger they 
 are, sn mucli tlie thicker are tliey in many places, so that, for instance, at 
 the h.iwer eiul of the rim and in the lias(/ the clay is often rather more than 
 half an incli thick. Although the rich shining deep hlack colour of these 
 howls, enlianced as it is hy its contrast to the fantastic rim-oruanientatioii 
 lill(:d with Avhite cliallc, is really fascinating to the eye and looks like a 
 mirror, yet on chise examination we find the surface of the Itowls, hotli 
 outside and inside, very uneven. But this could Inirdly he otherwise, as 
 they arc all hiiml-madc, and were p( dished Y\uth stones of porphyry, 
 diorite, or jasper, expressly cut fir tlir purpose, td' which I found a great 
 (jiLintity in this first city as widl as in all tlie four successive pre-historic 
 cities nf HissarHk. Fair specimens of these polishing stones are seen in 
 the chapter on tlie Third, tlie burnt City, under Nos. G48-G51, to which 
 I refer. (Sn' p. 4dd.) 
 
 Th;;. uneveniiess of the surfaces of the pottery may also be accounted 
 Jhr l)y tlie ingi'edients of which these vessels are composed; for, when 
 fractured, we see that the rlay hits lieeii mixed with coitrsidy-pijunded 
 .e-raiute, the mica td' Viliich shows its presence l)y the numerous small flakes 
 glittering like gold er silver. Professor Landerer, who examined some of 
 the friigments cheinica,]ly, fiuiid in them, besides granite, gneiss and 
 quaatz. It appears therefore evident, that this most ancient and highly 
 curious pi.dtery of the first city was fabricated iu the same way as the 
 
Chap. V.] INTENSE HEAT FOR BAKING TOTTERY. 219 
 
 pre-historic pottery found in Mecldenbiirg, of wliu-li my friend tlie 
 celebrated archaeologist, L»r. Liscli of Schwerm, writes ti) mr as fillcnvs :-- 
 '■ As to tlie maunfaeture of clay vessels in tlie lieatlieu tnue, unmerous 
 tliorough investigations Lave Ix-en made in Mecklenlmi-g f.r the lust fifty 
 years. First, tlie core of tlie vessel -was made liy liand of cumnKin clay, 
 wliicli was tliorouglily kneaded with pounded granite and mica. For this 
 reason, there are many urns whieli have a rough surface, owing to the 
 protruding little stones. Fuit the interior surf ice of these urns was 
 covered smoothly with clean clay. The pounded granite was required in 
 order that the fu-in of the V(.'sscl might Lo preservi'd m the fire, Ijecause 
 otherwise it would have c(dlapsed. This mode of manufacture is also 
 proved liy the sparkles of mica which may he seen on the surface. Then 
 the core of the vessel was dried or slightly haked. AVhen this had Ix-eii 
 done, the whole external surfiee of the vessels was coateil with clay, from 
 which all the coarser particles had heeu separated hy wateu-, so as to 
 estaldish a smooth surface and to fill up all the gaps. Ileiice we may 
 explain the astonishing and otherwise iiiexplicalih' phenomenon, that 
 fragments of such vessels show in the interior a granular, on the exterior 
 a clean smooth surface. After this, the ornamentation was cut in or 
 impressed, and the finished vessel was dried or liak(.'(l (tt uib ojjen fire, 
 in which operation nmuy vessels were coloured coal-Llack by the soot or 
 smoke. The black colour is vegetable, which can be easily proved if a 
 fragment of such coad-lilnck pottiu'y is put into a potter's i)ven, because it 
 is evaporated by the heat and leaves no metallic residuum, whilst, by 
 strong baking, the clay <:if the fragment becomes perfectly lirick-red. For 
 the rest, no trace has ever lieeii found of a pre-historic potter's oven. 
 The surtace of many vessels mav finally have been polish(.'d with bones or 
 sniiioth stones. Brick-kilns ami potters' ovens Avere imly introduced into 
 Mecklenburg in the twelfth century a.d.; whilst in the liomaii provinces 
 on the PJiine they existed as early as the third century a.d., or earlier, as 
 is testified by the numerous Koman bricks and vessels. I may add, that 
 pottery Avhicli has Ikmui liaked in a potter's oven always gives a ringing 
 sound Avhen touched by a hard object, whilst iiottery which has been 
 Ijaked at an open fire always gives a dull sound." 
 
 Professor Yirchow writes to me : '' The preparation of tlie black terra- 
 cotta vessels has in our Lerliii Aiithropohigical Society boon tlie subject 
 of many and long discussions. Ft has been proved that the most C(uumon 
 mode of preparing them is, liy sIoav Ijurning m shut-up jilaces, to produce 
 much smoke, which enters into the clay and impregnates it. Tlie bdack 
 colour can be made of any intensity that is desired. Tla; FLssarlik vessels 
 have certainly been made in this way." 
 
 M. Burnouf remarks to me that for baking pottery thoroughly a gn^at 
 heat IS required, generally as much as SOO-KJOO' Celsius = 1472-'J'.)4-F' 
 Fahrenheit, a heat which can never be attained in tlie opon air. 
 
 Be this as it may, the rich lustrous deep Idack colour of the boAvls 
 of the first city must have been produced Ijy a peculiar process. M. 
 Landerer is of opinion that it must have been produced by an abundance 
 of pine-soot, with which the vessels were coloured at the second baking 
 
220 
 
 THE Fir.ST PEE-IIISTOKIC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 ill tlio open iiro. On examining with a microscope tlie wliite clialk 
 with which the incised ornumeiitation is filled, he found in it the remains 
 of linen cords. 
 
 Professor Landerer calls my attention to the fact, tliat the colour of 
 tlie Helk'uic terra-cntta. vases is cok/ Uki],-, wliicli was produced in the 
 following' manner : — " ]'>rfore tlie liaking, the vases were oiled over with tar 
 (iriaaa), or iierhups AVith the pissa asphalt of Herodotus,'' which occurs 
 on the island of Zacynthns. In the haking the rosin was changed into 
 the finest ciial, which got attached to the exterior layer of clay of the 
 vases and produced their hlack varnish." 
 
 There are also terra-eotta vessels in the first city with four perfora- 
 tions for suspension on each side m the rim, as is illustrated by the 
 accompanying engraving No. 4o. 
 
 Xo. 4,0. Fraonieiit cif a Vase of pdlisliod black 
 Earthen" ai-r, witli iii,if,><l ]iatti.a-ii lilird «ilh 
 nhiti- cbalk. ^Abu^lt haU' actual sizr. Dcptli, 
 4Ga.) 
 
 V 
 
 i, II. Tripud \'asc, with four tiilndar holes 
 and fian- holes ill the liiii fur strsliell.-iuli. 
 l,Aelual size, liepth, S2 ft.) 
 
 Another fine specimen of tins sort is represented hy the little hand- 
 mr:de gluhuLir tripod Ko. 44, which has not liern covered over with fine 
 clean clay, and has its surface therefiiro very rude and uneijual. Gold- 
 like or silver-like spai'kles of tlie mica contained m tlie clay may he seen 
 glitterin- on the outside as ^vell as on the inside. The fracture a.t its haso 
 IS surrounded hy an incised circle, which can lettve no douht tlait, after 
 the Viise was made, a piece of chiy (.tn which three feet were modelled 
 
 " '^'- ^''''- <:'''V 5' ill' irfir, uKnv i<al Iv 
 ZaKvi-eca e'/c Ai>!.,,s kcja uSaros iriaaav at-a^jepo- 
 fiivqv ai'Ths ly^ IL'p^:,,'- dal ^«r Kal TrAsives al 
 A/,urai auTuOi, ;, 5' dn' iisjUttti aiVf'aij/, 6/35o/i7)- 
 Kin'Ta noSdiii TrdvTJ], Oidos Oe Siupyvuis tan ■ es 
 TaiirriJ' KovThv KaTin'ia-i, eV aicp:y ^Lvprrm^v 
 •n-/..0fr5)'j,To.j-Tfs, K2I fTreiT-a avaip^povai rfj iivprrnn, 
 TTirraav, o5,u.V ^le,/ 6X01)0-^ aircpdATOv. to 5" 
 aWa, tTjs n,epLK?,s Trlainis (x^eij-w • lax^ouai Se 
 e's \dKHw ,]pi,,pvyu4vo„ ayxodrys Xlfivri!- imar 
 hi aepoiirwm irvxinjii, oi-rw is -rovs aj-Kpopias (K 
 rod Aa/c/tou imTax^ov.Ti. S, ti 5" ti.i> tmrfnii ts t7> 
 Kuivi-iv, iirh yfiv Ihv, avaipaifHTai er tT/ OaXd.aaii. 
 
 Or. (iLaiHller (Tnirrh, ii. ],,,. :li;7, V.CS) tlii'is 
 'loscril.e.s thr '■ lar-s|irino-s " (as h,' rails Ihoin) 
 "1 Zaiito: "The tar is prndueed iii a sm.ill 
 valley, about two hours from the; tow 
 
 st 
 
 tl 
 
 y 
 
 tlio sea, and oni'oinjxtssod witlt inotintains, ex- 
 cept towards the li.iy. 'rhi^ s|irino-, which is 
 stinct aiiil apt I'or itis[ie>ct ion, rises on 
 thcr side, near tlio toot of the hill, 
 'fhe well is circ iil.ir. and + or r> ft. in diameter. 
 A shinine- llltii like oil, mi.xed with sctim, 
 switlls on the top. Volt remove this with 
 a bon^h, and sia- the tar at Iho boltoni,.". or + ft. 
 Iiolow the surface. . . . 'fho w.atcr is liin|)id, 
 ami runs olf with a siiiart citrriuit. . . . We 
 lilUsl S(Uiie vessels with tar liy lotline- it trickle 
 into Iheiii fr.un the bonohs which wo immersed; 
 aiul this is the niethod tised to gatlicr it from 
 time lo time into pits, where it is hardened by 
 tlie snn, to be barrelleil when the quantity is 
 snlficieut." (fieorge Kawdiusou, llhlunj vf 
 Ilcruduliis, iii. pp. 1G9, 170.) 
 
Chap. A'.] 
 
 VASES AVITH TUBULAR HOLES. 
 
 221 
 
 TA-as attached here. Tins snppo.-ition is also cuu firm eel by tlie circular 
 depressiciii lu tlio middle oi tlie tractin-e. Tlie vase before us, tlierefore, 
 has been a tripod. l;oniid the body we see, at etjiial distances Irum eacb 
 otlier, ioiir vertical tubular holes for suspension, and four perforations in 
 the rim m the same dircctiiui. I have not luuiid the cover to this vase, 
 but it must naturally have been similar to that leiu'csented under Xo. 20. 
 As these lids have four perforations, they could vidl be fastened ou liy 
 means of four strings, one \vi vhich ^vas passed through each of the 
 tubular holes and the ci>rrespondirig holes in the rim and in the cover; at 
 the other end of each string a knot had previously been made, \\-hich 
 remained at the knver end of the tubular holes and prevented the strings 
 from slipping. A similar contrivance is seen m the gcdd boxes found by 
 me in the royal sepulchres at ilycenae.'^ A similar ciuitrivance is also 
 presupposed m the box which Arete, wife of king Alcinous, fills with 
 presents for I lysses, for she recommends him : '■ Look now thvself to the 
 lid and tie quickly a knot on it, lest any one should rob thee ou the way, 
 when thou reposest again in sweet slumber, sailing in the black ship." ■ 
 Homer says m the verses immediately following : — " i^Ioreover when the 
 much-enduring divine Tlysses heard this, he forthwith fitted on the lid, 
 and tpuickly put upon it a manifold knot, which venerable Circe had once 
 prudently tauirht him." ■ 
 
 Telemachus, preparing for his voyage to Sparta, bids his nurse 
 Euryclea fill twelve amphorae with wine and fit them all with lids ; but 
 these would need ti:i be very close-fitting tor liipuors.-' Such lids for 
 amphorae were also found by me m the roval tiaubs at i\Ivcenae."""' 
 
 Fraijments of similar vases with four holes at each side for suspension 
 were found in the caves at Inzighofen, ou the Upper Danube.' There are 
 other vases with ciiily one perforation on each side in the rim, like Xo. 4.5, 
 which has all round it an oruamentatioi? forming five ovals filled up with 
 dots. Again, other vases have on each side of the body only (jiie ver- 
 tical tubular hole for suspensiiju, like Xo. 4t), which has also tAvo female 
 breasts. This vase is also hand-made, but of green colour ; its clay is 
 only 2-lOths in. thick, and therefore finer than that of the larger vases 
 or bowls. The pretty little vase Xo. 47 is also hand-made, and has only 
 one perforated projection on each side. 
 
 In the collection C'f pre-historic antic[uities found in Thera, below 
 three layers of puinice-stone and volcanic ashes, and preserved m the 
 French School at Athens, there are two very rude hand-made vases of 
 cylindrical form, yuth one vertical tubular hole on each side for suspen- 
 
 •' .St-e mr 21'jcenac, p. 205, Xo. 31S ; p. 20G, 
 Xr,. 319: y. 207. Xos. 321, 322. 
 
 ' OJiifS. viii. +43-443 : 
 a'jTos vvv iSe Trii/ia, Oou:s 5' eVi 5eir,uoi' \ri\ou, 
 fii) TLS Toi Kad^ ohhi' BriK-ijaeraiy ottttot' av aure 
 e'J5}](r6a yKuKliv v-rrvov, iwv ii> i^r^t /xeAair?; 
 
 * lAli/ss. viii. 446— t4S : 
 avTap i-rrel to y' aKov(T€ Tro\vT\as SIos 'OSufrcrei'S, 
 a'jTiK iTTT^prue Tra-^ua, QoQs 5' cTrt 5e(T^hv 'iriAei' 
 TTOtKiXov, Of 7rOT6 ^LV 5e'5ae (pp€(Tl -kotvux KtpKTj. 
 
 " Od;jss. ii. 349-353 : 
 ^oa\ ay€ 57) i-ioL olvov qv aucfytcpopeirriv ai^ucrjof 
 -i}dv-y\ ('/t;s /j.€Ta Tin' Aapa'raros, vr <JV (pvXdcrcnEis 
 
 K^Li'oi' OiO^L€i'rj. Tuu Kapip-opoi'y 
 
 €i TToB^v eA.t'oi 
 
 6i076i'7j5 'OSi'treus QdvaTov Kol Kj]pas aAi^as. 
 5:^-567va 5' ifj.-iT\T)aoi'^ Ka\ Trd'aauiv apirov ccTrai'Tas. 
 '° .See my JA.f/ifc, p. 250, Xos. 373 and 374. 
 ' Lu.lwig Lin.L-nMlimit. I'ie ToterlaiKiiscIicn 
 Altcrtkuincr dcr Ilohai-ollcrschen Sammluii'jen : 
 Mainz, 1860. Plate ixvi., Xos. 7, S. 
 
0->> 
 
 THE FIEST PEE-HISTORIC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Y. 
 
 sion ; and a pear-sliaped vase in the same collection lias an identical 
 sA-stem fur siispensi("in. These Thera autiipiities are thongdit by archte- 
 olo^'ists to date tVoui the sixteenth or seAT'uteenth centurT B.C., but it 
 
 N np with an mci'^cd c n 
 
 (1 utl 4 ct 1 I xtb J t ) 
 
 A";i.= ?, with tn'iular ring? f'->r Sus- 
 ]ion?ion. (Atiuut 1 : 4 actual 
 size, ncptb, 4Sf[.) 
 
 Xo. 46. Globular Vasp. witli two brrasrs and l^\" painraiod 
 projections for suspension. (I ; 4 actual sizi;. Dcjilb, 45 It.) 
 
 deserves attention that most of the Thera pottery has rudely-painted 
 ornttmeiits, Avhilst there is no trace of painting at Hissarlik. 
 
 In the Assyrian Ci.iUi.-etion of the British Museum there are three 
 vases, found at Nimroud, wli'ch have the same system of one vertical 
 tuliulitr hole on each side. Tliere is also, in the coUectiiui of Bahylnniau 
 antiquities, the fragment of a hand-made slightly-bated vase, -which 
 has the same vertical tubular holes for suspension. The same system 
 also exists on a vase fnun C}'prus in the Louvre, as vrell as on a vase 
 in the Museum of St. Germ:iiii-en-Laye, fnuiid in a Dolmen : again, on 
 :i fragment (if a vase in tlu^ collection of Count Szechenyi Bela in 
 Ilungary,- and (ni a smtill vase marked Xo. 1094, in the Grand Ducal 
 Antiijutirium of Sclnverin. This hitter vase ^vas fnuud in a conical tomb 
 {Iliini-iojriili) near Goldeuitz, in Meckleiibnrg. Professor Yirchow calls 
 my attention tri tm ui-n vrith three vertically perforated excrescences on 
 the sides ami at the foot, — httving thus, ]iroperly speaking, three double 
 tuliular lioL.'S fur suspension v,"it]i a string. This urn -\vas fiuiul at 
 Dehlitz, near AVeissenfels, on the river Saale, in Germany." But I have 
 not found this system anywhere else. 
 
 It must be distinctly undcrstuDd that I speak here solely of vases 
 witli rertictil tubular rings or holes for sus}>ensiou, and not of vases 
 
 - Tir. .To-ejih irumpel, (f'/fo/.i/Hf J,; I'J'xpoxi- 
 
 ' See the S'csslnn.i! report of the Bcrlm SxiHy 
 
 ,>,rlu.t<. 
 
 ih:s j\!nio:x ,le I'ruvutrr rt ./e.s of Anf/o-opo/n^n, Ethiioloiin, and Pre-histurio 
 
 (''..11,'rlinnn j«irtiri(/icrcs Jo la ILmjrk 
 l'e.,tli, ISTil, y. 71, fi-. 05. 
 
 BulUi- Archa'oloiju, uf Kor. 2S, 1874, p. 
 
CiiAP. v.] 
 
 FEET OP CENSERS. 
 
 having projections with horizontally placeil rings, hecanse these occur 
 on a vase foniul in the Lake-dwellings of the Stone age at the station 
 of Estavayer ;* on four vases fonnd in Dolmens in France, anil preserved 
 in the Museum of St. Germain-en-Laye ; on some fragments (if vases in 
 the same Museum ; on vases in the Egyptian Collection in tlie British 
 Museum ; on two vases of the Stone age in the Museum at Copenhagen;^ 
 on several vases in the Collection of Cicrmaii Auti(]uities in the British 
 3Iiiseuiu ; on one from Cyprus in the South Kensington Museum; on 
 several vases found in the excavations at Biliu in Hungary;'' and on 
 many vases in the Grand Ducal Antiquarium of Sehwerin. Similar 
 vases with horizontal tulnilar holes for sus^ieiision are frei|iientlv found in 
 Germany, and the Markisehes Museum in Berlin contains many of them. 
 Professor Yirchow also has in his own collection some hue specimens of 
 such vases found in the extensive excavations he has made, in company 
 with his accomplished daughter Adele and his son Dr. Hans YirchoAv, m 
 the vast pre-historic graveyard of Zahordwo, in the province cif Bosen. 
 
 I lay stress on the fact, that vases with vertical tuhular holes for 
 suspension are a very great rarity except at Hissarlik, wdiere they occur 
 bv thousands iir all the iive pro-historic cities, whilst vases with liori- 
 ziiutal tuhular holes only occur here on howls in the first city and in 
 none of the subsequent ones. 
 
 On the other hand, Mr. Calvert and I found in our excavations in 
 the tumulus of Hanai Tepeh, only three miles to the south of Hissarlik," 
 vases with horizontal tubular holes exclusively ; also bowls with the 
 same system as those in the first city on Hissarlik : bmt the horizontal 
 tuliular holes are not in the rim itself, as here, but much beloAv it; and 
 thus the people to whom the Hanai Tepeh antiquities belonged must 
 have been altogether different from the inlialhtants of any one of the 
 five cities at Hissarlik, for it is impossibhi- that one and the same people 
 could make such perfectly difterent pottery. 
 
 Xos. 48 and 49 represent the feet of hand-made lustrous-black vessels ; 
 they are holloAv, and have three and sometimes four round holes. I 
 
 11 ]illl 47 I '2lt.1 
 
 gathered many similar vase-feet, l>ut never an entire vessel of this 
 I call iiarticular attention to the great resemblance of these 
 
 land, 
 feet, 
 
 ' Dr. F'l-il. Ktlli'V. rAnhl'issemcnts Lacvstrcs : 
 Ziirich, ISTi;, PI. .wiii. Xij. 5, dtcrits par Dr. V. 
 e;r.i,s. 
 
 ^ .1. J. A. W'orsa.ie, Xordisie Ohh.i^,,;- (1S:.9), 
 n. 19, Xos. 95 and 98, an-l PI. 20, Nn. 99. 
 
 ° Dr. Joseph Ilampel, Catalogue, &c. p. 130, 
 
 fli'. ISO, and p. 41, fii, 
 ; reJiistori'/ncs Oc la llanijr 
 Plate xviii. tit^^s. 'J. 5. S, 
 fiu'. 11; I'l. XX.. Ii-s. i. S, 
 PI. xxii., figs. L!. S. 
 
 ' See Jlr. Calvert's Paper in his AppeL'iii 
 
 28 : and Anti/'ate's 
 ■; Es/.tergom, 1877, 
 I, 11, T-' ; Plate xix., 
 19; I'l. xxi., fig. 9; 
 
22-1 
 
 THE FIEST PKE-HISTOF,IC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Y. 
 
 Nos. 48 and 49, to those of tlie censers found in German tomlis, of wliicti 
 there are mrmy in the Miirkisches Musenm in Berlin, and some, found 
 in the graveyard of Zahorowo, in the collection of Professor A^irchow. 
 The lower part <jf Ni). 50 i.s a similar foot, on winch I have glued the 
 fragment of annther ol>ject of cylindrical form -which does not belong 
 to it. Tliis latter object is (if terra-cotta and of unknown use ; the top of 
 it is also restored : and it has a striking resemblance to two objects of 
 terra-Cdtta found at Piliii in Hungary-.- Feet of vessels like Nos. 48 
 and 40, but vatliout holes, are very frequent. 
 
 Xo. 51 represents a very pretty 
 lustrous hand-made red goblet with one 
 handle ; it was in fragments, but I have 
 been able to put it together. Fragments 
 of another such croblet, which I have 
 
 Xo. (lO. Cur Ui \ el u e unknown (perhaps 
 a C'cusci), plactd on tbe loot of another vesael. 
 (About 1 : i actual size. Ucptb, 45 ft.) 
 
 No. 01. Pretty lustrous red Cup with one handle. 
 (About 1:4 actual size. Depth, 4yft.) 
 
 under my eyes wdiilst writing ■this, show precisely the same mode of 
 manufacture as that which I have described above for the large bowls, 
 with the Sole diii'ereucc, that here red clay^ was used, and that, as 
 M. Lauderer explains to me, the cup, immediately licfore its second 
 baking in an open lire, vras repeatedly dipped in a wash of fine red clay 
 cimtaining much peroxide of iron, which has produced the varnish-like 
 < dazing'. 
 
 I Avould here call particular attention to the fact, that the goblet 
 Xo. 51 represents more or less exactly the form of all the goblets of 
 terra-cotta found liy me at Mycenae and Tiryns.' Those found there in 
 the royal tijmbs, and which are the most ancient, are of a light-green 
 colour, with curious Ijlack puinted ornaments ; those found in the lowest 
 strata outside the tombs are of a single colour, light green ; a little 
 higher uji follow the same kind of goblets of a uniform bright-red colour ; 
 and others which, on a liglit-red dead ground, liave an ornamentation 
 of numerous painted parallel dark-red circular bands ; these, again, are 
 succeeded liy unpainted goblets of white clay. These latter must have 
 been in use for ages, for Uuj oeeiir in such largo masses, that I could 
 
 " r)r. .Tnsppli ITtinpe;, Auiiiiiiti'-; jiri'/a'sfnri'iiies ' See my il/v-vn.it', p, 70, No. 8:) ; p, 71, Kos. 
 
 drl, JJ,,)i,jn:,; ; E.s2tergoiii, 1S77, 1'l.ite x.-i., Xos. 84 and 88. 
 18 anil 211. 
 
CiiAr. v.] 
 
 TAIXT KOT KNOWN AT IIlSSxVELIK. 
 
 have gathered thousands of such goblet-feet. Except the light-grecu 
 gubkjts with the LLxek ornamentation, I found all these kinds of goblets 
 of the same shape also in my excavations at Tiryns.' But m the^sepul- 
 clires of Mycenae I fouud iive golden cups of exactly the same form as 
 that before us (Nc HI) from the first city of Hissarlik.= Now, it 
 deserves very particular attention, that fourteen goblets of exactly the 
 same form were found in a sepulchre at lalysus in Ehodes, and are now 
 in the British iiluseum. The only dilference is, that these latter have a 
 painted ornamentation representing mostly the cuttle-fish (sepia), though 
 spirals are also depicted, as well as that curious sea-animal which so 
 frequently occurs on the other pottery of Mycenae,'^ but never on the 
 Myeeuean goblets. AVhile speaking of painting, I may make the im- 
 portant remark : tliat neither the rnhaliitanfs of the first citij, nor those oj 
 the four siicceediiuj pre-hiatoric cities at llissarlih, liad any ideet of piejments, 
 and that, — except a simjle terra-cotta ho.v. found in the third, citij, on u-Jiich 
 the l-een etje of my honoured friend, Mr. Chas. T. Neivtou, lias recoijnized 
 a cuttle-fish, piainted with darh-red clay on a light-red drad r/round, and 
 two smcdl holds of terra-cotta from the fourth city, in udtich a large cross is 
 'painted with clarh-red day ; — except cdso the small rude idols ofuhiie marUe 
 on tdiich the face of an oud is roughly drawn u-ith Uach clay; — there is 
 no trace of painting on any ohject ever found in any one of t]ie five pre- 
 historic cities at Uissarlih. 
 
 Of similar goblets found elscv.dicre I can only mention a cup found 
 in Zaborowo in Professor Virchow's collection and another fijuud at riliii,- 
 which have some resemblance to this in shape ; but the difference is that 
 the cups from Zaborowo and Pilin have not the wide foot vdiicli is 
 peculiar to the goblet before us, as well as to all those found at Mycenae. 
 Besides, their handles are much longer. 
 
 Mo. 52 represents a very small pitcher with one handle ; it has 
 neither been covered inside nor outside with prepared clay, and is, 
 therefore, very rude. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 --:;*^. 
 
 No. 52. 
 I\Iiniature I'itcher. 
 (Half actual sizr-. 
 licptb, about 50 ft.) 
 
 5J Iri^Tii nf tf 1 Instrniiti d^rk-grey Vesstl. N*'. 
 (.About 1 4 jotual b zo Depth, 60 It.) 
 
 iso. 51, iuside. 
 
 ' Seo my Mycenae, p. 70. 
 
 - See my Mycenae, p. 2.33, No. 343, and p. 350, 
 N'o. 528. 
 
 ■' See my Mycenae, No. 21:1, a, h, p. 13S. 
 "* .Joseph Hfimpel, Antiqnift'^ pre'la'stori'/ues etc 
 la Jloiigrie ; Esztergom, 1877, Plate -\ix. fig. 3. 
 
 Q 
 
22G 
 
 THP] FIRST PRE-IilSTOPJC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 I fnrtlier sliow under iv.. .^).3 tlio outside, and under No. 54 the inside, 
 of !i fragment of a largo Laud-mado vase, wliieli has impressed wave- 
 patterns on both sides. 
 
 No. 55 is a fragment of Idack tcrra-cotta, profjably part of a Ijox, 
 to whudi it served as an ornament ; it is decorated with hues and three 
 or four rows of dots, which arc filled with white chalk. As appears from 
 
 
 N] 
 
 No. 55. Fragment oC Terr;i-cnlta, jn rl];<jis ]iart of a )n'x, fi>iirid un tliG primiUvG rock. 
 (About half actu.il size. iJeptb, 53 It.) 
 
 the upper and tlie lower side, and from the two perforations, it may 
 have been the setting and decoration of a wooden jewel-casket. It is 
 made vdth so much symmetry, and looks so elegant, that I at first thought 
 it was of eljony inlaid with ivory. 
 
 Of terra-cottas from the first city I further give here, under Nos. 50 
 
 No. 5G. Juf^. (Villi I aeLttal size. 
 DepLli, .15 11.) 
 
 ( \1 It T 3 1 linl sizr 
 eptl,, tolt.) 
 
 and 57, engravings nf two lustrous-ldack pitchers; fnith iiave a globular 
 base, and have been put ttigctlier from fragments. No. 58 represents a 
 lustri)us-1da(di ]iitc]icr of terra-cotta, with three female breasts and incised 
 Imca.r patterns, which was found at a depth of 52 ft. 
 
Chap. T.] 
 
 SKELETON OP AX EilBKYO. 
 
 227 
 
 I 
 
 All tLc terrn-cottas liitlierto I'oprospiitoil nvr nninjnrecl liy raoistnro ; 
 some otliers, iKnvcver, Iiayc Iu'coiiil' soi't i'roiu damp. Tlius, fur instance, 
 I found upon tlie rouk, at a depth 
 of 51-;V ft., in a small tomh-liko 
 recess, formed and prcjteeted liy 
 three stones '2ij in. long and IS in. 
 broad, two funeral urns of a very 
 remartahio form, vrith three lone 
 feet, and filled v.'ith human 
 ashes. The urns are hand-made, 
 and consist, as usual, of coarse 
 clay, mixed T^vith silieious earth 
 and pounded granite, containing 
 mirch mica ; they have, appa- 
 rently, heen hahed only once 
 very imperfectly at an open fire, 
 and vxre not ci:ivered over vith 
 fine clay ; nevertheless, OAving to 
 the oxide of iron contained in 
 their clay, they have a dull red 
 colour. They have suffered so 
 much from moisture, that, in snite 
 of every care and precaution, I could not get them out without lireaking 
 them up com}iletely ; Lut as I had collected all the fragments, I could 
 easily restore both of them. 
 
 The accompanying engraving, 
 Xo. 50, represents the larger of 
 
 
 ?. I 
 
 tbn 
 
 i It 
 
 A 
 
 the two, in which I found 
 
 tjie human ashes the bones of an 
 embryo of six months, from which 
 the entire skeleton has been re- 
 st(a'ed by my friend, the cele- 
 brated surrreon Aretaeos of Athens, 
 who maintains that the preserva- 
 tion of these small linnes w^as only 
 p:),;sible <jn tiie supposition that 
 the mother had m-ade a prematurii 
 liirtli and died from its eft'ect ; 
 that her body was burnt, and tlm 
 unburnt embryo ymt with her 
 ashes into the funeral urn, Avhere 
 I f lund it. 
 
 Xii. CO is the engraving of a 
 large common hand-made vase 
 vrith LV>-o handles, the original 
 brick colour of its clay having accjuired a brownish hue by age. Xo. 01 
 is a small hand-made red vase cf a very curious shape. Xo. G2 is a 
 
 ^To. 50. Tiip-d Urn, containing liuman nstn-s :inil Lbe 
 
 bones olan ombryo. (.\bout 1 : 8 actual siz^-. 
 
 riLptb, 51} ft." 
 
228 
 
 THE Fir.ST PKE-HISTOEIC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Y. 
 
 liniKl-mfKlf ln«tronK-l:ilaek liowl, witlioi-it tubiilar holes for suspension; 
 hf.wls of tills description are very common m the first city. 
 
 X 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 Xo. Cii. H;iri<l-made VaM-. (Ab-Ait 1 : C actual size, ncpth, 4Si £L.) 
 
 I nifiy further mention a hand-niado vase of t,'lobnlar shape, orna- 
 mented with an incised pattern of ziffzai; lines, similar to that on two 
 
 .^o. 61. II I 1 1 I yi lit 1 : .4 actual 
 
 1/ i 1 1j It ) 
 
 No. C2. naijil-mailc Instrous-black Erra-l. (.Vbout 
 1 ; .1 actual tlzc. licplli, -IC ft.) 
 
 vases of the Stone age m 'he Mnsenin at Copenhagen/' with the difference 
 tliat on this Trojan vase the zigzag lines are accompanied on each side 
 liy a row of deep dots. 
 
 ()f tlte terra-cotta Avhorls, of which T found many thousands in the 
 
 '' See .1. .1. A. Wnrsanc, KurJlshe Okhaijc, PL ix. Nos. 90 aiiJ 100. 
 
C2A?. v.] 
 
 ORNAMENTED AVHOELS. 
 
 229 
 
 dchris of tlie third, fourth, and fifth cities, I eoiihl collect comparatively 
 fcAV ill the strata of the llrst and second cities, and particularly in that 
 of the first, of which I am now treating. Those which I gathered in the 
 first city are either unornamented, and in this case they have a uniform 
 lustrous-black colour and have more or less the shape of a cone or of two 
 cones joined at the bases (see Kos. 1800 and 1S07), or they are ornamented 
 
 Xos. C3-Ce. AVlioib. (Abi-ut 1 : I actual size, teptb, 15 lo 50 ft.) 
 
 VO. "Wbi.i-ls. l,Abuut lialfaLtllal 
 
 DcpUj, 48 to 62 ft,) 
 
 with incisions (see Nos. G3-70) ; and in this case they are very flat, and 
 resemble the wheels of the Turkish country-carts. Thus a whorl of 
 this first city may easily lie recognized from among thousands of others 
 found in the siibscc]uent cities. 
 
 As we see on only a few of these whorls traces that they have been 
 used, I suppose that they served as ofi'erings tt.i the tutelary deity of the 
 city, who may have had the character of Athene Ergane, and may have 
 lieen regarded as the protecting divinity of female handiwork, and par- 
 ticularly of women engaged in spinning and weaving. That such a 
 goddess was adored in Ilium, wo may gather with all probability from 
 the legend before recorded,'' that the builder of the city, Ilus, was 
 rcAvarded by Zeus vrith a favourable sign, consisting of the Palladium 
 vdiich fell from heaven, with a distaff and a spindle in one hand and a 
 lance in the other ; for the distaff' and spindle can prolialdy mean nothing 
 else than the goddess's allegorical character as Erijuin'. I am far from 
 maintaining that Ilus ever existed, or that he mi'.rht have founded tliis 
 first city. If he really built a city here, it would probaidy Ije the third 
 in succession ; but the strange coincidence of the legend of Atheiu' vith 
 the distaff', and the numerous whorls found here, makes me think that the 
 worshiij of Athene Ergane was not institutetl by the Ijuildcr of the third 
 city, Init that a goddess of an identical character, though probably of a 
 diff'erent name, had a cultus here ages Ijcfore the third city was built. 
 
 The ornamentation on tlio whorls is incised, and, as on the vases, it 
 is filled up with white cluilk t(.i strike the eye. I alistain from discuss- 
 ing vdiether this ornamentation may be symb(.ilical or not ; I will only 
 say that the patterns of the whorls, of the shaiio of those represented 
 
 See [I. IJ 
 
230 THE FIRST PEE-HISTOEIC CTTY. [Chap. V. 
 
 under Kos 1817-1 820, are found in tlie terramare of Italy, in Lake- 
 dAvolliu!j,s of tile Stone age. Tlirongli the kindness of my friend, Professor 
 Giuseppe CI. Bianconi of Bologna, I liave received the drawings of ten 
 such vrhorls, -u'hich are preserved in the Miisenm of Modeua, having 
 been found in the terramare of that district : among them are six A\-hich 
 have the same ornamental carvings that I found upon whorls in my 
 excavations at Hissarlik. The same friend has also sent me the drawings 
 of 18 similar vrhdrls found in the graves of the cemetery of Yillanova, 
 and now in the museum of Count Gozzadini at Bologna. As the Count 
 found an " aes rude '' in one of the graves, he thinks that the cemetery 
 must belong, like it, to the time of King Xuina, that is, to about 700 B.C. ; 
 Be ilortillet,' however, ascribes a much greater age to the cemetery. 
 But at all events, 15 of the IS draAvings lying liefoi'e me have a 
 modern appearance, compared v.ith the 10 whorls in the Museum of 
 Modena, or with the whorls found at tlissarlik, even in the latest pre- 
 historic city ; for not only the ornamentation, but the forms also of 
 the whorls, ;ire much more elaborate. 
 
 The Comparison of these 18 whorls with those from Hissarlik con- 
 vinces me, therefore, that Count Gozzadini is right in ascribing no greater 
 age to the cemetery than 700 B.C. Two terra-cotta whorls, likewise with 
 incised ornamentation, iioav in the Museum of Parma, were found in 
 the terramare of Castione and Canipeggine."' From 300 to 400 terra- 
 cotta whorls were found in the Bake habitations of the Stone age at 
 the station of ]\Ioeringen on the Bake of Bienne in Switzerland," some 
 of which have incisi.'d ornamentation. Among these ornamented terra- 
 cotta whorls are several with patterns similar to some of those found 
 at Hissarlik, but in general all the vrhorls fmm the Lake of Bienne 
 appear to lie much more elaborate and much more modern than those of 
 Hissarlik. 
 
 A terra-cotta whorl without ornamentation was also found in the 
 cemetery of Zywietz near (Jliva.^ There are also a great many unorna- 
 mciited terra-cotta whorls in the Museum of Keu Strelitz, of which 
 Mr. Carl Andn.'s is the learned keeper, and which was kindly shown to 
 me by Br. Cioi.dz; as Avell as in the Museum of Xeu Brandenlmrg, which 
 was kindly shown to me by its keeper, the high forester Julius Miiller, 
 Senator Ciustav Briickner, and Mr. Conrad Siemerling ; and in the Grand 
 Ducal Anticjuarinm of Schwerin, of which my honoured friend, the learned 
 Miss Amalie Buchheim, is tho keeper. But there are m all these three 
 Museums some t(u-ra-C(.dta whorls in the form of discs with an incised 
 ornamentation, such as we find at Troy. From the photographs which 
 Dr. Joseph Hampel, tlie learned keeiier of the archaeological department 
 m the Hungarian National Museum at Buda-Pesth, had the kindness to 
 send me, I see that there are exhiliited in that museum 11 terra-cotta 
 whorls, found in the excavations at Szihalom, in the county of Borsod 
 
 i^ Lr ,%«^ ,1c la r,-oir, pp. 88, 80. « PM. Vnicschichtc, Plate iii., fi^. S. Profossnr Vir- 
 
 Knl. Krllor, Kl,-:l,li^s,;iu,its Larustn's, Ly chuw iiifnrms nvi tllat terra-cntta ivhorls with- 
 
 '-"'; '^'- '-^'■"""' I'- ^^^ ''!• -y^''- ""t ..rnainentatiun are fi-e,,,ientlv fmmd in 
 
 Lir. Libtauur, Lcitiiijo lur vxstjjrcussischeu Germany. 
 
CiiAP. v.] 
 
 RUDE FIGURE OF CLAY. 
 
 no 
 
 31 
 
 in Hungary, and attriLntcd to tlie Stone age. Of tliose 11 whorls, 
 represented on Plate x. Kos. 22-32, one, No. 30, has an impressed or 
 iueised ornamentation.^ 
 
 The Collection of Mexican Antiejnities in tlie Eritislr Museum contains 
 a large nuniLer of similar v.diorls, lor the most part of conical shape, 
 many of them with ornaments, which may Ik; inscriptions; Lut this 
 ornamentation runs all round the cone, and is not on its base, as in the 
 whorls of Hissarlik. Some of these whorls are more or less flat ; a few 
 are painted Idne. So far as I know, ornamented terra-cotta whorls have 
 never yet lieen foirnd in Greece. Unornamented ones, on the other Land, 
 are frequent there. At Mycenae I found ahout 300 whorls of .stone, and 
 but very few of terra-cotta. A terra-cotta whorl, ornamented with an 
 incised decoration, found in the pre-historic villages below three layers 
 of pumice-stone and volcanic ashes on the Island of Thera, is in the 
 small collection of antiquities in the French School at Athens. 
 
 In this first, as well as in all the four succeeding pjre-historic cities of 
 Hissarlik, there are also very numerous small discs of terra-cotta, from 
 Iv,- to 3 in. in diameter, with a hole drilled through the centre. As they 
 are slightly convex on one side, and on the other slightly concave, and as 
 the edges are very rudely cut, there can be no doubt that they were cut 
 out of broken pottery. Those of the first city have the pretty lustrous 
 dark-black colour peculiar to the pottery of the primitive settlers. There 
 can hardly be any doubt that these discs were used with the distaff', in 
 spinning as well as in vreaving, as weights for the thread.^ 
 
 Similar discs, with the same characteristics, proving that they were 
 cut out of broken pottery, have lieen also foirnd at Szihalom ; two of them, 
 exhibited in tlie Kational Hungarian Museum, arc represented on Plate ix., 
 I'Tos. 2 and 4 of the photographs of the collections. Amjther such disc, 
 fouird at Magyarad, in tlie county of Hoht, is represented under No. 37 on 
 Plate xiii. in Joseph Hampel's Antiqnites preJmtoriques de la Ilongrie. 
 
 No. 71 is the fragment of a very rude figure of terra-cotta. No. 72 
 
 No. 71. Fragment of a rude figure of Terra-cotta. 
 (About half actual size. Depth, it, ft. ) 
 
 T c Iti Ii-iEm tit s 
 
 i uipressed ornanu'ntatioii. 
 
 (.\ctual size. Depth, G2 ft.) 
 
 " As Dr. Hamjiel informs me tli.'it the photo- ' I inay here call attention to the fact, tliat 
 
 graphic plates are on ,5ale, I shall alwaj's rel'er the spinning-wheel is a modern invention, cum- 
 to them. inonly ascribed to the year 1530. 
 
THE Fir.ST PEE-HISTOrJG CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Y. 
 
 represent:-! ;i perfeetly flat liriglit-recl fVa.c^nnent of tcrra-cotta, G millimetres 
 (almnt a ipiartcr of an iueli) tliieli, wliicli I found myself, in the presence 
 (if J.I. llnrnonf, in tlie very lnvv'est lUhris of tlie first city, and wliicli, I 
 thinlv, IS tlie itnly specimen of perfectly baked terra-cotta I ever found at 
 Ilissarlik, cxei'pt of course tlie large jars, -wLicli are ahvays tliorouglily 
 liated, and tlie pottery of the third or hurnt city, most of which has 
 heen thoroughly liaked liy the intense heat of the conflagration. In fact, 
 the clay of tlie fine red gohlet No. ni is only 4 millimetres (about one- 
 sixth of an inch) thick, and yet only 1 millimetre of it is really baked on 
 either side, while in the middle there remain 2 millimetres of clay (|uito 
 unbaked. As the fragment No. 72 is cjuite flat, it cannot belong to 
 .a vase. Professor Ehousopoulos suggests that it may have belonged to a 
 v-oodeu casket, on vdiich it served as an ornament. The ornamentation 
 of branches and concentric circles is very characteristic: it looks, as 
 Ih'of. Sayce observes to me, Hittite and Babylonian. This piece exhibits 
 pierhaps the finest clay I ever lound at Hissarlik ; liut nevertheless, 
 whru observed through a powerful lens, it is not free from small stones. 
 
 No. 73 is a very rude flat figure of marble. I found about half-a-dozen 
 figures in this first city, of the very same shape and fabric, but all of 
 them without a trace of any incision. I, therefore, should 
 never have thought them to be figures at all, were it not 
 that more than 500, of nearly the same flat form — on 
 many of which a bird-like face, female breasts, a girdle, 
 (u- female hair, are rudely incised — were found by me in 
 the third, fourth, and fifth pro-historic cities. On a 
 great many others the bird's face is rudely drawn with 
 Idack clay on the white figures. It is therefore highly 
 jirobable that a similar face had once been drawn on all 
 the figures on which it is not incised, but that in the 
 course of ages it has been effaced l)y the dampness of 
 the (Wiris. As all these rude figures represent the same 
 form, there can be no doubt that they are idols of a 
 femalij goddess, the patron deity of the place, whether 
 she may have been called Ate or Athene, or have had 
 any other name ; nay, there apjiears to lie the highest probability that 
 all of them are copies of the celebrated primeval Palladium, to which 
 was attached the fate of Troy, and which was faliled to have fallen from 
 heaven (see p. looj. 
 
 According to the legend, the feet of this Palladium vv'ere joined 
 togi.dlier, and they could not possibly be more joined than on these idols, 
 I ill Avlii(di the wholo inferior ]iart of the l;ody is represented as a hemi- 
 sphiu-ical lump. I nia.y here call a.ttention to the fact, that the form which 
 tin; ancients commonly gave to some deities in the inferior ])art of the 
 body, as for instance to the statues of Hermes, served to indicate their 
 ,-tability in the place v.diore they were preserved. In like manner Victory 
 was represented without vdiigs, when the idea of its permanence was to 
 lie expressed. 
 
 Mr. Ciladstouc calls attention to the fact, that we find in Homer 
 
 ..ij. .... I.iide flat Idol 
 
 of Marblf. 
 
 ( Abriiit Lalf actii.al size. 
 
 Dcptlj, 50 ft.) 
 
Chap. Y.] THE TROJAN IDOLS. 233 
 
 but one clear instance of an image for religious worsliip. The solemn 
 procession in the Gth Iliad carries the dedicateil Yeil or rohe to the 
 temple of Athene on the summit of the hill, where the priestess Theano 
 receives it, and deposits it on the knees of the goddess : 
 
 Thus it is evident that the poet imagined the Palladium to have been in a 
 sitting posture, and of human form, just as all idols were represented in 
 his time, and v^idely different from tlie hideous and barljaric idols I find 
 at Hissarlik, even in the latest of the five pre-historic cities. It may be 
 observed that the famous figure of Xiobe on Mount Sipylus, which is 
 alluded to in the 24th book of the Iliad (014-017), and which ]3rol)ably 
 was originally intended to represent the goddess Cybele, was likewise in 
 a sitting posture. I readily believe with Mr. Gladstone,^ that statues 
 would have been more mentioned by the poet had they been common, and 
 that they were rare or to the poet unattractive ; pjrobably of wood. 
 Pausanias'' mentions in certain temples wooden statues of gods (Xijaiia), 
 as well as statues formed of other materials (including clay), less durable 
 than stone and marble, or than bronze : the use of these materials pre- 
 vailed especially in primitive times. Such objects were called daidala, 
 and it was from them, Pausanias thinks, that the personal name Daidalos 
 afterwards arose.' It was only by degrees that they came to represent 
 the human form at all.'' Only by degrees, too, they assumed the character 
 of works of art. Indeed, if wo survey the -u^orld all over at the present 
 day, it is singular to notice how little and how rarely marked religious 
 worship and true beauty have been associated together in images. 
 
 The idols of Hissarlik are certainly ruder than the rudest ever found 
 in Greece or elsewhere. However barbarous the idols of Mycenae and 
 Tiryns may be, they are nevertheless m'asterpieces of art in comparison 
 with these Trojan idols. The conception of the human form as an 
 oraanic whole, a conception wc meet with at the very dawn of creative 
 Greek art, nowhere appears. '■ The Trojan artist began," as ]\Ir. Newton 
 ingeniously remarks, " as these primitive sculptures denote, with some- 
 thing even more elementary than Shakspeare's manikin made after supper 
 out of a cheeseparing ; and that which gradually converted this manikin 
 into an organic form v>-as the instinct of Greek genius trained and 
 developed by the contact with more civilized races around, and imbibing 
 ideas of Egyptian and Assyrian art through traffic with the Phoenicians."" 
 
 ■' //. vi. 297-303. ^KaXovv dalBaXa. ^KdAovf oe, eVtoJ Soffe?(', Trpo- 
 
 ' J/omcnc ^i/ncAcomsm, pp. 65, f.ill. -r'P"" eV. -!) AaiSaAos i naha/Moros Jyh'iTO 
 
 « Paus. Tin. 17, § 2: toIs 5e avepuirois rh 'hdiiv-qm- tovto, 6e vanpov airh ricv SaiSa.\wp 
 
 apxawf, dTToa-a Kal -^fxeTs KaTafi.aBeli' flvvS)e-i)ixiv, (irlKXTjmv yaveirOai Sui<ii iwX uvic t'/c TCfETTjs 
 
 Toadde ijV a(p' wv ^oava Ittoiovvto, efieFOS, TfBqviu to uvo/xa. 
 
 icvrrcipKrao?, at Keopoi, rii Opiiva, v /^^AaJ, .5 " Pixface of Si^:bclis f" PausMiins ; Leipzig, 
 
 \o)rus- rw oe ''Ep/j.rj Tw KuWrjficp rovrwi' fj.^f ISi;^, pp. .\ii. S0'[([. 
 
 anh oiSevis, eiov'si 'Tre^oiVl^^^of rh &ya\pJ. '' Jlr. C T. N.wtou's Lecture ou tlie 3(lth 
 
 j'(rT-,y. April, 1874, before the Kueiety of Autiquanes m 
 
 ' Paus. ix. 3, § 2 : ett! rairais Ta7s SiaWaya^s London. 
 
 AaiSaKa kopTr)V dyovaiv, oVi ol ■wdkai to. l^iava 
 
234 
 
 THE FHIST PKE-HISTOEIC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Y. 
 
 X(is. 7-1 iiuil Ta represent saddle-qnerns of tracliTte, of wlaeli the 
 strata of dihrii; of all tin.' pre-liisturic cities of Ilissarlik contaiu mauy 
 
 So. 74. S.ulille-qujiii "I I iMthyte. (Abuut 1 : G actual 
 size. Di'ptll, is to E3 ft.1 
 
 No. ;5. Sjddlt-qiR'iii ul'Tracbytr. iAI»jut 1 : 5 actiuil 
 size. Iiepth, 4S to 53 ft.) 
 
 liiindreils. I fouTnf a largo niimber of similar satltlle-qnerns in my esca- 
 ratiiins at Jlyecnao. Tltcy occnr si.imetimes, Lut rarely, in Silesia and 
 Saxiiny. made dt traeliyto ; and tltev are, as my friend M. Alexandre 
 Bertraitd, Director of tlio Jlnseum of St. Germaiu-en-Laye, assures me, 
 Lnt very seldnm found in tlie Dolmens of France. Another friend. Dr. 
 Giustiniano Kiccducci, of Isdla del Liri in Italy, states^ that similar 
 saddlr-querns have alsi.i lieen found in the terramare of the Stone and 
 Bronze ages in Italy. A saddle-quern similar to No. To, hut of mica- 
 slate, Avas found in the excavations at Magyarad, in the county of Hout 
 in Hungary, and is in the collection of B. Nyary Jeno." The hand-mills 
 found in Mecklenburg, and preserved in the Grand Ducal Antiquarium at 
 Schwerin, are o'l granite, fr(un 2 to P, ft. long and 1 to 2 ft. hroad, with 
 smaller ones of the same form for bruising the grain. Dr. Lisch believes 
 that the rudely-cut stones of globular form (like Nos. 80 and 81, on 
 p. 2o(i) were used as pestles for the same purpose. 
 
 The Trojan saddle-(puerns are either of trachyte, like the two above, 
 or of basaltic lava, l)ut by fir the larger number are of the former 
 mateiial. They are of oval form, Hat on one side aiul convex on the 
 other, and resemble an egg cut longitudinally through the middle. Their 
 length IS from 7 to 11 and even as much as 25 in. ; the very^ long ones are 
 usuidly crooked longitudinally; their lire;idth is from 5 to 14 in. The 
 grain was bruised between the flat sides of two of these querns ; but only 
 a kind of groats can have been produced in this way, not flour ; the 
 
 ' Ann!, cd lli:nxili in Pictni del/a TruaJc ; • Joseph \\am-pe\, Antiqiiitc's pn'liistoriqucs do 
 
 Napoli, 1879, p. 10. la Ilungrie ; Plate xiii., No. 38. 
 
Chap. Y.] 
 
 MORTAR AND RESTLE. 
 
 braised grain could not have been used for nifildug bread. In Homer we 
 find it used (or porridge,^ and also ior strewing on tlie roasted meat.* 
 
 X " Iiurlt^m lit f ia alt ]"r 1 Ih l Arorttir. 
 (^Abuul 1 . ^ aLtual size, iteplb, 4o tu 5o It.) 
 
 ^ I tl f n 1 L m t ne. 
 
 (UiiU adual size. IlqiUi, 4i) to 4S It.) 
 
 Plmy ^ confirms the fact, that the grain was merely bruised and boiled to 
 pap, or eaten in form of dumplings (offae). 
 
 No. 76, which is of basaltic lava, has a glolurlar 
 cavity, and may probably have lieen used as a mortar. 
 The implement Xo. 77 no doul.it served as a pestle. 
 3Ir. Thomas Davies, F.CI.S., of the EritJsh Mirseum, who 
 kindly assisted me at the recommendation of my friend 
 Professor Nevil Story-jlastelyne, late keeper of the 
 Mineral Department in the British Museum, holds the 
 pear-shaped pestle No. 77 to be compact limestone ; its 
 colour is grevish mixed with yelloAv. The instrument 
 Xo. 78, which seems likevriso to bo a pestle, is of 
 granite. 
 
 A mortar of granite similar t(j Xo. 70 is in the 
 Museum of St. Germain-en-Laye ; it v^'as found in Den- 
 mark. M. Bertrand holds it to have been used te break 
 copper ore in order to detach pieces of it for making arrow-heads. 
 
 Xu, 73. lu;tti:u.ent 
 ut Granite. (Half 
 
 actual size, 
 rielitlj. 15 to 4S ft.) 
 
 = //. xTiii. .-..58-.560 : 
 irfjpvK^^ 5' o.Trdi'^uQei' uirb Spvt t^OATO. TreVorro. 
 jS.aur 5' UpevfravT^s /aiyaf a/x(pe7roy ■ o.l 5e 
 
 yvvalKr^s 
 0€i7rvoy ipLdoiCii' \^VK^ a\<piTa "ttoWo: irdXui'or. 
 
 ' Od. .\-ir. 7G, 77 : 
 OTTTrjdas 5' dpa irdura <p4pwv ■Kap^.Q7)K '05ua"/)i 
 Oepjj.' a-vrols 6/3e\o7iTiU ■ o o' d\<piTo. \i=vKa. 
 TrdXvyev, 
 
 ^ IT. i\. xviii. 10: *' Pulte .lutein, non pane, 
 Yixisse Iniip-d tetnpore liniiiaudS nianifestnm, 
 (luoniam iuilu et puiinentaria hoilieqtie dicnntiir. 
 ]:t Eunitis autiquis.iiinus rates obsidionis famem 
 e\]irimens, fifiam eripuisse ydorautibtis liberis 
 ]iatres commemorat. Et hmlie sacra pi-isca, atque 
 ijtitalinni, pulta fritilla confieiimtur ; viJeturqtie 
 t.im pills igni'ta Graeeiae ftiisse, qtiain Italiae 
 polenta." 
 
236 
 
 THE FIEST PKE-HISTOrJC CITY. 
 
 [Ce 
 
 No. 70 rfin-csciits a lieaiitifully polisliod implement, Avliicli, according 
 to Mr. Dayies, consists of liEemutite ; it v.'as probablj used for pulislimj 
 lara'c terra-eotta vessels. 
 
 'if 
 
 
 .To. 10. JmplPment of-Stone for polisliing. (ILdfacUiil 
 size. Depth, 45 to 50 ft 
 
 Nn. ?0. Iveaiiid Stone for bruising Corn. 
 (_ILilf actual size. Depth, 45 to 52 ft.) 
 
 Itudely-ciit, nearly gloLular stone instruments, like Nos. 80 and 81, 
 :.re very numerous in all tlie four loAver pre-liistoric cities ; nay, I do 
 
 not exaggerate vdien I aflirm 
 tliat I could have collected 
 tli(.)usands of tliem. They arc, 
 itccording to Mr. Davies, of 
 hasaltic lava, granite, cuiartz, 
 diorite, porphyry, or other 
 sorts of stone, and only in 
 one instance of silex. 
 
 Similar instruments are 
 found in the cave-dwellings 
 (;f .the Dordoguc, as well as 
 in the Dolmens in France ; 
 and many specimens of these 
 are preserved in the Museum 
 of St. G-inauain-en-Laye. They 
 arc very numerous in the most 
 ancient Swiss Lake habita- 
 tions, and particularly in those 
 of the Lake of Constance, where all of them are of hard sandstone. A 
 uumlicr of rudidy-cut globular stonG instruments, similar to Nos. 80 
 {iiid Nl, were iound in the excavations at Szihalniu, and are exhibited in 
 th(j National Hungarian Jilusenm at Buda-Pesth.'' In the opinion of my 
 friend, Trofcssor Ludwig Lindenschmit, founder and director cf the 
 celebrated Museum of ?,rainz, these imiilcments were tha most ancient 
 
 yl. Round .Stum- for bruising Cnrii. (Half actual size 
 Depth, 45 to 52 It.) 
 
 " ,See ri.lte -X., >:oo. 
 Euda-l'e:=th. 
 
 u'2-oi, 57-GO til' tlie iiliotoyraphs of the Xational Ilimgariau 31useuni at 
 
Chap. VJ 
 
 STOXE IMPLEMENTS 
 
 millstones of the simplest kind, and were employed for bruising tlie grain 
 on the plates of sandstone which abound in the Lake habitations.' 
 
 The same rudely-cut round stones occur also in the pro-historic 
 A'illages in Thera." Professor Virchow, M. Burnouf, and Dr. Kicolueci " 
 concur in Professor Lindenschmit's opinion, that they served for bruising 
 grain or other substances. 
 
 Not less abundant than the round corn-bruisers are implements more 
 or less in the form of Nos. 82 and 83, which are of diorite, and represent 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 ^u. o2- Shine llittnimpDt lur biiii-ing m1 liulifhing. 
 (Half actual size. Depllj, 45 lu 60 ft,) 
 
 !>\ 84. Stone Implement, with a fun-nw running 
 
 lengthwise rounil. (Half aclualslze. 
 
 liepth, 15 to 5(1 n.) 
 
 No. K3, Eudo Stone Hammer. (Half actual .size. 
 Depth, 45 to sort.) 
 
 A.\e( I I 1 It . (11 II 1 1 size. 
 Urpth, 15 tolatl.) 
 
 ' L. Linaenschmit, i)i> VatcrUlnfUschen Alter- « See the sm.all collection of Thorn antiquities 
 
 iJiiiirirr, pp. 172, 173, 17.8, ant.l Hate x.\-Tii. in the French School at Athens. 
 j^Tq g ' " Dr. G. Nicolucci, Anni cd Utcnsili in I'ictra 
 
 dcUa Troadc, i-p. IG, 17. 
 
]8 
 
 THE FIPlST PRE-HISTORIC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 tiA'o of tlic Ix'st fipecimeiis. Instruments like ISo. 82 may proLalJy have 
 served, as Xiefilueei sni;gests, I'er smootliing llie elay of tlie large vases, 
 perliaps also for crusliiug tlie coarse particles contained in the clay, or for 
 In-nising the granite, with which the latter was mixed. No. 83 is a ntde 
 priiuitivo hammer, lioth ends of which are much worn down, and testify to 
 the long use which has hcen made of it. From its large size and heavy 
 vreight we are induced to thinh that it was merely grasped hy the hand, 
 and could not have hcen fastened in ft cloven wood handle. I repeat 
 that tliese are two of the liest specimens, for there are in the first four 
 pre-historic cities thoiisands of similar hut far rirder implements, of 
 diorite, granite, silicious rock, horuhlende, gneiss, and other sorts of 
 stone. 
 
 No. 84 is an implement of granite, of oval form, with a deep furrow 
 ruiuiiiig leugtliAvise round it. It resemhles a stmie implement found in 
 Denmark which is in the Museum of Copenhagen, and is represented in 
 J. J. A. "Worsaae's Nord'nl^i' OIJyii^/iT, PI. xviii. No. 87, among the ohjects 
 of tlio Stone age. These objects appear to have served as weights for 
 looms or fishing-nets. 
 
 I BOW conio to the axes or cdis,^" of which I have heen able to collect 
 moro than 500 in the first four pre-historic cities of Hissarlik. 
 
 ilr. Thomas Pavies, who examined tliem carefully, declares them to 
 consist of blue .serpeutinnus rock, green gabbro-rock, black slaty rock, 
 dark-green hornstone, black or grey diorite, jadeite and jade (nephrite). 
 Of the five celts of the first city of which I here give the engravings. 
 No. 85 consists of black diorito ; No. 88, of jadeite ; Nos. 8o, 87, and 80, 
 of jade (licphritcj. 
 
 J,os. EC-S9. Axes of Jiideitc and .Ju<lc (Xepliritf ). (Aljoul balf actual i 
 
 nfijth, about -15 to 62 ft.) 
 
 '■ The axe was, ' as my honoured friend the ctdcbratcd anthropo- 
 logist. Sir J. Lubbock, righlly remarks,' "pre-eminently the implement of 
 aiiti(|uity. It Avas used lu war and in tlie chase, as well as fir domestic 
 purposes, and givat numbers of c(dts liave Ijcen found in the Lake- 
 dwellings at AYaugeu (L;ike of Constance) and Concise (Lake of Neuf- 
 
 '» r.ea.lors not fonvprsaut ivitli arrlia.iloijy , Thn „sTial .lerival imm-iv™ is a wA/h*, andit is 
 
 may l,e iiiformed tliat tliis wm-J is not .Irriveil To-anleH a, tlio Laiuival.ait of end,:,,,. The first 
 
 i'loin tlio (Jolti(;iHM,|il,,,l,iitfia,ni .■,//;■, "a cliisfl." us^• of flio torni tliat 1 liave met with, as aiiplicd 
 
 "Tiii, v>-onl, ii.iuever," as ilr. John ICvans to antiquil ios, is in Ho-or's 77,fs,„„o/s i,'n,H,A-(i- 
 
 ( A,,' :,„t ,'-:i,„„; ri„i,l,;,„j„Ls ,jf i.:,r,,i ]:nl,,i„,Y.rM) b,„-.i;r„s (v„l. iii. p. 41 S), ICJC, whore .a bronze 
 
 • l'-. rvi's, '■ is an awa^ Afyu^uevi,„ in this .sonso, colf, a-laiitosl for insertion in its lial't. is descrihca 
 
 b.nn- only lonnil in tln'\'nl-ato translation of under the name of CW/os." 
 
 .loll, .ha].. \i\. V, L'l. II al,-.. ...anrs in .a .pn.ta- ' J'n-h!star!c Tunes; London, ISTS, 4th edit. 
 
 t,..n ..f th.. |..a,,.ai:.. by St. .I,.r..ni.., in his 7:/./sf. ml p].. 'J.:.-07 an.l 194. 
 r,, ,„,„,•:/,'„,„. (See ^l//i(Vl.r,/,„, Juii,. 11, l.'JTO.) 
 
Chap. V.] STO^'E AXES. 239 
 
 cliatel). T\'itli a few exceptions tliey were small, especially when compareil 
 with the magnificent specimens from Denmark ; in length they varied 
 from one to six inches, while the cutting edge had generally a widtli of 
 from fifteen to twenty lines." 
 
 This is also the nsii:J pn'oportioii of the axes at Hissarlik, l:uit there 
 are a few whose cutting edge, like that of Xo. ST, is (Uily aliont four 
 and a half lines. The manner in which these axes were made is de- 
 scribed in a masterly way Ly Sir John Lulihock ;'- — "After having 
 elioseu a stone, the first step was to reduce it liy hlnws with a hammer 
 to a suitable size. Then grooves were made artificially, which must 
 have been a very tedious and difficult operation, when flint knives, 
 sand, and water were the imly available instruments. Having carried 
 the grooves to the re(|uired depth, the projecting jinrtions were re- 
 moved liy a skilful blow with a hammer, and the imploiuent was then 
 sharpened and polished on blocks of sandstone. The axes were then 
 fastened into the liandles. To us, accustomed as we are to the use of 
 metals, it seems difficult to believe that such things were ever made use 
 of; vce know, however, that many savages of the present day have no 
 l.ietter tools. Yet with axes such as these, and gmierully with the assist- 
 ance of fire, they will cut down large trees and hollow them out into 
 canoes. The piles used in the Swiss Stone age Lake-habitations were 
 evidently, from the marks of the cuts on them, prepared with the help of 
 stone axes ; and in the Danish peat-bogs, several trees have been found 
 with the marks of stone axes and of fire upon them ; and in one or two 
 cases, stone celts have even been found lying at the side. In the exca- 
 vations known as Grimes' Graves, again, a basalt hatchet was found, 
 which had evidently been used for excavating the gallery, as shown 
 bv the marks still distinctly visilile on the vralls. One use of the 
 American tomahawk was to crush bones for the sake of the marrow ; 
 and it IS most probalde that the ancient stone axes also served the 
 same purpose. In many cases the axes themselves bear ample marks 
 of long-continued use. That they were also weapons of war is probable, 
 not onlv on a jiviori grounds, Imt also because they have frer|uently lieen 
 found m the graves of chiefs, associated with bronze ilaggers. About the 
 vear 1809, a large cairn in Kircudlirightshire, pnpularly supposed to lie 
 the tomfi of a King Aldus M'Galdus, was reinoVL'd by a. fiirmer. AYhen 
 the cairn had lieen removed, the workmen came to a stone coffin of very 
 rude workmanship, and, on removing the lid, they hiuud the skeleton of a 
 man of uncommon size. The liones were in such a state of decomposition, 
 that the riljs and vertebrfe cruinldeil into dust on attomptiug to lift them. 
 The remaining bones, lieing less decayed, were taken out, when it vras 
 discovered that one of the arms had lieen almost separated from the 
 shoulder by a stroke of a stone axe, and that a fragment <if the axe still 
 remained m the bone. The axe was of greenstone, a, material which does 
 not occur m this part of Scotland. There were also hmnd with the 
 skeleton a ball of flint, about 3 m. m diameter, which was perfectly round 
 
 = Prc-JustorL Times; London, 1S,S, 4th edit. pii. Oj-'j7 aiiJ I'Ji 
 
24(J THE FIUST PRE-HISTOPJG CITY. [Chap. V. 
 
 iiiiil lii!j;lily polished, anil the head of an arroiY, also flint, hnt not a particle 
 of any metallic sulistance. We know also the Xorth American stone axe 
 or tomaliawk seiA'cd not merely as an implement, hiit also as a weapon, 
 bein,[;- used Imth in the liund and also as a missile." 
 
 I am indehted to my frn'iid Professor II. Fischer of Freil>urg, for 
 the discovery that I have thirteen axes of jade m my Trojan collection. 
 Havine; read in my former pnljlication " that I had found axes of very 
 hard transparent greenstone, he insisted upon my getting them carefully 
 examined. Professor Maskelyne, to vvhoni I applied, was good enough to 
 have the specific gravities of the dilferent specimens determined for me 
 in the usual way ; namely, hy weighing them successively in air and in 
 Avater, so as to determine the ratio of the weight of the st( uie to that of an 
 e(|ual Ijulk of water. This was done by his assistant, Mr. Thomas Davies. 
 The result was that the specific gravity of twelve of my green transparent 
 axes and of one white transparent axe lies between 2'91 and 2'99, and that, 
 consequently, all thirteen are of jade (nephrite). Mr, Davies remarked to 
 me at the same time that, " in association with the implements or arms 
 fit jade f.iund in Brittany, some turquoise beads have been discovered.* 
 Tliis mineral is not at present found in situ in Europe, and thus we have 
 here additional evidence of the probability of these substances having 
 Iieen pmcured from Eastern countries." 
 
 Professor Maskelyne writes to me: " Noav I tell you tliat your thirteen 
 
 Hissarlik jade implements are to me of the highest interest. They are 
 
 so for the reason that now for the first time have I seen true white jade 
 
 as the material of a stone implement, and that too in association with the 
 
 regular green jade, which is not so rare a material.^ This is interesting ; 
 
 and so is the Hissarlik locality, altogether apart from the Homeric 
 
 Ijcarings of it, and 
 
 ' ImiiKTt il ilrcams that coulil beg-iiile 
 Ti.e Ijluiil oM man of Soio loclvy isle.' 
 
 Tiie presence of the vrhite jade is interesting as pointing to the locality 
 whence it came ; its association with its green brother is interesting as 
 helping to confirm this indication. In fact, it is a very great probaliility 
 tliat the Iviien-liiu mountains produced the mineral of which these 
 implemi'iits are made, and tliat they came from Khotan liv a process of 
 prime\-al Ijarter, that must have nursed a trade capable of moving onward 
 fiver tlie ' rodf of the wnrld ' peihaps, or less probably Ijy Cashmere, 
 Afghanistan, and Persia, into the heart of Europe. If the Pamir and the 
 region north of the Plmdoo Rush was the route, tliis [irimitive stream of 
 commerce may have flowed along the course of the Oxus before that great 
 artery of carrying power had liecome diverted liy t)ie geological upheaval 
 of Northern Persia from its old course to the Caspian. I have always 
 wondered why jade ceased to lie a prized material and an article of com- 
 merce so soon as civilization laid hold of our race. The Assyrians and 
 
 ' Trnij and its Hcmmux, p. 21. rnariaker in Morbihau, Brittany. 
 
 '' Fia- (.■xampl.', the ]Maiilaiit df a iircklarr; ■' I'rfifcssiir Maslcelyur; informs mc- that he has 
 
 ma<Ie uf callai., (turquiiisiO fnuinl in a finlnien since met witli annther Celt of white jade (in 
 
 called " JIanecr-lI'roc-k," in the locality Loc- Mr. Franks's handE),"founJ in Crete. 
 
CiiAP. v.] JADE AXr>-. 241 
 
 Egyptians hardly, if the hitter at aU, knew jade. Yet jade implements 
 have Lcen dug up iu Mesopotamia of primeval type, and the commerce 
 that transported these implements in far distant times l;ore them as far 
 as Brittany. The Assyrians and the Egyptians, like all other peoples, 
 have valued green stones. Green jasper and Amazon stone, and even 
 plasma, were known and appreciated ; why not then jade also? My answer 
 would be, that they could not get it. Unlike the Chinese, who have 
 always kept it in honour because they had it at their gate, the Mesopo- 
 tamian and Egyptian artists did irot know jade, or only knew it as coming 
 accidentally to hand, perhaps as the material of a pre-historic weapon." 
 "We need to know more than we do nf the pre-historic movements of the 
 human race, to lie aide to say whether the region of the Pamir and of 
 Eastern Turkestan was once more densely peopled, was iu fact more 
 habitable, than to-day is the case ; but I am strongly inclined to believe 
 that a geological change is at the bottom of the disappearance of jade 
 from among tlie valued materials of the archaic, the ancient, and the 
 medieval ages, down to within three hundred or tour hundred years 
 from this time. If the upheaval of the regions, along which this com- 
 merce flowed, has rendered them less habitable, has planted deserts 
 where once men dwelt with flocks, has made regions of ice where once 
 winter was endurable, — has, finally, diverted from its course a great river, 
 that bore a commerce, or at least fertilized the route of a commerce, — 
 there may be an explanation of the drying up of the stream of that 
 commerce itself. 
 
 " The Hissarlik locality for such an interesting find of so many and 
 such beautiful jade implements has an interest also in this, that the 
 geographical importance of the Hellespont, as the Bridge from Asia to 
 Europe, seems to have brought to that spot the opportunity of selection 
 and an abundance of material. I am writing to you perhaps some dreams 
 more dreamy, you will think perhaps, than any of the dreams I wrote of 
 ill my first page. At any rate, while you are giving realistic life to the 
 ancient tale of Troy, strive to do something, too, for this more venerable 
 witness to the brotherhood and the intercommunication of the human race 
 in the age rather of Kronos than of Zeus. Was it the jade-stone that 
 Kronos swallowed?" 
 
 Professor Fischer writes to me, that " as far as iny knowledge goes 
 jade (nephrite) axes only occur in South Italy (Calalu'ia), iu the Lake- 
 dwellings of Switzerland and the Lake of Constance, the Lake of Starn- 
 berg near Jlunich, and the ancient settlement of Blasingen (between 
 Freiburg and Basel, and therefore far from Lake-dwellings) ; further a 
 small chisel of jade (nephrite) is said to have been found m the district 
 of Nordlingen." He adds that " Professor Daniour, Vvho made most active 
 researches in France, could discover there only one jade (nephrite) axe, 
 of which the locality where it was found is unknown ; it was sold in 
 
 MVith reference to this remark ot Pruf. t"L'etlier witli we;i|irins ami ariirmr el' liroiize, and 
 Waskelyne, I may mention that, according to worlds of art in goM and silver, frem the highly 
 Brugsch-Be_v, battle-axes v:ltli stone heads were civilized states of Western Asia. (Ilid.of £:jijpt, 
 among the spoils brought home byThutmes III., yul. i. p. 405, Engl, trans., 'Jud ed.) 
 
 E 
 
242 THE FIRST PEE-HISTOEIC CITY. [Chap. V. 
 
 Klifims, anil the quality of the jade resemhles that of the Swiss Lake- 
 (hvellmi^'s." 
 
 Professor Fischer is amazed at hearing that among my thirteen His- 
 sarlik jade axes tliere is a white one,' for he had as yet only seen axes of 
 green jade ; lie knoAvs rav/ white jade ahnndantly from Turkestan (at 
 least, yillowish, greyish, and greenish white), liesides perfectly white 
 from China ; but no trace of axes was discovered liy tlie travellers of his 
 acfjiiaintanco who exphired the jade fjuarries of Turkestan. The Siberian 
 jade has a bright grass-green colour; the Xew Zealand jade for the most 
 part a more dark green culour. There is besides a very dark green jade 
 m Asia, which must be native somewhere in Asia (perhaps in Turkestan), 
 and of whicli Timur's tnmbstone in Samarkand is made. Professor 
 Fisclier received fragments of the latter from the late Professor Barbot 
 de Marny of St. Peterslmrg, who knocked them otf with his own hand in 
 the mosfjue, of coursi' at the danger of his life. 
 
 Professor Fischer says in conclusion that my thirteen Hissarlik jade 
 axes come from tlie farthest eastern point at which polished jade axes 
 have been found, and expresses the wish that liefore the end of his life 
 the fortune luiglit be allotted to him of linding out what people brought 
 them to Europe." 
 
 ' Tliis white jade axe, of which I shall have '■Orii:xtal .Iade (Damoui-). 
 
 to s]K'ak lati'i- on, was i'oiui'l at a ilejith nf I'h ft. "Speeilie gravitv, 2-06 to 3-06; hardness, -5-5 
 
 below the Mirface, anil must tlieretV-re belong to to (}-."i. Colours white and Avhite variously tinted, 
 
 the latest jire-historic city of Hissarlik ; fa- in greenish-grey, many shades of green. Texture 
 
 the- siibsei|ui'nt settlement, wliieh from the jmt- mo^tlv comjiaet, rarelv crv})to-orv^tallin^\ 
 te]'\- 1 hold to be an aneient Lydiari one, I never '" Found ehietiv in Central A>ia, partieailarly 
 
 fouu ! st'.nie implements. in China and on its borders. Also in Xew Zea- 
 
 ^ -Mr. d^iomas Davies kinllv gave me thi.' land and the Pacific Islands generally. 
 
 f lUowing note, which he had coTnuiunicate'l to " Sjiedfic gravity of upwards of 100 specimens 
 
 the trandatnr I'f Keller's L<^^:r 7>e-,///,o|,s, and from Xew Zealand determined liv mvsidf have 
 
 wliirh a|ipoared in the A[iyiendix to the second been within the limits of iJ-OO to o'0_', by far 
 
 edition of tliat work issued bv ^iessr.^. Lon^man.s. the larger number gi^'ing 3'Ul. 
 
 It has been reiiroduced in tlie Go.l'piirnl Jf,,,/,,- ^ , , , 
 
 ,, , „ , X- I , -I 10-0 T "Oceanic Jade (Damour). 
 
 zuii\ Decailc 11. vol, r. Xo. d, Auril ISiS. I ,.-,., > ^, . ,r 
 
 , -^ ^ ■ ^ ^' ^ . • , , '".Specifu' gra\ntv, o'lS ; hardness. r>'r} to h'b. 
 
 deem It too mterestmg not to give it here. /-,,■,' ■ , , 
 
 ur this variety 1 possess no personal exjierience, 
 
 "XOTE ON '.Iaoeite' ant. ' .IaD£.' By the large number of objects of jade which have 
 
 riiu.MA.5 I'AVIES, KebS. Come under mv observatiou not having yielded 
 
 " .Iadeite (Iiaminir). mo one exarn]ile. Damour, however, who exa- 
 
 "S[ieeillc gravity, ;'.L'S to :;d; hardness, 6 o mined foir specimens, states that in its aspect 
 
 to 7. Cnloiirs milky-white, with bright green and general characters — witli the exception of 
 
 veins anil s[didches, greenish-grev, Idiiish-grev, its ilensitv — it much resembles the Oriental jade, 
 
 clear gn^y and translucent as rhalcedom, orange- It, ho\vi;\'er, possesses a somewhat silky lustre, 
 
 yellow-, smoky-green passing to black, apple- due to exceedingly delicate fiiires wdiich traverse 
 
 green, .^Hiiirtino-^ emerald-'irri.'ii, all tie- 'iri-en the mass. I have nod with this .structure iv:- 
 
 tints as a rub- miicli brighter than in the Dri- queiitly however in the jade from .\ew Zealand, 
 
 eiital jad", al.-", loit randy, nf vmb/t shadrs. which possessed the density of :kol. From an 
 
 Ti-xtiire Irom eoio|,art to ory|iti>-erystalliiie, and iinalysi;, Ilamonr refers it to the pyroxene group, 
 
 di.~tinctle erystaliine. sonietiiuos eo.arsidv .so; whereas t lie (iriental is referable to hornblende, 
 
 fibro-lanndlar, opaqui; to traiislucriit and >ome- A'ars. d'ronndite or Actinolite. 
 times traiisp.'irioit. " Found in New Caledonia and IMarquise Island, 
 
 '■'I'hIn splinters will fuse in tile flame of a Paidfic. 
 spirit-lamp. I'ainour, from ;inal\ses m;irle liy " Xone of these minerals to my knowledge 
 
 hiiii, suggests its ailniitir, to the epid.ites. have been met with ui fitii in kurope, though 
 
 " /.oo''////os, — Contr.il Asi.a, aiel jiarticiilarly the British Sluseum possesses a fragment of 
 
 China; al-o as articles worked b}' the Aztecs, nnwnrked Oriental jade purporting to have been 
 
 Mexico. found in Turkey " — jirobably, as Jlr. JIaskelyne 
 
 suggests, an error for Turkestan. 
 
Chap. V.] JADE AXES. 243 
 
 The mineralogist, Professor Fercl. Eoemer of Breslau, writes to 
 me that "in the choice of the material for stone weapons, particularly 
 stone axes, the tenacdy of the stone was more deeisire than its hard- 
 ness, and that consequently jade (nephrite), diorite, and serpentine 
 were chosen by preference. In Silesia and in other parts of Germany, 
 diorite and serpentine were by preference the material for stone axes. 
 Serpentine has no great hardness, hut it is solid, and it does not 
 break into splinters when struck upon. Jade (nephrite) is the most 
 tenacious of all stones. Even with very heavy hammers it is exceedingly 
 difficult to crush pieces of it. For this reason jade (nephrite) and the 
 nearly related jadeite were the most appreciated material in pre-historic 
 times." 
 
 Professor Maskelyne adds : " Jade being so exceedingly tough, the 
 axes must have been cirt with the assistance of emery. Jade may be 
 approximately described as amorphous or uncrystallized hornblende, which 
 is a magnesium and calcium silicate." 
 
 According to Sir John Lubbock,' Professor von Fellenbert;- states 
 that jade (nephrite) and jadeite are found only in Central Asia, Kew 
 Zealand, and South America.'" In another passage " Sir John Lulibock 
 infn-ms us that in the great tumulus called Mont St. Michel, at Garnac 
 in Brittany, there were found, besides a large numlier of other stone 
 axes, eleven jade celts, and 110 beads, mostly of callais, biit no trace 
 of metal. 
 
 Of my thirteen jade axes only the three represented under Nos. 8G, 87, 
 and 89, were found in the first city ; Xo. 88, which has been engraved 
 with them, is of jadeite, and belongs also to this first city. To those who 
 wish to know more of jade (nephrite) I recommend Prof. Fischer's cele- 
 brated work.' 
 
 There also frequently occurs in the four lower pre-historic cities of 
 Hissarlik a curious implement of the same kind of stone as the axes, and 
 of the same shape, with the sole difference that at the 
 lower end, where the edge ought to l:»e, it is blunt, 
 perfectly smooth, and from a quarter to half an inch 
 thick. Such an implement, found at a depth of 40 ft., 
 is represented l:iy No. 90. Mr. Davies, who examined 
 it, finds it to be of diorite. These implements, which 
 are rarely found elsewhere, are, as Professor Yirchovi' 
 of Berlin and Mr. A. W. J'ranks of the British Museum 
 believe, thought to have been used as polishers. imi.iciutnt. (Xwuiy 
 
 1 f -I ■ in I • n 7 J luilf actual size. 
 
 Axes are found m nearly all countries, and are almost ii^pth, le a.) 
 
 everywhere of nearly the same shape." 
 
 Xu 
 
 ° Pre-ldstoric Times, p. 82. Hirer urgesch/ehtlichen vnd elhnographlselieh Be- 
 
 '" Professor Virchovv observes tn me tliat jade dcidung ; Stuttgart, 1875. 
 
 (nephrite) has never been fouml in South - Smithsonian Contributions to Anou-leJ^/e, Xo. 
 
 America in a natural .state, but only worlied out 287, Washington, 187G ; tlie Arch. Coll. of the 
 
 into implements. U. S. Nat. Museum, p. 17. 
 
 " Pre-historic Times, p. 1G7. Mem, Xo. 2:,fl, F.j.-i.lur. of Ah,rrh/in r/ Tlcmolns of 
 
 ' Heinrich Fischer, Nephrit timl Jadeit nach Temiessee, \>\i. b\ and 142. See further Arclovos 
 
 ihrcn minerulogisehen Eigenschaften, sowie nach do Museu Nacional do llio dc Joneiro, Kiu de 
 
2U 
 
 THE FIRST PRE-HISTOrJC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Y. 
 
 Fuller Nop. 01 1111(1 02 I I'cpresent two well-polislied perforated axes 
 fiiiiuil in the lirst city, of wliicli the formei", accordinc;- to Jlr. Davies, is of 
 
 Xos. 01, 92. Tuo polisLcJ perforated Axes. (Alj. ut half acluiil size. Deiitli, 40 to .02 ft.) 
 
 hasmatite, the latter of porphyry. Similar perforated axes, either with 
 two sharp edi!;os, ur Avitli only one, like No. 92, occur in all the four 
 lowest pre-historie cities of Hissarlik. Mr. Davies, who examined a 
 mimlier of them, found them to consist of diorite, porphyry, silicious 
 rcick, hainiatite, horuhlende, gneiss, crystalline limestone, blue serpentine, 
 gal;)l)ro-rock, &c. Whence the pre-historic peoples of Hissarlik obtained 
 all these varieties of stones, I have not lieen able to find out. Diorite they 
 may have got from the valley of the Ehodins, where, as Mr. Calvert 
 informs me, it is plentiful. 
 
 Like thf! axes deseribed above, these perforated axes were evidently 
 used for domestic purposes as well as for battle-axes. They are exceed- 
 ingly rare in tlie Swiss Lake-lnibitatioiis ; in fact, no entire specimens 
 have ever been found there. The two Inilves of such an axe, which 
 Lindensidiniit ■" re^jreseiits, were found in the Lake-dwellings at the 
 station of AYaiigen, in the Lake of Constance. The same author also 
 represents entire perforated fixes of liasalt and serjientine,'' one of Avhicli 
 was found fit Linz, thi; other at Hohenzollern. Similar perforated axes 
 are iilso found in Denmark, in the settlements of the Stone age, as well 
 fis in England, Germany, Livonia, Courland, &:r.'' Two axes like No. 92 
 weri.^ hiund liy Professor Vireheiw in the pre-historic graveyard at 
 Zabori'iwo and iire preserved in his collection. They are very plentiful 
 
 .Ii.neim, nsin, 71. i. ; .I..sr|ih H;n,ipnl. Anli-iyitrs nmre nfllvm lirre. 
 
 i;-vl,r..l,u':iiiirR ,/,.' la ]loii'jr,r, VU{y lii. VuY tlio " Dl,' \ <il ri'lihiijjsdicn AUedhii mcr, PI. xxvii., 
 
 ■-I"|H- ;i.x-s (niinri nf ,Szili:iln,,,, s,„ ei. .\. of tlic K.i«. I'J ,111.1 l:;. 
 
 |.li"t"LT;i|J,S tilk-ll .,!■ tlir ,il,jrrt. ex|,il,ite,| in ' /''/-/., I '1 . N 1 i ii ., K. iS. I! ailJ H . 
 
 tie' Xiileii,:,! II ill) -.■.viiin ^Iii.-.rniii. Simil.M- stniie '■ .J. ,1. .\ . Wnr.-,.-iae, X.,ni:d,' OUsaf/ei; Pl.siii. 
 
 ■ixe,, .-ire eniitailinl in all tliM .nlleeli , nf|,re'- .Tnliii Ev.'iiis, 77,e Ain;',',.! y/n,ir I,nj,lcmcnU j 
 
 lli.itoiiu aiitiiiuities ; 1 shall tlieielme nut nuotc LcaiJuii, 187.:, pp. 7."), IJU, 10:.;, 104. 
 
Chap. Y.] SAWS OF FLINT. 243 
 
 in Hungary.'^ Professor Koemer asks me if the pre-liistoric peoples of 
 Hissarlik knew of the emery of Naxos, as quartz (silicious rock), onyx, 
 corneol, &c., cannot be polished without emery. Professor Sayce remarks 
 to me that emery is also found in the Gflmush Dagh, the range of moun- 
 tains which runs along the northern hank of the Maeander in the extreme 
 south of Lydia. 
 
 As to the perforations, my frieml Mr. John Evans is of opinion that 
 they were drilled with a stick by means of sand ; whilst Professor 
 Maskelyne holds that the hard stones were probably perforated with a 
 drill of bronze or stone, or even perhaps of wood, worked by a bow. This, 
 fed with emery and water, would gradually bore a hole. Professor Yirchow 
 observes to me that experiments made in drilling with a stick by means 
 of sand have repeatedly been made with perfect success. 
 
 That the perforating of the hard stones was an exceedingly difficult 
 operation for the pre-historie inhabitants of Hissarlik, could not be 
 better proved than by the great number of hammers, and in a few 
 instances also axes, in which the operation of boring had been commenced 
 on both sides (sometimes on one side only), but was abandoned when a 
 hole had been bored the depth of a quarter or half an inch. In several 
 instances the operation of boring had been merely begun, and was aban- 
 doned when the holes were only a line or two deep. But nearly all the 
 hammers of this kind were found in the debris of the third and fourth 
 pre-historic cities. In the first city, which now occupies us, only one 
 hammer of a whitish limestone was found, in which the boring had been 
 commenced but abandoned. Similar hammers, in which the drilling of 
 holes had been commenced and abandoned, are found in Denmark in the 
 settlements of the Stone age ; ' they are also, as Professor A^irchow 
 inf jrms me, frequently found in German^', and he has one from Zaborowo 
 in his own collection. They are further found in Hungary " and 
 England.^ 
 
 Lindenschinit ^ says : " The rarity, nay the absence, of entire specimens 
 of completely perforated axes (in the Swiss Lake-dwellings) may perhaps 
 be rather explained by the supposition, that they were used chielly 
 as arms, which, on the destruction of the settlement at the hands of 
 warriors, must have disappeared, either with them in the battle itself, or 
 on their return to the forests." 
 
 Under Nos. 93-98 I give engravings of double-edged saws of white 
 and brown flint or chalcedony. They consist of flat, sharp, indented pieces 
 of these kinds of stone. Those of which one side only is indented, as in 
 Xo. 9G, were inserted into pieces of wood or of staghorn and cemented 
 with pitch, of vdiich traces still remain on one or two specimens ; but 
 that the double-edged saws were inserted m a like manner appears 
 improbable. They seem to have been used for sawing l)ones. Similar 
 
 Jos. Hanipcl, Antiquites prch'storirpics de la 
 
 No. 33. 
 
 Iloivjru-, PI. iy. ; also see PI. x. of the p?ioto- ' Josepli Hampel, Antiquites prehistoriqiics de 
 
 graphs of the National Hungarian Museum, Nos. /.( I/oiv/ric, PI. iv. Nos. 3, 4, 6. 
 
 iJt;, 67, representing the finds at Szihalom. ° Jolni Evans, Stone Implements, jip. lilT, 218, 
 
 ' J. J. A. Worsaae, Nordiske Oldsajer, PI. xii. > l>ic YaterVdndisclien Alterthiimcr, p.. 17'J. 
 
m 
 
 THE FIEST PEE-IilSTOEIC CITY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 fliiit saws are foiuul in the (•aye-clwellings in tlie Dordognc ; some are 
 preserveil in the Museum of St. Germam-en-Laye ; tliey are also found 
 
 I — 
 
 Xos, 03-'J-. Single and duuble-cdged Saws of Flint or CliLilcLdony. (Nearly '. 
 
 in tile Swiss Late-lialiitations of tlie Stone age.- Two sucli saw-knives 
 were fnunil at Lutlisaur near lietlilelii'in, and are preserved in tlie British 
 Museum, when:- I also noticed other saws of the same kind found in 
 India, in the Cullectiiui of Indian Anticjuities. Similar saws of silex, 
 fViund m pre-historic tombs in Mecklenburg, are preserved in the Museum 
 of Xru Brandenburg and in the Grand Ducal Antic|uarium at Schwerin. 
 The keeper of the tVirmer, 3Ir. Julius Muller, suggests that they may 
 have been usrd far cutting sinews, hides, and bones. Similar tlmt saws 
 are also found m Denmark.^ 
 
 At Hissarlik these duuble or single edged saws of silex or chalcedony 
 are so plentiful in all the four lower pre-historic cities, that I have been 
 able to collect nearly a thousand of them. In the latest pre-historic city 
 I laiilv ibuiid twia sucli, of very large size. Double-edged lliiit saws, of 
 the shape of No. SJ8, occurred only twice or three times. They may 
 probably have been used as arrow-heads ; for regularly-shaped arrow- 
 heads, such as I faund in the Iloyal Sepulchres at i\Iyceiiae,'' do not exist 
 here. Abundant at Hissarlik, Imt less frequent than the saw-knives, are 
 the knives of silex or chalcedony, of the same size as the saws, having 
 either only one or two sharp edges. Such knives are also found 
 almudantly in the habitations caf the Stone age in Scandinavia,'' in the 
 Swiss Lake-habitatiiiiis,'' in the cave-habitations in the Dordognc,' in 
 Mecklenburg as well as elsewhere in Germany, and in many other places 
 and Cduntries ; as, for instance, in Hungary." Flakes of silex or ehalcc- 
 dnny are still used to the present day m immense (piantities all over 
 Asia Elinor fir the corn-shellers or threshing-boards (in modern Greek, 
 
 I-inilensrlimit, /'/r V.it'rl:i,i,llichcil An.rtliii- No. Ill; . P. ^Ma.lscn, .liifii/u^it's pri'/n.^tfrl'pies 
 Ki'-r,]: 1711, riate xxvii. No. IS ; Sir .T. I.nlil.ork, ,/,/ T),im-,ii.irr, PI. .^vlii. Xos. -'.J-28 ; Lubl.ock, 
 /',;:-/,„tnrir T:,nrs, y. Id?; \'. ( Ivoss, ih I'j/i.-isC- J',V-/usf<,r:'r Timrs, ].. >^\i. 
 
 ,itrnts L.irifstr.'s. PI. i. No. 4. « Linaonsobmit, 7)/V V.iterHhuh'srhi-n Alkrtliii- 
 
 ' A. ]'. iPnlson, Aj>ti>jii:tr-s j>r,'/,l^t'.r;iH,s ,lii. mcr, \\ IT'a, PI. x.waii. Nos. 10-'_':',. 
 li<'ucm'irf ; C'^]ienlia'^M:'D, IST'J, Plata' x.\i\-. Ni.'S. " Lar^o nia-sos oi' these ari' jireserveil in the 
 
 -a-S, PJ-ir*. Jhiseuni of St. Geianain-en-Lave. 
 
 ■' See Illy j\fi/rrii''r^ ji. 2T'2, No. 4ib'i. s .Tose|tn Hampel, Ant!q}iitt.^ prt'ustui'i'jncs de 
 
 '- J. J. .\. Worsaae, ,Vo,-*7iy;a 0,'-/s y,v, PL xy. l.i lloii.jrir, PL i. 
 
CnAr. v.] POTSHERD WITH OWVS FACE. 247 
 
 SoKavi). These are in tlie form of sledges, and consist <".t' two heavy 
 wooden phaiks (JA- ft. long, and at one end 2 ft., at the other 1 ft. 4 m., 
 broad. In the lower snh^ of these corn-sliellers an immense numher of 
 holes are made, abont 2 in. long, in \Yhich the flint flakes are fastened 
 lengthwise, so that all are in the direction of the boards. These flints 
 have the length of those I find at tlissarlik, but they are much thicker, 
 and none of them has a sharp or an indented edge. These machines 
 are drawn by a liorse over the ears of corn spread on the threshing-floor ; 
 they are also used for chopping up straw. 
 
 Much less abundant are the flakes or knives of obsidian, though 
 they occur in all the four lowest pre-historic cities at Hissarlik. All 
 of them are two-edged, and some are so sharp that one might shave 
 with them. Such obsidian flakes or knives are sometimes found together 
 with the common flint flakes, but only in those countries where obsidian 
 occurs in a natural state. That such knives of flint or olisidian wero 
 once in general use, seems to be proved by the fact, that here and there 
 the Jews to the present day circumcise their children with such knives. 
 
 Now, as to the place whence the pre-historic peoples of Hissarlik 
 obtained their silex and chalcedony. These stones, as Mr. Calvert assures 
 me, are found near Koush-Shehr at Sapgee, about 20 miles to the east of 
 Hissarlik, where they arc still worked for the manufacture of the Turkish 
 threshing-boards. The same friend informs me that he found obsidian 
 of a coarse nature near Saragik ; he further calls my attention to the 
 statement of Barker Webb (De Agro Troiano, p. 42), that he observed the 
 mineral near Mantescia, on the road from Assos to Aivajik— one hour 
 from the former place. Professor Virchow found chalcedony contained 
 in the volcanic layers near the Foulah Dagh ^ in the Troad. 
 
 It deserves particular notice that, except the Utile laiives and saw-hiives, 
 no implements or arms of silex were ever found at Eissarhlc. 
 
 No. 99 represents a pretty little disc of greenish sandstone, with a 
 projecting border and a round hole in the centre ; its use is unknown. 
 
 u 
 
 Xo. S9. Flat perforated Stone. fHalf actual size. No. 100. FraRment of a Bonl, with 
 
 IJepth. about48ft.) a pair of eyes. (Aljout lialf actual size. 
 
 Depth, about 4S ft.) 
 
 No. 10(3 represents in outline a fragment of a lustrous-black bowl, which, 
 like No. 36, seems to represent an owl's face in nnmogram. Prof. Sayce 
 asks, " Is it not for warding ofi' the evil eye ? Compare the Etruscan 
 
 vases. 
 
 ° See Zeitschrift fur Ethnoluijie {Berliner Anthropolog. Gcscllschaft, Band xi. S. 27-). 
 
M8 
 
 TPIE Fir.ST PRE-HISTOP.IC; CITY. 
 
 [Chap. V. 
 
 Of Avlietstones, such as Nos. 101 and 102, only a few were found in 
 tlio fir:it I'ity ; they are luneli more freqiient in tlie three following cities. 
 
 Nos. lul, 102. Wlict-toiics of Gn.cn ami Black .Slate. (Half actual size. Depth, JO t<i a'i It.) 
 
 ISTenrly all are perforated at one end fiir suspension. Mr. Davies pro- 
 noirnces them all to consist of indurated slate. Two similar whetstones 
 have been found in Egyptian sepulchres ; one of them is in the Egyptian 
 CollectidU in tJie Louvre ; the other appears in the Egyptian Collection in 
 the British Museum, with the notice that it was found in a tomb of the 
 Twentieth Dynasty. Many such whetstones, found in England, are also 
 in the British Museum, where the ancient Peruvian Collection likewise 
 contains some specimens of them. Two such whetstones, found at 
 Szilmlom, are in the Hungarian National Museum at Buda-Pesth.'° Prof. 
 Virchovv- iuf irms m" that similar whetstones also occirr in Germany. 
 
 The accompanying mould No. 103 
 consists, according to Prof. Landerer, 
 f)f mica-slate. It forms a trapezium 
 3 in. huig, l.V in. broad at one end and 
 1'8 in. at th(.' other, and half an inch 
 thick. It lias three moulds for cstst- 
 ing pointed instruments of a kind 
 such as have never yet occurred any- 
 where, and which, in ray opinion, can 
 bi' nothing else than arrow-heads, 
 though the only species of arrow- 
 brads I discovered in this first city 
 as well as in the two succeeding ones 
 are vastly different. 
 
 My friend Mr. Carlo Giuliano, the 
 celebrated London goldsmith and 
 jeweller of antifjues — who showed 
 me the great kindness of repeatedly 
 visiting my Trojan collection and explaining to me, for three hours at a 
 time, htiw nil the metallic work., and particularly how the jewels, were made 
 by the jire-historic p(.'f)pl('s — holds it to be impossilile that the objects to 
 b(^ cast ill these moulds could have been intendeil for Ijreast- or hair-pins. 
 He agrees with me tliat tliey were intendeil for arrow-heads : this view 
 appears also to be confirmed liy the barbs on one of them. It seems 
 still niori^ difficult to ex]ilain the use of the triangular object represented 
 by the iourth mould. Professor Sayce a.ska mo, " Was it not intended 
 for a bead?" For casting all the ol.jects represented here, two such 
 
 No. 10.5. A 51<.nl.l ol :\lira--lalr for castiii.' .-i 
 li'Mil,<ol a very ouriou^ forni, 
 (About Lalf actual size. l)i>pili, it; ft.j 
 
 '» See n. X., Nos. S2 and 83, of tlie iiliotograplis of the eoUectioii. 
 
Chap. T.] 
 
 PUKCHES AND CROOCIiES. 
 
 mould-stones, each of tliem having exactly the same beds, were fastened 
 together by means of a small ronnd stick, which was put into the ronnd 
 hole ; then the metal was poured through the openings on the small sides 
 of the stones into the lieds, and was left there till it had become cold. 
 
 fnder Xos. 104-111 I represent curious objects of pure copper. The 
 head of No. 104 is m the form of a spiral ; that of No. 105 is cjinte flat. 
 
 Xos. 104-112. Panches. brooches, and Arrow-hnad of Cupper, also a Silver Erooch, 
 (Half actual size. Lioptb, 45 to 53 ft.) 
 
 Nos. 106 and 107 have heads of ghibular form, and are in the form of 
 nails ; but they can of course never have been used as such, being far 
 too long and thin and fragile to lie driven into wood. One of those 
 found in this first city is 7 in. Iraig. They can consequently only 
 have Served as brooches and hair-pins, and were the ancient predecessors 
 of the fibulcS invented ages later. Similar primitive brooches are very 
 numerous in the first four pre-historic cities of Hissarlik, l)ut only in the 
 first two cities are they of copper ; in the two later cities tliey are of 
 bronze. They are also of bronze in the ancient Lake-habitations in 
 the Lake of Bourget. A ci^rtain nuiulier fVuiiid in that lake are pre- 
 served in the Museum of St. Gerinain-en-Laye, the director of v>diich, M. 
 Alexandre Bertrand, attrilmtes to them the date of from 000 to 500 B.C. 
 Brooches of bronze of the same shape, but much more elaborate, were 
 found in the Lake-dwellings at Moeringen and Auvernier.^ Xeedles with 
 two pointed ends, like No. 108, were fiiuinl at Szihalom in Hungary;" 
 they are also very plentiful in Germany, Denmark, and elsewhere. There 
 are a great many such primitive brooches of bronze, both of the form ox 
 No. 104 with a head in the form of a spiral, and of that of Nos. 106 and 
 107, in the Grand Ducal Antifjuarium of Schwerin ; they were all found in 
 the Mecklenburg sepulchral mounds called " Hiinengraber," and in many 
 other ancient sites in Germany. Miss Adele Virchow has collected a 
 
 ^ Virtor Gross, Z'cux Stations Lacustrcs ; 
 XeuTeville, 1878, PI. viii., Nos. 12 and 13. 
 
 - See PI. X., Xos. V and 16, cf the photographs 
 
 of the Pro-liistorio Collection of the Kationai 
 Hungarian IMuaeuiu. 
 
THE FIRST PIlE-IIISTOrJC CITT. 
 
 [G'irAp. V. 
 
 nnml)(3r (if jn-doclicw, liko N(js. 10-1 iiud 107, in Ler cxcavatioiiH in tlic 
 griiv(5yar(l oi' Zaljorowo. 
 
 NoM. 100 iinri 11(1 arc declared ])y Mr. (.iiiiliauo to bo pnnclicK, tltc 
 liiwci' ends <if wluc.li were iiisi'i'tcd in wondi;)! liandl(!S. No. Ill, iMJin. 
 long, is in ilio usual form of tlio arrow-head, hucL as I have found m the 
 drhr/'s of tlie tliree lower cities ; indeed, I never found a differently shaped 
 arrow-lieiid tliciT. A similar arrow-licad appears to have been found in 
 tli(.! excavations at Szihalom in Hungary.' 
 
 All these brooches, piiii(dics, and arroVi'S have evidently Ijeen cast 
 though only in the third city have I found a iiKjiild for such arrows iir;ver 
 one for lirooches or punches. Xo. 11:^ is a fragmentary broocli of silver. 
 
 In the accompanying group tlie eoppor punch, No. 113, as well as the 
 copper brooches, Nos. 114 and 110, are from tln^ second city.' The rest 
 
 N03. urn 10, C,,pp,.r pi,i„li ,,n,| >;„,, ]u;-122. Ol.jrctHicr Metal from tlic T.r,wrst SIratiim : fciir Oufiper 
 
 n.'out.hcH In, 1,1 Mm S.i r„iH Oily. (:;: .) Kr,iv.;N (oiif Kilt,), nml vaiiuii^ nrnaiiient'J. Ci : ■! afl.ija size, 
 
 aaii.il hi/.-j. lajill,, :;.-. I., ivfi) l,i]t Mo. 119, 2: r,. 1 1 |,tl,, 1:1 lu On ft. ) 
 
 ' Sw, Plate -x., Xri. 20, or llir ],]M,tonr,-,|,l,s of ' Tlmy ,iv,; ^ivi'ii Ikti', .-is flify l,a),|,r.n U, 
 
 the C';lleclion ill the Nationa] I\Iusi-'tirn at Dmla- liave lai^n r!na;rav'jl on t)ie .same hlock with 
 Per:th. the otiier nbjects. 
 
Chap. Y.] ANALYSIS OP METALS. 251 
 
 of tlie metal olijects are from the first city. No. 110 reproRonts a copper 
 bracelet, but it is m small that it can only have fitted tlie arm of a 
 little child. Nos. 117, 118, and 119 are copper knives ; the first is miieli 
 broken; in the larger end of the two latter may be seen the two or 
 three holes of the i)iiis with which they were fixed m the handles of 
 wood or bone. 
 
 ]My friend Mr. \Y. Chandler Eoljcrts, F.E.S., assayer at the Eoyal 
 Mint, and Professor of Metallurgy m the Iloyal School of Mines, kindly 
 analysed the metals of this first city, and wrote for me the following 
 valuable report on the subject : — 
 
 " I also analysed with much care small yjortions of implements found 
 at depths of over 40 ft. 
 
 "No. 120 is a knife-blado (depth 45 ft.) on the surfiice of which there 
 are thin flakes of metal that cupellation showed to be gijld. The knife 
 had evidently been gilded, a fact which proves that the artificer who made 
 it possessed much metallurgical knowledge and technical skill. 
 
 " Aiial3-sis showed that copper was present to the extent of 97 '4 per 
 cent, in the metallic state, the rest ef the metal lieing in the form of 
 green carbonate and red oxide of copper ; for the Idade was so corroded 
 at the end that it was impossible to entirely eliminate these substances. 
 Tin, however, was certainly not present in appreciable cpiantity ; so that 
 the implement must be regarded as having been originally formed of 
 rtnalloyed copper. 
 
 '' The nail or pin, Ko. 10.5 " A portion from the end of 
 
 (depth 46 ft.), was also much cor- Mo. 115 (depth 42 ft.), also a nail 
 roded, but a cleaned portion gave or pin, contained : — 
 on analysis : — 
 
 oq . o 
 
 20 per cent, copper. 
 
 97-83 per cent, copper. ^'^^ 
 
 0-21 „ „ tin. 
 
 0-13 „ „ sulpbur. 
 
 0-:30 „ „ iron. Trace of tin. 
 
 Traces of nickel and cobalt. 99-03 
 
 SS-9i 
 
 " The metal in the three last cases is much harder than modern com- 
 mercial copper, a fact which may Ije accounted for by its impurities n(jt 
 having been removed by refining.^ There is every prf)bal)ility that the 
 presence of a small quantity of tin in No. 105 is accidental, more espe- 
 cially since specimens of commercial copper have been tVuind to contain 
 such an amount. 
 
 " If then we may assume that the several implements were used as 
 nails and knives, it would appear thiit they belong to a pre-Bronze age, 
 and that the makers of them were not familiar with the fact that copper 
 is hardened by the addition of tin." 
 
 = While this book is passinc; througb the allny of rhodium, for an account of nhi.li I 
 
 press, I have recciTcl inlnrmation of a most am deeply indebted to Om' discoverer, Jlr. A. J. 
 
 interesting discovc- y in America of iveapnns L'uffield. (See his Apiieiidi.x.j 
 r.nd implements of c'77»'r hanlciied 6y a natural 
 
252 THE FIRST rEE-HISTOrJC CITY. [Chap. V. 
 
 It deserves prirticnlarly to be remfu-ked tliat Xo, 120 ir; the only gilded 
 oljject I ever found in any one of the pre-historic cities of Hissarlik, 
 whereas the art of gilding bronze was in general nso at Mycenae.*^ But 
 the Myceuean goldsmith was not able to gild silver ; whenever, therefore, 
 objects of silver v.-ere to be plated with gold, he first plated them with 
 bronze and then gilded the latter.' 
 
 Xo. 121 represents a silver brooch, the head of which is ornamented 
 witli flutiugs ; but it is much deteriorated by the chloride, and must have 
 lieen originally much longer. Of silver also is the curious pendant of an 
 ear-rinc;', Xo. 122, which in firm resembles a primitive ship, and which 
 Avas suspended in the ear by means of a thin wire. I should not have 
 thought it to 1)0 an ear-riug at all, had it not been iov the number 
 of similar pendants rif giild fnrnd by me in the third city, Certainly 
 this olijrct (Xo. 122) looks much like a fibula, of which only the pin 
 is missing. But for that purpose the silver leaf is far too thin, and this 
 is still much more the case with the gold ear-rings of a similar shape 
 found in the third or burnt city, all of vdiich are made of very thin 
 gold leaf. There was found, besides, in the stratum of the first city, a 
 silver wire. 
 
 Of copper lances or liattle-axes no trace was discovered; I only found 
 a c|uadrangular copper bar 10 in. long, which runs out into an edge at one 
 end, and may have lieen used as a weapon. Of other objects of copper 
 worth enumerating, I may mention a plain ring. Of other metals, lead 
 Avas now and then found in small cjuantities. 
 
 "We, therefore, find in use among these primitive inhabitants of the 
 most ancient city on Hissarlik, together with very numerous stone imple- 
 ments and stone weapons, the following metals : gold, silver, lead, copper, 
 liut no iron ; in fact, no trace of this latter metal was ever found by me 
 either in any of the pre-historic cities of Troy, or at Mycenae. 
 
 Xothing, I think, could better ti.'stify to the great antiquity of the 
 pre-historic ruins at Hissarlik and at Mycenae, than the total absence of 
 iron. It is true that Hesiod distinctly states that iron was discovered 
 later than copper and tin, for, in speaking of the peoples who were 
 ancient even in Ins day, he says that they used bronze, and not iron.'' But 
 still, in order to show how old the knowledge of iron and steel was, he 
 represents Gaea as making a sickle IVir Kronos of greyish glittering steel, ^ 
 and lie gives to Herakles, besides armour of gold and greaves of bronze, a 
 sword of inni and a helmet of steel."" Lucretius distinctly confirms the 
 three ages : — 
 
 "Anna niitiijua, ir.anus, iiiis'iU'S, cli'iitcsquc fuenint 
 Et lapides, c-t itrm yyharuiii I'rngmina rami, 
 Postrriua fVrri vis est airisqin; ruprrta, 
 Sed jirior aeris crat, qiiaiu iViri cop;nitus iisas." ' 
 
 Sre my ^ri/r.-nac, p. 28:"!. » Hc-sio,!., Thcoflnnii, rv. IGl, 162 : 
 
 ^ Ihni. ]i|i. 'Jli;, lil7, Kos. .j2T, vj28 ; p. 240, aTi^/a 5e (TaTa) 7roii7fracra 7ei'0s ttoAiou aSa^iai'TOS, 
 
 Kri, "-r^^, ami many otliirs. TfO|e fx^ya Zp^iravov Ka\ eVe'c^pctSe -Kaiai (piXoKTiV. 
 
 " Jl'siod., O/jp. ct Dies, \v. 149, l.'iO : '" Hesidd., Scut, llcrad. vv. 122-138. 
 
 'tqI^ 5' 7/c ;i(aAK6a juey Tei'xect, xccA'ceoi Of re o^KOi, ^ Vv. 1282-1285. 
 
 \a\KtZ 5' fh^iydi^ofTO • /AfAas 5' aim Irr/cc (rihrjpos. 
 
Chap. Y.] GOLD, SILVER, AND COPPER JUNES. 253 
 
 Hostmann " also cites Tcrciitins Yarro^ and Aft-atlinrcliidoR'' as adopt- 
 ing tlic same tlieory. But it dosfrvos attoution tliat lieforo tlio Deluge, 
 ill the severitli geiieratiuu from Adam, aeenrdiug to the Book of Genesis,'^ 
 Tubal Cain Vv-as simultaneously master in various kinds of work of hronze 
 and iron." Aeeordiiig to Hostmann, iron is only mentidiied thirteen 
 times in the ^Yhole Pentateuch, whereas lirass, hy which is here at all 
 events to be understood lironze (that is to say, the mixture of tin and 
 copper), is mentioned Ibrty-four times. 
 
 The c[uestion now arises : Whence did the early inhabitants of His- 
 sarlik obtain their metals ? The answer is, first, that they must have 
 had an abundance of ,'/oA/, since the Tro;i.d borders on Phrygia, vsdiere 
 mythology localized the legend of Midas and his treasures, and it nearly 
 touches the valley of the Pactolus, which was so famous for its auriferous 
 sands. 
 
 Lesides, there were, according to Strabo, gold mines in the Troad 
 itself, nay in the immediate neighbourhood of Ilium, for he says : " Above 
 the territory of the Aliydians in the Troad lies Astyra, a ruined city, now 
 belonging to Abydos ; liut formerly the city was independent and had 
 gold mines, which are now poor and exhausted, like those in Mount 
 Tmolus around the Pactolus.'" ' 
 
 Homer mentions among the auxiliary troops of the Trojans the 
 Plalizonians (ol ' A\i!^o)vot), who came from Alybti (// WXvfSij), " where is 
 the birth-place of silver;'"' that is to say, where there are silver mines. 
 Strabo holds these Halizonians to be the later Chalyfies on the Poiitus 
 called 111 his time Chaldaeaiis ; he thinks that either the reading has been 
 changed from e/c XaXv(3r]'i into e| 'i\Xv/3i]f, or that the C'halybes had been 
 formerly called Alybans.'' Other silver mines apjjcar to be indicated by 
 Strabo m the Troad to the right of the Aesepus, between Polichna and 
 Palaescepsis.^" 
 
 Copper mines are mentioned by Straljo in the Troad near Cisthene on 
 the Gulf of Adramyttium,'" where now stands Cidoiiia or Cythonies. 
 Strabo also mentions a stone found near Andeira in the mountains of Ida, 
 
 - Chr. Hostmann, Z"r Gescldchte und Krit'k XaAvfi^s to ivaXoAuv wvoix6\ovro ; and ruvrov^ 
 
 dcs X'jrdischen Sijsteiiis der drci C'ulturperiodcn ; ol^ai K^y^ty rhv ttoitjtV ' hXi^wvovs eV rip jj-t^ra 
 
 Braunschweig, 1S7.5, p. 18. tovs Ila(p\a.y6vas KaraXoyo^i. Fnrthor ; ^i)tol tv^s 
 
 ^ Fraqm. ap. An^ustin. dc Civ. I'd, vii. c. 24. ypacprjs ^^raTed^iaris 6.ttu to v ^^ T-qXoBav €k XaAv- 
 
 "* /'(/ JLrri Frijthr. ap. Ph^'t. c. 'JO. /3rj?," ^) rwv avBpwTrwp -jvpor^pov 'AAi'/3ct'j' Myo- 
 
 ^ CTHn. iv- '21. ^eVijJi' o.vt'l yia\vlSon'. 
 
 " Tliis must not he pressed too far. The " Strabo, xiii. ji. lin:"'. : eV oefia 5e toS AiVVoi. 
 
 natural meaning is that Tubal Cain was the first nera^v rtoAixras Tf Kal naKaicrKri\fi€cas v NtV, 
 
 who worked in metals o( f/,'/!i-ra/, awl the metals (iw^iT) Ka\ 'Apyvpia. Kow, I believe witli I'^r- 
 
 .■■.peeifieil indicate only the knowledge of tlie big./r (/,V.i/ Fnc/irl. s. v. Nea) that insteail id' 
 
 v:ntcr\s 3.'''^\ V ^'^cr. kujjxt} we haA"e, acCNrdiiu^ tn thii par.alhd 
 
 ' .Niii.p. nCa : 'TTTspKeiTcti 5t rf;; Twi' 'A/3u57)yiij' passage (inStrab"), p. ^'--l, i" I'ail AiVea or"Ej'ea 
 
 Xtipas if Tfi TpuaSi to, "Arrrvpa, a vvv p-lv KiifiT] Kal apyvpia, and not 'Apyvpia. lo.ibiijpr 
 
 'A^vSriyuiy ecrri, KaTiiTKaiJ.lJ.ivn ttoAis, Trpumpuv identifies this AUla Kiiat] witli thi- present town 
 
 Zi -f}}/ Ka9' avrd, xp^<^^''^- ^X^^''''^ '^- ^^'^ rTTrr'Vici cit lur, whei"e silver mines are mentnined t\' 
 
 i<TTLy, i^avaXciifxii^a, KaQdir^pia eV tw Tf.iw?voj Cliaridh'r, i. ]"i. 14'_' ; Pnenekc, iii. p. f'O. 
 
 TO. 7r€p] rhv UaKTOjXoi'. ^ viii. p. bO'J ; e^o) 5e tuu ku\ttou (tov 'A5pa- 
 
 ^ //. ii. 8.')6, 857 : /j.vTTiuu) ual t?]s Uvppas aKpas '<] re KLirO-qvTi 
 
 avTap ' AM^wvujv 'OSiOS Ka\ 'ETTiiTTpofpos I'jfX^'-' eVri n<j\LS ^pri'j.os ex'.'^cr^- Ai^LteVa. I'Trep aL'T'/,s 
 
 TllAodep e^ 'AAvfiTjS, udev apyvpou ecTTt yefiOXl]. 5' eV rf] jj.ea'oyata tij re tuu x"A;:oO ^.eVaAAer, 
 
 " Strabo, -vii. p. 549 : oi Se vm XaASaioi /;. t. A. 
 
25-i THE FIRST PRE-IIISTOPJC CITY. [Chap. Y. 
 
 \Yliicli v,-liC'n linnicil became iron ; when melted "with a certain earth, zinc 
 {■^ev'oafrjvpo'^) flnwH forth iVum it; wliiLst, copper being added to it, it 
 ljei'( lilies Ijrass (i<:pd/j,a), caHed by some people opei'xaXKO^. Zinc is also 
 found in the neighbourhood of Tmolns." 
 
 riirvgia was iilsu the country of the Idaean Dactyli, the fabled sons 
 of l;lir;i, wIk.i in her flight tn Mount Ida in Crete rested her hands on the 
 mountain and so gave birth to her cliild (Zeus); and from the impression 
 of licr hands sprung the Curctes or the Corybantes, who were called Idaean 
 Daetyli. ' This tradition is also mentioned by Nounns.* These Phrygian 
 Dactyli were cididjrated as metallurgists, and were said to have discovered 
 iron in Crete/' According to the Scholiast on ApoUonius Ithodius, 
 Sojdiocles also called the iJactyli Phrygians.'' iJiodorus Sicuhis also, who 
 SL'ohis to have copiod largidy from Ephorns, says that there are niany, and 
 among them E]diorus, wlio aflirm that the Idaean Dactyli dwelt around 
 ]\Iount Ida in Plirygia and passed over t(.( Europe with Mygdon. They 
 were enchanters, and practisi.'d spells, religious cerc'iiionies, and mysteries; 
 and, n.'siiling in Sainothrace, tliey greatly excited the astonisliment of the 
 inliabitaiits by these arts.' The Phrygian origin of the iJactyli is also 
 confii-nii^d Ijy Clemens Alexaiidrinus, who calls them Phrygians and 
 barbarians.* Strabo says : "As some say, the hrst inhabitants of the 
 slopes of Ida were called Dactyli, because the slopes of the mountains are 
 called their feet, and the summits are called the crowns of their heads, 
 and tlius all tlie spurs of Ida which are sacred to the mother of the 
 grids are called Idaean iJadyli or ' toes.' But Sophocles Ijclieves the 
 first Dactyli to have been five men, who discovered iron and first 
 worked it, and invented many other things useful for life : they had 
 five sisters, and from their number they were called Dactyli {i.e. 
 ' toes '). But otliers relate other faljulous stories, heaping alisurdity on 
 absurdity ; but they also state the names and number (of the Dactyli) 
 difterently : calling one of them Celmis and the others Damnameneus, 
 Herach'S and Acmon (the anvil). S(.ime say that they were natives of Ida, 
 others report that they were immigrants, but all maintain that by them 
 iron was first v,-orked in Ida: all suppose them to have been enchanters 
 em}doyed in the service of the Mother of the Gods, and residing m 
 
 ^ xiii. |j. 01 0: iiTTi OS Aii)os TTisin Ta'AvSeipa, jifrare Avistiitcli.'s Lyduni Si'VtIii'n moDitrasbC; 
 
 o; (faio/jfvos ffi'oijpos 7i^fTai- (ha /xeTayvi'; tivo! T1 plirastiis Ildaui I'hrVL'flii |Hitat ; aerariam 
 
 Kaij.ii"^uOfU a-KO'T-raXfi \pfuSapyvpov, ij TrporrAa- faljri^aiii alii C'lialvlias, alii < 'vrlnjias ; fi-rrum 
 
 H'lvrra x^-^Khf rh Ka.Kovp.nvoi' jivfTat Kpa/ia, o lli'sin.liis in C'vi-ta Cos iiui vntati sunt Idaci 
 
 Tii'c np([xo.\Kov KaKoixri- yiv^rai^if: \p€v5dpyupo^ Dait\-ii." 
 Ka: -€(<i T.V TiJMAnv. « JJ AnjOiuml. i. 1129 : 2o(fioicAf/s 5e ahrolis 
 
 ■'■ Onihi.il. |.. 474, .M. I'ntrli : " Ainnt r^firMll in -iipvyas KaAer eV Kai^o7s SaTi'pois. 
 
 J'l'"' '"tHni insnlaii Civtai: In-ifai.lo .l.'latam " Oind. Sir. v. (i4 : eviut 5' 'uTTopoii<nu, Iv 
 
 nianiis siia^ im]M.,,nisM' ini.-ni'-ratn ni"nti, i-t sic (Vri Hat ^Eipupu^, tol'? 'ISaujuj AaKTvXov^ y^vi- 
 
 mlantem ipsum eJidisse, ft <;x niannuni imiirrs- irrtai /j.fj' imra t?);/ 'Iotji/ tV iv <i>pvyia, OiaB'ivai 
 
 sif,nc emersisse Cureta.s .sin; Ci.ry i,antas, qn.is a di nfra MvySovos eh tV TLvpwTT-ni> u-Kap^afTas 
 
 ninntis )iiiniine (it a qnalitate facti Macos Dae- 5c- 7o7(Tas eViTr)5€i}crj.i tcis re eVojSas Kal TeAeras 
 
 tyjos a|))i.-llant. ^a! ^vrrrT^pia^ teal Trepl ^Xafj-ol^paK-rji' hiarpi^pai^ras 
 
 i'ninys. xiv. Lej sotj. : oj) fxeTpiws (I'tovtoi^ (KTrK-qTreif tgv^ tyx^piovs. 
 ■ . . . '.Tf 7roT6 'Pf'r/j ' SIrniiud. i. ],. y.liu, f^l. Pntt : ■tpuyfr 5e ii 
 
 (K xUcvii', ctuTOTeAffTTOf ai/e/3Ad(TT7)rr6 yrpidA-rfv. icai li6.pfio.poi oi 'ISaiji AclktvAoi. 
 
 aav 
 
 '■' I'liii. II. IS. vii. hi : "Acs cunll,' 
 
 ct tern- 
 
Chap. V.] METALLIC WEALTH OF PHTiYGIA. 255 
 
 Phrygia in the district of Ma ; for tliey call the Troad Phrygia, because 
 the neighbouring Phrygians took possession (of it) after the destruction 
 of Troy." '' 
 
 The Cabiri, i^iio were likewise celeln-ated metallurgists, came also from 
 Phrygia, and were said to owe their name to the mountains of Phrygia, 
 whence they passed over to Samothrace.^" According to Pausanias,^ the 
 coimtry inhabited by the Pergamenes was anciently sacred to the Cabiri. 
 Strabo informs us that, according to Pherecydes, from Apollo and Iihytia 
 sprang nine Corybantes, who lived in Samothrace, but from Cabiro, 
 daughter of Proteus, and Hephaestus, three Cabiri and three Caliirian 
 nymphs ; both brothers and sisters enjoyed divine worship. They were 
 especially venerated in Imbros and Lemnos, but also in some places in 
 the Troad.' Though there is no tradition that the Cabiri were also sons 
 of Pihea, the tutelary deity of Phrygia, we see them in the service of 
 that goddess ^ in Samothrace. 
 
 We have seen that they were sons of Hephaestus, who, according to 
 Diodorus Siculus, was the inventor of all works in iron, copper, gold and 
 silver, and in all other substances which are wrought by means of lire.* 
 We have also seen (p. 253) that there were mines of gold, copper, and 
 silver, in the Troad, and no doubt there were still richer ones in 
 Phrygia, because it is to Phrygia that tradition attributes the discovery 
 of the art of fusing metals by the accidental melting of them in a 
 forest fire.^ 
 
 Strabo quotes the opinion of Posidonius, who believed in the story that, 
 the forests having once caught fire, the earth beneath, containing silver and 
 gold, became lic[uefied, so that these metals boiled forth to the surface." 
 
 ^ Strabo, x. p. 47:1 : AaKrvAovs 5' 'Idaious Awi'os kd.} 'V-qrias KupBai^Tas 4i'i'^a, olKrj(To.L 5' 
 
 (paui Tii'€s KeKAricOai tol/s Trpwrova o'lKi^ropas avrovs eV 2a/io(?paK7? • efc Se KajBeipovs rrjS 
 
 TTjS Kara rr]!/ ''Ih'fji' vira^ptEiaS' irobas fJ-^y yo.p Ylpwrews Kal 'HcpaiiTTOv Kali€lpovs Tp€7s Kal 
 
 Kiy^iydoA Tas vnwpeia^, KOpv<pas 5€ to. aKpa Tivv yvfJ.cpas rp^'ts Ka/Beipioas, ^KO-repoLS 5' Upa y'lf^- 
 
 op'^v al ovu Kara fj.^pos eVx^iTiai K0.\ iradOA TfjS (7da.i. fj.dKiirra jxki^ ovv if "l/j-fiprjj Kal A-f]/j.f(i! 
 
 p-'qTpus Twv Oecui' L^pal ir^pl t)]V ''IStj;/ .... rous Ka(iAp(jvs rt/Mio'dat (7u/j/3e'/3T?h:e[', aWa Ko} 
 
 ^0(pOKXrjs 5e o'lerat Trefre robs irpwraus 6.p(T€vas eV Tpota Kara tto\€ls. 
 
 ytiveaOaL^ o'} {rid-opou re i^f^upop Kal ilpydcafro ^ A grammarian in tlie Lexicon oi Guiie. s. v. 
 
 TT/xiroi Kal dWo. -rroAAa twp npu^ rhv jStov xp'^~ Ka/3ipoi, cited l.ij J. P. Ioi^.signn], Li:s Jj'etijux 
 
 iripAj^v^ TreVre Se Ko.l a5€\(pds tovtojp^ dnh 5e rov cbnis CAnti'iuite^ [). 47 : KdSipOi 5e efVi dai/j.oy€S 
 
 d.pLO^ou 5aKTv\ovs K\7}d?ifai, dWoi dWws ir^pl ti}p ''Peap OLK-i^crayT^s t-i]v 'Zo-ixodpaKriv. 
 
 jAvB^vovaiv airopoLs a-Tropa (TwaTrrovr^s, Bia(p6pois "" v. 74 : "Hfpannov 5e Aeyovaiy eupcr'ljv yeve- 
 
 d€ Kal To7s ovo^affL Kal roh dpL0/ao7s xpcijj/Tai, wy (rdat Tr]s Trepl rhv <Tihj)pov ipyaaias aTrauTjs Kal 
 
 KikfjAV dvo/j.d(ovai rwa Ko.l Aajj-va/aevea Kal ttjs Trepl Tuv xo.Ak<jp Kal XP^^^^ ^^■'- dpyvpof, Kal 
 
 'Hpa/cAe'a -Kal ^AK^ova- Kal ot p.lv cVix^P'O^? '^^^ aAAwl' uao. r)]V €K rou Tvupos kpyaaiav erri- 
 
 T'z/y'^IOTjr 01 5e inoiKrjvs, Trafres 5e <TiZrjpoi' etp- 5e;^eTai. 
 
 ydadaL L'7rt> tovtoiv eV ''15?; irpojrov (paaiy Trarres ^ Lucrotins, 1240— 124. J: 
 
 ~i€ Kal yo-nras vTTiiK-qcpaat Kal irfpl r-qv /i-i^Tipa " Qnod superest, aes at(iue aurnm ferrumque 
 
 riof Q^ojv KaX Iv iipvyia wKrjKoras Trepi Trjv''llir}i'^ repcrtum e^t, 
 
 ipvyiav T7(i/ Tpifdha KaKovvres 5ia -rh Tovs Et .simul argenti pomlns, ])lumliifinp potestas, 
 
 ^pvyas i-KLKpaTi]iraA irKT^ULOXojpo'JS ui'Tos T/^y ft,^nis Libi ingentcs silvas ardnre oroniarat 
 
 Tpoias eK7r6Trop97),uf')'-;js. Jlontibus in magnis." 
 
 "' Apoll. Ehod. ad Arqonwit. i. 917 : KdlSiipoi " Strabo, iii. p. 147 : IlocreiScui'ios Se to ivAySos 
 
 5e SoKoiio'i TrpoiT'qyop^vadaL d-iru Kalif^ipwv rajp rchv pi.€TdXXay iiraiviiiU Kal Ti)f apeTi]^ ovK airt- 
 
 Kard ^puyiav bpo:u^ i-jrel IpTev&ev ^eTrjvf:xO'f}iya.v X^^^^ ''"'i^ avv-qBovs p-r^ropeia^^ dXAa avv^vdovaLa 
 
 eis Sa/AoBpaKriy. Ta7s- UTrepiSoAais. ov yap aTTiffTerj' -r(p fiiSip 
 
 ^ Pansanias, i. 41G : ''^Bf 5e vijjMvrai ol U€pya- (p7]rrly <Wi r^v Spvp-ajp Trore iixirpvaOifTo^v -i-j y^] 
 
 fArjvoi, Kafieipwi' Upd.v (pa.cril' elfai rh apxa'tov. raKiETffa^ are dpyvp'tris Kal XP^''"'^'^' ^'^ ''"^^ 
 
 ^ Strabo, X. p. 473 : ifepe/cuSTjr 5' i^ 'AttoA- iinipdvaav (liCnaf. 
 
256 TUB FIRST PEE-HISTOKIC CITY. [Chap. V. 
 
 rioy;ii!4'nol ' also cites Clement of Alexundria, who, in establishing a 
 syuehronisni iininng the events of sacred history and Greek history, says, 
 " From the deluge of Denealion to the burning of Mount Ida and the 
 discovery of iron, and to the Idaeau Dactyli, 73 years elapsed according 
 ti> Thrasylliis ; and fr(nu the burning of Ida to the rape of Ganymedes, 65 
 years." ^ He i'urther cites Strabo, v\dio mentions that the Titans gave to 
 lihea, as armed servants, the Corybautes, who, as some said, had come 
 from Bactria ; according to others, from Colclus.' The reason why they 
 were said to have come from the one <jr the other of these two countries 
 is, that Ijoth were celebrati.'d for the number and the richness of their 
 mines. Eossigmd^" further mentions that "Serving in his Commentary 
 on Virgil, in stating the etymologies which were given of the word 
 Coryljantes, savs that according to some it was derived from Kop?;, the 
 surname of Proserpine, according to others it is derived from copper, 
 there being in Cyprus a mountain rich in copper, which the Cypriotes 
 call Corium." ^ J\I. IJurnouf mentions to me that EugL'iie Burnouf has 
 proved the word Corybantes to be identical vrith the Zend word gtrtvanto, 
 which means "uiDuntaineers," and that Ovtliocorylxiittes is identical with 
 EriJJiii-aijh-rcantn, which means '■ inhaljitants of the high m("iuntains." - 
 
 Like the Calhri and the Corybantes, the Curetes passed over from 
 Plirygia to Samuthrace. This is evident, as PiossignoP says, from the 
 Orphic hymn addressed to the Curetes, in which it is assigned to them, as 
 a claim to veneration, that they should make the bronze resound, wear 
 martial arms, and inhabit Samothrace, the sacred land.* Some verses 
 further on, the poet, coiif lunding the Curetes with the Corybantes, calls 
 them even l;iiigs of Sa)iiot]irace:' 
 
 In a. long and learned discussion, Piossignol proves beyond all doubt 
 that the Telchines were als) faniKUs artists and metallurgists, who passed 
 over i:') Samothrace ; and further that the Dactyli, Cabiri, Corybantes, 
 Curetes, and Telchines, differed, as some Itelieved, merely in name, and 
 formed one identical class of Genii ; while, according to others, they were 
 related to one another, presenting only slight differences ; that, finally, 
 they are nothing else than the representatives of an identical metallic 
 industry, symbolized in its progressive developments ; that the religion 
 of Samothrace was in the beginning nothing but a simple institution of 
 mysteries founded on metallurgj', and presided over b)* lihea, whose 
 priests were in fact metallurgists. These ministers, having transmitted 
 the blessing of the goddess to other men, were deified from gratitude. 
 In this manner Samothrace became the isle of pimrs priests, and the 
 sacred asylum against revenge for bloodshed. Put it was not every 
 
 ■ Lcs ih'taii.:: ihnis rAntiquHe, p. 50. ferax, qucm Cj-prii Curium Tiicant." 
 
 ' .Vtivui. i. 'Jl. p. 401, (.'..1. r.itt. = See Eugf-ne Bunioui; Gjiiuiuntaires S'lr Ic 
 
 '■' Strain,, X. ].. -J-TlJ: u'l 5' inru TiTcii-a'i' 'Pf'a Y.irit'i. 
 
 SoST/i/ai irpoTriKuvs eVoirAous Tolji Kopv^av-ras ^ /■•■■■: JL't'in.r ,/i(/l.s- I' Auti'iu^tc. p. 88. 
 
 E.T t'iis BaKTpiai'^is a<jiiy/.iii'ov:, o'l o iic KoAxdw '' lljl'iin. Or/Jiir. xxxviii. 4: 
 
 Lrs j/r'frni.r J<>ns l' A iiiiqiiiti\ ]). 77. ^ I.' 1 , L'll ; Koup7)Tes KopvfiavT€s, . . . eV 2a^o- 
 
 ' AiJ. A.'ii. u\. Ill: ",\lii Cnrylialitrs ali ar-re Bp-JKji ivaHTis. 
 apptUatus, quod apuj Cypruui muus sit aeris 
 
Chap. Y.] IMPLEMEKTS OF TUEE COrPER. 957 
 
 homicide that ccnUd obtain ahsolution there ; for the cases were heard, 
 justice ^yas adimiustered, and he who had maliciously done a wicked 
 deed was condemned and cast out. Ancient metallurgy gives us an 
 insight into the life of the men of bygone times ; the metals are the 
 material and instrument of the arts, the spring of all political activity, 
 the soul of civilization.*^ 
 
 According to Sir John Lubbock;' "It is jirobable that gold was the 
 metal which iirst attracted the attention of man ; it is fmnd in many 
 rivers, and by its bright colour would certainly attract even the rudest 
 savages, who are known to be very fond of personal decoration. Silver 
 does not appear to have been discovered until long after gold, and was 
 apparently preceded by both copper and tin ; for it rarely, if ever,- occurs 
 in tumuli of the Bronze age. But, hnwever this may be, copper seems to 
 have been the metal which first became of real importance to man ; no 
 doubt owing to the fact that its ores are abundant in many countries, and 
 can be smelted without any difficulty; and that, while iron is hardly 
 ever found except in the form of ore, copper often occurs in a native 
 condition, and can be beaten at once into shape. Thus, for instance, the 
 North American Indians olitamcd pure copper from the mines near Lake 
 Superior and elsewhere, and hammered it at once into axes, bracelets, and 
 other objects. 
 
 " Tin also early attracted notice, probably on account of the great 
 heaviness of its ores. When metals were very scarce, it would naturally 
 sometimes happen that, in order to make up the necessary quantity, some 
 tin would be added to copper, or vice versa. It would then be found that 
 the properties of the alloy were quite different from those of either metal ; 
 a very few experiments would determine the most advantageous propor- 
 tion, which for axes and other cutting instruments is about nine parts of 
 copper to one of tin. Xo implements or weapons of tin have yet been 
 found, and those of copper are extremely rare, whence it lias been inferred 
 tltai the cert of maJcinr/ bronze ivcis linoaii ehcirhcre before the use of either 
 copper or tin, was introduced into Europe. Many of the so-called ' copper ' 
 axes, &c., contain a small proportion of tin ; and the few exceptions 
 indicate probably a mere temporary want, rather than a total ignorance, 
 of this metal." 
 
 But this I must most decidedly deny, for implements and weapons of 
 pure copper are found all over Hungary, and M. Pulszky Ferencz,'"' pre- 
 sident of the committee of organization of the Pre-historic Exhibition 
 of 1876 at Buda-Pesth, had all their different types represented in two 
 large glass cases, in order that they might serve as proofs of the 
 existence of a Copper age, which he authenticated in his lecture before 
 the Congress.^" 
 
 " EossigDol, Lcs Metaux dans rAntlqiiite, pp. '» .losejili Ilaiiiin-l, Catalor/uc do rExposiliuii 
 
 99-14-8. prihistoriiiue cA-.s- .Ifiisijcs dc Froiiiico ct des 
 
 ' Pre-rdstoric Times, pp. 3, 4. Culk-dinns piirtk-nliin's de la Ihm,jric : Buda- 
 
 « A. W. Franks, Horae feralcs, p. 60. Testh, IKTC, \<\>. 138-140: an.! Joseph Hampel, 
 
 » This is the Hungarian name, which would Ije Aidiquitcs jire'/a'star. df la I{un<jrie; Esztergum, 
 
 in English, Francis or Frank Pulszkj-. 1870, Fl. rii., viii. 
 
 S 
 
258 THE FIEST PRE-HISTOEIC CITY. [Chap. V. 
 
 If ainonp; numerous bronze implements there liad been found one of 
 copper, this hitter might indeed indicate a mere temporary want of tin ; 
 but all the olijects from the first and second cities of Hissarlik being 
 proved, upon Professor W. Chandler Eoberts's highly important analysis, 
 to consist of pure copper, we must naturally infer a total ignorance of 
 tin on the part of their inhabitants. 
 
 Sir John Lul)l:)Ock repeatedly states that silver and lead do not 
 occur in the Bronze age," which appears to imply that still less can 
 they lie found in the Stinie age. But I found these metals, in smaller or 
 larger f_[uantities, in all the five pre-historic cities of Hissarlik. It is true 
 that in the first and second cities lead only occurred in small shapeless 
 lumps, but these are sufficient to attest that the primitive inhabitants 
 were acquainted with it. In the third pre-historic city we shall pass in 
 review an idol and several other objects of lead. In the gilded knife, 
 No. 120, we have the proof, that even the inhabitants of the first city of 
 Hissarlik were acquainted with gold, and knew how to work it. Homer 
 mentions the plating of silver with gold : " But as when gold is fused 
 around the silver by an experienced man, whom Hephaestus and Pallas 
 Athene have instructed in all kinds of arts, that he may execute graceful 
 works, so did the goddess pour gracefulness around his head and 
 shoulders." ' 
 
 According to Pliny," one ounce of gold could be beaten out to more 
 than COO leaves, each being four fingers square. In our own days the 
 same quantity could be beaten into three times that number of leaves. 
 
 My friend, Professor A. Sprenger of Berne, endeavours to prove, in 
 his famous work Die alte Geoffraphie Arahiens, that in remote antiquity 
 the bulk of the gold was brought by the Phoenicians from Arabia, 
 which had twenty-two gold mines, ^ and was the ancient Eldorado and 
 proverbial for its wealth of gold in all antiquity down to the Middle Ages. 
 " Thus William, the biographer of Thomas a Becket, uses the expression 
 ' Arabia sends us gold.' Is this only a fiction, or was Arabia indeed 
 the California of anti(|uity, and was especially Dzahaban (Dzahab 
 
 _ i__^ji N, ' gold '), which is only at a distance of 500' from Berenice, 
 
 the port where gold was bartered ?" He goes on to prove that the 
 famous Opliir, which scholars have for a long time past identified with 
 Abhira in India, is nothing else than the Arabic word for " red." " By 
 the Heljrews the ' gold of Opliir ' was especially valued. Agatharchides 
 states that the gold nuggets found in the district of Debai consisted of 
 pure metallic gold, and did not need to be purified by fire, in consequence 
 of wliich this gold was called cnrvpov, ' untouched by fire.' This word, 
 therefure, would answer to the Arabic tihr ; for while dzaliab means gold 
 generally, unmelted gold is called tRir and tiln-a, a ' gold nugget.' The 
 greater part of the gold existing in antiquity was derived from nuggets, 
 
 ^' I'rr.ltii'torii: Tiincs^ [ip. 21, iJS. r^x^V^ iTavTOi'f]v, x^p'^^^"^^ ^^ ^pya reK^Ut, 
 
 ' 0<L v\. liii'J-'Ji^^ ; &s apa Ttp KaTt'x^ue X'^P'^ K€(pa\f] re Ka\ ^fiois. 
 d'S 5' ore Tis XP^*^^^ TrepiX^verai apyvpw avrip " //. iV. xxxiii. 19. 
 
 thpii, iv ' HrpaiaTus SiSaiv Kal IlaAkas ' Mrivri ' raragraphs 53, 54-58. 
 
Chap. V.] ARABIA THE LAND OF GOLD. 259 
 
 •whicli were sometimes of enormous size. Wrysy (i. 2) reports that the 
 king of Ghana preservetl as a rarity a miggct weighing 30 rail (75 lbs.). 
 It is very probable that the Greeks had also a special word for tPur, 
 ' nugget.' Nevertheless, I do not believe in the assertion of Agathar- 
 chides ; I hold airvpov to be a bastard word of Semitic origin, which has 
 been grgecized. The finest gold is designated liy Hamdauy and Abulfida, 
 
 p. 157, as red gold, ^^■^\ (, ^j5 J;, and the Persians call the gold pieces 
 
 which are coined therefrom Jjijiu'irisurcli, ' red Aurei.' Inlklyl (viii. p. 77), 
 it IS related that on the corpse of a woman, exhumed at Dhahr, there 
 were found gold ankle-rings weighing 100 mithqdl, and that the metal 
 was red gold. Such ' treasure trove ' was so frequent, that this fine sort 
 
 of gold was also called ' tomb gold ' ( ^_^ ^_^ ^j^ 3 or . ^ .^ (_„^,ib b)- 
 
 It is reported in Iklyl (viii. p. 52), that especially in the ruins in and 
 between Gauf and Marib much tomb gold "was discovered. In Pliny* 
 apyron has the signification of ' red gold.' If Magi is the subject 
 of vocant, then the expression apyron was also in use among the Per- 
 sians. At all events, the Apyron is hardly difi'erent from the gold 
 of Ophir, C|ualified in the Bible as ' good.' According to a well-known 
 phonetic change, ofir must be pronounced (\fir in the Central Arabian 
 dialect ; but according to Ibn Maruf {apAid Golius) afira signifies tran- 
 sitively, ' splendidum clarumrjue effecit,' and intransitively, ' manifestus 
 evasit.' The participle of this verb is dfir. In the South-Arabic dialect 
 this word, differently pronounced, is the common word for red. Accord- 
 ing to a vocabiularv,^ red is called opjhir (sic !) in Socotra. In other 
 dialects the word for ' red ' is pronounced, according to Maltzan,'' dfer, 
 olifar, afiir, and so forth. Xow I imagine that, according to their 
 custom, the Greeks have given a Greek origin to the word dfir, ofir. 
 In Job (xxii. 24) Opliir is used for 'gold' without the additional word 
 zalicd) ; and the passage from Pliny warrants the conclusion that apyron 
 was used in the same manner. Besides, Ophir occurs in the Bible as 
 the name of a people and a country. Where this half-mythic land was 
 first thought to exist is a point on which I have no doubt. In Genesis 
 (x. 2.0) Ophir is mentioned between Shelia and Havilah. In the story 
 of Solomon, the narrator passes twice or thrice backwards and forwards 
 to and from the Queen of Sheba and the Ophir expedition, and in 
 1 Kings X. 15 'all the kings of Aralua ' come between. Ophir was con- 
 sequently thought to 1)6 on the coast of Arabia, or rather the Hebrews 
 called the Litus Haminaeniii. Ophir. In the famous question about Ophir, 
 far too little weight is laid on the fact that, in many passages m the 
 Bible, Ophir appears as the California of antiquity, and far too much 
 importance is given to Solomon's expedition to Ophir. I neither doubt 
 that the Phoenicians navigated the Bed Sea, nor that Solomon associated 
 
 * //. X. xxi. 11, p. CG : " Heliochrysos florem pertinere arhitrantur." 
 
 habet auro sirnjk-m .... Hoc corouare se Magi, =^ Jma-n. As. S'lc. lima. B. iv, p. 165. 
 
 si et unguenta sumantur ex auro, quod api/rm " Z. B. M. G. 27, p. '2:iO. 
 vocant, ad gratiam quoque ritae gloviamque 
 
200 THE FIRST ri;E-PIIST<">i;iC CITY. [CiiAP. T. 
 
 with Ivin^;' Hiram and liartrrcil goLl in PzaliaEan : bnt the story, as it is 
 tohh IS not t'rou iTiiin fictums invented tn glorify the u'reat king. In 
 1 Kini;-s IX. 28 it IS stated that the servants of Iliraiu and Solomon fetched 
 42i) talnits of gnld ; line Ophir is still simply the laud nf gold. In x. 11, 
 auaiii, the result is spoken of, and then it is said that the gold-ships also 
 hroim-ht sandal-wood and preeiinis stones. AYe eanuot ohjeet to this, for 
 tlie narrator cunhnes himself here at least tri Araluail artieh's. Preeinns 
 stmies are also meiitinned elsewhere in the Bihlc, as articles of trade with 
 the Araliiau merchants. Tlic gennine sandal-wixid, it is true, does not 
 ncfur in Arahia, Init Hamdauy I^'^IVA) speaks of ]\[iuiut Ilanuni as situated 
 Hear Chauirm, on whieli also the C'haulaiiitcs live, and says : ' There grows 
 a plant which resemldes the white sanilal-wond, and comes near t'.i it 
 in smell. The wnml serves instead of tlie Indian saudal-wood.' In 
 1 Kings X. 22, the preduce fetched from Ctpliir is mentioued for a third 
 time, with the additmu of silver and ivory, and id' rarities such as monkeys 
 and peacocks.' Here it is also stated that the ships came ouce m three 
 vears; and m this way f>phu' is removed to an endless distance and made 
 a fairy-land. This version, as well as the story of the Queen of Sheha, 
 I hold to 1)0 a hctiiui of later origin. Tlie idea that C^phir also 
 exported silver is hv no means happy, this metal having always heen 
 dear lu Arahia. Even in i\[oliammed's time, when the gold mines were 
 fur the most part exhaiisteil, only seven and a half pounds ef silver were 
 given for one pound of gold. If, with Lassen, wo relegate Ophir to India 
 (of whose iiiitiii-iiJ wealth in gold I never heard), we do not gain much; 
 Lecause here also the value of silver in proportion to that of gold was 
 always greater than in the West." 
 
 Sjirenger further points to a passage in Stral>o, 'which corrohorates his 
 opinion that the Phoenicians, in times of remoto antiquity, lived on the 
 vVrafiiau coast of the Persian Clulf, whence they emigrated to the coast of 
 the Jlediterraiiean ; ami this view is now very generally accepted. After 
 having spoken of the city of (.Tcrrlui, which, he says, lies in a deep bay of 
 the Arafiian coast on the Persian Gulf, Straho goes on : " Those who 
 proceed with their ship see two other islands — Tyrus' and Aradus,-' whose 
 temples resemhle those of the Phoenicians ; the inhabitants at least main- 
 tain also that the islinds and cities of the Phoenicians, called hy the same 
 names, are their colonies." '" 
 
 5Iy friend the Assyriidogist, Professor Julius Oppert, informs mo that 
 111 the Assyrian cuneiform inscri})tions, the island of Tyrus (in euucH'orm 
 writing, Tilviiii) is mentioned as the seat of a very ancient worship. The 
 island of Tylus (for Tyrus) is mentioned hy Arrian" and Pliny^ as pro- 
 ducing pearls and cotton. 
 
 ' I iiii^lit liri-r call attiMithiii to thi' I'.irt that '» Stvalm, Nvi. p. TCll : UXeitraiiTt S' eVl TT\eov 
 
 ill th(j lliMf.' till' naini'8 "\ tli*' inipiil^rys and ]ti'a- 6.\\ai I'l^troiTvpo^ /cat "ApaSos eiiTi'r, lepa ^xovaaL 
 
 rnrk^ avr Sansclit aud 'I'aiiiil. The iiiniikcv is ToT? ^I'oiyiKiKo'i^ u/j.0La ■ Kal (patri ye ol ii/ auTa'is 
 
 lalli.il ID Sanscrit J\<'j>i, thr prarnik in 'J'amit oJKct'j'rfs ras u/.iun'vuovi rSiif ^oiviKUiv V'r\(Tovs 
 
 " ^Acriiviliin^ til vS]in_UL,a'r'.s iniip, tliis is imw" " Aih(}>. \ii. 'Je, § li. 
 
 rallcil "wal (I'.aiirayu). ' Jl. S. vi. o'J. G ; .\ii. 22. 1. 
 ■' Aci-i'i'liiig til S[iiTuger"s map, Muharrag. 
 
Chap. V.] 
 
 riXS, AWLS, AXP XEEDLES OF BONE. 
 
 261 
 
 Mr. Philip Smith ohserves to me that : " In the ancient E^-yptian 
 records we have accounts nf immense quantities of gold levied by tlie 
 great king Tliutmes III. of the Eighteenth Dynasty (in the sixteentli 
 century b.c), as tribute from the land of Zalti (that is, Phoenicia). Gold 
 is also named among the tributes of Punt, the Egyptian Ophir, which 
 Brugsch-Bey holds to be on the African coast of Somauli, opposite to 
 Arabia. But the chief supply was derived from the southern lands of 
 Kush (Nulna), which Brugsch-Bey calls the Egyptian California. G(jld 
 was obtained from this region as early as the Twelfth Dynasty, and 
 the gcild-washings in the desert valley of Alita (V/ady Alaki) were the 
 objects of special care to the great kings of the Nineteenth Dynasty, 
 liamscs II. and his father Seti."" 
 
 Under No. 12'^) I represent a needle of bone with a perforated head. 
 
 Xci. 124. No. 125. Xo. 12C. Ko. 127 
 
 No. 130. 
 
 Ko. 110. 
 
 Il03. 123-110. Pins, Awls, and Necdlos of bone and ivory, from Ihe luT\-cst stratum. 
 (Hall and ^ : 1 actual size. Depth, 4U to 52 It) 
 
 "- Bnifsoh's //;•:' '•( F'Vli't 'indrr the Pha- ductions brought from Punt fiivnisli a remark- 
 roah-' Tol i rP- ■^' 3. 'isr ; rol.ii. yy. SI f.. En-. aide parall,d tn the a.rount of the Ophii-Yoyages 
 trans', 2nd ed.-Thc Egyi'. lan record, of the pro- cd' Sohimon'.s fleet (o/.. at. vol. i. np. 352 f.;. 
 
iG2 
 
 THE FIRST PRE-IIISTOIilC CITY. 
 
 [C'liAp. Y. 
 
 Nos. 124, 125, 120, 127, and 128 arc rndely-ornamented Lrine iiocdles 
 witliout holes; X(.s. 12'.), 130, l;:;i, 132, 133, 134, 135, and 13G are pointed 
 iustrninents of Lone, wliieli may have Ijoen used as awls, with the excep- 
 tion perhaps of Nos. 12'.) and 130, wliicli are r[nite flat. The olijects 
 Niis. 137 and 138 are of ivory; as the latter is in the sliape of a nail, it 
 may prohaLly liave hcen used as a hrooch. Nos. 139 and 140 are carved 
 imjdcments of li(ine, proliahly for female needle-worlv. Snnihir awls and 
 needlos of lionc occur in lar^e numhers in tlie debris of the four lowest 
 pre-liistoric cities at Hissarlilv. Awds and needles of bone, even needles 
 witli ])('i'foratc(l lieads, arc found plentifully in tlie cavern-habitations in the 
 L»or(hi_L,nie, and may lie seen m tlie Museum of St. Germain-en-Laye, where 
 ;irc also exhil)ited a numlicr of thorn found in French Dolmens. They 
 were, us Prof. A'ircliow iufirms me, in use in Germany in every period 
 (hiwn to the twelftli century A.])., and are found there in abundance. 
 Tliey are also freipnint in flic Swiss Lake-dwellings," in the Lake- 
 dwedline's in the Lake of (Jonstaiice,'' in the caverns of Inzie-hofen,^ in 
 the pr(;-liistoric settlements in Hungary,'" on ancient sites in the Aleutian 
 Islands, in Kentucky, in San Miguel Island, California, &'c. ;' in Denmark 
 on sites of the Stone age,"* and elsewhere. The object No. 141 represents 
 
 /'^«f,i>'''T' 
 
 ' '')1p,,.flP 
 
 Ko. 141. Ol'jcct of Ivory. 
 
 (Half .^.ctual size. 
 
 ]Jf;[itb..l3 It.) 
 
 Xo. 1-1 llii 1 1 1 n 
 
 (Attivipi ) (Illf I a tizo. 
 
 llq lil I t 00 It ) 
 
 Ko. 142. Curious Oliject 
 
 of Ivory, probably an iilol. 
 
 (Half actual size. Depth, 46 ft.) 
 
 a flat trapezium of ivory, almost in tlie shape of a playing card, with 
 eight little stars or small suns. W(! see a similar ornaruentation on each 
 side of the very curious oliject of ivory No. 142, whicli, in my opinion, 
 is a primitive female id(d, of which tlie two barb-like projections iiuiy 
 iiidiciiti^ the iti-ms, itnd the stroke across thi^ liody tlie girdle. I cull 
 iitteution to tin; similarity of fli(A little stars or small suns to the breasts 
 with wliieh the wlioli' liody of flu; Ejihesiiiii Diana Was covered ; and have 
 not tlie horn-likc: projections on the bea.d thi! shajio of the crescent? 
 
 ■' FoiJi,,,.,,!,! KJIor, ,l/,7//„,7„„,,,„, ,/,,. „„/,-. I'lato ii. 
 
 r/iM,-f:-r/,r,! ( ;r:,r//:y/n,fl ^ ][f'i Idhilillnt, 7trr I'.rviollt ; ' Sulilhsrmian Cuutl ihnl imix /.) K ,ti,irl,;ljf, Ko. 
 
 Zurol,, ISTi;, l'l,a- II o,C(7_ yy,,, Archccoloi/n;,/ C'.,//. v/,n,, „/ //„■ U.S. 
 
 ' I- l.m'l-ierl,i„it, /;»■ T///,v/,V,i,/,,,/„,i ,l//,.,-- ,\\,ln>„.,/ .Mnsnim ; ' V :i^],\iv^U.n, IST'), ii]i. li:'. 
 
 //'»„„,■, p. |:-(i, aii-l I'iat.. xxvlii. aiM G4. 
 
 ' /'".'. p. iKii, ai,.| I'laO- .NNv. « J. .1. A. Worsaae, .tiordiskc OI-l»iijri; I'l. xvii. 
 
 " .los.'pl, JIaiiip,.!, J,//;,,„7K, )„;:/,i:<h.iri>pl('S, 
 
CiiAP. A".] THE GAME OF ASTRAGALS. '2G.3 
 
 As liiTckle-lx>ncs {darpa'yaXoi), like that represented under No. 14.3, 
 occur in this first city, as well as in all the other pre-historic cities of 
 Hissarlik, I think there can be no doirht that they ^Yere used Ijy children 
 for playing, the more so as most of them are mueli worn, and appear 
 as if they had been in use for a hmg time. The g-anie nf astragals is 
 mentioned liy H(imer, who makes Patroclus appear to Achilles in a 
 dream, and say that he had to fly from his irative land, having involun- 
 tarily killed a biiy in anger when playing with astragals." Tliis game was 
 practised by children tliroughout antiquity.'" I call attention to the beau- 
 tiful sculpture of an aaTpayaXi^ovaa in the Museum of Berlin ; also, to the 
 famous group i:if sculpture in the palace of Titus, representing two boys 
 playing ^Yltll astragals,^ pirobably a copy of the celebrated liroiize group 
 by Polycletus, the subject of which was no doulit taken from the fatal 
 c[uarrel of the young Patroclus witli liis playfellow. 
 
 A fractured marble group of the same kind, in the Townley Collection 
 of the British Museum, repjresented (when perfect) two boys c|uarrelling 
 over the game. The figure of one is gone, except the fore-arm, which the 
 other is biting ; the huckle-bones are seen lying on the ground. 
 
 ' //. xxiii. 87, 88 : '° See, furesamiile, Pseu.ln-riat. Alcib. i. p. IK), 
 
 '^Hfj.an TO) or€ TraTSa KaTiKravov ^A/j.tpiddiJ.ai'TOSy li. : uttotg (ttoas Siv) aarpayaKii^ots 'fi aXKy]v riva 
 
 vriTTLOS^ OVK eSeAcof, a,/j.(p' acrrpayaKonn x^^^^^'^^- Trai5iai' Trai^ots, 
 
 "111 the day when I slew the s.m of Amjilii- ' J'linv, //. N. xxxiv. 8. 19; Pauly's Ileal 
 
 damas, fciol that I was, iint wilfully, flying into EiiajclopikUe, s. v. Polycletus. 
 a passion about huckle-boues." 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OP TEOY. 
 
 Whetheb the inhabitants of the iirst city quietly abandoned their 
 homes and emigrated, or whether their city was captured and destroyed by 
 an enemy, we are unable to discover from the ruins ; at all events, the 
 first town was not destroyed by fire, for I found no marks of a general, or 
 even of a partial, conflagration. It is further quite certain that the first 
 settlers were succeeded by a different people : this is proved by the 
 architecture as well as by the pottery, both of which are totally difl'erent 
 from what we see in the first city. 
 
 I have already said that these second settlers built both their houses 
 and their walls of large stones. The remains we now see of these dwell- 
 ings are, of course, only the substructions, but the really enormous masses 
 of loose stones contained in the strata of this second city testify to the 
 fact, that the walls of the houses were built of stone. Not all the houses, 
 however, were built of this material, for we see here and there the debris 
 of houses which must have had walls of clay. 
 
 It is only to these second settlers that we can attribute the wall b 
 represented in the engraving No. 2 (see p. 24), which I brought to light 
 on tlie north side of the hill. It is 10 ft. high and 6', ft. thick, and 
 is built in the so-called Cyclopean manner, in regular layers of large 
 but slightly wrought quadrangular blocks of limestone, which are joined 
 together by small ones. As already stated, its top is just 34 ft. below 
 the surface. As is attested by the layers of debris which extend in an 
 oblique direction below it, it was originally erected on the steep slope 
 of the hill. It is therefore evident that, since its erection, the hill 
 has here increased 44 ft. in height ; but it has also increased at this 
 point 131 ft. in width, such being the distance in a horizontal line from 
 the wall to the present slope. The quantity of similar blocks lying beside 
 this wall seem to prove that it was at one time much higher. It was 
 much longer when I first In-ought it to light at the end of July, 1872. 
 I removed part of it in February, 1873, in order to bring to light the 
 curious retaining wall ^ already described, which rises at an angle of 45^, 
 G ft. below it, and served to sustain an isolated sandhill which reaches to 
 within 20 ft. of the surface and appears to be 20 ft. high. This retain- 
 ing wall we may, as I have before explained, attribute with all proba- 
 bility to the first city. 
 
 To these inhabitants of the second city we may further, with every 
 
 ' Sl'C the ivall A in the engraving Ko. 2, p. 2-1. 
 
N(.. 111. OREAT Tr.ENOH FT!n:M WEST TO EAST. SEEN FROM Tl 
 a. UuaJ loadiriR up to Troy, h. External Wall. r. Interior Wall. d. Projecting external Wall. e. Jars / 
 
ENTRANCE OF THE EXCAVATIONS LOOKTNC To THK EAST. 
 
 f Atbene. g, o. Hellenic Walle. h, h. Mounds oT debris oiitside Troy. k. Enfmnre to fhr Excawiti ms. 
 
Chap. VI.] WALLS AND STREET. 2G5 
 
 probalnlity, attribute the great internal wall marked c on the accompany- 
 ing view, No. 144 and a on the little sketch No. 145. This wall also 
 
 Ko. 145. The great E.\tcriial and Intcrijal ^\"aUs, called Icgether the Tuwer. 
 
 consists of large blocks of stone, and slopes to the south at an angle of 
 45\ But it is only on the south side that it consists of solid masonry; 
 oil the north side it is built of stone for only four or five courses deep, 
 and IS supported here by a large rampart of loose stones and dehris 
 marked r, of which also its interior, to a great extent, consists. Imme- 
 diately south of this large wall is a wall of equal size marked h on the 
 accompanying view (No. 144) and c d on the sketch (No. 14-j), which was 
 evidently built by the third settlers, and of Avhich I shall speak here- 
 after. After having proceeded for some distance in an easterly direction, 
 the great internal wall shrinks to a wall of solid masonry ll;^j ft. high, 
 ft. thick at the top, and V2 ft. thick at the base, which turns at a 
 certain point altruptly to the north north-west." Its builders did not 
 take the troulde to clear the rock of soil, for the wall is erected on a 
 layer of earth from 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 ft. deep, with which the rock is 
 covered. To the inhabitants of this second city evidently belongs also 
 the erection of the Gate (marked a on Plan I.), with its paved street, which 
 runs down to the plain in a south-westerly direction; 'for the lower part of 
 this gatewav, as well as the walls which I brought to light in removing 
 some of the flags of the street, show precisely the same kind of architecture 
 of large blocks of white limestone. As the keen eye of my sagacious 
 friend. Professor Sayce, discovered at once, this street was made by the 
 second settlers, liy heaping a mound of dtljris against what had until then 
 been a steep slope ; and the walls which cross the street beneath its 
 pavement can have had no other object than to consolidate this mound of 
 dtlrls. All the fragments of pottery contained in the mound belong to 
 the second city ; I have not found a single potsherd there of the tliick 
 lustrous-black terra-cottas of the first city, nor any fragment of the pottery 
 of tlie subsequent '' luirnt city." 
 
 The street was paved by the innabitants of the second city with large 
 flags of white limestone, in which, however, I failed to discover any ruts 
 of chariot-wheels. For this reason I think that the street only served 
 for pedestrians, the more so as it slopes to the plain at an angle of a little 
 less than 70', and is, therefore, too steep for chariots. r>nt still the flags 
 are much worn and denote long use. For this reason they were covered 
 by the builders of the following, the third or burnt city, witli new flags of 
 a reddish sandstone, which may still be seen in situ on the lower part of 
 
 See Plan I. (of Troy) at the place marked/ A, close to the wall marked 5. 
 
2G6 THE SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OF TROY. [Chap. VL 
 
 tlie street as far as it is nncovcred. Tliose of tlie upper part, near the 
 "ate way, lookeil quite as fresh as the rest when I Ijronght them to light at 
 tlie he"iiining of May 1S73 ; hut, -when exposed to tlie siin, they speedily 
 liecame decomposed and crumlded away, which circumstance can leave no 
 ihiulit that thi'V had hcen exposed to an intense heat. The parapets of 
 tlie "ate must have been almost completely destroyed on the arrival of the 
 third settlers, the huilders of the burnt city, for— as a glimpse at the 
 accompanYiug virw (No. 144) will show — luily the lower part of them 
 denotes by its large slabs of white limest(jne the architecture of the 
 second settlers ; whereas all the upper part of them, and the whole of 
 the masonry of small stones of reddish colour to the right of the Turk 
 with his spade, are the work of the third settlers, by whom were also 
 built the fjuadrangular projections of the parapets, between which Vi'ere 
 the wooden gates. These projections stand in pairs opposite each other. ^ 
 Thos(! of the first gate, in ascending from the plain, project, the one 2Ht., 
 the other 2'f It. : both are 3} ft. hii^di and 3} ft. broad; the wooden gate 
 between them Avas 12 [ ft. broad. The street paved with the large flags of 
 limestone ends at this first gate, and the road from this to the second gate, 
 which is situated a little more than 20 ft. further to the north-east, is 
 very rmighly paved with large unhewn stones. The piavement has pro- 
 bably lieeoine unevmi through the masses of burning dthris which fell upon 
 it during the great conflagration of the third city. 
 
 The two following projections, between which was the second gate, 
 are 2 ft. high, above 3 ft. broad, and project about 2h ft. A few yards 
 further to the north-east a wall i;>f large stones, with a recess on its 
 south-east side, crosses the street, protruding only slightly above the 
 pavement. This wall rrndoubtedly marks the site of the third gate with 
 a wicket. This third gate is 17 [ft. broad; l)eyond it the parapets of the 
 road continue 10 ft. further in a north-easterly direction. That these 
 three gates really existed, every visitor acknowledges ; but how they were 
 put up — that, I think, nobody can explain, there being no holes for the 
 hinges either in the projections of the parapets or in the stones between 
 thein. liut, as the masonry of the parapet has a smooth surface and has 
 evidently never been higher than it now is, we may take it as certain that it 
 only served as a suljstruction to a large and high tower of but slightly-baked 
 bricks, and that wood entered largely into its construction. Only in this 
 way are we at all abb.' to explain the intense heat whiidi destroyed the 
 flags of the street before the gates, and to which every stone in the 
 parapets Ijears witness, as well as the enormous masses of reddish or 
 yellow or black wood-ashes and broken bricks, which obstructed the street, 
 to a deptli of from 7 to 10 ft,, when I lirought it to light. It was in the 
 masonry of tbis tower, through which the street passed, that the gates 
 juust have be(;n histened. 
 
 iSut the inhaljitants of the second stone city, which now occupies us, 
 used no bricks at all ; besides, the three gates, of which I have spoken, 
 evidently belong to the third settlers. It would, therefore, be out of 
 
 " Hue tlie (jugraviugs Ko. 10, p. .3.5, and No. 13, p. 37, as well as Flan I. under the letter a. 
 
Chap. YI.] THE GATE AND LARGE WALL. 2G7 
 
 place to speak of them here were it not that, by giving my opinion as to 
 the architecture of the gates, when in use by the third settlers, I hope to 
 convey to the reader an idea of their condition in the time of the second 
 settlers. In fact, the courses of large white stones in the lower parts of 
 the parapets, as well as of the same sort of stones in the lower part of 
 their four quadrangular projections, can leave no doubt that the architec- 
 ture of the substructions to the gate-tower was identical with that used 
 in the second city ; besides that the wall, which denotes the existence of 
 the tliird gate with its wicket, belongs evidently to the second settlers, 
 who in all proliability built their gate-tower of wood. As the masonry 
 of large blocks limit by the second settlers is far more solid than that of 
 small stones or slightly-baked bricks used by the third people, the latter 
 would undoubtedly have taken care to preserve the parapets of the street 
 and their jirojections, had they found them entire. Moreover, had these 
 structures been destroyed in a siege and capture of the second city, the 
 large stones at least would have remained on the spot or near at hand, 
 and they would have been used liy the third settlers fm' restoring the 
 destroyed masonry. But as this has not been done, we may conclude, 
 with all probability, that the second city must have been abandoned for a 
 long time ere it was colonized by the third settlers. M. Burnouf has 
 come to the very same conclusion, from the large funnel-shaped holes and 
 deep ravines filled with stones, which so frecjuently occur in the layers 
 oi ilelij'is, from 1'2 to IC ft. deep, of the second city, and of which visitors 
 will see many in my trenches, particularly in my great northern tnaKdi.* 
 Ho thinks that these large funnel-shaped hollows or ravines m the dAivis 
 could only have lieeii produced iir the coirrse of ages by rain-water, and 
 that they were filled with stones by the third settlers, who completely 
 levelled the area of the city lief jrc they began to build their own town. 
 Prof /ssor Yirchow does iint admit that these hollows could have been pro- 
 duced by the action of tln! rain-water in the midst of the i:h'h)-is ; but 1 
 think it most likelv, considering the really enormous masses of hxise 
 stones contained in the layers of drhriK cif the second city. <-)nly I am not 
 of M. Burnout's opinion, that ages wmild necessarily be rei|uired to pro- 
 duce such ravines. I even think that the rams of a single winter might 
 possildy be sutficient to produce large and deep funnel-shaped holes in 
 such huge masses of dArla, consisting of loose stones and clay. 
 
 To this second city evidently Ixdongs also the large wall which 
 continues from the gate in a north-westerly direction, and which is 
 but a prolongation of the great internal wall marked c on the view, 
 Xo. Idd, and a on the little sketch, Xo. 14.3. Like the internal wall c, 
 this is more like a rampart than a mere wall : in general its western and 
 north-western slope consists of solid masonry to a depth of 3 or 4 ft. ; 
 but it is intersected by a number of regular walls, which can have had 
 no other object than to consolidate it. This rampart wall, which is in 
 some places 30 ft. thick, is paved with small flags or irregularly shaped 
 
 ' These funnel-sha].ed holluws, llUed with stones, are marked by the letter q on PlaQ III., 
 Seetion X-Y. 
 
208 THE (SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OF TEOY. [Chap. VL 
 
 stones ; liut tliis paveiiioit was covered 3 ft. deep witL debris when the 
 third cit}' was l)uilt, for all tlie fragments of pottery contained in it are of 
 the second city, to which also helong all the potsherds contained in the 
 debris below tlie pavement. Now, this rampart resembles an esplanade; 
 but cities so small as the pre-historic towns of Hissarlik can liave no 
 esplanades. Keither did it look as it does now when I first Ijrought it 
 to light ; for it was cncnmliered with crnmbling brick walls, mournful 
 remnants of the towers and other works of fortification of the third city. 
 Bnt the masses of saddle-qnerns, pottery, shells, &c., contained in the 
 debris, can leave no doubt that these Trojan works were many storeys 
 high, and served both as fortifications and dwelling-houses for the inha- 
 Ijitants. We must probably presume, that the works erected on these 
 ramparts by the inhaljitants of the second stone city served a like pur- 
 pose ; Ijut, as they certainly were not of Ijrick, they must have been of 
 stone. This seems also to be proved, with all probal)ility, by the stu- 
 pendous masses of loose stones which occur at the foot of the walls, as 
 well as in and on the ruins of the houses, and which are sometimes 12 
 or 14 ft. deep. The following settlers found these masses of stones ready 
 at hand, but they did not care to use them : only here and there they 
 built the substructions of their houses with them ; all the rest, and in 
 fact generally even the substructions of their houses, they built of 
 slightly-baked brick. 
 
 As to habitations on city walls, my dear, my honoured, my learned, 
 my deeply-mourned friend, Dr. Edward Moss, of Arctic celebrity — who, 
 when iStaff-surgeon on board H.il.S. lieseiire/i, lying in the autumn of 
 1878 in Besika Bay, came daily to visit my works at Troy, and who later, 
 as Staff-surgeon on Iward H.'^M.S. Atalmta, perished with that unfortunate 
 vessel— calh'd to my remeinljrance that in this respect Troy resembled 
 several cities in Scripture : thus, for example, the Book of Joshua (li. 15) 
 describes the house of Bahab as situated on the wall of Jericho. 
 
 As I have said, the great internal wall "' — which, on the south side, 
 was the external wall of the inhaljitants of the second stone city— (the 
 wall marked b on No. 144, and c d on the sketch No. 145, having been 
 subsequently built liy the people of the third citv)— slopes at an angle 
 of 45", and its western prolongation from the gate at an angle of about 
 15'; consequently these walls could easily be scaled, and they can only 
 have served as sulistructi(.>ns to the works of defence erected upon them. 
 
 To this second city also belongs the irregular wall on the north side 
 to the hdf of the entrimce to my great northern trench (marked V on 
 Plan III, ;-v-.ction X-Y). l\r. Burnouf, who carefully examined this wall, 
 made tlio following oliservations on it: — "At the nortli angle, close 
 to tlie large ruined liri(dv wall, we see again for a distance of 12 metres 
 or 40 ft. the more or less damaged courses of blocks of the great wall of 
 the second city, whicli, like tlie wall c on No. 144 and a on the eketch 
 No. 145, consists only on the outside of real masonry, and for the rest 
 of loose stones. In the ditch dug at the foot of the rampart, visitors may 
 
 ' Sec Ku. l-i-i f, anil skcttli Xo. 145, a, \k 265. 
 
Chap. YI.] THE MODE OF LUILDIKCr. 2G0 
 
 see the lower coiirscs of tliis wall, wliicli consist of very large blocks of 
 limestone." 
 
 On tins rampart, as on the two which we have already passed in 
 review, were no doubt Imilt the works of fortiiicatiou, whicli sprved ut the 
 same time as halntations. Visitors will see there a number of substruc- 
 tions of large stones belonging to this second city, to wliicli lielongs 
 also the large building (marked E on Plan III., Section X-Y), whose 
 slightly dislocated thitdv walls will he seen further on to the left in my 
 great northern trench, at a depth of from 33 to 40 or 43 ft. below the 
 surface of the hill. I call particular attention to the layers of dihris 
 (marked P on the same plan), which slant at an angle of 45^ from the 
 top of this building towards the great internal wall (c on No. 144), and 
 whicli go far to prove that this building is much more ancient than the 
 latter, and that the rampart-like walls were not Ijuilt till ages after the 
 foundation of the second city. What has this large luiilding been ? This 
 edifice seemed to me imp(n'tant to preserve ; but as all the stones of its 
 walls are slightly dishicatcd, just as if shaken by an earthquake, I C(juld 
 not possibly excavate it ; for, unless supported, its walls would have fallen 
 at once. I was therefore forced to leave it embedded as it was, with 'Uily 
 the edges of its walls peeping out from the east side of my trench. I call 
 the attention of visitors to the ponderous blocks composing what appears 
 to lie its flat roof. 
 
 The inhabitants of this second city, like their predecessors and 
 successors, used to a large extent cakes of clay (ijaldtes), in order to 
 level the ground and consolidate it for their pmidcrous stone buildings. 
 In this second city I found the debris of three houses, which had 
 evidently been destroyed by fire. One of them, which is immediately to 
 the north-west of the well,'' may lie easily examined by visitors, in accord- 
 ance with the following description of M. Burnout:' — 
 
 " I. TJie Area. — The suljstratum is formed of superposed compact 
 strata containing earth, ashes, bones, shells, st(nies, and other debris 
 belonging to the first city. This substratum is from 8 to 10 ft. deep in 
 the great trench. The area established on this suljstratum is made solely 
 of bruised and compressed brick matter ; its tliickness is 0'05 m. (2 in.). 
 The burning material which in the conflagration has fallen on this soil 
 has, first, vitrified the surface of the area from 1 to 2 millimetres (1-25111 
 to 2-25ths in.) deep (this thin layer is of a greenish colour) ; ■ secondly, 
 it has completely baked the brick-stratum to a depth of 0-02 m. = 
 O'S in. (this layer is light yellow) ; lastly, it has burnt the layer below 
 black to a depth of from 10 to 15 centimetres = 4 to G in. 
 
 "II. The iJehris. — Over the area we see: (1) a uniform stratum 
 of very light charcoal, O'Ul to 0-02 m. deep : (2) a stratum of brick- 
 earth, which has m the centre a depth of half a metre = 20 m. : this proves 
 that in the middle of the house there has been much more of this matter 
 
 « Marked a Z on Plan I. ("f Troy). the niillinH'trc (O-QOl m.) = 0-0-tin.,cr l-2.5th 
 
 " See the Section, No. 14iJ, ji. 271.). in. .See the Table of French and English 
 
 ' The centimf:tre (O'Ol m.) = 0-+ in. nearly ; Measures. 
 
270 
 
 THE SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OF TROY. 
 
 [Chap. YI. 
 
 than elsewhere ; it is the base of this stratnm of brick-earth which, by its 
 heat, has vitritii'il the snil of the area. Above it are strata of a brownish 
 or lii;-ht cohjiTr, hiruiing tlie arc of a circle; of w'liich the upper layer (a) 
 is of a brown cnlonr; it contains small yellow clay-cakes {gaieties) which 
 have fallen almost without lircakint;- : (3) a sporadic stratum of pretty 
 large flat pieci.'S of charcoal, O'lO to 0-12 m. = 4 to 4'8 in. long and 
 firoad : (d) a thick party-coloured stratum, from 0'70 to O'SO m.= 
 28 to 32 in. deej) of clay-cakes (i/idetfes), and blackish, brown, grey or 
 
 ¥ calcined 
 
 GrnnTid JPloor 
 
 No. lie s Uinii (p1 a liiinit II juse on tbe nurtb-west side ol ine VVc-ll (a Z on Dan I ). 
 
 reddish substances more or less mixed with straw. This stratum contains 
 fragments of pottery, shells, bones, &q. This last stratum appears to 
 be derived from the terraced roof ; the large pieces of charcoal are from 
 the beams and joists. The inferior strata of light earth have fallen first 
 through the burning timber-work; they appear to lie derived from the 
 floor, the light wood of which has produced the first stratum of dehris. 
 Thus the house appears to have had probably a ground-floor and one 
 upper storey. Cmitrary to the general architecture of the second city, 
 there is no trace of walls in this house. Were they perhaps of clay ? " 
 
 I would further call the particular attention of visitors to the several 
 house- walls of tins second city, which peep out from below the large 
 house of the third city to the north-west of the gate (see the engraving 
 No. Ins, p. 325). As nine out of the ten treasures which I discovered 
 were found m or close to that house, I hold it to be the house of the 
 town-chief or king; and so the walls, which we see below it, may perhaps 
 belong to the mansion id' the chief or king of the second city. As they 
 are below the h'vel of the rampart Avall, they may perhaps claim a greater 
 aiiti(|uity than the latter. 
 
 To the north of the great wall c, in excavating the great trench, 
 I struck, on the 2nd of August, 1872, a stone house of the second city, 
 which had evidently also lieen destroyed by fire, because it was filled, to 
 the depth of 6 or 7 ft., with yellow or lu'ownish wood-ashes, in wdiich I 
 found the tolerably well-preserved skeleton of a human being. The colour 
 of the liones, as well as the strange position in which the body' was found, 
 can leave no doubt that the person had been overtaken by the fire and 
 burnt to death. This seems to be the more certain, as all the pre-historic 
 peoples, who succeeded each other in the course of ages on the hill of 
 Hissarlik, used cremation of the dead. The smallness of the skull led me 
 at once to think that it was that oi a woman ; and this opinion seems to 
 
 ° The Ludy \Yas founJ nearly standing, and but slightly- inclined Ijackward. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 SKELETON EOrXD IN A HOUSE. 
 
 271 
 
 be corroliorated by the gold ornaments which I picked up by the side of 
 the skeleton, and which I shall presently describe. 
 
 a b 
 
 IsQ. 147. Different Views of the Slvull uf a Oirl, uhosc slieleton was found in a burnt bouse at a depth of .J 2 ft. 
 a. Front, b. Baeli. c. Side. 0,. I'op. 
 
 The skitU was unfortunately broken in the excavation, but it has been 
 recomposed. Professor Virchow, who made the accompanying geometrical 
 drawing (No. 147) of it, writes to me as follows on the sultject : 
 
 "Length of the skull 
 Greatest breadth of the skull . 
 
 Auricular height 
 Lower frontal breadtli 
 Height of the face . 
 IJreaJth do. 
 
 Do. of the lower jaw 
 Eye-hole, height 
 
 Do. breadth . 
 Nose, heiglit . 
 Do. breadth 
 
 Height of the alveolar apophysis of tiie upper jaw 
 Horizontal circumference of the skull 
 
 ■ From this the following indices may be calculated : 
 
 "Longitudinal index ....... 
 
 Auricular index ........ 
 
 Nasal index ......... 
 
 Orbital indez ........ 
 
 180-5 
 
 149 
 
 IIG 
 
 93 
 
 m-t 
 
 90 
 82-5 
 29 
 38 
 48? 
 23-3 
 17 
 522 
 
 82 ■ 5 
 C4-2 
 48-5 
 76-3 
 
THE SECOXD CITY ON THE SITE OF TKOY. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 " Tliis sknll is bracliyccplialic, and decidedly a female one ; it is par- 
 ticularly distinguished by strongly-developed prognathism. Thougli it 
 is badly reconiposed, yet it is so far reconstructed, that the above 
 measures may Ije considered as approximately accurate. The teeth, 
 particularly the upper incisors, are large; the enamel is everywhere 
 \evy white and furrowed lengthwise ; the crowns are but little wasted, 
 and the wisdom teeth not yet cut. It belonged, therefore, to a girl. 
 As the hasis cranil is missing, nothing more can be said of the age. 
 On the whole, the skull is broader and higher than it is long ; the 
 fr(:intal and parietal prdtuberauces arc well developed ; the forehead is 
 full ; the occiput is broadly expanded. The face is somewhat broad, 
 with low eye-holes and moderately broad nose. The chin is retracted ; 
 the middle of the Liwer jawbone is Ioav, the processes steep and broad. 
 AYhcn looked at from 'behind, the skull appears low and flattened." 
 
 Xo. IJ5 No. 1-19. No. 150. 
 
 N03. 113-151. Gold lling^ and Brooch of Electrum, of very primitive workmaiisliip. 
 (^.Ictnul size. Ilepth, about 4'.: 11.) 
 
 With regard to the jewels found by the side of the skeleton, the two 
 ear-riugs, Nos. 148 and Id'.), are of a very primitive kind, consisting of 
 simple gold wire 0'0015 m. thick ; in fact, it is impossible to imagine any- 
 thing ruder or more primitive. The finger-ring, No. 150, is of the same 
 rude workmanship ; it c(msists of a treble gold wire 0'0025 m. thick. 
 Compared with these, the third gold ear-ring, like No. G94, is a 
 real work of art ; it is composed of six gold wires of ec[ual thickness, 
 which form a leaf. The electrum lirooch, No. lol, has that primitive 
 form of which we have passed several specimens of bronze in review (see 
 Nos. lUB, 107), in discussing the objects found in the first city, and which 
 existed before the inventiiui of the filiuhe. The body must have worn 
 some more female ornaments, for I collected by its side several plain gold 
 lieads, only 1 millimetre in diameter (like Nos. 913-915), as also a very 
 thin oval gold ring, only l-dtli of an inch long. 
 
 Electrum occurs several times in the third Trojan city. It is men- 
 tioned by Homer together with lironze, gold, silver, and ivory as an 
 ornament of walls : " Consider, son of Nestor dear to my heart, the 
 gleam of the lironze, the gold, the electrum, and the ivory in the 
 resounding hall." ' In this instance electrum certainly means an alloy 
 
 fppd^io, NtfTTopiSTj, Ti^ tjUi^ K€')(api(T^4vi^ 6vp.w^ 
 
 XcAkov t6 fTT^poTTT)!' Kara Soj^ara iixvevra-, 
 Xpvcov t' ■i)K^KTpov re Kat apyvpov 7)5' i\4(pai/TC^ 
 
Chap. YL] NATURE OF ELECTRUM. 273 
 
 of gold and silver. But tlie word occurs twice more in Homer, where 
 nothing else than amber can be meant l>j it." 
 
 In speaking of the ingots whioh Croesus sent to the Oracle of Delphi, 
 Herodotus says; "The number of ingots was 117, four being of relined 
 gold, in weight l^V talents each; the others were half-tiles of pale gidd, 
 and in weight 2 talents each." ^ There seems to be every probability that 
 liy the pale gold electrum is meant ; for we cannot suppose that the 
 pale gold was inferior to that of the Lydian coins, which are- certainly 
 of electrum, though the quantity of silver contained in them seems to 
 exceed the proportion indicated by Pliny in the following most interesting 
 passage : * — " (Jinni auro iiiest argentnm vario pondere, alil)i decuina, 
 alibi noua, alibi octava parte. In nno tantum Galliae metallo, quod vocaut 
 Albicralense, tricesima sexta portio invenitnr : ideo caeteris praeest. 
 Ubicumque quinta argenti portio est, electrum vocatur. Scobes eae 
 reperiuntur in Canaliensi. Fit et cura electrum argento addito. Quod 
 si quintain portionem excessit, incuditnis non resistit. Et electro auc- 
 toritas, Honiero teste, qui Menelai regiam auro, electro, argento, ebore, 
 fulgere tradit. Minervae teinplum habet Lindos, insulae lihodiorum, in 
 quo Helena sacravit ealycem ex electro. Adjicit historia, mammae suae 
 mensura. Electri iiatura est, ad lucernarum lumina clarius argento 
 splendere. Qnod est nativum, et venena deprehendit. Namque discur- 
 runt in calycibus arcus, caelestibus similes, cum igneo stridore ; et gemma 
 ratione praedicnnt." 
 
 We gather from this passage of Pliny that the ancients gave the name 
 of " electrum " particularly to a natural alloy, containing the requisite 
 proportions, which, according to another passage, they found out l:iy the 
 touchstone : ^ " Auri argentique mentionem comitatur lapis, quem coti- 
 culam appellant, quondam non solitus inveniri, nisi in flumine Tmolo, ut 
 auctor est Theophraatus : nunc vero passim : quem alii Heraclium, alii 
 Lydium vocant. Sunt autem modici, quaternas uncias longitudinis, binas- 
 que latitudinis non excedentes. Quod a sole fuit in his, melius quam 
 quod a terra. His coticulis periti, quum e vena ut lima rapuerunt 
 experimentum, protinus dicunt rjuantum auri sit in ea, quantum argenti 
 vel aeris, scripulari diflcrentia, mirabili ratione, non fallente." 
 
 Strabo had apparently only a confused idea of electrum, for, speaking 
 of the gold of Spain, he says: "AYhen gold is melted and purified Avith 
 a certain aluminous earth, there remains a residue wdiich is electrum. 
 If this residue, Avhich contains gold and silver, is rernelted, the silver 
 is consumed and the gold remains as a residue." *"' Pausanias mentions 
 the two kinds of electrum in speaking of a statue of Augustus of anibi/r : 
 " That electrum of which the statue of Augustus has been made, inasmuch 
 
 - Od. XV. 4(;0 : ' //"■ J- 
 
 X.XXIll. 
 
 Xpva-fop opfiof ex"''> f^"-'^''- ^' Vf^eKTpoirni' Up-ro- ' /'""'. x.xxjii. 4:i. 
 
 and .xviii, 29G • ° ^■'- V- 1"^*' • f'' '^ ''"^ x™"'"" i'\ioiJ.ii'ov koX 
 
 Xpia-eoy, rfXiKrpoiaiv (app^fmi', rilMov lis. Ka.daipop.ii'ov urvTrrt]piiiiii Tivl yy -rh KaBapiia 
 
 3 i. .!iO: apidixuv 5e eirTa/ccti'Se/ca /cal iKarw- ¥i\iKTpov nJvai- irdAiv 8e tovtov Kafleil/o^eVoi/, 
 
 ical TOVTfwi' airitpdov xpvcrod -riaffapa, rpia V" /"^7M''- '«X0>"r<'5 apjvpov iial XP""'"'"- 'r'"' f'^'' 
 
 ToAacTd f/fao-TOC eAKoyTa, ra Se a\Aa iipu-nXivaia &pyvpov airoKaUaBai tuv 5f XP"'^"" i"roAi€«.r. 
 XtvKov xp"tro5 aTa(lp.uv SiTaActcra. 
 
 T 
 
2/4 THE SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OF TROY. [Chap. VI. 
 
 as it is only I'duiiJ uutivL^ in the sands of tlie Eridanus, is exceedingly 
 scarce, and is higlily prized l>y man ; Lut tlie otlicr kind of electrnm is 
 gold alloyed with silver." ' Eustathius, who mentions three sorts of elec- 
 trnm, declares tin.' allny of gold and silver to lie tlie principal one."* 
 
 From a depth of 2G to 40 ft. below the surface I excavated a third house, 
 destroyed by lire and fielonging to this second city, just in front of the 
 loll-- marble slab marked f on No. 144 (p. 20')). It is Imilt entirely of small 
 stones joined with clay; an architecture exactly such as we see in the 
 pre-lnsti;ric buildings found lieneath three layers of pumice-stone and 
 Volcanic ashes on tlie Island of Tlicra (Santorm). Tlie horizontal rov; of 
 large holes, at a certain height all round its four walls, marks the places 
 of the beams, and proves that the house was at least two storeys high. 
 The walls are still pa,rtially covered with a coating of yellow clay, which 
 had fieeii whiteiieil with a wash of white clay. Every stone of its vcalls, 
 nay, ever}' particle of (7Ar/.s contained between them, bears traces of the 
 intense heat to which it has l)eeu exposed, ainl which has so completel}' 
 destroyed everything that was in the rooms, that we only occasionally 
 found charred fragments of pottery among the ycdlovv and brov»urish wood- 
 ashes and Je/jy/.s, with Avhieh the spaces were filled. 
 
 In digging down in tlie centre of this house, below the level of tlie 
 base of its Avails, we found, curiously enough, other house-walls, which 
 must Certainly be still more ancient ; and these, too, showed indications 
 of having been exposed to a terrible heat. But, oAving to the fragile 
 condition of the upper Avails, I could firing to light hardly more than the 
 surface of these loAver Avails. I must, therefore, leave it undecided whether 
 the house, to Avliich these more ancient walls belong, was destroyed by 
 fire, or Avliether the marks of intense heat, Avhich Avere conspicuous upon 
 its Avails, Avere produced by the conflagration of the upper house, which 
 migjit certainly have been the case if the surface of the more ancient 
 Avails had protruded just below the wooden floor of the upper house. 
 That this loAver floor really Avas of wood is apparent from the charred 
 remains of it, in a horizontal line all along the four walls of the upper 
 house. But these calcined remains clearly show that the Avhole floor 
 consisted of beams, and not of planks. The people must have had very 
 great difficulty in cutting down the trees Avith their stone axes and 
 get'ting rid of their branclii.'S. They must have had still greater ditiiculty 
 111 cleaving them, as no tree has a straight cleavage so that planks can be 
 cloven out of it. AA^ith their silex saws, only 2 or 3 in. long, they could 
 only saw liones or small pieces of avooiI, not beams. They had no bronze 
 axes ; for if such had existed I should have found them, especially in the 
 third, the liurnt city, Av]ii(di, as the ten treasures found in it go 'far to 
 jirove, was suddenly and unexpectedly destroyed by fire. They had no 
 bronze saAvs for saAving wood; for in all the five pre-historic cities only 
 the fragment of one thin bronze saAV Avas found (8} in. long and nearly 
 
 ■ r.iii^. V. 1 2, § ') ; Ta 5c ^'AfffTpoj/ Toi^rr) o5 Tai ttoAAwi' ^rrrlr ere/fa' tu 5e aAAo ^KtKrpov 
 
 A"'/(n'hTT(y TT€Trii'.rji'Tai T-iji' ^ii-r/ii'o., i)(ri)v fj.^i' avTi>- ai^a/df jdiyi^fuas ^(Ttlu apyvpa^ XP^^"^- 
 ,UG,T'j;' el' Tou 'H/^irvaj/cp TO.'fi ^a/xuDi^ eiipLiTi{i;T0.i, ^' A'/ ('<[i/s>:. iv. 7."p, }i. 14-s;', ; ixaAiara £; 
 
 cra/^il^TuA TO. i-i-dkitTTa leal ai'Opu^Trcc jLy-wv fil-yua xPLxroi' KaX apyvpQv. 
 
Chap. YL] BUOOCTIES, BRUISEES, AXES, AND HAMMEPuS. 275 
 
 2 in. broad), ^YUicll I at first tliongiit to be a sworcl. It was coutained in 
 the large treasure found by me in May 1S73, \yLic1i circumstance seems 
 to prove that it \Yas a rare object. It is to be seen in my Trojan 
 collection in South Kensington Museum. 
 
 The iloors ^^•ere covered with clay, which filled all the interstices and 
 . hollows between the beams, so as to make a smooth surface. As the walls 
 of this third burnt house have been so much deteriorated by the confla- 
 gration, they would soon crumble away if they remained exposed to the 
 air. I have therefore thought it in the interest of science to fill this 
 excavation up again, in order to preserve the house for future times. But 
 whoever wishes to see it may easily excavate it with ten workmen in one 
 day. I repeat, it is in the large trench, just below the marble block 
 marked /on Xo. 144. 
 
 As, in speaking of the ol)jects found in this Second City, I began with 
 metals, I may say that I found there the same kind of rude brooches 
 with a globular head or with a head in the form of a spiral of copper, 
 as well as the same kind of needles of that metal, as in the First City 
 (see Isos. 104, lOo, 107, and 108).^ I have not noticed in the second 
 city either lead or silver ; liut, as gold and electrum were found, those 
 metals were undoubtedly known and in use there. 
 
 I also collected there an abundance of saddle-c[uerns of trachyte, as 
 well as globular corn-bruisers and rude hammers of gneiss, granite, diorite, 
 (S:c. ; the same kind of axes of blue serpentine rock, gabbro-rock, diorite, 
 etc. ; also two small axes, wdiich Mr. Thomas Davies found to consist 
 of green jade (nephrite). I may here add that, according to Dr. William 
 Humble's Diet, of Geology and Mineralor/ij (Lend. 18G0), s. v. ' Nephrite,' 
 "This name of the mineral is derived from i/e(f>piri]<; (from i>e(f)pu<;, a 
 'kidnev'), because it was formerly worn from an absurd notion that 
 diseases of the kidney were relieved by its presence. It is a sub-species 
 of jade, possessing the hardness of r^uartz, combined with a peculiar 
 tenacity, Mdiich renders it difficult to break, cut, or polish. It is unctuous 
 to the touch; fracture splintery and dull; translucent. Colours green, 
 grey, and white. Specific gravity from 2-9 to oT. Constituents, silex 
 53-80, lime 12-75, soda 10'80, potash 8-50, alumina 1-55, oxido of iron 
 S-Q, oxide of manganese 2-0, water 2-30." 
 
 Under the word ' Jade,' Dr. Humble says : " It is the Nephrit of 
 Werner; Xephrite of Jameson; called also nephrite stone, nephrite, and 
 axe-stone. Erochant states its fresh fracture to present a paler green 
 than that of its surface. Before the blow-pipe it fuses easily, and with 
 a slight ebullition, into a bead of white semi-transparent glass. In con- 
 sequence of its tenacity, it has been wrought into chains and other 
 delicate work." 
 
 The perforated stone hammers of this second city are also identical 
 with those of the first city. I represent here one of them under No. 152. I 
 did not find here entire long stone axes, only two halves, -^'hich I represent 
 
 ' Nos. 113, lU, and 115, wliich belong to this second city, have been engraveJ with those 
 belonging to the first city, at p. 250. 
 
276 
 
 THE SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OP TROY 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 under Nos. l")?. and 154. 'J lie upper one shows the perforation, of which 
 there is no trace on the lower one ; besides, the upper one consists of 
 
 No. 152. lerfuratod Stone 
 
 llanimer. (Half .ictnal tize. 
 
 Depth, about 30 ft.) 
 
 Xus. 15,3. 154. Stone Axos, 
 (Half actual size. IHplh, 35 ft.) 
 
 No. 155. Ohjert of StoiK' : a phallus. 
 (Half actual sIzl'. iJeptb, -12 ft,) 
 
 grey diorite ; the lower one of gabbro-rock : therefore these two frag- 
 ments belong to different axes. 
 
 Tliere was also found in this second city the object No. 155, of grey 
 granite, which, by its shape, I hold to represent a phallus, the more so 
 as objects of an identical shape are frequent in the subsequent cities; 
 while, further, the god Priapus was fabled to have been born of 
 Aplirodit('' and Dionysus m the neighbouring city of Lampsacus,"-' where, 
 as well as in Ids homonymous city, Priapus, he had in historical times 
 a celebrated cultus, and Avas venerated more than any other god. It 
 deserves, however, particular notice that this god is not mentioned either 
 by Homer or by Hesiod, or by any of the other poets. According to 
 Strabo, Priapus was the son of Dionysus and a nymph. ^ Athenaeus 
 
 " Pall,^, IX, "\, § 2: 'Ej'THi'Ba Ka.\ T-qXe<pcf t^ 
 'HpaKhiiuvs jaAa idTlv (Aa<l'Os ttkiSI /xiKpcS 5i- 
 oovaa, Hal fi >vs re Trap' avjui' Kal ayo.\fj.a UpLO.- 
 nov 6fas a^ioi'. tuvtu) Ti^ual tu} deu: 5e'5oi'Tai 
 
 oual Ko} 
 
 KO.i TTpO- 
 
 jj.^i' KoX aAAw?, erOa ei'rrli' aiyu 
 IBciTajv ;■; K0.1 fcTfj.,,! iJ.fKiaauv AamfaicTji/ol 5e e's 
 TrAfoy -;) deuus Tfivs &\\ovs vofiii^ovai, Aioi'vffov 
 re avrhi^ iralda elvai KOL ^A(ppo5h7]s \eyovT€S. 
 
 lloiil,.]-, Sio. i\-. C: fivBoAoyovcrip ovf ol ira\atul 
 rir npiawuy uuji' ejuai Liovvauv Ital 'Ai^poSiTTjs, 
 TTiyaews t)\p ylvfzaw To.ini^v e\-f\yovp.evOi- TOUS 
 yap olfojOfrra^ (pvtriKui^ evTeTu.rrOaL ^pus ras 
 
 CKppoditTLaKa'i 7]Bovds- ru'es 5e' fpaaL tu ai5<noi' 
 Toil/ ai'Opo.'irwi' 70U? 7ra\aiov7 ^f^atSw? ovop.6.(^€Lif 
 fiou\opL€vous HpiaTToy Trpoo'ayop€vaai. evLoi 5e 
 Xeyov<TL rh yei'i'7)TiKhy fiopioi', oXtlov v-Kapxov 
 T-ij^ yevetrews Twi' afdpwTTwy Kal 5iaixov?is eis 
 aTzavTa rof atuii'a, Ti'X^^^ r?is adavarov ripLT^s. 
 
 Tiliull. 1, 4. 7; Schol. nd .-\iiollon. Rhod. 
 Anio,i<nif. 1, 0:;2. 
 
 ' .str;ilio. xiii, ]'. ,'',^7: 4na;yvp.o:; 5' e/xrl rov 
 UnLanou Ti/xw/^ievou nap' avTo7s, etr' 4^ 'Opvewv 
 
 TWV Ttepi KupivQoV fl€T€V7)l'Cyp.€yOU TOV UpOV, 
 
CnAP. YL] THE PHALLIC WOESHIP. 277 
 
 says that "Priapus was witli the Lampsacenes originally an epithet of 
 Dionysus, lilie 0pla/.t-l3o^ and (i)idvpa/j,f3o^, and that ho is identical -with 
 him."" 
 
 According to Eduard Meyer," " Priapus, the principal god of Lampsacus, 
 vas a Beljrycian deity. This is evident from tlie fact that as a native 
 god he is {i.e. in historic times of antiquity) still found in Bithynia. 
 The primitive inliahitant»s of Bithynia were Bebrycians ; the Bithynians 
 vere later Thraciau immigrants : we must, therefore, presume that they 
 took Priapus from the religion of the primitive Bithynians. Lucian 
 relates that, according to the Bithynian legend, Priapus was a warlike 
 god, to whom Here gave Area to educate ; and he taught him dancing 
 before teaching him fighting. Arrian related, in his Bithynian history, 
 that Priapus (whom he calls IlptWo?) signifies the Sun, on account of 
 his generating power.' This is undoubtedly right. Priapus is by his 
 origin undoubtedly an ithyphallic sun-god, like Anion (Chem) and the 
 Horns bull of the Egyptians. On the other hand, the Sun-god easily 
 becomes a warlike deity. The j'^ets relate a legend, according to 
 which, at the feast of the Mother of the Gods, Priapus lay in wait for 
 Vesta (who is she ?) ; but that the ass of Silcnus betrayed him by 
 his bray. For this reason the Lampsacenes used to sacrifice an ass to 
 Priapus.^ The Greeks explained the worship of Priapus on the coast of 
 the Hellespont by the abundance of wine in the country.*^ From his 
 worship at Lampsacus he had the epithet ' Hellespontiacus.' " ' 
 
 He was the protector of the fields,^ the dispenser of fertility, the 
 tutelary deity of shepherds and goatherds, of the rearing of bees, of hor- 
 ticulture, the cultivation of the vine, and of fishery." 
 
 I may here add, that the phallus {(j^aWo^) was the symbol of the 
 procreating power of nature, whose worship extended, according to Witz- 
 schel,^" "' through all natural religions from their rudest beginning until 
 the decay of heathenism. In the Egyptian sculptures we frequently see 
 ithyphallic gods. At the feasts of Dionysus-Osiris the women carried 
 round to the villages puppet-like figures a cubit high, with a not much 
 shorter phallus, which they pulled by strings.' Herodotus adds, that the 
 
 ip^r]aa.vTaiy eVl to tiixuv avTuf Tuiv a.i'Bpanrwy, Mayvr)(Tia.v p-fv apTOV, S; -Kpotretpfpi -iriVT-qKOV-^cx 
 
 (TJ-eiSij a^ohpa ihafiinXis iffTH' r] X'^pa (cal avTV TctAarra tuD eVmuToS, Aa/ixf/aKOV Se olvov 
 
 Kol [);] i<pelT]s o,uopos, i] re t5)V lla.pMVUV Ka'l 7) (fSoKfi yap TvoKvOLVuTaTOi' -riov Tore duai), 
 
 tSiv haix^aK-riuSiv . WvovvTa Se oii/oy. 
 
 - Athenaeus, i. hi: ri/jiu-^ai oe iraph. ho.p.-i/a.- ' Ovid. Faf,t. i. 440; vi. :'A\. 
 
 K-qfo'iS 6 TlpLairos u avTus l)V rw Aiovvuw, e| ^ ^ '.'^s, Jlf/t/i. J!firJ<'^ ii. ]». .;44 11. 
 
 fViflETOu KoAov/xevos o'uTuis, lis 0p'ic./xlius Kal » Pans. i.\. :il, § 'J : I Ivid. i'.fs^. i. 415 ; Anthol. 
 
 SMpa/xIBos. fal- -'-'■ ". «; "\''"^s> '"' Vii--. AV/. vii. :j:J ; Oojnj. 
 
 ' Oeschirhfc von Trrms ; ]A\,/A'S, 1877, p. 43. i. UU ; \'.i-,s, .1/yWi. J:rr. u. [i. 37 ; Pauly, Heal 
 
 ' Liician. dc Sa/tat. 21: tuv llpiaivoi' daifj.oi'a Enc/rlnjiiuh'i; s. v. I'na|ius. 
 
 TToKe/j.icrTrii',Tiii/ Tirafuv c'l:mi '4va -!) Twf '\laicov '" I'auly, oyi. cd. s. v. I'halhis. 
 
 AaKTv\aiy (?) ; Arrian, /<>»/. 32, filit. Jliiller e.>[ ' lleriHl.it. ii. 4S : -rV 5e aXA-ni' avayovai 
 
 1-Jlstath. ad It. rii. 459 : UpUiros ira.pa 'hppiava opTijvTol Aioviaai oi AiyvnTwi, ttAV x<'P'"''> ""''''' 
 
 eV Bi9ufia«:o7r, vap' S Kal ei's "HAior aAA7]7ope7- Tai/ra trxeSo;' iravTa "EAArjfri- ai'rl 6e ifiaWwy, 
 
 Tai Slo. tI) yuvifiov. ' a\Ka a<pl irrri i^fvprtniva Scrof rj ivrix"aM 
 
 ^ Ovid. Fast. vi. 319-34G ; Lactant. * falsa ayaKp.ara wpiia-iraiTTa to. -Kipapopiovai Kara 
 
 L'el. i. 21 ; differently Ovid. Fast. i. 391-440. Ka/xas yvvoAKfi. vivov tu aihinuv ov iTo\X<f ricf 
 
 " Strabo, xiii. j). 587; TliucyJides, i. 138: iAacrcrov tijv tuv aAAou criip.aTos. 
 ravTTjsyap ^px^ '^vs X^P^^^ hupTOS ^a{Ti\eccs avr^ 
 
278 THK SECCjXD city OI^T THE fSITE OF TEOY. [Chap. YI. 
 
 seer Melampns ^vas said to liave transplanted to Greece " the Trorship 
 of Dionysus witli tin.' pLallie processions. But, according to another 
 passage nt' the same author,-' the worship of the phallus was practised by 
 the Pelasgians in the remotest antiquity, and from them the Athenians 
 learned to make ithyphallic Hermae.'* For this reason the phallus is not 
 only found on the islands inhabited by Pelasgians,^ Lemnos and Imbros," 
 but also on the cyclopeau Avails of Alatri and Terni,' on the substruction 
 of a house m the Pelasgian (afterwards Samnite) Saepinum, and else- 
 where. On the tomb of Alyattes in Lydia there stood a colossal phallus, 
 the head of which, 40 ft. m circumference and 12 ft. in diameter, is 
 still extant.^ In Greece the phallic processions ((jjaWajMyia, (fyaWrj- 
 (popia) were general.'' Before the temple of Dionysus in Syria there 
 stood, accijrding to Lucian,'" two phalli, with the inscription, 'Dionysus 
 has dedicated them to his step-mother Here.' Their height is given 
 (c. 28) as 300 fathoms, which number Palmerius has corrected to 30. In 
 the Dionysiac procession of Ptolemaeus Philadelphus at Alexandria a 
 phallus hgured, 120 (sic) culnts high, ornamented with a crown em- 
 broidered with gold and with a gold star on the top. We see in sculp- 
 tures and paintings a series of the most varied formations of the phallus, 
 extending from these monstrous works to the amulets for suspension, 
 2-3 in. long. At Lavinium, during the whole month which w-as sacred 
 to Liber Pater, the phallus was carried in procession through the villages, 
 for warding off enchantment from the fields." At weddings the newly- 
 married woman was oljliged to sit on the phallus, in order to present, as 
 it were, her chastity to him.^ Considering, therefore, that this worship 
 c-xtends throuo;h the wlnde history of natural relif;ioii from beryinnin'^- 
 to end, we must sec in it an originally harmless veneration of the 
 generating principle." ' 
 
 Professor Sayce kindly sends me the following interesting note : — 
 "Last year I discovered on the northern cliff of Mount Sipylus in 
 Lydia, about half a mile to the east of the pre-historic figure of Xiobe, the 
 represeiitatinii of a large phallus, with two artilicial niches on either side 
 and two pit tombs in front. It had evidently lieeii a place of pilgrimage, 
 lik(.' a similar fi,;;uri/ in a hollow on the summit of one of the lower 
 Pyrenees, near Bidarray, which I once visited, and which is still venerated 
 by the Basque women. ' 
 
 In treating now of the pottery of this Second Stone City, I repeat that 
 Iiotli in faljric and shape it is altogether different from that of the first 
 city. It therefore gives us the most certain proof that the inhabitants 
 
 - TlFTiiilnt. ii. 4'J. ' ^licali, Monuiu. per hi Stor. dc' Ant. pop. 
 
 ^ JfnJ. ii. .31 : ravTa ^Iv vvv Kal aWa xiii. a ; (buttling:, Gcschirhtc d. Rijni. StiUtfst\'rf. 
 
 TTfii)^ TovTOLfTi TO. eyco (ppdi7o.\ ' KAA'ijTes c'-tt' I'. '_'S. 
 
 AtyvTrTLoiy I'^i'Of-Uicci.a-i ■ rov 6e 'Ef>fj.<^aJ to. ^ JC < *. ^liiHer, A/'ch. d. Rimst. p. :]04. 
 
 ayd\ij.aTa. npdd exeii/ rd. atbiua TrDief'rTes ovk '' }liT<i(l(it. ii. 4'l; Ari.^tnpli. AcJiitni. 
 
 aTr' AiyvTrrlctif p.^^iadi'iKafTL. aAA' aTro Flf Acrr-ywi', '^' I>c dr^i Sijr. c. l(i. 
 
 irpcoTui /j.ki' 'Y.Xki]Vwv d'Kdvrcj:v ' AOrji'c.'iOi TrapaXa- ^' Awj^wstin. dr ('a'it. I>i.l, vi. 0. Ct. 
 
 iS'jrrfs, napd. Se thvtwv wAAmi. ^ Aii;j;u^till. JS'id. i. Ii, vii. 1'4. 2; Lactant. i. 
 
 ' <irrli;ir<l, dr /;,'li,iini,f Ifrnnannii, 1845, p. S. 20. 3'J ; AnHih. iv. 7. 
 
 ' ilrr.Hlnt. Ti. i:;7 ; V. ■_'(;. - J. Cirimm, Deutsche Jfythul. ii. p. 1209. 
 
 » K. 0. Miiller, Etniskcr, i. p. 77. 
 
Chap. YL] POTTEliY.— TIIE GREAT PITHOI. 279 
 
 of tlie second t-ity -u'cre altoo-otlier a diflorent people from those of tlie 
 first city, for, as my friend Mr. Geuro-o Deuuis ■' observes: "The several 
 styles of art of the same race at different periods are hound to one another 
 like the links of a chain ; and it is impossible for a people, after having 
 wrought out a style of pottery which had acquired among them a. sacred 
 and ritual character, to abandon it on a sudden, and adopt another style 
 of a totally different character. A people may modify, develop, perfect, 
 but can never utterly cast aside its own arts and industry, because in such 
 a case it would deny its own individuality. When we find, therefore, 
 between two styles of art so many and such strongly pronounced dis- 
 crepancies, that it becomes impossible to perceive the most remote 
 analogy between them, it is not enough to attribute such diversities to 
 a difference of age, or stage of culture; wc can only ascribe them to 
 different races." 
 
 The large lustrous-black bowls, with long horizontal tuliuhir holes for 
 suspension on both sides in the rim, which are so very abundant m the 
 first city that I was able to collect thousands of fragments of them, never 
 occur in the second city ; neither do the vases with double vertical tul)ular 
 holes on each side, which are plentiful in the first city. On the other 
 hand, we find in the second city those gigantic terra-C(.)tta jars — 5 or (U ft. 
 high, from 3 to -5 ft. in diameter, and from 2 to 3 in. thick in the clay — 
 which are altogether wanting in the first city. It is true that I found 
 there now and then fragments of coarse pottery ; but as they are usually 
 less than half an inch thick, and as none of them has a thickness of 1 in., 
 the jars (pitltoi) to which they belong cannot have been large. 
 
 Certainly the large jars (pitJioi) of the second city are rudely made : 
 where they are broken, we see an enormous mass of pieces of silicious 
 stone, or mica, many of them a quarter of an inch thick ; but nevertheless, 
 as his Highness Prince Otto Bismarck, the Chancellor of the German 
 Empire, ingeniously remarked to me, in July 187U, at Kissingen, tlie 
 manufacture of these large jars proves already a high degree of civiliza- 
 tion, for to make them is just as difficult as to bake them, and they can, 
 consequently, only have been manufactured by a people v>dio had an 
 experience of centuries in the potter's art. The Prince thinks that they 
 must have been made in the following manner : — " The shape of a pitJios 
 was first made of willow rods or reeds, around which the clay wa,s built 
 up gradually, Ijeginning with the base. When finished, the pithos was 
 filled with wood ; a large pyre of wood was also heaped up around it. 
 The wood was siinultaneously kindled inside and outside the jar, and thus, 
 by the double fire from within and from without, a very great heat was 
 pu'oduced. This ojieration being several times repeated, the jar became 
 at last thoroughly baked." I feel sure that Prince Bismarck's opinion is 
 perfectly correct ; for, whilst even the smallest and thinnest clay vessels 
 are at the most only half baked, the large jars, though from 2 to 3 in. 
 thick, are always perfectly baked; and as the pre-historic peoples had — as 
 I have explained (p. 2r9) — no kilns, and had to bake all their pottery at 
 
 ^ T/iC Cities and Cemeteries of Etrnriet ; 'jml edit., Londun, 1878. 
 
230 
 
 THE SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OF TBOj 
 
 [Crit^. YL 
 
 an open fire, a lieat great euuugli to do tins could, I tliink, only fca 
 produced Ly a double fire several times repeated. I may add that the 
 tliorougli bf.king of these large jars was a necessity ; for, owing to their 
 great size and ponderous weight "' (sometimes nearly a ton), they could 
 not have been moved without breaking to pieces had they been as im.- 
 perfectly baked as all the other pottery. It is from this thorough baking 
 also that these large pifhoi have always a pretty dark-red colour.^ 
 
 In the accompanying engraving (No. 156) I represent a fragment of a 
 j-iitlios of this second city, the terra-cotta of which is 2h in. thick. It is 
 
 decorated with two pro- 
 jecting bands, of which 
 _ the uriper one is com- 
 
 /*^ . ' j.'CJ^^^&J posed alternately of the 
 
 fish-spine or herring- 
 bone ornament and a 
 " I.' msrimm^^ ^'-'^ '''^ circles, the loAver 
 
 r .tl ^^B o^s also of fish-spines, 
 
 to which, however, the 
 primitive artist has added 
 a stroke in another di- 
 rection, in order to make 
 his decoration more va- 
 ried and attractive. All 
 this ornamentation looks 
 as if it had been im- 
 pressed ; but on closer 
 examination one finds 
 that it has been incised Ixd'ore the first baking of the jar. Prof. Sayee 
 remarks to me regarding this fragment that " the band with circles may 
 liii compared with the necklace of the pre-historic head from Boujah, near 
 Smyrna, now in the British Museum. This head displays a very strange 
 and barbarous style of art, and a very peculiar type of countenance." 
 
 The large jars, ttWoi, are only once mentioned in Horner.^' Just as we 
 find them standing in rows in the store-rooms on the ground-floor of the 
 
 2\u. lo6. Irdgm^nt of a larcf J;ir- (.1 : 1 aelual size, 
 l)>[.th, aboiit r2 ft.) 
 
 -■ A pi't/ios of this kiiiJ, foun.l in the third Oho 
 hurnt) city, whirh I presented te. ray worthy 
 coUalirirateur, Professor lludr.lf A'irohow, for the 
 Uoyal Jliiseiim of Berlin, was s.i heary that 
 fourteen of my very strongest workmen, w-ho 
 had jint h on two poles, liliourerl a whole day 
 in carrying it a distance of I'.O yards. 
 
 ' Professor Virchow remarks to me that the 
 baking of the pithoi could also be efl'ected with 
 cow-dnng in a closeil pit. Dnt I cannot accept 
 bi, tlieory, thoronghlv bake.] |iotterv being 
 always much more solid, jirettv, anl valuable 
 than slightly baked pottery. If, therefore, a 
 thorough baking of the immense pifhoi, whose 
 clay is from 2 to .3 in. thick, could be obtained 
 in this way, the same could certainly have been 
 obtained at once for the small vessels whose clay 
 
 has a thickness of from 3 to 4 mm. (l-8th to 
 l-6th in.). But it is a fact that, however thiii 
 the clay of the small vessels may be, it is only 
 baked to one-thinl, seldom to one half, of its 
 thickness. The baking can consequently only 
 have taken place in an open fire ; in fact, only 
 by this theory we can explain the total baking 
 of the pithoi' aivl the partial baking of the thin 
 pottcrv. 
 
 « li. xxiv. 527-533: 
 Soiol ydp re TriQot KaraK^larat er Aihs 0&5ei 
 dutpcci' oia biSwai, KaKwv, trfpos 5e iaciiv. 
 (p ^tV K a.fj.^il^as Sairi'Zfvs rep-TriKepauvos, 
 fiXAore ^cVre KaKw u yi Kup€Tai dKAore 5 etjOAq^' 
 i£ 5€ /ce Twj' \vypwv Suit?, \w^r\Tuv ^BriK^v 
 icci e KaKTj (iovlipwans eVl x^'^^'^ STai' eAaul'^:, 
 (pond 5" ovTiE <^€o7(Ti rCTifX^vos oijre ^poTOi(Ti.l'\ 
 
>z> 
 
 Chap. YL] TEKEA-C'OTTA PLATES. 281 
 
 houses 111 the four upper pre-historie cities in Hissarlik, so the pnet repre- 
 sents to ns two such -jriOoi staiuliii;.;- on the ^n-ronnd-fleer in the hall (if thi' 
 palace of Zeus. In these two iriOoi lay stored the gifts of good luck and the 
 gifts of misfortune, the hitter and the sweet, like apples or pears, or rather 
 like two sorts of wine, so that the poet considers the fiolpa as a sul)staiicc 
 which Zeus can employ and distribute according to his pleasure,— an 
 allegorizing iiaifetc such as we find in the legend of Pandora." In relating 
 this legend, Hesiod represents ajar standing in the house of Epimetheus, 
 full of diseases and evils for mankind, which fly nut when Pandora, 
 through curiosity, opens the jar ; hut Hope alone reiuained unih-r the edge 
 of the jar, for, hefore she could fly out, Pandnra clapt the lid on again." 
 
 I may here also mention the terra-cotta plates, from half ti> two-thirds 
 of an inch thick, ^vhicli are peculiar to this second city, and which are 
 not found anywhere else. They consist of the same sort of clay mixed 
 with crushed granite, as the vases; hut being tJioromjIih/ hakcd and having 
 evidently been repeatedly dipped in a wash of fine pure clay before the 
 baking, they are perfectly smooth on both sides and have a lustr(jus 
 dark-red colour. As they are completely flat, and only increase almost 
 imperceptibly in thickness towards the middle, tlii_'y cannot possildv lie 
 fragments of vessels. As I never found such a plate entire, I cannot 
 judge of their original size. I am puzzled as to what may have been 
 their use. "Were they perhaps employed as decorations of the internal 
 house-walls? I cannot think that they can have been used iV>r paving 
 the floors of the houses, as in that case they would have marks of having 
 been so used. I call the particular attention of visitors to these flat terra- 
 cottas, wdiicli peep out everywhere in my trenches from the strata of the 
 second city. They strike the eye by their lively red colour on both snh^s, 
 which has ijf ciuirse been produced by the oxide of iron contained in the 
 clay ; they glitter all over with sparkles t)f mica, which appears to have 
 entered very largely into their composition. 
 
 The most interesting vases in this seciind city, as w-ell as in the three 
 following pre-historic cities at Hissarlik, are undoubtedly those with an 
 owl's head and the characteristics of a woman. Considering the great 
 similarity of the owl's faces on the vases to these on the idols (such as 
 Xos. 205, 212), we nvdj sujiposc with much probability that these vases ha,d 
 a sacred character, and were used for religions rites, the more so as the 
 vases themselves have the shajie of the iihds. I call particular attention 
 to the fact, that the only Trojan statue mentioned Ijy Homer, that of 
 Athene, as well as all the idols of marble, bone or terra-cotta, and all the 
 owl-vases, are female, and that they are ])laced in apparent relation with 
 Athene through her favourite bird the owl. 
 
 In January 1874 '' I made bold to declare that tlu; hundreds of 
 female idols and vases with owd-heads, found in flu.' pre-historic citi(.'s of 
 Hissarlik, could represent but one goddess, and that this goddess could be 
 
 ' V. H. Kcch,//.«ner's///af?d; Hannover, 1873, ' In my book TnijaniscJie AUerthumcr, Lcip- 
 
 ii. p. 137, foot note. zig, 187-4 ; Troi/ and its lu-iuains, London, 1875. 
 
 « Hesiod, Op. et. Di. .-v. 50 ff. 
 
282 THE SECU^n) CITY OX TJIE SITE OF TR(jY. [Chap. A'I. 
 
 VKine otliiT than Atlif-nr, tlio tutelary goddess of Troy; all the more so as 
 Hiinicr cdiitiiinallv calls her ^/\avKW7rt^ (that is, literally translated, "with 
 the face of an owl"). a,nd never gives this epitliet to any other goddess 
 or laortal woman. Therenjion I was challenged by my luinonred friend, 
 Professor Max Miillcr '" of (_)xford, who evinced his readiness to accejjt my 
 interpretation, provided I proved that Here /3ow7rt9 was represented as a 
 cow-headed monster. I eaL;-erly accepted the challenge, and began the 
 excavations at Tiryns and Mycenae, with the most perfect confidence that 
 I conld tliere solve the proldem for over, as lioth these ancient cities lie 
 close to the celeljrated H(n-aenm, and as even the name of Mycenae 
 ap]ieared to me to bo deriveil from the lowing of the cow {/j,vKaa9ai, but 
 always fivKup in Homer)." The result of my researches certainly far 
 exceeded my expectations, for I found there thousands of cows of terra- 
 cotta, als(] 5(j cow-heads of .gold, one of silver with gold horns, some cow- 
 heads engraved on gems, many hundreds of female idols with two pro- 
 jections like cow-horns, in the shape of the crescent, proceeding from 
 the breasts, also females with cow-heads.' In consequence of these dis- 
 coveries, I think it has been universally admitted that the original mean- 
 ing of the epithet /jfJWTre? is cow-faced. Upon this subject Mr. Gladstone 
 says in his Preface to my Mycenae:'-^ 
 
 " He (Schliemann) presents to us the rude figures of cows ; and upon 
 a signc't ring (No. 581) and elsewhere, cow-heads not to be mistaken. He 
 then points to the traditional worship, from the first, of Hera in Argolis ; 
 and he asks us to connect these facts with the use of Boi'ipis (cow-eyed) 
 as a staple epithet of this goddess in the poems; and he might add, with 
 her sjiecial guardianship of Agamemnon in his interests and his personal 
 safety {II. i. 194-222). 
 
 " This a])pears to me a reasonaljle demand. AYe know that upon some 
 of the Egyptian monuments the goddess Isis, mated with Osiris, is 
 represented in human figure vvutli the cow's head. This was a mode of 
 exhil.iiting deity congenial to the spirit of an Egyptian" immigration,'' 
 
 '" III the A<:inlr!:,>j i-r n.ith January, ls74. „^ ,,, p ; and pii. JlH and 217, X"S. 327 and :i2S ; 
 
 " I'l'ifMSs.ii- Sayre i< not rd' my .i|,iniiin. II,: p. 'Jls, Nos. ;'.■_'!!, ;;:i(l; p. uD'.l, Nc -171 ; p. T'.IJO, 
 
 thiLdis that, if (liaad-.-, thi; nann- IVIi;K7')w.i wmild No. .j.'U ; ji. 'MVl, N.i. 541. - Pp. vi.-viii. 
 
 br dt-rivuil lean /iuxils. Hut 1 lliink tlnrc ran ' M. liuinuuf olisorvos to nic : "It is not 
 
 be nn d'Hiljt I'.'gardirig the duii\-atiun i'rom ^li/caj/, on]\- in i^.^)')it that the L^uds wa-re ri'prcse' jted 
 
 IMji-f. ^f'^i;H:a, fxaf-i-VK^vai, this arti\a. lV>rni l.iein^^ witli animal liesads ; tile \\"'das }ierpetnall}" repre'- 
 
 ex( lusi\(dy usi'd ill Hnnier, and haviuy^ iinduubt- sent dj\'ine lieinus liy annuals; tin; snn by n 
 
 ediy I n leed alsu in a prr-lbmuTie time'. hoi'se, nmther earth by a vkw. kv. And do not 
 
 Proh.'ssnr ,^^lx ^Mfil h^r w rites i n this suiijeet the ten ineai-nations of Vishlru also present 
 
 as lidlows : — '■ 1 il(. not \aaiture to spi:,ak po,i- striking; examples of this fact? It was there- 
 lively ahonl the iiai { MuK-qvoA. Words end- foe- a loistom of the e-reatest liiiman races in 
 
 inyr in riu-q are diua\cd iioth I'rom nouns, lik"e antii| uit\"," 
 
 v-qi'/j^-^ [i'^(t>7]vus, and Iroiii \oubs, like Tif^7]e^- ' ''Sinee this prrfari' was jait in tyjie, the 
 
 1 hilolie^ieally, Iherelore, a denvatii f Mu- fra'.^ineiits of au o,,t rieli o^.^-, ori'^iiially mistaken 
 
 Kripai from /j.uKdui is imt impossible. lint names fir an alabaster vase, have been tctc'd and 
 
 of towns are tieklisli sulijects for ef vmobejists. \'eriliel. This object seems to alford a new 
 
 Professor (.airtius, of Leiji/.i^r^ admits a possible indieatinli of )ire-histiirlc relations between My- 
 
 etyniol'::;y of Mi^K-iji-ai and MuKa^r] IVoui ^nrrrrw. eenai; and k-^ypt." l>iit Professor Sayce observes 
 
 All 1 (,,11 say is, tliat )our et\nioloi^^y from on this that " it rather points to Phoenician trade. 
 
 jj.uKaw is i.M|uallv jiossilde, but no mon;." Elsewhere ostrich eggs, covered with stucco, 
 
 ' oe J my M'frrnac, Plate A, li'^^s. o, A, (f ; lia\-e been found among Phoenician remains." 
 Plate li, fig-i. 6 'and/; P' J, bg. /,■ ; PI. 1>, kg. 
 
Chap. VI.] THE OWL-IIEADED ATHENE. 283 
 
 such as might, compatihly with tlic text f)f IToiiior, liave takon place some 
 generations betVire thi> Tivica. ])nt it was also a mode against which tlie 
 Avhole spirit of Hellenism, according to the authentic type of tliat spirit 
 supplied in the poems, utterly revolted. We find tliere a Hera, who 
 W'ore, so to speali, the mantle of Isis, liesides carrying the spoils of one 
 or more personages enrolled in the Golden Look of the "Id Pelasgiau 
 dynasties. Notliing could lie more natural than a decapitation of the 
 EgYptiau Isis, iK.it penally hut fir hm- honour. She niiglit ciinser|uently 
 appear with the human head ; hut, in it to break sharply with the tradi- 
 tions of tlie people, the cow-head, and even the cow-figure, might never- 
 theless lie retained as symbols of ridigion. And the great Poet, who 
 invariably keeps these symbols so to speak at anus' length, in order that 
 he may prevent their disparaging the creed of which he was the great 
 doctor, might nevertheless select from the liovine features that one 
 which Avas suited to his purpose, and give to his Hera, who was never 
 a very intellectual deity, the large tranquil eye of the cow. The use 
 of the epithet for Hera in Homer is not, indeed, exclusive, and I admit 
 that he may have inherited that use. But, though not exclusive, it is 
 very special ; and this speciality is enough to give a sensible support to 
 the doctrine of our famous explorer." 
 
 Another honoured friend, and one of the highest authorities in ancient 
 Oriental literature, M. Francois Lenormant, writes:'' " Schliemann is 
 right to insist upon the fact, that the greater part of the rude figurines 
 fiund by him at IMycenae represent positively a cow. In Argolis wo 
 are in the very land m which, in the remotest antiquity, there prevailed 
 the worship of a female deity in the form of a cow, wdio afterwards, 
 reduced to the proportions of a heroine, became lo in poetical fable." 
 Further on, M. Lenormant admits that Here's epithet Boopis can only 
 refer to the primitive cow-head of this goddess. 
 
 I mav here refer to a principle conspicuous in Homer's language, 
 which at once disposes of the most formidable olijrctiou to my view. 
 AA'hen asked, whether Flonier himsidt conceived of AthoiK' as a owd-headed 
 monster, and of her image in her tcmjdc on the Perganius as nodding its 
 owl-head in respiuise to the prayers of the Trojan wiunen, — I reply, in 
 the words already used m the Preface to Troi/ and Us lienianis, that 
 "one of the most striking characters of his language is the use of 
 fixed ejntJiefs," whicli are constantly repeated without any regard to 
 their fitness on each particular occasion (li tluar use. Thus, like his 
 heroes in general, Aegisthus is still " Ida.meless " (a/xufiwv)'' even in the 
 mouth of Zeus, denouncing his crina.'S as the climax of human impiety. 
 And as of persons, so of tilings: tV)r example, the colonna.do (aiOuvaa) 
 round the front court of the palace, as the resort of the peo})le wdio came 
 to wait upon the king liy day, olitained the fixed epithet of epidovTra, 
 " very noisy ; " and so Iiy night ginjsts were lodged "under the verij noisy 
 colonnade" {inr' aWovcnj ipidoinrn)), a somewhat inhospitable entortain- 
 
 = Gazette dcs Beaux Arts, Feb. 1, 1879, p. the exact me.iniii'T, the epithet is at all events 
 XOS. one of dignity and re.spect. 
 
 ' Od. i. 29. Whether or no " blamelesr; " lie 
 
284- THE (^ECOXD CITY ON THE SITE OF TKOY. [Chap. TI. 
 
 ment, it' tlu-' sense of the epithet held good!' This point, which many 
 modern sidmhirs have oveideKiked, was recognized by the poetic instinct of 
 Alexander Pope. Speaking, m the Preface to his Uiad, of the importance 
 of placing ourselves at the poet's point of view, so remote in every re- 
 spect from our own, he says : " This consideration may further serve to 
 answer fnr tin/ roustiint use nf the same epitJiets to his gods and heroes; 
 su(di as the ' far-da rfimy Phoebus,' the ' Uue-eijed Pallas,' the ' strift-fuoted 
 Achilles,' iV-c, whiidi some have censured as impertinent, and tediously 
 rejieated. Those of the gods .... had contracted a u'eigld and veneration 
 from the rites and solemn devotions in which they Avcre used : they were 
 a s'jrt of attrilmtes vith iidrirJi it was a matter of religion to salute tlieiii on 
 aV. oecasions, aiad iriiieh if was an irreverence to omif. 
 
 I think it not out of place to repeat here what I have written on this 
 important subject: ■ "It is not diihcult to prove that Hera had t)riginully 
 a cow's face, from which her Homeric epithet /Sowtti^ was derived. AVhen, 
 in the buttle between the gods and the giants, the former took the shape 
 of animals, Hera tuok the firm of a white coav, ' nivea Saturnia vacca.'^ 
 We find a cows head on the ctiiiis of the island of Samos, which had the 
 most ancient temple of Hera, and was celeltrated for its worship of this 
 goddess.'" AVe further find the cow's head on the coins of Messene, a 
 Samian ccdony in Sicily." The relatKjii of Hera to the cow is further 
 proved by tlie name Eij,3oia,^ which was the name of one of her nurses,' 
 thi:- name of the island in which she was lirought up,''' and the name of 
 the mountain at tlie foot of v.diich her most celebrated temple (the 
 Heraeum) was situated.' But in the name \lu/3oia is contained the word 
 /3ovi. ITera had in Corinth the cjuthet iBovi'ala,-' in which the word f3ov^ 
 may also be contained.'' Cows were sacrificed to Hera.' The priestess 
 rode in a car drawn liy bulls to the temple of the Argive Hera." lo, 
 the- daughter of Iiiachus, the first king of Argos, was changed by Hera 
 into a cow.'' 16 was priestess of Hera,'" and she is represented as the 
 cow-goddess Hera.' lo's cow-foriu is further confirmed l)y Aeschylus.'" 
 
 ' ".'. iii. :i:i9 ; vii. 34ri. 
 
 8 Sr,. my J/i/rriue: 1'\k l'J-22. 
 
 " (h-iil. .Urt.o,,. V. :;.'.n : 
 
 '^ Fi'le ^nl■(Jl• I'hni-lii, uI\-(';l Satuvnia vacca." 
 '" .MiMiii.it, Irsr,: ,/,.s J/rJ. A„f. I'l. ]\\. G. 
 " Milliii^'rii, J,,,', C''j//'.s cf Or,:,:!: Citi,:s, tali. li. 
 12. 
 
 ^ I'aus. ii. 17, § 2 ; Tu yap 51; u^jus' Tovro 
 c;'0/.tc;^0U(Til' E(//3(>iai', AeYUfres 'A(jTe(.>ia'ia y^i'^- 
 rrSoA T(jj iruTay.'j., 6uyaT^pas Evfinai: Ka\ Tlpuav- 
 fj^yav Hal 'Aicpatai', ^Ivai oe a<pns rputpous ttjs 
 ''H^a5. 
 
 '-' I'lat. 'J'Oh::i. t',,ii:n\ iii. !i, § 2: Zoicovmv 
 avr^c Kal ol iraAaLiA rati fi^v Aitis Sua Troie?^ 
 Ti9i)\'as, T7;i' ''Ittj;^ koX t?/i' ^ Aop'j.mnai'., rfis 5e 
 "Hpas fxiav Tqu E[',fioiau. 
 
 i:t,ini. j\i,i,i. :;ss. :,c,. 
 
 ' I'liit. /■'/■(''/. l',[,;lij . ii : [rTTopavfjiv T7;i' "Kpai' 
 eV -1) Eup,iia rpffpofxiyrji' tTi iTo.pij,ivov, imo rod 
 Aius hAanrifai. 
 
 < I'aiiv ;/,„/. 
 
 ^ I'aus. ii. 4, § 7 : raurri Kal rh t',,^ Qovi'a'ias 
 qctIi' 'Hpa5 l^piji:. 
 
 = Prul'rssor Sayce thinks the etymology of 
 (iovvaia is Iroin ^juvos, tlie temple being on 
 a iiill nn the wav to .Veroeoriutiius. 
 
 ' Fans. i.\'. ii, § -1 : al /.lei' 5/; TrtiAeiy Kal to. 
 T€\r) 6-i]\€iai' i^vaai'T(:s rfj 'H^a fiivv 'a<a(yroL 
 Kal ravpoi: Tot Aa', k.t.\. 
 
 Hesyeh. s. v, ayai: xaAKeTos. 
 
 ^ Hero;!. 1. ill : €oerr?js upTi)s Trj "iipil ro'icrt 
 'Ap7ei0i(Ti, e5e6 Trdfrws rijp fj.'qrcpa auToij' (,'fu7€i 
 KoiJ.iad7^i,ai es ro Ipuf ol Se (T(pi Qoes dK rou 
 aypou ov Trape'ytroi'Tu o' tl,pi}. 
 
 '' Lncian. @€wv AmA. •', : 
 
 Zei'S. OuK€TLTra7s dKeivT) ecTTij', aWaSdfj.a\iS 
 .... Z'i]KoTVTTT]tTa(Ta tj "Hpa /^ere^aAev auT-i]!/ 
 (t?;i' 'la'i). 
 '» Aeseh. ,S'ii]'pl. 291, 292: 
 
 KX'qSovxov "Hpas (f>a(Tl Swfj.drwi' irore 
 'luj y€v4a9at ttjS' ei/ 'Apyeia x^o^'^- 
 Apolloilor. ii. 1. ,■.; ; (pwpad^U 5e v(p' "HpaSy rrjs 
 lij:VK6prjS d^l'djj.fyos €ts fiouy fier^fiupcpoia^ \^VK'(]V. 
 
 ' Oreuzer, S;j)nholih^ ii. 57G. 
 
 ^ Prom. 580, Tauchn. edit. : 
 
 KAueis (pd^yfxa rus ^ovKfpw irapO^vov. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 THE CCAV-SHAPED HERA. 
 
 280 
 
 The Egyptian goddess Isis was Ixnni in Argos, and was identified with 
 the cow-shaped I6.^ Isis was represented in Egypt as a female with cow- 
 horns, like I6 in Greece.* 
 
 " The cow-shaped lo was guarded in Hera's sacred grove at Mycenae 
 Viy the hundred-eyed Argus, who was killed liy Henues, Ly order of Zeus; 
 and Hera next persecuted lo l>y a gad-tly, which forced her to wander 
 from place to place. ° Thus Prometheus says : ' How should I not hear 
 the daughter of luachus, who is chased around liy the gad-fly ? ' "^ But 
 the wandering of I6 is nothing else than the symbol of the moon, which 
 mores restlessly in its orliit. This is also shown by the very name of lo 
 (Tcol, which is derived from thi/ ro^t Ya (in et/x;, 'I go'). Even in classical 
 antiquity lo was still frequently represented as a cow ; as at Amyclae.' 
 lo continued to lie the old name of the moon in the religious mysteries at 
 Argos. ^ Apis, king of the Argive realm, was the son of Phoroneus, and 
 thus the grandson of Iiiachus, and the nephew of I6. From Apis the 
 Peloponnesus and also Argi.is were called Apia; after his death he was 
 worshipped under the name of Serapis.'-' According t;:) ancdher tradition, 
 Apis ceded his dominion in Greece to his In-other, and became king ot 
 Egypt/'^ where, as Serapis, he was worshipped in the shape of a bull. 
 Aeschylus makes the wanderings of 16 end in Egypt, where Jove restores 
 her to her shape, and she bears Epaphus, another name IVir the bull-god 
 Apis. The cow-horns of the Pelasgian moon-goddess I6, who became 
 later the Argive Hera and is perfectly identical with her, as well as the 
 cow-horns of Isis, were derived from the symbolic horns of the crescent 
 representing the moon." No doul.it the Pelasgian lo, the later Hera, had 
 at an earlier age, besides her cowTiorns, a cow's face. Hera, under her old 
 
 ^ Diui.l. S)(j. i. 24, 2.J : (paiT\ 5e Ka.1 rhv Ylefaea 
 yEyoui^i'ai Kar' htyv-KToi'^ Kal t-//s "^IiTiSus t-iju 
 
 p^aQai, /LivOoKoyovvTOji' r'l^i' 'Iw T'/;i>eis /3ous rinroi' 
 ix€Ta^uop(pwd€7aav. 
 
 ApolloJ. ii. 1, 3 : 'iSpvaaro 5e ayoAua Aijij-TJ- 
 Tpos, 'i)f iKaAeaav 'laiv AtyvnTLOL, ko.l ti'iv Ioj 
 'laiv bjxoLois irpoaTjyopeiKrav. 
 
 Hyjin. 14.j : " I)eamnue Aegyjitnrum esse fecit 
 qiTae I>i.^ iiiiuciipatur.*' 
 
 * Hei'iiJot. ii. 41 : TO yap tT/s "Icrios aya/yuM. 
 ihv yvvo-iKiiioi' l3ovi:epuji' 4<tti, KaTaTT€p EAArjcef 
 T7}!' 'lovi' ypafpovrTL. 
 
 ^ Afinll'jJ. ii. 1, ": i'eupaOeU Se (Zeiis) i'<p' 
 "Hpas, ryjs /J.€V KOpr)^ ('loOs) aifa^efoy tiy /3yi';' 
 fJ.^Tep.6p(poi(Te XivK-flv^ .... <pvKo.Ka. aurrj^ /care- 
 CT'naiv '' hpyov rhu Travoirr'qi^ .... Alus 0€ 
 ^TTird^avTos 'Ep^fj KKe^ai tTjV fiovv^ iJ.y)v{iao.vTos 
 UpaKOS, eVei?')/ Aa9(^7t^ ovK T^dvvaro^ xiQw (ioXoiV 
 air^KT^ij^€ Tui' "Apyou^ . . . "Hpa 5e Trj fiot 
 olrrrpov e^./3aAA€£. 
 
 « Aeschyl. Prom. .58.5 : 
 TTOJS 5' oh kKvoj rris olirrpodifrirfiu Kupr}? ttj^ 
 'lyax^Las. 
 
 ' Paus. iii. 18, § 1.8: ra 5e eV 'A^ut'/cAais Si=as 
 a^ia .... "Epa 5e afpopa irph"; 'Iw ti^v '\po.- 
 Xou fiovv oixTo.v ^Stj. 
 
 ' Eustath. ap. Dionys. Perieo;. 92, 94: 'IiL 
 7ap 77 (TiKr,vq Kara Trjv ruiv 'Apyeiui' SiaAe/fToc, 
 
 on whieh He^-ne, nd A]-"Ah>'\. p. njTi, says: 
 '• Fuisse siisjiicor nomeii lioc eajait^ue I'emjnue 
 C'linutnm s^■mll()lum Liinae apml Argivos anti- 
 qui-siuiLim." See also .Jaljlenskv, I'ardh. ii. 
 
 •' A]inllnil, li, 1. 1 : ''Attis f-df ovu eis rvpav- 
 viocL Ti]v eauTOu /j-eTaarijaas hvvo.ij.iv, koX IBIoaos 
 a:v Tvpavvus, dvofxaaas aip^ ^avrov t'/jv Ylekoiruv- 
 vqaov 'Airlav, vivo QeA^tovos Kal TeAx^vos ^iri- 
 ^uvA€v9€LS, dirais awiSav^, Kal voyAixBils 6eos 
 ^Kk-i]Br} 'S.dpaTTis. 
 
 Sclinl. Lvf'n^ihr. 177 : ''Anis ovv rvpavviKccs 
 (^wv avaip^'nai virh Q^A^lovcs Kal TeAxi^'''-'?-, o.<p' ov 
 Kal 7] y^wpa^ hiria 7} Trjs U^KoTruvvrjirov. 
 
 .Sriidl. A]MilL Rhod. i\". 'jGii : 'ATTiOavrjwv 5e, 
 Twv n^kOTTOVv'qa'iwv, airh "Ainbos tov ^opwv^ojs. 
 St('|ih. Byz. s. V. 'Airia. 
 
 1^ Kiisclt. Chron. pars i. \>\'. Oii, 127, 130, ed. 
 Anrhi-r ; Antrtistin. dc Ciril. f'ri^ xviii. f>. 
 
 ^' l>ini|. Sic I, 11: K€pa.ra 5e avrfj (rf) ''lo'ibi) 
 ^TTiTLOeamv aTTo t€ TTjs tiij/eo.'? 'l]v ex^i^cfct <paAV€- 
 rai Ko.d' 'hv Uv xp<^^o^ virdpxv IJ-T]v oei^7]s. rii;t, 
 ilr fs. ci Os. 52, compniv.' r. ii'.l : tqv 5e ''iciv ovx 
 €Tepav T-qs aeA-i-jvT]S o.TTOipaivovT^s Kal twv a'yaA- 
 jxa.T<ji)v ai'jTVS TO. fj.lv K(po,(Tffj6pa tov /xTji'oetSous 
 yeyov^yai /j.L/j.7]/j.aTa. I\l;i<d'(ili. ''^'ift. J. 19 ; Aelian. 
 J/ist. Anim. x. 27 : Kal hmt?/!' ttjv 'Itriv AlyvirTiOi. 
 ^ovK^pcov Kal TvAaTTovai Kal ypdcpouuiy. 
 
283 THE SKf'OXD CITY ON THE SITE OF TROT. [Chap. VI. 
 
 moon-iiitrae lo, liud a ecleliratcd temple on tlie site of Byzantium, winch 
 city was said to Lave been founded by Iut daii_i;-liter Keroessa — i.e., ' tlie 
 horned.' Accordiu;:;- to Stephanns Byzantinns, it was fijnnded by Byzas, 
 sou of Keroessa ami Poseidon,' The crescent, which was in all antiquity 
 and throughout the Jliddh- Ages the syinbid of Byzantiviin, and which is 
 now tho symbid of the Turkish ernjure, appears to tie a direct inheritance 
 from Byzantium's mythical lortudress, Keroessa, the daughter of the moon- 
 goddess Lj (Ilera); for it is ciudain that tlie Turks did not bring it v/ith 
 them from Asia, liut found it already an einldein of Byzantium. But 
 i\I. Burnout remarks that, long fiefore Byzantium was lViuiid(.'(l, it existed 
 in Ikdiyloma, and Assyria, where it is most frequently found ; he therefore 
 suggests that it may have tlieiiee beiui imported to Byzantium. Hera, lo, 
 and Isis must at all events be. identical, also, Avith iJemeter Jlycalessia, who 
 derived her epithet, ' tlie loAving,' from her cow-shape, and had her temple 
 at Mycalessus in Eoeotia. She had as doorkeejjer Hercules, whose office 
 it was to shut lier sanctuary in the evening and to open it again in the 
 morning.- Tims his service is identical with that of Argus, who in the 
 morning unfastens the cow-shaped lo, and fastens her again in the evening 
 to the olive-tree," which was in the sacred grove of I\[ycenae, close to the 
 'Ilpaio!'.' Tli(j Argivo Hera had, as the symbol of fertility, a pome- 
 granate, which, as well as the flowers Avith which her crown was 
 ornamented, gave her a telluric character.'' 
 
 '•' Li the same way that in Boeotia the epithet Mycalessia, 'the lowing, 
 a derivative from /^vKaadai,'^ was given to Demeter on account of her 
 cow-form. So in the plain of Argos the name of 'SlvK?jvai, a derivative 
 from the same verb, was given to the city most celebrated for tlie cultus 
 of Hera, and tliis can only be explained liy her cow-form. I may here 
 mention that ls\vKa\i] ' was th(,' name of the mount and promontory directly 
 opposite to, and in the. immediate neighbourhood of, the island of Sainos, 
 T.diich was celidirated f )r tlie worship of Hera. 
 
 "In consideration of this buig series of proofs, certainly no one will 
 for a moment doubt that Hera's Homeric epithet jSootm^ shows her to 
 have lieen at one time represented with a co'y s face, in the same way as 
 Athena's Homeric epithet yXavKcoin'^ shows this goddess to have once 
 been represented with an owl's face. But in the history of these two 
 epithets there are evidently three stages, in ydiicli they had different 
 
 > 0. :\Iiill^T, nnyirr. \. 121; Stepli. Byz, s.v, a\,Tii. 
 
 V'V^di'rini' : Kal DuTws ^KTiaOrj anu But^ai'Tos tou ■' rauiifkn, ArijvS Tiiuopics (]S;'i7), tali, ii, 4^ 
 
 Ki^poiiiT'J-i]',, T^lS 'lou^ i-JvyaTp<U\ Kal UwireidajfOS. E. '\r Cailalviin', Ju'':nt'ii iJc Moi Or. I'l, iii. 
 
 - r.iie. i V. ] '.I, §1 : VluKO.KriarTuvZk biio\Qyo\j(riv 1; ^\'{\\\<'Y, Jlrnhiilalcr. WK.V.Vl \ laic de Luvnes, 
 
 nvoiJ.a.aB)ii'o,L oluti '/} fiijvs ivratjBa ^fiyii-ijaaro i) 7^7"(/e5 i\ i.tniisin<lt. ]ip, 'JJ-'J.'j. 
 
 Kdhf-LOf Kal Tuv ahu avroj mparui' dyovira ts '' 1 at;;ain c.il! particular attcnllnn to tl'.n fact 
 
 0'J/3a?, I'rnfr-MJi- Savcc )'t.Mii;irks to itic Ih.at that this \"crli nn] y (.icciir.s in liciiicr in the ai;tive 
 
 here ^\■L■ li;i\-c .a rct'c]-cnri; to " Ast.artc with tin; ivviw, ^vkuv. 
 
 crcscHit, liniais" (it tin; (Jii'lnaaan I 'Imrnirians. ' I'rnfrssnr Saycfi hnhls MnK-aAi? to be a LyJo- 
 
 J^nrupa nil the liiill n aiiiil her tiriii nl .Vslarte nr Karian ami rmt a Greek wnnl. But I point to 
 
 Ashtoi'etli, t he .\-,s\ rian hstar. tlie remarkahle lai't that wa; tlnd names hegin- 
 
 ' Oviil. Jfiiani. i, 11110. nine ,\ith the syllable Muff- always close to a 
 
 ' Ajjnllnij. ii. ],'■'': oliTQS e/c T^i^ eAaiay eoe- Ileraeum. 
 
Chap. VL] STAGES OF THE SYMBOLISM. 287 
 
 significations. In the first stage the ideal conception and tlie naming of 
 tlie goddesses took phaee, and in tliat naming, as my liononred friend 
 Professor Max Mnller rightly observed to iiie, the epithets were figurative 
 or ideal ; that is, natural. Hera (I6), as deity of the moon, -would receive 
 the epithet I'SofoTris from the symbolic horns of the crescent moon and its 
 dark spots, which resemble a face vrith large eyes ; whilst Athena, as 
 goddess of the daAvn, doubtless received the epithet y'i\auK0)T7i^' to indicate 
 the light of the opening day, yXauKO't being one of the forms of Xev/cu^,,, 
 which is an adjective of \vki], in Latin hi.v. 
 
 " In the second stage of these epithets the deities were represented by 
 idols, m which the former figurative intention was forgotten, and the 
 epithets were materialized into a cow-face for Hera and nit(j an owl-face 
 for Athena ; and I make bold to assert that it is not possilde to dcscrilje 
 such cow-faced or owl-faced female figures by any other epithets than by 
 fSocoTTii and. yXavKcoTTi^. The word irpoaanTov for ' face,' which is so often 
 used in Homer, and is prolialdy thousands of years older than the poet, 
 is never found in compounds, whilst words with the suffix -eiSi]^ refer to 
 expression or likeness m general. Thus, if Hera had had the epithet of 
 /3oottO);9, and Athena that of yXavKottcnj^, we should have understood 
 nothing else but that the former had the shape and form of a cow, and the 
 latter that of an owl. To this second stage belong all the pre-historio 
 ruins of Hissnrlik, Tiryns, and llyceuae. 
 
 '• The third stage in the history of tlie two epithets is when, after 
 Hera and Athena had lost their cow and oavI faces, and received the faces 
 of women, and after the cow and the owl had become the attributes cf 
 these deities, and had, as such, been pilaced at their side, /SofoTrt? and 
 yXavKotTTc^ continued to be used as epithets consecrated by the use of 
 ages, and probably vdth the meaning ' large-eyed ' and ' owl-eyed.' To 
 this third stage belong the Homeric rhapsodies." 
 
 I may add here what 31. Francois Lenormant has written ^ regarding 
 my interpretation of yXavKOim^ as the epithet of Athene: "The images 
 with owl-heads, which Scliliemaim sees on the idols and vases of Hissarlik, 
 are represented liy him as the type of the representation of Athene Ilias, 
 the tutelary deity of Priam's city. In his opinion, contrary to the gene- 
 rally admitted ideas, Athene yXavKcorri'^ was originally not a goddess ' with 
 blue eyes ' of the colmir of the luminous sky which she personifies, but 
 a goddess ' Avith an owl-f ice,' just as Hera /3oo)Tn<; became a goddess ' with 
 the face of a coav,' and no longer ' with large ej^es,' vride open, like those 
 of a heifer. This idea has roused a real tempest. It has appeared to 
 some p)ersons a sort of crime of high treason against Hellenism. That 
 the Grreeks could, at any epoch, have conceived in their imagination gods 
 with animal lieads, like those of Egypt and like certain gods of A.^ia, 
 is a thing which was too great a shock to preconceived testhcLic theories 
 of the genius of the Hellenic race, which, as was affirmed a firiur/, could 
 have admitted in some figures tlie mixture of animal and human forms, 
 only by always reserving to liumauity the head, the noblest part, the 
 
 * ZfS Antifi:tes dc la Troudc ; Paris, 1S7C, jiji. lil-23. 
 
288 THE SECOND CITY ON THE SITE OF TEOY. [Chap. VI. 
 
 seat of tliour^lit. I must confcHR tliiit this kind of argument, belonging 
 to a philosophy more or less shallow, touches me very little; for, in my 
 oi)inion, it should give place to the reality of archa?.ological observation. 
 Tlie idea of a pnniitive Athene with an owl-head or a Here with a cow- 
 head, like the Egyptian Hatlior, or like certain forms of the Syro- 
 Phoenician Astarte, has nothing which scandalizes me or appears impossible 
 to me. It is true that tliere is some philological difficulty m the view that 
 epithets like y\avKoj'm<; or /jowtti? apply rather to an aspect of the face 
 than to the eye. It appears, however, to me that this difficulty has been 
 exaggerated; and that, for instance, when Empedocles, in a celebrated 
 verse, e|nalilied the moon as yXavKcoTra, he alluded to the appearance of 
 the lunar face, and not to an eye. 
 
 "Besides, moiuuneutal examples altogether positive prove to us that 
 the Greeks of the remotest times, who copied their first works of art from 
 Asiatic models, borrowed from those models, and themselves represented, 
 figures with animal heads on human liodies. Mr. Newton has ptointed out 
 a little figure found in Cyprus, whiidi represents a woman with a ram's 
 head, probably an Aphrodite. (Jii an archaic painted vase from Camirus, 
 preserved in the Louvre, is represented a man with a hare's head. "When 
 Oiiatas, tlie great sculptor of Aegina, who lived in the Ijeginning of the 
 fifth century B.C., executi.'d fur the people of Phigalia the statue of their 
 Demeter Melaena, he copied faithfully from a painting the consecrated 
 type of the ancient image of this goddess, which had a monstrous 
 apjiearance. Thus lie put on tlie slioulders of her female body a horse's 
 111 ad, aec-ompanied liy serpents and other monsters. The book of the 
 I'hiJiisoiilunncna'-' has preserved to us tlie description of one of the 
 symliolical paintings wliicli decorated the family sanctuary of the sacred 
 race' of the Lyconuds at Phlya in Attica. The great Themistocles had 
 caused these jiaiutnigs to be restored, and Plutarch devoted a special 
 treatise to their explanation. Among them was represented a winged 
 ithyphallic old man pursuing a woman with a dog's head. Herodotus 
 says that Pan had sometimes tlie face as well as the feet of a he-goat, 
 and this assertion is confirmed hy a bronze figure discovered in the 
 Peloponnesus and preserved at St. Petersburg. 
 
 "The Minotaur, who is originally the Paal-bull of the ancient 
 Plioenieian worship of Crete, always keeps his animal head in the works 
 of the best period of Greek sculpture. A painted eylix with red figures, 
 of the best epoch, which may be seen in the Cahiriet di-s Mi'daillcs, in the 
 collection of the Due di' Lnyni's, represents Dionysus-Zagreus as a child 
 sitting on the knees of liis mother Perse})lione ; he has a bull's head like 
 a little Minotaur. It is, therefore, not the notion of an Athene with an 
 owl's head which staggers me, anil whicli could prevent my accepting 
 Schliemann's theory, the more so as there would, properly speaking, 
 Ix! no f|uestioii here of Greek productions, but of those of Asia Minor. 
 
 " Jlr. ]'hili|i Smilh rniiiirks in me that this Piirtiis (at tlie mtaith ef the Tiber), in the first 
 wnric, fdi-iiierlv aseriheil tii I »riu;eii, is new loiown hall' ef the third century after Christ, 
 t'j ho.re been written by Ilippolytus, lii-,hnp nf 
 
Chap. YL] THE ILIAN ATHEXt OR ATE. 289 
 
 For mc the whole question is to know wlietlier tlicro arc really owls' 
 heads on the vases and idols of Hissarlik." 
 
 Another honoured friend, Professor Otto Keller/" writes as follows 
 on the x\thene yXavKwirn; : " The attrilration of the owl to Athene is 
 explained " by a jeit, de mots between ^/Xav'^ and yXo-u/ccott/s^ and it is 
 asserted that it has arisen only in a post-Homeric time, as it were 
 hij a misunderstanding of tJie ejiilJiet y\avKMTri^. This view is certainly 
 in a high degree far-fetched, unnatural, and improbable. The non- 
 Hellenic origin of Athene's owl appears also to be proved by her double 
 head at Sigeum and Miletopolis, both of which are in close proximity to 
 Ilium.' To reeal a parallel case, I cite the cipually non-Helh.'uic attribu- 
 tion of the mouse to Apollo Smintheus, which is also found in the Troad. 
 The mouse loves the heat of the sun, and thus it prospers under the rays 
 of Phoel.ius Apollo. The owl is first of all nothing else than the bird 
 and symbol of night : this is its most natural signification, and of most 
 primitive growth ; from this we have to proceed. Herewith coincides m 
 a remarkable manner a point in which the Ilian Athene diS'ers alto- 
 gether from the common Hellenic Athene ; indeed, a certain coin of Ilium 
 represents the Trojan Talladium as Athene Ilias (ABHNAS IAIAAOS), 
 having the Phrygian cap on her head ; in her right hand she brandishes 
 the spear, in her left she holds a burning torch, whilst close to her is 
 sitting tho OAvl.^ In the same manner another type of coin from Ilium re- 
 presents the Palladium with the spear in the right hand, the torch in the 
 left; in front of it a coin is heimj saorifieed. Here is more than- that far- 
 fetched jV;s de mots theory : as the torch illumines the darkness, so the owl's 
 terrible eyes lighten through the night ; her eyes (ofi/xara) arc yXavKorepa 
 Xeoz'TO? Kal ra^ vv/cra'; daTpuTTTOvTa (as Diodorus says of a horrildc animal, 
 iii. c. rio). Thus probaldy the Ilian xithene, or Ate, was originally far 
 from being that peaceful Hellenic goddess of art and industry who issued 
 from the head of Zeus, an emanation from the supreme wisdom of the 
 highest god. She was ratlier the goddess of the night and terror, also of 
 the din of battle and the evils of war : she therefore brandishes the spear 
 and torch, and has the owl. She has become the Amazon of Olympus on 
 Asiatic soil, whence also the Amazons descended. I need cite no proofs 
 for the owl as the bird of night. As a death-announcing bird, it sat on 
 the spear of Pyrrhus when he advanced against Argos.'^ By the Ionian 
 Plippouax* it is considered as the messenger and herald of death. As 
 birds of death, two owls ("/XaO/ce?) sit to the right and left of a Siren, the 
 songstress of the death-wail, on a sepulchre.'' On a vase painting ol a 
 very ancient style (Ijrown figures on a dead yellow ground) with figures of 
 
 ^^ D!€ Entdecbm<j IliuiCs 3n.llissaiiik;¥i(t\hm-g, ovk i.yaduv (TvupoAov (pacri, fiaprupioc 5c', o 
 
 187.5, p]i. 50, .57. 'UiretptcrT]? Vlvp^o!; vvK-ro^p 61't'u tov ''Apyovs 
 
 '1 Welckfr, Oyi><:/i. Oiitfcrlehrc, i. :;i)3 f. TJ'ei, Kal avrci ifru-yX'^'"^' 'i^"^ '' "P*"" Ka0r]/j.4uqi 
 
 ' MionuL-t, JleJiiillcs nouv. ej,il. iiujtli. IG. 7, 8 ; p.iiv eVi rov 'Iwirov, (pepovTi 7^ i-vi]" tu Zopv ipduv. 
 
 Eckhel, Doctr. Xumm. i. 2, 488, 458. eira, eTrl toutou eaurV (KaSicriv, ouSe aTTecrrl), 
 
 • Mionnet, PL 75, 6 ; .see Eckhel, Doctr. Niunm, Sopv(pupov<Tcr, oi XP''?""""";" tV Sopvcpapiav 7; iipi-is 
 
 ii. 4S4 ; ririd P2. Oerliard, Ucbcr du: JIuicnciudijle 'i] ■j:po(:Lpi]p.(:V'q r-iji'd^. 
 
 Athens, Til. iv. 11, 12. ' »"7. 54. 
 
 ^ Aelian. //isf. J/i//;i. X. ,37 : 'H 7AaC| ETTi TiFct M'amting on a Lekytlms ; Miillcr and 
 
 tTTTOvBriy ojp^Tj^eV&j dfOpi crvi^ovaa kcI iiTLinaaa Oesterley, Dcnhiidlcr alter Auiistj ii. 59, 751. 
 
 tr 
 
290 
 
 THE SECOND UITY ON THE SITE OP TROT. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 aiiimali, avo find, witli otlior animals of a religious signification, bulls, 
 iiantliers, winged Sjilimxes and griffins, and also the owl.*" The owl also 
 ai-)iiears as a divine being on a vase painting of the most ancient style, 
 surrounded hy a niuiLus.' Nor must \ve leave unnoticed tlie passage in 
 the O/iy.ssey," vidicro Athene goes off <jf)))i'(; eidofoevtj, though the significa- 
 tion of'' owl ' tVu- cjujinj IS not ascertained with certainty. The gods of the 
 north put on the plumage of eagles, crows, and hawks, when they are 
 in haste ; so, in ILuner, Athene puts on winged shoes wdien speed is 
 ncei.'ssary. The winged shoes of Perseus also may originally have signified 
 his complete metamorphosis into the bird.' In the Homeric language 
 yXauKMTTi^ IS 'owl-eyed' or 'with glancing eyes:' the notion 'bluish,' found 
 in y\avfc6<;, appears to belong to the post-Homeric development of the 
 language. For tlie rest, I Imlil the vdiole question treated here an open 
 one, so long as no excavations have been made in the Saniian Heraeum 
 down to the pre-Hellenic stratum, which must probably exist there 
 also. As Schliemann has instinctively felt, it is only the parallel of the 
 /SocoTTt? TTOTvia 'Yipri that can offer the solution of the problem." 
 
 I may remind the reader that Professor 0. Keller wrote all this in 
 January 187.3, Avliereas my excavations at Tiryns and Mycenae, close to 
 
 the great Heraeum 
 of i\.rgolis, went on 
 from the 31st July to 
 the Gth Hecemlier, 
 1876. As by the 
 many hundreds of 
 idols, of gidd, silver, 
 or terra-cotta, in the 
 fV)rm of cows, cow- 
 heads, or Avomen with 
 cow-horns or cow- 
 heads, which I found 
 tlicre, I huve solved 
 for ever the problem 
 
 of the jjOOJTTtJ TTOTVla 
 
 "l^prj, on wducli, as 
 Profess:. r ilax Tduller 
 anil Prof. Otto Keller 
 wi:;:;]i/ rernarlced, the 
 parallel of the Oea 
 yXavKdyTTi'^ Wdipnj de- 
 pends, my interpre- 
 tation of the latter 
 should now be univer- 
 sally aecepti'd. 
 
 No. 157 represents 
 
 JS'o. 157. Viijp with Owl's llrud. 1^1 , :i aeluiil ti.;-. nci.th, 3C to -10 ft.) iX VaSC wltll aU Owl's 
 
 " Kin;^' l,iiil\vi;,''.'i CnlK'fU'iii nf V,ts,'f, Xn. '.\r,?,. ]i. 2r,) to bi: an allusion to the brilliancy of her 
 ' St('lilialii, MniUiis viul SInililriiknrrr:. The eyes. » (hi. iii. Wll. 
 
 nmti,us is (.■on.siiin-ed bv F. Wieseler {r/iocl/mn^ '^ Waokcrnagel, tVea Tvr^ouei^ra, o4. 
 
CaAp. Yl.] 
 
 OWL-FACED FEMALE VASES. 
 
 291 
 
 head from the second city ; Irat it must be distinctly understood that the 
 neck v.'ith the owl's head Vfas found separate and does not belong to the 
 lower yase, on which I have merely put it, as it can thus be the better 
 preserved. No doubt the neck has belonged, as is always the case, to a 
 vase with the characteristics of a woman. It is hand-made, and has a 
 dark-red colour, produced by the oxide of iron contained in the clay. It 
 was discovered in the calcined debris of the burnt house, in which I found 
 the skeleton of the woman. Ovnng no doubt to the intense heat to which 
 it had been exposed in the conflagration, it is thoroughly baked. The 
 cover may or may not belong to it. As I found it in the same house, 
 I have put it on the head, the rather as this sort of cover with a curved 
 handle seems to belong to the vases with owl-heads. I am confirmed in 
 this belief by the incisions on the forepart of these covers, which, like 
 those ou the idols Nos. 205, 20C, 207, 216 (pp. 334, 330), appear to indicate 
 the hair of the goddess. Ou many vase-covers on which the owl's face is 
 modelled, and which evidently belong to vases Avith the characteristics of 
 a woman, the hair is indicated either by long vertical scratches or tresses 
 in relief, on the nape of the neck ; it is indicated by such vertical 
 scratches on the idols Nos. lO-i, 196, 239, and on the remarkalile ball 
 Nos. 1997, 1998. The shape of the little curved handle on the vase- 
 cover Ijcfore us may probaldy have been copied from that of the ridge 
 ((pdXoq) on the helmets, into which the crest Vv'as sunk. 
 
 I represent under Nb. 158 another vase of this description, which 
 was found at the foot of the fragmentary wall of large blocks n on 
 No. 2 (p. 24). It is much injured by fire, so that its primitive colour 
 
 ?Jr-"'" ■■' 
 
 't. 
 
 ] 
 
 % 
 
 
 No. 169. Terra-c , ; characteristics of 
 
 a woman and two liandles in the form of wings. 
 
 (1:3 actual size. Pepth, 19ft. The cover is from a 
 
 depth of 42 ft.) 
 
 No. 153. Va-sc with Owl s Fac, two female breasts, and 
 
 two upright w'ing-lilce excrescences. (About 1 ;4 
 
 actual size. Depth, 48 ft.) 
 
 cannot be recognized ; its handles, in the form of wings, are partly re- 
 stored. The face of the bird is here represented very rudely, the eyes 
 being put in the same line as the lower part of the beak. The curved 
 handle of the cover is broken. 
 
292 THE SECOND CITY ON TtlE SITE OF TItOY. [Chap. VI. 
 
 Of No. 159 mily tl;e vase-cover belongs to tins second city, the vaso 
 itself to the fourth city ; Ijiit this being the only vase with the female 
 characteristics on which this siiiall cover fits, I thought it necessary to 
 Pf.rjresent it here, in (Hiler to show the reader the cover in its proper pdace. 
 Of the face we see here only the eyes. The vase-cover is of a dull black 
 colour and bnt very imperfectly fiated. These Trojan vases with oavIs' 
 faces are, as far as I know-, unique ; no similar ones have ever been found 
 elsewhere. But funeral urus, with rudely-modelled human faces, have 
 l:ieen found in the Prussian province of Poinmerellen, near Dautzig. They 
 arc always found in stone Ijoxes composed of five flat stones, hardly 
 deserving the denomination of coffins, containing the ashes and bones of 
 the deceased. This funeral urn stands either alone in a stone box, or in 
 the midst of six, eight, ten, twelve, or even fourteen, empty common 
 vases. The clay of the funeral urus is either yellow or brown or black, 
 sometimes of good quality and well burnt, sometimes very rough and but 
 little baked. Up to August 187.3, vdien I visited Dantzig, there had been 
 discovered in all fifty-seven such urns, all of them hand-made, but only 
 thirty of them are preserved there ; tv^o are at Neu Stettin, and the 
 remaining twenty-five are in the Berlin and other Museums. It is impor- 
 tant to notice that, with the exception of one funeral urn with a human 
 face fr)und at Sprottow in Silesia, another found at Grogolin (in the district 
 of Culm, West Prussia ^"), a third found in the province of Posen, and a 
 fourth found in the proAunce of Saxony, no such" urn has ever been found 
 anywhere but in Pommerellen.'- Of Course I do not speak here of the 
 poman urns with human faces, of which some have Ijeen found on the 
 Ehiiie, and large numbers in Ital}^. The characteristics of the Pomme- 
 relleu urns, vdiicli distinguish them from the Trojan owl-faced vases, are 
 these : that their manufacturers have evidently always intended to represent 
 the human face, however roughly and incompletely ; that they never have 
 either the wing-like excrescences or the female organ or l>reasts, which are 
 nearly always conspicuous on the Trojan vases ; that they have always 
 been used as funeral urns, whereas the Trojan vases can, on account of 
 their small size, never have licen employed for such purposes, and have 
 proliably only served as idols or sacred vases ; and, finally, that they 
 have covers in the form of common caps, whereas the Trojan vases 
 have covers in the shape of helmets, on which the female hair is 
 often indicated. And with regard to the age of these Pomnierellen face- 
 vases, the glass beads with which they are ornamented, and the iron 
 with which they are constantly found, cannot possibly authorize us to 
 ascrilje to them a higher auti(|uity than the beginning of our era, or, at 
 the very utmost, the first or the second century B.C. ; whereas I now 
 agree, I think, Avith all archo?oli)gists, in claiming for the Trojan vases 
 the. very remote antiquity of 1200 to 1.500 e.g. I will here describe 
 some of the human-faced vases of the Dantzig collection : — 
 
 ^" Sfto tlir L'l'pori f^f thi: llrrlin h'urirtij of Ail- he has proved that a scries of transitions into 
 
 t/ii-njj,,/fjtii/^ ElJiiinlijiiii, iiiul I'n.-hi'.duric Arv/iav- "ear- an-l cap-iirns " ean be followed up from 
 
 lu'in. Session of .lao. 18, 1879, p. 2. the provinee of Poinmerellen to the river Oder. 
 ^ Professor Virehdw kindly informs me that 
 
•-'"-"^- ^'-[-3 nu:\IAX-FACED VASES ELSEAVIIEEE. 293 
 
 1. A Tiise with two eyes, a nose, Imt no montli, and two cnrs, wLieh 
 hare tliree perforations ornamented with lironze rnift-s, on wliieli are 
 fastened beads of slass and antlier. The ornamentation of the ncek is 
 formed ^ by six stripes of incised ornaments representing tish-spmes. 
 Beh;)V>' is the monogram of an animal with six legs. The cap has also 
 incised ornaments. 
 
 2. A vase with no eyes, bnt a nose and a month ; the ears have four 
 perforations ornamented with lironze rings ; a bronze chain fastened to 
 the ears hangs down on the breast. 
 
 3. A vase with a nose and month, Init no eyes ; cars with two perfora- 
 tions ; ear-rings of bronze with beads of amber. In this vase was found an 
 iron breast-pin. 
 
 -1-. A vase with ears not perforated; eyes, long nose, a mouth, and a 
 beard ; a girdle indicated fiy points. 
 
 5. An nrn with nose, eyes, and a mouth with teeth ; ears witli six 
 perforations, each ornamented with a In-onze ring, on which are a large 
 numlicr of small rings of the same metal. 
 
 G. An urn vrithout eyes or mouth, but with a pointed nose ; two ears, 
 each with four perf iratiuns, vdiieli are ornamented with iron rings. 
 
 7. A very rough urn with eyes and nose, but no mouth ; ears not 
 perforated. 
 
 8. Urn with eyes, nose, and mouth ; but ears not perforated. 
 
 9. Lrn with eyes, mouth, and uuse ; ears with three perforations. 
 
 10. Urn with nose and eyes; no mouth; an iron ring is fastened 
 round the vase. 
 
 11. A very remarkalile urir with a falcon's beak, and large eyes; ears 
 vrith tliree ear-rings in each, wliich are ornamented witli firown and blue 
 glass beads. This urn, as well as its cover, is decorated all over with 
 incised ornaments. A certain number of the Pommerellen urns,- with 
 human faces, preserved in the Eoyal Museum at Berlin, of which Dr. 
 Albert Voss is the learned keeper, are very remarkable for the brooches 
 with spiral heads, like Xo. 104, nr linear animals similar to those on the 
 Trojan whorls (see l\os. 1881-1881), which we see rudely incised on them. 
 
 I cannot leave unnoticed the flagon-shaped vessels (oenocJioae) fiund 
 in the pre-historic habitations, Ixdow the deep strata of pumice-stone and 
 volcanic ashes, in the islands of Thera (Santorin) and Therasia. 
 
 On several of these Iavo large eyes are painted near the orifice, as well 
 as a necklace of large dots at the base of the neck, whilst two female 
 breasts are modelled on the upper part of tlie body ; each breast is 
 painted brown, and is surrounded l>y a circle of dots. On none of them is 
 a human face painted or modelled ; but still it is certain that it was the 
 primitive potter's intention to imitate in these oenocJioae the figure of a 
 woman. From these barbarous oenocJioae of Thera may bo derived, as 
 M. Fr. Lenormant ^ suggests, the beautifully painted oenocJioae of Cyprus 
 with the head of a woman." But as these Cyprian vases belong to the 
 
 - AntiijuMs Troj/ennes, p. 43. 
 
 3 See General Louis Palma Ji Cesnola, C'l/prus ; Lun-lon, 1877, p. .'JIU, I'l. .\)u. xliii. pp. 401. 402. 
 
204 
 
 THE SECOND CTrY ON THE SITE OF TROY. 
 
 [Chap. VI. 
 
 liistorieal perioil, uud are perliaps a tlioiisand years later than tlie owl- 
 vases of Hissarlil;, I eaniiot discuss tliern liere. I would ouly add tliat 
 (111 nearly all tlie Cyprian oenochoae, with a trefoil mouth, though 
 without any characieristies of the human figure, two eyes arc painted. 
 Tlas is nut the place to discuss the Eonian urns with human faces, 
 whicli (iccur at Oeliringen in "Wiirtemberg,'' near Mainz; at Castel, oppo- 
 site ]\[ainz ; "- and elsewhere. 
 
 In the linrnt hmiso described above, together with the remains of the 
 v\"(i)iiaii there was also found the tripod terra-cotta vessel in the shape of a 
 sow, No. IGO. It is (if a lustrous dark-brown colour, 8} in. long, 7 in. high, 
 and nearly G m. thiidi m the body. It has a projecting Ijut closed head, 
 and tliree feet. Tlv (irificc of the vessel is in the tail, which is connected 
 Avith the hack Ijy a handle. Similar vessels m the form of animals, with 
 
 Xo. IGO, Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Sow. 
 (1 : 4 attULil size. iJepth, 42 It.) 
 
 No. ICa. Two coWynWi} Otnurftoac. (1;4 
 actual size. L". pth, a'luut 40 ft.) 
 
 tliree or with four feet, are frcfjuent in the third and fourth pre-historie 
 cities of Hissarlik. They are very abundant in Cyprus/' and may be seen 
 in the collections of Cypriote antiquities in the British Museum, the 
 Siiutli Kensington Museum, tlie Louvre, and the Must'e de St. Germain- 
 en-Laye. There are a.lso a number of similar vessels in the collections of 
 Teruvian and JJexiean antiijuities in the British Museum. 
 
 (Jf the pottery of this second city I mention further the curious 
 lustrous-red ve'ssid, Ino. 101, in the form of tv\-o separate ooiocJioae v.dth 
 long and perfectly upright beak-shaped mouths ; the tv;o jugs Ijeing con- 
 nected with eacli other at the bulge as well as by a handle. Terra-cotta 
 vessels, with the same system of separate jugs connected at the bulge, 
 occur in all the subsequent pre-liistoric cities of Hissarlik, and we shall 
 have to pass several more of them in review. A'essels of terra-cotta made 
 on tlie same principle are found in liliodes, in Egypt, and in Cyprus. The 
 collection of antiquities from ;i tomb at lalysus, in the British Museum, 
 contains four conjoined cups; the Egyptian collection, two conjoined 
 ikisks ; the collections of Cypri(jto autiquitico, both in the British Museum 
 
 " O. Keller, Vims AurcU:, 1871, PI. vii. 2. 
 ' J., i.inileii^rliinit, j>!i' Allrrthihiu'r ua^crcr 
 liri.lnisrlirn. \':jr::,'it ; JIainz, ISHii. 
 
 '' eieneral Ji Ccsnola's Cujjrus ; London, 187", 
 Plate viii. 
 
Cu\p. Yl,] 
 
 SUSPEXSIOX-YASES AXD TRIPODS. 
 
 295 
 
 and in the South Kensington Museum, contain vessels forniinr;- two con- 
 joined flasks ^Ylth one haiidk'. Another vessel with threi; or four 
 conjoined cups is represented by General di Cesnola.' The small collec- 
 tion of pre-historic auticjuities, found under the deep layers of pumice- 
 stone and volcanic ashes in Thera, preserved in the French School at 
 Athens, contains also two conjoined jugs with a trefoil mouth. I may 
 also mention a vessel formed of two pitchers, joined both at the Lulgc and 
 by a handle, in the Egyptian Collection in the Louvre. A vessel with 
 three conjoined cups is certainly also indicated by the object No. 3 on 
 PI. xii. in Dr. Victor Gross's Atlas of anticjuities found in the Lake- 
 habitations of jLieringen and Auvernicr in Switzerland. I may also 
 mention a vessel with two conjoined flasks in the Peruvian Collection in 
 the British j\Iuseum. Professor A^irchow kindly informs me that similar 
 conjoined vessels are very common in the ancient tomljs in the provinces 
 of Lusatia (Lausitz) and Posen. 
 
 No. 162 is a lustrous-ldack vase, Di in. high, with a Luig tubular hole 
 for suspension on each side. The body, of globular form, is ornamented 
 with incised zigzag lines ; the neck is very wide, in the form of a chimney, 
 and ornamented v\uth incised dots ; the bottom is flat. 
 
 Ko. ]G2. Vase with tubular holes for suspon- 
 
 tion. Ornamentation : zigzag and points. 
 
 (iVbout 1 : 4 acuial size. I'tplb, 42 ft.) 
 
 No. 103. Tripoli Vase, witli incised ornamentation, anJ 
 
 a similar system for suspension. 
 
 (1 ; 4 actual size. Hi^plli, about 42 ft.) 
 
 No. 163 represents a lustrous dark-brown tripod, with tubular holes 
 for suspension ; the long chimney-like neck has an incised ornamentation. 
 
 Cyjrrus, p. 40G, No. 2.j. 
 
2L)6 
 
 THE SECOXD CITY ON THE SITE OE TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. YI. 
 
 resembling fiwli-s]iinc3. A similar tripocT-vasc, of a dull Ijlackish colour, 
 with incised circular Lands, is rej^resented under No. 164. 
 
 ,Li-^ 
 
 h tubular boles 
 n 1 rcular bands. 
 1 itb ait.) 
 
 No. 165. (jrlobuLir Vat.?, t\ itb tubular boles or 
 
 suspension. Ornamentation ; triangles. 
 
 (_! : 4 actual size. Deptb, 35 ft.) 
 
 No. IC") is a very pretty little dark-yellow vase of an almost globular 
 shape, which has also tubular holes for suspension and an incised orna- 
 mentation of triangles. 
 
 All the yases of tho second city which we haye hitherto passed in 
 reyiew are hand-made ; but wheel-made pottery occurs here also, though 
 rarely. A wheel-made yase, for example, is shown under No. 10(3; it is a 
 
 tripod of a blackish colour, with incised 
 "^ circular bands, and has tubular rings for 
 
 suspension. Tho coyer may probably not 
 belong to this yase. All these yases I can 
 only represent, not compare with others, 
 as no yases of anything like a similar type 
 occur elsewhere. But to my list of the 
 collections in which yases Ayith vertical 
 loopholes for suspension occur (sec p. 22'2) 
 I have to add the Museum of Stockholm, 
 in Avhich there are three yases, found in 
 Dolmens of the Stone age, which are orna- 
 mented with incised patterns : two of them 
 haying on each side two, the third ou each 
 side four, vertical perforations, for suspension 
 with a string. I saw in the I\ruseura of 
 "ij it^ 1 in i \ r ^^i(b Copenhagen, besides the vase already men- 
 
 1 1 r 1 tul III 1 1 f r u [ n- J • l 3 "j 
 
 lu jiitij jfi.) riimrd, t^yo vases with incised patterns, 
 Inrving on each side two vertical tubular 
 loopholes, which arc not in projections, as on the Trojan vases but in 
 tho city of tlie body of the vase itself; both of them 'have also tubula 
 ]oophol(:'s m the covers, which correspond with those in the body. There 
 must have been a time when similar yases with holes for suspension were 
 in more general mu, in Denmark, for I saw in tho same museum sixteen 
 
 .^iuii. (Aht if 1 1 
 
 VH.se-covers of the same system. 
 
 « See Nn. 100, p. 20, in J. J. A. Wnr^aac's .Vo;\?/./.v Oldsc 
 
 ■cjcr. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 VASES OF A^ARIOUS FOEilS. 
 
 297 
 
 Under No. 107 I represent a liandsome black hand-made vase witli two 
 handles: under No. 168, a dull brownish wheel-made pitcher or goblet, 
 
 ^ 
 
 No. 1(J7. Black Jug, with two bundles. 
 (^ About 1 : 4 actual size, nc-ptb, 30 ft.) 
 
 O 
 
 \ W) 1 \ , tb 1 
 
 (Nearly 1 ; -t actual size, bcptb, -12 ft.) 
 
 ^ 1 Lir; I (r. . 1.1 ck \. , 1 j.nlles 
 
 and pointed foot. (1 : G actual .size. Depth, 33 ft,)' 
 
 likewise with two handles. No. 169 is a lustrous dark-red wheel-made 
 vase of oval form, with three handles. As it has a convi-x bottom, it 
 cannot stand without support. 
 
 The shapes of these last three vessels are very frequent here, Ijut 
 I have not noticed them in oth(.'r collections. As on most vases with 
 handles the ends of these latter project slightly on the inside of the 
 vessels, it is evident that the handles were only made after the vases had 
 been modelled, and that holes were then cut in them in which the handles 
 were fastened. 
 
 No. 170 is a hand-made lustrous-black vase, with a pointed foot and two 
 handles, between which on each side is a ]irojecting decoration in the form 
 
^98 
 
 THE SECOND CITY ON TflE SITE OF TROY. [Chap. VI. 
 
 of tlio Greek letter LaiiihJa, or the Cypriote cliaracter f/o. Similar vases 
 are rare m tlic second city, but very frequent in the foUowing, the Ijurnt 
 city. I Avould suggi'st that the early inhahitants of Ilissarlik, v/lio used 
 tliese vases vrith a pointed lout, must have had in their rooms heaps 
 of sand into ^vhich they put them. Or might they perhaps have used 
 as stands for this kind of vase the largo stone discs, from G to 8 in. in 
 diameter, vath a round perhiration in the ceirtre, '_! to 3 in. in diameter, 
 of vdrieh so many are found in tlie pre-historic cities of Hissarlik ? 
 Tliis idea vas suggested to ine liy iJr. A'ictor Gross, Vvdio, in his beautiful 
 Atlas of the ohj(Mjts found in the Lake-habitations at Moeringen and 
 vVuvernier, ha;; en PI. xii., Ko. 22, put a vase vath a pointed foot into 
 a large ring, vdiich appears to be of slightly-baked clay. But as clay 
 rings of sirch large size are very rare at Hissarlik, the large perforated 
 stime discs may luive been irsed in their stead. Mr. Philip Smith men- 
 tions to nie tliat in chemical laboratories in England earthenware rings 
 are used in the same way, as supports fur basins, flasks, &c. 
 
 No. 171 represents a hand-made lustrous dark-brown vessel with a 
 convex base, two handles, and a spout iu the rim. 
 
 
 llo. 171. Vase Tvitli pprmt and \v;o h.-indlcs. 
 (1:4 actual size, ncptli, 43 It,) 
 
 >,o. 1T2. Fragment of luslrous-grey Pottery, with ; 
 incised oriiamentatiun, 
 (2 ; 3 actual size. Deptli, 33 ft.) 
 
 No 174. 
 
 No 175. 
 
 No. 173. Fragment of lustrous-black 
 I'ottery, witli inci.-cd signs resembling 
 •.vritteii characters. (2 : 3 actual size! 
 iJeptb, 33 It.) 
 
 No 177. 
 
 No. 173. 
 
 Nos. 17-1-173. Fnifrmrnts of Poltery, with an incise, 1 ornamentation. 
 (N'earl)' lial actnilsize. lleiilb, 42 I't.) 
 
CiiAP. YL] 
 
 MEAXIXGr OF SeVas ajxcjjLKVTreWov. 
 
 209 
 
 Xo. 1Y9. Gublet Tvitu two handles, 
 tllG II<jmeric 5en-a5 a/Ai/jLKun-eAAor. 
 (1 : 3 actual size. ULplh, 35 ft.) 
 
 No«. 172-178 represent seven frao-ments of lustroiis j^ollow or IjLtct 
 potterj', Avitli an incised ornamentatiim. Nos. 172, 175, ami 17G are 
 fragments of flat bowls. Ko. 178 is the fragment of a small rase. Tlie 
 ornamentation of these four pieces is filled in with white chalk. Nos. 174 
 and 177 are fragments of vases. No. 173 seems to 1)0 the fragment of a 
 vase-handle ; the incised signs thereon appear to he written characters, to 
 which I call very particular attention.'' 
 
 In the strata of rnins of the second city there alio occnr the terra- 
 cotta golilets in the h)rm. of a champagne glass, with a pointed foot and 
 two enormous handles, like l\o. 17'.!, Imb 
 they are rare here. vUmost all of them 
 have a lustrous-hlack colour. In the three 
 folloAving pre-historic cities they are of a 
 lustrous-red colour, and so frei|nent that 
 I was ahle to collect alwut 150 of them. 
 Again they occur of a dull hlaekish C(.)lour 
 (see Xo. 1393) in the dthris of a settle- 
 ment, which succeeded the latest pre- 
 histi:irie city, hut preceded the Aeolie 
 Ilium, and which for this reason I call the 
 sixth city. There consef|uently appears 
 to he every prohalhlity that this tV)rm of 
 "ohlet was still in common use o:i the 
 
 o 
 
 coast of Asia Minor at the time of Homer, who hy his oeTra? dfKpiKinreWov 
 cannot possihly mean anything else than a goldet with two handles. The 
 universal explanation of the oeTra? df^piKvireXXoi' as having an upper and a 
 lower cup, like an hour-glass with the ends opened out, seems to me to he 
 altogi'tlier erroneous. As a gohlet of such a description could, at all 
 events, he filled only on one side at a time, there would he no raison <Ti:tre 
 for the tW'O cnps in opposite directions. Moroiiver, vi/hcnever a gohlet w'lth 
 wine is presented hy one person to another, Homer clearly always meant 
 it to he unthn'stood that it is a oeira^ cificpiKVTreXXoi', namely, that it is 
 doulilc-liandled, and that, heing presented hy the one handle, it is received 
 hy the other. I may mention, Ijesides, that no gohlet with an upper and a 
 lower cup has ever yet been found, Avhile I found at Troy twent}' diifer- 
 ently-shapcd terra-cotta goldets witli two handles, among them one of 
 gold, and at Mycenae a largo number of chuilile-handled golilets, of terra- 
 cotta or gold, all of v.diicli can be nothing else than otVa d/xcptk-uTrtWa. 
 I think, therefore, that Aristotle v/as wrong in his theory, that the u/x(pi- 
 KvireXkov had the shape of a bee's cell : '" " The cells for the honey and 
 for the drones have openings on both sides; for on uue bottom are tvro 
 cells, like those of the ainphil'ijpdJa — the one inward, the other outward." 
 The best judge, nay the highest authority, for the form tif the I-h.nueric 
 oeira^ d/u,(f)iK:inreXKov must necessarily be Homer himself; and, according to 
 him, the ogTra? u/j.(piicu7re\Xoi' is always synonymous with aXiLcrou I'lf^ii^wTov, 
 
 ° Tlie inscription is Jiscus^e'.l Ity I'roli/s.^i.'r tuv ji^Xljos kuX at rwv axoZuvdii'^ aa^,iicrTni.i_nr 
 Savce ill his A]ipenili.\'. Trepi fxfau yap ISdmi' Stjo OupLde^ daii', ficrTep Tti:/ 
 
 ^° Ili^t. Animal, ix. 27: At 6e Ouploss nal c.l a.p.(pLKuiveKKwy, r} ii^v ii'T^s^ i] o' iKj/is. 
 
THE SECOXD CITY OX THE SITE OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. YI. 
 
 a ''two-oared golilet " (literally, '' witli an ear on, hotli. sides," for this is 
 tlu3 exact meaiiiiiij; of aficpi). TIhts, for instance, in a passage of tlie 
 Oi-Itsscv, one and the same f/eddit is called twice ScVa?, once uXeiaov, and 
 once ocTras- ajix^iKinreXKor : " " Tlien lie gave tliem part of tlie entrails, 
 and p.Miucd wine in a golden gulilet (oeTras^), and, pledging lier with 
 outstretched hand, he called upon Pallas Athene, danghter of Aegis- 
 liearmg Zens : ' Pray now, stranger, to king Poseidon, because to him 
 is sacvi'd the nneal at Avliich you find us, as you come here. And after 
 hayini;- made liliations and prayed, as is the custom, then giye the cup 
 (oeira'i) (if sweet whie also to this man to make a litiation ; for I think 
 that In:' also [irays to the immortals ; because all men stand in need of 
 the gnds. But he is younger (than thou art) and of my age. I therefore 
 giye the golden goblet (i'lXeiaov) first to thee.' Playing spoken thus, 
 hi' put th(.' cup (oeVa?) of sAyeet wine into her hands, and Athene was 
 pleas; 'd Ayith the prudent just man, because he had given her first the 
 gnldiui gdblet ((('/\e( 0-0 7'), and she at once ofl'ered many prayers to king 
 Poseidon : ' Hear, earth-containing Poseidon, do not refuse us, who 
 beseech thee to accomplish these deeds. Above all, to Nestor and his 
 Sons give glnry; and aftery-ards to others grant a gracious recompense, 
 to all the Pylians, fur the magnificent hecatomb. Grant also to Tele- 
 machus find to me to return after having accomplished that for ydiicli we 
 came hither in the SAVift Idatdi ship.' Thus she prayed and fulfilled all 
 hcrsrdf. She then gave to Tidemachns the beaiititul double-handled crrp) 
 (oeTTtt? a /j.(f> I KVTT eWo 1')." 
 
 See further Od. xxii. S-11 ; ^ '' He spake, and directed the liitter arrow 
 against Antinous. He was indeed aliout to lift a beautiful golden doul de- 
 eared golilet ((('Xe(c70!' a fi(pcoTov) ; and had already seized it with his 
 hand tliat he might drink of the wine." 
 
 See again Od. xxii. 17, ydiere the very same goblet, which in verses 
 and 10 was called dXeiaoi' afidxaror. is simply called oejras: "He 
 sank sidewards, and tlio cup (oeira^) fell from his liand."^ 
 
 See further Od. xxii. 84-86, where a oevra? a fx:f) t kutt eWop is 
 mentioned, Avhich is not indeed tlie identical aXetaov a /x (f) co t o i> 
 spoken of liefore and called also simply otTTcrs", but which is most 
 assuredly of an identical form, namely, a goblet with two handles : — 
 
 " on. iii. 40-6.T: 
 SojKe o' apa (T-rr'Kayy^vijjv /do'ipas, ei' 5' olvov e;^fl;€l' 
 Xpyceicp SiTra'C • 0€ioiaK6/j.eyos Se Trpuarjuda 
 TlaWao' ' KBrjVairjv, KOuprjp Ail(S alyioxoiO ' 
 
 Tov yap tia't SaiTTjs ??i'T'/j(jaTe, 5eupo ^oAui'tcs. 
 auTap fiTV'ijif fTTTetVi/v re Ka\ €ij^i:0.i^ % Q^piis ecrriV, 
 o^s Kcrl TijVTo: eTreiTa SeVas fj-eAn]3fos oh'Ov 
 rriT^itraL' eVet Kal ruvrov 0'Lopi.ai o-OavaToimy 
 et;;^;6a'(?ai ■ ■jrcti'Te? 5e feuif x^T^ova^ av6p:o7roL. 
 ci.\\a i'^a)T€p6',' euTil', 6 p.'qKi.Kir] 5' e^uol avrip • 
 Tnhv^l^a fro\ TTpoTfpip Swrrw ;\;pU(Teioj^ a\ei{TOv.^^ 
 ' ris ttVciii', eV X^P'^^ T/t?ei SeVas 7;5eos iitvou ' 
 X«i^pe 5' 'A^TjyatT; 'irfEirvv/j.4p(p ai/Spl 5i/caia', 
 ovi'Piro. (li TrpOTfpT] ScoK£ ;^pucre(oi' aAeiiTi'Z'. 
 avTiKa o eLi'xeTO TroAAa ritxreiSaoiz'i ai'a/CTt • 
 
 " KAvdi, rioo-etSaoi/ yaL-t^ox^^ jUTjSe fj.ey7ipijs 
 'i]p.7v <^vxoiJ.^voi(n TeAeyT-pffai Ta5e ep7a. 
 NetTTfipi fi^f TTpwTKna Kal vlacri kvBos u7ra(,e, 
 avTo.p eTreix' aWoiiTi 5i5ou ;^apl6(Ta'ai' ap.oili-i'iv 
 avp.iro.aii' WuXioicriv ayaK\eirris ^Karoplirjs. 
 6us 5' eri Ti]\^iJ.a.xoi' leal €/j.€ 7rp7]^ai/Ta f^^irOat, 
 ovvitio. Sei'p' 'ucu/j.^(T9a Sorj avy j'Tji' yaeAaiV?;." 
 
 ^ P.s a.p eVeir' -ppuro, Kal avr)] izavra TfAet'Ta " 
 0aiK"e 5e T7jAe/^aYa' Ka\uv SeTias a/^(p J/fu^re A- 
 \o V. 
 
 ^ 'H, KoX eV 'A^'TiroW \BvViTO TTLKphl' OilTTUl^. 
 
 i-jTOi II KaXiiv aXuffov ai'aipi)<T€(Tdai kfieWr^y, 
 XpylT^ov alxfpKcr ov , K0.l 5p ^tera yepo'lj' eVa'/ia, 
 ijfppa TTLOL oXuoio. 
 
 2 iKXivOf) 5' erepojiT^, SeVas 5e 01 e'fCTreO'e 
 Xeipiis. 
 
'.'HAP. VL] MEANIKG Off SeVas dixfjiLKVireXXoi'. 301 
 
 "Anil, rollinf>; over -with tlie tulilo, he fell stasgerinf;- ; nni lie poured 
 the viands on the ground and the doulile-handled goblet (otVa? u/x<pi- 
 
 By the above citations wo have tlierefore proved, that in Homer a 
 oeiTa^ is identical with aXeiaov and with oeTras- a i-i(^ l kvtt eWov ; 
 further that o e tt a s- is identical with liXecao v ci fi(j)o)To v. Con- 
 sequently u\eiaov afj,(f>a>Tov is also identical with St'-n-a? dfi(jiiKv- 
 TTtWor. ^^ow, as u\eiaoi' a fi (j) co t o v most umloulitedly means d 
 douUt'-Jiandled ijollef, oeirav cl /j,(j)i KVTreWov must just as undoubtedly 
 mean a douhle-handled r/oUuf. I could multiply these examples, but I 
 thinli them perfectly sufficient to do away with an alisurd interpretation 
 of an important Homeric text, and to make the false theory fail to the 
 ground, that there could ever have existed in antiquity goblets with a cup 
 at both ends, and thus identical in form with the vessels which are to the 
 present d-dj used in the streets of London for measuring a penny or half- 
 penny worth of nuts. 
 
 But vdio tells us that, by comparing the bees' cells to the d/xfjuKUTreKXa, 
 Aristotle had in view a vessel with a driulcing cup at each end ? He could 
 only designate by ufi<j)iKV7TtWov a thing so named, which had a real 
 existence at his time. Nov,' such a goljlet with a cup at each end never 
 occurs in any classical author ; it has never yet been seen in sculptures 
 or wall- or vase-paintings ; no specimen of it has ever been found ; and 
 consequently it can never have existed. Besides, Aristotle does not call 
 the object of his comparison a Seira^ dfiipiKinreWov : he merely calls it an 
 dficjiiKVTreWoi'. But what does a KinreWov mean ? In Homer and other 
 poets it is certainly a goblet, but it also means a milk-vessel in Quintus 
 Smyrnaeus ; '"^ nay, Atlienaens^ says that, according to Philetes, the Syra- 
 cusans called the crumbs of bread, which remained on the table after 
 meals, KinreXka. I vrould therefore suggest that, just as now in the streets 
 of London, so in the time of xiristotle hazel-nuts and other commodities 
 were sold in the streets of Athens in wooden vessels in the shape of a bee- 
 cell, which measured an obol's or two obols' worth of them, and that such a 
 vessel was called ufxcpiKvireWov. Besides, in speaking of the shape of the 
 Homeric (jeVa^ ufupiKi/TreWoi', Athenaeus does not even state that Aristotle 
 compares it to the bee's cell, but he cites the opinion of Asclepiades of 
 Myrlea, who says that dficpiKinreWov does not mean anything else than 
 that the goblet is d/xcjiiKupToi'.''' But the phrase which follows can leave 
 no doubt that the latter word siguihes "with two handles," and this is 
 confirmed by Passow's Greek Lexicon (ed. liost and Palm). In another 
 passage (xi. 65) Athenaeus asks : " What does KinreXKov mean ? Is it 
 identical with aXeiaov and StVa?, or is only its name different ? Or was 
 its type different, and not like that of the ceVa? and the dXeiaop d^<^i- 
 KvireWov, but only curved ? For from the curved shape (KV(j}OT-r]^} the 
 Kii-rreXkov as well as the diM(f)iK{nreX\ov (have their names), cither becauscj 
 
 ^ TTipipfiy^drjS Se rpawe^Ti ykdyos -'jSe teal olwu. 
 
 KdirTTctre OiyriOf^LS, airh 5' e'ldara x^'^^^ ^p^-i^ ^ -^■'- ''■'• 
 
 ita'i Si-wai a/xcpiKviTiWov. " Athrii. xi. 24 : ap.ipmiTsWov 5e \iyaiv 
 
 ■■ vi. 345 : TrAijflci' S' aSre icuTreAAa fjoHy avTu, ovSif a\Ao cnj/iaiVei i) on fip a/j.^pucvpTOv. 
 
3U2 THE SECOXD CITY ON THE SITE OF TEOT. [CuAr. YI. 
 
 heiii';- similar in h'Jiapo to milk-pails, tliey were more narrow in tlio CTirre ; 
 or tlie ti/.t(f)ih'U7reXya Lave their name, like tlie ufKpiKvpra, from tlieir 
 kaniUes, liccaiise they are made of the same form. For the poet also 
 mentions a ,£;-olilen a/KpcoTOT." " Silenns says . that the KVTreWa are 
 tKTTco/xara, similar to tlie aKixpoi, as Nicamler the Coloplionian says, ' The 
 swineherd distrilnited KvireWa.' Eumolpns says that the xinreWa are 
 a kind of TTorripior, lieeause they are enrved. Simaristns says that the 
 Cyl)riotl^s Cull tlie dmiljle-haiidled -TroTi'jpiov a Kv-rreWov; the Cretans call 
 the d(-inlilediandled cup as well as that with four handles liy the same 
 name." ' I may here add that OcVa?, from the root oa-Tr, is related to 
 oeiirror, and is always thr M-oLlet of the wealthier class. 
 
 The only cup discuA-ered elsewhere, which shows any resemldance to 
 the Trojan otVas- d/j.cbiKV7reWoi', was found at Yulci, and is represented 
 in Ml'. (!i.'or,ii;e Dennis's famous work, TJie Cities and Cemeteries of Etncria, 
 p. cxviii. Ino. 43. It has a pointed foot and two enormous handles, but 
 the A\diide cup is not higdier than the diameter of its moirth. From its 
 resemblance to a woman's breast, Mr. Dennis identifies it with the 
 ancient goblet called masfos, a name given to it by the Paphians.'' This 
 name (jiaaTu^) being Greek, there can be no doubt that goljlets of this 
 form existed in Greece also ; but they were probably but little in use, 
 for the above cup represented by Dennis apjoears to be unique.^ 
 
 The fanciful vase, No. ISO, vras found in the town-chief's house in the 
 third, the biurnt city ; but as fragments of similar vases — usually of a 
 lustrous-black colour — are almndant also in the second city, I prefer 
 representing it here. It is 2-j in. high, and has a convex bottom and two 
 handles, liesides two prrjections in the form of wings, at each side of which 
 is a spiral ornament in relief. The wing-liko projections are hollowed, 
 and taper away to a point ; they are, cons('(|uently, not adapted to lie used 
 as handles ; nay, they vrould break aivay if a full vase were lifted by them. 
 Are they then mere ornaments, or are they meant to show the sacred 
 
 Aihenaeus, xi. d.j : ivoTripiov KvnpLovs, rh 5e hiajrof t<a\ tztoomtov 
 
 KvTTuWoy. Tovro Trorepui/ (,jti -raiiTov tu Kp^iTos. 'itX-pTus Se ^vpo.KOvtJwvs KuirisWa 
 
 aX^tao) Ko.l Tw SeVai', v) ovuiiaji {.luvuv htaX- KaXeu' ra t-7js jJ-dC^'qs Kci.l ricv apTo:v 67r! t^jS 
 
 Toi/s ,iiey apa. xpvrreoini Kv-ireKXofi wes 'AvaiSj/ ' -\pn]lui|. CviTll. ujk Athlon, si. 74, 
 
 SeiSe'xaT' aAAofley ciAAos arao-TaouV. ' < '.m-i-lirin'^ the ivlatiiius, now well tst.i- 
 
 ;) oidrpopo! ifu !} Timos, Kol ovx wo-Trep TO SeVccs Misliril, (jf the peni.le "1 Palestine and Flincnieia 
 
 Kal Tu iXnujou aix(piKvTViXXoi/ outw oe iial tovto, witli A-;ia Jliner, it is very interesting tn iiiul, 
 
 Kv<php Si ij.ofov ; aTTi) yap ttjs Kv<pvTriTOs to amiini;- the speil taken Ijy the Eu'yptian king 
 
 KiTTQXXov S;a-!rep ical -rh a/xipiKv-jraXXov ■ 7) 'cWi Thiitiijcs II I. treni Jli'^iihln, " a great tlasjnn with 
 
 TTapu.TrX-qcrttiy iiv toas TreXAajs, iTuvriyi.iii'ov ij.u\- t wri lian.Ues, ,1 vm-l; ,,f I he Kli,il .\.e. I'luu iii,i,(iix," 
 
 Xov (I! r)iv Kv<liuTr}Ta- v) auftuiinXXa (nov w hieh reminds ns ,,t tlie silver va^es named in 
 
 a/j.f iicupra ktto tuv uitoiv. Sici tu TOiaeTO. alvai 11. x\u\. 711— l:'.; 1.1,1. iv. (il:i-19. This is named 
 
 TJ) KuTaaKivfj. (prial yap ital u TrurrjT-iiS ' Xf"''- anmn,' olijeets .if u^ld ami silver ; and, later on, 
 
 cTnof i.p.(^,oiTov.' 'AvTi/.iaxu3 ill Trf/jTTTiij e-,)- anrnn',' the si,nil>, nf Ividesh, the eaiiital nt those 
 
 P'-'^l'''- _ _ _ very Kheta, ..r llittites, whom we' have already 
 
 TTKO-ii/ 5' 7',7e^ioVfO-mi/ cTToixoVei'Oi K-Z/pu/ces seen in ((anieetien with d'roy, « e find e-,ililen 
 
 XpviTia liaXa ninreXXa -mvyp-iva ucjpi-ljcraPTO. dishes am! (/niibl,'-/i,ini//r,r /w./.s, hesides vessels (d 
 
 2EiA?)j/is oe (/jtjo-j ' KvireXXa iK-Kwfi.aTa rrKvcj>ois gold ami silver ie;-uH.//,i ,„, </,r /,/,/,/ 0/' Z//(/, i.e, 
 
 (JAiina, wi iw.l NtKavSpos 5 KuXo(pii:Jios ■ icvireXXa I'hoenieia. (Brugsch, Hist, of 7:',/;//./ ir,i,lcr t/u; 
 
 0' cj'€(,u(r n-e/3ajT7)s.' Ev/j.oXttos Se -ROT-qpinv yivoi ]'li::r:in],s, vol. i. pp. 37-t, 37'J, oS.j, Eni'l. trans, 
 
 dTTo Toi; icuffiw eiVni. 'S.ip.apurTvj 5c- to di'coTOi' L!nd cd.) 
 
ClIAP. VI.] 
 
 VASE-COA^EKS ; WHORLS ; PLATES. 
 
 303 
 
 character of the vase ? On the top of it I liave pnt the bcll-shapcd cover 
 with a clouhlo haudle m the form of u orowu, which was fuiiud close by, 
 
 No. ISO. Large lustrous 1 1 k \ 
 
 1 lu 1 i'm. Drrtli, 30 ft.) 
 
 and may possibly have belonged to it. Similar vase-covers, always of a 
 lustrous-black colour, occur in the second city, but they are rare here, as 
 compared with the abundance of them found in the upper pro-historic 
 cities, and particularly in the third or burnt city. 
 
 There was, no doubt, in the second city a vast variety of other pottery, 
 but I have not been able to collect more types than those I have repre- 
 sented, because, owing to the immense superincumbent masses (if stones, 
 nearly all the pottery has been smashed to small fragments. 
 
 Of terra-cotta whorls, I have l>een able to collect a good numlier in the 
 dehn's of the second city, though they ar(! hir less abundant here than 
 in the sulisequent pre-hist(iric cities. They are also niucli sm;iller than 
 those of the first city, iiiid their incised ornamentatiim is identical with 
 that of the whorls in the upper cities ; the only difler(;nce is, tinit all the 
 whorls of the second citv, liki' tliose of the iirst, are of a blaxdc cnbiur. 
 
 The shallow as well as the diM'p plates are hero all whi.'id-made, and 
 precisely of the same rude fabric as those of the third city (see Nos. 4(il- 
 4(JS, p. 408); the only difference being in the colour, which is licre 
 brownish, whereas it is light yellow in the fbllowing city. In f;ct, except 
 a certain class of yellow pitchers, which arc plentiful in the f illnw^mg 
 cities, and of the same rude faliric as the plates, tliese plates, though 
 wheel-made, arc almost the rudest pottery found at Hissarlik. My friend 
 Mr. Joseph Hampel, keeper of the collection of coins and antirjuities of 
 the Hungarian National Museum in Buda-Pesth, informs mo tluit plates 
 
3L)-J: the second city ox the site of TEOY. [Chap. TI. 
 
 of all identical sliapc and fabric liare been found frequently at Magyarad 
 in Hungary. 
 
 Lut'tliere also occur in all tlic strata of the second city large quan- 
 tities of fraaiiionts of band-uiade lustrous-black deep plates; but, as has 
 lieen said, none of tlieni has here a trace of those horizontal tubular 
 holes f ir suspension m the riin which characterize the bowls and plates 
 
 of tlie first city. 
 
 I never found a trace of columns in any one of the five pre-historic 
 cities of Hissarlik ; hence it is certain that no columns of stone existed 
 there. 3IoreoYer, the word kicoi' neyer occurs in the Iliad, liut only in the 
 OJi/sseif, where columns of wood seem to be meant. In a house, at a depth 
 of about 40 ft., I found a prettily-caryed and yery hard piece of limestone 
 
 Xo. ISl. Blncfe of Limeslnnc, with a socket. In which the rivot of a door 
 may have turned. (.Vljout 1 ; 7 actual size. Dtiith, 10 ft,) 
 
 in the form of a crescent, with a round hole Ijin. deep in the centre of it, 
 and I suppose tliat it may have been used as the support for the fold of a 
 door ; I represent it here under Ko. 181. 
 
CHAPTER YII, 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUENT CITY. 
 
 I HAVE alrendy shown tliat tlie site of the second city mi'ist have 
 been deserted for a Lino- time Lefore it was n'j^iim Luilt upon. The new 
 settlers Le,t;-an, as M. Burnouf remarks, '' with levelling the debris upon 
 the ruins of the Second City : they filled the cavities and ravines with 
 stones and other material, in many places only with ashes or clay, inter- 
 laid with clay cakes (r/dleffes)." 
 
 The great wall c on the view No. 14:4, which their predecessors had 
 huilt on the south side, did not appear strong enough to them, because it 
 sloped at an angle of 4-5 ', and could, consef|uently, be very easily scaled. 
 They therefore built just before it, on the south side, the large wall 
 marked h on No. 144, which slopes to the south at an angle of 15^ 
 from the vertical line, wdiilst on the north side, where it faces the old 
 wall e, it was built up) vertically. In this manner there was formed 
 between the two walls a great triangular hollow, which was filled up 
 with earth. i\Iy excavations in this hollow have proved that it is pure 
 earth, without any intermixture of debris. But, like the wall c, this 
 second wall b does not consist altogether of solid masonry. Two walls, 
 each from 4: to 6 ft. thick, were erected, the one vertically at the foot of 
 the sLjping wall c, the other at a distance of from 4 to ft. to the south 
 of the former, ascending on the south side at an angle of 75", the space 
 between the two walls being filled up with loose stones. In this way the 
 outer wall, the southern face of wdiich ascends at an angle of 75 ' with the 
 horizon, or slopes at an angle of 15 'from the vertical line, served as a sort 
 of retaining vail for the loose stones, wdiose ponderous pressure it could 
 probiabily not have sustained had it been built perpendicularly. •■ Both these 
 walls consist of small stones joined with clay; they do not appear to con- 
 tain a single wrought stone : but the flattest side of the stones having been 
 put outside, the face of tlii_' Avail presents a tolerabdy smooth appearance. 
 The top of this wall was, like that of the wall c, paved with larger stones ; 
 and, the two walls c and h Ijeing of equal height, and the h(dl(nv between 
 them being filled up with earth to a level with the surface of the coping 
 of the walls, a flat terrace was obdained, 100 ft. long by 40 ft. wide on 
 the east, and 23 ft. on the west side;. I found this flat space covered 
 to the height of from 7 to 10 ft. with ruins of buildings, of slightly-baked 
 bricks, which, having been exposed to an intense heat in the great confla- 
 gration by which this third city was destroyed, had lieen partly vitrified 
 by means of the silica they contained. These bricks had sufiered so much 
 from the fire that they had decayed into formless masses, among which I 
 rarely found entire bricks well preserved. The really enormous masses 
 
 X 
 
300 THE TIIIliD, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 of pottery, sadille-qnerns of triicliyte, wliorls, &c., contained in tliese 
 sliapi.'less masses of liricks ami red wood-aslies, can leave no donlit that 
 tliey ljelon,c:i.'d to towiT-likc inlialiited bnildin,i:,'s, wliicli served Lotli as an 
 ornament ?,nd as AvorlvS of defence for the ^yaIls. 
 
 As I Lave fudore stated, to tliesc tliird settlers' is also due all the 
 masonry of small stones of a reddish colour, which we see on hoth sides of 
 the entrance to the gate. The AVork of their priMlccossors, the people of 
 tlie Second city, can easily lie reco^'nizrd hy tlio large Idocks of Avhite lirne- 
 stoni' Avith which thev built, and whiidi niay he seen in the lower courses 
 of the parapets on the vicAV Xo. lid. As lias hdui liidbre explained, 
 to the second settlers must also be iittributcd the pavement of the road, 
 consisting of largo fl;i,L!;s of Avhitc Imn^stone, whereas to the third settlers 
 evidently belongs the sup)erposed ncAV pavement of large flags of a reddish 
 ciihuir, Avhicli visitors will easily discern mi the Avhiilc! of the lower part 
 of the road; whih' on the upper part ni it the reddish flags have crumlded 
 aAvay from conta(d. with the air, as they had been expjosed to an intense 
 heat in the cimflagration. The reddish flags of this second pavement 
 rest uprm the Avhite flags of the Avhole road ; there is no earth or diihris 
 betAveen them. 
 
 I have not lif'eii able to trace the liandiAVork of the tliird srdtlers in 
 the building of the birge Avail, which crmtinnes from the gate in a nrirth- 
 westerly direction, and Avhicli is but a prolongation of the great internal 
 Avail, marked e on Xo. 144, and a on the little sketch Xo. 14o. But the 
 shapeless crumldine- masses of sliglitly-biaked liricks, mixed Avitli largo 
 (juantities of wood-ashes and stones, Avitli Avhich liotli this Avail and the 
 gate Avere covered to a depth of 7 and 10 ft., testify to the vastness of the 
 works of defenci; which hail lieen erected here liv the third settlers; 
 because they, and they alone of all tlie difi'erent pre-historie peoples Avho 
 lived here, used briidvs. The masses of olijects h:iund in these heaps of 
 brick-f/'7jr/s in the gate, as AVell as on the Avail Avhich proceeds in a north- 
 Avesterly directimi from it, can leave no doubt that here, as Avtdl as on 
 the great flat space firmed by the Avails h and c on Xei. 144, Avere tuwer- 
 like, densely-iiiliabiteil, Avorks of ihd'ence. 
 
 If, as there can lie no doubt, the Avail of large Ijoulders on the north 
 side (c, in th(_' engraving Xbi. 2, p. 24) belongs to the second city, then 
 certiiinly the third city, Avhich noAV occupies us, Avas on the east side much 
 smaller tlian its predecessor, liecause its Avails, Avhiidi I have brought tri 
 light throughout th.'ir wliof. circuit, sto}i 2.^0 ft. short of the Avail of large 
 boulders.^ To the south, on the contrary, it is somewhat lareer. because, 
 whib' the prolongation of the wall c on Xo. 144 continues to the east, the 
 lirolongation of the Avail I, on the same plate continues at first in a south- 
 easterly direction, Avbere it forms the pirojecdion imirked i/, Avhich Avas a 
 buttress; it runs thence some distance to the east, and then lieuds at a 
 ,-bar]i a.ngle to the north-Avest.' The prolone;atioii of this Avail consists of 
 only a fiMV courses of slabs, Avhich have l.ieen laid on the ilihris of the 
 second city. For this reason, and from the consefjuent Avcakness of the 
 
 ' See Plan I. (nf Truy). ^ See Plau I. (nf Troy). 
 
Chap. YII.] 
 
 CLAY CAKES FOR FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 307 
 
 stone wall, tlie brick walls by wliicli it was snrmoiiiited wore not built 
 directly iipiju it. An agglomeration ot clay cakes {gaieties) was first laid 
 on tins wall to give it greater solidity, and on these clay cakes tlie brick 
 walls Averc l)Uilt. M. Birrnonf, who studied tins singular sort of construc- 
 tion fur a long time, has given me tlie following interesting details- on the 
 subji.'ct ; — 
 
 ■" Chiij Calx-LH (ijalettes). — Yellow clay is still employctl to the present 
 day in the villages of the Troad ti-) form the coatings of the house-walls, 
 and even the house-walls themselves. 
 
 "' The agglomeration of clay cakes ((jaltttes) represented under No. 182 
 may be seen on the large southern wall, at the angle of the trench ia 
 
 Xo. 13-2. Diffc-reiit Laj^crs of Clay C.kcs on the great S.mtljpni \Vall, : 
 
 uine Jars. 
 
 I i lUH' ^^ 
 
 n^le oltlie Tnjncli opposite the 
 
 frr.iit (jf the nine jars.^ It is surmounted liy solid Inickwork in situ, which 
 constituted part of the brick wall.* Al)Ove this remnant of brick wall are 
 house-walls of the following city ; they are inclined, and m a ruined 
 condition ; above them is the Hellenic wall. The clay cakes (gahttts) 
 may be also seen to the west and east of this point. They appear to have 
 been used in the whole of the ancient stone wall, and to havo I)elong(.Ml to 
 the brick city. Has the b'gend of Apollo and Poseidon been applied to this 
 construction witli dried clay ? There are also, indeed, clay cakes {ijuJettes]' 
 in the first Iavo cities, Imt they are there embeddetl in a dark-grey mass, 
 and not employed, as tliey are here, as part of a general arehitectui'-l 
 system. The jars (the nine on the south side and, the three at the soutb- 
 Avestern angle of the city) rest on a soil of yellow or dark-grey or asli- 
 coloured clay cakes {iiaJidtes). The same may be said of the houses of the 
 unburnt part of the city, where we find yellow clay cakes (ffalettes) still at 
 a depth of 3 metres (lo'ft.) below tlie surface of the hill. Above these clay 
 cakes there is a stratum of grey earth, which has bieen formed from the 
 Mr is, and on this stratum the last houses were built. At the north-west 
 angle of the great rampart wall, where the last treasure was lV)uiid,^ there 
 is also a masftTof clay cakes (rjrdettes) belonging to the wall, and this mass 
 was much larger biefore tlie last excavation. 
 
 " In the gate, at the northern projection {jahihari^, the clay'cakes are 
 mixed with the stones; they are here made of yellow earth or of lirown 
 ashes, and they are covered liy a burnt yellow stratum, which is derived 
 from bricks. The mass of r/,.7;ris is composed of stones and ashes, which 
 buried the gate m the conflagration, and have enlarged the city m tliat 
 direction. 
 
 3 See Plan I. ("CTrnv), s. '' A'^""'' twenty yards to the north of tho 
 
 ■' See the engraving i\J. 183, which represents place inaike'-l A on Flan I. ("l Troy), 
 this corner. 
 
THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 " Tlir.' system of the clay cakes (i/aleftrs) lias licen applied on a large 
 scale ill the mound to the llOl■th-^Yest, behind the quarter of the well below 
 the Hellenic wall/' The clay cakes (c/alettes) are very large there, and 
 sdinetimes 1 metre (3 ft. d in.) lung. At the eastern angle of this mound 
 we again see these clay cakes of the common size. 
 
 " We also see clay cakes on the top of the great brick wall ' of the city, 
 at the north angle, where they served to obtain a solid basis for the 
 hduses Avhich we see Imilt upon them ; we perceive the same system 
 bi'liiw the adjoining houses. But these houses, as well as the clay cakes 
 on which they rest, belong to -the following or fourth city. 
 
 "We also see clay cakes below the little walls ■ to the east of and 
 adjoining the gate. They arc mixed with black ashes and fragments of 
 burnt bricks. 
 
 '' 111 short, the clay cakes (ijalfi/e^) appear to have been a system of 
 liuilding which was generally employed in the first three, and even 
 in the first fonr, Trijjan cities, but particularly in the Third City, 
 ill which they served for the large constructions." 
 
 i\I. iSurnouf goes on to descriljc the remains of the brick walls of this 
 third city ; his description is so clear and precise that visitors can have 
 no diificulty in finding them out. 
 
 " The Lrirh IViilIs. — Xo. is:-] represents that portion of the Indck wall 
 which is in front of the nine jars (s on Plan I.). At a are sixteen courses 
 
 of bricks, joined Avith a paste 
 made of crushed luicks. These 
 courses of liricks reach nearly 
 up to the Hellenic wall c. They 
 are inclined on the outside; the 
 mass of clay cakes {^gcdettes), n, 
 on which they rest, is 1'70 m. 
 (5 ft. 8 in.) thick ; they are 
 separated from it Ijy a course 
 of limestone. The mass of 
 clay cakes, b, rests on the 
 large wadl n, which is the 
 circuit Avail of the citadel. 
 Later on the city was enlarged 
 by the mounds of drln's thrown 
 outside the walls. n marks 
 
 The peril II f th 1 n L W ill i 
 
 of tl 
 
 lese jnonmls c 
 
 if duhr, 
 
 Tidiich contains a layer of black ashes, N. M is the wall of a house which 
 leans against the Hellenic wall c. 
 
 " Tliis brick wall continued in an easterly direction. "\Vc find it again, 
 with its exterior coutings, in the ramp wliicli i\I. Schliemann has left 
 standing to the west of the fjuadrangular Hellenic structure.^ Here also 
 
 f' Ttiihlli'llenir' wiillis iii.irkril zo.iii I'lini I.(iif = This r.niii) is ilistinrtly imiiralerl liy the 
 
 r.iy), sri. iiisn tJip ™':;vri\iir4 Xd. ISij ([,. :;il;. liAlrr T .id i'lau I., and liy the letter n on Sec- 
 
 ' Warl;r,| II on Sretini.iil Plan Hi. tienal Plan IV. 
 " In the jilace marked o on Plan I. 
 
Chap. \11.'] 
 
 THE BLOCKS OF BKICK WALLS. 
 
 iO'J 
 
 the faces of tliis hrick wall are iiielinerl ; tlie latter farming, at the 
 angle of the citadel, a Livgc solid mass of masonry, probably a tower or 
 a buttress. 
 
 " In the massive block (d" bricks at the north angle of the fortress,'" it 
 may be discerned, first, that the courses of Ijricks are inclined to that sido 
 on which the conflagration was severest, namely, to the east ; secondly, 
 that the exterior coatings on the wall indicate its thickness and direction. 
 
 " The frst massiri' hloch of lincJ:s on the nortJi side}^ — Instead of the 
 stone wall we have here only one course of largo flags, on which the brick 
 wall rests. This course of flags passes below the first Idock of bricks, and 
 penetrates below the second. It rests on a thin horizontal layer, formed 
 of a more or less ashy earth and yellow clay. The surface of this wall is 
 burnt. 
 
 " f)n the stone wall or pavement is (1) a grey or black layer G to 
 10 ctui. Ci-d to dm.) deep, of burnt shells; "(2) a layer 2 to 3 ctm. 
 (■.S to 1'2 in.) thick, of yelhiw-red lirick matter; (3) the massive block of 
 bricks (e, a, d, on the engraving Xo. 181). At the foot of the east front 
 of the block of lincks, for a length of 1'50 m. (5 ft.) is a coatinij of a 
 paste of crushed ludcks, and of several very thin layers of fine earth, which 
 are polished on the outer side. This coating is in situ, and inclined to the 
 outside. It has sustained the action of an intense heat, whose black vapour 
 iljU('/e noire) has penetrated far into the wall. As tlie coating is at the foot 
 of the massive Idock of bricks, and in an exact line with the course of large 
 flags which constitutes its base, this latter was evidently the foundation of 
 the brick construction. Above this brick construction is a layer of ashes 
 mixed with the stones of subsecjuent houses, and 
 remnants of house-walls ' rise again on these ruins. 
 Visitors will see this olwervation confirmed l.)y 
 examining the neighbouring houses, whose stone 
 walls rest on ashes, which are frequently consoli- 
 dated by the system of clay cakes (r/edettes). 
 
 " The north side presents a vertical white coat 
 ing (c, in the engraving No. 184), similar to that 
 on the east side. Like the latter, it is inclined 
 and parallel to a third intermediate front, h. We 
 
 therefore recogirize here two parallel walls of tiricks, i.ricks, wiiidi are remnants of the 
 the space between which is filled in with broken '-'■^"■> 
 In-icks. The whole rests on the course of large flags already mentioned. 
 The front d is uncertain, as it has been demolished. 
 
 " The proportions of the walls represented in the engraving No. 181 
 are : — 
 
 " The frst Unch of hricLs:" from a to /;, TIT m. (3 ft. 11 in.); from h 
 to c, 53 ctm. (1 ft. 9 in.) ; from c to d, 1-37 m. (4 ft. tl • 8 m.). 
 
 " The second massive block of hricls.— The course of large flags continues 
 to serve as the base of the wall. The aforesaid coating of a paste of 
 
 No. 134. The great brick Wall, 
 
 North side. Tliis engraving serves 
 
 to e.xplain the first, the second, 
 
 nd ttie tliird massive bloclcs oi 
 
 '"• Marked ii on Plan III, (.Section X-Y). 
 " Harked II on Plan in. ; also represented by 
 the eng:raving No. 184. 
 
 ' Jlarlicl T ..n Plan III. (Section X-YY 
 - The tiirce bleaks (•( bricks arc marked H on 
 Plan III. (.Section X-Y). 
 
olU THE THIIU), TME BUEKT CITY. [Cuap. A^II. 
 
 crnshi:'il Lricks coiitiiinrs here on tlie east front of tlie wall ; as does also 
 the filling;- uji of the interval lietween the t\Yo walls ^yith ernshed bricks. 
 Also the ahove-mentioned white eoatiii^;" c, as well as the wall c d, whose 
 front d is demolished, eontinnes here. AVe likewise see here on the top of 
 the lirudv eonstruetidn the same layer oi ashes mixed with the stones of 
 suhsei|uent houses, and on tliesc aeaiii remnants of later house-walls.^ 
 
 " T/ie tliird iiiii>;s/re liJucl: of hrirkti. — AVe see here the continuation of the 
 Cijated fri))it (I, against which loan ashes AAdiich have fallen from ahove. 
 iSehind the coatiiiL( we perceive the continued aidnui of i\ui hlack vapour 
 (hui'x iiotrr) of the intense heat which has penetrati'd far into the wall. We 
 see till.' continuation of the fronts /j and c, Letween which tin.' space is filled 
 witli drJiris. The mark of the Iduck vapour (hiii_^r riufrc) heloAV this filling 
 se'Cms to prove that the interval hot ween the two walls was empty Lcfore 
 the conflaeration, and that it served as a passage. The wall c d continues. 
 The front d, does not exist in the massive hlock ; it appears to have been 
 def iced hy time, for on this side the liricks are sltaiJidfUH. Outside we see 
 aslies, fragments of pottery, shells, fragments of bricks, &(:.,. accumulated 
 against the front a. 
 
 " Having excavated between the second and third massive blocks 
 of liricks, I have found, on the regular level, the course of flags on which 
 thij brick wall rests ; further, the fiUed-up interior passage and the 
 coatings (jf the fronts. 
 
 "' Iiiqiorfard remarl;. — The east coating, which is marked a, is alone 
 burnt; it is, in fact, vitrified, and has behind it the marks of the very 
 dark black vapour {Inini noire), which has penetrated to a great depth 
 lietween tlie c(uirses of lu'icks. On the other hand, the coatings h and c 
 have not liiMui touched by tlie tire. Besides, the matter which fills the 
 passage contains fragments of liricks, pottery, stones, Ixmes, shells, itc, — 
 all dehi'/s of the Trojan stratum. 
 
 "If from the first massive Ijlock of bricks we look across the great 
 northern trench on the other part of the tdwn, we clearly discern the 
 lev(d id' the buildings. It is marked by a Idaek layer, which descends 
 like black vajiour (luttr noire). Above it we perceive a yellow stratum of 
 matter burnt liy a. Avliite heat ; then a grey stratum, upon which are built 
 the houses of the fdlowmg city. Close to the gatewe See tlie ruins of 
 houses fumded on a single layer of stones ; in this way the large house* 
 (dose to the entry of the citaxbd has jiartly Iieen built. 
 
 " TJie site of the city was raised O)/. dii, iirrrai/e 2 to o m. (ti ft. Sin. to 
 111 ft.) liy the conflagration ; it was also considerably enlarged in all direc- 
 tions by the enormous masses of ruins and ddris thrown down from the 
 walls. AAdiat remained of the brick walls and the houses was buried in the 
 new soil, Vidmdi was composed for the most part of ashes and bricks, and of 
 otijei-ts broken or deficed liy the fire. This mnv soil is often consolidated 
 by (day cakes (i/idcttes), or ]iy a judicious employment of the materials 
 whiidi lay on the surface. On it was built the Fourth City. I call the par- 
 ticular attention of visitors to the enormous mass of dihrisoi the third, the 
 
 = ^liirkcl T i.n I'lan III. (Section X~Y). Sec eiiuravhig No. 188. ]i. 325. 
 
Chap. Tli.] 
 
 EEMAIXS- OF GKEAT AVALLS. 
 
 311 
 
 burnt cit}', tlirowu from within into and liofm-e tlio gate. Tliiw (MivIa con- 
 sists for tlie most part of aslies and calcinud stones from tlie ui/iglilionriug 
 houses. This mass of hurnt dehris covered the gate, and increased the 
 city considerably to tlie siiuth. 
 On this accumulation the new 
 settlers lunlt, to the right 
 and left from the points A and 
 B (Ko. 18-3), houses the walls 
 of which may still be seen 
 in the massive block of dcoris 
 in front of the gate.'' The 
 form tif the; strata of debris 
 
 fiefore the gate shows a depression, which goes far to prove that the 
 inhabitants of the fourth city continued to go in and out liy the very 
 same road. But this is not at all surprising, because the roads to the 
 country commenced and ended at this point." 
 
 The engraving Xo. 18(J represents the north-west angle of the great 
 wall Ijuilt by the second settlers, and which continued to be used by the 
 
 asTics and Orel/ f £/rZ/? ,rrC^S 
 ^^ ^ — r K ^ c 'J^-' 
 
 ^yow a asTieS 
 
 Pavcmcnl' oj" lite (rale 
 
 'So. 135. Dibris uf tbe Bunjt Citv at the Gate, 
 
 V:W!s nt X.n\ .,.,,,/,;•■; •. • ._\ 
 
 
 J=ir-. J' Y'- ■ 
 
 ">''~>-^>- 
 
 'TTT^jjjnir^hi''^^"'--''''''' 
 
 Ko. 18G. WaUs and accumulatiun of di.bris, N'.AV. angle. 
 
 inhabitants of the third, the liuriit city, as the sulistruction fir their lirick 
 work (d' defence. The reader will lie astonished to see in this wall a 
 passage IIIIimI witii clay caki:'s, Avliich could have no other object than to 
 consolidate it. To the Irft of the Avail are slanting layers of debris, which 
 descend a.t an angle of exactly 4-3", and of Avhich a small portion close to 
 the wall contains fragments of potto'y peculiar to tlio second city, and 
 must, consequently, belong to it. Then fdlow the slanting sti'ata of 
 debris of the third, the burnt city, Avliich visitors recognize at a, glance by 
 their calcined condition. All these layers td' debris are very compatdi, and 
 almost as hard as limestone. Tin; great Hellenic wall, which we see 
 to the left, Could theref )re be erected upon them without any f )undations. 
 To the left of the Hellenic wall are masses of light debris intermixed witli 
 fragments of pottery of the llonian period. 
 
 ^ Tliis massive block of dOj-ris is maiiced I" ou Plan I. ; see also Plan I\'., Seetiun Z'-Z'. 
 
512 
 
 THE TimiD, THE BUEXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 From tlii.^ nortli-wost angle the great wall of the s'econd city proceeds 
 in an easterly clirectioii ; its prolongation may be followed np as far 
 
 as my great northern trench, 
 ■ beyond which it appears again. 
 
 1 1 f The third settlers, the mhabit- 
 
 ^ 's % ants of the burnt city, used it 
 
 c I r 'Hily 'IS a sulistruction for their 
 
 e ~i brick fortifications as far as the 
 
 J ~ I first massive blocks of l.iricks, to 
 
 t ;'^ the left in entering the great 
 
 ■g :_ I trench from the north side.'^ 
 
 j = S, AVhilst the great wall of the 
 
 i ^ i ^ second city continues in the same 
 
 1 I 3 i direction eastward, the brick wall 
 
 2 % I "I of the third, the burnt city, ran 
 I s t ~ from this point in a south-east- 
 
 5 i ; ^ erly direction, as represented by 
 % 5 t J the accompanying Section No. 187 
 1= ||^ and the Plan I." (of Troy). It 
 uff i'l^ must, however, be distinctly 
 I -3 s -/" underst(jod that for some distance 
 Tl ?: ^ I from the block a on Kd. 187 the 
 ^ i %\''i brick wall rested only on a single 
 ? ^ ■= - ^ course of lartre unwroutrht flaffs 
 T 1 I - ^ of limestone. A little further on 
 ~l ■= 1 1 (probably already before the block 
 ^ 9 .S ^ i marked g on the same Section), 
 I i i i ^ the great sulistruction wall of 
 I 3 i ='-^ stones, which I have In'nught to 
 'Z ,; Z % light from the point n to the 
 9 I s I point D, where it was accidentally 
 I i i - demolished, begins again. It may 
 K i'2t. ^-"3 seen peeping out of the ruins 
 ^ - = "• a feAV yards bevond the rioint g 
 
 6 st.^ ill the direction of n, but I 
 
 1 3 S suppose it must begin again a 
 
 2 ; f few yards from G, in the dircc- 
 £ I I . tioii towards a. 
 c ? ^ I It appears strange indeed 
 I 5^ i that this great substruction wall 
 |,~;4?! should be missing for a short 
 ' 1 ~~ distance. Can the inhabitants 
 
 C 5 r S 
 
 ;_._:::v, < | ^ | have been forced by the approach 
 
 .,;• " ' of an enemy to hurry the build- 
 ing of the wall, so as to con- 
 struct their lirick wall for a short distance merely on a single course 
 of flags? 
 
 " See the engraving No. 184. The block is marlccd I! on Plan III. (Section X-Y). 
 
Chap. Yil.] EFFECTS OP THE CONFLAGRATION. 313 
 
 As ^vill be seen by the Plan I. (of Troy), this Third City was of tri- 
 angular form. Its south-east corner alone has not heeu reached l:iy the 
 flames, hut all the rest has been burnt. M. Bnrnouf remarks, that " during 
 the conflagration the wind must have driven the flames from the south- 
 west (that is, from the direction of the gate) to the north-east, because 
 nearly all the treasures were found on the south-west side. In that part 
 of the city which lies towards the middle of the eastern wall, was one of 
 the great centres of the conflagration. In the dehris of this centre we see, 
 one above the other, (1) the black vapour (Iniee noire), which has deeply 
 impregnated the soil ; a heap of dehris, which has been exposed to an 
 intense heat, and which, in falling, has broken some large jars into frag- 
 ments ; a layer of ashes mixed with stones, bones, burnt shells, &c. : 
 (2) a second time the marks of the black vapour (huee noire), with a series 
 of beams ; then a second layer of deli-is, reduced by -an intense heat ; 
 ashes ; a black line ; finally, brick earth wdiich has been exposed to an 
 intense heat, and on the top earth which also shows the action of fire. All 
 these dehris together are d metres (13 ft.) deep ; the house from which 
 they are derived must have been two, perhaps three, storeys high : it was 
 sustained on the south side by a wall 1 metre (3ft. din.) thick." 
 
 The ground-floors of the houses consist generally of clay laid on a bed 
 of dehris, and in this case they are nearly always vitrified and form a 
 porous mass w'ith a lustrous green glassy surface, but sometimes the clay 
 is laid on large horizontal flags, and in this case they have exactly the 
 appearance of asphalt floors. In the former case they are generally 
 O'dOin. to • GO in., in the latter ■ 35 in., thick. In many cases the 
 heat has not been intense enough to vitrify more than the surface of the 
 ground-floors, and in this case the rest resembles pumice-stone in appear- 
 ance and hardness. 
 
 For a very long distance on the north side there was, at a depth of 
 from 26 to 30 ft., a sort of vitrified sheet, which was only interrupted by 
 the house-walls, or by places where the clay had been laid on flags. All the 
 floors of the upper storeys, and even the terraces on the top of the houses, 
 consisted of beams, laid close together and covered with a similar thick 
 layer of clay, which filled all the interstices between the beams, and was 
 made to present a smooth surface. This clay seems to have been more or 
 less fused in the great catastrophe by the burning of the beams, and 
 to have run down ; in fact, only in this manner can we explain the 
 presence of the enormoiis mass of vitrified lumps in the ruins, which 
 are either shapeless or of a conical form, and often from 5 to G in. thick. 
 My lamented friend, the late Staff-surgeon Dr. Edward Moss, who, as 
 before mentioned, wdien on board H.M.S. BeseareJt, in Besika Bay, fre- 
 Cjuently visited my excavations in October and November 1878, maintained 
 that these vitrified floors had been produced by the action of intense heat 
 on the surface of the underlying clay, the straw in the latter supply- 
 in" the silica for the formation -of an alumina glass. He informed me 
 further that he exposed to a white heat a fragment of this clay, and even 
 some of the fragments of the very coarsest pottery, and that they vitrified 
 at the corners. But it still remains unexplained, why the clay floors 
 
314 THl': TIIIKD, THE BURNT CITY. [CiiAr. YII. 
 
 laid on tlie luriso flags slwuld iu no instance have been vitrified. I 
 presnme that their asjihalt-like appearance i,s merely due to the hlack 
 vapour (Aifc'c iioii-'') hy vdiich they are impregnated. The action of the fire 
 upon them has heen S" great that even the flags below them bear the 
 marks of thr intense heat to Avliich they have beeir exposed; Ijut still 
 the clav is black throughout, and neither baked nor vitrified. Like the 
 present village houses of the Troad, the Trojan hoirses must have had a 
 very tlnck terrace of clay to ])rotect them against the rain, and all this clay 
 has ciiutnliutcd largely to produce the enormous accumulation oi dAris. 
 
 Acc(:irding tij il. liurnouf's measurement, the ordinary dimensions of 
 the bricks of this third city are r)2 ctm. x 43 X 13.V (20 '8 in. x 17-2 x 
 5 '4). The cement vuth which the Ijricks are joined is made of ludck 
 matter, probaldy ijf crushed liricks and water, and is generally from 
 • 4 iu. to 2 in. thick. The Ijricks are invariably mixed with straw, 
 but they shew difl'erent degrees of baking: some appear to have been 
 nieridv dried in the sun and in it tri have been baked at all; others are 
 slightly liaki.'d; ethi.'rs, of a reddish cidour, are more thoroughly liaked. 
 M. Ijurnouf even fnind some bricks in the interior of the great wall 
 which had lieen over-baked, for they are vitrified on the surface without 
 having been exjiesed tn the intense heat of the conflagration. But it 
 must be distinctly understiHjd that, as there were no kilns, the bricks 
 were baked in an open fire, and hence none of them have either the 
 appearance or the selidity of tlie worst of our j^resent bricks. All the 
 bricks which have been exposed to the intense heat of the conflagration 
 are, nf ciiurs-e, thoroughly liaked, or rather thoroughly burnt, for they 
 have lost their solidity by their exposure to the intense heat. 
 
 "The architecture of the houses of this third city is," as A'lrchow ' 
 oliserves, " exactly the prototype of that architecture which is still in use 
 m the villages of the Troad. If we ride through such a village and enter 
 one or more of the houses, we get a series of views which correspond with 
 what Ave see in the ancient city. ]>ut this is not surprising, for it must 
 be considered, in the first place, that, owing to its insalubrity, the Plain 
 of Troy could never be the field of a great colonization. There are neither 
 important n 'mains of ancient settlements, nor are the few places now 
 inhabited of any significance. On the contrary, they are poor little 
 villages with wide lands attached. The few iirhabitants have evidently 
 also contriliuted but little to introduce a new culture. They have almost 
 no Connection with abroad ; roads, in the modern sense of the word, do not 
 exist, and proljably never have existed, in the Plain of Troy. This fact 
 agrees with tlie peculiarities of the soil, which nearly everywhere engenders 
 malaria. But just in proportion as a richer colonization, a more perfect 
 agriculture, and in general a greater development of the higher arts of 
 ]ieace, are rendered diflicult by tli(! soil, in the same proportion have the 
 inhabitants, tliough they are lu.i nomads, always preferred the occupation 
 of the herdsman. This is the second circumstance which explains the 
 
 ' Sfe his Lf'fture to the Anthropolngical Congress at Strassburg, Aug, 13, 1879, and his 
 Bcitni/o .:«-■ Liiak'sbnulr ,l:r Troas ; Berlin, 1879. 
 
CuAP. VII.J YIltCHUAV UN THE HOUSES OF THE TRUAU. 315 
 
 continuance of primeTal liuLits. Hurtlsmen liave slighter ]ivetensi(jus to 
 domestic settlement tlian agrieultnrists ami artisans. Tliey live niiidi 
 in tire open air ; the house is of scciuidary interest to them. - The lienls 
 of the Trojans c(jnsist, to the present day, just as Homer descrihed tlieiu, 
 of a multitude of horses, sheep, and goats. Horned cattle, and especially 
 hogs, are out of all pnipurtion rarer. But lu.irses are still lu'ed in sucli 
 multitudes, that the Homeric description of the ^Yealtl^ of laug Eriili- 
 thonius, -^yho liad 3000 mares, is still applicalile ti.i certain regions. There 
 are prohaLly in the Tmad more h(U-ses than men; it is, consequently, 
 never difficult to get a horse. 
 
 " L nder such circumstances, arid as if it were an expression of the 
 conservative disposition of the population, the ancient arcliitrrture has lieen 
 preserved. On the levelled soil the house- walls of unwriniglit quarry- 
 stones are generally built up to a little more than a man's hri^^lit. Tliese 
 walls enclose store-rooms which are used as cellars, as well as stahlcs for 
 domestic animals. Sheep and goats are not housed in such stables; for 
 the winter and very bad weather there are half-open shanties or sheds, 
 under Avhich they are driven. Even camels remain in the open air ; tliey 
 may lie seen lying in large troops in the night in the courtyards or in 
 
 the streets, and on the public places, always with those w len fastenings 
 
 on the back, on which saddle and luggage are put. Staliles are, therefore, 
 only kept tVir horses and cows, as well as somcdimes for liogs. 
 
 ■' Above this stone ground-floor is raised the storey containing the 
 haliitation, the In I iHaije proper. Its walls consist, as they consisted of 
 I lid, of clay bricks, which far exceed in size those we are accustomed 
 to see. They are largi;; quadrangular plates, sometimes a. fo(.)t in lengtli 
 and breadtli, and from 3 to dm. tlnclv ; commonly but sliglitly baked, or 
 dried in the sun. Tiie clay of which they are made has been previously, 
 and often very aluindantly, kneaded with the cuttings of straw, which are 
 obtained by the mode of threshing in use here. The clay is taken just 
 as the heavy land oilers it ; the dirt of the street, so abundant in wet 
 weatlier, is used as cement. The substance of lioth liricks ami cement 
 is, therefore, not verj^ dilfereiit ; but the one may easily lie distinguished 
 from the other by the mixture of the straw cuttings with the clay bricks. 
 These latter receive from it a lighter colour, whilst the cementing dirt 
 exhiliits a darker grey or Iduish cnhnir and a more equal '(juality. 
 
 "The enclosing walls of the courts and gardens are mad(.' m a. like 
 manner. Sometimes they consist of stones, and in that case they often 
 C(uitain fragments of ancient house or temple buildings, blocks of marlde, 
 sometimes still liearing inscriptions. But most freipieiitly tln-'}" also 
 are made of clay bricks; the top of the walls is proti'cted by a co\-er, 
 generally of a vegetable nature. On the shore sea-weed is employeil ; in 
 the neighbourhoi.id of the forest, the bark of trees; elsewhere, reeds and 
 shrubs. These court and garden walls are commonly joined to the house- 
 walls. As they are nearly always of much more than a man's height, 
 the whole presents the character of a small fortress. 
 
 "Clay walls are, of course, much exposed to destruction. Fortunately, 
 on the whole, it does not rain much -in the Troad. For comparatively 
 
oJ6 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CriY. [Chap. YII. 
 
 a loiig time tliere is dry weather, tlie effect of wliicli, liO\Yever, is iu some 
 degree Compensated l;iy tlie very coiistaut sea-wiiids. Strictly speaking, 
 there is scarcely a single wind in the Troad -which is not a sea-wind ; 
 almost all winds are wet, which circumstance makes the climate, even m 
 tlie hot days, very agreealde. The pjrevalent dry weather preserves the 
 clay Avails of the houses. They are, besides, protected l)y the wide 
 projecting roof, as well as liy the galleries which are Luilt all round 
 the h(i ('ta'je, and particularly on the west side. 
 
 "This mode of huildmg explains two things: there is no need for 
 direct access to the ground-floor; people descend into it from ahove, as 
 into an underground cellar. For this reason very commonly the stone 
 walls run on without interruption, having no other entrance than the 
 yard-gate. The access to the habitation is l)y a staircase, which leads at 
 once into the house, and onto the universal verandah or terrace, which is 
 raised upon the stnne wall at the level of the hel iHaf/<; : it is the place 
 where piart of the household work is done, and where the inmates remain 
 in the codler time of the day. 
 
 " Owing to the neglected condition of the country, one has not seldom 
 the oppiirtunity of seeing such houses in deca)' ; in fact, modern ruins. 
 Of this I saw the most striking example in Yerkassi Kioi, situated just 
 opposite to Hissarlik on the western side of the plain, which always 
 lay before our eyes as the dominating point of the landscape. There 
 is a large old castle there. I was told that it had lieen built hj an 
 Armenian ; but, though it had been arranged like a fortress, he had 
 nevertheless thought it advisable to withdraw from the unsafe country. 
 So the property had passed over for a trifle into the hands of the 
 Turkish Government. At present it is managed as a farm on behalf 
 of the Minister of AYar, or rather the chief of artillery, and partly by 
 soldiers. The consequence is that, for the most jiart, the houses have 
 been abandoned and fallen into ruins. Here, therefore, was an excellent 
 object of comparis(.in with Hissarlik. 
 
 " When it rains in the Troad, it pours in torrents. When the roof 
 of a house is destroyed, the rain gradually washes down the clay 
 bricks, and finally there remains nothing standing but the stone wall, 
 whicli ultimately also begins to collapse. The ruins of Yerkassi 
 Kioi, therefore, jiresented exactly the appearance of the excavations at 
 Hissarlik. 
 
 " In the house of the king the stone walls are proportionally high 
 and more carefully joined, but they also consist of un wrought irregular 
 quarry-stones. This material is evidently not fetched from a distance. 
 The whole ridge, on the last spur of which Hissarlik lies, consists of 
 tertiary and principally fresh-water limestone, which forms horizontal 
 strata,. These can easily 1)0 liroken into large fragments ; and such frag- 
 ments, as rud(/ as when they come from the quarry, are used in the walls 
 of the ancient cities of Hissarlik. Only the stones wdiich were required 
 for particularly important points, such aa corner-stones, have been in 
 some places a little wrought. For the rest, there is no trace of a regular 
 manipulation, or of the working of smooth surfaces, on any of these 
 
Chap. YIL] TROJAN HOUSES AND CELLARS. 317 
 
 stones. Everywhere tlie same riulo form appears, just as it is used 
 at the present day l)y the inhabitants of the Troad. 
 
 " Many of the house-^Yalls form euck)sed squares without any entrance ; 
 others have a door. Tlie former were, therefore, evidently stores, into 
 wdiich access w-as only possiLh,; from ahove ; tliat is, from the house. 
 In these more or less eellar-like recesses are the jars, which are often 
 so large that a man can stand ujiright in them without being seen, 
 and Avhicli are often ranged m rows of d or in one cellar. Many of 
 them have been dcstroyi.'d by the hilling of the houses or by the fire, 
 and only a feAV have been pri/served intact. In a few instances only 
 these jars were found partly tilled with burnt gram ; l)ut there can be 
 no doubt that all of them served for the }ireservation of food, wine, or 
 water. Those lower recesses must, therefore, be considered as store- 
 rooms, in which the inmates of the houses put all they needed for 
 their sustenance. The habitation proper w-as evidently on the Id etage, 
 and, therefore, in rooms whose walls consisted essentially of bricks. But 
 one thing remained for some time unintelligible to me. In several places 
 we found in the walls large cjuadrangular or cubical hollow i^laces, which 
 contaiired large masses of burnt matter, particularly calcined vegetables. 
 The enigma was solved wdieii I saw the internal arrangement of the 
 present houses, in which the fireside is still cstalilished in a niche of the 
 house-walls. There can, consequently, be no doubt that the firesides were 
 arranged in the same manner in the third or burnt city of Iliuin. 
 
 " But, in many places, parts of the clay brick walls form shapeless 
 masses. This has been produced in a twoh)ld manner. One part has 
 been exposed to the conflagration, and has been changed liy it in very 
 difl'erent degrees. AYe see there all the transitions from the common 
 efi'ects of fire to complete comlnistion. Most frequently the clay masses 
 have bieen fused to a glassy llux. In proportion to the vehemence of 
 the heat, the fusion has penetrated to various depths. For the most part, 
 the clav liricks have only externally a sort of surface glaze, Init sometimes 
 the interior is also vitrified, or has even become a sort in' pumice-stone, 
 like sponge, full of blisters. Finally, in many places there has occurred 
 only that little change which is ]>r(.)duced by the Iiaking of our bu'icks. 
 These burnt masses have a great extent. It is in the highest degree 
 surprising to see what piles of thein lie one upon the other. It must 
 have been a fearful conflagration which has destroyed nearly the whole 
 city. 
 
 " The other kind of change which the Ijricks have undergone has been 
 their disintegration, such as I saw in its first stage at Yerkassi Kioi. 
 When the roofs had fallen in or had been liurnt, and when the masonry 
 had been freely exposed to the influences of the atmosphere, the clay 
 bricks of the walls were gradually softened, disintegrated, and dissolved, 
 and from theirr has been essentially formed the greater part of the 
 unstratified masses of earth, which, to the wonder of all who see them, 
 have in some places accumulated to enormous masses, and have pushed 
 themselves in between the remnants of the buildings. 
 
 " In all the strata of ruins and cUhris of Ilissarlik there is found a 
 
•JIS THE TIIICD, THE BUIiNT CITY. [Chap. Yll. 
 
 laro-e mass of remnants of food. Some of these are better, others worse 
 iireserved. The best preserveil of all are the Cdnehylia. I have made, as 
 far as possible, a eomplete collection of all the species which occur, and 
 M. V(in Martens has had the kindness to identify them.'^ A glance at this 
 C(illectiou snfiices to sIkiay that the Trojans were very dainty. Tliere are 
 oysters and sea-mussels, especially oysters in such masses that whole 
 strata consist almost exchisiyely of them. This cannot astonish us. "AYe 
 must consider what a quantity of oysters is required to satisfy one's 
 hunger at a meal. Such Conchylia are found already in the Jt%)-/s of the 
 first city. I even collected some specimens near the virgin soil. The 
 Couchylia which were eaten here in antiquity are, however, generally the 
 sauK/ as those which are still eaten on the shores of the Hellespont, and 
 which we had frequently on our table. Thus Cardium especially is much 
 eaten raw; cui the banks of the Kalifatli Asmak I have seen at different 
 places will lie heaps of empty shells. They are also very plentiful in the 
 third or burnt city, and, like the oyster-shells, tliey are fir tlie most }iart 
 lilackened by the fire. I seldom f:iuiid closed shells. At all events, the 
 Cardium-shells form by far the greatest ^lart of these kitchc'ii remains. 
 But m general tlii_' oysters preponderate in the strata of all tlie pre- 
 historic cities her(_'. It is different with the fmcy shells. Apart from 
 certain ornamental shells, like Coluiubella, Troclnis, and Pectunculus, 
 Avhose shidls are perforated at the lock, like the shells in certain South 
 Euriqiean caverns, the pnrjile fish deserves particular mention. This 
 occurs more particularly in the highest stratum lielow the wall of Lysi- 
 inaehus, at a time Avlien the paiuti'd pottery was in fashion. At one place 
 I found a whole layer firmed exclusively of cut or crushed murex-shells. 
 OtherAvise they occurred liut sekhun, and always mixed up with other debris. 
 Eemains of fish are likewise extraiirdinarily abundant. Accumulations 
 of fisli-scales and small fish-ljoiies, yertebra3, &c., particularly of Percoidae, 
 firmed sometimes whole layers a hand high. I found less frequently 
 vertelirfe of very large tunny-fish and sli.irks. I was much surprised at 
 seeing tliat remains of tortoises were altogether missing. This animal 
 (according- to l[r. Peters, Tishulo iino-gi m.itii, Schopf) is so plentiful in 
 the Troail, th:it one can hardly take a step in the country without seeing 
 it. On the lianks of the rivers, in the rivers themselves, (Ui the fields 
 and lieatlis, it can lie seen in large numbers, particularly when the sun 
 slimes; and Avheii it is pairing time, there arc most ridiculous scenes, 
 particuhirlj' among rivals. Put just as the present Trojan never thinks 
 of eating tortoises uv of using their shell, so was it with his predecessors 
 ill ancient timi/s. 
 
 "The bones of higlier vertebrate animals are more abundant in the 
 ruins of Hissarlik. Of liirds there are Ijut few. Though I carefully 
 colli.'cted every Iffrd's licne tliat I nii't witli, yet I could not obtain many. 
 Tilr. ((ii:>li(d, of Halle, wIki has kindly identified them, recognized liones of 
 C'l/i'/iins ohir, Aiiser ruicnuft, and ,1. S'l/duii), as well as of a small kind of 
 Falco or Circus. These are all wild birds. I endeavoured in vain to find 
 
 ^ Soe in jiji. 114-110 the names of all the sjiccies which have been cuUeeteil by I'j-of. yirehow. 
 
Chap. YII.J RELICS OP FOOD IN THE HOUSES. 319 
 
 a bone of a domestic bird, especially of a domestic fowl. I believed 
 I could the more certainly hope to find sncli, as I saw in Mr. Calvert's 
 possession at Tliymbra (Batak), among the oljjects collected at the 
 Hanai Tepeh, an egg, which I held to fie a hen's egg. At all events, 
 I found nothing of the kind at Hissarlik. It, therefore, appears that 
 the domestic fowl was not used there. 
 
 " In moderate quantities, but in all the strata, occurred bones of 
 domesticated mammalia ; but not l;iy any means in such large cjuantities 
 that the inhabitants of the ancient cities could be credited with being 
 essentially meat-eaters. Nevertheless, there could be gathered a supply 
 of fiones large enough to give specimens of them to all the museums of 
 Europe. But as the greater part of these bones were crushed, and as it 
 was not my principal object to make osteological investigations, I have 
 brought away Avith me only a small number of bones that can lie dis- 
 tinctly identified, especially jaw-bones. From these it can be recognized 
 that the domestic animals chiefly represented here are the sheep and 
 the goat, anil next to them horned cattle. Of pigs, horses, and dogs I 
 only found traces now and then. From this it is evident that, the cat 
 excepted, all the essentially domestic animals existed, but that — as is still 
 the case in the East, and even in Greece — oxen were only slaughtered 
 exceptionally, and therefore that the meat which served for food was by 
 preference taken from sheep or goats. I do not, of course, maintain that 
 horses or dogs were eaten : their presence within the old ruins only 
 shows that the inhabitants did not take the trouble to throw the carcases 
 out of the city. 
 
 " Of wild mammalia, I found bones of stags and hares. Horns cf 
 fallow-deer and boar-tusks have been collected in large numbers. 
 Generally speaking, the study of the animal matter which I collected in 
 the strata of Hissarlik proves the stability of the Trojan manner of 
 life with reference to the culture of husbandry. To the present day, 
 as has been already stated, herds of sheep and goats, next to those of 
 horses and horned cattle, form the chief wealth of the Trojans. Camels 
 and buffaloes were probably introduced at a later period ; but they are 
 still possessed only by the more wealthy, Avliilst the common peasant does 
 without them. 
 
 "From the bones were made cjuantities of small instruments, especially 
 scrapers, av,ds, and needles. But their forms are so trivial, tlnit they 
 might belong with equal right to any pre-historic settlement. Nothing 
 could be more easy than to pick out from the ruins of these ancient 
 cities a collection of lione and stone instruments, which, if they were 
 found alone, would suffice to allot to those strata a jdace among the 
 beginnings of civilization. 
 
 " But the vegetable food found along with them, and that in a sur- 
 prising quantity, proves to us that even the most ancient layers belong to 
 a settled, that is, an agricultural population. Especially in the third, the 
 burnt city, there are found in some places very large quantities of burnt 
 grain, Avhole coherent layers, partly in their original positiiui, but fre- 
 quently in such a manner as to make it evident that, in the breaking 
 
;;20 THE THIED, THE BUENT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 down of the Liulilinss, the p;i'aiii fell from higher phiees into lower. Thus, 
 the hottom of some of the holes, resemhliiig firephices, was especially 
 covered with large layers of carbonized gram. Among this grain the 
 most abundant is wheat, of which very large (quantities could have been 
 o'iithcred. Tlie grains of it are so small that it comes very near to 
 rve.'' Much more rarely, but in several places at some distance from each 
 other, I found m the l)urnt city, in small quantities, but also in heaps, a 
 leguminous plant, whose calcined, roundish, angular grains reminded me 
 somewhat of pease. But Dr. Wittnnrck has determined them to belong 
 to the bitter vetch (Errnin Ervilia, L.). Hence may be decided the old 
 question of the signification of the word ipil3tv6o-;. Manifestly the first 
 two syllaldes correspond to Erviiiii. Certainly the words Ei-hse ('pease ') 
 and opo/So^ (' chick pease ') '" belong to the same family of languages, but 
 at an eaily epoch a certain distinction had been established in their 
 employment, and the pease proper ought to be excluded from the ancient 
 Troj an agriculture . ' ' 
 
 rust-ljrown Japplos (in German, Sdtattininif) 
 arc also frctjuent on pure L. sat. albus. 
 
 "7. Arena oricniaJis ^^ flrira^ Kornicke, brown- 
 yclluw oats, llixed with tliis : 1, barley; 2, 
 rve ; :"■>, L'^^h.nn tr^wJciUxni L. ; 4, one single 
 very small wln/at-grain, of Trlticum sativum 
 1..; f], one single largin- (eviscerated) grain of 
 Tr. Oiinnu I.icsf. ; ij, a grain of B:-uinns 
 srcali'iius L. ? ; 7, a frmt of Alvjuvunis ; 8, a 
 fruit of Anc/iusa sp., belonging to the seetion 
 Lihjhissviii — perhaps A. Italica Ketz, perhaps 
 A. JJamh'cr! I). C, the granulation of the 
 little nut being missing; 'J, a fruit of .-l?si- 
 acarinii sp. 
 
 " S. Sor>jJiViil vid<ia)-<:, Pers. Ihfrrlia^ millet 
 of Mauritania, white {Aiulrupojun S<jr<jhum 
 al<:inn. Alrf.M). 
 
 '' '.I. Yello\\' maize (Indian corn), with 1-i 
 lines or rows, Z,-a, Mai/s autuuiualis Alef. ; 
 clubs 21-i eentinii;tres (nearly lU in.) long; 
 Ijelow the rows are irregular, and the diameter 
 is there G centimetres (2^1, in.), above 3 '7 centi- 
 mt-tres (nearly li in.) ; grains for the most 
 part very regular, somewhat flatly pressed. 
 
 '■ 10. lied maize, with 14. lines nr rows, Zi'a 
 liLiijx riii'i-a. Lonaf. : clubs shorter than the 
 forme)-, loi centimetres (6'; in.) b-ug ; tln^ upper 
 end for lA centiinetres (? in.) naked ; diameter, 
 below ■j-;).5 centimt'tres (^y^.^'^ in.), above o'l 
 centimietres (lyfiJ^ in.). 
 
 '' 11. O'l^si/fu'inn I/crharc!(m L., cotton. 
 ^^ yi.^ JlonJiinil Tulijarc L., ijcmuivrnl Alef., 
 barlev, with 4 lines. With it: 1, the above- 
 menti<ine 1 oats (Xo. 7) in some grains ; 2, 
 " .'i. t'ev/- arirliivim L., alhiiin Alef., chick- ,Siji.a/iis arcrnsis L., Ackersi-nf ; '■'•. TrUicum 
 Jie:!, white. Jnrinn, a grain; 4, (.'uron'Ifa, sp. ; 5, several 
 
 " b. Lalhijri'a satiriis L., chickling-vetch; other weed-seeds (three grains). 
 wliite, with more or less rust-coloin-cd dapples " Among these seeds the jiease as well as the 
 
 (m * li-rriian, .se//er/,'cu), which jii'oceed Ij-om the vetcii are missing. <"hi tluj other hand, the 7w'/;///o, 
 navel, and cover, in some cases, the whole seed- is I'cpresenteil, \\'hich Avas also fciunil in the burnt 
 corn. It tlius sliows the transition fmm L. sat. city. The probability that fpefiipBos is to be 
 albus Alef. to L. sat. cAaralu.s Alef. ; but the interpreted as ' p)ease ' would be somewhat 
 
 » Dr. AVittma. 
 
 k prauatssalirPt ,bs Vcrrins 
 
 zvr ]::ior,t, ru.iu] 
 
 bs I'ua-tcnbaurs ill 'ivn Ki}ni[jl. 
 
 prcussisclira >ta 
 
 tci. (Jetnlier 1S7'J) has e.va- 
 
 mined this wheat 
 
 and recognized in it a parti- 
 
 ciilar variety, vdi 
 
 ch he calls " Tritieum durnm, 
 
 var. trojaniioi." 
 
 
 " \'ictor llehn. 
 
 Ii:iltiirj,j!aur.rn uiij Jlanstliiero 
 
 ,« ,/„v„i 1 ','•,,■, ya, 
 
 / aa^ Asicn narji i! ricchi:ii.la.nd 
 
 ,/„J nalir,,. s..,r,c 
 
 iu (Mas iibriijc Eurajia ; licrlin, 
 
 1S74. p. 1^7. 
 
 
 " In the .V|-pcn 
 
 ii.\ to bis Fcitrlcac r:nr Laiales- 
 
 /anulj 'ler T,<,a.s 1 
 
 rof. \'ii'ehow pro^-es, how(;\-er, 
 
 that pease (Erbs: 
 
 //) really existed at Troy. I 
 
 eive here a litera 
 
 1 translation of the wh.de Ap- 
 
 piui'li.\. as it cent 
 
 lins a great dcsd of interesting 
 
 iiifnrioatioo : — 
 
 
 ■■ Seinewh.at bit 
 
 ' tliere Iri^ arrived here a ]iareel 
 
 of seeds Irom the 
 
 Troad, which I had ordered in 
 
 order to com})ar 
 
 .' tb.eni with the- carliolli/.ed 
 
 see. Is i,{ the /.»,■„ 
 
 f city :d His,arlik. lir. Witt- 
 
 mack has liad tli 
 
 kindni'ss to determine them. 
 
 I add here a .-pc.-i 
 
 icatieii of thran. 
 
 " 1. Errinil Er 
 
 ■i/ia L., Erri/ir, lentil-vetch. 
 
 '■2. Iln/:,-hnS 1 
 
 irbn,„jJ:t/,al:uus ]>. (.'., lihodi- 
 
 evcil long be;in. 
 
 
 "":;. Pha.rnlns 
 
 "bjaris a/bus Haberle, common 
 
 v.hite bean, of 1 
 
 arious sizes, nd.xi'd witli some 
 
 Fh. rub,. .,la,a:.n 
 
 /e.5 Al.d'. (/'/,. .-Iliplb'NS ,IM,-- 
 
 tlaist'iius. v. JIa 
 
 ■/.), sniiie /'/,, mil/. vrhrariUS 
 
 Sa^d, and oni^ /'//. 
 
 uiij. Fanlis ,:ar,u'US, v. Mart. 
 
 (ligllt-colnuveil ]i: 
 
 iither-be:in). (Transitions h'^- 
 
 'jucidly ociiir with bc^aiis.) 
 
 -4." IVe,;, Fab 
 
 i L., hog's bean, for the most 
 
 part \-ery large. 
 
 
Chap. VII.] THE PEOrj.E AVE RE AGrJCULTUKAL. 321 
 
 "The very poetical passage in tlie lliiu^,^ in wliicli epel3ivdoi. are nien- 
 tioneil, in a nietapL(.)r talien frDin the process of fainiinL;-, names botli tliis 
 vegetalile and the l^ean : ' As from a Ijroad fan on a hirge threshing-floor 
 black-skinned beans or pease leap forth, driven by a shrill wind and 
 by the winnower's power.' The ' l)hudi-skinned ' bean is the hog's Ijean 
 {Yieia Fahii, L.),- \Yhich is still cultivated in the Troad as one of the 
 most common products of the soil. I collected an abundaiic(^ of carbonized 
 1 leans in different parts of the Ijuriit city, and, in particular, very well 
 preserved ones in a place immediately liefore the city wall, to the left of 
 the gate ; whether it were that a Iniilding had hdleil over the wall, or 
 that the beans bidouged to a still iiKire ancient ejioch. 
 
 '• It is certainly absolutely necessary that the two kinds of testimonies, 
 of which I am treating here, should be rigorously distinguishc(l. It is self- 
 evident that the testimony cd' the Hiad proves mjfhing directly for the 
 culture of a vegetable liy the inhalutants of ancient Ilium, and least of all 
 in a metaphor, the prototype of vidiich maj^ very w(dl have lieen taken 
 from Greece. (Jn the other hand, the testiirrony of tin,' carbonized seed is 
 a positive one. AYhether the (dd fortress were called Ilium or not, Ave 
 now know nruhuilitedly that vrheat, beans, and erva were cultivated in the 
 plain, before the great conflagration destroyed the whoh.' citv. "We know 
 this with the same certainty as we now know that shee}) and goats, 
 horned cattle, hogs and horses, were already at that time pastured in the 
 Troad ; that hares," stags and fallow-deer, geese and swans, were at that 
 time hunted. "Whether the agreement of the poem with the real con- 
 dition of the Troad, as it Avas preserved for a long time afterAvards, and 
 partly up to the present day, is to be rated higher or loAver, I leave to 
 the judgment of philologists. For the historian of human progress these 
 testimonies may at all events have some importance. 
 
 " With regard to the social condition of the ancient population, we 
 have now the certainty : first, that they were agriculturists, AAdrich agrees 
 Avith the Honreric representations ; secondly, that to a large extent 
 they busied themselves with the breeding of cattle and fishing: tliis 
 latter industry they carried on, not only in the rivers, but more particu- 
 larly in the sea, and from both sources they derived rich results. For 
 
 strentjtheneJ by this, if the last parcel from djctoi-y sense, ami tlie wurd ought to be referred 
 
 Hissarlik had ' not contained also carbonized ti. the pease. 
 
 .seeds AVhen tliese "niins came before me, 1 " .At all events tlo. old botanical dispute as to 
 
 lodd them at once to be pease. (Zcitsrh: fiir the knowledge, of the pease by the ancients has 
 
 a/,»,o%/e, 1879, vol. xi. ; Vrr/,.ni<ll"„:ici, .In- now been ddiuitely dr/cided. Amung the car 
 
 Mthrop. Geseltschaft, p. .5n.) But the small bnn.zed seeds frmn Hissarlik ther.^ oe,airr<.d, 
 
 samples of burnt seeds which I had brought b,..ides. e.^perially hog's be.ans and Tntn.un 
 
 with me seemed to cnntradict this inter|.reta- •/'"'»„,, whereas, strange to say, barley has not 
 
 tion, because Dr. Wittmack recognized only been found." 
 
 Ermua EniiUa L., and perhaps Lathnrus Cl.-rn,. > //. y-m. ^m^WM: 
 
 L. By the last parcel mily has Dr. Wittmack &s S" St' i.-u)j nAario! tttccJ;!,' ,.(e7aAr)r icar 
 
 become convinced tliat /'isum saticum L. abun- aAM-/)i/ 
 
 dantly exists. It r'aii, therefore, be considered BpuiaKmaiv Kvaixoi /.ifXapixpo" !) spf'/Jij-eoi 
 
 miw as firmly e.^tabii,~h^-d, tlmt the pease was tvolt, vtto Kiyupfj iw.l \uii.ri,Tijpos (pwfi . . . 
 
 already in use in the l„„-nt rit,/, If not earlier ^ Hehn, p. 4.s.i>. 
 
 in the Tnxid- Conse'iuentlv the interpretatiun "//.,■;. .561 : 
 
 of ipiffLuBos ought to be made in the contra- ^ K^ixih' ije \e.yoihv . . . 
 
 V 
 
322 THE THH;D, the BUPlXT city. [Chap. VII. 
 
 reasons easily to lie cunccived, fishing is not mentioned in tlie Iliad: if 
 the coast was ocenpied liy the Achaeans, it became impossiLIe. Much 
 more copious is the information of the Iliad as to the jjastoral life of 
 tlie ancient Trojans : the king himself had his principal wealth in the 
 hi'rds Avhich his sons tended. In the main this condition has not changed 
 much, dnwn to the present day. The population still consists half of 
 ai;-ncnlturists, the other half of herdsmen; and fishing is carried on 
 with success in the Hellespont, as well as in the Aegean Sea." 
 
 The late Staff-surgeon Edward L. Moss — who, as I have said, fre- 
 quently gave me the pleasure of his cempany at Hissarlik in October and 
 Xiiveiuljcr InTS, and Avho for a great many days studied the osteology of 
 this most rernarkalde third or luirnt city — sent me the following highly 
 interesting information from (m Imard the ill-fated Ataluida, under date 
 of 5th Niivemlier, 1879: — "I cannot leave England without sending you 
 a note aliont the bones I collected from the 'burnt layers' with my own 
 hands, and which, by-the-bye, so nearly lu-ought me to grief in the 
 Scamander.* Since the animals are well known, I give the popular 
 names : moreover, the bones are too much burnt and broken to make very 
 certain of variety or species. Jlany of the liones are marked by sharp- 
 cutting instruments, especially near their articular extremities, as if the 
 carver had missed the joint. Others have been gnawed by dogs. The 
 shin-bone of a deer has been used as a handle for si:)me tool, is bored 
 and notidied at the lower end to receive a flint or bronze head, and is 
 murh worn l)y the hand. The marrow-l)ones arc all broken open. The 
 liones represent : — - 
 
 '' l)d' : a small deiu'-like species, probably ' longifrons : ' — deer; there 
 are sc'veral cast antlers of red deer with the tip of the lu'ow-tine sawn off; 
 liones are uumi'rous : — (/oat: — i^Jieep: — /'/'/; more abundant than any 
 other liones; the large proportion of ren/ i/(inni/ animals points to 
 domestication; bones and tusks of large l>oars were common: — dor/ ; part 
 of tlie skull and paw: — lieasd : a skull: — hirds are represented by the 
 tiljia of a Teal and wiiiL^-bniies of a Wader. 
 
 " Fi»h ; vcrtebrfo of Tunny, and of a small bony fish ; also vertebrae of 
 a large cartilaginous fish, and palate teeth of a Eay. 
 
 " The moliusca include almost all the kinds now used for food in the 
 Levant : — cockles : — oyslers : — m^issel : — scaMop : — lim^iet : — ra:Mr sitell : — 
 ivhelJ;. There is, in addition, a fragment of a Trochus; one or two 
 specimens of a. C'l^ritJiiiim vidr/atum ; and a Columhella rustica ; the latter 
 bored as if to string it. 
 
 ^ Tlv Srjiiian'icr iHinrr sniMeiily swollnn liv thn best swimmer in tlio wnvld could swim 
 
 the hfiivyi'.iin iliirini; lir. ilnss's visit at llissiirlik, tlin'iir;li it. lam a gnnil swimmev mysi'lf, Init 
 
 ■he had, nn his iPturii, a \-ery iiarniw escajir-. ilis fallal t(i crn^s even tht- .Idrdan at I'^aster 1859, 
 
 hnrsf liaviiiu Inst its Iniitiii-. Ill' ahaiidmu'd the thi.ui^hthis latter ri\a_T is hardly half as bisiad 
 
 :n al III onlrr that il iiii;4lit r.diirii t.i 1 1 is.-arlik, as the Scamaiider, while its c\irrent is less r.apid. 
 
 ■iiid, being an exi'ellent swiniiiier, he swam Alter ha\-ine; esca])eil tlinusands i.if ilaneers in 
 
 Ihr'eigh the tnrrent-like ja\iT and went nu the ^Vretie seas, and after having niiraeulously 
 
 fnnt til I'.rsil:a I'.a)'. \\dine\ay has sei-n the saved himself from the .Scamander, it was des- 
 
 swolbn Sraiiiandir with its jiowi-rfiil riinrnt tincd for Dr. Moss to perish in the .?Ua/c(H(a. 
 will wonder how it was ever pussible that im-ou 
 
Chap. VII.] BONES OF UNBOKN CHILDEEW. 323 
 
 " I saw no human bones except tliose of an nnl)orn c-hiLl of about six 
 months lying in an earthen pot, on a quantity of much-charred fragments 
 of otlier bones." 
 
 Having submitted to Professor AV. H. Fhiwer, of tlic EoA-al Ci.illege of 
 Surgeons of Enghind, eight vertebra3 of fish found liy nu' in the tliird 
 or burnt city, for identification, he dechircs one of tlieni to lie the caudal 
 vertebra of Delphi )ins JDelphis, the common Dolphin of tlie Mediterranean; 
 two others he finds to be the dorsal vertehr.v of the Tunny (TJiynims 
 vulgaris) ; and five he recognized to be the vertebras of a small species 
 of 'Sharh. 
 
 A very curious petrified l)one, found in the "burnt citv," was sub- 
 mitted by me to Mr. AVm. Davies, of the Fossil Department of the British 
 Museum, who writes to me on the suliject as follows : — 
 
 " The fossil bone submitted to me for examination is a middle caudal 
 vertebra of an extinct Cetacean, allied to the Delphiiiidae or Dolphin 
 family. It is cmiipletely mineralized, and was probably obtained by its 
 ancient owner from a Miocene tertiary deposit, either in the Troad or in 
 Greece. Fossil remains were oltjects of attraction to pre-historic man, as 
 they are occasionally found — the smaller forms frequently perforated for 
 ornamental wear — associated with lioue and flint implements, in caves and 
 Lake-dwellings, though not always derived from deposits in the imme- 
 diate locality of such dwellings," 
 
 As Dr. Moss mentions in his letter the embryo (diild whose bones 
 he saw in my possession, I may here saj' that I fViuiid Im'shIi/s it, and also 
 liesides the one discovered in an urn on the virgin soil (see p. 227), the 
 bones of two more embryo children, Ijoth together with ashes on the 
 Ijottoin of fractured jars. It appears wonderful that th(! l)odies of these 
 unborn children should have been preserved, whilst all other bodies were 
 burnt. In the opinion of Prof. Aretaeos, who kindly recomposed the 
 first skeleton of the embryo (as I have said before), its presence in an urn 
 fiUi'd with human ashes can only lie explained liy supposing that, the 
 mother having died from the eft'cct of her miscarriage, her body was 
 burnt and her ashes put into a funeral urn, into whicli the unburnt body 
 of the embryo was alsfi thrown. Put if tins occurred m tlie case of the 
 embryo found in the first city, may we not suppose that it was a custom 
 so general in high antiquity as to survive the first two cities, and to be 
 still practised liy tlie mhalntants of the third city? 
 
 As I have before mentioned,^ liesides, the large street, whicli leads from 
 the plain to the gate, I brought to light only one more street, or rather 
 lane; it is 1-20 in. = 4 ft. Ijroad, and paved with large flags of limestone." 
 Visitors will easily find it on the east side of my great northern trench. 
 There is, besides, a passage only 2 ft. broad between the Trojan houses, 
 running off' at right angles from the street d to the N.]*! 
 
 Among the many problems which the rums of the Imrnt city present, 
 there is one which has puzzled us very much indeed. It is the shape of 
 a large quadrangular chest, which is most distinctly seen in the more 
 
 5 See p. bi. " This street is marked d on Plan I. (of Troy). 
 
324 THE TIIIKD, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. A-II. 
 
 ndrtlic'ilv nf tin' two Irtvgo lilucks of (Irlris wliicli mark the origiiiiJ 
 liciglit 111' tlic liill lirl'di-c my excavutidiis, on the east side of my great 
 ccutfal troich, uiiil wliose height is indicated as 8 metres.' It contains 
 at its hottdiu ii hirge (|uantity of carlioiiized grain; the rest of the chest- 
 like quadrannnihir spare being filled with ashes and liricks, which have 
 evideiitlv f ill-n from ahove. The shape of the chest is distinctly marked 
 hy lines of cliarcoal. Now the most i'ml)arrassing thing is, that the layers 
 of grain and di-hris in the (diest continue, for some distance outside of it, 
 witli no otlier interrnption than the carbonized lines. On carefully 
 exanuning tlie lines of charcoal, JI. Burnouf found the matter to consist 
 of a l)nrut texture, iirobably' of reed, and he recognized on either side of it 
 a layer of earth vitrified liy the conflagration. 
 
 M. Burnouf noAV writes to me that he finds the following in the work 
 of Xavier Eaymond on Af'^hanistan : — "The grain is shut up in large 
 baskets placed on wooden feet, and coated over with earth, to preserve 
 it from the contact of the air, and to protect it against humidity; it is 
 also preserved in largi/ jars of raw earth, and in Ijags of camel's hair." 
 M. Burnouf thinks tliat this act-ount of X. Biaymoiid might explain 
 the aliove enigma. I admit that it must indeed have been a large 
 basket in the form of a chest, coated outside and inside with earth, but 
 I do not understand how this can exjilain the existence of the same strata 
 of grain and (]rhris outside and inside of the chest! 
 
 By far the most remarkable of all tlie houses which I have brought to 
 light 111 the third, the liurnt city, is nndouljtedly the mansion immediately 
 to tlie north-west of the gate, wluch I attribute to the town-chief or king: 
 first, because this is by hir the largest house of all; and secondly, because, 
 as before stated, I found m or close to it nine out (jf the teir treasures 
 which were discovered, as well as a very large C|uantity of pottery, which, 
 tliough Avithoiit painting and of the same forms as that fmind elsewhere, 
 Avas distiiiijaiished, generally speaking, by its fabric. A good view of 
 tlds royal mansion is given in the engraving Ko. 188, from a drawing 
 made by my late lamented friend jDr. Edivard Moss in November 187S, 
 when tlie buildings in the foreground, w'hitdi ajipear to be its depen- 
 dencies, had not yet bi-e'n excavated. .Just in front of the entrance to 
 the chief or king's mansion is an open jilace : this is the only open place 
 in the toAvn, and may therefo)-e have lieen the Agora. This would agree 
 witli Homi.T, wdio tells us that the Trojans, young and old, were assembled 
 111 the Agora before tlie king's doors. '^ In another passage the poet tells 
 us that the Trojans ludd a tumultnons and stormy Agora liefore the king' 
 door in the Acrojiolis of Ilium.'' 
 
 '\A'liat the reader sees ol' the town-chief's niaiisioir in the eirgraving are 
 merely the walls of the ground-floor, 4 ft. 4 in. high on the average, which 
 consist of small uncut stones joined with earth, and also (as M. Burnouf 
 finds), " with ashes containing (diarcoal, shidls, fragments of pottery, and 
 
 ' S-.r Plan in.. Srrtiun .\-T. » //. vii. :U."i, ?AC,: 
 
 //. 11. 7SS, 7S1I : Tpu'ccy ain' ayop^t] -yeVer' 'lAi'ou eV TruAei aKpTj^ 
 
 in 5 ayopas ay6p€voy eVl Tlpio.jj.oio dvprjffiv h^iv'i) nerp-rix'J^o.y Tvapa Uptd/j-oto Ovpriuiv. 
 
 S 
 
Chap. TIL] 
 
 THE ROYAL HOUSE. 
 
 .325 
 
 broken bones ; with bnek-mattor mixed with o-rey eartb, and with a ma,jmn 
 of yellow earth and ashes. There are also m these house- walls fragments of 
 bricks, more or less baked, as well as fragments of large jars supplying 
 
 f] 
 
 sometimes the place of stones (in the second and thii-d walls). Tlie base 
 of the walls is composed of small clay cakes, yellow eartli, grey or brown 
 
326 THE THUIP, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 or l)lack a-rilies, and fra,ii;ments of bricks laid in all directions. There are 
 also lari^'c pieces <ifcliarciial, marking the place of the beams of which the 
 fltior seems to have consisted. 
 
 " The coatings of the walls are composed of the same magma as the 
 matter with winch the stones are joined. The finest coatings are 
 snidothed, not with a trowel, but with a sort of whitish-yellow clay-milk, 
 which has left a layer as thick as }iaper ; there are coatings of two or 
 thii'c snch la.yers. This piiintiinj, if we may call it so, follows all the 
 smuositu's of the coating, which itself follows those of the wall. This 
 clay-milk has not a uniform colour; it borrows its colour from the ground 
 which it covers ; it consequently seems to have been made simply with 
 water, with which the surface of the coating has repeatedly been washed. 
 
 " The coatings which are less fine (second chamber) are composed of 
 the sauii.' materials, mixed with straw, of which the projections and the 
 hollows may be seen on the surface of the coating. This process is still 
 in use in the country. 
 
 " The walls of this house have not been built on a burnt soil, but 
 have themselves been exposed to an intense heat in the great conflagra- 
 tion. The lilack vapour of the intense heat has here and there penetrated 
 far into them, particularly in the lower part." 
 
 In the absence of cellars, this ground-floor served as a store-room. A 
 similar ]iractice of using the ground-floor as a store-room appears to have 
 existed at the time (jf Homer, for we see in the Iliad"' that Hecuba 
 descends to the store-ro(un, Avhere the skilfully embroidered vestures were 
 stored. Had the store-room been on the iioor inhaliited by the family, 
 the poet would not have said that the queen descended. If asked : — Is 
 this Priam's palace as described by Homer — " But when he came to 
 Priam's splendid house, adorned with polished cm-ridors, in which were 
 fifty chambers built of polished stone, all side by side. There the sons 
 of Priam slept with their wedded wives. Facing these on the other side 
 of the court within were built twelve covered chambers, side by side, of 
 polished stone. There the sous-in-law of Pria.m slept beside their chaste 
 wives:"' — I Would answer with the verse of Virgil, 
 
 *'' Si parva licet componere inagnis." - 
 
 But Homer can never have seen the Troy whose tragic fate he describes, 
 because at his time, and probably ages liefore his time, the city he 
 glorifies was buried lieiieatli mountains of dehris. In his time public 
 edifices, and prol)ii,bly also royal mansions, were l)uilt of polished stones; 
 he therefore attriliutes the same architecture to Priam's mansion, magni- 
 fying it with poetic licence. 
 
 ^° vi. 288, 289: irAT^m'ni aWi'lKoiv SeS^Tj^eVoi' ^vQa 5e 7ra?5es 
 
 avT'q 5' i'EKO.li'r]) es t^dkafj.ol' i(aT(fi-qT€TO K-qiJaVTa., tici/xwi'TO Tlpidl-LOLO irapa ^vriffrys aX^xoiffiv. 
 
 ivi}' ^aap 01 TrewAOL TTa/xTTOiKLXuL, ifiyo. yuiJaiK- Koupdu^y 5' €T€pwBev ivaVTioi evdoO^v au/\TJs 
 
 ivf . . . 6w56k' iiray T^yeoi ddXajxoL ^e<TTo'io \i9oio^ 
 
 ' JL y\. 24-2-250; TrK-qa'un aA\'i]A-wf Se5^T7^eVor ^y6a 5e yajxfipoi 
 
 ct/A' (jTe 01] Wpiafxoio h6f.iOv TrepafaAAe" ucacet', KoipiOjVTo Wpidixoio -nap' alhoiriS a.\6xOi(yiP. 
 ^irTTTi', ajf>i<viTi)<Ti T^rvyp.ii'oi^ — OA'Tap er ainip ■ in\irijic. iv. 17G. 
 
 ttej'ttJkoi't' tVecctf ddXauui ^<L(no7o \idoLo^ 
 
Chap. YII.] THE ROOMS OP THE MAXSION. 327 
 
 This building has towards the is,nte a corridor 40 ft. 8 m. hmg by fj ft. 
 wide, h'iidiug t(.) a chamber only 7 ft. (J iii. long Ijy 4 ft. in. broad, 
 in which the ingeiiKins Dr. Moss discovered a gutter of hemispherical 
 form ; this room is nearly filled up by a huge jar 5 ft. (J m. high and 
 4 ft. 6 m. broad m the body. Ly a doorway only 1ft. 10 nn- wide, 
 this chamber communicates with another and larger one, which is 
 ll^tt. 3.', m. long and 7 ft. 4 m. broad, and enntaius three immense jars of 
 precisely the same size as that just referred to, and a somewhat smaller 
 one: the pottery of the jars is upwards of 2 m. thick. From this room 
 we enter by a doorway, oft. 2 in. Avidc, mto a largi-r one, which runs 
 parallel w-ith the aforesaid corridor, and is 24 ft. 4 in. long and 1214. 
 broad, and leads to another chamlicr 1(1 ft. long and S ft. broad. This is 
 the best preserved part of the mansion, to which — as above said — must 
 also belong the buildings which separate it from the northern part of the 
 great wall. 
 
 This large house, as well as its dependencies to the north, was lurried 
 9 and 10 ft. dei.'p in mounds of bricks and yidlow wood-ashes, which 
 cannot l)ut lielong t(.) the walls of the upper st<.>reys, and go far to prove 
 that these luiildings had many upper floors and were perhajis five oi 
 six storeys high. I therefore do not see any reason why the mansion, 
 with its dependencies, may not have had even more than lUO rooms, 
 smaller or larger. 
 
 The bricks are nearly all broken ; I secured, however, some entire 
 ones, wdiich are 2 ft. Lmg, 1 ft. o in. broad, and 3^ in. thick, and which have 
 been converted by the conflagration into a sort of baked brick. Lut far 
 from rendering them more solid, the intense heat has made them for 
 the most part very fragile, and it has more or less vitrified a vast number 
 of them. 
 
 As I have said before, in several directions beneath the royal mansion 
 we see the walls of a much mi:ir(,' ancient house, which we cannot but 
 ascribe to the second city erected on this sacn.'d site, because all the 
 fragments of pottery which we find in the chambers of this ancient 
 mansion, immediately below the stratum of tlie third or Inirnt city, have 
 on both sides that peculiar lustrous red, black, or lirown colour, wdnch is 
 no longer found in the layers <.if the third or of the following cities. 
 
 One of the most curious ofijects ever found m my excavations is 
 undoubtedly a distaff, 11 m. long, around wdiich is wound lengthwise a 
 large quantity of woollen thread, as black as coal, evidently from being 
 charred. I discovered it in the royal mansion at a depth of 2S ft. below 
 the surface. According to Dr. Moss, the wood of the distaff was the stem 
 of a very young tree. 
 
 As a general rule, I may say that the stratum of this third, the burnt 
 city, begins at a depth of from 22 to 23 ft., and reaches down to a depth 
 of from 30 to 33 ft. But there are exceptions ; as, for exam})le, imme- 
 diately outside the city, on the north-east side of the city wall,'' we 
 brought to light, at a depth of only 12 to 13 ft., a great many buildings 
 
 See Plan I. (of Troy), c^ e, N N, n a. 
 
328 THE THIED, THE BUFtNT CITY. [Chap. A^I. 
 
 wliicli OTideiitly lirliiiif:;('(l to a snbnrli, Tlio enormons massoR of caleinefl 
 matter and partly vitrified bricks, mth which the stone ground-floors cf 
 tlie houses were filled; as well as the pottery, all of which hore marks of 
 the co]iflaL;-ration : and hnally a treasure of gold ornaments, which was 
 found tlit-re at tin"' di'ptli of loft, mi a house-wall, and which in quality 
 and faluic porfectlv agrees with tlie gold ornaments found in nine different 
 idaees in or near tlio roA^al mansion ; — all these facts leave no doubt that a 
 snTiurb extended on that side. This suliurb seems to have been inhabited 
 l)y poor ])ei-)ple, for tlie scarcity (if objects found there is remarkable. On 
 tlic rums cif these burnt liuildings of the sulnirb are superimposed the 
 buildings of the succeeding town, on which follow abruptly the vast 
 substructions of the Hrdlenic city. Under the temple of Athene, of which 
 sevei'al walls may be si/eii in Plan TV. (Section Z-Z, under the letter 
 u), tlie ruins and di'^hris (>f the luirnt city follow almost aln'uptly below 
 these Avails; a fact of which visitors will have no difficulty in convincing 
 themselves. As tiefore stated, we find it difficult to explain this otherwise 
 than by supposing that the site where this temple stood was once much 
 higlier, and that it had been artificially levelled to build the edifice. 
 
 I also repeat here tliat all the peoples who succeeded each other on 
 nissarlik were in tlie lial)it of shooting a great part of their rubbish and 
 Ji'hj-/s from tlie slopes id' the hill, partly perhaps merely to get rid of them, 
 partly to extend flie site fir building upon. Besides, in the great confla- 
 gration large masses ni crumlding bricks and other ruins must have fallen 
 from tlie t>iml)ling towi'rs or Ikuiscs with which the walls were sur- 
 mounted, and perhaps still larger masses of drhris of the burnt city were 
 sl)(d. on tlie slope by tlie new settlers. For all these reasons the ruins and 
 ilrhris of the third, tlie burnt city, extend for some distance, and sometimes 
 ibr more than (id ft. lieyoiid its walls. But the quantity (d' di-iiris and 
 rulilush sliot on file slo]ie )"iy the people of tlie four sulisei|ueiit towns, and 
 consequently the iii(-rease in width of the hill of Hissarlik, has been so 
 enormous, that even if we sank a shaft 100 ft. deep on tlie firink of the 
 present north-eastern, northern, or north-western slope, we should find no 
 ilrliris at all of the Imrnt city ; nay, we should prolialdy find there nothing 
 (dse than dSjris and ruins of the upper or Hellenic city. I cannot, I 
 flunk, illustrate this better than by the accompanying engraving No. 189, 
 
 
 
 
 ,.if-^.'<'^/./^ - — — ~ 1 ^^^ ^\ 
 
 ^,.-- 
 
 „''" ■'/,, --^ -^%^ ■--_- _ i?,- ^;|^---» o <S 00=../^ rr,c^ 
 
 ■'^'" '■■' ^' "' "f il'^iris r: "f I'lin I. i"l Troy), foimirg llir o.-isl si,]o nrihe trrr-nt iini-ilir,-,, ii-pnrli. Tliis engravins 
 
 rr|,if jchis il.., wr-t M,lc. A iiMi ks Him iHcspnt ^lop^ (if 111.' hill. Tho layers of >///./ is t.i llir Ifft appear to date 
 
 I"'" .oii,lriiOi.,n orilir in.nhlr I, niple. The iipiiT hmisr-walls, as well as Hiosc mar tlic Bln],e, likem Ise 
 
 l-l.iiiK I" .N'oviiiii lliinii. 1 hrsi' nalK liavc givoii wav iKM^'r til.' lateral pressure ol I. lie ilibn's. The stones in 
 I he i,ial,lleapp-ar lo h.avr hnieil III.. Hoor or a large mom. 
 
 which represents flic mnund of r/r/ovs (c on Plan I., of Troy), whitdi 
 Yisitoi's sei;' to the east in entering my great trench from the north. 
 
Chap. VII.] POT'l'EliY, CHIEFLY HAND-MADE. 320 
 
 A marks tlie slope to tlie nortli. The whole np]ier portion of this jrionnd 
 as well as the upper walls and the layers indicated hy slantintf lines, 
 ?ontaiu ruins and Jrliris nf the Hellenic time. Then folhiw in the lowest 
 layers of debris to the rigdit, frag-ments of honse-w'alls of the latest pre- 
 historic city. There are m tins nionnd no remains of the fourth or the 
 third, the burnt city: to find these latter we should have to dig down at 
 the right-hand corner, probahly for 10 ft. or 20 ft. more. Thus it is not 
 always by the depth that we can determine what belongs to the one or to 
 the other city ; for Hellenic figurines, wliiidi occur on the mound close to 
 the surface, may lie found on the slopes at a depth of lOO ft. l>ut with 
 the exception of the site of the temple of Athene, the layers of dthris 
 wiTHix the city walls succeed each other regularly ; and if Ave take as a 
 standard the appearance, shape, and faliric of the jiottery fijund there in 
 the stratum of the third, the liurnt city, at a depth of from 22 to o.3 ft., 
 we may easily discover what of the pottery, found elsewhere in a greater 
 or a lesser depth, belongs to this same city. I say we may judge from 
 its appearance, because the piottery which has sustained the intense heat 
 of the conflagration bears the most distinct marks of it and can at once 
 be recognized. 
 
 The pottery of this third city is nearly all hand-made, and, having been 
 baked at an open fire, it was certainly not more baked than that of all the 
 other pre-historic cities at Hissarlik. The intense heat of the conflagra- 
 tion has sufficed to bake it thoroughly in a great many instances, but by 
 no means always ; nay, as we distinctly see in the fracture, by hir the 
 greater part of the pottery is not thoroughly leaked. Auioiil;' that tho- 
 roughly baked is certainly all the broken pottery, which was so exposed to 
 the fire that the intense heat reached it on both sides; but wdierever this 
 has not liei'iL the case, the original baking ijf the prittery was only increased 
 by the fire, still remaining incomplete in a great many instances. The 
 conflagration, however, has sufiiced to give to most of the pottery a red 
 tinge or a lustrous light or dark red colour, from the oxide of irmi con- 
 tained in the clay. 
 
 In treating now of the various kinds of pottery of this third city, 
 I begin with the owl-fiiced idols and vases, and I would repeatedly call 
 very particular attention to the fict, that the idols, of whicli I collected 
 about 700, are all of the same shape ; that they represent iii the rudest 
 possible outlines a female form; and that, therefore, they cannot l)ut lie 
 copies of the ancient Palladium, whicli was fibled to have fallen from 
 heaven with joined feet. Now the feet cannot be imagined to be more 
 joined than they are here, wliere tlie whole inferior part of the body is 
 represented by a. large lump. I further lay stress on the fa.ct, that the 
 shape of the idol is as truly as possible copied on and imitated by the 
 vases, with thc' sole ditference that here the characteristics of a, woman 
 are more distinctly shown. Either, therefore, the owl-headed vases wits 
 also idols; or — and this is nnu'e likely— they were sacred vases, and only 
 used for the service of the goddess. 
 
 The assertion is gratuitous, though it has been repeatedly made, that 
 we have here merely rude representati(.)ns of a woman made by a primitive 
 
THE TUIRD, THE HUliXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 people, v\'lio dill not know liow to model anything better. But that they 
 were perfectly aide to niodel symmetrical human faces, is a fact which 
 I could not show l)etter than by representing here, under No. 190, a vase- 
 
 Nu. 19ii. Head ul a Vu.-i-. « itli Man's Head. 
 ( Ualf actual size. IH-lJllJ, 'Zii It. J 
 
 Ko. 19t. Fi^ur 1 r (^ J actual size, 
 
 i itb -b It; 
 
 liead f(.)uiid in the Imrnt city at a depth of 26 ft., on which is modelled a 
 man's head with perfectly symmetrical features. I call attention to its 
 Egyptian type. The mouth and the nose are very small in proportion to 
 the eyes. It is of a lustrous-brown colour, and bears the marks of the 
 coniiagration by which it has been thoroughly baked. The terra-cotta 
 figure Xo. 191 also represents a regular man's face; it is of a dull yellow 
 colour, and also thoroughly baked in the conflagration. The remarkable 
 female figure of lead, No. 226, which I shall more amply discuss in the 
 subsecpient f)ages, represents again a complete female figure. I now beg 
 the reader to compare these two figures of men and the one of a woman 
 with the rude owl-faced woman on the idols Nos. 193-223, represented in 
 the ensuing pages ; and those modelletl on the vases Nos. 227, 22S, 229^ 
 231, 232, 233, 238 : — and then to consider whether there is any possibility 
 of admitting that a people, which could model those regular human figures, 
 shoulil have been unalde to make anything better than the hideous owl- 
 faced vases and idols, which far exceed m rudeness anything hitherto foirnd 
 elsewhere. But there' were powerful reasons why they continued to make 
 the stoiii; idols and the owl-faced vases always of the same rude form, and 
 why thi-ir success(!rs and the successors of their successors carefully 
 imitateil them ; nay, lu the last, the uppermost pre-historic city, the 
 fifth 111 succession from the yirgm soil, owl-vases as rude us No. 229 and 
 idols like Nos. 202-222 are even more plentiful than in any of the pre- 
 ceding' cities. 
 
 Why then did they continue, fr(mi tlu' beginning to tlie end, to make 
 such monstrous representations of their tutelary deity, if they were per- 
 fectly able to represent her, liotli in stone and clay, m tolerable imitation 
 of natiiri' ? It was because thi'y clung with fervent zeal to the shape ol 
 their Palladium, which liad 1)(!eimie consecrated by the precedent of ages. 
 Tliis is by no means an isolated case, peculiar to the five Trojan cities. 
 Very numerous TIera-idols of gidd in the shape of cows or cow-heads, as 
 Well as Hera-id(ds in the form of a. woman with a very compressed head 
 and two cow-horns, were found by mo in the ancient royal sepulchres of 
 
ClIAP. VII.] 
 
 IDOLS: PROBABLY PxVLLADIA. 
 
 -»oi 
 
 ]\[yceiiae ; ''' for wliich, iif;TeL'iug, I think, with all archfBohigists, I claim 
 the date of 1000 to 1200 u.c. Cow-shaped Hera-idols, as well as Plera- 
 idols in the hirm of a. horned woman or other monstrous forms, of terra- 
 cotta, were also found at IMycenae, in the very lowest strata outside tin/ 
 sii'pulelires and m all the sueei.'ssive layers, without the sli,L;ditest alteration 
 in firm or even in colour.^ Thus it is evident that the cow-shaped Hera, 
 or Hera in the firm of a h(n'ned woman, was worshipped there until 
 the final destruction and ahandonment of Myceuae. My explorati(jns at 
 Tiryiis have liroundit to light similar rude idols m all the layers of rubliish 
 which cover the site.^ Birt we need not go so fir hack. Both in Russia 
 and in Grreece, the most archaic images of Christ and the Holy Virgin 
 are always the most prized lij' all true believers, and they are ohjects of 
 ])eculiar veneration. AYe cannot, therefore, wonder at seeing the Trojans 
 of the five pre-historic cities, which succeeded each other in the course of 
 ages on the hill of Hissarlik, copying and re-copying on their idols and 
 sacred vases the figure of their owl-headed otiTrere^ Palladium. 
 
 Of idols of othi.'r firms, only tAVO were found in 
 the five cities ; fir I Indd the terra-cotta figure 
 Xo. 102 to lie a toy for children and no idol. Our 
 present children would hardly model a better figure. 
 One of the peculiar forms of idols referred to, No. 
 226, has to be descrilx'd presently ; the second is 
 represented under. Nos. 103, 101; and even this 
 latter — from the breasts ami tlie long hair on the 
 back — appears to represent a female goddess. 
 
 I further call attention to the idols Kos. lO.j 
 and 196, 199, 200, and 201, on which the projec- 
 tions on the sides are likewise indicated. If these 
 }iro]ections on the idols are not made upright, as on 
 the vases like No. 227, it is proliably owing to their 
 fragility, Nos. 105, 106 lieing a flat idol of clay, Nos. 199, 200 flat 
 idols of bone, and No. 201 a flat idol of trachyte. I also call attention 
 
 No. 192. Rude figure of Terra- 
 
 tult.i ; ]ir"li,iM.v ;i child',- toy. 
 
 (.\b"Ut lialf acln.a size. 
 
 Drpth, 30 ft.) 
 
 No?. 193, 191. Idol <.f Tcrr.i-fotta. 
 (Aljout half actual size, ncjilb, itj ft. J 
 
 No.,. 1!)-,, lUG. Idol I F ri c tta 
 (.lliout haifacttlal si/.i 1 1 1 tb .J If ) 
 
 to the cover of the vase No. 227, the handle of which seems to imitate 
 the crest of a helmet, or the little tube {\6(f>oi} into which the horse- 
 
 ^ See my J/yccn/e, pio 21(;-il8, Nos. 327, 328, Nos. 99-1111; I'l. .xi.v. Nos. 103-110; and 
 329, 330; Plate .wii. Nos. 94-93. Coloured I'jates A-D 
 
 ^ See my J-lycciiac, Pl.xvii. No. 98 ; PI. .wiii. '' See iny Mijcfnav, \>\<. 10-12, Nos. 2-11. 
 
THE THIED, TLIE BUIi^,T CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 Ill ■J2 tu ■!(, ft.) 
 
 lirtir crest ('iTnrovpiv) was fasteneil ; finally, to tlie incisions in the edge 
 of tlie vase-cover, Avhich cannot l.mt lie meant to indicate the hair. The 
 hair is indicated in like manner on the forehead of the idols Nos. 205, 206, 
 
 207, 21(1, whereas on Nos. 194, 
 196, 200, and 239 it is indi- 
 cated on the hack. 
 
 Nos. 19.3 and 194 show the 
 front and Ijack of a hroken figure 
 of terra-cotta ; the hreasts ap- 
 pear to indicate that a woman 
 was intended to he represented; 
 four strokes on the neck seem 
 to denote her armour ; only one 
 of the arms has heeii preserve(l, 
 which is in an upright position; 
 two lines procei.'ding from the 
 arms, and crossing each other 
 over the hody, give her a war- 
 like appearance ; her long hair 
 is distinctly marked on the liack 
 of the head. N.is. 195, 196 re- 
 pri'sent the very rude terra- 
 cotta uliA relV'rri.'d to lieforc ; it 
 is so ruihdy made that the eyes, 
 tVir instance, are ahove the eye- 
 lu'ows, and the vulva just Ixdow 
 the heak, liut still the form is 
 that of all the other idols: tlie 
 
 (Aliout 1 . 3 actual M7.P. i j -i ■ j.i i i 
 
 ,; fi , ii'iiK scratcliings on tlie hack. 
 
 Nu. _0I. Idul if Tr,icliTt(> 
 
Chap. VIL] IDOLS OF TEliKA-COTTA, BONE, MAEBLE, ETC. 
 
 3;j3 
 
 indicating the liair, are very cliaracteristic. No. 197 represents, m uljuut 
 2:5 size, a marlile idol 5[ in. long and 3in. Ijroad. No. IIKS is the uh(jve- 
 mentioned idol of terra-cotta, which is hiili;ed on both sides, and has two 
 large eyes and an owl-beak slightly protruding. Nos. 199 and 200 are the 
 
 No. 202. Marljlo Idol. (Actual size. Depth, about a« ft.) 
 
 above-mentioned two flat idols of bone. Of a similar shape to No. 105, hut 
 very thick and somewhat bulged, is the idol No. 201 (referred to above), 
 which is of trachyte, Oi in. long and Gin. broad. This is the second 
 largest idol of trachyte found by me at Hissurlik, the usual material of 
 the idols being white marble ; those of mica-schist, bone, or terra-cotta, 
 
THE THir.D, THE BUEXT CITY 
 
 [Chap. VH, 
 
 are ecmr-atw.ly rare. No. 202 is an idol of marWe, on .vhich the owl- 
 fir.ure IS merely markeil with black clay. 
 
 ^ N . 20'^, represents the fra2;nient of a terra-cotta idol with the owi- 
 L,.aa: 'the three, strokes on the neck may prohahly be intended to indicate 
 the necklace : the hair is indicated on the back. 
 
 No. =03. Figure ut Ten-ii-cotla. (.\ctualsizP. Dertli. -f^ "■) 
 
 The accompanvms fiK^res (Nos. 204-211) represent eight marble 
 idols which certainly belong to the third or burnt city. 01 these there 
 
 No. 205. 
 
 No. 2(10, 
 
 M h IdnU from the stratum of tl.o thinl, Iho bnmt city. (.Actnal size.) 
 
CHAr. VII.] 
 
 OWL-FACES HAIR, AND GIRDLES. 
 
 335 
 
 No. 210. 
 
 No, 209. 
 
 No. 211. 
 
 'Sos. 209-211. Marble TJols from the slralnm of the tliird, the burnt city. (Act.iial size.) 
 
 are only t-n-o — Nos. 204 and 205 — on which the owl-face is engraved ; on 
 the latter the hair and the girdle are also distinctly marked. On fire 
 others the owl-hice is indicated with black colour, which I take to he 
 black clay, viz. Nos. 200-210; on the two first of these, besides the owl- 
 face, the hair is delineated. Professor Virchow suggests that the black 
 colour with which the owl-face is indicated may l)e soot. On another 
 one. No. 211, instead of the face, there is an incised circle. 
 
 Nos. 212-220 are nine flat idrds of marble, on eight of which the owl's 
 head is incised. On Nos. 212 and 213 the girdle is indicatctl liy a single 
 stroke ; on No. 214, by seven strokes; on No. 2ir), by two lines and five 
 points; on No. 216, again, l.iy three strokes; and on No. 218, by one 
 stroke. A'^ery remarkalile are the ten points below the hair on the fore- 
 
THE THIRD, THE BURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VH. 
 
 lieacl of the idul No. 214 ; are they meant to indicate a frontk-t ? On 
 No. 21") T\^e sec a point on the forehead. On No. 220, the eyes seem 
 to be indicated by two concentric circles, and the beak by a third. Euder 
 
 Ko. 212, 
 
 No. 213. 
 
 No. 214. 
 
 Ko. 220. 
 
 Nos. 212-220. Riidr I.lols of Marble. (About ball actual size.) 
 
 than all the rest is the idol No. 218, on which eyes and nose are indicated 
 by points close to one another, that indicating; the nose beinp; above the 
 eyes ; breasts are also indicated on this idol with points. 
 
 Under Nos. 221, 222, 223 I represent three flat idols of bone. 
 
 No «21 
 
 Mill 
 
 M 
 
 
 m 
 
 Nos. 221-223. iaol3 or Bone (7 ; 3 actual bizc Depth, 2G to 32 ft.) 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 CURIOUS IDOL OP LEAD. 
 
 Onrj 
 'JOi 
 
 isoi. 224, 220. l:c'narliiililr oI.j..it of Jiiurit.', iifrlKips an I<luL (Xrarly 2 
 
 Nor. 224, 225 arc the front and Lack vievrs 
 of a very curious, lieavj- olijcet of diorite, 
 having in. the centre a groove; it has five 
 ghjluihxr i-)rojections, arouml one of which are 
 fonr incised lines. Can this he an idoh and 
 can the incised lines lie intended to indicate 
 necklaces ? 
 
 I now pass to the description of the very 
 remarkable figure No. 226, which is of lead, 
 and was found m the hurnt city at a depth 
 of 23 ft. Professor Chandler Itoherts, who, 
 at my request, cut a minute fragment from 
 the base of this figure to analyse it, kindly 
 gave me the following note on the subject : — 
 " The minute fragment of metal (weighing 
 0'Uo52 grammr) provi.'d, on analysis, to be 
 lead. It was snlarutted to cupellation, liut no 
 trace of silvi.-r cduLI lie detected l)y the micro- 
 scope. Tie;' aniiiunt of metal examined was, 
 however, too small to render the detection of 
 silver probialile." 
 
 To Avhat lu(dcy accident the preservation 
 of this lead figure is due, I am at a loss to 
 tell. Tlie eyes and nose are very widl pro- 
 portioned; the inoutli is rather too hir lieloAv 
 the nose; the chin also is ti.io liroad. The 
 hair is well indicated on the head, on either 
 side of which long goat-horns are represented; 
 the riglit one is Ijndien ofl' in the middle. 
 Around the neek we see five necklaces. The 
 shoulders have a rectangular shape, like those 
 of the Mycenean hunters or warriors." The 
 two hands touch the fireasts, probably as a 
 symbol of the generative power. TIk.' navel 
 
 LtualsiZf. Priilll, 23 ft.) 
 
 Ko. 226. Llnl nfT.Pntl. (DouWc fizc. 
 I ^qitli, 2:) a ) 
 
 Sec my .Vjjccnae, No. 14n, p. 81 ; Xos. ZM, 
 
o3S THE THIRD, THE EUEXT CITY. [Chap. VI. 
 
 :ilsi) is well indicated. The vulva in rejireseiited l)j" fi large triangle, in 
 tile npjier side of w]ii(di We see three glolmhir dots; we also see two lines 
 of diits to the right and left of the vulva. The most curious ornament 
 I if the figure is a p}^, which we see in the middle of the vulva. I shall 
 revi-rt to this iiupurtant sign in the suliseqnent pages. The feet are 
 closely joined, hut they are indicated ]ij two dots for the knees and two 
 small grooves at the lower extremity. 
 
 This figure is prohalily meant to represent an Aphrodite, which would 
 cxjilaiu the goat's horns. The ram and the he-goat were sacred to this 
 goddess, us is well known from the Aphrodite of Scopas at Elis, and from 
 til!' '.V0poS(V?/ iTTirpayi'ii at Athens.'" Mr. Xewtoii has pointed out a figure 
 frnui Cyprus, representing a woman with a ram's head, probahly an 
 Aplirodite;^ also in Di Cesiiola's C^qu'us^" a Avoinan is represented with 
 twd ram's lidrns, touching her Ijreasts with the hands : hut this is the 
 first time the goddess has liccn found with two he-goat's horns. So far 
 as we know, the only figures to AvhicJi the idol before us has any resem- 
 hilance are the female figures of white marble found in tomlis in Attica 
 and in the Cyclades. Six of them, which are here (at Athens) in the 
 Museum of the 'Bapj3aKeiov, were kindly shown to me Ijy its keeper, my 
 ifiond 3[. Athanasios Ivouinanoudes. They represent a naked woman, with 
 her arms crossed on the stomach beloAv the breasts; the eyes, nose, and 
 mouth are indicated as ini our leail idol; the vulva is represiuited on the 
 six figures liy a large triani;le ; the feet are sep)arated. Four similar 
 figures of white marble, found in ancient tombs at Trymalia on Xaxos, 
 to wliich my friend Pr(:ifessor Ulrieh Koliler (Direct(jr of the Imperial 
 (ierinan Archfeological Institutes at xlthens) kindly called my attention, 
 are represented on Plate v. m T)r. Karl G. Fiedler's Eti>;e durcli alh 
 Thnle des Koui'jrelchs ilriixhenJand ; Leipzig, 1841. On two of these 
 figures the fiice is perfectly smooth, and not even the nose is indicated; 
 on the other two the nose only is represented. All these four figures 
 have separated feet. The triangular vulva is not indicated, but pro- 
 liably only because it had not been noticed by Fiedler, f(.)r it exists on 
 all siiuilar wdiite marlde figures found in the Cyclades, and preserved in 
 thr British Museum. M. Fr. Lenorinant writes '' of these figures as 
 follows :— "In the most ancient sepulchr(.'S m the Cyclades, in company 
 vatii stone arms (principally arrow-heads of olisidian from Milo), and 
 with polished pijttery without paintings, there are found statuettes of 
 Parian marble, all of vidiidi represent a naked woman, with her arms 
 crossed on the breast. Th.'y are the shapeless work of a more than bar- 
 barons art; luit, in spite of their rude workmanship, it is impossible not 
 to recognize in them an imitation of the figures of the Asiatic Venus, in 
 the Same attitude as that in wliich they are found in such large numbers 
 
 I'liit.irch. r/,csr»s, 18: hiyirat di oAiTui Tov » F. I.eii"rm.".nt, Zcs Aidi'.jUf'tcs dc la Troade, 
 
 /-'-6I' eV AfAfpins afeAeTf 6'efJi', ' A^ppoZi-r-qv KaOrj- p. -'.\. 
 
 ytuuva Truie7a-8at !cal irapaKaKt'iv avvep.-Riipov. '^ V\::\y vi., in the second rriw of iitrures to 
 
 y-^iiDi^Ti §6 TTp})^ OaXdfTin} rrjif ojya overall, aiiro- tlie ritjht. 
 
 l-MTwi rpo.-yov ytviaDoA- Sih iiai KaAe7,Tl)ai tV " l.cs Antiquites dc la Troade; Paris, 1876, p. 
 
 i}i=uv 'ETTtTpajLay. 40, 
 
Chap. VII.] OAVL-HEADED VASES. 339 
 
 from the banks of the Tigris to the Island of Cyprus, throi^gh the 
 whole extent of the Chaklco-Assyrian, Aramaean, and Phoenicum world. 
 Their prototype is the Babylonian Zarpanit or Zirbanit, so frequently 
 represented on the cylinders and by terra-cotta idols, the fabrication of 
 which begins in the most primitive time of Chaldea and continues among 
 the Assyrians. The statuettes of the Cyclades in the form of a naked 
 woman appear, therefore, to be the rude copies made by the natives, at 
 the dawn of their civilization, from the images of the Asiatic goddess, 
 which had been brought by Phoenician merchants." 
 
 This appears to be perfectly correct, because the three or four Baby- 
 lonian Aphrodite-idols of terra-cotta preserved in the Bluseum of the 
 Hap/SuKeiov at i^thens show a far more advanced art : on these, as on 
 the Trojan lead-idol, the goddess touches both breasts with her hands; 
 the vulva is indicated by the usual triangle, but this latter is ornamented 
 with five horizontal strokes and with a large number of very small 
 circles, which are no doubt meant to indicate gold ornaments. 
 
 Proceeding now to the terra-cotta vases of this Third, the burnt. City : 
 the lustrous-red vase. No. 227, gives the most usual type of the hand-made 
 owl-headed vases. They have an owl-head modelled on the upper part 
 of the neck, wdiich is the head of the vase itself ; on the sides of the head 
 are two projecting ears ; the face is composed of a double arch representing 
 eyebrows ; below each arch is a hemispherical eye, and in the middle of 
 the face a prominent owl's beak. The breasts are protruding and con- 
 spicuous, and the vulva^ is represented by a large circle in relief. On 
 some owl-vases this pjrotruding circle is ornamented with an incised cross 
 (seee.r/. N"o. 98G and No. 991, pp. 521 and 523), which can leave no doubt 
 as to its character. Very curious are the upright projections on the sides, 
 which in the large vases are concave on the inside and very long, and 
 have such sharp edges that they can never have served as handles ; 
 besides, they are found very frequently even on those owl-vases wdiich 
 have large handles of the regular form. I ask if these long concave 
 projections may not pjerhaps be meant to represent wings, and if, in that 
 case, the small upright projections which we see on the sides of No. 227 
 can represent anything else ? I call particular attention to the fact, that 
 these upright projections are never in any case perforated ; further that, 
 at variance with all other Trojan vases, these owd-headed vases have never 
 in any case the system of tubes for suspension. 
 
 No. 228 is the upper part of a hand-made, lustrous-red owl-headed 
 vase, which appears to have been almost of an identical shape with 
 No. 987 (p. 521). The mouth of these vases is in the form of a cup with 
 two projections on the sides. 
 
 No. 229 represents another hand-made lustrous dark-brown owl-headed 
 vase with a cover ; it has two handles ; the vulva is here represented 
 between the breasts in the middle of the body. 
 
 ^ J'l. Burnonf writes to me; "1 have ahvays ter of the iimhilic.al cord is very important in 
 been of opinion, and I still believe, that this the ancient theory as a life-transmitting channel, 
 circle in relief indicates the navel- the charac- See Veda, i. 164, 34 and 35." 
 
3iO 
 
 TIIK THIUD, TlIK BUltNT CITY. 
 
 [CiiAr. A'll. 
 
 wl's beiU. (I ; 3 actual bize. Deptb, 20 ft.J 
 
 Ku. 227. 'J ^■IIM-i;"t;a \^t-<' ^^illl o\\rHh''; 
 (1 : i actual s;zc. Hcptli, abnit 2- ft. ) 
 
 --^ 
 
 ^^■■:f 
 
 ^■%^^S^^?^^^j' 
 
 Xo. 229. Tcn-a-colt.i Va-r, ,, iil, il„. , haia, tn-istics nf a «■- ni.-iii ;;i„I owl's head. 
 (1:3 actual size. Depth, 32 ft.) 
 
 N.-. 
 r('])rcs( 
 
 fplUilll' 
 
 ■2'-10 is till' lVa;.;-mcnt of a vase. Tv'itli an iiu-iscil orjiamcntation 
 iit:iit( a fldWijr, jirdhaMy a rnso 
 
 'J-Tl represent.^ oiir of flic immerous hancl-matlo Trojan vases, ■5\'itli 
 I'liaracteristics and a plain neck, to wliicli belongs a cover ■with 
 
Chap. A'IL] 
 
 OWL-IIEADED VASES. 
 
 341 
 
 an o^-l's face, similar to tliat wliich wc see here. The vase before us is 
 of a dark-hrown colour, and has on each side an upright projection, 
 
 No. 230. Fr:;gmciit of a "N^aso. 
 (Half actual size. Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 
 . characteristics of a 
 wotiiaii, iiliil Ijover \\ith ouiV head. 
 (The \'ase was found in 13, tlje Cover in 
 20 ft, dept'i. 1 : 3 actual size.) 
 
 from ATliich issues on either side a spiral ornamentation m relief. 
 The cover is also hand-made, of a lustrous-yellow colour, and has 
 a handle of the usual crest-shaped form.- Professor Sayce observes 
 to me that the ornaments below the breasts of this vase resemble 
 the I it III carried by Hittite figures at Boghaz Kioi (near the Halys) 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 Xo. 232 represents the interesting hand-made Idaek owl-faced vase, lu 
 which r|uite a treasure of gold ornameiits was found. I shall pass these 
 in review in discussing the mettils of the burnt city. The wmg-like 
 upright projections of this vase were lirokeii oif ; the female breasts are 
 peculiarly large, and unusually wide ajiart ; the vulva is represented by 
 a projection with a cavity. In faliric and eohiur this vase resembles a sti- 
 called " Gesichtsurne " found in a tomb at Golencin, near Posen." The 
 difference is that on the Golencin urn the eyes are not protruding, as i.m 
 our Trojan vase, and that each nf its two ear-like projections has three 
 perforations fjr suspending ornaments in them. There is this further 
 difference, that the Golencin urn has neither female Ijreasts, nor vulva, 
 nor wing-like projections on the sides. Besides, its bottom is flat, whilst 
 that of our Trojan owl-vase is convex. 
 
 - This ovv'l-hended coyer belonffs to tho third 
 or burnt city; hut not so the yase, which u'lis 
 found in the ruins of tlie fnurfli oitj-. ];ut 1 
 represent it here, as it is the only one on \yhiclr 
 the cover fits. 
 
 = See F. L. W. Schwartz, 11. Nachtrfoj -.» ././! 
 " Moicrialten zur praeJustorischcn ICartotji-itpliic 
 
 drr ]'r„rhr: f'uSCi:" Posen, 1880, PI. i. No. 4. 
 This liiost aide dissertation Iniviui; been sect 
 to nie by its autlior (Professor l)r. F. L. \V. 
 .Scliwartz, director of the Royal Fricdr.-Wi',- 
 lM>!ni,-(ivioii,asiuio in I'oseu), I lu'i'ewith iuost 
 <'i-ateru]lv aclinowledi'e his kind attention. 
 
342 
 
 THE THir.n, THE burnt city. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 
 Xo. 232. Tcrm-cotta Vase, \\itli owl's head, in wbich v,'Cvq found a 
 great many gold ornaments. (1 : 3 actual size, lieptb, 30 ft.) 
 
 The vase No. 233 in docoratocl on either side with a curved ornament 
 in the form of the Cypriote character for /.-o, or of a cliarartcr which is 
 found in the alphabets of Caria and Pamphylia, as well as in Hittite 
 insci-iptions: it has two handles. The head was found separate, and does 
 not heloiin" to this particular vase I '.'uly put it hei'e in order to save it. 
 
 No. 2X\. i r \ 
 
 20 ft.) Ill ri in 1 t tl 
 
 eembles a dnnct r f 1 i 
 Pampliy i 1 In tl ^ II tl t 
 
 one fnrn ( tl 1 r i 
 
 • til i' size. Depth, 
 \« d^ of till-- vase re- 
 iljili diets of Carin and 
 1 ( 1 ijdiHTis. as well a3 
 T hj in tlie Cyjiriote 
 
 VflEC "^"Hh 0T\l'p fnro. (1:4 actual size. 
 Bcptb, about 26 ft.) 
 
ClIAP. VII.] 
 
 OWL VASES AND COVEi;S, 
 
 o-io 
 
 No. 234 represents niiotlier liaml-made vase, like No. 227, lint it lias 
 been so uiucli exposed to the intense lieat of the conflagration, tliat it is 
 difficult to recognize its original colour. 
 
 
 
 ' if 
 
 -t 
 
 y 
 
 '< 
 
 I' 
 
 Ko. 23j. Vase \\ith owl's lace, found in tli? PLOyal IloLiso. 
 (1 : 3 actual size. Ijcptb. li it.) 
 
 (.\biiut half actual size. lle)jth, 27 ll. ; 
 
 No. 235 represents probably lli: most remarkable hand-made owl- 
 headed vase I ever found at Hissarlik. I discovered it at a depth of 
 8;V metres, or 28 ft., on tlio ground-floor in the royal house of the third 
 or burnt city ; it is of a lustrousdirown colour, and 25 in. high. In 
 spite of the intense heat to which it had been exposed in the conflagration, 
 it is not thoroughly baked. It has two breasts and two handles : a very 
 pretty necklace is represented around the neck hj a series of grooves and 
 projecting circles. The beauty of this vase is enhanced by the scarf 
 which we see in relief across its liody. 
 
 No. 23G represents another of those pretty lustrous dark-yellow vase- 
 covers with owl-faces, of which we showed one under No. 231. The cover 
 before us was found in a large red urn at a depth of 27 ft., on the 
 great wall close to the gate : hence its good preservation. 
 
 No. 237 represents one more vase-cover, with an owl's head modelled 
 
 No. 257. Vase Cover nilb . « 1 = 1 1 
 
 (1 Oaciualslzc. ncptb, 2:i ft.) 
 
S44 
 
 THE TIIIED, THE BUEKT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 on it, lielono-iun- to tli<'. same class of vases, with a siuootli neck like 
 Kiis. '2ol amfsiO, Ikivui-- tlie characteristics of a woman, and usually two 
 
 wiii:;'s. 
 
 I further call the reader's very particular attention to the terra-cotta 
 hall Xn ill!!?,-' (Ill Avliicli we see in the middle an owl's face in morio- 
 o.i.;iiu; U> its ri-'ht a, Avhr,,!, which may mean the sun; to its left, three 
 cimceiitric circles, wliich may represent the moon, and helow a small 
 cirele-, perhaps intended to represent the morning star. All these repre- 
 sentations can lie hest distinguished in the developed pattern (No. 1998). 
 On the hack the female hair is indicated Ity deep seratchings. As the 
 hair cannot lie distinguished m the engraving, I strongly advise the 
 reader to see the l>ali itself in my collection in the South Kensington 
 Musenm.'^ This owl's face, lietween the sun and moon and morning star, 
 prrivcs hetter, I think, than all the vases and idols, that the owl's head 
 is the symhol of the Ilian Athene. 
 
 I have still to represent here, under Xos. 2.38, 2.39, a curimis hand- 
 made vessel of terra-cotta, which was found at a depth of 30 ft. It has 
 hccn thoroughly haked in the conflagration. It has a distin(dly indicated 
 owl's face, helov/ vdnch are three horizontal strokes, prohahly meant 
 
 fiU^A* . 
 
 Kos. 233, 239. Front uiM b.iek View uf a carious Vfssol, i\ ith oni's face. (Half actual size. Deptb, 30 ft.) 
 
 til repvesent necklaces. Below the hitter, the front part of the body is 
 covered liy a long shield, and on the liack the long female hair hangs 
 down, like that of tlie Caryatides m the Acropolis of Athens, fhi each 
 side IS a separate vessi'l, wliicli does not communicate with that of the 
 mam liody. "S'ery charactoistic are the nine rows of points on tlie shield, 
 wliieli, lilvc those whi<di we see on the coats of mail and tlie casijues of the 
 six warriors painted on a Mycencan vase," are no douht meant to indicate 
 tlie spleiidiiur of hrass. Tins vessid is uiiiipie ; no second one has been 
 louiid lllve it. 
 
 J On tlir last ol' the litli"!,'ra|ilieil |.latcsot the eviileiil. (hat tho fi'iiiul,- in the centre represents 
 
 I'lil ol'tho \o)linne. hi.Tr ilie ilawn. 'J'ho sJL^ais nn the "whorls are 
 
 ' ~S\. h.iiriioul" writes to me: "Tins haU (Xn. ]iearl\' all astronroniral ." 
 r.i'.iT) ';iir. |o'ol,alily 1lie e\|,lanalion of a sjreat " .See iny ilncemie. \<. \",?,. N(.. 213. 
 
 ]>a!;i ul tlie 'I'l-ojan s\'iiiltoli^i]i, because it is most 
 
CHAr. VII.] 
 
 WINGS AXD SriEALS ON VASES. 
 
 zi:. 
 
 No. 240 is a lustrous dark-reel liaml-made vaso, witli two laro-e In-oasts 
 and a large projecting vulva. Besides two handles, it has two uprio-ht 
 
 K"<:i. 2 10. T.av[.;e Yiis?, Tvith the characteristic? f>ra woman. (Alwut ] : 5 actual size. Tieptb, 26 ft ^ 
 
 wing-like prrijections, from each of which issues on either side a spiral 
 ornament in relief, resemliling, as Professor Sayce oltserves, the litiiii^ 
 or crooked staff carried hy certain figures in tlie Hittitc sculptures of 
 Logliaz Kioi nr Pteria and elsewhere. I remind the reader that the owl- 
 faced, cap-like covers, such as No. 230, helong to this stnt of vase. 
 
 Xo. 2fl is a hand-made light-firown vase, with two lireasts on each 
 side and two projections; it is ornamented witli grooves and incised lines. 
 
 Nu. 211. T 1 c It ^ a wUhn e 1 ornamentation 
 1 f n 1 I sis n tl r .le. 
 (,1 .^ I tu 1 ze I jtl J2 ft,) 
 
 No. 242 is also a hand-made vase, wdth two perforated projections in 
 the form of liirds' beaks at the rim. ■ 
 
 It is now time to explain the curious signs pj-J and '-pj, v/hicli vis hava 
 
340 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 seen on Ilie vulva of the lead iilol No. 22G, ami which occurs many 
 huuilreds (jf times on the whorls and other objects of this third or 
 liurnt eitv, and ijf the two folliiwinp; pre-historic cities (see, for instance, 
 Nos. 1S.3.\ 1S.-.8, 1S.->!1, 1870, 187;^>, 1H74, 1894, 1919, 1947, 1949, 1982, 
 l'.)S8, 198'.), 1991, 1999). This sign was evidently brought to Hissarlik 
 liy the people of the Third City, fur it never occurs on objects from the 
 first (ir si'dind citv. I find it in J'hiiile Burnout's Sanskrit Lexicon under 
 the denomination " svastika," and with the signification eu tan, or as the 
 sign (if good wishes. 
 
 3[y liniioured friend the celelirated Orientalist, Professor Mas Muller, 
 of Oxfird, wri.iti_' ti.i me some time ago: " iSr-a^fi-l'ii is derived from su, 
 ' Avell,' and Kg, ' to be,' and would 1)0 in Greek eveaTtK)j. It is always 
 
 directed towards the right, Lpi ; the other, directed towards the left, f^^, 
 is called Sii}(vaslll\i." He afterwards kindly sent me the following most 
 valual)le and highly interesting dissertation on the subject: — 
 
 '^ I do not like' the use of the word Srastika outside of India. It is a 
 word iif Indian origin, and has its liisti.iry and definite meaning in India. 
 I know the temptation is great tt,i transfer names, with Vvdiich we are 
 fimiliar, to similar <:ibjects that come before us in the course of our 
 researi'hes. IJut it is a tem})tati(jn Avhicli the true student ought to resist, 
 except, it may be, fur the sake of illustration. The mischief arising from 
 the proiuiscuDUS use of technical terms is very great. Travellers, when- 
 ever tliey mei.'t with two or three upright stomas and a capstone above, 
 talk i")f Crdiiil'.'cJis : and if they meet with a holed stone, it is a Dolmen. 
 But CroihlecJi uuil l)nhiirii are Celtic words (crom, 'bent,'/c7;, ' slalj ;' toU, 
 'hole,' mrit, 'stone'),' and they have a definite meaning among Celtic 
 antirpiaria.ns, and, strictly speaking, cromlech and dolmen imply the 
 workmanship of Celts. After travellers have written for some time of 
 Croinlclis and Ihjhin-ns in India, Africa, and Australia, an impression 
 spreads that all these monuments are real Celtic monuments ; and the 
 next step is that we hear of Celts as the first inhabitants and builders in 
 countries where Celts have iiev(.'r set f jot. 
 
 "Another objection to the promiscuous use of the word Suadil-a is, 
 that gv^Astil:ii m Sanskrit does mit mean the cross with crampons, crux 
 aiisiitu, in general, Init only the cross W'lth the crampons pointing to the 
 right, L^-j; while the cross with the crampons pointing to the left, p^, 
 IS called iS'nii:as//l-ii. 
 
 "The (iccurreiice of such crosses in diftcrent parts of the world may 
 or may not point to a common origin. But if they are once called 
 Sriisti/.a, the viilr/us p-ofannm will at once jump to the conclusion that 
 they all come from India,, and it wull take some time to weed out such a 
 prejudice. 
 
 " A^n-y little is Icnown of Indian art liefore the third century B.C., the 
 period Avhen tlie Buddliist sovereigns liegan their public buildings. The 
 name Sv(i.Htik((, however, can be traced a little further liack. It occurs, as 
 
 ll;ix IJiilltr, Chips from a German VTorhliop, vol. iii. p. 283. 
 
Chap. YII.] 
 
 THE SVASTIKA AND SAUVASTIKA. 
 
 347 
 
 the name of a particular sip;n, in tlio old grammar of Pa;;ini, aljoi^t a 
 century earlier. Certain compounds are mentioned there, in which the last 
 word is l-armi, 'ear.' Cattle, it would seem, were marked on their ears 
 with signs indicating their owners. The custom prevailed even during 
 the Yedic times, for in the liig-veda, (x. (.12, 7) we meet with nsldaJcarm, 
 as applied to cows marked with the tigure i<, whatever that iigure may 
 then have been, prohaltly not more than eight lines, or two crosses. In 
 later Sanskrit at]iial;arim is a name of Brahman, who had eight ears, 
 because he had four faces (KaiirnnuJclia). The same custom of marking- 
 cattle is alluded to m the Atharva-veda (xii, 4, G), and it is more fully 
 descrilied in the Saiikhayaua-gy/hya-sutras (lii. 10, ed, Oldenlierg, p. 77), 
 nnd the Gobhila-gc/hya-siitras (iii. (i. H). Here an instrument made of 
 copper (audumharo 'asih) is recommended for marking cattle. 
 
 "One of the signs for marking cattle was the Svasfika, and what 
 PaJiini teaches in his grammar is that, Vi'lieu the compound is formed, 
 svaslilM-Jcarna, i.e. ' having the ear marked with a Svastika,' the final a 
 of Srastil-a is not to lie leiigtheued, while it is lengthened in other com- 
 pounds, such as Ddtrd-liui'ii'j, i.e. ' having the ear marked with the sign 
 of a sickle.' 
 
 " Originally svastika may have been intended for no more than two 
 lines crossing each other, or a cross. Thus we find it used in later times 
 also with reference to a woman covering her breasts with crossed arms, 
 Balardm. 75, IG, smliastasvastiha-stani, and likewise with reference to 
 persons sitting cross-legged. 
 
 " Etymologically, sw/.si'iVirt is derived from s-iVY,;?"/, and svcati from su, 
 ' well,' and as, ' to be.' Srasfi occurs frequently in the A'eda, both as a noun 
 in the sense of happiness, and as an adverb in the sense of ' well,' or ' hail !' 
 It corresponds to the Greek evearw. The derivative svasti-l-a is of later 
 date, and it always means an auspicious sign, such as are fuind most 
 frequently among Buddhists and Jainas. It occurs often at the begin- 
 ning of Buddhist inscriptions, (ui Buddhist coins, 
 and in Buddhist manuscripts. Historically the 
 svastiJ:a is first attested on a coin of Kra/iauda, 
 supposing Kraifanda to be the same king as Xau- 
 drames, the predecessor of Sandrokyptos, wdiose 
 reign came to an end in 315 B.C. (See Thomas, 
 6'/j the Identitij of Xaiulrames and Krananda .) The 
 palseographic evidence, however, seems rather against 
 so early a date. In the foot-prints of Buddha the 
 Buddhists recognize no less than sixty-five auspi- 
 cious signs, the first of them being the Srast/ka." The fourth is the 
 Sauvastika, py ; the third, the Naiidijdvarta (No. 243), a mere develop- 
 ment of the SvastH.-a. 
 
 'Among the Jainas the Svastika was the sign of their 7th .Tina, 
 Sujx'irsva.''' 
 
 " See EiK^ene liunifiuf, Lotus de /« honne Loi, p, 625. 
 ' Cokbrooke, lllsccUaneous Essays, ii. p. 188. 
 
 fO 
 
 H. 
 
 H 
 
 No. 2i^. 
 Naiidyawirta. 
 
PAS THE TI-IIKD, THE BUKXT CriY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 '' lu tlie later Sanskrit literature Svasfila retains tlie meaning of an 
 ansi lien ins mark, and thus we see in tlie Itamayana (ed. Gorresio, ii. p. 348) 
 tliat lUiarata seleets a ship marked with the sign of Svastil-n. 
 
 " Varahamihira in the l>jvliat-sa»(hita (med. saee. vi. p. Ch.) mentions 
 certain Imihlings, called Svastika and Xaudvavarta {■'id. 34, seep), Lnt their 
 outline does not correspond very exactly with the forms of these signs. 
 Some Sthiipas, however, are said to have heen luiilt on the plan of a 
 
 "That signs identically the same as the ;SV(^s^' //,■,/ and the SituvastlJia 
 occur elsewhere, m China, in Asia J\[inor, in Etruria, and a.niong the 
 Teutonic nations, is perfectly true. Coinparatiye arclueology may point 
 out this fact, liut there it must rest lor the present. Identity of form 
 does as little prove identity of (U'igiii m archa?i:dogy as identity of sound 
 proves identity of origin in etymology. Comparative studies are very 
 useful, so long as they do not neglect the old rule. Divide et impera, 
 Distinguish, and you will he master of your suhject ! 
 
 "Quite another cprestion is. AA'hy the sign U-, should have had an 
 auspiei(Uis meaning, and why in Sanskrit it should have heen called 
 Sni.^' il'ci. The similarity lietween the group of letters sv in the ancient 
 Indian alpliahet and the sign of Srastil:i( is not very striking, and seems 
 purely ai-cideutal. A remark of ycuirs in your Ijoijk on Troy (p. 38), where 
 you speak of thi_' Hrii:4i];a as a Avheel in motion, the direction of the motion 
 bein.e- indicated hy the crampons, contains a very useful hint, which has 
 heen coufirmed hy some important oliservations of ]\Ir. Thomas, our 'distui- 
 guishi_'d '._!rientai numismatist. He has clearly proved that on some of the 
 Andlira coins, and likewis(_' on some punched gold coins, depicted in Sir 
 W. Elliot's Plate IX. Madrds Jdiirn. Lit. mid Science, vol. iii., the place of 
 the niiu'e delinite figure of the sun is often taken hy the Svastil-(i, and that 
 the Sritstil-ii has lieeil inserted within tla.' rings or normal circles repre- 
 senting the fiur suns of the Ujjam pattern on coins. He has also called 
 attention to the fict that in the: long list of the recognized devices of the 
 twenty-huir Jaina Tirthankaras the sun is ahsent ; Imt that while the 
 8th Tirthankara has the sign of the hall'-nioon, the 7th Tirthankara is 
 marki'il with the SvusfiJ^ii, i.e. the sun. 
 
 " Here then, I think, v:e have xerj (dear indications that the SvastiJia, 
 v.dth the hands pointing in tlie right direction, was originally a, symbol of 
 tlje sun, perhajis of the vernal sun as oj^posed to the autumnid sun, the 
 iSiiu.r:istika, and therefire a natural symli(d of light, life, health, and 
 wcaltli. That m ancient mythology the sun was frcqueutly represented 
 as a, w]ie(d is well known, (irimui identifies the Old Norse Jijal or iireJ, 
 tlie A.-S. liL-eoltl, English 'wheel,' with kvi<\o-^, Sk. liiihru. 'wheel;' and 
 derives yi/, 'yule-tide,' the time of the Avinter solstice, from lijul, 'the 
 (solar) wheel.' 
 
 "J hit while from these indications we are justified in supposing that 
 among the vVryan nations the Sc<istil;i( may have licen an old emblem of 
 the sun, there ai'c other indications to show that in other parts of the 
 world the! same or a very similar emlilem was used to indicate the earth. 
 
Cdap. YIL] 
 
 SYMBOLISM OF THE ^ AND y^. 
 
 349 
 
 Mr. Beal, in the same unmlier of the Indian Aniiqnarij wliicli contains 
 Mr. Thomas's remarlis on the Svusti/.-n (Marc-h, 1880), has shown tliat 
 in Chinese ^ is the synilKjl for an enclosed space of earth, and tliat the 
 simple cross (-J-) occnrs as a sign for eartli m certain ideograplnc gronps. 
 Here tlie cross was probably intended to indicate the four c^uarters, N. S. 
 ]']. AY. ; or, it may be, more gene- 
 rally, extension in length and 
 breadth. That the cross is used 
 as a sign for 'f.uir' in the Bactro- 
 Pali inscriptions,^" is well known ; 
 but the fact that the same sign has 
 the same power elsewhere, as f)r 
 instance in the Hieratic numerals, 
 does not prove by any means that 
 the one figure was derived from 
 the other. We fn-get too easily 
 that what was possilde in one place 
 was possible also in other places ; 
 and the more we extend our re- 
 searche?, the more we shall learn 
 that the chapter of accidents is 
 larger than we imagine." 
 
 The cut Xo. 244, for vrhicli I am indebted to my honoured friend 
 Idr. .James Fergusson, represents the foot-print of Bnddlia, as carved on 
 the Amuravati Tope, near the river Kistna. 
 
 ISios. ■24-"), 24(J represent the opposite hemispheres of a terra-cotta Ijall, 
 Avliich is divided 1)V fourteen incised circular lines int(.> fifteen zones, of 
 
 Ko. 217. Fr;i:-,iiMtK .if 
 
 Xos. UlCi, 2-1 f^, Terra-cotta r.all, representing apparently tlie climates of the globe. I'utlery, w iili liie Sras- 
 
 (Vclualsize. nepth, 2^ tt.j (,7,-,,. j Haifa. l nal size.) 
 
 which tw'o are ornamented with points, and the middle zone, which is the 
 largest of all, with p-l and '-p Professor Sayce remarks that " the 
 central ornament l^| is the Cypriote character /,-*." 
 
 No. 247 is the fragment of a lustrous-black vase with a L-|^ in the 
 
 '" Max JItiller, Chips from a German Wurhshop, vol. ii. p. 293. 
 
o.jlJ THE TIIIIJP, THE Err.XT CITY. [Chap. TIL 
 
 middle of three concentric rectan^des : tlie LCi as -n-ell as all the other 
 lines, are incisrd and hilled vrith white chalk in cirdcr to strike the eye.^ 
 
 The Uq and pj ai'C exti'a.ordinarily frecjuent on the Trojan terra- 
 cotta hulls, as Well as on tlie whorls, immense rnrmljers of which are 
 ornamented with them (see Xos. 1S2G, 1S38, 1849, 1850, 1855, 1801, 
 18rid, 1S(;5, iscn, ls(i8, 18?], 1S72, 1873, 1874, 1876, 1878, 1879, 
 ls!)4, 11)11.1, 11)11, r.119, 1947, 1949, 1954, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1988, 
 r.)89, 19911, 191)1, 1999). 
 
 On the wherls Xos. 1872 and 1911 we see the Lp, and p^, together 
 with linear repn.'sentations of Inirning altars; on X'os. 1879, 1919, 1947, 
 11)41), 11)91, ahino- with thi.' zi,L;za.^-s, which we sec also in the hands of 
 the tATo Phricnician gods represented on a leritoid e-eiii found near 
 ilyceuae,- and which are ecnerally helieved to fVirm the symhulic sign 
 for lightning. The re}iresentation of the hurning altar has also heen 
 found incised on the liottom of a vase in the excavations made liy Miss 
 Sofie von Torma in the valleys of Maros and Cserna in Transylvania 
 (Siehenhhrgen).-' The U^ or pj-J also occurs very freqnently on the 
 Trojan Avhorls in conjunction with I'lide linear representations of stags, 
 ahiive whnse l:ia(d;s are rriws of points;"' it also occurs in conjunction with 
 the sign LLJ."' This latter sign is very fre(|iient on the Trojan whorls.''' 
 
 Xew this very same sign occurs over the opening of three hiit-nrns found 
 under tin.' ancient hna near ]\lHrino.' It oeciirs also among the devices 
 in punched work on the flags in the interior of the tomh of 011am Fodhla, 
 traditiiuial monarch and lawgiver (jf Ireland, which is computed to lie 
 upwards ef 3(JU0 years old;" further, on a girdle-hucklo of iron plated 
 witli silver, found in a tonili at Hedmgen, near Sigmaringen.'' In these 
 two latter cases we see the symljol or character in conjunction with the 
 zigzag, wliich is interju'eted as the symbolic sign of lightning. Finallv, 
 vi-e see this s;gn on six vase-lidttoms discovered liy Miss Sofie von Torma 
 >u the valleys of i\Iaros and Cserna in Transylvania.^-' 
 
 AA'e iind the, pjJ in Ezekiid ix. 4, G, where — in the form of the old 
 Hebrew letter Tau — it is written as the sign of life on the forehead, like 
 
 ' Thi> p'.tsli^-rJ a^ \vp]l as auuther nne with a ajis fh.in Jftros- mid Csirnn-Tiad Sichcnb'drijcns, 
 fij having' In-rn ).irk-,.<l u|. ill ISTi; at a much !'• 1''. ^""- !-■ ' .Si^i.- i\o. 1S79. 
 
 grrater Jo)itli in my I'xravations, I helil tln'm tci 
 mig ti) thi: lii-st rity. Lilt al'tri- ..■arcrnlly ex- 
 ainiiiiivj; th.- clay aii<l I'aljric >•( tln-p tVa'^incnts, 
 
 '■' ,Sfc X(.. 100.",. 
 '' S.M' X,K. i;iii;, i9:ir,, ipag, 
 y.,l,.< ,,n JI„t-<,r,u ,t„d other nhjccts from 
 
 .iiiiiiiiM- lilt ._j,i, aii'i l.lUlJt. Ill LIH.'-P il ;i'' IMIjIJ l^, Tr ■ , .; ^ 
 
 I feci cnnviuccl'that tlicv bcl.ii, to the third f"''"'' 'r"' :'"""'^;. ^' "^"^ ^"'"> '-"'''"'^k and 
 
 m- burnt citv, and tliat ihcv must have lidlcn ["'■ ^^ ^ '''"'""'• ^'""'1""' 'SG9. Tua, of the 
 
 trnin a higher level i„t„ inv cvcavatmus. I h.d •"''-"'■■« r.Vr<^'.uUA in the wnrk nf Sir Jnhu 
 
 the more certain m, this i-niut, as the l-L or ^f''""'^' "'"' ^"'- ^"'^"'■"" ''"^"" ""^ "S^ ^ 
 
 Tj J =''""■'-■ ^'"-' 'I'-'"''- Tl"' tl''''l hut-iirn with tlie 
 
 rj-' never a'^ciin occurred in the f/("/.,-/,s either ■ iii i »i , , ■ , , 
 
 ■- ' *■ '" sign LU above the door is iireserved in the Uoval 
 
 ol the first or of the. secoml city, whereas they Museum at Berlin. 
 
 occur many hundreds of timc-s in the third as " Jd.mrrr;/ of the Toud. of Othim dodhlo. Ly 
 
 well as in llie two subsequent iire-histnrie cities Eugene Alfred ronwell. Hublin, 1S7:3. 
 
 ''''''''^"'■''''- ='Liid«-. Lindenschmit, Hi./ VotrrliLuIischcn 
 
 - See mv d/yccMc, Xo. .-,4m, ,,. ;;i;o. Altorthiinur, I'l. v. Xo. 4. 
 
 ' Carl (b,M.s, Bcr.rht id.rr J^ddrlci,, .K.fr ro„ " Carl (b.oss, .y,. ott. ,,. 16, PI. iii. Xos. 8, b, 
 
 lonin's SoMunlimj jiraxddstorlsrhcr Altcrthuturr 10, lo, 14, and 17. 
 
CHAr. YIL] M. BURNOUF 01>f THE ^ AND j^. 351 
 
 its coi'respoiiiIiiif( Indian symliol. "We find it twice on a large piece ol' 
 ornamented leatlier contained in tlie celebrated Corneto treasure pre- 
 served in tlie lioyal Mnsenm at Berliir ; also on ancient pottery found at 
 Kunigsberg in tlie Neuniark, and preserved in the Markisches Museum 
 in Berlin, and on a 1>o\y1 from Yucatan in tlie Berlin Etliuologiciil 
 Museum. "We also see it on coins of Gaza, as "well as on an Ilierian 
 coin of Asido ; ' also on the drums of the Lapland priests." It is just 
 such a troublesome puzzle as the Kile-key or crux aiisnta, tliat symbol 
 which, as a hieroglyph, is read aul-h ("the living one"), which very 
 frecpuently occurs in the inscriptions in the Nih^ valley, and which we 
 see t)f exactly the same Ibrm on a sepulchre of Northern Asia. Jlinor.'^ 
 
 The i^J is a sort of cross, whose four arms are bent at a right angle; 
 it resembles four conjoined Greek Gammas. 
 
 Bnrnouf thinks that "the Lp] and pU represent the two pieces of 
 wood which vrero laid crosswise upon one another before the sacrificial 
 altars, in order to produce the sacred fire (Ar/iil), and the ends of which 
 were lient round at right angles, and fastened by means of four nails 3tj 
 so that this wooden seafi'oldiiig might not be moved. At the point where 
 the two pieces of wood were joined, tljere was a small hole, in which a 
 third piece of wood, in the form of a lance (called Pramantha), was 
 rotated l;iy means of a cord made of cow-hair and hemp, till the fire 
 was generated liy friction. Then the fire (A/pii) was put on the altar 
 close bv, where the priest poured the holy Siiim./, the juice of the tree 
 of life, over it, and made, by means of purified butter, wood and straw, 
 a large fire." * 
 
 Burnouf further maintains that the mother of the holy fire was Mihja, 
 who represents the productive force. ^ If his views are correct, they 
 would go far to explain the presence of the j^ on the vulva of the 
 idol No. 22G. They would also show that the four points which we so 
 frequently see under the arms of the '^ or 1^ indicate the wooden nails 
 with which this primitive fire-machine was fixed firmly on the ground ; 
 and, finally, they would explain why we so frec[uently see the ^J-j or the 
 Lj^ in company with the symbol of lightning or burning altars. The 
 
 woof 
 r 
 
 other cross too, which has also four points, E^J?, and which occurs 
 innumerable times on the whorls of the three upper pre-histciric cities of 
 Hissarlik, might also claim the honour of representing the two pieces of 
 1 for producing the holy fire by friction. Burnouf asserts that " in 
 emote antiquity the Greeks for a long time generated fire by friction, 
 and that the two lower pieces of wood, that lay at right angles across oufi 
 another, were called aravpi^, which word is either derived from the root 
 stri, which signifies lying upon the earth, and is then identical with the 
 Latin steritere, or it is derived from the Sanskrit word stavara, which means 
 
 1 Zdhel, de Znifironis, 1863, PI. 1 and 3, and lo^/iqne d<i hi ii,d,d.ic ct d,j la Bithijaic, Atlas, 
 
 p. 397 I'l- ''■' 
 
 - K.K.hholz, Altdeutsches Biirrjerleben, p. 184. * See Emile Burnouf, La Science dcs Sc/yions, 
 
 => GuiUaume and Perrot, Exploration archeo- p. 256. » Emile Burnouf, op. at. 
 
3.32 THE THIRD, THE EUEXT CITY. [Chap. A'll. 
 
 'film, siilid, immovalik'.' After tlio Greeks had other means of producing 
 fire, tlie wiird a'Tavpu<; passed siuiply into tlie sense of cross." 
 
 Tlie [^ or '-pi may l>e foiind in nearly all countries of Europe, and 
 in many countries of Asia. AVe see them on one of three pot-l)ottoms '" 
 found on Bishop's Island, near Ivoni^'swalde, on the right liauk of the 
 Oder,' as -well as on a vase found at Eeicliersdorf near Guben.'* A whole 
 row of them may lie seen r<.)und the famous pulpit of Saint Ambrose in 
 Milan. The sign occurs a th(nisand times in tlie catacomlis of Eome ; '■' Vi'e 
 find it very fre(|uently in the w'all-paiutings at Pompeii, even more than 
 1(J0 times in a house in the recently excavated street of Vesuvius; we see 
 it in three rows, and thus repeated sixty times, upon an ancient Celtic 
 funeral urn found at Shropham, in the e(junty of Norfolk, and now in the 
 British Museum.^" I find it also very t)i'ten on ancient Athenian ^ and 
 Corinthian vases, and exceedingly frec|uent on the jewels in the royal tombs 
 at i\Iyceiiae ; ' also on the coins of Leucas and Syrai-use, and in the large 
 mosaic in the royal palace garden at Athens. The Piev. W. Brown Keer, 
 who visited me in 1872 at Hissarlik, assured me that he has seen it 
 innumerable times in the most ancient Hindu temples, and especially in 
 those of the Jainas. I see also a pU on a vase ^ which was found 
 in the county of Lipto, in Hungary, and is preserved in the collection 
 Majlath Beta; further, <.in terra.-cottas found in the cavern of Bara- 
 thegy, in Hungary.* 
 
 Since the appearance of my Vv'ork Troij anil its Fiemains, I have been 
 favoured with letters fnrm correspondents who have observed the Lj^ and 
 py in various parts of the old world, from China at the one extremity 
 to AVestern Africa at the other. Dr. Lockhart, of Blacklieath, formerly 
 medical missionary in China — to wliom I am indebted for other interesting 
 eommunications ^ — says that "tlie sign pj-J is thoroughly Chinese."" 
 iiLijor-(ieneral H. W. Gordon, C.B., Controller of the Eoyal Arsenal 
 at Woolwich, wrote, with reference to the nations amongst whom I have 
 traced the pj-', " You may to these nations add the Chinese, since upon 
 the In'eech-chasing of a large gun lying outside my office, and which was 
 captured in the Taku Forts, you will find the same identical sign." For 
 the very interesting discovery of the symbol among the vVshantees, I am 
 
 = Zcitschrift fiir ]:iluiuh.:jir. Ur,i,,,i,,lcrI:o-/incr ' N". :'., I'l. xx. iu Dr. .Joseph Hampel's .Irtii- 
 
 Gcsi.'Ilschaft fur ^[nl/imjinlnji, luul. Unjcscliirhtc, ijniles jirciiit'jriipii's Jo hi. llongric ; Esztcvgom, 
 
 1871, iii. 1S77. 
 
 ' ThinJ K/ssionril L'cjxjrt ,>f the l:cri;,i Fori, t;j ■" .I.^sf-iili H.im|irl, Cnt.ihnjno dc rFxpnsiti.m 
 
 f„r Aiithroj:,,/',,/!/, Ethiioloiiij, iiiid I'rc-hidvrir l.c- pri'.'ustiri.iiio dcs J/ii^se'os lie rroriilcc ; BuilapL'st, 
 
 Siw,x7.cs, nl 1S71. 1S7I1. p. 17. 
 
 ® yci^tntml L\ i«irt <-if Ih Tii'yiin Finirtji for ^ Fitr rxamp](\ tho e'hinese sacrificinl cup, 
 
 Aafhrnpulinii/, J^l/iiin/n,/ip iiiul ]'n-l,Uti.ii'ic He- (ai^-rav('il main- ^n. 774 (].. 4(50), rcscmbliae; the 
 
 scjirrhcf, iil.luly i:i, 1S7I:I, p. \\. double-hnalleil u-.il.l eu|. nl' the lai-ge treasure. 
 
 » Eaiile r.aiiaaif, :>fi.rlt. X),-. Lockhart fiiiils varimis iirlicatiiais of Chinese 
 
 ■» A. W. Ki-anks, ll,,r,ic frr.iirs, V\. ?,(), iVs,. 19. hillaeia-e amoni; (lie Hissarlik aiitiriiiities, and 
 
 ' (1. Ilir,flifi-lil, Viisi. .trr.,;,'! Al,'„,r-i ; Unnia, traces Cliiaese letters on some of the whorls: 
 
 1S7'.^, Tav. xxxix. ami xl. (7 Dennis, The Cities hat I 4ii not now enter into that question. 
 inul ( 'i nu'teeics of je/f/iri'i, p. xei. '> JM. Ihirnoul asks me w hether it has not been 
 
 '-■ See ijiy J/j/eeiuie, \i. '^M, tigs. 383, 38.5, and imported into China bj- the Buddhists, 
 in inaiiv others. 
 
Chap. YIIJ THE ^jJ AXi) CYrPJOTE CHAEACTEliS. ooo 
 
 iiidel.tcd to Mr. E. B. ^Eiicay Macleod, of Iiivero'ordoii Castle, Eossssliire, 
 wlio wrute : "Yon may judge iny surprise wlicu, a few weeks ago, on 
 looking over some eurions Ijronzes captured at Oooniassie during tlie late 
 Ashantee war liy Captain Eden, son of Bishop Eden, of Inverness, and 
 now in Ins possessiiin, I oliserved tlie same STml)ol, Avith snnir otlievs, as 
 was usual in Asia Jliiior so many thousand years ago. I enclose photo- 
 graphs of the three hronzes with the symbol in high relief, and of nearly 
 the natural size." 
 
 ssic ill 1-71. 
 
 Professor Sayce observes to me: "E is evident that the sign found 
 at Hissarlik is identical with that found at Mycenae and Athens, as 
 Avell as on the pre-histonc pottery of Cyprus,' since the general artistic 
 character of the ofijects with which this sign is associated in Cyprus and 
 Greece agrees with that of the ohjects discovered in Troy. The Cyprian 
 vase figured in Ei Cesnola's Cijin-ns, El. xlv. o(i, Avhich associates the 
 sivastila with the hgirre of an animal, is a striking analogue of the Trojan 
 whorls on which it is associated with the figures of stags. The fact that 
 it is drawn within the vulva of the leaden image of the Asiatic goddess 
 (Xo. 22(j) seems to show that it was a symhol of generation. I helieve that 
 
 it is identical with the Cypriote character iis or Ep {m-), which has 
 
 the form SU in the inscriptions of Golgi, and also with the Hittito "j' 
 
 or a|r, which Er. Hyde Clarke once suggested to me was intended to 
 
 represent the organs of generation." 
 
 Mr. Edward Thomas kindly sends mo a copy of his most able dis- 
 sertation on tlie pj-J and Hh'" ^'^ vdiich ho says : " As far as I have been 
 able, to trace or connect the various manifestations of this emblem, they 
 one and all resolve themselves into the primitive conception of solar 
 motion, vrliich was intuitively associated with tlie rolling or wheel-like 
 projection of the sun through the upper or visible arc of the Jieaveiis, as 
 understood and accepted in the crude astronomy of the ancients. The 
 earliest phase of astronomical science wc are at present in a position to 
 refer to, with the still extant aid of indigenous diagrams, is the Cliald(,'an. 
 The representation of the sun m this syst(.'m commences w;lh a simple 
 ring or outline circle, which is speedily advanced towards the impression 
 of onward revolving motion by the inserti(nr of a cross or four wheel-like 
 
 ^ Di Cesnola, Ci/prus, V]. xliv., xlv., xlvii. 
 
 ^ The Indian Swastika and its ]Vc'^t':r/i Counterparts ; LouJun, 1880. 
 
 2 A 
 
354 THE THir.I), THE nUKXT CITY. [Chap. TIL 
 
 spokes witliiii tlic cireumfVa-eiiCL' of the ndrnial ring. As the original 
 Clialdeuu eiiililem of tin.' sun ay.-is tyiiiliril by a single ring, so the Indian 
 mind adoiitod a. similar delinition, which remains to this day as the 
 (isteusihlc device or caste-mark of the modern Sanras, or sun-worshippers. 
 Tlie tendcucv of devntional exercises in India, indeed, seems from the first 
 to have Iain in the direction of mystic diagrams and crypto symbols 
 rather tlian in tlie production of personified statues of the gnds, in which 
 it must be ciiufi-ssed that, unliki; the Greeks, the Hindus did not attain 
 a higli style of art." 
 
 I niiw come ti) tlie tripod-vases, of which a reullij enoi'iuous number 
 was fiiund. In fact, most of the Tnijan vases are tripods. I found, in my 
 cxcavatidiis in the Acropolis of Slycenae, a few fragments of terra-cotta 
 tripods,-' luit never an entire one. Besides, the Mycenean tripods are 
 very dift'erent from the Trojan ; for they have two large handles, which, as 
 well as the three feet, have each tivo, throe, four, or even five perforations, 
 for suspension Avith a string. (Jn the C(intrary, the fi.M.'t of the Tr(jjan 
 iripoils are never perforated, but there is on either side of the' biody a 
 projection with a vertical tubular hole, and, in the same direction, a hole 
 m tlie riiir and the cover. The string was drawn on each side through 
 the tuliular holes of the projections, and a knot being made lielow, as I 
 have shown in No. '2o2, the string was drawn through the tubular holes 
 of tlie iK.'ck or th("; covei'. It deserves attention that whenever a vase 
 has a Cover with long tubular holes, such as No. 2o2, there is nei per- 
 foration in the vase-neck; 
 ^^ _^ ^^ and there lieing none in 
 
 •^'^ ^_^^ ' tlie tripod-vase No. 251, 
 
 it must have had a cover 
 similar to that of No. 252. 
 In fact, vases with pro- 
 jections on the rim and 
 long tuliular holes in these 
 projections, a system such 
 //-^ / l('/^ \ as we see it on No. 25o, 
 
 always pre - supposi; flat 
 vase-covers perforated on 
 either side. In either way, 
 v\ S ' ' ■* />i," — I'y nieans of the cap- 
 
 like covers with tubular 
 ^ _ ~ lidcs, such as we see on 
 
 No. 252, or liy means of 
 
 perbirated flat covers, sudi 
 
 as there must liavi_: ex- 
 
 the vase could be shut dose, and it could lie earned 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 *?. 
 
 ijtel Tri 
 
 iOluil si; 
 
 1 Inliiilir holes fill" suspon^iun, 
 1.141., -n a.) 
 
 isted on. No. 25:l, 
 
 >! 
 
 th 
 
 But if, as is evident from the fragments I discovered at Mycenae, the 
 tripod form of vase was in use iu Greece from a very remote antiquity, it 
 
 See my Jfjceiuic, p. GO. 
 
Chap. YII.] 
 
 USE OF TMPODS IN HOMER. 
 
 mo;;t certainly T;as no longer in use there or elsewhere in the so-cnll'.Ml 
 Crraeco-Phoenieian period, and far less in later times. The liest proijl' nf 
 this is, tliat neither the Museums of Athens, nm- the British Museum, 
 nor the Louvre, nor any other museum in tlie world, can boast of possess- 
 ing a tripod-Yase of terra-cotta, execpt one found at lalysus, preserved 
 in the British Museum, two from Etruria (one of them in form of ;in 
 animal from Corneto) as well as one from Peru in the lioyal Museum 
 of Berlin,^'-' one apparently of a late period in the Museum of Leyden," 
 and tliree linuize tripod-vases of a late time in the Middle Ages in the 
 iluseums of Xeu Strelitz, Stralsund, and Braudenluirg. "We must also, 
 of eourse, except the censers, consisting of a very Hat howl with three very 
 long, l)road feet, wdiich occur among the Graeco-Phoenieian as vfell as the 
 Corinthian pottery, and of wdiieh the Museum of the BapijaKeiov in Athens, 
 as well as all the large European museums, contain a feAV specimens. 
 
 Xo fragment of a tripod-vase of eitlier terra-cotta or bronze has ever 
 Ijccn found in the Lake-dwellings ; ^ nor, indeed, so far as I know, has any 
 Ijronze or copper tripod-vase ever been found anywhere, except the above, 
 and one whicli I discovered in the fourth royal sepulchre at Mycenae, and 
 of which I gave an engraving, Xo. 4-10, p. 278 of my Mijcenae. But 
 as tripods are continually mentioned hj Homer, the fact nov/ mentioned 
 goes far to prove that he eitlier flourished in Greece at that remote age 
 to which the Mycenean sepirlchres belong, or that he lived in Asia Minor, 
 where tripods may have lieen still in use at the time usually attributed t;> 
 the poet (the ninth century B.C.). But my excavations at Hissarlk have 
 ■iioi proved that tripods were still in use so late : for no trace of them 
 was found either in tlic layer of dchr/s of the sixth city, which I hcdd 
 to b'C a L'/dian settlement, ur m the most ancient strata of the Aeolic Ilium. 
 
 Tripods of copper (or bronze) were used in the Homeric times fjr 
 various purposes. Li the Odijsseij," as well as in the Iliad,'' we find them 
 fiven as presents of honour. In the Iliad ■' one is oilered as a prize in 
 
 '" The Royal Jluseum of Berlin eontaiiis al,o a 
 terra-ontta vase witli lour feet, but I have not 
 heea able to leavn where it was found. 
 
 ■' L. J. F. Janssen, He Gcrmaanschc en Koord- 
 sehe ilonunienten van liet Musciua tc Leydea ; 
 Leyden, 1840. 
 
 ' I'l-ofefsor Yirchow iniorms mo that in tlie 
 jieat-iijoors of Nortlonai Germany are' ol'ten found 
 copper liottles with three feet, wliie'li belong, 
 however, to a late period, aud ].robably to llie 
 Jliddle A-es. Twn sueh tripod-vases— the one 
 of iron, tlie other of brass or bronze— are repre- 
 sented in the Sessional Report of the Berlin 
 Soriet/i of Anthropoloiji/, Etimoloj}], &c., of 
 July 11, 1874-, ri. xi. Kos. 4 and 5. 
 
 - Od. xiii. i:; : 
 aAA' aye ol 5d\u.€u rpiTToBa /J.4yci.i' ?)5e Xe^rjTO. . . - 
 
 (JJ. XV. 82-Sd : 
 
 oiid'E Tis 7jfj.€as 
 
 avTccs airTrefi-^ei, d(j:(r'El 5e' ri eV 76 e'je'pefrtJai, 
 rie TWO. rpfJToduu ^ijx'^.\KO)V Tje Ae/SviTwf. 
 
 ^ //. viii. t;s;i-L:yi: 
 
 TTp'^TCC TOt ^€t' ^f.lh 7rpe(T/3'/ji'Of tV X^P^ O'l^CiO, 
 
 ■;) rplTTob' 7?e Sua) 'iTrnous aJjTo'iffii' ux^eripw 
 
 ■ije yvvaix , 'l\ /ceV roi biiiiv Ae'xos eliiai'a^aLVOl. 
 
 II. ix. I'Jl-l'j:; : 
 vf-Ui^ S' eV 7ri,'.j'T6(T(7i Trgpi/iAuxa Zujp^ ijvopViVw, 
 e-rr' (i-Kopous jpiTTodas, OiKa 5e xp^'^'e'O tc:Au:tc, 
 cIlOwvo.s 5e \€li-f]Tas ieLKom, . . . 
 ■' II. xi. 71.11), 71)1 : 
 
 Trepl rpiirohos yi^p izjuXXoi^ 
 
 OiiKreo-Qct.r 
 
 II. xxiii. ■2<Vl--y\i: 
 'liYir^vefLV /.(tr npajTO. TrodcvKerrLU ay'Aa c.^OAa 
 67jKe yvyaiKa iiy^aBai ap.vpiova. '4pya i?jmav 
 
 K<X\ TpinoB' WTWiVTa . . . 
 
 //. xxiii. dsr. : 
 5ei;pe I'l'i^, v) TptTrodos ir^pili^ji^Oov 1]^ Ae/3?7TOS . . = 
 
 //, xxiii, .'.I'J, .".la.: 
 5w/ce S' 6.yiiv kr6.poiaw vn^pQvp.oi<jL yvvaiKa 
 Ka\ rpnrob' oiTwei'Ta (pep^il^' 
 
 II. xxiii. 717, 718 : 
 
 01 5e ^aA' clii 
 
 viKTjS Uffdrif Tpi-JTOBOS Tre'pi TTUiTjTOLU. 
 
35(J THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 tlie games, and tlio tripml also occurs as an ornament of the rooms, ^ 
 ami, fiD'tliiT. for the licatnig of Avater and for cooking.'' To indicate its 
 nse for tliese latter purposes, Homer ' gives also to tlie tripod the epithet 
 e/nTupi./3>]Tri<;, " set On the fire." 
 
 lb is very remarkahle that, -with all the many hundreds of terra- 
 cotta tripod-vases, no trace of a copper or hronze tripod v\-as fmrnd in 
 any one of the five pre-historic cities at Hissarlik. This is all the more 
 astonishing since the ten treasures found in the third or burnt city 
 appear to prove that the city was suddenly and unexpectedly destroyed 
 Ijy a fearful catastrophe, so that the inhabitants had no time to save 
 anything. I'esides, the largest treasure, that one vdiich vas found by me 
 at the end of May ISTo, contained three copper vessels and some more in 
 fragments, but not one of these was a tripod. The existence, therefore, of 
 terra-cotta and copper tripod-vessels in Mycenae at that remote antiquity 
 to which the royal tomlis belong ; —their non-csistence in Greece at any 
 later period ; — the abundance of copper (or Ijronze) tripod-vessels in the 
 time of Homer ; — the general use of tci-ra-cotta tripod-vessels in all the 
 five pre-historic cities at Hissarlik ;— the total absence there of copper 
 tripods of any kind: — this series of facts presents just as many problems 
 vrhich liid fair to occu]"iv the scientific world for a long time to come. 
 
 In order to avoid continual repetition, I here state that, unless I 
 mention the contrary, all the Trojan vases may be regarded as hand-made. 
 
 I have still to describe more fully the tripod-vases already mentioned, 
 Xos. 2ol, '2'y2, and 12-j''>. As may be seen, the vertical tubular holes of 
 No. 251 are very long ; the three feet, of vdiich only one is visible in the 
 engraving, are very short and thick. On either side of the globular body 
 wo sec two narrow strips with dots, and two broad ones with an incised 
 ornamentation in the shape of fish-spines. This latter decoration is seen 
 on several g(dd goblets - found by nie at Mycenae in the royal sepulchres, 
 as well as on a marlde slab fjund outside of them ; '' it also occurs on 
 terra-cotta vases found in Dolmens of the Stone age in Denmark ; "' on 
 a vase found in Hungary," and elsewhere. 
 
 No. '2'y2 is a very remarkable lustrous light-red tripod-vase. Around 
 the body we see a deep furroAv, the two edges of which are perforated 
 Vertically for suspension ; liut the usual projections on either side of the 
 lioily are missing here. Not less curious is the cover, in the form of a 
 Phrygian cap, having on each side a tuliular hole more than 2 in. long, 
 liy means of whicli it was fastened on the vase with a string, as I have 
 shown in the engraving. There are similar very long vertical tubular 
 
 ^ //. x\iii. :i7:'., '.',14- : 111 //. _\xii. 1C?J, 164, it is failed TpiVos instead 
 
 rpiTToBas yap 4iiK0(TL irapTas €T€vx^v <»!' tlie Usual Innn TpiTTovs: 
 
 eijrauej'ai Trcp] rfnxov ^'Caradio^ /leydpuw, ... tu 5e /j:4yo. K-g?Tai aeOKoi', 
 
 I, (,,/. vjii. -l:;-!: 'l rpiivos ill! yvr!), . . . 
 aarpl irupl nT'iirroA Tp'iTTu'Ca. fieyar IIttl rdxilTa. _° ^'-'- ^"y '^'U'-^'" "-, ^"- 319, P- -OiJ, and No. 
 
 O.UjhL TTVUl (TT-lia-OA TOiTTUlJa Ll^'vav, tj(hpa TU.Ylfna lO l t \ -w \ t i .-,/ t r^ 
 
 •; ^ ', ^ I- I > i^ A ^'^ .\. .]. A. \\^a-^:vAy'. ^nn]is!:(? Ijlilsaqcr ; Qo\\(i^' 
 
 ^ h;i;:;rii, lh.>\\, |i. V.K li--. VK), ;in<l ],. 20, fig. 100. 
 ■ //. .wjii, 7m_: : n .'d.^rph llninjicl. Ant'xiv.iit'^ prchisturiqucs dc 
 
 ri;.' p.lv vLKr\(To.VTi fj.iya.v TpiTTOii' ^!.nrvpi^-ilTi']v^ . . „ ii.t JJt.nnjru', PI. xxi. Kv. 7. 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 TRirODS WITH SUSPENSION KINGS, 
 
 357 
 
 holes in tlio projections near the rim of the pretty grey tripod-vaso 
 l'>o. '253, wliich has smaller projections with vertical tuhular holes, m 
 
 No. 252. Ornamented Tripna Vase, -nilli tubular 
 rings fur suspension. (^2 ; .j ai.luaL size. 
 Depth, 20 ft,) 
 
 
 ■,.-.aW#^*' 
 
 No. 2,i3, r)rnamented Tripod Vase, witli tnliular ring 
 for suspensiuu. (2 ; 5 actual size. Pepllj, 20 ft.) 
 
 the same direction, in its glolmlar lioJy, which is decorated with wedge- 
 shaped incisions and points. 
 
 Another tripod-vase with the suspension system is No. 254, the neck 
 of which is ornamented wdth H circular hands. The hody is divided hy 
 three bands into four licdds, of which the upper one is decorated with the 
 
 No. 2,-,-l. Ornamented Tripod Vase, ivilh tubular holes No. 2r,.-,. Ornanientid Tri|i'id Vas., u i:h tubular holes 
 forsiispensiun. Incised oi'u.anenLatiou. (^AbouL 1 : i f r su-[irai^ii.Ht. Ineiseil uriiameiitatinTi. (,A]joulI:4 
 
 actual size. Iiepth, 2C ft.) actual size, lieplh, 20 It.) 
 
 very common incised zigzag ornament, the two following with small 
 incised strokes; the lower tiidd has no (irnanientatioii. N(.). 255 is a 
 similar tripod-\asc, with an almost identical ornamentation. 
 

 THE TlilRI*, THE BUR XT CTTY. 
 
 [Chap. Vll. 
 
 
 
 No. 2.^() represents ii very eliarrtcteristic specimen of a Trojan terra- 
 eiittiL tnpiiil-vusc ; it is (if a liglit-lir(j\vn colour, and lias two handles, 
 
 wliicli, as well as tlie tlxree feet, 
 are of a spiral form. Letween 
 tlie two handles there is, un 
 either side of the l.)ody, a lari^o 
 projection with a vertical tuLnlar 
 hole, one of wliich is jnst in 
 front, and in the same direction 
 a 111 lie in the rini for suspension. 
 The long' funnel-shaped neck is 
 decorated with simple circular 
 lia.nds. 
 
 A very elegant red tripod- 
 vase v\'ith tAVO perforated haiidh's 
 is represented under No. 2o7. 
 On each side of its ghjlnilar 
 liody we see an incised decora- 
 tion of three lu'anches, of which 
 tlie middle one has (jii each side 
 a zigzag line, the two others 
 plain lines. 
 
 The tripod-vase No. 2-58 is 
 very curious, on account of its 
 fanciful h_'et, wdiich, as Avell as 
 
 lily Tiipnd V^i'c, with Iw" liandlf^ of spiral r.,rm tllO projCctlOUS Oil tllG SldcS of 
 
 it J the body, are ornamented witli 
 
 incisions; tlie yhole upper part 
 of this vessel is restored. The only peculiarity in the globular tripod- 
 Viise, No. 2-59, is a projection on the body, the upper part of vdiich is 
 
 iiiiii 
 
 K.,, 2r,Y. (Holjular li | 1 ■ 
 
 suspension and incisf.'d (.niiaii 
 palm-leaves. (1 : 3 actual si; 
 
 Ills f(,r 
 
 ^ili I idaiits ur 
 
 H'ritli, 20 ft.) 
 
 onuimeuti'd with a zigzag line bcdwren two circular bands. Much prettier 
 IS the littli! globular tripod-vase. No. 2(j0 ; wdiicli has on each side the 
 usii;il perhirated projection for susjieusiou. The body is decorated with 
 
CiiAr. VII.] 
 
 A'AIUOUS TI!11V)L>-VA;SES. 
 
 359 
 
 an incised Land of a horizontal tisli-spinc-likc ornamentatioii, iiarallol to 
 wliieli Ave t-'ee a, Land of strolies round tlie neek. Tins latter liand is 
 
 No. 250. Globular V;ise, ^vith tlirL-e r..et and tubular 
 
 buk'S for suspeuslon. (Aljouc 1 ; -1 actual sue. 
 
 Depth, 2Gft.) 
 
 Xo. 260. (;anbii|-ii Ini 1 wuNl I bl r suspeusioil 
 and inci&Ld hsb s]iinc bkc orii iments. 
 (.Nearly 1 3 actual size Depth 26 ft.) 
 
 joined to tlie lower one on each side h}- a row of hsh-spine incisions. The 
 neck straitens towards the top. 
 
 The tripeid Xo. 201 has two handles of a spirjtl form, AYlii(di, as a rare 
 exceptiiin to the rule, are not perforated. The eluljnlar Lody is divided 
 Ly seven parallid circular liands into six lields : of thes(.' the larger 
 central one is divided nn each side liy fifteen vertical lines into sixteen 
 small fields, hiur of which are ornamented with incised circles, and four 
 others with strokes. Xo. 2(J2 is another tripod-vase, with tulurlar holes for 
 
 No. 201. TriiKxl Vase, w'.ih iuciscd ornanientatic 
 (Half attual size. Depth, 23 ft. ) 
 
 No. 2G2. Tri]iod Vi'ie, with inci.«ed ornameDtatioQ. 
 (Hall actual fize. Il.ptli, 25 ft,) 
 
 suspension. The upper part of the e-ltilmlar l)odY, as well as tlie neck, is 
 ornamented with incised parallel liands, of ^vhieli two are urnamented 
 with horizontal strokes, the third with an incise(l zigzag line. 
 
 The tripod-vaso Xo. '2(Jo is very similar to Xo. 2o2, with the difference 
 that the neck ot the latter straitens, while that of Xo. 2(Jo widens towards 
 the top. On neither of these two vases are there perforated projections 
 
360 
 
 THE Timtl*. THE LDGNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII 
 
 for suspension. On No. 2(13, tlie edge of tlie bottom, tlio projecting 
 cilge on tlie middle of the l)ody, as W(dl as the njiper part of the neck 
 and the cover, are perforated on each side for assmg the string 
 throngli. 
 
 I call tile reader's vfi'V particular attention to the curious Lght-red 
 tripod-liiix Xos. '2(i-l and 2(JJ, the f )rmer being the cover and the latter 
 
 Nu 2(U, 
 
 Jio. 2C3. Tripod Vase, with tuliiilnr holes fiir suspension Nos. 264, 26.5. Tripod Bo.x, with holes for suspension, 
 m tlje loner part ol tlie hoily, the rim, .md the cover. A eiitile-flsh is painted on the cover. 
 
 (1 : 3 actual size, llepth, 20 It.) (Nearly l : 3 .letual size. Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 ijeing the lo^Yer part. The three feet are of a spiral form. On each side 
 of the bottom, as well as on two sidi.'S m the rims, there is a perforation 
 for suspending the liox and fistenmg the lid on it. On the .top of the 
 
 latter tlie reader sees a curious 
 oniiimontation, painted with dark- 
 rod (day, in which tlie ket.^n eye of 
 my friond Mr. Charles Xewton, of 
 tlie hSritish i\Iuseum, has recognized 
 a cuttle-fish, and this is in fact most 
 cortainly represented here. The 
 same ornamentatK.jn occurs at My- 
 cenae and in the PhoeiiiC(.>-Greek 
 remains tit lihodes. The same oriia- 
 nientatitiii is very frofpient on the 
 objo(/ts of gold fiund by me in the 
 royal sepulchres of Mycenae,^ also 
 on the pottery from a tomb at 
 Talysus in Ehodes preserved in the 
 Kritish Museum. No. 2Cj'o is the 
 cover, and No. 2G7 the lower part, 
 of a lustrous-black liox of terra- 
 cotta, niathj of a. verv compact 
 graphite chiy mixed with so much 
 mica that it glitters all over with 
 thousands of sparkles, liki;' gold or 
 silver. I f)und it ou the wall 
 near tlie royal house, tiigether with the curious object of Egyptian 
 ]M)rcela,iii No. ;>1S, and a lustrous-bhitdv vtist^ with an owl's head and 
 tne characteristics of a wonitin, in a large broken funeral urn which 
 
 .X'.'J. 266, 267. Lustrous-black V.n\, « itii Cover of 
 I'trra-cotta. ( Half actual sizr. 1 J. plIi, 2^ ft ) 
 
 -■e my Hrycrnctc, Ko. 240, p. IGG, ami Xos. 270, 271, p. 181. 
 
VII.] 
 
 TEr.EA-COTTA COXES WITH LIDS. 
 
 061 
 
 ^Yas filled with different sorts of carbonized material and ashes of animal 
 matter. Though the hox has evidently Lei.'n exposed to a great heat, 
 yet it is hardly half-haked, prohably liecanse it was shut. Hut still 
 the heat has Ijeeu so great in the l)ox that all its contents have lieen 
 carbonized. In these Prcifessor X. Landerer recognizes gram, remnants 
 of cotton or linen cloth, beads of glass paste, and animal charcoal of bones 
 and flesh. Thus we may with all probability suppose that the funeral urn 
 contained the ashes of a d(.'Ceas(.'d persdii, to which were added several 
 articles, to one of whicli the oliject of Egyptian porcelain belonged; also 
 the box liefjre us, which seems to have contained a dress ornamented 
 with beads of a glass paste, and some food, grain, and animal matter. 
 Unlike the box Xos. 2lid, j!(Jo, IIk/ black box before us has no holes for 
 suspension, and the lid is s(.> large that it covers the lower part or box 
 proper entirely. 
 
 No. 268 represents a lustrous-black tripod-vase with the system for 
 suspension ; it has on each side of the body three linear projections and two 
 
 Ko. 205. ( ; iMliuUir Tnpuil, \i ilh pfvfurated 
 projections for suspensiuii. OriKimontatioii, C linear 
 
 260. y i^' (tin iiiientul with nci^ions. 
 (^1 ; 4 aitual SIZL. Ltptb, .b It ; 
 
 projections. (1 : i actual size Deptli, 32 ft ) 
 
 lines incised round the neck. No. 269 is a little grey vase decorated with 
 three lines round the neck, and a series .if circles and a zigziig orntt- 
 mentation roun.l the body. Nos. 270 and 271 are two globular tripod- 
 
 Nos "70 -Tl. Tn-o Ti-iport Vas. « itli I 1 r m^ i i 
 
 and ornamented Willi inc.sion,. (1 l.ti.li/ l-ftli-Ult) 
 
 vases of a blackish colour, with tubular hi,les f:,r suspension; the former 
 is ornamented with three lines round the neck, and vtirious other rudo 
 incised patterns on the body ; the upper part of No. 2/1 is decorated all 
 
THE THIRD, THE TURXT CTTY 
 
 [Chap. A'IL 
 
 round with 7 Ijandh; of d<jts. Ko. 272 is a lustrous-black tnpod-vase with 
 a rill-- for suspension on either side, and two small projections on each side 
 
 of the liody. 
 
 I pass iiTor to the iinornamented tripod-vases, simply placing before 
 the rradiu- nine specimens of lustrous Idack, brown, or red colour 
 (Xos. 273 to 2S1), as their several forms may be easily studied from the 
 
 No. 27-1 r 1 1 \ 1 boles fur 
 
 susptljs 1 4 t 1 I 1 b, -26 ft.) 
 
 Xu 275. Tri] i\ wil 1 1 1 r suspension. 
 (. \ tally 1 .^ jLt ul 1/ flqth 2C ft.) 
 
 No. 2711. Tnpnd Vasr, « illi liiliiifir hol.'S for 
 suspciK.ii.n. (^1 1 actual size. 1 Irptli, 2C. ft.) 
 
 Gxcellcnt engravings. iVU of them have two vertically perforated projec- 
 tions for suspension with a, string. In the engravings Xos. 273 and 274 
 the perforations for the string in the rim are also easily to be discerned. 
 Tlie feet of No. 270 form curves ; those of No. 277 arc iii tire form of 
 spirals. 
 
CuAr. Yll.] 
 
 UNORNAMENTED TltlPOD-VASES. 
 
 No. LiTs. (..Inlmhir Tripod, 
 with tul.iul;ii- holos for su^pcu^ion. 
 (AljJllt 1 : J acliuil sizf. Doijrb, 20 ft.) 
 
 
 *#' 
 
 ^ 
 
 'ii 
 
 s 
 
 <!' 
 
 i 
 
 ft; -' 
 
 Xo. 2-0. Triooii Va<.', nilh tulniLir liofis fur 
 
 £tl;pr-n;ion. (1 :-[ actual size. JJopHli, 
 
 32 ft. J 
 
 No. 2?1. Terra-cotta Tripod Vase, \vith 
 
 perforated projections on the sides for suspension, 
 
 (Half actual size. Depth, 30 ft.) 
 
 I now proceed to the rases withmit feet. Xo. 282 is a histroiis dark- 
 brown globular vase, witli a short neek and douhle rings for suspension on 
 
 No. 232. Vase ■t\'ith two tubular holes for 
 
 suspension on each side. (About 1 : 4 actual size. 
 
 Iirpth, 32 ft.) 
 
 No. 2.S3. Spout of a block Vase, with two boles 
 
 for suspension. (2 : 3 actual size. Depth, 
 
 26 ft.) 
 
 each side. Similar vases with dduble rings on each side are general in the 
 first city, but they hardly ever occur in the higher strata ; in fact, in all 
 
3(J-1 
 
 THE TIIIEI*, THK BURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap, YII. 
 
 rnv excavations I tuaiid only two of them in tlie tliird or burnt city." 
 But Xo. 2S3 is a Tase-spimt witli two pcrfi (rations in tlic rim. It evi- 
 dently 1icli)ii£;-s to A vase witli such a spout on each wide of the body: 
 I sliull have (lecasiim to represent such a vase on a sulisec|nent page. 
 No. 2yA is a lustrous-ldack glolmlar vase, with the usual vertical tubular 
 holes for suspensi(ui. As to Nos. 2S.j and 288, I have nothing particular 
 to add to the mere view of the objects. 
 
 Ho. 28-1, llluljular Vase, with tulmliir holes. 
 (About 1 : -) :ir(ii;il sizp. Jlepai. 'i- f-O 
 
 ^ sr:^-',^-'-^ 
 
 Km, 28,5. r;i(.)bular Vast. T\'ith tubular boles fur 
 suspension. (Nomlj' 1 : 3 actual tize, Jjcpti), 32 ft.l 
 
 Ku. 2-6. I'.uttl^ \ tl t 111 b 1 f r suspension. 
 (AbMiit 1 1 -I u 1 1 ] itb, 213 ft. J 
 
 Xu, 21^7. Olnl.mlar Hotdle, with tubular bnlos fnr 
 siispcii^iuii. (.Nearly 1 : o actual .-i/..-. Jirptb, 26 li.) 
 
 Xos. 280 rnid 287 arc in sliapc much like our present bottles ; but 
 tli(.^ projections Avitli tlte vertical tul)ular Lt.)les on the sides betra.y at once 
 tlicir remote ;intiquitv. X(.). 2S1) is a. larg-c yello^Yisli vase of oval form, 
 having dh the sides the like piMtjectiovis vvith perforatiruis. Ko. 200 is a 
 lustrous-black glolailar vase ^vith ptud'orated projections for suspension. 
 
 - A liaDi!-in;i(]e y;ise similar to tlii.^, ari'l nlS' 
 with two rinL^s bu- suspi'ii.-^iini hi either .shb: 
 is ill the reiiia]-l;abb' cnlb-etinii of | n'c-li i^tori 
 
 Gemiall pottei'V <>( I'i-nfrsM.r \'i]a Imw ;it. IhtIIu 
 
 Great j.raisr i^ liiie to this IVleinl (nr the exteii 
 
 l\'e e\ carat 1 1 
 
 lie i,:is I 
 
 G.-lkr 
 
 v.'ilh lii^ hi-hly tah^nted ehihlrcn, iiis daughter 
 Adeh; an. I his s(pii Dr. irans N'ireln.w, iii tlie 
 
 -t '_;ra\'e\-;n''l of Zahoia'iwo in fin- ]ir( 
 
 the result. Lut, unlike the Trojan vases, which 
 iiivariahly have vertical perforations for suspen- 
 sidu, tlie pi?rfni-;ainns nn the above ^'a-^e ia i'mi'. 
 \'irrh(i\\'s cojleeticii are in a Imi-izdntal pn.sitinn, 
 like those of all the German va.srs ; but lie 
 
 onijianv jiosse-.ses one vase 
 
 found at r.e 
 
 al in rnm- 
 
 nieni, wliich has on eae'h ^ide a vertu-allv jier- 
 I'ur.ited exere.sccnce. Another rare e.xeeptiou is a 
 vase ill the jMiirki-^ehes IMiiscinn at l^erlin, vliich 
 
 Posen, and of whicli bis very curious collection i^ has also a vertical perforation un cither side. 
 
Chap. A^IL] 
 
 VASES WITHOUT FEET. 
 
 365 
 
 Ko. 2S^. Va.-c will] liilmlar Ijolcs for suspension, 
 (About ] : i actual siz^j. Depth. 32 ft.) 
 
 No. 2^9. Vase of ...vul ^li;i|ir. «itli tuljular lioies for 
 susiKiision. (,\buut 1 :1 aetu.il size. Deplli, 2G It.) 
 
 A vase similar t(") tliis, Init with horizontally perforated excrescences on 
 the sides, is in Professor Yirchow's collection. 
 
 No. 20u. ( 1 i L 1 I \ t \Mlb 
 
 bules for susi)f usiou 
 
 (1 : 4 actual -tz 1) [th _J ft.) 
 
 \D 1 (,1 I 1 1 \ u 
 
 tul liar h le for s iei| n i n 
 
 (1 : 4 actual size. Depth, 2G ft.) 
 
 No. 212 (,1 bular \ a e, n ith h lea No. 203. Globular Vase, with holes No. 294. Cup with flsii-Epine orna- 
 
 for suspeli>ion and incisi'd orua- for suspension and incised flowery mentation. (About 1 : 4 actual size, 
 
 mentation. (About 1:4 actual size. ornamentation. (About 1 : 4 actual Depth, 25 ft,) 
 
 Depth, 20 ft.) tm. Depth, 32 It.) 
 
 No. 291 is remarkaLle for the shape of its very long perforated 
 projection;-; for suspension. Xo. 292 is a glolmhtr va.sc, rudely decorated 
 witli a linear ornamentation and dots. No. 293 is a grey globular vase 
 with the suspension system, ornamenteil on each sidf witli six very 
 neatly-incised palm-Lranches. No. 29i is a lustrous dark-red golilct 
 
3Gr 
 
 THE TIimD, THE liURXT C:iTY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 Avitlidut liaridlcs ; it is {lecoruteil Avitli an incised liana of the lisli-spine 
 ornament, eneonipassetl on lioth sides liy doulile lines, Ijel )\v wliich ^Ye 
 see an eni;raved liraneli all round the vase. The perforated projections 
 on the sides of the lustrous dnrk-LroAvn ^i;doliular vase, No. 29-5, are 
 in the shaiie' of ears. No. 2UG represents a vase with perforated projec- 
 
 
 tions 
 Pridr 
 cover 
 v-ith 
 
 I 1 1 I r \ 1 nitli til ulii holes fr,r 
 n (, il ut 1 4 actual Bi/f I) lilh, 29 ft.) 
 
 Nu. 2 A as ^ ti 1 1 tat and tnl.)ular 
 
 boles f U] 1 \l t ] 4 ctual size. 
 
 I Ith J It J 
 
 for suspension ; it has a rude linear ornamentation on the body. 
 
 ssiu- YirchdAv calls my attention to the great similaritv between the 
 
 of this vase ami that of the covers on the Pommerellcn vases 
 
 human faces. No. 2!J7 is of a lustrous-brown coleur ; its neck 
 
 f 
 
 V -- ; . 
 
 
 
 vi- ? 
 
 Xo. -J'JT. Vasi' Hith tiil.iilir lifls r.ir suspension. Xo, 29-. r,l,u-k V:ise. with ,i 
 (1:4 artual size. Sh^al,, 21; i"t.) on llie sijes loi- susiieiisi. 
 
 (1 : ;i aclual s 
 
 
 \-rx lioilnni aiel tiilaaar boles 
 -\ere,l all oveT «illi dots. 
 
 Driitii, 23 rt.i 
 
 widens slightly towards the top. No. 298 is a lustrous-ldack vase, with 
 a gliilmlar base and IIk; usual perforated projections for suspension; it is 
 covered all over v/itli rows of dots. 
 
ClIAl'. VII.] 
 
 VASE AVITII rtEilAIUvAIJLE DECDRATIOXS. 
 
 367 
 
 The gloljular lustrous (Ia^k-l)^()^Yn vase, No. 20'.1, witli its Ion;:;- per- 
 forated and deeply-tlnti'd projections for suspension, is very remarkaLle. 
 
 No. 300 is of tlie same colour, and has the 
 usual system for suspension. It is decorated with 
 a -waving line and dots. 
 
 To the list of vases found elsewhere, with 
 vertical tulinlar holes for suspension, I may add 
 two small conical vases from Nimr(-iud, in the 
 British I^Iusenin, each of which has four such 
 holes. 
 
 No. 301 IS a lilackish gl,,liular vase, with 
 perfirated projections on the body as well as in 
 the rim, for suspension. It has a rudely-incised 
 ornamentation filled up with white chalk. 
 
 One of tlie most interesting oljects ever found at Ilissarlili is the 
 
 > [ 1 1 \ 
 
 t I 1 I 1 1 le n 
 
 \l t 1 4 cl 1 
 1 qtL, .0 ft.) 
 
 >> 
 
 *5yLjT*i* Vesj& 
 
 No. 300. Vase wiih hole^ for suspension, and incised 
 
 irnanitntatiun. (About 1 : 4 actual size. 
 
 Deptli, 32 ft.) 
 
 Xo. 301. Glob 1 ^ b -n- b tnl ulir b les in tlie rim 
 
 and bod"v f s ] n n ic i rniraeiitalitin, 
 
 (14 t I z I I tl 5 ft ) 
 
 beautiful lustrous dark-yellow vase Nil 302 (p. 3(iR), which has on the 
 sides long projections pjerforated with tubular liolrs f.tr suspension ; eaeli 
 of these projections is ornamented with f >ur horizontal ptirallel lines. The 
 surface of the body is divided on each side by two vertical lines into three 
 fields : in the middle field, which is liy far the largest, we see on each side a 
 tree with ten branches, a. decoratirui whitdi is very frequent on the Trojttn 
 whorls and balls (see Nos. ISOO-lOOd, 1!)10, 1093, 1009, and 200O). I'.ut 
 I remind the reader tliiit this, like all other patterns on the pre-historic 
 pottery of Hissarlik, is incised. If we examine these incisions with a 
 lens, we conclude from their rudeness and irregularity tliat they must 
 have been made with pointed pieces of silex or lianl wood, or Avitli lione- 
 needles, befire the pottery was liaked fir the second time, or, more 
 proliably, befire it was I.irought to the fire for tlie^ first time. The vase 
 Ixd'ore lis (No. 302) has Ijeen exposed to the full heat of ' the conflagra- 
 tion; f.tr, although tlie clay is very thick, it is tlioroughly liaked. This 
 vase evidently had a cover like that which we see on No. '1')'2. 
 
 Another highly interesting vase is represented l.iy No. 303 (p. 308) ; it 
 
THE THIRD, THE RUKXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 is (if a lustrons-li];ick calonr, and Imt sliglitly liukftl. Like many other 
 black vasrs, it ayhuLI ladst |irolial:ilT liave liecome qnite rod Lad it l)een 
 exposed to tlic intense lieat of tlie conflagration, and so been tliorouglily 
 
 -^-i 
 
 
 
 No. 302. Vase of \V( U-ii"li-ljrd yOlow Tcir^v.cotta, ivilb 
 ail iiicisiil oriKiirieiitatinii and lung tiiliulaf boles lur 
 suspensinii on either side. (About 1 : 3 aetiiai tize. 
 Dertb, 2r; fl ) 
 
 No. 303. Vase of polishea blaekish Teira-cotla, with 
 tubuLir boles for suspension. Incised plant-like orna- 
 meutatiun. (Half actual size. nep,th, 33 ft.) 
 
 baked. It has on bdtli sides ]i(iinted projections "witli perfcirations for 
 snspension. Like tlie fureguing vase (Xu. 30'2), it has a small iiollow 
 font; its sliape is glolmlar; it is decorated on eacli side v>'itli t\YO reversed 
 liranidies, eacli vntli 18 leaves and snrrorinded by dots; tliere is also a 
 jilant-like ornamentation aliove the pjrojections. A similar ornamentation 
 is very freijiient on the Avliorls (see Nos. 1901 and 1904). 
 
 The liistrons-red vase Ko. odd is of an ovtil shape. This also has a 
 small hollow hiot and a short rieidv, vdii(di widens towards the montli ; it 
 has the usual tubular holes on the sides, and holes in the rim in the 
 same direidimi. The liody is orname'iited all round with rndtdy-incised 
 vertical lines, just as if the primitive potter had intended to imitate 
 a melon. The neck is orniiniented with liorizontiil paralhd lines. This 
 vessel has been exposed to the intense heat of the contlagration, liy which 
 it lias liccii tliorou^lih; biaked. The crown-shaped cover whicli we see on 
 the vase is very curious. Unlike the usual covers witli a similar crown- 
 like handle, this cover is not intended to be put over tlie neck of the vase, 
 Init to lie put into it, like a stopper, becttuse its lower paid, is hcmi- 
 spberieal and hollow, with a wide orilice in the middle. I>y this con- 
 trivance the cover could be put on the vase even when it was full, liecause 
 the liijuid would enter into the hollow. ^Yliile all the vases which 
 I have hilherto piissed m review, and all those wliKdi 1 shall pass in 
 review willioiil ;t special notice to the contrary, tire hand-made, this vase- 
 cover IS A\lieel-made, it circumstance which appears to prove that it does 
 not iMdoiig to this particular vuse. 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 VArJOUS SUSPEXSION VASES. 
 
 m: 
 
 Under No. 30.1 I represent a gloLnlar lustrons "\i llo-\\ vise 1 nnl m 
 the royal house; it has the usual perforatcil project i m^ 1 i sus| n i n on 
 
 
 
 ■&^ 
 
 
 K'o. 30-1. Ln^trous-roil Vaso of oval shopn. with mfjo linr'ar 
 
 ornamentation, having Iotir yiPrforatPd jToji f. tiona on tbo ^iJes. 
 
 illiilf actual size. l)C[itb, ;;4It.) 
 
 No. :joi;. \ loll I low 
 
 loot, it 1 ul r 1 1 s fot su X 1 1 j a 
 
 projecting ornamentation. 
 
 (1 : -1 actual sizi>. Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 the sides, and holes in the run ; its hottom is fl:it. Around the n]i]ier 
 part of the body is what lias Leeu taken lor an iiieised 
 inscription, VN-hieh Professor Sayce has discussed in his 
 dissertation on the Trojan inscriptions.^ 
 
 The red vase No. 30G is of an oval shape, and has 
 the same system fVir suspension as all the forc,f,foiiif;-, u 
 hollow foot, and a small neck ; it has on each side of tlie 
 body a spiral decoration in relief, like the Cyiiriote cha- 
 racter Irj. 
 
 Of a far ruder fabric is the little vase No. 807, wdiitdi 
 has on each side two projections in the form of female 
 
 Xo. 307. Sniiill \'a»i', 
 witll tuljnlar ijoirs 
 fur suspension and 
 two breasts on either 
 side. (,\bont 1 : i 
 actual i/.e. Ileptli. 
 2'ja.) 
 
 ' See hii Appendii. 
 
 2 B 
 
37U 
 
 lIIE TIIIliD, THE EUEXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 iireastw, and four vertical lines; tlie small cnrveil projections on the sides 
 arc perforated tor suspension. Very curious in its ornamentation is the 
 
 3;.. 
 
 No 303. Vase nf Terra-cotta. with i;ici>fl 
 (l^'corutiuiis. (.\bout half actmil si/r. Ii-pth, '2o \'i.) 
 
 
 iso. 309. Vase C<i\'i.r, \\'\{h a .small bnnulp, decorated 
 v/it!i an iijcisid ornaiucntjtiun. fAbout 1 ■ 3 actual 
 
 globular vase No. 308, v.diich has only two holes for suspension in the rim, 
 and none on the sides. The siirfaco of the body is divided by horizontal 
 
 llo 310 
 
 No .,11 
 
 r '\ 
 
 m0K 
 
 
 Nos. 31(i-:;l <. I t f I t tl t r I rn l 
 
 r N r 
 
 1 I '|itb, 1-1 to Z1 a.) 
 
 parallel lines into six or seven zones, most of which are decorated with 
 rude vertical, slanting, or horizontal incisions ; on each side of the body 
 
Chap. YIL] 
 
 TWO-HANDLED GOBLETS. 
 
 871 
 
 there is a projection Trliicli, however, is not perforateJ. Tlie c-nly pre- 
 historic vases, whose incised decoration otl'ers some rescniLlaiicc to tliat 
 on this vase, are those fonml lu Hunp;ary, and represented on Ph vi. 
 Nos. 4, G, 7, 8, and 9, in Dr. Joseph Hampcl's Antiquitcs p-rlustoriqnes 
 de la Iloiir/rie:'' 
 
 Under Xo. 30^ I represent a vase-cover with a small handle; it is 
 rndely decorated with incisions representing lines, small concentric circles, 
 and spirals. 
 
 Xos. 310, 313, 314, 31.-), and 31S are fragments of vases with various 
 rndely-mcised patterns. No. 3U is a vase-foot ending in a sinral. Nos. 
 312 and 31G arc fragments of vase-covers. iNo. 317 is the handle of a 
 vase with curious siirns. 
 
 The engravings Kos. 319 t,) 323 represent five of the long lustroiis- 
 red gol4ets, with two enornauLs handles and a pointed or convex foot, on 
 account of which they cannot lie put down except on the mouth ; there- 
 
 Xo. y.O. C'jU'.c-i Willi tnu liandles, Je'tra? ifijit- 
 /ciin-eAAoi'. (About 1 : -1 actual size. Dopth, 2'J ft.) 
 
 No. 3:0. Gdlilet wilh tivo Iiandlfs, SeVn.; iii4>i- 
 cviTiMoi'. (Aljout 1 : .1 actual size. IlEptb, 32ft,) 
 
 fore, whoever held such a gohlet in his hand, when filled with liquid, 
 was forced to empty it before putting it down. In this way the g(jhlet 
 was always kept clean. I have tried to prove in the preceding chapter 
 (pp. 299-302) that the Hoineric oirra^ afK^iicvjreWop could not ]iossilily 
 have been anything else hut a single gohlet with two liandles. Ivis. 319 
 and 320 are represented upright, as when held in the hand; Nos. 321, 322, 
 and 323, as standing on the mouth. These gohlots are sometimes wrj 
 large; two of those in my cidlection, with a pointed foot and ha.ndh's, like 
 jSTo. 319, are 12 inches long, and have a mouth (] inches in diiuneter. 
 But there also occur tvv'odiandled goblets of a different shape in this third, 
 
 '' Esztergom, 1"7G. 
 
ST. 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [CHAr. VII, 
 
 l?os. 321, 322. Oublels with twu handles (SeVa i/jcfjuruireMa). (About 1 ;4 actual size. Deplli, 29 ft.) 
 
 Ko. 323. (h)1)1i t «itli t I II ;-t,VAoiO. No. 3«o G 1 let with two hinll « (1 3 actual size. 
 
 (Alwut 1 ;-l a t I I ] tli -0 tt.) J.Liitli, _ljft.) 
 
 tlic Inirnt city. The sliajic represented 1)y No. 324 also occnrs very fre- 
 (|iieiitly, and still more aljiuidtiiit iw the form No. 325, ^vhich in the upper 
 ]>rc-hi:-;tiiriu cities lias soinetmies three feet. ''iVith rare exceptions, all 
 the ,!2;()li]('ts, of whatever form, are of a Instrous-red colonr ; the only other 
 cdlnnr wliicli sometimes, but very seldom, occurs on the goblets, io a 
 lustrous black. 
 
Chap. VIL] 
 
 CUEIOUS PEEFOIIATED VESSELS. 
 
 I fm-thcr represent here, under Xo. 320, a cnp witli three feet rmd 
 two handles; it is of a lustrons-I.Lick colour, and decorated all mund 
 vnth parallel horizimtal lines. Only tvro specimens of this type have heen 
 found in the third city ; l.nt it is very frequent in the following- city. 
 But still more frequent m the latter is a double-handled cup of the 
 yery same shape, but without the tripod feet; indeed, this shape is so 
 aljundant there, tliat I was alile to collect many hundreds of specimens; 
 but it never occurs in the tlnrd, the burnt city. I may add that none 
 of these various forms of goblets have ever Iteen found' elsewhere. 
 
 Ko. 326. Ln Ir uv 1 1 tk fri] 1 ( n; iMtli two handles. 
 (.U ml jiituilsUL Djttj, 30 11.) 
 
 Xo. 327. "\'LTy curiijus sicvp-liki.- pivrfoiatetl Tripud- 
 vc-.-sel. (Halt .ictu.iKMze. Dcjilh, 24 ft.j 
 
 No. 327 is a very curious tripod-vessel in the form of a one-handled 
 pitcher, which stands on its side, supported by three feet, and is 
 pierced all over Avith holes like a sieve. Similar vessels are not rare, 
 either in the third or the fcdlovring city ; but their use is a mysterv 
 to us. All of them have been made on the potter's Vidieel, are unpolished, 
 and of the rudest liiljric. All the holes have evidently been made before 
 the vessel was baked. But the baking is not thorough. Similar vessels 
 have never been found elsewhere. Professor Helbig ■' suggests that the 
 large sieve-like perforated terra-eotta vases found in the Italian terramare 
 may have served for separating the liquid honey from the wax. May the 
 vessel before us have served for a like purpose ? 
 
 Nos. 328-330 represent three vase-covers, whose tripod-like handles 
 with a large knob make a very pretty appearance, and resenilde crowns. 
 But still more elegant is the vase-cover No. 331, the handle of winch 
 consists, as it were, of two arches; its form can best Ijo explained by 
 comparing it to two single handles put cross-wise, one over tlie other. 
 
 * Wolfgan; Helbig, Dk' naUhrrin.lrr PoAcnc ; 
 Leipzig, 1879, p. 17. rrofessnr Helljig says, 
 J). 6 : "The wriril Terramare or Terramara is aa 
 e.xpression corrupted from Terramarna by tlie 
 pea.saiit.s of the province of Parma, and signifies 
 originally every stratum of earth which is mi.\ed 
 with organic matter, and is therefore appropriate 
 
 fir manuring. Knw, as the soil of the Emilia 
 contains the remains of many obi settlements, 
 remains consisting of niannf oiures as well a^ of 
 elecomposcd organic boilie-^, the denomination 
 TcrraTnare has in a more narrow sense been 
 transferred to the strata containing sueli rc;- 
 mains." 
 
;7i 
 
 THE THIRD, TIIK BURNT CITr. 
 
 [C:iAr. TIL 
 
 ami ioincil together liy a very largo nail. Both sorts of hamllo are very 
 aljiruclant in the third city, as well as m the two succeeding pre-liistorio 
 
 
 l?^?.,--^ 
 
 
 k 
 
 1% 
 
 Xo. 320. "\':iso (^'nvor T.-ith a crown-sliapr-a handle, 
 (1 : ■! actual size. Depth, 2(5 ft.) 
 
 Ko,3-^ \ i'(u\eruitl iruMifilnr Hiandle. 
 ( i lit 1 i actual 6lz I) pth _b ft.) 
 
 cities, tlini.io-li they liiive certainly never Iteen yet fr)iind el^^ewhere. But 
 my I'rK.'iiil Mr. Pliilip Smith calls my attention to the similarity of these 
 
 31. _._ A Ln'Wll-sl);\pGd handle. 
 
 (1 : 4 actual bizj. Dcptb, 20 ft.) 
 
 Nu. 330. Vase Cover with a Cl'owii-shaped liatidle. 
 (1 :4 actual size. Deptl), 23 ft.; 
 
 Trojan lijindles to the crown-like f(n-ni of the modern Phrygian water- 
 vessels. Ho cites tlir follnAving passage on the snliji.'ct from page 101 of 
 the liev. J'l J. Ditvis's Lifr iii Asidiic Turhcij. AVritmg from Hierapolis, 
 111! says: "Here I saw fur the iirst time the wooden vessels used for 
 carrying water. Tliey are mad(! of a section of piue : the inside is 
 hollowed out from Ijidow, and the liottom is closed liy a piece of wood 
 exactly fitted int(j it. Tliese vessels are' very durable and strong." On 
 the: opposite page; he gives two engravings, according to which these 
 
Chap. A'IL] 
 
 ANIMAL-SHAPED VESSELS. 
 
 375 
 
 Phrygian water-vessels have a verjr great reseinhhince to the Trojan vase- 
 covers in the form of a crown. 
 
 Vase-covers with a simple handle, like No. 332, occasionally occur, 
 but they are not nearly so frec|iient as the forms before described. 
 
 Xo. 332. Vase l^)V(-T with a .simple L.uidlc. (1 ; 4 actual size. PE-ptli, 32 ft.") 
 
 The only vase-handles I noticed which have some analogy to these 
 were found at iSzihahmi in Hungary, and are shown under Nos. 26 and 
 27 in the glass ease Xo. IX. of the Xational Museum of Buda-Pesth. The 
 only difl'erence is that, instead of covering the vase-neck like a cap, as 
 at Troy, they were intended merely to shut the orifice : for, as Dr. J. 
 Plampel informs mo, the lower part of No. 20 is tapering, and its flat- 
 tened foot is divided by a cross-like groove into four pivots; the lower 
 
 globular. The handle is on the slightly hollow nppe 
 
 part of No. 27 is 
 
 side. Therefore, like the Mycenean vase-covers,'' these Szihalom vase- 
 covers were kept in place on the orifice by their protruding flat rim, 
 their tapering or globular lower part entering into the neck of the vase, 
 like a stopper. 
 
 I now proceed to the description ef some vessels in the form of 
 animals. No. 333 represents a lustrous-greeu glolmlar tripod-vessel 
 with a ram's head ; instead of the tail we see a long and large spout, 
 
 No. 333. GlMl-jular Tripod, ivith a rrim'.s head, 
 tl : 3 actual size. Dcptli, 2ijl't._) 
 
 No. 334. Ve.s.li 1 witli llireo fe-t. in form nf a licdgeliog. 
 (1 :l actual size. Depth, 23 ft.; 
 
 which is joined by a handle to the back of the vessel : the upper part of 
 the body is ornamented with liands of incised lines. No, 334 is a brown 
 tripod-vase of a dull brown colour, with the head of a hedgehog: the 
 
 See my Mycenae, p, 256, Nos. 373, 374. 
 
JG 
 
 THK TIIHU), THE BUUNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 primitive potter may Lave meant to represent the spines of the animal 
 ]>j the three Lands of meised strokes with which the body of the vessel 
 is decorated. Here also the mduthpieee is on the hack part, and joined 
 to the hack hy a handle. No. oof) is a lustrous-lirown vase, in the form 
 (if a fat sow Avith three feet. No. 330 is a lustrous-hrown vessel, in 
 tlie shape of a sheep with four feet. No. 337 is a lustrous dark-brown 
 tnpod-vase, in the shape of a ho^-. No. 33S is a lustrous-brown tripod- 
 vase, in tlie form of a mole ; this latter vessel has been made so that rt 
 can be set upright on the muzzle and the two fore feet. 
 
 No. 333. Trlpod-veiid in the form of a fat sow. (ILiK actual size. Dfrtl), 30 ft.) 
 
 ■itli luur iL'Lt. Nil. 337. Viisr ill till- foi-m of a bog ; tliG upper part 
 
 It.) njsti.rcd. (Aljout 1 : 4 actual size. Deplll, 32 ft.) 
 
 Ni). 330 again rejtresents a hcdgeliog, Init its hnir feet are too short 
 td set it on, the base being convex. Ihilike the other vases, the mouth i.s 
 
CUAF. VII.] 
 
 A TEEEA-COTTA HIPPOPOTAJIUS. 
 
 377 
 
 & 
 
 Ko. 33S. Tiipod-vetesel in the furin uf a mole. 
 (1 : J: actual size. Deptb, 23 to '26 ft.) 
 
 
 Xo. 339. Vase in tbe form of a Ledgeliog, witli lour 
 short feet. (1 : 3 actual size. Depth, 23 It.) 
 
 (Abont 2 
 
 1 1| ] 1 t nius. 
 I) 1 Ih i tt) 
 
 here over tlie neck. The only ornamentation of tins vessel consists of 
 five horizontal incisions on each side. 
 
 No. .3-iO is of Instrous-red terra-cot ta; it has fofir feet, and can 
 hardly represent anything else than a hippopotamus. It is hollow ; on its 
 left side are the most distinct marks 
 of its having Leen joined to another 
 vessel, which of course must have 
 had an identical form ; the neck of 
 the twin vessel may have been in 
 the middle between the tivo hippo- 
 potami. The existence of the figures 
 of hippopotami in the third, the 
 burnt city, at a depth of 2.3 ft. 
 below the surface, is extremely 
 remarkable — nay, astonishing ; for this animal, as is well known, is no 
 longer met with even in Upper Egypt, and occurs only in the rivers 
 in the interior of Africa. In the time of the Old Empire, however 
 (about E.c. 5000-3.300, according to Mariette), the hippopotamus still 
 lived in the Delta, as is shown by a painting in the tomb of Ti at 
 Sakkarah. Ti was an official of the Fifth Dynasty (about B.C. 3050- 
 3700), and is represented as hunting hippopotami among the papyri of 
 the Delta. According to Herodotus,' they were worshipped as sacred 
 animals in the Egyptian nome of Papremis only ; and in the time of 
 Flmy {II. K. xxviii. 8) they still existed in Upper Egypt. At all 
 events, as appears to be evident from the existence of Egyptian porcelain 
 here, this third city of Troy must have been commercially connected 
 with Egypt ; but, even so, it is still an enigma how the animal was so 
 v^ell known here as to have Ijeen made of clay in a form so faithful 
 to nature. We may compare the vases similarly made in the form of 
 animals found by General di Cesnola in Cyprus.'"' 
 
 Professor A^irchoAv informs rno that a vase in the form of a liog is in 
 the Museum of Jena, and that vessels m the shape of animals, for the 
 
 ^ Herorl. ii. 71 : Oi Se 'lirnoi ol TTOTd;xiOi voixfp A'lyvTTTiOiffL ovK Ipoi. 
 p,iv TCfi natrpriixirp ipoi eiVi, To'tat Se ttAAoicri ' Di Cesnola L'ljprus, PI. viii 
 
378 
 
 THE Tlili!!), THE EURXT CITY. 
 
 [CiiAi-. A'll. 
 
 most part of liird-i, arc not rare in the tomlis of Liisatia (Lansitz) and 
 Posun. lie adils tlia.t many of tliem are mere rattle-boxes for cliildrcn, 
 lint that tliere also occur open ones. The Fioj^al Museum at Berlin 
 contains a terra-entta vessel without feet, vritli an animal's head, the 
 funnel-shai^ed orifiee being in the liack ; also a terra-cotta tripod-vessel 
 fmm Corneto, with an animal's head, the fnnnid-like orifice being in the 
 place whore the tail ought to lie ; the handle is on the back. A terra- 
 cotta vessel in the shape of an os, vv-ith fiur feet, having the orifice in the 
 middle of the liack, was found in a toml) of tlie graveyard of Kazmierz- 
 Komorowo, in the province of Poseii.'' A similar animal-shaped vessel, 
 
 1 1. Nil. ;,'43, 
 
 K". .'j-ll. illijfct 1 
 aui.iuLl Willi six f t (1 
 
 T\\" Hooks of Tevra-cotUi. witli tbrej 
 (1 . J actual sizf. 1) iitli, 2J It.) 
 
 with filur feet, having its orifice on the back, is in the Jluseum of 
 
 iTeu Erandeubnrg in Mecklenburg. 
 
 - Ino. -341 IS a strange animal figure, solid, 
 
 except for u tube passing through the body 
 and open at both ends, so that it cannot 
 have been a vessel. It has six feet and a 
 tail ; liut v,-e see on its body four upright 
 ]ii'ojections, Vi-hich may also serve as feet if 
 the animal is put upside down. It is of a 
 yellovidsli cnhnir. 
 
 Under Nos. 842 and 34.3 we see two 
 hooks (if tcrra-cfitta, each with three per- 
 loratiiius, by which they were nailed to the 
 v,-all. Although but slightly baked, twiuity- 
 five pounds' weight might lie suspended on 
 either of them without danifcr of breakinc; 
 the hook, because the blackish clay they are 
 compdsed of is very tiuigli and compact. 
 These hooks may have served for hanging 
 
 NO j44 Lirfr T ir of Torra-cotta, \\itli 
 
 1 ll lllll S ll I III two IirojrCtium ill 
 
 111 linn 1 1 ai II s (1:13 actual bize. 
 ]i 1 llj, _ II ) 
 
 up clothes 
 
 Under No. o44 I represent, in l-43rd 
 of its actual size, the large Trojan jar 
 whiidi I presented to Professor A'irchow for the Pioyal Museum at 
 iJerlin, where it is preserved in the Ethnological section. Like all the 
 
 I'. L. W. Schwnrfz, //". Karlitrag -v, rlrn " lilatcrialicn zur prachistorischcn Eartogrupluc dcr 
 I'rijciaz Fusun;" I'obon, IBSU, p. G, aiiJ I'l. ii. iig. G. 
 
Chap. VIL] A TROJAN AVIKE-GELLAR. 379 
 
 largo jars, it is of a red colour, tliDi-onglilj' liakeil, and has a polislicd 
 surface. Unlike most Trojan jars, it has no haiidlcs and merely t\Yo 
 small proji^'ctiiins which have the shape of handles, fiut are not per- 
 forated. This jar is further distinguished from most other Trojan jars 
 liy its straight form, to wdiich its gi.iod preservation is pndjahly due. 
 But its safety may also have been partly owing to the circumstance, 
 that it was not exposed to the groat heat of the conflagration, because 
 it was found in the suuth-east corner of the third city, which was not 
 reached by the lire. In fact, in the course of my long excayations at 
 Hissarlik, I have taken out, besides this jar, only two smaller ones 
 intact from the third, the Imrnt city; they were only .3.\ft. high and 
 2Gj in. in diameter; their sole decoration Vi'as a rope-like band in 
 relief. Of tho largo jars, from .1 to 8 ft. high and 4V to .5 ft. in 
 diameter, I have not liecir aljle to take out a single one entire. For the 
 most part, tiiey had suffered so much from their long exposure to the 
 intense heat of the conflagration, and from the ponderoirs vi'eight of the 
 ruins which pressed upon them, that they either already had cracks 
 when I lirought them to light, or they cracked as soon as they were 
 exposed ti;> the sun. Others, which were intact, broke as they were 
 being removed. 
 
 As I have l)eforo mentioned, a compartment of a house in the liurnt 
 Trojan stratum Ijclov/ the Temple of Athene appears to have been a Avine 
 merchant's magazine," for in it I brought to light nine large jars of 
 various forms, six of which may be seen in the engraving Ino. 8 ; the 
 other three are out of view. This magazine was close to the southern 
 brick wall; the nine jars are marked s on Plan I. As may be seen from 
 the engraving, only tvro of the six jars which are visible were broken ; a 
 third is cracked, and the other three are only slightly injured in the rim. 
 The mouths of all these nine jars had been left open, and hence they 
 were filled with di'hvis. I could perhaps have saved these as well as the 
 other three, vrhich are hidden from view in the engraving, Imt a religious 
 fear prevented me from trying to do so, for I hoped that they might be 
 preserved in situ. But no sooner had I gone than the Turks of the neigh- 
 bouring villag'es, who suspected the jars might contain treasure, knocked 
 them partly to pieces. 
 
 The number of large jars which I brought to light in the burnt 
 stratum of the third city certainly exceeds COO. Ey far the larger 
 number of them were empty, the mouth being covered by a large flag of 
 schist or limestone. This leads me to the conclusion that the jars were 
 hlled with wine or water at the time of the catastrophe, for there appears 
 to have been hardly any reason for covering them if they had been empty. 
 Had they been used to contain anything else but liquids, I should have 
 found traces of the fact ; but only in a very foAV cases did I find some 
 carbonized grain in the jars, and only Uyice a small cjuantity of a white 
 mass the nature of which I could not determine.^ 
 
 '" See p. ."2. Professor Virchow suggests to umlerground jars in Western Asia, I may add a 
 
 me that it might have been a royal wine-cellar. further illustration from the records^ of the 
 
 ' With regard to the storage of wine in Egyptian conqueror Thutmes III. When he 
 
380 
 
 THE THIRD, THE CURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YU. 
 
 For the most }iart the Lirge jars have no decoration ; and when there 
 is any, it is nrurly always limited to mpe-like liaiids in relief, or to Lands 
 in relief from "2 to 2^iin. bi'(jad, (irnamented with incised fish-spine decora- 
 tions, ciimmiiii geometrical patterns, or mere impressed circles. The 
 coarse fait very excellent clay, which has heen used for the mannfacturc 
 of these jars, is aliundantly mixed vrith crushed rpiartz, silicious stone, and 
 mica, of which latter the gold- or silver-like sparkles glitter wherever 
 one looks. l\rost of the large jars haye been carefully polished and 
 almndantly coated with a wash of clay containing peroxide of iron, for 
 they generally have a lnstr(ins-red colour and are perfectly smooth; 
 whereas tliey show in tln' fracture an infinity of small fragments of 
 quartz, silicious stiuie, and niica. v.uth sharp edges. The manner in which 
 thi:'se jars were made has heen minutely explained in a previous passage.^ 
 
 The sliape of the vase which comes nearest to that of the large jars 
 is represented by the pear-sha])ed jug No. 34:5. It is of a fine lustrous- 
 brown colour. Yery characteristic is the shape of the head, from which a 
 
 Ko. -U'j. Large pnar-shaiKTj Jw^^. (About 1 -.4 actual 
 Bizi-;. Drptb, :;j ft ) 
 
 Ko 4fa Tiipol Va p ^ith incised hands and bcU- 
 Bbii U Li (1 laituilsu n I th, 29 ft ) 
 
 hemispherical piece is cut out on the side over the handle. Jugs and 
 p)itchers with a similar iiKjuth arc fre(|uent in the tliinl and fourth cities 
 at Hissarlik, but tliey have never yet been found elsewhere. The lustrous- 
 grey, nearly globular, tripod-vase No. 340 is v]irrl-maij,_\ while its one- 
 handled cover is hand-made : the vase has no handle; its ornamentation 
 consists (jf three parallel incised lines, which sirrround it. 
 
 wi'Dt thrmi'^h the laml of Zahi (tlio maritime (r.riiffscli, Jfist. of Eijijpt, vul. ii. \>. 376, Engl, 
 jilain ijf I'alcBtiiie), he says, " Their wine was trans. '2nJ ed.) 
 I'ijun'l stored ill cellars^ as "well as in skins." - See p. 'JTO. 
 
Chap. YII.] 
 
 PITCHER FOR DRAAVI^TJ WATER. 
 
 The long pitclier, No. 347, is ouo of the rudest vessels I ever fonutl at 
 Hissarlik, and yet it is most certuiuly wheel-made. Mr. A. 8. i\[iiriTiy, 
 
 I J I h'TOf 
 
 ( 41 out 1 5 t 1 size. 
 Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 . 313. Slilriidi.l rr)T,i-ri 
 (1 : 1 iiCtlul 
 
 .1 \'.LM'. frnm 111.' Rnyal Iluuse. 
 ze. Dtptli, 2Stt,) 
 
 of the British Museum, calls my attention to the perfect similarity of 
 this vessel to the ancient Egyptian buckets, which vera let down hy a 
 rope into the wells to draw water. This 
 sort of vessel is frei|uent here ; most pro- 
 liahly they were used in Tmy, as in ancient 
 Egypt, for drawing water from the v;ell. 
 Two tilings seem to corrolx irate this sup- 
 position: first, th" very heavy weight of 
 their lov.'er part, wdiicli must have hccn in- 
 tended to keep tliem upriglit ; and, secondly, 
 the grooves or furrows on the inner side <:ii 
 the handles, whicli can apparently have 
 been made only liy tlie rope liy which they 
 were let dovru intu the well. 
 
 No. 3-18 represents a grey vase, with 
 two handles and two upright proji.'ctions. To this vase lielongs a cover 
 such as we see on Nos. 34(i, 3-4'.t, and 3.30. No. 34!) represents mie of 
 the most interesting vases ever found at Troy ; it has a lustrnus-red 
 cidour and is thoroughly baked. It has a pointed base, and is here 
 represented with the jiebbles used ti> support it. It has two liandles 
 and two long upright slightly-incurved projections, vdiich are hollow on 
 
THE THIKD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [CnA 
 
 ^U. 
 
 the outsiilo ami liave tlie Hijapo of "\vinf:;K. Tliej^ taper ont in a spiral at 
 tlie tnp ; friim tlicir Imse nl-;i> a P]iir:il in reliof extends on eitlier side, 
 Tlio neck i;-j ornamented v\'itli tlio tisli-spino pattern, which we also seo Oil 
 
 ITo. 350. Globular \"hso, uiiii twii haiiillrs and two wing-lite 
 projections. Cover in the form ol a crown. (About 1 : .1 actual 
 size. Dcptli, 2C ft.) 
 
 Ko. 331. Globular Vase, -svith two curved handle.^ and 
 two straigbt wing-ghaped projection?. Cover ia llie 
 Ebapo of a crown. (.Aljoiit 1:4 actual size. Depth, 
 2Sto20K.) 
 
 tlie edge of the hody all round. Tlio crown-shaped cover was found close 
 to the vase, and niay have l,elongod to it. Of a similar h,rm hut o? a 
 ruder fal,ric is the dark-hrown vase No. 350, whose upright pr.-jections 
 
 are also curved on the outside; from the 
 
 ,- ■.•■'•■;-—; '^^"iss f'f each of them a spiral in relief rung 
 
 out on liotli sides. Of the same form, only 
 ..,,.„,,,„, „ , ,, ,,, .- with a more pointed foot, is the Llack vase 
 
 ■■fe,:';':''; ,; ,'■ ""Wx Nil. ;!r)l, which has some little ornamenta- 
 «:■''''! "';i' • •/" -'' W tion of incised lin(.'S and dots (m or ahout 
 
 tin: handlrs. Of the same shape, finally, 
 IS the pretty little vase No. 352, wliich 
 is ornamontcd all over with dots. The 
 upright wing-like projections of these four 
 va.ses can never have hei-n intended for 
 Laiidles, liccausc they are too fragile and 
 their edges iire too shar]i ; all of them have two regular handles m 
 addition to tlio wings. I call particular attention to their e-rcat re- 
 
CiiAP. VII.] VASES V'lTH UrRIGHT AVIXCiS. 383 
 
 semblance to the uprif.;lit wing-like projections on the vases with owl- 
 heads. 
 
 No. 353 represents a lustrous-red globular tripod-vase, decorated oir 
 both sides with engraved branches, zigzags, and straight lines. On either 
 
 No. 353. Globular Tripod Vase, n 1th incised ornamentation. (Half actual size. Dcptb, 20 ft.) 
 
 -0 '54 Vase ^^-ith two h.andlcs and a spiral ornam.a.tatioa in tl,e form of a p.air of sprctaclrg, 
 .,r the Cypriote cbaracter to. (1 1 4 actual size. Lkpih, :)" it.) 
 
 side is a solid upright projection, with a vertical perforation for snn= 
 pensif.n ; between these there is a crescent-shaped projection <'n each side. 
 Another very pretty lustrous-red vase is represented m tlie engraving 
 No. 354. It has a convex foot and two handles, between which wo see 
 
384 
 
 THE TIIIEP, THE BURNT CITf. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 on fiicli side a lii,i;li pnijceting sjiii-al ornanient, like a pair (if spectacles, 
 or tlie Cypriiite cliaractrr lo. Aliove this is au inverted branch; Lelow 
 it the liodY hirins an cdi<c which is ornamented with an incised fish-spine 
 pattern. Similar to this is the lustrous dark-hrown vase No. 355; only 
 its haso is still more pointed and its liody more bulged. This also has 
 two handles and two spiral ornaments m relief in the form of spectacles, 
 or the Cvpriot(^ (diaracter ];o. 
 
 Thidi'r No. ?,:>(] I reiirescnt a tripod-vessel of blackish colour, formed of 
 threo separate cups, which are joined together at the body, and of which 
 each has one foot. To the list given in the preceding pages of the places 
 
 1 1 11 
 
 an 1 1 oj t u^ FD lij ut u tU ii 1 [ t 
 
 spLctackb, or Cypuute /lo, on cithLr side. 
 
 (1 : 5 actual ^ize. Dqith, 24 ft,) 
 
 2\u. 35S. Tripoli .Jug 
 
 "witli two necks. 
 
 (Xeavly 1 : 3 actual size. 
 
 lieptli, 22 to 26 ft.) 
 
 Jo- Gl lulir Jug 
 (I a lu ll M7 
 Deptli, -2 to _b ft.) 
 
 ^here similar eiiiijoined vessels may lie seen, I may add the Museum of the 
 Jiap(3iiK€iov in Athi.'iis, Avhich eonttiins a pre-historic hand-made terra-cotta 
 vesstd from Tltora., consisting of two separate cups which arc joined in 
 threi' jilitces. I'rofessor Yirchow's remarkable collection of German ]ire- 
 historie antitpiities contitins a doiildo drinking-horn, a vesstd with two 
 and another with three cups of terra-cotta, from his excavations in the 
 graveyiird of Zaliorowo, in tho province of Posen. Tlie JIttrkisches 
 Museum at Bt.'rhn contains also a vessel consisting of twin cups and 
 anotlier with three cups. Professor Yirelmw assures me that vessels con- 
 sisting of two, tliree, or more conjoined cups, are not rare in the ancient 
 Germanic sejiuhdires in Lusatitt and the i^.Tark of Prandeiiburg. The 
 collrctions of Peruvian :tnti<|uities in the lioyal jIusiMim at P>erlin and the 
 Britisli ]\ruscnm also contain pottery consisting of twf> conjoined vessels. 
 No. o57 is a siitgle-handled jug of a ycUoAV colour, with a convex liottom. 
 
 No. :-J58 is :t euriiiiis iripod-jug of greyish yelloAv cidiiur, having a 
 globiiltir body, from whitdi project two septirate S}iouts, one of which has a 
 handle. As tlit; one sjiout stands in front of the other, the lifjuid could 
 
CiiAr. VII.] 
 
 DOUBLE-SPOUTED ELAGOXS. 
 
 only lie poured out by tlie foremost, so tluit tlic other was of no use : 
 these doiiblo spouts appear, therefore, to have been a mere fancy of the 
 
 ]^7o. 359. Curious duuljlij-nccked J Ll;,^ (^.Vbuut 1 l-1 acLunl size. Trojan str.atum.) 
 
 primitiA'e potter. The bhick flagon (oenocJioij), No. 3.j9, has likewise tvfo 
 separate spouts, the handles of which are joined at the bixly. But here 
 the spouts stand side by side, so that the liipiid could lie jioured siuinl- 
 taueously through both of them. Similar ix-iiocJioae, with two spi.iuts, 
 occur also m the following, the fourth city, but they have ne-yer hitherto 
 been found elsewhere, except in Cyprus, Grermany, and Hungary. The 
 collection of Cypriote anticjuities m the British Museum contains an 
 oeiiochoe with double spouts, each of which is jmned by a separate handh.' 
 to the body; but this vessel may lie of a much later period, as it is ydiccd- 
 made and painted. My friend General di Cesnola represents in his excellent 
 work, CijjjrKS, two similar oenochoae with doulile spouts, one of which he 
 found in his excavations at Alamlu-a, and the other at Dali." A some- 
 what similar oenochoe was fjund m the village of Tokiil, on the island 
 of Csepel in the Danube.'' I may still, mention a terra-cotta vessel with 
 two vertical spouts in the Markisches Museum at Berlin. 
 
 No. .360 represents a pretty lustrous-red pear-shaped oeiioc]ioi\ witli a 
 long upright neck and trefjil mouth, joined by a long handle to the liody, 
 on which we see small handles to the right and left: round the lower 
 part of the neck we discern three bands in relief; the bottom is flat. 
 Similar to tliis is the pear-shaped red oenochoe. No. 3G1, which has only 
 one handle. No. 3G2 is of a dark-red colour, and oval-shaped : it has 
 
 ^ See General di Cesnola's Cijprus ; London, ^ Joseph \\am\>e\, AntifiuMs prehistoriqvcs do 
 
 1877, Plates vii. and ix. fa Ilongrie; lisztergom, 1S70, Plate v. No. 3. 
 
3SG 
 
 TUE TIIIED, THE CUEXT CITY. CuAr. VII. 
 
 b 11 s an 1 1 ig nitt- 
 
 J q 1 - n.) 
 
 1*=^^ 
 
 No. 361 ( ) ; ,, til 1 I 11 t 
 (Nenily 1 4 a tuils^ 11 Jib .bit ) 
 
 Nu. 362, Vn,',M,r,,v 
 
 T-Hl, Willi Ir.llj;- lnHJ;. 
 
 (1 : S acliml s zr. jHiith, ^6 11, 
 
 IW. 3G3, \-|,5,-. or Irntii.ul.ir sliaiie, with long nock. 
 (I :5 actual hi/,:. Jicjitli, 26 f|.) 
 
CuAr. AIL] 
 
 FLAGONS OE OEJIOCtlOAE. 
 
 007 
 
 also a trefoil mouth and one liamlle ; itr-i Ijaso is convex. No. olio is of a 
 similar form, but of a dark-brown colour; its mouth runs out almnst 
 straight, like a bird's l>eak ; its bottom is convex. Professor Virchow 
 observes to mo that from the shape of these vases the widely-spread 
 beak-shape nf the Etruscan bronze jugs has evidently lieen developed. 
 
 Of ocnoclioiie similar to these, I mention lirst an excellent hand-made 
 specimen in the Museum of BnuLii^ne-sur-nier, the director of which, in 
 his ignorance of pre-historie pottery, thinks it to be Itoman, and has 
 therefore put it among tlie lioman pottery, though it is worth more than 
 the whole collection of lioman tcrra-cottas in the museum. ]\Iay this 
 notice reach him, and may it be the cause of the precious oenoclioe 
 receiving at last the ]ilace it deserves ! 
 
 I further mention three oenochoae of nearly the same shape, but vith a 
 short neck, in the archaic Greek Collection in the British Museum ; also 
 an oenoclioe oi a similar hu-ni in the Cypriote Collection in the same 
 museum. Three oeuooJiooe of a similar shape found in Thera, below three 
 strata of pumice-stone and volcanic ashes, and lielieved to date from the 
 IGth or 17th century e.g., are preserved here at Athens in the small 
 cidlection of the French School. Another, likewise found below three 
 strata of pumice-stone and volcanic ashes on the island of Therasia, and 
 believed to be of the same age, is here in my own collection. But these 
 four latter omioclioue have an ornamentation of black paint, whereas the 
 Trojan vessels are nnpainted. I have still to mention an oeuodioe, also very 
 ancient, of a sii'rilar f )rm, but with a 
 painted plant-like ornamentation, in 
 the Museum of the liapjj<iKStov at 
 Athens. Finally, I have to mention 
 the three pretty jugs of a similar fV)rm 
 (viz. witli a spout lient backward) 
 found by me in my excavations in the 
 Acropolis of Mycenae, and preserved 
 in the Mvcenae Museum at Athens. 
 All three are decorated with a painted 
 ornamentation of birds, patterns bor- 
 rowed from woven fabrics, or spiral 
 lines. There are, besides, a few similar 
 jugs in the Etruscan Collection of the 
 Vatican ^Museum at Itome. 
 
 No. 3lj4 IS an oenocJioe of lenticular 
 form and of a lustrous dark-yellow 
 colour, with a neck and spout much 
 bent backward. It has tlie sauie 
 peculiar cut in its mouth which we 
 have also seen in No. 333 and No. 3.)7. 
 has also the same form of mouth. All these last four jugs have a 
 convex bottom. 
 
 A similar shape, with the neck bent backwards, is seen also in the 
 oviform jug No. 3G0, which is of a lustrous-black colour, and ornamented 
 
 The lustrous-yidlow jug. No. 305, 
 
obO 
 
 THE TlIIED, THE BUENT CITY. 
 
 [CnAP. VII, 
 
 with lines fillcJ Avith wliite chalk ; it has a trefoil mouth. But only 
 the nriper part is o-euunie ; thu lower has been restored with gypsum. 
 No 367 represents 'a similar red jug of globular form. 
 
 ^'n. 3G5. Globular Jus. 
 
 (^Nearly 1 : 3 actual size. 
 
 ijepth, 26 f[.) 
 
 Xu. 3bii. .Ins; linMr ]iai"t restored. 
 tNearly 1 : 3 actual size. Depth, 32 ft.) 
 
 No. 3G7. Globular .Tug. 
 (1 : 3 actual size. Dcptb, 26 ft.) 
 
 No. 368 is a yellow jug of globular shape, with the necli also bent 
 backwards ; the shape of the mouth is again like that of Nos. 333, 357, 
 364, and 365. 
 
 Ko. 3C3. Globular Jug. (l : 3 actual size. 
 Iiepth,23ft,) 
 
 No, 369. Jug with tlii-Le iiinji..ctioiis III tlie sijaj-ie of 
 breasts. (About 1 : 4 actual size. P. ptli, 32 It.) 
 
 Of oenochoae with an upriglit spuut, I further represent the lustrous 
 dark-brown jug No. 369, winch is ornamented with three breast-like 
 protulicrances ; the Idaek jug No. 370, wliich is the first wheel-made 
 vessel we have fur a long time passed in review ; Nos. 371 and 372, which 
 latter has again a trefoil mouth. Similar in shape are also Nos. 373, 374. 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 JUGS OF VAEIOUS FORMS. 
 
 389 
 
 Ko. 3:0. (jljl uhr IiiR ( \1 111 4 utual size. 
 1)1 pth, -bit.} 
 
 '^ , J, . T ^, HI utb K lure 1. 
 (1 : 3 actual size. DeplU, •Hi ft.) 
 
 N t 
 
 (Nearly 1 : 3 actual ei/.e. iJeplb, 'i'J n.) 
 
 Nu. 3i5. Globular .Jug. 
 (About l:4acmal size. Deiulj, 20 It.) 
 
ano 
 
 THE THirtD, Tin-; buknt city. 
 
 [CuAP. YII. 
 
 .'"J7.J, 370. A vaso of the same shape as No. 37G vs'as fo.unci by me 
 at Mycenae and is now liero at Athens in the Mycenae Museum. 
 
 ^u. 377. * 1 buUr L tile uj i^lit 
 nock. (N"L.\rl> 1 .4 .KtQ.il sizl. 
 
 Iifi.ib. 213 ft.) 
 
 1:4 actual size. Dcptb, 26 ft.) 
 
 ■ No. 377 represents a lustrous ihtrk-red t^dohuhir bottle, Tvitli a long 
 narrow upright neck. Such bottles are not frequent at Troy. Two hand- 
 made terra-cotta bottles of the same shape, the one yellow, the other 
 lilack, found in tombs near Bethhdiem, are in the British Museum, which 
 also contains, in its Assyrian Collection, a wdieel-made liottle of a similar 
 form from Nimrond. Wheel-madc! terra-cotta bottles of a like shape 
 are likewise found in tombs in Cyprus, as well as in ancient Egyptian 
 sepulchres, and the British IMuseum contains several specimens of them 
 in its collections of Cypriote and Egyptian antupiities. Several terra- 
 cotta bottles of a similar shape wi/re also found liy General di Cesnola in 
 
 Nos. 37a-.'!.S]. Juasof glulji]lu f ] 1 
 
CEAr. YIL] 
 
 BOTTLE-SHAPED JUGS. 
 
 391 
 
 Cyprus/' I may mention one moro such tcrra-cotta bottle from Cyprus, 
 in the (South Kensington Museum at Lomhm. 
 
 Somewhat simihir to No. 377 is the jug No. 378, which has on either 
 side below the rim a projecting ornament in the form of an ear. 
 
 Three very pretty lustrous yellow 
 or reil (ival-sluiped jugs, with spouts 
 upright or slightly turned bach are 
 represented under Nos. 379, 380, 
 and 381 ; all of them have a convex 
 bottom. No. 379 has on each side 
 of the orifice a round escres- 
 cence, in the form of an eye. No. 
 381 has a rope-formed handle, and 
 above the body a projecting band, 
 ornamented with vertical strokes. 
 Two similar jugs, l)ut vdieel-made, 
 are in the Egj'ptian Collection of 
 the British Museum. Jugs of a 
 similar shape are frerjuent at Troy, 
 biut, except the two Egyptian spe- 
 cimens, I am not aware that they 
 have ever been found elsewhere. 
 
 No. 382 is a pretty lustrous 
 dart-grey oenncJtoe, with a trefoil 
 moutli ; it is ornamented with ten 
 incised iiarallel bands. An nenoehor ^•'■^''-- "^oCo.yof TPira-cotta, >viiii incisc.i o,,K,mea- 
 
 1 tatioQ. (Half actual size. Diptli, 1:6 ft.) 
 
 of tlie same shape, found by me 
 
 at Myeenae, is represented at p. fiS, No. 26, in my Mijeeuae. 
 
 Nos. 383 to 388 are all bottle-shaped jugs of red, yellow, brown, or 
 
 Xo. :js4. Jut, i L t,ljLnil i\ I ru, 
 CAbout 1 : 4 jLtual eiZL Depth ^olt.) 
 
 ' General di Ccsnola, C'jprus, PI. vii. 
 
392 
 
 THE THIED, THE BUENT CITY 
 
 [Chap. VII 
 
 lilack ciilour. Xo. 387 lias tlic best f'aliric and tlio prettiest shape of 
 all, Avitli its Idiii; neck and T,videlY-stretched handle. Its body is divided 
 by two incised horizontal parallel lines into two fields, which are orna- 
 mented with incised vertical strokes. The Markisches Musenm at Berlin 
 contains two jugs similar in shape to No. 383. No. 388 is decorated with 
 KGA-eu incised horizontal parallel lines. 
 
 Xo. 3S5. filobulir Jug. 
 (1:4 actual sizf. Dcl-lli, ■.;£ It ) 
 
 uf T.rra-colla, ^^illl an iiiri^ffl nrna- 
 Olall'arluul 6i/r. lJ,],il,, 2{J fi.J 
 
 ?M Jib. Ololiular JUR. 
 (Atcut 1 4 actual size. Depth, 20 fl.) 
 
 N 3 T T t 1 1 1 Is. 
 
 (AlXii t 14 11/ I 1 1 to 30ft.) 
 
 Nn. 3^;). I It 1 T with a fl itPtl body and n hand 
 nnitaliug a plant. (About 1 ; 4 iictual size. 
 Iicptb, 26 ft.) 
 
 One of the finest specimens of Trojan pitchers is represented by 
 Ki'. oS'.t, which is of a brown colour, and is decorated wath a plant-like 
 (irnunicnt round the neck; its whulc body is decorated with very symme- 
 tricitl vertical concave tlutings. Under Nds. 390 to 393 I represent f mr 
 common pitchers of rude fabric. In looking at them, we involuntarily 
 
Chap. ^'1L] 
 
 AYIIEEL-ILVDE riTGHEES. 
 
 No J 
 
 fJtJu 
 
 I\o. 303. 
 Nos. 390-333. Pitchers of Jifferent shapes. U : i actual size. Dcptli, 22 to 2Cft.) 
 
 tliink vre have seen siicli forms often before ; but, tlioiigli they are very 
 abunclfint in the third and fonrth pre-historic cities of Hissarlik, I am not 
 aware that they have as yet been foirnd elsewhere, except a pitcher 
 simihrr to No. 393, which was found by me at Mycenae.'' 
 
 Under Nos. 39-4 to 400 I represent seven more red, yclk)«', or brown 
 pitchers of a hirger size, of which No. 397 is wheel-made. Of wheel- 
 made pitchers similar to tliis one, some hundreds were found in the 
 third, the burnt citv- as well as in the fourth and fifth cities, but 
 
 especially in the fourtli. In general these wheel-made pitchers are of a 
 very rude fabric, are but slightly baked, have the yellow colour of the 
 clay itself, and are not at all polished. But in a great many instances 
 they have lieen polished Ix.th inside and outside, and by a wash of fine 
 clay and a little more liaking they have m this case acfp-iired a fine 
 appearance. Such polished wheel-made pitchers are m many instances 
 very light, and sometimes even as light as Eoman or Greek pottery. But 
 it deserves peculiar attention that these polished wheel-made pitchers 
 
 ' Seo nij' Mijcenae, p. 163, Xo. 237. 
 
31)4 
 
 THE Tnn"!D, the bltekt CiT/. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 \ IT Pit Ii r witli wloliulir Inso. 
 (^Abuat 1 1 a( tual ^iz Di ptli, _j It.) 
 
 Xo. 3<JC Piltbcr tvpryrjl 1 c 
 (1 : 4 actual siz Dei ili .^'' t ) 
 
 Xus. 33M-1IJIJ. Plltlii 
 
 11:4 aclual MZr. Hrplb, Jlj tu ^Z it. 1 
 
 aro peculiar to tliis tliiril, tlio Imrnt city, ami that tlify do not occnr 
 in tlic funrtli or tlie tilth city. Ao. 390, ^4iicli is very heavy, is of the 
 rnile;-t fahric. 
 
 ()i pitchers of the same shape I have Lccu aide to detect else- 
 Vv'hcre mily a wheel-made one in the British Museum, -which was found 
 in a toiul) near Bethlehem. Two more Avheel-made ones, fuund in 
 ancient Euvptian sepulchres, are also in the British Museum ; and one 
 found ill <_'vprus is preserA'ed in the Louvre, I further mention, as 
 of similfir tv]ii', the pitcher Xo. 11 mi Bl. vi. in Dr. Joseph Hampers 
 Aiitiqn//cs jiri'IiistoriqiiiA de In. Iloiir/rie : also the pitchers in the Natinnal 
 iluseum (if Buda-Besth, wliiidi v.'crt' hiund at Szihalnm, and are rcjire- 
 si'uted on Bl. ix., Nos. 10, liU, and 1^1 (if tlic> plititogrtiphs, corresponding 
 t(i the numhcrs of the glass cases in vrhicli they arc preserved. 
 
 I further represent under Nos. 401, 402, and 403 three largo one- 
 handled pitchers nf very rude hihnc, having 'Cduvex hdttoms. I need only 
 chow them here, as their shape has not heeii found elsewhere. They 
 ZIB VM'y common at Tmy. 
 
 Iio. 404 is a large dark-lirnwn ornocluir vritli a liulhous hody. Xo. 40-3 
 rcj)rcs''nts a single-handled Imwl with ti spuut. 
 
 Under N(.)s. lOtj Id 412, I represent seven black, grey, or red terra- 
 cotta hottles, gldliuhir iir egg-shaped, without handles, all of which are 
 T;heel-made, and liav(3 a. convex (ir pointed foot. Bottles of these shapes 
 
CuAr. VII.] 
 
 VESSELS OF VAIUOUS l-URilS. 
 
 JU5 
 
 y 
 
 * •< 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 "^ 
 
 rV 
 
 ;^-. 
 
 - ^^ - -r ^^ 
 
 * '«£ 
 
 '_**■ 
 
 Nl>. -JOi. i'itLhcr; convex liuLtMm. vAljuut 1:4 actual Xa. 402. ritLbrr ; convex liottom. (Aljout 1 : 4 actual 
 size. Deptb, 23 to 20 It.) 
 
 % 
 
 
 Xo. 4 03. Very rude Jap; convex bottom. 
 (1 : 4 actual size. J'cptli, 2Cft.) 
 
 Nu. 404. Jug with a pointed foot. (Nearly 
 1 : 5 actual size. Deptli, 32 ft.) 
 
 Ko. 40"i. Bowl Witt] a spout and handle. 
 (1 : 4 actual size, I»epth, 22 ft.) 
 
 No. -107. BoUle of 
 No. 406. Globular Vase. (1:4 actual Terra-cotta. (1:4 
 
 size. Depth, 29 ft.) actual size. Depth 
 
 29 It.) 
 
?M 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURKT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 Xo. 410 
 
 No. 403. 
 
 ^"5 JO— 410. Poitles of Tem-cotta. (1 : 4 acluul size. Iiepth, 25 to 29 ft.) 
 X>.. 41t. Xo. 412. 
 
 X-ji. 411, 112. t.iltl'- of rerra-cotta. (1 ; 4 a..tii,il si; 
 iM'ili. 22 to 32 ft.) 
 
 X 41 p 1 11 Xo. 414. One-baiidlea TripoJ 
 
 1 1 ke e\cr cen s Basin. (1 ; 4 actti.al size, 
 
 r 1 ; 4 actual sr/.e. Depth, 22 to 32 ft.) 
 
 Depth, 22 to 32 ft.) 
 
 are not rare in the third, the liurnt city ; they also occur sometimes in 
 the foHowing, the forrrth city ; Imt, except the form of the yase No. 411, 
 of which there is an analogous one in the Museum of Leyden,' I am 
 not aware that similar vessels have lieen eyer found elsewhere in the 
 n.-mains of pre-historic a.ges. 
 
 Xos. 4ir> and 414 are also Ijoth wheel-made. The former is a cup with 
 tliree round excrescences, which may represent a nose and two eyes. 
 Xu. 414 IS a tri]ii Ill-pan or IjoavI with an open handle. 
 
 Xns. 41.3 and 41(j represent black jn.gs of a peculiar shape, which I 
 merely show here, as I liayc imt noticed analogous ones elsewhere. 
 
 Xo, 410. i.aobular Pitdiir. (1 : 4 actual size. 
 Dcplh, 20 ft.) 
 
 Ij. .J. 1'. Jiiusscn, dc Gcnnaanschc en Xoordschc 3jonnmcntai ran Jict 21uscinn ic Lcijdcn, PI. ii. No. 46. 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 TWO-HANDLED BOAVLS. 
 
 ]97 
 
 Nos. 417 find 418 are large red liowls with two handles. A liowl of a 
 shape like No. 417, and likewise hand-made was found m Hungary, ami 
 
 JTo. 417. Large (loubln-hmdled Buwl. (1 : 3 actual size-. Iiiplh. 2e to 30 ft.) 
 
 I^To. 41?. Large double-liandleJ Buul, (^t ; 3 actual bizc. Iiepth, 26 to 30 ft,) 
 
 is represented in PI. vi., Xo. 10, of Dr. Joseph Hampel's Antiijuitrs /irc- 
 liistoriques de la Hongrie. 
 
 No. 419 represents, in l-5th of the actual size, a large yellow douhle- 
 handled amphortt with a convex Lottoni. I have put ou it one of the 
 crown-shaped vase-covers. Of a similar shape are the dark yellow or 
 brown amphorae, Nos. 420, 421, 422. This last has on the body a long 
 excrescence in the form of a Lreast or teat curved downward. As a 
 very great number of the large Trojan jugs have a similar excrescence, 
 always curved downward, I would suggest that these excrescences, 
 which have almost the form of hooks, served as an ailditional support 
 for the rope with which the Trojan women fastened the jugs on their 
 backs when they fetched water from the springs. Amphorae like these 
 aie very abundant m all the three upper pre-historic cities at Hissarlik, 
 
398 
 
 THE THIED, THE BUKNT CITY. 
 
 [CiiAr. vn. 
 
 lint, strange to say, tlie sliapes of Nos. 419, 420, 421, 422 liaye never yet 
 lieeu foimil elsewliere. . . . .- 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 s/. 
 
 'J?- 
 
 
 ^^jT 
 
 Nu, jr.1. Jur wii , (vrT in furm of a 
 
 e own. (1 : 5 actujl size. Depth, 2(3 ft.) 
 
 r. 
 
 '^ 
 
 -<.-\ 
 
 •A 
 
 m 
 
 / 
 
 ^C * 
 
 Ko. 42ii. Jar witli two Laiidles. (1 :-i actual size, 
 DeplL, 2Gft.J 
 
 ^^^. 
 
 ^- 
 
 Nu. ■(21. Jar with t'.vo baudk'8. (1 : 5 aauul size. Dcplli, 20 ft.) 
 
CiiAV. YIL] 
 
 TROJAN AMPIIUHAI';. 
 
 399 
 
 Jar ^Till^ two bandies. ( L : actual 
 Ili-pth, 2i to 32 ft.) 
 
 Lir^c Vai] li n ( J ; 
 lipjth .1 It 
 
 No. 423 represents a Tnijan arnpliora of a different fimu, like one 
 specimen, preserved in tlie little collection in tlic Frencli School liere 
 at Athens, found on tlie island of Thera (Santorin), below three layers 
 of pumice-stone and volcanic ashes, and, like No. 423, it is just 2 ft. high. 
 
 h^:^^ * 
 
 t i 
 
 
 No. 42t. Va^e of globular bhapo, with two LaniUcs. (1: actual s'ze. Depth, 2C ft. ;, 
 
400 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 Fnrtlier varieties of large Trojan vessels with two handles are repre- 
 sented liy the dark-red or lustrous blackish specimens Nos. 424, 42.5, and 
 42G. Iso. 425 is decorated on each side Vv-ith an excrescence ; No. 426 
 
 Wo. 425. Vase Willi Lwo li.i.ii [It. .. (1 . 4 actual size. 
 Dcplh. 20 fl.) 
 
 No. 427. Amphora of oval sbapo, ^vitb two 
 handles. (1 : 4 aotual size. Depth, 32 ft.) 
 
 >;o. 42e. Large \ase wirli I \ Ij indict, 
 Depth ^1 It J 
 
 (_! it aelual size. 
 
 iSio, 428. Jar with two handles. 
 (t; 4 actual size. Depth, 2Gft.) 
 
 represents the usual shape of the funeral urns in the third, the burnt city ; 
 
 and No. 424, the usual shape of the funeral urns in the following, the 
 
 fourth city. Only two urns of this identical 
 form were found, at a depth of from 26 to 
 28 ft., of which we can be pretty certain that 
 they belong to the third or burnt city. The 
 closest analogy to these vases is alforded by 
 a lustrous-red hand-made vase found on the 
 island of Thera (Santorin), below the strata 
 of pumice-stone and volcanic ashes, and pre- 
 served in the collection of the French School 
 hero at Athens. 
 
 . 429. Vase with Ino 
 
 actutd size. J ii jit 
 
Chap. TIL] 
 
 FOUE-HANDLED AMPHORAE. 
 
 401 
 
 No. 427 is a large ^Ylleel-mado ll^strons-L^o^Yn terra-cotta amphora of 
 oval form, with t\YO handles. A terra-cotta amphora of liko shape, found 
 in a tomb at lalysus on 
 the island of Ehodes, is 
 in the British Mnseirm. 
 Of a somewhat similar 
 shape is No. 428, which 
 is a hand-made Idack 
 vase witli two handles. 
 The oval vases, Nos. 
 420-432, are wheel- 
 made. No. 429 is a 
 Instrous black vessel 
 with two handles, hav- 
 ing in other respects 
 most analogy to a black 
 wheel-made vessel found 
 in Thera (Santorin), and 
 preserved in the French 
 School here ; the only 
 difference is that this 
 latter vessel has only one 
 handle. Nos. 430 and 
 431 are amphorae of a 
 dark-red colour ".nd have 
 two large handles, which 
 join the spout to the body, and two small handles on the latter. Of the 
 same colour is also No. 432, which has four handles. The amphora No. 433 is 
 
 No. 43IJ. Large OvaL Aui|pliMra with fuur bandies. 
 Lioptb, 20 ft.) 
 
 (1:5 actual size. 
 
 \ . 
 
 
 
 Ko. y:>\. Amphora wiih four Lamll' s. 
 ^_1 : Q actual size. Uepth, 2fj to 33 It.) 
 
 K 4 \ I h t r I udlts, 
 
 (1 . actual ii/.c. l)i.|.tb, .0 It.) 
 
 2d 
 
402 
 
 THE THIIID, THE BUEXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 not oval, but rather of lenticular form ; it is of a lustrous dark-green 
 
 colour, and lias only one large handle, which joins the spout to the body, 
 
 and two small ones on the 
 narrow sides of the latter. I 
 have found in no museum any- 
 thing to compare with the 
 shape of these amphorae, but 
 that shape is frequent here. 
 
 The liaud-made terra-cotta 
 bottles, Nos. 434, 435, and 43G, 
 are of a dark-red or brown 
 colour, of lenticular form, and 
 resemble our hunting flasks. 
 No. 434 has no handles, and 
 is decorated with four breast- 
 1^ like excrescences ; the other two 
 
 \ are double-handled. No. 435 
 
 is decorated round the neck 
 with a protruding band, orna- 
 mented with vertical cuts. 
 Terra-cotta bottles of an iden- 
 tical shape, foTind in ancient 
 Egyptian tombs, are preserved 
 
 in the Egyptian collections of the British Museum and the Louvre. 
 
 The collection of Cypriote antirpiitics in the British Museum also con- 
 
 * 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 
 T\ ith three handles. (1 : 4 actual size. Depth, 2(j ft.) 
 
 No. 434. 
 
 Xo. 436. 
 
 "% 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 i. 
 
 No.9. 434-436. Flat ,Jug.s in the form of huiiting flasks. (About 1 : 4 actual size. Derlli, 26 ft.) 
 
 tains several specimens of a similar shape, but with a somewhat longer 
 spout. There are also in the Assyrian Collection m the British Museum 
 a large number of such terra-cotta bottles, found at Nimroud and else- 
 where. 
 
 Nn. 437, as well as No. 43S, are mixing vessels (Kparnpe,, called l,y 
 Homer K-pvrPipe,). Both are han.l-made ; the former has two, the latter 
 four Iiandles ; both are of a rude fabric, but little polished, and more 
 than usually baked. Mixing vessels like No. 437 are not rare ; but large 
 ones of the size of No. 438 occur so seldom that I collected only cio-ht 
 of them. •' ^ 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 CRATEES OR MIXINQ VESSELS. 
 
 403 
 
 Mixing vessels were in general use tlironghout antiquity; for tha 
 ancients— wiser than wo are— never drank \Yine unless mixed with water.i 
 "We find the word Kpi-jTy'ip 
 
 mentioned fourteen times _ -_ 
 
 in the lliad,'^ including 
 three instances in tlie 
 plural. But terra-cot ta 
 mixing vessels Lcing too 
 cheap and common for 
 heroes, the poet must 
 have had in view Kpij- 
 rPfpe^ of metal — namely, 
 gold, silver, or perhaps 
 bronze or copper ; f jr 
 once he expressly says 
 that Achilles, holding 
 in his hand a drnihle- 
 handled goldet (St'vra? 
 d u(pi KvireWoi') , poured 
 all night wine from a 
 golilen mixing vessel 
 (f{p)]T)]p) on the earth 
 and moistened it with 
 the libation.^ Another 
 time he makes Achilles 
 set a silver KprjTijp as 
 a prize for the foot-race 
 at the funeral games.* 
 A third time he makes 
 Hector order the herald 
 Idaeus to Ijriug from 
 Troy a shining mixing 
 
 >r 
 
 / 
 
 No. 438. Larcro Mixing Vessel (("lator) with fuur handles, 1 ft. 9 in. 
 ill diameter, (l : 9 actual size. Depth, 23ft.) 
 
 ^ \\ e see pure wliv; (oh'os aKparos) nsesl in tlio 
 IlnriMji'ie porms only iur libatiun.s ; so i/. ii. 341, 
 ami iv. ITjO; 
 
 (TTTOi'Sai r' aKpriroi koX denial, ys iTreiriOfxev. 
 The liomans certainly oceasionall 7 drank lacryni. 
 I will not dispute tiiat the 'Ireek.s mav, in later 
 time.'^, hare also oceasionalh" used aKparos. 
 i\Ir. Philip Smith makes the inccenious ob^er- 
 vatiou : '-To drink wine witlniut water was 
 f)l itself a si2;n of int*'m]iei-anee, markiir:; a 
 curious connection between two words of quite 
 different origin — tlie aKparos oivos and tlie 
 o.Kpar-}is o.vi]p who drank it." 
 
 " I deem it my most a!:;ree;djle dutv to make 
 here a warm acknowledgment to my honoured 
 friend Mr. Guy Lushington Prendergast, for the 
 immense service he has rendered to seienre by 
 ciirnposing a Concordnice to the Iliad of J/o)ncr 
 (London, 1875), which is a wonderful work fnr 
 completeness and scholarship. For thirteen long 
 
 yenrs has he laboured on this great work, having 
 no other stimulus than his admiration for Homer 
 and his desire to become instrumental in jiropa- 
 gatiiiL^ the universal love for his divine }MKnis. 
 I\Ir. Prendergast could imt havi' shown his noble 
 aim and his disintereste'iliu'ss better th;in by not 
 ]tni)lishing the fruit of lii^ bavj; labi^irs {•<y sale, 
 JJut he generouslv presents it to IbiUierie scjiolars, 
 or to those who n^ake it their life's aini to ^liuw 
 th;it the divine jiorrns arr baM'i.l on re;il fact.s. 
 ]\I;iy j\Ir. Premlergast's indde example be imi- 
 tated also f)r the (^///s.svy .' 
 
 ^ Ji. xxiii. 1:18-L!2(): 
 
 o 6e Trdufuxos wKvs 'A,xiA.Aeus 
 Xpvcr^ov 4k KpTjrrjpos^ eAcoi' SeVas aficpiKv-K^WoVy 
 oivou a(pucra6/j.€Uos xct^ctSis X^'^' ^^^^ Se yoAav^ . <, . 
 
 ■' //. xxiii. 740, 741 : 
 riTjAelSTjs 5' aJ^' aWa rlOeL rax^T'qros aeOAa, 
 apyvp^ov Kpy\Ti]po. r^rvyi.Uvov 
 
40i 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUUXT CITY. 
 
 [CuAr. TIT. 
 
 Tessel (Kp-i]Tijpa <f)a£iv6i') and golden goblets.^ Thus tliere can Ijc no doubt 
 tliat tile Kprj-Qp "was in tins case also of metal, biit we are left in doubt as 
 tij tlio sort ; for it may have been simply bronze or copper. I find the word 
 i<pi]Ti'ip also tvv-elve times in the Odyssey, wliere Ulysses receives a silver 
 A-pi/TiJp as a present from the priest Ismarus ;'' one of Circe's maids mixes 
 vrme in a silver KprjTi'jp ;" and Menelaus presents to Telemachus a silver 
 L-pi]T)'ip with a gilded rim.'- The mixing vessel stood on a tripod in the 
 
 extreme cnrner of the great hall of the men.^ Semper says ■} 
 
 Herodotr 
 
 distinguishes the Lesbian Kpi)Ti']p from the Argolic Kpijr/jp, but he de- 
 scribes only the latter in detail. It was decorated all round with pro- 
 jecting grifQns' lieads, and it stuod on three kneeling colossi of bronze, 
 seven culhts high." Besides these, the Laconian and the Corinthian 
 mixing vessels are mentioned as difierent kinds. Mixing vessels with 
 tripods rt'presenting colossi, like that consecrated to Hera in the Sainian 
 temple and described by Herodotus, are represented in Egyptian reliefs. 
 A small Etruscan clay model represents also similar sumptuous vessels, 
 Avhich were in general use throughout antiipuity." 
 
 ]^>o. 4o9 is a dark-yellow terra-cotta vessel m the form of a barrel with 
 a short spout. A similar barrel-shaped terra-cotta vessel is seen in 
 
 the dark-brown tripod No. 440, 
 whose spout is joined to the 
 liarrel by a handle. Similar 
 barrel-shaped terra-cotta vessels 
 may be seen in the collections 
 of Cypriote antiquities in the 
 Louvre and the British Museum ; 
 but, except in Cyprus, I think, 
 similar vessels have never yet 
 been found. Mr. Philip Smith 
 remarks to me that " such little 
 barrels (called wooden bottles) 
 are commonly taken to the hay 
 and harvest fields by English 
 
 Xii. i::0. I'lirunis Irira-futtH \rssi 1 in llif f...rm of a i i fill i -ii i 
 
 cj<k, IVum tl,f, r.uyal House. (1 : C actual size. Depth, 26 ft,) hlbOUrerS, hiieCt With btiCT Or 
 
 ^ //. iii. 2-17, 24S: 
 
 <P<^p€ Se Kpi^r'ipa (po.fiipoi' 
 
 hijiph^ 'lOalos 7?oe xP'^'^eia Kvw^Wa, . . . 
 '' "./. ix. 2(i:l: 
 
 Oct'.'^e Se /xot Kp'ijTiipa nai/dpyvpoi^, . . . 
 " <i<l. X. :r.O, :i:.7 : 
 -'j bl rpir-i) Kp-qr'ijpL jii:\i^pova olvov r^Kipva 
 ySuf eV apyvpeifi, vifii 5e XP^^C^- KimiWa- 
 
 ■' o<i, iv, i;i,-,, i;\r, ■. 
 
 Owrrw TjL Kp'ijT'jipo. T€Tvy/i€Uov apyvp^Ds Si? 
 (iTTic arro.';, XP^'^^ '^' ^'^'^ x^^'^^^ K^lvpaarrai ■ 
 •' 0''. -H.Ki. 14-.^., UC : 
 
 -irapa Kp-i]TTipa Se KaKuv 
 
 kar-q b' eV x'^'^p^o'O'Li' exwi' (pup^iyya \iy(iw.v 
 
 uyx^ Trap' oprro9vp7)i' • Si'x^ 5^ (pp^al /j.ep^i]- 
 piCii', . . . 
 
 xxii. 340, :.U1 : 
 ■^ TOi u (popfiiyya y\a<pvpi^v Kar^OriK^ x^P-^C^ 
 p.i(rfT-qyvs Kprjrrjpos i5e dplwov apyvpoi'jXov, . . . 
 
 " C. SemiaT, /v"cVM,»,7', rMuilih, StcrcvtMiic, 
 Mctilhtcduiik ; iMiinrhcii, IST'.i, p. IG. 
 
 ^' lieniildt. iv. 'il au4 1.^2 ; tVeiTa ^iTJ36.\\ov(n, 
 l)r /j.li' rvx^iTi e^ot'Tes, ey \4lirjTas i'^LX^iipiov^, 
 fiaKLara hr^afiioKTi Kp7]T?ipat Tr^iocrel/ceAous, x^P'^ 
 i) on TToWoJ ^€<^ovas . . . . Oi 5e 2a^(0i T7}i' 
 bi^Ka.Trji' Toiv eTn/cepSfo'j' ^^gAy^res e| raAa^/Tc, 
 ^'ivoii]<Tavro xaA/ci'jior, KpTJTTJpos ^ hpyoXiKou rpo- 
 Trni' ■ 7repi| 5e avrov ypv-Kwu Ke<pa\al TrpuKpocffoi 
 eiVj ■ lioA ap^QrjKat' es ri "Yipaiov, viTO(jTi](To.vTes 
 ah-riti rpas x^^'^^'^^^ KoXouaous t7r7a7n');\;eaj, 
 roiffi yovi'aa't iprjp^iafj.ii'ovs. 
 
Chap. VIL] 
 
 CUKIOUS TEIPOD- VASES. 
 
 405 
 
 cider, and that they are now also made of polished wood for tourists' 
 bottles." 
 
 No. 441 is a brown globular tripod-vessel, the body of which is divided 
 by incised lines into five large and five small fields, alternating in regular 
 succession. All the large fields are filled Avith dots. The mouth of the 
 spout is only l-3rd in. in diameter. I presinne that this small and pretty 
 Trojan tripod may have been used by ladies for holding scented oil, which, 
 as we know from Homer, was applied after the bath. It cannot have been 
 used as a lamp : first, because it is not adapted for that use ; and secondly, 
 because lamps appear to have been totally unknown in Greece and Asia 
 Minor before the sixth century b.c. Not to speak of" lamps in prc-histonc 
 cities, I have found no trace of them even in the archaic strata of the 
 Hellenic or jieolic Hium. Lamps of terra- ootta are, indeed, numerous in 
 the layer of ruins of Novum Ilium, but they nearly all appear to be of the 
 Eoman time ; there is hardly one among them which might claim to be of 
 the Macedonian peri(.id. In fact, even in Greece I never saw a terra-cotta 
 
 ' ..'< 
 
 i:^^. 
 
 No. lit). Curious Tripoa Vessel in form of a cask, 
 (1 : 4 actual size. Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 No, 441. Tripod I 1 1 al r \ with iocised 
 
 ornamentation. (14 a tual siip iJeptb, 29 ft.) 
 
 No. 442. Wheel-made Tripod. (1 ; 3 actual size 
 Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 lamp to which archaeology could attribute a higher antiquity than the 
 fifth century e.g. Certainly in all antiquity previous to the fifth 
 century B.C. people used torches for lighting. We find them mentioned 
 by Homer ^ on the occasion of the wedding represented by Hephaestus on 
 the shield of Achilles. They most probably consisted here of notbmg 
 else than pieces of pine or other resinous wood, called oat'oe? f>y the 
 poet (from daw) : hence the word oa? for " torch." For lighting the 
 houses fire-pans or basins (XafiTrr^pe^) were used, of which three m the 
 great hall of the palace of Ulysses are mentioned, and in which dry wood 
 was burned.'^ 
 
 1 ji ^^-^ 492 49:1 ; auTiKa \ap.TrTV pas rpus "a-ratTav if ixnyapoujiv, 
 vip.<pas S' 6'k ea\'dfioiv Saiauf v-ko \ap.Trop.ivau,v (irppo. ^a^ivonv ■ irepl 5e |uAa K^jKava efiKav, 
 ■Qyinov am affrv, TroAus 5' vp.hai.os opiipeiy, . . aia irdkai, nepiKV^a, viov KiKeacrpha xaA'«f, 
 
 2 Od. xviii. 307-310 : xal SatSas nfTepiayoi^- 
 
406 
 
 THE TTIIIiP, THK BURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 No. 4-12 is a vlieel-mwle triiiOil-vcssel, with a liancUe and two pro- 
 jectiii,!:,' ornaments in the form of ears. 
 
 Under No. 443 I represent a large lustrous dark-lirown vase, with a 
 spont in the body and tw.i liandles. As the spout is m the lower part of 
 tlie liody, I cannot explain the use of thr-; vase otlierwise than by 
 supposing that it was placed below a fountain, the water of which ran 
 tlirniigh "the orifice into the vase, and that the " thirsty souls " put their 
 iTKjuths to the small spout -to drink. 
 
 The small yellow tripod pitcher, No. 444, has two handles m the 
 form of horns, and a spout in the upper part of the body. I suppose that 
 
 ;*■ ?>-V 
 
 
 I ^ \ til iTO lundlcs aiiii ^puut. 
 (1 : 7 actual size. Depth, 23 ft.j 
 
 ^ ^^^M.r^' 
 
 ^ 144 1 1 U e, b 1 I 1 h 
 
 and a tpout in the body. (Aetual size. Depth, 
 
 nl eq 
 26 fc. 
 
 this vessel, as it is but very small, may have served as a baljy's feeding 
 liottle. Its only ornamentation consists of two incised lines round the 
 neck. 
 
 No. 445 is a lustrous-yeHow jug with a trefoil mouth, one handle, and 
 a spout in the body. Very curious is the basket shape of the red cup 
 No. 44C, with its handle over the mouth and its spout in the lower part 
 of the body. A terra-cotta vessel, with a similar handle over the mouth 
 and a spout in the liody, was found liy me in my excavations at Tiryns. 
 It is preserved in the Myceuean Museum at Athens. Equally curious is 
 the light-red little vase No. 447, which has a large spout on one side. 
 All these three last vessels can, in my opinion, have served for nothing 
 elsi:' than babies' feeding bottles. Similar small terra-cotta vessels, with 
 a, spout in the body, are frequent in the tombs of Cyprus, as well as in 
 ancient Egyptian si.'pulehres, and may be seen in the collections of 
 Cyi)rii;>te and Egyptian antiquities in the Louvre and the British Museum, 
 v^hich latter contains also two similar vessels, found in a tomb at lalysus, 
 ill liliodes. 
 
 No. 448 is a small pitcher without a handle. Hand-made pitchers of 
 a similar shape were found at Szihalom, in Hungary, and are exhibited 
 under Nos. L5-1S in the glass case No. IX. in the National Museum of 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 SMALL VESSELS: AND TLATES. 
 
 407 
 
 Buda-Pestli. Wheel-macle ones of this form aro also found m Holland, 
 and, as Professor Vircliow infV.rms me, they are very common in Lusatia 
 
 No. 431 
 
 l^ 4Jt \ 4 .J ^^. .147. 
 
 Xos. 4-15-153. Eabies' Feeding Bottles, Cup.s &c. (1 : 4 actual 6ize. Depth, 10 to 20 ft.) 
 
 5). No. 449 is a small cup with two handles; No. 450, a very 
 small cup with a large curved handle : two cups of a similar shape, 
 but of a larger size, are in the collection of Professor 
 Virchow, having been found by him in his excavations 
 in the graveyard of Zaborowo. No. 451 is a small 
 pitcher : hand-made pitchers similar to this, found at 
 Szihalom, are likewise in the National Museum of 
 Buda-Pesth, under Nos. 10, 14, 20, 21 in the glass 
 case No. IX. No. 452 is a small tripod-vase, with per- 
 forated projections for suspension ; No. 45.3, a small 
 cup, like No. 11 found at Szihalom ; No. 454, a small 
 globular tripod-vase, with two dots on the body. 
 
 I now come to the plates, which are nearly all wheel-made, and, when 
 so, are always but slightly baked, unpolished, and exceedingly rude ; Imt 
 there occur also a great many plates which are hand-made, and these 
 are always well polished and a little more baked. The wheel-made 
 plates have always the yellov/ colour of the clay, and aro generally but 
 small ; the hand-made ones are either dark-brown or red, and usually of 
 a larger size. The wheel-made plates never have handles ; but the larger 
 hand-made ones have usually one or two handles. Nos. 455 to 400 
 repjresent five of the rude wheel-made plates, with a large hand-made 
 one with one handle on the top of them. Nos. 461 to 468, again, represent 
 eight of the rude wheel-made plates. 
 
 > 454 1,1 1 1 r I rij 1 
 \ise (1 4 etlilsl2 
 Deptb, 29 ft.) 
 
■iOS 
 
 THE Tllirj), THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII 
 
 Nos. 4B1-J(i^. Uiii"^li^li(.'l sjjailMW ami il<_ep Plate: 
 
 of cuarse Clay. (1 : 5 actual size. 
 
 Depth, 23 to 28 ft.) 
 
 \5r,-iC.U. i;npoli^ii''il shalluw anrl ileep Plates of coarse 
 Clay, with a pulisheil harnl-made one on the top. 
 (1 : 5 actual size. Di pth, 23 to 28 ft.) 
 
 Similar very nicle nnpulislied wheel-made plates may be seen in the 
 colleetious huth cif Assyrian and Cypriote anticpiities in the British 
 Museiim. As Dr. Joseph Hampel kindly informs me, they are also fre- 
 quently found in the excavations at Magyarad, in Hungary. Professor 
 Yircliow writes to me that plates of the same shape hut superficially 
 polished are very common in Germany. None of the wheel-made Trojan 
 plates show the marks of wear and tear. This is the more astonishing, 
 as, on account of their rudeness and fragility, any knife-cut would have 
 made a deep mark on them. As the Greeks in Homer's time, o'l S' eV 
 oveiad' erolfia irpoKei^eva ^elpa^ 'iaWov, so certainly the Trojans also used 
 no knives or forks, hut only the hands in eating, and therefore there 
 may have been nothing to cut on these plates ; but still, I think, they 
 should naturally have borne the marks of long use. These wheel-made 
 plates are very abundant: on the little plateau formed by the external 
 and internal walls, which I used to call the Tower, I found, on a 
 space 1.0 ft. s(|uare, 18 entire plates, and 12 broken ones which I could 
 easily recompose. It deserves particular notice that these wheel-made 
 plates are very rare in the cUhris of the following, the fourth city, in 
 which, on the other hand, the hand-made plates are very numerous. 
 
 No. dCiT) represents a crucible of terra-cotta with four feet, but slightly 
 baked, which my friend the celebrated nietalhrrgist, Dr. John Percy, 
 declared to be one of the most valuable objects of my whole Trojan 
 collectifin. He probably jirizes it so highly on account of the residues of 
 
Chap. VIL] 
 
 CEUCIBLES FOR METALLURGY. 
 
 409 
 
 fused metal and spangles of gold wliicli are contained in it. Professor 
 W. Chandler Eoberts, who examined this oliject most carefully, and 
 analysed some of the metal it contains, kmdly gave me the following 
 note on the subject : — " The vessel appears to be of clay, containing 
 "rains of quartz. It has probably been used in some operation connected 
 with the metallurgy of gold, as spangles of that metal may be readily 
 detected on the inner surface. One portion of the vessel is covered 
 with a vesicular slag, and it contains a fragment of carbonate of copper 
 mixed with crystals of red oxide of copper. It is possible that this saucer- 
 like vessel may have been • tilled with bone-ash, and used as a ' test ' for 
 cupelling gold or silver ; but I have not yet detected the presence of any 
 lead-compound, which would have made this view almost a certainty." 
 
 The crucibles were made of coarse clay, mixed with cow-dung, in order 
 to make them stronger. 
 
 No. lb9 Cru 1 le of Llay with f ur f ct It 1 
 copper and gold still sticking to it. 
 (Xearly half actual size. Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 I It 
 
 \ J Lai a t 1 iz 
 It) 
 
 Xo. 470 is also a slightly-baked saucer-like crucible, but it has no feet. 
 
 Xos. 471, 472, and 473 are small boat-like cups of but slightly-baked 
 clay, which, in the opinion of Dr. Percy and Professor Eoberts, have also 
 been used in metallurgy, and particularly for refining gold or silver. For 
 
 Kos. J71 47 1 Sual I t 
 (N a ly hall a t 
 
 this purpose four times the quantity of lead is now added to the precious 
 metal, and it is left in the fire until the lead evaporates. There can 
 
410 
 
 THE THir.D, THE BURKT CITT. 
 
 [Chap. A^II. 
 
 hardly be a clonLt tliat the refining process has been much the same at 
 all times in antiijuity. I call the reader's particular attention to the 
 shape of the vessel No. 471. As it runs out to a point to the right, does 
 it nut appear to l)e the facsimile of an ancient ship, the oars being 
 indicated on each side by four incised vertical strokes ? A vessel some- 
 ■^vhat resembling this was found at the station of Locras in the Lake of 
 Bienne.^ 
 
 Ycry curious are the little terra-cotta spoons Nos. 474 and 475, 
 which, as they are also but very slightly baked, may likewise have been 
 used liy the Trojan metallurgists. Similar spoons are very rare at 
 
 
 X 
 
 ./< 
 
 
 pi-*.* 
 
 4"4 i'} 
 I tl (II lit 1 tUil 
 
 D rtii - t J ft ) 
 
 No. 476. Funnel "f Jlici- 
 schi-t. (U.ilr actual size. 
 Dtpth, 26 It.) 
 
 No. -!77. Large semi-globular Funnel of Terra-cotta, ^ith 
 sieve-like holes. (Half actual size. Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 Hissarlik, but so they are elsewhere. A broken spoon of an identical 
 shape was found in the settlement of the Stone age at Inzighofen.* 
 Three other similar specimens were found at Dozmat in the county of 
 Vas, and at Tisza Ugh in the county of Heves, in Hungary.^ A broken 
 terra-cotta spoon, found at Szihalom, is exhibited under No. 38 in the 
 glass-case No. IX. in the National ]\Iusenm of Buda-Pesth. Two such 
 terra-cotta. spoons were found in the Lake-dwellings of the Stone age, at 
 the station of Auvernier in the Lake of Neufchatel,'' and at the station 
 of Gerofin in the Lake of Bienne.'' Professor \irchow informs me that 
 spoons of baked clay now and then occur in ancient tombs in the east 
 of Germany. 
 
 No. 47G represents in half-size a funnel of mica-schist. Funnels of 
 terra-cotta of the same shape are numerous in all the three upper pre- 
 historic cities at Hissarlik ; but the funnel before us is the only one of 
 stone that I ever found. I presume these funnels have been used in 
 
 ^ \'ietiir Gross, ii's Ji'i-nii-rcs Ti-oiiraiUcs ilins ILmi/rk; PI. .\iii. Nos. 18, 20, 22. 
 ics Il'ili'liiiions lacustirs da L^ic dc JU'r/nic ; Por- '• ^'iotor Gross, I>t''(x Stoii<i/is l.n'jistrcs^ liloc- 
 
 reDtniy, 1879, PI. ii. No. 11. -,■/»;/,■« rt Auirnii.r ; NeuveviUe, 1S78, PI. -\ii. 4. 
 
 ■' Piidwr^ LinJoDschiiiit, l>tc VaftTlnnilisrJiCn ' Mem, Lrs th-rnwrcg TronvaiUcs flni$ Ics 
 
 AHcrll.tnurr ; Mainz, 18GU, PI. x,\vi. No. 1. ILihit.itions l,i,-tistn-s ibi Lac de Bienne; Por- 
 
 ' Jos. Hairipel, Autiquitcs prchisturiiiuis do la rcutruy, 1879, PI. ii. No. 12. 
 
ClIAP. VII.] 
 
 FUXXELS, CEXSEi;S, ETC 
 
 411 
 
 metallni'gy. Professor Sayce oliscrves to me tliat a similar funnel of 
 terra-cotta, marked with Cypriote characters, ^vas found hy the late 
 Mr. George Smith under the floor of Assurhanipal's palace at Kouyunjik, 
 and he fancies it served as a measure. T^Y0 funnels of terra-cotta of the 
 very same form, each marked with the character [J], were found l_iy me 
 in the fifth pre-historic city of Hissarlik. They are represented in their 
 place." No. 477 and No. 478 are large well-polished lustrous dark- 
 yellow funnels of terra-cotta, of semi-glohular form, with sieve-like holes. 
 
 Am 
 
 J>- 
 
 tSSi 
 
 
 1, with sirvc 
 Depth, 26 ff..' 
 
 No 4 9 A p Gce of TerrJ cu t -u h t\\ h a 
 slightly sunk in front like eyes, and a hole p(-M-fnraled 
 from side to side. (Half actutd size. Deplli, id ft.) 
 
 No. 479 is a solid piece of terra-cotta, with a perforation from side 
 to side ; m front are two cavities, but slightly sunk, in the form of eyes. 
 This object may have served as a weight for the loom or for fishmg-nets. 
 
 No. 480 IS a slightly-baked object of terra-cotta, in the form of a 
 ^oblct' with sieve-like perforations; it cannot be anything else but a 
 censer. Two similar vessels, held by Professor Virchow to be censers, 
 
 IS J. 4 J. I HI r t sli,l Ij 1 ik J I b> in 
 the form of a goblet, with sieve-like perfora- 
 tions. (Halt actual size. Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 No. ISl. Vrsslintl frii I II n r smrcr, 
 
 with incised decoration. (1 ; actual slie. 
 
 Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 n See Nos. 1338, 1339, p. 582. 
 
412 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII 
 
 are in lii;-i collection of antiquities from Zaborowo in Posen. Similar 
 censers are preserved in tlie Markisches Museum at Berlin. 
 
 No. 481 is a very pretty Instrous-red vessel, in the form of a flower- 
 saucer. Its flat bottom is ornamented vritL. linear decorations and a cross 
 of dots. The en,<j;raving represents a side view of this curious vessel, 
 whose decoratidu is e;iven separately above it. This vase-cover finds its 
 analogue in tliat Avliich we see on a vase found near Guben in Lusatia, 
 and represented under No. 5 on PI. xvii. in the Sessional Report of the 
 Berlin. Society for Anthropologn, 21st July, 1877. 
 
 Nos. 482 and 48.3 are fraf,aiients of a very large red vase, decorated 
 alternately with broad liands filled vrith fanciful strokes and with rows of 
 
 ^u3. 4^2, 4S3. Fragments of a larfjc "\'iisr>, with a curious impressed elecuratiun. 
 
 ( Nearly 1 ; 5 actual size, llrptli, 26 ft.) 
 
 small or large stamps representing crosses in relief; even the handles are 
 decorated with stamps containing similar crosses. These fragments have 
 evidently been exposed to an intense heat in the conflagration, for they 
 are thoroughly baked. Professor Sayce remarks to me that " the circles 
 with crosses within them resemble the Labyloniau rosette, a favourite 
 Babylonian and Hittite decoration." Professor Virchow mentions to me 
 that he noticed a similar ornamentation on terra-cotta vessels found at 
 Boh igua. 
 
 No. 484 represents the fragment of a grey vase-cover, with the incised 
 linear representation of a stag and another animal, probably intended for 
 a cuttle-fish; but Professor Virchow thinks the primitive Trojan artist 
 
Chap. YIL] 
 
 CUEIOUS DISC : EATTLES : TOR 
 
 41J 
 
 intended to represent a tortoise. Wc see on it also a plant-like orna- 
 ment, perhaps meant for a tree. Similar incised ornaments are very 
 
 No. -1S4. Vuse-cuvtT of Ti.rra-c< ti Inn 1 rn n i t t i re] it 
 
 cuttle-foh. I Halt uLtual bizo. Dtptli, ^h ft.) 
 
 nd prul aMr a 
 
 eommon on the Trojan whorls.' No. 4S5 represents a top of terra- 
 cotta ; Xo. 4:SG, a cnrious rattle of Idaek terra-cotta, ornamented with 
 incised lines ; the handle is perforated for suspension. There are small 
 pieces of metal in this rattle ; it may have heen a cliild's toy. No. 4S7 
 is another rattle with pieces of metal inside it ; like the other, it has no 
 
 -_-■'■ 'l 
 
 No. 4.S6. Curious il.ittleof 
 Terra-c.tta. (Half actual 
 size. Iieptb, i::j ft.) 
 
 N'o. J.sj. Toil of TrTra- 
 cott^i. {Half actual size. 
 Depth, 23 It.) 
 
 No. 487. Ilattle-box of Xerra-cotta. in tlie form of 
 a woman ; head luisiUig. (2 : 3 actual size. Ilepih, 
 20 ft.) 
 
 opening. It is in the form of a woman, who holds her hands on the 
 breast ; the head is missing ; the necklace is indicated Ijy three horizontal 
 strokes, and the hreast-oruament hy six vortical strokes. Though it was 
 found at a depith of 20 ft., it certainly belongs to the third or hurnt 
 city, both because of its character and because it bears the marks of 
 the conflagration to wliudi it has been exposed. 
 
 « See Xos. 1SC7, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 188J, 188G, 1051, ami 2000. 
 
411 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUEXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 Xos. 4S8 and 480 roprescnt l>rusli-h[mcllcs of a peculiar kind of 
 conipai-ti iiiiil very clean yellow clay, with a perforation for suspension ; 
 the many small holes seen in the lower part of No. 488, and which 
 also exist in Xo. 489, served for fixing in the bristles or whatever else 
 the Ijrnsh may have hecn composed of. Professor Landerer, who exa- 
 mined these limsh-handles very carefully, writes to me the following note 
 on the sulijcct: — "I succeeded in extracting from three of the small 
 holes some residue Avhich, vdien put into a platinum spoon and burnt, 
 gave the snudl, not of animal, Init of vegetable, matter. I therefore 
 lielicve that little stalks of plants, like those wdiicli are now used as 
 toothpicks, as crj. tlie cijrolla of Foeniculum, were put into the holes 
 and constituted the brush proper. Besides, the holes are too large for 
 bristles, unless several were fixed in one IkjIc."'" 
 
 It deserves particular attention that these clay brush-handles were 
 merely drird in the sun and that none of them have been baked, except 
 those which have been exposed to an intense heat in the conflagration, in 
 which many of them have been more or less burnt. I have further to 
 notice that these clay brush-handles are frecjuent in the third or burnt 
 city, but that they never occurred m any of the other pro-historic cities. 
 
 No. 4SS. \ 
 
 4 in 
 
 X.J. l.-;i. T.-rr.i-Ci,it.i \\mA\-: uf a Trojan Lim-L, uiib llio Ijoles in which the I i tl , 1] ^ I p i I 
 (.Hair actual 8l7.p. Depth, 33 ft.) Nos. 4S9-491. Brush-handle of dried Clii ol i ct ol 1 irteoltt, 
 and Ring of Mother-of-pearl. (1 : 3 actual size. Lepth, 26 to 32 ft.) 
 
 No. 490 IS an object of slightly-baked clay, which may prolialdy have 
 been used for heckling yarn. No. 491 is a ring of mother-of-pearl. 
 
 Nos. 492-499 are eight se;ils of very slightly-baked clay. The 
 seal No. 49::! has in the handle a perforation for suspension with a 
 Bering. Very curious are the signs which we see incised on it, and which 
 resemble written characters. Professor Sayce remarks to me: "The 
 signs all represent the same symbtd, which is identical in form with a 
 character met with in both the Hittite and the Cypriote inscriptions, in 
 the latter of which it has the value of «e, and which may be the origin of 
 the Trojan m-aMinr On the seal No. 493 we see two crosses, of which 
 the one is incised, the other marked with dots. On No. 494 arc incised 
 zigzag lines and some straight strokes ; No. 495, again, has incised 
 crosses. On No. 49G we see a PJJ, with its arms curved into spirals; 
 on No. 497, nothing but dots ; and on No. 498, an incised cross and 
 
 This is no ohjectjon, as onlinarv brushes are always made with a bunch of bristles iu each hole. 
 
CiiAP. VIL] 
 
 TEREA-COTTA SEALS. 
 
 4ir 
 
 dots. My friend Mr. Panagiotes Enstratiadcs, Director-General of 
 Antiquities in Greece, remarks to me that No. -193 may not he a seal, 
 
 No. 492. Seal ut Terra-cotta. 
 (Half actual size. DepLh, 26 ft.) 
 
 No. 439. 
 
 Inscribed Terra-cotta Seal. 
 
 (About 1 ; 3 actual size. Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 Nob. 493-498. Six Seals of T rri c ttt 
 (7:8 actual size. ItLpto, _o to ^j li.j 
 
 but the button or handle of a vase-cover. That may be so, but all the 
 rest are certainly seals. 
 
 The most curious of all is the terra-cotta seal No. 490, which has a 
 perforation for suspension. Its handle has on two sides an incised 
 herring-bone ornamentation, and on the third side, the one to the right 
 in the cut, an incised inscription, in which, as Professor Sayce says, 
 " characters also found in the Cypriote syllaliary can be easily recognized. 
 The Cypriote character representing c, in an older form than any met 
 with in Cyprus itself, is engraved on the die of the seal." Both the 
 inscription on the handle and that on the seal are discussed by Prof. 
 Sayce in his Appendix on the Trojan inscriptions.^^ The most striking 
 analogy to the Trojan seals is offered by the terra-cotta seals found at 
 Pilin in Hungary,' on which we see circles, stars, crosses, rhombs, and 
 other figures. 
 
 Nos. 500 and 501 show the two sides of a perforated cylinder of terra- 
 cotta, with an incised decoration, representing a tree and linear orna- 
 
 Nos, 500, 501. Cylinder rf 1 rra-r jtta with m m rile ritun frona the Stratum of the Burnt City. 
 
 (Half actual size.) 
 
 " See Prof. Sayce's Appemli.'i, where ,t1so a ' .loseph Hampel, AntiquiWs prd'historiqiies de 
 
 more pjerfect engraving of the seal is given. la Ilongrie, PI. xiii. Nos. 4-9. 
 
416 TI-IE TniPiD, THE BUEXT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 ments. Nos. 502 and 503 are the two sides of a cylinder of l:>hie felspar, 
 enri-ravcd on one side -witli a double flower, surmounted by a half-diamond 
 or arr(jw-head, and on tlie other with signs (perhaps the name of the 
 o\Yner) within a cartouch." It was found in the royal house. Under 
 
 \'n r,n'2. No. 503. 
 
 XiW. 502, 503. Engraved CyliiidiT ofWiiu FrNji.ir. Frum tin- raUce. (A. liial size. Depth, 30 ft.) 
 
 Xiis. 504 and 505, I represent two double whorls, in the shape of tops, 
 which are made of a very fine dark-yellow clay, and are well polished. 
 No. 501 is decorated on tl'ie upper and lower parts, No. 505 on the upper 
 
 Ne?. 50J, 505. liuuble "Wli.prls uf lustrous-yelluw ceilour, frum ttie Str.ttnm uf t'.^e Burnt r'ity. 
 
 (Half aetual size.) 
 
 part only, with an incised ornamentation, which may be intended to 
 represent flowers. Similar double whorls are not frequent. I collected 
 in all only twenty-five of them. 
 
 Nos. 506 to 511a, b, represent the ornamentation of seven terra-cotta 
 whorls. Xo. 511 was found in the royal house : the numerous little figures 
 upon it, resembling faces, are very curious. The difterent forms of the 
 v.'liorls which occur in this third, the burnt city, may be seen on the 
 lithographed plates at the end of tlie volume, under Nos. 1800, 1807, 
 1808, 1810, 1812, 1815. All these forms occur in really enormous abun- 
 dance, except that of No. 1806, which is rare, and is only found unorna- 
 mented ; nearly one-half of all the whorls found Inive incised patterns, 
 of which I give the principal examples in the plates. The depth at 
 which each Avhurl was found is marked in metres; and thus all those 
 which are marked from 7 to 10 i\i. (23 to 33 ft.), inclusive, may be con- 
 sidered to have lieen collected m the third or burnt city. Among the most 
 frequent patterns are tlmse of Nos. 1817 and 1818, representing crosses 
 with a Lirge dot in each arm, and the pattern No. 1820, which also 
 chows a cross. Tlie ]iattern No. 1822 occurs but seldom, as also 
 No. lS-2,"); -that of No. 1824 is frequent. There is only one example of 
 No. lS-2(), which represents two sii-nslil-iift and other inexplicalile signs. 
 I call attention, however, to the similarity of the upper figure to that 
 whiclt we see lieloAv in No. 1883, which is certainly meant to represent 
 a man with uidifted jirnis. The patterns on No. 1827 are very frequent 
 
 A mure exact reprcsent.itiriD of these signs is given li\' Professor Sayce in his Apperuli.';. 
 
CiiAp. A-IL] 
 
 TATTEEXS OF WHORLS. 
 
 417 
 
 on the whoi-ls; those of Fos. 1830, 1831, 1832, 1834, and 1830, occur 
 only once. A very aljimdant pattern is that of No. 1833, the idea 
 
 Xo. 5I)V. 
 
 No. 603. 
 
 Nos. 5n6-51lA, II. Sc-v^-n Whuiis of Torra-cotta Willi incised decoration. 
 (Actual size. Iicptb, 26 ft.) 
 
 of which may have been raken from a moving vrheel. Patterns like 
 Nos. 1S40, 1841, and 1848, are freipient, particiihirly the last, which 
 occurs many hundreds of times in the third city, as well as in the two 
 follownig ones. Nos. 1842 and 1843 occurred only once ; No. 1844 
 occasionally ; No. 1846 only once. No. 1853 also occurred only once ; 
 whereas the patterns with the py, Nos. 1851, 1855, and 1859, are 
 very frequent. The pattern No. 1850 is found many times, hut those of 
 Nos. 1857 and 1800 only once; the latter seems to have written characters. 
 
 In the pattern No. 18G2 we again see the sign y-] five times repeated ; 
 only its branches are hero curved, and the centre of this curious cross is 
 occupied by a circle with a point. This pattern is not rare. AVc again 
 see the jIU wdth its branches in spirals in No. 1808; this pattern also 
 occurs often. The signs on No. 1809, which seem to l)e written cha- 
 racters, as well as those on No. 1870, occur only once. The ]iatterii 
 No. 1872, in which we see the py in conjunction with burning altars, 
 occurs several times ; those of Nos. 1873, 1874, 1875, 1S7G, and 1878, only 
 
 2 K 
 
418 THE THI1;D, the DUEXT city. [Chap. VII. 
 
 once : ill ull tliese ^Ye see tlie [-^ or LPj with other signs. A frequent 
 pattern is Xo. 1877, in wliich we see four animals, prohably intended to 
 lie liares. 
 
 On Xo. 1881 we see a Ycry rude linear representation of three 
 (juadrnpeds witli horns, probahly meant for stags. Three stags are, no 
 (louht, also intended to lie shown in the curious pattern Xo. 1883, 
 altluiugh two of them have only three legs. Similar very rude linear 
 represfutations of stags, or other animals, are scratched on some of the 
 vases with human faces found in the province of Pommerellen near 
 Dautzig, which are for the most part preserved in the Museum at 
 Dantzig ; others are in the Eoyal Museum at Berlin. 
 
 Ill perfect analogy with the rude drawing of the stags is the linear 
 representation fif the man with uplifted arms, which wo see on the same 
 whorl, Xo. 1883. Similar linear representations of stags, but with four 
 legs, are also seen in Xo. 1884 ; whorls decorated with these animals 
 are freipueiifc. The rudest representation imagmalile of animals is given 
 on Xo. 188-5 ; where one has only three feet, another only one horn. 
 Again, we see three quadrupeds a little better made on Xo. 188G : one 
 of them has a tolerable liird's head; only one of them seems to have 
 horns. 
 
 The patterns on the whorls Xos. 1887, 1888, 1890, and 1891 occur fre- 
 quently. The pattern Xo. 1892 is unique ; those of Xos. 1893 and 
 189(j are very common. On Xo. 1894 the primitive engraver doubtless 
 intended to make four swastiJ:as, but with one of them he did not succeed. 
 A curious pattern is Xo. 1897, with its triangles and 1.5 zigzag lines; 
 lurtlier, those with plant-like ornaments, Xos. 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 
 1903, 1904. A similar punched decoration is seen engraved on the 
 flags of native Lower Silurian grit, in the interior of the sepulchre of 
 (Jllam Fodhla, the famous monarch and lawgiver of Ireland," m which 
 we also tliid the ornament represented in the upper and lower field of 
 Xo. 1997, and m the upper field of Xo. 1908. The whorls are rarely 
 ornamented on more than one side ; but Xo. 1902 is decorated on both 
 sides— on the one with an incised floral ornamentation, on the other with 
 incisions in the form of crescents. X'o. 1909 shows in the upper field 
 the form of an altar with flames : we again see four such altars with 
 flames on Xo. 1914, six more on Xo. 1913, five on Xo. 191.5, three on 
 Xo. 1910. On Xo. 1912 we again see, five times repeated, that curious 
 written character which the late Orientalist, Martin Haug of !ilunich, 
 read .s/. Xo. 1919 is ornamented all over with zigzag lines; it has also 
 ,ine p^ and one LC. There is no other example of the exact pattern 
 <if either of the Xos. 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922. In Xo. 1921 we 
 again see zigzag lines, and also m Xo. 1923; this pattern, as well as 
 that of Xo. 192:5, occurs several tunes; also that of Xo. 1924, in which 
 we aL,'aiii see an alta,r with flames. Xo. 192G is decorated with zigzag 
 lines a:)d crosses. The patterns of Xo. 1927 and Xo. 1932 are very fre- 
 
 ' Discoi-cri/ of tlie T.jmh nf (Jllam F.jdida. By E. A. Conwcll. Dul^lm, 187: 
 
CiiAP. TIL] ANnrALS AND MEN ON THE WHOltLS. 41[) 
 
 queiit; that of No. 1930 occurs many times; also that of No. 1033. 
 Nos. 1934, 1935, 1030, and 1038 occur only once. On the latter wh.irl 
 we again see Dr. Haug's character si. I call the reader's particular 
 attention to the beautiful ornamentation of No. 1040, which occurs many 
 times ; also to that of No. 1045, ^Yhlch occurs only once. Nos. 1041, 
 1043, and 1044 are often found : the pattern No. 1042 does not occur 
 again. Very curious is the decoration of No. 1040, in which we see a 
 burning altar, a y-], a sun, four dots and strokes. This pattern, as well 
 as those of Nos. 104S and 1047, in which latter we also see two Lp] and 
 one p^, occur only once. The signs on No. 1049, in which we see again 
 a zigzag line, probaldy the symbol of lightning, and a p]-l, occur many 
 times ; the patterns also on No. 1050 are frequent. There are only single 
 examples of the patterns of Nos. 105G and 1050, which are in the IVirm 
 of a disc, and of No. 1057. That of No. 105S occurs often; also that 
 of No. 1904, ill which we see three flowers, but not that on the opposite 
 side. Nos. lOGl, 10(j2, and 10G3 occur only once. The patterns of 
 Nos. 10(36, 19C8, 10G9, and 1971 occur only once ; that of No. IOCS is 
 very remarkalde, for it sIkjws in a sort of monogram five liirds with very 
 long necks and beaks. There can be hardly any doubt that the primi- 
 tive artist intended here to represent storl-g, which must have been at the 
 Trojan epoch just as abuii(Lint in the Troad as they arc now. 
 
 But still more interesting is the figure which wo see on No. 1971; 
 for if we compare it with that at the top of No. 182G, and with that in 
 the lower part of No. 18S3, which latter cannot possilily be anything 
 else than a man m monogram, we may be j^retty certain that here too 
 a man with uplifted arms was meant to be represented, his feet being 
 indicated liy two slanting strokes. Eudc and even horrible as these 
 representations of our species are, they are of capital interest to us if we 
 look upon them as the predecessors of the masterpieces of art in the time 
 f Pericles. But we have seen that the Trujans were perfectly able to 
 model in clay tolerably good representations 'if men and animals (see 
 Nos. 100, 101, 226, and Nos. 333 to 340) : why then did they mcise on then- 
 whorls such monstrous figures of men and animals, figures which far 
 exceed in rudeness the rudest drawings of the wild men of Africa? Is 
 there any analogy whatever between this mdiistnius art and the other 
 handiwork of the Trojans? If wo look at the rude Init symmetrically 
 shaped piottery, or if wo contemplate the masses of gold ornaments which 
 reveal so much artistic skill, and which can (Hily have been the work of a 
 school of artists centuries old, — is it possitilc t" suppose that a people 
 so far advanced in civilization could have made such rudest of rude repre- 
 sentations of man and animal, unless these latter had been conventiuiial 
 figures, intended as votive offerings to the tutelary deity, figures conse- 
 crated by the use of ages ? This supposition seems certainly to be 
 confirmed by the figures themselves, all of which are equally monstrous. 
 Nay, the anomaly would otherwise be quite inexplicable, because, if this 
 explanation were not correct, there would at least l>e a difi'erence in the 
 style of the figures, some of which might be bad, ethers better, and others 
 
 o 
 
■i20 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. Xll. 
 
 toleralilr r;'<50<-l. But, jnst as the inhaliitants of the four upper pre- 
 histiirie cities adliered with fervent zeal to the modelling of the trailitioual 
 and conveiitioiial hideous owl-heads on their sacred vases, in the same 
 way did they adhere with fervent zeal to the traditional and conventional 
 seratchings of monstroiis manikins and hideous animal f(jrms on their 
 e.y-votiis to their patron goddess. This at least appears to me to be the 
 onlv wav (jf explaining the strange facts before us, for which we have no 
 analrigv whatever. 
 
 The whorl No. 1070 was found at a depth of 12 metres or 40 ft., and, 
 therefore, most probably belongs to the second city. But its pattern 
 occurs also in the third and fourth cities. The patterns Xos. 1974 and 
 l'.J7-"') occur only once ; I call attention to the curious sign in the latter, 
 Avhich may be a written character. "We again see the written character, 
 Hang's .></', oil No. 1970. The two patterns of No. 1977, as well as that 
 of No. 1978, which represents a tli.iwer, are very frecjuent ; the same 
 mav lie said of that v.diich wo sec on Nos. 1979 and 1981. That of 
 No. 1980 with zigzag lines occurs several times. On No. 1982 we again 
 see three sirn.stil'as. One of the most common patterns is that of 
 No. 198.J. No. 198G represents a liull of terra-cotta with a circle on 
 each pole and a zone round the middle, in which we see on both sides 
 a round groove ; the two grooves are joined by a curved line; the whole 
 ball is, l)csides, ornamented with dots. Similar balls, luit without the 
 grooves and the curved line, are very frequent. In the pattern No. 1987 
 we see, besides the usual curved lines, a ^-j^ with curved arms radiating 
 fr(:)m a circle in the; middle. There is a similar ornamentation on the Avhorl 
 No. r.t8'.l, liut here the j-j-j has straight arms : the pattern of this latter 
 whorl IS common. The exact pattern of No. 1988, with two swastil'as, 
 three curved lines and three rows of dots, occurs only once. So also does 
 the pattern of the whorl No. 19'.)2, in which we see a numlier of spirals 
 and lo Ijuiidles, each consisting of three strokes intersected by lines of 
 hve dots. Very remarkable are the signs which we see on the whorl 
 No. 1991, some of which may be written characters; but if we turn the 
 page a little to the left, we easily recognize once more, in the large 
 sign to the riglit, the rude representation of a man in monogram, with 
 uplift (.-d arms and tlio feet exteiidi.-d to the right and left ; nay, here the 
 representation of our species has licen more successful than in the three 
 exain})les already described, for the figure is incised with much more 
 symmetry. <Jn the whorl No. 19'.»0 are written characters which will be 
 i'X]ilained in the Ap})endix (m the Trojan Inscriptions. The pattern 
 whicli we see on the whorl No. 199.1 is very common. 
 
 Tlie most remarkable of all the terra-cotta. balls found is no doubt 
 >.o. 1997, wliich I have discussed before.' 'We see there on the side // 
 two large owl's eyes Avitli their eyebrows distinctly incised, as on many of 
 (hr idcils and on some ot tlie owl-vases; the beak is indicated by a stroke 
 which descends vertically from Ijetwecii the eyes : to the left of the owl- 
 
 ■■ Sue jiage ?'U. 
 
CiiAr. TIL] OEXA:\rEXTED TERRA-COTTA RALLS. 421 
 
 face we see (at a) a wliei'l with six spokes; tn tlie riylit (if tlie owl-foce 
 (at r-) is a larye circle with a small one, and lirli.w the circle, hetween it 
 and the vertical stroke, is a small circli_' : on the back a niiml)cr of vertical 
 strokes seem, as on many idols, to indicate the female hair. This hair 
 IS nut represented in the engravint;- ; all the rest may he seen at n, h, c, 
 as well as in the detailed drawing below them, Xo. 190S. i\Iav not the 
 owl's face he symbolic of the morning springing up l.ietweeii tlie sun, 
 represented by the wheel, and the moon, indicated by the concentric 
 circles, having lieloAv it the morning star indicated by the small circle ? 
 
 A'ery ciirions is also the terra-cotta ball Xo. 1999, which is divided by 
 incised lines into eight holds, developL-d under Ko. 2000, in one of which 
 we see a p^, in another a tree, and in all clusters of dots. Professor 
 Sayce observes to me that, judging from the analogy of the Babylonian 
 cylinders, the latter Avonld represent the planets or stars. 
 
 The whorls are all perforated ; and, though they are made of the same 
 coarse clay, mixed with crushed mica, quartz, and silicious stone, yet as 
 they are well polished and have evidently lieen repeatedly dipped in a 
 wash of fine clay Ijefore Iniking, they generally have a lustrous surhice, 
 and are of red, yellow, black or grey colours. All those of the third 
 city, which were exposed to the intense heat of the contlagration, are 
 thoroughly baked, and can generally be at once recognized by their 
 colour ; but even in the other pro-historic cities there may be found a 
 great many thoroughly baked whorls, a fact which is not astouislung, 
 as, OAviiig to their small size, the lire could reach them on all sides. Lut 
 in general the whorls of the other pre-historic cities are, like the vases, 
 only half baked. The clay of many of those that are well biaked, and 
 particularly of the black ones, is so compact,' that every one thinks it 
 is stone. 
 
 All this may also be said of the balls. The ornamentation has usually 
 been incised with a sharp or pointed instrument of bone, wood, or silex, 
 before the first biakmg, and filled in Avith white chalk so as to strike the 
 eve. On inanv whorls and balls this white chalk has disappeared from the 
 decorations ; Init, as we see on many hundreds of whorls the ornamentation 
 filled with the white chalk, we may Avith all proliability suppose that all 
 the ornamented whorls were treated in the same vfay. But we often see 
 whorls with ugly scratches which can only have been made with pointed 
 silex after baking. On many whorls the incised decoratmn is remarkaljle 
 for its fineness and symmetry, as, fur instance, on Nos. IS-JG, 1895, 1902, 
 1921, rjdO, 194-5 ; but in general it is as rude as if it were the primitive 
 artist's first essay in iiitiii/lto-\\oY]i. 
 
 All the drawings of the whorls and balls have Ijccn made by M. 
 Curnouf and his accomplished daughter, Mdlle. Louise Buriiouf, to whom 
 I here make the warmest acknowledgment. All the wherls and balls arc 
 represented of the actual size. As to the fcAV whorls to which the depth 
 m metres is not affixed, it is unknown. 
 
 For what purpose this really stupendous mass of wIkhIs was used, is a 
 problem not yet definitely settled among scholars. Bnt as nearly all of 
 them are so well preserved, and as comparatively but few of them bear 
 
422 THE THiriD, THE BUItNT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 marks cif Laving ever Leeri used, I suppose that all, or at least all the 
 (lecDiated ones, served as (,>fiering's to the tutelary deity of the city, to 
 the Ilian Athene Ergane, -whose Palladium, as before mentioned, was 
 hililc(i to have fallen from heaven, with a distaff in one hand and a lance 
 in tlie iither. 
 
 (Jf perforated whorls of steatite there were found in all only fifty, and 
 of thesr (jiily line has a decoration of incised circles; whereas, as has heeu 
 said, of ornamented and unornarnented terra-ci^tta whorls together, I col- 
 lected more than 18,000. In my excavations at Mycenae some hundreds 
 of stone whorls, for the most part of steatite, were fouird, and only five 
 unornaraeiited ones of terra-cotta. The little terra-cotta discs, from 1^ 
 to o 111. in diameter, of which many hundreds of specimens were found 
 m all the five pre-historic cities of Hissarlik, appear to have served as 
 spindles. As they are only l-5tli or 1-Uth of an inch thick, and slightly 
 concave, there can lie no douht that all of them were cut out of broken 
 pottery. They have all a perforation in the middle. Similar discs, found 
 at Szihalom m Hungary, may be seen in the glass case Xo. IX., Nos. 2 
 and i. in tin.' liuda-Pesth National Museum. Similar discs have also 
 lieen f )iuid at Pilin "' and in German tomlis.'^ AA^e may also compare the 
 srj-callod Kimuieridge coal-money. 
 
 I have still to describe the singular object No. 1809, which is repre- 
 sr-nted on the first plate at the end of the book in half-size. It is of a 
 lustrous-yrlliiw Colour, and quite flat on the lower side; it has an upright 
 handle, deeorated with an incised tree and a flower. Close to the handle, 
 on the right side, is a hollow to put the hand in ; I presume, therefore, 
 that this instrument may have served for polishing the newly-made and 
 Gtill unbaked pottery. 
 
 Of various olijeets of iday from this third, the burnt city, I finally 
 repr(-'S..nt under No. 512 a scoop, but slightly baked, with a trefoil 
 mouth and a small handle; under No. 513, a small cup of a very rude 
 fiibrie, unpolished and Imt slightly liaked ; a cup of a like sluijie, con- 
 tained in a tomb of Corneto, is in the Iioyal Museum at Berlin. No. 514 
 represents a vasi'-lid of a, very remarkable and unique form : it is of 
 massive yellow elay, not polished, and bears the marks of the intense 
 heat to whieh it has been exposed in the conflagration. Its lower 
 }iart was sunk like a stopper into the vase, so that its projecting upper 
 part completdy covered the orifice and shut it almost hermetically by 
 the Avoiuht of the lid, which exceeds three pounds. We have seen a 
 similar vase-lid in No. 304, but of this latter the whole lower part was 
 of a semi-globular firm and hollow. These two vase-lids or stoppers 
 (Nos. .3(14 and 514) find their analogy in the vase-covers before described, 
 found at Szilialoiu in Hungary, and exhiluted under Nos. 20 and 27 in 
 the L,dass casi! No. IX. in the llnda-Pesth National Museum. 
 
 Pnder No. 51.) I rejiresent a curious object of terra-cotta, with four 
 fi/et and an incise;d linear ornamentation; it is solid, and may have served 
 
 ■' .ln:i|,li Iliiiii],.], J,it. 2,re/i. il<j In Ilumjrk-, JIuseiim at. Ilriliii, in ttn' Grainl-ducal Auti- 
 ri. Aiii. Ni>, :'.7. ([iiariuia in SchwLrm, and el>L-\\'liurt. 
 
 '' Similar discs arc jirusi.Tvcjd in tlic ilarlvisukcs 
 
CiiAT. ATI.] 
 
 A'AMOUS EJECTS. 
 
 423 
 
 Xu. 512. ScL.ni.nl l..,k, ,1 i'Liy, (Half actual size, 
 liijptll, 2.i to 26 fr.l 
 
 Ko. ril I. Curinus V.ise-li(l of baked Clay. 
 (Half actual size. Depth, 23 to 26 ft ) 
 
 Xo, 513. Small Cup of baked CLiT. (2 : 3 actual size. 
 I'epth. 23 tu2t) ft.) 
 
 as an ev-vofo. Umler No. 516 is represented a fish of wood found in a 
 burnt Louse at a depth of 2(J ft. ; how it could ever have escaped heinp; 
 
 burnt is inexplicable. The head shows 
 on both sides a lustrous-black colnur, 
 the bi.idy a lustrous yellow; liotli these 
 colours may have lieen produced l)y 
 the intense heat of the confla "ration. 
 
 51 ^ 1 1 I I t 1 T rr t f i r 
 
 1 t r 1 n e il neir rt ri ert tl 
 (Actual size. lieplL, 30 ft.) 
 
 The scales are rudely indicated by small lozen^-f's, produced by cross lines. 
 The fish resembles a carp, Imt as there are no carp in the Troad, it is 
 douldful whether the primitive artist intended to represent that kind 
 of fish. But rude as this wooden fish is, it is a real masterpiece of art 
 when compared with the representations of men, of which we have passed 
 four in review. 
 
 No. 517 is a very curious object of ivory, found in Ihe large house close 
 
 Xo. 517. Object of Ivory in the form of a cioucliiug ■"'imal. (.\ctual .size, licpth. 2- ft.) 
 
 to the gate. It represents a crouching hog rudely carved, with the hind 
 legs under the body and the fore legs under the head. The representa- 
 
i-2l 
 
 THE THIRD, THE DUEXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Yll. 
 
 No. 519. Piece uf Ivory, belong- 
 ing to a Trojan Lj're with four 
 strings. (1:5 actual size. 
 Uepth, 26 ft,) 
 
 tion is iclenticul on both sides ; it reminds us vividly of tlie gold lions at 
 Mycenae/ though these latter certainly show more artistic skill. The back 
 part of our ivory figure runs out into something like a fish's tail, which 
 has a vertical opening, O'T in. long, and is perforated, leading us to 
 suppose that the itbject must have been used m some way or other in 
 weaving. Time, and probaldy also the heat of the conflagration, have 
 given to our ivory hog a dark tint ; the head and back are nearly black. 
 Professor A^irchow writes to mo: "It appears to me doubtful whether 
 the figure No. 517 represents a hog. The position of the feet and the 
 shape more resemlile those of a dog." 
 
 Under Nos. filS and 519 I represent two objects of ivory, each 
 belonging to a lyre with only four strings, and under Xo. 520 another 
 
 object of ivory, belonging 
 to a lyre with seven strings ; 
 all these three pieces are 
 ornamented with incisions. 
 No. 518 has the herring- 
 bone ornamentation within 
 a border formed liy two 
 lines ; No. 519 is merely 
 decorated with straight 
 lines. The decoration of 
 No. 520 is very pretty, 
 having at the edge, where 
 the jierforations are, a 
 Ijorder of only one line ; 
 on the two other edges 
 borders formed 1 ly two lines, 
 and decorated with a wavin" 
 
 o 
 
 pattern ; the surface is or- 
 namented "with spirals, in 
 ■\vhicli -we likewise see wave 
 or zip;za<:;" patterns. 
 The lyre ((popfiiy'^) "was the most ancient strin^^-ed instrument of the 
 Greek sin;j;ers ; it is fre(|uently mentioned by Homer, w'ith wdiom it is 
 especially th(3 musical instrument of Apollo ; ■ but the singers play on 
 it also at meals and t:ui other occasi(jns.'' The (pupfir/^ is mentioned 
 
 ^ize. J'L'ptlj 
 
 Xu. 520. OnKimented Pii"'ce o" 
 Ivory, belonging to a, Trojan 
 Seveu-string(.'d Lyre. (Acfuul 
 tize. J'rptlj, -J.-^ It.) 
 
 ^ Seo iny jlf^ccnac, Nos. 'Ji;;""., 470, 471. '■' (hL viii. G7, GO, 70: 
 
 ^ li. i. ij'^'''' : Ka5 5' iK Traa(Ta\u(pi Kpiixatr^v (p/jpiiiyya. \iy^ziai\ 
 
 ov j.Lrjv <^>upjj.Lyyos ■K^pu(o.KXeos^%i' ^x ' k-rcuWcop 
 
 //. x.\iv. (jil : . . Trap 5' irid^i Kav^ov KaKiiv re Tpo.Tv^'^o.v^ 
 
 oatVu' ^xccv <p6p/iiyya, KaKu^y eTa,o', atlv airirrrG. irap 5e 5e7rcty oh'oio, iriui/ ore 6vjj.us ai'd^yoi. 
 
 Ud. xvii. l'7u, 'J71 : viii. HO : 
 
 eV?) Ki'trrffTj u'^p o.vi]vi)d€v^ eV oe re (p<'>pfiiy^ tpopfiiyyus 0\ ^) hairl (TWiTOpus iiTTi OaXeiij. 
 YiTTuet, %v dpa SttiTi O^ul TTo'irjaoM kTaipi):'. w\. -ii)'*: 
 
 ll'juin. ll'.iin. AjKjli. 1S-J-, Il-i.'>: {iij\'n-fj Kal cpopfxiyyi ■ to, yap t' ai^a^'/z/^ara Sairijs. 
 Tuu) he (popjiiy^ .\xii. '■'•'■Vl^ W.V.'j : 
 
 Xp^'Teuv vTTu T:\i}KTpou Ko.i'axw ^X^'- 'if^^po(:<Taav. eiTTT? 5' 4i' xeiperTrrd/ ^x^^ <p6py.iyyo. Xiy^iav 
 
 ^■^■rs^■ .il,) : «7X' '^'^p' opiTodvpTji' ' 
 
 rpopLLiyy' eV x^'^p^'T'^^^^ ^X"^^' ^po.Tuv KiOo.p'ii^aji'. awl iitlicrs. 
 
CiiAP. VIL] 
 
 FRAGMENTS OF LYRES AND FLUTES. 
 
 425 
 
 together with flutes (avXoi) ; ^" it was often decorated with gokl, ivory, 
 precious stones, and intaglio-work — hence its epithets TrepiKaWij^, Sathakeij, 
 ypvaea}^ It had at first four, hut afterwards seven strings : ^ to play on 
 the (f)6p/j.Ly^ was called (p6pp,iyyi KiOapt^em " and <p6p/xiyya eXeXlt^eLv.^ It 
 was a kind of large guitar, with a cross-har which joined both arms 
 (S^vyov),'^ and had pegs (KoWoire^), by which the strings were tuned. ^ It 
 was hollow [yXaxpupy]),'^ like our harp, lint lighter, for the word <f)6p;iiy'^ 
 signifies the portafile KiBupn, from <pepco, (popco), (popi/io^. because it was 
 suspended by a girdle on the shoulder, and was held in the hand when 
 it was played.' Professor PJiousopoulos kindly calls niy attention to 
 Plutarch,- where lyres {(f>6p/j,iyyei) with four ch(.irds are mentioned. 
 
 No. 521 is an object of ivory of unknown use ; its upper part is on 
 both sides divided by a band of three lines into two fields, of which the 
 one is decorated with fourteen, the other with twelve, small circles having 
 
 Ko. 621. Cl ct f 1 T 
 ornamentdLiun un buth Mdi^b. ^7 ; s 
 actualsize. Depth, 33 ft.) 
 
 1 itical No, 524. A finply-cngr^ived Ivory Tiil>o, probably 
 part of a Flute. Found on tbe Tower. 
 (2 : 3 actual size. Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 " //. xviii. 4-05 : 
 
 a'jXol (popfjA-yy^s re /3o'?;i' exoi^. 
 
 " //. ix. 18G, 187 : 
 rov 5' eupoi' ipptEi'j. Tf^p-Ko^iEvou (popfj-tyyi Aiyen} 
 KaXrj ZaihaX^T), 
 
 Pindar. Fiith. i. 1-3: 
 XpviTea (pcjpixiy^^ 'AttuWccpo^ Kat iQTrX0K0.lJ.wv 
 
 avv^iKou MoKXav Kr^avov. 
 ' PinJ. Filth, ii. 129, 130: 
 
 64\wi' a9prj(T0i' X'^-P^^ ^TVTaKTvnov 
 (p6p/j.tyyos a.fr6jj.€vos-. 
 Piiji.l. JW'inea, r. 4:2-4-.5 ; 
 
 IxOLdaf 6 ko.Wlo'tos xopo's ■ <zV .je ix^trais 
 (pap/j.iyy' 'AiroXKcoi' eTTrdyXctjfjcrov 
 
 XpyfT€ip TZXaKTpG! ZlWKWV 
 
 aye'iro TTXi^roiwv vofxav. 
 
 "- II. -wiii. .^GP, .570: 
 To7iTLV 5' eV fx^ncoiCi Trais (pop^Jiyyi ALyeir] 
 la^pinv KLddpi(^5 .... 
 
 ' Find. 01. ix. 21 : 
 aySpu^ a.p<p\ TraAaitr/xaail' (popfiiyy" eAeA((,aii'. 
 
 ' Jl. i.\'. ISO, 1S7: 
 
 tpoppiyyt Kiy^iTj 
 
 eV! 5' d.pyvp€ov i^vyui' 7)ei'. 
 
 ^ Oil. xxi. dllO, 407 : 
 wj ot' o.vrjp (pupixiyyos ^irKrrd/j.^i'os Ko.l doJjfts 
 pTji'Oi'wj iTdiivrrrre i^eo) Trepl KoAAom ^opSr/y. 
 
 '' Oil. xvii. 201, 202 : 
 
 TT€pl 5e OTpeas i^jAvO' Lwi] 
 (poppiyyos yAa^upTis. 
 
 ^ Hi'sychhis, s. v. ip6p/j.iy^ ■ -t] to7s ^'jj.ois (pfEpo- 
 ixii/ip 
 
 8 0/V-. .'lAor.//;,/, pp. 1021 E, 1029 A B, 1137 D, 
 1139 P, 1143 E, 1145 C ; ed. Wyttenbach. 
 
42G 
 
 THE THIliD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [ClIAP. VII. 
 
 ii dot in the centre ; on the lower part there are three such circles on 
 each side. The reader will observe the similarity of these circles with 
 those on the curious object No. 142 (p. 262), which is probably an idol. 
 
 Nos. 522, 52.3 and No. 524 are two perforated pieces of ivory decorated 
 with linear incisions ; No. 524 has two holes ; both these tubes appear to 
 be parts of flutes. The same is probably the case with the prettily- 
 
 Nu. o.b. Oiuamu.tidUurj TubL, p^biiMy a Tnijan Flute. (2 : 3 actual size. Depth, 20 ft.) 
 
 eno-raved liono Nd. 525. No. 52G is a curiously decorated tube of ivory, 
 in all probability a flute. The bono tubes Nos. 527 and 528 may also 
 
 bo parts of flutes. No. 529 is 
 a perforated puece of ivory cut 
 into a polygonal prism, of wdiieh 
 each side is decorated with three 
 small circles, having a dot in the 
 centre like those on No. 142 and 
 No. 521. A similar object of 
 ivory, with an almost identical 
 decoration, was found in a tomb 
 at lalysus in Ehotles, and is pre- 
 served ill the British Museirm. 
 
 Nos. 530 and 531 are huckle- 
 
 Ijones (astrarjaU), of which a 
 
 I have discussed the use of these bones 
 
 Xds, 527-531. Fragments of a Flute, two Astraf^als [Iliickle- 
 lioiies), and (il,j..ut .,f Ivnry ^^itb ornanieiita all over 
 (Half actual size. Diptli, 2G to 3U It.) 
 
 large numlier have been found. 
 Ill a preceding chapter (see p 
 
 203). Nt 
 
 No. 53 
 
 532 to 535 are oljects of 
 ivory, rudely ornamented 
 with incisions evidently 
 made witli a silex-saw. 
 Two similar objects, found 
 at lalysus, are in the 
 Eritish Museum. Of ivory 
 also is the object No. 530, 
 which resemliles the bar 
 of our watch-chains, as 
 w(dl as the object No. 537, 
 which has four perfora- 
 tions ; No. 53S, which has 
 tlie shape of a fish ; and 
 No. 531). This latter has 
 a curious engraved pat- 
 tern, which, liowever, has 
 pr(.ibal dy no symbolical 
 signification. Prof. Sayce 
 to me : " These ivory objects indicate trade wdth the East. 
 On the Black Obelisk of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser (b c. 840) the 
 
 Nos. 632-633. Various Oljjects of Ivory. 
 (V : 8 actu:.! size. Deptb, 20 to 20 ft.) 
 
 observes 
 
CiiAr. VII.] 
 
 ORXAMEXTS FOR IKJESE-TKAPPIXGS. 
 
 42 
 
 people of Miizri on the south-"n'cst of Armenia are represented as brinc;ing 
 among other tritaite an elephant, which must have heen iniporteJ from 
 Bactria." On the same obelisk is a t\YO-humped Baetrian camel. 
 
 Of ivory are further the curious objects Nos. 54.0 and 541, which are 
 decorated on both sides with a number of small circles with a point m 
 
 jlu, jU. 0l.ijLi.t3ul I\uii, piuliablj li.tr uriLimLiiUn^ a liui^i. L.ii 
 
 {i .^ .Ktual ^ 
 
 liqjth, .1 It.) 
 
 the centre, and have a perforation at each end. I would suggest that all 
 
 these ten objects (from Nos. 532 to 541), and perhaps also Nos. 521 and 
 
 529, served as ornaments for horse-trappings. That ornaments of ivory 
 
 were used in this way is seen from the famous passage in the Iliad : " As 
 
 when some Jlaeonian or Cariaii woman stains with 
 
 purple the ivory, designed to be the cheek-piece of 
 
 horses. As it lies in the chamber it is coveted by many 
 
 horsemen ; Ijut it lies, a king's boast, to be both an 
 
 ornament to the horse, and an hcjiiour to the charioteer." '^ 
 
 An object of lione or ivory similar to Nos. 540 and 541, 
 
 also ornamented with small circles, was found by Dr. 
 
 Y. Gross of Xeuveville in the Swiss Lake-dwellings at 
 
 Moeringen, antl is in his collection.^" No. 542 is the 
 
 bone handle of a knife or some other instriiment, which 
 
 was fastened in it with three copper pins, of which we 
 
 still see one in the upper one of the three perforations ; 
 
 on one side of this Inindle many cuts are visible. 
 
 Nos. 543, 544, and 545 are of bone,' and cannot but have served as 
 handles of sticks or staves (aKqirrpov, from o-zo/TrTcu, fo proj), hence Midd. 
 aKi]7rTo/j,a[, to lean upon). No. 546 is also the knob of a stick or sttiff, 
 a fact of which its two perforations can leave no doubt ; but it is 
 of terra-cotta. It has, but only on one side, that double spiral in the 
 form of spectacles, which wo have repeatedly seen on the vases. Gene- 
 rally Homer means by o-K?)TrTpov nothing else than a common staff. 
 
 N". .'■i42. Bone Handle 
 uf !i Knife or some 
 ollur instrument. 
 (Iljilf aclual size. 
 11. litli, 26 ft.) 
 
 " //. if. Ul-U,-, : 
 ws 5 ore TLs T t\€(pai/Ta yvvq (poiviKi p.n]vrj 
 Myjoyls '}}€ Kdeipa, irap-qCov i^^evoA 'i-n-jrwiy ■ 
 iceirat §' eV 6a\du.(i}^ -TroAees re /j-lu 'qpriffai'TO 
 iTTTrrj^s (poptEt^iy ^aaiKri'C hi Kc'irat dyaK/jL(x, 
 aij.(poT€pop^ KuiTfJ.os 6' 'i-mrii} iKarripi re Kvoos. 
 
 '^ Ih-. V. Gross, Ht'sultats des Eec}>crc]ics drins 
 irs Lc'cs do la Suisse fjccidentale ; Zurich, 1876, 
 PI. i. No. 20. 
 
 ^ I see a similar stalT-haiidle of bone, fotiULl 
 
 liy r)r. Gross in t.lie Swiss Lake-dwellings .'it 
 ,Sntz, re].re,sonted on I'l. ii. K". 2S of his win-l; ; 
 liut, strant;!. to sav, it is explained on p. li. as a 
 .small hammer (Ehulhtts dcs HadicrcJu-s, &c.). 
 I'rofessor Virchow ol,ser\-es to me that it is not 
 at all astoilishino; Hint Dr. Gross should have 
 mistalten the statT-liandle No. 2S hd- a hammei', 
 since perfectlv similar hammers of stag-horn 
 fre'[uently occur. 
 
THE THir.D, THE BURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VH. 
 
 for we see it used alike Ly kings, heralds, judges, and beggars.^ 
 But in other passages aK?]Tnpov means a royal sceptre, as the sign 
 
 y 
 
 /' 
 
 Xu,. r,(.i. r, J 1 11 1 J pa). Xo. 545. Bonr- llandli.- of a Trojan's Stair (rr,r;i;rTpoi). 
 
 (Ntar hltjc 1 I 1 ll H ) (Half actual size. Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 of power and dignity, and in such cases it was adorned Avith golden 
 studs," or was of artistic metal-work.'' Kor are there wanting, among 
 the remains of Troy, objects well suited to have formed the heads of such 
 sceptres of state. No. .547 is such a sceptre-handle of fine rock-crystal, 
 representing a rudely-carved lion's head : the large hole in the lower 
 side into which the staff was stuck, as well as the perforation on 
 
 Xo 54G. Trria-cottd Knob of 
 a Staff. (,Half actual size. 
 Dcptlj, about 20 ft.) 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Xo. 547. A Liun-bead?d Sceptre-handlo No. 548. A ciniuus Object, pro- 
 of the finest crystal ; found on the Tower. balily a Siafl'-bandle of Egypiian 
 (Half actual size. I'epth, 2h It.) pnixelain. (Half actual size. 
 
 Deptb, 2(3 to lis ft.) 
 
 eacli side, can leave no donLt as to its use. It -^-as found at a depth 
 of '28 ft., on tlic plateau formed l;)y the two walls which I used to call 
 
 - Jl. xviii. 4ir;, -117 : 
 
 eAe 5e ffin-iivrpov Tvaxv^ /B"? oe Svpo.^€ 
 ;(;ci)Aeuw!' ■ vttu 5' ay.(pi7ro\oi pivovro avaKTi. 
 
 <.hl. .wii. 109 : 
 E.VIXO.10S o' apo. ol aK'/jinpuif 6v/xo.p€s ISoj/cer. 
 O'f. xiii. 4:.;7 : 
 
 Sdj/ce 5e 01 <TK?i7rTpoy ical aeiic^a 7yi]prji'. 
 O'f. .\iv. '■■•I: 
 
 aina.p 'Ohuffcrehs 
 
 '^C<^TO KGpOorrvf'r]^ (TKnTTTpov 5e ol ^KTTeae x^ipvs. 
 ii'J. xviii. Id:;, lo-t: 
 
 KO.i fj-LU ttutI epicioi' a.v\-i'js 
 ihr^v avaKXivas, (TK^i-wrpov St ol ^ixQaKe X^ipi. 
 
 (Lat.-//';/;j(), terminati^in ctf nn instrument. Tims 
 the (iviiiij; Jacob rose in bed tu ble^s lii.s cliil- 
 (Ireii, A.w///Vi/ uimii the top of his staff. (Gen. xlvii. 
 31; I/cb. xi. -1.) Amouc; the spuil tal-:en by 
 King Thiitmes IIJ. in Syria, we liiul ' a beauti- 
 ful cubit-stalF of za^^u wnud,' ' wands or staves, 
 with hc'iih iijHjii ih<:in id' ivurv, ebniiv, aod eodar- 
 wood, inlaid with i;-oM,' alsu '<,/(,; st'tff of tho 
 hiioi, made in the fashinn id' a sceptre, entirely 
 of Mdiil ^-Mbl.' (I'.ruu-sch, J/'st. <f E'jyiA, vol. l 
 l>p. ;;74, :;s.',. Vavi^\. trans. 'IM ed.)" 
 
 3 J I. i. 'Jd:., 'J-tii : 
 ttotI 5e aiaiTTTpov /3a/\e ya.ir) 
 
 Mr. I'hilip Smith remarks to me: '^ hi the ;ii;pi/(rciois y/Aoicr: TreTrap/xeVoi'. 
 etyimd.iaical sense, it is simplv a fhim/ in sup- * 11. ii. Inl : 
 
 j<"i-t o,i<'s<-(f icifh, or f(i li-iiii i/j'iii}, frnm aK-ljirrw^ b(7T-q aK^iifTpou t;^aji', ru jjXv "H(^ai(jT(JS icajxie 
 ' sii]i|'iirt. ' nr ' ]"iro]i nji,' ]\iidd. rriniTTToy.ai, / si/j^- nvx^p. ' 
 
 jj"rt iirjsclf (_irith)f i.e. iea/i {".jmji'), witli -rpoi^ 
 
Chap. A'IL] 
 
 SCEPTIiE-HEADS : GLASS BEADS, ETC. 
 
 429 
 
 tlie Tower. Not only this lion's head, Lut the illustrations drawn from 
 the lion, which occur repeatedly in the Iliad, make it seem extremely 
 probahlo that in remote antiquity lions existed in tlris neighbourhood. 
 Homer could not possibly have described the characteristics of tins animal 
 so excellently had he not had frequent opportunity of watching them, 
 and his geographical knowledge of southern countries is too slight for 
 us to suppose that lie had visited them, and had there become intimately 
 acquainted with the characteristics of the lion. 
 
 No. r)48 is of green Egyptian porcelain ; it was found, together with 
 an OAYl-heailed vase and the black box Nos. 2'66, 2G7, in a very large 
 broken funeral urn on the wall itself, immediately to the west of the royal 
 house. It has evidently served as the handle of a staff, for it has on the 
 opposite side a quadrangular hole 1 in. long, O'G in. deep, and 0'4 in. 
 broad, which gradually diminishes in size towards the end. On each side 
 there is an incision lengthwise, in the middle of which is a perforation, 
 which communicates with the f[uadrangular hole, and can only have 
 Served to fasten the staff inserted in the latter by means of a nail. On 
 the outside we see a quadrangular projection with two furrows. As 
 Egvptiau porcelain is too fragile to serve for the knobs of staves, the staii 
 it decorated may jierhaps have been a ceremonial one used in funeral 
 services. It is quite vitriiied on the lower side, and Ijears all over the 
 marks i>f the fire it has been exposed to; fine black ashes stick to it 
 everywhere. Another object of Egyptian porcelain is lying before me 
 while writing this ; it is also in the form of a stafl'-knob, but it has a 
 large perforation lengthwise. It has suffered so much in the conflagra- 
 tion, that its green colour has crumbled away, and it looks as if it were 
 a decaved white glass paste. All the Egyptian porcelain, as well as the 
 ivory, point to relations between Troy and Egypt. 
 
 Nos. .510 and 5-50, the latter perforated lengthwise, are also appa- 
 rently knobs of staves or stick-handles, and are of a green glass paste. 
 Both have a decoration of white or yellow spirals, which is not painted 
 
 Ko. 553, 
 
 Nos, 549-r,51. Glass Buttons. (Hulf actual Xos. 552-555. Three glass Balls and one glass Bi'ad. 
 
 ijize. neiJth, the one to the right C ft., (3 : 4 actual size. Deptli, '26 to 33 ft.) 
 
 the othiT two 2IJ ft.) 
 
 on the glass, but contained in it. No. 5.51 consists of a green glass 
 paste, ornamented with regular white strokes ; it is also perforated and 
 almost in the form of a whorl, but it does not properly belong here, as it 
 was found at a depth of only (i ft. 
 
 Under Nos. 552, 55.3, and 554 I represent three small balls ; under 
 No. 555 a l)ead of white glass. I call particular attention to the fact that 
 the three balls, the bead, and the two staff-handle knobs are the only glass 
 olijects found by me in all my excavations at Hissarlik ; further, that 
 these six objects occurred in the third tir burnt city, and that no trace 
 
430 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURNT' CITY. 
 
 [Chap. Yll. 
 
 of glass was found in any of the lo^Ye^ or upper pre-liistoric cities, unless, 
 indeed, No. .551 lielongs to the last pre-liistonc city, ^Yhich appears to me 
 douLtful. I ratlier think it bekmgs to the still later city, the sixth in 
 succession from the virgin soil, "which I may be permitted to Ixdieve to 
 lie of Lydian origin. It is therefore very probable, that all these objects 
 were ini})orted liy the Phoenicians to Troy. 
 
 No. 550 is a prettily-shaped egg of aragoiiite. No. 557 represents 
 an object of diorite, of niikuown use. There were also found several 
 unpolished hexagons of crystal, as well as a small finely-polished crystal 
 plate with four perforations, which may have belonged to a lyre. 
 
 Passing from these ornaments to more useful olijects : No. 558 repre- 
 
 Xo. 556. Ki;k' of AraKMiiilc. (T;8 .ictual size. Deplh, 20 ft.) 
 
 No. 557. (.)bjfct of Itiorite; use unknown. (Half actual size, lleplb, 20 to 28 ft.) 
 
 No. 558. Comb of Bone. C' : 3 actual size. Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 £62 
 
 Xo9. 55'i-580, Awls ari'l Needles of Uone ami [vory. (Ali.iut li:>If aetual si/,... T> 'plh, 22 to 33 ft.^ 
 
CiiAP. A^IL] 
 
 AWLS OP BUXE A^ND HOliN. 
 
 431 
 
 sents a very primitive comb of bone, whose teeth may have lieen Rawn 
 with the common saws of chalcedony. 
 
 In the accompanying group, No. 559 is an oliject of ivory with three 
 perforations, which may have served as an ornament for horse-trappings. 
 Nos. 500-574: are needles, or other implements of bone or ivory for 
 female handiwork. As I have said before, similar needles of bone are 
 found in the caverns of Dordogne in France, as well as in the Swiss 
 Lake-dwellings (see p. 202). They are also frequent in tombs in Germany. 
 Nos. 575 to 580 are awls of bone, such as I have discussed before (see 
 Hid). Nos. 581 to 584 are four more awls of bone. Nos. 585 to 587 
 
 No 531. Xo. 5S2. No. 5S3 
 
 Xo. 584. 
 
 Xo. 5S5. Xo. 5?6. Xo. 5S7. 
 
 X<jS. 5S1-5S4. Awls of Bune. Xos. 5S5-537. Horns of Fallow Deer, sharpened and probably used as a\\ Is. 
 (Nearly half actual size. Depth, 16 to 20 ft.) 
 
 are, according to Professor Virchow, horns of the fallow deer, sharpened 
 to a point, to be used as awls. Similar horns are frequent in the three 
 upper pre-historic cities of Hissarlik. 
 
 Nos. 588-590 are boars' tusks, of which the last two are sharpened 
 to a point. But it appears doubtful whether they were sharpened 
 artificially ; they seem rather to have been sharpened by the boar him- 
 self. Boars' tusks are very frequent in the debris of all the pre- 
 historic cities at Hissarlik.. Professor Otto Keller^ remarks on the sub- 
 ject : " Boar-hunting is an object of great importance in the narrations 
 and plastic representations of the heroic ages. To judge from the boars' 
 tusks found, it was also the favourite occupation of our Euroi)ean Lake- 
 
 ' Die Entdeckuai] liioii's zu Hissarlik ; Freiburg, 1875, p. +G. 
 
432 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUENT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VIL 
 
 dwollers and Cavern-inmates.'^ To the present day the boar is frequent 
 iu the Troad and the adjoining country.' Between AdraniTttiuni and 
 
 Kos. 583-590. Boars' Tusks. (ILilf actual size. Depth, 16 to 26 ft.) 
 
 Assos, and in other parts of the Troad, the hoar leaves every morning 
 traces on the ground where he has wallowed. The boar is frequent iu the 
 forests of the Mysian Olympus, that is, close to the Troad ; ** and in very 
 early times the mythic lioar which lacerated Idmon, son of Apollo — an 
 episode in the legend of the Argonauts -'—and the terrible boar which 
 devastated the land of Croesus,^" broke forth from those forests. And 
 in the oak fVirests of Ida — acorns being their favourite food — many a 
 superb boar may have fattened himself for the ancient Trojans. They 
 may also have existed in the swamps in the plain." ^ 
 
 Nos. ry.Jl to 598 represent <:il>jects which, according to Professor "W. H. 
 Fli)wer (A tlie Eoyal College of Surgeons of England, are vertebrje of the 
 tunny and small sharks. 
 
 No. 591. Xo. 093. • Ko. 596. No. 593. 
 
 Ko. 592. Ko. 591. No. 695. No. 597. 
 
 No9. 591-598. Vertrbnv of Sljarks, Doliibins, and Tunijios. (Half actual size. Diplh, 16 to 33 ft.) 
 
 I now come to the Trojan moulds, of which about ninety in all were 
 found, almost all more or less in fragments ; nearly all are of mica-schist, 
 
 " "See Lubbock, Fra-historic Times, 3rd eil. ' " HTgiiuis, Fih. c. 14, ji. 44; c. IS, p. 47." 
 
 p. 210." '" " Ileroilot. i. ;Wi: eV Tai Mvaiw OvAvj-iTrcf uhs 
 
 ' "Fellows, T't'ihitcli ciiUT Hciic ill Iilcinasii'n ;^p7/^a 7tVeTai ^e'7a." 
 
 (fJenii. f runs.), jip. 45, 7:.!." ' "Strabo, .\iii. p. 695; see .ilso Columell.i, 
 
 "" ll.'iii]iltoii,/.Visi'/i/H7i7c'masi'i'«(Germ. trans.), do Tic Euif. vii. 9." 
 i. ]■. 70." 
 
ClIAP. VII.J 
 
 MOULDS F()r. METAL-CASTINGS. 
 
 
 a few arc of liaked clay, and only one is of granite. Nos. -IflQ and GOO 
 lepvesent two surli stones, with monlds on six sides for easting Lattle- 
 axes and knives, as well as other irnplenieuts or weapons unknown tn us. 
 
 Ni>. 5^3. A ;\IniiU cf "\lii.a '^r^) ^t f r ivtirig vartuu'^ mftal Tnptruments, Found on ttie Tower, 
 (i .4 .iclu.it size, ilepth, 20 to 2.-i(t.) 
 
 No. Cf)0. A Jroulil of Mio.a-pdii.st, for caPtirp; .'sfvoral mrtal In^lniniuiU. 
 (Ilair actual size, llcplb, 23 ft.) 
 
 Of these large monlds I only succeeded in collecting lonr intact, or 
 nearly so. Without any fear of being contradicted, I luay fairly say that 
 these moulds with beds on six sides are unique, and have never been 
 found elsewdiere; but that sueli moulds, witli lieds fu- weapons or im})le- 
 
 2 F 
 
4:34 THE TIIIKD, THE BURXT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 merits uu tlirir six sides, Avere in general nse at Trciy, is attested liy 
 tlie large (^nautit)' of lirokeu unes. The moulds fennd in tlie Swiss 
 Lake-dwellings,- as well as tliose found in Hungary" and elsewhere, have 
 Ih'ds only on one side."' In Mycenae I found two moulds, one of them 
 with lieds on six sides, hut only for easting ornaments.^ These Tri")jan 
 moulds are furtliiT distinguished liy the depth of the beds, which 
 exactly corresponds to the size of the liattle-axcs, knives, &c., which 
 had to hi.' east. It is therefore evident that these beds were simply 
 tilled with fused metal, and then covered with a flat stone until the 
 newly-cast objects had become cold. In the moulds found elsewhere 
 th(i casting jirocess was difl'erent. There were two stones containing 
 the form of the Vi'eapon to fie, cast, fiut the beds in each of them 
 represented only one-half of its thickness : these two stones having 
 l)eeii joined, so that fioth lieds fitted exactly on each other, the mould 
 fir the entire olijei/t was formed. As we have seen in the mould No. 103 
 (p. l^IS), of the first city, each of the two stones generally had two 
 p;_'rf irations, liy means of wliicli they were fastened together:'' in each 
 stone was a little furrow leading from the border to each bed; and 
 when both stones were joined, and eonse(|u_ently tlie two furr(.iAvs fitted 
 exactly on each otlu.'r, tliey constituti.'d togetlier a small funnel-like 
 tubular hole, through which the licjuid metal was poured into the 
 nnjuld. Lut, as the reader sees in the engravings, these large Trojan 
 moulds have no such furrows through which the metal could have been 
 poured; it is therefore evident that the process of casting was here 
 tlie most simple imaginable, the metal lieing merely poured into the 
 moulds, and these then covered with a flat stone. 
 
 The only moulds I ever saw which are somewhat similar to the Trojan 
 moulds were f.iund in Sardinia, and are preserved in the Museum of 
 Cagliari. A good specimen of them is represented under No. 7 on Plate ii. 
 of A^incenzo Crespi's work, II Miir.eo d' Antichitd di CwjlUn-i. It is a 
 parallelopiped, said to consist of trachyto-porphyric stone (sic), and has 
 beds fir weapons (in two sides: on one side, a bed for a double-cdfcd 
 liattle-axe, with a perforation in the middle, like No. 958 (p. 506); on the 
 other, lieds fir weapons very similar to the common Trojan liattle-axes, 
 like Xos. SOU to iSOlj (p. 47(1) and No. 828 (p. 480). There is no channel 
 liy whiidi the fused metal might have been poured into the beds. It is 
 tlierefire evident that here, as in the Trojan moulds, the fused metal 
 was poured directly into the lieds, and the mould was then probably 
 covered with a perfectly smooth stone so as to make the weapons even. 
 
 In exactly the same way thi' battle-axes must also have been cast in 
 
 ■ See V. Gr.iss, Sr.aill.its i.lcs Ilirhcrc/ies ,l,in.i occui- in Europe, but thev .liller l>„ui (he Ti-..jan 
 
 Aw Ln-s ,Jc l.t ^.lissr urrnlnd.ilr, Ziirirl,, ]S7i;, umubK, luiisuiueh as tivv hav,. a rhauu.-l'by 
 
 I'l. ^vn. Xos. 1-1- ; aiel V. drnss, I.rs .l.niU'rrs vvliieh the (used metal couhJ he linunsl iu from 
 
 Tn.„r,n/t.; ,/„„,, I,,, II<,h;i„tln,„ l.„:„.tn-s ,1a L.K tho ho,-aer. 
 
 ■' /•''■"'", I'ni'ivotruy, 1S7!I, I'l. i. Xns. i;-S, Id. ^.S,.,, mv J/;/.v„.„-, pp. 107-109, X„s 162 
 
 ' J"-iih Jiainp..], ,i„/;,/,„7,.:. ,„-,7,;.s7,„-„/,i,,s,A' aiel n;:;. 
 
 l:<!l..„,inr,V..,A~-vi , 1S77, l>). xiv. Nns. 1--,. .. TloTo an., however, often Ooma stone 
 
 rrol,.,sor \ireho«', however, olwrves to iiioiihis without these two |.ertoral ious. 
 rne tliat in-eihJ,, with l.inl., ou two sales also 
 
Chap. TIL] 
 
 MOULDS FOU WEArOXS AXD D.irLEME^'TS. 
 
 1 '*>fX 
 
 4oy 
 
 the iiiica-rscliist nionld of Xo. GOl, iis v;e!l as tlic cnrir)ns ol)jeets, .the 
 iHouhls of Avhich arc woeii in the stone No. (iOi^, also of niica-seliist. 
 The round mould in this lattm- is also seen m Nos. niJO and TiOO, Imt 
 not the mould of a miniature hammer, whieh wo see here, and whieh is 
 Tory cnridus indeed. (_hi the <jther hand, m the miea-sehist mould, 
 Xo. GOo, whieh has the mould of an arr(_i\Y-head, like those represented 
 under Xos. 9ol, Uoo, 942, 94-1, and 940 (p. nori), we see the system 
 exaetly as deserilK.'d ahove, lieeause the stone has tv.'o periVirations and 
 the piiint of the hed toiirlies the t'dj^e of the stmie; coiise(|ueutlY, anotlier 
 mould (_if an identical form hayuif;- hecu fastencil upon Xo. tlOo, liy 
 means of the perforations, the luj^uid metal ^Yas poured m thriju^h the 
 small channel or funnel fr(:im ahovc. 
 
 X"o. 004 is a hroken mould fir eastinp; arrow-heads of a triangular 
 sliaiie, but without Ijarhs : here also the furrow of each arrow-head reaches 
 the Lorder ; so that the lirjuid metal could he jioured in with ease. Close 
 
 'm'< 
 
 \ 1 \. 11 11 1 Al 1 M 
 
 cy t 11^ opi I im[l m ats ( \ ut l 
 actual size. DopLh, 26 f[.J 
 
 ..I 
 
 :j 
 
 Xu. 60:. .M.rr.hi.il Wii. a-sOji>t i"r caMing 
 
 arruw-liLM'-Is 'A |Tiijiiti\ '■ invui. (AOual ^ize. 
 
 Dfjilli, -Js \t.) 
 
 
 
 :yJ^^% 
 
 \ f II 1 1 I 1 1 K \ 
 
 1 I el I 1 I I I 
 
 \i OU I M iia lit ni a Moulii of Miti-vOil^t, 
 
 for casting arrow-heads. (Half actual size. 
 
 Deptb, 'Jilft.) 
 
 to the left lower corner is one of the holes hy which this mould Avas 
 fixed to another of the same sh;i.pe which was put upon it ; the other 
 perforation lias prohahly Leeu in the missin.g part of the stone. The 
 nnuild Xo. GO.J is of very rude clay, which has Ijeeii much exposed to tie.; 
 conflagration and is thorou.ghly liaked. Here, a.gain. there are no per- 
 forations nor funnel-shapeil holes throipeh which the metal might fiave 
 been yioureil into the Ijeds ; it is therefore certain that the beds were m 
 
'rriE raiiJD, thi-] lfext city. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 this case sirajilv filleil with liijuid rai'tal and covered with a flat stone. 
 The monhls <if tliis stone represent merely hars ; similar moulds occurred 
 lialt'-a-ddzm tiiiu's. 
 
 A mould of SKriihtinii- similar to Xo. COl was found at Pilin,' and Dr. 
 .T. Hampid informs me that such also occur at Szihalom ; liut these 
 Hune-arian moulds are all ol the category before deserilied, the fused 
 
 No. (307. A ficiffiratcd 
 ami grooved piece of I\Iic;\- 
 sciiisr, probabl}' fur suji- 
 jmrtiTV.; a Spit. Found on 
 the Tnwi.T. (1:.T ai'tual 
 size. Iieplh, 2ift.) 
 
 >;o. 6116. Spit lilMi. d-^Oii-i. illair 
 actual size Deptii, 3'.; ft.) 
 
 No. 60-^. I'erlbrated Oliject of green 
 Gabbro-roclv, probaltly a weiglit. 
 (2: 3 actual size. DepHi, 30 ft.) 
 
 motal heiug poured in between two moulds, each of wdiich had exactly one- 
 half of the form of the oliject to be cast. I may add that liefore the fused 
 ■int'tal iras foured iiifi) the moulds these licul fo he exposed, to it Jteat as r/rtiit 
 as rrd-luit iron. Nos. (illO and G07 are of miea-schist ; they are doubt- 
 less supports for the spit-n.'sts. 
 
 Similar spit-rests of luica-schist, as well as of clay, occur often. As 
 all of them have a furrow on IIk.; top, and in an opposite direction a 
 pcrhiration through the Jiiiddle, it appears that two such supports were 
 placed at the fireside and joined by a copper bar so as to t^ive stability to 
 both; liesides, as the furrow tor the spit is always alon,i( the narrow side, 
 the spit could never have been turnetl on one support sttindini;' alone, 
 for it would :it once have hillen. 
 
 K"o. (iOS is a perforitted objeet of green galibro-rock, pridialdy a 
 weight. Under Kos. 009 to 010 I represent eight Trojan sling-bullets of 
 loadstone or Inematite ; except No. 010, wliitdi is of green diorite. iVll of 
 thi.'iii are widl p(dished; and, with the rudo implements wliich the Trojans 
 had at tlioir disposal, it must have been tremendous work to cut and 
 smooth the hard stone into the cylindroid sliapt: of the bullets bid'ore 
 us. Li fact, htbour must have had very little or no value at tliat time, 
 lor othi-rwise it is iiiipossiljle to imagine that whole months should have 
 bi'iui wiisted on thi_' manufacture of one bullet, which was lost as soon as 
 it was slung. Similar sling-bullets ha\'e never lieen found exci'pt in 
 Assyriii and in a sepulchre at Camirus in lihodes. The British Museum 
 
 ' Jcs. llainpel. Ant. pre'hist. PL xiv. 8. 
 
(.•jiAP. TIL] 
 
 TROJAN SHXG BULLETS. 
 
 437 
 
 contains a nnml.er of sncli bullets tVom Assyria, of haematite and ma-netie 
 iron, also two wliicli seem to l,e of granite ; besides one of loadstone 
 
 Xus. 6ui)-61J. Sling Bullets of H.-cmatite or Luadstonc. (7 : 8 actual size. Deptli, 20 t i ■2} It ) 
 
 Xii. DIG. 
 Xo. el4. 
 
 ■M 
 
 k 
 
 Nos, 614-616. Sling Bullets of Loadstone nr ILematitc and Green Diorite. (:> : 4 aettlal size. Depth, 30 to 33 ft.) 
 
 from Caniirns. It deserves jiarticnlar attention tliat the sling is only once 
 mentioned by Homer, and that we never find it used as a weapon in the 
 poems: "Then he tied the hand with twisteil shee})'s wool, ti.irn from a 
 sling,- which the attendant carried for his lord." " 
 
 The sling was a common weapon tliroughout antiquity, and was still 
 usetl in the Middle Ages. Among the Greeks, the Acarnanians niid the 
 Aeti.ilians were celebrated as slingers {rii^tvoovrjTCH), like the inlialjitants 
 of the Balearic Islands in the later lioman age. In the time of the 
 Eoman Emperors, Vegetms distinguishes two kinds of slings : the 
 fustlbahis, in which the thongs were joined to a staff, and wltii-li was 
 merely discharged liv a .jerk; and the sling called /Wj»/((, Cdiisistiirt;' of 
 thongs or twisted hair, sometimes human lia-ir, which wtis swung over 
 the head before the cast. Acorn-like lead-liullets (ijIaiuJrs), or round 
 pebbles (lapides missiles), were slung from lioth with siudi violenci! that 
 they crashi'd through sliields and morions. Among tlii' (irceks and 
 IiiMiians the slingers {(Kpevooinjjcu) formed, with the javelm-mi'ii {i\kov- 
 Tiarai, jiicnkdores) and archers [To'^urai, snifitlnni), the three kinds of 
 light infantry. 
 
 « //. .%iii. .'.09, GOO : 
 
433 THE TIIIHD, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. A'II. 
 
 Nos. 617, 618, and 610 are, acconliuK to Mr. Dayies of the British 
 Museum, of lirown hematite. Simihar ^Yell-polishecl stones are frequently 
 
 No. i;iv. 
 
 Xos. ClT-cr.i. Well-polUhcd Sling Bullets uf Ijruwn iri'ni;ititc. (3 : -1 .actual size. iJeptlj, 30 ft.) 
 
 founil in the stratum of the tliinl or Imrnt city: as they are very 
 heavy these tilso may have served as sling-bullets. Bullets of brown 
 hrem'atite oi an identical shape, and equally yell polished, are frequently 
 found m (Ireece. 
 
 No. 620 represents a Tyell-polishcd battle-axe of green gabbro-rock, 
 with two edo-es and a perforation in the middle for the handle. Stone 
 
 r rf it J \ f g n I I I 1 
 
 ( ■> 1 1 1 1 s / I 1 th " r ) 
 
 battle-axes of n perfectly identical form are found in Denmark.' Pro- 
 fessor Yirchow tells me that they alsn occur m Germany. Axes of 
 tliis form are very frequent at Troy, but nearly all the specimens are 
 fractured. 
 
 Xc). 621 is another battle-axe of grey diorite, of a ruder fabric and 
 but little polished. It has only one sharp edge ; tlie opposite end runs 
 
 tji.^ 
 
 X0.C2I St 1 \\ with I 1-1 \ 111 II I 111 (Illll etuilsz Hull It) 
 
 out nearly to a point; :t sliiillow groove in the middle of each side proves 
 thitt till' operation of drilling a hole through it had l)een commenced, but 
 Yi'as abandoned. 
 
 ■' 1'. Jlielsen. jl/if;./"'7« fur-'»',s,'or. :Iii Dam-- J. .T. A. Wm-siine, iN'u-ifoV OlJsjger ; Copen- 
 niarc ; l.'"|ieiilKi;^'rn, 1S7:'., I'l, s.wi. .\". 1-. lini;Tii, IS.'iy, p. I:'., Nu. 38. 
 
C:iAr. VII.] 
 
 PEEFOIiATED STOXE HAMMEKS. 
 
 439 
 
 No. (J2-2 is a polishca perforated stone hammer oi' hlnok diorite : similar 
 perforated stone hammers are found m England and Ireland/" and are 
 also represented m the Markisehes Museum at Berlin. 
 
 IS'ij>. >>-2'l. t^3. P(.'rrorat('d St<ine lluniuiers. 
 (Half actual size. DcptL, 211 tu 3ift.) 
 
 Ko. f 1 '^ II 1 m tl t ve. 
 
 (Half actual size. Dciilb, i;'.i It,) 
 
 Xo. (J2o represents a hammer of pnrpln'ry of a verj- curious form, the 
 perforation being at the thick end and not drilled, hut evidently punched 
 out with a chisel. A very remarkable form of hammer is also represented 
 by No. 624, y-hich is of green galibro-rock : here also the drilling of the 
 hole, as the grooves on both sides denote, had commenced, but yas again 
 abandoned. I have not noticed that this peculiar shape with a frfrrow 
 for fastening the hammer to the handle with a thong ever occurs else- 
 where. N(i. 025 represents another form of perforated hammer, of polished 
 porphyry : as the reader will see, the hole here tapers towards the middle 
 of the stone. Hammers similar to this have been found in England.^ 
 Professtir Virehow assures me that they are frequent in Genuany. 
 
 Nil. (J2(j is a hammer of silicious rock, of the same shape ; Imt here 
 again the perforation has lieen merely commenceil on both sides, but is 
 not completed. Of nearly identical form is the polished liainmor of 
 diorite No. 027, on which likewise the drilling of the Inde has not been 
 completed : the loAver end of this hammer shows that it has been much 
 used. K similar hammer, in which the drilling had lieen commenced on 
 both sides, Init remained incomplete, was found by Miss Adele Virc]iov>f in 
 the excavations she, made with her father in the gravoyard of Zalnn'owo. 
 No. G2S is an unpolished hammer of serpentine, witli very deep grooves 
 on botli sides, but the perhn'a,tion is noj cornjiletcd. Nix 021) is a email 
 hammer of limestone, likewise with a groove on each side. A hammer 
 of identical sliape was fon:id in Denmark ;' anotlier one, found on the 
 
 '° .John Evans, Ancirnt S'lonc Lnplcmcrit.i, 
 JVeni>ons, and Orivnncnts ; London, 187'J, y\>. 
 199, 200. 
 
 ■ .Inhn Evans, ll,:\l p. 20-I-, 
 
 = .1. .J. A. Worsaae, Nonlis^c Olihivjvr, p. 12, 
 
440 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. A'll. 
 
 Island of Sardinia, is in tlie Museum of Gagiiari/^ The shape of the 
 hammers Nos. 022, 025-028 is vt-ry plentiful at Troy. Specimens of 
 
 D Pprf rit d St n 
 m r H tile 
 
 III f ) 
 
 Xli. ( -b St II Htmni rwitb j^rjove 
 
 on ( tlipr SI 1 ( U li actual si2l'. 
 
 Dc]ilh, 26 ft.) 
 
 No. 627. Stone Hammer, 
 
 with a groove on botli sidci. 
 
 (Half actual size. Dflith, 30 ft. ) 
 
 t 1. Ob,iect of 
 )v, use unknown. 
 ( Halt \cttial size. 
 Diptll, 29 ft.) 
 
 \ b St n n r lb 
 
 1 pferoov 
 (Half actual size. Deiilli, 22 ft 
 
 Xn. CJU. l;iiiy A lerra-CNtia. 
 (Half actual size. Licptb, 20 ft.) 
 
 jiimilarly shaped hanimers may also be seen in the llarkisches Museum at 
 ]jerlin. 
 
 No. 030 is a ring of liaked clay, which must have served as a support 
 for vases with a cnnvex hottmu. Twenty-six similar rings, found at 
 Eanya, county of iJars, in Hungary, are in the National Museum at Buda- 
 Pesth ;' they arc also found m the Swiss Lahe-dwtdlings and elsewhere. 
 Tliey are very freipient in the third and tourtli pre-historic cities at 
 Uissarlik; a fact explained hy the many hundreds of vases with a convex 
 hottom. 
 
 It is doulifful whether the (iliject of gneiss No. 031 represents a 
 hammer; it has a furrow round the middle, and may have served as a 
 weight for a loom or a duor. 
 
 ^ Vliirenzn Cris|.i, II Mii.^rn ,1' Aiiti'chitii di * ],,^i-y]\ Mm-i\u], Aiill<iuitcs pnflHstoruincs de 
 
 Oujli.tr: ; Cgliai-i, ISTJ, I'l. [. Xo. 0. la lliunjflr, 11. Niii. lig. u4. 
 
Chap. A'IL] 
 
 MASSIVE HAMMEllS Ofi BltUISERS. 
 
 441 
 
 The very large hammer No. 632, which, accovdinp; to Mr. Duview, is of 
 porphyry, has roniid its mi.hlh;! the marks of the rope by which it was 
 attached to the handle ; hut as the ston(/ weighs more than fifty pounds 
 troy, the handle must have Ijeen very thick: its upper end seems to sIk.w 
 long use. Prof. Virchow suggests that this instrument has prohahly heen 
 [I club for crushing and bruising granite and silicious stone, h.ir mixing 
 it with the clay for making pottery. No. (J33 is of dioritc, of a conical 
 shape, and well polished ; both extremities show long use ; it was probalJy 
 
 .\n. G33. Testle ot ni.irll.. for 
 
 bruising. (Half actual size. 
 
 Depth, 26 ft,) 
 
 Lleptb, ^o It. J 
 
 used tmly as a pestle or bruiser. No. (J34 is one of the finer specimens of 
 the common hammers, which occur by many hundreds in all tla.' f lui 
 lowest pre-historic cities, and are particularly plentiful in the third and 
 fourth cities, im in these two cities alone I could have collected some 
 thousands of them. Mr. Davies, wdio examined all the specimens of them 
 contained in my collection at the South Kensington Museum, declares 
 them to consist of diorite, porphyry, serpentine, hornblende, gneiss, brdvai 
 hfimiatite, silicious rock, or gabl)ro-rock. Most of these rude stone 
 hammers bear the marks of long use, but a great many others ajipear to 
 bo f|uite ncAV. Similar rude hammers are f lund in almost all countries, 
 but certainly nowhere in such an enormous almndance as at Hissarlik. 
 The shape of one such rude hammer, found at Scamridge, Yorkshire, and 
 represented by Mr. John Evans,'' is the most freijuent at Troy. 
 
 Nos. 03.") and Goo are two perfVirated and v/ell-polislied lialls of ser- 
 pentine; but on the ball No. 037 the drilling of the perhiratiiiii has only 
 commenced and then been abandoned. The use of these serpentine l.ialls 
 
 = Ancient Stunc Inqj/rmcnts, ie., ]i. --1, tig. 160. 
 
442 
 
 THE THIEP, THE BUENT CITY. 
 
 [CnAp. YH, 
 
 is a I'idillc to ns ; may tliey perhaps have been attached to lassos for 
 catching- catth'? I am not a^vare that they have heen found in Europe, 
 
 .«v 
 
 X'j. I 3t P n riti 1 Mnn( I ill. 
 Ulalt iLtualbi/t Dqitli, 3Jft.) 
 
 ^ ( () I- rl nt J St n Pill X.I. G3V. Stone Hall, with a deep groove 
 (II lit dual iz Depth .j. It ) on bolh sides. (Half actual size. 
 
 Depth, 2S ft.) 
 
 l)ut they occur in Cyprus ; there are several specimens of such perforated 
 serpentine balls in the collection of Cypriote antiquities in the Louvre. 
 Similar perforated lialls of greenstone were found in Santa Kosa Island, 
 California.'' 
 
 Xos. G3S and t)39 are a^^-ain two of those spherical stones which 
 we have discussed l.iefore,' and of which such enormous numbers are 
 found m the di'hris of the four lower pre-historic cities of Hissarlik, and 
 
 A 
 
 AS C ^ T 1 t 
 
 (Half actual tize. Depth, l;G It.) 
 
 \ f") St ne r U f rl r 1 r n. 
 
 Half t I iz Pill it ) 
 
 particularly m the third, the' liuriit, and fourth cities. Mr. John Evans * 
 shares ruy opinion tliat tliey were used as pounders or bruisers. Alunit 
 fifty similar pounders were found by me at Mycenae. Dr. Joseph Hampel 
 writrs to me tliat similar corn-bruisers are pretty frei^uent at Szihalom, 
 Toszeg, Magyarad, &c. Professor A^irchow informs me that they are 
 also ver;,- freipient in Germany, and he showed me a number of them 
 in the Jliirkisches Museum at Berlin. There is also one in his private 
 collection. 
 
 No. (JdO represents an implement of limestone grooved round the 
 middle, fir fistening the strings or thongs by means of wliitdi it was 
 connected with tlie net. Similar implements are found in America '' and 
 
 " Cliavlfcs Rau, 77,,' Arrl,. CUIrrtmn „/' the U.S. '' See No. 107, p- 27, of T/,,' ..),v/„7-„/,i,/,V,-,/ CJ- 
 
 K'tlinunl .l/„,-,,„„. In. r/„i,yr „/ ll,r S,i,ifl,.v„il,in Irrtion "f Ih,- Viiitcd .-ihitcs X.'tlonlil ilnsnim. in 
 
 Tiifllhttii.ii : \V;eliiii'4-t,iii, 1S7IJ, |i. 31, No. 1L!.:>. </„»■;/,■ ,,/' (/,,' Sinitlisonian Inslitntivn, by (_'lia.=. 
 
 ; Sc |,a.',. -T'.i;. " Kan; Washington, 187r>. 
 
 « Aju:H-,d Stvii,' l,iq>l:Jjiiads, p. 'J24. 
 
Chap. TIL] 
 
 AVIIETSTONES AXD TOLISITERS. 
 
 44-r! 
 
 m Denmark.'" Nos. 041, 042, and 04.3 are tlireo ohjects of steatite, of 
 ^vhicli the tirst lias tliree holes, the two others only one, throu-'h tho 
 
 1,0 611 
 
 10. Stune Implement, \\n\> ;i derp lurrnw ruuinl it. 
 (Hair actual size. Iieplli, -^3 ft.) 
 
 Xkis. Gll-t;!:j. I'ci-r-irateil ("ipjects of Steatite. 
 (7 : S actual si/.e. Ueptli, 22 to 20 ft.) 
 
 centre. The first two are flat ; the last has the shape of a whorl. In 
 reviewing, in coni]iaiiY with my frieml Mr. Athanasios Koiinianontles, 
 Assistant-Keeper i)f the Mnseuins at Athens, the aiitiijuities exeavated 
 by me four years ago at Mycenae, I find, as before nieiitioned, that I. 
 collected there more than 301.) whmds of Line stone, of this shape or of a 
 conical form. But, as I have saitl lieforc, stone whorls arc rare at Troy. 
 
 Xos. 044 and 04.5 are whetstones of green stone ; the former has a 
 furrow around its broader end, the latter a perforation for suspi^aision. 
 Similar whetstones occnr frequently in all the pre-historic cities of 
 Hissarlik. At i^Iycenae I found only four of them. I have in the 
 preceding pages' enumerated the other sites where they are found, and 
 
 ii 1 
 
 s 1 , f li p r (Hall actual Bizp. Depth, 2S In :!2 ft.) 
 
 I may add that a similar whetstone, found in a sepulchre at Camirus in 
 lUiodes, IS in the British Museum. Similar whetstones are also found at 
 Szihaloin in Hungary, and two of them arc in tho glass case X. Nos. S'2 
 and 83, in the National Museum of Buda-Pesth. A whetstone of granite, 
 preserved in the collection of the French School hero at Athens, was found 
 111 tho pre-historic city, below the strata of pumice-stone and volcanic 
 ashes, on the Island of Thera (Santorin). 
 
 Under Nos. 040 and 047 I represent two specimens of jiolishing stones 
 of jasper, and under Nos. 048, 04!J, 050, and 051, four more of the same 
 
 '" J. .1. A. Worsaac, Xordiskc Oklsagcr, p. IS, fig. SS. 
 
 1 See p. '-:4S. 
 
444 
 
 THE THIliD, THE BURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 stone, cif (liovite, and of porphyry, all iised for polishing pottery. 
 Pulishing-stuues of a similar shape, of jasper, silieious stone, porphyry, 
 
 i lift 
 
 No. 6,'.l 
 
 Xus. lj4-;-G51. I'.j'.ishilig Stulira ul furiihll), IiiMlit'., .ir Ja-l^ 1, (. . ^ JLtiKil size. Il; plL, 23 li. 33 ft.) 
 
 1^-c., are verr nninerons at Troy. Of a very peculiar shape is No. 051, 
 whu'h is well polishoil and has almost the shape of an animal, whose eyes 
 may be represented l>y a groove on either side of the head. On the hack 
 of this ohject IS incised the sign [J] or mo, which also occurs ou two 
 funnels of the hfth city and on other objects. 
 
 No. C52. 
 
 Xu«, 1-52, (;y:. LitUo I'.M ml 1 i. il 
 
 k II I in'iforatcd Slonc Iiiil'l m it 11 li autiial si/c. Doritb, 23 to 32 ft,1 
 
 L'ndcr No. 052 I represent a small pyramid, wdiieh, according to Mr, 
 Davii.'S, consists ijf galiliro-roek ; it is of a variegated colour, green and 
 Idaidi, iind has through tin; middle a tububir hole tilled with lead. We are 
 at a loss to guess what it could have been used for. No. 053 is a }ier- 
 forated oliject of xcvy hard limestone, of a yellowish colour. 
 
 
 
 Nos. i.;rj.|, t:;.:,. iv 
 
 nts, 1 
 
 1 W [.ijt (11 11 1 i 1 1 1 r 1 11 It -) 
 
 Nos. 054 and 055 are two objects of silieious stone : the latter has two 
 jii'i'liii-iitioiis, flie former only one ; both may have served as weights for 
 doors or looms. 
 
C^HAP. VII.] 
 
 SILEX SAAVS : STOXE AXES OR CELI 
 
 445 
 
 Under Nos. G-"i6 to 050 aud 003 to OO-i I ropresoiit scvon more saws 
 of chalcedony or silex, of which several — as, for example, Nos. Orilj 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 . f 
 
 Depth, 3U fl. 
 
 '/ 1- '' 
 
 (ILilfiicUi:!! size. Depth, 2-1 lu Si ft.) 
 No 667 
 
 Nos. 066, 667. Stone Axis. (Aitual size. Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 and 005 — hear the marks of having heen fixed in a Avoodru handle. 
 Xos. 000, 001, and 00:2 are knives of ol.sidian ; Init, as I have fully 
 discussed similar ohjects in the preceding pages, I shall Udt speak of 
 them here any further, merely adding that knives of olisidian have also 
 been found in the pre-histuric city on the Island of Thera (Santorin). 
 
 Xos. 000 to 077 represent twelve axes or chisels which, according to 
 Professor Maskelyne and Mr. Davies, are of hlue seriicntim.ius mck, green 
 
 N s 671 17 St r \ 
 
 I si7,r-. Inpth, 22 to 32B.) 
 
4-16 THE THIi:!), the BUKXT city. [Chap. TII. 
 
 o-:tlil)r()-rock, ,L!;rey dioritc, dark-green liornstoue, and jade or nephrite. 
 The cliisel Xo. i'>l'2. and tlie axes Nos. (m 1, 075, 670, and 077, consist 
 ijf idle latter rare and precious stone. TLougli I liaye diseussed tlie jade 
 uxis at ^-reat len,i;-tli m the preceding- pages, yet I cannot refrain from 
 (.■npyiiiL': h*'i't-' in a fo.it-iH'te, from the Times, three most interesting letters 
 nil thr siil'JHct, writt(ni hy Professor Max Muller and Mr. Story-Maskelyne, 
 as well a-; the very ingr'iiious editorial artiele of the Trints Ayhich accoin- 
 panu'S the former friend's last letter." 
 
 Tadi: Tools is S\vi'LV.i:i;laxd. by the racus of inen who havo llvi.T mid dii.^d in 
 
 T-,', ,■ -f/ 7'- ■ . ]\ iQ i'i"Ci \ tl"itiM_' cniintries ^iiice the "nld iik/ii ' wavjiiered 
 
 (■ J..''it<.>r '.if t'lC luiiLi,. I 'l_M. . iO, i-OlJ.) 
 
 , i>viT thrni ? C'ne dut-s. indi.-L-ii, S':>i a small jade 
 
 SiK, — The accMiuit sunt l>v voiir r(irres|iondfnt . ii i /-■ i ' • i 
 
 o.t in-nrva (Oecenihrr h'O, ''t' ;i .^'.raii-.T iJiadu- uf 
 jade, lately foand hi tlie In-d »i the Khone. is 
 
 v^-Yv iunpuj-taiit. But v^ur myrr-jpomlent is "' -" - • — -• i— .- ■ - • .1 '• -■'- • ■- •— --''■-' 
 
 '. . , . ,;■ 1- r ]\luscuiii. Lut it IS a eelt, lint an obieet ot 
 
 §till ])enilant. as a talisman ]'rMl'ah!y. from that 
 ])rciiiieu eit' antique uuld ic\vi;lh;rv in the British 
 
 hanllv ciuite rii^ht ill ealliiu- thi^ .-eraner a ^nli- i v" < , ■ 1 -v i" 
 
 - 1 ^ ^ L liMiiiHii wnrkman,--ni|). One smc^le cylinder 
 
 tai\- sprcimeu. Sevapers nr laittiUL; iii.-trunients +11, -, 1 ,■ .\ ■ "1 t 1 ' 1 ■ 
 
 I '■ ■ atnnii'i- the hundreds ot Assyrian and rial.iyh:aijau 
 
 iiiadeid'r^al jade are yi-ry rarr, lu .Switzerland , - ■.',.. 
 
 ■-' - ' cylindi-rs 111 tiie same e,"reat rriKiMtni'y atti'sts 
 
 and rlsewhere, but I have niyselt seen several : +■ 1 i + ^ r ■ 1 ' ^ ■ 1 
 
 the exrijptinnal character nt jade as a material 
 
 aniMiio; the peoples who inhaldtcd l^lesopotamia, 
 
 w here, heiwever, jade celts liavc been fonnd Lif 
 
 iH-antil'iil .specimens — amoioj; tin- re-t, cue found 
 
 hv Or. L'hlniann (A ^liiiirhiai-l.uclisee, whose 
 
 .-■ction of lacustrini' aiitioiiities, all taken ,.,, ,, i ^ ' "^ t> *. »i 
 
 , , , ^ , , still njilt.^r date. nut anmntr tlie numerou:> 
 
 matfriaU o[^ Egyptian oiaia mental and sacred 
 aid, ;iade i-, I Ixditve, unknown. There is no 
 '■\ddence that <dreeks nr Kumaas eve^r em}dc'ved 
 jade or (y'-.c i\Ir. Wo^trnpp) had i.'\"cn a name 
 fur it. Had it been a jimduct nf the rivers ra' 
 of the- nuarries of the limiiau world, s[)ecimens 
 ol' it WMuld certainly have survivd as the mate- 
 rial id' gems or in some othi'r Inrni of art. It 
 
 may seem a startlint;; i)rni)i.^ii inn to maintain 
 
 Ijiri'i.L- si,> ponderous a tool as their languao-e .1 \ ^i ■ 1 ■ V ..■ 1- i- 1 - 
 
 '^ '- - o » |||;,f, tiip |.i I,, mines ut tiu- Kara Ka.sh river, m 
 
 without chiintini^ or ehpiiin^^ a single tacet, there ,, ,- '■ ,, ,. , 
 
 ' 1 ^ ' ^ " , the Kum Lnen range, north oi the mnuntams ot 
 
 is ni. thill'"'" so v^a'v suriud-ing in th<dr ha\dng .. ■ 1 1 1 l 1 ^1 ,.-■ .1 
 
 - ' "' , ^ *_ ashnieTi'. slmuld have bi'cn the MOirees ot the 
 
 car ri I'd ahiu"", ant (/aridullv iire.-erve'l trnm . . 1 , ,■ 1 ,1 ,1 ,.1- ti 
 
 '^' ■ ^ ]ade crlts tnund over tlie wlmlr ni Europe. The 
 
 iTrnrrat ion tu grneratmn, sn Inindv and so valu- ',.,,. u ,■ 1 r - ^i ■ 1 n xi 
 
 ^ , - ' • , dillieiiitvnt believing this sr^.^ned all the greater, 
 
 able an instrument as a x/raiK.'r or a knile, made ,. ,, ," , 1 1 ,." ,1 ■", 
 
 , , , . ' . lor that, Avlulc white as well as green jade may 
 
 out b\- his fiwn hand from one and the same 
 small'lake. the Mooss,;.-b>r^,'r, i^ perhaps the 
 m.ost authentic and ino-t iii.--tructi\'e colh.Ttion 
 in the whole of SwitZ'.Tland. 
 
 Voiir crtrrespoiiilent asks whether, as true 
 ;aih' is never Ibund in I'.uropr, tlo.- .\rvan \\-an- 
 deriTs I'oiil! have brought that scraper from the 
 cradle of tlodr race in Asia. Why not ? It' the 
 Ar\ an si.- 1 tiers couhl carry with them into 
 
 ot a suiistanee wliicll is iirrc j'rrrnnnis. 
 
 O.rjnnf, Ikv. 17, lS7a. 1-. .AlAX 3ILXLLR, 
 
 be ijuanied there, it was mih' the gretm jade, 
 
 and not the wdiite, "wluedi t hus jiermcated the 
 
 Jade as ax OLn-wORLi. .IIixkral. pi-L-histuric ^urlJ. Hut a iV^w months ago Vv. 
 
 ^ ^. . , „, Schlirniann asked me tn li.dk at some of the 
 
 (Tjtl„: Lditor ot t!,c Ihiixs: .V.yn. I, ls~^t_K) , , i-i - , , r. ■ .1 
 
 ' strange st'ines whioh no' hail lit ii)Hin m the 
 
 Sir,— The spaee you havo given in yonr ,,M,_.st of the cities of Hissarlik. ami tliere, ^vith 
 
 ohIuuius to the curious .|uostiou ili,russeil liy sevrral s].eeimens of gveen ja.le— one of them 
 
 l'r.il'rs,nr Kolleston ami llr. Wostrni.p n/g.u-aiug l„.ii,g a lieautifully transluo.'nt sj iuien .if the 
 
 tie- s"Uivos ,a' la-e-lii-.tnrir j;air, ouilnihlon, me to ^tou.. — was a single eelt ol' line white ja.le, ju,t 
 
 le.|.e fioit y,iu may not ivjert annllirr hotter on ^„,.h as might have hiaai dug from one of' the 
 
 tl"' sii'r-ct, j„t^ ,,|„,v,, the ICara K'asli, or fashioned from a 
 
 1 [i(dievr Trofes^or roilloston is right in assert- pcldde out of its stream, 
 iug an IJri.aital, iio.-sildya siugh'(Jriei.tal,sourre ]„ oontemidating these vencralde treasures 
 
 for tin- lire-lll^torie jief- "I' tin- huro|, -.Asiatic from that old to^vn^-.r fortress, one had to recog- 
 
 eontiiient, I tinnk so for tlir^o roa-ons :— .fade „iz,, th.at I'r. tfwhliemaun had lit u|iona place 
 
 cl.dt^ arc very rare: tlmv .arc r„uud, hoxvevcr, ,,f importauci-, jierliajis a sort of emiiorium 
 
 l-« and far fetweeu. from Jlcopntamia to Idit- pl.antcd on the stream .if a pre-historie Coui- 
 
 t.any; ami they evince tlie passion of every ran- niercc, and situated jii.vt at one of the jioiDts 
 
 of niaiikiiid for the pov.,e,sion of grecai stones as where .\siatic ]ua«lu.ls might colic. d, previously 
 
 ol.jeets laidowed with ao iiilrinsic prcaou.mcss. 1,, their licing distribuled l.y a process of barter 
 
 Now, if j.ade wai a native producd .if all or .d' ai ig llie jiciides of th.. 'West. (dr was it a 
 
 si'\.a-al of the mimerons .■oiintrii's in the luiri.'.l haltlng-pla.e at whi.li some great waive of emi- 
 .|l|,^t ..I' wdiich fh..-e ja.l.. iiiipl.aiicuts are thus gration wa,^ arrested for a time bv the harrier 
 spora.li.allv scatt.-red, limv .■ono's it t.i |iass th.at of the I lar.lanelles ? At any rate, there in con- 
 so remarkable a iniaeral has never been lit upon siderahle numbers were the green jade celts, the 
 
Chap. \'IL] JADE AN OLD-AVOr.LD MINEr.AL. 447 
 
 No. GTS is a sad lUc- (pern of traeliyte. I liave discussed saddle-querns 
 
 liiii'l, no dnubt. more valued on accdiiiit i-T their 
 culnLir ; and there tun was this .siditarr wliite 
 ceU, their coui|ianinu ]a-nhabiy iVnm a cominun 
 fai'-di.^taut hnine iii tin' I\ui'U Lucii .Mniintains, 
 
 Tu what cause is the tailiin' in the >u|i[dv nf 
 jade to the worh.l lying tu thi' smith and west 
 (.d' tlie Pamir, after })re-hist(irii' times, tu be 
 attributed? 1 elo iint attempt, to answer this 
 question; I would <mly .su;4!j;e^t tin; apiiarent 
 evidenee of sueh a Idiiuro. It is I'ar irnm im- 
 ])ruljable that the gr^.-eu jade iin|de'nieut hail in 
 Gi.'ine sense a sacred chararte-r in ji re-historic 
 times, and was borne \ve.-.t wards br emigrating 
 peoples, as thev might bear tlieir Imusehedd gods, 
 while bv a slow process ot' l)art);r specimens 
 might have penetrated from the Hellespont to 
 the Atlantic sea-board. And it mav Ih> tliat in 
 even that remote age, or towards the i lo^t- <.it' it, 
 pirofibi of Chinese race canie to dominate over 
 
 the district tliat produied the jade ;ind rl(;M^d 
 
 the rugged passes that h^d sontli and v/e^t Irom 
 that inhospitable rcgioii ; and S", while China 
 has from time immemorial liad jade' in ])h-'nty, 
 til'.' re.-^t of th'.' Asiatic continent nia\" liavi; l.ieen. 
 cut olf from the souree of it^ snpplv. <Jy, ])ns- 
 siblv, the geological cham,n.-s that lia^'e raised 
 the level of the lauds to the north and east of 
 Persia may have been still in aetion, am] were 
 gradually increasing the inhospitabb- I'eatures of 
 the di.trn:d. towards the close of the j.eriod 
 which we Call the jire-historie' period in Asia. 
 It is prribable that either sour'-es ot' jaib* fnrth';r 
 north may have contril.iuted .some' nl' thi; matendal 
 borne westward in the fm'in <pf o<dts. Thi; Amuor 
 in the far north ndls down jaih' jndddes iVom 
 the Vabbino ]Mountains of the- Trans-1 >aikal dis- 
 ivirt of Siberia, and the (/binese have' jiriibably 
 some sources of green jaib- nnknow ii to ns. I heir 
 jadeite, a diflerent mineral trom jade, is sn]i]ilied, 
 though probably not exclusively, by mines iu 
 the mountains to the north-we^t o\' Phamo in 
 the Lao State of Purmah. 
 
 The introduction '-f jade, or at least its use as 
 
 a material lor arti-^tic workmanship, in IniJia, 
 dates almost from yesterday, since it belongs to 
 the time vt' the early .^lognl Pmperors of Delhi. 
 '■'I'he magnilleeiit siMi <it' Akbar," .Jehanghir, and 
 Shah Jehan seem to have taken ph-asure in jade 
 cu})S and ornamiMits ; and the art ••i' uilaid work 
 that found su(dt e.\a|nisitc expression in the Taj 
 Mahal was copied under their maniticent aus- 
 piices in tin; nuist ]n-ecious materials, rubies and 
 diamonils and I'ther precious stones being inlaid 
 in ja'le oi' ^-arions colours, which was cut in 
 delii:ate ojienwork and adorned ^Nith enan'iels. in 
 the }U-odnetinn ol' which Iirlia is .still unrivalled. 
 The r'olh.M-tion ,.f these licautit'ul productions of 
 Indian art cnntained in the India ]\IuseLim ir> the 
 hac^t ever lironght toLj;etlier. It was purchase I, 
 at a suggestion from ni\'sc[|', wdu/n the present 
 Chancellor of the Kx-dieiiuer [Sir Stallord Xorth- 
 cote] was Se<'redary of State for India; a sidec- 
 tioii having been made by the bite Sir Pigbv 
 A\A-att and nil.' (foni an nnii|U(' co] h.'ction ot' 
 jade vessels ill' all sorts, formeil ;it great e.vpense 
 and trouble by the late Colonel Charles Seaton 
 Cuthrii.'. 
 
 Put these may be said tn be the nnlv firms in 
 which civilized uian lieyond the conlmes of China 
 has made jade the material lor carving artistic 
 creations. 
 
 The .Ab'xieans worked a kind of jadeite. The 
 j\lanris worked jade, which is a nati\e mineral 
 in their hornblendu' roeks ; and the inhabitants 
 
 "( S>:\v Caledonia, and ind I of Polynesia '.vne- 
 
 ralh", ha\-c t'asiiloneii jade or simie \-arietie.s of 
 jadcdti; into ini pleniciits, uscI'liP oimamental, auil 
 jK'rhaps too, in snnu' sense, sacreil. 
 
 .Tade is erroneonsi v supposed to be a verv hard 
 sub:^tance. It i.s by no menus so. its most re- 
 ma rkalde propeid v — a property eminenth' (atl jng 
 it for an impbnnent— is an extraordinary tnu^h- 
 ness. Piki.' w el 1 -tempered steel, in whiedi tough- 
 ness is comluiied with only enone^h hardness to 
 (111 the work of cutting and to retain an edge, the 
 implement of jalc shared with the iimdenunt uf 
 
4-18 'I'lir. TrilKI), THE BURNT CITY. [CiiAr. VII 
 
 in tlie preceJiiig pages : I repeat tliat they are very abuinlant in the 
 
 fibrolite an iiniqiu.' combination nf tlit-se quali- ami must have }>;issed from liami to hand 
 ties, f^.si.Mitial aliki; in a weapon ami in a \vorkiD|2; during thousands of years before pocket die- 
 tool. 1 am, Sir, vour ubeJii-nt servant, tinnaries were invented. If we take such useful 
 >;i:\'iL Srni:v-MA.SKLLVXC. to'ils as (uir numerals, and consider what is pre- 
 
 Britlak Museum, Dec. 30, ly79. Mippostd by tlie fact tliat, makim,^ allowance fur 
 
 a certain amount of ])honetic wear and tear, 
 
 JadC TuOls. these numerals are the same in San-^krit and in 
 
 {Tn th<^ FA'ior of t/<c Timr^ : .Tan. 15, IftS't.) Eni^dish, we shall, I think, feel le>s up-et, even 
 
 SiK, — The in teres tin;-"'" and in.-.trinjti\"e letters whiiu brouglit face to face witli the jade tools in 
 
 ou ja'le tools, to which you have lately i^n-anted tlo:: lacustrine dwellinc!:s of Switzerland. Aye, I 
 
 admission in vour columns, will, I hope, have go a stej. further. Let us lonk at the fiet 
 
 conviner.l most of vour reade^rs that the theory that, of all the numerals frnni one to tiai in 
 
 which 1 tried to uphidd in iny letter, pnblishe.I Sanskrit, s,,j,la (sev(ai) and ^-'s/i/'/x. (eight) alone 
 
 in the T'nnr:< of l.)i-crndier !'■, was n(tt (piite so have the accent on the last syllable, and then 
 
 wild as at fir-t ^i'^ht it niav have a)'])eare-]. turn our eyes to ancient auil even to modern 
 
 AVhat are' <;alled wihl theories are ju many cases <.ireek, and observe exactly the same excejitioual 
 
 very tauK' thcnrics. Students at ilrst laugh at accentuation there. Anyone wln^ can look with- 
 
 thern. turn their liacks on thmn, and try every out a tremor into the depth thus siuldenly 
 
 po.-sible exit to escape from them. Uut at hr^t, ojicund befia-e our eyes will hardly feel a swim- 
 
 wh'.n thev are heumied in l^y facts on every ming of the head when examining the -wildest 
 
 side, anil s^-e that theu'e is no escape, they tamely tiieories that have been founded on the jade tools 
 
 submit to the inevitalde, au'l al'ter a timie the unearthed in Switzerland amd other parts of 
 
 mevitalple i^ geurrally found to be the intelli- AVe-tern Kurope. 
 gible and the reasonable. It is not necessary to enter here on the qnes- 
 
 The ])robb.Mu of the jade tools is really very tion, whether these jaile instruments were 
 simple. Minei'ahej;ist.s a~,->ure u:: that jade is a bnuight into Europe by Aryan or pre-Arvnn 
 mineral the identity of whi-.-h. if jiroperly tested, colonists. It is ci.-rtainly strange that there is 
 admits of no duubt, and they tell ns with equal no ancient Aryan name fur jade, but neithei- is 
 confidence that Europe does not ja-odnce true there a jire-Aryan or Turanian name for it in 
 jade. These two statements I acce]it as true till any of the ancient Indo-European languages. I 
 thev are uj<-.et by competent authuritie'S. If, have collected elsewhere (Ld.inns i^a the Srimre 
 tlieretore, jade tools of exqiii.^ite workmanship of L'/n^/nmir^ vol. ii. p. '251. 9th ed.) some facts 
 are found m Eunqie during what is called the which rnakc' it seem not unlikely that Aryan Ian- 
 Stone a'j;e. I ilo not see huw wo ran esca]ie from gua'^es were sp(tkeu in Eui'Ope during the age of 
 the conclusion that these tools were hrotight stone and the prevalence of the Scotch lir, and I 
 fioni those well-elelined areas in Asia— I su]ipose may add that the nature ot' the arL^nimeut.: 
 1 mav leavL- out of consideration America and briu.]ght forward against that hypothesis has 
 (Jci-ania — w here- ahme jade has hei-n tonnd, arid strengthened ]-ather than we-akencd my own cem- 
 \\ hi-re it is still workeil to the pre^si/nt day. lidence in it. Yet it is an hv]iothesis only. But, 
 Si.ime of tlie^e are not st.i ve)'y distant, Inr true whethe^r brou'j;lit bv Aryan or pre-Ar3'an settlers, 
 jade is fonnd in the Caucasus 'aid tin; Ural certain it is that these jade to(jls were not made 
 .Mountains. I du not ib-ny that at first om; feels in Euro))e,and that, though jade is softer in s/f", 
 a little .j;i,My Avlii.-n, while liaiiijling i.ine of those they testify to a high <Iegree of liumnrntv and 
 precious scra}iers, one is told tliat t he i^lcntical mechanical skill among the iieojde who made 
 scraper was the juaq.crty n{' tlie first ilisrovi;rei-s them. 
 
 uf Enrop". Aht\ it was clncdy in order to l]y friends Professors Eolleston and ^Maskclvne 
 
 renn.ye tint fjeilng uf giddiness that I wished to have left me fu.it littb- to add in support id' the 
 
 call atfi.-ntion to another class of tools, equally foreign origan of thi' jade tools. Two facts iiulv 
 
 ancient, possibly even more ancient, winch were 1 may stMl mention, liccau-,e they may help 
 
 likewise brought into Europe fVum Asi.a b\- mir others, a-^ the\" hedpeil njc, in Ibrmlng their own 
 
 eai'lie-t anci-stors. an! whi-'h wo u.se eyi^rv day (qmiiou on the sidqeet. 
 
 without fe-'ling the h-a^t snrpri-^e. Thoiojli n-i It is a fact, I bcdieve, that witli a f'W and 
 
 one nowaijays doulits that our language came some what apricrv])hal exceptions, sucli as the 
 
 from the f^ast, yet mt do not always realize the liinls at I'.dsdam and Sehwenisal, nu raw ur un- 
 
 elo.se continuity between aiieicnt and niodrrn worked iaie h.as eve|- been nul with anvwliere 
 
 -pe(;rh and the unbroken chain tliat holds all in Knnqie. ddiis, to niv mind, speaks rulumes. 
 the Ai'yaii dialects together iVmn India to It is another fact t hat there is in Europe no 
 
 Ireland. Vfr wonder luiw jade tools should amdent name for jaib,-. If on ]>n'y''; 'Ml of H. 
 
 h:iye been brou'jht from the Ea-t and j-a^ed I'dsi'her's excellent w<uk on Xr/>hrif ?'//-/ J,'Jr!t, 
 
 from hand to haicl during many thousands of ls75, we consult the chromdo-ic'd list of writers 
 
 years, " Ind'ore pockets wen; iuvented," and vet by wdmni jade is nicutioneil, we find in ancient 
 
 ever)' word of uur language cann^ from tin; East times the name of /(/,sy»>, ja.yiis virrns, juspts 
 
Chap. VIL] DEEP INTEREST OF JADE. 449 
 
 four lo^Ye^ pre-historic cities, particularly in tlie third and fourtli ; nay, 
 
 viridis, but nothing to enable us to iLk'ntilV tliat 
 name with true jaiie. Jaspis itself is a n;ime of 
 Semitic origin, la Chinese, nu the coutrarv, we 
 Hiid from the most ancient to the iimst recent 
 times the recognized name for jade — viz. yu or 
 chill. It is mentioned as an article of tribute in 
 Professor Legge's translation of the vShii-King 
 {Sacred Books of the F^st, vol. ill. p. 7-), anil it 
 is curious to find in tliat, as we are tuld, most 
 ancient anir)ng ancient books, articles such as 
 "gold, iron, silver, steel, copper, and tlint stones 
 to make arrow-lieals,"' all mentioned tngether as 
 "ifclonging to the snme period, and all equally 
 acceptable as tribute ;it the Imperial (.'niirt. 
 Forsad ct htec olhn inrnu>}issr jnir^it ! The word 
 jodc i^ nut met with bcfure the discoverv of 
 .America. The jadi- l>rnught from America wa? 
 calk'd by the ^>pani:ird^ ju'rdrn. ijr !/j''<lf, because 
 far a l.:ng time it was bi.dicvel to i;uri- ]iaiu in 
 the ^iie. For similar reasons it wa-^ called 
 after waids loj-is nrplirdicns (neithi-ite), I ijiis 
 'ischiadicus, lapis dirinns, / Icdrj. ilc Ins rcnoncs, 
 ]>iedra ischada, pictra dri pan-]n\ kidnev-stone, 
 LcnxJcnhelfer, kc. Tiie lir-^t who introduced 
 this new nornenclature into Europe seems to 
 have been J^lonardes, in his I/lsfor'a Mrdlrinal 
 dc las Costs que se tracii dc Jin fnd/as Occl- 
 derdaJcs : Sevilhi, I'iIjO. Tlie name which he 
 
 uses, j 
 
 >icdr. 
 
 i(j'id<i, is meant t'nr pji'cdra de 
 ijada, i.e. groin-stone, or a stone su]>posed to 
 remove pain in the groin. Tlie Spanish ijada 
 is, according to the Dictionary of the Spanish 
 Aca'lemy, // /ado dA animal dchaxo del vientre 
 junto aJ anc ', and there can be little doubt that 
 it is derived from the Latin ilia. Tliaco in 
 .Spanish is // dolor coHco. As the nan^ie i/oda, 
 jada^ or jade, and the belief in its healing 
 ])0\vcrs, came from America, it can r.nlv be an 
 acciiJental coincidence if, as Professor Skeat tcdis 
 us in his excellent J:lj/rnalo_'/iral J'irtioiiyri/, 
 there existeil in Sanskrit liuddhist texts tlie 
 woril j/cda :(s a name of a m;iterial out of which 
 ornaments were male. 
 
 This is tlie state of the questirai of the jade 
 tools at the present moment. To thrise "\\ lio 
 wish to study its iii-trirr in all its beai-ings, 
 Fischer's exhaustive work on XrpJirit und Jadcit 
 will give the necessarv infi.irmation. His survey 
 of the literature on a subject a)"pi"iarcntl v so 
 abstruse and rem.ote from general inti le^t fills 
 no less than 248 pages. — Ynur obedient servant, 
 
 Oxford, Jan. 10, 18S0. F. .^Iak ^Ilij.lr. 
 
 Editorial Articlic, Times, Jan. 15, 1880. 
 "Swiss dredgers did something mnre last 
 r^eceniber than bring up from the bed of the 
 river Phone a piece of jiolished carved stone. 
 They uncovered tlie vrry fonu'lations of history. 
 It is as if the chanied i-f tlie (.'alabrian river 
 had been laid bare, and the tomb of the Visi- 
 goth conqueror of Paly revealed, with all its 
 pomp of pillaged gold and gems. Only, the jade 
 
 scraper found among the lacustrine dwellings of 
 Switzerland is the key, not to mere dead remains 
 of a vanished civilization, but to the languages 
 living men speak and to the thoughts they think. 
 Professor Jlax Miiller, in the letter we publish 
 to-dav, opens up so many suggestive and jiro- 
 f'ound ideas, that the question on the nature and 
 origin of manufacUireil jaile, which Avas the basis 
 of them all, is in some danger id' being buried 
 under tlie }iile cd' riches of which it has unlocked 
 the d(jors. Yet, \\'ere there nothing beside and 
 bevon 1 it, the inquiry would be sufficient! v in- 
 tricate, how this Rhone jade scraper came among 
 tlie Alps, "wlience was brought the mineral, and 
 wlience the skill which sculptured it, why it was 
 valuei.l, and in what way it was useil. At evci'v 
 turn the history of jade involves ns in a dense 
 thicket of problems. The further the explorer 
 ad\'ances, the more entangled he finds himself. 
 
 "The Chinese have possessed jade from before 
 the beginning of human records. In 'the most 
 ancient among most ancient books ' jatle is 
 enumerated as an article of tribotH t'l sovereigns 
 ot China. ' Throughout tlie tluuisands of vears 
 of human history until the discovery of Xew 
 Zealand the only known worked mines of pure 
 jade \\'ere on the river Kara hash, in the Kuen 
 Luen Mountains. U\"er that region *'liina was 
 suzerain ; and thus the source of Cliinese jade 
 can be traced. The strange thiivj; is that, 
 though Europie also has jiosscssnl jale, iio one 
 can say on more tlian theoretical eviilenco 
 whence the European jade came. The laki*- 
 dwellers of Switzerland are disco\-ered in 
 possession of it. It is found, howevi/r rarely, 
 among the ornaments of Roman ladies. r)r. 
 Scblicmann has dug it up in the rnins of Ins 
 Ilium. It is never found nmong pre-hi-toric 
 monuments except with m;irka of manufarture 
 upon it ; but the manulactiiri; testifies. oCten 
 iinmistakab! V, if not alwa^-s, not to luircipean 
 art, but to Eastern. This jaile scraper, or strii/il, 
 frrun tiie Rhone could rieitln.T lia\e Iteen wi'ongiit 
 nor, it may be suppose;!, usf-d by its bunstriric 
 owner. It would have bad its meaning in a 
 Ponipeian mansion or in an '.'riental vapour- 
 batii, but not amiil the forests and tm-reuts and 
 glacial atmosphere of the Al[)-^. As the in- 
 quirer advances into the doniniii of history, jade 
 advances with him. Put ihe se.a-et of its 
 presence in Assvriaii and < ii-eek and Roman 
 palaces is no more ] da inly ^(d\ o 1 i ban among 
 stone pile hoveP. The ancients, tboiigli they 
 esteemed it very precious, had md. even a distinct 
 name for it. Thev calldl it jasper, though 
 jas},er it clearly is' not. The :\lid.l]o A^ts of 
 Europe valmal thi; stone, iiut h;id no more under- 
 standing of the ])r(icess ]>y wliirh it rMine into 
 thc'ir hands than Creeks and Komans. India 
 itself, while it made mnrb aeciMinfnf it, recrdv-ed 
 it as something strange and my-teridus. The 
 Mocrul Emperors of Delhi had tlie jade, which 
 
 2 G 
 
450 THE Tllir.r. THE r.IT];XT CTTT. [Chap. yii. 
 
 that I conld liavo collected tliousaiids of tlicm. To tlie I'st of localities in 
 
 carm- tlifyli.ivdly knrw whence, cut an. 1 jew.'ll.Ml tins tune uncavlheJ. Jade hatchets have been 
 
 ami eiianiellcl. ' I'liev eallel It.iliaii artists IVum i'"iin-l in llrittaiiy, and even in Ireland, as well 
 
 \'cniee and (ienna, aiel bid tlieninajrk it int.. in Switzerland. It' £iir..iiean mines had supplied 
 
 til.' eMini^it.. ^liaii.;s wliieh .Irivi- Euia.peaii ja.lc the material .if the nl.ii|nit.ius relics, it w.iuld Ijc 
 
 .■.,11. ..I.. IS mail afl.'r a s|ie.ial t..rm ct insanitv. one ni.nai enigma a.l.led to the rest, that jn the 
 
 Init tin- sinni"- an-l In.aiitain-hea.l ..t the mat.'riai c.juntless ages since tliese treasures of museums 
 
 which th.ir artists \vr..u'ght up.-n remained were hammered and carved, mudern Europeans 
 
 hi.l.len in th'. cl.iu.ls .ineg..u.l an.l t'al.le. Lcfor.', sh..ul.l Lev.-r have light.'.l up.m a single nn- 
 
 ]i..wev..r, the JL.gids lia.l tran- l'..rnie.l a cult w..rke.l m.irsel ..f the vein whenc.; they were 
 
 int.. a |,assi..n ai..l a la^hi..n, veins ut' a mineral heive.l. Ily a siiecie,, of exhaustive pr.)cess of 
 
 i-.-semhling iaJ.; Iiail l.i..;...m.' kn..\vn t.. l-hir..)!.-, argument, the miml is f.jrce.l to on.; particular 
 
 th. . ugh n.at.. Asia, d'lie Spaniar.l.-, « hen tlu'y inlerenc'e. llret.ins of Brittany, Celts of Ir..- 
 
 ...■.■upi..,l til... sonthernr.'si.ius .if the New Worhi, lan.l, hike-.hvellers under the shad. .w ..f Wont 
 
 f.uind tlier.., t.i.., not iu.l I j.nr.; ja.lc, hut a llianc, mu.^t have conveyed with them their ja.le 
 
 sti.ne ..f siunlar proii.'rti.s. pri/..-.l an 1 r.-ver- ornaments and utensils from the far-away home 
 
 .■lued. The Aztecs wori- ja.l.ut.. .nnaments (.f themselv.s and ja.le in (.'entral Asia, f..r the 
 
 .■arve.l after tlu.'ir manner, an. 1 r.'p......l laith in simple rcas.m tluit they c.nM hav.- ibund the 
 
 th.in as charms against .liseas... 'I'heir con- matcroLl n..wluTe in their new c.nntry. An 
 
 i|u..r.)r~ so.iri learnt whei.' th.'V obtained the (.iiiental ..r (Ire.di or Roman scraper f.-nn.! in the 
 
 sub-.tan..e itself, an. I then b,r the lirst tini.' ja.le l;h..ne might conceivably hare been the Ifuit of 
 
 ac..[uir...l a r.'.d l-jirop.am n.aiue. As if t.M'.inhrm ..LI plundering f.o'ays across tluj Alj.s int.. Italy, 
 
 taith in th... ..ceult p..wers .if th.' mineral, when 15nt jade hatchets cmhl not have been robbed 
 
 Oceania n-as e.xphire.l, ]iure ja.b- .h.-p.isits were from .da^shal Italy, f.lreeks and llomans knew 
 
 .liscovcred ; an.l it was disc. .venal, alsi., that the nothing of the traces of the Stone age whicli 
 
 JIaoris credited the st. ill.; w ith the same healing students have now ilis.'.iVer.id alike in the 
 
 .[ualities as the nativ.is ..f Spanish America. learne.l dnst of Italy and the piimeval forests 
 
 "H.'re, tli.iU, is a niineial which l.'ur ..ut of ..1 America, 
 the tiv.i .livisi.ins of the i;hib.- hax'.- agrei'.l to Piaif.;ssor Ma.x ^Killer's argument leads ns int.> 
 
 c..\'et anil a.li.ir.: with. .lit iiii.h.-r^tan.iiiig in tlie a le.fti.jr r.igh.iii of speenlathm. Th.ire mav be 
 
 lea^t whv or wherefon^. Africa abiiie has re- no alternative f.ir the hvpothesis tliat European 
 
 si.^t.al tile worsliip of ja.le. Itil.ies not app.iar barbarians l^ronght \vith them fr.iiii Asia the 
 
 among th.' treasur.-s of the I'liaraohs. The .ja le \\liich archaobegists hav..' tra.'.'.l to their 
 
 st.ine ill its natural state has .li^tinctive nu'i'its. }i..issessi..iD. Eut at lirst sight the explanation 
 
 ddie cobiur, sbailing fniin .lark green to milky ap])ears to be itself inexplicable. Tessi'd over 
 
 white, is se.lucti\e t.i artistic eyes. It possesses such an eician of deserts, tbr.'sts, wildernesses, 
 
 als.i, as Professor Sterv-^Iaske] vne has tol.l ns, ti'oz.'n mountains, aid ]iarc]ied ].lains, as those 
 
 th.; virtue of an cxtraiir.linary t.nighness. Easy po.ir wan. hirers, .lur linrop.'an liircliithers, had to 
 
 t.i work when tr.'-hh' .'xtrai'te.l tfom the stratum, traverse, th.'V might !..■ iniagin.'d cast np em the 
 
 it bar. lens just snlli.ientiy to .l.j th..' w..rk of desolate extreniiti.is ..f the world with.. nt a single 
 
 cutting vet retain an clg.'. I *u that ac..iunt recognizable tra.ie of the similitud.' they bore 
 
 New Zealanders used jade as wel 1 fir tomahawks when launched on their w.jfiil journey. That 
 
 as f .r amulets, and the ja.b' reli.s .lisinteir. i.l in these t.-mpcst-bnUete.l Arvans sh..nl.l, when rec.j- 
 
 Switz.'rlan.l are often in the sha|ie of hati'hets. vering from th.-ir swoon .if bewild.'rment at the 
 
 Vet, thri. ugh. lilt th.' .'arly stag..-, ..f the worl.l, strange lan.l ..n wlih'h th.'Ir f.'et at last were 
 
 there wa, .'learly aio.th.'r um' of ja.le, in.b- r.istiiu;, have huin.l in thi'ir han.ls a jade hatchet 
 
 pen. lent of tlie .'liinuionj.la.'e n.'.'csslt ies ..f lif.', or j.'W.d which th.'v ha.l prize. 1 as a charm, 
 
 aii.l which nia.b' its \-alu.' higli.T in tlie eves xvhether against eartli.'jiiakes ..r .lis.iase, in the 
 
 of priiiiiti\'e man. Wh.'ii Akbar's s.m an.l his .lepths of t.irri.l Asia, doubtless seems as abso- 
 
 luxuri.ius sn.'.'.'ss.irs a.'ciiniiibit.'.l tli.'ir ex.piisile liitelv impossilil.. as that a chil.l dr.iwne.i at the 
 
 carvings ill ja.b', the t.'xtiire would s.'.un t.. have 'I'av bridg.' slnuihl 1... wasbe-l .in shore hoi. ling 
 
 constitute, I th.' st..n.;'s .'ss.'utial attraeti.m. the tov it was j. laving with at th.' m.unent of 
 
 Wliat, how.'V.'r, ha<l at lirst f is.'inaf.'.l the I he |.l iing.' int.. the aby^s. I'rof.'ssor iMiilh'r w.mld 
 
 w.irl'l's r.'gar.l was iii.t t.uu^h s aii.l t.'xtun- alh.w it t.i b.' im]...sMbl.' if a m..r.' iniiiossible 
 
 or ev.'ii b.'aiity ; it was s.une r.'.'.ui.lil .- ass.n'ia- )ih.'n..inenon lia.I n.it pr.ive.l itself possible. A 
 
 tion with a s.Mitini.'iit aiel a h'g.'ii.l whi.'li ha.l lan'^'iiag.' is th.' growth of circiiinstaii.'es. Ko 
 
 en'gialte.l itself f..r .iii.'.i an.l f.ir all on human cir.uiiistan.'es lonl.l be b'ss alik.i than th.ise 
 
 n.'itur.'. 'Idi.'r.' is ..n.' ]ir.ibl.'m . if ja.b' ; am.th.'r, whi.'h environ. 'd In. I.i-Eiir.i)>eaus when thev were 
 
 r...t altog.'ther .lis.'.uin.'ct.'.l IVuiii that, is the Asiati.-s an.l when they bei'iun.' Europeans. As 
 
 .lidi.'ult .pi..sti..n wh.'iiee and how tlu' loiii.'ral they ]iasse.l fr.mi tb-'ir lir.-t conntrv to their 
 
 has wan.b'r.'.l li-.m! its .inly known sonr.'i'S. It last all must have been tem|iti.ig them to forget 
 
 eanm.t lia\.^ bi'-u extra, t.'.l fr..iii lair. .p. an I'.a'ks, their enrh- language an.l to fram.' their trmgues 
 
 or mo.l.rii traces uf if w.iubl ha\-e' been bef .re to a new sjieech. tira.lnallv, it might have been 
 
CiiAP. TIL] 
 
 mrLEMEXTS f)F STONE. 
 
 451 
 
 wliicli similar saddle-querns arc fcuind, I may 
 add tlie Italian terramare" and Hulyliead* in 
 England. Xo. IJT'.J is a large piece of granite, 
 flat on the lower side, witli a large hole 
 through the centre. The hole is too large 
 for us to suppose that the stone could, liy 
 means of a wooden handle, have been used 
 as an tipper millstone ; I rather think that 
 it Served as a support for vases with convex 
 bottoms. Similar to this are the stone discs, 
 which are plentiful in the four lowest jire- 
 historic cities ; they are of course Cjuite 
 round, and have a large hole through the 
 centre. 
 
 No. 680 marks a massive hammer of 
 
 \ 
 
 ISO. LT'J. 
 
 ■.,tMi(ll:^. 
 
 et of '.iraiiitr. 
 Deptli, 'JA it.) 
 
 expcctC'l, first one turn of expre.ssion, one tone 
 wnnld hare dropped awav. and tin'U nnntln-r, 
 till nothing of thi' <dd sui'vived. '".'ii the rnii- 
 triiry, they hrought with tliein, wheroyrr their 
 hit \va^ oa,st on this \vi(h; worhl. their voi.;;tlnihiry 
 almost intact. So eareful were they tn h>se 
 Untiling that, though everything eomisidh-d 
 change, so delicate a thing as an arcinit on a 
 couple of numerals has withstood what might 
 Jiave .-^eemed the irrrpri--;:-il)le genius of Attic 
 and Doric an 1 Linic < avek. If thry couid 
 transport their Arvaii specrh to the hanks of the 
 Uhniic, the\' mlL^ht, \et more' easilv, urges Tro- 
 I'e^Mir ^Inlier. tiausport a few fragments of 
 stnni.'. 'I'io-v might as ea-^ih', he might have 
 prnc-.-di-.I to argue, transport thij nudidlned 
 instinct and the religion which ma ie tlmse frag- 
 ments of ^tone precious in their eves. It is a 
 wide hcdd of thought to which the PpdVssor Ijas 
 led us. Traversing it we fc'id com[tosite lieings, 
 centos and compilations, cair,selves and all our 
 belongings, of the dea^l jjast, which in us lives 
 and hre;ithes. In one respect Professor ?diiller 
 is c\"en tori successful in meeting tlic argument 
 of the supposed impnssihility tif the transport of 
 jade hv the more than ci^ual h vpntheticnl iin- 
 jiossihilitv of the trau-}iort of a language. In 
 the rase in point the jude lias hec-n conveyed ; 
 the name tV>r jade, the Professor him-(df tel Is us. 
 
 was not conveyed. If any addition wc-i'e n h'd 
 
 to the many physical ami historical and jdiihi- 
 sophicai my."5teries of thi.s strange mineral, there 
 it is." 
 
 Jaim-. 
 (To the Edltjr of the Tunes: Jan. 10, ISRO.) 
 Sir;, — It is curious to find the remark in a 
 leading article in the T'nars of Thurs.hiy to the 
 edect that the ancients had no distinct name for 
 ja.h- confirmed also in the case of theidiinese. 
 They call it Yi'h or ihr gem, and they have 
 classified the diUcrent kinds known to them 
 under seventy-seven headings, hut for the mineral 
 
 itself they have no distinct generic name. Cnlike, 
 however, the admirers of jade in other countries, 
 they have 'at least tried to explain \vhv, to u^a 
 the Words of the leading artich^, they " .'ovet 
 and adore it." Ac.'ording to the celebrateil 
 philosopher Kwan Chung, who wrote iu th(^ 
 seventli century B.C., the contemplation of n 
 piece of jade opens to the eyes of a true *_'hina- 
 man a whole vista of jmetic visions. In it he 
 sees refiected nine of tin- highest attainnu-nts of 
 humanity. In its glossv smoothness he recog- 
 nizes the emblem of benevolence ; in its bright 
 polish he sees knowledge emhlematize'l ; iu its 
 unbeuiling firnniess, righteousness; in its modest 
 liarudessness, virtucms ;ietioii ; in its rarity and 
 spotlessness, puritv ; in its i m perish a bleiiess, 
 endurance; in the wav in wdiicli it exjioses its 
 e\"erv fiaw, ingenuousness ; in tliat, tiioitgli (jf 
 snr|iassing beauty, it piasses from iiand to hand 
 \vithout being sullied, moral conduct ; are I in 
 that wdieu struck it giva.'s forth a note wdiich 
 floats sliarp] V and distinct I v to a distance, music. 
 '• It is thi-.," adds the phihisopln-r, " whicli makes 
 men esteem it as most jtrecimis. and leads them 
 to regard it as a diviner ot' judgments, and a.s a 
 charm of happy omen." 
 
 <nUrv pliilosoiihers who have dived into the 
 depths n|' the very being of this mysterintis 
 mineral have ]ironounced it to he tio rdhcr than 
 the- essence of heaven and earth. W^nryi iU\ 
 enhanced title to hmiour, and its snjijiosed 
 ]"iotene\' a-; a ejiarni. 'that the \-ein'ration shown 
 for jade in (.'liiua I'ests on no nn)re suhstani iai 
 basis than the visions of m\'stics need not sur- 
 prise \is. Arc' not nmst of the beliefs wdnch lead 
 men captive founded mi dre;nns ? — I am, Sir, 
 vour obedient servant, l{niii;i:i' K. l'(".reiLA.s. 
 
 5, Cdleijc OunJcns. I'u/.irh, J-ta. 17. 
 
 - W. Helbig, DIr Jt,,r,kn- ;,i ,1a- Fochcac : Leip- 
 zig, is;:', lip. 17, K.a. 
 
 ■' See .Mr. 0\\'i^:n Stanley's }ia[ier in the 
 Archa-u/ijiji'.ud Jvunud. 
 
452 
 
 THE TIIIRn, THE EUItXT CITY. 
 
 [CUAP. VII 
 
 diorite. Xos. (;sl to 084 are objects of wliitc marlJe or compact limo- 
 stuiii', aud pi'ulialily ijhalli or jiriajjL 
 
 Iso. 65(1. iMassiw- Hjntnier of 
 
 Diorite. (1 : 4 actual size. 
 
 JiLpih. 3t ft.) 
 
 (II I u 1 / le, Ih f(,-, f' 
 
 :-,'u. 632. Object of wbili- JIarble, 
 
 probably r. Priapus. (Aclualsize. 
 
 Depth, 30 It.) 
 
 ITo. CGI. Ol.iJLCt of .stone, [iri-liaMy a Priapng. 
 : llall" actual size, iieplb, 20 ft.) 
 
 Js (■ ( 1 t 1 t pr 1 al 1} I'tiipt.: 
 (Half actual size, lleptlj, 2G ft.) 
 
 As I liavo liad occasion to mention liofore/' Prof. Sayco writes to me : 
 '■'AVlieii travelling in Lydia last year (ijeptember 1S7!>), I discovered a 
 cnrions monument hidden in Lushes on the nortiiern slope of Mount 
 Sijiylns, aliont half a mile to the east of the famous statue of Niohe, and not 
 1.1 r from the top of the elifl'. It was a large ]iliallus, with a niche cut out 
 "f the ro(d<: on eitlier side i>f it, and two pit-tombs in front similar to 
 iiii: pit-tiiiiib in triiiit (if the statue of Kinhi'. The phallus was a natural 
 iormation, like that near Bidarray in the Pyrenees, which I once visited. 
 
 ■See ).. 278. 
 
Chap. VII.] THE GREAT TREASURE. 453 
 
 and winch is still an object of veneration and a place of pil,t^'runao-e 
 among the Basque women. The natural formation, however, had Ik 'en 
 assisted by art. The artificial niches at the side were each about half 
 a foot from the image. It must plainly have lieen a place of pilgrimage 
 in the pre-historic days of Lydia, and the Lydian women may have visited 
 it, just as the Basque women still visit the so-called ' Saint of Bidarray,' 
 m the hope of getting otlspnng, I noticed my discovery lu a letter to 
 the Aradeiinj of Octi.dier ISth, 1879." 
 
 I now come to discuss the metals of this third, the burnt city, and 
 I begin with the objects ciuitained m the large Treasure discovereil liy mo 
 on the great wall close to the ancient royal mansion to the north-west 
 of the gate, at the place marked A on Plan I. I shall here first name 
 the various articles contained in the Treasure in the order in which I took 
 them out : — 
 
 1. The copper shield. No. 700. 
 
 2. The copper cauldron, Xo. 800 
 
 3. The copper plate, Xo. 782. 
 
 4. A fractured copper vase. 
 
 5. The globular gold bottle, Xo. 77."i. 
 
 6. The large StVa? ufi.(f>iKUTreX\o]', Xos. 772 and 773. 
 
 7. Six silver falevfs, Nos. 787 to 702. 
 
 8. Three silver vases, Nos. 779, 780, 781. 
 0. One silver vase-cover, Xo. 778. 
 
 10. A silver cup, Xo. 785. 
 
 11. A silver cup or dish ((fnuXri), Xo. 786. 
 
 12. Two silver vases, Xos. 783 and 78-4. 
 
 13. Thirteen bronze lance heads, of which I represent six in the 
 engravings X^os. 801 to 805 and 815. 
 
 14. Foirrteen battle axes of bronze, of which five are represented under 
 Xos. 800 to 809 and 810. 
 
 15. Seveir double-edged In'onze daggers ; see the four represented under 
 X^os. 811 to 814, and the two curious bronze weapons Xos. 816, 817. 
 
 16. A bronze knife, like X'o. 956 or X"o. 967. 
 
 17. The copper (or bronze ?) key, Xo. 818. 
 
 The silver vase, Xo. 779, was found to contain on the bottom: — 
 
 18. A giild diadem (irXeKT)) ui'acei/j.y), Xos. (J85 and 686. 
 
 19. Another such diadem, Xo. 087. 
 
 20. A gold fillet, X"o. 707. 
 
 21. Four gold ear-rings with pendants, Xos. 768-771. 
 Among and upon these lay : — 
 
 22. The fifty-six gold ear-rings, like Xos. 094, 095, (i98--704, 752-704. 
 
 23. The 8700 small gold rings, perforated prisms, dice, gold buttons, 
 small perforated gold bars, small ear-rings, ^'c, represented by the 
 separate cuts Xos. 090, 097, 705 to 738, 705, 706, and by those of the 
 thirteen necklaces, Xos. 739-745 and Xos. 740-751. 
 
 Upon these lay :-- 
 
 24. The six gold bracelets, X'o. 089, four of which are shown separately, 
 Xos. 090 to 093. 
 
454 THE THIRD, THE BUR^JT CITY. [Chap. YII. 
 
 Anil on the top lay : — 
 
 2'>. The s'olil L,'olilet, Xo. 770. 
 
 20. Tlie .i^-dlilct of electrnm, No. 777. 
 
 As I fonnd all tlieso articles together, forming u (piaclrangnlar mass, 
 or 1 lacked into one unotlicr, it seems to be certain tliat thej^ were placed 
 (in the city-wall m a wooden chest ((pwpiafj.u^), such as those mentioned 
 1 IV Homer as Lcing in th(; palace of King Priam: "And he opened the 
 heautifnl lids of the boxes; he selected from (lut of them twelve gorgeous 
 nurments, then twelve simple vestures and as many carpets, also as many 
 mantles and as many tunics. "Weighing then the gold, he toolv ten full 
 talents ; also two shining tripods and four cauldrons ; also a most beautiful 
 i;iiblct, a rich possession Avlnch the men of Thrace had presented to him 
 when Ik! went tliither as amliassador : even this the old man dnl not spare 
 now in the pal, ice, but he excessively desired in Lis mind to ransom liis 
 beloved s(in." '' The contents of Priam's cliests may, therefore, well le 
 compared with tlir articles ef the treasure liefore us. 
 
 It is possilile that in the conflagration some one hurriedly packed the 
 treasure into the chest, and carried it off without having time to pull out 
 the kcv ; that wlieii he readied tlie wall, Imwever, the hand of the enemy 
 or till- lire overtook him, and he was ebliged to aliandoii the chest, which 
 was imnii'diately covered to a height of from 5 to Oft. with the reddish er 
 ^•ellnw ashes and the bricks of tlie adjoining royal house. This was 
 certainlv my opinion at tlie timt' of the discovery; but since then I have 
 fduiid, in the ]ir(.'sence of Professor A'irchow and M. Pnrnouf, on the very 
 same w;ill, and eiily a f'W yards to the north of the spot where the 
 large treasure was discovered, aimtlier smaller treasure, and three more 
 treasures on and near the walls of the adjoining royal house. I, there- 
 fore, new rather believe tliat all these treasures have fallen in the con- 
 flagration from tlie upper storeys of the royal house. 
 
 Tliis appears to lie the more likidy, as, a few days previously to tlie 
 discovery of the large treasure, I found close to it a helmet in fragments 
 iind the silver vase No. 793, with the goblet of electrum No. 794, all of 
 which articles I shall discuss in the sulisequent pages. 
 
 On the wood-ashes and bricks, which covered the treasure to a depth 
 of 5 or (i ft., the people of the following, the fourth city, erected a forti- 
 licati(.in wall, 211 ft. lii;;li and ft. broad, composed of large hewn and 
 unhewn stones and earth : this wall, which has Ijcen demolished in the 
 subse(juent excavations, extended to within 3} ft. of the surface of 
 the hill. 
 
 The gold diadem (TrXe/crij avahiaiii])'' No. 08-"), of which No. OSO 
 
 '' J I. xxi\^. 2l!S-'j:l7 : e^erriT^r eA0c(i/T(, fi€ya HTfpas ' oiiSe pv rod Trep 
 
 'H, Ka] r/jwpiaucjr ^TnO'qf^ara /caA' ai'^wyev^ (peiaar' eVi {xeyapois 6 yepo^f^ -mpl 5' 'ijS^Ke 6vf.co'' 
 
 fi'ffiv OwO^Ka ij.(y Trepi/caAAeas t^eAe TreTrAot^s, \iiiTarrl^ai ipiKov vluv. 
 
 5:L'5e/La 5' ctTrAoiSas ;^Aaa'as. Tfimriju!; Se Ta7n7Tas, " Mr. * il.'ulrit'iiic lias iliL^'cniinisl v sn^i^n'str 1 
 
 Toarro, 06 fpdpi^a /caAct, Toauvs 5' tVt nnfTi tliat. thr^c guM diailiMns, \(is. Ijs.'i an^l (.>S7, 
 
 XLTu^vas. must 111' i'lrntlral in Iniin witli t lie TrAe/cr-J; ai'c- 
 
 Xp^^oii oe UTTjiras et^epff Sfica -Trdi'Ta rdXai'Ta, 5e',T/xij wliieh Anilr'aiiarlu' casts I'laan lier In.'iil in 
 
 ^K 06 Ou' C'-i'tilwj/ai- TpiTToOas, TTirrupas Se A6/37jTas, lior jimrnpii'l trvii-t' nyi.T the ileatli nf Heetrir ; tlie 
 
 6'k 5e Ofira.'i vrepiifaAAes, u ul QpfiK^s TTopvi' inaler nt' tlie wnnls inijilies that this ernanirait 
 
 di/dp€'; "was wiira oyer the Kp-q^ie/j.yoi' : "Far fron^ her 
 
CnAP. TIL] 
 
 GOLD DIADEM : TrXeKTi) avahtcrp)!. 
 
 455 
 
 givps another view, consists of a fillet, 22 m. long and nearly iui. Lroad, 
 
 on either side 7 little chains to cover the 
 
 from which the 
 
 hanf 
 
 hear! she threw the glistening adornments, 
 the fillet, the net, and the beautifully entwined 
 diadem, also the veil which golden Aphrodite 
 had presented to her." 
 
 //. xxli. 4GS-470 : 
 t7i\€ o' awu Kparhs /SctAe SeV/iciTa rriyaXoeuTa., 
 aij.TTVKa, KiKpiiipaKov re i5e TrAeKrV aj/aSf'tr/JTjF 
 Kp-ffSf/j.i'iv 0% o \>o. 01 5cJ(te XP'"^^V 'hippoliri). 
 
45/5 
 
 TiiK Tiin;p, THE elt.xt city. 
 
 [CuAr. TIT. 
 
 tcmplos, each of wliieli foiisists of 50 cloul)lo rings, and between every 4 of 
 these rinfs is snsiiendeil uii hexagonal leaf having a groove lengthwise : 
 
 Xn. 6^0. Armtlior V.ew of th3 sam; Diidtm. 
 
 tiiese chains are joined to one another by four little cross chains. At the 
 end of each of the side chains hangs a figure similar in shape to the 
 'J'rojan idols. Indeed, after having looked over the whole series of Trojan 
 idols, no one can suppose that the primitive goldsmith could liave intended 
 to represent here anything else but idols. The only difference between 
 these and the stone idols is that the eyes and the beak, instead of being 
 incised, are here given in relief, and that the hitter reaches down to the 
 bdttom : further that the knees (or feet ?) are indicated here, like the eyes, 
 liy protruding points, and that both eyes and knees are surrounded by 
 circles of small dots. Each idol is nearly an inch long ; their breadth at 
 the lower end is aliout o-4ths in. The entire length of each of these 
 (diaiiis, with the idols, aniounts to lO'diii. Between these ornaments for 
 the temples there an; 5(1 little pendant chains, each of which consists of 21 
 double rings, and Ijetween every 4 of these rings there is an hexagonal leaf. 
 At the end of each little (diain hangs an idol of identical form, 3-5ths in. 
 high; the length of tlies(.' sliort chains with the id(ds is only 4 in. The 
 number of doulile rings, of whiidi the (i4 chains of this diadem is composed, 
 amounts to 175(1, and tlie number of hexagonal leaves to o54 ; the number 
 of suspended idols is Cii-. 
 
 The other gold diadem (TrXe/cri'/ ai'aoia/j.i]). No. 087, is 20'4 in. long 
 across the top. Instead of a fillet, as in No. (.')S-^i, it consists of a gold 
 eliain, composed of 2'.15 rings of double gold wire, from which are sus- 
 pended on ea(di side S (diains, 15'S in. long. Each of tlies(> consists of 
 •'Uid rings made of ilouldi' g(dd wire, and lietween every ?> of such rings 
 is fastened a lancet-shaped leaf. At the end of ea(di of these chains is 
 suspended a ilgure I'iiin. long, in which we again recognize the usual 
 form of the idol ; but here no face is indicated : we only see one dot where 
 
Chap. YIL] 
 
 AXOTIIEE Gr)LD DIADEM. 
 
 457 
 
 the forehead ought to be, another in the midcUe, and three Lcdow ; each 
 idol is also ornamented with lines of points. Between these ornaments 
 
 K,.. to7. Guld Hiadem (wA^kty, ifaiiaiir,). Lenglh ^0-4in., with 74 fhort aii.l IC, lung chains, 
 contained in tlie large TRijjn treasure. (1:3 actual tize. Dclilh, is f[.) 
 
 for the temples there are likewise 74 small chains, 4 in. long, each of which 
 consists of 84 rings of donhle gold wire, and is ad(5rned with 2S lancet- 
 shaped leaves. At the end of each chain is suspended a large leaf of a 
 similar form. Let ns compute the number of double rings and leaves of 
 this wonderful head-dress : — 
 
 ;;'.i.5 
 ICO 
 
 02 IG 
 
 111 tlic upper cha'n : double rings 
 In each of tljc IC temple chains : 
 
 ."GO double rings: (IG X SCO) 
 
 Small lancet-shaped leaves 
 In tacli of tlic 74 sliort forehead ehiiins : 
 
 S4 doulile rin-.'.s : (74 X S4) 
 
 Small lancet-shaped leaves 
 liChides these: largo lancet-shaped leaves 71 
 
 Total of rings and leaves 12'271 & lOOG 
 
 Granil total of riicccs (with the IG idols). . 16.353 
 
 All the leaves are suspended by holes to the wires. 
 
 11120 
 
 2072 
 
4.38 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 My fVieiid ^Ir. fiU'l" riinliiino, the celebrated London goldsmith of 
 
 rinti(ines, wlio kindly devoted six hours of his precious time to examining 
 
 the Trojan jewels with me, explains to me that all the idols and leaves 
 
 of hoth diadems (Nos. CiSo and OH?) were cut out with a Ijronze punch 
 
 from thin gold plate. To make the very thm wire the Trojans could have 
 
 used only ingots of very 
 pure gfdd, wdiieh they forced 
 through the holes of the 
 draw-plate, and which they 
 could gradually and easily 
 reduce to an extreme fine- 
 ness. Alloyed gold could 
 not have Leeu used to make 
 such very fine wire. 
 
 Our illustration No. 688 
 represents the diadem No. 
 (J87 as it might have been 
 wx)rii by a Trojan lady. 
 
 No. 089 represents the 
 entangled mass of six gold 
 bracelets precisely in the 
 state in which I found them. 
 Two of these bracelets, re- 
 presented separately under 
 Nos. GDO and 691, are 
 double, l-4th in. thick, but 
 quite plain, and have at 
 each end a kiii_)b similar to 
 that which we see at one 
 end of the bracelet No. 918. 
 
 Two others, of which I represent one under No. 092, are only l-6th in. 
 
 thick ; they are also simple and closed : a fifth is likewise closed, but 
 
 consists of an ornamented band l-25th in. thick 
 
 and l-3rd in. broad. Aeu/ording to Mr. Giuliano, 
 
 this has Ijeen made in the following way : — Two 
 
 gold wires were twisted in ojiposite directions, the 
 
 one t(.) the right, the other to the left ; then a 
 
 gold win/ was soldered to the twist on each side, 
 
 as is evident from the many places where the 
 
 soldering is deficient. I ilo not give here a 
 
 separate engraving of this bracelet, as the photo- 
 
 grajili has not succeeded. Tlie sixth liracelet, 
 
 which I represent under No. 693, is double, and 
 
 consists rif a quadrangular wire wdiich has been 
 
 twisti.'d. I call particular attention to the small 
 
 size of thesi' lirac(dets, esi)ecially to that of the bracelets Nos. G92 
 
 and 693, whiidi seems to denote tliat the Trojan ladies had astoundingly 
 
 .small arms. 
 
 Nu. tj^i. Th- DLidem (No. G-:~) sliuwn as it was worn. 
 
 Xo, Gs:l. Six Gold Bracelets, all 
 .^(iirk toi:;ether in one packet, 
 ;is ttiey were found in tlie large 
 I'rojan treasure. (About 1 : 3 
 actual size. Deptb, 23 It.) 
 
Chap. YII.] 
 
 GOLD BltACELETS. 
 
 No. 690. 
 
 459 
 
 »0. 631. 
 
 N"os 030-693 represent in actual size four of the si.x Eracelcts 
 
 contained in tlie j.aciict Xj. Gil 
 
460 
 
 THE THIRD, THE EUliNT CITY. 
 
 [CuAP. A'll. 
 
 iJ9l.ii:):i. TwMof llie f^vlj Ijr-nngs 
 fii,iu ibe small i^ulil Jewels in tbe Silver 
 Jug 1^0. 779) of tlie large Treasure. 
 (Half actual size. Depth. 2,i ft.) 
 
 Of tlie 56 gold ear-rings, I represent tlie difTerent shapes under 
 Kos. 694, 6'.).5, No::. 698 to 704, and No.s. 752 to 764. With the excep- 
 tion of Nos. 703 and 704, all these ear- 
 rings consist of solid gold wires, which 
 were siddered together, one end lieing heaten 
 out into a ring and point ; then grooves 
 were sunk to receive the lieads which we 
 see on Nos. 698, 700, 701, and 702. The 
 curious ear-rmg No. 703 is in the form of 
 two serpents, and No. 704 in form of three 
 such serpents. Tlie}^ consist, as Mr. Giuliano 
 explains, of as many plates as there are serpents : these plates were 
 bossed out, and roAVS of grooves made in each of them; then the two 
 fjossed plates were joined tugether and the lines of grooves filled with 
 gliil)ular grains; after tliat a gold liead was soldered to each end; into 
 the Lead at the ime extremity was then soldered a glohular piece of 
 gold, sudi as we see it on tlie thick end of the ear-ring No. 841, "whereas 
 a HI (Id wire was soldered to the other side to form the ear-ring. Here, 
 therefore, we see for the first time granular work. 
 
 Very simple hut highly curious are the gold ear-rings Nos. 705 and 
 706, of wdiich about a dozen were found. They are nearly in the form of 
 our modern shirt studs, and are 0'3 in. long. They are, however, not 
 
 686 
 
 Igooooooooooooooooooq) 
 
 '\ ooooooo o o o ooooooooooo) 
 
 750 727 I'lH 72'J 7311 731 732 73: 
 
 Kos. 69i;-73i. S IrcliiiTi fnini the small e,old Jewels in the Silver .Tug (No. 779) contained in the 
 large 'IVejuti trrasuFi'. (About 2:3 actual size. Iteplh, 2y It.) 
 
 soldered, hut simply stuck together ; for, as we see in No. 707, from 
 tint cavity of the one-half there projects a tube (avXiaKo^) l-4tliin. long, 
 and from the other. No. 708, u pin (t'/i/joXoc) of the same length, and the 
 pin was merely stuidv into the tulie to form the ear-ring. Each half of 
 these ear-rings consists of two small gold plates, of which the one has 
 
Chap. VIL] HMXU. G()LD JEWELS OF THE TltEASUliE. 461 
 
 been lianimerecl into a miniature 1:io\y1, tlie otLer tnrni.'il nitu a small 
 tulie or into a pin. Then the little tuhe was woldered into one of the 
 little howls, the pin was soldered into the other, and tho ear-ring was 
 formed hy merely putting the pm of the one hall' into the tuhe of the 
 other. 
 
 j\[y friend Professor Wolfgang Helhig - does not admit that jewels 
 sueh as Nos. (JOi, 695, 698, 700, 701, 70:^," and 7r,2 to 76-1 can have heen 
 used as ear-rings. He is of opinion that they served as ornaments fir tlie 
 hair. Professor Yirehow ohserves to me that they look more like nose- 
 rings than like ear-rings. But I certainly believe they were used as 
 ear-rings, and for nothing <dse. 
 
 Tery curious also are the gold studs, l-Dtli in. high, of which I 
 represent three under Nos. 709 to 711 ; they have in their cavity a ring 
 l-8th in. broad for sewing them on: of these studs about a dozen were 
 found. 
 
 I'nder Nos. 712-738 I represent the various shapes of the 8700 small 
 objects of gold, already mentioned as having been found in the silver vase, 
 Xo. 779. I have strung these in two sets ; one of which, consisting of 
 1010 objects, is represented by the 13 necklaces, Xos. 730 to 71j and 
 Xos. 710 to 7.")1. The other set of 12 necklaces, containing 1090 olijects, 
 IS precisely similar. The reader sees here gold rings only l-8th in. in 
 diameter; perforated dice, either smodth or in the form of litth; indented 
 stars, about l-6thin. in diameter; gold perforated prisms, OT in. long and 
 l-8thin. broad, decorated longitudinally with eight or sixteen imdsions ; 
 and small lonn-itudinallv perforated leaves, like Xo. 712, consisting of very 
 fine doulde plates, which were made, as Mr. Giuliano explains, Ijy placing 
 the mandril between them, pressing on both sides, and soldering. The 
 gold sfjuare prisms, like Xo. 722, are so pi/rfect that they must have 
 been drawn thrcmgh a metal drawplate. This v>-as done by bending the 
 fine gcdd plate into the form of a long pipe, then dra«uiig it thmugh 
 the square holes of the metal plate and soldering it afterAvards ; but fir 
 the most part these prisms are merely bent over, and are not scddered. 
 
 To make the little indented wheels and stars, like Xns, 714-717, 720, 
 728, 720, 732, 734, thi/ Trojan goldsmith took a piece of guld, put it on 
 charcoal, and melted it with the blow-pipe, thus making a gloljular gram ; 
 then he perforated it with a round punch, ])laced it on a mandril, and cut 
 out the grooves with another oldong punch ; liut before doing so he l)eat 
 it square. 
 
 ilr. Giuliano further explains that tho Trojan goldsmith, in order to 
 make the very small jdaiii gold rings or Ijeads, like Xo. 731, took a long 
 gidd wire, wound it round a copper or bronze mandril, and cut oil the 
 rings; he then ])ut the latter on charcoal in long rows, and soldered the 
 two ends of each of them separately with a minute portion of solder in 
 order not to increase the bulk of tlui wire. He could do this because the 
 gold was more malleable than ours, through being very pure. To make 
 
 ' "\'(ilfann;o Helbig, Supra il Troitaincnto delln CupcUatura c dclla Barha all' cpoca Oimrica j 
 P;oma, 1880. 
 
4G2 
 
 THE THIED, THE BURST CTTY. 
 
 [Cjiai'. VIL 
 
 obiects like No. 723, lie took a small har of gold, beat it out at one end, 
 and flattened and perforated it with a piincli ; to the other end he soldered 
 a thick bead. As Mr. Giuliano Las shown me, the singular rings, like 
 
 No. 725, consist of two spirals of gold wire, each with three or four 
 turns. These two spirals were placed one upon the other and soldered 
 together; liut so that a hole remained on either side between them, for 
 stringing the object on the thread of the necklace. 
 
Chap. VIL] 
 
 GOLD FILLET AND EAU-MNGS. 
 
 4G3 
 
 The large golil Lcails, like Nn. 730, were made in the following 
 manner : — Two small enps were Lea.teu out of fine gold plate, a piece 
 having first been ent out from eaeli of them, on either side, one-half of 
 the size the hole was to have ; and then the two cups were soldered 
 together. Ohjccts like Nos. 718 and 710 consist of from eight to sixteen 
 small gold rings, like Ko. 720, which were soldered together. Objects 
 such as No. 735 were made of a gold bar, of which one end was flattened 
 and perforated ; the other end was made pointed, and ornamented with 
 seven circular cuts. This object looks like a screw, Ijut it is not one. 
 Objects like Xo. 730 were thus made : — A piece of gold was put on 
 burning charcoal, and by means of the blowpipe it was melted into 
 a Ijead, which was pertbrated, and then hammered and pjunched into 
 the desired iVirm. Files were certainly unknown, for I found no trace 
 of them in any of the pre-historic cities of Troy, nor at Mycenae. 
 
 How the primitive goldsmith could do all this fine w^irk, and parti- 
 cularly how he could accomplish the minute granular work on the ear- 
 rings Nos. 703 and 704, where grains of gold inflnitely minute were to 
 be soldered into the microscopic grooves — how he could do all this without 
 the aid of a lens — is an enigma even to Mr. Giuliano.'' But it was done, 
 and with a powerful lens we can easily distinguish the soldering, even 
 on the smallest rings of a less size than No. 720. 
 
 The objects Nos. (396, 097, 705, and 700 consist of long flat pieces of 
 gold with a large number of perforations, on which ornaments composed 
 of small objects like Nos. 712-738 were no doubt suspended. 
 
 I represent under No. 707 the golden fillet (a/xTrv'E) of the Treasure, 
 
 ^„ ,6, GoLknFillet(u/i7rvO. ab"^el3 4in. long, c nti 1 jn rfctbej 1 tb s K^r 
 Vase No. n'J. (Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 which is 18-4 in. long and 0-4 in, broad. It has at each end three perfora- 
 tions for fastening it round the head, and is ornamented all round with a 
 border of dots in punched work. Eight quadruple rows ot dots divide it 
 into nine compartments, in each of which tliere are two large d..ts. 
 
 Of the four ear-rings with pendants, Nos. 708-771, only two, ^os 
 768 and 709, are exactly alike. Each of them is composed of 10 round 
 gold wires, soldered togeflier and l^ent round into the form of a basket, 
 to the upper part of which three gold wires are soldered horizontally 
 in parallel lines, thus forming two fields, in the upper of winch are 
 soldered 12, m the lower 11 gold beads. To the lower part <.t the 
 baskets IS soldered a small flat plate of gold, on which rings a,rc 
 soldered ; and from each of these is suspended a gold chain made of links 
 of double gold wire, each adorned with quadrangular gold rings, 
 
 " Professor Virehow rem.irks to me tliat in the Me.xieau gold jewels there may be seen granular 
 Yv'ork of equal fineness. 
 
4(;t 
 
 THE THir;D, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. TIL 
 
 Ijctween ovcry two of winch tliere is a eyliiicler made of thin qnad- 
 rau^'ular ,i;-(iW plate, ^\liicli is merely bent over and not soldered together. 
 
 Xu^. 7(3^-771. Fi.nir GuM Ear-r;ni;s. witli PiMidants or Tii^sels (9v<joA-oi), r-acli 3J in. lung, 
 from thf suijU Jewels ill tile Silver .Jug i No, 779), found in tlie Trojan treasure. (tJeplli, 23 ft,) 
 
 At tlie ends of the chains are suspended little fif^ures of gold plate, similar 
 in shape to the usual form of the idols ; but they have only one dot on 
 tlic head, anil tliree on the lower part. To the middle of the basket 
 dcsci'ilicd above was soldered the hook of the ear-ring with a sharp end. 
 
 Still more remarkable are the gold ear-riirgs Nos. 770 and 771; for 
 their upper liasket consists of 4l) round ,u'ijld wires; 18 very fine wires 
 b,/ing I in each side, and in the centre a bunch of 4 thicker wires which 
 hiivc liecn lieatiui flat. All the 40 wires are soldered together, and 
 the 4 central ones are ornameiited with linear patterns. On the upper 
 piirt (if this basket are siddered horizontally three parallel wires, thus 
 hirming twd iields, into each "f wliiidi are sohlered 7 or 8 rosettes, 
 ciimposcd of hirgi.' ,gold beads surrounded by a number of minute beads. 
 Til the liiwcr part of the lia^kets is attaclu'd a gidd plate with incised 
 liu'.'iir pattrrns, ;ind •") perforations, in which are suspended 5 chains, 
 fnrmed of links nf doubh' gold AVire. Every chain is adorned with '!?> .gnld 
 li-avi'S, each havin,g two holes, by which they were suspended on the wire 
 ot tlie links before its ends were siddercd tngcther. At the end of each 
 cliam is suspended an idol-like figure, cut out of thin gold plate and 
 adiiriird liy the punch with 4 hirge dots, around each of wdiicli is an 
 iiihiiite numlicr of small nncs: liut this pnnched work is only on the idols 
 ol Xo. 770 ; those of No. 771 arc quite phiin. 
 
 I now come to the large double-handled gold goblet, the SeTra^ 
 afi4>ivo-c,\\oi>, Niis. 77'-! and 773, wdiich Mr. Giuliano declares to be 
 2.'! carats hue. It weighs exactly OOO grammes (about lib. Ooz. troy); 
 it is .j-() in. high, T'.") m. long, and 7'3in. broad. It is in the form of a 
 sliip ; its handles are very large ; on one side there is a mouth -i'S in. 
 hrnml fur drinking out nf, uiid another at the other side, wdiich is 
 Tl in. briiad. As my friend, Trofessnr Stejihanos Kouniiuioudes of Athens, 
 riunarks, the ]iersiin who presented the filled cup may have first drunk 
 fiom tlie small mouth, as a mark of respect, to let the guest drink from 
 tin; larger mouth ; or, as suggested in the Qnurtcrhj llevieir for April 1874, 
 a person, holding the cu]i before him by the two handles, may have 
 
THE GOLD ctTTCK; u/KpLh-vTreWop, 
 
 465 
 
 CiiAP. TIL] 
 
 poin-ed a libation from the furtlier spout and then have drunk out 
 of the nearer. Thus AcliiUes used a choice goljlet (oeTra^) for pouring 
 libations to Zeus/" The 
 oeiras u/^(ptKU7TtX\op has 
 a foot, which projects 
 aliout l-l-!tli in. and is 
 I'd in. long and d-5ths 
 in. broad. IMr. Giuliauo 
 declares this cup to have 
 been beaten out of a 
 single plate of gold, but 
 that the two handles, 
 which are hollow, have 
 been beaten out of sepa- 
 rate plates of gold, the 
 edges being then soldered 
 together and the handles 
 also joined by soldering 
 to the cup. He explains 
 that this soldering could 
 only be done by mixing 
 silver with gold, by beat- 
 ing the mixture very 
 tine, and by cutting it 
 into very small pieces 
 which would melt, whilst 
 the pure gold would not 
 melt ; thus the soldering 
 could easily be made by 
 means of the mixture 
 and a little boras : in- 
 stead of borax, glass 
 micrht have been used. 
 
 No?. 772,773. Outside and Insido Views of the remarkable Two-handled 
 Cup of pure Crold (Sin-as afii/itKiiireAAoi'), weighing aljuut 1 lb. G uz. troy, 
 contained in tin' l^irge Trojan treasure. (Deptli, 2yft.) 
 
 '» //. xvi. 225-227 : 
 ei'^a 5e' ol SeVcts ecKe r^Tvyixivov^ ovd4 Tis aWos 
 out' afSptDc TTit/^iTKei' a7r' avrov aiOoTra ojyov, 
 ov re Tew crTreVSefT/ce OeoMf^ ore /j.y] Ait Trarpi. 
 But we do not see h(?re that Achilles himself 
 drank after the libation. We are indebted to I\Ir. 
 .J. W. Lockhart for the following account of the 
 doiible-spouteJ boat-shaped bronze vessel, used 
 in a similar manner in the Chinese temples, and 
 refiresented in the engraving No. 77-1; — ''In 
 China there is a vessel of very ni;ar]j- the same 
 shape, but with ears prolonged till they rise an 
 inch above the Clip. The cup stands on three 
 legs, and is, in fact, a tripod. Such cups are 
 usetl in the temples, especially in the ancestral 
 temples of the real religion of China, when 
 offerings are made to the manes of ancestor,?. 
 The cups are fill.-d with wine when placed 
 on the altar before the idol-shrine, or before the 
 
 ancestral tablet ; and the wine is afterwards 
 ]iartlydrunk and partly poured out as a libation." 
 .Such vessels are used in pairs, and our drawing 
 is made from one of a pair in Mv. Lockhart's 
 fiossession. It is of bronze, G in. long and 01 in. 
 high, including the legs. The wiilth is 2 in. 
 between the upright ears, and 2|] in. .at the 
 broadest part. There is rinlv one handle. ]Mr. 
 Lockhart calls attention to the '"key" ornament 
 rriund the cup, which is so well known in the 
 purest Greek art, as a sign <>( t'liinese influence 
 on the art of Western Asia and Europe. l\Ir. 
 Lockhart also reads Chinese characters on some 
 of the Trnjan whorls. I am under a deep 
 obligation t(j i\Ir. Lockhart fiu" his sjtontaneijus 
 ofi'er of this very interesting illtistration of one 
 of the most striking and unique objects dis- 
 covered by me at Troy. 
 
 O 
 
4(J6 
 
 THE TIIIED, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 .'^^ 
 
 
 t 
 ,• 
 
 1 
 
 In tliis sulilerins process tlie Trojans seem to hare been far more advanced 
 tlian the Slyceueans, for on the gohl vessels I found in the royal tombs 
 
 at Mycenae the handles 
 had not been soldered, 
 but merely joined vyitli 
 pins.^ In fact, the only 
 objects of gold found 
 at Mycenae on which 
 soldering is percej)tible 
 are the greaves.^ 
 
 No. 775 represents 
 the globular gold bottle 
 of the treasure. Mr. 
 Giuliano declares this 
 bottle to be of gold, 
 20 carats fine, and says 
 that it has been beaten 
 out of a single plate of 
 gold with punches and 
 hammers. When the 
 bottle was ready as far 
 as the neck, it was filled 
 with cement or clay, 
 and the neck was then 
 beaten out and its rim 
 turned back and bent 
 over again. This Ijottle weighs 403 grammes (6220 grains, or nearly 1 lb. 
 1 oz. troy) ; it is exactly 6 in. high, 5'0 in. in diameter, and has a zigzag- 
 decoration on the neck, which, how- 
 ever, is not continued all round. 
 
 The second gold goblet is repre- 
 sented under No. 776. According 
 to Mr. Giuliano, it is 23 carats fine; 
 it weighs 226 grammes (7] oz. troy) ; 
 it is 3'6 in. high and 3'1 in. in 
 diameter; it has 16 flutings, which 
 Avere obtained liy filling the goldet 
 with wood or clay and then Ijeat- 
 iiig it with a hammer. I further 
 represent under No. 777 a small 
 goblet of the treasure, which, ac- 
 cording to Mr. Giuliano, is of gold, 
 18 carats fine, mixed with silver. 
 It consists therefore of electrum. .x„.t7,. m.-i.,,,.,,- i;.aie or o„m, wogh.n, ai.„„t i it 
 
 It Weighs 70 "rammeS ("2'- oz trov") "'"^'' ™nta™eJ in the lurge Trojan tirasure. 
 
 -,.„.. r ' ' ' ' •■ '' (Depth, 28 ft.) 
 
 ana IS O'-i in. Illgtl and above 2"6 m. -vote. -The ol.jccts seen beloware merely pieces uf 
 
 wood to support it. 
 
 llronzo Clip usoil in China Tor Libaiioiis and Dilnkiog 
 
 ' See my Mijrenrjc, |.p. 232, 23:.!, N03. 340-343 
 
 See my Mijccntw, pp. 328, 329. 
 
Chap. YIL] VESSELS OF GOLD, ELECTRUM, AXD SILYER. 
 
 407 
 
 broad ; its foot is only 4-5tLs of an inch liigL, 1 in. In'oacl, and not 
 level; so that the sohlet can hardly stand on it, and appears to Le 
 
 Is^'o. "i3. 11 lit , 4 ^ 1 y. contaiaed 
 
 ill llic large TiMJan trcusuro. (Depth, 28 ft.) 
 
 No. I "7. A sQ all ' 1 f n ctrum (i c 4 parLsof Gold 
 
 to 1 of Silver}, I. nt 1111 1 m tii lu;^ Tr jun treasure. 
 
 (Depth, 2sft.) 
 
 intended to he pnt down on the month : like the gohlet No. 770, it has 
 10 flutings. Its fijot has been beaten ont of a separate plate, and has 
 not been soldered to the bottom, but merely overlaps it. It bears the 
 marks of the great heat to which it has been exposed in the conflagration. 
 
 As nothing similar to any one of these varions articles of gold has 
 been ever found elsewhere, it will for ever remain a riddle to us whether 
 they were home-made or imported ; but if we compare them with the rude 
 works of terra-cotta or the implements and weapons of stone or bronze 
 found in the third city, we certainly feel inclined to think that they 
 were imported. 
 
 The small silver vase-cover No. 778 is ornamented with an incised 
 zigzag line. 
 
 Under Nos. 779, 780, and 
 781, I represent the three silver 
 vases of the treasure. The 
 largest of them. No. 779, which 
 contained all the small gold 
 articles, is 8-4 in. high and 8 in. 
 in diameter, and has a hollow 
 handle, 5-0 in. long by S'O in. 
 broad. Its lower part is globular, 
 and the foot convex ; the neck 
 
 BLTTi^Ba-frBF" **!« 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Xo. "M. A small Silver \'ii 
 the large Trujan treasui 
 
 ^ Cover; contained in 
 (Deiith, 2.sft.) 
 
 Xo. "79. Large onr-haiidlcii .silver .iiig, cieitaiiied in tlie 
 large Tio.ian tri;a>nre, in vhieh the tniall Ornamcnt.s 
 were found. (De[ith, 23 ft.) 
 
 varies slightly from the cylindrical foi-m. It has been lieaten entirely 
 out of a silver plate into its present form ; there is no soldering except 
 that of the huge handle, the soldering of which to the body of the 
 vase is distinctly visilde. This handle itself must certainlv have been 
 hammered out of a silver pilate and soldered together ; but no soldering 
 is perceptible, even with a powerful lens. The silver vases Nos. 780 
 
4GS 
 
 THE TIIIKD, THE BURXT CITY. 
 
 [CnAr. TIL 
 
 ami 781 are also glolmlar, witli a neck Yaryiug from the cylindrical 
 toriu. The hirmer is 7'-l ni. high an'l G-4 in. in diameter. Tlie foot 
 
 >ro, 73n. Silver "\'asp, with .a quantity of copper tixeil to 
 its bottom liy tli? into; found in the large Trojan 
 trrasiire. (Hepth, 23 ft.) 
 
 No. 7S1. Silver Vase, to wliicb part of anritbcr Silver 
 Vase is attached by the cementing power of the chlo- 
 ride of pilver; contained in the large Tre^jan treasure. 
 (Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 of this vase is convex, and has a great deal of copper fused on to 
 it, winch must have dripped from the copper objects contained in the 
 treasnre dnring the conflagration. Xo. 781 is 7 in. high and C in. 
 m diameter ; the foot is flat. Another silver vase, of which, however, 
 only portions have been preserved, is cemented upon it,^ All these 
 tliree silver vases have on the outside a thick incrustation, which Pro- 
 fessor Eolierts of the Eoyal Mint has found " to consist of chloride of 
 silver, which can, in most instances, be easily cut with a knife, and resem- 
 lles horny chloride of silver, which may be deposited from solution in 
 translucent layers." To tliis chloride of silver adhere wood-ashes, clay, 
 and very small stones, probably the detritus of bricks. 
 
 Another fractured silver vase, 4j in. high and broad, with tubular holes 
 for suspension on the sides, may l>e seen cemented to the copper plate, 
 Xo. 782. Tliis plate is 2-r)ths. in. thick, G4 in, broad, and 17'6 in, long; 
 it has a rim l-l(Jth in. high; at one end of it there are two immovable 
 wheels with an axle-tree. The plate is very much bent in two places ; 
 the curvatures can only have been produced liy the heat to which the 
 oliject was exposed in the conflagration. 
 
 Tliis remarkable object lay ou the top of the whole mass; hence I 
 suppose it to have been the support to the lid of the wooden chest in 
 which the treasure was packed, and that the two immovable wheels 
 served as hitsps. Professor Koberts, who examined this oliject care- 
 tully and analysed a fragment of the silver vase, writes to me as follows 
 on tin; subject: — "The small portion of metal 1 mm. thick from the 
 fractured silver vase, No. 782, consists of three layers; a central one of 
 
 ' The cause of this cementin.c -will be explained presently. 
 
Chap. YIL] 
 
 COPPEK PLATE : SILVER VASES. 
 
 46Q 
 
 silver, aboiit 0'2 mm. tliick, the external layers l.ieing cliloriilo of silver, 
 in •(vhieli grains of sand and earthy matter are imbedded. The cementing 
 
 Xi'. ^82. Curious Plate uf Caliper, h;v\ing prubiiblj' si;rvcj tis a siippcirt of tlit \vuoiIi.'ii lid <it' tbt cliett, witii two 
 immovable discs, which may probably have served as hasps. A Silver Vase is cemented on it by the action 
 of the chloride of silver and the oxide or carbonate of copper. Fonnd in the large Trojan ti easure. (Depth, 2S ft. ) 
 
 action of this chloride, so beautifully shown in many of the silver articles, 
 is interesting, and is specially remarkable in this object, in which a vase 
 of silver is cemented to an article of copper. In other examples sand, 
 charcoal, and shells adhere tenaciously to silver articles by the pseudo- 
 rnorphous layer of chloride of silver in vyhicli they are imbedded." 
 
 Nos. 783 and 784 represent the two pretty silver vases of the treasure, 
 which have rather an Egyptian form. They are, however, Trojan, for 
 the former has on each side of the body and of the cap-like cover one 
 
 ^ " i 1 1 r "\ th ca]js, iind tubular riu^s Inr susiieiision with strings. 
 
 \ " V ^il r ip 35 in. high and nearly 4 in. wide. 
 
 N V ^ 1\ r I I h (t/)taA>jX with a buss in the centre. 
 
 ILe 1 ur 1 J Lts \ 1 jnt Lin 1 in tlu^ large Trojan treasure. (I'eptb, 2y ft.) 
 
 vertical tubirlar hole, vfhile the second has on each side of the body and 
 the cap two vertical tuljular holes, for suspension with a string, a system 
 which is not found m Egypt. Both vases have been hammered out from 
 
470 
 
 THK THIRD, THE DURXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. A' II. 
 
 plates cif silver in the muimer already described. There is no soldering 
 abuut them, except the projections with the tiibnlar holes on the sides. 
 The caps only are covered with chloride of silver ; the vases themselves 
 are free from it. The smaller vase is G'S in. high and .3-2 in. thick in 
 the body ; the larger, <S in. high and 3-6 in. thick in the body. 
 
 The silver goldet, No. 785, is- ?j\ in. high, and has a mouth 4 in. in 
 diameter. It is thickly covered with chloride of silver. Much better 
 ]n-eserved is the flat silver cup or dish ((j^uiXv) K"o- ''^^X which is 5{, in. 
 in diameter, and has a boss (ofj,(j}a\6^) in the middle; it has little or no 
 chloride of silver. 
 
 The next ol)ject I took out was a package of the six blade-like ingots 
 of silver, which I represent here under Nos. 787-792, which were stuck 
 
 ■ Nos. 181-192. Six blade-like Ingots of Silver (Tlnmeric Talents ?), contained in the large Trojan treasure. 
 
 (Dr'],lll, 2j ft.) 
 
 togetlier Ijy tlie cementing action of the chloride of silver ; I have sepa- 
 rated thein not without difKculty. Professor Eobierts, who kindly analysed 
 a small portion of one i:if them, sends me the following note : — 
 " "Weight of portion suljiuitted to analysis: 0'640S gramme. 
 
 Analysis :— Silver . . 
 Cojujcr 
 Oolil .. 
 Iron . , 
 Lead .. 
 Nickel 
 
 0.5 -CI 
 
 3-il 
 
 17 
 
 traces. 
 
 The amount of lead present points to the silver having been purified 
 IjV eupidlatiiiii. Alhiys of silver are known to -\'ary in composition 
 throu,!j;]iout the mass, liut it is probalde that tlie results of the analysis 
 fairly indicati.' the amount of precious metal iu the talent." 
 
CiiAP. Vn.] THE SIX SILVER " TALENTS." 471 
 
 The six pieces of silver before ns are iu tlie form of lar^e liuife-Llades, 
 liaviny cue end roundoil, and the other cut into the form of a crescent ; 
 tliey have all Leen wrought ^vith the hammer. The two larger blades are 
 8-(J m. long and 2 iu. broad, and weigh respectively 190 and 183 grammes. 
 The next two pieces are T'-l in. long and I'G m. broad; one of them 
 weighs 174, the other 173 grammes. The two remaining pieces arc 
 nearly 7 m. hmg and l'^ in. broad; one of them weighs 173, the 
 other 171 grammes.'' 
 
 Are we to see m these six ingots of pure silver Homeric " talents " ? 
 These latter could only have been small, as, for instance, when Achilles 
 offers for the first prize in the chariot-race a woman, for the second a 
 horse, fVir the third a cauldron, and for the fourth two gold talents." 
 
 Professor Sayce sends me the following interesting note on the subject 
 of these six curious silver wedges : — 
 
 '■In the An-idemy of Nov. 22, 1870, Mr. Barclay Y. Head shows that 
 ' the silver mina of C'archemish,' the Hittite capital, menti(jned on an 
 Assyrian tablet, is identical on the one side with the Babylonian silver 
 mina of about 8656 grains troy (.jGl grammes), and on the other with 
 the mma in nse in Asia ]\Iinor. The Lydian silver money of Croesus, 
 says Mr. Head, ' follriAvs this so-called Babylonic silver standard, fifty 
 staters of Croesus, each weighing 173 grains (11 '2 grammes), making 
 one Babybmic silver mina of 86-"i6 grains. 
 
 " ' Xevertheless, that this Babylonic silver mina was in use throughout 
 Asia Minor long Isefore the age of Croesus for weighing bullion silver, 
 may, I thint, be inferred, not only liccause the earliest silver coins of 
 nearly the whole of Asia Minor are regulated by it, Init from the fact 
 that it was also in use among the Phrygio-Thracian mining tribes, 
 who must have brought it over with them from Asia, together with 
 the worship of the Phrygian Bacchus, when they separated from their 
 brethren of the same stock who remained behind. More than this, 
 I believe that there is proof positive that this weight was used in the 
 Troad at the period of the biurial of the treasure discovered by Dr. 
 Schliemaiin. There are in that treasure six wedges or bars of silver, 
 about 7 or 8 in. long by about 2 in. in breadth. These weigh re- 
 spectively 171, 173, 173, 174, 183, and 190 metric grammes. 'J he 
 heaviest and liest preserved appears to have gained slightly by <"ixy- 
 dization and incrustation at one end to the ainouiit of about 40 or 
 50 grains troy. Supposing its original weight to lunx' lieen aliout 
 187 grammes, or 2885 '4 grains troy, what else can tliis lie but precisely 
 the third part of the Babylonian silver mina of 8656 grains ? That these 
 bars or wedges are thirds and not halves or fourths is, to my mind, a 
 
 ^ Tho twi laj'f^est weigh, respectively, a little /fai i^iiroV wTc^efza ouQjKai€tKijalfLiTpoi\ 
 
 over and a little Ull'ler G nzs., and the otlie'r feur tw TrpuJTa' ■ o.rap av Tcf Sfur^pw 'ltv-kuv ^(^-qk^v 
 
 are a little ^iver bh ozs. troy. The gramme is e|eTe", adfiTjTTii', fipitpos i^dovov Kveovaaf ■ 
 
 15'4:32o5 grains; that is, a little less than aurap rw rpiraTW aTrupoiy Kar4dy}Kt \^(3r}Ta 
 
 2.-,i i^rains. Ka\6y, T^traapa j-L^rpci H^x^-^^'^'^^-^ A€vKut' t 
 
 = Z/. .\.\iii. 2G'2-270: aiirwr 
 
 'liTTriEviTLF /j.ef Trpoira TrodojKeatv ayKa aetJAa ret' 5e T^raprw O'lKt; Sno xpurri^To ra.AoMTO., 
 
 O'^Ki yuvaiKCi ayiaSaL aiiv^oi'a ^pyc I5v7ai' -Tre/.tTrrw 5' aa(pit)(EToy <jndKip' dni'payTOi' kO-qK^v. 
 
472 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUKNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 stron.f,' point in favour of their being fractions of the Babylonian mina, 
 the shekels of this standard being very generally divided by three, while 
 those of the Phoenician standard are halved and quartered. 
 
 " ' Dr. Schliemann calls his wedges Homeric talents, but, be this as 
 it may, tliey are certainly thirds of the Eabylonic silver mina of from 
 S645 to 8G5C grains. If my proposed identification of the mina of 
 Carchcmish with the mina in use in the Troad about the fourteenth 
 century i;.c'. be accepted, may it not prove suggestive when considered 
 in connection with the Egyptian test (the poem of Pentaur), in which 
 the people of Ilion, Pedasos, Dardanos, Mysia, and Lycia are mentioned 
 as allies of the Kheta (Hittites) in their wars with Piamses II. about 
 the same period ? . . . When, therefore, we find a particular silver mina 
 specified m Assvrian documents as the mina of Carchemish, I think we 
 shall not be wrong in concluding that this is the weight which the 
 Hittites used in their commercial transactions with the peoples of Cilicia, 
 Pauiphylia, Lydia, Phrygia, the Troad, &c., and that this name was given 
 to it in Assyria to distinguish it from the other heavier silver mina of 
 about 11, '225 grains used in Phoenicia. . . . The earliest coined money 
 on this standard is the Lydian electrum of the time of Gyges. Croesus 
 appears to have been the first to strike silver coins on the same standard ; 
 and, as town after town begins to coin money, we perceive that from 
 the Gulf of Issus in the cast to Phaselis in the west, as well as m Lydia, 
 and here and there in Ionia, in Cyprus, and perhaps even in Crete, the 
 earliest coins are staters of 173 grains or fractions of such staters.' " 
 
 Under Xo. 7'.)3 I represent the silver vase found a few days previous to 
 the discovery of the large treasure, and very close to it ; its lower part is of 
 -lobular shape, and its neck slopes outward, like part of an inverted cone. 
 It has been damaged by the pickaxe of the laljourer who found it. Like 
 the other large silver vases, it is covered with chloride of silver ; it is 
 7-2 in. high and 5-0 m. broad. It deserves particular attention that all 
 these silver vases are only covered with chloride on the outside, and that 
 they are exempt from it on the inside. The vase Xo. 703 contained the 
 
 -\... V;i3. 
 
 Xos. 70.1,791. Nu.7[)lis.ii lit fll h II wi I h M^r nliin 1 i tli !mU r \ 
 I irtjtb Urb IfLisLii at 1 d pth of _b ft 
 
CiiAP. VIL] 
 
 HELMETS AND SHIELD. 
 
 47c 
 
 elegant cup of electrum, No. 794, -wliich is 44 in. high and o'C in. wide 
 at tlie month. Tliis cup hears the marks of the intense heat to Avhich it 
 was exposed in the conflagration, but otherwise it is exceedingly well 
 preserved. Only its irpper part is externally covered with a thick in- 
 crustation; for the rest it is of a dazzling white, lioth outside and inside. 
 Electrum, which, as hefore mentioned, occurs three times in the Odyssey, 
 is a word unknown to the Iliad; hut we find in the latter'-' the word 
 i]\€KT(x>p for " sun." It, therefore, appears that the poets intended to 
 indicate by i)\ticTpoi> a substance capalile of being compared in brilliancy 
 with the sun. 
 
 Together with this latter vase was found a helmet, luit so much 
 destroyed by the chloride of copper, that it fell into minute fragments 
 when it was being taken out, and it cannot be recomposed. Only its 
 upper portions, Xos. 795 and 790, have been preserved. I shall revert to 
 these in the subsequent pages, when I come to discuss similar portions 
 
 r-^ _ 
 
 No. 707. 
 
 Xn. 733. 
 
 Nos. 705-710 FraRmcnts of r.rnnze 
 Hflmet, fuuud nitli tin silver 
 Vasi .Nu. 7a3. fAlMit 1 ;3 
 actual size. Depth, 23 ft.) 
 
 799. A Copper SliieM with a boss (atrTrk 6M'^aAoea■o■a~), found in tbe 
 firge Treasure. (I leptb, 23 ft.) 
 
 of another helmet, represented under No. 979. Nos. 797 and 79S appear 
 to be also fragments of the upper portions of helmets. 
 
 No 799 represents the large copper shield of the treasure (the aairi, 
 Sf.4,aX6eaaa of Homer) in the form of an oval salver, m th,^ middle of 
 which is a large boss encircled by a small furrow (avXa'^. ihis shield is 
 
 « li. vi. .'•)1.' 
 
474 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUKXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 a little mijre tliaii 2(J iu. in diameter. It is quite flat, and is surrounded 
 Ly a rim (uvtu!;) lo- in. liis'li- The' Ijoss (6fx<^a\6q) is 2'4 in. Ingli and 
 4'4in. in diameter ; tlie furruw encircling it is 7'2in. in diameter, and is 
 .3-5tlis in. deep. It lias evidently been composed of four and jjerhaps five 
 pieces. First tlie liigli projecting Ijoss (ofj^cfiaXos) was Leaten out of a plate, 
 witL the furrow and a lugfi liorder round it ; round this was soldered a plate 
 ill the form nf a flat ring, and round it the high protruding rim (avrv^), 
 oil which a narroAT strip of thin copper plate was again soldered all round. 
 This shiidd (if copper, Avitli its central lioss and the furrow and rim so 
 suitahle for holding tos'i.dher a covering of ox-hides, reminds ns irresistibly 
 of the Seven-fold shield of Ajax: "Ajax came near, hearing before him 
 his tiiwer-like copper shield, covered with seven layers of osdiide, the work 
 of Tychms, the best of artificers that wrought in leather; he had his home 
 ill Hyle. He made him the easily-wielded shield wdth seven-fold hides of 
 fat liulls, and laid over them an eighth plate of copper." ' It is equally 
 striking to compare this shield of the treasure with the description 
 of Sarpedon's shield, with its round jilate of hammered copper, and its 
 covering of ox-hides, fastened to the inner edge of the rim fiy lone 
 
 g(ddell rods.^ 
 
 Xo. 800 marks the copper cauldron of the treasure, with two horizontal 
 handles, which certainly gives us an idea of the Homeric Xe/S?;?. It is 
 
 fOO. Great Cupper CauMrnn (As/J^v), rnntainr-d in the large Trojan tri:.asure ; 
 fuund at adeplh of 2< ft. 
 
 l(;-8 in. in diameter and ryC, in. high; the liottom is flat, and is 8 in. in 
 diameter. This cauldron shows the marks of the fearful conflagration, 
 and near flu;' handle, on the left side, are seen two fragments of fironze 
 wi^-i.]ions (a lance and a liattle-axe) firmly fused into it. It deserves par- 
 ticular attention that whilst m Mycenae there is hardly any soldering, and 
 
 ■ //. vii. i! 10-223: 
 Alas 5' eyyuflei/ 7)A6e (p^poiv (to-Kos, T^uTt ■ndpyoi', 
 Xri^Knoy, eTrTa/3"6i0F, S oi Ti/xi'"S Ka/ie Tivxuiv, 
 (TKUToriiJ.oiv ix apiaTO^,"r\T! (Vi ohtia vaiaiv, 
 us 01 eTroiTjTei/ ad.Kos omiXov kirTa^iv^iuv 
 Tavpijif (^a.Tpfrpiu.'i', tVl 5' iySoijv 'qXaai X'aAnro'f. 
 
 Com[iare al^o vr. 24.a-247. 
 
 5 //. .\ii. 20-1-297 : 
 auTiKu 5' afTTrt'Sa ^tej/ TrpoaO' ^(TX^'t'O ivavTOa kla'^lJ 
 
 ^Aacref, ei'TOfffef 5e /3o6ias pd^iE 9a^€Las 
 Xpva^LTjS pdP^oiiTi SiTji'e/i-eViJ' Trepl kikKov. 
 
Chaf. til] copper CAULDP.ON ; BIKJNZE LANCE-HEADS. 
 
 ViO 
 
 the (litferent pieces of which the C()]->per cauldrons consist are all joined 
 togctlier with pins, here at Troy wc see only soldering, and nothing 
 fastened together with pins. As the two handles of the cauldron before 
 us were too thick to be easily soldered on, the two ends of each of them 
 were sawn into or split, and then the rim of the vessel was placed in the 
 opening and soldered on. 
 
 We find Xt'/5?/Tes- mentioned ten times in the II iad, usually as prizes in 
 games ; ' also as presents.'" The Xej^ij^ had the value of an ox ; " only once 
 we find it used as a cauldron.^ In the Odi/ssei/ it is for the most part irsed 
 as a washing bowl, m which the hands were washed before the meal and 
 at the sacrifice. It was often of silver and ornamented;- it was also of 
 copper and used for a foot-bath.'^ Mr. Philip Smith observes to me, that 
 " among the tribute received by Tliutmes III., apparently from Western 
 Asia (the name of the country is imperfect in the record), was ' a brass 
 cauldron, the work of Kefthu.' '' This special mention of it, as an article 
 of fjreign workmansliip, may be compared with the value evidently set on 
 the Trojan cauldron, by its preservation in the treasure." 
 
 Upon and beside the gold and silver articles, I foirnd in the treasure 
 thirteen bronze lance-heads, more or less fractured, five of which are 
 shown under Nos. SUl-SO.j and one under 81-j. They are from 7 to aliove 
 12i-in. in length, and from 1'6 to '2'4in. Ijroad at the thickest point. 
 At the lower end of each is a perforation, in which, in most cases, the nail 
 or peg which fastened the lance-head to the wooden handle is still sticking. 
 The pin-hole is clearly visible in the lauce-head Xo. 805, which the con- 
 flagration has fused on to a battle-axe. 
 
 The Trojan lance-heads were therefore quite different froirr those of 
 the Myceneans,"' as well as from all those found in the Swiss Lake- 
 dwellings,'' in the tombs of Fronstetten,'' in those of Hedingen,- Eliingeii,'' 
 Kotlienlachen," Laitz,^ and many other sepulchres in Clermany, Austria, 
 and Italy,"^ at Hallstatt,^ in Denmark," and in Hungary,^ all of which have 
 
 » //. xxiii. 2.:i9 : 0^1 xix. 4-00 : 
 
 I'-QQi!) S' fKipup asSAa, Xili-r]T6s re TpiVoOtis Tf. eV 5e A6'/3r)Ti TreVfF kWj/jt), /(ai'ax'7fE 5e X"-^'^"^- 
 
 xxiii. 485 : * Erun'sch, JJist. vf E'j;i}'t, vol. i. p. 3Sj, Ed','. 
 
 ^Evpu vvv^ 1) Tpl-nooos TrepLBu}/j.^9oy 7?e Kffirjros. trans., 'IwX cil. 
 
 '" //. i.x. 263, '3'i:> : ^ See my ll'i/ccnae, pp. 278, 279, lig. 
 
 UTreVx^TO Bojp' ^ Aya.jj.4fj.i'o:u^ iN'i. 441. 
 
 '^ \\^:ii'i- C,r^\^^^ Mocrin'jcn rt Anrcmti:r,V].\\-.^ 
 
 atlujva.s Se \fl3i]Tas teiKom, SiiSeKa 'Ittttovs. Nns. 1, 8-ri. FerJinan^l Keller, J'fil/ilh<iiilcil, 
 
 " ri. xxiii. 885: rii. Berieht, I'l. iii. Nos. 14-, 18. 
 
 KaS Se A<F(3r)T' aTrvpov, fifths a.S;iov, a.vBilJ.ud'Ta. ' L. Linilenseliiiiit, JHc I'lilcrldiuUschen Altcr- 
 
 ' //. xxi. 362: t/iiiijicr, I'l. iii. K"S. 27 arel 2S. 
 
 i'? oh A6/37)F ^et evoop, ^Tr^iyu^^fOS ^vpl TroAAip. '^ Ili/'J. I'l. i\'. Kiis. 2, 0, 1'*, 13., 14. 
 
 -' 0,1. i. 136-138: » /'"''■ J'l. vii. X.is. 3, 4, 9, 11, 12. 
 
 Xepi'iS'^ 5' aiJ.tp'nTo\os trpoxov eVe'xeue (fiipovaa '" Ihid. I'l. xii. Kn. 1(.). 
 
 k:i.\t) xpucreiT? uTrep apyvpioio \il3r]Tos, ' /'/"-'. PI. xii. Kns. 5-7. " H'lJ. I'l. xxxix. 
 
 pi]hatJ0at • ^ ^'P I'ri'ili. vna SackeMl, This iiraUfcld rail 
 
 ■.m,\ IJJ. iii. 44(1, 441 : Ilnllshdt, I'l. vii. N(,3. 1, 3-6. 
 
 Xe>>'i/3a S<= <T<p"' KpriTos (V avdipiuevTi Ae,3?iTi •■ .1. J. A. \V^r.^aae, Is'vniishc Oldsivjcr, PI. 38 
 
 fjXvOfif eK 6a\d^oL0 (pepaiv. anil 82. 
 
 3 (f,i^ ^jx. 386, .387 : ^ Josejih IInni])eI, Antlqnitt'^ j'ri'h/'stnririncs 
 
 "ns ap' (tp-q ■ ypri'vs 5e KelSriB' sA€ Trajj.(pai'6uivTa, do la Hoivjrif, PI. ix. Kiis. 1-6, and I'l. xv. N.i. 1 : 
 
 Tov iriSas e^a;reVi ^'fr, vTjwp 5' ip^xf-va.TO irovKv. .'nal C'ltaloijvc dc I' Expnsd.hm prrhisioriquc, p. 25, 
 
 .\n. 10; ji. 27, X"s. 13, 14. 
 
47(J 
 
 THE TIIIKD, THE BUEis'T CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 No. 804. 
 
 Xop. S01-S04. Truj ui LanCL--Iie;id3 ut Bronze?. 
 
 So, 805. Bronze Lance .and Battle-a.xe fused togclher by the conflagration. The pin-liule of the kmce is 
 
 visible. (Nearly 1 : 3 actual size. Derth, 23 ft.) 
 
 Ko. aOi. 
 
 «» 
 
 \ 5 vOC-JPO Tliij:! 
 
 .N.w, Mo> an I 01 I V I I si .111 
 (\ iiU J J lelua 
 
 1 n lus i n t tl by tlie tin 
 11 ith -Hit) 
 
 a tiibc in Vi'liicli tlie wooden lancc-sliaft was fixeil. The Homeric lance- 
 lieaJs seem to liav(; liatl a similar tube in wliicli the shaft was fixed, for 
 
Chap. A'IL] 
 
 BEOXZE BATTLE-AXES. 
 
 the poet says : " And the brain ran out from the wonnil ahiui:;- the tulje 
 of the Linee." " But the British Museum and the Louvre eontain in their 
 collections several specimens of Lronze lance- 
 heads found in tombs in Cyprus, -^diich are 
 identical -u-ith the Trojan lance-heads.' 
 
 I further tocdc out from the treasure four- 
 teen battle-axes of bronze, of vliich I represent 
 four entire ones under Nos. 8(111-809 and a 
 fractured one under Xo. 810. They are from 
 G'4 to r2'4 in. long, from half an inch to 
 4--Tths in. thick, and from l'"2 to 3 in. broad. 
 The largest of them weighs 1305 grammes, 
 or about 3 pounds av(:iirdupois. M. Ernest 
 Chantre, Assistant Director of the Museum 
 at Lyons, sent me the result of the analvsis 
 
 of these battle-axes made Ijy the famous cliemist, 'M. Damour of Lyons 
 I had drilled two of them and sent him the drillings: — 
 
 (Xearly 1 3 
 
 Tr ]m B 11? x 
 t 1 7 I 111 
 
 ft.) 
 
 Xo. 1.— Drillinpr.s from one of tho battle-axes of the treasiiie : — 
 
 For analysis 
 
 Deducting the sanil contained in it 
 
 Analysed metal .. 
 
 Tliis consists of copper 
 Do. do. tin 
 
 Xo. 2. — Drillinirs of another battle-axe from tlie treasure: 
 
 Grammes. 
 • 3020 
 0-0160 
 
 For analysis 
 
 Deducting tlic sand contained in it 
 
 Analysed metal 
 
 This consists of copper 
 Do. do. tin 
 
 0-2800 
 
 In 
 In 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Grammps. 
 0-2740 
 0-0110 
 
 OOnO part 
 
 O.'.SO 
 
 0:!S4 
 
 0-2S.10 
 
 
 
 9;!G4 
 
 Grammes. 
 ■ 2970 
 0-0020 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-29,^.0 
 
 
 Grammes. 
 
 o--2t;75 
 
 0- 02.5.0 
 
 0000 part 
 
 90G7 
 
 0S04 
 
 0-29:-iO 
 
 
 
 O.'-.l 
 
 I have still to mention a curious sling-bullet of copper ore which was 
 analysed by M. Damour of Ly 
 
 jVous with the following result ;- 
 
 <■' //. xrii, 297 : 
 iyKecpaKos 5e nap' auXuv avfSpafxev t'f cireiAvjj. 
 
 ' Profes.sor Virchow kinJly calls my attentiein 
 to Eran.s Petit Album Jc I'A.jc du Bronze dc la 
 Grande Bretagne, London, 1876, PI. xi., where a 
 series of similar blades, called there " couteaux de 
 poignards," are represented. I'.ut, in myopnmm, 
 similar -n-eapons can never have been used ior 
 anything else than lances ; for a dagger we ne- 
 cessarily must suppose a handle such as we see 
 
 on the real daggers Nos. 811-814, 901, and 927. 
 As the blades before us (Nos. 801-805) do n.it 
 fulfil tliis indispensable condition, they cannot 
 lie (biggers. Professor ^'irchnw adds that sin-)ilar 
 Idades occasionally occur also in Germanv, but 
 that the lower end of them is usually bi-nad and 
 has two perforations for fixing in the lance-shaft. 
 He showed me, however, in his own collection a 
 lance-head fuuml cin the island rif Rngen, which 
 is perfectly similar to the 'I'lojau lauce-heads. 
 
47S THE THIIID, THE BUENT CITY. [Chap. YIl. 
 
 '•' Drilliuo-s of one of the Trojiiii sling-bullets, externally covered with 
 verdigris, and internally of the colour of iron. 
 
 Analysis. 
 Quantity of aiuilyseJ ruetal 
 
 Consisting iif sulphur 
 
 IJO. CopiKT 
 
 Do. iron 
 
 Do. qnai'tzoso .. 
 
 iranim"'.^:. 
 
 
 02-HO 
 
 
 
 In 1 -0000 part. 
 
 0-0470 
 
 = 0IU50 
 
 0- 11120 
 
 = 0-796G 
 
 ■ 0002 
 
 = 0-0008 
 
 ■ 000.5 
 
 = 0-0020 
 
 0-2:-197 
 
 = 0-9944" 
 
 Professor W. Chandler Eolierts, of the Eoyal Mint, vvdio also liored two 
 of tliese battle-axes and analysed the drillings, writes to me that one axe 
 ,-rave — fii'd the otlier — 
 
 95-41 roppLT. 03 • SO copper. 
 
 4 -:'.'.! tin. 5-70 tin. 
 
 99 -SO W>-50 
 
 He adds that he hnind them free from zinc. 
 
 Tlie lance-heads have not lieen analysed, but we may with all pro- 
 liability suppose that they are of bronze, since the battle-axes, which are 
 fifty times heavier, are of that metal. 
 
 Professor Yircliow kindly calls my attention to the compte rendu of 
 the Perlin Anthrop(dogical Society of 29tli July, 1876, p. 8, where a 
 perfectly similar battle-axe is represented, which was found, together 
 with five similar ones, at a dejith of 3 ft., at P>ythin, in the duchy of 
 Posen. All these six axes consist of pure copper. Yirchow says tif 
 them: "Their hum approaches most to that of the ancient stone axes. 
 It is true that they are not so massive as the stone axes generally are, 
 Ijut this was not necessary when metal was used. Such a form might 
 pass as an excellent proof of how the stone form has gradually been 
 transferred into a metal form, and how people manufactured of metal an 
 im]demrnt analogous to the stone axe." 
 
 Battle-axes of a like form, of pure copper, were also found in 
 Hungary.'"' My honoured friend. Professor James D. Butler, LL.D., 
 kindly sends me his learned dissm'tation ^ on the pre-historic antiquities 
 of AViscousin, illustrated l)y excellent photographic plates, on which seven 
 similar liattle-axes of y)(fy-e cirpper found in AYisc(Uisin are represented. 
 
 Similar battle-axes occur, though very rarely, in company with silex 
 saw-kuives and axes of diorite, in India. The British Museum contains 
 in its collection of East Indian antiquities 9 perfectly similar bronze 
 battle-axes, found at (ningeria in the Mhow Talook district of Burrha, in 
 Central India; their length is from 20 to 28 in. The British Museum 
 Contains also 2 In'onze battle-axes, in all respects like the Trojan, found at 
 Tel-Sifr in Babyhuiia,. The Ethnographical and Pre-historic Collection of 
 
 ' .liiscpli lh\m\«:\, Aiilliiitilh jirchistur. dc la nual Address before the State Historical .Society 
 lI'Hujftr^ I'l. viii. Xos. i:;, 1,'.. of Wisconsin, in tire Assembly Chamber, Feb- 
 
 ■' Jiiiiics li. Butler, rrc-liistorio Wisconsiit, An- ruary Is, 187G. 
 
Chap. VII.] ANCIENT SOURCES OF TIN. 479 
 
 General Lane Fox m the South Eensiugton Museum contains 7 bronze 
 battle-axes of an identical shape, fonnd ui tombs in Cypriis. Further, 
 2 exactly similar battle-axes, found in ancient Egyptian tombs, are pre- 
 served in the Egyptian Collection in the Louvre. At Mycenae I found 
 only one such battle-axe ^^ and the fragment of another. These Trojan 
 bronze battle-axes are nothing but exact copies of the primitive stone 
 battle-axes ; only they have been made longer for greater convenience and 
 usefulness, as they could then be more easily fastened to the wooden 
 shafts and could be used on both sides. 
 
 Having described the battle-axes of the Trojan Treasure, which have 
 been proved to consist of Ijronze, it may not be out of place to discuss 
 here the important c^uestion, whence the pre-historic peoples, and par- 
 ticularly those who now oecuiiy us — the inhabitants of the third, the burnt 
 city of Hissarlik — obtained their tin. M. Burnouf,'- judging from the 
 resemblance of the Greek word for tin (icaa-criTepo^) to the Sanscrit 
 " kastira," thinks it probable that they received it from India. But 
 Professor Sayce observes to me: ^'Kastira is as little a Sanscrit word as 
 KaaaiTepo^ is a Greek one, and both seem borrowed from the same sou.rce. 
 Tn Arabic l:azdir is ' tin,' in Assyrian Jrizasaddir, and in the primitive 
 Accadian of Babylonia lasduru or hazduru. The Arabic and Assyrian 
 may be borrowed from the Accadian, but more probably both words, 
 together with the Accadian, the Sanscrit and the Greek, have been 
 imported from a common source, which was perhaps one of the early 
 languages of the Caucasus, where ancient tin mines have been found." 
 Sir J. Lubbock, on the other hand, thinks it more probalile that the 
 ancients obtained tin through " the Phoenicians from Cornwall :" he 
 says, "As Cornwall, Saxony, and Spain^ are the only known European 
 sources from which tin can be obtained in any quantity, the mere pre- 
 sence of bronze is in itself a sufficient evidence, not only of metallurgical 
 skill, but also of commercial intercourse." ^ 
 
 Again, in another passage : " Unless the ancients had some source of 
 tin with which we are unacquainted, it seems to be well established, and is 
 indeed admitted even by Sir Cornewall Lewis, that the Phoenician tin was 
 mainly derived from Cornwall, and consequently that, even at this early 
 period, a considerable commerce had been organized, and very distant 
 countries brought into connection with one another. Sir C. Lewis, 
 however, considers that the tin was ' carried across Gaul to Massilia, and 
 imported thence into Greece and Italy.' * Doubtless much of it did in late 
 times come by this route, but the Phoenicians were m the plenitude of 
 their power 1200 years e.g., while Massilia was not built until GOO n.c. 
 Moreover Strabo expressly says that in early times the Phoenicians 
 carried on the tin trade from Cadiz, which wo must remcmljcr was nearer 
 to Cornwall than to Tyre or Sidon. We are, therefore, surely quite 
 
 " See my Mijcenac, p. 306, No. 4G3. ' rre-historic Times, p. il. 
 
 ' Memoires siir I'AnUiuM; Paris, 1879. ^ Mr. Philip Smith oljservcs to mv "that the 
 
 ^ Tin is said to have been anciently obtained account of the overland tralhc between Britain 
 
 in Pannonia, near the modern Temesrar, but I and the Greelc cities of Southern Gaul, giren by 
 
 do not know ivhether the mines were extensive. iJiodorus and Strabo, refers clearly to the time 
 
 See Howorth, Stockholm Pre-historic Congress, of those writers, and we have no evidence of 
 
 p. 533. its high antiriuity." 
 
480 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 justified in concluding- tliat between B.C. 1500 and B.C. 1200 the Plioeni- 
 ciuns Avere already acquainted with the mineral fields of Spain and Britain. 
 Under these circumstances, it is, I think, more than probable that they 
 pushed tlieir explorations still farther, in search of other shores as rich in 
 miiii.Tal wealth as ours. Indeed, we must remember that amber, so much 
 valued m ancient times, could not have been obtained from any nearer 
 source than the coast of the German Ocean." 
 
 I may add that the general use of tin in remote antiquity could not 
 be lietter proved than liy its frequent mention in the Homeric poems, as 
 well as in the Old Testament. That its mixture with copper was also 
 known at a very remote age, could not be better shown than by the 
 weapijiis of bronze found even in the third, the burnt city of Hissarlik. 
 But in the classics the fact of its Ijeing a mixture of tin and copper is 
 seldom nieiitiDned. Polyaenus informs us that Perdiccas being short of 
 silver cmns had a coin made of tin mixed with copper.'* Aristotle 
 mentions that the copper of the Mossynoeci was said to be very brilliant 
 and very white, not because tm was mixed with it, but because a sort 
 of earth was added to it and calcined with it. It was said that the 
 invent(jr of this alloy did not teach it to any one: for that reason the 
 first works of copper made m that country were superior ; those which 
 succeeded were not so good. 
 
 Copper (probaldy bronze) was highly prized in remote antiquity, and 
 constituted, next to gold, or perhaps even more than gold, the principal 
 form of wealth. Thus we see in the Iliad Ulysses offering to Achilles on 
 the part of Agamemnon, in order to appease his anger, to fill his ship 
 after the capture of Troy with all the gold and bronze it could carry.** 
 But Achilles refuses, saying that he will take with him gold and red 
 bronze, as well as women and grey iron, which fell to his lot.' According 
 to Bucretius,^ lironze was in remote antiquity valued even more highly 
 than gold or silver. 
 
 Eossignol '■' is of opinion that " to consecrate the remembrance of the 
 services which the primitive copper had rendered, and the high value 
 which men had attached to it, religion affected at a later time to use it, as 
 Macrobius says.'" A law of Nuina ordered the priests to cut their hair 
 with scissors of copper, and not of ircm." ' Piossignol ^ also explains the 
 etymology of the word " bronze " from Irunus aes.^ 
 
 ^ iv. 10. li : Tlf^poiKKa.s, XaKKid^vai TroK^jxuiv Xoc poterant pariter durum sufftirre laborem ; 
 
 apyvpov I'Qjj.iap.aTus anifpov/xf^i/os x^^'^^'^^'"-^^^ Xam fuit in pretio magis aes, aurumque jacebat 
 
 Ka'Trrirfpoi' exapa^e, Kal ouTojs -f'jv p.iaQo(popa Prnpter iuutilitatem, hebeti mucrone retusum." 
 
 Tms fTrpaTidtrats. " Zt's Me'taux dans l*Antiquite, p. 219. 
 
 ' /t. ix. liTO, 2S0 : "> Saturn, v. 19. 11: " Omnino autera ad rem 
 
 yria aAis X9^^^^ ^"^ x^-^^^^ vr\r\cra.(jdai divinam ideraque aenea adhiberi solita, multa 
 
 uTeASwi/^ (1t€ Kfu dar€wfiiE9a AtjIS' 'Ax^iot. indicia sunt." Profess^ir Sayce suggests to me 
 
 " //. ix. dr,",-3G7 : tbat arnra must mean here "bronze," not 
 
 aKKoif 7} eVOeVSe XP'^^^^ '^^■'^ x^'^'^o^ ^pvQpov " rrip])Gr." 
 
 7)5e yvvOAKas eii^ajcous tvoKujv t6 aLO'qpnv ' I.vdus, de ]\[cns. i. ^^l : Kal tovto 5e irpos 
 
 d.^Ofj.ai, a<Ta^ ^Aaxi^^ 7^. Toii Novfxu Siajedenai, wtTTC rovs iepeis x^^'^^^^ 
 
 '^ \ v. 12d8-rj7i>: il/aAi'iTir, 6.XK' ou criST^pais anoKELpeiOaL. Here 
 
 '^ Keo niinu^ argento faccre haec auroque para- no doulit, also, ijronze is meant, 
 
 liaiit, ' Op. cit. p. L>71. 
 
 Quarn Yalidi primum vif^lentis virilms aeris : ■" " Bn/n".^, iusrns color, subniger, nigricans. 
 
 Kequir-i|naTn. i|noiiiatn eeleliat victa potestas. 0:ill. Uruii, Ital. I'rnnn. Clrrm. Urnnn . . . ^\c 
 
Chap. VII.] AXCIEXT METALLURGY. 481 
 
 Francois Lenormftut ^ is of opinion tliat " the Arjran tril_ies wliicli 
 peopled Greece and Asia Minor seem to liave had almost no kncnvledse of 
 metals at the time of their arrival. AVe have the proof of this in their 
 language, in which the names of the metals are not those found among 
 the other peoples of the same race and which all liave in comninn ; 
 in fact, their names fir metals have for the most part been borrowed 
 from foreign sources. So xp^ao^. ' gold,' is the Semitic hJiaroufs, and 
 was manifestly impiirted Ijy the Phoenicians. The name even of the 
 mine and of luetal in general (/xeTaWov) is the Semitic matal. Xo 
 satisfactory Aryan etymology can be found for ■^uXko^, ' Ijronze/ while 
 this word has a finite natural relation— and this is a fact accepted l:iy 
 philologists as strict as il. llenan— with the Semitic root lilialaq, indi- 
 cating ' metal worked liy the hammer.' The origin of the name ^aXKo^; 
 would thus a]ipear to indicate the source whence the Graeco-Pelasgic 
 peoples received a knowledge of the real alloy of bronze, after a first 
 age of pure copper and a certain number of attempts to find the 
 proportion of tin which was to he mixed with it, — attempts which must 
 have resulted from the desire to imitate more perfect models of metal- 
 lurgy, which had probaldy Ix'cn brought fri")m another quarter. I may 
 add that the very fact, that there was tin to alloy with copper in more 
 or less suitable proportions, proves that the people whose vestiges we 
 are studying had a foreign commerce. Tin is one of the metals which 
 are the least generally difl'used in nature. At Hissarlik, the two nearest 
 points from which its ore could be imported were the Caucasus and 
 Crete, where deposits are found in the mountains of Sphakia. I am 
 inclined to think that it was brought from Crete, this being the Clearest 
 point. For the rest, it is certain that from the remotest antiquity there 
 was a certain maritmn.' intercourse, Ijy means of a coasting trade still in 
 its infancv, from isle to isle, and from cape to cape, between the popula- 
 tions whose civilization was on the same level, and which extended at 
 that time from Cyprus to the Troad." 
 
 But, besides the alloy with tin, the ancients had still another way of 
 hardening their copper, namely, Ijy tempering it in water. AVe find this 
 method mentioned liv Homer: "As the coppersmith dips into cold water 
 the great axe or the hatchet, which violently hisses, tempering it (fir this 
 gives new strength to iron itself)." '' 
 
 In the same way Yirgil represents the Cyclopes plunging the hissing 
 copper into Avater : — 
 
 '■ . . . Alii strideiitia tiuguunt 
 Aorn lacLi."' '' 
 
 Pausanias, also, in speaking of the fountain of Pireiie at Corinth, 
 
 furte .lirtus a pi-RDorum colore, iit ctnsft Octa- ^ Lcs Aiiti'/iu'le's Jr /,i Troaih; p. V . 
 
 viii.s Ferrarius, vel .luoj /;,•./„;.(.■, ieu lorirae, = OJ. is. W'.n-o'd:^ : 
 
 tolorem iv;terat ; unde nostri Ju-vnie in'o acre, uis S' or' au-qp x"-'^'^'^'"^ -niKiKW u-iyav its 
 
 ex quo Bnmeae et statuae eonlieuntur, a cujus aKenaoi'oi' 
 
 colore subfusco, Hmu-y:,- ilicinui-, Itali J////-on- eiV liSari if/uxpi' /S't'^Ti) ^E7a\a idxiCTa 
 
 ^T're, fusco colore illinire, aippinser-'." (Olox-ariura ipapixaaaaiv ■ tIi yap o.vTe aLSi]pav ye updrus 
 
 iiiediae et infimae latinitatis coinlitum a Domino eVTiV- 
 
 Du Cange i Parisiis, 1840, t. i. p. 788.) « Aci. viii, 450; Gconj. iv. 172. 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
iS2 
 
 'j'liE thii;d, the burnt city. 
 
 [CiiAP. YIi. 
 
 says that limnze was dipjicd into it while it was still iynited and huniiug." 
 Piossi,l;"1iii1 "* (|ni)tcs Pollux, "who eoiitirms the passiige of Pausanias by 
 a remarkahle example. Notiemg the use of /Sd^p-i,'; instead of /Sacpii, 
 Antiphon, he ohserves, speaks of the tempering (/iai^K) of copper and 
 irnn." '■' 
 
 I have further to mention the 7 large donhle-edged bronze daggers of 
 the Treasure, of which I represent one under No. 311, 11 in. in length and 
 '2"J in. liroad at the liroadest part. A second dagger, No. 812, "which is 
 1-|- in. broad, has had the point broken oft', and is now only 9 in. long, but 
 it appears to have been 11 in. huig. A tliird dagger (not engraved) is 
 iS'li ill. Irmg, and measures Ih in. across at the liroadest part. A fourth. 
 No. Si;-'!, has become completely curled up in the c(niflagratioii, but appears 
 til hav(j been above 11 in. long. Of the fifth, sixth, and seventh daggers 
 
 IvM5. SU-.SI4. Tnijjij ln,i-( d-r,) l,ronze D.lggers, with houki-d .strms that have biTn fusttiied into nn,,,] i h m li, 
 tlif llaggcr No. SI ! i, . iiilrd up by tlio coiiflagratiuii. J^o. S15. Six Battle-axes, Ilaggciy, and Lariiv-li,-;ids 
 ninltfi, tiigellipr. J,'ns. sic, siT. (Juadrangiilar bron'/.u Bars, probably weapons, with a sliarp nlgo al Iho end. 
 (I : 5 actual size. De|ilh, iS It.) 
 
 I only discovered fragments, such as No. Sid: these are from 4 to 5.', in. 
 hmg. But in the mass of lance-heads and battle-axes. No. 81.3, wliich 
 have been fused together by the intense beat of the conflagration, 
 aiiotlier entire dagger is visible in the front of the engraving. All these 
 ibi.Ugers have handles from 'J to 2-8 in. long, the end of which is bent 
 round at a right angle. These handles must at one time have been 
 
 ii. ■'. '■' : Kal Trjf KoplfOwi' xa\lchi' hidirvpDV ^ Lcs MrfiVix d<n)S V Aiiliqi!:tr, p. 241, 
 
 Koi Uf^pMV ii'Ta I'/vri JiSoTos tovtov tiawTecrBai " vii. lliil: 'AuTitpwv Si etpriKi I3i\pti' x"?^"'}!} 
 
 KfyoL'iTLi'. a'al triS-qpuu. 
 
CiiAP. YIL] 
 
 KO SWORDS FOUXD AT TEOY. 
 
 483 
 
 encased in wood ; for, if the cases liad been made of Ijone, tliey would 
 liave been still ^Yllolly or partially preserved. TIk.; handle was inserted 
 into a piece of wood, so tliat the end projected half an inch beyond it, 
 and this end "was simply bent^ round. I can only represent these sinf;-ular 
 Trojan daggers to the reader, as similar ones have never yet been found 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Of common one-edged bronze knives, like Ko. 95G or No. 907 (pp. 505, 
 507), I only found one in the Treasure. 
 
 I also thought at tirst that I had found in the Treasure a fragment of 
 a bronze sword ; but, as visitors to the South Ivensington Museum may 
 See in my C(dlection, the object referred to is no sword, l:iut merely a very 
 thin bronze saiv: the fragment is nearly 'J in. long and 2 in. broad. If 
 swords had been in use at all, I should jirobaljh' have found swue of them 
 in this Treasure, among so many other weapons ; or at least I should have 
 f luud them elsewhere in this third city, which was destroyed so suddenly 
 and unexpectedly by a fearful catastrophe, that the inhabitants had not the 
 time even to save their treasures, of which ten were left for me to discover. 
 Even with the skeletons of men, apparently warriors, I found only lances; 
 never even so much as the trace of a sword. Neither did I find a trace of 
 a sword even in the ruins of the two upper pre-historic cities. Moreover, 
 had swords been in use, I should prrobaldy have found the moulds in 
 which they were cast; but among the 90 moulds or thereabduts, which 
 I collected, and which have forms for all the weapons I discovered, as 
 well as for (jthers which I did not find, there is not one for a sword. This 
 alisence of swords is the more astonishing to me, as I found hundreds 
 of bronze swords in the royal tombs of Mycenae. Their non-existence 
 at Hissarlik, even in the latest of its pre-historic cities, is tlie clearest 
 proof of the very high antiquity of these rums, and of the great distance 
 of time which separates them from Homer, with whom swords are m 
 common use. But if from the absence of this weapwi, seemingly so 
 mdispensalde, we might be forced to infer a low state of barbarism 
 Troy, our minds are bewildered when we look at the Trojan gold 
 ornaments, which in artistic execution come fully up to those contained 
 in the Mvcenean treasures ; and we are still nicu'e bewildered when we 
 consider the Trojan inscriptions, since written characters were altogether 
 unknown at Mycenae. I may here add that no swords have ever been 
 found m the ancient British tumuli of the Bronze period. 
 
 But I return to the description of the Tro.jan Treasure, fi'om which 
 I also took out the four-cornered bronze l)ar No. KlO, 
 which ends m an edge; it is 15 m. long, and may 
 have served as a weapon. The bronze bar No. 817, 
 wdiich likewise ends in a sharp edge, was f>nnd 
 elsewhere in the burnt city. 
 
 Perhaps the most curious oli.iect I found in the 
 Treasure is the copper (or bronze?) key No. 818, 
 which is 4-2 in. long, and has a head 2 in. in 
 len<?th and breadth ; it greatly resembles a large 
 
 it 
 
 <ir r.naize Kry 
 ised i" liave brluii'^t'd lo 
 rreasurc-chcat. (Nearly 
 actual size. Depth, 2S ft.) 
 
 key of an iron safe. 
 
 Curiously enough, this key hay had a wooden handh? ; there can be no 
 
4.S4 
 
 THE TIIIIU), TJIK JUJUNT CITY. 
 
 [(JlIAl'. VII. 
 
 (Iniilit 111' tiiis, iVom tlic fii,et tliut tlio oiid of tlio stulk of tlio key is Ijf'iit 
 ronml jit n vvAit iuiirlo, as iii t.lic ruse, of tlio (l;i;.f,i4ci-s. AV'o rciul in Iloiiior 
 of II liroiizo ki'V (v/V?/k), witli a liumllo onrnHoil iii ivoi'y, in ilio. IkukI of 
 I'l'iirlopo; Imt tliiit Wiis not like tlio koy licforo iis, liocjiiiso it was in tlio 
 form of onr |)iek-lofks, liavini;', insfoiiil of tlio lii.'aik a. rrookorl liook'.'" AVitli 
 this key — liy nioans of a, liolo into wliioli it was stuck — tlio liaj; (or koltj of 
 tliC (looj- wa,s ]iiislioil lijick.' On tlio otlioi; liamk m tlio Jlidil tin; KXifis 
 is iiioroly tlio liolt or liar wliioli fast/'us two foMino- doors." Of sncli a^ 
 atXi/k I foiinil four spfcinions in tlio thiiil, tlio Ijnrnt city ; two of tlioni, 
 A\liir]i have lioon ab'oaily oni^ravoil in tlio Introduction;' I pickod up 
 at tlic |.;ato itself, tlio lar^'or ono liot\Yi'on tlio two first projections of 
 masonry in coiiimg uji from tlio plain, tlic otlier Letweou tlio two next 
 
 Ivj. 820. I.arp/ SiU-t \';r.f. f.,ii,i,l i„ ihf T;r,v;il H-jii 
 (About 1 : :j ariuul -izc. ivj.lb, 2'Al.] 
 
 No. :1I5. Tr.Jaii Ki-y in fi.rTii of a Bolt. 
 (Aitual bizo. Jl.jillj, -J.; a. J 
 
 " 01. x.o. i;, 7 : 
 ?iAtTo Of KAr)i5' f-jKa/jLTTfa x^'pi ^t/.Yei?;, 
 K-JJ-iji/ XKAKcr/jr • K'Jjirri a' iMiij,aiiT(i% f7r/',ei/, 
 
 ' ",/. vji. 47^ 4-;. 
 
 'j.'Ta TLTvrrKnu.^vq. 
 
 ''lo I'nih). Smith .,], ,^,vos to mo thiit "tho foim 
 
 ol tio/ an. 'lout Eoyptian Irov^ iv.is similar to this. 
 
 (S.o. W,li;n,,o„'., .l,„/o„( JJ.j.:,,U„n::, vol. i. p. 304, 
 .\o. 1_';;, now o,l,t.)" 
 
 - /I. XIV. 1117, lijs: 
 
 T-uKti'a.', oe Oufia."; fnaS/j.'nmi' f^Tr'qfjfT^u 
 kAijiSi KpuiTTj') ■ Ti)i/ 5' ,w tifhi 6.AKiji apSifip. 
 
 ' .Soo .\os. II ,an>l \-l, u. :;i;. 
 
Chap. VIL] THE TIIKEE SMALLER TEEASUEES. 485 
 
 projections. Of tins latter kAt/k a piece is liroken off. A tliird bronze 
 (or copper?) a:\?;(9, found in a Louse of tlie third, the burnt city, at a 
 depth of 28 ft., is represented under No. 819. Both these /cXi^tot? are 
 of quadranguLir shape ; at one end thiidc and gradually tapering towards 
 the other. 
 
 Of objects found in the Treasure, and not represented here, I may 
 mention a copper vase 5.Vin. high and 4viii. in diameter. 
 
 No. 820 is another silver vase found in the royal house. 
 
 I now conre to the three smaller treasures, found at the end of March 
 1873, at a depth of 80 ft. on the east side of the royal house and very 
 close to it, by two of iny workmen, one of whom lives at Yeiii Shelir, 
 the other at Kalifatli. One of them was found in the owl-headed vase 
 No. 282, which was closed by the pointed foot of another vase; the two 
 other little treasures were found, together with the battle-axe No. 828, 
 close by. But as the statements of the laboirrcrs difl'er as to the particular 
 objects contained in each treasure, I can only describe them here conjointly. 
 The two workmen had stolen and divided the three treasures between them- 
 selves, and prolialdy I should never have had any knowledge of it, had it 
 not been for the lucky circumstance that the wife of the workman of Yeiii 
 Shehr, who had got as his share of the plunder all the articles Nos. 822- 
 833, Ijesides two more pendants like Nos. 832 and 833, had the boldness to 
 parade one Sunday with the ear-rings and pendants Nos. 822 and 823. 
 This excited the envy of her companions ; she was denounced to the 
 Turkish authorities of Koum Kaleh, who put her and her husband in 
 prison ; and, having been threatened that her husband would be hanged if 
 they did not give up the jewels, she betrayed the hiding-place, and thus 
 this part of the treasure was at once recovered and is now exhiliited in 
 the Imperial Museum of Constantinople. The pair also denounced their 
 accomplice at Kalifatli, liut here the authorities canie too late, liecause he 
 had already had his part of the spoil melted down by a goldsmith in 
 Een Kio-i, who, at his desire, had made of it a very large, broad, and 
 heavy necklace, with clumsy flowery ornaments in the Turkish fashion. 
 Thus this part of the treasure is for ever lost to science. I can, therelVire, 
 represent here only that part which was taken by the Yeni Shehr thief, 
 because it exists, and everybody can see it in the Constantinople Museum. 
 As both thieves declared separately ijii oath licfore the autjiorities of 
 Koum Kaleh that the owl- vase No. 232, with part of the gold, was found 
 by them immediately to the west of the well (marked az on Plan I, of 
 Troy), and that the two (ither treasures w'ere found clijse liy, and indicated 
 the exact spot of the discovery, there can be no doubt as. to its accuracy. 
 No. 821 is a bar of electrum, OA-iir. long, weighing 87"20 grammes. 
 Each of the ear-rings, Nos. !^22 and 828, consists of 28 gold wires, 
 Avhich are soldered together and bent round in the tV)rin of a baski.'t; the 
 middle wire, which is beaten flat and is as Ijroad as three of the other 
 wires, is ornamented with horizontal incisions ; the wire Ija.skets are 
 decorated with four horizontal plates ornamented with vertical incisions ; 
 to the middle of the upper part of the baskets are soldered the ear-rings, 
 which are flat at the top and decorated with incised vertical and liori- 
 
-18G 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUltXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YII. 
 
 zorital striikc's. Tn tlif lower part of tlie baskets is soldered a Rold plate 
 decnrated "witli lim-ar patterns ; and to this latter are soldered G rings, 
 from wliieli arc suspended as many long chains ornamented Avitli leaves 
 
 sizr. :.'js. ;-j'.i--2-. I'm, llulj I'jir-rinirs, wilh Ir.nfr prn.lnnts; Gold Tipads : a largf' liiijip v! mcllfd Gold, 
 
 h. ptL, :jolt.J nitli iracci of Charcoal in It, a]id a broiizr Uallk-axc-. (Nearly 3; a actual size. Doptb, 30 ft.) 
 
 Ill' laiir-et firm, in precisrdy the same way as tliose of the TrXeKTi] dv(toeafi-ii, 
 Xo. ('1X7, \vitl] the siile difference that the lea^■es are here larger. A large 
 ih'iihlc ]r;it' (if lancet form is siis[ieiid(;d at the end of eacli chain. The 
 lenglh of eacli of these car-rings with the pendants is 10 in. 
 
Chap. A^L] 
 
 OBJECTS IX THE TIIKEB TKEASUIiES. 
 
 487 
 
 Tlie necklace Xo. 824 consists of 70 (]na(lrans-nlar gold beads. The 
 large gold beads, Nos. 82.5 and 826, are m the form of whorls. No. 827 is 
 a lump^of melted gold weighing 97-30 grammes, or a little less than ?, oz. 
 troy. Several pieces of charcoal are visible in it: a large one is seen m front. 
 No. 828 IS a bronze battle-axe, similar to those we have passed in review.* 
 The thieves asserted that they had found the battle-axe together with one 
 of the treasures. No. 829 is a gold bracelet, 3 in. m diameter; it is merely 
 bent together. At the place where the two ends join is a soldered plate 
 of oval form, decorated with incised linear patterns. Nos. 830 and 831 
 are two ear-rings in the form of serpents ; they are hollow, and have been 
 punched out of thin plates of gold and soldered. On the thick end was 
 soldered a thick (puadrangular liead, and on it a grain of gold in the form 
 of a button. On the upper and lower parts three rows of small holes were 
 punched, into which were soldered small grains of gold ; to the thinner 
 end of the serpents was soldered the ear-ring proper. Nos. 832 and 833 
 
 Xo. P2rt. Bracelet of Oold, with an ornamented 
 oval plate. (3 : 4 actual size. Deptlj. 30 It.) 
 
 ■■■^7 
 
 Xos. 330, S31. Gold IJar-riiigs, in tlie fornr of serji'.nt^. 
 (3:4 actual size. Dei. tb, 30 It,; 
 
 Sos. S32, 833. Pcndaiils of Gufl. (3: 4 aclu,!! 
 size, neiitii, 30 ft. 
 
 are gold pendants, consisting alternately of leaves and chains made in 
 the same manner as those of Nos. 685 and 686, which we have explained 
 aliove (pp. 4.5.5, 456). At the end of each is suspended a figure similar 
 in shape to those of No. 687 (p. 457). As already stated, tliere are hmr 
 of these pendants or hangings. 
 
 Both thieves concur in their statement that the otlier part oi the 
 treasures, which was melted down, contained, amongst other jewels, a pair 
 
 •> See Xos. 80C-809. 
 
j:00 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VIL 
 
 of "oUlen ear-rings witli lonp; pendants, like Nos. 822 and 823, and a very 
 large round plate of gold witli most curious signs engraved on it. The 
 loss of this latter object grieves me more than anything else. 
 
 Of "i)ld ear-rings of an identical shape with those figured under Xos. 
 830 and 831, I found one at a depth of 30 ft. in a large bundle of 25 silver 
 l)racelets, v/hich were cemented together by the chloride of silver ; this 
 liundle contained also 4 or 5 ear-rings of electrum, in form like Nos. 
 
 752 to 704. 
 
 The pretty golden hair or breast pins, Nos. 834 and 849 (p. 489)^ were 
 found l:iy me in my north-western trench, at a depth of from 40 to 48 ft., 
 
 exactly 16 ft. below the 
 great Hellenic wall attri- 
 buted to Lysimaohus. The 
 stratum of the third, the 
 burnt city reaches at this 
 point much deeper than 
 usual, and the two brooches 
 certainly belong to it. 
 No. 834 is 3 in. long and 
 very massive, consisting, 
 according to ]\Ir. Carlo 
 Giuliano, of gold 23 carats 
 fine. It is ornamented with 
 a quadrangular plate of 
 gold, Ih in. long and 0'7 in. 
 broad, the lower side of 
 which is soldered on a 
 band of gold, which has 
 been turned at both ends 
 into spirals with 7 wind- 
 ings. On the top has been 
 soldered another flat golil l)and, on which again are soldered G vases of 
 scdid gold, each with 2 handles, placed in such a way that each vase 
 is turned with one handle towards the front ; the covers of these vases 
 are circular. The surface of the plate is divided by five vertical flat 
 bands, soldered on it, into four vertical fields, each of which is filled up 
 with a spiral ornament made of thin gold wire and soldered on. These 
 ornaments are identical with those found by me in tlie third royal tomb 
 f t Mycenae ; '' Itut to enhance the lieauty of this ornamentation the 
 Trojan goldsmith, or whosoever may have been the maker of this brooch, 
 has taken care to represent the spirals m two columns with their heads 
 upwards, and in tv/o others head downwards. The G little gold vases 
 have exactly the shape of the terra-cotta vase No. 201, if we suppose 
 its tlirec foot removed. 
 
 I iound the other gold brooch. No. 840, hardly 1 ft. distant from 
 
 '^os. 831, 835. Brooches of Gold. (3 ; 4 actual size. 
 From tlie Tiojan stratum ) 
 
 ■^ I .nrn oljlic^eil ficcnslonally to refer the reader to other pnL^es on accnnnt of tlic c^ronpintr of the 
 tuts accoi'Jiiic;- to tie; taste of the etigraver. " See my ilijccnac, p. 106, Nos. 29.5, 296. 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 ORNAMENTS OF GOLD. 
 
 489 
 
 Nii. 834; it is somewliat loup;er, but ligliter and simpler. Its upper 
 end is ornamented with a solid gold ball, Ijotli below and aliove wlncli is 
 a spiral decoration, precisely like a Mycenean ornament,' witli tlie sole 
 dift'erence tliat here each spiral has only tour turns. The top ends in 
 
 Ko. S37. 
 
 No. 339. 
 
 Kos. 836-850. GoM Ornaments : Beads for Necklaces, Ear-rings, Ear-rings -with pendants. Hair-rings, and Broociies. 
 (About 3 ; i actual size. Depth, about 26 to 2^ ft.) 
 
 cji object which has a largo flat cover, and looks much like a screw ; but 
 on closer examination we find that it is merely ornamented all round 
 T/ith siz horizontal parallel incisions. 
 
 " See my Mijcenae, p. 19G, Xo. 295. 
 
490 
 
 THE THIED, THE BUENT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. TIL 
 
 Auotlicr trertsnro was found by me on the 21st October, 1878, at a 
 (leiitli of 2ij ft. n ill., in tlie presence of seven officers of H.M.S. Monarch, 
 to the north-east of the roj'al honse (in the phice marked r on Phan I.), in 
 a chamlii'r of the bnihlings which may have been its dependencies. It was 
 in a hroki'n wheel-made vessel of terra-cotta, containing a good deal of 
 powder, chiefly snow-white, but here and there bluish, which lay m an 
 ohlirnie position, aliont 3 ft. above the floor, and must have fallen from an 
 upper storey. The jewels consisted of 20 gold ear-rings, of whicli IG 
 are precisidy similar to those found in the large treasure, which are repre- 
 sented under Nos. 094 and G9o. The other 4 ear-rings, of which Xo, 840 
 is one, are similar in form to those given under Xos. 830 and 831. 
 There were also 4 very pretty gold ornaments, of which I represent 
 3 under Nos. 836, 838, 8o3. Pri'cisely similar gold ornaments were found 
 liy me in the third royal sepulchre at Mycenae.^ They must have been 
 used for necklaces, as they have in the middle a long tubular hole. They 
 were made in the fnllnwinL;- maniK.'r : — To each end of a small gold tube 
 were soldered twcj thin gold wires, which were on either side turned iive 
 times round, and tlie spirals thus formed were soldered together, the 
 outside twist of each being also soldered to the tubie. Of the like pattern 
 is the gold hairpin Xo. 848, from the top of whicli runs out on either side 
 a gold wire, forming spirals with 4 turns. Of a similar pattern is 
 p.nother guld hairpin, Xo. S.'iO, the top of whicli is ornamented with a 
 solid gold Imll, and with spirals on both sides : on the ball is soldered 
 a piece of round L;i"ild Avire, covered with a round plate, so that the ijbject 
 resembles a bottle. 
 
 There Avas also found a very large quantity of gold beads of the various 
 shapes represented under Xos. Sul and 8-j4-8jS, as Avell as of those 
 
 Nos. 851-853. Ohjects of r.r.W anH rnrnrlian fir necklaces. 
 ("About 3:1 actual size. l)c|,||,, -^c 10 2<ft.) 
 
 found in the large Treasure and represented under Xos. 708-738 (p. 400). 
 Tlie shiip(; of the liuttons on the necklace No. 858, of which Xos. 859 
 and 800 are. two se])arate specimens, were found here for the first time. 
 ihey are made of gold ])late, hammered out in the shape of a boss, and 
 
 See my 3[ijccnac, p. lOG, Nos. 297, 299. 
 
Chap. TIL] 
 
 ANOTflER TREASURE DISCOVERED. 
 
 4!:»1 
 
 in tlie cciitro of the hollow an ear is soldered ; the row of dots is of 
 inmcdied work. To this treasure belonged also the bracelets of eleetrum, 
 
 Nos. 8G1 and 802. The former is composed of three turns ; it is 0T6 in. 
 thick, and so small that it could only fit a child's arm. To this bracelet 
 
492 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BURNT CTTY. 
 
 [Gjiap. YII. 
 
 one of the gold ear-rings bad Leen fused in the great conflagration, as 
 well as a large number of the gold beads, and parts of a necklace of 
 
 Kos <"i C2 Tv Brie let fFl trun t r of t\ 1 1 h i large number of silver rings and gold beads, also a gold 
 rr ^ flrl fletr It In firmly attaehed together bj' ibe cementing agency of 
 
 IL b I f 1 r ( 4a J 1 I r^ ^1 J 
 
 small silver rings, which are also cemented together by the chloride of 
 silver; all these objects form, as it were, one S()lid mass wdtli the bracelet. 
 The little treasure further contained 11 silver ear-rings of the same 
 form as Xos. 604, 095 (p. 4'JO), and 75-4-704 (p. 402), except one wdiich 
 resemliles a pair of tongs. This latter is attached by the chloride of silver 
 tci another silver ear-ring, and to two gold lieads. Of the other silver ear- 
 rings also, four are cemented together by the chloride in one packet, and 
 three m another. There are, besides, 20 parts of necklaces, like Nos. 803 
 
 Xo. so:, 
 
 No. 8i;3. A Hi.iriiiii rirEleetrim 
 (Actual size.) 
 
 No?. 863, .'64. Parts of Necklaces, consisting of iniiumerable silv(r rings 
 (eiueiih,! t',-ethc I- Ijy tlje elduride of silver and strung on slicks of ivory. 
 (.';: 4 aOiial size. I)e)itli, 2Kft.) 
 
 and 801, consisting of innumerable silvn- rings, eiich 0-28 in. in diameter, 
 whitdi are stuck together liy thr cementing action of the chloride. They 
 are strung on pieces of a substance which I believe to be ivory, and 
 
Chap. YIL] 
 
 TWO MOliE SMALL TREASURES. 
 
 49.: 
 
 my lamented friend Dr. Edward Muss (in 1878 <.f H.M.S. Besearrh) fully 
 confirmed this. All the parts of necklaces form curA-es, and seem to liuve 
 retained the shape they had when in use. In one instance two of those 
 parts of necklaces are cemented together by means of a silver ear-ring. 
 I further counted 158 similar silver rings, either single or joined Ijy the 
 chloride. In a like manner there were also many parts of necklaces 
 composed of silver heads, cemented together hy the chloride, to which are 
 attached numerous g(dd heads. I further mention a cylindrical har of 
 electrum, l-9th in. long, as well as a hairpin of the same metal, which I 
 represent under No. 8li5 : it has nearly the common form of the bronze 
 brooches, being in the form of a nail with a globular head. 
 
 To the west of the gate visitors see the longest wall of the house of 
 the king or town-chief. It runs paralhd with the great city wall (see 
 Plan I., of Troy), and is 53 ft. 4 in. long and 4 ft. 4 in. high. Near the 
 north-western extremity of this wall, and just 3 ft. above the ground,' 
 I found 111 a layer of grey ashes two more small treasures, both contained 
 in broken hand-made terra-cotta vases, with a good deal of the same white 
 powder Avliich I noticed in the other treasure. Of these vases, the one lay 
 in an oldicjue, the other in a horizontal jiosition, from which circumstance 
 I conclude that both had fallen in the catastrophe from an upper part 
 of the house ; the orifices of the two nearly touched each other. The 
 vase which lay in a horizontal position contained G round and 4 oval 
 beads of cornelian, like those under No. 852 (p. 490) ; a flat plain gold 
 frontlet, having at each end three perforations for stringing them together ; 
 43 large glol)iilar gold beads, like those under N(.). 856 (p. 491), and innu- 
 meralde small gold lieads of various shapes; the gold bar No. 8(1(J, with 
 18 perforations, apparently for suspending orniiments, probably chains 
 with pendants ; a gold plate, ornamented with zigzag lines and crowns of 
 tolerable intaglio-work, but, either by the action of the fire or by the 
 hand of man, this plate has been folded together four or more times, 
 and, as it is very thick, it is impossible to unfold it AVith the hand. 
 
 ho 870 
 
 " 'Hi-''- 
 
 \n. ,S66. Object of G'.M for ^u^ppndiiig omiiments. 
 Niid. 86T~s"2. Six Lumps (jf (.Joli.!. 
 
 (3 : 4 actual size. Deptli, 28 ft.) 
 
 There were also large and small lumps of gold, Nos. 807, 868, 869, 870, and 
 871 ; also a very large one, No. 872, which seems to have been iuten- 
 
 At the jinint markeJ t on Plan I. 
 
4f;4: THE THiriD, TIIK BUr.XT CITY. [Chap. YTI. 
 
 ti(jriallY melted into the sliape of a liell : to this lump has lieen fused 
 lu the riiutlagration a good deal of silver, now turned into chloride. I 
 have also to mention a nugget of silver, which latter has turned into 
 ehloridr, to wliieh are cemimteil ten gold heads of different f jrms ; a 
 Inng quadrangular gold wire, almost in the form of an ear-ring; l-i gold 
 ear-rings of tlio common Trojan type, like Nos. 094, 01)5, 754-7 (Jd ; a 
 gold ear-ring in the firm of a si-rpent, like Xi^s. 840, 841 (p. 4S0) ; and a 
 gold ear-ring m the shape of an inverted vase, to the mouth of which a 
 gold wire witli 21 Avindmgs is soldered (see No. 844). There was also a 
 •Hold ear-ring Avith a, plain pendant and two pointed ends, so that it could 
 lie put tlirou-li the ear hy either of tliem ; further, a pretty gold ear- 
 ring, in the shape of Xo. 847, f.irm(;d of 14 gold wires, which had Ije-en 
 hrnt over in the fii)n of a Ijasket and sohhu'cd together; the inner side 
 had then lipcn smoothed a.nd polished. On one of the external sides it 
 is ornauKnited with one row, on the (ither with two rovrs, of 5 rosettes, 
 with one rosi.dte at the top. To the lower part is soldered a small gold 
 plate, ornamented with five; trian^des hetween two lines — all of intaglio- 
 Avork; and helow earli triani^de is a perf iratioii: from eacli of these latter 
 is suspended a gold chain, covered with 10 gid'l doulde leaves orna- 
 mented Avith dots, and at the end of each chain hangs a gold ornament, 
 much like a Trojan id(jl, liut terminating in fjur leaves decorated with 
 dots. This and all the other articles of e-old and silver I can unf irtunately 
 iiuly show as tliey are; fir, exce'pt the spirals and rosettes, which occur 
 frequently in i\Ivcenae, and also ahundantly in Assyria and Ijahylonia, 
 nothing like these Trojan gold articles has lieen ever found elsewhere. 
 Trofessor Savce thinks the ornanientation with rosettes to have lieen 
 invented in Jialivlonia, to have passed into the handiwork of the Phoeni- 
 cians, and to have lieen hrought liy tliern to the AVest.' 
 
 I further mention an ear-ring of electruin, ornamented with a little 
 crown, in which is lixed a pendant, apparently of silver, f;ir it is much 
 destroyed hy the chloride; to this latter ohject have lieen cemented a 
 silver ear-ring and innumeralih.' silver h(_'ads : also a peinlant of electruin, 
 til Avhich are attadii.'d numerous gold and silver heads: also aliout ten 
 silver ear-rine;s, all cemented together hy the chloride, and covered with 
 gold liruds, winch likewise stick firmly to them; these e[ir-rings have the 
 usual Trojan shape (see N(js. GII4, 095, 754-764) : also a gold disc with 
 i8 incisiiins. Close to the two vases with the jewels there lay ernhedded 
 in the ashes a hronze liattle-axe, 9} in. long, of the common Trojan shape 
 (see Xiis. 800-809 and 8-28), and two of those strange weapons repre- 
 sented liy Xos. 810 and 817 (p. 482). 
 
 Only 3 ft. from tins discovery, Init on the honse-Avall itself and at a 
 depth of 2(j ft. Indow the> surface, there was found another and larger 
 treasure of hronze Aveapons arid gold jewels :''' these latter again more or less 
 emheddeil m tlie same sort of white powder. The weapons consisted of two 
 lance-heiids, like Xos. 80:! and 804, a knife like Xo. 904 (p. 50(j), and two 
 small weiipoiis like Xos. 8l(j and 817 — all fused together in the contlagra- 
 
 ^ Contempornri/ L'rvic":, December 1878. 
 
 ° The jiliuji.' where this treasure was fuun^l is mai'k'' I s on I'laii I. 
 
OiiAP. YIL] 
 
 AXOTI-IER LARGER TREASURE. 
 
 49; 
 
 tion; further, a battle-axe, like those previously described; also a broken 
 copper vessel, with niauy gold beads cemented to the oxide on its surface. 
 It contained the two heavy gold bracelets Nos. 873 and 874, each of wliich 
 weighs^nearly as much as IS sovereigns, and is, according to Mr, Gmliano, 
 of the fineness of 23 carats. They are almost an inch broad, and consist of 
 a thick gold plate, which on No. 873 is piped with gold wire, on No. 874 
 
 «. •■ ..', 
 
 
 ) 
 
 Kos. «;3, b74. GulJ Bracelets, fomul r.n the wall of Ibe lloyal IkiUbC. (7 : S actual i-izc. Ti<j[,th, 2i:,tt.) 
 
 with silver wire. The outside of the former is divided by four vertical rows 
 Ci three rosettes in each, into four nearly equal fields, wdiich are filled up 
 liy two rows of the spiral ornamentation which we see on the Mycenean 
 jewels ; '" and, to enhance the beauty of the bracelets, the primitive artist 
 has taken care to represent the ornament in one row with the head up- 
 wards, and in the other with the head downwards. The one row' contains 
 8, the other 9, of such spiral ornaments ; there is, besides, a vertical row of 
 f.iur of them, and thus all round the bracelet there are 72 such ornaments, 
 made of gold wire and soldered on the plate. The ornamentation of the 
 other bracelet, No. 874, is almost identical w'ith this, the only diflerence 
 lieing that, instead of rosettes, the vertical columns are filled with beads. 
 These vertical columns, of wdiich 5 are to the right of the spectator, 4 to 
 the left, and another 4 on the other side, are bordered by vertical gold 
 wires soldered to the plate of the bracelet. In each central column there 
 is a border of double wires. Each <if these vertical columns has <S rings, 
 except one which has only 7 ; thus they contain 103 rings altogether. 
 The number of spiral ornaments is 54, there being 18 in each field. I may 
 also mention large lumps of melted gold, tme of wdiich is similar to the 
 gold nuggets found in mines ; also a lump of gold, evidently cut from a 
 bar, similar to Nos. 809 and 870. 
 
 Together with these oly'ects was found the lower half of one of those 
 large Trojan goblets of terra-cotta with two handles (oevrct u/j.<piKV'rTi^Wa), 
 
 See my Jl'/ceiiac, p. 19G, No. 295. 
 
i9G 
 
 THE TIirr.D, THE BTTRXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. vn. 
 
 from which IG Ijars of gold protruded, each being 4-33 in. hjng, and 
 having from .32 to C.IJ horizontal incisions. 
 
 I represent here under Nos. 875-877 three of these gold bars. I 
 
 li' I'tli, 20 ft.) 
 
 again ask, if the G blades of pure silver (Nos. 787-792) are not Homeric 
 talents, have we to recognize the latter in these IG gold bars ? Professor 
 Bolierts, of the Eoval i\Imt, who kindly analysed a portion of one of 
 them, Ti-rites to me the following note on the subject : — 
 
 " A very small portion cut from the end of one of the gold rods was 
 scraped clean and suljiuitted to analysis, the weight of metal examuied 
 beiuL!; 2'.j3G grains. It was f lund to contain G.5'lU per cent, of gold and 
 33'42 per cent, of silver, together with minute traces of lead, co[iper. and 
 iriin. but the amount of these metals collectively does not exceed 1'.5 per- 
 cent. The alliiv of which the talent is composed is, therefore, electrum." 
 
 Having pulled these IG bars out of the gollet, I found below tlieni two 
 pairs of very heavy gold ear-rings, of which I have represented one pair 
 under Xos. 842 and 843 (p. 489). Each of them is made of 40 gold wires, 
 soldered together, beaten round, and cut out in the upper part, so as to 
 have the shape of a crown, in the middle of which was soldered the hook or 
 ear-ring proper, at first flat and ornamented with vertical incisions, and 
 taperinii; gradually to the point. On the inner s^le the wires were polished 
 to a. smooth surface ; on the outer side of each ear-ring liasket were soldered 
 four r(:)ws of 7 rosettes, making in all 28 rosettes on each, except on one 
 of them, which has only 27. To render the ear-rings more solid, a gold 
 wire, which may lie easily discerned in places where it is detached, Avas 
 soldered all round the edges. To the lower part of each liasket were 
 soldered two gold plates: (ui that in front we see, lietween an upper 
 border of two flat gold stripes and a lower one of a very narrow stripe, a 
 row of 18 beads snldered mtd grooves ; the other gold plate is not orna- 
 mented, as it was on the side of the head. To each of these plates are 
 fastened 8 rings, made of di.uible gold wire, so that, as there are IG rings, 
 we may with all probability suppose that to each of these ear-rings were 
 suspended IG chains, which must, hoAvcver, have been strung on thread, 
 because they have disappeared; Init the many hundreds of gidd lieads 
 which have remained are silent witnesses to their splendour. The lieads 
 ari' either cpiadrangular and ornamented with incisions, like those shown 
 at Xo. 8.'")5, or of round or oval form, like No. 8-37 or Xo. 721 ; or they 
 Consist of long and very thin rings, like Xos. 894-897. 
 
 I rejireseiit tho otlnu- pair of ear-rings under Xos. 881 and 882. 
 Biith Were made of gnld plate, to either side of which were soldered 13 
 gidd wires; thiui the whole was turned round into the form of a liasket, 
 the h(.iok or ear-ring junper being soldered ou the teip m the middle, and 
 
Chap. YII.] 
 
 GOLD EAE-EIXGS AND OTHER JEAYELS. 
 
 497 
 
 decorated at its lower end with 20 beads soldered into grooves. Each 
 side of both ear-rings was then decorated with 5 rows of 25' beads, soldered 
 
 Xos. ^T^-000. Three Kings for fastening and ornamenling th^.tresses or locks of hair, f mr richly ornamented 
 Ear-rings, and Beads far pendants and necklaces— all uf g_ld. {:i : 4 actnal size. Depth, '2i3 to 33 ft,) 
 
 into grooTe?, between 6 borders of double horizontal wires : thus there 
 were in all, on both sides of each ear-ring, 270 beads. Very simple 
 linear patterns are incised on both sides of the plate in the middle, 
 as well as on the plate soldered below : in this latter there are ,5 holes 
 for suspending ornaments. ?,I. Alessandro Castellani thinks that " the 
 priinitire goldsmiths imitated the tj-pes of the Diademiae, the psendc- 
 Diademiae, and the family of Ecliinae, coyered as these aquatic creatures 
 are with a variety of lines and raised points. It is natural that artistic 
 decoration should derive its elements from surrounding nature." ^'■ 
 
 Mr. Giuliano estimates the fineness of these two pairs of ear-rings to 
 be 23 carats. But the gold beads are of ditferent degrees of fineness ; 
 Mr. Giuliano considers some to be 20, others 18 or only 16 carats fine. 
 This agrees with the analysis made Ijy Prof. Eoberts, who writes to me : 
 "0'0910 gramme of gold beads were found by assay to contain 67-91 per 
 cent, of gold. A single bead, weighing 0-0920 trramme, of richer colour 
 than the rest, contained 75-8 i^er cent, of gold. The standard ot these 
 beads varies, therefore, from 10 to 18 carats. In all the beads submitted 
 to me the colour of the surface of the metal appears to have been brought 
 out Ijy artificial means, and it may be well to remember that the Japanese, 
 
 '' AlessanJro Castellani, at the German Archaeological Institute in Rome, Jan. -3, 1879. 
 
 2 K 
 
4DS THE THIRD, THE CUEXT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 Avliij empl(:iY an intercstiui:;' series of gold alloys, use j^ilum-jiiice vinegar 
 t'Lir tins yiurpiiso."' 
 
 There Avere i'nrtlier fdiuid in this treasure 9 simpler "old ear-rin"s 
 one of Avhieh. Xo. 8--S7 (|i. 4^'.)). is ornamented with four rows of two 
 spirals in each, resenildmg tlmse on the second ^Uycenean tcimhstone.^ 
 Another, Xo, 870 (p. 4lJ7j, has a pendant in the shape of a bell-clapper. 
 Three others have the usual Trojan form of Xos. 694, 69.5, and 754-704. 
 The remaining fnur, of Avhich I represent two under Xos. 878 and 880. are 
 merely spurals with two twists, and, on chiser inspection, I find Loth 
 extremities of them far too thick to he put into the lobe of the ear. 
 They must, therefore, have Ijceii used for holding together the locks of 
 the hair, and they may, in my opinion, perfectly explain the passage in 
 Homer: "Dabbled with lilood were his locks, which might vie with the 
 Graces, and the liraids twined with gold and silver." - I suppose the 
 curious ring Xo. 879, which has no point, could also not have been any- 
 thing else but an ornament of the hair. 
 
 I further collected frcjin the Treasure two gold liars like Xo. 806, the 
 one with 18, the other with '2(1 perforations for suspending ornaments; 
 also 4-j gold liuttous of a semi-globnlar firm, like those marked Xos. 808, 
 8-j9, 800, with an ear in the hollow and a border decorated with 25 dots 
 of punched work ; also a small plain hairpin, like Xo. 805, but AVith an 
 octai^'onal head. 
 
 I have still to mention another smaller discovery of gC)ld, made bv 
 me in Xoveinber 1878, in my excavation on the north side of the hill, 
 exactly at the north-east corner of the brick wall.^ It consisted merelv of 
 a pair of heavy massive ear-rings, like Xo. 841, in the shape of a serpent 
 decorated with three rows of beads soldered into grooves, a small obiect 
 (if silver with six perforations, and a silver jdate of oval form measuring 
 2-4 m. in its broadest part: its length cannot be Avell determined, as it 
 has lieeii folded in the fire and both ends are bent over, but it appears 
 to have been about 5 in. long. Together with these objects were IVnnid 
 hundreds of g(.ild beads, among which are many in the form of leaves, 
 like Xo. 912, with tubular hrdes in the middle. Finally, I have to record 
 the finding of tlie pretty gold hairpin, Xo. 8-35 (p. 488), which exhibits 
 on each side a rosette with eleven flower-petals; but this round part with 
 tli(_' two rosettes consists of two distinct gold discs with no punched work. 
 They were made in the folloAvmg way :— A small semi-glolmlar gold 
 plate was soldered m the centre, and arouml it a Ijorder of gold wire ; 
 then the leaves were formed of gold wire and soldered on svmmetrically. 
 AMieu the two discs had been thus decorated, tliev were ioiiied liy a 
 broad flat g.dd band, which projects slightly over both of them. Tiien 
 this double disc was Soldered on the long pin, the upper jiart of which is 
 decorated with incisions. The pm was then stuck through a flat gold 
 band, wliich was soldered on both sides of the double disc, and coiled at 
 both ends into a spiral with three turns. The pin was further pierced 
 
 ' Spc my J/vfv!.<,-, ],. 81, No. 140. -i .See Plan I. (of Troy) and Sectional Plan 
 
 '■ //. xvii. 51, :,_■: III. 11. 
 
 TXu^^oi 0' v'l xpi"T(i re Ka'i aftyvpw iiT<piiKwvro. 
 
Chap. VII.] 
 
 TWO MOr.E SMALL TREASURES. 
 
 499 
 
 t/\ 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 I i- 
 
 7 
 
 tlirmigh a small goKl disc, wLicli we sec soldered below the gold l)aiid. 
 Lastly, a gold baud was soldered on the top of tbe disc, aud turned on 
 either side into spirals of five tiirns. 
 
 I have further to mention among the discoveries of 1878 the remark- 
 able silver da(j(jer, No. 901, which was discovered in the royal house at a 
 depth of 28 ft. The good preservation of this object, its ^ 
 
 horizontal linos and its black colour, would lead any one 
 to believe that it was of meteoric iron. But Professor 
 Koberts of the Eoyal Mint, who scraped off a little of 
 the thin black layer with which the dagger is covered 
 and analysed it, proved it to be chloride of silver. I may 
 also state that the metal Ijelow the black layer is per- 
 fectly white ; there can, therefore, lie no doubt tliat 
 Professor Pioberts's analysis is correct, and that we have 
 here a silver and not an iron dagger. 
 
 Mr. Gladstone thinks the silver dagger must have 
 been a ceremonial weapon. It is (J m. long, double-edged, 
 and pretty sharp. Near the lower end of the blade are 
 two openings, O'.Jo in. long and 0-12 in. broad, which 
 have probably been made only for the sake of ornament. 
 The end of the long handle is bent round at a riojit 
 angle, which proves that it has been cased in wood; 
 it can hardly have been cased in ivory, as all the ivrirv 
 I found in the burnt city is so well preservi:'d. I have 
 to add that this silver dagger has 
 precisely the form of the daggers 
 found in the large Treasure (see 
 Nos. 811-814). "We may proliably 
 recognize another ceremonial weapon 
 in the gold arrow-head, No. 902, 
 which was fijiind on tlie plateau of 
 the two large walls (tlie Tower). 
 
 Of precious metals, I alsn dis- 
 covered two small treasures during 
 my excavations in 1879. The first 
 of these was found in April, on the 
 north side of the hill, aliout (ili ft. outside the brick 
 city wall (see Plan I., of Troy, the phici; marked »«), 
 at a depth of only loft. Ijelow the surface; it lay on 
 a fallen house- wall, and had probably dropped from an 
 upper storey. As explained in tlie iireceding pages, the 
 stratum of the third, the burnt city does not always 
 occur at the same depth below the surface: witliin the 
 precincts of the burnt city it is generally reached at a 
 depth of 23 ft., but, for reasons before explained, it is 
 also struck immediately below the foundations of the 
 Temple of Athene; and, on the north-east and east sides, outside the 
 brick wall of the burnt city, it generally occurs at so small a depth as 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
 Xo. n02. Flat Piece of 
 Gold, in the form of an 
 Arron"-hf.'ad. Frum tbe 
 Tower. (Nearly actual 
 size. Deptb, 20 ft.) 
 
 No. Oiil D\gj;er of 
 
 Sil\(.T, I iMlaM,\ ii ccre- 
 
 iimni il ■o < upon. 
 
 (ALtuj.1 si/p. 
 
 Depth, 28ft ) 
 
500 
 
 THE THIllD, THE BURNT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 12 ft. Tisitors will have no difficulty in convincing tliemselves of this 
 fact in iny trcuclies. At all events, this appears to lie confirmed by the 
 shaiie of the gidd ornaments contained m this small treasure, all of 
 which are perfectly similar tij those found in the treasures discovered 
 near the royal hmise in the city pr(!per, escejit the gold discs Xos. 903 
 and OOd, I if which three were fininil, and which irow occurred here for 
 the iirst time. But similar gidd discs were abundant in the royal 
 sepulchres of Mycenae ; where, in the third tomb alone, I collected 701 of 
 them.* INo. 903 represents a pretty star flower within a small border, and 
 we see a similar one in Xo. 904 Avithiu a trelile liorder, all in repousse- 
 
 work. It is diflicult to 
 explain how the Trojans 
 produced such patterns. 
 Mr. Giuliano thinks 
 with Mr. Landerer that 
 the gold plate was laid 
 on a block of lead and 
 the ornamentation ham- 
 mered or pressed into 
 iir^s^ #»w "'■'''' P ,43311^ 7 ^*' 111 tlie treasure was 
 
 \^X//7^ V// W^^i "^'^ **^^ '^^^^^ ^-'^'^^^^^^ "-'^- 
 
 nainent Xo. 90o, which 
 is 18 in. long. The 
 upper part, in the form 
 of a basket, is 1'8 in. 
 long and l;j in. broad; 
 it consists of twenty- 
 five gold Avires, which 
 were beaten flat, sol- 
 dered together, bent 
 over, and joined by 
 means of a small gold 
 plate, 0-12 m. broad, 
 and (if two guld [dns ; 
 to the upper burder 
 were soldered tAvn gold 
 liiiiilvs, 2.Vin. lung. One 
 side of the gold liasket 
 is ornamented with 
 three rows of eleven 
 gold rings, and two 
 more such rings are seen on the lovrer part nf the hooks. All these 
 rings were fillcil up with a substance like wliite glass, which seems 
 to liave unci! lind another eohiur, and may jirobaldy have been blue. 
 At till' liiwi'i end is soldered a gold plate, witli ton holes, fnuu which 
 ten chains hang dnwn, eonsisting of double rings of gold Avire, and on 
 
 >,rq lllj, 'ilU lis , .it (,uld-lL,lf, nOlU 
 
 uriiami mi i ( \l i ut halfartu.il siz 
 
 D. ptL, IJft ) 
 
 1 11 lusji iiiliii^r 
 CI : i actual size. 
 
 '' Sue my Mijccnae, pp. 1I35-17-. 
 
Chap. VIL] LKEAST OEXAMEXT, EAU-MXGS, ETC. OF GOLD. 
 
 301 
 
 each link is fixcil a leaf of gold, 0'2 in. in diameter. Eaeli gold cliain 
 Las 155 such links and 155 sucL leaves, and there are, consec[iieutly, 
 
 905 913 907 
 
 Kos. 906-920. Ear-rings Bracelet, Fillef, n^arls fir necklaces. Ear-ring with pcmbnt. all of gold. 
 
 (:j: 4 actual SIZ". Jli'lilli, 2i; to 33 ft.) 
 
 1550 douljle rings or links, and 1550 leaves. At the end of each chain 
 is suspended a gold idol of the nsnal form, with two eyes well indicated. 
 This ornament had not come under the notice of the labourers, and, vnth 
 
oOi 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUEXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. YIL 
 
 15' 
 
 otlier (I'hr/s. it had been put on the wheelbarrow to be shot over the 
 incline ; Init it was discovered by the keen eye of Professor A^irchow, 
 who lifted it from the wheelbarrow and saved it from certain destruction. 
 There were also found the fragments of seven much larger gold idols. 
 Another treasure was htund by me, in the presence of M. BuriKiuf and 
 Professor Virchow, at a depth of 33 ft. below the surface 
 (in the place marked v to the north of the place marked A 
 on Plan I., of Troy), on the slope of the great Trojan 
 wall, close tc) the house of tin.' ancient town-chief or king, 
 and close to the spot where the large Treasure was found 
 in 1873. It Consisted of two gold ear-rings, of which 
 I represent one under No. 920. Both have the usual 
 basket form, and are ornamented with three rosettes. 
 To the basket is soldered a gold plate, ornamented with 
 very simple incised linear patterns. To this gold plate 
 are fixed, on the one ear-ring five, on the other only four, 
 gnld rings; from Avhich are suspended gold chains covered 
 with leaves. 
 
 I further mention the very large gold ear-rings of 
 the common furm, Nos. 90G and 907, of which the latter 
 is ornamented with three rosettes : 
 — anotlier gold ear-ring, just like 
 Xo. 920, but without pjendants : — 
 two more small gold ear-rings of 
 the usual form, of which I repre- 
 sent one under Xo. 910 : — a small 
 gold ring, like Xos. 878 and 880, 
 for holding the hair locks or braids : 
 — one plain gold fillet, 21 in. long, 
 which I represent under Xci. 921 ; 
 it has at one extremity three per- 
 forations, and on the other one per- 
 foration, for fastening it round the 
 head: — nine gold ornaments with 
 four spirals, like X^os. 830 and 83S ; 
 and some smaller ones of the same 
 
 kind, like Xo. 909. Similar ornaments are very abundant 
 in the royal tombs of Mycenae.'' 
 
 This treasure further contained two very large and 
 heavy i;-old bracelets, of which I represent one under 
 X"^o. 918. It consists of a very thick round gold rod, 
 having nf one extremity only an ornament in the form of a flower- 
 liutton. In tlie treasure were also hundreds of gold beads, in the form 
 of rings or leaves, with a tubular hole, like Xos. 911-910, and 885-899; 
 tlie six silver ear-rings, Xo. 922, which are fastened together by the 
 ceineniing action of the (diloride of silver, and to which also many gold 
 beads are stuck; and the large silver spoon, Xo. 923, of good repousse- 
 
 ,1 
 
 Xo. 922. Six SUver Ear-rings, 
 fiisti'ned together by the ce- 
 menting action of the cbloride 
 of silver, many golJ beads 
 sticking to iliem. (Half ac- 
 tual size. I'eptii, 2s ft.) 
 
 No. 921. 1 L t 
 Gold. (Hill act J U 
 size. iJepth, 33 ft.) 
 
 Seo my Jr>jrcnf«\ No. 297. 
 
Chap. TIL] 
 
 SILVER SPOOX A^B GOLD EAGLE. 
 
 Wc 
 
 ATork. Like the shield, No. 799, tliis spoon has in the centre a hirge navcl- 
 like Loss {6/x(paX6f), surrounded hy a furrow (ai'Xnf) and Ly a projecting 
 border. The handle has a floral orna- 
 mentation in intaglio ; its end is per- 
 forated, and has a large ring for sus- 
 pension. The large size of this spoon, 
 and particularly its Loss, make it pro- 
 bahle that it had a sacred use, and was 
 employed for libations. Further, the 
 treasure contained the pretty guld fillet, 
 Xo. 919, wdiich has two perforations at 
 each end. It is decorated, in punched 
 work, with a border of dots, 9 double 
 concentric circles, and 27 yertical rows 
 of dots. There were also found nine 
 gold ear-rings of the shape represented 
 by Xo. 917, which had neyer yet occurred 
 exccjit of silycr (see No. 122, p. 250). 
 They haye the form of a primitive boat, 
 and consist of simple gold plate. The 
 two ends are turned round in the form 
 of spirals, and by the holes of the latter 
 they were suspended m the ear by means 
 of a thin gidd wire. Each of these 
 boat-like ear-rings is ornamented with 
 21 dots made with the punch. There 
 are gold ear-rings similar to those in 
 the gold room of the British Museum, 
 but I could not find out wdiere thej^ came from 
 
 I haye further to mention gold rinc 
 Xo. 8.39 and Xo. 815, the thick ends of wdiich can leave no doubt that 
 they served to fasten and ornament the hair-tresses. Also plain ear-rings 
 like Xo. 810, and ear-rings in the form of a serpent, with a granular orna- 
 mentation like Xos. 883 and 884. 
 
 Among the gold objects found I have finally to mention the pretty 
 eagle, which 1 represent in three different positions, under Nos. 921, 925, 
 920. Its form resembles a pigeon, but the head is decidedly that of an 
 eagle. It is nearly 2 in. long and l^in. broad; the tail has a breadth and 
 length of G'G in. It is made of two gold plates joined by two gold pins,'' 
 and presents an example of pretty good repousse-work. In the lower part 
 of the hollow belly (see X'o. 925) is a round hole, which makes it likely 
 that the eagle was fixed on an object of wood. The upper side is 
 ornamented with linear patterns of intaglio-work ; 
 have also an incised decoration on the reverse side, 
 of the wings reminds us of that d' the d(.)uble-headed 
 sculptures of Boghaz Kioi and Eyuk. 
 
 « This is tlie niily instance at Troy in wliiob. we see metal plates 7iijt sulJered, but juined 
 with pins. 
 
 No. J_j. S| jl ^ll^ I, \,l(li a lar^t onj(iaAO! 
 
 in tliL' iiii'lLllf, Thij baii'lle is ornaiiiL'iiti d ; a 
 rniii f'.ir suspension is attached to its end. 
 (Half actual'size. Depth, 33 ft.) 
 
 With a Spiral ornamentation like 
 
 the wings and tail 
 The ornamentation 
 ea"dc in the Hittite 
 
304 
 
 TUB THIRD, THE BUR^vT CITY. 
 
 No 924 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 ^ 4 h 1 jfU u ( 
 
 tuil li 1 llu . 1 ) 
 
 (i-~~J> 
 
 At a deijtli of from 30 to 33 ft., luimeduitely to the east of tlie royal 
 house, was found the remarkable bronzo dagger, No. 927, which is 
 8-2 iu. long, very well preserved, and of a dark grey 
 colour, just like iron. The blade is •i-2 in. long, and 
 nearly \\ m. vride at its thickest part. The handle is 
 quadrangular, and is decorated with incised triangles, 
 which makes it prol)ahIo that it was not cased in wood. 
 Tlie end of the handle is ornamented Vv^ith a couchant 
 cow (U- ox with long horns. I hold with ]\Ir. Gladstone 
 that this also was a ceremonial dagger, as, on account 
 of tlie cow, it seems too unhandy to have served for 
 comnion use. By the cementing power of the chloride 
 of copper there siick to this dagger five glass beads, 
 which are now white, liut which have apparently once 
 been Idue. Most certainly these glass licads have never 
 served as ornaments of the dagger ; they can only have 
 come in contact with it accidentally : but their presence 
 seems to prove tliat they were in general use here. But 
 were they imported by the Phoenicians or home-made ? 
 
 Under Xos. 02S-';i30, 1)34-930, 940, 941, and 945, 
 I represent some (jf the common bronze })ins or brooches, 
 whicli are found in large fjuantities in the burnt city, 
 and also frequently in all the other pre-historic cities of 
 Hissarlik ; they have a ghiluilar head, and were in use 
 Ijefore tlie invention of the libula. Nos. 939, 947, and 
 9r)l are similar ; the only ditl'erence is, that the head is 
 here turned in the form of a spiral ; but this is hardly 
 visilih', iiwing to the nxidc or carbonatr' of copper wuth 
 wdiieli llie lu'ooches are covered. No. 932 is a brooch 
 Nn. '.lit. DaggfT fif with a dduble S]iiral. 
 
 Nds. 93,1, 933, 942, 944, and 946 are primitive arrow- 
 heads of fjronze or copper. No. 937 is a fish-hook; 
 No. 93S, a curious object of lead in the form of an ear- 
 
 ■?"■' 
 
 IlroiiZ'.'; with a Lilt 
 In the form of a cow 
 v.-iili I-n^' horns. 
 (]]a\\ ;h-Iii;i1 ^izr-. 
 
 I 'I iiiii, :ju t'j 33 fi.) 
 
Chap. VIL] BKOXZE BROOCHES, ABROW-HEADS, KXIVES, ETC. 
 
 506 
 
 ring, but, being far too thick to be stuck into tlie ear, it vcrj^ probably 
 served to, fasten and ornament tlie hair. Kos. 943, 948, and 949 are 
 
 Nos. 923-953. Primitive Brooches, Arrow-hPail? .i IiiEoli, Fangb, \l. of Brotizp. (About half actual size. 
 
 Depth, 21 to 32 ft.) 
 
 rings ; No. 952 is a needle, and No. 953 a prrnch of bronze. Nos. 954 
 and 956 are bronze knives; in the handle of the former may be seen one, 
 
 f . 
 
 Kos. 954-a, 
 
 ,n t t 1 z r I ti 
 
 32 ft.) 
 
 in that of the latter two round heads of the pins by means of which the 
 handles were fixed in the wooden casing. 
 
50G 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUEXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 No. '■'■')') is tlie only liroiizo arrow-head witli barLs ever foiiiul by me 
 ill this tliinl. tbr burnt city, all tlie otlier arrow-heads being of the shape 
 desLTilied before. But that similarly shaped arrow-heads were in use, 
 thon--h irUliout fiarbs, seems also to be proved by the mould Xo. 004, 
 which has the forms for casting them. 
 
 Xo. O.")? is another lance-head of bronze. In its handle may be seen 
 two pm-heads, by which it was fastened to the shaft. No. '.J5S is a bronze 
 battle-axe, with 'a perforation for the handle. Only four were found liy 
 me of the like shape, and all of them m the burnt city. Similar 
 liattle-axcs of bnuize have been f mnd on the Island of Sardinia, and are 
 preserved m the Museum of Cagliari.*' Numerous battle-axes of a similar 
 
 Nos. 95S-9o). A I al 1 rfuratril in tbo nii'Mh?, twn rr,mmori r..(ttlr'-;ixr<, rhrri.' Knives, and jinother 
 
 in trum nt — all uf brunzc. [L : 6 acUuil size. l^i;ptli, 23 tu 33 ft.) 
 
 shape, but of piii-e coi'iper, were huind in Hungary.' Nos. 959 and 9G0 
 represent two more of the bronze battle-axes of the common Trojan shape. 
 Nos. 9G1, 962, and 901: are bronze knives ; No. 963, a pointed implement 
 of bronze. 
 
 Under Nos. 90-3 and 960 I represent two bronze knives of a 
 remarkable form ; bi.ith run out into a spiral. No. 905, which is 
 single-edged, has evidently had its handle encased in wood ; No. 906 
 is double-edged : the singular shape of its handle makes it hardly 
 possible that it can have Ijeen cased in wood. Mr. Basil Cooper calls 
 my attention to the exact Egyptian type in the form of these two 
 knives. I represent under No. 967 one more one-edged knife of the 
 common form. The Trojan knives had in no instance the shape of our 
 present pocket-knives ; they were much longer, had handles of wood, and 
 were worn attached to the licit, as we see in Homer. 
 
 No. DOS is again a bronze lance; in its lower end may be seen the 
 
 ''' Srij A'inci'nzri C'l'os])!, JI Jlfu^co iVAidirJiitu dl pn'historiquc des Mi'sces de rrori,)cr I't dcs Cnlh'C- 
 
 l'<hin,iri : (';i-li;ivi, 1ST-', I'l. ii. Xn<, -I. .'i, 0. On il'nixparticv.Uiresdela Hmvjrir. r,inl;i-l'rsth, 1S76, 
 
 tin- y.\w- pLili- K- nU" s-'i- rqirr,rntr<l, iiii'lrr jip. 139, 14n. X.is. IW. l.-,(i, l,v.' ; aivl .TfL-eph 
 
 .\n. 7, .'\ nniiiM, wilh n Lieil Cir castnn^' a similar Ilampcl, Aiiti'piJtc.^ /jrrlu'sl.u-i.i^ies dr hi. ILi,i,jrlc, 
 
 Ijattloa.xi.'. Esztrrc;iim, 1S70, I'l. vii. Nos. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 
 
 ■ See Ju.-.'|ili Hainiiel, C'tfAvHfifc/'ir.c/.osYmn 14, 15." 
 
Chap. YIL] 
 
 BllOXZE KNIVES AND LAXCE. 
 
 'Ml 
 
 holes for tlie pins by wliich it was fastened in tlic shaft. It was picked 
 ■up by the side of one of the two entire slieletons of men, whicii I found in 
 the room of a house to tlie east of the phrteau of the Tower, immediately 
 
 »>. 
 
 
 Xos. 063-007. Tbrec r.ronzr; Ki flit if a very remarkril.le furm. 
 
 Ko. OCJ. Actual size. Depth, 2-1 fl. No. 906. Vtll u I l tli -1 It. No. 967. 2 : J actual size. Deplli, 23 ft. 
 
 to the north of the nine jars (see Plan I., of Tmy, the place marked c s\ 
 and which appear to be those of warriors, as they had helmets on their 
 heads. One of the skulls was fractured, the other was uninjured; l.iut 
 
 No. 963. Lr n L n f 1 J W 1 H ] 1 s sk t n ( H 11 t 1 z lleptli, 23 ft.) 
 
 this latter was also fractured on its way to London. Professor Virchow, 
 who kindly rocomposed both skulls and made the accompanying excellent 
 geometrical drawings of them (Nos. !)C9^972 and Nos. 973-076), has sent 
 me the following interesting note. 
 
508 
 
 TIJK THIIID, THE LUKXT CITY. 
 ■ DniExsTOXs OF THE Two Skulls (ix JlnxniETRrs). 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 
 Xcs. 0C9-972. 
 
 Kos 973-976. 
 
 LciiL'tli of til'' skull 
 
 193 
 
 191 
 
 (ill atest bi'L-aJtli of tlir tlaiU 
 
 132-5? 
 
 Ml 
 
 Auiionlar lici;,'Lt 
 
 110 
 
 110 
 
 IJivadth of thu frontal liono at its base 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
 Ik'i-ht of the face 
 
 101 •.'5 
 
 106 
 
 Breadth ,, 
 
 
 89 
 
 of lower jaw 
 
 ss? 
 
 77 
 
 Orliit, lai-lit 
 
 — 
 
 30 
 
 „ breadth 
 
 — 
 
 38 
 
 Nose, height 
 
 47? 
 
 49 
 
 „ breadth 
 
 23 
 
 2i! 
 
 Heiihtoftlie alveolar apojihysis of the upper jaw 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 Horizontal cireurnferente of the skull 
 
 521 
 
 537 
 
 From wliicli the foUoTring indices may furtlier be calculated 
 
 
 Xos. 9C9-972. 
 
 Nos. 97:j-9TG. 
 
 Longitudinal index 
 
 Auricular index ... 
 
 Na.sal indi'.x 
 
 Orbitalhidex 
 
 68 -G 
 56-9 
 48-9 
 
 73 -S 
 57-5 
 .'■)3-0 
 78-9 
 
 No. 970. 
 
 N03. 9G9-972. Profeasnr Virdiow's Rcomctriciil drawing of tlio Bkull of one of the two wnrviors fonTi.l. with licln.cls 
 on their henda and a lance-hemi, in the room of a house of the burnt city. (Depth, about :cft.) The deh- 
 ciencies replaced by (^j'psum are iudicited by oblique lines. 
 
Chap. VII,] 
 
 SKULLS OP TEOJAN WAEEIOEE 
 
 509 
 
 " Tlie sknll Xos. 000-072 is evidently that of a male; jmlging from 
 tlio good preservation of tlie teetli-erowns, it belongs to a young man, 
 wlio, however, has had time to wear deeply down the edges of the incisors. 
 The forehead is broad ; the glabella moderately deepened. The vertical 
 cnrve (curve of the vertex) is long and well shaped, witli a rapid falling 
 off of the occipnt, which for the rest is rounded ; lambdoidal suture ser- 
 rated. The eyebrow projections arc strongly developed ; maxillary bones 
 quite orthognathous ; the chin projecting, In'oad and angular. The middle 
 of the lower jawbone above the chin is inflected; the upper alveolar pro- 
 cess very low. The upper part of the nose is narrow, the spine much deve- 
 loped. The face is somewhat coarse and narrow, with deep Fossae caninae. 
 
 Xo. 973. 
 
 No.Ol'J. 
 
 No, 975. 
 
 No. 9J6. 
 
 YO' »7->-97C Profc^or Virchow's ctcomctrical .Ii^nvinij of tho skull of the r.ther of tlio two warriors foinid. with 
 ' helmets 'on their^hcads ami a lance-head, in the roo,„ of a l.ouse of the hurnt city. (I.epth, ahout -^6 ft.) Tho 
 deficiencies replaced by gypsum are indicated by Mt.pi.: liiie=,. 
 
 "The skull Nos. 07:^-076 is proTialily that of a young man, though it 
 has a very delicate apuearance. The. superciliary arches are slight ; tho 
 frontal and parietal tubera distinct, but not strongly protruding; the 
 teeth liut little worn down. It is distinguished by a continuous frontal 
 suture and prognathism pretty strongly developed. Tliougli almost the 
 whole occipnt and the right side had to be artificially reconstructed, m 
 conseciuence of which the uncertainty of the measuring is great, yet tho 
 

 
 10 THE THIED, THE BURNT CITY. [Chap. VII. 
 
 cliief results rnuy be considered as trustvrorthjr. On the whole, the skull 
 is narrow and hi,L;-h ; its greatest heigdit is two finger-breadths behind the 
 coronal suture. (Jwing to the restoration, it broadens perhaps more than 
 is necessary towards the back and below. In the Norma, tetuporaJis it 
 apriears high and long. The face is moderately high; less coarse than 
 the preceding, luit not pretty. The nose appears to be broad ; its back 
 especially is somewhat Hattened at its beginning. The eye-holes are low; 
 the Fossae caninae deep; the mcisors large; the alveolar apophysis of the 
 upper jaw projects (jldicpiely. The lower jaw is strong; the chin broad 
 and projecting ; the alveolar part of the lower jaw is on the whole some- 
 what bi'ut forward; high processes; low coronoid apophysis. 
 
 " AYhile the two male skulls have many resemblances to each other, 
 they are essentially distinguished from the female skull (^Sfo. 147). This 
 is hraclujceiihuJir (index 8:2 ••3), while the two others are distinctly stamped 
 doJicliocppliaJir, with an index of GS'(i in the hrst, of 7.3-8 in the second. 
 Probaldy tlndr narrowness has been partly caused by the pressure of the 
 masses of earth which lay upon them, and somewhat higher numbers 
 ought ti") be taken ; but this makes no difference in the contrast between 
 the skulls. It is only in the prognathism that the skull Nos. 973-976 
 approaches the female skull Xo. 147, whilst the strongly orthognathic 
 skull Xos. 9(J9-972 is in contrast with both. 
 
 " Th(3 question whether all three skulls belong to the same people, 
 is difBcult to diH'ide on account of such great differences. If the progna- 
 thism is re^ardi'd as an ethnological criterion, then the conclusion must 
 Ije that the male skull, iNos. 9G9-972, must Ijelong to a people different 
 from the other two. On the other hand, it is evident that the form 
 of the skull iiiilicates rather a relation between the two male skulls 
 than between them and the female skull. It is true that the female sex 
 inclines more to prognathism, and in many races the female calvaria 
 appears shorter and liroader than the male ; Init still the difference in the 
 cephalic index (82 • n — 73 • 8 = 8 • 7) is so considerable that it cannot lie 
 referred to a mere difference of sex. Thus Ave are led naturally to the 
 cp.ii'stion, wdietlier we have not here liefore us the remains of a mixed race. 
 In this respect it must not be overlooked that all three skulls present in 
 a striking manner the appearance of the bones of a race in an advanced 
 state of civilization. Kothing of the savage, nothing massive in the 
 formatiim of the bones, no particularly strong development of the 
 apophj'ses of the muscles and tendons, can be observed. All the parts 
 have a smooth, fine, almost sh'iider appearance. It is true that all 
 three skulls have belonged to youthful persons, or at least to persons but 
 little advanced in age, and many a protuberance would perhaps have been 
 further devi.doped had they grown older. But with savage races the 
 bones acquire earlier a greater thickness and ruggedness, and it is there- 
 fore most natural to infer that the ancient owners of these heads belonged 
 to a settled people, who were acquainted with the arts of peace, and who, 
 through intercourse with distant races, were more exposed to being 
 mixed 111 b]o(_id. 
 
 " Of course these remarks can only be offered wdth great reserve, as in 
 
CiiAP. TIL] CHARACTER OP THE SKULLS. 511 
 
 all t-lu-cc skulls decay had readied sncli a deftTce, tlmt the recemposition of 
 the fragments, particularly of the face, hy no means excludes the possi- 
 Lility of arbitrariness. Each of the two male skulls has, under my 
 direction, heen taken to pieces and reo imposed six or seven times; 
 nevertheless I canmit say that I am satisfied with the result. But 
 at last I have terminated the attempts at restoration, hecause, as large 
 pieces are missing, a certain arbitrariness on the part of the restorer 
 cannot be avoided ; besides, at least in the mam points, it cannot bo per- 
 ceived that a fresh restoration Wduld give an essentially different result. 
 The dolichocephalism of the male and the brachycephalism of the female 
 skulls' would surely as little disappear as the orthognathism of the one 
 and the prognathism of the two other skulls. 
 
 " The temptation is very great to make further suppositions regardino- 
 
 the extraction of the individual persons and their social position. This 
 
 temptation, I believe, I must resist, because our n^al knowledge of the 
 
 craniology of ancient peoples is still on a very small scale. If it were 
 
 correct that, as some authors suppose, the ancient Thracians, like the 
 
 modern Albanians, were brachycephalic, we might perhaps connect with 
 
 them the people represented biy the brachycephalic head from Hissarlik. 
 
 On the other hand, the dolichocephalism of Semites and Egyptians would 
 
 permit us to go with our dolicephalic skulls from Hissarlik to so distant 
 
 an origin. But if liesides the skull index we take into consideration the 
 
 entire formation of the head and the face of the dolichocephalic skulls, the 
 
 idea that those men were members of the Aryan race is highly jileasing. 
 
 Hence I believe the natural philosopher should stop in the face of these 
 
 problems, and should abandon further investigation to the archreologist." 
 
 The skull Nos. 977, 978, wdiich was found in the third, the burnt city, 
 
 in a jar, together with ashes of animal matter, is, as Pmf. A^irchoAV 
 
 informs me, that of a woman, probialdy of a " young maiden. Its tj'pe 
 
 is a very characteristic female one: the bones are fine; the form is 
 
 very pleasing. Corresponding to the jn-oncjunced dolicliocephaliG index 
 
 of 71'3 (greatest length 188, greatest breadth lod mm.), tlie JSIornia 
 
 vriiicalis IS long and oval ; the Norma tem[ioraJi.s extended, with a long 
 
 and soinevidiat flat vertex-curve. The auricuhir height is 111 mm. ; 
 
 according to this, the auricular index ainnunts to 57, wdiich is a very low 
 
 measure. In the same way the Lambda-angle is low and very obtuse; 
 
 the forehead low, falling off distinctly and rapidly from the vertex-curve; 
 
 tjie orbital edges quite smooth. The Hatni\i fi'untaliA is cuntinuous. 
 
 Compared with the other skulls, we hud a great contrast to the female 
 
 skull, No. 147, which is lirachycephalic; but, on thr, otlicr haml, a near 
 
 approach to the tw'O male skulls, especially to Nos. 909- 972. There can, 
 
 therefore, bo no objection to join these three skulls in one group. In 
 
 connection with this it is not without importance that the new skull, as 
 
 well as the skull Nos. 973-976, has an open Siiiura frontnJis. 
 
 " liCfrarding this skull, I can only repeat wdiat I said of the lirst 
 skulls; namely, that the bones give one the impression of a delicate, 
 civilized, settled population. If this population were pre-eminently a 
 dolichocephalic one, then we have the choice between Aryan, Semitic, and 
 
312 
 
 THE THIRD, THE liUENT CITY. 
 
 [Chap VH. 
 
 perhaps Hamitie races. A definite decision on this point cannot j-et 
 be made from a purely anthropological point of view, but I may say 
 that the last skull can haidly be distinguished in the midst of ancient 
 
 Greek skulls." 
 
 Ko. 973. 
 
 Xos, 97 T, 9 73. Skull fnunJ in ajar, tujetber with asbe> uf aiiimal matter, proljaljly Luman athc?, at a depth of 23 ft. 
 
 Professor A'irchow kindly sent me also the following note on the 
 skeleton of a f i^dns which aa^.is f:iun;l in a vase in the third or burnt 
 city : — '• This skeleton is very defective, because there are only a few frag- 
 ments of the head, breast, pelvis, hands and feet. On the other hand, tlie 
 upper find lower extremities as far as the hands and feet are pretty 
 complete. Their l>ones give the following measurements : — 
 
 ' 0.S bumtri 
 ITiia 
 I!;id:u.3 
 
 rum, 
 
 r.C) 
 :;i 
 
 Os fuiuoris 
 
 Tibia 
 
 Fibula 
 
 " It may, therefore, be a fcetus of from 6 to 7 months." 
 Unfirtunatidy biitli the helmets, which Avere on these skulls, had been 
 so much destroyed by the chloride of copper, that they could only be 
 taken out in small fragments, Avhicli arc too much corroded and too fragile 
 to be rccomposed. 
 
 The upper portions of fioth helmets have, however, been Avell pre- 
 served; and these parts form the ridge; (ipuXo::), in which the horsehair 
 plume (Xocpo^ 'iTrTToupK), so frerpiently mentioned in the Iliarl, was fixed.*' 
 Ill liotli cases the cfx'iXo^ consists of two pieces, such as we have seen uiiiler 
 iNos. 7'Jo-79y, and as I have recomposed them m Xo. 979. The reader 
 
 " iii, 362 ; iv, io'J ; vi, ; xiii, 1:12 ; xri, 21(5. (' Sr.iro.l at the brnzeii mail aii^l horsehair plume, 
 
 Jlr, Thilip .Siiiitli s:ivs m liis f'nd-note at Tlitit waveJ terrilie nn the crested lielm,') 
 |i. 2^1 (it ']/■':"/ 0,1'^ it:: lo'ui'ilns : ••W-w cidnei- " Xn suoli ]'binieii iielmets are fniinl arnfint; tlie 
 
 dences have struek us more than the e"m|iarison remaius of ■ ]a-e-hi.sti:iric ' harljamus races. The 
 
 cf these helmet-crests with the fref|uent allusions sl;eletons, witli file helmets an<l lances beside 
 
 in llohiei', esie;eially where ' Ilrrtor of tlie tlieiii, licar strikiu"- \^ itness to a citr taken by 
 
 oiiieiio;- hclmet-cre-t ' (ifopueoioAos"E/fTa'p) takes stonn. In Homer, the Trojans, under the 
 
 oir the lodmet that iViLddencd hi,s c'nild ( A/, yi, commnnd of the ' crested , Hector,' are ' valiant 
 
 ■^'^'^b hlL) : witli lances' (Me,"aoTes ^yx^'^T^fJiy, //, ii. SIG- 
 
 T0.p!ii)(Tas x«Afy^ Te tSe Xi'jcpov (TrTrioxaiTTj;', yl8)," 
 
 h^U'uu a.iT a.KpoTC.Tr]s ic/i^vdos v^vovTP. vorjcras. 
 
CiiAP. VIL] 
 
 A TROJAN IIELMET-CKliST. 
 
 5i;j 
 
 will sec in the lower portion a round boss; this is the head of the copper 
 nail by Avhich the piece is transfixed : the point of the nail on the other 
 
 No. 970. (a) The iipri 'T ana (b) lower iii.'ios ..f a Tro.i;in llrlmct- 
 crest (-^aAo?) placed tC'gc'llier. (c) A .^miill piece of the Helmet 
 lemains ;.dbeiing to tlie lower part of the Crest. A pin, 
 fivtened to the front of the part h, niny be seen protrndiug on 
 the opposite side. (About half actual size, llepth, about 2t; ft.) 
 
 No J ( t ( 1 I r 1 ^ f I 1 I 
 the 11 I t r t \ I 1 It t I 
 1 nlj I t 11 
 
 side is merely l.ient round. As to the place into which the X6<f>o<; tTTTroupf? 
 was inserted and fixed there can he no douht, hir the opening at the top 
 of the ridge can have served no otlier purpose.'' By tlie side of imc! 
 helmet I fVnind the ccipper ring No. '.ISIJ, by the side of the other the 
 frar'iiient of a similar riinij. I am at a loss to say how those rinc;s could 
 have been connected with the helmets. 
 
 Under Xri. !isl I represent six primitive lironze brooches, of which 
 only two have gloliular, the others flat heads. They had been stuck 
 
 No. 951. Six C.^onze Droouhes, st 
 carliei! 
 
 : tte_of her in tiie lirdlow of a bone, and cemented together by Ibe oxide or 
 efcopp'.r. ('J ; ti actual size. Depth, lit ft.) 
 
 together into a hollow bone, and are consolidated liy the cementing action 
 of the oxide or carbonate. This is the sole instance of brooches with flat 
 heads in the burnt city. 
 
 No. 982 marks an oliject of bronze in form like a small coin. On the 
 front side it is slightly concave, and represents in very low relief a little 
 figure, in which, by the help of what we have learned from those on the 
 whorls Nos. 1S2G, 1883, 1071, 1994, we see a man with uplifted arms. 
 On the reverse side this object is cjuite flat; we only see there a single 
 dot. I think that, with all its resemblance to a com, this oJiject cannot 
 he one, for nothing else like it has ever been found m any one of the 
 
 " A similar contrivance is also seen on the gold beal and a golj ring. See my .l/yft'/iKC, 
 helmet of a warrior in the intU'jVujS of a Jlyceneaa p. 174, No. 'I'li; p. 2'j:;i, No. :v:,:,. 
 
514 
 
 THE THIRD, THE BUKXT CITY. 
 
 [Chap. VII. 
 
 historic cities of Hissarlik. Besides, coined money vras still iinknown 
 
 pre 
 
 even in the time of Homer 
 
 No. 983. Object lit 
 
 Bronze in shape of a 
 
 coin, (.\ctnal size. 
 
 r)ci.tli,2:jlt.) 
 
 Cuiioop (!)IJ cr i>f a wLitc Pulislaiice, with tijree pcrlorations, 
 {S : 4 actual size. Deptli, 2tj to 33 ft.) 
 
 No. 983 is a very curious object of a perfectly ■^vhite substance, ■with 
 traces of blue colour on the outside. It has nine semi-globular pro- 
 jections, a linear ornamentation, and at one end one perforation, at the 
 other two, Ijy ^yhich it was pinned on another object. I, therefore, hold 
 it to have served as an ornament of a wooden box. In the fracture it has 
 quite the appearance oi gvpsum, and it is much softer and lighter than 
 Egyptian porcelain. As nothing like a similar paste has ever been found 
 by me, and also on account of its blue colour, which never occurs else- 
 where at Hissarlik, I think it to be of foreign importation. 
 
 No. 984 represents a plain perforated lentoid gem of cornelian, found 
 
 in the royal house ; its sole decoration is an incised line, which goes round 
 
 it lengthwise. A perfectly similar gem uf cornelian, 
 
 found in a tomb at Camirus in Ehodes, is in the British 
 
 Museum. 
 
 I cannot conclude this chapter on the third, the 
 burnt city, without examining once more the Cjuestion, 
 wdiether this pretty little town, with its lu'ick walls, 
 which can hardly have housed 3000 inhabitants, could 
 have been identical with the great Homeric Ilios of 
 immortal renown, which withstood for ten long years 
 the heroic efforts of the united Greek army of 110,000 
 men, and which could only at last be captured by a 
 stratagem. 
 
 First, as regards the size of all the pre-historic cities, I repeat that 
 they were but very small. In fact, we can hardly too much contract our 
 ideas of the dimensions of those primeval cities. 
 
 So, according to the Attic tradition, Athens was built by the Pelas- 
 gians, and w^as limited to the small rock of the Acropolis, whose plateau is 
 of oval form, 900 ft. long and 400 ft. broad at its broadest part ; but it 
 was much smaller still until Cimon enlarged it by l)uilding the wall on 
 its eastern declivity and levelling the slope within by means of dt-hris.^^ 
 The lonians, having captured the city, forced the Pelasgians to settle 
 at the southern foot of the Acropolis. According to Thucydides, Athens 
 was only enlarged by the coalesceuco of the Attic demi there (avvoiKLaiu,6v) 
 
 No. 984. I'lain I.pntoid 
 
 Gem of Cornelian. 
 
 (3 ; 4 actual size, 
 
 Uciillj. 23 ft.) 
 
 '^ P:nr-. i. 'JS, § '"^ ■ Tt? 56 a/fp07roAfj, 7rX?/c fpaal yap 'Ayp6Xay Kal 'Tir€pf3iop. TrvvBavS/iEvos 
 
 uiToi' KLpMy uiKoho^rffT^v avTyjs 6 MiAriaOou, 5e oiriu^s ijffo.t% ovhev 6.\\o i^vi'd^-qv ^uafle?/', ^) 
 
 TTFpi^aAeVc TO AoittiV Aeytrai rov Tfixovs Sj/ceAous to ^^apxv^ ultras ' hKapvaviav /ieroi- 
 
 neAaiT-yoiy oi/o'jcrat'Tas -noT^ vnli 7t}v c.KpuiroKiv ' Krjaai, 
 
Chap. YIL] WAS THIS CITY HOMER'S TEOY ? 515 
 
 effected by Tlieseus.^ In like manner Athens (Xe?]vai), Thebes {(-)fj/3ai), 
 Mycenae (MuKPivai), and all the other cities whose names are of the 
 plural form, were probably at first limited to their stron,i;diold, called 
 7roX(s-, and had their names m tho singular ; Imt the cities having been 
 enlarged, they received the plural name, the citadel being then called 
 Acropolis, and the lower town ttoXi^. The most striking proof of this is 
 the name of the valley "Polls" in Ithaca, Avhich, as I have shown above, - 
 IS not derived from a real city, or acropolis, — for my excavations there 
 have proved that this siiir/Je fertile valley in the island can never have 
 lieen the site of a city, — but from a natural rock, wliicli has never lieeu 
 touched by the hand of man. This rock, however, having — as seen from 
 below — precisely the shape of a citadel, is for this reason now called 
 ciistroii, and was no doubt in ancient times called Foils, which naiuo lius 
 been transferred to the valley. 
 
 The ancient Polls or Asty (aa-rv) was the ordinary habitation of the 
 town-chief or king, with his family and dependants, as well as of the 
 richer classes of the people ; it ^vas the site of the Agora and the temples, 
 and the general place of refuge in time of danger. AVe have traces of 
 this fact in the extended sense of the Italian castello, to embrace a town, 
 and in the Anglo-Saxon hurli ; also, as Professor A'lrchow suggests to me, 
 in the Slavish gard = liortafi (Burgwall). " AVhat, indeed," says Mr. 
 Gladstone, " have we to say when we find that, in the period of the 
 incunaliila of Piome, the liomans on the Palatine were probably faced bj- 
 the Sabines on the hill of the Capitol ?" '■' It is, therefore, not the srnall- 
 ness of the third, the burnt city, wdiich can prevent us from identifying 
 it with the Homeric Troy, Ijecanse Homer is not a historian, but an epic 
 poet. Besides, he does not sing of contemporaneous events, but of events 
 which happened probably GOO or 700 years before his time, and which 
 he merely knew from hearsay : — 
 
 " If," as Professor Sayce observes,^ " Greek warriors had never fought 
 in the Plain of Troy, we may be pretty sure that the poems of Homer 
 W'Ould not have brought Achilles and Agamemnon under the walls of 
 Ilion." Great national heroic poems always rest on the foundation of 
 great decisive national combats and definite regions wdiich had Ijecome 
 famous for these combats. The whole of Greek antiquity, and at its head 
 the greatest of all historians, Thucydides, never doubted of such comliats 
 at the entrance of the Hellespont. " The capture of Troy is," as M. 
 Lenormant says," " one of the five or six primitive reminiscences of the 
 Greeks, -which seem to refer to real facts, and which, in spite of the 
 exuberant mythological vegetation in the midst of which they appear, 
 throw into the dark night of the heroic ages a light on the successive 
 phases of growing civilization. Such are, the foundation of the kingdom 
 of Argos by the early Pelasgic dynasty of Inachus ; its replacement by 
 
 ' Thucyd. ii. 15 : rh Si vpb tovtov v aKpairoKis ' JIuineria St/iichroiiism, p. 39. ' //. ii. 4S0. 
 
 ■1] viv oiaa TriXis i]v, KoX rh inv' aiirhf 7rp6s votov '- Contemporary lieview of Decemljci- 1S7S. 
 
 /^dkitTTa TeTpo.^p.ipov. - See Introd. p. 40. « Anfiquitcs de la Tronde, pp. 35, :JG. 
 
■jK; the TIIIliD, THE LURXT CITY. [CiiAr. YII. 
 
 tlie new (lyniisty of Danans ; the power of tlie luoiiarcliy of the Peh^picls ; 
 and, in another part of Greece, the Phoenician cohjnization of Thebes. 
 Tlje Greeks always considered these events as marking the principal and 
 decisive epochs of their primitive annals and their pre-historic traditions. 
 For tlie Trojan war tliere is a remarkahle unauiiuity of tradition, a 
 unanimity too decisively marked not to be founded on a positive fact. I 
 am particnlarly struck by the constancy with whi(di, in the midst of the 
 inlinite divergence, of tlio heroic legends of the Greeks, there is always 
 maintained the same space of time lietween the capture of Troy and the 
 Dorian invasion, which is placed a little less than a hundred years later, 
 and opens the historical ages." 
 
 In the catalogue of ships ' the poet mentions " the lower Thebes " 
 (T-ot>)i3ai), liecanse the upper town, the Cadmea, destroyed Ijy the 
 Ejiigoni, had not yet lieeu reljuilt. PIis mention of the lower town 
 onlv seems, therefore, to conhrin another ancient tradition. 
 
 !\Ir. Gladstone writes : " " As to the (piestion what light Schliemann's 
 discoveries thrr)Vv' Upon thi' question, whetlier Troy had a real or only 
 a mythical existence, it is diliicult to suppose that the mythical theory, 
 always wofully devoid of tangible substance, can long survive the results 
 attained. In the Plain vrherc the scene of tlie Iliad is laid, upon the spot 
 iudii/ated liy tlie oldest traditions, which for very many centuries were 
 never brought into ipicstion, and Avhich, as testifying to a fact the most 
 simple and palpalile, wore of high presumptive authority ; at a deptli of 
 fnrm i'3 to ;;.3 ft., with the (hubris of an older city beneath it, and of three 
 mure recent successive towns above it; has been found a stratum of 
 remains of an inhabited city, which was manifestly destroyed by a 
 tremendous conflagration." 
 
 As we have seen in the preceding pages, the third city of Hissarlik 
 perfectly agrees witli the Homeric indications as to the site of Troy; 
 and tlie fact, that there is no second place in the Troad which could 
 pijssibly vie vath it, goes far to prove its identity, tlie more so as the 
 third city has, like the Homeric Ilios, been destroyed by the hand of 
 an enemy in a fearful catastrophe, which fell on it so suddenly tliat the 
 inhalntants had to leave even a large part of their ti'casures behind. In 
 this respect also the third city agrees with the Homeric description, 
 because the poet says: " Priam's city used to l)e far-famed for its wealth 
 ill gold and Ijmnze, Imt iidav the precious wealth has disappcari;'il from its 
 liMiises."'' If, therefore, in spite of its exhaustion liy a long-})rotracted 
 siege, the tliird city of Hissarlik was still so rich that I could find in it ten 
 treasure.-!, tliis is an additional ])roof of its identity witli the poet's Ilms. 
 
 In ]iroportioii to the wealtli and power of Ilium it was but natural 
 that the sudden catastrojilie, by which this ricli and famous capital of 
 tlie Trojan kingdom perished, should have made a very deeji im]iressioii 
 on tlie minds of men, Ijotli in Asia, MiiKu- and in Greece, and that it 
 should at (Uice have Iiecn taken up liy the Ijards. Put while, as Mr. 
 
 ' //. ii. r,0:. : ' //. xriii. 2SS-290: 
 
 c'. ''i'-:Ti}fi'qPos e7x^''i ^'vKTi/j.'^voi/ TTToKiiOpop. Trpu' i-iep yap UpLa/dUiu TruAir ^i€po7r6S afOpwnOi 
 
 '-■ lhjtiu:r'ir. i<iji>(:hfuiu'.^iii^ |i. 'Jf.l. Trai-res- /j.vdf<7KofT0 TroKv-^^^pvaou iroKv^aKKOv ■ 
 
 v'vi' 5e 5-// e|a7r(iAa)Ae ^6jj.o}V Keifi-qKia Ka\d. 
 
Chap. YIL] HOSIER'S KNOWLEDCtE OF THE TROAD. 517 
 
 Gladstone says, the local features of the site and Plain of Troy were given 
 sufficiently for a broad identification, the bards handled them loosely and 
 at will in point of detail. They treated the Plain without any assumption 
 of a minute acquaintance with it, like one who was sketching a picture 
 for his hearers, boldly but slightly, and not as one who laid his scene in a 
 place with which he was already personally accjuainted, and which formed 
 by far the most famous portion of the country he inhabited. The ruins of 
 the burnt Ilium having been completely Ijuried under the ashes and Jrlris, 
 and people having no areha3ological desire for the investigation of the 
 matter, it was thought that the destroyed city had completely disappeared. 
 The imagination of the bards had, therefore, full play ; the small Ilium 
 grew in their songs, in the same proportion as the strength of the 
 Greek fleet, the power of the besieging army, and the great actions of the 
 heroes ; the gods were made to participate in the war, and iiiiuimerable 
 legends were grouped around the magnified facts. 
 
 I wish I could have proved Horner to have been an eye-witness of 
 the Trojan war ! Alas, I cannot do it ! At his time swords were m 
 universal use and iron Avas known, whereas they were totally unknown at 
 Troy. Besides, the civilization he describes is later by centuries than that 
 which I have brought to light in the excavations. Homer gives us the 
 legend of Ilium's tragic fate, as it was handed down to him liy preceding 
 bards, clothing the traditional facts of the war and destructiijii of Troy in 
 the garb of his own clay. Neither will I maintain that his acqiiaintanca 
 with the Troad and with Troy was that of a resident ; but certainly he 
 was not without personal knowledge of the localities, for his descriptions 
 of the Troad in general, and of the Plain of Troy in particular, are too 
 truthful for us to believe that he could have drawn all his details from 
 the ancient myth. If, as appears likely, he visited the Plain in the ninth 
 century B.C.,'" he would probably have found the Aeolic Ilium already 
 long established, having its Acropolis on Hissarlik and its lower town on 
 the site of Novum Ilium. It would, therefore, be luit natural that ha 
 should depict Priam's Troy as a large city, with an acropolis called Per- 
 gamos, the more so as in his time every larger city had its Acropolis. 
 My excavations have reduced the Homeric Ilium to its real proportions. 
 
 I have never called in doubt the unity of the Homeric poems, and have 
 always firmly believed both the Othjssey and the Iliad to be by one author, 
 except perhaps — partly or entirely — the '2Ith lihapsody of eadi pnem, 
 on account of the contradictions they contain with the preceding text. 
 Ij'esides — to use Mr. Gladstone's words,"- — " If I consider how much learn- 
 ing and ingenuity have been expended in a hundred eii'orts (scarcely any 
 two of the assailants, however, agreeing except m their negative or revo- 
 lutionary criticism) to disintegrate the Homeric poems, to break up into 
 nebulous fragments the Sun of all ancient literature," — I think it idle on 
 my part to attempt a task already marked liy so many failures ; and I 
 rest content with those immortal epics as they stand — the first-fruits of 
 the noblest literature of the world, and the fount of poetic inspiration for 
 all later ages. 
 
 '° Prol'essor .Sayce observes to mo thnt, according to Eiiiiliorion and Theoiiompus, Homev was a 
 contenipoj-arjf of Gyges of Lydia. ' Uuiiwric Si/iic/iiviilsm, p. 7. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE FOURTH CITY OX THE SITE OF TEOY. 
 
 As we have seen in the preceding pages, the inhabitants of Novum Ilinm 
 held, according to an ancient legend, that Troy, the city of Priam, had not 
 bton cntindy destroyed liy the united (ireck urniy under Agamemnon, 
 and that it liad never ceased 'u< he inhaluted. This legend is certainly 
 confirmed liy Horner, who, when Aeneas was on the point of being hilled 
 liy Achilles in singhj comliat, makes Poseidon say : " It is fated that Aeneas 
 should lie saved, m order tliat the race and the name of Dardanns may 
 not utterly drsiippear — Dardanus, Avlioni Zeus loved most of all the sons 
 he hee-at of mortal Avomen ; because the race of Priam has now liecome 
 odious to the son of Kronos : noii', tlier/^fort', sliall tlie utif/Jifij Aeneas reii/n 
 over the Trojiins, ciinl the sons of his sous hereafter to he horn."^ 
 
 Tills legend has apparently lieen also confirmed by the criticism of -mij 
 'ljirl;a,i-e aud spade, for — iis visitors can easily convince themselves with their 
 own eyes — the south-eastern corner of the Third, the hri(di- citij, has not 
 been destroyed liy the conflagration. I must further say that this legend 
 i> also confirmed by the relics I have discovered, for — as the reader will see 
 111 the succeeding pages — we find anning the successors of the Ijurnt city 
 thij very same singular idols ; the very same primitive bronze battle-axes ; 
 tlie very same terra-cotta vases, with or without tripod feet ; the very same 
 doubh.'-hiindled goblets (oiira dfitpiKinreWa) ; the Very same battle-axes of 
 jade, porpliyry, and dioriti; ; the same rude stone hammers and saddle- 
 (juerns of ti'achyte ; tlie same immiaise mass of whorls or Vialls of terra- 
 cotta, with symli(dical signs. Tin; only difference is that, in general, the 
 pottery of this fnirth city is coarser and of a ruder fabric; and that we 
 find here an infinitely larger quantity of rude wheel-made terra-cottas 
 a,nd many new firms id' vases and goblets. Besides, the quantity rif rude 
 stone hammers and p(dislM.'d stone axes is here fully thrice as large as in 
 the third city ; also tin.' masses of sludls and cockles accumulated in the 
 di'hris of the Jiouses are so stupendous, tliat they baffle all description. 
 Visitors can liest see them in the great block of di'hris which I have left 
 standing close to tlu^ " great lower." A people which left all their 
 kitcheii-reluse (m the floors (d' tlieir rooms must have liveil in a very low 
 social condition. 
 
 Tliis low state of ciyilization si^ems also ti) be proved by the alisence of 
 large city walls. The large stone walls built by the inhabitants of the 
 
 //. x_\". ■'•'■i'2 -:;i)R : qI '^0^y i^eyipovTo yvi'o.iKibi' re Ov7]r6-wv. 
 
 ixijpifxov 5€ d'l eiTx' aAf'arr^ai, ■?/o?7 yap Y\pi6.i.wv y^v^-^qv iJx^Vp^ Kpovtcov 
 
 i."\'pa. p/i] amr^pfio'; yfi'€r] koa a(\>o.vri)S v\7]ra.L vvv 5e 5?; AiVetao /3/t? Tpuieaaiv avd^^i^ 
 
 Aofjodfou, ov Kpoi'idri^ ir^pl nvavro^v (piAaTO Kal -naiScou 7ra75fs, rot k^v fxer6-KLa'6^ y^vwvTO.i. 
 
 ■no.iowv. 
 
CiiAr. Till,] ITS FOUXDATIOXS AND WALLS. 519 
 
 second city and iwcd Ly tlie people of the third, the burnt city, as snb- 
 struetions for their hn,e;e brick ^-alls, were bnried beneath the mounds of 
 ruins and debris produced l)y the conflagration ; an(h as is amply proved l.iy 
 the nndisturljed state of these ruins and df'hris, the people of the tburth 
 eity did not attempt to liriug them to light and to use them. Yisitors 
 can convince themselves of this by a glance at the accumulation of the 
 
 :^^^s''a,„/ cjreyco'' 
 
 th-- 
 
 -.rti- 
 
 :A i- h (■ s 
 
 ■■ "' -'.• - ■ {■■ wTTTTTMiwrfrrmTmrir^TrTrTTTTv/TTP^' 
 
 Favfmcnt of the Gate A 
 
 Xo. 9S5. Accumulation of dtbris before the Gate. Tlr- form of tlie strata t^f debris indicates that after the great 
 conflagration the Trojans continueii to go in and out on the same spot as liefore, although the paved road A was 
 deeply buried under the a^bes. 
 
 calcined dtlris of the third city in front of the gate, because, as M. 
 Burnouf has ingeniously found out, and as he shows l)y the sketch vrhich 
 I give here, the form of the strata of the burnt debris indicates that, 
 after the great conflagration, the inhabitants continued to go in and out at 
 the same place as before, although the paved road a was buried 10 ft. deep 
 under the ashes and delrris. If a part of tlie old inhabitants remained in 
 the city after the conflagratiun, they certainly went in and out liy the 
 same way, because they were accustomed tci it. If the city were re- 
 colonized Ijy another people, the new comers may have used the same road 
 because it was less steep and therefore easier, ftir everywhere else the 
 descent must have been at an angle of I-") ', this being always the slope 
 the rubbish will adopt when shot from a height and left to itself, or, as 
 engineers say, its angle of repose. Besides, the road through the old 
 gate must, at a short distance, have joined the country-roads in the plain. 
 Thus the mere fact that the gate-road, though at a high level, continued 
 to be used by the inlnibitants of the fourth city, neither proves that these 
 latter were the former people nor that they were new comers. 
 
 There were certainly walls of defence : as, for example, one, Gh ft. 
 high and 4 ft. thit-k, immediattdy to the north-west of the tower road, aud 
 which seems to have run parallel with it down to the plain; another, 
 20 ft. high and 5 ft. thick, built of large stones and earth, on the burnt 
 material which covered the west side of the great ancient wall to a 
 depth of 6i ft. ; further, an ancient enclosure wall, 5 ft. high, with a pro- 
 jecting battlement, on the north-west side of IIk; hill ; and two more on 
 the south-eastern side, the one 5|, the other 10 ft. thick, and nearly as 
 high. As all these walls are outside the precincts of the third city, and as 
 they are certainly pre-historic and are in the strata of delris of the fourth , 
 citv, I believe them to belong to it. As, however, they are so entirely 
 different in size, and as there is no continuity between them, I cannot 
 possibly regard them as parts of a city wall ; but I consider them to have 
 
520 THE F( lurrrii city ox the site of teoy. [Cdap. Yin. 
 
 liecn erui-'toil uicrcly fur tlie dcfunce of certain special points. Xow, if 
 tile people nf the tlnnl, the Imrnt city liad continued to reside there, it 
 Avuuld apjiear wonderful why they should not liaye continued to surround 
 themselves with new Ijrick walls of defence, for thcA- had passed all their 
 lives within suidi Lrick fortihcations, wdiicli could so easily have been 
 erected. But there is m.i trace uf such city walls of Lrick. Xcither is 
 thi/re a trace of Ijrick in the houses of the fourth city. As we have seen, 
 (inlv the e-round-fliiors of the third, the burnt city are of stones joined 
 with C'arth ; all the upper part of the houses was built of slightly-baked 
 liricks, rarely iif mere clay. Xoav. if the Trojans had continued to reside in 
 their city, it is difficult to admit that the)' could have suddenly abandoned 
 their mode of architecture and have adopted a difl'erent one. But that 
 the architecture of the iVmrth city was a different one. is a fact of which 
 visitors can easily convince themselvi_'s in the great bli^ck of d'hris "which 
 I have left standing. They will see there, in the strata of ili'hris suc- 
 ceeding those of the Ijurnt city. h(:inse-walls 10 or 12 ft. high, built cif 
 stones joined Avith clay ; they AviU also see many such stone walls of this 
 lieight in my excavations to the east of the brick Avail of the third citv. 
 This would lead us to suppose that all the house-walls T>X're built of 
 stones. This mode of architecture seems also to be proved by the very 
 large masses of loose stones Avhicli occur in the strata of the fourth city. 
 But as the people had neither planks nor tiles, it is more than probable 
 that, like the present inhabitants of the Troad, they covered in their 
 houses with terraces of earth. I readily admit that in many houses the 
 stone walls may have lieeu superseded by walls of clay, for m that ease 
 Ave should have no difficulty in explaining the thickness of the stratum of 
 '/e/,/7s ot this fourth city, Avhich is generally from 12 to 13 ft. deep. But 
 at all events no bricks, or traces of liricks, ever turned up there; and this 
 IS the principal reason Avhich gives the preponderance of argument 
 against our tendency to believe that this fourth city might haA^e been 
 mhaljitcd by the people of the preceding, the Inirnt city. 
 
 But on this point I dift'er frem my friend Professor Yirchow, Avho 
 writes to me : " I do net dare to cmtrailict. but I would maintain that the 
 present sun-dried Ijricks of the Troad are decomposed by air and rain with- 
 out leaving a trace of their shape. Had the fourth city been destroyed by 
 hre. the Inicks AV(-iuld have lieen preserved lunger. But this not liaving 
 beim the case, I do not see liow the fact that no trace of them can now be 
 found can militate against their former existence." 
 
 If till' pottery ot the fourtli city does not differ much in shape from 
 that of tlie tliird, the burnt city, it certainly differs much from it in 
 colour and general appearance ; because the pottery of the fourth city has 
 been only half or less than half baked at an open firc.= whereas the po'ttery 
 
 = Prnf.s.nr Viivliou- remonstrates :,j;ain.t ,„y eontralietel nv tlie Inet that these latter are 
 
 h.-l.'-l that the |av-hi,tu,ae |.en|,]es hake,| th.ir ahvavs thnrnnehlv bake.l; whilst all the ether 
 
 -li.itt.ry at ai, npeii lire, r.r le- thinks they per- pettery, and even the very tlenne-st, whose elav 
 
 """'"' *■'" "l'"''''t'"ii with animal dnn^; in is net mere than • Ou:l ,,r (I • i lu-t thiek, is baked 
 
 ',.'"'",' I"'" -';"' f '■■'" "" """■'' ""■ '^'^'^ 'I'-ffpt "H an average only tu one-third of the 'thickness 
 
 "■■^ '' ''X' ''^ '"' 'lainis thr same m.anij.nhitien of their elay. 
 
 fji- the baking' ef the large ye'Mo/. Eiit this is 
 
Ciur. VIIL] 
 
 POTTERY OF THE FOUKTII CITY. 
 
 521 
 
 of tlic third city, after liaving passed tlirougli the same operation, lias 
 been exposed to the intense heat of the eontlasTation, vrlueh in a very 
 great many cases has completed the thorough bakmg aud has given to 
 it a much hner colour, except in cases where, the heat having continued 
 too long or having been too intense, the vessels have been more or less 
 destroyed by it. Thus we have before us, in this fourth city, a pottery 
 very inferior in fabric to that of the first and second cities, but a pottery 
 v'liich would have been but slightly inferior to that of its predecessor, the 
 third city, had it not been through the accidentally superior baking of the 
 latter in the cciiiflagraticui. 
 
 L uder Xo. IISIJ I represent a pretty lustrous-yellow owhhr-aded vase, 
 of a globular shape liut flat-bottomed, with the characteristics of a 
 woman and two wing-like vertical projections : the vulva, with its incised 
 cross and the four dots, is of special interest. Very interesting is also 
 the glolnilar red vase Xo. 9S7, which has also a flat bottom, and on 
 
 No, 9>G. TiTiM-LMi I.., \ ,i-,>, whb an 
 Load, the cbaracti.-risli^s of a woman, two 
 wings and a cross with points on tlu 
 vjlva. (1 : 6 actual size. Iieptb, 20 ft.) 
 
 -^. 'rcrr.i-cotta \'a>o, \^ith an owl's iioad, tbi 
 clutractei-istics of a woman, and two wings. 
 {1 : 3 actual size. Deptb, 22 ft ) 
 
 , Willi. in owl's liead, boldinj; a 
 .loulilc-liandled cup. 
 (About ball actual size. Dcplli, l.^ft.) 
 
 which we see the large owl-eves still more distinctly marked. The fignrr 
 has on its head a liasin, which iorms the orifice; four necklaces are 
 indicated round the neck. In its hands it holds a doulilodiandled cup, 
 which communicates by a hole with the principal vase. Owl-headed vases 
 
5'22 THE FOURTH CITY OX THE SITE OF TROY. [Chap. Till. 
 
 of an identical sliapc also occur in the third city : the fragment repre- 
 sented under No. 228, p. 3-40, is the xnouth-piece of a similar vase. 
 
 No. 988 is a pear-shaped lustrous-Llack vase, with wing-like vertical 
 projections, an owl's head, and the characteristics of a woman ; there is a 
 slight hollow in th(' vulva. Owl-vases of this shape are the most frec|uent. 
 r)f the same colour and of nearly an identical shape, hut much larger, is 
 the vase No. 989. Of the same colour is also the owl-vase No. 990, which 
 
 
 Nil. i 00. V;i^e with an owl's lioad, two breasts, and 
 
 Landlcs in fjrm of winRS. ( 1 ; 4 actual size. 
 
 Derth, 2a ft.) 
 
 Ko. 0~'.i. A'ase v.itli an <.)wrs Ijoad, the characteristics 
 
 uta W'juidn, an-l tu'n win^-iilie li;indles. (1 :i actual 
 
 ■size. J).-[,ll,, i!2 it.) 
 
 has no vulva. Of still greater interest is the pear-shaped lustrous dark- 
 hrown vase No. 9111, wliicli has an incised cross on the vulva, no vertical 
 ]>rojections, hut t\V(.) liandles. Here the neck is plain, and was evidently 
 intended to he crowned with a cover on which the owl-head is modelled, 
 lil-e that Avhich I have; put on it, hut certainly not this particular one, as 
 it is too nar]-r)\v. C)f an identical shape and colour is the vase No. 992. 
 Of a very rude hthric is the pear-shaped yellow vase No. 993, on which 
 t]i(.^ cltaracteristics of a woman arc indicated hy shapeless excrescences. 
 Tlie usual wing-like projections, instead of heing upright, are here bent 
 towiirds the neck of the vase ; the bottom is flat. All these vases are 
 hand-made. 
 
 To this fourth city also belong the idols Nos. 99i and 995 ; both 
 are very cuiious, as tliey approach nearer to the human shape than any 
 other of the stone idols. No. 994 is of fine white marble, and differs 
 
CHAP. VIIL] 
 
 OWL-PACED AND FEMALE VASES. 
 
 ftlso from the other itlols by its bulky form, approacliiug to the round ; it 
 has a nidely-incised owl-face. A iieckhrce is indicated by a horizontal 
 stroke, and the hair by vertical scratches on the hinder part of the neck. 
 
 
 \ J 11 \ 111 1 i ;iiii]l(\-; ,iri>l ili<i Lliaracteri?tics of a \Y^iman; cover 
 
 lU li \\1 iiejd. i,L ; i actual sixe, Dcptb, 13 It.) 
 
 Ko. 9'J2. Two-bandlMl Wisr, uiiii tlic diMnicttri.sCics of a 
 woman. (1 : i actual size. iJeptb, 13 U.) 
 
 Xij. 9',J3. \ aa- <>t lMii-(oLti 1, Halt actual sizs, 
 Dcptb, Iblt ) 
 
5-~-J: THE FDUirrn cut on the site of TUOY. [Chap. Till. 
 
 The vulva is indicated, considerably below its natural place; the whole 
 body has been decorated Avith formless scratches, which seem to have 
 
 uo signification. I call attention to the 
 great resemblance of this idol to a Baby- 
 lonian image of the goddess I\ana in the 
 
 No. 998. 
 
 ". ;i0l. irarbli- I'lul, wilh 
 an uwl's fjD-. 12:5 actual 
 eiZ''. ili.'ptll, al^uut lert.) 
 
 -- .J"l.|;,crdMulsofJIarblo. (Actual sizp. Depth, It! to 20 ft.) Xo, 9t.G has a £;ivdlo ■ No ^97 
 
 lour ncc!;lac:s; un Nu. 99d llic- uwi's face i.s liaiiited. ' '" ' 
 
 British 3Iusenm. The idol Ko, 905 is of slate and flat ; of the face, 
 only the two eyes are marked. A necklace is indicated ]>v two horizontal 
 strokes. Through the inability of the primitive artist, 'the breasts are 
 indicated on the shoulders, and the vulva on the left side. 
 
 I have further to mention, as belonging to tliis f.nirth city the marble 
 idols Xos. 906, 997, 998. On the first two the owl-head is rudely incised. 
 ^J'- ;'•": '^•''^ '' Sii'''^le indicated liy two Imrizontal strties and three points. 
 Xo. 'Mi has oil the neck four horizontal strokes, probably indictitino- t]i« 
 neckhtces. On the idol Xo. 998, the eyes and beak of the owl are rudely 
 painted n-ith a black colour, probably with black clay. 
 
 Xo. 991-) is a fragment (,f the side of a vase with an incised linear 
 ornamentation, on which we see the projection with a tubular hole for 
 
 \ 1 
 
 Xo. 1000. 
 
 m 
 
 lra,na.,t,,,l r„it,.,-y.,vilM„c:>cd.,n,a,ncntation. (Xe. 1, h 1 tu I z ijl I i t 
 
 suspension. Xo. 1000 is the fragment of a vase-handle; No 1001 the 
 tragmeut (,f a vase-neck, with a linear decoration. 
 
C3AP. YIII.] 
 
 IDOLS AND SUSrEXSIOX VASES. 
 
 :yio 
 
 KoR. 1002 and 1003 represent tlie upper part of a lastrons-ljlnek vase, 
 ^'itli a rude l.iut very eiirioiTs deeply-incised decoration. On No. 1002 we 
 
 Xi s. 1 iiiri, 10U3. Fii.'iit and Inick views rif a Va=e-nock, ^vitiiTery nil us muis 1 sign -1 1 I I i ^ 
 
 nplirted arms, (Half acta il ^i/e. I 'L-ptli, abuut 1 i ft J 
 
 see, perhaps, tlie very rude figure of a man witli uplifted arms, Avliose 
 Lead IS almiist us larLje as tlie AvlmLj remainder of tlie body, I do not 
 attempt to expLiin IIk.- rest of the decoration. On Xo. 1003 the sign 
 ill the middle rcsemhh's a written character. The clay of this vase-head is 
 
 No. inOa. Asas"' t 1 I 1 f saspi'nsiun. 
 
 (.Nearly 1 : 3 t 1 / 1 1 tl 1 nt tl'Jft.) 
 
 ^ I, 1004. Small \ a-r, \^ ud a.nit-l'' hu'.cs fnr snspicn^iun 
 uri cacli side. (.Aetu.il .-izc. l'c[jtfi, abeiut '.iO It, J 
 
 N'l, 1006. elol.uiar \ as,., with lulailar la. Irs H.r 
 SLispeiDsion. (1 : J actual size, lli-ptli, abuut It) It.) 
 
 but very slightly baked. Xo. 1004 is a small vase with vertical tuliular 
 holes for suspension. Xo. 1005 is a small pear-shaped vase of a blackish 
 
■fHi 
 
 rtlE FOlT.TIi CITY OX THE SITE OF TROY. TCiiap. YIII. 
 
 colonr, with tuliuLir holes for siispcnsioii. No. lOOG is a globular lustrous 
 dark-browii vase, ^Yltll a convex bottom and tubular rings IVn- su.spension ; 
 it lias a breast-like excrescence in front. The vase Xo. 1007 is wheel- 
 inade and of a dark-red colour ; its handles are in the form of spirals, 
 
 
 No. 100.^. Vase with tnbnkr h'lps fur .suspcn>i 
 t^l : 4 .ictual size. Depth, about IG ft.) 
 
 and are perforateil vertically for suspension with a string. Xo. 1008 is 
 pear-shaped, with a convex bottom and a long neck tapering towards 
 
 the mouth ; on each side is a huig 
 priijectioii with a perforation for sus- 
 pension. Yases of this shape are very 
 friMjueiit. Xii. 1009 is a pretty lustrous- 
 red wheel-made vase, with tAvo handles 
 111 the form of spirals, and between 
 them, on each side, a perforated pro- 
 jection for suspension; in the same 
 direction there are perforations in the 
 run : the only ornamentation consists 
 of four impressed horizontal lines 
 round the neck. 
 
 No. 1010 represents a dark-red 
 hand-made vase, with a hollow bottom 
 and perforated projections for suspen- 
 sion on the sides ; there is besides, on 
 either side, a protuberance in the form 
 of a handle, but it is not really such. On the upper part of the body 
 we see all round the vase, lietweeii borders of incised lines and dots, a row 
 (if strange signs, which may be written characters; the neck of the vase 
 is fractured. Xn. 1011 represents this same vas'e from the other side, 
 and with a restored neck. I also give separately the supposed inscription 
 or mere decuratinn as copied by 31. Burnout (Xo. 1012). But Prof. Sayce 
 does not think it to be an inscription. Professor Yirchow calls my 
 
 No, Inii^t. \',i>e w iiti Lwo liaiidles aiiil lubulat hull 
 
 for su>peQSion. (About 1 : 4 ai.tual size. 
 
 Dejith, about 19 ft.) 
 
CiiAP. VIIL] 
 
 YASE AVITII CURIOUS CHARACTERS. 
 
 r,-; 
 
 i> 
 
 27 
 
 attention to some resemblance "which he finds in the decoration of this 
 vase to that on a vase found in Eeicliersdorf in Lusatia (Lausitz)." 
 
 No. 1010. A Ti^rra-cotta Vase, with two little ears 
 and t^YO large perforated handles, marked with 
 eleven strange characters. (About 1:4 acm.d 
 size. I'epth, about IS ft.) 
 
 No. 1011. The furegoinp Vase, wilh a restored 
 necic. 
 
 No. 1013 is another suspension vase, 
 with a king neck decorated with four 
 incised horizontal lines; the hottom is 
 flat. I repeat that all vases are hand- 
 made, unless I distinctly state the con- 
 trary. No. 1014 is dark-red, of a 
 globular shape, with a hollow foot and 
 a cylindrical neck. The neck is deco- 
 rated with horizontal, the body with vertical, incised lines : the pro- 
 jections on the sides are perforated for suspension. No. 1015 is a small 
 black globular suspension vase, with deeply incised spirals and wave- 
 lines. No. 1016 is a wheel-made globular lustrous-black vase, in the shape 
 
 ^ This Lusatian r.ise i,s representeil in the Sessional Report of the Berlin Soeictij for Anthropology^ 
 Ethnology, &c., of July 15, 1876, p. 9. 
 
528 
 
 THK FOUllTH CITY OX TUB SITE OF TROY. [Chap. VIII. 
 
 uf a Ijottle, witli perfdratod protuljcrances for si^spensioii ; it has round 
 the body an mciscd zi'j,Zi\;^ (iniaiiieiit, with accompanying dots. No. 1U17 
 
 ^ II \ L \ il I I 1 I h 1 s 1 r sLl 1 II ion 
 
 iiul iin.is( d band-- 
 
 ( Alji.iQt 1 : 4 aciual ^'ize. Ltptb, al.inut J2 it. ) 
 
 ^0. 1014. \ ase with I ar ornann.'Titalinn. 
 
 (About 1 ; 4 a:tual jizs. Deptb, 13 to 22 ft.) 
 
 is also a susptaision vaso of a dull yellow colour ; it is ornamented with 
 four pariillel liorizinital lines, IVirmint;- three fields, which are filled up with 
 zigzag lines. Xn. lUlS is a little Idack tripodvase with two handles, 
 
 N I \ I I susj-f.rc n, 
 
 1 i I yii,/ ig; ( man r I - 
 
 t I 1 tu il 'iize II 1 tl , 
 
 KIU.J 
 
 No. ion. Va^i^ of ^rry Ti'i-r.-v-cotta. with iiorloratod tnbiilar holes on Ills 
 
 bides and lioli s ia tli" rim l.'i- Mispoii-iini. Incised zigzag 
 
 ornamrntatioii. l^Aitual si/,f. I'rpth, 10 to 20 ft.) 
 
 and an incised zigzag decoration round the body. No. 1019 is a small 
 yellow tripiid-vase of an oval shape, having perforated protuherances 
 
CiiAP. Tin.] 
 
 DECORATED TKIPOD AJv'D OTHER VASES. 
 
 529 
 
 for suspension on the sides ; it is clecorated with incised vertical strokes 
 between horizontal parallel lines. No. 1020 is a one-handled pitcher, 
 
 Xos. lOls-1021. 
 
 Vases lI ^ in is h i[ 
 
 ULtLUl SI/ 
 
 L i\ 1 p; an incised urnamentation. (Abuutl ;1 
 II itb, 16 to 19 ft.) 
 
 No. 1022. Vase 
 
 with tliree different 
 
 fl.at bottoms, on 
 
 each of wliieh it 
 
 may be put do^Ti in 
 
 turn. (1:4 actual 
 
 size. Depth, 13 It.) 
 
 with an incised linear decoration ; No. 1021, a small suspension vase, 
 decorated with dots. No. 1022 is a very curious little yellow suspension 
 vase, with three different flat bottoms, on each of which it may be put 
 down in turn. 
 
 No. 1023 is a very pretty vase, whose surface is divided by five 
 parallel horizontal bands into four fields, filled with strokes, turned in 
 opposite directions. No. 1021 is a little vase, covered all over with a 
 very pretty incised ornamentation. 
 
 One of the most curious vases is No. 1025 ; it is a yellov/ tripod, and 
 has on each side a handle of spiral form, with a tubular hole for sus- 
 
 Xo, 1023. A'ase w ith a curious mciseil ornamenta- 
 tion. (About 1 : 4 actual size. Depth, about 
 
 13 ft.) 
 
 Ko. Ii2t "\ e 1 c 1 tei \ iti incisions. 
 (Halfi tn 1 izc Depth lb at2Uft.) 
 
 No. 102.5. 'I'riyin.l \'n>c, wiih ytcrrciralcil ]iriijrctlons for sus- 
 pension, .-"inil a ^lo.ill \'asc on its Ijmly. Pini-ar ornamenta- 
 tion, (.ibout 1 : 4 actual size. 
 
 Hcptli. about IC ft.) 
 
 pension ; just in front of the handle to the right of the spectator is a 
 small projecting jug, which does not communicate with the vase. The 
 vase is decorated on the neck with incised horizontal lines, under the 
 lowest of which may be seen incised vertical lines, below each of which 
 
 is a dot. 
 
 2 M 
 
530 
 
 TBIE FOUIITH CITY ON THE SITE OF TROY. 
 
 [Chap. VIII. 
 
 Nil. 1026 is a lustrous-black tripod, of globular forra, with perforated 
 proiectioiis fir suspriisiou ; the upper part of the Ijody, as tar as the 
 neck, is decorated with dots. No. 1027 is another globular black tripod, 
 
 
 No. 1020. rrliol i.[ bttU \ a 
 fur suspen&iLn an 1 an nj 
 ( About 1 ; i actual size. Depi! 
 
 1 li tal ulir holf-s 
 I I I u f poiuts- 
 aUout 19 ft.; 
 
 No. 1027. 'Iripod Vaso, nilb tul ul ir 
 j-Moion and iticisrjd ornamcutalion. (1:1; 
 Drpll], al»iUt 22 11.) 
 
 for su=^ 
 tnal sizu. 
 
 With large perforated projections fir suspension ; the upper part of the 
 body has also a linear decoration. Another black tripod-vase for suspen- 
 sion is represent(.'d liy No. 102t~!; the neck is decorated with iinprossed 
 lionzdutiil furrows. A similar Idack suspension tripod is No. 1021.), the 
 
 No. irj2y. Tripod \'ase, witli tuljular Ijoios for siispcn' 
 tlou. (Al'outl;.! actual size. Dcptii, aljout til I't.) 
 
 Xo. 1020. Tripod Vaso, witli tubiiiat lioles fi>r suspen- 
 sion. ( About 1 : 4 notnal size. Ilepth, aljout 22 ft, ) 
 
 body of which has an incised wedge-shaped ornamentation. The Idack 
 suspi'usinn tripod Nn. 1030 again is similar tn it, Itut lias inmdi longer feet. 
 Nti. lOol is a wheel-made yellow vase-cover, having on each side a 
 |ierlVirati(iii in the rim f.>r suspcnsiim; one of the holes is seen in front. 
 Tlie most curious thing on this vase-cover is the three feet on its top, 
 which make us suppose that it was also used as a cup. At all events, 
 this tripod vase-cf)vcr is unique; no second specimen like it lias occurred. 
 No. 10.^i2 is a wlicid-niade single-handled grey tripod, with long feet; it 
 has ear-shapiMl juotuberances lu front and on both sides. Of an identical 
 
Chap. VIIL] 
 
 PLAIN TltlPOD VASES. 
 
 Sol 
 
 No 10"0. Tr p 1 \ tl b IPs fDi suspension, 
 
 (Nearly 1 o 1 p I i-th jl out 19 It.") 
 
 No. Iii32. Tripijd ^^■itb haiidbj and three projecting 
 
 ear-like ornaments. (About 1 : 1 actual size. 
 
 Deplb, 13 ft.) 
 
 I 1 :o tubular 
 
 boles lor suspension. ^1 : 1 actual size. 
 Depth, about 19 It.) 
 
 :So. 1033. Terru-cotta Vessel with three feet, a handle, 
 
 and two ear-like ornaments. (1 ; 6 a:tual size. 
 
 Depth, 16 ft.) 
 
 Xo. I03r>. 1 i 1 \ "I' ' ' ' ' ' ^ ' ' "'■^1"-"' 
 
 No.lOS-l. GloliUb.r IrTpMd.ivilhtuhularbolesforsuspen- ' ' sion. (14dctulsze Dl'l' I " "■) 
 sion. (1 ; 4 .actual size. Depth, 2'3 It.) 
 
 shape IS the tripod No. 1030. No. 1034 is a black sh'.ljnlar l,ottle-shapetl 
 tripod, ^vltll tnbrrhrr holes for suspension. No. 1035 is a Instrous-hlack 
 
532 Tire rorrvTII CITY ON the site of TUOY. [Chap. VIII. 
 
 tniMHl-va'^r' with prn-foratea projections for suspension: tripod-vases of 
 this shape ar.. frefpient. No. 103G is a small tnpod-vase for suspension, 
 ,n.l Xo 10?,7 IS a similar tripod-vase. No. 1038 is a red globular tripod 
 tnr susp.msion; X.i. mV-K a red flat ju- m thr form of a liuntmg-bottle ; 
 X,, 1040, a grey tripod oenocJwc. Xo. lOdl is a red suspension tripod 
 
 . iu:jiJ 1 I i \ ase with til liar 
 b t s f r ■JU'^fen ion 
 (No.irLy 1 : 3 actual size. 
 Dr.ptli, al.uut22 ft.) 
 
 No. 1037. (Jlubular Tripod, 
 
 witLi tubular boles. 
 
 (Aliuiit 1 :4 actual" size, 
 
 ;K-i,th, about 22 ft. J 
 
 No. 1039. Flat Jug in form ofa 
 liimting-buttle. (t : -4 actual tizft. 
 Depth, about 19 ft.) 
 
 w \ 
 
 Xm. 103y. (jlobuLir Triprxl, with 
 
 lubTilar hoIc-3 for suspension. 
 
 (.\bout 1 :4 acui.d eize. I'eptb, 
 
 about 'S^ n.) 
 
 ,. 1011. Jiiiiod \'a5f, viilh lubular 
 bole.s fur suspension. 
 (About 1 :-t actual size. Depth, 
 
 alir.ut 22 ft,) 
 
 1 tier. 
 \bfat 1 4 1 ta 1 sjze. 
 Iicptb, about 22 ft.) 
 
 lut2. Trijiod, witli lubular 
 Ijolos for suspoD.^ion. 
 
 f Nearly 1 ; li actual size. 
 Ilepth, about 22 ft.) 
 
 Xo. Hill, 'riijiod V.isr, Mith -iiiral 
 
 LaliiUe^. (1:1 actual tize. 
 
 iJeplli, ab«jut 20 ft.) 
 
 Xo. 101.J. IluJe J-'itchcr. 
 
 (1:4 aetiuil size. 
 
 Ijcpth, about 20 ft.) 
 
 witli cover : a similar red tripod is seen in Xo. 1042. ^ Xo. 1043 is a red 
 wliei'l-niadc tripod-pitclier ; Xo. 1044, a darlc-red tri]iod-vas(e, witli handles 
 111 flic ruriii ijf sjiirals ; Xn. lOdo, a. rude unpolishrd wheel-made pitcher, 
 lit a firm -whirli is very ahuiidant. Xd. 1040 is a lustrous-lilack 
 single-handled ijlnliular oenocJioi'. with a long upright neck : this sort of 
 jug is very fri'i|iii'nt. Xo. 1047 is a red one-handled wherl-iuade cn]K 
 with two ear-like protuberances, and a breast-like projection in front. 
 
Chap. A^III.] 
 
 TRIPODS OF A'AEIOUS FOEMS, 
 
 533 
 
 Xo. lii-in. Tripoli '■''■Hor!u,r. 
 (1 : 4 actual size. Depth. 13 fl.) 
 
 No. 1016. Gl(.)lmlar Ocivrho.-. with sliMi-lit neclc. 
 (1 : 4 actual size. Deptb, about "Jl ft.) 
 
 Xo. 104S is a one-liandletl tripod-jug; Xo. 1049, a red tripod- vase, 
 ^vitli liaudles iu tlie form of spirals. No. 1050 is a nidi' luipnlisliod 
 wlieel-made piteLer : tliis sort of pitcher is so abnudiuit in tlie fonrtli 
 
 \ 1 
 
 Xo. 1040 
 
 Nos. lO^l-lUo:;. l;atlle-box,Cur,an.lT,ipo4P.tcher. (I : J actual size Ivpll,. lu h, 2. ft. ) 
 
 City that I collected more than 400 of them. Xo. 1051 is a very rudo 
 rattle-box, ^ith pieces of metal inside ; rattle-boxes ot tday, Imt o 
 difierent shape, occur also m the Lake-habitations in the Lake ot 
 Moeringen.^ No. 1052 is a very nide cup; No. ln53,, a very rude 
 tripod-pitcher. 
 
 4 V. Gross, Risidtats dcs Ecckerchcs dans les Lacs cfe la Suisse occklentalc ; Zurich, iS7C, PI. xix. 
 >Tos. 3, 4. 
 
KOJL 
 
 lHE fourth city ox tee site of tbot. 
 
 [Chap. Till. 
 
 Xii. lll.j-l is tlie lower part of a rude tripod-Lox ; it is here represented 
 head downwards ; it is on tlie same principle as the tnpod-bux Xos. 2(j4-5, 
 ri. oiiO. X("). 10-35 IS a little pitcher without a handle. Xo. 1U-jG is a 
 small triiiod-cup ; No. 10-37, a small vessel with a pointed toot, having 
 exactlv the form ot the large jars : a vessel of an identical shape was 
 found m the ancient settlement on the rock near Inzighofen." No. 10.58 
 IS a small cup. Xos. 1059, 10(51, lOiyi. 10G4, 1006, 1067, 1075, 1076 are 
 small rude vases with perforated projections for suspension ; No. 1076 
 only IS a tripod. Nos. lOGO, 1063, 10(i5, 1070, 1072 are small, very 
 rude onediaiidled pitchers: the first of them (No. 1060) is decorated 
 
 X... io:,4. Xi. 10-,-. 
 
 X„„ l( J4-I0-S LilliiratLln Tripod Vasis, ntU r= "inl J igs. (1 : 3 nctuai size, r l lb 1^ 
 
 • If) 
 
 \vitli two parallel horizontal lines, between wdiicdi the space is filled with 
 strijh-es. Nos. 1068 and 1073 are small one-handled cups. No. 1060 is 
 ;i sniiiU, verv rude tripod-pitcher, rhe little ihtcher No. 1071 has an 
 upright hinclh- wdiich joins the rim to the body, and a horizontal one 
 on tlie liody. No. 1074 is a rude vessel with two holes for suspension 
 in the I'im ; No. 1077, a rude little vessel with two straight projections; 
 No. 107S, ii/rnde pitcher, with the handle In'oken oil. Lilliputian vases, 
 jugs, cups, ami pitchers like these (Nos. 105-i-1078) are very abundant 
 
 "' L. Liuilenschmit, Die Vat'jrlijndischcn Alterthiimer, PI. sxvi. No. 5. 
 
Chap. VIII.] 
 
 AeTTa ajx<piKVTre\\a. 
 
 in this fourth and in the fifth pre-historic cities at Hissaiiik, and appear 
 to have been used as toys for chihireu. They are rare in the third, the 
 burnt city, and, when they occur there, they are of a better fahric, or at 
 k'ast they are of a much neater appearance, which is no doubt due to 
 the intense heat they have been exposed to in the great couilap;ration. 
 
 No. 1079 is a one-handled hrstrous-red pitcher, of a form which occurs 
 very abundantly in this fourth as well as in the burnt city. The same 
 
 No. in;9. ritcher with oil'- handle. (1 : 4 ntttlal ^ize. 
 li.ptb, 22rt.) 
 
 No. 10.su. Cup ill the .sliai f an hour-glass. 
 
 (1 : 3 actual size. Deptli, I'.i It.) 
 
 shape rarely occurs in the fifth city, and is there o-enerally of a ruder fabric. 
 Xo. 1080 IS a very pretty wheel-made black doul)le-handled goblet (8t7ra? 
 
 No. losi. Two-handled Goblet (SeVa? 
 in^iKiiTreAAor). (1 ; 4 actual size. Depth, 22 ft.) 
 
 No. 10S2. r I I It 
 
 TieAA J U 1 ' 1 
 
 di.cb,^v7reX).ovl in form like an hour-glass, decorated with four 
 lines round the middle. This form of goblet occurs solely m the 
 
 incised 
 fourth 
 
oo6 
 
 THE F0U1;TII city ox the STi'E OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. YIII. 
 
 ami fifth cities ; it never occurs in the third, second, or first cities. 
 It is iierliaijs tlie prettiest of all the difierent sorts of Btira a/j.<i>ucv- 
 TvtWa. It di.'serves attention that in the fourth cit}- this sort of goblet is 
 of a Llack, m the following citj^ generally of a red, colour ; it is ahvays 
 
 wheel-made. Xos. 1081 and 1082 are 
 two more of the common red Seira a/j,(pL- 
 KvireWa, which I have discussed before. 
 Goblets of this shape are found here in 
 great abundance. They also frequently 
 occur in the following, the fifth city, but 
 they are there generally of a much 
 smaller size. ]\Iaiiv of these lono- troblets 
 are hand-made, but there are also a vast 
 number of wheel-made ones ; and I think 
 I am near the mark if I express the 
 opinion that one-half of the whole number 
 are wheel-made. The remarkable red 
 double-handled goblet (oeTra? afitfuKvireX- 
 Xov),'^o. 1083, is hand-made; its shape 
 reminds us of the form of the small white 
 li)-ead {Semmc-h used in ]\Iecklenburg-Schwerin : this shape of goblet 
 occurs only ouce. Xo. 10S4 is a pretty hand-made, doulde-handled lus- 
 
 Xo. 10S3. L'lirious hiT 
 
 -as d/^<^Lf:u77£AAoi'). (1 : -1 actual size. 
 Depth, 13 to 20 ft.) 
 
 u n -(1 with 
 tu 1 ze 1 r It) ft.) 
 
 :Nu lu^ I 111 with tu -> 1)111 Us 
 (.1 1 1 I 1 1 17 li itli 1 I ft ) 
 
 Xo. 103U. Cup with twi h.iiiiilc?. 
 
 (_t:tl .ictiuil size, liriilli, li; It,; 
 
 Ju',- with twn iiirnili'S. 
 
 ■J-. licpth, 2L! ft.; 
 
 trdus-red .i^tiblet, with G indented spids un either side : this samo shape, 
 luit witlidiit spots, is not rare. Xo. lOS.") is a rude red hand-made cup, of 
 
Chap. VIII.] 
 
 EUDK TWO-HAXDLED JUGS. 
 
 537 
 
 a similar shape: Xo. lOSG. a frequentlT-occiirrin- pretty hana-iiia.lo one, 
 ol a lustrous dark-biYnvn eolour. Xo. 1087 is a red \vlieel-mafle vase 
 with t^YO handles ; Xo. lOSS, a similar, but unpolished, very rude hand- 
 
 X-. 1"". „ .- _,. 
 
 U ; 4 uclual size. Jioptli, 22 ft.) 
 
 No. U189. Jog mill two hamiles. 
 : 4 actual .size. Depth, 13 ft.) 
 
 made one, of a thick clav. Another rude unpolished hand-made one is 
 Xo. 1089; and Xos. IdOO and 1001 are t\yo larger lustrous-red hand-made 
 
 Ml. \'aie with tn.ili.iiiillri 
 1^1:1 actual .-iz ■. lli-ptli, lij ft.) 
 
 Xo. Iti91. Jui: Willi Ino liaialles. 
 (1 : 4 actual size. Deiitb, 22 ft.) 
 
 vases of a similar shape. Xo. 1002 is a dull Idaek hand-maile one, havin,;:; 
 an incised linear ornamentation. To the same kind of Jul;s liidoiiL;s also 
 the hand-made one, Xo. 1003, on which I have put a cover with a handle 
 running out into three spirals. 
 
 All these shapes of vessel, from Xo. 1088 to Xo. 1003, are freijuent in 
 the fourth and third cities ; but more frei]uent than any other form is the 
 two-handled cup, Xo. 10'.i4, which, as has lieen liefore said, only came into 
 use in this fourth city, for it only twice occurred as a tripod in the third, 
 the burnt city. These cups are so abundant that I collected more than 
 
538 THE FOITRTH CITY ON THE SITE OP TROY. [Chap. YIII. 
 
 400 of tliern, yet I never fonnd a single wliecl-made one among tliem ; all 
 are hancl-niade, generally red, Imt very frequently also of a Idack colour. 
 
 Xo. 1002. Pitcher n-itli two liandleg, and impre^^^ed 
 
 lineiir ornamenratioD. 
 
 f 1 ; 4 artu i! size. Deptb, about 22 ft.j 
 
 "No. 1004. Oop with two liatKlles. 
 (Half actual size. Depth, aljout JO ft.) 
 
 llo. 109 J J tl ti 1 ndl s ar J Cover 
 
 jn ttie fonjj of a crowij. 
 
 (1 :4 actual size. Depth, ebuut 10 ft.) 
 
 On account of the ultunditnce of tlieso cups I l>elievo tlieni to liave been 
 used also as wine-cups. I am not aAvaro tliat douLle-liandled cups of an 
 
 i\o. 1006. 
 
 Ko. 1033. 
 
 Xo. lion. 
 
 ^Ew4»'* ^ 
 
 No3. 1095-1100. Six Cupa, eacli with one handle. (Nearly 1 : .1 actual size. D-plh, 1 .3tr, 22 ft.) 
 
 identical sliapc have ever Ijeen found elsewliere, except in ]\Iycenae, wliere 
 I found fliur of tliem in tlio royal tomljs.'" But just as frecjuent as these 
 
 " See TUT i/yccnac, No. 349, p. 240. 
 
Chap. VIII.] 
 
 LAItGE TWO-HANDLED BOWLS. 
 
 oOtJ 
 
 are the single-haiulled histroiis red or lilack hand-made cups Nos. 1095- 
 1100, and particuLirly the shapes of Nos. 1090 and lOOD. All these 
 forms are also very frequent in the following, the fifth city, so that I have 
 heen alile to collect more than .500 of them. Frecjuent also, hut far less 
 ahundant than the form Ko. 109-i, are the large douhle-handled cups, 
 
 y " 
 
 1 1 II 11 1! ize. Depth, IG a.) 
 
 llo. HC2. Globular Cup oi Ljil Willi I \u L.uidlMi. (.Aljout 1 : 4 actuiiUize. Dcrtli, 22 ft.) 
 
 No. 1103. Globular Urn, ivilh two handles. (1 ; 4 actual size. Depth, 26 ft.) 
 
 Nos. 1101 and 1102, which are generally red, and are also always hand- 
 made. The red urn No. 1103, which has two handles, is also hand-made, 
 
540 TiiK Fouirrii city ox the site op ti;oy. [Chap. viii. 
 
 No. 1104. Tlil»iil I'ihjlii r, Willi tu-o handles. 
 Cl .' i actuul i^iie. Depth, H to 22 ft.) 
 
 Xu. IIOj. Dull li II 11 I I I I I'litlirr. (.Vbout 
 1 : 4 ictu l1 siz J I I tl 1 jut 22 ft.) 
 
 ^ ly 
 
 No. 1107. Tri]H«l i.'np, " ilh tno hamlh'S. 
 (1 : 3 actual size, lltplh, \i to 22 ft.) 
 
 No. 1110. Ciirioii.s Tripod drinking Wjssel, conbistiiig 
 
 of throe- oup^ issuing from a circular tube, 
 
 (I : 4 actual size. Depth, l:; ft,; 
 
 No. nil. Tripod Ves-el, consisting of a circular tube 
 with four cupg. (1 ; 4 actual size. Jiepth, 20 ft.) 
 
 as arc like\vi.-;c the ilimlili.-lDiiullod tripod-pitchers Xos. 1104 and 1105, 
 as well as the red douhh.' haudli.'d tripod-cups, Nos. IIOIJ. 1107, and 1108, 
 -No, 1100 is a vase Avith two handles, of a shape which often occurs. 
 
Chap. VIII.] 
 
 A'ESSELS OF YARIOrS FORMS. 
 
 541 
 
 No. 1110 marks a very curious lustrous-lirmYii tripod-goLlct, consisting 
 of a circular tube Avitli three cups. This goblet could serve for three 
 
 persons sitting round a 
 table, each of whom could 
 drink from a separate mouth 
 of the goblet. A similar 
 vessel is indicated liy No. 
 1111 ; it also consists of a 
 tube resting on three feet, 
 and having four cups, one 
 of which is larger tlian the 
 rest. No. 1112 is a large 
 rude urn with two handles, 
 of a common shape. No. 
 1113 is a rare lustrous-brown 
 double-handled bottle, with 
 a ratlier flat liody and a 
 convex bottom; No. 1114, 
 a globular two-handled red 
 vase with a h(:illow foot ; 
 No. 1115, a hat double- 
 
 Xo. 1113. Lentil-shaped Bottle, with two 
 
 bandies, (1 :4 actual size. I'ejith, 
 
 IS t<. 22ft.) 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 -i*;- 
 
 
 -, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ko. 1112. 
 
 Large Urn with two handles. 
 Depih. 22 It.) 
 
 (1:6 actual size. 
 
 Ko. 1116. 
 
 Nus, 1115,1116. Lcntil-sliaped Bottle and , Tug. with two haudlc-8. 
 (1 : 4 actual size, llciitb, aboul 10 ft.) 
 
 No. 1117. Vase wutl] two tiandles, and priji'dinc: ornament 
 in the form of spectacles on either side. ( 1 ; 4 actual 
 size. Depth, 19 ft.) 
 
 Ko, 1114. r.lolralar S'ase, with two liandles. 
 (1 : 4 actual size. Depth, 1,1 to 22 ft,) 
 
G42 
 
 THE FOURTH CITY OX THE SITE OF TROY. 
 
 [Chap. YIII. 
 
 handled lustvoiis-red vessel in the form of a hnntiug-bottle, with a convex 
 liottom ; such bottles arc not rare here. Xo. IIIG is a vessel with a convex 
 hottorn, and perforated projections on the sides for suspension. No. 1117 
 is a doul.ile-handled vase, decorated on either side with a projecting double 
 spiral : vases with the same spiral decoration are frequent m the third 
 and fjurtli cities. Xo. 1118 is a red douljle-handled vase of a common 
 sliape, with a convex liottom: the bell-shaped cover is of a dark-red 
 C(jlonr ; it does not belong to this particular vase. Xo. llllj is a largo 
 
 ^ J. 11. . ^ ,, ..ill, , ,,, ] ^, „,,.] i_,j,,., 
 
 in tb^j funn 'if a Ij.-U. (1 :4 autual size. 
 Il'l'tlj, ;iljolU 22 ft. J 
 
 !■ 1111 \ tw ban 11 s ir i I n r k 
 
 (1 J t 1 I Cltl jl U22a 
 
 Xu, lej". \'.i-.' u-,il, :t V'l-ncal arirl a h.-rizontal 
 liiujilli;. { I : iictuul .size. iJeptb, I'JIL) 
 
 N" 11 1 \ 1 111 li iiz nl.il handle. 
 
 (1:4 aclualsizc. Ilepth, loft.) 
 
 nnpolislied double-handled vase with a convex Ixittom : vases of this 
 shape arc common in this and in the preceding city. No. 1120 marks 
 a large vase of a rude fabric, having one handle joining the neck to 
 
Chap. VIIL] TEERA-COTTA BOTTLES : A^ASE WITH A SPOUT. 543 
 
 the bocl}^ nnd a smaller handle on the opposite side. The rude vessel, 
 No. 1121, has its two handles in similar positions ; the foot is hollow, 
 and has two perforations. Vessels like these are very rare. No. 1122 is 
 a wheel-made hlack bottle ; its foot is convex, and almost pointed. The 
 grey bottle. No. 1123, is also wheel-made; its foot is hollow. No. 1124 is 
 a wheel-made black bottle with a pointed foot : similar terra-cotta bottles 
 are not rare here, but they do not occur in the subsequent city. 
 
 Xi). 1122. Terra-cotta Cottle ^\-ith pointed 
 foot. (^1:4 actual size. Depth 22 ft.) 
 
 No. 1123. Terra-cotta L ttl th 
 hollow foot. (1 : 4 actu.il size, 
 llepth, about 19 ft.) 
 
 1124. Torni-cotI 
 
 iiottle Willi coiiV(.>.x 
 
 bottom. (iVbout 1 :4 
 
 actual size. Depth, 
 
 about 16 ft.) 
 
 No. 1125 is a lustrous-brown wheel-made gloliular vase, with four 
 breast-like protuberances on the body ; the bottom is flat. A vase very 
 similar to this, found by Professor Virchow in his excavations in the 
 graveyard of Zaborowo, is in his collection. The curious vessel, No. 1126, 
 
 No. 1125. Globular Vase, with four breast-lilce projec- 
 tions. (About 1 : 4 actual size. Depth, 16 ft.) 
 
 No. 1126. Vase witi) spout. { Aljout 1 : 4 actual size 
 Depth, 16 ft.) 
 
 has a globular base, and a spout in the upper part of the body. It is 
 wheel-made, but of a rude fabric. No second specimen of this shape 
 was found. 
 
 The terra-cotta plates of this fourth city are of two sorts. They are 
 
544 
 
 THE FOUETII CITY OX THE SITE OF TliOY. 
 
 [CuAP. Till. 
 
 either wlieel-made, and in this case they are always shallow, very rude, 
 often of irre,i;-nlar form, always unpolished, and perfectly similar in shape 
 to those of the third, the burnt city, of which I have represented some under 
 Nos. 455 to 46S (p. 408). Or they are hand-made, and in this case they 
 are from :2 to 2.Vin. deep and nearly 8 in. m diameter, made with great 
 symmetry, well polished, and of a lustrous dark-brown or red colour ; 
 nay, on account of their depth they might rather be called bowls than 
 plates. Thev have generally no handle, but sometimes they have one, and 
 eren two. There also occur double-handled bowls, 18 m. in diameter, and 
 from 7 to 8 in. deep. The wheel-made plates have always a flat bottom ; 
 the hand-made ones always a convex one. There also occur very rude 
 wheel-made tripod plates, with sieve-like perforations. I represent here 
 under Xo. 1127 a dark-brown hand-made plate or bowl of the usual form 
 with one handle, and under Xo. 1128 a hand-made lustrous-red plate of 
 a different shape, having a large cross painted with dark-red clay in its 
 
 No5. irjV-ll;;2. [luivU, liiiiuas, iJuttle, and Vase of Tcrra-cutUi. (I ;4 actual size. Depth, 13 to 19 ft.) 
 
 hollow : this cross was evidently painted there before the plate was 
 baked. Similar deep dishes or bowls, but wheel-made, found in Cyprus, 
 arc in the British Museum. The bottle, No. 1129, is hand-made.' The 
 pretty tripod No. 1130 is wheel-made ; the feet and the handle were added 
 after the upper vessel had been fashioned ; holes were made into which 
 they were stuck, and in wliicli they were consolidated with clay. In all 
 vessels whose orifice was large enough to introduce the hand, the places 
 where the feet or handles had been stuck in were smoothed, so that 
 notliing appears of them on the inside of the vessels ; but in the vessels 
 with a narrow mouth the feet and handles were often left protruding on 
 the inside. 
 
 No. llril IS another hand-made lustrous-red double-handled tripod- 
 
CHAr. YIIL] 
 
 VASES OF FOEEIGN ORIGIX. 
 
 545 
 
 cup ; No. 1132, a Land-made vase of the same colour, with two liandles ; 
 No. 1133, a brown wheel-made jug, of a globular form, with one handle. 
 
 L DeltL.a ou 1 ) 
 
 No. 1134. Curi"U< iLisiu.us-liljck .III-, haTin^- 
 bottom with eleven perforati'ins. 
 (Half actual size. Iiepth, 16 It.) 
 
 Xo. 1134 is a very massive lustrous-black jug, having a flat l.iottom with 
 eleven perforations. Though but slightly baked, it is very solid ; it has 
 
 Xos. 1135, 113i;. Lar?e Ve=sel* nf lustruiis-lilacli T.-vra-colta, with four lianrlles, 
 CI : 3 actual size. Llepth, 14 to au ft.) 
 
 2 N 
 
340 
 
 THE F(JURTH CITY ON THE SITE OF TROT. [Chap. VIII. 
 
 a trefoil orifice and a rope-lil-;o liandle ; it lias round the neck an incised 
 7A''ziy<' decoration from wliicli liands of a rude linear ornamentation 
 extend downwards, riffit and left. All these incised ornaments seem to 
 liave been made with pointed flints ; they are filled in with white chalk, in 
 ,,rder to strike the eye. The peculiar sort of clay of this jug, its shape, 
 fabric, and deeply-incised decoration, are wfidely different from all that w'e 
 are accustomed to find hero. I only found the very same clay and fabric 
 in the yase-head Nos. 1002 and 1003, in the terra-cotta ball iS'o. 1993, and 
 m the vases Xns. 1135 and 1130. If the clay of wdiich these five objects 
 were made, and the potter who made them, had belonged to Troy, we 
 should undoubtedly have found more specimens of such ware. I therefore 
 feel liuld to attribute to these objects a foreign origin. 
 
 Tlie vases Nos. 113-"J and 1130 are 2 ft. 2 m. high, wheel-made, very 
 imperfectly liaked, well polished, and of a lustrous-black colour. Very 
 characteristic are the four thin handles and the very wide protruding 
 border all round the orifice m both. The Ijottom is flat. Of this same form 
 only three vases were found ; it does not occur in any of the other cities. 
 
 No. 1137 is a rude hand-made one-handled yellow pitcher : No. 1138, 
 
 Xu. 113T, Pitchrr ttitli "lie luiii.Ur. (1 ;4 ai.tiul 
 size. Depth, I'J ft J 
 
 Xo. 113s. Jug with one handh?. 
 (1:0 .actual size. Depth, ahjut 22 ft.) 
 
 a dark-brown hand-made jug or bottle, of irregular form, with one handle; 
 its bottom is convex. All the following jugs (Xos. 1130 to 1147) are 
 wheel-made, except No. 1144, wdiich is hand-made. Nos. 1139 and 1140 
 are one-handled yellow globular jugs. No. 1141 is a lustrous-red jug, 
 Avitli a convex base and three handles, of wdiich two are on the body 
 and (Uie joins the neck to the body. The pretty little vase, No. 1142, 
 lias four handles. No. 1143 represents a pear-sliaped lustrous-yellow 
 iiertfirlioc, with a convex bottom and a trefoil orifice ; it has a large handle 
 joining the neck to the body, and two small ones on the body. The red 
 haiid-rnade vase. No. 1144, lias a pointed foot and two handles; it has a 
 sfiiral ornament on each side. No. 1145 is a pretty red pear-shaped vase, 
 witli three handles and a cover of crescent form, wdiich reminds us of the 
 vjise-liaiidles of crescent form found in the Italian terramare ; No. 1140, a 
 large dark-lirown jug, with a convex bottom and three handles. This last 
 vase, as well as the three foregoing ones, were found in the largo house which 
 
Chap. YIIL] 
 
 THr.EE-llANDLED VASES. 
 
 547 
 
 X.j, lUl. Jug with threr- liaiuUf.-. 
 (XeJiiy 1 ; l actual size. Depth, about 19 ft.) 
 
 Xo. 114 
 
 ( 
 
 L pth 1 utlb ft ) 
 
 
 No. 1144. Lar.-e dmtble-hamllort Vase. ^fV'^"^'^-^ ''"'■ 
 (1 ; 4 actual size. Iiepth, ahntit 2nft.1 
 
 No, 1141 
 
 (1:4 actual sue. li'Pt" 
 
 >e lianiUes. 
 
'AS 
 
 THE FOUltTH CITY ON THE SITE OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. VHI. 
 
 '^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 0. 114,". Va^o with three hanilles, and Cuvor 
 with a lianijle nf crescent furm. 
 (1 ; 4 actual tizc. Depth, about 20 fl.) 
 
 \ li 1 ur ba dle=5 
 
 u 1 biz 1 I 1 al nt 13 ft ) 
 
 wfis bnilt on the top of the old roj^al house. No. Il-i7 represents, in 1-7 th 
 ci' its size, a large egg-shaped vase of a Llackish colour, ^vltll four handles. 
 No. 1148 is a globular wheel-made lustrous-brown oenoclioi', with a 
 flat base and a long upright neck ; it has three breast-like protuberances. 
 The red globular oenochvr, Xo. 1119, is likewif;e wheel-made; the bottom 
 is Hat ; the mouthpiece is restored. The grey oenoclioe, No. 1150, with 
 
 iSu. lua. Glubular Jug, win hm 
 
 neck and breast-iike projections. 
 
 (Aljout 1 :4 actu.il size. 
 
 liepth, about 20 ft.) 
 
 Xn. 1149. Gloliubir .Jup ■ Uioiitli|iiece 
 
 restored. (Ab(/ut 1:4 actual size. 
 
 Depth, about 22 ft.) 
 
 No. 1150. Jug Willi long ncci:. 
 (About 1 : 4 actual size. 
 I'cptli, aliout Ij ft.) 
 
 a long neck, is hand-maile. The pretty red tripod ueuochor, No. ll:"il, is 
 hand-made. The blackish oenoclioe, No. 1152, is wheel-made. No. 1153, 
 again, is hand-made. No. 1154 i.s a pretty hand-made pear-shaped red 
 oeiiorJioe, decorated witli incised lines round the neck; the mouth has a 
 trefoil shape, and sn also has the mouth of the pretty red oenoehoci 
 No. 1157. No. 1155 is also hand-made; but the red oenochcje, No. 1156, 
 
Chap. MIL] 
 
 LOXG-NECKED OEXOCHOAE. 
 
 No. 1151. Tripod Oenochok', with Ko. 1152. Jng with a long neck 
 
 one handle and trefoil mouth. (1 : 4 (About 1 : 4 actual size, 
 
 actual size. lopth, 13 to 20 ft.; Depth, about 19 ft.) 
 
 >.'u. 11&3 Tu^i ^Mi\\ 0. Irng n l 
 (^Nearly 1 J i tuil iz 
 Depth, aljuut ly It.) 
 
 Ko. Iiri4. Oenorhoi^ v^lxh strai Ink N ly 
 1 : 4 actual .■^ize. Depth, It it J 
 
 No. 115"). i.ival Juy i.r < I 
 
 (X-.'arly 1 : 4 actual size. ] 'ci tilt _ It ) 
 
 is wheel-made. The globular oenoclwr, No. 1158, is wheel-made ; it Las a 
 protuberance on the fore-part of the neck, and a small one on each side 
 of it : these protuberances may have been intended to represent a face. 
 All the following jugs or oeiiochoae, Nos. 1159-116'J, are hand-mada 
 
550 
 
 THE FOUETH CITY OX THE SITE OF TEOY. [Chap. VIII. 
 
 Ji'l t 1 It 
 
 'fSj-^>"* 
 
 No. U^.,. ljlubul.li (.t/ii../<'.., ^MlLl 
 a curious neck. (About 1 : 4 
 actual size. Deptli, IC ft.) 
 
 chu<. \Mdi ujingUt nock. 
 t 1 :4 actual size. 
 I th about IS ft.) 
 
 OJ. Juy. vN'j.uly 1 ;a acluaU^ze. 
 Dcrtli. IC ft.) 
 
 Ko r, CO. ..fu.;. (About 1 :4 actual size. 
 Ilcptli, abnut 22 ft.) 
 
 ^o. n.,3. .tug of gli.buhir fni-iii, with onr liauaie. 
 (1:4 actualsizc. Hq.tli, uljout 13 ft.) 
 
 Ko. mil. J I 1 L I I r 1 ular I cck. 
 
 (1 ; 4 actual „lz.. l..ltb, IJft.) 
 
Chap. YIIL] JUGS WITH LONG UPPJGHT XECKS. 
 
 No. 1161. GL'buiar Oen<<<:}oj:'. \\itti >traiL' it neck. 
 1, Nearly 1 : 4 actual size. D.'iiUi, li; It.) 
 
 Nu. IIG:. Globular '.'cHrjc/(".^', v.-iilmprJL'lit neck. 
 (About 1 ; 4 actual size. Deptb, 20 to 2i It.) 
 
 Xo. 1159 is a pretty black jug, of a form which very frequently occurs. 
 The forms of the ju.c:s or oemclioae, Nos. 1161, 11C2, anci 11G.3, are also 
 frequent, particularly the last. 
 
 No. 1165. (jlebular .hi!;, v, ilij a straiRht rieik. 
 (Nearly 1 : 3 .ictual size. Deiitb, 19 ft.) 
 
 No. 1166. Jng w ilb Iniif^ iirek. { 1 : 4 actual size. 
 Deptll, 1.^ (e, 22 ft.) 
 
 I have discussed in the preceding pages the difierent places where jugs 
 with a narrow upright neck, like Nos. 1164 to 1168, occur elsewhere, and 
 shall, therefore, not repeat what I have said. The black jug No. 1160, 
 again, is wheel-made ; it is decorated on the neck with three impressed 
 lines. All the following jugs, from No. 1170 to No. 1178, are hand-made. 
 
552 
 
 THE FOURTH CITY ON THE SITE OF TROY. [Ciiap. VIII. 
 
 ^.j 111,, i,|.,l,uljr .III" ^Alj.iut ^o. llij . itl-l ul.ir Jj^, \Mtli ^tijight Ko. 1169. .Jug. (.Vljuiii 1:4 aclual 
 " l:.l actiul size. Depth, Is to neck, l About 1 ; 4 actual size. Lleptli, size. Uepth, 13 ft.) 
 
 22 ft ^ about 13 ft.) 
 
 Very curious is the shape of the blackish jug No. 1170, with its neck bent 
 backward and ornamented with a protuberance, its trefoil mouth, long 
 
 ^ 11 JuR 1 1 n r tta \ I I spoilt in tli£ 
 I It (. .j iLtu 1 si/c 1 1 111, left.) 
 
 Xo. 1'^). Liinatkable lustrous-yellow Vessel, with 
 a siiiiili orifiir ( Xo. ll"2i and a sievc-iilie bottom 
 (No. 11T3). (About half actual size. Depth. 
 16 ft.) 
 
 Ko. 117:;. llair aitual size. 
 
 X . 11 J 11 11 a_tu.l siz. 
 
Chap. VIIL] 
 
 JUGS AVITII TWO SErAllATE NECKS. 
 
 handle, and tlie spont in its body. Bnt still more remarkable is tlie 
 lustrons-yellow jug Xo. 1171, of which I represent under No. 1172 the 
 TCiy curious orifice, and under No. 1173 the flat sieve-like bottom. 
 No. 1174 is a pear-shaped dark-red jug, with a hemispherical bottom and 
 two distinct upright necks. A similar but glolmlar dark-brown jug with 
 a flat bottom is represented under No. 1175; it has also two distinct 
 
 No. 7174. Jufrofovall rm ^ i 1 t 1 tn t necks. ^ 11 ' lobular Vase, with two separate necks. 
 
 (Xeaily 1 ;4 actual size. Ijcptli, Is to ;;:; ft.J (^ N early 1 : 4 actual size. Depth, IS to 22 ft.) 
 
 upright necks, joined by a handle to the body. No. 1170 is a globular 
 yellow jug, likewise with two upright spouts ; but here the spouts stand 
 one before the other, so that, when the lirjuid was being poured out, it 
 could only run from the foremost (to the right in the engraving), and 
 thus the hinder one was of no use. These two conjoined spouts seem, 
 therefore, to have been only a fancy of the primitive potter, as we have 
 seen in the case of No. ojS, p. oS4. This particular shape of double spout 
 is unique; other shapes of driuble-spuuted jugs are not rare here, but, as 
 has been already said, they have never occurred elsewhere except in 
 Hungary and in Cyprus. 
 
 Very curious and unique is the red vase No. 1177, which has, both to 
 the right and left of its large mouth, a spout slightly lient forward; the 
 cover which I have put on the largo mouth may or may not have belonged 
 to it: this vessel has on each side a breast-like protulierance, which 
 cannot have been intended for a handle. No. 1178 represents a onc- 
 handled jug of very coarse grey clay, covered all over with protuberances, 
 which may have been intended to imitate birds' feathers ; on either side 
 is an ear-like projection. 
 
 Under No. 1179 I represent one more of the common wheel-made 
 pitchers which are so abundant here. No. 1180 is a small hand-made, 
 one-handled basin; No. 1181, a hand-made red pitcher with a very small 
 
55-1 THE FUURTH CITY OX THE SITE OF TROY. [Chap. VIII. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 ,^' 
 
 :Ku. 1177. \';\^u witli liner moutlis and twu l];\ndle3. 
 (.-Vbout 1 : 4 actual size, llopth, 13 ft.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,\.., 11-11. 1.. 
 
 DLI>tb, 1» lu 22 11.) 
 
 Ko 117S. Jug uf cuar.se grey clay, covered all over with 
 protuberances ; having one handle, and an ear-like pro- 
 jection on either side, f 1 ; 4 actual size. Depth, 20 to 22 ft.) 
 
 ^ 11 1 I ic rr 
 
 (About 1 . 4 aetu.il size 
 
 Depth, 13 ft.) 
 
 X 11 - II ( \1 ut 
 1 4 aetual size. 
 Depth, 16 ft.) 
 
 handle. Xo. 1182 is a lustrous-reel one-Iianclled wlieei-made cup : this 
 sliajie docs not occur in the third, the burnt city, but it is verj' frequent 
 in tlie fiiurth as \Yell as in the fifth pre-historic city of Troy. 
 
 Xo. 1183 is a one-handled red hand-made pitcher, with two breast-like 
 excrescences. No. 1184 is a one-handled ■wheel-made vessel of cylindrical 
 shape ; it is of very thick unpolished clay and very nrde faliric : like the 
 vessels of this shape found in the third city (see No. 317, p. 381), it is 
 particularly massive and heavy in its lower part. The deep impressions 
 made l)y a rope may be seen in the handle of a similar specimen which 
 lies liefiire me as I writt' ; I, therefore, readily accept the sup;,!j;estion of 
 Jlr. A. S. Murray of the British Museum, that, as in Ancient E,2;ypt, 
 vessels of this sort may have served as buckets for drawing water from 
 the wells. 
 
Chap. Till.] 
 
 BUCKET AKD CENSEES. 
 
 The vessL'ls Nos. 1185-1187 are also hancl-made. No. 1185 is a very 
 niile lirown, unpolisheil, biit massive censer, with a liullov,- luut decorated 
 
 N'o. 11-G. '.iubuLii Luwl, ^vitli ono handle. 
 (1 : 4 actual size. Depth, I'J fl.) 
 
 witli four lenticular perforations. Tliis shape of vessel is uuique. But 
 vrlio knows whether the lustrous-bhicli vessels of the first city, of which 
 only a vast number of feet have been found, liad not a similar shape ? I 
 remind the reader that all those feet are hollow, and that, as in the censer 
 before us, they are decorated with large perf iratioiis. Pnif.'ssor Yirchow 
 informs me that censers of a similar shape are found in tomlis m Lusatia 
 (Lausitz) and in the duchy of Poseu, and calls my attention to a censer 
 ijf this kind found at Eeichcrsdorf, lietween the little rivers Xeisse and 
 Lulls.' He has in his own collection some such censers, which he found 
 in the graveyard of Zabortjwo, and many others, found elsewhere in 
 
 ■ Seethe Sessioivil Bepurt of the BcrUa Sucicti/ of AnthrojMloji/, Ethitulojy, &c. of July '21, 1877 
 p. 23, and PI. xrii. No. 7. 
 
356 
 
 THE fcjukth city on the site of teoy. 
 
 [Chap. YIII. 
 
 Germany, are in the museums of Berlin. Under Xo. 1186 I represent a 
 laro-e single - liandled red globular Lowl, with a hollow foot; under 
 No'.' 1187 a single-handled red glohirlar cup, with a convex bottom. 
 
 ^ 11 I \ «iih 
 
 iDCiscd om imt-nt itjuu 
 (1 4 actual ^ize 
 Depth, lb ft.) 
 
 Xj. IIS^. Vase of globular thape, 
 
 with two curved handles and two straight 
 
 ones In the form of "nungs. 
 
 (About 1 : 4 actual size. Depth, 13 ft.) 
 
 Cups of this shape are very common in the fourth and also in the fifth 
 cities. Xo. 1188 is a globular lilack vase, with a convex bottom and 
 two curved handles of the usual shape ; it is decorated, besides, with 
 two wing-like upright projections and with dots all round. Similar 
 vases, but of a light red colour, are not rare, but they are much more 
 frequent in the preceding city. Xo. 1189 marks a small hand-made 
 globular lustrous-black vase, with perforated projections on the sides 
 for suspension ; it is decorated on both sides with strokes. 
 
 l; .nf i»r:or.Ltcil all ove 
 ill thr f.nii of a iifve. 
 (1 : tactual size. Depth, ICft.) 
 
 No. 1191. Vase with two handles, covered with 
 
 sieve-lilce perforations. 
 
 (Alwiut 1 : J actual size. Depth, about 22 ft.) 
 
 ;Xo. ir,i2. Jug with sieve-like 
 
 perforations. (1 : 4 actual size. 
 
 Depth, about ID ft.) 
 
 No. 1190 is a sieve or colander of terra-cotta, in the shape of a 
 bowl: like all the following sieve-like vessels, Nos. 1191 to 1196, it is of 
 
Chap. YIIL] 
 
 SIEVE-LIKE PERFORATED VASES. 
 
 557 
 
 coarse clay, impolislied and of rude fabric. Even if we could explain the use 
 of this sieve, we can hardly explain that of the sieve-like douhle-handled 
 
 ICo. 1103. Two-handled i;ioliular Vase, the br.dy of which i? perforaleil all over. 
 Ll : 5 actual size. Depth, abotlt 22 It. J 
 
 vessel No. 1191, which has the shape of a wine-cup, or of the perforated 
 vase Xo. 1192, or of the large dor.hle-handled sieve-like perforated vases 
 
 Ho. Il9t. Tu"-lian,llr,i \.,:,.-, uiili ,,irvr-l:lie perforalidns 
 (Abotlt 1 : -1 actual Size. Dcpih. about 2ii ft.) • 
 
 N-i. 11 6 1 1 1 h u th I tl 1'. 
 aiiJ lUTforaled all over. (.About 1 : -1 actual 
 size. Depth, about 22 f(.) 
 
 No. irjiJ. tJLip, priiurated in ilie foini of a sieve 
 (1:4 actual yize. I'cpth, 13 ft.) 
 
 Nos. 1193 and 1194. We experience a like difficulty in explaining the 
 use of the sieve-like tripod vessel, perforated all over, No. 1195, which 
 
THE FOURTH CITY OM THE SITE OF TROY. 
 
 LCiiAP. vni. 
 
 resemldes a pitclirr standing on one side, and of tlio perforated cup No. 
 ll!ti;. Of tliese different shapes oi sievedilio vessels, those of Nos. 110.3, 
 nil t, mill 1105 occnr oftr'ner than the others, hut they are by no means 
 very freijni'nt."' 
 
 The Dritish Museum contains a. jug and a tripod ef terra-cotta with 
 similar sievedike perforations, which were found in sepulchres at lalysus 
 in lihodes. Another vase with sii:'ve-hke perforations may Ijc seen in the 
 Phoi'iiician Collectidu in the Lituvre, at Paris. Similar sievedike per- 
 forated vases were also f aind at Szilialoiii in Hungary,'-' as well as in the 
 Lakr (hvellings in the Lake of Lieiiue ; and ]Jr. V. Gross suggests that 
 they mav have served fir draining out honey from the comb."-' A like use 
 is suggested by Prof^'ssor AV. Hidbig fir the vases of terra-cotta with 
 pi;rf iratel Imttdms found in the Italian terramare.'^ The Pioyal Museum 
 at Pi.Tlin contains a sieve-like bowl like No. 1100, as well as a one-haiidlod 
 jug, pru-forateil all over like No. 1101. Professor Virchow suggests that 
 they may have been used to preserve fruits; and probably he is uglit. 
 
 Xo. 1107 is a crucilde of but sli,e;htly- 
 
 ' -. liaked clay, Avliich, as Mr. Giuliano says, 
 
 was mixed witli cow-dung to nifdvc the vessel 
 stronger and Ijetter able to resist the lire. 
 No. 1108 IS another crucilde. No. 1100 
 marks a smaller boat-like vessel, of a similar 
 (day and fabric, which must also have been 
 used in Trojan metallurgy. 
 
 Nos. 1200 and V201 represent perforated 
 
 cylinders of grey clay, which have evidently 
 
 been only sun-dried, and never baked. Clay 
 
 cylinders of this shape are fre(|uent in the 
 
 fourth city, liut they are still much more abundant in the third, the burnt 
 
 city, where, owing to the intense heat to which they have been exposed in 
 
 1 , (\ jiij 
 
 Drplij, 10 ft.) 
 
 tiie conflagration, they always have a yellow colour. It deserves attention 
 that Ihese day cylinders occur neither in the following, the fifth city, nor 
 in the first or tlie second city, and that tliey are peculiar to the third and 
 fourth. Those of the third, the burnt city have for the most part become 
 
 ' .\ vf^isil like NVi. l)';i,"i w.TS ('.nirnl io the 
 Third City: se<: X... '.ill, |i. :;T:;. 
 
 ^ .See Nui. L';> nnil .00 in the glass case No. JX. 
 'n the Xatiuuiil .Museuiu of liuJa-I'esth. 
 
 " V. Gross, Ee'sultais des Hecherdies elms Ics 
 L/'r:; ,'r hi Suissp, occidcntalc, ]). 'j:}. 
 
 " \Vnlf-;,n- H.H,i.,r, Jiie Jtalikcr in Ocr I'uc- 
 bcH,; I,eii..i^, ISTii, p. 17, 
 
Chap. VIIL] 
 
 PEEFOllATED IMPLEMENTS OF CLAY. 
 
 so fragile by the conflagration that they easily dissolve in the rain. Those 
 of the fourth city have not been exposed tn the conflagration, and are for 
 that reason much more compact and solid. Clay cylinders of the same shape 
 
 No. 1201. Cylindrical Piece ulClay, wiili perfuration. 
 (Half actual size. Deptb, 19 ft.J 
 Xc 12J0 iFrl r tHli 11} evimlei (H 11 icUial .-Ize. 
 Depth lift) 
 
 and fabric are found in the Lake-dwellings in the Lake of Constance/ and, 
 as Professor Yirchow informs inc, they are found in toml)s in many regions 
 of Germany. I also saw several specimens of them in the Museum of the 
 Lacustrine Antiquities at Ziirich, though I do not see them repu'eseiited in 
 Ferd. Keller's PfaJdhauten (7ter Bericlit). The use of these cylinders is 
 unknown to us. AVe cannot admit Lindenschmit's " opinion, that they 
 served as weights for fishing-nets, as they are not baked, and would, 
 
 No. 1202. Impl^iii lit J' ' l'^. ^^itli perfuration. 
 (Half actuil mz Lli'pth, 13 ft.) 
 
 No. 120:i. I'lTforatcd Implement of Clay. 
 (llalf actual size. Depth, 19 ft.) 
 
 consequently, dissolve in the water. Of precisely the same fabric are the 
 nearly flat objects of sun-dried clay, like No. 1202, which are also very fre- 
 
 ■ L. Lindenschmit, Die Yataiandischm Alterthumer, PI. .x.x.k. Ko. 16. 
 
 Ibid. p. 218. 
 
300 
 
 THE FOUJITH CITY ON THE SITE OF TROY. 
 
 [OnAP. VIII. 
 
 qnent, not cmly iu tlio third, the burnt, and tlie fourth cities, hut also in the 
 fifth : tliey liave a perforation near the smaller end ; in a few cases they 
 have a furrow all round the edge, or only on the edge of the smaller end. 
 Similar (ihjects of clay occur also m the uppermost or seventh city; hut 
 there they arc thorouglily liaked, and have a more symmetrical shape. 
 An ohjf'ct of l:i;iked clay of an identical shape was found below the strata 
 of pumicc'-stone and volcanic ashes m Thera (Santorinj, and is in the col- 
 lectiori of the Frcncli School at Athens. An object of day, similar to 
 No. Ili<l2, found at isimroud, is in the British Museum ; several similar- 
 pieces are in the Museum of Saint Germain-en-Laye, and in the lioyal 
 Museum at Berlin. Lastly, I have to mention the quadrangular objects 
 of the very same clay and faljric, like No. 1203, which are perforated 
 throu.nh the smaller side. They are likewise very abundant in the third 
 as AvcU as in the fourth and hfth cities. 
 
 Xos. 1204, 12[lj- Cuws of Temi-cotta. ("3 : 1 actii:il «ize. Ii.-pth, IC ft.) 
 
 Ko. 12f,C. 
 
 0.-; uf Tcrra-critla. (:; 
 lie|ith, 16lt.) " 
 
 4 actual size. 
 
 Nos. 1207, 1203. Hogs of Tprra-cotti. (2 : 4 actual size. 
 
 Nos. 120d-120(j represent oxen or cows, Nos. 1207 and 1208 dogs, of 
 slightly-baked clay. Such animal figures were found exclusively in this 
 fourth city. A large numlxjr of similar figures, found at Szihalom, are 
 in the National Museum at Buda-Pesth,=' where similar ones found at 
 Pilm may also be seen." The Trojan cows hef..>re us correspond very well 
 with those found l)y me in such alumdance at Slycenae,-'' with the difference 
 that the Mycenean cows are thoroughly 1)aked, and have always a pamted 
 ornamentation. I may ad<l that there is m the British Museum a cow of 
 terra-cotta found m a tornl) at Iiilysus m Khodcs. 
 
 ^''- 1-";' 1^-^ <^ fnnnel-like object of terra-cotta of unknown use ; it is 
 of vcry^ thick clay, and has one perforation in the bottom and tv>Tj on 
 eitlicu- side. 
 
 >(0. 1210 IS a fragment of a six-stringed lyre of terra-cotta. No. 1211 
 I'J a ring of clay, ]jut slightly baked ; similar rings are abundant m the 
 
 = In tlie '_;lro.s rr 
 
 ' Sec. I,, ,.|J, Ila 
 
 de la Jlutujnc, I'l. .N 
 
 o Xo. X. iiiiiliT Xo.s. 85-100. 
 ]al, AniniuJics jird'historiques 
 ii. X'j5. 10-1.5 ; and Catalogue 
 
 dc CExim'd'iun prvhistirrique da J/iis&s de 
 I'roriiicc, ]i)i. 118, 1 10. 
 
 ^ See my Jlijtvauc, Plate A. 
 
Ci-iAr. YIIL] SEALS AND CITKIOUS TERRA-COTTAS. 
 
 361 
 
 third and fourth cities. Tliey were probably used to support vases with 
 a convex or pointed bottcun. SimiLir terra-cotta rings, found at Piliu, 
 are in the National Museum at Buda-Pesth.'-' 
 
 Under Nos. 1'212 and 121o I represent 
 two Seals of terra-cotta ; the former with a 
 linear decoration. The ornamentation of 
 No. 1213 seems to be floral : this latter 
 seal has a perforated handle. Prof. Virchow 
 
 
 * „7c_ 
 
 '^>i" - , ~- •> 
 
 SI t r -I . ■■ •■ 
 
 \ ^, 1 T tl 1 t 1 
 
 i T 1 {\ t Ij- K". 1210. Fragmr-nl of a Lyre with six chords, of Ttrra-cotui. 
 
 1 iT : S actual sizo-. D(?pth, IG ft.) 
 
 suggests to me that No. 1212 may not be a seal, but the Imtton of a 
 vase-handle : as the lower part is fractured, this is possible, but it is 
 certainlv not the case with No. 1213, which is entire. 
 
 **ii*^ 
 
 N.is. ILTJ, 1213. Seals nl rtna-iMlt. 
 [,7 ; y actual size, llcpth, 10 to IG ;t,) 
 
 ^ 114 litis 
 
 1 1 Ir int:,ular ( H i ct v. ith 
 
 incised ornamentation. 
 
 (Nearly lialf actual size, 
 
 Ileplli, 2u to 22 11) 
 
 Xn. 1217 
 
 
 i'l^^ 
 
 Xus, 1215-12)7. Curii.u.s ciiOical Oliiert iif llick td.'iy, liavinK on one side a deep, wide, snumlli hole, and 
 aij incited ornaDieT)tati<in <in feur sides. (Almost aclual size. Iieiitb, llilt.) 
 
 <^ Joseph Hampel, Jniupiiti's pre'/d-torirjnes de la ffnn irir. PI. xiii. Xo. "ji. 
 
 2 o 
 

 THE FOUETH CITY ON THE SITE OE TKOY. [Cii.u-. A'lIL 
 
 A strikinc,' aiialot^'y to those Trojan seals is offered Ijy tlie terra-cotta 
 seals fonnd at Pilin in Hungary/ on wliicli tlio sign of tlio M-i or ~^\^ 
 predominates; in fact, tLoro are no fewer than seven seals with such 
 signs; one seal has even two ^^ and two L4Z. 
 
 No. 1:^11 is a solid ohject of t';rra-eotta, witli four feet, having on the 
 top and on the f lur sides an incised linear ornamentation. I'Tos. VAl'-), l/!l(i, 
 and 1:^17 represent tliri;e sides of a very curious oliject of Idaok sliglitly- 
 liaked clay, in the form of an inkstand ; it is ornamented on one side (121oj, 
 within a hm'der of incised liooks and strokes, and an incised circle, 
 enclosing a sign resemlding tlie ZU, with curved arms, and the middle 
 arms turned downward intu spirals; the other sides are decorated with 
 incised strokes or lines. No. 1218 is a pretty lustrous-red vase-cover 
 
 No. 1213. Small 'I'ripoa hi^h, uiih an 
 
 jlir.i^t-il uriialiicnt..it.i')ri. 
 
 (Half actual size. iJiptli, ]Ort.; 
 
 Trn-a-(i,l.ta \'a— i ^A 
 tying iluuii t'j ii,c \ „ .,. 
 fllall actual ^izo. Ij< ptb, lOlt.; 
 
 piT''Tal'd lijr 
 
 of terra-cotta, with yicrfirated projections for tying it down to the 
 ~:?Sf:, wliudi couLl thou ],(• hung up liy the s;ime string." This cover 
 has an im-iscd tirnamentation reprcsi'uting witliin a Lorder of strokes 
 a circle ^N'lth a cross, each arm tif wlucli ends in a small cir(de ; Ijctween 
 the arms of the cross are three P^ and one LI^. Professor A'irchijw 
 calls my attention to tlie siniihtrity wliiidi exists lietween tliis vase- 
 cover and a vase-cover f .und m-ar Guhon m Lusiitia.'' This latter has 
 also a riclily iiifised decorati(ni of concentric cindc'S, crosses and dots, hut 
 it lias not the two jiertbrated projections of our vase-cover No. 1218. 
 
 No. 1219 is a little tripod-disli of tiTra-cottii, with an incised (irnainen- 
 tation representing a catorpillar, a treo, and a cross. No. 1220 nqiresents 
 (ho decoration of a vlioi] willi tliree Ljl^ ; No. 1221, flic' inci-i-d decora- 
 tion of amdljer wliorl. Under Nos, 1222 to 1221 I represent tliree more 
 whorls, calling very particular iitti'ution to the signs on N(js. 1222, 1223, 
 
 ■[•,,-ln::l,,f,<,^K ,M; J/./av; ,/,■ /',-.„:/,„ ,., ],|,. H-IJ, '> S-h .N'ss/,,,,,,/ Jlrjairt 11,,; Ilcrlul Socirl :i 
 
 ^-'•__ "f A"t/:n.,„,lo,/f/, l:t/uu,lo,,,/, &c„ of July 21, 
 
 ' See tin- t-jqaanation of the method, Tei-ified la77, Plate xrii. Xo. 5a. 
 
Chap. VilL] TEIUIA-COTTA WHOKLS AND BALLS. 
 
 56£ 
 
 Ko. i::2i. 
 
 "^. 
 
 sS^ 
 
 Kos. 122ri, 1221. ■\VliorlsofTciTn-cntla. (ILi 
 acUkU tize. Depth, 13 ami IG It.) 
 
 <^ t> ^ ^^ « (» 
 
 
 
 No. 122;\ Whorlof Ttiii c tta with cnriuus 
 Mgii^, pijrliai:s tMitten cb II t s ( Vctuul size, 
 Deptli, 2tift,) 
 
 Xo. 1221, 
 
 K 
 
 
 Nos. 1223, 1221. Wh. 
 
 rls of Tcna-cottn, ivilli incised ornamentation. (Actual .size. Heiitli, 20 ft.) 
 
 Xos. 1225-1227. Terra Cf.tta P...U. Xo, 1225. Side Viexv. .\o. 122r,, Upper lleniis|ilirre. Xo. 122;. I.mv. r 
 Hemisphere, with thi; .signs. (Actual size. I.)epth, 13 II;.) 
 
 No, 1228, ^'"- 1--^- 
 
 Nos, 1228, 1329. A remarkable Terra-cotta Ball. (Actual size. Depth, 20 ft.) 
 
3G4 
 
 Till-: FUUnTH CITY ox THE SITE OF TROY. [CuAr. YIII, 
 
 wliicli may Le \\'ritten characters. Xo.s. 1'22.5, 122lj, and 1227 represent 
 the three sides of a Lull of terra-cotta, with incised signs, winch may be 
 written characters. Xos. 1228 and 1229 represent the incised decoration 
 of the twij hemispheres of anotlier terra-cotta ball, decorated with a great 
 number of signs resembling the Greek p. 
 
 Of knives, several were found of the same shape as before represented. 
 Of a different shape is the bronze knife Xo. 1230, which has been worn 
 
 Xo. 12l;(i, Knife of Bronze. (Nearly hjf actu.il s.ze. I'lrjilb, IG fi.) 
 
 down by long use Xos. 1231 ti) 1243 are brooches of bronze, of which 
 nine have globular heads and fuur have the head turned into a spiral. 
 These brooches, as Mr. John Evans points out to me, consist of the 
 needle (acufi) without the support {nhulu). Xo. 124-4 is a bronze wire. 
 Xris. 124-3-1247 are bronze arrow-heads. Xo. 1248 is of bronze, and pro- 
 bably the handle of a small box. Xos. 1249, 1250, and 12-51 are bronze 
 
 X<s. VMi-vi:, 
 
 I'l iriiili\e Brooches, Arnjiv-Le.Kb, &e,, of Broi]/.e. (Xearlj- half actual biz ■, Dii>lli. 13 lo 1« ft.~) 
 
 needle 
 
 -3.1 in. long, with eyes for threading. The needles Xos. 1249 
 
 and 1250 have two pointed ends. Yery remarkable are the forms of the 
 
CnAr. A'lIL] XUMEERS OF srOKES IX AXC 
 
 lEXT A\-HEELS. 
 
 565 
 
 last-nanied ncoJle No. 1250, the eve of ^vllicll i. not iu tlie lipa.l l,ut 
 nearly an mel. distant from it, and of X,.. 1251, the head nf wliicli lias 
 been beaten tlat, and then perforated. The object under Xo. 1252 is of 
 bronze, and may be an awl or punch. 
 
 Of lironze battle-axes of precisely the same shape as those found in the 
 burnt city, and represented under Xos. 80(3-809, only tive ^yere Ibund 
 in the fourth city, but all of them of a smaller size. ' Bronze lances or 
 daggers were not found there. 
 
 Xo. 1253 IS a wheel with four spokes of lead, and may be an ex-rcfo. 
 But there can hardly be a doubt that this wheel was copied from the 
 wheels existing at the time it was made. 
 AA heels with four spokes were also m use 
 at 3l3-ceuae, for they are seen in the three 
 chariots represented on the tombstones of the 
 royal sepulchres," as well as in the chariot 
 represented on one of the gold rings." I 
 also found at ilycenae two wheels of bronze ^ 
 and sis wheels of gold with four spokes.- In 
 the Swiss Lake-dwellings at the station of 
 Corcelettes were found two ornaments of 
 bronze in the shape of a wheel with four 
 spokes, and two others of gold with six spokes;-^ also an ornament of 
 tin, and another of bronze, in the fjrin of wdieels with four sjiokes, at the 
 station of Auvernier.'' We see also wdieels with four spokes on two 
 miniature liriuize chariots found at Burg in the bed of the riyer Sprcs^ 
 and (if which one is in Professor A'irchow's collection, the other in tho 
 Bioyal iluseum at Berlin; and also on two other chariots nf bronze, one 
 of wdiich was found at Olier-Kehle, the dthcr near Drosscn, in Prussia. 
 I shall revert to these four chariots in the subsecjueut pages. The Trojan 
 wheel before us (Xo. 1253) is unlike the wheels {iciiKKa) of Homer's chariot 
 of tho gods, which had eight spokes round the axle.'' 
 
 Xo. 1254 is the fragment of a flat disc of ivory, decorated with incised 
 Circles, each with a dot in the centre. Xos. 1255, 125G are also tlat 
 
 Xo. 12i3. \\\K<A fif Lr-ad. 
 (2:3 actual size, llepth, IC ft.) 
 
 " .Soo niv 2Iijrc>hu; p. .52, Xu. 24; p. 81, 
 Xo. 140; p. 'Sn, Xu. 141. 
 " /'"./. p. 22:1, Xn, :;:;4. 
 
 ' /''/./. ].. 74, Xo. 120. 
 
 ■- lin.l p. 2o:-;, X... WU. 
 
 2 \. Ciros^, Ee'iidtats Jcs Scclierchcs ejcec^'tel's 
 dons les Z'C.s Je la Suisse occidental!: ; Zurich, 
 1876, PI. viii. Xos. 9. If;, 18, 19. 
 
 * \'.Cn-:.^i, D, in- st.itinns la.iixlr, s, Jloi;-/,hirn 
 cf Am-crnirr; Xeuvoville, 187S, PI. vii. Xos. 
 ol, 61. 
 
 ' II. r, 722, 72:1 : 
 
 .and Assyrian wliools liave six spol^es. Tlie 
 Persian Achaemcuiil sculptures show chariots 
 with C'ight-spokeil wheels. Professor .Sayce 
 observes: "The wlioels of the Hittite ch.iriots, 
 however, are reju'eseiiteJ on the KLiyjitian neuiu- 
 nients with unlv I'onr spoiies. I'lie wlu-e-ls <.if 
 the Egyptian chariots a]s<:i sometimes l]a\-e only 
 tour, sometimes ei'^rJif - ^y^\ ,., p.-rsian eh.ariot- 
 wheel ^iven hy Ker Pm-ter has ele\-eu." (See 
 Willdnson's Aiixi.'id E-jiiiitiaii^. i. pp. 22:1-241, 
 new edit., 1879.) In two ol' the earliest repre- 
 sentations of eliariots in !v.:\]it. iu tlie saino 
 
 "H/377 5' a^d>' 6x^^fT<Ti Bows /3aAe Ka^-jrvXa Kvuka tomh .it I'heltPs, ol' the tiime of .Vineiilmtep II,, 
 
 X^tAfcea oKTaKfrjua, (riSTjpe'o) a^ovi a^<pL5. two eli.ariots havi; wheels with six spokes, hut 
 
 Jly friend Jlr. W. .S. W. Vau\ calls my another chariot has wheels with i'onr. (\"illiers 
 
 attention to the f.-ict that the t'our-spokeil .Stnai't, .\ilc Gleanings, PI. .x.xwiii xxxi.v. iip. 
 
 I'hariot-wlieel is characteristic <'f the earliest 294, 29j.) 
 Greek coins. The early Egyptian, Ethiopian, 
 
;jGG 
 
 THE FOUHTH CITY ON THE SITE OF TROY. [Chap. VIII. 
 
 .a'©'' 
 
 O G^0\ 
 
 •■■0 ® n\ 
 
 . Jjr.l. |ii«r or Ivory, uilh 
 (2:3iuiiuUi/t.. Il-plli 
 
 
 
 
 -£fe^r^ 
 
 0: 
 
 -0 
 
 B: 
 
 Xo^. I'J^.j, I'jrjO. Olijei:.tS of Ivory, \\ irli iin;i,.f(i .slars, pioha);l,\' ol-naljii.ljus ol ;l 
 Lorso'Q LiLiniijss, (,Vctiul Av.^-. I>viiLL, liu It. ami 13 ft.) 
 
 olijects fif ivory, ornamcnteil on botli sides witli similar circles; the latter 
 lias tlirec perforations. Those three otijects may have served as orua- 
 riiciits on horse-trapjiings. 
 
 X(i. Vl'n is of Ijone and has three perfjrations. Sir. John Evaus hohts 
 it to he a guard or hraeer used hy archers, to prevent the wrist from 
 Iji'ing hurt hy tlie liow-string; he adds that the Esf[iumaux use to the 
 presi;-]it day similar guai'ds or liracers of Ixme. Tho guards or hracers 
 lound in iMigland are of stone, and have three perforations at each end. 
 
 ^MiS. 1:^.38-1200 are rihs of animals sharpened to a point, and prohably 
 
 No. 1258. J7o, 12.i9. No, 1260, 
 
 Xo^, rjol, 12C'2. Anil of r.oiiO. 
 (llulf actual ,si2e. Uifjtii, 10 ft,j 
 
 Nos. 1258-1200, Eilis of Animals, Bharpeiied 
 
 to a point, and probably used us awls. 
 (Noarly balf actual size, I^ptb, I.'J to 18ft.) 
 
Chap. Till.] STxVFF-HAXDLES : IKSCRICED AVHETSTOXE. 567 
 
 used as awls. Nos. 12G1 and 12r;2 are awls of tliicker l.onc. Nos. 12G3 
 and 1204 are very rude statf-liandles of stag-liorn ; l.otli of tliem bavin- 
 
 -\. 
 
 / 
 
 . A -- 
 
 ^ii^? M 
 
 rfC 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ■5^^ 
 
 \^r 
 
 y-"^. l;ji..:j, r:i;i. Siatr-lKinaiL-sof Done. (Nearly lialf actual sizr. Jirj.tb, 16 ht LO ft.") 
 
 qi-iadrangular perforations. A similar stafi-liandle, of Letter fabric, found 
 at Inzigbofen," is considered to be a small hammer. But this I cannot 
 admit, stag-born being ill-suited for hammers. Under No. 12G5 I 
 represent in double size a whetstone, which, according to Mr. Davies, 
 
 lifptli, abijut ;;2rt.') 
 
 is of red porphyry ; it has an incised inscription, to wdiieh I call very 
 particular attention. Professor Saycc discusses this oliject in his 
 Appendix on the Trojan inscriptions.' 
 
 No. 12()G is a piece of mica-schist, wdth the bed for a very curious 
 instrument, which is altogether unknown to me. No. 12G7 is another 
 mould of mica-schist, with the bed for casting a rude leaf. I rejtresent 
 under No. 12GS a third mould of mica-schist. The oliject to be cast in 
 it seems to be a large ring with a handle : this mould has two per- 
 forations, by which it was fixed to another mould ■\vhicli had the same 
 form. A perfectly similar mould of green basalt, found at Nimroud, is 
 in the Assyrian Collection of the British Museum. 
 
 *" L. Litiiieiischinit, Lie Vatcrldnd. AltcrtJi. copied here. A facsimile will rje llaiiiLl tti 
 PI. .\xv. K(i. 2. the AjineaJL^. 
 
 ^ The ehafactsr.s are not quite correctly 
 
oGS 
 
 THE FOUETH CITY OX THE SITE OF TKOY. [Chap. Till, 
 
 Xu. I'JGT. Jluuia i.f Mic.i-schist. (Iliilf actiul size., 
 Depth, 9 ft.) 
 
 Ku. 12UII, 31.11114 uf .^ll^a-^clll~t, (Hall ciclual 
 
 size. Deptli, 16 ft.) 
 
 No. It; M 11 Al It (Half actual 
 
 bzP i I li 1.J t loft ) 
 
 Nos. 12G9 to 1272 are, according to Mr. Davies of the British 
 Ivrnseiim, hanimers arid axes of porphyry, diorite, brown hai'matite, and 
 siheions rock 
 
 >us. l_bj 1^1... btuuc liammi lb. t Half actual Mze. Depth, ] J tu — it.) 
 
 Xii. 12(;D is a perforated Iiammer of ,i common type; the perforation 
 iias Lccn worki'd from both sides, narrowiii.g towards the centre. No. 1270 
 IS a Jiaiiiiiier \vitli grotjves on liotli sides : similar grooved hammers occur 
 in Enghuid" and lieumarlv.'' No. 1271 is a perforated hammer of a form 
 
 ' .l"hn Ke.-ms. Annnit f-ln,,,? Iir.plem, ntf ; I.on^nn, 1872, p;i. 215, 217. 
 '' i. .J. A. Wuriatie, ^'vrdiskc Uldsaijer, p. 12, Kti. oo. 
 
Chap. VIII.] 
 
 STOXE HAMMERS AXD AXES. 
 
 .5G9 
 
 which i.s also found in Enghind.' No. 1272 is a perforated axo, of a form 
 ■which has also been found in Hungary.- Nos. 1273 and 127-1 are two 
 
 Xo. 1273. SloQe Hamnirr, «ith 
 
 groove in the mid.lL ■. 
 (Half .ictual size. Deiitli, 23 ft ) 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 No. 12V5. Axe. if Stone. (lUlf 
 actual size. L'epib, It) tt.) 
 
 ^ 1 < St r H n n r \ lib 
 
 gr \e in tl c n dlle 
 ( Half actual size. Deptb, 19 ft.) 
 
 more grooved hammers, of a shape which I have not noticed elsewhere. 
 No. 1275 is a very rude axe of diorite. Nos. 127C-12S1 are six axes, 
 
 No. i3Te V f 
 gteon gal 1 r Iv ^ 
 (Half actual = 
 Lepth, 16 t 'Of) 
 
 ( H If tctual 
 r rth J ft ) 
 
 1 1 L 1 1 auJ 
 
 of which, according to the investigations of ^Iv. Davies, N03. 1277 and 
 1278 are of green jade. I have discussed the jade axes at length in the 
 preceding pages.' Of the four other axes, according to Mr. Davies, one 
 is of green galiliro-rock, two are of diorite, and one is of blue serpentinous 
 rock. No. 1282 is, according to Mr. Davies, a pear-shaped object of 
 polished crystalline limestone. No. 1283 is another of those round corn- 
 bruiser.s which we have discussed before, and which are found here in 
 very large masses. These round corn-bruisers are also found in the debris 
 
 ' John Ev.ans, op. clt. p. 20.3. Pesth, 187G, p. 07, Nos. .34, 3.S. 
 
 ^ .Joseph Hampe), Cullection de TExpositlcm ' See pp. 2+0-243 and 446-451. 
 
 preliibtorique des J/usces de Province ; Buthi- 
 
570 
 
 THE FOLTRTH CITY ON THE SITE OF TEOY. [CaAP. YIII. 
 
 of the Stone age in Egypt, ^ and in the pre-historic city below the strata 
 of pumiee-stoiie and yoleauic ashes ou the ishind of Thera.^ ^Vith 
 reference to tlie stone halls for hrnisiug corn, I am informed that the 
 jiroeess may still be seen among the Indians of the Yosemite Valley 
 in Califomia. Their squaws pound acorns with round stone mnllers on a 
 granite rock, tlie tlat surface of which is worn into holes by the operation. 
 The same Indians offer another parallel to my discoveries at Troy in the 
 beautiful little arrow-points of obsidian, which they make and use for 
 small game, though they have rifles for large game, — a remarkable 
 
 V* 
 
 \''>. IIJ-:;, Stone Hall for bruising 
 in. (llcilf actual size. iJeptli, 13 ft.) 
 
 
 No. 123i. Implenieiit ol Stone. (Halt actual 
 size. Depth, 18 to 22 ft.j 
 
 example of mixed states of civilization. Ko. 12S4 is an instrument of 
 hfematite: as the upper side is well polished and perfectly smooth, it 
 may have served, as Professor Virchow suggests, for smoothing cloth or 
 other textures, while the other side may have been used as a hammer. 
 This IS one of the better specimens of the rude stone hammers, which 
 occur by thousands at Ilissarlik. Ko. 1285 is a hollow object of granite. 
 
 >'0. ]2^.i. TIoIlrjTV Instrument of cranite, 
 of Kloliular firm, uilli large perfontion in 
 the bottom. (1 : a actual size. iJeJitb, about 
 13 ft.) 
 
 X(i. 12Sr,. Stone Implement. 
 (Half actual size. Depth, about 16 ft.) 
 
 ^ 1 Oui jrinjruhily cut Lii 1 
 
 stnne with a semi-Rlobular hollow. 
 1 1 : 6 actual size. Depth, 22 ft.) 
 
 of globular form, witli a large perforation in the bottom; its use is 
 unknown. Of granite also, according to Mi: Davies, is the implement 
 No. 1280, winch has a deep groove all round it, and which mav have 
 
 Fric'lrirli Jlook, Aoji/pffu's VunnctalUsche ' Some specimens of them :ire in tlie small 
 
 ZcU ; W utzlmr-, IsSO, 11. xii. Xos. 4-iJ. collection iii the I'rench School ttt Athens. 
 
Chap. VIII.] VAMOUS PATTEENS OF AVIIOIILS. 571 
 
 served as a \Yeiglit for fisliing-nets. Similar stone implements are fonncl 
 in Denmark/ in Georgia, and m Ehode Island.' No. 1287 is a quad- 
 rangular piece of limestone, with a semi-glnliular liollow; its use is a 
 mysterj' to us. Polishing stones of jasjier are frequent. 
 
 There were also found in the fourth city many needles of Lone for 
 female handiwork, lioar-tusks, spit-rcsts of mica-schist, whetstoin'S of slate, 
 porphyry, i^'c, of the usual form, hundreds of small silex saws, and some 
 knives of obsidian. St(nie whorls, which are so abundant at Mycenae, are 
 but rarely found here : all those Avhich occur are, according to Mr. Davies, 
 of steatite. On the other hand, terra-cotta whorls, with or without incised 
 ornamentation, are found by thousands ; their forms hardly vary frmu 
 those found in the third, the burnt city, and the same may generally be said 
 of their incised ornamentation, of which a fair selection may l)e seen in 
 the Plates at the end of the volume. The depth at which each whorl has 
 been found is always marked in metres ; and, as a general rule, all the 
 whorls which are marked as from 4 to G si., may with great prol)ability be 
 supposed to belong to the fourth city. But of course this can never be said 
 with certainty, because a whorl belonging to the fifth city may l:iy some 
 accident be found in the di'lris of the fourth, or even of the third city. 
 The only thing of which I can assure the reader with certainty is, that 
 I have spared no care and pains to avoid mistakes. Eegarding the whorls 
 witli patterns which are found of an identical shape in the third, the burnt, 
 and in the fourth cities, I may say that, for example, the cross patterns 
 Xos. Isl7, ISlS, 1S20, &c., which are frequent in the third, abound also in 
 the fourth city. I can only lay before the reader all the incised patterns 
 of the whorls, leaving it to him to see or not to see in them symbolical 
 signs. I shall remark on those only which, in my opinion, deserve very 
 particular attention. Among these are Xo. 1838, on one side of which we 
 see three burning altars and a large number of dots, on the other a (^ 
 and three such altars. On Xo. 1852, again, we see three LC ; on Xo. ISOO, 
 probably, written characters ; on Xo. 18C3, again, a ,^ and a LXZ , and 
 similar signs on Xos. 18G5, 1SC6, 1871. More curious is the incised orna- 
 mentation of Xo. 18(j7, in which Vi^e recognize four hares with a dot below 
 each of them ; and still more so that of the whorls Xos. 1871) and 1880. 
 
 On the former Ave see a number of pj-J ami y-], a burning altar, a zigzag 
 line generally thought to be the sign of lightning, and three male animals 
 with dots over the liack. On Xo. 1880 we see on each side of the circle a 
 singular sign, which is p)r(jbalily intended to represent a man ; each of 
 these figures is touched by the horns f)f a large quadruped. In marked 
 contrast with these rudest of rude linear representations of man and 
 animal is the very symmetrical ornamentation on many of the whorls ; 
 as, for example, that on Xo. 1895. I again call attention to the curious 
 written character which we see on Xo. 1905 on the top of four Lf^ 
 
 ' J. J. A. Worsaae, A'vrdishe OlJscijjcr, p. IS, the T.^'. J'>/,'./i"/ Jfi^xrjim ; Waahiugtun, 1876, 
 jg-Q. 88. P- 27, Kos. 1U7 and lUS. 
 
 ' Charles Ran, 17ic Archccoloijical CuUcction of 
 
THE FOURTH CTTY OX THK SITE OF TllOY. [Chap. VIII. 
 
 and one ^. It also occurs on X,is. 1912, 193G, and 1939. On Xo. 1911 
 AYo aL:;ain sec three p^, und as many Imrniiig altars. Jlay the curious 
 iin'ure on the sidi.' of the whurl X(i. 1951. to the ri^gdit, he perhaps meant 
 t(i rejiresrnt a cuttle-tish ? From the exjierience we have gathered of the 
 rude linear re})resentations of men, ^ve venture to projiose to the reader to 
 recognizi;' alsn a human hgurc in the strange sign on Xo. 1954. We 
 believe ve see "written characters on Xo. 1972, but they still await their 
 
 decipherer. (Jn Xo. 1990, again, we see three y~i, alternately with three 
 
 circles. Under Xo. 1991 we represent a curiously engraved hall with two 
 
 j-t-], and on the side shown in the upjier row to the right a strange figure, 
 which tempts us to ask Avhcther it is not also meant to he a cuttle-fish. 
 The most curious of all the terra-cotta halls is no douht Xo. 1993, which 
 is divided by incised lines into eight equal fields, in three of which Ave 
 again see the same very strange figure ; Ave again ask the reader if we are 
 permitted to recognize also in these three figures the primitive artist's 
 repjresentation of a cuttle-fish? 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE FIFTH PEE-IlISTOrJC CITY OF TROY. 
 
 Abote the stratum of ruins of tlie Fourth City there is a Liver of dehris 
 about (J ft. thick, evidently consisting of the remains of houses built of 
 ■wood and clay. That the people of the Fourth City, of which we see 
 innumerable house-walls, should suddenly have abandoned the architecture 
 they were accustomed to, and have built their houses of wood or mud, or 
 of both conjoined, seems incredible. Besides, the rude stone hammers, 
 which are found m such enormous quantities in the fourth city, are no 
 long-er found m this stratum ; nor do the stone axes, which are so very 
 abundant there, occur again here. Instead oF the hundreds of axes I 
 gathered in the fourth city, I collected in all only two here ; but one of 
 these — the axe of white jade represented under No. 1:288 — is, in the 
 opinion of Mr. Story-Maskelyne, the most precious 
 of all my thirteen Trojan jade axes, on account of its 
 extreme rarity. I attribute it to this Fifth City, as 
 it was found at a depth of only 6 ft. The saddle- 
 querns of trachyte, which occurred in the fourth city 
 by hundreds, were very rarely met with here. The 
 forms of the terra-cotta whorls, too, are in innumer- 
 able instances different here. These objects are of a 
 much inferior fabric, and become more elongated and 
 pointed. Forms of whorls like Nos. 1801, 1802, and 1803, which were 
 never found before, are here very plentiful. 
 
 Xos. 1289 and 1290 represent two whorls, the former of which is 
 decorated with three linear quadrupeds in rude incised work. Two of them 
 
 1- A.\i\ru; 
 
 \\ cf 1 Ijik J 1 
 (_ll ilf octu I siz 
 
 I) r b I ft ; 
 
 No. 1280. A "Whorl with tlirr^e .animals. 
 (Actual size. Depth, 10 ft.) 
 
 No. 1200. A W'liorl witli ciiriuiis signs. (Actual size. 
 LirptL, \n ft.) 
 
 are no doubt intended to be stags with long horns ; the third is perhaps 
 a roe. In the decoration of the other whorl there is nothing intelligible. 
 
074 
 
 THE FIFTH FRE-HISTOrJC CITY OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. IX. 
 
 "Wo continue to tincl Jiei'o tlio same patterns of pottery, litind-made or 
 \\iieul-ui,iile, Lut tbey manifest a ^eueral decline. AVe also find licre a 
 large quantity of plain wlieel-made pottery, which looks finite modern 
 Avhen compared with that of the preceding city. Moreover, the mode of 
 life of the pco}de to ayIucIi this stratum lielongs was entirely different 
 from that of their predecessors : instead of throwing all their kitchen- 
 remains on the floor of their rooms, they carried them away and shot 
 tliem from the mound, since Ave hut very rarely see in this stratum of 
 di'hris the shells of oysters or mussels, which visitors may see in such 
 really stu.pendous massi.'S in the houses of the fjurth city. 
 
 Niiw that a people should on a sudden have completely changed 
 their mode of life, appears perhaps still more impossifile than that they 
 slrinld on a sudden have changed their mode of architecture, or that 
 they should on a sudden have thrown away their numlierless stone im- 
 plements and weapDjis, and have used in their stead implements and 
 weapons of In'onze. This series of facts seems to present as many proofs 
 that the stratum of ilrhris, which we are now to discuss, lielongs to a 
 new people, among whom, however, part at least of the old inhabitants 
 
 continued to live. We shall, 
 therefure, call this settle- 
 nicnt the Fifth Pre-historic 
 City of Troy. AYhether the old 
 settlement was cruiipuered, or 
 peacefully taken possession of 
 by the new settlers, must for 
 ever remain uncertain. At 
 all events, there are no 
 traces of a catastrophe ; be- 
 sides, as we havo seen in the 
 preceding pages, the inhabit- 
 ants (if the fourth city can 
 Sr|C^^==^ ^ iss^^^g^^,^ J? 1 only have had partial works 
 
 of defence ; tln'y had no 
 
 \ 
 
 regular city walls, like their 
 pi'edecessors. 
 
 It is difficult to say Avhethcr 
 the inhabitants uf the fifth 
 city had walls. I certainly 
 brought to light small works 
 of defence in several places, 
 but these may equally well 
 have belonged to the sixth 
 as to the fifth city. It may 
 be that the fifth city hail 
 regular walls, but that tliese were destroyed by the next settlers, or even 
 by the liuildcrs of thi_' later Aeolic Ilium. 
 
 In descriliiug those of the objects found which deserve particular atten- 
 tion, I begin again vrith the uwd-headed vases, which in all probability must 
 
 3 1 tw ^ g p Imndlep ; the 
 tl 4 u 1 ] 7th, 1311.) 
 
CiTAr. IX.] 
 
 OWL-HEABED FEilALE ABASES. 
 
 ^(0 
 
 haveliad a sacred character. A]l offJicin, vitliout exception, are u-lieel-made, 
 of a rude fahr/e, and unpolished} One which I represent niuler No. 1291 
 has only two feuialo hreasts 
 and two rrpripjht projections. 
 The very conspicuous owl's 
 face is modelled on the cover, 
 Avhich has a crest-like haudlo. 
 May not these strant;'e vase- 
 covers have heen copied from 
 the ancient helmets ? (Jf niucli 
 inferior fahric is tlie vase 
 
 Xo. 1-202, on which 
 
 the 
 
 rhs 
 
 face has been nrdely modelled ; 
 lu fact, the inaliility of the 
 nrimitive potter was such that 
 he made the beak above the 
 eves. On this vase, besides 
 the breasts, the vulva is indi- 
 cated : to this vase belon^-s a 
 flat cover with a crest-like 
 hairdle, like that I have put 
 on it. 
 
 The owl-features and the 
 characteristics of a woman have been much more symmetrically modelled 
 on the vase I'To. 129S, to which also belongs a flat cover such as the reader 
 
 -A.> 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 — _r^!5ii?iu**- * - 
 
 \ ,ibi witli an owl's lieai], tlie i.liaracteristics of a 
 Avuman, ami two wln^-like bandies. 
 (1 : i autnal size. Depth, 6 ft.) 
 
 No. 1203. Yase T\-ith an owl's head and the charac- 
 ttristics of a woman {1:4 actual size. 
 Depth, 10 ft.) 
 
 Xo, 1291. VaPG wiih the charai:teristics of a 
 
 woman and Cover witli an owl's head. 
 
 tl : 3 actual size. Depth, to 9 ft.) 
 
 1 Only the owl-vases are alto-pther unpolished in this city. Of nil the other pottery the greater 
 part is polished. 
 
576 THE FIFTH riiE-IILSTOlUC CITY OF TROY. [Chap. IX. 
 
 sees on it. No. 1204 is again a vase witli the characteristics of a woman ; 
 to it lii.'liings a cover with an owl's face, like the one I have put on it: 
 the wing-like upright projections are here merely indicated. The face 
 we see on the vase-cover Xo. 1205 resenildes a human face. Very cha- 
 racteristic owl-heads are seen again on the vase-covers Nos. 1290, 1297, 
 
 COTfT. (AbnUt 1 :6 
 
 actual size. I'opth, 
 lOfl.) 
 
 ,^~f-_--^ -_^.^.<ik.g 
 
 N 1 J 1 \ ibe covtTS \vitb uv\l-tiL'ails. 
 
 (iloutl 4 actual size Depth, 6 i to 1" ft.) 
 
 Nu l-'J 111 1 1 \ se-c r 
 
 ( il t 1 4 u 1 7e 
 
 Drptl], about III ft.) 
 
 and 129S. No. 1299 marks another vase with the characteristics of a 
 AYoiuiiu. til v,-hich has liidonged a cover like that which we see on No. 1294. 
 No. loOO is a very rude terra-cotta idol, (in which the owl's beak is 
 indicati/d by twi:i scratches, and the eyes by two dots ; the hands, which 
 are broken dlF, ap^iear to have projected. No. 1.301 represents one more 
 
 N(j. I2ri9. lViT,i-cuLtn A'asrM\ith 
 W\i'_ char;u:t'Ti^tif.s r,f a woman. 
 (1 :4 auliial size. Leptli, (j-ift.) 
 
 No. 1301). Idol of Teira-cotta, No. 1301. Marble Idol, with owl's bead 
 Willi on I's lirad. ( Half aclual and girdle. (Nearly actual size, 
 
 size. Depth, i;i ft.) Depth, about s ft.) 
 
 No 1301,\. Al.irblr Idol, 
 
 No. 1 n.; 
 
 Iwo-b 
 
 11 Urd Cup (JfTOS 
 
 with owl's lir.ul :in(l endle. 
 
 a/^./ltKlTTf 
 
 \ I 1 
 
 1 1 1 iielual size. 
 
 (2; 3 .■letual size. Depth, 
 
 lie 
 
 ,lli, abc 
 
 Ill 6.! fl.) 
 
 to 10 It.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 1303. Rievp-liko perforated Terra- 
 
 colta Fume 1. ( About 1 : 3 actual size. 
 
 Depth, liift.) 
 
CuAr. IX.] 
 
 IDOLS : VASES AXD JUGS. 
 
 077 
 
 i)f the common idols of miirble on wliicli an owl's liead is rudely scratclieJ. 
 On the waist the girdle is indicated by four parallel incised lines. A 
 further very characteristic S]iecimen of an owl-faced marble idol is repre- 
 sented under No. IHOIa. Similar owl-faced marble idols are even more 
 plentiful in this fifth city than in any of the preceding cities. No. loOli 
 IS a St'TTrts' a/j-ipiKinreXXoi'. lielonging to this fifth city, Like all similar 
 goldets found in this stratum, it is but of very small size when compared 
 with the large goblets of the preceding cities. No. lilOo is a large sieve- 
 like perforated funnel, which is represented here head downwards. 
 
 Xo 1305. I 'niiltlr-h.lridUd GoWet, 
 ^Nejily l;3aaualsi2e. Deplh, 6 ft.) 
 
 Ko. 13 0. Large Jug \lit 
 
 k. a ; i; actiiiil sizp. 
 
 D. pth, aft) 
 
 N'(. 130". .liic Willi ]nus nrck 
 (Nearly 1 : 3 aclual size, nr'ptb, ft ) 
 
 2 p 
 
.ITS 
 
 THE FIFTH PKE-lIlSTolilC CTTY OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. IX. 
 
 No. 1304 IS a vei-y rude liaiid-rnade douLle-liandled grey vase, having 
 (111 cithoi- side two lireast-like excrescences; its neck is decorated witli 
 Innr rndcly-incisi'd lines and signs without siguiiication. The double- 
 liandled lustrous-red golilet, No. 1305, is liand-made and well polished; 
 its type hut randy occurs in this strutuui. 
 
 No. 1300 is a whcid-iniide gloliular lustrinis-yellow jug, with an 
 upright spout and tretoil orifice, such as we have already passed in 
 review; the liottom is convex. Wheel-made also is the dark-red jug 
 No. 1307, Avith an upright spout of a peculiar shape, such as we have 
 nev(;r seen hi.d'ore. A spout of an identical shape is seen on the wdieel- 
 iuad(.; tripo<l-jug No. 130S. No. 1300 is a grey hand-made jug of a very 
 
 Xo. 1300. JuK. (Alji.utl 4 actual size. 
 Ii'litL, lort.J 
 
 No. riO=:. Trip lull V 3 w 1 Mr it ru" 
 (Ncirlj- 1 1 t 1 / I I 1 1 J 
 
 rude fahric, with a convex liottorn ; No. 1310, a wheel-made hlack tripod- 
 pig. with H tridoil nioutli. No. 1311 is a very large wdieel-made ghiliular 
 wcH-polishcd lustrous-yellow jug, with a trefoil mouth; No. 1312, a red 
 \vlie(d-iiiailc lintth; ; No. li'!13, a hand-madi^. jug, with a long spout and 
 oiip liiindlc ; No. 1314, ii wlicel-Jiiadc hhick htittle, AVith a cc.invex huttom ; 
 Nil. 131."), u whoel-iiiadc red ghduilar vase, with a long cylindrical neck 
 ami cfinvex hottoiu. 
 
 A I'ry lVc(|U('nt in this filth city is the shape of tlie one-handled 
 Instroiis-red pitidier No. 1310. as wrll iis that of No. 1317, lioth of wdiich 
 iiiity pi'oha.hly have heeii usimI us di'inking cups. Cujis already shown under 
 Xos. Ii)!j4 to 1100 an; very ithundiint m this city also. No. 131S is a 
 brovv-n hand-mtide liasin, with one handle; No. 1319, a rude hand-made 
 
Chap. IX.] 
 
 JUGS, BOTTLES, AKD PITCHERS. 
 
 379 
 
 No. 13111. Triiiud .Jug. (AI)oatl:4 actual size. 
 Depth. 9 ft.) 
 
 X.:. l:ill. Globuliir lutjlniiib-vi-llow Vase. 
 (1 :s actual size. Depth, 13 ft.) 
 
 No. 1312. .Jugor Bnltle with Inrm ni'ck. fl:lic:iial 
 size, rieptli, a it.j 
 
 Xn. 1313. .rui. CAbont 1 ■ 4 actual size. 
 II l.th. cit ) 
 
 N lit llul r 1 ttl 
 l,Ab t 1 1 1 
 
 Depth, 3 ft.) 
 
 ular\ sp Nos. 1311J, 1317. I nciifr n, il, 
 w t ^ 1 rf, vor cl n ck hour-giass ami a cnmnmn I'lic. 
 
 (1 : 4 ..auaKi.L. D.-pth, .It) 1 : 3 actual Bize. Depih,9fl,) 
 
 (.Ncarl.v 
 
580 
 
 THE FIFTH I'UE-JUSTOliKJ CFIY UF TltuY. 
 
 [Chap. IX. 
 
 4 tu I Mze. 
 
 Deptli, l:j ft.) 
 
 ladle; X(i, l:-!20, a pretty little Instriins-liLick wheel-made vase, witli an 
 
 incised zie-zag ornameutatii HI rnund the iii^dv ; Xd. 1321, a very nide nn- 
 
 jiolished censer. Xn, 1.322 is 
 a large whi'd-made edidmlar 
 yellow vase, with donlile 
 upright curved handles. 
 The fahric ami tVirm ef this 
 vase, as Avell as the clean 
 till High verv cimnmin clay 
 ef which it is made, ajipear 
 very modern when cnm- 
 pared with any of the ether 
 ^"ascs hiuml in this last pre- 
 historic city, or in any nf 
 the preceding om'S, The 
 eover is also wheel-made, 
 i)f a lustrous dark-red celnur, 
 and has a pretty handle in 
 the form (if a crown ; it is 
 deenrated with twii jiarallid 
 incised lines. This ]iar- 
 tieular siirt of vase-cover 
 does not occur any mure, 
 hut vases I if the shape of 
 that hefore us are freijuent 
 in this lifth city. 
 
 Xo. 1323 is a wheel- 
 made one-liaiidh.'d jue, of an 
 
 oval rnrin, witli a flat Imttom ; it is of a rude faludc, and hadlv p(dished ; 
 
 tlie rim of the orifice is hent over. Jugs of this form are not rare. 
 
Chap. IX.] 
 
 POTTERY MOSTLY IIxVND-ilADE. 
 
 581 
 
 No. 1.^21 ('1 LI iL Ml I 11 I I I ti n '11 the 
 neck. (^Ihjut 1 4 I tuU m/ i'pi tb t it,} 
 
 ITo. 1324 is a wlieel-made one-handled grey jug, of a globular form, with 
 a flat Ijottom ; it has a trefoil mouth and a curious boss on the neck. 
 jSTo. 1o-!5 is a red one-handled hand-made cup, with an ear-like jiro- 
 tuberance on either side: cups of a similar shape are not rare. No. 132(i 
 is a gi'CY hand-made vase, with a flat bottom and tubular holes for sus- 
 pension on the sides, as well as near the mouth. 
 
 Xu. 13 
 
 \ I I « r- r 
 
 I 1 n ( \ til I I 
 b\a: Utptb, 1., fr.) 
 
 ISTo. i:l2.i. Gl.-.bil.ir \'.(-'', witb luviifcting ornamerit on 
 
 eitlier .side in tbe form of a iii.rsf-«!io(.. (1 ; 4 aetimi 
 
 size. Depth 3 it.) 
 
 The potter}' shown under Nos. 1327 to 1330 is all hand-made and of a 
 rude faliric : the shapes i:)f the jug No. 1327, and of the pitcher No. 1328, 
 
 No. 1330. 
 
 II II) 
 
 are frequent. Yery remarkable and unirjue is the cup No. 1330, with its 
 handle above the mouth and the spout in tlie body; it is probitbly a baby's 
 
582 
 
 THE riFTII PrJMIISTOKIC CITY OP TROY. 
 
 [Chap. IX. 
 
 fceilirii,' bottle. Tlie lilaek ilonlile cup, No. 1331, with flat 1j(jttoniH, is ulso 
 wlieel-niade, us well as tlic double cup No. 1332, which has four feet. 
 
 1 I I in \ ._ , tjuii S'd Mf two 
 st'parale clips. (1 ; 4 actuul si/.e. 
 Depth, ft.) 
 
 \ I I J 1 r miiiig 
 
 (1 4 a tu 1 ,; 1 I I Ic 
 
 Di 
 
 liii 
 h, 
 111 
 wi 
 to 
 
 ch 
 
 ith (if tliese vessels are partly rcstured with <:;'ypsuiii. No. 1333 is a 
 nil-madc bowl of a dark-liroAvn colour ; similar bowls frequently occur 
 ■re. It deserves peculiar attention that there are no wheel-made dishes 
 
 this city. One might suppose that tlie people had become disgusted 
 til the rude unpolisliod dislii_'S of the two preceding cities, and preferred 
 use hand-made i.uies, which are much more solid and prettier. 
 
 Nos. 133d to 1-33G are three very small, rude, very slightly-baked 
 ly cups, with ciinvex Imttoms and flat covers. These liUiputian vessels 
 
 No 1334 No l-'^s IV 1336 
 
 ^ 1 -ji-i^^b Small Jcrrac tta Cui-8, 
 with fiat cuvcis. (Seal ly half actu.a wzf. l.upih, c ft.) 
 
 only occur m this fiftli pre-historic city, but they are found here in 
 larLfe numbers, sometimes by the dozen together: tlieir use is an enigma 
 to us. Professor Itoberts thinks they may possildy have been crucibles. 
 >.o. 1337 IS a seal of terra-cotta, with a perforated handle for suspension; 
 it is badly liaked and of a rude fabric, with a rudely-incised linear decora- 
 tion and IViur dots. Nos. 1338 and 133'J are two funnels of slightly- 
 
 Nu. 1,-;3'J. 
 
 No. 1337. TiTij- 
 hall actil.il .M> 
 
 ottii Sr;il. f About 
 . I '.-III Ij, 3 11.; 
 
 Norf. l:i3.<. 133'.). Two liltle Funnels of 'I'.Tra-c. 
 (About half actual size. Depth, lu ft.) 
 
Chap. IX.] 
 
 CURIOUS IXSCUllJEP FUNNELS. 
 
 583 
 
 baked clay, of a Instrons-browii colour. On botli of tliom wc ap;ain sec tlie 
 written character iiio, wliicli so frei|UentlY uccnrs in the preccdmi;- cities. 
 As Prof. Sayce shows in his Appendix, these funnels are almost identical in 
 shape, material, and character with a funnel found hy Mr. Oenrge Smith 
 under the tloor of the palace of Assur-hani-pal or Sardauapalus at Kou- 
 yunjik, and mscrilied with Trojan characters, which was prohahly hrought 
 to Nineveh by the Lydian ambassadors of Gyges. They seem to have 
 been used as measuring vessels, and the word mo with which they are 
 inscribed may be derived from the Aryan root hlu, " to measure." 
 Xo. 1310 is another terra-cotta seal, lietter baked, but decorated merely 
 with small concentric circles. - 
 
 No. 1?11 IS a perforated object of stone of unknown 
 use. No. 1342 is a large saw of silex, with marks on 
 its upper part of its having lieen cased in a wooden 
 haiulle. To the many localities enumerated in the 
 preceding pages where similar flint saws are found, 
 I can now also add Egypt ; for in Fr. Mook's Aer/ijpft'ii^ 
 YoruictaUische ZpAP I find a great many silex saws 
 
 Xo. Ijl) s il fTmcotti. Xo. 1311. Oijict "f Stun-. 
 
 (,7 : > actual size. Dciitii, C to luft.) 
 
 represented, also one (PL xiii. 8) made of jasper found at Helwaii in 
 Lower Egypt, which is nearly of an identical shape with the saw bd'ore 
 us (No. 1342). But I must add that in the hfth pre-historic city of Troy 
 I found only two saws of this shape and not one of any other shape, 
 thougli the sili.'X saws occur in such vast abundance in the preceding 
 cities, and particularly so in the fourth. 
 
 No. 1343 is a curious well-shaped hammer of diorite ; it has no h(de. 
 This IS the only specimen of a hammer found in the fifth city. I do not 
 find that hammers of a like shape have ever occurred elsewhere; Imt Prof. 
 Virchow observes to me that stone hammers of a somewhat similar shape 
 have Ijeen fVnind in Oregon. No. 1344 is one of the very lew stone 
 grain-bruisers of this fifth city. I do mit think I found more than three 
 
 -- Jq ten-ninatini,' witi, tliis sr;,l inv rrvif.w of of tlioso last tlir atios. r.nt il' tliorr l.o anv 
 
 the [H.ttorv ol thiHivi' lire-lii.stoi-io.;itiosol''l'iaiy, ooulusioii, it caii only liC in a l^^v nislaiiros. 
 
 J \»fi. loavo to say that, iu sioto' of tlo- iiio,,t Thoru can \k ii" ioi:.tal(0 in tho |i"ttorv of the 
 
 .rnipnhais attontion .levotorl hv me to the sub- t«a, lo«a,.st cities, tho trpos liei.i.^ so lastlr 
 
 |eot. it li.av he that there are a lew vessels be- .litferent from eieh other, aial also Iron, the 
 
 loucnii- t.i Uie thinloity wliieli have been-elasseol iiottery of all the foih.win- oil les. Tlie depth 
 
 uinkr the f.urth, aiel a£;aiu a lew belo„i;iiicr to was rarefullv riote.l ou ea.'l. objoet, oille;r by 
 
 the foui-th whieb have beou rla~-e.l un.lcr the my overseers or mvsell, « heii it was bjuirl. 
 Hfth city, or mcc vvrsij : iieh-cl, this is almost " Wiirzburg, ISSU. 
 
 Qiravoidable, owing to the inequality ol the level 
 
.184 
 
 THE FIFTH PRE-HISTOPJC CITY OF TROY. 
 
 [Chap. IX. 
 
 oi tliern in all here, whilst, as has been said, they occur by thousands 
 lu the preceding cities, and particularly in the fourth. Besides the 
 many places enumerated in the preceding pages m which they have been 
 
 
 il lUim r f 
 (Hdt i< nul 
 l.i(titU, b It ) 
 
 ^ 1 U4 L 
 
 bruisinii; graJTi. {Half a 
 
 So. ]:>45. A Stone 
 
 Implemeniof unknown 
 
 asp. \ypiM;lit, 472 grcimm-^s. 
 
 l^II.ilf actiinl ^ize. iK-p^ti' 
 
 Lu 6 ft.) 
 
 r 
 
 ^ I I 
 
 I I hill 1 
 
 SIZL D Jtl] ) It J 
 
 1 1 >■ 
 
 (.Hilf . 
 
 met with, tliey are fdinid in Egypt.* No. 1345 is an instrument of 
 silicious stone, which may have served as a weight for fishing-nets. 
 Similar stone instruments are found in Denmark." No. 1346 is of white 
 marble, and from its shape we are led ti) think that it may be a symbol of 
 Priapus. I have discussed this subject in the pjreceding pages. Similarly- 
 shaped stones occur in all the five cities. 
 
 No. 1347 IS a perforated disc or quoit of granite, the only one found in 
 this fifth city, but similar discs occur iu all the four other pre-historio 
 
 Nu, l::i7. Si(,]ie Oi.sc.n- (iiihit. (Half uclu:iU 
 I'L'idb, ') ft. J 
 
 No, 1313. MuiiM olTlm St np m th shap 
 of a buttle. (Haifa ill/ I' j th ( ft ) 
 
 Cities of Hissarhk. The game of quoit-tlirowmg was in general use m the 
 Homeric age. The pl;iy„r who threw it farth.'st gained the prize ;'^ hence 
 
 ^ F, Jfnok, A.yi/j.lcs rnr,„rb,ll;sr],c ZrU, Ko, 8R 
 I'l.^xii. X..S. +-G. _ „ //. ii. 77+: 
 
 J. J. .\, W or.saae, Xwdishc Oldsufjcr, PI, .win. Sia-icoiaiv ripwovTO ical a'lyai'fijmf Uvrts. 
 
Chap. IX.] QUOITS : MOULDS : BRONZK ^'EEULES, ETC. 5S5 
 
 tlio word oiah'ovpa, sigiiiiyiii.n' the distance of a (pToit's throw: — " I'or 
 although at first he reiiiained a ipioit's tlimw heliiud, yet (]nicklT he came 
 up with him."' Also SiaKov ovpa, to expi'ess the same tiling.'^ The word 
 olaKOi; may he derived from 0(/ce«', 6iiK-i'v/.ii, the Sanscrit (li(\ for oiV//os\ 
 The qiioit was always round and smiMith, usually of stone, hut also of 
 wood, and once in the Iliad of iron, and was then called croXo?,'' connected 
 with (joXos-, aaXevo), aaXayij, Lat. sahim. Germ, schirellen, English swell ; it 
 was usually perforated in the centre, in order that, hy means of the 
 hole and a. strap fixed in it, it might lie thrown to the greatest possihle 
 distance, hut sometimes it had no hole. Discs of silex also occur in the 
 dolmens of the Stone period in Denmark as well as in Holstein.^" Un- 
 perforated discs of stone, up to in. in diameter, also occur in England.' 
 There is a jierforated disc of shelly limestone, 5.V in. m diameter and 
 o-dtlis in. thick, in Mr. John Evans's collection. - 
 
 Xo. lodS is a, piece of limestone, of nearly quadrangular shape, with a 
 mould m the form of a liottle. No. 134'.) is a small disc of ivory, with a 
 border on the side shown in the engraving. 
 
 No. 1349. Disc (if hoi. V. (7 :S victual 
 size Deplh, 13 ft.) 
 
 Xo. 1?>50 is a In-ooch of lironze, with a douhle glolnilar head ; Xo. 13')1, 
 a lu-onze lirooch, with its head of a spiral firm; and No. 1352, a br(.inze 
 needle with a Irmg hole in the upper end. Xos. looo and 135.3 are hronze 
 brooches with globular h:'ads. No. 1351 may he a primitive pair of 
 pincers or tweezers ; it consists of two short rods of bronze cased in a 
 hard sulistance. X'o. 135(j is a needle of bronze, AVith two pointed ends 
 and a hole near the end to the right. No. 1357 is an obirct of silver, in 
 the form of a dog's or rather antelope's hoad Avith long ears ; No. 135S, iin 
 oljject of liroiize, which may have served for an ornament on horse- 
 trappiugs. No. 1350 is a bronze ring. No. 1300 is a small curved knife 
 of bronze. X'^o. 13G1 is an obji/ct of lead. 
 
 There were also found m the fiftli city knives and battle-axes of 
 lironze, of the usual Trojan firm, which I do not represent here, as I have 
 repeatedly brought similar ones before the reader's notice (see X(.is. SOU- 
 
 ■ //. .-i.xiii. :.'2:'., :'1\: '" ^\- ^- ^f'"!""'"- -I"/'/'"'/''.-' ]>n'liisi,>ri.iiirs ,h, 
 
 arap ra -irpwra Kal is diaKOvpo. \€\^LirTO, 
 
 D,i,ir,wnc, I'), xli. N.is.l. 2. .1. .1. A, Wn 
 
 
 aX\a /.w ali,a idxa^,.' X^nl^s':, Ol,h:,;,cr, PI. xviil. Xn. SO. 
 
 8 // xxiii. J-.jl : ' ■'"^"1 l'"'i^- -1" ''•■"< '^t""'-' Jinj-Jviiii-ids uj 
 
 S.TO-a 5€ SicTKOV oipo. KaruiuahiOiO -neKovTal, . ■ ■ ln-r<tl [Int'Hii; Luuilnii, ISiJ, p. oil-t. 
 » //. .\.\'iii. S26, 827 : ' l'^''^- 
 
 aurap Vlrt\(iSr]! 0rp{ev aoKov avTOX'i'^'""', 
 tu Tzplv fj-lv jJLTVTaiTKt ^^ja aOivos HeriU'i'OS ' 
 
jS6 
 
 rilE FIFTH PRE-HISTOIUC CITY OF TKOY. [CuAr. IX. 
 
 No. W,0. No, 13o]. 
 
 No. 135i, No. 1350. 
 
 
 No. 1353, 
 
 Nos. 1350-1361. liner's ireiid of silver ; pi'lniitivo Rroocho.^ ; Panj;, Knife, ^Vc, of bronze, anel ,iii object of ledil. 
 ai.ilfnelu.il size, Ilejjtll, 3 ft,) 
 
 8U'.J). Tlie only difiercnee is, that the litittli:'-uxes found here are shorter 
 than those found in the third, the Imrnt cit)', and they do not generally 
 f'xeeed 6 in, in leii^-th, XeeiUes of hone, like Nos. 566-574, occur here, 
 hut they are by no means so plentiful as in the former cities. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE SIXTFI CITY, JIOST PROBABLY A TYDIAN SET'PLEMEXT. 
 
 Above the stratum of tlio Fifth prc-historie city, and just below the 
 ruins of Xoruui Ilium, I found a vast quantity of very curious pottery, 
 partly hand-made, partly wheel-made, which m shape and fabric, in colour 
 and m the clay, is so utterly different from all the pottery of the pre- 
 I't'diiig pre-historic cities, as well as from the pottery of the upper Aeolic 
 Ilium, that I hesitate whether to refer it to pre-historic or to historic 
 iimes. Such pottery is particularly plentiful on the slopes of the hill ; 
 and as, for reasons before explained, the stratum of the Greek city 
 reaches in those places down to much more than the usual depth, it 
 is found there even at 10 and 20 ft. lielow the surface. But the usual 
 depth at which it is fouml cm the hill is on an average 6 ft. ; some- 
 times, however, it occurs at a depth of only 3 or 4 ft, lielow the surface. 
 As neither the (rreeks, nor the jjre-historic jieoples who succeeded each other 
 on the hill of Hissarlik, ever made such pottery, ami especially as this 
 iHitteiy occurs in such abundance, it evidently points to a settlement of a 
 different people. But who were they ? From the great resemldance 
 this pottery has to the hand-made vases found in the cemeteries of 
 Biovio, Volterra, Bisrnantova, Villanova, and other places in Italy, which 
 is held to lie cither archaic Etruscan or prtT-Etruscau pottery, we think 
 it likely that there may have been a Lydian settlement on Hissarlik 
 Contemporary with the colonization of Etruria by the Lydians, asserted 
 by Herodotus, and that tin.' Lydian dominion may have been established 
 over the whole Troad at the same epoch; and this the more as we 
 iLave the certainty that the Trciad was sirliject to the Lydian dominion 
 under king Gvses (G9S-GC0),' and there is every probability that this 
 dominion commenced at a niiudi earlier period. AVc may remind the 
 reader of the ancient legend, told by Herodotus, of the emigration of 
 one-half of the whole population of Lydia to Urnbria in Italy, under 
 the leadership of Tyrsenus, son of their king Atys.- This mythical 
 account seems to become an historical fact by my discovery, and I may, 
 therefore, be iicrmitted to call this sixth settlement on the hill of His- 
 sarlik the Lydian City. 
 
 But all i am able to sliow of this city is its pottery : there is no wall 
 of defence, nor even any house- walls whicli I could Avith any degree of 
 
 ' Strabo, .\iii. p, 590: ''ABjSos 5e MiAri^tuf • Heroilotus, i. 94, qimtcil .ibove, pp. 128, 1'29 
 
 9. 
 
 As Professor SaTce oIisltvus to me: ■' Aecnriliio, 
 
 eVr! Kritjjxa eTrirpeipayros Tvyou rou AuSaii' fia<Ti- 
 /Ve'ojs- ?iv yap tV iK^ivq} to. x^p'^<^ '^'^^ V Tpwas 
 n7ra(r:t, ovoudt^erai 5^ Ka\ aKpwrripiuiJ ri TTpjs 
 Aap^ava> riya.^. HeracliJ aynasty (cire. i!.c. 1200)." 
 
 Kiios- iiv yap fV iKiiva ra xt^P'"- Kal r) Tpaias to Heroilotus, the colonization tooli place in the 
 anaa-x, ovoaaCfrai 5J Ka\ aKpaT-lipiuu ti irphs mythical age of Lyrtia, before the rise of the 
 
588 THE SIXTH OR LYDIAX CITY OF TROY. [Chap. X. 
 
 prolialiility attrilmti' tn it. On tlie contrary, it is very likely tliat tlie 
 AcdIiuii (rreeks, who dul not cuiitiune tij use Hissarlik as the site of their 
 (.'ity, hut as thrir Arrojirjlis ami us tlie sacred precinct of their sanctuaries, 
 levelled the ground and used the stones for the erection of their sacred 
 edifici's. That such a levellint;- really took place is, as we have hefVjre 
 repeatedly mentioned, proved with certainty hy the site of the temple of 
 Athene, the. Inulders of whitdi cut away so much of the ground that they 
 \\fYi_' uhlo to lay till' foundation (jf this shrine immediately on the dehris 
 of the third, the Lurnt city. This is a fact of which every visitor may 
 easilv coiivinci' himself with his own eyes. Ha,d the Aeolians heen a pre- 
 liistoric ]ieo])lc, tliCA" would havi' left /// situ all tlie ruins they fiuiid, and 
 they would have levelled tlirm liy tilling them up with di'hris or clay 
 cakes. ];ut they were a civilized people, and theref ire they levelled the 
 ground hv destroving the walls that they found standing, and hy 
 throwing the (/r'i/ /.s from the slope of the hill. That they prijcecded in 
 this way seems to he proved liy the fact, that most of the Lydian ^jottery 
 IS found immediately outside of the di'hris of the preceding pre-historic 
 citv, just helow the Greek stratum, and in places where tlie declivity of 
 the hill must at that time have commenced. 
 
 I liegin the description of the pottery with the large pitdios 
 No. loi;2, which I furnd emliedded in -a vertical iiosition, the orifice heing 
 G ft. lielow the surface. It is made of a ctiarse red clay, which, like that 
 of all the other 'jjltluii, is mixed with crushed silicious .fitones and syenite 
 containing much mica, to give it greater solidity. It is thoroughly haked, 
 which, as Prince Bismarck suggested to me,-' could, in the ahsence of 
 kilns, only have heen effected by filling and surrounding the pithos with 
 wood, and hy kindling a fire simultaneously lioth inside and outside of 
 It. It is unprdished, has no handles, and is ornaiinuited all round Avith 
 hiur hroad proji.'eting liaiids. It was lying in 187'J and 1873, for 
 fourteen months, hef ire my lieiuse at Hissarlik, and was always used as 
 a lodging hy one of my w^orkmen ; it even lodged two of them in ramv 
 Weather. 
 
 Nearly all till.' smalh/r pottery is hand-maih;', and ahundantly mixed witli 
 crushed silicious stones and syeuiti' containing much mica. The vessels 
 are m general very luilliy ; and as they have heen dippi'd m a wash of the 
 same clay and polished before Ijeing put to tin.' fire, hesides heing Init 
 very slightly Ijaked, they have' a. dull hlack colour, which mmdi ri'senihles 
 the Colour of the famous Alhaiio hut-urns.' (But there also occur a few- 
 vases of a dull yellow or hrown colour.) This dull Idack colour is, how- 
 ever, perhaps as niucii dui; to tin; peculiar mode of baking as to the 
 pi.'culiar swd of clay of whicji the pottery is madi', because then' occur 
 111 all tlie live pi-e-historie, cities of Hissarlik many vases but very sliglitlv 
 baked, and yet none of them have tlu' dull colour of tiiese Lydian terra- 
 cottas. Bi'sides, tlie sliapi' and fabric are totally different from those of 
 any pottery found in the pr6-]iistoric cities, or in the ujiper Aeolic Greek 
 
 ' Srp |,. l!:;-'. All.'iiio: I.un.l.in, IsfiH, ]i|-i. '2, 1.".. Sep :il,-.i thr 
 
 ' I,. [■iL'^riiji .'in-l Sii' Jiilin I.iiUiork, X.d.'fi mt .MliiiiiO lj\it-um io tlie l;"\-:il Mu>. uiii .it ili-fliu. 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 CHARACTER OF ITS POTTERY. 
 
 589 
 
 city. The reader will recognize this great diilerence in shape and fahric 
 in the case of every oliject of pottery \Yhich I pass lu review. 
 
 an( 
 
 No. 13C2. Pitlios. (AliOiit 1 : 13 :ictu:il size. Iiriitli. 6 ft.) 
 
 I begin with the dull hlackish tnreen, No. l?'C,?j, whicli is wheel-made 
 1 has two handles. The large one-handled cup No. 1304 is also 
 
500 
 
 THK SIXTH OE LYDLVX CITY OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. X. 
 
 \Ylieel-nia(l(? and of the same colour ; as is the very large vase No. 13G5, 
 ^Yith ioiir handles, on two of vrhich are small lircast-like protnfierances. 
 
 ^'o. 1303. BUick Turern, with two li:\iiille: 
 (1 ; C actual size-. DL-pth, (J ft.) 
 
 No. I3ij4. Vase of gloTjuTar shape, with our Ijaiidle. 
 (1 :4 actual MZe. Deptb. C ft.) 
 
 No. 1306. .Tiic: Willi an imprpsepil ornanipnlation. 
 (1 :-l actual HVA-. ncpth. Oft.) 
 
 Tliis vessel is decorated all round -svith four paralhd hands, each of three 
 lint's, (if a Y^-ave-pattern, rndely incised before the Itakiiig took place. Of 
 the same colour, and alsii whccl-madc, is the jug No. loliti, with three 
 such hands of incised wavc-lmes, and an orifice of trefoil h.irm ; as well as 
 the two-handled glol)nlar vase. No. 1307. 
 
 No. loGi"! niurlis ;i liaiid-madi' eu]i of the same colour and clay, with 
 an incised ornamentation of zigzag lines, wliiidi seems to have heen copied 
 from the decorations of tapt.'stry or emhroidered vestures. 
 
 Cups of an identical sliape were found in the excavatn.ins of Felsina at 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 EAMS' HORKS ON VASES. 
 
 YJl 
 
 {/ 
 
 S'j. 1367. Glnbnlar Vase, with two litindles. 
 1,1 : 4 actual size. Depth, 3 ft.) 
 
 X(i. 136S. Clip with iiieiseil urnamentation nf 
 zigzag lines. (1 : i actual size. Depth, 6 It.) 
 
 Bologna.'' A cnp of a, similar sliapo, Init -witlioiit any dceoration, fonnd at 
 Corneto in Italy, is iu the Eoyal Museum at Berlin. Another very similar 
 niie. at least in shape, is in Prof. Virehow's colleetiiui at Berlin. There 
 alsi.) ciccur among the Lydian pottery plain hand-made one-handled cups ol' 
 the same dull hlaekish colour. A numlier of cups of an identical form 
 have been found in the excavations at Yillanova.^ 
 
 Xo. 1309 is a large one-handled hand-made vase of u dull yellow colour, 
 with three long rains' horns, which may perhaps explain the three or four 
 
 No. 1369. Large Vase, with three handles in tlie ^ll;lpe of rams' lu'l-ns, aiiil one roniniou handle. 
 (1 : » actual siz-. Di'ptb, lu ft.) 
 
 •excrescences which we nearly always see on the vase.s found in the ancient 
 ■.;onil)S of Bisinantova,' as also on a vase in the Etruscan Museum m the 
 
 5 Gior.nnni Gozzadini, *' olcviii Sepolcri dclU ■ Chiei'ir-i. in the Jlvl/.itnto ,11 I'„hi„.,l,.jia 
 
 y.rropoli Fehinea, p. 6. Itah.ma, 187,-., IM. li. .Nos. 3-5; 1S7G, PI. viii. 
 
 '■ La Necroiioli di. VUlanom, per Giovanui Kos. 1. '2, i, 7, S. 
 Gozzadini; Bologna, 1870, p. 33. 
 
'm 
 
 THE SIXTH OR LYDIAX CITY OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. X. 
 
 A'atiriin,' autl on aiiritlipr from tlio station of Demorta in the district of 
 ilaiitua.'' At all events, tlie tliree long rams' liorns on Xo. loG'.J seem to 
 explain the //// fii- lirirn-like or lireast-like excrescences or bosses "wliicli we see 
 on the liravy Ijaiul-inade dull ) darkish pitchers Xos. 1370, 1371, 1372, 1374, 
 l.'!7."). and 1377. For the rest, vasi'S withliosses or excrescences like horns 
 or lircasts an.' also fre(|nent in (li'miany. Prof. Virchow found one such 
 vase m tlie prc-histuric i;raveyard of Zalior('i\vo, and he calls my attention 
 tn two more represented under Figs. 9 and 1(1, PI. xxv. in the Hi-ss/onal 
 lui-nrl of the rjirlin Sor'a-tij nf Anlhroljuhi/jij, LtJi iioJi,,/^/, itc, of Xov. IS, 1S76. 
 
 N". 1370. r'up with tliree liorn~ ur li'i-o^l-liki? 
 prnjectiuns. (1 ; 4 actual .size. 1.) ptli, t^ ft.) 
 
 Xo. 1371- I'lip >,iih II,, 1,- breast-like pr jcti n.? in t'.t 
 budy. CI : -1 actllal size. Jlepilj, G ft. ) 
 
 No. 1372. 
 tbr 1 
 
 M|,,l .111-, «i(li tbiee iirejeefinris in Xo. 1373. ^•ase «-ilh three breast-like projections 
 
 nt leniale br. ass. (1 : .1 actual size. and zi;!z.ig ornamentation. (1 : 5 actual size. 
 
 rieptli, 7 ft.) 
 
 X IJ , 1 J eij th mil cssrcllinear ornamcntat n. i, I ■ 1 a. Lil siz.. 
 ricplh, e ft.) 
 
 • L. I'ig.iiiiii .ma .Sir .Tolin Liii.lioel;, Xnirx on IfiiJ-C-ns, &c., I>1. .\. No K 
 ' Chierici, in tlie Bull, it,,,', di I'<ii, linloj^a ItuUiiiui, LS77, PL v. Xo. l."j. 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 DOUBLE-HANDLED CUPS. 
 
 593 
 
 I have succeeded in collecting about forty similar pitclicrs, with three 
 horns or hreast-like bosses ; most of them have all round the body a decora- 
 tion of vertical concave incisions or impressions, and many have each of the 
 protirberances surrounded by three or four concentric circles of concave 
 lines. The slight baking of these pitchers could not be better shown 
 than by the variety of colours we often see on one and the same pitcher, 
 for it is of a dull blackish colour where it is but very slightly baked, pale 
 yellow in places where it has been a little more exposed to the fire, and 
 reddish or brown where it has been long in a great heat. Apart from 
 the three breast-like or horn-like excrescences, these pitchers have, in 
 respect to shape, fabric, and ornamentation, a great resemblance to vases 
 found in sepulchres at Eovio in Italy.'" We see the three breast-like 
 excrescences also on the large hand-made, heavy, dull blackish jug 
 No. 1373, which has one handle and an incised decoration of zigzag lines, 
 with a horizontal band of lines round the neck. 
 
 ls"a. 13Y6. Two-hiini.UoLl Cup, ^viLh iniprps^Fjd linear 
 ornamenUuiun. (1 : 4 actual size. Deptb, GfL) 
 
 The heavy hand-made, double-handled cups Nos. 1376 and 1377 are 
 likewise of a dull blackish colour, and seem to be in shape, clay, and 
 ornamentation, the exact counterparts of two similar double-handled cups 
 found at Volterra, and of many others found by Zannoni in his excavations 
 at the necropolis of Felsina at Bologna. '^ A double-handled cup of an 
 identical form, found at Corneto in Italy, is in the Koyal Museum at 
 Berlin. 
 
 Xo. 1378 marks a hand-made double-handled bowl of the same clay 
 and colour. Xos. 1379, 1380, and 1381 are hand-made cups of the same 
 
 No. 137Y. Tioublc-liandled cup, with ljreait-l*e 
 excrescences. (About 1 : 4 actual size, nejitb, 4 to 6 I't.) 
 
 No. 137y, rioubie-bandloi:! Bowl. (1 : ;i actual size. 
 Depth, 4 to C ft.) 
 
 " Ponipeo Castelfranco, in the Bullettino di Palctnologia Itidkim, 1875, PI. iii. Nos. 1, 2. 
 " Pomiieo Castelfraaco, Ibvl p. 61, PI. iii. Nos. 3a, oh. 
 
 2 Q 
 
51)4 
 
 THE SIXTH OR LYDIAX CITY OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. X. 
 
 cliuns)' lieavv faV^iic uud cluy, Avitli two very long handles. Xo. 137!) is 
 decuratcd on the body with incised vertical strokes, which here, as on 
 
 p5 with two largp li-indles. (1 : 4 .irtijul t\yy:. It.'ptlj 
 
 many others of these vessels, are filled in with white chalk in order to 
 strike the eye. i\Iy lionoured friend M. Alexandre Bertrand, director of 
 tlie ilusee de Saint <rermain-en-Lay(.', calls my attention to the fact that 
 the custom of filling tlie incised ornamentation on pottery with white 
 chalk was prac:ised Ijy tlie Gauls hefore the time of Julius Caesar's 
 campaigns. 
 
 Double-handled cups like these are frequent in this sixth citv, and 
 tliev ri'iiiaineil in use 
 centuries. Similar cups 
 Etruscan collections, 
 made d(Uilile-haiidled 
 ly^o uiaA" also be 
 lections of Etruscan 
 
 in Etruria for many 
 can be seen in all 
 The shape of the hand- 
 cups Xos, loSi^ and 
 seen in nearly all col- 
 pottery. 
 
 So. 1335, 
 
 Nu3. 13jl-13aj. 1 TiM-cotta vesiels of liilTerrnt sliaiM-s (i: 4 uctual size. iJfptli, 6 to 13 ft.) 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 HORSES' HEADS OX C'UrS. 
 
 595 
 
 Double-handled cups of tliis peculiar form do not occur in Greece, Lut 
 they seem to have giviui to the (-rreeks tlie idea of their l-antltaros and 
 sl:ijplios, which are much more rehned hoth in shape and faln'ic, hut still 
 have some resemblance to them. These two cups are very frequent in 
 Etruscan tombs of a later time. Mr. Georj^-o Dennis/ who hgures 
 two specimens of them, writes : " The most common cups in Etruria were 
 the hantlmros and the shjphos. The hiuitliaros was a two-handled cup 
 sacred to Dionysos (Pliny, xxxiii. 53 ; Macrofi. Sat. v. 21), in whoso hands 
 it is generally represented on painted vases. The cup itself is rarely found 
 decorated with paintings, at least in Etruria, where it is generally of plain 
 black ware. This vase is supposed to take its name from some resem- 
 blance in fi.tnn to that of the beetle — KuvOapo^ — but it more proljably 
 took it from the boat or vessel of the same name." 
 
 No. 13S4 IS a large, heavy, one-handled cup or bowl. No. 1385 is a 
 vessel, probably a goblet, rudely shaped like a horse, or, still more 
 probabh', like a dog, as Professor Yirchow suggests ; the spout, which 
 IS in the place of the tail, is joined by a handle to the neck. This may 
 be compared with No. 1391, the fragment of a vessel, probably a cup, 
 111 the form nf an animal's head with two horns. I thought it might 
 be a horse's head; lint a horned horse lieiiig withuut examjile. Professor 
 Virchow suggests that it may represent a young roe-bucdc or even a 
 crirah'e. Professor Savce remarks that this animal-head has a strikine 
 resemblance to the vases with animals' heads brought by Phoenician 
 tributaris3 to the Egyptian kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty and de- 
 
 Ko. 1391. Fraf.n-]iii)t of a Ti rr;i-ciittn Vr?s 1, in lln? shap^ of a horse's bpa'l. 
 (Al"jLlL h.liruitllal SIZ(>. JH-i-Ill, G ti) y K.) 
 
 picted on the monuments. Goblets terminating in a horse's head were 
 very frequent among the Etruscans, and Mr. G, Diamis '' identifies them 
 with the Greek goblet called rJn/fon, which, according to Theophrastus,'' 
 was given to heroes alone. But the li"ad before us has tlie peculiarity 
 that it IS perforated lengthwise, and has a. spout in the nwuth. It can 
 therefore only have served as the spout of a goblet, the shape of which is 
 unknown; perhaps it had another, wider opening, liy which it could be 
 easily filled, for it would have been difScult to fill it liy tlie narrow spout 
 m tiio head. The Berlin Markisches .Museum CiUitains two somewhat 
 similar goblets m the shape of horns, one of which runs out in an 
 
 ' The Cilics ami Cemeteries of Eirur 
 2 Op. cit. p. c.x.xii. Kh 
 
 |i. c.wu. jS'os. .3i>, "7 ■ Atheiiarii,,, \i. 47, 4S. 
 
 I. ^ A/K AUicnaeum, xi. 4. 
 
THE SIXTH OR LYDIAX CITY OV TROY. 
 
 [CnAP. X. 
 
 animal's licad. SfVi-'ral vases Avitli licjrses' Leads are in the collection of 
 antiijiuties IVoni Glimsi in tlie Brilisli ^IiLseuni. 
 
 ' Xo. loSlJ is a small liand-made vase witli three protuberances ; 
 No. 1387, a wliorl with an mcised ornamentation filled with white chalk. 
 N(i. 1388 is a vase-liottom with an incised ornamentation. No. 1389 is a 
 hand-made oenochoe with a trefoil mouth. The form of this vessel, hut 
 slightly chan,e:ed. is also found in Etruria, in the trefoil-mouthed Lekytlios." 
 Xo. 139(1 is a hand-made vase, with a vertically perforated protulierance 
 for suspension on i.-aeh side. All this pottery is of the same dull Idackish 
 clay as the preeediufi; vessels. Of the same clay is also the remarkable 
 vessel No. 139:^, which is in the shape' of a bugle Avitli three feet. It has 
 
 one handle, and proljaldy served as 
 a goldet. A similarly shaped vessel, 
 found in a tomb at Camirus, in 
 llhodes, is in the British Museum. 
 Of two similar vessels found in 
 Cyprus, one is in the British Museum, 
 the other in the Louvre at Paris. 
 From the fijrm of these bugle-cups, 
 wdiicli occur several times among 
 th(.' pottery of the Lydiaii settle- 
 ment at Hissarlik, we may perhaps 
 derive the Greek and Etruscan 
 Aryballos,'' which has the same 
 shape, with the sole difference that it has no feet, and that the spout 
 is in the side of tlie circular tube. 
 
 Tlio gobh't No. 13'.l3, which is represented upside down, lielongs to 
 this sixth, the Lydian city, as is proved liy its clav, its colour, and its 
 fabric. Though only a couple of vessels of this form were found in 
 
 . l;r;|jiarkulile TiTia-C'iUa V'es^el, in the sliape 
 uf a IiukIc- uiili threo i-t. 
 (About 1 : 3 actual size. Depth, C ft.) 
 
 Xo. ]00:j. ljoubli.'-l]aT]01i-i| I'liji '...-a^ a/j..,'nKi';rt,\Aor), 
 
 njiro^ooteil Ij'to l]|^-ilJL■ 'Inwri. 
 
 (2 : 5 actual size. I ii pti], aljout G fi . j 
 
 No. n"^! O I I tti I n handle, 
 1,1 4 I tu I iz I 1 tl Ift ) 
 
 ^ Gfoi'ge Denni.?, op, rjt. p. c.x.xiv. No. 6*3. 
 
 Ihid. Xo. 70. 
 
Chap, X.] 
 
 VASES WITH TUBES FOR SUSPENSION. 
 
 597 
 
 this city, tliey prove at least that it was in use tliere also. It is 
 therefore highly prohahle that this form of gohlet still existed at the 
 time of Homer, and that it is to this very same sort of douLle-handled 
 Clip that he gives the name otVas' ujj,(f>iKUTr6XXoii. But if we compare 
 this rude bulky cup with the fine goblets of the same shape from the 
 third, the burnt city, we s(_'e that it has enormously degenerated. 
 
 Xo. 13l)4 is a pear-shaped one-handled oenoclior, with a conical excre- 
 scence on each side of the head. If we compare this jug or oenoclioa witli 
 the Cvpriote oenochoae or the jugs from the pre-historic cities on the 
 island of Thera (Santorin), on most of which a Imman eye is painted on 
 either side of the orifice, we become convinced that the conical excres- 
 cences on the jug before ns (No. 1394) cannot mean anything else than 
 rude representations of human eyes. No. 1395 is a pitcher with a spout 
 in the body ; perhaps a lialiy's feeding-bottle. 
 
 Xo. ]395. Pitcher with spout in llie body. 
 (,1:4 actual size. Iicpth, 911.) 
 
 No. 1396. ritclicr Willi iuipTcsscdoraa- 
 mentatioii, fillpci with white chalk. ]t 
 belong,^ to a vissC'l of whicli the clher 
 half is broken olT, (1 ; 4 actual size, 
 I)e[itli, Cft.) 
 
 No. 1390 is a cup witli a decoration of vertical concave incisions round 
 the Ixidv, and a liand "f oblique incisions filled witli white chalk roimd the 
 neck: the base is convex. To the left, this vessel has a large broken 
 projection, proving that, like so many cups and vases in the preceding 
 pre-historic cities, it has been joined to another cup of exactly the same 
 shape. A similar vessel, consisting of two cups joined together and 
 decorated with linear incisions, is among the ancient pottery said to have 
 been found liclow the stratum of peperino near Marino.' 
 
 In this Lydum city vases were still in use, with vertically perforated 
 projectniins for suspension by strings, for, besides the vase No. 1390, I 
 can also point to Nos. 1397 and 1398, which have similar perforations; 
 both arc decorated with rudely-incised zigzag lines. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Kg. 1397. Vase with incised ornamentation, and two 
 tubular holes for suspension, (1 ; 4 actual size. 
 JJepth, 13 ft.) 
 
 i '"" 
 
 No. 139H. Vase witii incised 
 
 ornamentation. (1 : 4 actual size. 
 
 Depth. 29 ft.) 
 
 ' L. Pigori 
 
 ni ,3nd Sir JoIiE Lubbock, Nutcs on Ilat-UrrK, ki:., PI, .x. No, 15. 
 
398 
 
 THK SIXTH OR I.Y])IAN CITY OF TEOY. 
 
 [Chap. X. 
 
 Nor. l.'iOO to 14:04 ai-e riidf two-lionied serpeiit-lieaJs of the sliglitly- 
 LakeJ iliill l.kickish clay wLicli is p(^cnliar to tins city. These horneil 
 
 No. 1309. Friignienl of a Two-horned 
 
 Serp';nfc (xepatT-TT??) in Torra-cotta. 
 
 (About lialf actual size. 
 
 r).!i,lh, 3 to 10 ft.) 
 
 Xoi. 141.0, 1401. Heads of Horned .Seryient.?. 
 
 (No. 1400 may perhaps rcpreseQt an elephant's trunk.) 
 
 (About half actual size. Depth, 12 ft.) 
 
 No. 1404. 
 
 No. 1402. A Serpent'fi Head, with hruns on 
 
 )■ ilh sides, and very hirge eyes. 
 
 (AljoQt 1 ; :i a:tual si/.e. Depth, la fr.) 
 
 Xos. 1403, 1401. Tb'.id of an Asp in Terra-cott» 
 (both sid"s). 
 (About 1 : 3 actual size. Jleplb, 12 ft.) 
 
 snake-Leads appear tti lie an ancic'iit and si.^'nificant Lydian symkol of 
 great importance, since even now there is in the Troad a superstition 
 that the horns of serpents, Iry merely coming into contact "with the human 
 liody, cure a numhi.'r i)f tliscjtscs, and cspiM'iallv epilepsy ; als(.i that, 
 when they are dipped m milk, it is instantly turned into cheese; and 
 iither notions of the same sort. On account i)f the many wholesome and 
 useful cffi'i-ts attrihiitcil to tlic hdriis nf serpents, they are regarded as 
 immensely valualde, and one of my workmen was once accused l)y a 
 jealous comrade of having found two Si^rpents' horns and made off with 
 theni. All my assurances that theri' are nii smdi things as serpents' liorns 
 tailed to convince the men, and tliey still liidieve tliat their comrade has 
 rohlied me of a great treasure. 
 
 Tlu' serpi'nt's liead X(iS. llflo and 14(11 seems to represent tlie 
 poisonous asp. I. call particular attentmn to the horn-like excrescences to 
 the right and left of the hc'ad. This head has a number of dots above 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 THE COW'S HEAD ON YASE-IIANDLES. 
 
 500 
 
 the moutli, and tlio head and hack are divided hy cniw^i lines into sections 
 which are fiUed ^Yltl^ dots. On the ojiposite side are lines runnm;;- lon- 
 p;itndinally, like female hair. It deserves particular attention tliat no 
 such horned serpent-heads have ever heen I'ound of a clay or fabric that I 
 could possibly attribute to any one of the preceding pire-historic cities. 
 The shape of these serpent-heads induces me to thmk that they ha,v(3 
 served as handles to vases. This even app)ears certain from the slnqie of 
 Xo. 1400, which, contrarv to all the other vases found at Hissarlik, has a 
 horizontal perforation; but no second specimen with a horizontal hole has 
 heen found. A vase with a horizontal perf iratnm occurs, however, among 
 the, pottery from Slarino.'^ Professor Virchow calls my attention to the 
 peculiar shape id' Xo. IdOO, which, in his opinion, resembles an elephant's 
 trunk more than a serpent's head. 
 
 ^ ase or cup handles with tolerably well-modelled heads of cows or 
 iixen with long horns occur frequently among the pottery of tho 
 Lydian city. I represent one of them here under No. 1405. I shall 
 not attempt to decide the question whether here, 
 as at J^Iycenae, the cow's head is the symbol or 
 iniagi' <d' Here ; hut as lite coir's liead occurs here 
 sj often, and alwaijs on vase-handles, I suggest that 
 it explains to us the tuo-horned vase-handles u'Jiich 
 are found in such rich ahvndanre in Itahj from 
 the trans-Pailane region to tlie Atjruzzi. They 
 are further found in the Lake-dwellings in the 
 districts f)f ]\[antua and Vicenza, in the terra- 
 mare of the Emilia., iii a tomb and in fields in 
 the district of l>ologna, in the toinVjs oi Yolterra, 
 and m fields in the valley of Vilirata. A large 
 cnp with three excrescences, having a handle with 
 two such horns, was also found below the founda- 
 tions cd' a house on the Esquiline, near the church Xu, un Vasebmdie \\itii acow's 
 
 ,. r. ,, TT, 1 ■ ■ T> 1 i j-l ■ ■ J. j-l '"''^''- (Half actual size. 
 
 ot bant Eusetiio, m iiome ; but tins is as vet tlie 
 
 D.-ptb, 
 
 out IK ft.) 
 
 first specimen of such a horned vase found m 
 
 Jjatium. I'hronologicallv, therefjre, it belongs to the Bronze age in the 
 terrarnare iif the Emilia, and perhaps to the Stone age in thc^ Lake- 
 ilwellings on the other side of thePo; but it belongs to tli(_' first Iron 
 age in the tombs and fitdds in the district of Bologna, and in tli(> tombs 
 of Yolterra ; t(j the Bronze age, in the fields of the Abruzzi ; and to the 
 Bronze age, also, on the Esquiline." 
 
 These twodiorned vase handh's have ealleil forth many learned dis- 
 cussions, but it never yet occurred to anv fuie that they might be thc! 
 inheritance of the Lydian vasediandles with cow-heads. I tccl sure tliat 
 tlie explanation I now offer will at once be universally adopted. I may 
 add that coAV-heads never occur in any oi the first five prediistoric cities of 
 Hissarlik; and also that among the pottery frcnn Chiusi in the l^ritish 
 
 L. Picrririni anil Sir .Inlni Lu'ilmck, op. n't. Xn. G. 
 
 Pigorini, in the Bultcttino Ui r,dcbviki'jia llaihnia (if Juuunrjr 187S, y. IG. 
 
GOO THE SIXTH OR LYDIAX CITY OF TIIOY. [Chap. X. 
 
 Jliisenm there are some terra-cotta vases haying handles ornamented with 
 heads of ]i(]rs('S nr cows."-' 
 
 I remind the reader that cow-heads of gokl or terra-cotta, and par- 
 ticularly those of gold, are very frequent at Mycenae, where I fiuind 
 fifty-six solely of the shape represented in my Mycenae, p. 218, Nos. 329, 
 P.MO, and numerous fragments of others. They also occur of bronze in 
 (Icrmany. Tlins, for instance, Professor A'irchow calls my attention to a 
 small two- wheeled chariot of bronze in his collection, which is decorated 
 with three cow-hi-ads and as many liirds ; also to a three-wheeled chariot 
 of bronze, decorated with two cow-heads and three birds, which is in the 
 lioyal Museum at Berlin. Both chariots were found in the bed of the 
 river Spree, near Burg, in Lower Lusatia.'^ He further recommends to 
 my notice a third two-wheeled cliariot of lironzi', found near Ober-Kehle, 
 ill the district of Trelniitz (Lower Silesia), and preserved in the Breslau 
 MusL-um, which is likewiso decorated with two cow-heads and three birds, 
 and to a fourth similar one found at Frankfurt on the Oder, and preserved 
 111 the Museum of Neu Iluppin. Professor Yirchow further mentions a 
 cow-head of bronze with long horns, found near Gr. Pankow in AA'estprieg- 
 nitz, near Pritzwalk, and a three-horned cow-head of Ijronze with a bird's 
 bi';ik. preserved m the ALiseum of Copenhagen ; tlie horns are long, and 
 strongly bent forward. He also draws my attention to two cows or oxen of 
 pure copper f )und near By thin, in the district of Samteu", in the province 
 of Posen. Professor A'lrchow writes on them : " The length of the horns 
 and their wide span decidedly point to southern prototypes. So far as it 
 IS known, such long-horned cattle have never existed in our country; even 
 now Ave do not sec thein before coming to Moravia, Hungary or Italy. The 
 pointed heads do not j)ermit the idea that buft'aloes might be intended."^ 
 The Markisches Aluseum at Berlin also contains a vase found in Germany 
 with handles in the form of two cow-horus, similar to the vase-handles 
 found in Italy. Srime small C(-iw-lieads of gold have also been found in 
 Scythian tomljs in the south of llussia.. Perhaps the most remarkable 
 vessel I oyer saw is a terra-cotta vessel with a well-formed cow-head" in 
 Professor ATrchow's collection. It was found by the sagacious Miss Adele 
 A ircliow, in the excavations she undertook, as before mentioned, m com- 
 }iany with her father and her lirother, in the pre-historic graveyard of 
 Zaljori'jwo, in the province of Posen. 
 
 I cannot conclude the discussion on pre-historic heads of cows or 
 eixen with(iut calling jiarticular attention to the marvellous collection of 
 Inonzes found m the island of Sardinia, and preserved in the Museum 
 ot Cagliari. xAiuong the numerous animals rejireseuted there, we see 
 
 '" Amnnt; thf. spoil tak.-ii ficni the Shaiu Urhcn Akadnnk' iler Wissvnschiftcn in BcrVni, 
 
 .\im1h I,v Kiii'4 Tliiitni.', III., \vf- Una " mic kUvci- K(.vem)K'r Hi, 187G. 
 
 rA,.',/,,-/,,/,,../,,/,,/;,, „■,//, ;/„,./„,,/„,■„ /,„'/"_],i.o- ' Sessioiiu! R'port of the ll.rlia .?-»;,./,/ ,-,f 
 
 l';illv, lilir- iithfi- nlijiM'ts Tii'.-iil!n]if ,1 in tho s;,irie Aalhru^nAu.iij, liihnuhi'jij, \-c., ul' l>uceiiiljer 6, 
 
 v'Tdi-J, fif I'hc.enician wnrlirnaiislH].. (Uiu^srh, ls7:i. 
 
 7/.'. '•!' E'liiid, vol, i.. y^ ss:;, y^.r, tv.ms. ■ Svi' Si'xxnr,„i/ l','j«;rt of tin: /Jrrlhi Socirt'/ of 
 
 -'• I -i.) Aiithmiuihvjii, Elhnoiu.jij, &c., uf Jlay 10, 187a, 
 
 " Srr AUS_II I WIS ih'm ilnlVlU«: ,'lr!d li' r KlilUj- I'l. Xlii. llg. 1. 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 OBJECTS OF IVOIIY, ETC." 
 
 601 
 
 bulls and cows ; ^ we also recognize some cow-liends among the Lomed 
 animal heads which decorate the very curious miniature round Loats of 
 bronze, called in the Sardinian dialect Gins (perhaps a corruption of the 
 Greek KvaOoq, cup), and supposed to l>e votive otierings.'' We also see 
 there an object of Ijronze representing a woman riding on a cow,-^ as well 
 as a large number of female idols with cow-horns on their heads,'' or 
 with cow-horns proceeding from the shoulders,' like those on most of the 
 Mycenean idols. '^ As these Sardinian idols have the arms well formed, 
 there is no possibility that the cow-horns (or perhaps symbolic horns of 
 the crescent) might be mistaken for arms, as has been the case with those 
 of the 3Iyccneaii idols. 
 
 I may add that the remarkable Museum of Cagliari contains also 
 horned man's heads.'' 
 
 Ao. 141 Mj repiresents a lirooch of ivory, ornamented with a bird. 
 
 Ko. 1407 is a small, disc of ivory cxhil.iiting in iutaglio-work a 
 scorpion, on each side of which is an animal. One of these is represented 
 
 'ij/^"'U / 
 
 No. lloe. Broocli of Ivory. No. 14or. Objpct of Ivory. (Double 
 (2 ; 3 actual size. Lleptli, 5 it ) size; found on tlie surface.) 
 
 No. 1403. Watcli-sliaped Object 
 of Terra-cotta, ^nitb two perforations. 
 (About half actual size. Deptb, 
 5 to Sft.) 
 
 with three teats, and is turned upwards ; the other is turned the reverse 
 way. They resemlile iitchets or polecats, though the pjriinitive artist may 
 have intended to represent lions or dogs : tliat this latter animal Avas 
 intended to lie represented is the opinion of Professor Yirchow. The 
 scorjTion was, in Egyptian mythology, the symbol of the goddess Selk. 
 I picked upj this curious disc of ivory on the surface of the ground on the 
 high plateau of the hill, where excavations were going on at a depth of 
 from 6 to 12 ft. : it must therefore have fallen from a cart-load. As 
 nothing like it was Ibund in the ch-hr/s of any of the first five pre- 
 historic cities or in the ruins of the Aeolic Ilium, whilst in the artistic 
 style of the intaglio there is at least some analogy to that of the head 
 No. 1391, and the cow-head No. 1405, I attribute it with much confidence 
 to the Lydian city. 
 
 No. 1408 displays the same dull black cohmr and the same fabric as all 
 the pottery of this Lydian city ; it is of the size and shape of our watches, 
 
 ^ Vincenzo C'respi, // Jlfnsro iV Antichiia di 
 Cifjliari; Cagliari, 187'2, PI. v. fig.s. 7, S. 
 ' Jbid. PI. Ti. 
 ' Jbid. PI. iv. fij. 10. 
 « Ibid. pp. 52, 03, 54, figs, c, c, f, rj, k. 
 
 ' ]h;d. p. 52, fig. h. 
 
 8 See nir ilm-rnn,; p. 12, figs. 8, 10 ; PI. xvii. 
 fig.s. 94, yij;" (;.il,.urpil I'l. "a, fig. d, PI. B, 
 figs, s /. 
 
 ^ Vincenzo Crespi, op. cit. Pi. iii. fig. /.;. 
 
602 
 
 rill'] SIXTH on LYDIAN CITY OP TROY. 
 
 [CiiAr. X. 
 
 anil lias t\vi> pcriovatious. It is rpiiiarkal)lr. for the cliaracter or symbol 
 lucisi'd on it, wliicli so very froi|neiitly occurs on the Trojan wlmrls ; and, 
 curiously enough, also over tlie doors of three of the hut-urns found in 
 the ancient necropolis helow a stratum of peperino near Marino," as -well 
 as ov( r the door oi a similar hut-urn from thi^ same necropolis, preserved 
 in the lioyal ]\Iuseum at lierlin. It also occurs seven times on the hottimis 
 of vases hmnd by Miss Sofie von Torma in her excavatit)ns iu the Maros 
 and ('soma valleys in Siehenhiiri^eu (Transylvania)." 
 
 Whorls are frequent in the sixth city ; all of the very same slightly- 
 baked, dull blackish clay of which all the vases consist. They have for 
 the mr)st jiart the form of Kos. 1S02, ISO;!, and ISOo, and have generally 
 only an incised linear decoration hlled with white chalk ; but there are 
 also some whorls ornamented with pj-J or |-p] and other signs, which may 
 have a svmholical meaning. 
 
 
 V 
 
 No. 1400. Milrl'lc Knob rif a Stick. 
 CJ : 3 actual ,sizL\ Itcptb, loll.) 
 
 No. 1-110. Marlile Knob ola Stick. 
 (Half act\iaUi/.i-. llcplli. all.) 
 
 \ 1411 111 f St ,,r. 
 (7 ;3 actual size, ilcpth, 13 ft.) 
 
 No. 1409 and Xo. 1410 are marble knobs of sticks; No. 1411, a die 
 of silicious stone. Herodotus^ attrihutes to the Lydians the invention 
 of dice. 
 
 No. 1412 is of the same clay, and is probably a female idol. All the 
 marks we see on it — eves aiosc, mouth, S;u. — have been incised before the 
 
 No 141- I if^uic f li in c 111 11 
 
 I il U I loud 1 1 
 
 (1^; 3 actual size. Jlcjitli, 13 ft.) 
 
 Wo. l-U"!. 
 
 ^o.■i. lll.l, till. I (liialr lif^iirc uitli lai-i;r I'j-o.i. 
 
 iNo. Ml:t. Kniiit. ^-n. lll-l. |l..,ck. 
 
 (Nearly 2 : 3 actual size. 1 lei.lli, about 3 ft.) 
 
 '» L, I'i-orini iiimI Sir .lolm I.iibl.oek, ../.. n't. Ttiii.i's S iinrnliuij pni.'hixtnr'ischo- All.-iihiiinn- 
 
 PI. i.\., Xo,^. 7-1.1 ; ,,nly Oil Nn. S tlie si^li il:ls uue .I'l,, t/./H ,)/.(, -...s- nil, I l'>,,'ni,l-Tli,il Sirl.riilnir.jrns ; 
 
 vei-tiriil slivike nnir,. |ii;,n ,,ii ||ie two otiier.s llenii;inie.ttiiU, 1S7S, Xos. s, II, n.l, 1.",, U, 17. 
 
 ate! ON tile object lielore us. I i. Ill : t^eupetir/i'ai 5/; 6iv tut^e Hal tHov 
 
 " I'utI (.luoss, j:rii,/d iihrr Frihilna Snlicrrni /ni/3i'i'. 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 BRONZE BROOCHES AND KNIVES. 
 
 603 
 
 liakiug : the horizontal line above the eyes may indicate tlie frontlet; the 
 necklace is indicated hy another horizontal line, with three ornaments, 
 hanging down from it. The figure has a projection to the right and left 
 to indicate the arms. These are joined liy a tliird horizontal line. In its 
 middle is a dot, perhaps intended t(_i mark the vulva.. 
 
 No. 1413 IS prohal)ly another femule idol, for two l)reasts are indi- 
 cated. The eyes are particularly large; the eyelirows and the nose are 
 marked in the rudest way. The mouth is not indicated as in the owl- 
 headed vases and image's, or the rude nhds found in the Aegean islands. 
 Three horizontal lines on the neck seem to denote necklaces. The arms 
 are represented liy small projections to the right and left. Vertical 
 scratching^ on the back of the head (No. Idld) indicate the female hair. 
 
 The bronze brooch, No. 1115, as well as the fragment of another 
 brooch, No. IdlU, were found Ijy a shepherd in digging a furrow a few 
 
 No. 1415. rrimitivr Bronze lirooch, with n file of gold beads attached to it. (.\ctual size. 
 Found near the surface.) 
 
 Ko. UI6. Fratjmf nt of Bronze Bronch, "wltli two files of gold beads attached to it. {..Vclual size, 
 l-uund near the surface.) 
 
 inches deep round a liarrack of wood and straw which he had built for 
 me at the ^-estern foot of Hissarlik. I attribute these objects to the 
 Lydian city only liecause the inhabitants of the succeeding Aeolic Ilium 
 were too civiliztid to use such rude nail-like brooches with flat heads, and 
 I do not see how these olijeets could lie so close to the surface if they 
 belonged to any one of the pre-historic cities. That they were used as 
 brooches is evident from the gold beads, of which twenty-five adhere to the 
 large In'ooch and twenty-two to the fragment. Professor AV. Chandler 
 Eoberts of the Eoyal Mint, who examined these objects, is t)f (ipinion that 
 the gold beads must have been suspended by a string to the brooches, 
 and must have become attached to them by the cementing action of the 
 oxide and carbonate of copper. Professor A'lrchow suggests to me that 
 No. 1415 might have been a hair-pin. Ihit I hardly think this pos- 
 silile, on account of its heavy weight and its length of U-l:2 metre, 
 
 or nearly 5 in. 
 
 No. 1417 IS it knife of bronze plated with gold, but m many pieces 
 
 No. MIV. Knife of Bronze, tliirlcly Bill. (Actual bize. Deptli, 6i ft.) 
 
G04 
 
 'J'HE SIXTH OR LYDIAN CITY OF TROY. 
 
 [Chap. X. 
 
 covered with oxide and carlionate of copper. Nos. 1418 to 1420 are crooked 
 brouze knives: in Ko. 1418 may lie seen tlie hole hy which it was fastened 
 
 
 '^'^S !^'. ' fc!\ 
 
 >,(.,■;. 141S-1120. Three. Knives or Bronze. (Nearly balfaetiial size. Dejith, 3ft.) 
 
 in the wooden handle. No. 1421 is an iron knife, with a ring for suspen- 
 sion. A nail, the head of which is clearly seen m the engraving, can leave 
 
 N<j. 1-12]. Iron Knife, \^ith ring for suspensioD anel a rivet fif the wooden handle. 
 ( Aljout 2 : 3 actual size. Depth, 13 ft.) 
 
 no doubt that the handle was enclosed in wood. This knife was found at a 
 depth of 13 ft. hehiw the surface, and, judging from the depth alone, it 
 ought to belong to the fourth or fifth jire-historic city. But as not tlie 
 sliglitest trace of irou has ever lieen Ibund by me in any of the five pre- 
 historic cities of Triiy or in j\[ycenae ; as, moreover, tlie shape of this knife 
 is so widtly different from the shape t>f all other knives found in those 
 cities, whilst it has the very greatest similarity to the Etruscan knives, 
 and also to the Ijlade of a bronze knife found in the necropolis of Eovio,^ 
 as well as t(j a bronze knife found in the tombs of Soldo near Alzate 
 (iSriaiiza)," I am forced to attribute it to the Lydian city. The weight 
 of the iron would easily account for its having sunk to tlie depth at which 
 it was found. 
 
 Xo. 1422 is evi(buitly also an arrow-head with two barbs, Imt we are 
 at a loss to say in what manner it could have been fastened to the shaft. 
 No. 142o is a bronze arrow-head without l>arlis. Similar arrow-heads 
 art! found in Denmark. *' No. 1424 is a lance-head of bronze. Unlike all 
 the lance-heads found in the third, the Ijurnt city,^ this lance-liead has a 
 
 T'l. iv. No, 1. 
 
 ' 11,1,1 .limuavy nna Fel.rnary, 1S70, V\. i. 
 No. 11. The kiiile l.el'orc us re-seinljles likewise 
 .some of tlie bronze knives found in tlic Swiss 
 
 Ticclwrches d,ins lis Zn,:s cl' la Suisse occiJcnt,t'c ; 
 Ziii-ii'h, 1871], V\. v.). 
 
 ' .]. J. A. Worsaae, K,jrilishe Oi,]sq<j,:r, PI. xx.xii. 
 No. U.-j. 
 
 In the other four pro-historic cities of Ilis- 
 
 Lake-tlwcUin^s (see V. Gross, Jicsultuts dcs .sarlik no lance-lieads of bronze were found. 
 
Cnir. X.] 
 
 LANCE AND ARr>OW-HEADS : lIOIiSKS' TUTS. 
 
 no.': 
 
 tube, in wliieli the wixidon shaft was fixed. Aw I liave already stated, all 
 the Homeric lances seem to have had a similar tulio for the shaft. 
 Moreover, all the lance-heads found by me at ]\[yceuae are similar to 
 that before us. 
 
 No 1420. Curious Olijrct ul OupiirT i.ir Bronzr-, pro])ably 
 
 a primitive borse-ljit. (^Aljout 1 : 4 acuial ?ize. 
 
 Doplh, aljout Oft.) 
 
 Xo. 14'JO. 
 
 Xos. 1422-1425. Lance, Arrow-lieadf, and Frasmeut of Bridle of lirouz '. t^Xearly half acttial size. Deptti, Gft.) 
 
 The object No. 1425 is also of bronze, with three rings, of which the 
 lower one is broken ; it seems to lie part of a bridle. This is also the 
 opinion of Mr. John Evans, who has in his collection a similar oliject, with 
 the sole difference that the rings, instead of protruding as on the Hissarlik 
 bridle, are here in the centre of circular projrctKnis in the rod of the 
 bridle. Moreover, a lironze bridle was found by JJr. Y. Gross m the Lake- 
 dwellings at the station of Moeringen, in the Lake of Bieime, composed of 
 two pieces almost perh'ctly similar to that of the oliject before us ; the 
 bit for the mouth of the horse was fixed in the middle ring in both cases, 
 the sole difference being that the rings from Switzerland form long ovals. "^ 
 Professor Virchow calls my attention to two iibjects of bronze, each with 
 three protruding rings, strikingly similar to the l^ridle-fragment No. li'23, 
 which were found at Seclijw, in the district of Lelius, near the Oder.' 
 Only here each pieci.' is in the form of a lizard, and has four feet. The 
 curious instrument nf copper or bronze (Nd. 14li(i), in the shape (.)f a liar 
 with the two ends turned into pointed lu.ioks, has also the appearance of 
 a bit. 
 
 No. 1427 is a small lironze cup, jjerforated like a ccdander. No. 1428 
 is a bronze cup on a tttll stem, Ijut without handles, ami with a very large 
 foot. A cup of a perfectly identical shape is in the ]\Iuseum of A^erona.^ 
 The cup No. 1428 is alsn vi'ry similar in form to the Greek and Etruscan 
 cup called holkinii by Mr. iJennis.'' 
 
 Nos. ] 429 and 1480 represent a curious sort of large duuble-edgcd lironzi; 
 battle-axe, of which I found four at a depth of U ft. As I never found 
 
 ° V. Gross, Sesuttnts des Fechcrclws dans les 
 Lacs de la Suisse occidentale^ PI. .xv. No. 1. 
 
 ' See Sessional Ileport of tlio Ucrlin Socictii of 
 Anthropology^ Ethnology^ &c., of .\pril 17, \>il7y. 
 
 » Pijoi-ini. ill tlio Thill, itivo di Palrtnolnjui, 
 Feb. 1S77, ]M. ii. Xo. :'.. 
 
 ■' TIic Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria^ ]>. cxxi. 
 No 55. 
 
COG 
 
 THE SIXTH Ull LYDIAX CITY OF TliOY. 
 
 Ko. 1423. 
 
 [Chap. X- 
 
 Kos. 1427, 1121. Gubl.-l : 
 
 ovc.iik'- Clip of Bruiiz^. (Nearly half actual size. Depth, 6 ft.) 
 Ni). It29. 
 
 No. 143U. 
 
 Kos. 142;i, 14.30. A.M.- of Ilrolize. (, .Vlji.ul. 1 : 3 attuul size. Depth, i; fl.) 
 
 this slifijic in nriy of tho fitlier prc-liistoric cities, I iittril.iute. tlierii witli 
 miicli priili;il)ility tu tins Lydifiu ci\j. I found two douLle-ed^feil bronze 
 hiit(dii-ts iif fi perfectly itleiiticul sliape ut iMycenue."-' A similar (L.mlile- 
 edped fi.xc of copper ^Yas found in Hungary.' These doulde-edged axes 
 are characteristic of Asia Mim.ir, anil Zeus Lahrandeus of Caria derived his 
 name from lulrai/'lu, which meant a douhle-edgcd hattle-axc in tlu? Cariau 
 language. They also frcipu-utlv ticcnr in rrrccce and Assyria, as \Y(dl as 
 in Balivlmiia. A similar douhlc-edged axe, but of cojiper, was fnund in 
 the Lake-dwellings at Luscherz ; - anntlicr on the. Lower Laniibe." A 
 similar di)ublr-cilgcd axe, alsu fif pjurc cniipcr, was fiuiid by Dr. A'. 
 rrriiss ill the LalvC-dwellings at the Statiun of Locras, in the Lake of 
 Lienne in Switzerlaml.' I also found thenr very frequently represented 
 (111 the gold ji'Wels in tlie rfiyal tnmbs of i\Iycenae ; as, fir example, l)etv>-ecii 
 the horns of fifty-six cow-heads;'' also two such double-edged axes are 
 
 '» See my Mijmia,; |,. Ill, No. 17:1. 1S70, PI. ^vil. No9. 2-(, 2'-. 
 
 ' .See .Joseph Ilailipel, C,f/., /.,;,/,■,/,/ /'AV/.O.^/Y/on ■' JIn.I. Xes. i!,/, FA. 
 
 prr/,;,l,„;./,n^ ,l,::i Mti.wrs ,k 1' :;:riar,', p. 1.3',), ' \'. Cross /,e.s A.r/(/tvo.s- Trmmnllc', dans Ics 
 
 ^■•- l+T. //,;'„7o/,o,.os /,eo(.s7/v.s ,/,/ Lar ,/,• JUrnn.:; I'orreu- 
 
 •- ,See K':<si„n'll /,Vy,o,'/ of l/:C Jlrrliil. Surirhj nf tniV, ISTO, I'l. i. No. 1. 
 
 .•l/..//ov7.o%i/, LlhiuAujij, &c., of (Ji.toljer rs, -''.Ste my J/y.v,!je, p. 218, Xos. 329, .330. 
 
riraniDKS. 
 ■ 5280 
 0-0070 
 
 
 0-5'210 
 
 
 0-4S10 
 0-0385 
 
 In 1 -OOflO pavt 
 
 = o-02:;2 
 
 = 0-07o'j 
 
 0-5i;)5 
 
 = o-rio7i 
 
 Chap. X.] DATE OF THE LYIHAN CITY. G07 
 
 represented on tlie gold seal-ring in the arclndc Babylonian style,*' and 
 one on the remarkalile gem of agate.' 
 
 M. Ernest Chautre, assistant director of the Mnseuni of Lyons, has 
 sent me the analysis of one of these liattle-axes made hy the celebrated 
 chemist, M. Damour of Lyons. I had drilled the axe, and sent him the 
 drillings : — 
 
 Aualvtis 
 
 Dediictii)"- the SLiud cuutaiuoJ iu it .. 
 
 TLis consists of copper . 
 ,, tiu 
 
 Xo-o", regarding the chronology of this Lydian city, I think every 
 archaeologist ^Yill admit that all the articles "which we have passed in 
 review, and particularly the pottery, denote an early state of civilization. 
 Moreover, here were still in use the vases with long rams' horns and the 
 vase-handles with long-horned cow-heads, from the former of which the 
 bosses on the most ancient Etruscan vases seem to have originated, while 
 from the long-horned cow-heads wc may trace the famous two-horned in- 
 crescent vase-handles found in the terramare and elsewhere in Central 
 Italv. No vases with rams' horns, or handles with long-horned cows' 
 heads, have ever been found m the terramare; but this does not by any 
 means prove that the Lydian city on Hissarlik must be anterior to the 
 Lake-dwellings by which the terramare were formed ; because vases with 
 Ijosses or with crescent handles may have existed for centuries in the 
 Italian terramare, whilst the ram-horned vases and the cow-headed 
 handles, from which thi-y were derived, continued to be used in the 
 Lydian settlement at Hissarlik. But it is pretty certain that the immi- 
 gration of the Etru,scans into Italy took place before the Dorian invasion 
 of the Peloponnesus,'' which, as explained in the preceding pages, became 
 the cause of the Aeolian emigration to the Troad. 
 
 Having to the best of my knowledge and belief selected and descrilied 
 the objects belonging to the Lydian city from among those found in the 
 strata between the tifth prc-historic city and the ruins of the Aeolic 
 settlement, I now proceed to the description of the seventh city, the 
 Greek Ilium. 
 
 Sec my Jlfj/renrir, p. .'15+, No. 5:10. ' f'li.l. ji. :ir,2, X(i, 541. 
 
 " Wolfgang Ilelbig, Die Italikcr in dcr I'uch'iie ; Leipzig, 187'J, p. lUO. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE SEA'EXTII CITY: THE OTiEEK ILIUM; OR NOA'CM ILIUM.' 
 
 § I, PiEMAINS OF THE CiTY. 
 
 The fonndfi-s of Noviun Ilinm bnilt tlieir city Loth to the fast and to 
 tlif simtli of Hissiirlik,- uml nsod tins lull as tlioir Arropolis and the seat of 
 tlieir sarirtiiaries. They did su prohahly lor three reasons: first, heranse 
 they \verr> eonsci(.iiis of the fart, that here had once stood tlie sanctuary 
 of Athen- as well as the h(juses of Troy's last kin,::,' and his sons, and 
 that here the hitc of sacred Ilios had heen decided, and therefore a 
 religions reverence diderri-d them from givirig n]> the place to profane 
 use; secondly, lieransc, Hissarlik had strong natural defences, and was 
 adniirahly situated for an Acrojiolis ; and, in the third place, Ijecause the 
 new settlers wore too numerous to hnild their town on so small a space. 
 This explains the thinness of the Greek stratum of dihris on Hissarlik, the 
 scarcity of filtjects of human industry, even of fragments of pottery, and 
 the abundance of terra-cotta figurines and round pieces of terra-cotta, in 
 the form of watidies, Avith two perfoi-ations, Avliich here replace the pire- 
 historie whorls, and seem, along v>"itli the; figurines, to have served as 
 votive offerings. In commemoration of the Acropolis of old, erroneously 
 :ittriliuted to Ilium hy Homer, and prohahly believed by the new settlers 
 to have occupied this identical hill, Hissarlik was thencefVjrth called Per- 
 gamus, or Priam's Pergamon, as Herodotus'' names it. 
 
 Of the first sacred buildings erected here by the new settlers nothing 
 is known to us. The first mention made of a temple is by Herodotus, 
 wdio rehites that Xerxes, on li:s expedition to Greece (480 B.e.j, went up 
 hither to saerifiee to the Iliaii Atlu'iii'.'* Strafio says that this templc', up 
 to thi' time of Alexander the Great, was but small and insignificant {jJAKpov 
 Kai evTtXe^):' To this, and to other (jld te'inples built by the Aeolian 
 settlers, jirobii.bly belong the very numc-rous wriuielit blocks of lime- 
 stone, often with rufle sculpture's, Avhich I found emljcdiled in w^alls of 
 a later time. 
 
 Of the later costly tem]ile of Athene built by Lysimachus, destroyed 
 jiartly or entirely liy Fimbrin, and rc-stored by Sulla,'' but little had 
 escajied the juous zeal of the Ciudy (Jhristians, ami no trace of it A\as 
 visible abo\i' gi'ound. 1'he drums id' its Corinthian columns, with their 
 
 ' I <'iirr iiiniv rrmiinl tiji: r'M'liT tli:it ri" ii,r.fl bv Sli-iiju t(. ili tin','ui-h tlie Grr-.-k rity 
 
 aiTjirMit .'iiitiiof ([ilK this citv l*y aiiv othi/v rj;iiiic IV'hii lltiiiii-r's — r'u phv ''lAujr, t'u (TTjjUPpif t/f 
 
 than :-ili)|)]y ^lAioi/, Jiiinn, oi-, snuict inii'^ '^Wiov, -ij uvf ttijAis. 
 
 |"-;tir;i||y, Te,j:,. "Xmv Iliinn" i -. liL-l'/lv - S^'C I Mail 11. (oC thc Iltl h;U ic II i M 111 ). 
 
 a ni','ltiii .„ ^,„„„.y ,,„„,,., whi.ai ] iv| ,i,;taliHy = 1 l^'lanl. vii. 4:;. ■• /'"'..?. 
 
 ii'l'.pt as a i/oiivciiicut abriJgi-iiitijt ol' thr phrases ' Strah.i, xiii. p. .jtj:}. ° Stc j.].. 17i;-178. 
 
§ I.] WALLS : TEMPLES OE ATHENE AND APOLLO. 609 
 
 beautiful capitals, all of white marble, bad been used to build a Avail of 
 defence, the drums being joined with cement. In my trench on the south- 
 east side I have been obliged to break through this wall, which visitors 
 will recognize to the right and left of that excavation.' The drums 
 which I took out may be seen standing upright at the entrance of 
 the trench. 
 
 Of the temple itself, I found only the fouudaticnis in situ : they 
 nowhere extended deeper than 6^ ft. The floor, which consisted of slabs 
 of limestone, and which rested upon double layers of the same stone, was 
 covered with vegetable soil, from 1 to 3 ft. deep. This explains the total 
 absence of entire sculptures ; for whatever sculptures there were, remained 
 lying on the surface, till they were destroyed by fanaticism or wantonness. 
 This explains also the enormous mass of fragments of statues which cover 
 the entire hill. Judging from the foundations, the temple was 288 ft. 
 long by 72.Vft. wide; its direction is E.S.E. J> E. In order to excavate 
 the pre-historic cities, I have been forced by dire necessity to destroy 
 the greater part of these foundations, of wdiich, however, visitors will 
 see some remains on the north-east and south-west sides of my great 
 trench, W'hieh cuts the hill from south-east to north-west. The long 
 Hellenic wall on the south side (see Sectional Plan No. IV., under the 
 letter u) also belongs to this temple, and seems to have lieen its wall 
 of enclosure ; so too does the cjuadrangular Hellenic substruction in the 
 form of a tower ; but I am at a loss to say of what use this latter can 
 have been to the temple. Visitors will see that it rests directly upon the 
 calcined ashes and iMiris of the third, the Imrnt city. Of other temples 
 I found only the large rums of the Doric temple of Apollo, on or close 
 to the slope, on the north side ; " but, strange to say, not one stone of it 
 in situ. One lieautiful triglyph block of this temple, hereafter to be 
 described, was found at a depth of 3 ft. below the surface, on the northern 
 slope; another unfinished triglyph block on the plateau, near the surface. 
 I struck besides, in my excavations on the plateau of the hill, the founda- 
 tions of many other buildings of large wrought stones, one of which was 
 59 ft. long and 43 ft. broad. This latter, in or near which I found three 
 inscriptions which seem to have been put up in it, appears to have lieeu the 
 Bouleuterion or Senate-house. Other buildings may have been temples or 
 the houses of high priests. But as my object was to excavate Troy, and 
 as I could not possibly do so by tunnels or leave all these rums hanging 
 m the air, over our heads, I have— much to my regret— lieen obliged to 
 destroy them, and to save of them only what I thought of great interest 
 to science. 
 
 Of works of defence, which I might attribute to a time anterior to the 
 Macedonian period, I can only mention the lower courses of a large tower, 
 which I struck m my nijrth-Avest trench.'' All the upper portion of this 
 tower consisted of large wrought stones, probably of the time of Lysi- 
 machus. A portion of it may still be seen on the south-west side of the 
 
 ' See point z East on Sectional Plan IV. '■' The trench is markcil z' on Plan 1., and z' 
 
 ' The site of this temple is marked V on West on Sectional Plan IV. 
 Plan I. 
 
 2 R 
 
GIO THE SKVEXTII CITY : THE flUEEK ILIUM. [Chap. XL 
 
 pamc trciicli."' As tlic uTCat avuU Imilt liy Lysimaclius nnuid the hill was 
 I'utiri'lv rovcred iiji, it was well prcsprveil ; it is generally 12 ft. high and 
 10 ft. thidc : it cinisists (it large AV(dl-hewn lilocks of liinestone, laid one 
 iipuii amitlier witlnnit any kind nf cenient, and genrrally hearing a mono- 
 gram. ^ As the letter is not always the same, the'ie hemg, tor example, on 
 one stoue a i^, and_ upon a]i(ith(;r an T or a A, I jiresiime that they are 
 onarrA'-marks. In order to open treuehi-s, I have iiiifortnuately heen ohliged 
 to hreak through the wall in many jdaees, as, tor example, at the points 
 z East anil z AVest and n mi Plan I. In other plaees I have heeii tVirced 
 to naiiove' it entirely h>r long distanees, as, lor example, at x x and t 
 (Plan I.); hut oven so all the injuries I have mtlieted on it together 
 aft'eet only one-sixth ot its luitire circuit round Hissarlik. AYhiiever, there- 
 tore, may take pleasure m liriiigmg the remainder to light, will find nKU'e 
 than five-sixths of it Avell pirescrved. A fine specimen of the architecture 
 of the time of Lysimachiis may lie S(^en in the tower in the west side of 
 niY gri'at northoru tnuich, as represented under letter F on the acconipany- 
 
 luo- w h-ut (Xo. 14-!1). D nuirks a Avail of a later time. A'lsitors will see 
 
 that the tower has lioen erected lUi the ih'hris, Avhich covered to a depth of 
 Molt, the top of the ancient Avail marked b and the retaining Avail marked 
 ,A on the AVoodcut Xo. "2, p. 24. I particularly recommend visitors to 
 I'xamiiie the slaiitiiiLC lavers of Jdhris, Avliich are indicated in the enc'ravinir 
 X'o. 14.':11, together Avitli their thickness and the material of AAhich they 
 ai'C composed. As all the hiAcrs in Avhicli marble occurs belong to X(jviim 
 Ilium, it will bo Seen that the accumulation of Greek remains is here piar- 
 ticularly groat. Proliably all the marlde sjdiuters date from the time 
 when the marble blocks Averc cut for the Corinthian temple of Athene 
 and till.' L'oric temple of Apollo. Of the Avails round Ilium, built liA^ 
 Lysiinachns, and proljably only repaired by Sulla, portions only are here 
 and there presei'A'ed ; but, Avith the aiil of the potsherds and fragments of 
 marlile AVith Avliich the whole site of X'oviim Ilium is stn.'wn, they Avill 
 sulKce to (Uialile the visitor to folloAV up) the entire circuit of the city. 
 
 Pesides the outer Avails, tlu'ie are traces of an inner Avail, connecting 
 two quadrane-iilar forts, of Avhndi large ruins remain." One of these forts 
 is dose to the road to Chiblak, the other on the east liorder of the citA'. 
 
 The vast extent of tin; city; the masses of marbh; or granite columns 
 whieh peep out from the ground; the millions of fragments of sculptures 
 wifli Avhieh the sit(.' is strewn ; the many large heaps of ruins ; the mosaic 
 lloors liroueht to light in various places; the gigantic aqueduct Avhicli still 
 spans the Thymlirius, ami by AAhi(di [lium Avas provided Avith Avatcr iVom 
 lh<' upper jiart of tliat river; and last, not least, the vast theatre, capable- 
 of seating olIDll spectators, aaIihIi visitors aviII see cut in the slope, 
 immediutely to the east of Ilissarlik ;''--a]l this testifies to tlu' large size, 
 ihe wealth, and tlie niaeniHcence of the town. The maiPle seats have 
 disappeared from the tlieatre; but m a snndl trench, Avhich 1 dug in the 
 
 1 n. (nftiiH ir.^UpiiirJiiiim). r)„c,ir 
 
 ^-iilai- fnrU is iii;ivkol 4:;. file othrr 
 K'au.'^ tliuir liei^lit in im-tres aljin^e 
 3 .Set- I'lan U. 
 
 'r"V), y:. 
 
 ual T'la 
 
 1 IV 
 
 , z' W,.s 
 
 , al 
 
 -1 I'lii 
 
 I. Oif 
 
 " Sc 
 
 1 Scrii, 
 
 lial I'la 
 
 1 IV, 
 
 7/ West 
 
 am 
 
 Z La 
 
 1, a.al 
 
 :!7, «li 
 
 'laii 1. (n 
 
 Tr(,\ ), 
 
 i, N 
 
 'i '- '-'> !•> 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 tlie sea 
 
§ I J ITS SIZE, AYEALTH, AND MAGXIFICENCE. Cll 
 
 orcliestra, I l.rouo'lit t.. li-lit uumerous fragments of mavl.lo sculpinres 
 which testily to its ,<;Tiiiidcui'. 
 
 A;-i Ix-fore meutiouecl, 1 have sunk on the site of Novum Ilium, outside 
 of Hissarlik, 20 shafts, the sections and depths of which lu'c accuiately 
 
 P. o 
 
 32 
 
 
 ,e:iven on the Plan of the Hellenic Ilium (PLiu II.) ; it will hi" seen from 
 them that the accumulation of the di'hri», at a sluu't distance to the west 
 and south-west of Hissarlik, is from :"> t(.) Trod m, (10 ft. Ti m. to 17 ft. H in.), 
 luit that iiKU'e to the south and south-east it falls oft' to "J ttv '^'OO m. 
 (G ft. 7 m. to 8 ft. 2 ill.). The dejith of the debris oil the plateau aljove the 
 
61-! THE SEVENTH CITY: THE GREEK ILIUM. [Chap. XI. 
 
 tlienti'o also does not oxc(^0(l 8 ft. 2 in., and further on to the east it 
 diminishes still more. These diljris ahound with fragments of pottery 
 of all epochs, from the foundation of the city by the Aeolian colonists 
 down to its decay in the f(3urth and its aliandonment in the fifth centnry 
 of our era. liut I infer this decay and afiandournent solely from the 
 alisrnre of coins later than Constans II., and from the entire absence of 
 ]iiittery or ruins of the P>yzantine period, of -which no trace was found 
 in my 2(1 shafts. I have no other proofs.'' As already stated, E. Meyer '" 
 nieuti(jns that " Constautinus Porphyrogennetus (9-11-95!) a.d.) still cites 
 most of the cities of the Troad as bishoprics : Adramyttium, Assos, 
 Gargara, Antandrus, Alexaiidria-Troas, Ilium, Dardanus, Abydus, Lamp- 
 sacus ; Parium even as seat of an archbishop.'' But may not the bishopric 
 of Ilium have been on another site ? " 
 
 The mass of coins picked up frijm the surface by the shepherds on the 
 site of Novum Ilium is really astounding ; but they are all of l:>ronze : the 
 oldest of them do not go furtlier liacli than the Macedonian period. For 
 tlie most part they are coins of Ilium itself, but those of Alexandria- 
 Troas are also very frerjuent ; while those of Sigeum, Dardanus, Tenedos, 
 Opliryuinm, Gergis, Elaeussa, Aliydus, Lampsacus, Heracleum, Smyrna, 
 Ejdiesus, Adramyttium, Assos, ttc, are rarer. I found also coins of all 
 tliese })lac('s in my excavations on Hissarlik, and a very large numlier of 
 Ilian coins, or coins of Alexaiidria-Troas. Silver tetradrachms of Ilium are 
 vrry rare; I never found (Jiie. Incised gems are alsf> frequently found by 
 the shepherds. I myself picked up sixteen of them in my trenches. They 
 are for tho most part of the lioman time. I attribute only six of them 
 witli much confidence to the Mai'edoniau period; none of them are of 
 '^ri-,d artistic value. They represent a warrior on a chariot with four 
 horses, an Artemis with a crescont and the morning star, an Isis, a Pan 
 with a launch of grapes in his hand, or Inists — apparently portraits— of 
 men and Avomeii. The fuct that these gems are always found without 
 rine-s can, I think, lie only exidamed by the supposition that the rings 
 were of tm, a metal wdnch disappears without leaving a trace. Similar 
 incised gems were highly prized in anticjuity. According to Professor 
 l;lionsopoulos, Athenaeus mentions that an ii,t<ir/h'o of great artistic skill 
 was sold for five talents. King Jlithridates YI. had a collection of 200l» 
 gerns with iiihnjli : the Emperor Hadrian also was a great admirer of 
 similar jewels, and spent large sums of nnmey on them. 
 
 I repri'si'iit here a few fragments of the more characteristic archaic 
 Greek jiottery found in the hill of Hissarlik itself. 
 
 The hand-made fi'agment, No. lio2, represents, m black cidour on a 
 light-red (lead ground, tln' ujiper part of a winged female figure, with a 
 long pointed nosi' and clnn ; the long liair hangs down on the back; the 
 eye ]s very large; tlie head is covered with a short cap, to which is 
 attached a very hmg tail (jr crest, the end of whicli, branching into two 
 
 ' 'I'iiut Ilium was still llniirislnuL; in the time 181-2). 
 
 "'' *'"' '"' 'Ii"t" Mhvssnrs nl Cnii.tantilM. til,; '- < I rsrl, ir],f c Y w T,r,as; Lripzic;, 1S77, p. 97. 
 
 '■'■"■'♦■ '" l"'"^"'-' ^'y ""■ l"ti"i- "I' Iiili'i", '|""f-'l '■ (/"list. I'nrphvr. do Cacrcm. ii. 54, p 79-^ 
 
 "' '!"■ Hi.'ipirr „„ tin; lli^t^l■v „[■ Trnv (pp. 794 f. 
 
§1.] 
 
 ARCHAIC PAINTED POTTERY. 
 
 G13 
 
 spirals, is particularly curious. Before tlie figure, m the riglit-liand 
 corner, we see again the curi(.)us symhol found on the Italian hut-urns 
 
 No. U32- Paiutcd Archaic I'ottery. (About hair actual size. Depth, about & ft.) 
 
 and the Trojan whorls, and which the late Professor Martin Haug of 
 Munich read .s/, and thcmght to he the first syllaLle of the Trojan god or 
 hero Sigo or Siko, which he found repeatedly in the Trojan inscriptions. 
 Behind the figure we see a curious object with a swastika in the lV)rm 
 (if a Maltese cross. I also call attention to the two clusters of d(.its, 
 which, as Prof. Yirclmw presumes, may be meant to represent fltiwers. 
 
 Xo. Idoo IS a wheel-made potsherd, having an ornamentation painted 
 with Idack culour on a dead white ground ; it consists of nine waving 
 lines, and, between two borders, an arrow-like decoration. No. 1434 is 
 
 No 1433. Tainted Archaic Greek PottjiT. 
 (About ball' actual »izc. llelitii, ab.jut G ft.) 
 
 I'auitcd .\n bale I'ottiy. (Actual si/.e 
 Ileplb, 6ft.) 
 
 a fragment of the upjier part nf a whcfd-niade IiciayI, decuratcil on tlio out- 
 side with plain dark-brown bands, on tlie inside with the winged female 
 figure before us, painti'il with Inowii colonr on a. light-yellow dead ground. 
 The hair is very luxuriant, iM.nind up l.iy a frontlet of dark-red colour, 
 which seems to haug down fur below the wings ; the features of the figure 
 are archaic; behind the head is a curious triangle, with an ornamen tuition 
 that IS fref[ueiit on Assyrian sculptures. 
 
 No. 1435 is a broken terra-cotta figure, probaldy of a priestess, with 
 
(;i4 TIIK SKVl'.XTII CITY; THE Gr>EP:K JLIUM. [Chap, XL 
 
 Assyrian featurrs ; the liuiids liave fvidently lieeri projecting. This 
 tigiiVc is (Ici'oratcil all over AvitL painted red ornaments, iiruliably meant to 
 imli.-atc tli<' rlotliing. No. WMi is a fragment of tlie l.order of a plate, 
 witli a ki'Y-i>attern decoratien, painted m dark-brown colour on a light- 
 green liackground; just below the border are two perforations for sus- 
 pension. Xo. 14o7 IS a vase-spout in the form of an animal's head, 
 painted dark-red. 
 
 X.. 1 IDS. 
 
 X(,-. ]k:,-ii.:i. Figu 
 
 la Prirsless in Assyrian stjli; and iiaiiitrd .in Ijaic I'oUwy. (Half actual size. Deptl], 6 ft.> 
 
 Xo. 14.-!8 is the liead of an areltaic vase, with vertically perforated pro- 
 jections fo)' suspension, and a painted linear decoration m Idack on a dead 
 
 No. ^r.^.^. lli-ail ul all .ViOiai..' Vasi.-. Uitll tillnilar lloles 
 lor suspansiMTi. (Xi.an ly ball acliLLl sizv. It ptii.ijlt.} 
 
 Vvdiite ground. No. I4.')U is the outside of the rim of a hand-made vessel, 
 witli a. net-like decoration, painted in davlv-brown on a white dead ground 
 X"o. 1 1 iO is a ti'agmeiit of flie iniirr side of a haiid-madi.' vase or howl with 
 a priiiiitive l:rv-patt(.'rii dceoration, painted in dark brown on a light- 
 vidliiw dead gi'ound ; aliove and lielow are liands of darlc ln'oAvn alternated 
 wilh violet. Xo. 1-1-11 is a, fragment of a. small wheid-uiade vase which, 
 exactly like a vase loiiiid b\- hk; at ?i[yeiuiae," represents, in dark brown 
 OH a lieht-vellow dead eidund, warriors with laiiees and enormous eival 
 shields. Xos. 1 111!, 1 1 h!, and 1114 are fragments of wheel-made vessels 
 witli a ]iaiiited Spiral or rireiilar orna.mentation. Nos. IddO and 144G are 
 liagiiieiils of liaiiil-nia.de howls, pidfiisely painted on the inner side; on 
 holh We recognize part of an animal, prulialdy a horse. On the outsid-j 
 
 ' See my JJijccnae^ p. OS, No. SO. 
 
§1.] 
 
 PAINTED POTTERY: TERRA-COTTA FIGURES. 
 
 No. 1439. 
 
 No. 1440. 
 
 G15 
 
 Xos. 1439-14 16. Tragmen fp t 1 \r U r 1 r tt rv (Half actual Mzc. riciitb, 4 t» 6 ft,) 
 
 these bo^vls are decorated with phiin red, brown, or Idack hands. Frag- 
 ments of archaic pottery with a painted linear decoration are ahundant, 
 hut I obtained only one entire vase of this descripti(ni. 
 
 X(j. 1447 is a flat object of red terra-cotta, re])resentine; in relief a 
 pretty woman with lone,' hair and a rich Oriental head-dress ; she seems 
 to hold her hands clasped on her breast. Accordint;- to all appearance. 
 
 No. 1447. Objpct ol Iiid lirr.i cotta, rLpre.-enting in 
 relief aii ABialic KokleS-S with a rich Oricnlal head-dress. 
 Probably an id"l. (2 : 3 actual size. Depth, 6 It,) 
 
 So. I44S Fi^ II iMtli I 111] Mill I 1 on 
 
 her lap T t II 11 nl | 1 1 (^ wh 1 ilf 
 
 actual 17 I) itb It ) 
 
GIG 
 
 THE PEYEXTH CITY : THE GEEEK ILIUM. 
 
 [Chap. XL 
 
 tliis IS an idol, anil has Leen encased in wood. I call attention to the four 
 excrescences at the sides of the figiire. No. 1448 is a seated terra-eotta 
 figure, having to her left a child, and holding a book on her lap; both 
 figures are of uiasterh' work, and may belong to the end of the fifth or 
 the beginning of the fourth century B.C. Xo. 144!) is a rudely-rnodelled 
 lion of terra-cotta. No. 1450 is a fairly "well modelled pig, curiously 
 
 No. 144;i. LiMii of IiTiM-cutta. 
 (2:5 actual size. Jieplli, about aft.) 
 
 No. 14a0. Pig of Torra-cotta, curiously marked 
 all o\'er witlj stars. (.Actual size. Deplb, 11^ ft.) 
 
 decorated witli dark-red stars on a light-red dead ground. No. 1451 is a 
 tablet of terra-eotta reproseuting a, painted draped figure with a long 
 beard, on horseback ; the head is covered with a cap. 
 
 No. nsi. Tabic; of Terra-cotta, Willi a horseman in relief. (Actual size. Jlqitb, 2 to 3ft.) 
 
 No. 1452 is an object of terra-cotta, representing in relief the bearded 
 fi'^nri' of an old man with tt Phrygian cap on his head. Professor Sayce 
 reiiiai'ks to me regarding this oliject : "The figure is in the xVssyriau style. 
 Oji oncli side of the head is a winged thunderbolt, such as is found on the 
 coins of Elis and Sirily. It lias been oxplained by j\[r. Percy Gardner m 
 tlic. Kninl^iiiattr Chnnilrle, N. S. xix. (ISTO). We shall find it again on the 
 li'ira-cottti j,li,j,ii^>i figuroil umler Nos. ] 45<.)-14(ll." No. 145.3 is a bearded 
 b 'ad co\ercd with a cloth. Nos. 1454, 1455, and 145ij are very pretty 
 
§1.] 
 
 FINE FIGURES IN TERRA-COTTA. 
 
 617 
 
 No. 1152. Cuvi IIS 01|..( t rfTLiri cotta, iMlli an iiLhaic figure in relief. (Half actual size. Depth, 3 ft.) 
 
 female heads of terra-cotta, which may be of the Macedonian period ; the 
 face of No. 1455 is partly veiled. As Professor PJiousoponlos mentions 
 to me, Dicaearchiis affirms that the Theban women covered their heads 
 with the o-own to such a decree that nothing of the face was visible. 
 
 No. 14.S3. Bearded Head, with 
 a curious head-dress. (Half 
 actual size. Depth, 2 to 3 ft.) 
 
 N". 14Fi.5. \'cry jircity veiled 
 
 l-'emale Head. (Half actual 
 
 size. Depth. 2 to 3 ft.) 
 
 \ 14 4 V n 1 iutifiir mal n al 
 (Hdf actud hz 1 ith 2 Ic Jft) 
 
 No. 1456. Female He; 
 (Nearly half acl 
 
 ' Macedonian time. 
 Ileplli, 2 ft.) 
 
 .No. 1 157. Ciip-hotiom, rcpreseDtlng 
 
 in relief two boys kissing each other. 
 
 (Nearly half actual eize. Depth, 2 ft.) 
 
f;i8 
 
 THE SEVENTH cri'Y 
 
 THE GKEEK ILIUJI. [Chap. aI. 
 
 Xo 14:i7 is till-' frasnieiit: of a cnp-l-iottdm, representing in relief two Ix.ys 
 
 kissm-- eueli utlier^ Tins olgect tinds its analogue in the fragment of a 
 
 vase from Tarsus (Cilieia) in the Louvre, 
 on Avhieh two youths kissing eaeh other 
 iire likewise represented in relief. 
 
 Xo. 1458 is a mould of terra-eotta, 
 representing a woman and a man ; the 
 latter seemingly with a halo of glory 
 round the head. A twohandled vessel 
 is represented between their heads, with 
 flowers heloAV it. This mould seems to 
 lie of till' late Eoman time. 
 
 Xos. liori-ldGi are six terra-cotta 
 tahlets, the first three of which repre- 
 sent, in the opinion nf Prof. A'lrchow 
 and Prid'. Savce, the winged thunder- 
 holt of Zeus in low relief. Professor 
 Yirehow sees in Xo. 141/2 the repre- 
 X'os. 14G3 and lltjl are more diilieult 
 
 ti;> exiilaiii. These tahh-ts, (..f which a large iiumlier were found, have 
 
 prohaldy served to ornament hoxes nr furniture. 
 
 sentation nf a quiver for arrows 
 
 X'-i. 1 159. 
 
 X>. l-icn. 
 
 No. lJr;i, 
 
 It.i Talil't<, oitl I 1 ntili n^ in rNief, Iroi tb r 1 r Inm. 
 
 ([tail t I ^ I 1 Is -"--) 
 
 Xo. 140."; is the fragment ol' ii puinteil Hellenic vase, with curious 
 signs resemlding Egyjitian hie'i'ii^lyphs. 
 
 AVhorls of clay still neeiisidiinlly neinir in tlie stratum of Xovum Ilium, 
 liut all of t lie) 1 1 ;irr (li(i)'uiig]ily halved, ;ind have never any incised or painted 
 ornamentation. Put much mnri.' ahuudant hei'e are the objects of terra- 
 cotta, hut sliglitlv hakeil.in the form of our wa,tches, W'ith tAVO perforations 
 
§ I.] 
 
 WAX-VOTOS AVITII STA:\rPS. 
 
 6]!» 
 
 near tlic border. Many of these objects arc rouiid ; in many others the 
 
 bonier, just ab)Ovo the two perforations, is tlatteneil. In nKJst instances 
 
 these objects are decorated with a stamp, in 
 
 ^Yhich we see a doi;''s head, a bee with 
 
 extended wings, a tlymg figure, a swan, i^c. : 
 
 this stamp is sometimes m tlie middle of 
 
 flie object, sometimes on the tlat Ixirder. 
 
 Hilt maiiT i">f them have no stamp, and in this 
 
 case thi'y are generally much larger, more 
 
 bnll-:y, of coarser clay and fabric, and more 
 
 thorouglily liaked. Tliose with stamps are 
 
 usually of a much better faltric ami less 
 
 liaked, probaldy in order that the stamp 
 
 might not be injured by lung exposure' to the fire. Of this latter class 
 
 I represent seven under Xos. IddG to 1^72. AVe see in tlie stamp on 
 
 'p. T'rag aeiit I 
 , Itry. (Hall nrliuil ! 
 Dt-rlh, 2 to 3 ft.) 
 
 No ] J 
 
 withl-n r rt u r 1 
 
 cur ou ^ i-n ( 3 ac ual 
 III f ) 
 
 \o. 14C*. 01..Kit. .f Tcrra-Cdttii, 
 
 with two pfrlnraUoii.-, nriri - 
 
 senting thf 1)iik1 "f a man. (Hair 
 
 ictuaUizL-. llciitb, 2 tu 6 ft J 
 
 J la Lta, 
 
 Willi two perforations, represent- 
 in'4 a piioon. (Half actual bize, 
 lirj.ih/J loCfi.) 
 
 No. 14G6 an ibex and a swan; in that of No. 1407, curious signs resem- 
 bling Egyptian hierijglyphs ; lu that (jf Xo. IdOS, the liust of a young 
 man°with a helmet on his head; in tliat cm No. 14G0, a pigeon; on 
 No. 1470, a naked woman ; on No. 1471, two ibexes ; on, No. 1472, a horse. 
 
 (fir^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Xo lt70. Clivious Ol.jnrt o 
 Terra-cottj, with two |»rfo- 
 ration^, representing anakc 
 Woman. (Half actual size 
 Ueptli, 2 to 5 ft.) 
 
 Xo ].171. Olijicl of Tr IT3- 
 
 rotta, wiih two lioles, rcpre. 
 senting two qua-lriipedi, pro- 
 lialily neant lo be io\fq. 
 
 (Hair a, lilal size, I'rptlj, 2 
 to 5 ft.) 
 
 IT 
 1 
 
 ( \ 
 
G20 
 
 THE SEA'EXTH CITY : THE GliEEK ILIUM. 
 
 [Chap. XL 
 
 Similar dlijects are found all over the Troad ; I picked up some of 
 tliem from the surface on the sites of Aeanteum and Ehoeteum. They 
 are also frequent in Greece, but there they do not occur with stampjs. 
 I am not aware that they have been found elsewhere. It has been 
 suggested tliiit they were used as weights for fishing-nets ; but this is 
 contradicted l)y the neat appearance of these objects, for none of them 
 show marks of wear and tear ; besides, the slightly-baked ones would at 
 once deteriorate m the water, while the delicate figures in the stamps 
 are ill adapted for submersion. I would therefore suggest that, like the 
 ornamented whorls in the five jire-historic cities, these neat ol)jects with 
 doulde perforations served in the Aeolic Ilium as ex-votos to the tutelary 
 divinity, the Ilian Athene. 
 
 Of the (Ireek terra-cotta lamps found in the ruins of Novum Ilium, 
 I represent one, Xo. 1473, which has a pillar-shaped foot, 7 in. long. 
 
 Nu. 1473. A Greek Lamp on 
 a tall l.jnt. (1:4 iictiia\ size. 
 DeiHli, 5 ft,) 
 
 N.J. 14M. LraJ Weiplil, w.th 
 .1 lio^s liead ill r lief. (Nearly 
 
 La I a.lUal 6tZ'. llfjilb,!; II. J 
 
 ;lS 
 
 Nil 
 
 Kos. 1475a. b. Curioii? Iip>rizr> Koy in the f^iim of 
 ii llomies. (Actual ^iz'^ Jt^pili, about 4ft.) 
 
 As 
 the 
 
 mentioned in tlie preceding pages, lamps were entirely unknown in all 
 .' pre-historic cities, unless certain little bowls served the purpose, like 
 
§ I.] 
 
 KFA' WITH SYMBOLS OF lIEIiMKS. 
 
 (Vll 
 
 the candyJia still used in Greek clinrchcs. Homer only knew Xaf^nTrfjpeq, 
 fire-vessels or cressets, of which three stood in the o-i'cat hall of the palace 
 of Ilysses. They consisted of pans of terra-cotta or copper, probahly 
 placed on pedestals, in which very dry wood mixed witli resinons wood' 
 (Sok) was hnrned. The Homeric torches, oai'Ses^," were theretVire mithinL,' 
 else than pi^'ces of resinons wood. From SaiV ori.^inated the later word 
 oa?, for "torch," which is used by Thucydides, Polyaenus, Plutarch, and 
 others. 
 
 Xo. 1474 is a quadran^-nlar oliject of lead, representing a hoar's head 
 in relief; it was found in my shaft ^'^ sunk at the eastern extremity nf 
 the town, near the road to Chihlak. It wei!.;hs IS ounces avoirdupois, and 
 recals to mind the [ Attic dimnaeon, on wdiich likewise heads of animals 
 are usually represented. Xos. 1475a and r> represent a very curious 
 key of bronze, with a ring for suspension. Professor Athanusios 
 Khousopoulos, who examined this key carefully, writes to me the follovrinL; 
 valuable note on tlie subject : — "'T do riot remember liaviiifi' ever seen 
 anything like this key, either in private collections or in luiiseums. It 
 has the shape of the so-called quadrangular images of Herinss, with an 
 altar-like base forming one piece with the body, to whic]i a qiiadraiigulai- 
 projection is fixed on tlic liack, with a hole corresiionding to the lock-bolt. 
 AYithout this it would not be easy to find out the use of the object, and 
 one might think it to be rather an anatheiiia than a key. The liody ot 
 the Hermes increases in width towards the top, as is C)ften the case with 
 similar objects ; it has in the middle the phallus, which is indispensable in 
 every Hermes, on account of its sA'mbtdical signification. It has also the 
 quadrangular shoulder-projections, which are often conspicuous on the 
 stone Hermae, and which were used for susi^ending wreaths. You may 
 see this custom in .a wall-painting frmu Hcrculaiieuin, m K. 0. iluller s 
 Benlnnaler der aJtm. Kitnsf, i., PI. i. Xii. o. Tlie Hermes body is sur- 
 mounted by a female head, having tAvo tufts of hair above the forehead, 
 which seem to indicate that it was intended to represent Ariadne or a 
 Bacchante ; otherwise we should recognize in it a head of Pallas, and 
 call the whole figure a Hermathene. From tlie head projects a ring tor 
 suspending the key. The whole length of the key is (J- Ho metre (about 
 4^7 in.). A'ou may see such forms of stone Hermae at Athens, m the 
 Patesia Street Xational Museum, near the Polytechnic Scho,d, of which 
 I have pubilished the Ijest in the Archniilnijicul Ejiln- uteris, Xcw Series, 
 1SG2-1SG3, pp. 1S3 and 205, PI. xxx., xxxi., and xxxiii." ' 
 
 ' I'i'l. xviii. ,';07-:;iii : 
 avTiKa Xo.txTTTripas Tpfis '[fTTaaay tV p.^yapOKTiv, 
 ijfppa (pa^ivoi'V ■ n^pl oe ^uAa KayKai/a OrjKav, 
 o.'va TraAai, TTfipiicrjAa, v^uu /ce/Ccao'/xeVa x^'^'^'/^j 
 Kal 5ai5as iJ.er'^/.iLfTyov ■ 
 
 '' II. xviii. +yj, 40:; : 
 vvu.tpas 5^ f/c Bo.Ko.u.oii' oa'ihoyv vtto Xap.TTO/J.fl'au'i^ 
 ijyL;'^ II' aid b.ffrv, . . . 
 
 "-' blinked A on Tlnn JI. (nf the- Hellemr 
 Ilium). 
 
 'I gire here tlio ori-iii.-il t^'xt c'i Prof. 
 Khousopoulob's valuable iiute, as I am sui-c it 
 
 will intor'.'st the intellic,n:'nt EiiLrlish student 
 much nmiL- th;ui tlo' tr.ni>lat;nii : — - 
 
 Ou fXiKpas, ws erjiKf, Seirai aTTOKpi(recos to eV tw 
 
 iic Tpoias KOfxiaas Sm IleAoTros, rov aov uTriiperov, 
 rrvva-K^trraXKCLs jjloi^ jiad^lu tl nepl auTv/s ^ovKo- 
 u€1'ijs " eyw yap TTiiWas fj-iv e'j' ihiwTon' ffvWo-yols 
 lowi', TrAeiiTTcr-S 5e eV /j.oua'^tots, ov p.ijj.v7)iJ.aL 
 uixoiq. rfj afi /cAeiSl ivTi'xwi'. 
 
 'EcTTi /xet' oi'i' TO oKoi' auriiS cr^'./^ci kpp.ou 
 
622 
 
 THE SEYEXTII CITY; THE firvEEK ILIUM. 
 
 [r:nAP. XL 
 
 Xo. l-17li rcpri'seiits an inm key. T^-itli tlireo tcetli fuid a rin,i( for 
 Simnensicni. Tln.-rc arc similar keys in all mnseums of Greek autii.|nities. 
 
 N... M77. 
 
 Xo. 1478. 
 
 0k 
 
 1 r^ 
 
 
 %^ 
 
 Nos. 1477, 
 
 47S. Orna- 
 
 merited film, 
 
 Eeads. (Half 
 
 actual :iz'-. 
 
 I epth, an.) 
 
 >!.(. lilO. Jr'in K'^y. with ttiree teetli iind a ring for susprTiiion. 
 (Half actual tizu. iH-ptb, 1 to 2 It.j 
 
 No. 1-177 IS a ,i,a-eon i^dass l)ea(l decoratod with small yellow concentric 
 <;ircles ; X<.). 1-17S, h. l)luf.i glass l.iead witli vorticHl tlutmgs. 
 
 Xo. 147'.' IS tin.' s])l('iidid LL.K-k of tri,L;lY})lis, "wliicli I liave already 
 mentioned, ii.V ft. m Icngtli and lilt. 10 m. m lioiglit, Avitli a metope wLicli 
 represi.'nts Plio^dnis Ajiollo Avitli tin/ four liorses of tin- Sun. Tlie grandeur 
 ;)nil classical Leauty of tlie style, the hajtpy characti/r of the C(mipositir)n, 
 the life and the movement of the horses^ all is admirahle. This is a 
 m ist(n'-pi*'ce of the lirst ord(?r, worthy of lieing compared witli the liest 
 <.Treek sculptures. A east ol this metop(', wliudi I prrsented to the British 
 Museum, has hei/n put up hy ^Ir. X'ewtoii (dose to the Elgin anticjuities, 
 where it holds an In )nour;dde place e\*:u in the mdghl m )urhood (A the 
 Parthenon sculptures, and of tlios*^ from the Teiuple of Artemis at 
 Ephesus. " The composition as a work of art shows," as Heinrich ]>runn 
 remarks to me, '' the greatest skill in solving one of the nntst difficult of 
 prohlems : for the team of four horses ought not to move on the surface 
 of thi' relief, Ijut to appear as if it came (tut of it at a- half-turn. This has 
 heen achieved pnnei})ally hy pressing li;i(d^ the right Inmhu' tliigh of the 
 horse in the fVu'eground, while the left foot steps forward; nt the same 
 time the same horse is slightly foresliorti/ned. and the surhu-e of the thigh 
 liL's deeper than the upper surface of the tnglyphs ; while, on the other 
 hand, the surfaces of tla.^ withers and of the neck are higher, and the 
 heal, in conformity witli tlie ruh.'S of (rreek reliefs, is ai^orin almost 
 levid with the Ijase. For this reason there is no indication of a chariot, 
 
 Qln^WS ^COIJ-O^L^OVS (TVfJ.(pU0TiS T&J (TOJJJ.O.TI^ fi 
 
 '!Tpo(TK€KijA.A7]roA Ko.ra T'qu OTnaQiav TrAevpo.f 
 T^rpo.ycofiK]] ott'i] eViTijoeta e'S rhv jxnxKuv t'iv 
 KkydpOU. -ijS 6.V^.V OlIK h.V 4£_f:VpifTKeT0 7} xp'U^'^ 
 
 rov (TKfivov'i Ko.i ^tKarr^f a.v tis a-v6.Br\ixa. p.uKK'M^ 
 ■'i] ka^'lOo. f^ivu.i TO TTpo.yjxa.. avru 5e tu i7ojij.o. rod 
 ep,uuv TTAar/'j/fTat ^ef ivprnhv e'S ra cii'w, a'O'TTfp 
 TToAAa/Lii Ko.i iv a.h.Koi'i op.oioi^, ^X^' ^^ '^'-'^ 
 ai'jyKai'ii' tto.i'tI ^'iJ-fi (\)aWhv eV T(i p.4no\ 
 ^X€! Z>^ ivO(V K0.\ eV^ec Ko} Tos jj.o.CT'X'^.Kiaias 
 reTpoywuLicas 4^oX'^-^^ ccmrep ical eVi tc/jv AiBii'wu 
 ';pUivi' TvitKh-OML^; irphs uj'0.pT-q>7iv ar^^pdvoji'^ wmr^p 
 iCjrrii' a<n TTa.p^ari enan'o, TCHTCJ-ypcf/jiK?/;' timj 
 (.eiuou (f 'HpaicAfiou eV MiilhT-zM. ] >rul-nHil<T ilrr 
 id!''ii J\tin>A Touip A , TTii'aKi a, apiBp.co '.'•. eVi- 
 
 KetTO-i 5e TU) (Tujp,o.ri rov epiiov Kerpa?^-]] yvvaiKos, 
 'fjs 7] Kufj-coa-is 6i'0 Kopvpi^ovs vTT^pdi'w rov 
 f-i^TcLiTiw e';!(oun'a 'Apidourii' rivo. 1] BaicxTji' 
 vTvnrr-quo.iv^i^ aAAtt'S yap 'tiv TTpocr^iKaao. o.vti]v rfi 
 rqs OaAAaSos i(o.\ 'K p i-LO.Oi'ji'rii' a.v to uAof e/ca- 
 Af'Ta. eVefTTi 5e t?/ k^'Uo.Kt} Kp'iKOS rrv/xipb-qs Trphs 
 di'dpT-i]ai}/ ri]s kK^lOos ' To /j.'7iK0S ''jAoc tT/s KAeiSov 
 e ■ 1 1 ,') ya'AALKOv fxerpov ■ iBols 5' av roiavro- ti(7)- 
 fxaro. kpfxwv XiBiva. iv 'AOiji'ais eV rw icara r^qv vhof 
 TlaTT]aiu)V idviKO) fj.ov(T€i(p rw irphs rw YloAvr^X" 
 ij/ TO. KaKKiura 5e57j/^0(neK/xeVa tc^lro.i vtt' 
 ■I' rfi 'Apx<^-to\oyiK7j 'EfpTj^ufpiSi, Trepia^oj 
 lMi;_>^lSi;:;. rreAioi 1 Si.) ko.\ L'e.:. ^al 
 ./a A' KO.I AA', 7rpl3/\. koa AT. 
 'Ec \\<-' rivals rfj E' rov fi-qvos mv IB', 
 
 veio}., CO 
 ^/j.<>v 
 beur^pa 
 ir'tva 
 
§ I.] 
 
 THE GRAND :MET(:)L'E UF APOLLO. 
 
 G23 
 
 wlueli lias t(.> 1)0 imagined as concealed liy tiic foremost liorse. Jloreover 
 tlie position (jf the god is half turned forwards, slightly following;' that of 
 the head, and hi_'re also the arm is again strongly turned inwards, hut not 
 
 so as to bring the position into conflict \Yitli the rules of r(dief. If tiie 
 encroachment" of the head on the upper horder of the triglyph is con- 
 sidered inaccurate, we find m this a very happy thought, which may 
 rernmd us of the difterently conceived p.ediincnt of the Parthenon, where 
 only the head and shoulders of Helios rise out of the chariot still under 
 
G-24 THE SEVENTH CITY ; THE GREEK ILIU:\r. [Chap. XT. 
 
 tlie ocpiin. Hclius liere, so to speak, bursts fortli from tlie gates of day, 
 and slii'ds tlie li^dit nf liis glory over the universe. These are beauties 
 peculiar only tn Greek art in the fulness of its power." 
 
 " Tlir sculpture lias also," as my friend M. Fr. Lenormant remarks to 
 nil', '■ a rc'al im})ortanci' for th(^. history of art : it marks a particular phase 
 (if it, winch IS also indicated by tin.' numismatic monuments and the vase- 
 iiaintin^s of (Treece. This results from the intentional disposition, by 
 which the sculptor has presented nearly the full face of the god's figure, 
 as well as of the whole composition, instead of giving it in profile, as 
 may be seen, for example, in the cidelirated Ijas-reliefs of Florence, repre- 
 sentiii.t;- the like subject. A disposition like this is very rare in Greek 
 art. Xumisniatists a^'ree that there was an epoidi at which all the cities 
 of the Greek world adopted almost simultaneously the custom of placing 
 on their coins an effigy with a full or three-fprarters' face, instead of the 
 hoad in profile which had Ijceu lu use lidore. This was in tlie time of 
 Alexander, tyrant of Therae in Thessaly, wlio himself participated m the 
 new fashion by coining a superb silver medal bearing the head of Artemis 
 with a full face : this was also the time when the victories of Epami- 
 noiidas and Pidopidas gave Thebes for a while the supremacy over the 
 rest of (.i-reecc. In the same century, if we may judgi/ from the style of 
 the coins, Larissa in Thessaly, Ainphipolis in i\Iacedoiiia, Clazomenae in 
 Ionia, Lainpsacus in Jlvsia, Sigeuin in the Troad, Thelies in Boeotia, 
 Itliodes, Yelia., Croton, Heracleuin m Italy, Syracuse and Catania in Sicily, 
 ISfirca, in the Cyreiuiica, and many more ol)SCure cities, represented their 
 tutelary divinities with the full face on tlioir coins. In p(.iint of material 
 perfection this was the furtliest point of progress attained by monetary 
 art. It was Hk; application to this branch of art of the discovery made by 
 Cinirm of Cleonae in painting, who was the first to represent heads with the 
 full face, or with three-f|uart(n's of the hu/e, which even Polygnotus and 
 i\Iicon tliemsidves had iKjt dared to attempt ; and the discovery passed 
 rapidly over into the domain of sculpture. Until then artists had not 
 ventured to draw or mod('l in the Hat a figure with tlie lull or tliree- 
 (|uarters' face : this was indeed at first a very dithcult enterprise, m 
 which the Greeks had no predecessors. In painting and relief the figures 
 were represented in profile. The school of Phidias its(df liad not dared 
 to represent them otherwise, except m the sculptures of nearly full 
 relief, like tlie inetojies of tlie Parthenon or the frieze of the Temple at 
 Pliigalia. The invention of Cinion of Cleonai' consecpiently appeared 
 marvidlous, and the fashion to wliich it gav<! birth is liorne witness 
 to by the painted vases with full and three-cpiarter faces. It has also 
 lieen found in works of sculpture, and tlie metope before us must hence- 
 iorward be r(^ckoned a.mong the nunilier of thesis monuments. Lnt the 
 ni'W la<liion p;i,ssed rapidly away. The exipiisite taste of the Greeks made 
 tlic-in s(Hin teid how liir, niei'ely from the point of view of the laws of art, 
 till.' use of file ]Udiile was superior to that of tlie fac<.! on coins. At the 
 same time it was found tliat, m order to place on them heads of this 
 kind, it was necessary to give to tji..- wioui'tary types a relief which, being 
 worn olf 1)y constant friction, exposed them to rapid and prejudicial 
 
§ I.] 
 
 CAYEKX CRUAVNED AYITH AVILD FICx-TREE. 
 
 625 
 
 deterioration. Hence, from tlic time of Alexander peojile Lad almost 
 every wliere, except in a few places, sncli as Itliodcs, returned to j)rofili_'s, 
 tliC moderate reliefs of wlncli secured for the coin a longer duration \Yitli 
 a less rapid diminution of wciglit. In sculpture! in loAV-relief, also, artists 
 returned, though perhaps a little less promptly, to the lialut of representing 
 iigures generally m prdlile, Avithout, however, renouncing complettdy the 
 new resources at their command, and the element of variety furnished to 
 the artist liy the step of progress realized by the Pelopoiinesian })aiiiter." 
 
 As to the halo <if ravs which Ave see on the head nf Plmelius Apollo, 
 it first occurs abont the time of Alexander the Great. TIk^ special form 
 of long and short rays is found on the coins of Alexandei' I., of Epirus, 
 and of Ceeis (Carthaea), nientiimed l:iy Curtius. Archa_'iiliigists universally 
 agree m claiming for this metope the date of tlie fourth century B.C. 
 
 xlbout GO yards to the west of the spot v\diere this monument wac 
 found, I came upon a second Doric triglyph-block," with a metope repre- 
 senting warriors fighting ; but this sculpture is much mutilated and had 
 evidently never lieen finished, and is therefore of no interest to science. 
 Visitors will see it lying in my large northern trench. 
 
 Aliiiut 200 yards to the Avest of Hissarlik, at a place Avhere the site 
 of Xovuin Ilium slopes gently down to the plain, is a prntruding rr)ck 
 cr(:)Avned Avith three fig-trees, Avhicli have grown up from the same root. 
 Beneath this rock only ten years ago a hole Avas visible, said to be the 
 
 No. 1430. CavuDi uilli -J. spriiiK, to til'- left on leaving Troy. Tli- «alcr of Ihis spring vnos in tlie dinclion of tin? 
 auoieut scumander. 'I'lie tioe abovi.' it ia a wild lig-neo. 
 
 entrance to a passage called lar/oum by the villagers ; Init noAV this hole 
 had been entirely filled up. Mr. Frank Calvert, whe. crept m al.Miut 
 twenty years ago, Avheii the hole Avas still large, saw liefore him a. hnig 
 passage; but several villagers, who pretended to have done the same, 
 
 = Tliis second triglyph-block was I'onnd at the jilaee marked P p. 
 
 i: S 
 
G26 THE SKA'EXTH CITY : THE GREEK ILIUM. [Chap. XI. 
 
 assnreil me tliat tliey liati seen in it a great many marLle statues, standing 
 upnglit. 
 
 AVisliing to clear np tlie mystery, I resolved to excavate tlie cavern, but 
 in spite of all tlie kiml endeavours of my honoured friend. Sir Henry 
 Layard, it tout a long time to obtain the necessary permission from the 
 Sulilime Porte. Having at last got this, I set ten labourers to work 
 \vith pickaxes, shovels, and whecdbarroAvs, to excavate it. To facilitate 
 the excavation, I made them first dig a trench liefore the cavern, so as to 
 lie aide to work it at once on the virgin soil. The proprietor of the land 
 had Consented to the excavation, under the condition that he should Ije 
 one of the workmen and receive treble wages. I found a vaulted passage, 
 S ft. dm. liroad and o.V ft. high, cut out in the limestone rock. 
 
 About 30 ft. from the entrance a vertical hole, 2Ht. in diameter, has 
 been cut through the superincumbent rock. It reminded me vividly of a 
 similar hole cut through the rock above the Grotto of the Xymphs in 
 Ithaca, in order to serve as a chimney for the smoke of the sacrifices 
 (see p. 41t). iJut the hole in this Trojan cavern can hardly have been 
 made for such a purpose, for I found in the cavern nothing but potsherds 
 of a late epoch and some bones of animals, I therefore think that the 
 chimneydiki/ hole must have been cut inereh' for letting in fresh air and 
 light. At a distance of 55 ft. from the entrance the large passage divides 
 into three very narrow ones, only large enough for one man to enter, and 
 id' which one turns to the north-east, the second to the east, and the third 
 to the south-east. In the floor iif each (d' tliesc narrow jjassages a small 
 trench has lieeu cut in the rrick, from which water floAvs. The water of 
 the three trenches unites in a larger trench cut in the floor (if the large 
 passage, from which it floAvs into an earthen pipe'. According to Yirchow's 
 idiservation, the water has a temperature of lo'ti centigr, = (JU '08 Falir. 
 
 As tlie reader will si'c from the engraving, No. 148(1, the rock which 
 covers the entrance to this passage looks as if it had been artificially cut ; 
 but this is not the case ; it is a natural formation. At a short distance to 
 the right and left of it are tlie remains of a large city wall, which has 
 evidently passed over it. Thus the entrance to the passage was imme- 
 diately below the wall, but outsiile of it; a fact inexpliealde tons. AVe, 
 therebire, ptresume that there has been a second larger city wall still 
 further to the west, where the road now runs from Hissarlik to Ivalihitli. 
 This certainly apjiears to lie confirmed liy the potsherds and marble frag- 
 ments, which reach down as far as that road. 
 
§ IL] THE GIIEEK INSCRIPTIONS. 627 
 
 § II. The Greek lNscitn'Ti(.)NS found at Novum Iiavm. 
 
 Of Greek inscriptions six were fonml luuon^ij; tlie ruins of the Temple 
 of Athene. Tlie largest of tliem, on a murblo slab in tlie form of a tuuil)- 
 stoue, 5ift. loni;-, 17^,- in. broad, and 5^ in. thick, is as follows : — 
 
 ME^E^A^POZIAIEONTHIBOYAH I m ITfl I A HMfllXA I 
 PEINAnEAnKFNHMINAPIZTOAIKIAHSOAZZIOIEni 
 STOAAIHAPATOYBAI I AEaiANTlOXOYONTANTI EPA 
 ^AYMIN-rnoFErFA'f'AMENENETYXENAHMINKAlAY 
 s TOI tAMENOinOAAQ'xIAYTCllKAl ETEPON AIAAE 
 rCME NQNKAIJlTEqiANONAIAOHTriNilinEPKAIH 
 MEI inAPAKOAOYGOYM EN A lATOKA I HPEIBEYZAI A 
 
 noiriN noAEiLN Ti wai nPOZH m ai boyaehgai thn 
 
 XnPANTHNAEAOMENHNAYTaiY.nOTOYBAIIAEniAN 
 loTIOXOYKAl Al ATOlEPONKAl AlATHNnPOLYMAIEYNOI 
 ANnPOIENEEkAlQAI PPOITHNYMETE PAN ROAINA 
 MENOYNAZIOirEKJEr0AIArTQ.inAPATHinOAEniAY 
 TOIYMiNAHAfl.IEIKAAn.IAANnOHIAITETHtt'l^AME 
 NOITEnANTATAtt^l AAN0PH-nAAYTfl.lKAIKAGOTIAN 
 15 SYrXaPHIHITHNANArPAtfHNnOHIAMENOIKAlITH 
 
 AQIANTEZKAIGENTEZEIITOIEPONINAMENHIYMIN 
 BEBAlfilElinANTATOrXPONONTAIYrXflPMGENTA 
 
 EPPniGE BAIIAEYZANTIOXOIMEAEA 
 
 rpniXAIPEINAEAaKAMENAPIITOAIKlAHirniAIIini 
 20 rmEPrAIIMOYnAEOPAAIZXlAIAnPOIENEEKAZQAl 
 nPOZTHNIAIEnNnOAlNHIKHTinNIYOrNIYNTAZON 
 riAPAAEiZAIAPIZTOAIKIAHIAnOTHZOMOPOYIHZTHI 
 rEPriGIAlHTHIIKHYIAIOYArjAOKIMAZHIirAMIXlAIA 
 nAEGPATHIfHIKAinPOZOPIZAIEIZTHNIAIEnNHTHN 
 25 IKHYIilN EPPOZO BAZIAEYZANTIOXOIMEAE 
 ArPQIXAlPEINENETYXENHMINAPIZTOAIKIAHZO 
 AZIIOZAEIXiNAOYNAlAYraiHMAZENTHIEtf-EAAHI 
 'nONTOYZATPAnEI AITHNnETPANHMnPOTEPOW 
 EIXENMEAEArpOZKAITHZXnPAZTHinETPlAOI 
 so EPEAZIMOYnEGPAXlAlAnENTAKOZIAKAIAAAA 
 rHjnAEGPAAIZXIAIAEPrAZIMGYAnOTHZOMO 
 PGYZ HZTH I n POTEPO N A OG El Z HIAYTniMEPIAini 
 KAlHMEIZT-HNTEnETPANAEAnKAMENAYiniEl 
 MHAEAOTAIAAAftinPOTEPONKAITHrxnPANTHN 
 35 flPOZTHinETPAlK AlAj\AArHinAEGPAAIZ7<IAIA 
 
 EPrA.ZIMO/AIATO<l3| AoNONTAHMETEPGNnAPEZ 
 X KZ Q A I H M I NTAZ K ATAYTO N X P E 1 A Z H ETA n A Z H Z 
 EYNOIAZKAmPOGYMIAZrYOYNEniZKEYAMENOZ 
 ElMHAEAOTAIAAAninPOTEFGMAYTHHMEPIznA 
 40 PAAEIZONAYTHNKAITHNnPO^AYTHIXnPANAPIZ 
 TOAIKIKIAHIKAfAnOTEirBAZIAIKHZXfiPAZTHZGMO 
 POYZ HZTH I n PGTE PON AE ACM E N H I XRPA I A PI ZTOA I 
 ^KIAHIZYNTAEONKATAMETPHZAlKAinAPAAEIZAI 
 /vYTilinA£QPAAlZXIAIAKAIEAZAIAYTfiinPOZENEr 
 
628 THE SEVENTH CITY : THE GEEEII ILIUM. [Giiai-. XL 
 
 J.: |<,AI0AinPOZMNAMBOYAHTAmOAINTriNENTHIX9.PAI 
 TEKAIIYMMAXIAIOIAEBAIIAIKOIAAOIOIEKTOYTO 
 nOYENniEITlNHnETPAEAMBOYAnNTAIOIKEINENTHl 
 nETPAIAZ-t-AAEIAIENEKEITNTETAXAMENAPlZTO 
 TOAIKlAHIEANAYTOYIOlKEII-1 EPPXlilO 
 
 60 BAIIAEYIANTIOXOXMEAEAfEniXAlPEINENETYXENH 
 MlMAPIITOAlKlAHZ4'AMEN0I.nETPANTOXnPlONKAlTHr 
 XilPANTHNrYrKYPOYIANnEPIHZnPOTEPONErPAYAMEM 
 AIAONTEZ.AYTOIOYAETlKAlI\rYNnAPEIAH*ENAIAIATOAeH 
 NAiniTDIEniTOYNAYITAeMOYEniKEXnPHXOAlKAmE! 
 
 53 OIENANTIMENTHEnETPITLAOIXaPAHnAPAAEIXeHNAl 
 AYTaiTAIIAnAEGPAIYrXaPHQHNAlAEKAl AAAAOAE 
 GPAAIZXIAIAnPOXENEFKAIQAinPOrHNAMBOYAHTAl 
 TaMnOAEaMTnNENTHIHMETEPAIIYMMAXIAlKAOA 
 nEPKAinPOTEPONErPAfAMENOPnNTEZOYNAYTOM 
 
 en EYNOYNONTAKAlnPOGYMONEIZTAHMETEPAnPAPMA 
 TA B OYA O M E A n O AYQ PEINTANOPnnOYKAinEPl 
 TOYTnNI /rKEXaPHKAMENc})HZI NAEEINAITH X 
 nETPITIAOZ.XaPAITAlYrxn.PHOENTAAYTai 
 nAEOPAX'AI AnENTAKOZlAXYNTAZONOYNKATA 
 
 65 METPHIAIAPIXTOAIKIAHIKAiriAPAAEIEAirUX 
 EPrAIIMOYTATEAIZXIAiAKAinEMTAKOZIAnAE 
 , GPA KAI AMTITnN PEPITHN HETPAN AAAAEPPA 
 IIMOYXIAlAnEfJTAKOZIAAnOTHZBAIIAIKHIXa , 
 PAZTHrzYNOPlZOYZHZTHIENAPXHIAOGEIIHI 
 
 -■ i AYTXl inAPHMnNEAZAlAEKAinPOZErJErKAZGAI 
 THNXnPANAPI ZTO A I K I A H N H PO X H N A N E O YA HTA I 
 nOAlNTnNENTHIHMETEPAIZYMMAXIAIKAQA 
 riEPKAIENTHI RPOTEPONEniZTOAHIE fPATA 
 HEN EPPniO" 
 
 I\IeXt7(7pov 'lX(t'oJi' r?i JjoiiXfi kciI to> ci'nirp \cii- 
 peiv. WireoLOKev y/xlv \ p i ar ob i k i 07]^ o 'AfJCiO? tvri- 
 (7ToX«? TTiipu Tov ijaaiXeoi'; ' \vtio\J)V, cop ravTr/pa- 
 <f>a vulv vTroy€ypi'ic})ap.ei'' ei'ervy^ev 6 ly/iZy /cai. av- 
 '- TO? (f>((jxe}'o^, TioWom avriij Kai ernpav ciaXe- 
 ^/Ojx^vo^v KUi GTei^cwov oiouvTcov, coairep Kai ij- 
 fxel^ irapaKoXovduvixev oia to Kai TrpeajjevvaL a- 
 
 770 TO)V TTuXtcOV T(!'a9 TTpOs' ''//X«9, jjOvXeaOui T)]l' 
 
 y^ropai' TijT Cje(jop.evi]v avTo) vtto tov IjuaCKeoK i\v- 
 VI Tio-^ov Kcn Ota to leptn' Kal oia Ttji' Trpo-i itpicis ehvoi- 
 av TTpoaeve'/Kuo'dai irpo^ tijv vfierepdv ttoXh'. ' \ 
 f-itv oijv a'^iol '•/eveaOai avToi irapa tT;? TToXew?, av- 
 
 " " JL'li'a:;r-r cjrcfts the Cmmpil :ni'l tlic |]rn|ilp citic's, nevrrthrli-ss, ]jrnm|ite'l by his vcnerati'in 
 
 fif lliiirn. Ari,tn.liri,|Ms, ,if ,As^n:-,, h;i, \v.nv\r,l ini- tin- t-iii|ilc (nf th>' In.iii Allinii), as wrll 
 
 to us IctliTs irniii kiii^ Antinc'hns the r"|M(-: nf as by tiis I'eiiliiiL,' of I'ricii'lship for ynur town, 
 
 vrhicii w>' )i:iv(' \\]-itti-ii out lor voii. llo (Ai'isto- ]ie is \\-illiiv^ to oiler to you tilt' iaii'! \\liiili V\\\'S, 
 
 (lii.iMcs) laiiK- til iin'i.'t ris hiiiiM'ir, anil tolii ns Antiochus lias prcsenteil to liinl. Now, he will 
 
 thril thoii'^li nianv othor rilns a]i|il\- to him and ooninuinii:ati; to ^■nu what In' ■■laiins to be fhine 
 
 ollri' Iniii a oi'own, jii^t as wi' also iinib.'rstaiirl tor him by the eity. Thus yi.iu would do wedl 
 
 beo;iii>e soniL' tia\e sent eiiibassies to us from the tu \ote tor him e\"ery kind ot hearty trieud^hip, 
 
tia- 
 
 § II.] KlXCr ANTIOCHUS, MELEAGEn, AND ARISTUDICIDES. (J2U 
 
 Tos- V/J.U' CJ/Xwo-et- KoXo}^ 8' d;> iroi'iaaiTe -ftjcjiiaafie- 
 
 voi re ■jTuvTa. ra (j)i\ui'0pcoT7a avrco Kal KaO' on lip 
 15 crvyx(^P>l<^U '^h>' airtypa((}>ir Tror]aufj.evoL Kal ar)}- 
 
 Xojaavrei; Kal Oei'res^ -:}^ to Ifpov, ha fieinj vf.ui' 
 
 /3e/3aiO}^ ek iravTu to-/ xpovov rd avyyo)p>itiui'Ta. 
 eppctiaOe. BaaLXev^ Wvtioxo^ ^leXai- 
 
 ^/P'P X^'P^"'- AeSojftra/iez/ WpiGTohiKihrj toj Waatw 
 =0 7>}s- ipyaaifLov irXeOpa Siaxl^ia TTpoaeveyKaa6at 
 
 TTpO^ T)J1' 'IXltfOl' TToXw i) ^Kij^p-icov. 2 1) OVl' OVVTa'^OV 
 
 7rapaoe?^at ' ApicrTooiKiOi-/ uiro tPj^ o/.iOpova-i]<: rP/ 
 
 TepyiOiaL >) r>j -Kij\p-iat. oh cw ooKifia'Oj'; ra iiaxiXia 
 
 TrXeOpa rfj-; yP^ Kal Trpoaopiaai e^ t^]1' 'l\iea>v i) t)]v 
 25 ^Kr/\lria>i'. t'ppcoao. iiaaiXeis W-i'T('o-xo<; 'MeXe- 
 
 uypcp x.C'ipea'. 'lirejvxeT Vf-ui' ' ApiaToOtKiSij^ 6 
 AfTaiO'i u'i;i6l>i> oovvai avro) i/p.a^ ev rfj e(})' 'EXXijc 
 
 TToi'Tov aaTpoTrelai T))v Ilerpav, i)/x irpoTepov 
 
 elxev ^leXe'aypo-; Ka\ tPj; tjc^j/ots' tPj^; llerpioo^ 
 30 ipyaalfiov ireOpa^ x^^"-'- TTei'TUKuaia Kal aXXa 
 
 yf]^ rrXtdpa otaxiXia epyaai/nov airh ti'j^ Ofio- 
 
 pouai]^ T?l TTporepov ooOtLarj avro) /xeptoup- 
 
 Kat. 'ijfj.tU' Tijv Tt lltTpap he()(!jKap.ev avico, el 
 
 /x?; oeborat- aXXoy Trpurepov Kill rljy T^^c.jpa;' ri]V 
 35 TTpbi TJ} Uerpai. Kal ciXXa yfji irXeOpa hiax'XLa 
 
 epyacrip-ou, oia to iiiXop oi'Ta )'//j,€Tepop Trapecr- 
 
 X^iouai 'ij)ilp Ta<; KaT^ auTop XP'^'"'^ /xeTci Truaif'; 
 
 evroias Kai TrpoOvfiia^;. —ii oiiv e77iTKe\p-d/x£P0^ 
 
 et /J.IJ oeooTai aXXa TrpoTepop avTtj i) fiepl^, Tva- 
 i'i puoei^op avTi/p Kal tIjp Trpo<: alnp ^aipai' Wpia- 
 
 TOoiKiKioy' Kai uTTo Tij<; (3aijiXi.Ki}t Yfopa.9 tj^s' ofio- 
 
 povai]^ Trj TipoTepop oeoofxeprj ^wpat 'AptcrToo/- 
 
 Kiorj aupTa^oi' KaTc piETprjaai Kal irapaoel'^ai. 
 
 avTO) TrXeOpa OLcrxi-Xia Kai euaai auToj irpoaepey- 
 
 ani!, whatever concessinu he may make, dc^ ynu hiiinli-eil phjthra nf araKh' ]an»l, anil two 
 
 put it ou record, engrave it nu a stnue ^.lali, ar-l tinaisaad pletlira hku'c nt araiile land bi.n-d(.aa[ig 
 
 set it u|i in the ti:ni[ilc, in ordrr tliat the eon- on tlie portion wliiidi liad iiei.-a o-i\-en to liim 
 
 cession may be sale! V pre.ser\a_'rl to vein for ever. llr^^t as in.s shari' ; aad wi.> liave given I'etra to 
 
 Fa|-e\veII. liim, joovide'd it ]ias nnt \-i.'t been given to some 
 
 "King Antioehns greets ]\Ir](>ager. We Ijave one 'dse- ; and we lena.- also jire'sontiol to liim tin.' 
 
 granted to Aristodnd'les, the' As^ian, two ttionsand ]and ne.ar i^;tr;^ and t w n tiionsand pletlira noo'e 
 
 ])bjthra of aralde hand, l"or him to cooler fni ed" ar.dde fuel, l.ieeau^i; lo' is loir tViend and has 
 
 the eatv of Jlinni, or on the eitv eif Sropsis. supplied to us all ttiat we re([uired, as far as 
 
 Orde;r therefu'e that tie.' two thousand ple-tlir.a ho I'ouM, wdth kindue'^s and willingness. T)o 
 
 of land be as.^igned to Ari^-todiride's. \vh(o-o\-oj- you th-'ii, ha\dng o,\auiined if that jiortion Jias 
 
 von may think pu'opei', id' tic land whiedr imrdi'rs nut alri.'adv lieen giv'en to some one else, assign 
 
 on the territory of (di-rgis, ur on that of Scepsis, it to Aristoiliridos, as widl as the hmd near ?t, 
 
 and tliat they he .added to tjie lily of the lliaus, and onler f list nff ho ri.\al dnuiain whiedi Imrdei-s 
 
 or to that of the Sia'psians. farewell. on llo- land tirst granted to Aristodieides two 
 
 "King Antinehus gri'i'ts I\lideai:er. Ari>to- thoii^.aiid piletlir.a hr m 'asiired oil' and assigned 
 
 dieidcs, the Assian, canii.- to meet us, begging tliat to him, anil leave it to liim to eied''er the land 
 
 we would give hiui, m tic satrapy of the Helles- on what town siie\i'r in the iiuuitry or eonfode- 
 
 pont, Petra, which Jloh-ager f irmerly had, and ^ 
 
 m the territiuy of I'etr.a one tlnjusand live * Sic. = Sic. 
 
(i:j(j TJ-IE SEVEXTM CITY: THE GREEK JLU::sl. [Chap. XL 
 
 45 KavOlll -TTfJOS V'' UfM j'JovXrjTCll TToXlV TbJV h' rrj ■^Mpai 
 
 re Ka'i avfLfJ-ayiai,- ol Be jSacnXoKol \aoi oi eK tok to- 
 
 iTov. iv ('•> trjTii' -I'j }[eTpa, ia/ji /SovXcovtul OMelv t-V nj 
 
 Ilirpai ua-(f>a\eta-i eVe/ce, avvTeru^aixev XpiOTO- 
 
 looiKioij'' tav aiiTovs OLKelv. eppwcro. 
 
 5u BaatXeij^ 'Aj'T('o;^o,' MeXtdypr,) ^aipeiv. 'Evirvxei' '/- 
 
 fih' 'Apia-ToOiKiO}]^. <pu/J.ei'Os- llerpav to %fopio;' Kal Trjy 
 
 -^wpav Ti]!' irvyKvpovaav, TvepL rp irpoTepov i^/pa^ap,ev 
 
 otooi'Tts- aiiTOj, ovo fcVt Kai vvi> ■TTapeiXi]j>evaL, ota to Wthj- 
 
 vauo TO) irrl tov vavaTaOp.ov tmKex'-^piia-Oai, Kai ?;^i- 
 S5 aiaev iIvtI fiev ti']<; IleTpLTiOo^ X'^'^P"'^ Trapaoei-^dip'ai 
 
 auToj TCI I'aa irXedpa, av^/-x'i3pri6}]VM Oe km aXKa TT/Ve- 
 
 6pa ci(7Xi''Xia TTpoaev^yKarjOai tt/jos i]i' u/x /3ov\ijTai 
 
 TW/i TToXeon' tmv ei' ttj ijfM€Tepai aviMfxa^iai, KaOu- 
 
 irep Kcd rrpoTepoi' iypci^afiev. 'Opon'Te^ ovv avTov 
 Gil evi'ovi' oi'Ta real -irpoOvpLov eh Ta riperepa -rrpujfMa- 
 
 Ta, jiovKojiedd TvoXvwpelv Tui'dpojirou, kcu vrept 
 
 TovTon' av/iceywpi^icaiJiev. 'i>i](ju' oe elvat, tjjs' 
 
 IJerptTtocy? -y^copa^ to. avy)^ropij6ej'Ta av-co 
 
 irXeOpa y^^'-'^ TrevraKoaia. —vvTa^ov ovv KaTa- 
 6.'> pLeTpPjaai. \\pL<nooiKLOr] kcu rrapaoel^ai 71/9 
 
 epyaal/j-ou ra re oiay^iXia kcu TvevTaKociia rrXe- 
 
 dpa KCU cu'tI Ttjn' irepl Tip' IleTpav aXXa epya- 
 
 ai/j,ov -yiXia TrevTaKoaia utto Tp^ j3aaLXi.Ki]^ yo> 
 
 pa-; Ti]'; iruvopi^ovcn]^ t;; ii> iipxfl ooOeiap 
 "'» avTCi) Trap' I'jpcjjv eCiaac oe kcu TrpoaeveyKaaOai 
 
 Tijv yjjjpav WpiaTOOiKiopv Trpo^ i)v uv j3ovX-i]Tac 
 
 TToXiv tc'dv ev Tp ppceTepac avpLpa-^iai, KaOa- 
 
 TTep KCU ev Tp TTpOTepov eiTLaToXp eypa^cL- 
 
 jxev. eppojrro. 
 
 Tliis mscrijitiiiu, tlie gri;ut liistorical value of winch cannot lie denied, 
 sccnis T^-itli certainty to lielon.u,- to tlic tliird or second century B.C., jnd,L;-ius 
 frnni the suhjcct as well as from the form of the letters, f)r the king 
 
 i;iiv lie ]p]i:aSL->. Li^ganijng tiie royal Mibjocts i'nr our interests, we wish to shriw ;:^reat ]'Op:ar'l 
 
 in the estate in which Petra is situiiteil, it fur f'oi' tlie man's interest. anJ have enniplieil witli 
 
 sal'Lt^''s sake the\' wish to live in Petra, we havi.' his I'vipiest aimut these mnttei's. He savs that 
 
 rOTnini n(li.-Ll Avi.^tuilieiiles to let tlieni remain his s;rant <jt land at Petra amounts to Irfteen 
 
 thi-re. P'arewelh huielre:! |iletlira. Give or.ler therefore that tin.' 
 
 "King Antioehus greets ]\Ieleat;er. Aristo- twr, thonsand five hnnJreil jiletlira of aralile 
 
 i!irjih,s eame to nie'et us, saying tliat Pe-tra, tlie land he measured out anil assigned tri Alds- 
 
 di-t:i. t ami tin- lanrl i\itli it, wdiiidi we gave tndieidos i and further, in.a.eid "f the laml 
 
 to liim in our Ihrno/r h.dtor, is tm longer aiauind I'id.ra, aiu>tlu'r hd nf hi'teen hundred 
 
 di-|.o,,ald(', it lia\-ing hern gr;intial to Atluuiaiuis, jdethra of urahh- laLel. t" }••■ taken IVorn the 
 
 the- eoiuiriaU'lant ol' tie; naval stiitinn; and he ro\al domains iHO-diudng r.n tho estate whieh we 
 
 begged thiit, iii,tead of tlu; land of I'rtia, the first granted to hiiri, Let now Aristodieides 
 
 same' nuniheu' of pji-thra might 1m.' a-so_nird to iiini tamier the- land on wdiieli--oev(.'r of the eities in 
 
 (.d.,;n lu-re), and that he might he |ii'rmitti'd to our eonlVderary he may wish. :is w-e have written 
 
 ecniler another lot of two thousand jdo'thra of laml in our former letter. Paiewell." 
 
 on w liirhsocver ol' Iheritirs in our la.infederaey 
 
 h" uaglit ohoosr, aoc.irding as we wrote' bef.re. " Sic. 
 
 Now, sia.'iiig him I'i'iendly disposeil and zealous 
 
§ II.] THE IXSClilPTIOX niOBABLY liELATES TO AXTIOCIILTS I. G31 
 
 Antioclins, wlio is repeatedly mentioned, umst bo either Antioelraa I., sur- 
 named Soter ('281 to 200 b.c), or Antiochus III., tlie Great (222 to ISO B.C.). 
 Polyliins, -who was born in 210 or 200 b.c. and died in 122 b.c, speaks 
 indeed in Lis History ' of a Melea!j;er wlio lived in liis time, and was an 
 ambassador of Autioclms Epiplianes, wlio reigned from ITd to lOd B.C., and 
 it is quite possible tliat this Meleager afterwards became satrap of the 
 Hellespont. But m the first letter oi Antiochus to his satrap Meleager, 
 he gives him the option of assigning to Aristodicides the 2000 pletlira of 
 land, either from the district bordering upon the territory of Gergis or 
 upon that of Scepsis. The town of Gergis, however, according to Strabo, 
 was destroyed by king Attains I. of Pergamus, who reigned from 241 to 
 197 B.C., and transplanted the inhabitants to the neighbourhood of the 
 sources of the Caicus in Mysia. These sources, as Strabo himself says, 
 are situated at a great distance from Mount Ida, and therefore also from 
 Ilium. Two thousand ydethra of land at such a distance could not have 
 been of any use to the Ilians ; consec_[uently, it is impossible to believe 
 that tlie inscription can be speaking of the new town of Gergitha, which 
 was rising into importance at the sources of the Caicus. Thus the old 
 town of Gergis must be meant, whose ruins are probalily those on the 
 height of the Bali Dagli beyond Bounarbashi. Livy ■ gives an account 
 of the visit of Antiochus III., the Great, to Ilium. I also find in the 
 Corpus Inscri'ptionum Graecarum (No. 3590), that this Antiochus had a 
 general called Meleager, who may subsefjuently have become satrap of 
 the Hellespont. On the other hand, Mr. Calvert calls my attention to 
 Chishull, who, in his Aiifiqu/tdfes Asiaticae, says that Antiochus I., Soter, 
 on an expedition with his fleet against the king of Bithynia, stopped 
 at till.' town of Sigeum, which lay near Ilium, and that the king went up 
 to Ilium with the queen, who was his wife and sister, and with the great 
 dignitaries and his suite. There is, indeed, nothing said of the brilliant 
 reception which was there prepared for him, liut there is an account of 
 the reception which was arranged for him at Sigeum. The Sigeans 
 lavished servile flattery upon him, and not only did they send ambassadors 
 to congratulate him, liut the Senate also passed a decree, in which they 
 eulogized all the king's actions, and proclaimed that public prayers 
 should l;>e offered up to the Ilian Athene, to Apollo (who was regarded 
 as his ancestor), to the goddess of Victory, and to other deities, for 
 his and his consort's welfare ; that the priestesses and priests, the s<'iiators 
 and all the magistrates of tho town, should carry wreaths, and that 
 all the citizens and all the strangers settled or temporarily residing in 
 Sigeum should publicly extol the virtues and the bravery of the great 
 king; further, that a golden equestrian statue of tin.' king, raised on a 
 pedestal of white marble, should be erect(.'d m the T<'inple of Atlieni' at 
 Sigeuni, and that it should bear this inscription: "The Sigeans have 
 erected this statue to king Antiochus, the son of S<deucus, for tlie d.'votion 
 he has shown to the temple, and because he is the benefactor a.nd the 
 saviour of the people : this mark of honour is to be proclaimed m the 
 popular assemblies and at the public games." 
 
 ' xxviii. 1, ami .wxi. 'Jl. XXXV. 4... 
 
(i:j-2 THE SEVENTH CITY : THE GEEEK ILIUM. [Chap. XL 
 
 It IS very priilialilc tliut a similar reception awaited Aiitiochus I. in 
 Ilium, so tliat he kept the eity m good remcmljranee. That he cherished 
 kindly feelings towards the Ilians is proved also l)y the inscription 
 Xo. ?,')[}') in till' Corjiiis Iiisrrqit/iiniiiii Griucanun. But whether it is he 
 or Antiochus tin/ Great that is referred to m the newly-found inscription, 
 I do not vi.'iiturc to decidi.'. 
 
 Aristoilicidcs, of Assos, who is frequently mentioned in the inscription, 
 is utterly unknown, and his name occurs here for the first time. The 
 name of the iilace Tetra also, which is mentioned several times in the 
 inscription, is (pute unknown: it must have heen situated in the neigli- 
 Ijourhood, liut all my endeavours to discover it in tlie modern Turkish 
 names of the localities, or liy other means, jiave lieen in vain. 
 
 Another inscription is on a marhle slnh 'l ft. firoad and 3 ft. long, and 
 runs as follov\'s ; — • 
 
 fzNiOYTOYEYA 
 OZMEN OYKAMENAXOzrAAYKO 
 
 EnErPAfAMENEIIXTHAHNKATATONN0M0NEPrO4'IA0NnATP0ZOY 
 XPHMATIZZHEZHMI Q.M E N O N YH OTON E POTA N EIIN TXIN n E PI Al O 
 6 4)ANHMHrHIIAHMOYOtlAONTATOYXKATATONNOMONITATHPAE.AYO 
 KAIMHNOPENHNMN HZA PXOYK A I APTEM lAfiPON 4> AN I AKAI AIOMHAHN 
 AnOAAnNIOYEZHMiaMENOYIYnOTnNnPYTANEnNTIiNnEPIAlO(t>ANHN 
 HrHIIAHMOYYnOHMEPAITPEII04>IAONTAIEKAITONAYTnMZTATHPAIAYO 
 M H MOAOTON M H NOAOTOYKAIHPAKAEIAHNKAIMHNOAOTONTOYSHPAKAEI. 
 in AOYEZHMLQMENOYrfnOTrzNriEPI tAINONAKTAEYAHMOYnPVTA 
 MEilN0 4>IA0N'TAEKAIT0N A YTttN XT ATH PAZ AYO 
 APTEMIAilPON MHNO<+>ANTOYEZHMinMENONYnOTIlNNO 
 MO'^YAAKIlNTriNnEPIinnAPXONHrHZIAHMOYO'^IAON 
 TAZTATHPAXAYO 
 
 Cul'iUU TOV TLvO .... 
 
 oafiti' ovKaixej'ayo^ Y\avKO . . 
 
 e7rt'7p«'-v|ra/x€i' els' (jt)']\tiv Kara top to/xov 'Epyo^iXoi' Tlarpoaov (?) 
 Xp)//u,aT(v ' 'C'l/''' eti]fjiicofJ.ei>m' viro to)1> irpordveom"' Ton' irepi Ato- 
 'o (pdinjv '[iy-i]aioi'ip,ou, IxpiXoina'^ tov^ kcitci tov vo/iov aTaT?]pa<; (jvo 
 kclI ^Irjiioyei'i}!.' yii'r/cr(ip-)(uv KaX ' ApTe/J-iSmpov 'i>ai'ia Ka\ i\io/xi']Si]v 
 ' \T70~\Xrjnnov, i'Q'ifjuojjxevov^ inro Ton> TrpVTdveoiv twv irepi Ato(pai'r}v 
 ' HyijaLOi'i/j.ov vtto y/J-epa^ Tpeij otpLXoma^'^ eKCKTTOv avTOM' aTaTijpa^; Ovo. 
 'Shji'uOoTov ^]-i]i'oooTou Kcd YipaKXeioyjv Kal 'SlijvuboTov tov^ UpciKXei- 
 10 oou e'(y]U.io}piiiovi vtto to)ii irepi 'i'aivcovaKTa JLvOi]poij irpvTa- 
 I'emi', 6(pi\opTa ^ eKaaTov avTo>i' (TTUTi^jpu^ ovo. 
 '\pT€/j,ioo]pov l^lrjVO^dvTov i^>]p,iO)/xa'OP vtto tCop vo- 
 pij(pv\<iK(ov Ton' TTepl 'liTTTCip-^op Hyijaici'ipov, o<^i\op- 
 Ta aTiiT?ipas ovo. 
 
 In the inscription fjuoted in the Corpus Insrriptionnm Graecanimwrnlex 
 Xo. oljOd, whiidi is admitted tn liideng to the time of Oetaviaaius Augustus, 
 Hipparchus is mentioned as a memljer (jf the Ilian Council; and as on 
 line 13 the sauie name oeeurs with the same attrilmte, I do not hesitate 
 to maintain that the ahove inscription Leloiigs to the time of Augustus. 
 
 1 Sic 2 Sic. 3 ,s,-c. '- Sic. 
 
§ II.] INSCRIPTION IN HONOUR OP CAIUS CAESAR. 633 
 
 In the first wall of tlie temple I found a marlile slat) nearly 1 ft. 
 thick, 32^ in. broad, and 3.} ft. long, with the following inscription :— 
 
 HBOYAHKAIOAHMOZ 
 
 FAION KAIZAPAToNYloNToYZEBAS 
 TOYToNZYNrENHKAl nATPilNAKAlEY 
 .EPrETHNTH ZnOAEilZ 
 
 H jSovX!) Kal 6 oijfu.o'i 
 Vuiov Halaapa rov vlov tov 'Se/Saa- 
 rov TOP avvyevi) teal irarpSiva Kal ev- 
 epyeTTjv TJj? TroXeoj?. 
 
 The person praised in this inscription can hy no means have been the 
 Emperor Calignla, for in that case the title avTOKpcnojp would hare l^een 
 added. _ But as this word is wanting, the person meant is certainly Gains 
 Caesar, the sou of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter 
 of Augustus. He had a brother called Lucius. Both were adopted by 
 Augustus, and, owing to this adoption, they receiyed the title of viol tov 
 ^elSaarov, and both were selected by Augustus as his successors. Caius 
 Caesar, born in the year 20 n.c, was adopted at the age of three years. 
 He took part in the Trojan games, which Augustus instituted at the 
 dedication of the Temple of Marcellus. At the age of fifteen he was 
 appointed Consul, and when nineteen he was made Governor of Asia. 
 During his administration there he became involved iii a war v»'ith 
 Phraates, king of Armenia, was wounded, and died in the year 4 after 
 Christ, on the 21st of Februarj', at the age of twenty-four.^ As m the 
 inscription he is called the kinsman, the benefactor, and the patron of 
 Ilium, it is prolialde that he often came here during his administration : 
 at all events, he took great interest in the city, and lavished favours upon 
 it. The family of the Julii always attached great importance to their 
 descent from Iiilus (or Ascanius), the son of Aeneas ; and the political 
 object of Virgil's Aeiieid was to prove and glorify tlieir genealogy. This 
 explains the favours which the Julii lavished upon Ilium, and their Iiatred 
 against the Greeks, because they destroyed Troy, and also because they 
 had espoused the cause of !llark Antony. 
 
 I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Frank Calvert for a S(|ueczo 
 of another inscription engraved on a marljle slab, which he found on his 
 field at Hissarlik after my departure thence in the summer of 1873. It 
 has been carefully re-copied from the scjueeze by my friend Professor 
 Stephanos Konmanoudes, who, judging from the shape (jf the characters, 
 thinks that this inscription dates from the time of Antigouus Boson, who 
 died in 221 b.c. 
 
 (Fi'Mfiri Twi/ (Tvveop)(inr eTreooi) MaXovaio^ TiaKxlov 
 
 (Tapyapeii^ ap>]p uy)a06(<;) cop BiaTeXel irepl to lepop tPj^ 'AO- 
 
 {i-jva^ TJ;? 'IXtaSo? Kal) irepl za^ TrdXet?, Kal Trporepop re TroXXa y_pria{d~) 
 
 ' W'llcius Patercuim, li. 102. 
 
634 THE SEVEXTII CITY: THE GTtEEK ILIUM. [Chap. XL 
 
 (jM€i'0<i T(o re) avi'eop{i)(p Kal rats' TToXeacv e'l'i re ra KaTaaKevdafxa- 
 5 (to, TTui'-a TO, Trj)<: Trainjyvpecc^ Kal et? Ta-? 7rpe(T/3e((')a9 ra? (a)7roo-TeX(Xo-) 
 (fMeva^ Trepl) tmv aWoJV tmv avjji<^ep6vTwv rfj 7ravr][yvpei) '^p/j/J-ara 
 {aTo)Ka Kal riji' aXX?;;/ Trpodu/xi'ai' ep, iraai T0t9 {K)aipoh ■JTape-^6p.e{vo'; fie-) 
 (t)^ TToXXJ/s' evvoia^, Kal vvv eiV re T»;i' irpeafieiav ti]v varepov «7ro(TT(eXXo-) 
 {p,e)vriv Trpo'i ' XvTr/ovov econKev -^^pvaov'i rptaKoaiov; utokov^ Kal ek (Tip) 
 
 HI (tov) Otdrpou KaTaaKeu))i' y^pijp^aTa Kopiaa^ eh ' IXwi^ eocoKev tol^ ty- 
 {oojrai^ vcrcov eoeovro -y^pvcov^ y^iXiov^ TerpaKoaiov^ 7TevTi]K0ina 
 UTOKOV^' eTreicSj MaXoL'crios' OiareXei irpuTTon' kul \e^/fx>v u-rrpojya- 
 crlaTcos i/x Trdai Toi^ Kaipol^ rd avp,(f)epovTa tP/ 0er?> Kai, Tali; iroXeaiV, 
 ayaOtj tv^;], OtOo^(?a6 toZs" avveopoL<;, eTraiveaai "SlaXovaiop 
 
 13 ]^aK)/l'ov Tapyapea Kal aTe(pavoiaai auTov ev toj yvp,viKO) ayo)vi 
 y^pvaw aTe(f>avrp (Wo opa^pMV ■^i\io)2', clpeTrji; eveKev rfj'; irepii) 
 TO lepov Kal Tijv Trai'ijyvptv Kal to kolvov to)v TroXeoM', oeooadai, Oe 
 avTM p.€v T)ji' uTeXeiav KaOurrep oeSorat, oeooadai oe kuI toI^ €K- 
 yovoi^ avTou Ti]v dreXeiai' otl dv 7TO)ko>atv ij ayopa^axjiV to oe ijri']- 
 
 2ii iptapa Tuoe dvaypd^^avra^ el^ aTi'/X7]p Seivai et9 to lepov T))^ 
 
 'AOijvd'i, eTTipeXriOrjvai oe Toix; Tapyapel^, ottoj? dp eioSjcnv diravTe^ 
 on eTTiaraTai to koivov tojv iroXecop Tots' ovaiv dyadol^ dvopaaiv etV 
 avTov^ y^i'ipiv d-rroCiLOovai. — Vvoipif tmv aweopwV €7r6tO); MaXoi'O'to? 
 ((TrocTTsXXoiiTcoi' Toyp avveopcoi' Trpeafdeis 77po9 Tov /SaaiXea ( inrep) 
 
 25 T)^s eXevOepiw; Kal avTOvop,ia^ tuv iroXeaip tG>v KOivo}vov(T(S>v tov 
 lepov Kal TTj'i Travrjyvpeoi^ eocoKev uTOKa '^pi'ipaTa rot? a7roo"T(6XXo-) 
 pevoi^ dyyeXoi^ oaa eKeXevov ol avpeopoi, TrapeaKevaae(v ht) Kal Ta (et's) 
 a-Ki]i'ijv uTOKa ■y^pi'ip.aTa Kal TuXXa oe TTpoOvpo)^ inrijpeTiel ets) oVt d{v Tra-) 
 paKuXfi TO avi'toptoV dyadf) Tij-^r), oeOo^Oat rots avveOpoL^, eirai- 
 
 30 veaai Te 'SlaXovaiov Ba/c^^t'oii Vapyapia. otl didjp dyaOo^ eaTw Trepl to 
 lepbi' T)^s \\.di]vd^ Kal tI]v Train')yvpiv Kal to Koii'hp Twv iroXewv Kal aTe- 
 (pavd)aai ilutov ■xpvaoj aTecfydvo) utto Opay^pwv 'yiXtoji/ ei> to) yv- 
 pvLKrp ir/onn, dvaypdi-^ac oe to ^Iri/tpiapa Tooe eis (jTriXi]v T>]v inre{p) 
 Toni auveopLwv Ton' ^iaXovalov peXXovaon' dvaTedi'jae(a6a)i el<; to lepov, 
 
 o5 e7TipeXrj0i']V(a oe Tous TapyapeU, oVo)? dv eloojaiv aTravTe^, oVt 
 
 eTTiaTaTai to koivov tSiv 7ToXeu>v toi^ ovaw dyu6ol^ dvopdatv ets av- 
 Tov<; ■^apiv aiTOOiOovai. — Tvd)prj tmv avveopMV eTreiol) AlaXoiicrtos Ke- 
 Xevei eirayyelXai avTw ijSr) to cruveopiov, Trbaoiv oelTai Trap' avTov '^prjp.d- 
 TO}V ets Tt TO deaTpov Kai et's TuXXa KaTaaKevdo-paTa Kal eh Ta 
 
 •10 teptt Kai eK tijv 7rpea/3eiai', Kal (pijal deXeiv TrapovTMv twz' avv- 
 eopMv ijOij oovvai Trdana' dyaOPj tv-^ij, oeOo^dai rots avv- 
 eopoL^ eirayyelXai AJaXoucr/oj, oovvai rots dyojvoOeTais "xpivaois) 
 Tpicr-^iXiov^ Kal TrevTaKoalovs uiv Tots Trepvai 6(f>ei\op,evoL^ a{vT(p.) 
 Tovi oe dyMvoOtTa^ oU pev dv avTol '^p/jaonnai, (Ta) 8(?)e d{?)(vaXd)-) 
 
 i'j p^aTa delvai e:'s to lepbv, dv Oe ti TrepiyhnjTai (t'/c?) ooOei'T{u)v tS>v) 
 tpyon', drrooovvai l\laXovai(p. — Tvd)p)j tmv avreOpMv ' eVetO)/ Ma- 
 XovrjuK ViUK-^iov Vapyapev<i dv>]p dyaBbi; mv oiareXeft Trepl to) 
 tepov Tj/s' Af^?;7'as Tz/s' 'JX/ttOos Kal to avveOpiov, ciehoy^Oai) 
 Tots uvvef'pois, aTe(pavMa(n \laXovaiov -x^pvam <jT{e<pdvu> diro) 
 
 50 ,Ypucr(wt) Tpidi ? Kov)Ta, KaXelv he av(Tov Kal) et? Trpoe<ip[a(v avv rot? avveop- ?) 
 oif ev rots dyoj(?)aiv 6vopaa{Ti ) eii'ai B(e dTeXeiav) 
 
§ IIJ BASE OF THE STATUE OF :\IETr!(:)I)UKUS. 035 
 
 KM avTcp Knl eyyui'ois- to Sg -v/r);(^(cr/xa to)os ava-ypA^avTa^ (tou? aywvo-) 
 Oeja'i e/s- aTijXijp OdvaL ek (to Upo)v r>)^ 'A6')/i'ns\— ( Fiw^u.;; tw;' aw-) 
 eSpwi'- iireiolj Ma\o{ia(LO^) a{in}p a}ya6o<; ow SiaT(e\el jrepl rij kpiv) 
 
 55 T(]s" Adrji'u^ Tr/9 'IXta(So9) kcu to kowop tmv 7roX(fciD!'.) 
 
 dya0f/^ Tvy^ij, heh6xd(ai tow) avvthpoi^. {a)h Ti/xaU {reTlfit^rcu ^SlaXov-) 
 aiu^ VT70 Tov avi'e{opi,)ov. ,h>aypa^{rai €Ku(a-T))}v {t}o)V iroXewv tmp koipwvov- 
 
 auiv TOV lepov K(al ti))^ iravi^yvpew'i Ka( KaOdi^ kicda-) 
 
 Tp vv/u.O'i iaT(J . . . )—1lp.aXo^ AafifaKi](ro<; elirep- iiretcl] yiaXo^aio^) 
 
 60 Tapyapev<; e{7ri/j,efi?)eXr]Tai 7rpotlv{/j.w<: . . .) 
 
 Ta ara\a>{/u.aTa ) 
 
 TToXeaiv 6 
 
 on 7rpodv{fuo^) BeooxOai Tots' irvveopoi^ 
 
 aTe(^[avwaaL 'SiaXovaiov JiaK-^lov Tapyapea ')(_pva(p are-) 
 <pa]'(^(p) 
 
 I also fonuil in tlio Temple of Atliene, besides an inscril.ied pedestal of 
 black slate, 3 ft. 8 m. liigli and 20^ in. Lroad, the statue of a man, of tine 
 Vidiite marble, nearly 4 ft. higdi. As is proved by tlie inscription, it was 
 sculptured liy Pytlieas of Argos, and was erected by tbe Hums in lumour 
 of Metrodorns, the sou of Tliemistagin-as, of wbom it is a representation. 
 Tbe figure was in tlic position of an orator, as is sliowii liy tbe footmarks 
 on tbe pedestal. Tbe bead and tbe feet are unfortunately wanting. 
 
 Tbe inscriptions run as follows : — 
 
 OA HMOSOIA I E I ftN 
 MHTPoAfiPONeEMIZTAroPoY 
 
 And lower down, on tbe same side of tbe pedestal — 
 nYGEAZAPrElOZEnolHZE 
 
 O Ci]p,o^ ']\ieicoi' 
 ^lr]TpuOcopoi' (-'Je/jLCarayopov. 
 Tludea-^ 'Apytio^ iiroujae. 
 
 Tbere were in anticjuity many men named Metrodorns, Init only two 
 of tliem were especially celebrated, and botb were natives of Asia j\[iiior. 
 Tbe one, liorn in Lampsacus, was a pupil of Epicurus ; '' tbe utber, a 
 native of Scepsis, was a pbilosoplier, orator, and statesman, and Avas bebl 
 in bigb esteem by Mitbridates A^II. Eupator,' wbo afterwar'ds bad bim 
 put ti:i deatli in a borriljle manner.'^ Tbe name of tbe bitber of tbis 
 Metrodorns of Scepsis is unknown, and wbetber be was called Tbemista- 
 goras or otherwise, is uncertain; but it is extremely probable that tbe 
 inscription and tbe statue were raised in bouour of tbe Scejisian orator, 
 philosopher, and statesman. I find no mention whatever of the sculptor 
 Pytbeaa of Argos. Only one Pytbeas, a silver-chaser, is named by Pliuy,' 
 
 « Straljo, xiii. p. SS9. " Plntai-cli, Ltf,: „f Lucullus. 
 
 ' Strain, iiii. p. Gi)9. ' //. X x.vxv. IJ, s. .5.3. 
 
3(1 THE SEA-EXTII CITY; THE GliEEK ILIUM, [Ciiai-. XL 
 
 as lieiiii;- a ccniteiiipdriirY of PuBipey the Great : Pliny, however, does not 
 state Ins liirtli-iJaec. Auotlier Pytlieas Avas a wall-painter and a native 
 of Arliaea. Neither i.if tlieso ean therefore lie the Arrive seulptor who 
 earved the statue and put his name on the pedestal. Lnt, as Professor 
 IvMniuiLuoudes, ol)serv(.-s tu nn', it is not astonishing that the name of an 
 insignificant sculptor should he forgotten, seeing that the names of so 
 iiianv great kings are lost. 
 
 In tho same jiart of the Temple of Athene we found the fragment of 
 a niarhle slah, which has evidently been very long, with the following 
 inscri]itioH : — 
 
 EnElTOYANGYnATOVrAIGVKAAYAlOYnOnAIOYYlOYMEPnNOIEniTAZAMT.Z 
 
 TOlinOIMANHNnNAPXOYIINErAnOITEIAAinPOIHMArElinAPActjYAAKHII 
 
 THinOAEniXTPATinTAZKAIEnAYTilNHrEMONArnOIMANHNnN 
 
 ONTEIHMIlN'tlAOIKAJEYNOniAlAKEIMENOmPOrTONAHMONHMnN 
 5 ETAnEZTEIAANTOYZTEITPATIflTAIKAlEnAYTflNHrEMONANIK 
 
 APONMHN04.lAOYYIOIKAinAPArENOMENOIEIITHNnOAINHMr7M ^ 
 
 TEENAHMIANnOIEITAIKAAHNKAIEYIXHMONAKAIAZI 
 
 FGYAHMOYKA ITHIEAYTOYnATPI AOITH NTETON 
 
 EAYTniNEANIIKriNENAHMlANEYT. . .ONFl 
 10 TOMKAGATIEPEniBAAAElANAP 
 
 XEIPIIMENHNEATOini 
 
 THN YnEPTHZtfYAAK 
 
 ElZ^EPETAlinOYA 
 
 EKKAIMnNOYAEI 
 1.-. MONKAl 
 
 eVel rod uvdvTTarov Tatov IxXavoLOv TlorrXiov vlov Xt'pwi'o? emTd^avro^, 
 TOL^ Moi/xainji'roi' iipyovan' tizniroaTtCXai rrpoi i'ip.di e's 7rapa(pv\aKriv 
 Tf%~ 770\eros (jTpaTi.ojTa^ Ka\ tV ainon' i)y€p,oi'a^ l[oi/j,aprio}]' {o'l?} 
 oi'Tf.^ I'l.aioi' d>L\oi Kal evi'ooi)^ OuiKei/xevoi iTpo^ toi' oi'i/.ioi' >i/j,0)]> 
 s t'^aTTtiTTti\ai' -ou~; re rrrpaTiwTCK; kcu tV aiiToiv ifjtjxiva ^\ih-{ai>-) 
 cpov, ^lriro(pi\ov (I'llo; KCtl 7rapay€i'6/j.ei'0^ eh t7]1' rroXtr ijuon' (r/jv) 
 Ti ivOi]iJ,.civ TTOielruL KciXyjv kcu eva^i'ipova kcu ni^i.av rov re i'lp^ere-) 
 pcjv oi'ifjcov Kai T?!^ cavTdv irarpioo^, Typ' re rcoi' (vip'?) 
 favT/o h'taiyo-Koji' h'Oip.Licu> evT(aKT)ijv 7r{cipe^ercu kuI eav-) 
 
 10 TO/' KciOcirrep eTTijjciXKei ai'cpi'i kciI Tip' H^oucTLav rijp eyKe-) 
 
 ^zipiaj-teinji' eavTip T7i(ardr^ kcu) 
 
 Ti]]! vTTtp Ti'i^ cl>v\aK{ "sj 
 
 tifKiitpirai 'nrijvo[ ip') 
 eK KCiivon' ovcjCL 
 
 15 pccjv Kal 
 
 The Proconsul Caius (.'laudius Nero, th(> son of Puhlius, who is praised 
 in this inscription, ruled ovor the province of Asia from (iTi to (575 after 
 tlie foundation of lemie (SI)-7'.) E.e.). Hence he lived in the time of 
 Cicero, who mentions him in his orations against Verres."-' 
 
 The Poemancniaus {\\nii_Lain}voi) are the inhabitants of the fortress of 
 Poi;'iiianenon, to the scuith of Cvzieus." 
 
 '" WMAMv^Um, FaxtcsdcsFrorlncr!< Asi.it„iHra " Papc-Benscler, LcrJhon dcr Gn'ecliis:Iii'ii 
 
 dc ri^n/iiro L'-jTiVMii. ; I'aris, 187-', \i\t. 415, -1+. J'ijciiiMmcii. 
 
§ II.] IXSCRIITION OF Till'] TIME OF AXTOXIXUS TiUS. (i:;7 
 
 To judge from the form and tliickiiess of tlio stone, tins inscription 
 mnst have Ijoen very long and have contained more tlian 70 lines. ]'>iit 
 even the fragment is of historical value, and all the more as we know tor 
 certain that it comes down to us from the year 80 b.c. 
 
 Upon the site of the Doric Temple of Apollo, on the north side of the 
 hill, I found at a depth of 6:^ ft. a block of marhle, .l [ ft. high and 2^^ ft. 
 Lotli m breadth and thickness ; it weighs about 50 cwt. and bears the 
 following inscription : — 
 
 HBOYAH^A|OAHMO 
 
 lAlEHNETIMHrANAY 
 
 K A AYA lONKAlKINAl 
 
 A loN KYZIKHNoNA 
 eTA Aon ETHNVnoTo 
 
 OT ATo Y AYToKPATopo 
 
 2APOITITOYA ! A lOYAA 
 
 NOY ANT.IIN loYZE^A 
 
 EYZEBOY£K..lnoAA 
 10 /HE rAA ATH I n(0)AE IKATO 
 
 rANTAKAir..=^AIXoNT 
 
 TETHAoriXT..lAl<AItY 
 
 ropiAllANA...nAEHi:T 
 
 AE I O N A P ETH . ,. E N E K EN K 
 15 EYNolAriHinPOETH 
 noAIN 
 
 The first name occurring in this inscription, of which the syllalde AY 
 is preserved, is prohaldy AYAOZ. The word KAIKINAI sliould no doulit be 
 KAIKIMAN, CiirciiKim. AVhethcr the other name, of which AION remains, is 
 intended fVir FAION, I do not venture positively to decide, Init I consider 
 it to be probalde. For the inscription, which I read as follows, is written 
 in ]>ad Greek, especially towards the end: — 'H /dovXij koI 6 oi//xo(s') T^teaiz' 
 tTifirjaai' AvXov KXavSiov YiaiKivav Yd'iov (?) Y^vi^iKrjvhv u(^p^op)Ta Xoyiariji' 
 iiTTo To{y OeijoTiirou avTOKparopoi^ \\ai)aapos T^irov AlXlov 'A(i(ptci)pou Wv- 
 TioVLOv Se/jairTTOv) Evcre/Sois k((i)1 7roX\(a Kcii) /j,eydXa rt'j TruXei Karo{pd(o)- 
 aavTa Kal TTupui^^omd re rr) \oyia~eia Kal av(inj)yopLai^ ui'c(pa) Traaifi 
 T(i/.ifi<;) d^iov dp€T/j\- ei'tKev K(al) evi'oia<; rfj-i 7rp6^ tiji' ttuXiv. 
 
 The emperor mentumed in this inscription is oi course Antoninus 
 Pius, whose reign began in the year 138 A.D., and wlio died in lUl A.n. ; 
 it is merely by an error that he is here called Antonius. He took the 
 name of Hadrian from his adoptive father, the Emperor Hadrian, and 
 assumed the name of Aelius after the death of Hadrian's hi-st adopted son, 
 Aelius Caesar. Ujjon the upper end of the block of marble there are two 
 foot-marks, the one considerably in advance of the other. Each of thein 
 being 15^ in. long, they leave no doubt but that upon this block the 
 
608 TIIK SKVEXTII CITY : THE GltEl-K ILIL3I. [Chap. XI. 
 
 ciil(jssal stiitue of the C'yziccne. wlio is praised in the inscription, stood in 
 the attitude of an orator. In the hinder foot-mark there is a liole, l^-in. 
 siiiiare, in which was phici^'d the iron rod for Hxiug the statue. To judge 
 fmni till' size of the foot-marks, the statue must have been more than 8 ft. 
 hiudi ; and, as the marhh' Ijlock is 5] ft, in hi/ight, the whole must have 
 hoi-n at least 13 [ ft, high, and hence we may conclude that the Temple of 
 Apollo in which this work of art stood was very spacious. 
 
 In the i|ua.drangular huildiiig of large wrought stones, 59 ft, long and 
 do ft. Ijroad, the foundations of which I had lirought to light m Octoficr 
 IsTl, I found, at a depth of aliout 5 ft,, a slah of inarlde 25"Gin. in 
 linL;th, tho upper part of Avhich is Ti-G m. in breadth, and the lower part 
 15'oii in. It contains the following inscription : — 
 
 'Kireto!) AicKpevT]^ HoWewv T-/;/x!'tT);?, Bi.aTpi/3u>v jrapa Toi jSaatXel, 
 (plXos- 'j)V Kcti eiii'Ov<; oiareXel tco 6);/xfO, ^pelcK '7rape-)(6fievo^ 7rpodv/jLa><; fits' 
 (( civ T(s" aiiTov TrapuKaXf/, oeoo^Oai Ttj iSovXy kcu tm oij/xcp iiraiveaca p.ep 
 avTov eirl tovtoh;, irapaKoKelv oe Kal ee? to \oiTTov elvai (t>c\oTip,op ew ra 
 rod o'ipov avp.<f)epoi>Ta, oeooadai be avroj TTolyireiav, irpo^eviav, eyKTtjo-tii, 
 (niXeiaii 6>v kcu oi vroXtTat ciTeXeK eiai Kal ecfiooov iin ti]v jjov\ijv Trpojrrp 
 pera to. lepa Kal d(f)i^iv Kal ipu 7ro\ep,q} Kal ev elpipiij davXei Kai urnroi'oe^' 
 (h'aypd'^ai be Ta bebopeva auro) ravra el^ arifKiiv Kal {('iva)delvai €(cj .... 
 
 The king spoken of in this inscription must have been one of the kings of 
 Pergarnus, and from the character of the writing I l)elieve that it must be 
 assigned to the third century Iiefore Christ. 
 
 At aljout the same depth, and by the side of the Ijuilding, I found 
 a second marble slab, l(i'5 m. in length and lo'diu. in breadth. The 
 inscription runs as follows: — 
 
 IXfet-r eCoaav 'Slet'eXurp Appa/jaiou AOrjualcp evepyeTij yei'Opievcp avrwv 
 Kal Trepl tIjv eXevOeplav uvbpl uyaOoj yevopevp irpo^evlav Kal evepyealai'. 
 
 This second iuscrijttion, to judge from the form of the letters, appears 
 to I'clong t(j th(! first century e.c. Wppajjalo^ here occurs for the lirst 
 time as an Attic name. 
 
 At the same depth, and likewise by thc' side of the foundations of the 
 same building, I found a third marble slab, nearly 15 in. lung and about 
 11 m. liroad, bearing the following inscription; — 
 
 ,M)jZ'0(^(Xo9 TXauplou direv' eTreibij TrXe/oz'fs" Ton' ttoXltmv eVeX^oi'Te^ eVl 
 Ttjy IjovXi'p' <f)aaiv Xaipeav tov TeTayp,evov tV W/Siibov evvovv re elvai Tp 
 TToXet val evioi^ TTpeajjevop^tvoi^; vtt'o tov cppiov 7rpo9 avr'ov l3ovX6p,evov ttj 
 TToXet -^api^eaOai Trpi TTciaav airovopv Kal Trpovoiav iroelaOat Kal Tol<; avvav- 
 Tuyaiv aurrp rtoj' rroXiTOiv (^iXuvdp('oiTo)^ 77 poa(j)epeaOai, iva ovv Kal o bfjpo^ 
 (fjaunjTai Ttjv Kadi'jKovaav X"'pa' ((TTOOfOOfs- tois' Trpoatpovpevoi^ t>]v 77ij(\iv) 
 bebi))(6ai. 
 
 This third inscription also appears to belong to the first century B.C.- 
 
 It is }irobable that the building in which I discovered these three 
 
§ n,] iNSCRirxioN containing coxit.act for settlement. G39 
 
 inscriptions was the Town-kail or Bouleuterion of Ilium ; at all events, it 
 does not appear to have heen a temple. 
 
 The following inscriptions were found at a depth of from 19 in. to 
 3-\' ft. behjw my wooden house on Hissarlit : — 
 
 Z A , . . , 
 
 ,- -EZAI.. ...... ......NOY. 
 
 6 ABOYKOA ETPAN^l) 
 
 . . ..ZKATAnAHOOZElZOINIZTPA... 
 
 ..TUN EtH^l^l Z0AISKAAPE1ZO..., 
 
 . .Z AN A PAZ TOYZ Z'YNOH ZO ME N . . . 
 
 ....E PONYKHPX EN KAI ZTHA.n. .. 
 10....1EN TilTIlNZAMOOPAK....... 
 
 IZAHQ KA0IZTAMENO 
 
 ....E.NOYZTHNZYN0EZIN. ....... 
 
 MOAOriAZTOANTirPA 
 
 Ol KHZONTEZHPEOHZ 
 
 15 ...OnElOOYMIAH'ZIOZ ,-... 
 
 OOYAIOTTEIAHZB 
 
 Tlc})ANH ZATT 
 
 <ja 
 
 .... eaai !'oi/(s") 
 
 5 afiovicoK. erpav (j) 
 
 .... 9 KaTCi 7r\{]0o^ el-i olviaTpa 
 
 . . TO)v e\lr7](j)ta6ao ^./caopei^ o 
 
 . . 9 avopa<i Tov^ awdi]ao/j,€v(ov^) 
 
 .... epov vTT?ipyev icai aTtjXco 
 
 10 . . . . t tV Tfo' Twi* 2.a/-io6p('iK:'(rj)v) . . . . 
 
 .... (9 UTTOicad iarapLevo 
 
 .... evov^ T7]i> (jvvOeaiv 
 
 (J))pLoXoyia<; TO di'Tiypa((poi') . . 
 
 olK)']aovTe^ r'jpe6i]tj''(av) 
 
 13 {\i)o7Tei6ov M(.X;/cr(09 
 
 6ov i^ioireUjrj^ B 
 
 {'Av)Ti<pdpri^ 'Att 
 
 This inscription contains a contract for a settlement and gives the 
 names of the men selected for founding it. t/caopel'; is an unknown word, 
 which has never before heen met with. 
 
 ' Sic. ' Sic. 
 
t>4U 
 
 THE SEVENTH CITY ; THE GREEK ILIUil. 
 
 [Chap. XI. 
 
 USX I'M as: 
 
 IIZTHZ AOOEIZHZ 
 EIPENTEKA lOYEAABo 
 
 5 BAAAoNTfllENIAYTIl 
 THNSYNEAPEIANOYKA 
 THZBOOZTHNTIMHNY 
 TflTK PEfiNTA Z AOI PA 
 TPfiBoAONTHNroAINTHM 
 
 loKAZANTOYZToKoyZTOYZ 
 KOZIAZTEZZAPAKONTATE 
 OETOZAIAKOZIAZTEZZA 
 KA IOTITHNZYNEAPELAI 
 TEIAANPE NTAKOZIAZKAITH 
 
 i^PHME NHZTHZTIMHZmrKPE 
 TA AYO 
 
 %^ 
 
 . . . 6j? T^tXi'a? 
 
 . . . w? Ti]^ SoOeiarj^ 
 
 . €1 irevre Kal ov t\ajjo(v) . . . 
 (to eTriJlSdWop tco iviavTOj{i) . 
 Ti]v auveCipeiav ov Ka 
 
 T.'/s- [-ioo^ Tl-jV TljJ^ljP ii 
 
 vo)-/ KpeCov Ta? \onTa(^) 
 
 (re) TpwpoXov tijt ttoXiv t);/x . 
 
 (rii>ay?)/caaav Toii^ tokov<; Tons'. 
 
 (a)KO(Tia^ TeaaapuKovra TTe{vTe) 
 
 6eT0i; oiaKoaim Teaaa(pa) . . . 
 
 Kal oTi Tijv avveopeiaii') 
 
 (uTrea-jreiXav rrevraicoaLas kcu t?; 
 pi]ixevt]^ T/}9 Tf/xT/s- Tojy Kpe(o)v) . . 
 (Td\av?)Ta ovo 
 
in.] 
 
 COINS FOUND AT NOVUM ILIUM. 
 
 G41 
 
 § III. The Coins found at Xovuji Iliuji. By M. Achilles Postolaccas, 
 Keeper of the National Collection of Coins at Athens. 
 
 Accorcliiig to the testimony of the fomrms numismatoh)p:ist Eckhel,' 
 all the known coins of Ilium beloni^ to Xovum Ilium, ami are either 
 autonomous or imperial. ()f these, the autonomous are wther of silver or 
 Clipper, ami Ijelong to the ilacedoiiian period or to the succeeding times ; 
 tlie impierial coins occur (inly in bronze, and date from Augustus to 
 Gallienus and his wife Salonina. 
 
 Of the autonomous silver coins we only know of tetradrachms of an 
 artistic style, helonging to the Attic metrological system, Ijcaring on 
 one side the head of Athene with a three-crested helmet crowned with 
 laurel, and on the otlcr side the legend aGHNAZ imaAOZ, the name of 
 
 the archon, and the image of the standing Athene holding on her right 
 shoulder a spear, and a distaff m her left hand;" on the field are mono- 
 grams and accessory symhols (Xo. 14:81). The tetradrachms in question 
 were struck, according tij the illustrious Cavedoni," under the reign of 
 ilithridates Eupator, king of Pontus and the Cimmerian Bosporus 
 1^123-01 B.C.).' 
 
 No. 1432. Nu. lis:;. 
 
 The tvpes of the lirrmze coins have on one side a head or Inist oi 
 Athene a' turretted head of the personified Pome with tlir legend GGA 
 PnMH (Xo. 1482j, and a she-wulf suckling Pomulus and luuuus (Xo. llyS) ; 
 on the other side the following devices : "—a standing Athene, like that 
 on the above tetradrachms (see No. 1481) ; '■" a standing Apollo, dressed 
 
 ^ Pocinna Kmn. Vrf. ii. p. 4SX ' 121-G3 r,.c. aocnv.lins lo Eauard Jley,..,-, 
 
 = Pausanias, vii. ."i, § +, .Ir.nal.ins the statue Gcschiditc dcs KiJiiMjrcicks I'wdos ; Leipzig, lb( ,.l, 
 
 rif Athene Folia-; at Krvthrae in Imiia, ^ays : 8vo. p. .',0, . , .,, ■ 
 
 •iiAcKcir,. eV i^arepa -ri. X-P-- ^'x- ^-^'l- » I' - '" '» nn,lersto,.l tljat the inllowm, 
 
 ,n- to Apollodorus (iii. 12. :;), the ralladunn, deseviptions and euts are ot tlie -vnrses ol the 
 
 which had fallen from heaven, held in the left medals. 
 
 han.l a distaff and a spindle. ^ \ Choiseul-Gonlher, 1 oyaje pMoresque dc la 
 
 " Spicilegio numlsiautko, p. Ibl. Ijnce. 
 
 2 T 
 
(A-2 
 
 THE SEVEXTII CITY : THE GliEEK ILIUM. 
 
 [Chap. XL 
 
 iu a loii,fj; cliitou iind holding a jiatera and a lyre ; or Ganymedes carried 
 aivay by tlic oagle of Zeus (Xo. 1482). 
 
 Hector standing, Avitli liis Lead turned aside, holding iu liis right 
 liand a lanco, in his left a sword, witli the legend eKTOOP (Nos. 1484 
 and lis.")). Hector w-alking, his right hand irplifted, holding in his left a 
 sliirld and a lance, and tlie legend EKTHP or eKKTQP (sic) (Xo. 14SG). 
 Hector nakcil, walking, having a ludniet on the head, a sword in the 
 iildifted riglit hand, a shield in his left, with the legend EKTQP iMeON. 
 
 Aeneas walking, carrying Anchises on his hack and holding Ascaniiis 
 hy the hand. Aeneas flying with Anchises and Iiilus."^ Aeneas going 
 on hoard a. shiji, carrying Anchises on his back and leading Ascauius 
 hy tlie hand (Xo. 1487). 
 
 The lei;"ends and types of the imperial coins are more numerous and 
 more varied; the most important and curious of them are the following : — 
 
 AiA lAAiON IMSIC or iMeON. Zeus Xikephoros seated, holding in his 
 right hand a spear; sometimes, instead of Nike, he holds the Palladium: 
 on Coins of the younger Faustina, of Commodus (m the collection of 
 1)y. Schlieinann), of Crispma and of Julia Domna (Xo. 1488). 
 
 AAPAANOC lAIEDN. Dardanus seated, holding in his left hand a 
 sceptre, with a woman standing Ly ; on the coins of Crispma (Xo. 1480). 
 The type iu (puestion represents, according to Cave(h:)ui," the cidloipuy 
 of Dardanus ahout his marriage witli Batieia, daughter of Ti'ueer, king 
 of the Troad;! or, according ti. ,inotlier tradition," with Teucer's wife 
 C'hrysi', v,dio Lrought him the Palladium as a dovv-ry. 
 
 eiAOC lAiEQN or lAIGON. Hus sta.nding, wearing an upper garment 
 {lauTi.ov), ami sacrificing on an altar hehrre a column on which stands 
 the Talladmm : on a com of Julia Lomna, (in Dr. Schlieniann's ccdlcction) 
 a.nd of Caracalla (Xo. Id'.lf)). 
 
 'llje tollowing coins, all of whi(di have only the legend lAIEON or 
 lAieON, have these types: — 
 
 '» Aornrdiii^r t„ Sc-stini, T).'Si:r!ptl<, Kiun. Y,t. ].. HO,^. Ko. 1. 
 Oil. ril. p, l.-,:l 1 j\|,<,l|,,,l„i-„s, iii. li'. 1. -■ Diniiys. H .■iliram. Antiq. Eorivm. i. C8, G9. 
 
§ III.] 
 
 COIXS FOUND AT KOVITM ILIUM. 
 
 643 
 
 in fi'out 
 
 A man (Ilns) riding on a bull, wliieh is jumping near a tree ; 
 
 the Palladmm on a column : on a coin 
 
 of the younger Faustina (No. 14:91). 
 
 Athene on a column, towards ^Yhich 
 
 a co^Y is approaching : on a coin of 
 
 the same empress. Ilus leading a 
 
 cow to the statue of Athene Ilias on 
 
 a small column ; in the field is a 
 
 column : on a coin of Gorduuius III. 
 
 (No. 1492). 
 
 These four types find their interpretation in ApoUodorus,^ who relates 
 
 that Ilus travelled to, Phrygia, carried ofi' the victory in the sacred 
 games, and, having consulted an oracle, received 
 the answer that he must follow " a speckled cow," 
 and build a city on the spot where she might lie 
 down. This took place on the so-called hill of 
 Ate, where Ilus built a town called biy him "iXto?. 
 Praying to Zeus to grant him a favourable sign, 
 he saw falling from heaven before his tent the 
 Palladium, which for that reason was called ditTrert's- : 
 -^'°- '-^^^- hence the reason is evident why the Ilian Zeus 
 
 holds the Palladium on his hand."' 
 ANXEICHC A<tPOAEiTH or ANXEl[li: A^POAITH lAIEON. Aphrodite, 
 
 wearing a long chiton, and Anchises are standing joining hands : on coins 
 
 of Julia Donina (No. 1493). This type may be interpreted by the verses 
 
 in the Homeric Hymn :° — 
 
 ij^acrar', iK7rdy\ojs 6e Kara, (ppeyas 'Ifiepos elK^y. 
 
 Compare also what Apollodorus says." 
 
 nPiAMOC lAiEnN or lAieON. Priam, wearing a Phrygian cap, seated 
 and holding a spear in his left hand : on coins of Commodus and Crispina 
 (No. 1494)^' 
 
 NecrnPHC lAienn. Nestor, clad in an upper 
 garment (i/jLuTLov), is sacrificing with his right hand 
 on ail altar before the statue of Athene, and holding 
 in his left a spear in an oblujue position : on a coin 
 of Caracalla. 
 
 EKTQP lAIEQN or GKTnP or eKTCiJP lAieDN. 
 
 Hector's ideal youthful head covered with a helmet : 
 on a coin of the younger Faustina. Fleeter stand- 
 in", armed with lance and shield : on a coin of Masiminus I 
 Thracian. Hector standing before a Inirning altar, holding in his right 
 hand a patera, in his left a lance and shield : on a coin of Julia Domna, 
 m the collection of Dr. Schlieniann. Hector standing, wearing a helmet ; 
 his head is turned aside ; in his right hand he holds a shield : on a 
 coin of Septimius Severus with Geta. Hector standing, naked, wearing 
 
 tl: 
 
 le 
 
 » iii. 12. 3. 
 
 * CaTeJoni, oj}. cit. p. 
 
 ^ III Aphrodit. iy. 50, 57. " iii. I'- 
 
CAi 
 
 THE SEYEXTII CITY: THE Gr.EEK ILIUM. 
 
 [Chap. XL 
 
 a lielinct, boldiii,!;- in liis nglit hand a lance, and leaning with his left 
 on a shield : on a coin of Caracalla and Geta (Xo. 1495). Hector 
 
 standing armed liefore a culnmn with a statue, holding in its one 
 hand a lance and shield, in the other a small lignre : on coins of 
 Caracalla. Hectnr standing armed, holding in his left hand a shield 
 and spear, and toiichiiiL;' with his right the statue of Athene on a column: 
 on a coin of Caracalla (Xo. 14IiGj. Cavedejiii ijhserves ' that the last two 
 types remind ns of the passage in the Iltud," where Hector leaves the 
 camp by the advice of Helenus and goes (|nickly np to the tovrn, to order 
 the Trojan matrons to go in suppliant procession to the Temple of Athene 
 ill the Acropcilis. Hector walking, armed : on coins of Faustina the elder 
 and of Caracalla (Xo. 1407). Hector walking, armed; he lifts in Ins right 
 hand a spear m the attitude of fighting, and his left hand holds the shield 
 as if warding off a Idow : on coins of Caracalla (Xo. 1498). Hector armed, 
 marching firth to battle ; on a coin of Hadrian. 
 
 Hector on a chariot draAvn by two horses: on a coin of Jlarcus 
 Aurelius. Hector, m full arnnjur, on a chariot drawn Ijy two horses : 
 on a com of Gordianus III. Hector on a (diariot drawn liy t\yo horses, 
 h(Jding in his uplifted right hand the whip, and in his left the rems 
 
 xi0^ 
 
 No, m;i3. 
 
 Xu. 15011, 
 
 as well as lance and shield: on coins of ilarcus Aiirdins and Caracalla' 
 (Xo. 1499). The last three type-s are according to the Iliad, six. 399-401 : 
 
 (T/^epoaK^oi' o' 'i-KTzoiaiv eV-e'/iAero -narpus eyTu ■ 
 aAAci'? 0// <ppo.(<:rrih tract.ureij.iEy iji'io^7ia . . . . 
 
 Hector on a <diariot diTiwn by hair horses, holding in his right hand 
 tlie rems and the sliidd, in his loft the whip: on a com of Marcus 
 Aurelius. Hoctor on a cliariot with four horses: on coins of Conimodus 
 
 "/'. -■,/. ,,. 13:; 
 
 vi. Sij :iii'l B. '-' Jli.iuiK-t, DcscrijitioH clc JJcdiuVcs antiques, Sun^l. v. PI. 5. 
 
§ III.] 
 
 COIXS FOUND AT NOVUM ILIUM. 
 
 Caracalla, and Gralliemis. Hector on a chariot with four horses, holding 
 iu his right hand a hmce, and in his left a shield and the reins : on 
 coins of Commodus (No. 1500). 
 
 No. 1501. No. 1502. 
 
 Hector standing, holding a shield and throwinc; a burnino; torch : on 
 coins of Julia Douina and A^alerianus I. Hector as on the preceding coin, 
 but armed with a javelin, which he throws upon a ship before him : on a 
 coin of the younger Faustina (No. 1501). In the two last types Hector 
 is represented as fighting (with Ajax), and intending to set the Greek ship 
 on fire. So thinks Cavedoni," having in his mind the following verses 
 
 of the Iliad : — 
 
 OicreTe irvp^ ajxa 5' avroX aoWe^s upfur' aurriv.^ 
 
 Tol 5' e^jSaAoi' aKafiarov irvp 
 
 Hector walking, holding in his left hand a shield, and throwing with 
 his right a Inirning torch upon the two ships before him. On a coin 
 of Elagabahis " (No. 1502). 
 
 No. 1503. Ko. 1504. 
 
 Hector armed with a lance and shield, fighting on a chariot with four 
 galloppmg horses. Patroclus is lying under the horses, lifting his right 
 arm, and resting the left on the ground ; behind him is his shield :— on 
 a coin of Macrinus (No. 1503). Cavedoni* thinks that on this coin 
 Patroclus is represented as uttering to Hector these last words :— 
 
 fiSrj vvy, "EKToip, fXeyiX' eSx^o ' "■"' 7"P eSaKni' 
 viKfiv Zeiis KpociSrjs KaX 'AttoAAcoj, o'l p.' iSafiacraav 
 prj'iSLWij.^ 
 
 Hector on a chariot with four horses, holding in his right hand a shield 
 and lance, in his left a Nike. On a coin of Septimius Severus (No. 1504). 
 
 i» Op. cit. p. 153. 
 fievne Nmn. 1852, PI. ir. fig. 9. 
 
 XT. 716-718. 
 ' Op. cit. p. 15.J m not 
 
 = xvi, 122, 12,3. 
 
 " Ji. xvi. 814-846. 
 
646 THE SEAT;XTH city ; THE GKEEK ILIUil. [Chap. XI. 
 
 This type, ^vlncli represents Hector's victory, is interpreted by the 
 
 f'orcp:oing verses. 
 
 Hector standing m full arnionr, dragging with liis right liand the 
 
 hrnce from tlie snpine 
 
 C(ir})se of Patroclus, 
 
 Sjiy'"^ '• A'ljl'^ ^S^'^s''^^ "'°\ v;hich lie spurns with 
 
 left hand Ik.- holds a 
 shield : to the usual 
 legend is here also 
 added nATPOKAOC : — 
 on a medallion of 
 Septiinins Severus 
 ^'-'■^^"^' ''■'■'""■ (Xo. 1505), This very 
 
 curious type is adapted to the verses of the Iliad : — 
 
 eipuo"€, Xo-l -Kpofrfijs, tou o' vtttlov iba' a.7rb dovpu!;/' 
 
 Tliis is the excellent interpretation of Mr. Barclay Vincent Head, who 
 has puhlished the rnedallinn in question in tin;' 2\ nmismatic Cliroindi;: 
 
 Three warriors contending fir the curpse of Patroclus : the warrior in 
 the middle seems tn represent Ajax coming to the rescue, when the 
 Trejans were dragging away the corpse from the Greeks, as descrilied in 
 the sjdeudid passage of Homer {II. xvii. 27-i ff.) : on a coin of I\Iacrinus 
 (Xo. 15I.IG). Although this type is altogether different from the fore- 
 g(.iug, it nevertheless has the legend eKTHP lAieON. 
 
 CKAMAN^POC lAiEDN. The river Scamander per- 
 sonified, recumbent, holding in some cases a reed, and 
 leaning oir an overturned vase, from which water Hoavs : 
 (jii coins of Xero, of Xero and Britannicus, of A'ltel- 
 lius, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Caracalla, and Geta 
 (Xo. 1507). 
 
 I A ION pom: I. Two women standing, of whom one 
 (the personified Hium) is tnrretted and dressed m a 
 long cliiton, and holds m her right hand the Palladium. The other 
 woman (the personified lionie), in a dress tiistencd with a girdle, is 
 turretted, and holds in her left hand a flag: — on a. medalli(jn of 
 Caracalla. The Tj-chae {'Vv^(j:m, iji'nii) of the cities of Ilium and Itome, 
 Avith joined hands: on a coin of Elagabalus. 
 
 ZEBAITOZ KTIZTHZ. Head of Augustus: statue of Athene, with the 
 hair bound togcdher on the crown of the head, on a small pedestal, 
 lioldin>_:; in lier uplifted right hand the Palladium, in her left a lance: 
 on a coin of Augustus. AVith regard to this Iliaii coin, particular atten- 
 tion IS (daimed by the epithet of Augustus as founder (/vticttj^s') ; Init the 
 word is to be understood as rcsiorcr, it lieing customary to give this title 
 to lieni'iactors who were deemed W(n'thy of honour. 
 
 Besides the types on the imperial coins here represented, there also 
 
 " xvi. 862, 8G3. 
 
 ' ^'c■^v Serirs, viii. ; Lon.lrin, ISGS, 8vn. p. 320, Fl. .vi. 2. 
 
§ in.] 
 
 COIXS FOUXD AT NOYUM ILIUM. 
 
 Gil 
 
 occur the following, wlncli bear merely tlie legend IMEQN or lAienw 
 namely : — 
 
 Tlie winged Ganyniedes standing, lioldiug in liis riglit hand a Low, iu 
 his left a shepherd's crook : on a com of Comniodus. 
 
 lio. 15CS. "... 1509. 
 
 The winged Ganvmedes, wearing a Phrygian cap on his head, seated 
 on a rock, and oflerin" drink to the ea"le of Zeus, behind which is a tree : 
 on a com of Comniodus (No. 1508). 
 
 The winged Ganymedes, as m the> foregoing type, but holding a vase 
 lief ire the eagle which is caressing him ; liehind is a column on which 
 stands a statue : on a medallion of Comniodus (Xo. 150'J|." 
 
 The winged CTanyniedes carried away by the eagle, and holding in 
 his right hand a shepherd's crook: on coins of Commodus and Geta 
 {Xo. lolO). The legend of the rape represented on the foregoing coin, 
 which IS not mentioned liy Homer, is related by ApoUodorus," who says: 
 TovTov (roi> r avv jxijOi]!') y.(.v ovv out KaWo^ avapiriiaa^ Zei;? Oi cierov utcov 
 oivoyi'jov iv ovpdvry KareaTrjaev. 
 
 Aeneas Avalking, carrying (Ui his liack Anchises, and leading xiscanius 
 by the hand: on medallions of Comniodus and of Caracalla. Homer 
 says nothing concerning the flight of Aeneas represented in this type, 
 which is interpreted by tlie f.illowing verses of Yirgil ; — 
 
 4*' --^I'K ■ X " '^'^'"'^ "S'C' '^^^'^' Pfi-tcr, ccrvici imponere nostrae ; 
 
 A'j;-:^_^'\ Ipse suljibo humcris, nee me labor i.ste gravabit." '" 
 
 " Jlilii pfirvns lubis 
 
 Sit comes et longc servrt vtsli^^'ia. eoiiiux." ' 
 
 'Cetsi et sublato inontes genitore petivi." = 
 
 No. 1511. 
 
 The same typo ; belovv- is a she-wolf suckling Eomulus and llemus : 
 on a coin of Hadrian (Xo. 1511 ). 
 
 Hector, with a helmet on Ins liead, walking, and throAving with his 
 right hand a stone ; his left is armed with a shield and two lances : 
 on a com of Diadunienianus. 
 
 Hector m full armour, on a chariot drawn by two horses : on a com 
 of Gordiauus HI. 
 
 iii. 12. 2 
 
 \cfnrdin"- to ^^liUant, KinnJsmata Gmcni, ami jrionnot, Dcsa: da ih'd. 
 
 °'» Aen. ii. 707, 708. ' Ihid. ii. 710, 711. ■ Ibid. ii. 804. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE COMCAL MOUNDS IN THE TEOAD CALEED THE HEROIC TUMULI. 
 
 TiiK traveller avIw .c^'oes liy sea from Constanti)iri}ilo to the town of the 
 Danlanelles, sees on lioth sich'S of the' Sea of ]\Iai'ui(ira and the Hellespont 
 a numher of Cdnieal hills, on the orioin of "\Yhieh tradition is silent, and 
 \Yliieh are nniversallv called Lt the name of " Tcjieh," a Turkish Yvord 
 sic^nifyinLC merely a low and small hill, hnt Avhieh in the ima!:(iuation of 
 men has ohtained, like the word "tnmiilns" in the AYest, the additional 
 si,!:;'nifiration of a sejinlchral mnimd, eoyernig the remains of a deceased 
 person, or of more than one. 
 
 The first of these Tepehs -which tradition has assigned to a particular 
 person, is the' tumulus on the Thraeian Chersonesus, ohliquely opposite 
 the town of the Dardanelles, attrihuted to Heculia, of which Straho says: 
 "iSctweeu the two (iJardanus and Ahydus) the l;li(jdins falls into the 
 Hellespdnt, and directly opposite its month the Cynossema (Kvi'6<; aT/fca, 
 or KvpoiT'jijiJM, i.e. Dog's monument), said to he the tomh of Hecuha, 
 stands fin the Chersonesus." '■ 
 
 Proceeding from the Dardanelles Iiy hmd to the Plain of Troy, the 
 trav(dler passes another tumulus to his left, near the site of Dardanus ; 
 immediately afterwards, a third tri his right, and a fiuirth again to his 
 left, ahove the village of Pieu Kioi. Descending hence to the sea-shore, 
 he passes three more Tepehs on the height which overhangs the little 
 port of Karanlik, and Avhich helongs to the hcughts of Thoeteum. To 
 none of the six tumuli last mentioned does tradition attach a name. 
 
 To the nortli of the heights of Elioeteum he will sec, close to the 
 shore, a vcrv' low tumulus, to wliiidi tradition points as the original 
 sejiulchrc of Ajax, whose second restin,L;"-place is iilentiti(.'d with the large 
 tumulu- on a lower spur of the heights of lihocteum. This latter 
 tumulus IS called Li Te]ieh, Avliich name may he derived from the s-tem 
 AIAXT, sciui ill the genitive of A('«s. 
 
 iJidiiig thence along the shore of the Hellespont, the traveller reaches 
 on the lower hiu,e;]it. immediately to the north-east of Cape Sigeum. the 
 tumulus whudi traditnui throughout historical anti(|uity claimed as the 
 toiidi of Achilles. 
 
 Proceeding thence in a southerly dircidion, on the road which herders 
 the hiuehts of Sigeum and leads to Yeiii Kioi, the traveller passes at a 
 distance of only ahout .'S.IO yds. to the south-east of the latter tumulus 
 a.iiother, which is idmitihed with the tonil) of Patroclus. Put this identiii- 
 
 ' Stnilin, .\iil. ji. :,'.i:, : p.fTa^v re 6 "PuStos Urr\i].:\ was l'abl.jd to liave been eli.'Liiged intu a 
 fKTrlwTfL TToTa/^-os, KalT uv eV T7; X<^f>l>iji'i)n-Q^ TO biteh. 
 Kvu'b's (Tqua e(nLi', u (jiaaiv 'EKajirj'j flyai rdtpoy. 
 
CiiAP. XII.] FUXERAL lUTES IX HOMER, (149 
 
 cation must lie (j^nite iiKidern, it hciiig in perfect opposition to tlie precise 
 statement of Homer, wlio piits in the moutli of Acliilles tlie wurcls : " Let 
 us wrap the hones (of Patroclus) in a donhle hiyer of fat, ami pnt them 
 in a golden iirn, until I also am hidden with Hades. Kow du not make 
 the tumnliis large, hut onh" of lieeoming size. Later, you Acliaeans, Avho 
 shall survive me on the ships with manv rdwnig-lienches, may make it 
 wide and high. - His companions obeved : liavmg gathered the hones of 
 Patroclus, they wrapped them in a douhlc layer of fat, and put them m 
 a gulden urn, which thi.'y Lrought into tlio ti_>iit, ami covered with a soft 
 linen cloth. They then marked out the round placi' hir the tumulus, laid 
 the fiiundations around the funeral pile, and heaped up the earth. Having 
 completed the tumulus, they departed.^ 
 
 Xiiw, in all this there is not a word to show that tlie golden urn which 
 contained the hones of Patroclus was either deposited in the tumulus, <.ir 
 was meant to be ever deposited there. All we can possibly understand 
 here is that on the death of Achilles his Imiies should be added to those 
 of Patroclus in the golden urn, and that on that event the tumulus should 
 he enlarged, but there is no alhrsion whatever to the depositing of the urn 
 in it. Had it been deposited, or had it been destined to be deposited 
 there. Homer would not have kept back from us the important fact. 
 Consequently the tumulus of Patroclus was a mero cenotaph. I wdsli I 
 couLl cite, as further evidence, the beautiful passage in tlie Odijsseij,^ 
 Vv'here it is said that the bones of Achilles and Patroclus lie together m a 
 golden amphora, m a tumulus on the shore of the Hellespont ; and the 
 passage in the Iliitd,-' according ti) which the bones of Hector, after being 
 put 111 a golden box, were laid in a grave and covered with a tumulus 
 of stiuies. Lid'ortunatidy lioth these books of the Odijsseij and IHikI are 
 universally acknovdedged to be later additions. Consequently all we 
 know from the poet regarding the nature of one of the tiimuli in the 
 Plain of Trov rs that it was a cenotaph, and this Homeric assertion has 
 been borne out by all the researches hitherto made. But before his 
 funeral Patroclus appeared to Achilles in a dream, and said : 
 
 da.KTG ^'.e ijTTi Tp'xi'TTa, iriiXas 'A'lOao Trep'/jO'aj.'"' 
 
 iNow the word Od-rrro) has always been translated liy " bury " or " inter." 
 But as from the foregoing passage it is evident that no real Inirial to(jk 
 place, I suggest that the meaning of this w'ord, in this instance as well as 
 in three other passages in vdiich it occurs lu the IIliol^'' can only be "' burn 
 the body and perform tlie funeral ceremony," without implying that the 
 
 - V. xxiii. '2ir.-iJ-!-S : a^(p\ TTvprji^ ■ elOap 5i x^Ti^v eVi 'yo.io.v ^x^^^-^- 
 
 Kal ra ^hv iv XP^'^'^V ^^^-^V '^^■'^ OiTrAa/ci ?>'qu.a! x^ijomti^^ Se to ai]jj.o. izaKiv Kun'. 
 Beto^t^!/, els u Key avrhs ey ibv '^ r^'io l Kevdoji^ai ■ ^ }:\\v 7li-S4. ^ .\.\i\'. i '.JJ-TUS. 
 
 Tvp.fiov h' ov ^6.Ka tvoWuv eyw iroveeaBoA afwya^ *" //. xxiil. 71. 
 
 aKK' e-KieiKea To7oi'. e-weira 6e Kal rhu 'Axai'J' ' //■ -xxiv. fJO-l, Hlj.) : 
 
 evpvD 0' {i\p'/]\6u T€ Tif^Tj^uez/ai, o'i Kev efj-e'io ei'i'ri/j.ap ;j.eiy K alnuv iA fj.eya.poKS yo6o:^i€v^ 
 
 devTepuL eV VTjeaai iroKvKX'qiui \inr]frBe. rf) OeKari} 6e Ke BoMTOLp-ev dau'vru re Aaox. 
 
 ^ //. xxiii. 252-3.'m ; II- -x.xiii. 630 : 
 
 KKaiofTes 5' erdpow evqeos oarea KevKii ws Linore Kpeiovr^ 'A/J.a.puyKea Bd-mov 'Eireioi. 
 aWeyov es xpv'^^V^ (^iaAT];' KOl StVAaKa 5rjfi6y, IL xxi. 3-L', 3_!il ; 
 
 eV KXtairim 6e Sevres eavw Xir\ Ka\v^o.v. aurov ol Kal <T-i}ixo. rerev^eTai^ ovoe ri pAV XP^^ 
 
 TOpvuMTo.vTO Oe (y^ip-o.^ Be/j.etXia. re irpoiidKoi'ro ejrai Tup.(ioxoi}<J' ore fj.LV Bdirrwaiv 'Ax^iOt. 
 
(J30 'I'llE IIEItuKJ TL'-MULI IN THE TIJOAD. [Chap. XII. 
 
 liDiics A?ere Imripil. In tliis sense I also nnclerstand tlie word Od-moi in 
 a passai^-e in tlic (A7y,ssf//, m wlm/li tlie funeral of Elpeuor is described: — 
 " Then I si^nt forward my eompanmns to tlie palace of Circe to bring 
 the dead biidv of Elpenor. We, at once cut trunks of trees, and, sure 
 grn'ved, performed his funeral on the higdi projecting shore, shedding 
 abundant tears. And when the liudy was burnt with his weapons, we 
 heajied u]i a tomb, erecti_'d a pillar {strh-) on it, and put up on its highest 
 point a well-fitting oar." * 
 
 hJut m another })assage of tlio O'hjssejj the Avord ^aTrrw must really 
 mean " to bury in the ground : " — "First came the soul of our com})anii;.n 
 El]M'nor, for he had not yet been buried below the earth with broad 
 paths." '* 
 
 In a passage in the lUoil, where the funeral of Eetion is described, 
 we read; — "He (Achilles) sh'W Eetion; Inrt he stripped him nut of his 
 arms, through the restraint of a religions awe, but burnt him there in 
 his jianoply, and heaped up a mound." "' 
 
 Here, as well as m the description of Elpenor 's funeral. Homer leaves 
 us in doulit as to Avhether the tumulug was heaped orer the liody of the 
 deceased, or whether, as m the case of Patroclns, the Ijones were carried 
 awar, and the tumulus was a mere cenotaph. But I have no reason to 
 doubt that in a post-Homeric time, and probably as early as the time 
 Avhen the xxivth J//((/Z and the xxivih 0'///s.sey were written, it was really 
 tlii"^ custrim to heup a tumulus over the remains (jf great personages. At 
 all events, in the imagination of Aeschylus, Agamemnon's sepulchre was a 
 tumulus, fu' he makes Electra say; " (jn the tumulus of this sepulchre 
 I anmiunce this to my hither. " ^^ Further, all the artificial tumuli at 
 Sardis, as well as on tlie Crimean coast arrl elsewhere in the south of 
 linssia., appjear to ]>& real tombs. 
 
 Iiiding for half an hour further south on the road to Yeni Ivioi, the 
 traveller passes ti) the left of another mueli higlier mound, culled Ilagios 
 Demetrios Tepeh, from an open chapel close by, wliieh is dedicated to tiiat 
 Saint. Ibat, as we have seen in the preceding pages, tlio chapel has 
 received this dedicatii.m from a temple of whito marble sacred to Denieter, 
 which stood on the site, and of whose marbles it is partly built. This 
 Tepeh, by its high positi(Ui on the very lirink of the lofty shore, over- 
 hangs the sea, and it is therefore visible from a great distance out at sea; 
 and, as Prcrfessor Yirchow saj-s, there is no point on land, to a distance 
 of '.) or VI miles, from Avliich it cannot be seen. 
 
 Proceeding furtlier on, the traveller, after having passed Yeni Ivioi, 
 
 ' I'M. xii. 9-l.i: 9 Oil. \\. 31, r,2 : 
 
 o'r] rijr' iylnv irapoui irpoUiv €S oa'/jara KipKijs npiiri] Se tpuxv 'EAWji/opo? ■i/ASfi' iTalpov ■ 
 
 duip.eva.L vficphv "E,\-KJivupa Tfflj/TjiiTa. ou yap ttw iriSaiTTO iiirh x^'^'OS evpvoSul-qs. 
 
 (^irpnh', r>' alipa To.pMfTiE';, uif aKpuraTl-} npiUx' '"^ ^^- ^''- 410-1-10 : 
 
 '^■'f'^'}' .... Kara 5' e/CTai'ei' 'Her/wt-a, 
 
 OaiTTupi^ii axvlip-nvoi, BoAfptiv Kara odi<pv x^ovths. o'jSe p.iv e^isi'dpi^e (aijiaaaaTO yap to ye 6vp.Z), 
 
 avTcip (1T(\ peKpi'19 t' iicd-i] Ka\ Tivxia iieicpov, oAA' upa fxiv KareKTie (Tvv efrecri 5ai5aA(E'oi,iij/ 
 
 rvfxfiov xei^afTes Kal enl (Ttt}K'i}v epvaa.vre'i 7j5' eVt (jt]\x ex^ev. 
 
 iT-ii\a.p.tv aKpoTaTcp TUfi/Bw ei)?)p€j fp(rp.ov. " Acscliyllis, Chfi'p/'Oroc, Y. 4: 
 
 TvpLfiov 5' eV ox^V T^5e Krjpvutjio iro.rpi. 
 
Chap. XII.] DESCEIPTION OF THE TUMULT 651 
 
 comes to another tumulus, GO ft. high, situated on the height chjse to and 
 north of the Bay of Besika, and called, probaldy for that reason, Besika 
 or Bashika Tepeh, from the Turkish work Beshik, which means " cradle." 
 It lies immediately tc the east of the little promontory called Palaeo- 
 castro, of which we havo spolien Ijefore. 
 
 Still further south, and separated by a deep valley from the heights 
 of Sigeum, there follows a group of tertiary ridges, in the midst of 
 which, and about four miles distant from the sea-shore, rises another 
 gigantic tumulus, 83 ft. high and -±33 ft. in diameter at its base, called 
 Ujek Tepeh. To understand well the height of 83 ft. the reader should 
 bear in mind that the highest houses in Broadway in New York are not 
 more than 70 ft. high. 
 
 Going on thence to Bouuarbashi, and ascending the heights liohind it 
 — the Bali Dagh — the traveller sees there four more tumuli, the highest 
 of which consists of loose pebbles, and has for this reason been identified, 
 by the defenders of tlio Troy-Bounarljashi theory, with the tomb of Hector ; 
 while of the other three, which are much lower, one has been attributed 
 by them to King Priam himself. 
 
 Descending again to Bouuarbashi and crossing the Scamander, the 
 traveller finds opposite the Bali Dagh — on the slope of the mount which 
 overhangs the river, and wdiich, as before mentioned, is crowned with the 
 ruins of an ancient town — another tumulus ^ of pebbles, which has lost 
 much of its primitive height. Descenc^iiig again and riding along the 
 right bank of the Scamander, the traveller sees, at a short distance to 
 the north-Avest of the confluence of the Scamander and the Thymlirius, 
 on the right l)ank of the latter, the large tumulus called Hanai Tepeh, 
 situated on the farm of Mr. Frank Calvert, whom I have helped to 
 excavate it, and who has described the results of our researches in 
 Appendix lY. 
 
 Proceeding thence in a north-westerly direction l)y the road to 
 Hissarlik, the traveller passes to his right another smaller tumulus, 
 called Pasha Tepeh,- on a lov^r hill-ridge, which extends from the heights 
 of the tertiary formation pretty far into the plain. Further on, at 
 distances of no more than 200 and 300 yds. to the south of Xovum Ilium, 
 he sees to the right and left of the road tn-o still smaller tumuli. 
 
 Finallv, I have to mention the Ioav tumulus on the right liank of the 
 Kalifatli Asinak, at a distance of alxiut 300 yds. to the nortli of Koum 
 Kioi. I have had occasion to mention this tumulus repeatedly in the 
 preceding pages, and have explained the reasons why I hold it to be 
 identical with the tumulus of Ilus, which is mentioned four times in 
 the Iliad. 
 
 Proceeding now to the history of the researches made in these tumuli 
 of the Troad, generally called '■ Heroic Tomljs," I must begin with that of 
 Ajax, as according to tradition it was first opened, not indeed by the hands 
 of men, but by the waves of the sea. 
 
 1 This tumulus, like all the other tumuli, is indicated on thi> Map of the Plain of Truj-. 
 
 2 Maiked on the map Pasha Tepeh or Tumulus of Batieia. 
 
6.-)2 
 
 THE IIEllOIC TUMULI IN THE TKOAD. 
 
 [Chap. XII. 
 
 1. Till- Tumulus of Ajn,>'. — As Ijefore mentioned, the tiunnlus on the 
 shore of thi' Hellespont, iiOO yds. to the north of the conical hill now 
 universallv iittribiited to Ajax, and called In Tepeh, has had the honour to 
 be indicated by traditiiin as the original tomb of that hero. According 
 to th(:' lp--end related by Paiisanias, that side of the tumulus which faced 
 tlie shori' haTins' been washed away by the sea, the entrance to the 
 tiimb) was n.'ndered easy; the corpse was found to Ite of so gigantic a 
 size that the bones at the knees, called knee-pans (pateUae) by anatomists, 
 Avere of about the size of the quoit (discus) of a lioy who exercises himself 
 m the jieiifiitJiIiiii.'' This legend is confirmed by Philostratns, who says 
 that, till' tumulus of Ajax having been destroyed by the sea, his bones 
 had come to light, denoting a man 11 cubits long, and that Hadrian, 
 (Ui his A'lsit to Troy, cmliraced and kissed them, and erected over them 
 the present tumulus, now called In Tepeh, in honour of Ajax.* Accord- 
 ing to 'M. Burnouf's measurement, the height of this tumulus of In 
 Tepeh aljOA-e the sea is 131 ft. Strabo also confirms the fact that in 
 his time the tomb of Ajax was on the shallow sea-shore, for he writes : 
 ■ '■ Hereupon (after Ophrynium) follows the city of Khoeteum on a hill, and, 
 adjoining Ehoeteum, the sliallow sea-shore, on which is the toml) and the 
 temple of Ajax, as well as his statue, which was taken away by Marcus 
 Autonius and carried to Egypt ; but Caesar Augustus returned it to the 
 lihoeteans." '^ Stralio's statiuuent is confirmed by Lucan '' (38-G5 a.d.), 
 who praises the beauty of the statue nf Ajax. 
 
 It appears mcredilde indeed that all the archaeologists who cite the 
 passage of Philostratus have thought tlie word Trepiap/not^eiv meant 
 ■■ restore,"' and have therefore irnderstood that Hadrian merely restored 
 the tomb and the temple, whereas rdjiov 7repLap[j,6t,eiv rivi can never have 
 uK^'aut anything else than " erect a tomli to some one." Strange to say, 
 even no less an authority than Carl Grotthold Lenz,' one of the greatest 
 pliihilogists and Homeric scholars that ever lived, has fallen into this 
 W(mdi.'rful error. 
 
 AVe shall not attempt to investigate whether the corpse found in the 
 low tumulus on the sea-shore was that of Ajax (_)r not; at all events, it 
 appears certain that a corpse was found there, and that Hadrian brought 
 it to the spur of the heights of Iihoeteum, nijw called In Tepeh, and built a 
 small sanctuary over it, which he covered up with a. high conical tumulus; 
 and no dmibt in such a manner that nothing of it was visible at the top of 
 
 ^ Paa^niiias, i. 3.'), § 3 : toG yap ratpou to. Trpos 
 Tuv ojyiaX'ou ^cpaaifef dinKAvirai T^qv dd\a<7iTav, 
 Kol Ti]v €rro<ioi' *FS TO fj.v^yj.a ou X'^^^'^'li^ TTOuiirai, 
 Kai /j.^ TOu I'^Kpou Tu fieyeQos T^Kfjaip^adai Tijo^ 
 cKeAeiie ■ Trei'TafJAuu yap Tratobs duai ol Kara 
 (jliTKuv fjAXima TO. eV! rin^ y'jva.iriv oina, K0.K0U- 
 /j-^fas 6e VTTo Tcui' la.rpujv [ivKas. 
 
 < ri)i|n-tr. /A',-,.„w, ,,, i:;7, ,-..1. Kayscr: 
 "Afcoj'e hiy iramrus '')v IJ.01^ ^^Ve, TrrjAAa T(i}V 
 aTTiaToupJi^icv VTrb aov yiyvwijKii)Vy us eAeye 
 6iaip0ap'7^iJai ^.gi/ 7rOT€ tu toO A^aj'TO? (Trt/j.a. vnh 
 T'ls OaKaaarjs, irpos ij K^'irai, uiTTa 5e eV ainw 
 '['a.v-iiva.L Ka.ra h'h'^KaTTrj\ui' a.i'Opii}TTiiv , KoX '4(pa.aK€v 
 
 ' h^iptavuu liaiTLKea 7r€p(rrTf?Aat aura es Tpoiav 
 ^ABui^Ta Ka.\ Tijv l'vi'\ rdrpo. irepiap^vfral tijj 
 hta.vri ^iTTi!' & Ko.i TvpOffirrv^d^f^fOi' TOJi' uardjy 
 Kal <pLK-i)iTavra. 
 
 ^ Strabii, xiii. ]). b\)o \ Elra Polt€lop ttoAls eVl 
 \ii(p(p K'^Lfj.^uyi Kal Ta 'PoiTfiip crvi^e^rjs lji>)V 
 ctAirecris, e<p' fj jxvi]pia Kal Uphv AtavTos Kal 
 aj'(5pias, oif dpaifros ^ hvTdiuiov KOprnj^^VTa els 
 MyvTTTOv dtr^SoiKe TO?s 'PoireieiJa't TrciAit', Kaddirep 
 Kal aAAois, Zie/3a(TT(JS KaTfrap. 
 
 '■' i'/»//'»,//„, ix. Or.1-9711. 
 
 ' Si;e C. C. I.enz, D!r Xhenr voii Trojri ; Neu 
 Strelitz, 17'J8, ]> 7H 
 
Chap, XII.] 
 
 IN TErEH ; THE TOMB OF AJAX. 
 
 G.jL 
 
 the mo^ind. The liase of this Iniihlmg -was eircnhir, and was, as Choiseul- 
 Gouffier reports, eousolidated hy a uuniher of curved walls built within 
 the circle, and adapted to support the' weight of the edifice. There 
 
 
 MHi'-im 
 
 Xo. 1512. Tumulus of In Tepch. "^ullril the Tumb uf Ajii.-.. with Ihu laiins of bis Tenjplu built by Uailvian 
 
 appears to have heen no other entrance than l)y a circular passage 
 vaulted all round, 3i ft. m diameter. This passage is still well preserved, 
 but the foundations of the temple, which prolwil.ly consisted of hirge 
 wrought stones, were in 1770 partly taken out l.y a Turkish officer,^ 
 who used the materials for buildmg a bridge. Visitors will find in and 
 close to the tumulus large massive Idocks of masonry, consisting of 
 small stones joined with chalk. There is every pr^jbability that the early 
 Christians who, m their pious zeal, destroyed so many temples and works 
 of art, also destroyed the temple and statue of Ajas, luit this could not of 
 course he done without partly demolishing the tumulus. Tlie Turkish 
 officer, therefore, who m 1770 removed the foundations of the temple, 
 only completed the destruction Ix'gun prol.aldy 1400 years before. On 
 the" right hmk of the In Tepeh Asniak, close to the shore, visitors will 
 see a'^large mutilated marble statue, which may perhaps be identical 
 with the statue of Ajax. The sea is 10 ft. lower than the base of the 
 primitive tumulus of Ajax ; but m strong southerly storms the mound is 
 nevertheless flooded, and it is therefore very probable that it may have 
 been washed away by the waves. What now remains of it is not more 
 than 3 ft. 4 m. above the surfiice, and consists of pel.blcs wi1± a large 
 number of fragments of marble sculptures. I sank a shaft m the mound 
 but struck the rock at a depth of 8 ft. 4 m., and finind nothing but 
 pebbles and some large b..iies identified by Professor \ircliow as horse- 
 fjones. There is no trace of a temple. 
 
 SoeCCLeuz, Die E^cnc .m T,:,.,na.:k Jca Gn:,fca Cku.cal-G.nffier ; Xcu Stvelitz, 1798, 
 
 p. M . 
 
654 
 
 THE lIEIiOIG TUJIULl IN TPIE TROAD. 
 
 [Chap. XII. 
 
 2. TJie Tumulus of Achilles.— Tho sccdiicl tumulus in succession, called 
 that of Ac-liilli'^, was explored in 17SG liy a Jew, l)y order and on account 
 of Clioiseul-GoufBer, who ^Yas at tliat time French Amhassador at Con- 
 
 is IjI... lumulus cullLd tlji. Tomb ul a. IiiUl^. 
 
 stantinople. A shaft was sunt from the top," and the yirgin soil Avas 
 reached at a depth of 29 ft. The upper part of the conical tumulus was 
 fuund to consist of weil-beaten clay to the depth of G ft. ; then loUowed a 
 compact layer of stones and clay, 2 ft. deep ; a third stratum consisted of 
 earth mixed with sand ; a fourth of A'ery hue sand. In the centre was 
 fijund a small cavity, dft. in leugth and Lreadth, lormed <if masdnry, and 
 covered with a flat stune, whiidi had Lroken under the weight pressing 
 upon it. In the cavity were found charcoal, ashes iiupregnated vrith fat, 
 fraguumts of yiotti-ry exactly similar to the Etruscan, several fiones, easy 
 to distinguish, among which was a tilha, and the fragment of a skull ; 
 also fragments of an Iron sword ; and a bronze iigure seated on a chariot 
 vrith horses. Several of the clay vases were much liurnt and vitrified, 
 whereas all the painted vessels were unhurt. This is an abstract of the 
 account given of the excavations by Ch<us(.'ul-G<iuflier.''-' But, as no man 
 iif experience or worthy of confidence v.'as }ireseiit at the excav^ation, 
 schi liars seem to have distrusteil the account i'mm the. first, and to have 
 thought that the Jew, in (U'der ti> obtain a good reward, had procured 
 and prepared liefirehand all tlie olijccts he jiretended to have hmnd in the 
 tumulus. And all the experience we have iKJW gathered liy the explora- 
 tion iif so majiy similar tumuli is fatal to the Jew's account of his dis- 
 coveries. As I felt assured tliat tlie. fragments of pottery contained iu the 
 tumulus would give me t]w liry to its date, I was very anxious to explore 
 
 ° .Sne C. G. Lvnz, Da- Ehruf nn Tny't, narh <l,i„ ilraini Cl.niscil-Ouiiffcr ; N.ju Strulitz, 17 
 
Chap. XII.] TOMBS OF ACHILLES AXD VTdXM. G55 
 
 it; InU-, as the owner of the Luul, a Turk in Koum Kalcli, woukl not ,-;-ive 
 me tlie permission to sink a sliaft in it witliout receiving- Lefureliand a 
 reward of £100, I aljstainetl from cloin^ so. 
 
 Tliat tins tunmlns was considered m tlie liistorical times of antiquity 
 as the sepulchre of Achilk-'s, is evident from Pliny {11. N. v. 33) and 
 Quintus Smyrnaeus (vii. 402), l)oth of whom place it on the left hank of 
 the Scamander. That Homer knew, from his own eyesi,L;lit, tlie tumulus 
 which m his time was considered as the common t(-iml) of Achilles and 
 Patroclus, or at least that he had a particular tumulus in view which ho 
 attriliutes m common to lioth heroes, appears evident from the verses in 
 which he makes Achilles direct the Greeks to heap up for Patroclus 
 a small tumulus, and to make it larger and higdier .after his own death. ^ 
 This is also confirmed l;y the passage in which Patroclus appears to 
 Achilles in his dream, and hegs him not to put his hones apart from his 
 own,'- hut to erect a tumulus over the bones of hoth.^ I call attention 
 to the word aopoq (an uTra^ eipyj/xevov), used in the latter verse for the 
 usual arjfxa. 
 
 3. The next tumulus excavated vras that which is situated on the 
 hidght aliove lien Kioi. It was explored by the late 3Ir. Frederick Calvert, 
 Avho ascertained that it was an artificial mound, hut found neitlier hones, 
 nor ashes, nor ohjects of human industry in it. 
 
 4. The Tumuhis of Friam. — The fourth tumulus was excavated hy 
 Mr. irank Calvert, v;ho gives the folloAving account of it:'' — "According 
 to the description of Forchhammer, three of the four tnmuli hefore 
 Gergis are situated on the summit of the rocky eminence, the Bali Dagh, 
 a little distance outside the thick wall which separates them from the 
 Acropolis ; and liy the side of each is a deep pit, apparently artificial. 
 The fourth is on the same ridge, more to the west. He is not altogether 
 correct, however, in stating that their materials are all derived from 
 the natural rock on which they stand, for ons of them alone is entirely 
 so ; namely, the one correctly so described by Lechevalier, and wdiich he 
 names the tomb of Hector. The largest of the other mounds, supposed 
 to 1)6 the tomb of Priain,'' was the one I decided on excavating. It is 
 about 13 ft. in height, and, cropping out on the summit, traces of a 
 (puadrangular building were visible. I caused an open shaft to be com- 
 rni.'nced at the liase of the mound, and it was carried along t:io surface 
 of the natural rock through a mixture of earth and stones, as far as 
 the masonry in the centre, which rested upon the rock. This structure 
 I found to be, as at the top, square in form, and measuring about 14 ft. 
 by VI. It is firmed of large irregular stones, roughly hcAvn on the 
 outward faces alone, and put together without cement. The space m 
 the interior is filled in with small loose stones. A few casua,! potsherds 
 
 ' //. xxiii. 24:5-248: ' //■ x-^i"- '-^^-■■ 
 
 Tv/j-SovS' oil fj.aKa. vroAAiV iyii irovietrScii avoiya, Sis 5e ko.I ocTTea fail/ iip/q (Topos a/j.ct>lKa.\6TyT0l . . ■ 
 
 aAA' (TTieLKea -ro'iov. tinna. 56 Kai Tuv 'Axcioi •• O'ldribiitiuiis tirvanh tlic Ancivid GxMjmpkij 
 
 ivpvv 6' v-^ri\6v re TiOi]^ei'ai, o'l K€i' 4fj.euj of t/ir In.i<n!^ p. '_. 
 
 SivT€poi eV vfiio-'n TTc^vicky'i'iiji Xiir-fia0e. '' lu.iivirks and Observations on tlie Plain of 
 
 '' II. .\.\iii. 69-90. Tro>i, Ijy W. Franklin, p. 19 ; Walpole's Travels, i. 
 
 1U». 
 
CujCj TIIR IIEKOIC TUilULI IX THE TliOAD. [Chap. XII. 
 
 Averc tliroAA^i out (.Inriu.L;' tlic excavatidiis, Ijut iiotliini.; wii.s fnund to 
 indieutc tliat tliis iimniid liud liecn nseil as a place of sepulture. It 
 apjiears ratlier to liave soryed as a liase to some statue or puldic monu- 
 ment, iir, as Dr. Hunt remarks, as a foundation to some altar or shrine."'' 
 5. The tiftli tumulus explored, likewise hy Mr. Frank Calvert, was the 
 conical mound lielnw Yiuii Shehr, the so-called Tumulus of Patroclus. 
 He sank an open shaft m it and duL; down in the centre to the virgin soil, 
 l)ut f mud here also neither hones nor ashes nor anything else. Homer 
 says of the cenotaph tif Patroclus : 
 
 which means, " tliey traced out the circle for the tumulus, and encom- 
 passed it with fumdation-stoncs." This jiassage leads us naturally to 
 expetd io find at least one circle of stones in or around this and the other 
 tumuli ; Init nothing of the kind has keen found in any one of the tumuli 
 hitherti) excavated. 
 
 (J. The Taiiiiihi^ of Hector. — In October 1872 this tumulus, already 
 mentioned as on the Dali Dagh, was excavated by my honoured friend 
 Sir John Lulilioek. It consists entirelj^ of small stones, and was, probably 
 for this reason, attributed Ijy Lechevalier to Hector. But there were 
 found in it neitlier bones nor charcoal nor any traces of the destination of 
 this tumulus fir a funeral mound. 
 
 7. The I'lifiha Tepeh. — The seventh tumulus, called Pasha Tepeh, was 
 excavated in the beginning of Maj^ 1873 l>y Mrs. Sophia Schliemann. 
 As I have said in the preceding pages, there can hardly lie any doubt 
 regarding the identity of this tumulus with the mound held by Strabo 
 to ha th(! tomlj of Aesyetes, mentioned by Horner,'^ for Strabo says that 
 it was situated at a distance of f) stadia from Xovurn Ilium on the road 
 to Alexandria-Tr(ias.'' Put Alexandria-Troas lay to the south-west of 
 Ilium, and the ruad to it, which is distinctly marked by the ford of the 
 Scamander at its entrance into the valley, goes direct south as far as 
 Bounarbashi. Nov^, Pasha Tepeh is exactly at a distance of 1017 yds. to 
 the South of tlie snutheni wall of Xovuiu Ilium, and therefore its situation 
 answers perfectly to Strabo's indication, and even the road close to which it 
 lies IS most probalily identical with the road of which Stralio speaks. But 
 the identity of this tumulus Avith the tomb of Aesyetes is C|uite out of the 
 question, for, according to the aliove Homeric passage, Priam's son Polites 
 was watching on tlie tumulus of Aesyetes when the Achaeans should rush 
 fortli from the ships, and it must therefore have been situated to the 
 north (if ilium, between the city and the Hellespont, proliably aliout Koum 
 Kioi. If, therfd'ijre, Demetrius of Scepsis and Stralio, who adopted his 
 theory, iircdended that Pasha Tepeh was identical with the tumulus ut 
 Aesyetes, it was merely to uphold their impossible theory that Troy had 
 been situated on the site of 'IX/ewj' Koj^i/. 
 
 But Pasha Tepeli lieing in fr(Uit of Ilium and to the side of the Plain, 
 
 « Wnlpnlr's Tnn-e's, i. p. IfiS. ' //. XNJii. 2:..5. 
 
 ' //. ii. 7;jl-7'Jj-, already 4UoU'il at p. 14-7. ' Strabo, xiji. p. 599. 
 
Chap. XII.] 
 
 TASIIA TEPEH : TuMB OF BATIEIA. 
 
 G.37 
 
 its position corresponds perfectly with the indications wliich Homer ^" 
 gives us of the position of the monument held by the gods to be the 
 tumulus of Myrine, whereas men believed it to be the sepulchre of 
 Batieia, and there can hardly be any doubt that the pioet, in describing 
 this tomb to us, had Pasha Tepeh m view. 
 
 We have seen that Batieia, or Bateia, was the daughter of Teucer, son 
 of the Scamander and the nymph Idaea, and the queen of Dardanus. 
 Myrine, to whom the tumulus was ascribed by the gods, was one of the 
 
 >» //. ii. 811-814: 
 trrri 5e ns npoirdpOiOf 7ruA.'0 9 anrda HoAdvT^, 
 
 oMdyaroi 5e re iTij/xa iroAvaKapO^aoio Mf'pi'i'Tjs' 
 
 2 u 
 
658 THE IIEEOIC TUMULI IN THE TROAD. [Cjiap. XII. 
 
 Amnzon« wlio niKlortdok a campaign against Troy/ I remind the reader 
 tliiit, iircdrdiiig to rriifcsser Sayce, Mynnr is identical witli Smyrna, 
 wliii-li was a. name of vVrteims-dyliele, tlie Ajjiazons having Ijeciii in the 
 rii'st instance tlie priestesses of this Asiatic goddess. 
 
 Mrs. Siddieinann sank from tlie top a shaft lOj^ft. liroad and 17-!',- ft 
 long, and found that the layer of vcgctalde soil is scarcely more than 
 ■j^ of an inidi thick ; then follo-\vs In'own earth as hard as st(jne, which 
 alternates with strata of calcareous earth. At a depth of IG ft. the white 
 limestone roidv V\'as struck. Xo aslajs or eharcoal were found, much less 
 tlie hones of a. Imrnt corp.se. That Mrs. Schlieniaiin could have missed the 
 traees of a funeral pyre, if sueh had really existiid, is inconciuvalde, when 
 we consider the size of the perpendicular cutting. There were found in 
 the hrowii earth some fragments of hand-made jiottery similar to that of 
 the third, the Ijurnt city of Hissarlik, wdiicli led me to ascrihe a .similar 
 aee to till"; mound. But, after the winter rains had wudened the shaft 
 and lirought to light more pottery, I found there als(i very common 
 archaic Greek potsherds, which made nie at first doulit of the great 
 antiquity of this tumulus. But having carefully compared them Avitli the 
 coinnifui archaic pottery tVnrnd in the lowest stratum of Xovum Ilium, 
 as W(dl as with the archaic jiottery found in my excavations in Ithaca, 
 I no lone-er hesitate to attrilnite to them a high antiquity, although 
 their age does not, of course, come up to that of even the latest pre- 
 historic city of Hissarlik. I therefore find m the jjottery no ohstacle 
 to my theory that this tumulus existed at the time of Homer, and that it 
 gave him the idea for the sepulchre of Queen Batieia or the Amazon Jlyrine- 
 As for the fragments of pre-historic pottery contained in the tumulus, 
 they were no doulit lying on or m the ground with wdiich it was heaped up. 
 
 8. Tiiiiiiiliis of Vjeh TejjeJi. — Although iny honoured friend Sir Austen 
 Henry Layard had already in January 18711 (jhtamed for me permission 
 to e>;})lore the remaining tumuli ni the Tniad, there yet remained a 
 thousand difliculties to overcome. But by the kind endeavours of Mr. 
 £. ]\Ialet, Minister Plenijiotentiary during Sir A. H. Lavanl's ahsence 
 and of (Jount Hatzteldt, the Giaunan Ambassador at Constantinople, wdio 
 assisted me at the request of Professor Virchow, I oldained my firman on 
 the 17th of A})r)l, and lie,i.;-an mi the billowing morning to sink shafts on 
 the sunmnts of the gigantic tumuli of Igek T(qieli and Besika Tepeh. 
 
 Ujek is the pure Turkish word i',^ ,1 which mca.n.j " liresidc." The 
 
 O . ^ 
 
 tumulus is, acciu'ding to M. Burnouf's measurement, '21.3 ft. high above 
 
 the sen, and it has obtained its name from the strange fact that (iirohably 
 
 iiiui] a. confusion of the name Ilus with Elias) it is regarded as the 
 
 sepulchre of tlie prophet J'^lias by the inhabitants of the Troad, wdio 
 
 go thithin- on pilgrimage on the festival of that saint, on the 1st of 
 
 Au^;iist, to priiy to him and to light lires on the toji of the tumulus in 
 
 his honour. Suidi liics must have been kindled ther(.' 1)y the Christians for 
 
 many •■enturics, i'or down to a depth of 2 ft. 2 in. I tiumd nothing- but 
 
 yellow wooil-ashi'S mixed with fragments of uninteresting modern pottery. 
 
 ' //. iii. lH'.), I'.Mi; Stiabo, XII. |j. ."j7.: 
 
Chap. XIL] 
 
 EXCAA^ATION OF UJEK TEPETL 
 
 I began my excavations liy sinking a sliaft 10 ft. sqnan:'. I 
 during tlie tirst two days witli picks and sliovels nuly, \Yitli wliic" 
 I threw out tlie eartli from tlio sliaft ; l)ut tlie next two days I 
 
 659 
 
 worlced 
 ) latter 
 liad to 
 
 employ baskets, and, when the depth of the shaft had reached 13 ft., to 
 erect a wooden triangle (called by builders sheardegs), by means of whi(di 
 the earth was drawn out m baskets with windlasses. In the accompanying 
 engraving, No. 1515, this tumulus is represented from the north side, 
 
660 
 
 THE HEROIC TUJIULl IN THE TEOAD. 
 
 [Chap. XII. 
 
 wliicli lia^, according to M. Burnouf's measurement, a perpendicular 
 lieii;lit of 6Sft. (5 in. ; its greatest lieiglit of 83 ft. is on the east side, its 
 lowest of 53 ft. 8in. on the west side. Another engraTing, No. 1516, 
 
 No. 151C. The Scama 
 
 t tbi lb}ui 
 
 uriJ tl e Tumulus of Uji k Tci"ieli. 
 
 represents the tumulus of Ujek Tepeh as seen from the confluence of the 
 Scamauder and Thynihrius. 
 
 The excavations of both Ujek Tepeh and Besika Tepeh were conducted 
 hy my able engineer Mr. M. Gorkiewicz. The first day I could only work 
 the shaft in Ujek Tepeh with four lalxjurers, but I had to increase the 
 number daily as we went deeper, until I had twelve workmen, which 
 remained the number of hands in the shaft to the end." 
 
 I struck, at a depth of 2ft. Sin. lielow the summit, a wall which 
 Consists alternately of roughly-hewn stones, large and small, from 1 ft. 
 til 3 ft. long and from Bin. to 1 ft. 6 in. thick, cemented with a quaiitity 
 of clay; and, as visitors will see, by a most lucky chance this wall was 
 discovered exactly on the west side of my shaft, so that it was no obstacle 
 to me. Its direction is from north to south. Having dug through the 
 layer of ashes, I struck alternately lavers of coarse yellow, brown, or 
 whitish clay, whieh are intersected at intervals of from 4 to 5 ft. by 
 horizontal strata of un wrought stones; and these could not, in my opinion, 
 have been put there for any other ])urpose than to consolidate the 
 tumulus. On reaching a depth i.if 6 ft., I tViund that my shaft had bieen 
 commiTiced on too largi; a scale, and I therefore narrovced it to Gk ft. 
 s'[uai('. To avoid fatal accidents I supported the four sides of the shaft 
 vertically as well as horizontally with large l)eanis and thick planks, 
 which were carefully narled together. Nevertheless there was always 
 some danger, particularly for the workmen who w(ud^ed m the shaft, and 
 who always had to lie lioisted in and out by the rope of the windlass. 
 I theretore paid somewhat higlier wages to thosi:- who worked the windlass 
 above, and doulile wa.ges to tliose who worked lielow. No Greek workman 
 in the Troad ever works on a Sunday or on any of the numerous other 
 
 TIm- (nll.iwinc; ilosrri|iti(in is illustr.ifrd liv rl.-nis V. .Tinl ^'I. :it thf einl of tli'> Y.ilunie; the 
 uT s^nviii'^ a I'laii aii.l tlicj laltor a .Srcti.iu ul tlic siilitfiTaiR'an buildimr-. witliin the tumulus. 
 
Chap. XIL] DIFFICULTIES OF THE EXCAVATION. 6G1 
 
 Greek holidays ; liiit l)y paying 5 francs to eacli man who -worked on 
 those days, I got them to overcome all their serirples, and always had most 
 assidirous lahourers. Thus in four weeks' time I reached, at a depth of 
 46 ft. 4 in., the virgin soil, consisting of very hard yellow clay mixed with 
 stones. As will be seen from the plan of the excavation (Plans V. and YL), 
 the large wall on the west side of my shaft is only 11 • 80 metres = 
 o9 ft. 4 in. high, and reaches down to a depth of 42 ft. below the sur- 
 face ; consequently, it was not built on the virgin soil, but 4 ft. 4 in. 
 above it. By comparing these figures with the height of the tumulus 
 as given above, the reader will see that the mound was erected on a 
 natural hill. 
 
 Simultaneously with this shaft, I dug into the mound from the north 
 side, at a perpendicular depth of GG ft. 8 in. below the summit, a tunnel 
 G ft. 8 in. high, 5 ft. 4 in. broad below arid 4 ft. 4 in. above; and I made 
 it vaulted, in order to lessen the danger for my workmen. Owing to the 
 narrowness of the tunnel, there Avas only room in it for three men, of 
 whom two worked with picks, whilst the third carried out the earth in a 
 wheelbarrow. 
 
 I did not begin the tunnel lower down, owing to the rising ground on 
 the west side of the tumulus, which made me afraid that I should strike 
 the natural soil. The earth being as hard as stone, and the tunnel being 
 so narrow, I could not work in it with my usual pick-axes, and had to 
 have a dozen steel picks half their size made in haste, one end of which 
 was pointed and the other 2-3rds in. broad and very sharp. "When I 
 had penetrated 29 ft. horizontally into the mound, I came upon the virgin 
 soil, consisting of a yellowish sandy claj' and stones. It was covered to 
 the depth of 1 ft. 7 in. with a layer of humus, which was no doubt on 
 the surface when the tumulus was Imilt. This humus was covered, from 
 1ft. 2 in. to 1ft. 4 in. deep, by a layer of brown clay, succeeded by 
 another thin layer of black earth. This latter was followed by a thin 
 layer of white clay, on which again lay a stratum of humus ; then 
 followed again a layer of brownish clay, o ft. thick. I now at once 
 ordered the tunnel to be raised 6j ft. ; and as, in digging further into 
 the mound, I nevertheless again struck the virgin soil, I was obliged to 
 raise the tunnel 3,'j ft. higher, and then to fidlow the ascending slope of 
 the natural soil in the direction of my shaft, which I at last reached 
 after a month's very hard laljour. 
 
 The layers of broAvn, yellow, or white clay succeeded each other 
 continually as I worked on. Yisitors will see that their thickness varies, 
 which is natural, for tlie earth Avas of course lirought gradually from 
 many diiferent places when the mound was heaped up. Fortunately I had 
 no need to support the sides or the roof of the tunnel with wooden 
 beams and j)lanks ; for the soil being, as already mentioned, as hard as 
 stone, there was not the slightest danger to my workmen. But the heat 
 in the narrow tunnel Avas very great, and it was increasod ))y the petroleum 
 lamps ; besides, the Avork being very heavy, I Avas obliged to pay the 
 workmen 5 francs a head daily. Great was our joy Avlien at last the 
 bottom of the shaft Avas reached, and a cool draught of air was established 
 
<W>2 THE HEROIC TU3IITLI IN THE TROAD. [Chap. XII. 
 
 tliriinL;li tlio tninicl. Tlie event vrus celeljr;it(.'d Ijy my ^yorkmeu with 13 
 likes (.S'J.'r liottli's) (if wirie ami two roasted wliei.'p, wlncli I liad £(iven tliem 
 OIL tlio occasion. TIjc tnnuel is !)(i ft. 8 m. I'M'j;. By digt^iiig gjilleries to 
 tlic, ri,i;lit ami loft at tlii_' Lottom of tlie sliaft, I found that the great wall 
 formed the east side of a gigantic quadraiignlar mass of masonry, a spe- 
 cies of tower, 15 ft. scpiare ; its height liemg, as already stated, o'J ft. 4 m. 
 I fiivtlier ascertained that it ha.d heeii founded directly above a circular 
 eiichisure, 4 ft. din. high, consisting of well-cnt ])o]ygons, from LV to 2^ ft. 
 hjiiL;-, 1ft. 2 in. broad, and 2', ft. tliiclv, which are so admiraldy fitted 
 togetlier tliat the wliole enclosure appears to consist of one single lilock; 
 its diameter being o4 ft. iVs Avill lie seen on tlie plan and section of 
 Ujek Tep(di (Plans V. and A'L), on the north-west side of this circle 
 another "wall leans against it, wdiidi also forms a curve, liut of a greater 
 radius. It is of the same height, and consists of rather small quad- 
 ran,L;ular Avrouglit stones, joined togetlier withcurt any binding material. 
 Having cut a gallery into the massive square structure, I found in its 
 midst, and (i ft. above its base, a .•juadrangular cavity, o ft. square and 5 ft. 
 high,' tilled with line earth, whiidi must in the c(.iurse of ages have pene- 
 trated through tlie fissures lietween the stones. From this cavity I cut 
 a vertical sliaft through the masonry down to the virgin soil, without 
 finding anything (ds(.' than some fragments of pottery, among which late 
 Iloman potsherds are conspicmjus, and also an iron knife. I also dug 
 t;-allerics aliove the two circular walls, and was by these means enabled 
 to sink Vertical shafts into the circular emdosnres. From one of the 
 sliafts I also dug a tunnel, and joiiK-d it to the sliaft sunk in the midst 
 of the massive quadrangular tower; but everywdiere I oljtained the same 
 result — some fragments of iron implements and pottery of various epochs, 
 among which late leiiiian pottery is the most abundant. Tlie very 
 same result had been obtained in the large vertical shaft, as well as m 
 the hirge tunnel. 
 
 How difiicult it is to dig tuiimds in the midst of a huge mound, from 
 these again to sink shafts, and to dig tunnels again from the Imttom of 
 these shafts, he who has been an eye-witness of such an undertaking can 
 alone understand. 
 
 In the opinion <if 51. ISuruouf and my own, the circular enclosure of 
 jiolygonal stones, over whndi the quadrariguhir tower is built, can have 
 been nothin;.;- (dse than a. sacred shrine, and must probably have been built 
 a, considerable time bef ire the superincumbent structure and the tumulus 
 were erected. He thinks with rne that it is of the JIacedonian age, or 
 jjcrliajis of the fifth century B.C. ; for as the polygons have been worked 
 with iron }iick-hammers, we do not feel ourselves authorized to attribute 
 to it a higher antiquity. rrofessor Sayce finds the masonry of tlie 
 circular eiudosiire to be distmctivdy Macedonian, and does not think it 
 can possibh' bc' oldei-. 
 
 Consideimg all tliis, and liearlug in mind that liistory knows only of 
 on(; single tumulus having been erected here, I do not hesitate to assert 
 
 .See on I'laii \i. 
 
Chap. XIL] r.TEK TE?P:H THE CEX(JTAPH OF EESTU«. (JGo 
 
 tliiit tills must necessarily be that very historical monumeut ; naiaely, 
 the tumulus which, according to Hcrodian, the Emperor Caracalhi (1211- 
 21(J A.D.) erected lu honour of his most intimate friend Festus, whom 
 mmr liclieved he had poisoned merely to provide his Patroclus, in order 
 to imitate the funeral celebrated by A(diilli;s to his friend/ which Homer 
 descrllies with so much beauty and precision in the twenty-third book 
 of th(' Iliad. 
 
 Till' tumulus of Patroclus was, as we have seen above, a mere 
 cenotaph ; it is therelbre obvious that the tumulus of Festus could be 
 nothing else than a cenotaph, liecause the funeral rites detaib.'d by Homer 
 were, of course, scrupulously observed by Caracalla. The identity of this 
 tumulus with that of Festus Is confirmed liy Its gigantic proportions; for 
 a vain iinil lik(.' Caracalla. who ajicd the manners of iVlexander the Great, 
 and 111 C(jld blood murdtu'ed his dearest friend in order to imitate Achilles, 
 could not but erect a. funeral mound far exceeding In magnitude all the 
 other tumuli of the Tmad. 
 
 (Jf a funeral fire no trace was fVniiid either at the bottom of the tower 
 or elsewhere in the tumulus. We may therefiu'e consider it as certain 
 that the corpse of Festus was not burnt on this very spot. iJut pro- 
 batily it was Inirnt close by. li Caracalla luult the ceiKjtaph right 
 upon the open sanctuary which the two circular enclosures seem to 
 indicate, It may probal)ly have l>een In order to lm]>art a greater solemnity 
 to his farce. 
 
 To many of the fragments of terra-cottas found in this tumulus I would 
 not hi'sitate to assign the date of the fifth, to some of them even of the 
 sixth or the seventh century n.e. ; luit it is not to them, but to the 
 abundant late Itoman potsherds, that we must look for the h:\ to the date 
 of the monument, for this may be ;it any time later, but it cannot possibly 
 be older, than the latest pottery found at Its bottom. With regard to the 
 great fjuadrangular tower. It Is obvious that it was Iniilt for nfi other 
 purpose than to support the tumulus and to preserve it. All my tunnels, 
 shafts, and galleries in this tumulus remain open to visitors of the present 
 and all future generations. Sir Austen H. Layard having kindly obtained 
 for me perinissi(ni to that efiect from the Turkish Government. 
 
 Regarding the quadrangular tower discovered by me in Ijek Tejieh, I 
 call the readi:'r's attention to the similarity of tliis tumulus with the 
 so-called tumulus of Priam on the Bali piagh, which, as I have just 
 mentioned, was excavated by Mr. Calvert, and m which also a, .|iia(lran- 
 gular structure was discovered. 
 
 My honoured friend Dr. Arthur Milchhoefer. member of the German 
 ArcluTological Institute m Athens, kindly calls my att(mtion to the 
 
 -' Hur.i^linn, ir. S, §§ :V5 : a(^i/c(i^ej'OS 55, fffa, /Bc/.mAe.'ou fiviiMi TrpoetrTa-s' outos 6vto-!^ cwToi 
 
 ^KiV €i "Wiov. €775 A8i'!' H Trrf.FTa TO. rffS TTo'Aews cjmpi.idKi,i imipeeds iV i)5 UdTp<vc\os Tar/,;;, is 
 
 AEii/,M'a, iiK,^ €V1 Tu„ ■Ax.AAe'o.s ra^oi; ar,- Si tVepoi €>a(nro,', ,'6ff<p hiO.ipBo.p.ls. tout... 
 
 <p6.vois T, KO<riJ.-lTTas Kal a.y0ea-i w»\vT,\i,s -Kihiv Kup,i<TSnvai /«Af/.€i t.V viiwv, i,vX^<^ t. TroAAa.,. 
 
 ■AxiAAe'a eVmcrro, (-ftTwv T6 Kal XlirpoKXiv Tiva i.dpoiMtvai irvpu,' ■ eViflefs re ah-rhv eV ^ftro. Kai 
 
 ^TTorrpre ri T,nnn„~v. i,v avrip t.i twv i.7r(A,v- iraMTola-Ka fo-a KaTarr</,a^as i>0-7;.|/<= Te, /cal (/.icJAt)./ 
 
 eipoiu f/K'AraTOS, *WTOS ^C,v om/xa, Tf,s 06 Aajii:^ airivhc^P T6 toIs avili,n, c-i-'xeTO. 
 
,j(;4 THE IIEUOIC TUMULI IN TIIK TliOAD. [C'liAr. XII. 
 
 iuiuloo-y ^vliirh fxists l.etwcen tlio tnmnlns of Vyk Teprli and the 
 CnrnnirllH at Ynlci iii Etniria, of wlncli lie «"'<-« m'-' tfie following 
 
 details : — 
 
 "The Oucnmidlaiw a tniiiulns now lictwoen 10 and .10 ft. high hy ahout 
 2(11) it. m diiinictrr at the has<-. It was llrst explored in 182U by the 
 Prince of Canmo, the propri.'tov of the land. Tlie tumulus was stirrounded 
 hy a wall of large hloeks which is now destroyed, and on whndi, aecordmg 
 to nil analogy, must have stood the Sculptures of sphinxes and lions, of 
 ^vliieli seveniVhave heeii found outside, lieiieath the wall were found 
 some iiniiuportant tomhs, wliieli, in the oiuuion of Mr. Dennis/' Ixdoiig to 
 servants and slaves. Towai'ds the middle of the tumulus two towers were 
 stru(dv, ahout do ft. high; one quadrangular, the other conical; which are 
 distinguished from everything els(^ of the kind hy their careless and 
 irregular masonry. But Mieali '' oljserves that the conical tower consists 
 of iH'tter and la'rger maierials than the other. These towers have, it 
 IS asseited, no visihle entranee, though an entrance is indicated in the 
 dra.Aving given hy Mieali.' 
 
 " Lenoir " ha,s already called attenticm to the tumulus of Alyattcs in 
 Lydia, wliieh. according to Herodotus,'' had on its summit five conical 
 pillars (like the tomli oi Porseiia, near Chiusi, and the so-called ' tomh of 
 tlie Iloratii and the Curiatii,' near Alhano), and he draws from this tlie 
 comdusiou that the towers had Ijeen erected in tin- tumulus of Cucumelhi 
 to support live similar pillars. 
 
 "Of the further discoveries of the Pnnee of Oa,nino, hesides Ed. 
 (ierhard,' i\Ir. Diumis says ; 'At the h)ot of these towers is now a shape- 
 less hollow; hut here were fjund two small (diamhers constructed of 
 massive regular masonry, and with dor)r\vays of primitive style, arched 
 over hy the gra,dual convergeiK/c of the hin-izontal courses. They were 
 a.pproaehed hy a long passage, leading directly into the heart of the 
 tumulus ; and here <ui the e;i'ound lay fragments of hrorize and gold ]dates, 
 very thin, and ailorned with ivy and myrtle leaves. Two stiuie sphinxes 
 stood guardia,ns at the entrance; of the passage.'" 
 
 " It is a remarkahle fa(d, that the t(imh of Torsena, at Clusium, the only 
 Etruscan tomh of which we have any record, Ixu'e a. close affinit_y to the 
 <inly Lydiaii sepulchre descrihed hy the ancients (that of Alyattes), the 
 sipiaie merely taking the place of the circle; for it is said to hav(.! had 
 ' fi\'e pyramids' rising irom ii srpiare hase of masonry, one at each angle, 
 and one in the centre'' And the, curious monument at Alhano, vulgarly 
 called the tomh of the Horatii and Curiatii, has a square l)a.sement of 
 masonry, snrmiuinted hy four cimes, and -ti eylindi'ical tower in tlie midst. 
 Eive, indeed, seems to have heeii the estahlished numljer of cones, pyra- 
 mids, or <-olumna,r '■/[qil, on tomhs (d' this description ; whence it has been 
 
 ■■■ y/.c r;i,:cs o„iJ Canrtrrirs f,f i:irm-i.i, i. <^ Adwdi. d,:W InsVibdo, \%Vl, t,^. 111. 
 
 |i 4:.L'. " i. '.i:;. 
 
 '' rh.nn ,1: Aiil. V:.,.. It. iii. |,. ]o:;. i y;„//,/. ,./,//• fnU. 18'ja, ].. r.l. 
 
 ' Anli.ln Jl,>„,ni,.„l!, i;_'. I; ,,rr alsn the ■' Dnilii:,, ,y,. r,V. ,,. 4.-|:;. 
 
 k'lrh II, t\ir: j\/,j,ufinridi .jl'thi- lluiijau Insti- = V;irru, ((y;. I'liii. yy. jV. i.\xvi. la, § 4. 
 
 Illtr, C 41. '.'. 
 
Chap. XII.] EXCAVATION OF BESIKA TEPEII. G65 
 
 suggested that three other to^vers are probahly buried in the unexcavated 
 part of the CueumeUa." ■* 
 
 Dr. Milchhoefer adds that, ou account of the spliinxes, we cannot 
 ascribe a Liter date than the iifth century B.C. to the CueumeUa. " "We 
 have," he says. " m tliese monuments a new proof of the ancient and 
 direct connection of Asiatic and Tyrrhenian culture. In Asia Minor, and 
 especially perhaps m the necropolis of Sardis, might be found the key to 
 the solution of many of these moot questions." 
 
 But the tumulus of Ujek Tepeh seems to have no affinity to any one 
 of these tombs It was evidently copied by Caracalla from the other 
 tumuli ot the Tread, and from the cenotaph of Patroclus as described hj 
 Homer. The large size of the quadrangular tower erected just in the 
 centre, and the tact that no other masonry was found in my tunnel, prove 
 that this is the only tower m the tumulus, and that its sole object was to 
 consolidate the mound. 
 
 9. Turniilns of Besiha Teji^'h. — Simultaneously with the exphu'ation of 
 Ujek Tepeh, I also investigated the Besika Tiqieh. of which I have already 
 spoken. It is not mentioned by ancient writers, luit some modern tra- 
 vellers have identified it with the sepulchre of Peneleos.^ This tumulus is, 
 according to M. Burnout's measurement. 141 ft. high above the sea, 48 ft. 
 3 m. ill height, and 'lijij ft. in diameter at its base. Here also I sank from 
 the summit of the tumulus a shaft 6h ft. scpiare, and Inegan at the same 
 time to dig a tunnel into the mouud from the north side. But I gave up 
 this tunnel after a few days, and limited myself to the sinking of the 
 shaft. The earth being very loose, I had C(Uistantly to support all the 
 fair sides of the shaft, Ixith vertically and horizontally, with beams and 
 planks, in order to avoid accidents. Just as in ITjek Tepeh, I worked here 
 at first with picks and shovels, throwing out the earth on the sides of the 
 mound. But when the depth of the shaft exceeded Gft., I had the earth 
 lifted out with baskets, and, when this cenild no longer Ije done, I made 
 a wooden triangle of beams over the shaft, and had the earth removed m 
 baskets with windlasses, three men being always occupied at the bottom 
 of the shaft in digging and filling the basket. I began with seven 
 workmen, but had to increase their number gradually to ten. The danger 
 from the loose earth being here still greater than in the Ujek Tepeh, 
 I had to pay as high wages as at the latter tumulus. As in that case, the 
 earth which was brought up was tlirown all round the summit, in lU'der to 
 avoid disfirnirine; the mound. I struck from time to time layers of large 
 stones, which can have had no other purpose than to consolidate the 
 tumulus. In a great many places these stones may be seen peeping out 
 from the slope of the mound. 
 
 After incessant labour for twenty-four days, my shaft, at a dejith of 
 44 ft., reached the rock, which consists of limestone. i\I. Burnout, who 
 carefully measured and investigated the different strata of earth in the 
 
 ■! Ann. Inst. 18 '.2, p. 273— Lenoir. have been five." (Dennis, op. cit. i. jip. 4.:i:!, 4.\i4.) 
 Dennis says: •■ I mueh .li.ubt tliis. There may ^ Barker Wehli, Toprjijruphie cfc la I'ruade, 
 
 be fine or two mure, but fmni the jiositiim of the p. 66. 
 
 disclosed towers in the mound there oan hardly 
 
(J(jU 
 
 THb: Hi-]rvO]c Tu:\iuLi ix the tkoap. 
 
 [Chap. XII. 
 
 sliaft, fimiicl tlie rock cnvereil Avith a layer of dark vegetable earth, Avhieli 
 was pi'Lilialily tliere Avlieii the tiimnlus was made : — 
 
 1 • HI 
 
 70 
 
 ft. in 
 
 1. Till- liiii'lcnesH of tliis Immiis is 
 
 '1. A sti;ituiii of white c;irtli 
 
 o. A stratum of ilark caitL .. .. .. ,. Su = 'l S 
 
 4. Do. stouos aud niiKu carlli .. .. I'O = ?, i 
 
 5. Do. Yogotalile cartli 1-lu = :; S 
 
 6. Do. earth with J cUow ola_y auil stones .. 71) = 2 i 
 
 7. Do. do. Jo. tlo. to the top 7'SU = 2G 
 
 13--2II .. 1-4 
 
 From the depression of the soil at the foot of this tnmtfhis, ou the 
 north-east side, it is cvidoiit that all the (day ttiid earth for making it lias 
 lieou takou from that plai-e. Further ou, in a iiorth-eastorly ami easterly 
 diri'Ctioii, the roek has evidently heeii tirtitienilly levtdlod for a distance of 
 aliont -!fMJ yds. square, and most prolialdy this little plateau has been the 
 site of the prehistoric city to which we ;ire indebted for the .strange 
 pottery hmiid in the tiimiiliis. 
 
 From the bottom of the shaft I excavateil two galleries, wdiicll cross 
 each otlii.-r, and ^A which each has a length of 18 ft. 4 in. The excavation 
 of these galleries Ayas a very dangerous work, the earth being so loose and 
 full of huge stom.'s, that I could not proceed ;i single foot without sup- 
 porting the roof and both sides of my underground passai^'cs Avith beams 
 and planks. Chviiig to the nature of the soil, I could use large picks here. 
 The dill-is, carried m baskets from the galleries into the central shaft, 
 Avere poured tliere into the large liasket and draAVii up by the windlass. 
 The most curious object I found Avas the fragment of a vase-bottom 
 
 No. 1517. Frasnni^nt of a A'asf-liolUnii, willi ml'tik, foiuid in thu 
 Tumulus of Ut-sika Xiiieh. (Aitujl ^w . 1 fjitU, 4a ft.) 
 
 (No. lr,17), with incised signs, lilled up with white chalk. n{ winch I sent 
 it coiiy to Prof. Sayce, avIio answered me: "I do not think it is a rciil 
 inser,pti,,n, but it may possibly l)e a, bad iittempt to mutate a. cuneiform 
 insenption seen by some (me who did not uirderstand the latter, like the 
 1-iad copu's of Egyptian hieroglyphics made by the Phoenicians." 
 
C'HAr. XII.] r()'i"i'i:iiY OF Till': r,]-:siKA tepkii. (507 
 
 111 the la^'ovs of yellnw clay I never i'oniul aiiytliiuj:;-, wliilst the Liyevs 
 of durk earth, whirh apjiear to have heeu cut away from tlic surface nf 
 the !4'r(iuiKl when the liiuinhis was made, eoutaiiicd laro-e masses of frag- 
 ments ot very eoaise as widl as of hotter potterj', of a. red, lirowii, ycdhiw, 
 or lila(dc eoh.iur. which has received a lustrous surface liy hand-polishing: 
 all tliis pottery is hand-made. The coarse jiottery, which is sometimes an 
 inch tlindc, is either quite uupolishcd or jiolished on one side, hut seldom 
 lUi hoth. The hu'gest of the vessels Avhich the fragments of the mile 
 pottery denote, cannot have been higher tliaii about I! ft. They arc some- 
 times ornamented wutli a projecting ropc-like band round the neck and 
 a handle in the l(jrm of a. rope. In gem/ral, these coarsi; vesscds are 
 liaked only to about one-third of the thickness (if thei)- clay, and 
 they tar exceed in rudeness anv ])ottery ever found bv me m any one 
 of the five pre-histiirie cities of -Hissarlik. But, strange to sav, some 
 of thi'iii have a. rude painted oniameutation of large black bands. 
 
 The fragments of the better pottery denote smaller vases, and the lirst 
 impression they make is certainly that they are similar to the pottery 
 of the second city of Hissarlik, and of the same make ; nay, some of them 
 appear at first sight to be similar even to the jiottcry of the first city. 
 But on eltise examination we find that they are vastly different; for their 
 clay IS coarser, and contains much more of the coarsely-crushed silicious 
 stone and syenite, with a far greater quantity of mica ; besides, the 
 pottery is evidently altogether different in sliajie and fabric. It is seldom 
 baked to more than half the thickness of the clay, and generally only to 
 one-tliird. Nevertheless, having been abundantly dipped in a. wash of chiy, 
 and having been evidently put twice to the fire, ami jiolished both inside 
 and outside bef ire eaidi baking, the vases arc generally smooth on both 
 sides ; but a vast number of them have only fieen polished on the outside, 
 and are rudi' and coarse on the inside. The yase-bottoms especialljf are 
 rude and buUvW. all of tliem an.' fiat, and in a very great number of cases 
 they have the imjiressimis of the wucker-work of straw on which the vases 
 had been put after they had been modidlcd. On most of these vase- 
 bottoms the imjiressiou of the wicker-work is so perfect, that one might 
 count m thiun all tjie straws of wdiich it was composed. Indeed, it 
 would appear that the impression of the wu(d<er-work was made on 
 purpose to decorate the yase-bottoms. In a few cases the vase-liottoms 
 represent the impression of a. wicker-work ot rods. 
 
 The Besika imttery further diifers from that of Hissarlik ni the total 
 alisiUK'o of jicrfiirated projections hir suspension. ( )nly two fragments \yith 
 a hole were hnind ; one of them ludongmg to a, bowl, the other heme the 
 fragment of a hollow Avmg-like handle, such as we see on the vases like 
 No. ISO, p. oD.'h Two such wing-like haaidles were hnind, which prove 
 that vases similar to those represented under these numbers were in use. 
 There vau-e also hnind two fragments of a red and a, Idack \-ase, witb a 
 rudely-incised linear decoration representing net-work, wliich had evi- 
 dently been made aficr the biaking ; also two fragmeuts with a concave 
 linear decoration ; whereas hundreds of other fragments were lirought to 
 li'dit having a. most curious painted decoration, which is for the most 
 
Qf;S THE Hl^EOIC TUMULI IN THE TliOAD. [Chap. XH. 
 
 piirt of a floral kind, represciitin,^; trees of In^nYU colour on a liglit-yellow 
 dead ground, liut so rudel}' made that one doulifs afti'r all if tlie primitive 
 artist intended to represent trees with tlieir branches, or fish-spines. 
 Sometimes we see this floral decoration of a lustrous black, (ni a light- 
 yelhiAV dcail gniund ; and in such cases, all the rest of the vase hemg 
 ("if the same unifiirm lustrous black colour, I cannot but think that the 
 di-'Cdration must have been produced without paint, and merely by a 
 iiolishing stone. Sometimes we see on the vases a numlier of parallel 
 lilack bands, between which the pamteil tree or herring-bone decoration 
 ])roceeds alternately in ojiposite directions. At other times we see a 
 decoration of painted broAvn bands, vertical or b(jrizontal, on a light-red 
 dead ground. But it must be well understood that the decoration is, in 
 the ca.si3 of the vases or jugs, always on the outside, iu that of the bowls 
 on the inside. There ar'e also bowls which are on the outside of a lustrous 
 black, on the inside partly of a lustrous dark-red, partly of a light-red, 
 and decorated with dark-n^d bands, with the tree or herring-bone orna- 
 mentation described above. We also freijuently see on the outside, both 
 of the vases and bowls, whicdi are of a lightdirown or dark-red colour, 
 very curious black signs, resemljling written characters ; but they are so 
 indistinct that I believe th(mi to have been painted with lilack clay. The 
 same is no d(jul)t the case with the painted floral or other decorations ; 
 they are too indistinct to lie anything else tlian clay paint. The total 
 aljsence of the whorls and the tripod-vessels, which occur in such immense 
 numbers at Hissarlik, is astonishing. 
 
 The vase-handles of Besika Tepeli are usually plain, Vmt there are some 
 with pointed projections. Of vessels with breast-like projections only two 
 fragments turned up ; one of them has the projection at the very rim. 
 
 But not all the pottery is hand-made. In carefully examining one by 
 one all the thousands of fragments, I found the fragments of two wheel- 
 made vases, which, as compared with any of the other fragments, are of 
 very fine clay, Init tlie liaking of both is but very slight. One of them is 
 grey, and is the lower part of a vase ; it is decorated with a hardly per- 
 ceptible painted black band, probaldy of clay colour : the other, though 
 (_if the- same colour, is covered on the outside with a whitish clay, which 
 gives it the appearance of Egyptian porcelain. 
 
 If, at the risk of wearying the reader, I have given a detailed 
 account of the Besika- Tepedi pottery, it is because it is of capital interest 
 to archieology, no similar })ottery having ever come under my notice 
 elsewhere. All this jiottery must have been lying on the north-east side 
 of thi.' tumulus, on or in tlw soil with which the latter was made. Here, 
 therefore, was a town or village, which no doubt extended much further 
 still to the north-east and east, foi', as I have before stated, the projecting 
 rock there has lieen artificially levelled. But as to the chronology of this 
 settlement it is difficult to express an opinion, the more so as, with the 
 exception of the holhnv wmg-like vasi.'-handles, the pottery is so totally 
 ditf(;rent from all the pottery found in the five pre-historic cities of 
 Hissarlik, and most decidedly denotes an altogether diflerent race of 
 people. I have vainly endeavoured to find an analogy to it in the British 
 
s 
 
 Chap. XIL] THE TOMB OF ILUS. GOfJ 
 
 Mnseum. The only similar pottery I found tliere consisted of two brown 
 vase-fragments from Malta ; liut in these the resemblance is very strikin,t;-. 
 
 Of other objects of hitman industry found in this tumulus, I can only 
 mention some good polishing-stones for smoothing pottery. Strange to 
 say, not a single iliut knife or flint saw turned up, and not even a single 
 tone hammer, bruising-stone, or saddle-quern, which are found in such 
 immense abundance in all the five pre-historic cities of Hissarlik. 
 
 Some bones, apparently of animals, were found here and tliere in the 
 tumulus ; also many oyster-shells, a broken niurex, and some other shells. 
 
 No trace of a funeral fire was found at the bottom or anywhere else in 
 the tumulus. 
 
 10. Hor/ios Demetrios Tcpdi. — I also explored, in company with Pro- 
 fessor Yireliow and M. Buniouf, the conical hill, called Hagios Demetrios 
 Tepeh, which I have mentioned in the preceding pages. We found it to 
 consist altogi'ther of limestone-rock. Nevertheless, as M. Burnouf found 
 a small pitcher of the Eoman time near the surface, I excavated for two 
 days on its summit, in the hope of finding there at least tombs of the 
 Greek period ; but I found the layer of earth to be nowhere deeper than 
 ") ft., with no trace of sepulchres. As in the days of old the inhabitants 
 went in crowds on the festival of Demeter to the adjoining marble temple 
 of that goddess, of which large ruins still exist, in the same manner they 
 now go on the festival of Hagios Demetrios on pilgrimage to the little 
 open shrine of the saint and kindle on the mound bonfires in his honour. 
 
 11. The Tomh of Ilus. — I further excavated the repeatedly mentioned 
 arjiia "Wov, or Tomb of Ilus, situated on the right liank of the Kalifatli 
 Asinak, at a very short distance to the north of Koum Kioi. As this 
 tumulus probably consisted of pure earth, and was brought under the 
 plough, it gradually vanished, and its present dimensions are merely 
 08 ft. 4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. 4 in. in height. There is a circular 
 depression around its centre, which seems to indicate that there has 
 Ijeen a round recess, from which the stones have been extracted fjr Ijuihl- 
 ing purposes. 1 merely found there a layer of stones and debris 1 ft. 8 in. 
 deep, and not even a fragment of pottery. Below the stones I struck a 
 laA'er of clay, and then a thick stratum of coarse or fine river sand ; and 
 beneath this (at an average depth of from 5 to 8} ft. below the surface) 
 the very compact brown clay of the plain. 
 
 12. At Prof.Virchow's suggestion, I also sank a shaft into the tumulus 
 situated near the southern extremity of Novum Ilium, "^ to the left of the 
 road in going to Pasha Tepeh, but I found there nothing else than a few 
 fragments of lioinaii bricks, and struck the rock at a di'jith of aliout 5 ft. 
 
 13. I cannot conclude this discussion of the Heroic tombs in the Troad 
 without discussing the real tomb of Hector. According to the IJind, 
 Hector's corpse was brought out of Troy and put on the pyre raised 
 Ijefore the town.'' The body having been consumed Ijy the fire, the bones 
 
 ** .See the JMap uf the Tjoad. aAA' utp 5/j SeKart] ^(pdr-q (l)a^(riix^pQTOs rjws, 
 
 ' II. xxiv. 7S2-7S7 ; /cat tijt a.p' i^ftpepoi' Opa.trui' "EKropo. do.Kpv 
 
 ofs ^<pa0\ o'l 0' h-K a^airtaiv ^6as rifj-iofovs re x^"^'^'^^^ 
 
 Civyfvo'o.p, alipa 5' cTreiTct irph aiTreos riyepedoifTO, eV 5e nvprj uTrdrrj v^Kphi' O^aaf^ eV 5' e/iaAof irup. 
 
670 
 
 THE IIEEOIC TUJIULI IN THE TROAD. 
 
 [CiiAr. XII. 
 
 were eoUeeted, put into a golden Imx, and deposited in a grave, -wliicli 
 was eovrred up witli large stmies, and over these the tumulus was raised. 
 Tlie poet leaves us m doubt of what material this tumuhrs was made; 
 liiit as he says that it was raised in haste, we must suppose that it was 
 heaped up witli earth. Around it sat watelimen, on the look-out lest the 
 Ai-haeans might rush hirtli ere the tumulus was completed. The work 
 hein-- terminated, the men returned to the town.'' 
 
 Friim lidth these passages it is evident, that the author of the 
 twenty-fourth Iliiul had m view, not a cenotaph, hut a real toml>, and 
 that this tomb was erected before i:ir close to Ilium. But here I have to 
 repeat that the twenty-fourth Ih'^iJ, as well as the tv.'enty-fourth OJj/sseif, 
 is generallv re^'arded as pseudo-Homeric and as a later addition. This 
 would at once explain why we see here a real tomb instead of a mere 
 cenotaph, like that which vras erected fir Patroelus ;'' and further, why 
 we see in the twenty-f mrth IJiai] tlie tumulus of Ilus on the right bank 
 of the Scamander,'" whilst according to other passages it was situated on 
 the left l}ank of tliat river. ^ Professor Sayce observes to me that "the 
 author of the twenty-f mrth IJ/ail seems to have been a native of Smyrna, 
 Avell acipiainted with Lydia (see II. xxiv., lines 5-±d and C14-G17); 
 he nriv consequentlv be describing the practice of the Lydiaiis, whose 
 liuriii! mounds exist in such numbers in the neighbourhood of Sardis." 
 In fu-t, it apjiears that, if not throughout antiquity, at least from 
 tlie i\Iacedoniau period, the twe'nty-fourth T/iad was considered as apocry- 
 phal, for Lvcophroii already mentions Hector's tomb at Ophrynium:'-^ 
 and this is also confirmed by Strabo.-' But it seems that the Ilians also 
 showed ill or near their city a tumulus which they alleged to be Hector's 
 tomb, for Dio Chrysostoiir' relates that Hector's tomb was in high honour 
 l:iy the Ilians. Lucian '^ alsc) meriti(Uis sacrifices to Hector at Iluini. 
 Philostratus moreover informs us that Hector had a celebrated statue at 
 Ilium, which wrought many miracles, and w'as the object of general 
 veneration ; games were even held in his honour.'' I also remind the 
 reader of the Emperor Julian's letter given in the preceding pages,' 
 
 * I/, x.xiv. 7n'_'-8nl : 
 
 avTap kn^LTa 
 
 IJ.upofj.fEi'Oi^ BaX^pay 06 KaT^if^f^ro 5aKpu Tvap^iwi'. 
 Kal TO. 76 XP^^^'-^^ ^'s Xdpycr.Kcr. Bi^Kaf ^Kupt^s-, 
 TTnp<pvp^ois TreiTAoLfTi Ka\tj^o.vT€^ fioXo-Kolffiv ■ 
 al\la 5' ap' es kouVi)v KaTrtFTUi' (JeVc.i', at'Tctj 
 
 irvKVOiiTLl' Aa.^fTfTt KaTiiTTijp^fTaf jx^yo-XOLiTiv. 
 pijiipa 56 ai]^' i^eaiy ■ nep\ Sf (tkottoI e'lan 
 
 Trai'TT?, 
 IXV wplf ((pnpn-qBfliv evKi'-l]/.aoii 'Axaioi. 
 ;^6t;aj'Tes 06 -to arifia ^raAu' KLiir ■ 
 
 ■' n. X\iii. 'l'^'.\-l'>^\, ;i-> (|I|nti.'rl alH.)Ve. 
 
 '" //. xxiv. :M!i-:ir,i : 
 
 in K 67r6i oi'j' /x€ya aij/xa 7rapl^''\\oti> oVanrrar, 
 
 (TT'lj<^O.P b.p l^l^lDfUVS Te Kal 'iTTTTOVS, Olfipa TTLOKl', 
 er TT0TO,/J.(p ' 
 
 Tpwoji/ avr'' ayopi}v TToniaaru f/jaiSt/xus "Ekto'^, 
 
 iv Kadapu\ uOi 5/; veKVijcv di^<paii'eTO xu^pos. 
 So(? ;il.-;n .Si;o, Tiill, ;iu<i x. 414. 41,".. 
 
 ^ Xiii. }i. TiIITk UAl'ln-lOl' 5' frTTi TU '0(/ipi'j'£f)I/, 
 
 6c/>' cv TO Tov"EKTopos a\(To^ €1' 7repi(|jai'e? TUTTa'. 
 
 •' "nif. Xi. 17',t. -' Dmnili, i'.nirif. VI. 
 
 *' JLi-(i/\ii, p. '_!05 : TO eV 'Wtcp ixyakfia rov 
 "EfvTopo? iti-iiQicp avOpii'TTw ^olk^ Kai irnWa iiSri 
 iirKpOAvei tw O^wpovi'ri avro ^ui' opScp \6yip • 
 Kal 70.^ (ppoyrjfiaTOj^^^ Su/ce? koI yopyhi' Kal 
 (pathpoi' Kal ^vi/ ajBpurTiri affypiyo'v Kal i] Ihpa /.ter' 
 
 Ou5^/J.LUS KOf-iT^S. icTL 5' OUT(jO T L ^/XTTlfOVl', WS T(V 
 
 deaT'qu eVirrTratrarr^ai Biy^Tu. tovto "^lopi'Tat p.\v 
 tV Trepi/SAeTTToi tov 'lAioc, TroAAa i^e 4pya.f^€Tai 
 X/.Tjrrra Kounj re Kal e? era, uB^if €vxovto.l ai'Tcv 
 Kal ayojpa Bvovaiv^ ure 5// B^pfJ-uu ovtw ko.} 
 ii'ayu.-1'Lov yiyv^Tai, ws Kol idpcoTa dyr' avTov 
 Aeifi^aBai. 
 
 ' S^c pp. ISl, 182. 
 
Chap. XII.] 
 
 THE T(")MB OP HECTOR. 
 
 G71 
 
 in 'wliich he states that first of all he was coinlnctod to Hector's lieroin)i, 
 where his bronze statue stood in a. small temple ; it was anointed with 
 oil, and there was still a sacrificial fire l)uniing on the altar. But already, 
 perhaps more than 700 years bel'oro Julian's time, Thebes in Boeotia 
 had disputed with (Jphrynium and Ilium the honour of possessing 
 Hector's liones ; for, as Pausanias'' relates, ill consequence of an oracle 
 Hector's bones were brought from Hiuni to Thebes, and a tomb was 
 erected over them at the fountain of Oedipus, where they Avere wor- 
 shipped. I may still further mention that in the Pfiplos of Aristotle is an 
 epigram ; ■' 
 
 "EKTopi Toy 5e /leyay BrnwriOi ac5pe? irevj^av 
 
 I give here finally under No. 1518 the engraving of a terra-cotta 
 figure, probably an idol, which was found by a boy near the village of 
 
 No. 1518. FiLHire nf Irrra-cotta. with a rap on tlie boad ; 
 found in thu Ivoad, m. ai' Lho ^Uliace. (.Velual size.) 
 
 Yeni Shehr, and which is remarkable for its resemblance to some of the 
 rudest Mycenean idols.'" 
 
 ^ Pans, ix. 18, § 4 : ^Eitti 5e ko} "E^Topo^ o.t k eOi=\riTe irdrpo.v oiK^ly avy ap.vfxovL TvXnvTo'. 
 
 Qrjfiaiois Ta.<pos rov Tlptdf.ujv Trpos Oidnriibiq "E/CTopov oar^o. Upio./j.ioov K(ii.u(To.i'T€s es uLUuvs 
 
 KaXovfxevT) Kp-Qvr} • KOfj.i'To.i 5e auTov ra oittu t^ e| 'Am'rjs Ai'\? eVceirnjs "jpu^a (Tel^^aOoA. 
 'lAtou fpo.i7\v eVl TOioiSe /uai'Ti^u/j.aTL ■ ■' Ajij'rail.i.r /■.///tlnniuin'hnn. Airlhol. Palo.t- .>. 
 
 &ril3aioi Ka5fj.oio vroAij' KaTaj/aKFTaoi-Tes, '° yi:u ill)' Mijixniiv, I'l. .wiii. ;iQd .xix. 
 
672 THE AUTHOR'S CONCLUSION. [Chap. XII. 
 
 In elosiiiK this acconnt of the result of my researches on the site of 
 " sacreil Ilios " and in the country of the Trojans, I wouhl express the 
 fervent hope that historical research with the pickaxe and the spade, 
 wliicli in our time en_L;up;es the attention of scholars with more curiosity 
 and UKire diversity of opinion than any other form of study, may be 
 UKjre and more developed, and that it may ultimately bring forth into 
 l)road daylight tlie dark pre-historic ages of the great Hellenic race. 
 ]\Iay this risrarcJi v:ith. tlie pirJ;a<V(' and tJie spade prove more and more 
 tliat tliu events described in the divine Homeric poems are not mythic 
 tales, but that they are based on real facts ; and, in proving this, may 
 it augment the universal love for the noble study of the beautiful Greek 
 classics, and particularly of Homer, that brilliant sun of all literature ! 
 
 In humbly laying this account of my disinterested laliours before the 
 judgment-seat of the civilized world, I should feel the profoundest satis- 
 hiction, and should esteem it as the greatest reward my ambition could 
 aspire to, if it were generally acknowledged that I have been instru- 
 mental towards the attainment of that great aim of my life. 
 
 I cannot conclude without mentioning with the warmest gratitude the 
 names of my honoured and learned friends Professor Kudolf A^'irchow of 
 Berlin, Professor Mas Miiller and Professor A. H. Sayce of Oxford, Pro- 
 fessor J. P. Mahaffy of Dublin, M. Emile Burnouf of Paris, Professor H. 
 Brugsch Bey, and Professor Paul Ascherson of Berlin, Mr. Frank Calvert, 
 U. S. Consul of the Dardanelles, and Mr. A. J. Duffield of London, who 
 have favoured me with most learned and valuable Appendices or Notes to 
 the present work. Lastly, I here express my warmest gratitude to the 
 learned publisher of this work, my honoured friend Mr. John Murray, as 
 well as to my honoured and learned friend Mr. Philip Smith, for all the 
 kind services they have rendered me, and all the valuable assistance they 
 have li'ut mc in carrying out the present work. 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 TEOY AXD IILSf^ARLIK. 
 
 By Proi-'essoi; Vikchow. 
 
 At tlic lico-inniiig of list yeai' Dr. 
 Scliliemanii askfd my help in Lis ex- 
 plorations at IJissarlik and in tlio 
 I'rujan plain. The jonrney to Troj' 
 was a consiileralile one, but, after a 
 good deal nf hesitation, I )'e>olved to 
 make it. In fact, I eoulil n(.)t refuse. 
 A jtiurney to Troj' — how many 
 heads would lie turned l.iy the thought 
 of it ! 3Ien ( )f the most varitms callings 
 offered me their conniany, when it was 
 known tliat I meant to visit so rare a 
 spot. ^Vnd yet this was no Swiss tour, 
 where the attraction is in the scenery, 
 though an occasiiinal visit may he paid 
 to the Eiitli and Kiisznacht, Sempach 
 and Laupen, Murten and St. Jacob an 
 der Birs. It is the Ilidd which takes 
 us to Troy. The forms conjured up 
 hy the poet fill the traveller's fancy 
 from the first. He wants to see the 
 spots where the long struggle for 
 Helen was fought, tlie graves where 
 the heriies lie who lust their lives in 
 it. Adiilles and Hector stand in tlio 
 foreground of the vivid picture, which 
 is still engraven, as it was thousands 
 of years ago, on the mind of every 
 educated hoy. This jiicture, it is true, 
 cannot have now all the moving power 
 it had in antiquity. Even Xerxes, as 
 he marched against Greece in the 
 fulness of his might, could not with- 
 stand the fascination of tliese memories. 
 While liis army was marching from 
 Adrarnj-ttium to Ahydos, lie sought 
 out the ruins of Jliuui, and there 
 offered a tlmusand Ijulls to Athene. 
 Alexander again, when liis aruiy 
 crossed tlie Helle.spont in its trium- 
 
 phant progress against Asia, forthwith 
 turned his steps to the funeral mound 
 of Achilles, that it might give him 
 strengtli and a confident hnpe of vic- 
 tory. The soil of Troy has had no such 
 niiglity visitors since, but any one wlio 
 treads it feels something of wliat 
 Xerxes and Alexander felt at the same 
 place. There is an atmosphere of 
 poetry lying over the whole Cduntry, 
 and of this atmosphere it cannot be 
 divested. 
 
 It is not to 1ic supposed, however, 
 that it is this poetical atmosj)here 
 alone which ar.jus(js tlie traveller's 
 interest. Before the Iliad arose with 
 all its wealth of stories, there existed a 
 series of popular travellers' stories, in 
 which Troy figured. One of the oldest 
 of Greek myths is connected with tlic^ . 
 naure of the Hellespont. Helle and 
 her Ijrother started from Boeotia over 
 the sea north-eastwards; liut -wdien 
 they came to the I'rojan coast, Helle 
 fell into the sea (I'ontos), and only 
 lier brother Phryxus reached the dis- 
 tant Colchis, where he hung up tlie 
 ram's golden fleece. Then came the 
 Arg(mauts, to fetch this fleece, and tlio 
 great Hera(des, wliose deeds on tlie 
 Trojan coast bring him into contact 
 with the royal race of Priam. At the 
 north end of Besika. Bay there is a 
 stee]) and almost bare jiromontnry of 
 shell)' tertiary rock', where travellers 
 are told that the princess Hesimic was 
 (;x]Hiscd to the attacks of the sea- 
 mi Ulster until the UKaister was slain 
 by the roving hero ; and there is still 
 visible, though half filled up, a deep 
 
 2 X 
 
C74 
 
 T1!UV AND IlISSAELIK. 
 
 [App. I. 
 
 trencli poins cixisswise tliriiugh the 
 lieiullmul of Si,i;x-uiii, on the suuth side 
 of lla.^'ios Deiut'trios Tejieh, which is 
 sail! to hfiTC l.ieeii dug Ij}' iri-rack-s in 
 ,,ri\rY to drain thi' Trojan jdaiu. 
 
 It is hut a sliort steii fi'dm the 
 hemes in tile Olympian guds them- 
 selves, 'idle walls of the am-icut cit}' 
 had. as the story went, heen huilt hy 
 Poseidon when iindergoinp,' a ternpo- 
 rarv hoiidage. (^-Janyniedo was a 
 niemher of the Trojan ro \ al finiily. 
 The union of Anchises with the 
 gi-.ddoss of Vieauty herself gave hirth 
 tei Aeneas, througli wliom the race of 
 the Julii in Eome ciuild lay claim to 
 descent from the gods. Thus was it 
 that the lirst emperors arose liV the 
 grace of Gijd : ihi' Julii were not un- 
 mindful of this descent, and they 
 .■-henvcred honours and privileges on 
 tljc late city of New Ilium. Lastly, 
 not to forget the most important of 
 all thijse legends, it was I'liam's son 
 Paris -\\dio decided tlie contest be- 
 tween the tliree goddesses for the 
 jirize of fieauty. The apide of Paris 
 AVI ai I'' ir the judge the Ijeautiihl Helen, 
 hut lii'ought ruin in the seipuel on 
 himself, his finiily, and his country. 
 In this wa}- does the central fact of 
 the IlidiJ connect it "with the doings of 
 the- Immortals. 
 
 It cannot he pnre chance or mere 
 caprice that has iisseiciated with (his 
 Country such a rich store of myths, 
 whether of gods, heroes, or lucu. Xo 
 other place has ever gathered around 
 itself a fund of legend so great or so 
 glorious. 'Ill ere must lie something in 
 the country, in its natural conditions, 
 some sjiccial incentive to poetical crea- 
 tion, to account fir this wealth of 
 legend. The jihice itsidf must liave 
 ]iossessed a spi.'cial charm for the pioet. 
 Nature must lia\e worn an aspect here 
 whiih gave tii'e .to Ids fancy. A\ ho 
 can lii.dieve tliat all thesi; niianories 
 liave heen arliitrarily conueeti.'d with 
 tlie ncllespon). or that the 'J'road has 
 
 lieeii chosen A\'itllollt rid'el'euce to its 
 
 real nature, hy a sort of geographical 
 
 caprice, to he the arena of all these 
 legendary events ? 
 
 The ordinary traveller, especially if 
 he approaches the conntrv from the 
 sea, Avill iind this riddle iiard to read. 
 On the other hand, if he comes, as L 
 did, hy wa\- of the Black Sea and the 
 P>usporns to the Dardanelles, and en- 
 ters the Troad on that side hy land, 
 an iinmeasurahl}- deeper impiression is 
 made liy the lieauty and singularity of 
 the region. Constantino the Great lias 
 home conclusive testimony that this 
 is the case. AVlien he formed the 
 purpose, fraught with such Avorld-wida 
 issues, of transplanting the seat of 
 tlie Iiornan Empire from Ifome to the 
 East, his thoughts turned tirst to 
 Ilium. AVe are told that the building 
 of the new Ponic had been actnalh' 
 begun here, when the sujieriority of 
 Pyzantiuin in natural charms and 
 ]iolitical im]iortance dawned upon his 
 mind. He built Constaniinople, and 
 Ilium was left to fall in ruins. There 
 (•an lie no doubt that if the traveller 
 sails through the southern part of tlie 
 Ilidlespont. on one of the steamei's 
 wliichare now almost the only means of 
 transport, especially on a day wdieu 
 the mountain background is hidden, 
 the whole Troad looks luiinteresting, 
 dreary, and barren. It is not likely 
 that anj' one who did no more tlian 
 coast round the Trojan plain would 
 ever think of making it the scene of 
 action for a great poem or a wide circle 
 of legends. '" 
 
 For all iliis, scholars dispute as to 
 whether Homer, or, to speak in more 
 general terms, the pioet of the IJUul, 
 was ever in the country it-clf. A 
 marvellous dispute this must seem to 
 any one who has not merely seen the 
 country irom the sea, but has travei'scd 
 lis interior ! I must say I think it 
 impossi'nle that the IVtnd could ever 
 have lieeu composed by a man who 
 had not been in the country of the 
 Ilia,]. 
 
 Tliere is, it is true, a third altcr- 
 luitive. It is conceivable that tho 
 
Air. I.] 
 
 BY PKOFESSOR VIECHOW. 
 
 67£ 
 
 leg'i'iiil of Ilinm, like those of Gany- 
 rac'ik- and Paris, of liL'.sioiie and 
 Heraides. of Laoraodon and Ancfiises. 
 arose and assnniod form in tho country 
 itscif, (jii a fonndatiou laid ]ty the ini- 
 prr-sioiis made by the scenery on the 
 na ivc inhabitants, and that tliese le- 
 g-ends were tlien, at whatever stage of 
 completeness, pnt into the hands of the 
 piiet of tUelliitil, ^y]v) was a. n,ative of 
 Seine iitlier country. .Such an assump- 
 tion, while it reengnizes the charms of 
 the country as a cradle of legend, cnn- 
 sideralilj'- disparages the functions of 
 the poet of the Ih'ad. We have. I 
 lielieve, no right to make it. The 
 Iliidl could haidlyhave preserved so 
 true a local ci doiiring, if a stranger had 
 adopted the native legends and 
 wrought thcmi into his pi.iein, without 
 ever having seen the land itself. 
 
 Tliere are instances, it is true, which 
 seem to prove tlie contrary. Schiller 
 had never lieeii in Switzerland, and 
 yet he produced in his Wilhcliii Tell a 
 w(U'k of art so perfect, that even the 
 man born on tho shore of the Lake of 
 Lucerne cannot but wonder at it. In 
 a certain sense, and in the case of 
 Troy itself, \irgil may be added as 
 another exanip)le. But we must not 
 forget how different were the condi- 
 tions under which these poets worked. 
 Both Schiller and Tirgil found icrit- 
 ten local legends, and accurate geo- 
 grajdiical infijrmation ready to their 
 liands. In spite of this they were not 
 able to give to tlieir pioetry such a 
 specific local cnkiuring, or tn find such 
 clearly recognizalilo localities for all 
 their scenes, as the author of the Iliad 
 does. How different is the glowing- 
 recollection of ever-fresh passages in 
 the Iliads w'liich arises as we traverse 
 tlie Troad, tij tbc reniiniseences of 
 Willtelm Tell suggested by a sail on 
 tlie Lake of Lucerne or a clamber 
 abiout its shore ! The power of in- 
 tuition shown by the poet of Williclm 
 Tell is marvellous indeed, but it is 
 confined to three or four spots whoso 
 situation could be easily grasped with 
 
 tlie help of good maps : while in the 
 Iliad we arc struck, on the one hand, 
 by the truth of the general impres- 
 sion of wdiat is an extensive dislrict, 
 and on the other by the number of 
 distinct vie-svs -which jucsent to us 
 ever fresh spots in the landscnpio. I 
 do not refer merely to Homer's oft- 
 noticed characteristic description of 
 all objects by means of short and apt 
 distinctive epithets, as " Ida rich in 
 springs,'' " the eddying Scamander," 
 " the windy Ilium, ' but far more to 
 his almost surprising knowledge of 
 the meteorology of tlie district, of 
 the flora and fauna, and the social 
 peculiarities of its piopulation. Three 
 thousand years have not sufficed to 
 jiroduce any noteworthy alteration in 
 these things. The clouds are still 
 drawn in tlie s-ame courses as are de- 
 scrilied in the Iliad, and the storms 
 gather on the same mountain-tops as 
 in Homer's time. The numlier ot 
 wild beasts has grown gradually less, 
 and the camel and the turkey have 
 been added to the tame stock, but the 
 native species are unchanged. The 
 flowers, shrtibs,and trees, menlioned in 
 the poem, still grow on the river-banks 
 and the mountain uplands. Tiiis is ilie 
 case, above all, with the peopde. Im- 
 migration has followed immigration : 
 Aeolians and Romans, Turks and Ar- 
 menians, have come into the country, 
 tint the pojiulation remains what it 
 has always been. There is but little 
 cultivation, and there are herds in 
 abundance; and this influences not 
 <.)nl3' the social arrangements of the 
 jieople, but even the nature of the 
 earth's surface. If the Turks were not 
 such an unchangeaVde race, another 
 mode of life would h;ive lieeu sure 
 to arise in the course of time. It is 
 ]iossible, however, to burn petroleum, 
 and to remain in all else a Homeric 
 Trojan; to build a churoh or a mosque, 
 and still to hold a proper carriage or 
 a pinssable high-road in abhorrence. 
 
 I do not mean, however, to assert 
 that the poet of the Iliad was a native 
 
ijin 
 
 'i'i;(JY AND lIISSATtLIK. 
 
 [An: I. 
 
 'J'i-(ij;in, 111' tliiit hi;, testeil every Wdixl 
 ill Ill's |iei'iii liy ;i i-eleri'iiee to the 
 realities i.f uiitiire ami Imiuuii institu- 
 tions. < >ii (lie eniili';iry, 1 aekiiowleili^'e 
 that then.- an; s(.'Ver;il passages in the 
 Iluid whirh ilo not suit the circnui- 
 stauoes at all. 'J'lie two sp)an_i;s of 
 the Seaniaiider, the eohl and thiMvarni, 
 ]ihii.-e(l hy till' Iliad in the pLain, are 
 sijiii;lit tliei'r in Vain; they are lii,i;'h 
 lip on 3Jount lihi, two days" jeeirne-y 
 from the. j>lain. lint the Iliml has 
 not many jiassagi'S of this l;inil, and 
 sevei'al of thes(j admit (d' more than 
 on(^ intei'jiret.ation, while. otlieTs are 
 yijyy }Hissil)ly lati;!' additions made 
 liy some- suljsequeiit liaiiiL I'lades 
 smdi as these are m.it eiioui;'h to (doiid 
 our i.-onvietion of the- truth of the 
 general roprcsentatinn. The truth of 
 this warrants us in assuming that the 
 Jji.ii.'t ilid visit the eountry, thougli 
 ]ierlia[is he may not have sfayeil there 
 long, and it doe-s not e.Kdude tin.; pos- 
 siliility tliat ;t hotly of legend, though 
 disjointi'd liiid incongruous, alre-ady 
 i.existeil Iji'fore his time. 
 
 For a, hird's-oye ^■iew of this mighty 
 ari.'iia an eminonei: must he sought, in 
 the' interio]'. This is furnished hy 
 tho hill of liissarlik, the .seeiie of 
 ] )r. Seliliianaiin's exeavalions. 'Jdiei'e 
 ari' othe'r Jioints admirahly adajdi-d 
 to]' this pur)iijs(.' on tlio lasing gi'oiind 
 on the west, along the coast of the 
 Aegoan Si'a, on the promontoiy of Si- 
 gi-um .and the ridge of T jck. A most 
 eoniiiianding \■ie^\• may li(_' ohfained 
 from the couieul sejjuhlu'al mound 
 (also rei.-ently excavated hy Dr. Schjie- 
 manii) whieh rise's to aliout Ho fcrt 
 tt'oiii a high riilge to the-, south of 
 Sigeum, ahoiit two miles frijui llc.sikii 
 I'lay. This i-s the Tjek 'I'epeh, which 
 is see'ii far out at sea, and is used as 
 a, signal hy sailors. J*'roiii its summit 
 \V'- calii a eompi'ehensi\'e \'io\v of the 
 "wholo arena of tlio Jliad. 
 
 Imnadi.'il.'ly at our If.t lies the 
 I'rojan plain ]ii'oper, slrotohing away 
 from 111,' shor.'.s ,,f Ihr Ih ll(.s]H,iit on 
 the nijiih l(j JJali l)agh on the south. 
 
 This jilain is an (del fiord, wLicli Las 
 Ijceii tillcil liy ri ver-dejiosit — especially 
 that of the Scainandcr — wliicli lias 
 jii'odueed a rich marshy soil, lirokcn 
 hv it'eip.ii'nt swamps and occasional 
 deposits of sand. The ])lain lies so as to 
 corri.'sjiond in the main to the course 
 of the Seamander, which, I'ising ^vell 
 to the east, gets nearer and nearer to 
 the W(.'stcm edge of the plain, and 
 tlo«"s into the Hellespont close hy the 
 iSigcaii promontoiy. (Jii hotli sides of 
 its Course, and iinirc particiilarlj' on 
 its riglit, it is joined hy a network ni' 
 liraiieh channels, which in dry seasons 
 are nearly or quite empty, hut wdiicli, 
 when the river is high, receive the 
 surplus -(^'atcrs of the iScaiuauder and 
 swell to all appearance into indepen- 
 dent streams. The hiwer we get in the 
 plain, the hroader and deejier do these 
 Tieci-ime, and ni'ar the coast they never 
 run dry, though tlie inroads of the 
 water id' the Hellespont make them 
 more or less hrackish. 
 
 This comjdicated network of water- 
 courses, we niay say at once, is of 
 eonsiderahle signiiicani.'C for the in- 
 terpretation of the Hind. IScyond a 
 donht this liver is the Seamander 
 of the ]ioeui. In spite of all the 
 atteiinits which have, heeii made to 
 transfer this name to .-i little rivulet 
 ■which r-uns its short course in the 
 western ]iart of the jdairi hy the side 
 of the Seamander — the liounarhashi 
 Su — an unprejudiced comparison of 
 the Ilomi rii.' I'efi'j'ences with (hi' aefiial 
 jihenomi'iia forhids lis to look lor the 
 '■ divine " Seamander in a corner of 
 the Trojan plain, and to force the real 
 river of the plain, to ^\hii'li it owes 
 its exlstenei-, into a position of fic- 
 titious inferiority. Jt is true that in 
 many ]ioints the great ri\'i'r does 
 not eorrespond ti.i the Seamander of 
 the ]ioi'iii. The Si'aniander Howed 
 into the I[elli'S]ioiit to the eastward 
 and not to tin- \\est\\'ard of the jilain. 
 It is ih.'serihi.'d as lying hetweeii Ilium 
 and till' naval e;ini|i of the Acliaeaiis; 
 and the liuttle-lleld, again, is repre- 
 
Ait. L] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR VIRCHOW. 
 
 07' 
 
 sent(Ml as between tlio camp ami the 
 river's left bank. The Boiuiarlia.slii 
 Lrook suits these conditions still less, 
 anil this is reason' enon>;-]i tVir leavin"- 
 it out of the (lisenssion lor the future. 
 Assuming the gieat river tt.i he the 
 Seamander, we must clinuse lietwi.'cn 
 two explanations of the facts. Either 
 Homer is all wrong about the cmirse 
 of the Seamanilev — and this would bo 
 a strong argument to prove that he 
 had never been in the Tmud — ov tlie 
 river has in the course of centurii.'s 
 altered its Ijed, and its lower course 
 is no longer the same as that of the 
 old Seamander. 
 
 I liave nrit space on the present 
 occasinn to ex[Humd in detail the 
 reasons which to my mind make it in 
 the highest degree proliable, if ilvj 
 do not absolutely prove, that the 
 Seamander dm-s flijw in a new bed, 
 and that the channels called Asmaks, 
 which are now only used occasionally 
 and are partiallj- filled Avith salt 
 water, mark different old beds of the 
 Seamander, vvhiidi it has long since 
 __abandoned. In this respect the Trojan 
 plain resemldcs the deltas of other 
 rivers. Just as the Ehine and the A'is- 
 tula have changed their estuaries in 
 historical times, and have left extinct 
 "watercourses or networks of streams 
 where they used to run, so has it been 
 with the Seamander. Even Pliny, tlie 
 distinguished lioman author who col- 
 lected together all the natural science 
 of his time, speaks of a Palaesea- 
 mander. As early then as the begin- 
 nin<i' of the Christian era there was 
 an " old Seamander," just as for five 
 centuries past tliere has been an "old 
 Ehine." 
 
 It is jirobalile that this ojiiiiion 
 would have found a more ready ac- 
 ceptance if the Trnjan plain, like otln'r 
 deltas, had had a free expansion sea- 
 wards. It has however a peculiaiity 
 shared by many estuaries in Asia 
 Minor, Greece, and Turlcey, namely, 
 that the formation of tin.' delta lias 
 taken place in a fiord, and that it is 
 
 conserpientl}' enclosed by ridges of 
 hills which firmed the banks of the 
 old fiiird. It wi.iuld ]ierhaps be' mere 
 intidligilile if we called it a valley 
 ralhcr than a plain, were it not 
 that the level surface is tori bmad 
 in iirnportiim to the height nf the 
 surmunding Iiills to give the effect of a 
 valley. There is no doubt, liowe\er, 
 that if the Trnjan "plain " lay mi the 
 north coast of (^iermany, it \vould bo 
 called a valley there. This valley 
 is opijii towards the Hellespont, and 
 closed in teiw.ards the west and suutli. 
 On its right side, towards tlie east, 
 there are some side-valh'ys introdueed 
 between the neighljouring upland 
 ridges — two in jiartieular, wliieh .are 
 longer than the rest — which in the-ir 
 turn send out a number of small 
 valleys and coves into the mountains. 
 Of these easterly side-vallej's the 
 largest runs parallel to the Hellespont, 
 and is separated from it by a moun- 
 tain iddge wliieh rises higher and 
 higher towards the east. In (he 
 midst of this valley fiows a narrow 
 mountain stream of Imt moderati.' pro- 
 portions, sufficient however to satisfy 
 the reijuirements of the Simois of 
 the Iliad. Unless then tlie reader 
 prefers to follow Hereher, in regard- 
 ing all passages of the Uiml wliieh 
 ]nention the Simois as subseijiieiit 
 spurious interpolations, he may be 
 Content, with Demetrius of Scepsis 
 and Strain), to see the Simois in the 
 brook just described, whicli in Turkish 
 times has borne the name of Dmim- 
 bre-k- Tchai. 
 
 This name has misled niany in 
 rnoilo'n times fi'om the resemblai.ce it 
 bears tei the Homeric naiiu.' Thv'iiilira. 
 At the point where the 'Idiymbrius 
 fell into the Sea.mander the testimony 
 of latiu' writers placed tlie> temiile of 
 xVpolli.i, near wliieh Aehilli'S reeei\'ed 
 his mortal wound from Paris, while ' 
 seeking a lover's meeting with Priam's 
 daughter Polyxena. The. jinsition of 
 the Doumbrek Tchai does not suit 
 this story. Numerous local features 
 
678 
 
 TKUY AND lUSSARLIK. 
 
 [A IT. I. 
 
 uiiito ill Yioiiitiug' ratlier to tlm most 
 southerly of tlio al'ove-iiientioiifd side 
 valleys, tlir.mgh wlneli flows the , 
 Keiiiar Su : and liriice most modem 
 antliorities take this to lie the Tliym- 
 hrius. 
 
 This, then, is the extent of the so- 
 ealled Trojan plain. Except hjr the 
 two or three miles of eoast along the 
 Ilellespniit, it is siin-oimded hy lines 
 oi hills, whieh are tolrrahly ste-ep. 
 though their height only ranges fmm 
 liiO to .jiJiJ feet. From the Tjok 
 Tej.eh we look OTrv to tlie greater part 
 of this eneir(ding line. The western 
 liiiundary of the jdain. — the L.mg 
 and siimewhat straggling ridge of 
 Sigeum, whiidi stretches ahaig the [ 
 coast of the Aegean Sea to the Helles- 
 pi:ait. — ap|iears to lie a continuation 
 lA the range from which the Ijidv 
 Te])eh itself arises. < >n the south 
 thm-e advances a stret(di of Lrokeii 
 upland which rises gradually to aliove 
 '.lofi Pert in the " Ijlack mountain," 
 Kara J»;igh. On the east several 
 slightly div(.-ri;iiig ridges extend into 
 till' jilain, enclosing the side-valleys 
 meiitionc-d ahove. 
 
 The most iKjrtherly of these eastern 
 riilges keeps close to the coast of the 
 Ilidles]iont. and, euding ahruptly 
 towards the plain, forms the ]iro- 
 montoiy of ];lioeteuin, facing that of 
 Sigiuuii on the west. Its extremity 
 in the direction of the plain, and 
 close to the sea-shore, is a half-isolated 
 cone, the so-called grave of jVjax, In 
 Ti'peh : while- on the other side two 
 othei' conical tumuli, those ol' Achilles 
 and I'atroidus, stand out fr(.iin ('ape 
 iSigeum. licldnd < 'ape lihoetcuin runs 
 the I)ouinlirek \alIoy. and to the 
 south of it a. scciaid ridgo, almost 
 ]Kirall. 1 with the coast of the IIollos- 
 pont, at the wi.'st end of A\ddc]i, and 
 so]Kiratril from it hy a slight depres- 
 sion, stands the celehrated llissailik, 
 a spaeiiais jiill (,f inol-e lliali 1 Oo ieet 
 in heiglit. I'l'oiii the Ujek Ti'peh wc 
 look hetweeii IlissaHik aiid the In 
 Tcjich into the iJoumhrek valley. 
 
 ■which lies open to our view, e^-en to 
 its very end. At tlie head of the 
 valley the various ridges — the coast 
 ridge, the Ilissarlik ridge, and that 
 to the south — after gradually rising, 
 unite in a kind of knot, called ( litlou 
 iJagh. The wcioded summit of the 
 Oulou Dagh is the commanding point 
 in this part of the landscape, and 
 licrice it agrees rnmdi lietter with 
 what Tlomer says ahout the position of 
 the renowned licacon-pioint Callicolone 
 than does the far lower and much 
 more retired Kara Your, an eminence 
 on the eastern half of the ridge of 
 Ilissarlik itself. 
 
 The jiart of the landscape just 
 deseialied -\-\-ears. not only from the 
 Tfjek Tepeh, hut from tlie whole 
 line of Sigeum, the aspect which, 
 according to Hinner, the hattle-field 
 wajrc just hefore the decisiAX- hattle. 
 As the mortals advanced to meet on 
 the plain, the Immortals ranged them- 
 selves into twai gri_iupis, according to 
 the siile they favoured. The gods on 
 the Treijaii side surveyed the tight 
 from (Jallicolone, those on the Achaean 
 sat on file rampart of Heracles on 
 Sigeum. 
 
 All the hills vdiich rise imincili;itely 
 out of the jdaiii consist of limestone of 
 the iiuddle tertiary ]ieriod, very rich 
 in mussel-shells. This stone must 
 have' heiai formed in a hracki.sh or 
 fresh-watca- lake, at a time wdieii the 
 Hellespont did not exist. There is 
 oulv one ])lacc, and that is in the 
 Ijoumlirek valley, wdiere volcanic rock 
 cro}is out. \Vlieii, however, wc take- 
 a. Avider spiacc within our view, the 
 ease is different. 
 
 We here enconnter a long range of 
 higher mountains, mostly rounded 
 cones, stretching away in a wide 
 swee]i from the (Jul oil Dagh tc) the 
 Kara Dagh, that is from the llelles- 
 ]iont to the Aegean, and forming a 
 flame for the Trojan plain, or, more 
 correc'tly speaking, for the wdiede of 
 the anterior Troad. This range con- 
 sists throughout of volcanic rock, or 
 
App. I.] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR VIRCHOW. 
 
 079 
 
 at least volcanic I'ock fcrms its basis. 
 Trachyte, basalt, serpentine, cfcc, suc- 
 ceed each other in picturesque variet}'. 
 Beyond this Irauiu tliere is no fight- 
 ing in the Il'iail between men, with 
 the excepttion of single expeditions, 
 which are mentioned as having already 
 taken place before the poem opens. 
 All mention of more distant places is 
 either made incidentally, without im- 
 mediate reference to the Trojan wai', 
 or concerns the gods. For it must be 
 understood, once for all. that the mij- 
 tltuloijiral arenii of tlic Iliad is iiiccDii- 
 parahli/ wider titan flie strategical. 
 
 At the chain of volcanic rock which 
 stretches from (Julou Dagh to Kara 
 Dagh, we are still far shoi-t of Ida 
 proper. Xcithcr in the Iliad nor at 
 the present day is this name applied 
 tci hills of sueli a moderate height. 
 The later ancient writers were the 
 first to see Ida itself in these out- 
 lying ranges. iS'owhero is the con- 
 trast between these outlying hills and 
 Ida more clearly visilde than in the 
 view from Uji-k Tepidi. Frran this 
 point we see t'l the south-east a huge 
 cleft in the chain of these hills, to the 
 left of Kara Dagh and to the right of 
 Foulah Dagh. This is the pjoint at 
 which the Scamander lireaks in wide 
 curves throng] I the outlying hills and 
 enters the pdain. (Jver this cleft, far 
 awa}- in the distance, Ida (Kaz Dagh ) 
 rises over the nearer range in a 
 mighty mass. Between Ida and the 
 northern range of lower hills lies a 
 liioad and fruitful vallc}", the plain of 
 Ine and Beiraniicli, tlirough the whole ' 
 length of which, from east tii west, 
 flows the Scamander : and there is the 
 less reason for making Mount Ida 
 extend to these lower hills, in spite i.if 
 the broad intervening plain, because 
 there rises on tlie west of the jilain 
 of I)ie an extensiv(j volcanic ridgr, 
 the Chigri Dagh, completely isolated 
 from the mass of tlie Ida range, and 
 mucli more closely connected with the 
 hills near the Trojan plain. This 
 ridge can be seen from Ujok Tepeh 
 
 rising above the Kara Dagli, and com- 
 manding, with its spurs, the whole of 
 the coast district to the south. 
 
 The vie^v from L'jek Tepeh, how- 
 ever, has been by no means exhaus- 
 tively descril led : it extends far beyond ' 
 the Troad. The whole picture which 
 lies before the eyes of the admiring 
 siiectator is embraced by the old p)oet. 
 To the north of the pilain, to begin 
 with, we see a long streak of blue, 
 the Hellespont. The Hellespont is 
 no less an obji.'ct of wonder to us 
 than it was to the ancients. Tliey 
 saw in it the roud which led t(j the 
 unknown lands of the dark Korth. 
 It took the traveller to (Jimmerians 
 and Hyperboreans, all wrapped in a 
 mist of legend. To our eyes the 
 Hellespont is the common outlet for 
 the "waters of an immense range of 
 rivers. The Danube and Pruth, the 
 Dniester and Dnieper, the Don and 
 the Kouban, all roll their waters 
 through the Hellespont into the 
 Mediterranean. Accurately speaking, 
 it is no mere water-way between 
 two seas, tint a liTige stream which 
 carries off the rainfall of a might}' 
 tract of land. Germany and Austria, 
 Bulgaria and Eoumania, Eussia and 
 Caucasia, pay their trilnites to this 
 stream; and the contemplation of the 
 behrdder finds pleasure in following 
 liack the course of these tributaries, 
 while he pictures to himself the 
 wanderings of the p)eo})les who have 
 ranged in historic and pre-historic 
 times within the limits of tlie regions 
 which they drain. 
 
 Who could fail to feel the thrilling 
 interest of such a. view? From the 
 oiliest times the Hellespont has been 
 not merely the lioundary, but, in a 
 much higher degree, tlie connection 
 between Asia and Kurope. Here the 
 armies of the two continents met in 
 eonilict. "What the I'ersians failed to 
 do, tlie Turks have done. The enter- 
 prise in -i'idiich Alexander succce'ded 
 was attempted over again bj' tlio 
 T'rusadei's. The shores of the Dar- 
 
(JSU 
 
 TKUY AXD IIISSAKLIK. 
 
 [App. L 
 
 (lanell'.'S pvi'viile tlio easiest passage 
 fVoiii Eiirnjie til Asia, or from Asia to 
 EiiroiH'. Ilistnry lias taught us that 
 the Asiatic stream lias, on the whole, 
 hecn the strmiger om.'. It is proLahle 
 evi'ii that onr nwu aueestors, the 
 Arvau imiuigraiits. came liy this 
 passa'j;e nn tluhr vietnrinus career into 
 Europe, long before the IVtad was 
 composeil. and still longer liefore the 
 history of maiikiml Ijegau to be 
 writton. 
 
 Such thiiughts as these were con- 
 stantly present to my niiml as I 
 turned my eyes to tin.' little bit of 
 Euri.ipe which was visible from our 
 Wooden hut oil Ilissarlik. A very 
 little bit it was, and I cannot say that 
 1 -wished it larger. All we saw of it 
 was the southern point of the Thracian 
 Chersonese, a low rising ground be- 
 yond the ILjllos]ioiit, at the south end 
 of which the ancients placed the grave 
 of ri-i.itesilaus. In the evening, when 
 I had put out my lamp and looked 
 out once more, the only visiljlo sign 
 whicli remained to cjiiueet me with 
 Europe was the lieacon-light at the 
 end of this promontory, which shone 
 straight into my little vrindow. But 
 what a crowd oi memories did its 
 beam awaken I 
 
 As I looked out in the morning from 
 the same window, I saw stretching far 
 away the deep-blue sea with its islands. 
 In the distance, separated from the 
 (.'liersonese by a wide stretch of ,sea, 
 lay roclcy Iinbros, ^\■ith its long jagged 
 ridge; and just bcliiiid it rose the 
 towering ]icalc of .Samothrace. IIow 
 majestic, tliis island looks from Ujek 
 Tcpi-h ! \\ hat Ida is in tjie iar south- 
 east. Samothrace is in tla.; iar north- 
 west ; the former tie; seat of Zeus, 
 the mightiest of all the gods ; the 
 latter that of the next mightiest, 
 I'oscidon. 
 
 'J'lic Northerner, especially if he 
 lives where the sky is oiten chjuded, 
 finds it hard to understand how the 
 roligiiins ideas of Southern nations 
 attachcil tliem.seU'CS so prevailingly 
 
 to the phenomena of the atmosphere, 
 or, to speak more mythologicallj% of 
 " Heaveil." It is necessary to see the 
 wide horizon and the pure blue of the 
 Trojan sky, in order to appreciate the 
 effect proiluced here by the formation 
 of clouds. When, on a sudden, while 
 sea and land are Ij'ing apparently at 
 rest, a darl-: mass of cloud gathers 
 round the peak of Samothrace, and, 
 sinking deeper ever}' moment, en- 
 shrouds one sharp line of rock after 
 another, tdl the storm at last de- 
 scends, and, after lashing the sea 
 with its gusts, wraps even it in 
 darkness, we find it easier to see 
 how it was that a childlike spirit 
 looked for the presence of the sea-god 
 himself in the secret recesses of the 
 clouds. And if far away in the south- 
 western sky, in the direction of Greece, 
 a single cloud appears over the Aegean, 
 and gradually rises and spreads, draws 
 nearer and nearer, and at last touches 
 the summit of Ida, there to thicken 
 and cling for hours and even da^'S 
 together, and if then lightning breaks 
 from this cdoud-mass whole niglits 
 through, while all the face of Nature 
 seems to lie lieneath it in fright, who 
 can help thinking of the ]ioet's de- 
 scriptions of the journey and sojourn 
 of the Thunderer ? 
 
 Erom the height of I'jek Tepeh 
 ma}' lie seen several other islands of 
 tlie Aegean, rising high, with clear 
 rock outlines. Close at hand, just op- 
 posite to Besika Ba}', lies the vine-clad 
 Tenedos, behind which the Achaean 
 • fleet hid 1 iv way (jf preparing for their 
 attack on Ilium. Far to the south, 
 though only when the air is very clear, 
 we may se(_' the angular lines of Les- 
 bos, or. as it is called in modern times, 
 Mityleni.\ Sometimes a cloud rises 
 far out at sea, wliicli makes fir Lesbos 
 and (_'ape Balia, the Lectum of the 
 ancients, and which jiasses from 
 mountain to mountain till it reaches 
 Ida. It takes exactly the path whicli 
 Ilera took when she sought out lier 
 angry spouse on Gargarus, and accom- 
 
Arr. I.] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR VIRCIIOW. 
 
 G81 
 
 plislied tlie loving reconciliation por- 
 trayed in one of the most charming- 
 passages in the Hiad. 
 
 AVLo would niit feel the captivating 
 charm of snch scenes as these ? and 
 who can fail t(j see that the great poet 
 has created out cjf them the magnifi- 
 cent picture he gives us of the ways 
 and workings of the Olympian gods ? 
 I will not here describe these natural 
 phenomena in detail. I will even for- 
 liear to portray the grand spectacle 
 presented liy the lifting and sinking 
 of the clouds at the f lot of ilount Ida. 
 But I cannut conceal rny amazement 
 that it should have been thought 
 possible to darken the A\-ondrous 
 beaut}- of the Trojan scenery by the 
 light of the student's lamp, and to call 
 in question the background of reality- 
 which gave shape to the visions of the 
 iniuicrtal poet. 
 
 I'll is attemjit would probably never 
 have been nrade if the site of ancient 
 Ilium bad been known. But even in 
 the d;iys of Demetrius of Scepsis, a 
 native of the 'i'ruad, who lived aliout 
 two hundred years before the begin- 
 ning of the Christian era, not a trace 
 was tij be seen (jf tlie old city any- 
 where in iho plain. This countr}- 
 was left isolated at an early time 
 liy the ruin of many kingdoms; and 
 thousands of j-ears elapsed before the 
 searcli actually began for the real site 
 of the city. Since tlie commencement 
 of that search, scarcely a part of tlie 
 country has been .'^afe from the con- 
 jectures of the le:inied. Beginning 
 wjtli the Gulf of Adramyttium and 
 Cape Lectuni, they have sought the 
 city, now here, now there. The 
 points which occupied for the longest 
 time the attention of scholars were 
 Alexandria-Troas, the site of the ex- 
 tensive ruins of a metropolis fiundod 
 ou the Aegean liy Antigonus, and 
 S'j post-Homeric, and Bounarbashi, 
 a wretched 'Turkish hamlet at the 
 southern extremity of the 'J'rojan 
 plain. It was only fifty years ago 
 that Maclaren first ventured to fix on 
 
 the hill and foi tress of Ilis-arlik as tlie 
 spot where Troy onci; stooil. iJtlieiv, 
 auKing whom was Yon Eekenl.irccln'r, 
 adopted his view. 'The first actual 
 excavations were conducted by Mr. 
 Frank Calvert. 'These excavations, 
 however, were confined t(.) the sur- 
 face. It has been reserved fir Dr. 
 Schliemann, by the a[iplieatioii of re- 
 sources such as can hardly ever have 
 been devoted by a private individual 
 to such an object before, to lay liare, 
 by digging down to an amazing depth, 
 the ruins <<i settlements eif imiiK.'iise 
 anliipiit}', and thereby to make Ilis- 
 sarlik an oliject of the highest interest 
 to all educated men. 
 
 D(jes this settle tlie question about 
 the site of the ancient Ilium? <Jp- 
 ponents say, Ko. And wdiy '' While 
 they conilemn Schliemann fijr taking 
 the lliiid literall}', they think it a 
 sufficient refutatiem of his views if 
 they prove that the ruins of Ilissarlik 
 do not correspond to Homer's descrip- 
 tions. Correspond they certainly do 
 not. Homer's idea of liis sacred Ilios 
 is very dih'erent from auy^ conce^ition 
 we can form frcan the testimonj^ of 
 the ruins. 
 
 Xo one doukits tliat Hium was 
 destroyed centuries before the Iliad 
 was composed. How many centuries, 
 is a ipiestion which divides even those 
 who take Homer's side. Even if tlie 
 interval were not more than two or 
 three hundred years, still Ilium itself 
 could never have been seen liy the 
 poet. The Ilium of fictiim must, undrr 
 any cirriimstanres,he tifirlion itself. It 
 is pdssilile that legend may have pre- 
 served many topngrajihieal partieulai'S 
 aliout the ancient city, but it is not to 
 be imagined there slmald have been 
 2ire:-erved a detailed and authentic de- 
 scriptiini of the city or the fortress 
 as it existed lieforo its destruction. 
 "Grass" liad no dmilit "grown" 
 meanwhile over the ruins. Xcw 
 settlers had built on the old spot 
 dwellings which had perhaps lain 
 long in ruins themselves when the 
 
GS2 
 
 TKOY A^'D Hlf^SARLlK. 
 
 [App. I. 
 
 poet l"'i;Tin his wnrk. It is very 
 Unostioiiiilili.' \\-lietlicr lie ever saw 
 witli his eyes even the ruins of the 
 fallen city. The plaee -where it stood 
 he saw no ilr,iiht. hut tin- rilij itself he 
 saw onJi/ ill II ritiii'iii. .Inst as Zi.'us and 
 Ih/ra, Poseiihjn and Athene, Ares and 
 Ajihrndite. were cri'atures of his fancy, 
 so the city of Ilium was itself '• a 
 dream.'' XixDie can expect thi- actual 
 ruins to correspond to every imayina- 
 tiim (if tlie poet; and when it is 
 estaldishi'd that Homer had in his 
 mind much that never existed, at all 
 events on tliis spot, it simply comes 
 to this, that the Iliiiil is not an 
 historical work, hut a poetical one. 
 
 And yet the corres]H;imh?nce of the 
 poetical represi'iitatinu witli -the local 
 conditiijiis is far froia being so im- 
 perfect as it is rc[)resented. The 
 situation (jf Hissarlik satisfies in the 
 main all the diunanels of the Homeric 
 topo,i;ra]iliy. Fmm this sjmt, as from 
 t jidv re]ieli. we get a vie^v n\-er the 
 Avhole ijf the antericir Trmid. 'Jdie 
 plain with its rivers and hronks, 
 the sidi '-valleys, the encomjiassing 
 hills, the circlet (>i vulcanic moun- 
 tains, the Hellespnnt and the Aegean, 
 lie s] Head nut hefire our eyes as we 
 stand fin the height of Hissarlik. 
 Tlie only diflerence is that we are 
 ever so much nearer to the plain, and 
 especially to that jiart of it whiidi is 
 hest suited fir a liattle-fiehl, and 
 which, if we overlook the present 
 altered courses of the rivers, com- 
 pletely answers tn the topography (if 
 the Homeric fi(dd (if hattle. The S('-pa- 
 rate (ihjccts on this idain are clearly 
 distiiiguishahlc, and it is not quite 
 imjiossihle that Ilchjii should have 
 been ahh/ to point out the individual 
 chieftains of the A(diae.ans to her 
 royal father-in-law. The distance, too, 
 is (pilte visihhj enough f u- Ihe jmr- 
 pdses (if the HdUic'ric landscapes. 
 We see the Tliracian ('liersoi)cse. and 
 we have Imhros and Sarin ith race lief ire 
 us. Fui'tlicr t(i the leit lies Tenedos, 
 and right behind in the south-east 
 
 the snowy top of Ida rises above 
 the nearer range of hills. At sunset 
 even the jjyramid ijf Athos may some- 
 times lie seen for a few minutes in 
 the far -v^-est. 
 
 It is true that the old city did not 
 stand as high as the top of the hill of 
 Hissarlik did before the oxcavaiions 
 were begun. Dr. iSehliemann had 
 to go deep down — from -.j to 30 feet 
 or more — before ho came on the walls 
 and h(nises of Ilium under tlnj di'bris 
 of later settlements. But even if we 
 sink the level of Ilium to stteh a 
 deptli, it is still liigh enough to 
 preserve to tlie city its commanding 
 position. Its houses and towers, even 
 thdugli tliej- were of a very m("jderate 
 heiodit, must have risen far enoush 
 al)(jvc tlie surface to reach the level 
 of the later hill. This would still 
 make it a lofty, '' windy " fastness. 
 (Jur wooden huts, wlii(3h had been put 
 up at the fiHit (if the hill, well below 
 the level of the old city, looked 
 straight down tipon the jilain from a 
 height of at least GO feet, and the 
 winds blew abotit us with such force 
 that we often felt as if our whole 
 settlement might be hurled down the 
 precipice. 
 
 The fortress-hill (if Hissarlik, as it 
 appeared to travellers before Dr. 
 Schliemann started his hnge excava- 
 tions, was then, properly speaking, an 
 artifii/ial hill, most nearly comparable 
 perhaps with the earth hills of the 
 Ass3'rian plain wliic-h covered the 
 ruins of the r(iyal castles ; cnly it had 
 not been set up on the ]ilain itself, 
 liut on the v\-est end tif tlie second 
 ridge of tertiary rock above described. 
 Consequently it lay right over the 
 plain, and must have looked Itigh 
 frnm th(_' first. Its sulisequent in- 
 crease in height must hav(_' been 
 very gradual indeed. In dicrtrinn: 
 ddwn fi'om the surface li'csh I'uins 
 are constantly enc(juntcred, behmging 
 to various epochs. One peojde has 
 lived here aftc'r anotlier, and each 
 fresh one which settled on the ruins 
 
App. I.] 
 
 BY PEOFI':SSOr. ^IKCHOW. 
 
 (;S3 
 
 of its precleccssiir levelli'J the snrfiK.-e 
 anew ]>y cleariut;- aw;iy some of the 
 ruins and throwing them over the 
 jireeiliiee. In this way the surface of 
 the hill grew gradually in extent, and 
 it is coueeivahle that, now that last 
 year's exeavatinns have almost com- 
 pletely laid han- the l)oundaries of the 
 old city, the vast pit sliould prt'sent 
 the aspect of a funnel, at tlie l.iotti.im 
 of whieli tlie ruins of Ilium lie within 
 a prett}' suiall compass. AVe must 
 admit tlie justness of the objection 
 that this Ilium was nei great city, 
 capalile of finding room fur a great 
 army of foreign warriors in addition 
 to a large papulation of its own. 
 Such an Ilium as that existed only in 
 the pilot's vision. (Jur Ilium hardly 
 deserves to lie called a city at all. In 
 our part of the ^^"orIIl we should call 
 such a place a f irtress or a strong- 
 hold, for this reason I prefer to call 
 the place a fuiirefm-Jiill ( Burrihenj ) ; a 
 term which, strictlj' speaking, is 
 merely a translation of the Turkish 
 word Ilissarlik. 
 
 But why talve these very ruins at 
 the hottom of the funnel to be Ilium '^ 
 To tliis I answer that it is a questi(.)n 
 again ^vhethcr tliere ever was a place 
 called Ilium. Is it not questionable^ 
 whetlicr there ever was anj' Heiacles > 
 or any Argonauts ? Perliaps Ilium, 
 I'riam. and Amlromache. arc just as 
 much poetical fictions as Zeus, Posei- 
 don, and Aphrodite. Ihit this docs 
 not amount to saying that we <')nglit 
 ni'jt to lorjk fiu- the Ilium of the poet 
 at the Ijottorn of our funnel. There 
 lies a close array of houses surrounded 
 by a mighty wall of rough-hewn 
 stone. The walls of houses and rmans 
 have been preserved to such an extent, 
 that it is possible to give a ground- 
 plan of the jilace. A pretty steep 
 street, paveil witli large flags, leads 
 through a single gate on the wcsterii 
 side into the fortress. Only a narrow 
 passage is left between the housi.'S. 
 The whole plaf'C is full of the rubbish 
 left ]>y a conflagration. Great clay 
 
 bricks, half a yard scpui.re, have lieen 
 melted ly a fierce heat and turned tn a 
 glassy paste. Heaps of corn, especially 
 whi.'at, pease, and beans, have been 
 turned to cha.rccal. The remains of 
 animal food, oyster-shells and mussels 
 of all kinds, bones of shci/p and gnats, 
 of oxen and swine, have likewise lieen 
 partially burnt away. t)f wood- 
 charcoal proprr there is but little to 
 bo seen, and Axdiat there is is mostly 
 oak. 'I'he conflagration must liave 
 lasted long enijugh to destroy entirely 
 almost all the woodwork. Even the 
 metal, and esiiccially the bronze, is 
 for the most jiart molten and reduced 
 by fire to an undistinguishalile mass. 
 
 It is evident that tliis fortress was 
 destrii^-ed by a conflagration of great 
 extent, whiili lasted long enougli to 
 destriiv utterly all inflamnuible ma- 
 terials. Su(.di a fire as corresponds 
 to Ibuner's description has only taken 
 jflaee once in the settlements cm 
 Hissarlik. In the numerous strata of 
 ruins which lie one abuve the nther 
 tliere are several other traces of 
 fire, but none on the scale on which 
 they occur in the " burnt city." 
 Even Ijelow it there are still sti'ata, 
 goiijg down at some points to a 
 de})th of 2() or 2.5 feet or more, — 
 for the "burnt city " was nut the 
 oldest settlement on Ilissarlik, — but 
 even in these ijldest stiata there is 
 nowhere the trace of such an extensive 
 conflagration. 
 
 It is the "liurnt city," liowever, 
 where, among numerous olijects of 
 art-work — nf puttery especially — 
 some of wdiich are of rare excellence, 
 gold has repeatedly been brought to 
 liglit, sometimes in C(innc(;tiiin with 
 olijects of silver, bronze, and i\"(iry. 
 All these disci ivories have lieen 
 eclipsed in splendour liy the " 'l'ri;a- 
 suro of I'riam, " upon ■\\'hich Dr. 
 Schliemann liglited in the third yetir 
 of his successful excavations. And 
 not a j'car has ptissed since, witliout 
 the discovery of at least snme articles 
 of gold. I was myself an eye-witness 
 
TROY AKD HISSARLIK. 
 
 [App. I. 
 
 of two sneli discoveries, ami helped 
 ti) giither the articles together. The 
 shiiiderers have long since been si- 
 leucc'l, -\vho were not ashamed to 
 cliargL' the (li.si-oven.'r with an impos- 
 ture. Esiieri;;!!}' since the Turivish 
 government, on the occasion ot tlie 
 furtive appropriatinn ..f n ]Hjrtion uf 
 the discoveries hy twcj ef tlie work- 
 men, lias laid an embargo on all 
 olijects of tlie kind, — as is the case 
 witli surli colh-ctions elsewhere, — 
 such envious spite has I'etreated to the 
 privacy of the family lie irth. Since 
 that time, objects of gold of the .same 
 typi; as those from Hissarlik have lieen 
 f lunil not only in ^Ivcenae, but also 
 in other (.ireek graves. One of the 
 gold treasures whidi were excavated 
 in m_y presence contained stamped 
 plates of g'jld, the ornamentation of 
 Avhich is in the minutest details the 
 counterpart of that found at My- 
 cenae. 
 
 The "burnt city" was then also 
 tlie " city of gold." It is only in it 
 that we hnd this wealth of marvel- 
 lous and at the saiue time distinctly 
 foreign treasures. For it is clear that 
 ■wo have liero no product of native 
 industr}', but articles lirought from 
 aljroad either by trade or plunder. 
 Their cliaracter is ( hiiuital, and more 
 particularly Assyrian. < 'onserprently 
 the liuriit fortress must have been the 
 seat fif a great and prosiierous hero — 
 or (jf the son of such a man — ^^ilO had 
 amassed treasures of the rarest value 
 in Ills small but secure home. 
 
 The chief treasure whs fi.iund all 
 together at one spot, in a kind of 
 cupboard. It a]ipearcd to have liecn 
 originally stowed away in a wooden 
 cliest. It was near tluj wall of a very 
 strongly built stone house, in other 
 ])ai-ts of which wtjvf huiiid numerous 
 jtlier tr(.'asuri's, in vusi'S of terra- 
 coHa, ill a. g(jod state of preservation, 
 anil \vhirh was evidently the resi- 
 dcni'e (jf the jirincc. For in no other 
 place were any such ti-easures dis- 
 covered ; and, as the area, of the burnt 
 
 city has now been completely brought 
 to light, we may assert definitely that 
 un iliis spot was the jjalace. The old 
 (■ill/ irall runs close hy it, and tlie street 
 irliiclb comes up tliroii.ijli the sinijle (jate 
 iif tlie fortress leads iijj to it. 
 
 \\ as this gate llie iScaean gate, and 
 this hi.iuse the house of Priam ? Dr. 
 Scliliemann, overawed by his learned 
 adversaries, n(.i\\' talks only of the 
 house of t'le '* chief of the city " 
 (StadtliaiijH ). But can the " chief of 
 the citj'," who was master of so much 
 gold at a time yiien gold was so 
 scarce, have been anything but a 
 prince ? And Avhy not call him 
 Priam? Whether Priam ever existed 
 or not, the jirincc of the golden 
 treasure wlaj lived on this spot ciirnes 
 near enough to the Priam of the Iliad 
 to make us refuse to forego the delight 
 of giving the place his name. And 
 what harm can there be in assigning 
 to the western gateway, tlte ordij oris 
 ii'hich exists in tlte city wall at all, to 
 which a steep road led up fr(_im the 
 plain, the famous name of the Scaean 
 gate •? 
 
 P>o not let us cut ourselves off from 
 all poetrj' without the slightest need. 
 < diildren that wo are of a hard and 
 too pirijsaic age, we would maintain 
 (jur right to conjure up again before 
 our old age the pictures wdiich filled 
 our yiurthful fancy. It saddens b\it 
 it also elevates the soul when we 
 stand on a place like Hissarlik, and 
 read the course of history from the 
 series of successive strata as from a 
 ' geological disclosure. This history ir^ 
 not written lor us, but set bodily 
 liefore our eyes in the relics of liygone 
 times, in the actual objects u^ed by 
 men who lived in them. Huge masses 
 of I'uins are ]iiled in layers aliove the 
 burnt stronghold, between it and the 
 first laj^er containing hewn stones and 
 a. wall of sipiare bloclcs. This wa- 
 jicrhaps the wall which Lysimachu/- 
 one of Alex.ander's generals, is record ig 
 ti.i liavc built on Ilium. Anyhow tch 
 wall resembles the walls of the llins 
 
Arr. I.] 
 
 I5Y PROFES^Ult VI1!('H(J\V. 
 
 GSi 
 
 (Ionian periud, and the corresiiomling 
 laj-er couceaLs Greek walls ami pot- 
 teiy. Here then we Im.ve a definite 
 limit of time. From this jiiiint we 
 have gijt til reckon the time hack- 
 wards, and it is easy to see that this 
 reckoning is not uufavourahle to our 
 interpretation of the Trojan legend. 
 
 Perhaps then llomei''s song is not 
 pure fiction, after all. Perhaps it is 
 true that in a. very remote prc-historio 
 time a ricli prince really du-(dt here 
 in a towering i'ortress, and that Greek 
 kings waged a fierce war a"-ainst i 
 him, and tliat the war en(h_'d in his 
 own fall and the de>tructiun of his 
 city liy a mighty conflagration. Per- 
 haps this Avas the first time that 
 Ennnii- and Asia tried each other's 
 strenglh on this coast, the first time 
 that the young l:nit m(.)re and moi'c 
 independent civilizatiim of the West 
 put to the rough test of force its 
 superiurit}' over the alreadj' eflemiuato 
 civilization of the East. To me this 
 seems a prohaLility, Init it is one 
 which I will not press an}' one else to 
 accept. 
 
 Of this we may lie sure, that oven 
 the oldest and earliest si.dtlement on 
 Ilissarlik \\as made Ijy a jK/ople 
 whicli had already felt the influence 
 of civilization. True, it still used 
 stone Weapons, Ijut these W(;.a]ions 
 were finely polished and liore witness 
 liy the delicacy of their outline to a 
 knovdcdgc of metals. In fact, traces 
 of metals are not wanting even in the 
 oldest strata. It is impossible there- 
 fore ti:> assign these strata to the Stone 
 age. They ar(^ indications of wdiat 
 we may undonlitcdly assin't to he ilie 
 oldest kiijiini arUlcitient in Asia Minor 
 of a pniplc of prr-]iisforir times, of some 
 adeanee in eiviUzatio-n. Hence the hill- 
 fortress of Hissarlik is certain to hold 
 an enduring place as a trustwortliy 
 witness in the history of civilization. 
 It will he to our desccnrlants an im- 
 ]")ortant geographical iiosition, and a 
 fixed starting-point for the flights of 
 their fancj^. For it is to lie hoped 
 that, however tlnj stiifo may end ahout 
 the existence of Ilium or of Priam, 
 the young will never lose the Iliad. 
 
APPENDIX ir. 
 
 ox TEE EELATION OF NOVUM ILIUM TO THE ILIOS 
 
 OF HOMER. 
 
 Et P];ofi:-;^uk J. P. Maiiaffy. 
 
 The full ami exjilioit argiTniont of 
 Straljo, ill tlie l.'Jtli Look uf liis (Jeu- 
 gra[ili}", lias persuaded the philcilogical 
 world pretty generally, frura liis day 
 to our own, tliat the Oreidc Uiiiin (if 
 his time was not tlio town aliout 
 wliieh tlie heroes of the IViaJ were 
 supposed to have fought tlieir immor- 
 tal conflicts. I now propose, ace'ord- 
 ing to tli(j flattering invitation (jf Dr. 
 Sehlieinanu, to empure eritieallv into 
 tliis argument, and see M'hat founda- ! 
 tiou it has in real history. 
 
 Let me first oliserve that Stralio is 
 not our eirigiual authority for this 
 theory, hut that he profe'SSedly lior- 
 rows liis argunie]its from a cei'taiu 
 I)L-iiietriiis of Skepsis (in the Trijad ), 
 wIk.i had written larLi.ely on the suh- 
 jeet, and who had, in fict, started 
 what I may call tlu' illegitimacy of 
 the Ilium of his day. This Deme- 
 trius is deserihed as iwlhjws )iy Straho 
 ( \iii. S .j.jj : '£« ok ti}? 2;K,yi^€(jj; k(i1 
 I) Xi]ji.i]tj>u'j<; i(TTiv, oil i^iijiryjj.dja tto/V- 
 
 /V(/K-f9, O TDV T/JOJLK'Ol' huiKOfTjlW i'^riyiUTU' 
 fJAVIlS ypamiHTiKO';, KIl.Tn. Tor aVTIJV -^lu'lTIIV 
 
 ycyori.u? Kpi/TT/rt kii'l 'A/»frT.(/-'\oJ. He 
 ■was then a grammarian, jn'oljuljlv of 
 tlie I'crgamene school of ('rates, but 
 vi^rsed in Alexandrian criticism, fir 
 ]io cited ill support of his theory 
 (Straho, Inr. r'lt. S :;i; > a learned laily of 
 tliat si'hoid — llestiaea — wlii.i had evi- 
 dently raise-d doulits on tlie saiinj 
 pniiit, iHdoie' him, mill .among her 
 i'i-iij,,'ijjji_Tii had aslced ^^Ill.dlll.'r thi/ 
 ]ilaiii lichiw tlic existing Ilium could 
 be tlie scene of Homer's liattles, see- 
 
 ing that most of it was a late deposit 
 made by the Skamander and iSimois. 
 We riiay be sure from this authority 
 being so carefullj' cited, as well as 
 that eif the orator Lycurgus, wdio 
 asserts in a rhetorical passage the 
 total destruction and complete dis- 
 ajipearance of Ilium, that Demetrius 
 had no older or clearer evidence for 
 his theory in Greek literature. What, 
 then, were his arguments ? 
 
 (1.) The tot-al destruction of Ilios 
 is stated or implied by Homer himself. 
 
 (2.) The sacred image of Athene 
 is apparently in the Iliad a sitting 
 figure, whereas that at the existing 
 Ilion was standing. 
 
 (•■|.) Various geographical allusions 
 in the Iliail, aljout the hot and cold 
 springs of the Skarnander (§ 4o ) ; 
 about the considerabile distance of the 
 ships from the town ( § 30) ; al.iout the 
 look-out of Tolites, wdiei ought to 
 have used the acropolis of the town 
 "with far more effect, if it ■\'\"ere so near 
 ( § d7 1 : about the dragging of Hector 
 j'ound the -walls, which could not lie 
 done on tlio rough ground about the 
 pircsent town ( § 07 ), liecausc the 
 KaAAiKoAo'iri;, on wdiicli Ai'cs sits, is 
 not near the present town (§ 35) ; 
 lastly (in order of importance), be- 
 cause the ifiLvau? and <f>-:jyo<; mentioned 
 in the Iliail, and wdiich he translated 
 wild fig wood and Ijceeh wood (? ), 
 were not close to Ilium, but some dis- 
 tance further inland. 
 
 Urom all tliese hints Deanetrius con- 
 cluded that Horner's Ilios was not on 
 
Afp. IL] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR J. V. MAHxVFFY. 
 
 G87 
 
 the site of tlio then existing city, liut 
 some oO stadia liii;-lier inland, on 
 tlie site of wliat lie- ealls tlie 'lAieoji' 
 Kw/j.-i]. Here, lie thinks, all the diffi- 
 culties of allusion can be explained. 
 
 In answer to the obvious questions, 
 -ivliat had become of the old city'^ and 
 hew did the new one come by the old 
 name '.•' he stated : 
 
 (1.) That all the stones of the old 
 cit}' liad Ijeen carried away to build 
 or restore the neighbouring towns, 
 when they had been sacked (iKirciTop- 
 
 whereas this town hail lieen Ik liu.OjMiv 
 dvariTpa/iiaevij (§ ^mS). 
 
 (2.) On the second point nothing 
 certain could lie ascertained. Deme- 
 trius cijnsidcred it was foundeil liy 
 the Aeolic (^-Jred'Cs. " in the time of 
 the Lydian monarch}' ' { i-l oe tojt 
 
 Al'OtoV Ij I'Li' iKTIArOl] KfXTOlKUl Kill TO 
 
 upov • ov f.i.'f'jv 7roAt9 ye -^r, aA/Va ttoA- 
 Aots -^p/jvois vcrrepoi\ Kal Kar uXtyov^ 
 (I)? Giprjrat, rip' o.i'^ijmv e(T)^e, § 4ll ). 
 
 Aeci'rding ti.i others, the town had 
 licen chfiriged from one site to another, 
 and finally settled there Kara xPV'^l^''^ 
 /xiiAicrra, fronr which Kramer conjec- 
 tures, reasonably enough, Kara KpoTcroi' 
 /xuAtcrra. 
 
 These arguments so fully per- 
 suaded Strabo and others, that the 
 claim of the historical Ilium to pre- 
 historic antiquity was rejected, espe- 
 cially liy the pedantic commentators 
 on Homer. Thus from tliat day to 
 this the Greek Ilium has been set 
 down as a new foundation, ])iu'ha]is 
 on the eld site, but more jirobalily 
 not so ; and it has been called Nm-tua 
 Ilium, a name unknown to the (J reeks 
 and I'limans. 
 
 I now come to criticize Straljo's 
 arguments. 
 
 (I.) As regards the evidence in the 
 IJiftd that the city was entiri'li/ de- 
 stroyed, no pas.s';ig(J can be shmvn 
 wliich affirms it. The arguments of 
 IDemetrius are mere foolish quibl.iles. 
 He quotes : 
 
 ea-iTHTai fifi^.p, utixu ttot' oKdi\r] 'IA.10S ipv, 
 
 and 
 
 7) yap Kal Upia.p.010 TvijKtif Si^Trfpcraij.ei' aiTnji', 
 
 and 
 
 TT^pBero 5e Xlpidp-OiO ttoAls diKarcp dftavTM. 
 
 But tliat these latter need not mean 
 Tuv a(^ii.!'t(T/.i.oi' tt}? TTiJAeoj? apq^cars Irom 
 the frequent use of TropSau, irepdio, and 
 its compounds as regards Lyrnessus, 
 Pedasus, Thelie, and other towns of 
 the Troad, as rpioted by iStrabo (§ 7 )■ 
 The quibbles al.iout Heracles' capiture 
 of the town, as compared with that 
 of the Homeric chiei's (S ■"-), are too 
 foolish to require eommc^nt. The first 
 line above quoted is a mere pirtipheey 
 of Priam's, ]")atlictio as such, but of 
 no other value. The belief in the 
 total ruin of Homer's I lies really arose 
 
 (1) from the Cj'clic ])oems, and from 
 
 (2) the many tragedies which were 
 biased on them. 
 
 I do not delay over these points 
 because any seri(jus person requires 
 them t(.) be refuted, but simjily to 
 show till' Hull of arijnwi'iit which satis- 
 fied llemetrius. I do not think any- 
 thing more need be said about (2) 
 the sitting image. It would at most 
 prijve that the tdd image had really 
 lieen carried oft' from Ilios, as many 
 legends stated. 
 
 (.J.) The various . minute geogra- 
 phical criticisms are more interest- 
 ing, not from their weight, laitlieeause 
 they lead us to dise(j\-er tlio ^\hole 
 source of the disjiutc. liut it is ipiite 
 unnecessary to take them in detail, till 
 we have considered the two lu'oad as- 
 sumjitions involved in them: (a) th.at 
 the poet for poets) of tlie IVuiil was 
 accurate in all these details, and had 
 a definite iiicture (if the ground IxToro 
 his eye : (/3) That thi'. modern names 
 of the jilaecs, which -were indicated to 
 Dcnu'trius or to travellers in the time 
 of ytrabo, were faithfully handed 
 down ii'om other days. 
 
 I do not believe that either of these 
 assumptions is at all probalde. From 
 what we know of the geography of the 
 Odyssey, and still more of the tragic 
 
6t 
 
 xovu:\i iLiuir axd the ilio« of homer. 
 
 [App. II. 
 
 piji'tN, it si-evus alinnst a l:iw of Greek 
 ]inet:e apt tii l)e iiei;'lig'i.'iit of geo- 
 o-]-a|iliieiil (letiiil, while it is curiously 
 faithful ami accurate iu the more 
 essential features of poetiy. AVe 
 have, I thiuk, no eviileiiee whatever 
 that ail}- iilaee in the i\"orl(l wa.s 
 liouuil t(i corresiiorid aecuratelv in its 
 fratures to the descrijitioiis of the 
 II'kkL 1 will not even touch on the 
 2)ossih!e (liifieulties in such a matter 
 caused )>y a variety of authors on the 
 iriw}. 
 
 But sujijiosirje; even that the allu- 
 sions in the IViail were consistent, and 
 a|iplicalile to a real scene, what au- 
 thority had the places dcsiij;nated to 
 Demetrius, or to iStralio, to ]'e]ircsent 
 tlieni? f)n this we have liapiiily A'eiy 
 clear evidi/ncc. The historical Iliou 
 had long heen an oLscure and half- 
 forgotten place, when Alexander the 
 (ireat, having sacrificed there, as an 
 omen, cm invading Asia, determined 
 after his succi'"-s (§ 2t>j to reward this 
 town, and make it again a great city. 
 This he did, and liis policy was se- 
 conded liy Lj-simachus. As the town 
 lay on one of the thoroughfares into 
 Asia, it throve and liccame very jiopu- 
 lous, and of course crowds of visitors 
 passed tlirough, and desired to see the 
 scenes of the Iliad, which they had 
 learned )iy heart in their youth. Hcnco 
 the lii-rriiiii of the jilace were Ijound to 
 satisfy them, and of coui-se tln.'y wei'c 
 cipial to the occasion. The tomh of 
 llos, the hecch-tree, the fig-tree, iu fact 
 every minute allusiim in the Iliad, was 
 to lie verified on thc'. spot. The places 
 thcri.'forc which llcmetrius ci'iticized 
 ^ve)■e named hy the peojile of oofj-oOo 
 B.C., -when tlieir city sndd(;nly rose 
 into impoi'tauci', and when tliese tra- 
 ditions acipiired a jn'Cuniary vidue. 
 ( )f course they wryi- ignoi'anflv chosen. 
 ]n most eases thei'(.' was no e\'idence 
 to go ujion, and ihe least unlil<;e]y 
 plac(j must he; s(decti'd. Jlut I need 
 not dilate to any trav(dlci' upon tlio 
 haliits cjt these I'lci'rinii jii all ages. 
 
 LSut ^vhat shall we say of the state- 
 
 ment that the historical to"\vn was 
 founded in the time of the Lydians? 
 
 In the first place, the date is suspi- 
 ciously vague. Comjjare, for example, 
 the parallel account of the founding 
 of Aliydos in the same book of Strabo 
 (§ 1^2) : "A/3i'0o? Se ^sli\'q<Ti<j}v iaTi KTitj-fxa, 
 l'n-iTjji\pavTO^ Vvyov, tov Avfjihv f3afTiXeoj<;' 
 ijy y(ff> eV eKeu'oj ru. ^ojpta koa ij Tpwus 
 ttTTucra. (_)r see the still more explicit 
 acc(junt of the transfer of Skepsis 
 from its old site nttAa('crKei//i5 trj the his- 
 toric town (§ 52 j. The more specific 
 date of Kroesus is only a conjecture, 
 and is qualified by the suspicious 
 
 It is ]iroljable then that this state- 
 ment rested on no definite tradition, 
 but i-'nljr on reasoning by analogy 
 from the foundation of Abj'dos and 
 (jther towns in the Troad by the per- 
 mission of the Lydians. Ijut whj', it 
 may Ije asked, did Demetrius assign 
 so old an origin to the historical 
 town, if lie desired to destroy its 
 claim to any epic imjiortance ? He 
 only did so Ijccauso there was clear 
 evidence of the recognition of Ilion 
 as the genuine city up to the da3-s of 
 Xerxc's. Had he attempted to assert 
 a later foundation, he Could have been 
 refuted by distinct texts. 
 
 1 -will nciw therefore trace do^wn the 
 histiu'y of the historical Ilium from 
 the earliest evidence we have to the 
 days of Demetrius, and show wliat 
 wiu'C the reasons which determined 
 the theory of the Skepsian ciitic. 
 
 ( )ur earliest allusion is (T think) 
 that iu Herodotus, vii. 42, wlio speaks 
 of T-ijv TAidSa yf;)', and says that Xerxes 
 (i TO npia/iovi Ilepya/ioi' <xvij3-q, where he 
 sacrificed ' AO qfrxiij rfj 'IXtuoi. There 
 is no suspicion that this was anj' 
 <.it]ier tlian the historical ( or Novum 1 
 Ilium, and this sacrifice distinctly 
 imjilies that about .^OO B.C. it -was 
 already an old and vencra))le shrine. 
 
 Demetrius (in- StraboJ admitted 
 thai, the olfeiing of Locrian virgins 
 to this shrine was as old as the I'er- 
 sian wars ; but in fact the origin of 
 
App. 11.] 
 
 BY PEOPESSOR J. P. MAIIAFFY. 
 
 GS!) 
 
 tlio cnstoiii -was lost in tlio mists of 
 aiiti(|uity. 
 
 Wo liuJ, iiliout the i-amo datu as 
 Herodotus, thu learned JMityleiiaean 
 anti(|uar_y, Ilellanicus, asserting that 
 the Homeric and historic Ilium Avero 
 the same. This Demetrius quotes, 
 Lut sets aside as a piece (jf lavouritisiJi 
 iu the liistorian (§ 42 j: 'EAAdriKos o£ 
 ;^apt^d/xei'os tow 'l/Vter.rn-, oui? Ikuvov 
 
 6'l7J,OS, (TVV-qyitltfX TO T1/!' (U'Tyi' (U'aL TToAu' 
 
 Ti/i' I'll' Ti^ T()T€. ISut wliy conld lie 
 not quote any sueli ancient and re- 
 S[)ecta1)!e aiitliurity on liis (iwn side',-' 
 
 I imagine flic town to have Leen of 
 no impnrtauce in Xerxes' day oxcci)t 
 for its slirine ; foi' in tlic quarrels of 
 tin} Athi.'iiians and Mitylenacans aljout 
 .Sigeum, settled Iiy the arbitration of 
 Periander (Herod, v. 04), wc hear of 
 Sigeum and Acliillcum licing occupied, 
 hut not a MerdaPout Ilium. And sn 
 tlirough all the history of tlie Athenian 
 hegomonj-, till in the closing years uf 
 the Peloponnesian war, when Xeno- 
 phon telhs lis of Jlindariis {Hdhii. i. 
 
 1.4) KaTio^'n' T'ljv j^ji.-^'/-}}' iv l/Vfoj Oron' ryj 
 'A6,ji'a. The l.iattle was off l"illocteion. 
 The shrine then had remained there, 
 and the h.ahit of sacrificing at it. 
 But the town must also have Leen for- 
 tilied, and jm mere koj/x;;, as Demetrius 
 fays. P'lir we are told of Derkyllidas : 
 (Ui'Ilen. ]il. 1. l<ij : 7rii>.7T'»v be kuI TVfm'i 
 rhs Al'jXiOos "^oAet? tj'cuyu re IX^vOc- 
 por<Tdat re auTov^ Ko.i €9 to. r^t^i^ 
 o(-^(-(j6ai. 01 jj.lv ovf Neai'0/j£is Kol 
 'lAuts i<(J.l KoKiiAtrat I'jreiOovTO ' Kid yafj 
 
 OL (^pOVpOVVT^^ 'EAAt^I^C? Iv aL'TOt?, iTTfil. 
 
 7} Mai'f'a uTre^ai'er, ou Trdvv rt KaAoj^; 
 
 7r€fJt€i7rOl'TO. 
 
 So also Dcmixstlicncs (iii Aris/ocr. 
 p. t>71) speaks of Ilium as opening- 
 its gates to Cliaridcmus. It seems 
 accordingly difficult tn Pclicvc ])cuie- 
 trius of Hkejisis, when he says that, 
 visiting it wlicn a child, it was again 
 so decayed tliat tlie roofs wer(.5 not 
 even tiled. Ilegcsianax, however, is 
 quoted hy StraPo as stating that the 
 (Jalati in their invasion found it 
 aTCL^iaTor, and hcnco deserted it after 
 
 a sliort occupation. lint tin's points 
 til some sudden decay after the time 
 of Alexander : pjr lie, as we have 
 already noticed, made it an imjKU'tant 
 cily, and ii'em this date down to the 
 age of Augustus it remained so, 
 though diiulitlcss with some \-icissi- 
 tudes. Xieohius Damasccnus (Friiy. 
 4, ed. f. JJidler) tells us tliat, witli 
 the assistance of King IPn-nd, he 
 saved the Iliaus li'om a iine of 
 100,000 di'adimae, iinjiosed on tlicm 
 Py M. Agri]ipa, Pecause his ^vil'e dulia 
 (daughter of the Plnqieror Augustus) 
 was nearly lost along with her retinuo 
 in tlie Skamander, which had sud- 
 deiil}- risen \vith a flooil. The llians 
 jirotcsted tliat they liad rci;eived no 
 notice of hei- visit (ii.c/17). I fancy 
 that the Hue of 100,000 drachmae 
 points to a supposed population of 
 that numljcr, Pir we kmjw that the 
 town was large and pojiulous, and 
 tliat I>ysimachns liad draughted into 
 it the })eii]i](^ of iicigidioariiig tewns. 
 I need pursue its histei-",- nu fui-tjier. 
 
 Piut so niui-li will ajipear mor(j than 
 jiroliaPle. P>y the favnur of Alexander 
 and Lysimachus, Ilium assumed a 
 sudden importance, and even asserted 
 anthoi'ity over the whole Troad. This 
 must liavi! raised up for the Iliaus 
 nianjr enemies among the neighPour- 
 iug towns, especially at Skcp.sis, which 
 Pi lasted a foundation Py Skamaiidrius, 
 the si_in of llektor. I)(.'metrius, ■whose 
 parents might I'ememlier Ilium a de- 
 cayed and iK.'glccted jjlace, lived to see 
 it ousting his <iwn city, and all the 
 others iif thi' 'Proa.d, frnm their i'nrmer 
 im[iortaiice, and no deiiPt the Iliaus, 
 like all u]istarts uudi-r royal favcmr, 
 we're i iv( a'l learing and insolent. Ilonco 
 this scholar set himself to work to 
 pull ilown their historic reputation, 
 and to proV(! that aftei' all fhey were 
 people <if recent origin, .and of no 
 real noPility, as a city, lie asserts 
 that Ilellanicus /((»Y)H,i77i them {)(apil/t- 
 /j.iri'os). Put this very cxjiri'ssion sug- 
 gests an ojiposite feeling in his own 
 mind. So he set to work to prove 
 
 2 Y 
 
690 
 
 XOVUM ILIUM AND THE ILIOS OF HOMEE, 
 
 [Arp. II. 
 
 that the phiecs shown by the locul 
 guides (Mil Tins oi'o/j.a(Jo/j.eVoi'i tdttoi'S 
 ivTai'Oa i^etKi'i'/ieVoi'S opn)/-X£r) would not 
 tit tlie desi-rijitioiis of tlie Iliad, "witli- 
 out moving tlie city. But he cjuietly 
 assumes the accuracy of all these 
 special spots, an ilim namril, though 
 he rejects the far more trustworthy 
 tradition -which attached the name of 
 Ilion til the one historic city. 
 
 I see no adec[uato reason to question 
 this tradition, and lielieve that what- 
 ever the Trojan war may have Leeri, 
 and ^^dlatc■^■er may lie the accuracy of 
 the details of tlie Iliad, tlie conflict 
 was localized liy the poet at the place 
 then and ever after called Ilium, and 
 that no new foundation ever took place. 
 
 Tlie argument of Demetrius is 
 merely that of a inalevolent pedant, 
 who hated the Ilians, on accoiint of 
 their recent good fortune, and who 
 sought to detract from tlieir respecta- 
 hility on antiquarian grounds. 
 
 Having made this examination on 
 piurelj' critical grounds, and having 
 dra-wn my conclusions from internal 
 evidence as to the value of Demetrius' 
 theory, I appeal to Dr. Schliemann 
 til say whether liis researches do not 
 verifj- them. I helieve they do, and 
 that there is clear evidence of an 
 unbroken occupation (except for the 
 disasters of war) on the present site 
 from pre-historic days down to Eoman 
 times. 
 
 I am tlius unfortunate enough to 
 conflict with our Oreek evidence as to 
 the destruction both of Mycenae and 
 of Troy. But as I have persuaded 
 Dr. Schliemann and most other com- 
 petent judges that the accounts of the 
 destruction of Mycenae are false, I 
 may perhaps be able to persuade them 
 tliat the re-foundation of Ilium rests 
 on no better basis. 
 
APPENDIX III. 
 
 THE iNscrjrTioxs fouis^d at hissaelik. 
 
 By rROFESsOR A. IT. Sayce. 
 
 Not tlie least interesting; and im- 
 poi'tunt of the results oLtained from 
 Dr. Scljliemann's excavations at llis- 
 sarlik is the discovei'v thut writing 
 was known in the n^)rth-■s\•e^terll 
 corner of Asia Minor haig Lefore 
 the iutrodiTctiou of the Phoenician or 
 Greek alphabet. Inscribed objects 
 are not indeed plentitul, but sufficient 
 exist to show that the ancient inlia- 
 hitants of the place were nut wholly 
 illiterate, but possessed a system of 
 wiiting which they shared with the 
 neighbouring nations of the mainland 
 and the adjacent islands. Thruughont 
 Asia Minor a syllabarj' was once in 
 rrse, which conservative ( "yi)nrs alone 
 retained into historical times. 
 
 Numerous inscriptions in this S3I- 
 lahaiy have been found in the latter 
 inland. The chai'acters, which amorrnt 
 to at least fiftj'-seven in numbei-, long 
 resisted all attempts at decipherment, 
 but at last the problem was success- 
 fully solved bj' the genius of tlie 
 Assyrian scholar, the late ^Ir. Ge:irge 
 Smith, with the liclp of a mutilated 
 bilingual inscription, written in Phoe- 
 nician and Cypriote. The language 
 concealed under so strange a garlj ( 
 turned out tn he the Greek dialect 
 .'■poken in Cyprus, a dialect full of in- 
 teresting peculiarities, and especially 
 noteworthy as preserving up to the 
 fourth century B.C. tlio tuo .Mjunds of 
 'V and y (or digamma and yod ), which 
 had disappeared elsewhere. To the 
 student of ITomer the dialect is of 
 considerable impoi-tance, since several 
 of the grammatical forms found in the 
 
 Iliad and Odi/ssei/ can be shown to 
 have had a Cypiian origin. 
 
 When the key was once discovered 
 to the C5'priote syllabary — a syllabary 
 being a collection of cliaracters, each 
 of which denotes not a mere letter 
 but a syllable — the task cf decipher- 
 ing it advanced rapidly. Dr. Birch, 
 Dr. Brandis, Dr. Siegismnnd, Dr. 
 Deecke, ^l. Pierides, and Prof. Pnx'al, 
 took it up successfully; General di 
 (Jesnola's excavations in Cjprus added 
 a great abnndunce of now material ; 
 and two or three bilingual inscrip- 
 tions, in Greek and (.'ypriote, were 
 brought to light. At present, it may 
 be said that two characters only cif the 
 svlLdiary still remain undetermined. 
 
 But the origin of the sjdlabary was 
 an unexplained mj'stery. Dr. Deecke. 
 indeed, following up a suggestion of 
 Dr. Biandis, made a lielil attempt to 
 derive it from the cuneiform charac- 
 ters introduced by the Assyrians 
 (luring their occupiati(m (.if Cyjirus ju 
 the time (if Sargon (circa B.C. 710). 
 Subsequerit investigation, however, 
 has ri(.it ciinlirmed the atteirrjit, plau- 
 silile as it appeared at first, and (he 
 evidence we now possess all points 
 to the conclusion, tliat the s^llabar^' 
 was imported into < 'yprns tVom the 
 mainland of Asia Minor, where it had 
 Ijecir previously in use. This con- 
 clusion is ren(.lered almost a certainty 
 bv Itr. Schlieniann's discoveries. 
 
 It was the keeir insight of Iho 
 lamented Professor Uaug that fir.st de- 
 tected Cypriote characters on certain 
 objects disinterred by Dr. iSchliemanu 
 
C92 
 
 THE INSG"RIPTIONS FOUND AT HISSAELIK. 
 
 [Apr. III. 
 
 at ITissirlil:. Aihoiil;' tlie^o a tena- 
 cntta wliorl' "^vas fuiind at tlie iIl'JiIIi of 
 !-'4'; fr. (SCO Xo. ]."i-!4j aud inscribed 
 \vitli syiiilicls, which iJi'. Scliliemann 
 ]iad prcaiuimced to Le written clia- 
 racters immediately after tlieir di.s- 
 eovci'3". (In tliis I'mf. llaiic' Lelicved 
 lie was aLlc' to read llic words tn. . i . o . 
 
 .v/ . 4 . r/c, tllat is, Ociui 2l,y<u, '■ tO t])C 
 
 divine iSic-o," a dciiy wlioso name lie 
 tlionglit he saw in ^iu;eiiin, Scamander, 
 and Sicvon. as well as npon two terra- 
 eotta funnels dng tip hy 1 )r. Scldie- 
 niann iVom a deptli of ■'] metres, and 
 of wliich more ^^■ill ho said presently. 
 Dr. Ihing pnlilished liis resear(d"ies in 
 1874, in the Amjuhurijer (illjeiiiciiie 
 Zeifiiruj, p. :j2. 
 
 Tlje enrpiiry was ni;)\v talceii up h}" 
 Professor < Jomperz of A'icnna.wlio gave 
 an aeootint of liis results in tlio Wipiier 
 Ahritiljuist of May Gth and -Inno 2Gth, 
 187-1. lie accciited tlie ^'alnes as- 
 sic'nial Ijy Hang tc) the characters 
 on the wlioi], hut, li)' rcadiiic' tiieni 
 frijni rlglit to left inste:nl of i'rom left 
 toiiedit, lie (ihtained tlie gofjd Greek 
 words /(/ . f/c . /■ . (/(■ . o . i (rayw Si'cpj, '■ to 
 tla; divine general." This .striking rc- 
 stilt wasceiniiinnieatcd to tlie Acadirinii 
 shortly afterwards h}- Professor i\Ia.x 
 Miiller. and seemed to ho '■ almtist 
 heyond reasonahle donht." 
 
 At tlie same time Professor (Jom- 
 perz pioposed tent:itivo e.Yplanations 
 of four otlior inseri[iii(.itis : erne (in a 
 terra-cotta seal fmnd at a depth of 
 7 metres; another un a wljet^tono of 
 red shite, also from a depfli df 7 me- 
 tres; a fliird ronnd (he neck of a vase 
 from a depth of W nieties ; and a 
 fonrtli on a wla.il from a depth (if 
 10 mi-lrcs. The deptli at whiidi the 
 latter objiajt was f.nind gives some 
 idea of the antiipiity to wliich a 
 kno^vledgc (if ^\-i-iting in tie; 'i'road 
 must reach liack.- 
 
 ' This u-.ir.l is i.se.l iiir-rclv f-.r tl.f siiko nf 
 liiltin.nty, ,„,t lipcaiisc- I bclirVi- Uic .ilijcets in 
 i((-ti> li tii l.avi. !.(_.,. n rtiilly eni|il.i) (-,1 as « lierls. 
 
 • .Si.-ij Ti-rnj ,„„/ Us I:,:iiiams, \,\: .j(t7-371. 
 
 Satisfactory as the readings of Pro- 
 fessiir Geimporz appeared at first to 
 he, it was not long before it -was 
 jierceived that lh(/y must lie aijan- 
 doned, and their author himself was 
 the first to recognize this necessity. 
 It was, indeed, startlitig 1 1 iinel good 
 (jroek on objects of Trojan manufac- 
 ture ; Greek, too, which was of a 
 later age than that to which tlie 
 objects themselves probably lielonged. 
 Put Pr(ifessor Gompei-z had taken 
 his values for the characters from 
 the identifications of George iSmith 
 and Praiidis, and subse(|uent inves- 
 tigation sho^ved that many of thess 
 were erroneous. Thus, (ine of \\\'o 
 charactiers read i liv Smith and 
 Prandis, and CMiserprently lij' Goin- 
 perz after tlieni. is really t(i. while 
 the other ought t(;i bo ro. It M'as 
 clenr that no progress liad yet beeir 
 made beyond Hang's discovery that 
 the Tiojan inscriptions were written 
 in the characters of the Cypriote 
 syllabai-y. 
 
 P'iseouraged liy this abortive en- 
 deavour to decipher tlieni, Professor 
 Gomperz has dropped the wliole .sub- 
 ject, and it still remains as it was left 
 by liini at the end of 1874. The last 
 six }-oars, liowever, have brought 
 with tliem important additions to 
 iiur knowledge both of the Cypriote 
 syllabiiry and of the. modes of writing 
 employed by the populatinns of Asia 
 i\Iinor; nnd I hope t(;> sll(i^^•, tliereforo, 
 that it is not (ally possible to read 
 many (if the (hanicters in the Trojan 
 inscriptions. Ijut also to draw ceriain 
 infeiences fiNiin tliem of censiderabk^ 
 histcirical and palaoegr.ipliic d iinport- 
 anee. I liave e.arefully (.xamincd all 
 till' objects in ]lr. Sehliemann's collec- 
 ta.in A\hich liear marks in any way 
 resembling wi'itten eliaracters, and 
 Invo thus Iieen enabled to correct 
 tlio pnlilished C(ipies U|-ion ^vhieh Pro- 
 fessor (iomjierz worked, as well .as to 
 ase-ertain that some of the so-called 
 inscriptions ar(; really mere dccoia- 
 tive scratehiuKS. 
 
Arp. III.] 
 
 BY mOFESSOIl A. 11. SAYCE. 
 
 mi 
 
 Tho fiist inscription to wliicli I 
 sliall draw attention i.s onu on a terra- 
 cotta seal, wliicli was disinterred at a 
 depth of nearly 2:3 feet (Xo. 1.31 '.I: 
 No. 499, p. 41.:.). Two-thirds of 
 the handle of this ;ire oi'nauienled 
 with tho tree-pattern not nncninnmn 
 on pre-historic Greek pottery, hut 
 
 ,\o. lola. Seal "iih Xo, 1520. The inscriplloa 
 
 in^cripliu^. and iicconip.mj'iiig 
 
 trec-pytlern, 
 
 the re.st of tho liandle, as well as 
 the die, is occupied by an inscription 
 in ( 'vpriote letters, a revi.^ed copy 
 of which is here engraved. The die 
 is occupied with a single letter, and 
 three more are incised on the handle. 
 Eacli is perfectly clear, and corre- 
 sponds with well-known characters in 
 tlie Cypriote texts. Eeading them 
 in the direction in which they h(jk, 
 that is, from the handle towards tho 
 fli'.', ^\•e have tho name or w(.iril rc.ne. 
 ta . e or rcnttier The first character 
 has the value of le in tlie iuscrijitions 
 of raph(js and Kuriuni, and I fmcy 
 that was al>o its value in Trojan, 
 Ihough elsewhere it stood fir re; 
 tho third character indifferently ex- 
 pressed the sounds of ta, da, and tlta. 
 ^Vllat the "word may mean I have no 
 idea, but an inteiesting conclusion 
 c:in 1)6 diawn fr(un the firm of tho 
 character e on tho die. When com- 
 pared wilh the corre.sponding Cypriote 
 forms, it is clearly seen to be more 
 
 ' It is just ])Ossiljle, howerci-, that ttie second 
 and tliird rtiarnutiTs arr really intend. -d fur one 
 onlv. In this ca^e tlo'V would leju-esent an 
 archaic form of ,Si, and the word would reaJ 
 rcS'C or Icsir, or conver.sely csire or csilc. If - 
 is the single character ta, the word conhl not 
 he read converselv, the rule heing that the in- 
 scriptions are read in the direction in which the 
 characters loolc. 
 
 priujitive, the earliest of the fjrms 
 met with in the Cypriote inscriptions 
 having a lesser nundier of lines and 
 being plainly derived fi'om it. It is 
 only necessary to set the two side by 
 side to show that this is the case : 
 
 
 Trfijan form. 
 
 Eailiest Cypriote 
 
 furuL. 
 Xo. 152L Forms of the character for E. 
 
 This piepares us to expect to find 
 older forms among the 'i'mjan clairac- 
 ters tlian amimg those found on tho 
 monuments of Cyprus. 
 
 The seal seems to be a modified 
 imitation of a Babylonian signet- 
 c\linder. Tliat exact imitations of 
 Labylonian cylinders were actually 
 made and used at Hissarlik we know 
 ffnm the results of Dr. Schliemann's 
 diggings. Besides an unadiuaied cy- 
 linder cjf stone, Dr. Scliliemann di.s- 
 covcred, at a depth of 'J9.t ft., a 
 cylinder of blue felspar, in\ which 
 a native artist has cut redo reiu-esen- 
 tations of a Ilower tmd a caitoucho 
 (No. 1522, No. .^O:,), ]). 41iVj. Tlie 
 flower is of the old Babylonitm type, 
 biut the caitouche reminds us of 
 Egypt, and may possibly contain tho 
 niimo of the owner, symbolized by 
 what looks like a tkjwcr lied l)y a 
 string. The tird siring, it may be 
 adtleil, has the sbiipe of the Cypriote 
 charticter wdiich denotes ro. However 
 
 this maj' 1.10, ^ ^^^.^^jjjsiiiiuiuic^* 
 
 in these two 
 
 ^®^.f'Jfc\>^ 
 
 -«a2f 
 
 /'' 
 
 i'vKn I'T of Fe'Ispar. 
 
 cylinders we mS 
 have mani- 
 iest indica- 
 tions of Ba- 
 bylonian in- 
 fluence. Tliis 
 influence de- 
 clined after 
 the rise of As- 
 syriti in the 
 
 Xo. 1023. T'esiKH upon tiie 
 f (lU r toon til CylindiT. 
 
 century B.C., and was succeeded by tho 
 influence of Assyrian art, as modified 
 and propagated by the Phoenicians. 
 "We m;iy, therefore, perhaps assign 
 
694 
 
 THE IXSCPJPTIOXS FOUND AT HISSARLIK 
 
 [Apr. III. 
 
 tliL'se cvliiiders to the perioi:! between 
 the tiiurteenth century B.C. and tilinnt 
 B.C. ISOO, when Sargon I., the king of 
 Kiirthern B.ili3ionia, carried his arms 
 as far :im ( 'v|irnK. I must add, how- 
 ever, tliat the rhoeiiieians were not 
 the onlv medinm thiougli wliom the 
 art and civilizatiim of the Ass3-rians 
 well- linmght to the West; the Ilittites 
 Witva al>oiioteut instruments in carry- 
 ing cjiit the same work, and there i.s a 
 giiod deal in tire stxde of the orna- 
 lui-ntatiiin of the cylinder which re- 
 minds ns of riittite sculpture. But 
 even if we su})posc that the Trojan 
 cvliiulers aro not imitated directly i 
 fiom Ba.l:)ylonian originals, but indi- 
 rectly througli Ilittite influence, tlie 
 fact remains that they are Baliylonian 
 rather tlian Assyrian in stvle, while I 
 hope hereafter to sliow that tlie art 
 which was appropi'iated by the Ilit- 
 tites, and carried li}' tljcm tlirougli I 
 Asia Minor, was tlie art of Babylonia 
 rather than of Assyria. Tlie leaden 
 figure of the g'ubless found bj" 
 iJr. Schliemaiin during his recent 
 excavations (Xo. L'L'tij is the Artemis 
 Xana of Cliahlea, win bi-catne tlie eln'ef ' 
 deity of f'archeniish, the Hittite capi- 
 tal, and passed tliroiigh Asia l\Iinor to 
 the shores and islands of the Aegean. 
 •-'haraoteristic figures of the goddess 
 have been discovered at Mycenae .as 
 well a- in (_'yprus, and I am strongly 
 of opinion that the lude Trojan figures, 
 which Lh\ Schliemann believes to re- 
 present the owl-headed Athena, are 
 really barliarous attempts to imitate 
 the images of the goddess who went 
 under the variou.s names of Atargatis, 
 Ate, Kybolc, Ma. and Omphale. 
 
 The next inscription I shall take 
 is one which I'lxifessor Gomperz 
 vainly tried to decipher (No. 1.524 j. It 
 
 Js plain tliat the sign \/^ is not a 
 
 double character, as JIaug and Gom- 
 ]"icrz imagined, but a single one. Now 
 Terrot and Ouillaume, in their great 
 Work-, Ejrploratiitn do la Bithynie el 
 (xithilie (plato G j, give a drawing of an 
 
 inscription on the jamli of a rock-cut 
 tomb at JJelikli-tash, between Yeni- 
 
 Nn. ]r/2i. An iiiscritir.rl wljnrt. (Actual size. Deptli, 
 23 ft,) Alio c-ngr.ivcd, with lt5 seutlon, under Xu. 1096. 
 
 keui and Mohimnl, and near the river 
 lihyndacus, in Mysia, which is as 
 
 f.llows: ^'^\^ 
 
 XL-re we have a character which is 
 evidently identical with the piob- 
 leinatical one on the Trojan whorl, 
 tdlowarrco being made f.ir the fict 
 that the stonecutter has changed 
 curves into angles, and that a fan- 
 cied similarity of the character to 
 the Latin uncials /\ /\J may have 
 caused a slight modification of it on 
 the part of the copyist. "We have 
 only to turn it round and extend one 
 line a little in order t>> bring it into 
 exact harmony \\ith the form of the 
 character on the whorl ("■■■}»s\/Y 
 The only Cj'priote character which 
 
 it in anj' way i-esembles is "/ or i/e, 
 which when laid upim its side bears 
 some likeness to it ( >j\|), though a 
 resemblance may also possibly be 
 detected between it and the C^'priote 
 /"^^ ■ ?«. But for many reasons it is 
 pretty certtiin that the characters of 
 the Cypriote syllabary are but selected 
 specimens of a .syllabary that origin- 
 ally contained many more, and we 
 may aci'ordingly expect to find eliarac- 
 ters in the syllabaries in use on the 
 mainland which do net appear in that 
 employed by the Cyprians. For the 
 present, however, wo may provision- 
 
App. III.] 
 
 BY mOFESSOE A. H. SAYCB. 
 
 695 
 
 ally give this Ti-ojan cliaracter llio 
 value of ye, in deiaiilt of anything 
 tetter. 
 
 The character which follows is also 
 found in the inscriiition of Lelikli- 
 tash, but there is uo difficulty about 
 identifying it. It is the Cypriote 
 
 A' /\ ' °'"' /V' '^'^'I'io^ 11'"=' ^li'- ^"'-^' 
 riant values of ho, go, and Jilio. There 
 
 is more difficulty about the next, ( ^ . 
 
 This may bo the Cypriote /^ or 0, 
 
 ya, but it may also Ijo a character not 
 used in Cypnrs. I do not think there 
 is much doubt about the next letter, 
 \^ or ('^1, wliich is also found on 
 tlie whorl Ko. oOtiS,'' under tlie forms 
 fj\ and rj^ , as well as on No. 2224. It 
 is the Cj'prioto ^ or C , ii, rather 
 
 than ^ or H , vo.^ The last cha- 
 
 lacter in the inscription is an interest- 
 ing one. It occurs in the inscripliou 
 of Delikli-tasli under the form of -^ , 
 in which form it is also found in the 
 Cypriote inscriptions of Golgoi, wdiere 
 it has the value of re. The form met 
 
 with on tbe whorl ( /p ) is similar 
 to that borne by it in the inscriptions 
 of Paphos (^)> where it has the 
 value (if le. On the whorl Xo. .3503 
 it is written fTT^ find [ril, on No. 
 
 4148 as C^, on No. 2224 as (^ 
 
 (a form frequently presented by the 
 character on the Cyprian monuments^, 
 
 and on the whorl Xo. 35.5 1 as ^.' Tlie 
 terra-cotta seal given above makes 
 
 it Vl>. 
 
 "Where the inscription on the whorl 
 No. 1524 commences it is impossilde 
 to say. If we start with the first 
 
 ■> All the Numbers above 2000, cited in this 
 Appendix, are the numbers affixed to the objects 
 referred to in Dr. Schliemann'.s Trojan collection, 
 at present in thi; South Kensington Museum. 
 
 ' Compare, however, the Lyliian /^ or 
 
 character discussed and read the char- 
 acter next but one as vo, we shall 
 have Ye-le-vo ye-go, which looks curi- 
 ously like 'IXiov for YtXiFov, but un- 
 fortunately both conditions are more 
 than doubtful. 
 
 Our next inscription is one on a 
 whorl numbered 3559, and found at 
 the remarkable depth of 33 ft. Here 
 the break in the continuity of the 
 letters seems to indicate that the in- 
 scription should begin or end wdth 
 the character -|- S- Tliis niaj' be the 
 Cypriote \\^ , lea (<ga or Mm), or even 
 *^ , si, but it is more probably the 
 Pa[diian ^^ , Je, mentioned above. 
 The character ~7 i is plainly tbe 
 Cypriote ve, wdiicli appears at Paplios 
 as "7 ; ^bo next character is ko (go 
 or lilio'), and the next the Cypriote u, 
 written f\ and A in the inscriptions 
 of litima and Paphos, as well as on 
 the monuments of Karia. But again 
 we find ourselves iu the presence of 
 an unknown word or name. 
 
 The following inscriptions equally 
 indicate the place where the name or 
 word contained in them ends. First of 
 all, one on a wdrorl numbered 3558, 
 
 which reads f, (7^ C b'^l^- -^^^ 
 
 these characters except the last, which 
 is manifestly the Cyptriote ^ , li, are 
 new. The one next to it has no ana- 
 logue in the Cypriote inscriptions, 
 though a similar letter (jccin-s in the 
 Lykian alphabet with the value of l>. 
 A similar letter is also found in the 
 alphabet of Karia. Tlie character that 
 follows has likewise no analogue in 
 the syllabary of Cyprus, though it is 
 met with in tbe Lykian alphabet with 
 the value of ;/ Tor perhaps s), as well 
 as in the Ivaiian and Pamphylian 
 alphabets, and in a curious inscrijD- 
 tion copied by Hamilton (Travels, i. 
 p. 383) at Eyuk, near the Ilalys. 
 The next character may possibly bo 
 
 the Cypriote ^ or "^, me, while the 
 
(iltd 
 
 TllK INSOUIl'TIONrt 1'(MJN1J j\T HISSAUI.IK. 
 
 [Ari'.lir. 
 
 liisl is ii'tIiiUis (III: iiiilic.-il.ioii (il' u full ' in <'y\ir'u'U; ]i;iH tint yft liOfii afiCO 
 
 Oil (lie wlinri No. LMlil we. llllVO 
 
 SO \) n- 
 
 tin; lir,-,!, cli.il-irli r of \vlii<;li T ^lil.Ill(l 
 rc;ul //(■, :ili(l till' hccninl ]in:-sil)ly .•«(, 
 whilr I Im; I lilnl is .'i, rniiiinnii I'lriii nl' 
 tin; ( 'y]ilii)l(; r/d or /.Y<. On l]|i' wlinll Nn. 
 
 L'L':;i; is j*V^^ (^^ A, win:!-.; Ill'- 
 
 l:i,s(, cilM)';!,!'!!:!' lii;iy 111; 1,1 m ('y]lliull-. 
 
 , »■((, tiiriKjil iqisiili; ilnwii, iiml tlio 
 
 liiiiliU'-. one, is tin; siiiiii; :is Mini, whicli 
 1 li;iv<-. li"-il;iliii-l)- idnilirP'il w ifli lliii 
 ('\|iliniij //(■, W'lll'll ilrillill'i; wifli flu; 
 iiis<Tiii1 1'iii on Xo. |:i'_'4. 'I'lio liist 
 l:llil';i"lol' lli;i\' 111! (Ill; ( S'lil'ioli; niji. 
 
 liiiiii;il ; tlioii :uiolJi(;i- iiiilaiowii cluirai;- 
 
 1or wliicli tuny li'; coiiipiiroil willi ilio 
 
 (ii>!, (Ill Ko. 'J.'^.\l'i, anil la,sily ijii or 
 
 /,</. It is pohi-ililr, llo\V(;V(;r, lliaj IllO 
 
 sli'ai'jlit liiii'. wliiili J liavo sn|i|iosijfl 
 
 , 1o III; a niaik III' il I vision ma \' loa 1 1 \' ln-- 
 wliirli sonictaincs ;i|i|io;us iinili;r tin; i i- ■ ■ ' ■ i ■ ji ■ 
 
 '. ' 111 loll'j; to 1 In; I I lli;s :nl lollilli;^- it; III tlllK 
 
 foiaii of (7) , Iml, it is morn ]ii'olial.ly 
 a cliaiac'tn;!- of ii in h;( nriii iiinil \-iliii; 
 wliinli is |jlnii ti I'lil ill tlic Kalian 
 imo'ia'pl ions. 
 
 Oil winiil No. :;5")1 wo snnni Id liavo 
 
 two woi'ils : 
 
 n n ^"v^- 
 
 'J'linso w<; Mia.)' (ii;rlia[iS J-cail sfi-ijf mC' y 
 iji'-ri'. or h'. 
 
 'J'hc insi;ri]ition on wliorl Xo. U221-, 
 
 ("o\ o (o\ " rn " fr^, f/<.-r/„-/;-,v; 
 
 or lii, limy III; mnrn.ly inlcnilnil lor 
 oinamniit, Init 1 1, iiia.y al.-o c;oiil un a, 
 Tiro|ii;r iiaiii''. 'J'ln; s;Lm<; may liO 
 .^aiil of tin; in,-,ni iption on No. .'ioiiij. 
 
 li-n.'li ii'-n:. 
 
 1 1. IS otlici'wisn wltli a wlifjil lin;ii i||.r 
 tlin i!is-ii|il loll ^i\iii lio'ow, anil toiiinl 
 at a ilniilli of 20 rt. (.\o. 1,-,'J.-, . 
 
 case vvi; shoii III liavn tin; ( !y|irioln clia- 
 ranlnr rn. 'J'li is |ios-,iliilit\' is s,nn;_;csl(il 
 l.y a wln.il, rniiiil at a ilr'|,|]i of I o Fl., 
 v/liicli noiit;iiiis tin; follow iinj; insniiji- 
 
 --'■■ © rsn CI) A rA- 
 
 \m. 1.-,jc. Ii,sril|,ti.,n nn v,li,,.l, .\m, 1. i;il. 
 
 TlniO tin; Kcnonil nliar:if:tnr is tin; Cy- 
 |irloti; .-^i ('^ j, tin; Ihlnl is )i/n, tlio 
 follllli », :iinl tin; lasl. rii. 7l i -; a ]iity 
 tliat t ho valia; of tin- lirst ininaiiis iiii- 
 hiiowii, .'-)iii;n, \vi; sniin to liavn in y.i.- 
 'iiKi ii-rii tin; sunn; root as in iSimoois 
 
 ( = '^lllO-FtlJT--,). 
 
 'riinri- an; (oiii- olln]- wlioils almiit 
 wliinli I am ill ilmilil. Tiny Imar 
 marli'S «'hn-li /mo/ In; inti inlml loi' clia- 
 rantiis, liiil, if no tlicy an; not mnoo;- 
 nizalili;, ami ) am il ls]iii-nil to tliiiik 
 1 liat I Iny an; iiinri; oiiiaiiiniit s. < )l 
 
 ooiMso, it is alwa\s possililn tliat tin; 
 No. l'-!'J'J, |i. ".(;:i). Il';ri; tin- strai-lit | aitist was iinsk i I In 1 1 y (-inlnavonrinL^ 
 linn nl-:iily ,1, moles tin; .mil of tin; I to ro]iio.l nm, inn] nlia I'm-I ms wli n;li In; 
 Nvord, words liniiin- similarly . livid. ;-l | did not innli;rsl;i ml. i 1 . n; ai'i; t In; in- 
 li'mi oin; anotln-r in tin- Karloi in- 
 snri|d ions, as w.-ll as in tin- iiisni i| d ion 
 '■n|iio.l liy llam;l';.,ii -i' J'iyiil;. I i;:iii 
 Hi;/;i;i;:-t no n,\-|,lanal ion of tin; first 
 nliarai-f-r lai tin; loft ; iln; rn-.vt is tin; 
 
 •Iy|irniln ;//.;, Iln; rn-,\-| //r ; lli(;li nilln-s 
 
 a li;tti;rtln; pboin;tnj powi-r of wliir.li 
 
 sni iptions : - 
 
 lr/;7 lir-Mi|iii, 
 
 A 
 
 >^ 
 
 
App. III.] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR A. H. SAYCE. 
 
 G97 
 
 Oc(^Aa7 ^^ 
 
 Nu. 15-9. Inscripiiun on whorl, No. il-ia. 
 
 O^^-^Q nr,' 
 
 No. louO. liisuiipLiuQ on wlioil, No. 1972. 
 
 No. 1531. An inscribed fniE^mpnt of pottery. 
 
 (2 ; 3 actual size. Depth 33 ft ) .'Mveady 
 
 represented on p. 298, No, 173. 
 
 Tbo Kamo imccitaiiity Laiig.s over a 
 li'aL^inoiit uF potior}' of wliicli a ooji)- 
 is lioro given (No. 1,^)31; Ko. 17.'!, 
 p. 298). Tlio last cliaraoter on tlio 
 left loijks like one of tlio.^e in tlio 
 insoription of Eyuk, and tlit^ next 
 two eliai'aotea'S may Ijo intended for ye 
 ;ind ,j„. 
 
 I feel no nncertaint}-, liowever, alioiit 
 tlio marks wliieli run round two 
 Vases and -wLii-li li.avo lieen taken 
 f'r inscriptions. Tliej' are mani- 
 festly mere deeorations, the iirst coii- 
 sisiing of a .series of rndel^y-formed 
 tails, the second of oro.^ses. Hero are 
 exact Copies of tliem : — 
 
 #;^// 
 
 V 
 
 JTo. 1532 rilarks round tht' neck uf the -va^r, Xo. ;.,05 (p. 3G0). 
 No. 1033. JIarki ruund the nrck of the v.is", No*. 1010, IfJlI, 1012 (p. :27). 
 
 I am ineliiied t') tliink tliat tlio 
 signs incised on a wlietstone in wliieli 
 Profci-sor Gompeiz sa\v an insciiplion, 
 as lie dill also in the Iirst of the vase- 
 markings just given, liavo likewi.-e 
 notliingto do with writlen characters. 
 Let the reader, however, judge for 
 hirc.self (No. 1.5.34) : — 
 
 Here, it is trui\ we have 
 
 the Cj-prioto X_, ro, a,s 
 upon the terra-cotta .'cal 
 alreadj" discussed, Lut 
 tla-re is nothing else 
 which can ho compared 
 wltli any of the clia- 
 laciers of the (_'\"prioto 
 syllabary, while on the side of the 
 stone there is phiiiily the representa- 
 tinii of a man -with his arm out- 
 stretcheil. It i,s difficult to attacii 
 any signification to tlio other 
 marks. 
 
 It is different with the design upon 
 a seal now in the Museum of the Chinili 
 
 No. 153i. Inci.-cJ 
 
 sijrn'; on 
 
 tlie ^vlictaune. 
 
 No. 1205. 
 
 Kiosk at ( 'oiistantinople. This is as 
 follows: ^S-f*ri • The picture of tliO 
 Ijull is in tlie stimc childish stylo of 
 art as that witli Avhich the leira-cotir.. 
 whorls discovered by Dr. Scliliemann 
 h:i\o made usfamilitir. But it hears in 
 its month what may indeed be intended 
 to represent fodder, but is more pro- 
 bably the character /.o or ;/"• If so, wo 
 have evidence that the Trcjaii lan- 
 guage denoted the bull by a word of 
 tbo same origin ;is the Saiiskiit (jaus, 
 the (iieek jSov^ (for •yfof-s), lln- Latin 
 ?)(«, and the Old High (iornian (7/r,o 
 ((■()»,'). The language of (lie Lydians, 
 from vlioin accnrding to Ilerodntiis 
 (vii. 74) the Mysians wan-. tle.^CMided, 
 represented a guttural billowed Ijy a 
 labial liy a simple gutiural, as may he 
 seen from the word Kionoi-Ai;?, trtms- 
 latcd (TKi'/V/VoTrrtR-rv;? by Ilippoiiax 
 (Fr. ], Lcrgk), where kid' answers to 
 the Sanskrit swan, the Greek ki'co!', the 
 Latin canis, and the English hound. 
 
G9S 
 
 'I'lir; INSCUIl'TIOiXS ]''(.)UN1) A'I.' IUSSAIU.IK. [Ait. iij. 
 
 I lifllovc Vy-d ^ij^niificaiit cliiinicii rf 
 ma.)' 1»; rein] <ni a Miiall 
 Ijntliai of tJiu aiiiiox(j(.l 
 ))a1.lciii :- - 
 
 J fern \V' Jiavo /"^^ , rr, 
 uv ptiiiaiis i.lic ''}'pri(j(i; Ni, i;,:i;-,. A 
 
 /^ ,/», /} , ,r, a.ia 1 -',;]|;';';,;:'' 
 
 fif (Idulil ImI \alui'. 
 
 Still iiinir Ktrilcintj; is tlir^ Irgcud, 
 corisisling of a single; cliavai.'tor, 
 ficrali'licil upon l.wo fininrl - .sliaju'd 
 cojics (if ^-i-lliiw clay, I'laiiid a I, a (li'|illi 
 
 of 10 ft. (NoH. i:i:;«, i:;:!',i, p. r,^'^). 
 Tlic cliavaftei- in qnostiun is [~P , mn^ 
 tlu; name prolniM}' of .vrjino wciglit oi' 
 iiir:asnri!.'' Wo are iricsi.stilily ic- 
 liiindcil of llii^ Aiya.n I'oot ■iiid^ "to 
 )rii;a,Mirc," ^^■ltll its (Ici'ivali vcs, (lu! 
 Sanskiit iii'ilrnnt, ''a. jiio;ism"o,'' 1)jo 
 Zend 'ini'ij '"a nicasnj'o," il](j (ir"o]<; 
 /iAtiiiiv, anil llio fjatin nirlnrc and 'otc:- 
 /</■/. lint, tlicso concH load lis to con- 
 (dnsion.'s oven nioi'o intcrcslin"'. A 
 cuno of aliiio,st exactly llic ,s:iinc .sLapc 
 a)id niatciial -was ilisco\(;i cd liy 1lic 
 late; 31 r. GcO)-c-o Siiiiili under ilio 
 ))avcnicnt of 1]ic, palace, .J' i],,- A.s- 
 Kyrian Icinu; AsKni--l)ani-]ial ur Saiila- 
 napalns at Koiiynnjilc. tjn this is 
 KCratcliud in tin; same ]da.(a; and in a 
 siinilai' iiiaiini/)' as on tlio cones from 
 llissarlik tlic following insci ipl inn : 
 
 ©.--u 
 
 ;N,'. I5,';G- I(i^TrI|ifi,pM nn :in A ^^.yiiari fono 
 )n,ia KMuyijiyik. 
 
 Tlicsc an; nnniistalcaljly Trojan 
 letters, tlie (Irst on tlie left 1 icing tlie 
 faniilia,r re or If. 'Jdie second <diaract(;r 
 
 is eitlii.T \ or "A^ , iiioi'c prolia,ldy 
 
 tlif; latter, its lower line, coincidiuir 
 
 o 
 
 ■witli tlie line, along wliieii Ilic e,i|._fi'a- 
 ver drew tlie cliJii'aclcrs. 7f 1,lie elia- 
 
 ractc)- is '^ , it may liean ali1jiovi;ded 
 
 form of till; ('3'|iriote /«, wlilcli oeenj-s 
 
 ' J)r. ,Srl,|i,.,„;„i.i trila ini; tlilit la: lin, Iniiarl 
 th.' ,Mii,,„ .|i:,r;,rt.T rai a raimil el.jirl ,,|- l^-rci- 
 naU;,, :,<: 11,. II „s ail the hlu'k of tilt |,nl ishili ;,' 
 
 ataai;, No. U.jl, |». 444-. 
 
 in soiiio late inscriptions ; if it is -^ 
 
 it, i,s tlie oidinaiy rr. Tlie lliijil clia- 
 ]act(;r is nnfoi tnnalely one wliich is 
 not met with in tiie (Jyprioto sylla- 
 li.aiy, tlioiigli it occurs in an i)iKei-ip)- 
 tion on a Pampjlijdian (;niii. 'J'lic cono 
 IVom Ixonyunjik cannot lie latei- than 
 i;.o. (i.V), a7id this gives us an approxi- 
 mate date not only for the pioriod down 
 to wliiidi lliO Cypuioto syllahai y was 
 ill use in the 'J'road, lint also for i,ho 
 relative a,iit,ii|uity ol' the seveial stj'ata 
 of lemaiiis at; Jlissavlik. 
 
 I do not, of course, 7ncan to say 
 jiosilivcly that the cone discovered bj' 
 j\[)-. (ieorge Kniith actuall}' came fi'oni 
 the 'I'road, though its remaikaLle 
 siinilai ity lo the 'i'j-ojan cones iji shape, 
 maliuial, and the foi'iii of its cliai'a,e- 
 iir.-i stiiingly ])oints to sncli a conclu- 
 sion ; but jt must have eoiiio from a 
 jieople who used 1,he same S3'stein of 
 wriling as the inhahitants of the 
 'J'road and wei-c in close contact with 
 them. Jkarly m his reign, ^whieh com- 
 iiKjieed n.e. Otis-!, A ssur-hani-jial received 
 t,i iliide fiom Gugu or Gyges, king of 
 Jjydia, a country the very rnimo of 
 which, he says, his fathers had n(;ver 
 heard, and it is proLalile that the 
 cone reached Nine^•eh through 1he 
 L}iliaiis. For the present, thercfoi'e, 
 we, mirst leave; it undecided whether 
 it \\'as of 'J'idjan or of l;ydiaii manu- 
 facture. This is a ]ioiiit that i;an only 
 he si;ttleil hy cxeava1,ions on the site 
 of the Ijydian capital. Uut it is at 
 least highly jnoliahle that the same 
 S3stem of-wi iting was in use in fivdia 
 as in the 'I'j'oad, .and that the discovery 
 of Jjydian inseidpl ions waiuhl pour a 
 Hood of light on the enigmatical le- 
 geaids fioiiL ITissarlik Avliicli \ have 
 lieen discussing." 
 
 ' If, i'< ),l-nl,,al,l,., liawi'vev, flml, :i rra'aaent .if 
 .'I I.ydiaii insrri|iti(tii ciisfs i,ii a lirnia a inarlilr 
 li.as.' IoiiihI liy Mr. \V.,u.\ in t lir n.|,i|,l.. efArlfmis 
 at t:|,li..:.ii;s, .ami piil.l islicil l.yMr. N.-ivtan ill tlm 
 
 y,-.<„.,„i, /,„„;,.,,/■ l/,rr:n,„li/,.f /:;/,l,rJi/ Arr/„i,'olo:JIJ, 
 
 iv. *_' (IsTii). Till. Im r MTins ta h.-ivc belonged 
 to ;iii aiihriir: .slatai', or aioiT; [irobnbly to one of 
 till; C'.i.<:/aia<j coluiunac iiri;.seiiteil liy J\roosiiy. At 
 
Arp. III.] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR. A. 11. SAYCE. 
 
 699 
 
 One thing at any rate is clear. The 
 wse of the su-called Cypriote syllabary 
 Avas not coniiued to the island of Cy- 
 prus, though it continued to be em- 
 ployed there down to a later period 
 than elsewhere. But there was a time 
 when it was known all over the con- 
 tinent of Asia IMiuor, ;ind it is to that 
 lime that the inscribed monuments of 
 Ilissarlik take ns back. Xo inscrip- 
 tions have hitherto been discovered in 
 other parts of the Peniusulii which 
 are older tlriu the period when tho 
 Phoenico-Greek alphabet had been in- 
 troduced and adapted to express the 
 sounds of the vaiious languages spoken 
 there. They are all composed in either 
 the Lykian, the Karian, the Pamphy- 
 lian, tho Kilikian, the Kappadokian, 
 or the Phrygian alphabets. But apait 
 from the Phrygian alphabet, which is 
 purely Greek and must have been lior- 
 rowed from the Ionic before tho latter 
 liad lost tho diijamiiia in the seventh 
 century B.C., each of these alphabets 
 contains convincing evidence that it 
 had been preceded l:iv a SAdlabary iden- 
 tical in the main with that of Cyprus. 
 Sounds which were not expressed at 
 all in the Greek alphabet, or only in- 
 adecpiately expressed in it, arc repre- 
 sented by characters which have the 
 same forms and the same phonetic 
 values as those of the Cypriote sylla- 
 bary. Thus in Lylviau wo have the 
 
 Cypriote X (Idu), lli. ^, c, <^', e, 
 and 3IC fra), «; in Karian, AA, m/, 
 ^, re for le), J V, lo (<jo), D. , ra, 
 X. h (D> mo, JZI. 've, and '/' ne ; in 
 Pamphylian, ■^, ro, p', w, J\, Ico, H, 
 vu or V, and y , s.? fsp) ; and in Kili- 
 kian, H, fa, and LJ-j se. Our only 
 
 any rate it tunned part of the older temple whose 
 fouudations and materials were used for the 
 temple built in the time of Ale.xander the Great. 
 One of the characters contained in the inscrip- 
 tion is the Trojan ve, spoken of above. Another 
 
 has the form '\, wliich is also found in a slightly 
 different form at Eyuk, and a third has the same 
 form as the n at Eyuk. 
 
 knowledge of the Kappadokian alplia- 
 bet is deiived from the inscription 
 copied by Hamilton at Ej-tdc, which 
 lay within the frontiers of Kappadokia 
 before the settlement of the Gianls in 
 Galatia, and which is as follows : 
 
 iA'iioior()i"n ^j 
 
 No, 153T. liiscriittion fuuiid ;it Eyiilc in Kaii]iai|okia. 
 
 This I would read from right to left: 
 Iiii?)-si-p{?')-ii [or sn] S (or G)-ma-o-v- 
 o )H-rt-H, " Piispu ( son ) of iSmaovos (am) 
 I." Here at least four letters are Cy- 
 priote, and one other ( | ) also riroba- 
 bly belongs to the old syllabary. 
 
 As I have already remarked, the 
 cliaractcrs found on the monuments of 
 Cyprns are a selected residuum of 
 those once contained in the syllabary 
 which has left scattered memorials of 
 itself in the later alphabels of Asia 
 Minor. I strongly suspect that the 
 
 Kappadokian ^, which is similar in 
 
 form to the Trojan character found on 
 the whorl, No. .3558, as well as to a cha- 
 racttr (~I) met with on Pamphylian 
 coins and Karian monuments, is one 
 of the characters not represented in 
 Cyprns. The same is certainly the 
 case with the Lykian /N o.' /[\, t (also 
 found in Karian, and possibly in Tro- 
 jan), ■\- , /(."^ , .s (al.-^o found in Kappa- 
 dokian ), 'X_, tJt ( also found in Karian") 
 X ( which resembles one form of tho 
 Cj'priote X , mc) and J, ili fnnless 
 this is the C'ypriote ■V , e), as well as 
 with tho Pampliylian 5, |", and pos- 
 silily ^. Si I, too, in Karian we have 
 B or §, c, Y, ss, Q, and ^. The 
 original syllaljary of Asia Minor pro- 
 bably possessed about a hundred cha- 
 racters. It seems to be meant by the 
 famous aiyj.a.Ta \vypd of Homer (11. vi. 
 109); though, if so, folded tablets 
 covered witli wax were already in use 
 for the purposes of correspondence. 
 These a-r'iiJ.aTu. or "characters" were 
 carried liy Bellerophon to Lykia, 
 where, as wo have seen, the syllabary 
 of Asia Minor had been long in use. 
 
700 
 
 THE INSCRIPTIOXS FOUND AT HISSAELIK. 
 
 [Apr. III. 
 
 Till.' origin of tlii« syll:iliMiy is still 
 envclupcil ill oliscurity. l''i\-o xqmh 
 ;i^-o. ill llio Trdiisartiintu of tlic Sucicfy of 
 BlhJiad Ari-liaroJiiijij (v. i. 1S70), I en- 
 doavonrtil to trace it to the still imdc- 
 ciplieied llittite liiui'Oglyphic-< which 
 liiive heeu foliml at Aleppo ami on the 
 sites of HaiMath ami t'arclieiiiisli, the 
 llittite. eapit:il, now repieseiiteil hy 
 the moiimls of Jci'iibliis (the (_)reek 
 llierapolis) on the Euphrates, in 
 miles til the south of Hirejik, as 
 well as in Asia jMinor. lint at that 
 time the only legible llittite inserip- 
 tioiis kiinwn were a few slmrt ones 
 from Ilamah ( or Hamatli ). which turn 
 oat to lie eiigiaved in a later, liieratie 
 foiiu of llittite wiitiiig: while the 
 earliest aceessilile forms of the Cyp- 
 riote ehaiauters were those fonml in 
 comparatively late inscriptions from 
 the islam! of Cyprus. My coinparl- 
 sous, therefore, hud to bo made lie- 
 tween the selected characters of the 
 Cypriote s^yllaliary, with late and 
 special forms, and an ccpiall}' re- 
 slrii;ted number of llittite liierogl}'- 
 ]ihics, similarly late and special. 
 jMoreovcr, I liad not then made the 
 important discovery of the llittite 
 origin of the sculptures ami inscrip- 
 tions photograpihed orco]iied by Perrot 
 and others at Eyuk and Doghaz Kioi 
 (the ancient Pteria ) on the TIalys, at 
 Ghiaiir-Kalessi near tiie villages of 
 Iloiadja and Kara-omeilu, ',1 In airs tn 
 the south-west of Angora, ( Ancyra I, 
 at a s[iot wliiidi commands the old 
 road by (lOrdinm frnm Ancyra to 
 Possiiius, and aliove all at Kara-bel in 
 Lj'dia, at tlic junction of the two roads 
 from E[ilicsus to Phokaea. .and from 
 iSiiiyrna to Sanies, wliere in 187;) I 
 had the satisfaction of liiuling a llit- 
 tite inscription accompanying one of 
 the two iigurcs supposed hy Herodo- 
 tus (ii. lOi'i) to have been ]iorlraits of 
 the Egyptian Sesostris. ]n Jjyk-aonia., 
 near tlic silver-mines of tlio I'ulgar 
 Dagh, Jlr. Davis has discovei'ed llittite 
 scul|itures and inscriptions at Ibreez 
 (or Ivris ) a little to the south of Eregle, 
 
 the ancient Kyliistra, and at Biilgar 
 iJaden (near (Jhifteh Khan); -vvhile 
 j\Ir. Edmund Calvert has informed me 
 of amither Hittite sculpture, consisting 
 of three figures and accompanied by 
 llittite characters, near Eiehtiii in the 
 neighbourliood of Ibreez. In fact, it is 
 jilairi that llittite power and infliience 
 once made itself felt as far as the 
 Aegean along the two high roads of 
 Asia jMlnor, one of which ran north- 
 wards through Kappadokia, ({alatia, 
 and 3ty>ia — being in fact the road tra- 
 versed by Kroesus when he marched 
 against Cyrus — and the other south- 
 wards through Lykaonia to Sardes. 
 This latter load was the one f illowed 
 by Xenophon and the Ten Thousand 
 on their outward march. 
 
 !N'ow Hittite art, which is charac- 
 teiized liy thick limbs, a fondness for 
 riamd ornaments and convolutions, 
 winged solar discs, and figures with 
 tiaraccl heads and shoes with turncd- 
 up ends, is an art which is As^yro- 
 Babylonian in its origin, but which 
 has been modified in a veiy special 
 wa}- by the artists of Carchemish. It 
 was cairied b}' the Hittites to the na- 
 tions of ihe West, vdiere it became the 
 peculiar art of Asia Minor, and passed 
 over, probably ihiough I^ydian hands, 
 to Greece. The hitherto unexplained 
 element in early Greek art, which 
 cannot be traced to Pliocnician in- 
 fliience, has really come fiom this 
 source. Thus the tombstones found 
 by Dr. iSchliemaun at Mykonae are 
 Hittite in general character ; so also 
 are tlic lions over the jirincipal gate 
 of the Acropolis, which find their ana- 
 logue in a rock-tomb at Kumbet in 
 I'hrygla;" while tlie head-dress of an 
 ivory figure discovered in tiie pre-his- 
 toric tombs of Spata in Attica is dis- 
 tinctively Hittite. 
 
 The age when the .aulhoritv and 
 culture of the Hittites extended itself 
 to the i'ar West was probably about 
 
 ^ Compiire cspGcially tlie fnnns of the bull 
 nnd lion co|iieil Ij)- Perrot at Eyiik (plate 57) with 
 those found on objects from Jlykenae and Spata. 
 
App. III.] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR A. H. SAYCE. 
 
 70] 
 
 B.C. 1300-1200. ITorodotiis makes Ni- 
 ims llie son of Belus tlie ancestor of 
 the dynasty of the Heraklids in Lvdia 
 which ended -witli IvauhuUes. 'J'his 
 was formeily .«nppos 'd to refer to an 
 Assyrian occupation of Lydia, but the 
 supposition is rendered untenaLle liy 
 llie fact that, according to the cunei- 
 foiin inscriptions, tlic country west- 
 ward of tiie Ilalys was nnl^nown to tlio 
 Ass3'rians hefore the reiijui of Assnr- 
 Ixmi-paL The1eLi:end liowever may ho 
 sntticiently eNjilained hy the ariiyal of 
 a culture which had come to the Ilit- 
 tites from Assyria and Babylonia, aird 
 was transmitted by them to Asia Mi- 
 nor. Amniianus Marcellinns ( xiv. 8) 
 calls Hierapolis on the Euphrates, that 
 is, as we now know, ( 'archemlsh, the 
 '■ancient Ninus" or Jvineyeh (see, too, 
 rhilostratns, Tita ApnJl. Tyan. i. 19 ; 
 and Diodorus, ii. .'!, 7). If we may 
 trust the chronoloi;'y of Herodotus, 
 the beginning; of the lleraklid dynristy 
 must be pjhrced about 500 years bef n'o 
 tlie acces>ion of Gyges, or abiuit B.C. 
 1200. The date is cimfirmed by the 
 fact that the Assyrian monarch. Tig- 
 lath Pile,ser I. ( [i.e. ll.Ui), states that 
 the ^losehi had been sufficiently strong 
 lifly j-cars preyiously to wrest tlie 
 cnuntiies of Alzu and ruruklmrazu on 
 the L'prier Euyilirates from the Assy- 
 rians, the Hiltifes at the same time 
 overrunning Snbaiti or Sj'ria ; while 
 Egyptian annals sliow that in the time 
 of Eamses II. ( ii.c. lo2ti| Dardanians 
 and 3[ysians c:ime to the assistance of 
 the Ilittites, and that under Eanises 
 III. (B.C. 1201)) they were ranged 
 anidug the llitlite allies. 
 
 We can liardly su]ipose that, wdicn 
 Ihe natiyes of Asia 3Enor adopited the 
 art of the liittites, they did n(.t at the 
 s;ime time adopt either wdndly or in 
 part the system of writing wdiieh ac- 
 companied it. AVhen, therefore, the 
 earliest mode of writing that appears 
 among them is the peculiar syllabary 
 generally known as ( 'ypiiote, the ]iie- 
 sumption aiises that this syllabary was 
 derixed from the Ilittite hieroglyphics. 
 
 And the presumpition is confirmed by 
 seyeral facts. Eiist of all the sylla- 
 baiy is distinguished by tfie remaik- 
 able peculiarity of representing the 
 snunds cif h, }', and jili, ;/, l. aial l-Ii, 
 aiid d, t. and th, respeeti\'ely, by the 
 same characters. That is to say, the 
 original employei's of Ihe sylLabavy 
 made no di>tinction in jironunciation 
 between the s(iunds of h, p. and jili, of 
 ;/, /.-, and lli, and of <?, t, and //(. So far 
 as I know, tliere is cmly one race in 
 \\ estern Asia to which such a curinus 
 indistinctness of pronunciation can be 
 leferred. Tlio name of the Ilittilo 
 capital is written (liir-ijainis liy the As- 
 syrians, Car-clii'iiiisli by tlie Helircws, 
 and Karu-jLaima.slin by the Egyp;ians; 
 in other words, tlie name was so piro- 
 nouncecl that the guttnral contained in 
 it seemed to lie ;/ to Assyiian ears, 
 hard /.■ to Egyptian ears, and sott I- ( c ) 
 to Jewish ears. Secondly, the Ilirtito 
 inscriptions are all written in housiro- 
 plirflriH fa.shion : this, it wajuld seem, 
 must have once been the case also 
 in Karian, since simre of the Kaiian 
 inscrj|itions are written from riglit to 
 left, while others are written fri;im left 
 to I'ight. Moieoyer, wdiile most of the 
 (lypiiofe legends run from right to 
 left, those of I'ayihos run from loft to 
 right, althongh I'ajihos was the centre 
 of the Semites, who-e wiiting runs 
 from right to hit, while the Assyrian 
 cuneiform is always written fiom hdt 
 to right. An explanalion wnuld thus 
 be atforded of the otherwise paizzliiig 
 fact that, wdrereas some of the oldest 
 Greek inscriptions arc in houslro- 
 pJicdon, all Phoenician or Auunoan 
 inscriptions written in the alphabet 
 aftm'wards jianded cm to the (i reek's 
 lun from right tn hit. And thirdly, 
 wa:- liaye the tun jioitive facts 
 that the iiiscri]ifion discovered by 
 Hamilton at Eynk Awas f mud at a 
 spot in wdiirh Hitlite sculpture and 
 wriiiiig haye Itd't jirouiinent meinoiiahs 
 fif fheiiiselves, wliih; a cidnuied figure 
 of a warrior copied liy Texier (vol. ii. 
 plate 10 JJ at Konieh or Ikoniiim is a 
 
702 
 
 THE IXSCEirTIOXS FOUXI) AT HISSAELIK. 
 
 [Arp. III. 
 
 specimen (if Ilellenizeel Tlittite ait, 
 aeCeaniKioied hy oliaiaeter,-; ^vliieli, if j 
 Texiei's ceipy can be trusteil, lielong 
 to a form of llit- (Jypriote ^ivllabiiry. 
 
 ] am stroiii^lv incliueilto think tfiat 
 tlie eii^'iaving on the whetslone fjund 
 at lli.-sirlik is a rude attempt at imi- j 
 fating a llittite inscription. 1 
 
 iSo fir, therefore, as the evidence 
 goes at present, we are jiLstitied in Le- 
 lieviiig tliat Hittite influence e.xtendcil 
 thiougliout Asia 3Iinor in the four- 
 teenth i.ir tliirteentli centuiy B.C., and 
 hrongiit wi:h it the art of Assyria 
 and ISahvloiiia as niodilied at ( 'ar- 
 cliemi.^li, alijng with tlie lvno\\dedg(.' of 
 wiiting. It is, of (■ourse, impiossihlo 
 to determine whetlier tlic artists whoso 
 renriins have been ibund in Kappa- 
 dolcia, Lykaouia, and Lydia were ac- 
 tually Hittites iirnper or the inhabi- 
 tants of tile district vliicli extended 
 from the ]Uaek 8ea to Syria, on the one 
 hand, and from Armenia to the Hal\-s 
 on the- other, all of whom, if we may 
 tiust the testimony of proper names, 
 together with the Hittites, belonged to 
 tile same race, spol;e allied langu;iges, 
 and shared in a common civilization. 
 Two or thiee considerations, indeed, 
 make it nmre probable that they were 
 tlie Hittites them-elves. The sculp- 
 tui-ed rocks at Karaliel licar -witness to 
 a military invasion and conrpiest. such 
 as only a powerttil pK/ople like the Hit- 
 tites are ]ilc(dy to have made ; the con- 
 nection shown by the Egyptian monu- 
 ments to have cxisteil between the 
 Hittites and the inhabitants eif Mysia 
 jinints in the same direction ; while 
 j\lr. (lladsteuie's identification of the 
 K-y/Tcioi, of Homer (Oil. xi. o'll } \viili 
 the Hittites has much in its hivoui.'' 
 However tliis may lie. a syllabary was 
 derived Ifnm the hieroglyphics used 
 and pirobably invented by the Hittites, 
 which c line to lie empiloyed tlirough- 
 ont Asia iMinor. After ptissing through 
 various changes and undergoing par- 
 ticular modifications in the different 
 
 ■' Jln„„'ric ^:<liu_hnjiilsm (LluJud, ISTL')), pp. 
 
 districts into which it had been intro- 
 duced, this syllabary was carried from 
 Kilikia into Cyprus in a reduced form, 
 and remained in use there down to a 
 coin[iaiatively late period. 
 
 Its disappearance from Mysia and 
 the Troad belongs to an earlier date. 
 The ceme discoveied b)' Mr. George 
 Smith at Kouyunjik shows that it was 
 still employed there about B.C. 050. 
 r>ut it must have bieen displaced 
 siiortlv afterwards by the Ionic Greek 
 alphabet, if we nniy argue from the 
 f ict that the Ionic Greek alphabets of 
 riirygia, Karia, and Lykia, all con- 
 biiiied the (liijamma, which had been 
 lost at the time when the Ionian mer- 
 cenaries of rsanmiitichus carved their 
 names on the colossi of Aliu-Simliel, 
 B c. G40 (less pirobably B.C. 595). A le- 
 inarkable relic of the period of transi- 
 tion has been discovered bj' 3Ir. Frank 
 Calvert in one of the tombs in the ne- 
 ci opolis of Thymbra. This is a patera 
 of a shape peculiar to the locality, made 
 of the same drab clay as the fimnel- 
 shaped cones ;d lOvc mentioned, and be- 
 longing to the early riioeniko-Hellenio 
 period of Greek art. Four Cypriote 
 characters occur on it, two of which 
 are written in combination on opposite 
 sides of the jjo/cro, and seem to con- 
 tain the name of the maker or owner. 
 These are /^ \'l (the second charac- 
 ter taking also the form ^|), the first 
 (.if which is re or Ic. The otlier is appa- 
 rently the Cypriote 55 > ^^^'^ lihonetic 
 value of which is unknown, though I 
 am inclined to believe it was ton, in 
 which case the name would read Le- 
 mv or Ae'tiji-. The other two characters 
 are written separatidy and are evi- 
 dently used as mere ornaments, one of 
 
 thorn, indeed, hI^, being a symme- 
 trical modific;iti(.in of y^ , c, for de- 
 corative purposes, though the second, 
 ' I , nc, is unchanged in form. The 
 patera proves that, in the middle of 
 
Apr. HI.] 
 
 BY TROFESSOR A. H. SAYCE. 
 
 70.: 
 
 the seventh century u.c, the period to 
 ■which it belongs, ilie old syllabary 
 was fiist passing out of use and coming 
 to be employed for decorative purposes 
 only. 
 
 A good many of the terra-cotta whorls 
 discovered by Dr. Schlienuinn are simi- 
 laily inscribed with single cliaracters, 
 whose meaning- is merely decorative. 
 
 Thiis we find ^ , rj^ , ^ or ,^ , 
 
 and otlier characters, emplo5'ed along 
 with rudo drawings of animals for this 
 purpose. In some eases it is difficult 
 not to fancy that the designs are in- 
 tended to be Ijarbarous imitati(.>ns of 
 the moie striking objects represented 
 by the Hittite hieroglyphics. Thus 
 
 M 
 
 the tree-patteru ^/^ is very common, 
 
 and this pattern is not only found 
 among the hierogljqjhics of the Hit- 
 tites, but also forms the ornamentation 
 of the robe worn by a figure on a sculp- 
 tured monument from Carchemish,now 
 in the British Museum, while the same 
 ornament occurs frequent!}' upon Baby- 
 lonian seals and other antiquities. A 
 curious phallus of black basalt, for ex- 
 ample, lately brought to England from 
 the Island of Bahrein in the Persian 
 Gulf (wdiicli was called " the island 
 of the gods " by the earl}' ( ihaldeansj 
 has the same pattern engraved by the 
 side of a short inscripition. In Baby- 
 lonian art it represents the sacred tree 
 of life." 
 
 Among the Hissarlik whorls there 
 arc two or three which seem to me to bear 
 marks intended to reproduce cunei- 
 form characters, or rather the wedges 
 of which the characters wei'c com- 
 posed, and which were wholly unin- 
 telligible to the Trojan artists. The 
 Phoenician artists similarly often re- 
 produced the hieroglyphics of tlie 
 
 '" In Phoenician art it seems to denote a palm- 
 branch. On a silver bowl found at Palestrina 
 and bearing a Phoenician inscription, the tails of 
 the horses are artistically represented under the 
 form of these trees or palm-branches. 
 
 ! Egyptians, which they did not under- 
 stand and accordingly miscopied and 
 miscombined. "We learn from the Tro- 
 jan cylinders alicady discussed, that 
 objects of early Babylonian origin 
 were known to the primitive inhabi- 
 tants of Hissarlik, and several of the 
 designs (.m the whorls are obviously 
 imitations of designs on Babylonian 
 cylinders, among which small round 
 holes denoting the stars and planets 
 are especially plentiful. A fragmerit of 
 liotter}' excava.tcd by Dr. Schliemann 
 in the Besika Te[)ch has markings 
 upon it which also seem somewhat 
 unsuccessful attempts to imitate cunei- 
 form characters (No. 1.517, p. C66 ). 
 
 Two more points remain to be no- 
 ticed before I conclude. One of these 
 is the ingenious endeavour made by 
 Dr. Deecke to derive the Cypriote 
 syllabary from the Assyrian s}dlabary 
 as it was at the close of the eighth 
 century bo., when Sargon overran the 
 island of Cyprus. But the fatal objec- 
 tion to this endeavour is the f ict that 
 the same syllabary already existed, as 
 we have seen, in an older and fuller 
 form on the maiidand, and that conse- 
 quently it conld not have been the 
 invention of a Cyprian of Paphos about 
 710 i;.c. The inscriptions found at 
 Hissarlik show that its characters al- 
 ready existed in an older form far away 
 in the north-west of Asia Minor. Con- 
 sequently it must have been an im- 
 portation into (_'yprus from the main- 
 land, not a possession peculiar to the 
 island. But there are other objections 
 to Dr. Deccke's theory. Thus lire forms 
 of the cuneifirm characters that he 
 compares belong f(j more than one age 
 and district, and were not all in use at 
 one and the same time or in one and 
 the same countr}', while in several in- 
 stances ho has to imagiire non-existent 
 forms intermediate between the sup- 
 posed cuneiform protolype and its 
 Cypriote equivalent. The jiliouology 
 of the Assyrian and C'ypriote sylla- 
 baries, again, does not agree. The As- 
 syrian language has distinct signs for 
 
r(j4 
 
 THE IXSL'lill'TIuNS FOUND AT HISSAKLIK. 
 
 [Apr. III. 
 
 / and il ('alM, f ,r ///) ; fur ;/, /.■, an.l M, ami 
 for h and;),- ami it, is iucDnceivaliL' lliat 
 tliesc -liij'iM l)a.ve liecii eoiifoniuleil to- 
 i;etliir in a syllaharv meant to express 
 tile soumlsdt' tu'o languages, the Fliue- 
 nieian ami tlio Gioek, Lotli of wliioli 
 jiossLSseil tlie-e very sonnds. On tlio 
 (itlier hand, the Assyrians made no dis- 
 tmetion 1 et^veen iii and r, as tlie C'y- 
 jiiiote syllabary docs, and had no )/e, yi 
 or 0, ■\vhicli Lave special eharactei'S lo 
 dennro them in Cj'piiote. It may fur- 
 ther he added that the only two cha- 
 racters, (>, y^.^^ , and ;pa, ^, which 
 
 display a marked ]'esemli]ance In cu- 
 neiform (diaract'-rs with corresponding 
 lihonetic values, lo-e this resemhlance 
 Avheu traced lack to tlio older forms 
 
 The otiiei' point to he noticed is un- 
 fortunately one npon vdiicli very litile 
 can 1>'_' said, (if the language of (ho 
 'frujans and Jlysiaiis wo know next to 
 notliing, and it is therefore impossilile 
 to explain the «-oi-(ls written in Tiojau 
 cliaracters, e'.'en i\dien they have lieen 
 deci]iher('d, or to know "whether we ate 
 dealing with significant words or pro- 
 ]ier names. All wo can say positively 
 is. that thcMj'sia)! language was allied 
 lo those of the neighbouring popula- 
 tions of Asia Minor. Xanlliiis, the 
 Jjykian historian (if'r. B), nrakes it liall 
 Lydian, half I'iirygian, and the woids 
 ot Ibroilolus (i. 171) imply the same. 
 Indeed, Herodotus goes so far as to 
 state (vii. 74) that (he M^-sians ^vel o 
 Lydian e"lonists, though Strtdjo (xii. 
 ])p. .j42, .")(il)) calls them Thrakian colo- 
 nisls. I'.nt the dialects of Tliraco and 
 1\ estern Asia. j\Iinor belonged to the 
 sami' stuck, while extant Phrygian in- 
 scrlptiniis aial glosses show that Phry- 
 glan was a sister-tmiguo of classical 
 <ireak. Slight dilfcreucos, of course, 
 mast have existed between Mysian 
 iind Plirygian, as indeed is asseited 
 liy a ]ia-sagr in the Homeric Ilymn to 
 Aphrodit/: (1I1~II(V), quoted by Dr. 
 Sidilii'iaann in an earlier ]iait of this 
 volume (p. 12ijj. The differences, how- 
 
 i ever, criuld not have been great, and it 
 is therefore possible that the meaning 
 of the Trojan insciiptions may yet bo 
 cleared up by the discovery oi Phry- 
 gian and Lydian inscriptions. Ilektor 
 was called Dareios " by the Phry- 
 gians," which seoins to imply that da- 
 rcios was the equivalent of the (rieek 
 iKToip, "a staj-," in both Phrygian and 
 ' Trojan. Paris seems to have been the 
 native name whicli corresponded to the 
 Grrek 'AAe'tarSpo^, "defender of men." 
 and it is difficult to separate Paris 
 froai Pjiamos. The Acolio form of 
 PriamcK, lleVj/jn/to?, shows that the ori- 
 ginal iorin of tlie wotd was Pcryainos, 
 vhitdi has clearly nothing to do with 
 pci-ijamos (?"a citadel"), bnt seems to 
 be connected with the Lydian TrdXjj.v?, 
 " king." 
 
 The f )ur curiotis passages in which 
 Homer contrasts the language of the 
 gilds with the language of njen, pro- 
 balilj- abo Contain some specimens of 
 the Mysian dialect. The tingle ana- 
 logy that can bo found for these j^as- 
 sages is a very -close one from the Old 
 Edda of Iceland. In this we have a 
 poem called tho Alvi^smal, or tlie 
 " Speech of tho Allwise,'' in which 
 the names of various objects are given 
 in the language of men, of the Aosir 
 or gods, and of the A'atdr or demigods. 
 It ap])cars (hat the Jaiiguage of men 
 was the language c^f ordinary life, 
 while that of tho gods was tlio lan- 
 guage of the pools. In the latter lan- 
 guage were included many foicign 
 words : thus we are told that what is 
 called (lie by men is called hci-r by tlie 
 gods, aJc being Scandinavian and hcer 
 the borio\\ed Anglo-Saxon. The four 
 passages i_if Homer ai'c explained and 
 cleared up by the Icelandic poem. In 
 Homer, too, the language of men 
 means that spoken liy the natives of 
 Asia Jlinor; the langtutge of the gods 
 that used by the poets (if Ionia. 
 Priareus, as he is called by the gods, 
 is railed Acgacon by men (7/. i. 403-4"), 
 Itriareus meaning "the uiighty," and 
 Acgacon being probably connected with 
 
Arp. III.] 
 
 BY PROFESSOR A. II. SAYCE. 
 
 705 
 
 the Greek atyt's, " tempest " (the Dorian 
 (uye?, '■ winx's "). In 17. ii. 81.3-4. men 
 are said to term Batieia what the gods 
 (•ill the tomb of the Amazon Myrliie, 
 whose name reappears in those of 
 Smyrna and the Lemnian and Aeolic 
 towns of Jlyrina. Batieia maj' be 
 (iaTiFauya, " the brambi)-," a good de- 
 tignatiou for a tiimnlns which is still 
 Covered with bushes. According to 
 II. xiv. 291 and xx. 74, men called 
 Kvjj-LvZi^ and 2K'a/.tai'0po? ^\liat the gcMls 
 called yiiXKLS and Har^o;. Kr/j.u'Sis is ' 
 said to have been the Ionic name of \ 
 the night-jar; but since it has no kin- 
 dred in Greek, it would seem that it 
 was one of the native words borrowed 
 bv the Ionic settlers in Asia Minor. 
 If we can suppose that x^'^k''?- " the 
 bronze-coloured," and ^ar66<;, " yel- 
 low," are real equivalents of Ki'/xa-ois 
 and 2»<a/j.aropos, we may infer that a 
 root a-Kafj.avS or kv/jlvS existed in Mj'- 
 sian which had the signification of j 
 
 "yellow." It nmst not be foi'gotten, 
 however, that several of the river- 
 names of Asia Minor, such as Alander 
 ami Maeander, the latter of which 
 claims relationship with Waeonia, the 
 Lydian /ncurs, "eaith," end with the 
 .syllables -ai'Spos; while, on the oilier 
 hand, we have various names like 
 Kadj'anda, Labranda (from the Lydian 
 ^a/Sfjvi, " hatchet " ), Biginda, Alinda 
 (from the Karian ciAa, " horse ") which 
 liave tlie i-ame termination as h-r/xii'8is. 
 The name of My.--ia itself was derived 
 from the Lydian fj.vcro^, which is ex- 
 plained hj the Crreck ofi'r;, "the beech " 
 ((jr Fagus siliKiiiciis).^ 
 
 ' Tlio fnllfiwincr )n-ci"i]itinii, fiiund bv Jlr. 
 Frank Calvert in the necrcipotis of Tlivmbra, 
 probably contains a specimen of the jMysiau 
 dialect spioken in the T]"oad ; — 
 
 . . AIS0ENEIA1EMM(?)ITONIKIAIOI- 
 TOTAVKIO. 
 It is given in Le ilas : Yuyu'ic archtjoiogique en 
 Grece ct en Asie Mhicure, v. 1743 m. 
 
APPENDIX W. 
 
 THYMBRA, HAXAI TEPEH. 
 By Mb. Consul Fuane Calyeet. 
 The first mention of Tliymbra is i rians, Paeonians, Leleges, Caucones, 
 
 liy Homer. l)ol(jn, when lio details 
 to Ulysses the position of the Trojan 
 army outside of Troy, places the Ca- 
 
 and Pelasgi, towards the sea ; the 
 Lycians, Jlysians, Phrygians, and 
 Maeonians, towards Thymhra.^ This 
 
 PLAIN or THE 
 SCAMANDER 
 
 No. 1533. M,ip imlicatlng tho Sites of Thymbra and Han,,'; Topcl,, and tlic junction of llae RivC's 
 
 and Scamander. 
 
 s TbymbriUa 
 
 ' II. .X. 428. 
 
App. IV.] THYMCRA, HANAl TEPEH. BY MR. FRANK CALVERT. 707 
 
 allocation, though it docs nut ustalilish 
 tlio geographical position of Tliyiii- 
 lira, yet, talcen with tlio m(.irc pirccise 
 information given ijy Deiuctrins of 
 Scepsis, is of value ; it evidences that 
 a direct'on ojiposite to the sea, that 
 is, inland, was intended liy the poet. 
 The nicire modern author places the 
 temple of Apollo Thymbraous at fifty 
 stadia from Ilium ( Novum ), at thejunc- 
 
 tion of tlie river Thymlirius with the 
 Scamander.- Thjnnbra was identified 
 by llobhouse with Akshi Kiui-' (the 
 present Thymbra Farm), and Barkei 
 Webb recognized the Thj'mbrius in 
 the Kemar Su.* My researches have 
 led to the discovery of another ancieiit 
 site at Ilanai Tepeh, separated from 
 that of Akshi Kioi by an interval of 
 about hvc liuudred yards (see -Uap, 
 
 i^cah. JUnjlisli Feci 
 
 ^No. I5J9. General Plan of Excavation maile at Ilanai Tereh. 
 
 2 Strabo, xiii. p. 593. ' Joxirney through Albania ; London, 1813, p. 753. 
 
 ^ De A,jro Trojano ; Milan, 1821, p. 49. 
 
7U8 
 
 TIIYMBEA, IIANAI TEPEII. 
 
 [Apr. IV. 
 
 Xo. ].5.')H). At AksLi Kii)i the runiiiins 
 are of later ilatc than at Ilaiiai Tepeh. 
 The Homeric site of Thymljra wonhl 
 a]ipear not to he identical witli the later 
 
 Apollo of Demetrius ; and Bnljsec[uent 
 aTieierjt authors appear to have trans- 
 ferred it to Akshi Kioi from Ilanai 
 Tepeh. rre-liistoric Thymbra covered 
 
 town and ternjde of the Thymbreau ' a considerable surface of laud, on 
 
 IJU I 1 
 
Arr. IV.] 
 
 BY MR. FEAXK CALVERT. 
 1 
 
 709 
 
 I 
 
 10 feet. 
 
 No, 1541. Enlarged portion of Section of Hanaa Tepeh from ^V. to E. 
 
 1. Granaries lined with Clay. 5. .Sl^eleton. 
 
 2. Foundations built on with No- 3. 6. Stone Axes, AVeiglits, kc. 
 ;t. Sun-dried Bricl^s. 7. Vases. 
 
 4. Tomb of Infant. 
 
 ■^\-hicii are found liancl-iiiill stones, 
 stone axes, fragments of potter}', 
 whorls, silex flakes, and other relies. 
 
 The artifieial niouiid of Ilanai Te- 
 peh, which gives its name to the site, 
 is of remarkahle interest. It forms, 
 as it were, the nucleus of the old 
 settlement, and stands out }]roini- 
 iieutly in the jolain at the end of 
 a long spur of land which reaches 
 liack to Akshi Kioi. My first excava- 
 tiejii in this tepeh was made in 18.57, 
 and the results and hypothesis founded 
 thereon wei'o pmblished in the Jour- 
 nal of tiie Arcliaeuloijical Institute.^ 
 Further researches were made sub- 
 serjuently ; latterly with the powerful 
 assistance of Dr. iSchliemann. The 
 later and more ertonsive investiga- 
 tions, as shown in the accompjany- 
 iiig General Plan, No. 1.5.39, have led 
 ine to relinquish the conviction of t)ie 
 identity of Ilanait Tepeh with tlio 
 common tomb of the Trojans, pnli- 
 lished in the above-mentioned journal. 
 A trench, 12 ft. wide, which I made 
 through the mound frr)m west to east, 
 gives a complete section of this arti- 
 ficial hillock fXo. 1.340). The natural 
 rock rises from the jilain to a flat 
 shelly limestone stratum (No. 1540, 
 1 C>), which forms a plateau tm the spur. 
 On this surface are the remains of the 
 oiiginal settlers, extending beyond 
 the mound itself (No. 1640, b). The 
 
 5 Vol. 5V. 1858. 
 
 debris are composed in great part of 
 sun-dried bricks derived from fallen 
 habitalions, wood-ashes, and charcoal 
 (No. 1540, B 15; No. 1541, 3). Marks 
 iif fire on many of these bricks and the 
 foundations of houses superposed seve- 
 rally one on the other (No. 1540, b 14), 
 indicate the repeated destruction and 
 reconstruction of the buildings : these 
 dwellings are unfortunately in too 
 great a state of dilapidation tii allow 
 their form or size t(-) be traced. The 
 three or four lower courses of bricks 
 ^A•erc protected by an outer facing of 
 stone (No. 1541, 2), a method of pre- 
 serving tlie walls from damp and 
 rain-dripj still adopted in the country. 
 These sun-dried bricks are of various 
 dimensions : the largest and best pire- 
 served, from the t(jmlis of two infants 
 No. 1540, Bio), measure — 
 
 I.enfcth, 
 Indies. 
 
 Breadtli, 
 inches. 
 
 I'epth, 
 ioehes. 
 
 ir, 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 2i 
 
 In tlie manufacture of the bricks, 
 the yellow loam of the jihiiu was 
 mixed with chopped straw or hay, 
 impressions of which binding-material 
 .are quite distinct. Many of these 
 bricks have been liurnt ri'd or Hack 
 Ijy tlte accidental conflagration of the 
 dwellings. iSlime or mortar made of 
 the same materials a,s the bricks was 
 
710 
 
 THYMERA, HAXAI TEPEII. 
 
 [Ait. IV. 
 
 nsi.'il as cement ; it servoil also as 
 jilastiT iVir the Kni'taec, (jf tlio iusiile 
 vralls, ])i>rtioiis of ^xliieli Lave been 
 ]iivsi.-rv(iL 
 
 In reiiiarkalile a;^Teeinent wit]i tlio 
 jirc-liistoric eitie^s at Tlissaiiik is tlie 
 alisunee of diioi's and windows in tlio 
 lialiitations. Fruni tlie iiunK-rous 
 indications of iin.'S in Ijotli these 
 anoicnt sites, it wonld ajipoar tliat 
 tindirr was nsed largely as a Imildiiig 
 inatoiial. Tlds eireunista.nco suggests 
 till' liy]"-'tliesis of an npper story of 
 v.-(Hjd, to ^\diirh aeress was gained by 
 nii/aiis of ste'jis or ladders ; for security 
 till-' ground-floor bad no exterior eoni- 
 muuicatioii, but was entered from 
 above i'roni t'le wooden story. Tlio 
 unhewn jiine-log lints, now in use 
 among the Yourouk triljcs in this 
 Country, may afford a clue to the 
 kind of superstrui'ture adopted by 
 till.' ]irediistoric inhaljitants of Ilis- 
 sarlik and Hanai Te)ieli. " This kind 
 of hut has a roof made of salt claj' 
 laid on branches of trees covered 
 with reeds or seaweed. Classes of 
 clay with impressions of long reeds 
 an.' fi.nmd at JIanai Tepe'li, a eoin- 
 eidem.'e wdiieli is w"orthy of remai'k. 
 Xo walls of a defensive nature have 
 bei.n discovi;red in the lowest stratum 
 
 (Xo. 1.340, l;). 
 
 Fragnienls of pottery are very nu- 
 jiierous, but entire vessels are lare. 
 These arc l:oth hand-made (Xo. I.ii41, 
 
 h iii(l-ni iji Vase, 
 a tiol izt ) 
 
 7; Xo. ]r,i2) and turned on the 
 wheel. ]\rost of tin- specimens arc 
 hand-]iolishcd, an eifect jiroduced bv 
 rubliing the vase ^\-ith a hard suli- 
 
 I'ulibing. The pn-evailing colour of 
 thii jiottery is black or dark bro\\'n, 
 <luo to the presence of carbonaceous 
 matter; red is comparatively rare. A 
 fe\v i'ragments show a dark-coloured 
 core with a T.Ji-iglit red surface. Many 
 of thii \-a.scs have horizontal perfora- 
 tions for the purpose of suspension 
 (X'os. lo-to, 154'i, 1545 j, a peculiarity 
 
 _(2^' 
 
 x-Tii. l.i'ilS. Bowl with lioiizorital perforations 
 lor ^u.spcnsion. (Aljout 1 ; 3 actual size.) 
 
 No. 1514. Kra^niieiils of Ilov^l, witli lioriznntal bole for 
 
 BUSpension, lark-lirown. band-polisbtd. 
 
 (About 1 ; J actual size ) 
 
 No. 15jj Fia:_'un'iit of a lusirous black DomI, with 
 
 laige borizoiital iubular bole for suspension. 
 
 (About 1 ; 3 actual size.) 
 
 limited to the original settlement, as 
 tliese have not bei.'n discovered above 
 a loot or two from tlic rock, nor in 
 
 the upper jiart of the stratum i). 
 
 stance ju'i'viijus to it-i being baked. ' Some of tliesi>. perforated liandlcs are 
 
 The liihdis or ]ii])e bowls now made j of a bright lustrous red, striking in 
 
 t (.Vinstantino] lie are polished in this | appearance, with some similitude to 
 
 the claw of a leibster (X"os. 154G, 1547). 
 
 manner, and at tlie same time a deeper 
 lihade is given to the clay by this 
 
 liibbed w;tr 
 
 IS cojnnion in the upper 
 
App. IV.] 
 
 BY ME. FRANK CALVERT. 
 
 711 
 
 part of tlio Ktratiim n, but docs not 
 appear to liavo lieen maimfacturod in 
 tlio earlier settlements. The most 
 prevalent form is a larye, but sliallow, 
 
 No. 1546. Iliindl:- of V;isc, hori- No, 1547. I[,,rizont.illy 
 zontally piTforated, lastruus- perforated lustrous- ' 
 rod, liand-poUsliod. red Vase-bandle. 
 
 (1:2 actual bize.) (1:2 actual size.) 
 
 circular bowl. Vessels on tripods 
 were nut rare ; for many fragmentary 
 
 No. ISJ.s. Iliiiidio or foot of a Tripod Vase, 
 black, band-polibbed. (1 : 2 actuat «i/.e. j 
 
 feet (Xo. lo-lS) of different shapes 
 have been found close aliove the rock. 
 Fragments of vases vsath soot on their 
 e.x:teri(ir show tliat tlie use of bulling 
 or stewing in earthenware vessels 
 was not unknown to the inhabittints. 
 Bones of the filhiw il(_M_'r, tlio roebuck, 
 and the wild bnar, which furnished 
 this peojilo witli food, are abundant. 
 Besides, the produce of the chase, grain 
 of some kind must have been jjlontiful, 
 j'ldging by the number of hand-mill 
 stones in basalt and syenite. 
 
 Beginning with the lowest stratum 
 (v, in plan No. 1540), we find .at or 
 near the top small granaries, some- 
 times of a circular, sometimes of a 
 Bquaro shape, which have been ex- 
 
 cavated in tlie S(.)il and coated with 
 clay plaster (No. 1.541, 1). In imo 
 of these a stone axe has been dis- 
 covered. 
 
 Since no species (jf grain is indigc- 
 iiinis in the cijiintry, it is clear that 
 the origiuid settlers must liavo brought 
 the cereals they cultivated along with 
 them. The iilain of Truy, with its 
 rich and fertile soil, would naturally 
 have attracted thorn to an agricultural 
 life, and from the first we may assume 
 that agriculture was an impt.irtaut 
 occupation in tlio Troad. The near 
 neighljourhood (if tlie sea furnished 
 the inhabitants (.if the district with 
 other articles of food ; fish, oysters, 
 mussels, and cockles, entered largely 
 into their diet, Imt varied ;tt different 
 epochs and in different localities. 
 Thus Professor Virchow has observed 
 that the Oslrea Jaiiiellosa alone is found 
 at Hantti Tepcli, whilst Osirea crhiata 
 is confined to Ilissarlik. The bones 
 that have been discovered and ex- 
 amined, in the lowest stratum at Ilanai 
 Tepeh, jirove that the goat was tlio 
 commonest of the domestic animals, 
 the ox the most rare ; Mdiile the horse, 
 as Professor Virchow has noticed, is 
 C(jnspicuous by its absence. From this 
 negative evidence we m;iy infer that 
 the latter tminiiil was unknown in the 
 Troad in the ]ire-hist(.iric age, in 
 striking contrast to the age of Homer, 
 who mentions it so fretpuently. The 
 dog, on the other hiind, that taitliful 
 friend of man, has left meiiKjrittls of its 
 ]iresenee in its footprints on sevci'td 
 sun-dried bricks, made u]ion them 
 wliile the clay was still plastic. Br(.inze 
 is the (-inly metttl met witli, and that 
 sparingly. In fact, the only speci- 
 mens of it found in stratum b consist 
 of a hairpin with a.doulile spiral head 
 and two corroded and shajieless frag- 
 ments. 
 
 On the other hand, imfilements of 
 bone and stone aro not uncommon. 
 Tlius wo luive lione awls : ;i few 
 polished tixes made of dioritc, serpen- 
 tine, talc, and other stones (No. 1541, 
 
712 
 
 THTMBRA, HANAI TEPEH. 
 
 [App. IV, 
 
 0); as well as flakes, scrapers, knives, 
 and fcaws (Xo. 15i9; of obsidian, 
 
 Si®?sa^5^ 
 
 No. 1549 SilexSaws. 
 
 quartz, jasper, and other hard stone. 
 (Jne or two specimens of crystal have 
 also heon found, 'ihe stones of which 
 the implements are made have all 
 come from the neighbourhood : diorite 
 irom the valley of the Ehodius ; ser- 
 ]ientine and tale from the Fuulah 
 Dagh, tlic Kara Itagh, and the T)um- 
 hrek ; ulisidian from the vicinity nf 
 Saragik, in the valley of the lilKulins, 
 and "f Aivajik ; -while flint nodules 
 •are jilentiful in the chalk of the 
 White t'liifs on the Hellespont, and 
 jasper is aljundant in manj- localities, 
 more especiallj' iii tin' Foulah Dagh 
 and between Lampsacnsand the town 
 of ])arilanelles. (,)uartz, too, ap- 
 jiroaching to chalcedony, occurs in 
 nodules in a bed of conglomerate 
 metamorpliLised Ijy superposed basalt, 
 at the fnet of Ihe Foulah Dagh, 
 
 Besides these implements, two ob- 
 jects of niiithcr-of-pearl have been 
 found, — one a small button with a 
 hole in the centre, the other an orna- 
 ment 2 inches long in the shajjc of 
 a pear. Spindle whorls of dark- 
 colouied clay which h:isbeen Ijaked at 
 afire are common; hut uo ornamentaiiuii 
 occurs on any discovered in stratum b. 
 Whurls of marble and hard stcine are 
 rare, whereas circular potsherds with 
 jicrforated centres used as substitutes 
 for whorls are })lentifal. A couiilc uf 
 reels Ibr wiiiding tin cad, made of 
 dark-C(jlijured liaked clay, and similar 
 to those still cmploj'ed for the same 
 purpose, also turned up during lho 
 e,vcavati(jus, as widl as numerous 
 four-sided ]iyraraids of suri-drieil clay, 
 which must have serveil as weavers' 
 w(;ights. These objects indicate a 
 knowledge of textile manufactures on 
 the part of those who used tlicui. 
 
 The early jieople of Jlanai 'l'e]ich 
 were also musicians, since the upper I 
 
 fragment of a bone flute (Xo. l.joO) 
 has been discovered. 
 
 No. Ij liJci" ^t ul Flute uf Bone. 
 
 Their religion may bo represented 
 liy a small marble foot, with a minute 
 perforation at the knee for suspension, 
 wliich seems to have been a votive 
 offering. This is not the onlj' object 
 of marble which bears witness to the 
 artistic capacities of the people; 
 anrther which is probably intended 
 to represent a floAver fXo. 1551) has 
 
 Xo. 15:.l. Flower (?) in Mjible. 
 
 been found, besides flattened spheres 
 of marlile, \vhieh may have been 
 ■weights. 
 
 A remarkable feature in this stra- 
 tum, B (No. 154:0, 12; No. 1541, 5) is 
 the number of skeletons found in it 
 at every variety of depth. Some 
 M'ere on the rock itself, others undoi' 
 the foundations of later houses, and 
 in what seem to have been the floors 
 of inhabited dwellings. These inter- 
 nient.s are peculiar to the stratum we 
 are now considering, since as will be 
 shown further on, none wei'o nurde 
 during the subseijuent period repre- 
 sented by the superposed debris. The 
 interinenis on the east side of the 
 mound (No. 1541, 12) were discovered 
 during the excavations of 1857 ; the 
 rest were fouml last winter (1879). 
 'J he bodies were buried with the faces 
 di)wuwards, the heads towards the 
 
App. IV.] 
 
 west, and the knees doubled np, 
 
 head of one was found resting on a 
 
 hand-mill stone (So. 1552). Gene- 
 
 BY MR. FIIAN1-: CALVERT 
 The 
 
 71^ 
 
 Skeictuo, nitu hkull 
 stone. 
 
 resting on hand-mill 
 
 rally speaking, thejr seem to have 
 Leen interred in the loose earth ; at 
 all events, no special graves or tomLs 
 
 No. 1553. 
 
 were prepared to receive them. An 
 exception, however, must be made in 
 the case of two infants, whose bones 
 were found in small tumljs made of 
 sun-dried briclis. The skeleton of one 
 of these was that of a newly-born 
 babe ; it was extended on the bacdc, 
 and the toiub in whicli it was laid 
 was free from earth { Xo. ]541, 4 
 Nos. 1553, 1554). (Jnriously enough, 
 though the bones show no t-io-n.s 
 of having lieen burnt, a quantity 
 
 - M^m^^ , 
 
 s.w 
 
 Nos. 1533, 1551. Tomb of Jnfjnt, made oF .sun-burnt bricks. 
 
 of asbestos was found mixed with 
 them. This was unfortunatelj' too 
 
 fragile to be removed, but its apj)ear- 
 anco when first discovered plainly 
 showed that it must have consisted 
 of some woven texture. The interior 
 of the tomb was 18 inch.es long by 
 broad and 8 high. The boclyof tlie 
 other infant was that of a young child 
 (No. 1555), which was laid on the 
 
 ^<-.5>JS$S^^^ 
 
 Nu, 1555. Tomb of Child, inade of sun-burnt bricks. 
 
 light side, with the knees bent u]"), 
 (he right arm extended, tlie left 
 crossed over the bijd\', and the hettd 
 resting upon the breast. It had 
 apparently sunk down from its 
 original position. The right side of 
 the tomb in which it was placed was 
 made of stone instead of brick, and ils 
 head was turned towards the east. 
 The interior of the grave measured 
 10 inches in length, 9 in breadth, and 
 
 i 9 in height. No asbestos was found 
 with this skeleton, nor indeed with 
 an}' of the otliers, the body of the 
 newly-born litilje alone excepted. As 
 may be seen from tlio plan, the iufcr- 
 ments are on the west, ratlnu' than on 
 the east, side of tlie tumulus. 
 
 According to Profussor ^'ircho^v, the 
 ' race t > whom the skeletons belonged 
 was brach3'ceph;jlic ; and the shin- 
 bones have the remarkable peculiarity 
 of being angular, — a peculiarity now 
 confined to the Malay race. He is at 
 present engaged in \\ritiiig a ilescrip- 
 tion of them. 
 
 No defensive walls wei'C brought to 
 light in the lou'cr part of stratum b 
 (Ko. 15 40 J. 
 
 On the other hand, the surface of 
 ihe stratum had been levelled on the 
 weslern side to ;i deptli <if about ■} ft., 
 (or the sake of a massive wtill of de- 
 fence, M'hich must have been erectrd 
 after the accumulatinn of the soil, and 
 the eastern foundations of which were 
 laid on tlie rock i:self. The wall was 
 supjiorted by a number of buttresses. 
 Its average breadth is fr(jin 8 to 10 feet 
 (b, No. 1540, 10), and its greatest pre- 
 sent height is 5 feet. Its southern side 
 j has disappeared. The largest stone 
 
_4 
 
 THYWBr.A, IIANAI TEPEH. 
 
 [Arp. IV. 
 
 i'.iuiiil i)i till- -svall is 7 fout lung \,j 2 
 in bruaath, ami '^!, in Ijciglit. All the 
 tstoin'W ciiniposiiig it aroruugli ami im- 
 liewii, anil arc linnnd tugotlier with 
 clay cfniunt. Tliuy cuiisist jjartly of 
 miiici_'ni.5 slioUy liniestiaic iiiund on tlio 
 spot, liarlly of ci-ystallino limestone 
 ami Ijasalt from the Led of the Thym- 
 brins. 
 
 lir.siili.'S this inner defensive wall 
 rXd. 1540, 10 I, th(.'i'0 was also an outer 
 wall (No. l."i4U, 11), which snnietinies 
 stands detached, witli a breadth of two 
 and a half feet, wliile at other times it 
 is a mere external ficiug to a rude 
 heap of louse stones. On the east side 
 this «all is of bricks made from the snr- 
 face soil, and the part laid bare liy the 
 excavations was well preserved, so far 
 as its firm was cDncerned, thungh tlie 
 bricks compo.sin'j; it were disintegrated. 
 Outside the wall, as well as between 
 it and the inner wall, was a quantity 
 cf marly red clay (\u. 1540, 17); no 
 trace of wjiicli, it must be observed, 
 was fiund on the inner side of tlie. 
 inn(jr wall. Tlio origin of tliis ]-ed 
 mii'ci.-ne clay was at lirst pi'uble- 
 matii.'al ; liut a clue was eventually 
 given l)y tlie discovery of a brick 
 made of it, Imilt into one of the walls 
 of the liabitation near the gateway. 
 Till' form of this bi'ick was very dis- 
 tinct, thougli, owing to the absiuice 
 of straw or any similar binding mate- 
 rial, the clay was disintegrated. It 
 showed clea)']}' that the marly chiv, 
 of whieli su(di (juantitics weie fjund, 
 had come fi'om decnmpijsed liricks. 
 Tlieso must once liave firmed tlie 
 upper part of tlie massive wall of 
 defence, the stones wliich now alone 
 mark its course having sei-ved as 
 a fjundatinn. As the brickwork 
 crumblid away it fell to the fiiit of 
 the wall, and there formed 1ho accii- 
 mulatioii seen in Tso. 1540, 17. "^Vood- 
 ashes were occasionally found inter- 
 mixed with it, but otherwise there 
 we]-e mi marks wdiatsoever of iiiX". 
 
 f'lie ('utrancc; to the firtross to 
 which these walls bidongcd lay on the 
 
 eastern side, and was formed lij' a 
 narrow passage, 3 feet wide, between 
 two long projecting butli'csses. It 
 must have been built upmi tlie tumulus 
 after the accumulation of soil repre- 
 sented by the stratum li. Little addi- 
 tional soil was accumulated within tlio 
 fortress itself, and the unbroken line 
 of tlie latter piroves iucontestably 
 that the interments previously men- 
 tioned must have been made before 
 its construclion. One skeleton, in- 
 deed (No. 1640, 12), was actually 
 found under the massive inner wall 
 itself (Xo. 1540, lOj. The innei- wall, 
 it ma}' be added, shows in snme parts 
 a facing of yellow loam brick on 
 the inside, from 2 to 3 feet in height, 
 and the remains of these bricks O'.n- 
 stitute ill great measure the di'hris 
 within the fortress, wdiieh form what 
 wo will call stratum c. 
 
 Tlie fragments of pottery difcnvered 
 in stratum n are but few. In tlio 
 h.nver part the handle of a vase, made 
 in the shape of a cow or ox (Xns. 
 1550-1 550 j, was f lund, wdiile a small 
 hand-made vase with horizontally per- 
 firated excrescences fNo. 15C0) was 
 met \vith close to the wall, and frag- 
 ments ijf lustrous-black ribbed vases 
 ^vere turnijd up, similar to those found 
 in the stratum c (Xns. 1501, 1502). 
 
 It is to this stratum that we must 
 now turn. Here we find ourselves 
 in presence of a sacred enclosure, 
 within wdiich altars once stood, dedi- 
 cated in all priibaliility to that Th}-!!!- 
 brc'in A]iiillo, wdiosc temple, according 
 to the inilications (if Straljo, must have 
 stood upon this very spot. On the west 
 side are the remains of a wall two and 
 a lialf fec't in diameter, built on the 
 drbris of the old fortress, and probably 
 once faced with brick (No. 1540, 7). 
 ( )n the east side, tin.' massive inner wall 
 of th(! old fortress was converted to the 
 use of the new edifice. On tlie south- 
 east was a long piece of building, and 
 here too was the entrance, consisting of 
 a narrow passage. Tlio massive wall 
 on the east side shows traces of having 
 
Arr. IV,] 
 
 BY MR. FUAJs^K CALVERT. 
 ^ JojO /i No. isr,7. 
 
 ir-vV. — Ul 
 
 ■15 
 
 Xos. IjoG-lSTiS. ^'a^i 
 
 n davk-coluuri^'d Clay. (.Vljriut 1 :'2 actual size.) 
 
 been burnt, from which we maj- infer 
 that the fortress had been successfnllv 
 stormeil and taken by an attackiuy; 
 
 N n. ] 5C0. Small band-made 
 ^ Ijj-i Vi-e- Vase witli perforated excrescences, 
 handle of lu>trou3 (Aboilt 1 : 2 actnal 6ize.) 
 
 lilack Terra-ciitta. 
 (,-\boiit 1 : 3 actual size.) 
 
 >;o. 1561. Handle of a 
 
 ribbed Vase. 
 
 (About 1 ; 3 actnal size ) 
 
 A'o. 10011. Frat,Tnent of a 
 
 lustrous-black ribbed Vase. 
 
 (About 1 : 3 actual size.) 
 
 force. Tlie ground witliin what we 
 niajr term the sacred enclosure hits all 
 been artificially levelled, and a floor 
 formed by a coating of yellow hiam 
 plaster from half an inch to ono inch 
 thick (No. lodO, 8). Above this floor 
 lies a thin unbroken line of charcoal, 
 testifying to the sacrificial fires that 
 
 once biurnt within the enclosure, the 
 whole of which ^\'ould thus have been 
 consecrated to religious uses. Xu- 
 mei'ous filtar-floors of Ijriek occur at 
 various levels (No. ] 5-1-0, 5), stone 
 taking the place of Ijrick at the northern 
 angle (No. 1540, 4). Their succession 
 is indictitcd in the section No. ISGo, 
 
 No. I5M. Seclion of brick-floor Altars. 
 
 where a line drawn from D to A 
 shows tlio limits within whicli they 
 were f)iind. The ftct that they 
 were tlius superposed one upon the 
 other points pretty plainly to the long- 
 period of time during whicli the en- 
 closure was employed fur sacrificial 
 purpiises and the flour grailually 
 covered by successive dejiosits of 
 ashes. The brick altar-floors are cir- 
 cular in form, from 15 to 20 feet in 
 diameter, each being composed of a 
 single eimrsc. of sun-dried lirick, im- 
 bedde;! ill day cement ( Xo. 150-1). 
 
 Xo. 15U4. Eidargi-d portion of Section of brick-floor 
 Altar. 
 
 Cement and brick have alike been re- 
 
716 
 
 THYMBEA, HAXAI TEPEIT. 
 
 [A pp. IV. 
 
 duced 1 ly the action of fire to one liomo- 
 o;cneoiis consistency and colour. The 
 altar-floors of stone are made of 
 pel lilies of liasalt i'rom tlio river-bed, 
 whieji have been Imrnt red. Besides 
 these altar-floors, two altars of stone 
 have been discovered ( Xo. 1.j40, 0), the 
 stones of which they are built being 
 ciystalliiie limestone, calcined by the 
 
 a vegetable one, and that the bones 
 and shells found their way into it 
 onlj', as it were, accidentally. Conse- 
 quently, the hypothesis that m'o have 
 hero the connnou tomb of the Trojans 
 must be rejected. 
 
 Fragments of riblied potterv were 
 found in the stratum, similar, as has 
 already been stated, to those found 
 
 great and long-continued heat to ' in the iipper part of stratum B, but 
 which they have been exposed. The j all burnt red or j-ellow, and vitrilied. 
 
 alt irs and altar-floors alike stand in a 
 thick bed of Avool-ashes, derived from 
 the sacrificial fires which formerly 
 burnt upon them. This lied forms 
 the accumulation marked in the plan 
 (No. 15-1:0) as stratum e, -which has a 
 depth of from .3 to 8 feet. The ashes 
 are partially vitriiied, and there is no 
 trace of charcoal ami.mg them. Tlio 
 moisture from the surface has been 
 unable to jicuctrate through them, so 
 that the ^vholl■ niass was light, and 
 caused much annoyance in working 
 in consequence of the dust. 
 
 A few calcined fragments of liono 
 .and shell have been found in this bed, 
 the forms of -\\-hich are preserved, 
 thougli the liones have been converted 
 into vivianite. But these fragments are 
 few and scattered. As shown by me in 
 the Journal of the AnJiaeolo-jical Insliliitn 
 fir 18.">8. the opinion that the accumu- 
 lation is of an ossiferous character is 
 entirely contrary to the fact. A close 
 examination proves that its origin was 
 
 At certain jxiiuts on the north-east 
 side, stratum c covers and extends be- 
 yond the massive wall (No. IS-tO, 10), 
 from which wa may conclude that the 
 enclosure continued to be used for 
 sacrificial purposes after the soil 
 within it had grown tci such an ex- 
 tent as to cover the upper surface of 
 the old fortress wall. In the trench 
 driven along the eastern wall, as given 
 in section No. 15G5, is a remarkable 
 diagonal Assuring of the wood-ashes 
 uniler the basement of one of the 
 altars, which may possiblj' be due to 
 lateral pressure. 
 
 A fragment of sun-dried brick from 
 one of the altar-floors has four curious 
 marks upon it, evidently imprinted 
 by the hoofs of some animal, probably 
 a kid, while the white clay was still 
 plastic (No. 15C6). 
 
 Near the gateway the old massive 
 wall has been parti}- destroj'cd, and a 
 low wall has been built upon it, in the 
 form of a curve, and crossing both the 
 
 ^\i'k^^^k.:Ams,S/:\ 
 
 _£_FcrJ__ __ 
 
 No. 1565. Section showing Diagonal Fissuring of Wood-asbes under brick-floor Altar. 
 
App. IV.] 
 
 BY MR. FRANK CALVERT. 
 
 717 
 
 buttresses which flanked the entrance 
 as well as the entrance itself. At the 
 same time, a second inner wall, built 
 partly on the fuundations of the 
 massive wall, curves inward, enclosino- 
 
 No. 1566, Footpi-iiUs of a Kid on a fragment of 
 sun-dried bricl^. 
 
 a space in the shape of a tongue about 
 15 feet in diameter. The entrance to 
 the sacred enclosure was formed Ijy a 
 narrow passage between the extremity 
 of this tongue and the massive wall. A 
 quantity of burnt bricks was f lund 
 
 here, as well as outside the low curved 
 w'all and also witliin it. 
 
 A section of a portion of the UKjinid 
 from soTitli to north, given in the cut 
 Ko. ITiliT, will illustrate the statements 
 just made, and render them easier to 
 understand. AVe liavo first of all the 
 natural rock ( No. 1 Mu, 1 ) ; then comes 
 a stratum of sundried bricks (Xo. 15(;7, 
 2 ), 1 foot in thickness. The unifonuly 
 bright red colour of these shows that 
 they have been subjected to a strong 
 heat. Next fNo. l.')(37, .3) follows a 
 stratum of clay, re]u-csenling the de- 
 composed sun-dried bricks which have 
 fallen from the walls, of which only 
 the lower part has licen preserved. 
 The thickness of the portion of the 
 
 No. 15C7. Section of Portion of Hanai lepeli ffuni S. to N. 
 
 1. Natural Roelv. 5. Layer of Wood-aslies. 
 
 2. Stratum of Bricks tjurnt Ijrigbt red. 6. Sun-dried Briclis and Stones. 
 
 3. Stratum of sun-dried Bricks. 7. General Layer of Wood-aslies in connection with C. 
 .1. Stratum of Wood-ashes and Ciiarcoal. 8. Surface stratum a on I'lan No. 154U. 
 
 stratum on the left of the section is 
 from one and a half to two feet. 
 Some of the bricks whose forms may 
 bo traced in it rested on low foun- 
 dations of stone. The inner side of 
 the walls, as well as the floors, were 
 covered witli a jilaster of clay and 
 chopped sti'aw, the surface of which 
 has been burnt red. Some of the 
 fallen bricks likewise show the marks 
 of fire. In fact, it is ])lain tlitit 
 tlie building tn wliich they belong 
 must have perished in the flames. On 
 the floor was a la^^er of wood-ashes, in 
 which a numljcr of pi3'rainid;il weavers' 
 weights of different sizes w^ero found, 
 as well as some whorls without orna- 
 mentation and a nunute hand-made 
 vessel with hoiizontallj' perforated ex- 
 crescences, tiniilarto No. 15(iO. Among 
 
 the potsherds were some ribbed fiag- 
 ments similar to Nos. 1501, 15G-. 
 
 No. loG7, -i, represents a layer of 
 wood-ashes and charcoal, in Avhieh 
 We may see evidence of a third con- 
 flagration. A btiilding coniposed (jf 
 bricks similar to those found below 
 must once have existed here. liesiing 
 on the ashes were large jars or jiiihn, 
 which had the appearance of having 
 been placed in a row along the wtiUs, 
 together with smaller vessels. 'J he 
 majority of tlie vessels are ribbed, some 
 are dark, wdiile otliei s are of a bril- 
 liant red colour. They have all been 
 turned on tlie wheel. The peculiaiily 
 of the ijithni is that tliey have no 
 hanilli'K prnperly so called, a triangular 
 hide beliiw the lip having served as a 
 subslitiite. Other large jars \\idi 
 
TimiBRA, IIANAI TEPEH. 
 
 [Arp. lY. 
 
 onliunry liaiidles find fra-uiriils of 
 liMitil ciiiis were also luuml. This 
 stratmn is from ono and a liall to two 
 feet tliick. 
 
 AVc now come to a layer of wood- 
 aslies ( Xo. Io07, 5), wliicli arc iliu- 
 roiii;'ldy I'liriit, the layer Leiiig 1 foot 
 in thickness. After this is a stratum 
 of sun-dried Ijricks and stones (No. 
 l.ji;;;, t. ), inches thick, whicli con- 
 tained a lew frap;ments of darlv rilibed 
 jiotteiT- Then follows (Xo. I.jGT, 7) 
 what we have marl^ed as stratum c 
 in the general plan No. 1540, consist- 
 ing of wood-ashes, which rises aliove 
 and heyond the sacred enclosure. The 
 position of this stratum, together witli 
 the hlaek lino of charred wood (No. 
 1540, 8 ), ]iroves that the enclosure was 
 (jriginally huilt befjre the huge accu- 
 mulation (A iishcs which forms the 
 stratum. Aliovo it is the surface 
 stratum ( Ko. 15C7, 8), marked A in 
 the general plan No. 154-0. 
 
 This stratum carries us into the 
 historic period. We first fiml snu- 
 drieil Ijricks scattcreil over the sur- 
 face of the layer of wood-ashes (c), 
 in X'o. 1540, proving that a time came 
 ^^hen the altar-fires were discon- 
 tinued, the temjile in v\diich tliey 
 had linrneil being desecrated, ami 
 dwelling - houses erected upon its 
 site. These houses seoni to liave had 
 neitlier doors nor windows, or rather 
 these necessary openings were at 
 such a height from the ground that 
 all trace of them has disappeared. 
 A brick wall on the western side, be- 
 tween the massive wall of the old 
 firtre-ss and the inner wall fXo. 1540, 
 7), shows that they were constructed in 
 tlie same fashion as the earlier brick 
 buildings Ijeneath. The bricks, as 
 will be seen from the following table, 
 were of various sizes : — 
 
 10 inches X 8\x3. 
 
 Hi „ X r,lx2^. 
 
 10 „ X H x'2\. 
 
 11 „ xio x^;;-. 
 
 KK} „ X12 X21. 
 18-t „ X12:VX2-^-. 
 
 It may be noteel that ono of the 
 
 j Ijricks has upon it the print of the 
 
 1 toes of a child's foot. 
 
 I Among the pottery found in this 
 upper stratum may be mentioned the 
 
 ! fragment of a specimen of the old 
 dark-ceiloured ribbeel pottery, in the 
 shapje of the handle, neck, and liroken 
 spiout of a vase, the spout being 
 adorned with two ej'cs, in order to 
 avert the evil eye (No. 1568). Frag- 
 
 No. 15G8. ' Uppor portion of ribbed Vase, wiUi lyi.s on 
 Spoil*. 
 
 monts were also found Ijotli of archaic 
 anel of later tireek painted pottery, as 
 well as sepulchral p/7/(u/ and cists of the 
 Hellenic period. In fact, a time camo 
 when the ancient tumulus of Ilanai 
 Te})idi formed a jiortion of the necro- 
 polis of the' historical town of Thym- 
 bra, now represented by Akshi Kioi, 
 and groups of tombs are met with all 
 the way to it from tlio latter sjiot. 
 Bj'zantino tomljs, too, occur near the 
 surface of the tumulus, some of which 
 contain several bodies, along with 
 vases, beads, and bronze ornaments. 
 These tombs are built of stones, with 
 stone covers, and are i irnameuted with 
 engraved crosses. Turkish and other 
 undctermincil interments have also 
 been fijund. 
 
 ■ A large number of Greek amphorae 
 have licen dug np in the surface soil. 
 It is possible that they may have 
 been used fiir the libations, and they 
 may indicate that traditions of sanctity 
 still lingered around the spot. Indeed 
 it was still known in the daj-s of 
 Strabo that the place had been the site 
 
App. IV.] 
 
 BY MU. MixVNK CALYEltT. 
 
 719 
 
 of the legendary temple of the Tlij'ni- 
 Lreau Apollo. A eonsiderablo number 
 of circular tei ra-cotta discs with raised 
 centre and two [lerforatiniis, wliicli may 
 liave been cmploj-ed as seals, were 
 discovered together with t he amphorae 
 (No. 15G9J. Several of tliese discs 
 
 No. 15C9. Oltject nf Terra-cutta with two pcrfurations. 
 (^t : to aLtual sizii'.) 
 
 have impressed stitmps upon tliem : 
 one represents the douLh '-headed axe 
 ami bunch of i;'rapes wliieh was tlto 
 eiiihlem of Tenedos. Many, no doubt, 
 served as settls to the amphorae to 
 which tliey vere attached; and seals 
 of exactly the same form, though 
 witltout perforatiiuis, are still used to 
 the present d;ty in Lemnos. Here 
 they are employed for medicinal pur- 
 poses, and are polislied liy ruliliing 
 ttfter being impressed with tlie seal of 
 the governor of Lemnos. 
 
 The sliuUs found in tlie Greek and 
 Byzantine tombs are dolichoce}ih;ilic, 
 like those found in strtttum is (No. 
 I.jt0. 12.). ^\'e may shortly expect a 
 published account of rmfessor Yir- 
 chow's e.-camiiitttion nf them. 
 
 As has been already stated, the 
 historical Thymbra stood at some little 
 distance from llauai Tepeli, and occu- 
 liied the site of the itresent Tliymlira 
 farm, the predece.ssur of which was 
 the Turkish village of Akshi Kioi, 
 depopidated by plague several years 
 ago. Tliyndu-a was a ^\-alled town, 
 and the rock on which it was built 
 shows traces of having been cut into in 
 various places in order to receive hewn 
 stones. No pro-histoiio remains have 
 been found on its site. Its necropolis, 
 however, which extended as far as 
 Ilanai Topeh, has yielded archaic as 
 well as later (jretdc pottery. Among 
 
 the subjects painted upon it may be 
 mentioned the lieturn of Ulysses, 
 Briseis in the tent of Aclnlles,01ytaem- 
 nestra, the Adventnres of Dioitj-sus, 
 and the like. Eesides the potterj', 
 glass vases with bauds and waves of 
 different colours have licen exhumed, 
 as well as sepulchrtil inscriptions, 
 pitJioi, and cists. (Jerttiin marble 
 blocks on the highest poition of tlie 
 site of Thymlira probably marl-; the 
 position <jf the historical temple of 
 Ajiollo Thymbraeus. as opposed to that 
 faiitiius one of legend and myth which 
 stood on riana-i Tepeh, tiU'l was be- 
 lieved to have been the sci-ne of tlie 
 death (if Achilles. A mutihited in- 
 scription discovered there, and jiulj- 
 lldied in Le Bas ( Vviiage archenhnjlque, 
 V. No. 1743 d), contains an inventory 
 of tlie temple ireasur 
 
 Section of the Thoj.vn Plain in the 
 Valley of the Thymbiuus. 
 
 The accompanying sketch No. 1570 
 shows a natural section of the left bank 
 of the river Tliymbrius (4) (Kemar 
 8u), aliout 250 feet from the base of 
 Hantii Tc)ieh. Fragments of pottery 
 (2), similar to tliose to lie seen on the 
 site of pre-hist(jric Thymbra (Ilanai 
 Tepeh), are found on the iniocene rock 
 (3 I, njion which there are froiti 4 to 
 G feet of alluvial S(jil (1). The depth 
 of this soil is relative to the irregular 
 configuration of tlie roek -which firmed 
 the actual surhice in those pre-historie 
 times. Some other Iragments of pot- 
 tery were diswivercd iit sinkiitg a 
 well in the alluvium, some tjUO 
 yards to the east of this locality, 
 and aliout 2i) frotit the bed of the 
 river, at a dc|itli, li'out the surface, 
 of G to 7 feet. If the arbitrary 
 ag(_! of 3000 years be given to this 
 pottery, tlie rate of increase of allu- 
 
 
 :£MiMk 
 
 Ko. ;070. Section of tlic Trojan 
 
 riain, Valley of the Tlijmbrlus. 
 
720 'rilVMr.l!y\, JIANAl ThWICII. I'.Y Mil. l-'IIANK CM VKKT. [Air. IV. 
 
 \liini nil llic ]il;uii "wniilil avi'Miu,'!'. ;i 
 fiiiif, III TiOlJ yi-ai'S. 'I'lHi iMiii-li sti'cKS, 
 liowcA'iT, c'liiiiiit, |]i; laid on ;i 
 iiiiilnnii riif.ij ol' ili.'|Hisil, as |ii-i)V(;(l liy 
 <jrlllal' (^\iilrli('C. Fur i lintalli'i', a ilnuil 
 r(i\-iirK a la,r,L;-('. trart on llii'. ]ilaiii with 
 sal 111 anil j^'ravi-l a fnnt il( ■(■!), drsl rnyi n,!.;; 
 till' laiiil i'lir I'liiti \'at,ii)ii ; sniiir. sun- 
 .•ri.llli;.:; IIwd.I IvllluVi'S tlic wlioln (if 
 tliii ili'l lil MS, la,\-s liari'. Hill riinniT siii'- 
 J'arr, ami |irllia|is ailils a lliiii sfj'atiiiii 
 of i'lTtilr, si'iliiiii'iit, ri--aila|il in;.:; Ilin 
 la.nil tn ii!.;lii-iiltairal |iiir|iosi'S. Tin; 
 nvni'lal rlTrrl, of tin-, llooils ill tlic. 
 jilaiii 111 'I'i'oy is til ili'\'ati'. tin' licils 
 anil liaiiks of tlm ri\i.'rs: (lif rnarsiT 
 the inattri' lii'lil in ini-i'liaiiinal siisju'ii- 
 siou, tlic ncaix'i' it is ili'|iiisiti'il to tlm 
 river; thus tlie Si-amamli-r, in tlir 
 ii]i|irr ]iait lit' the ]ilaiii, has I'liriiieil 
 t\\'ii slo|iiiit!; li'vrls tniiii its liaulvs to 
 tliii liills on ritlni' siile. 'J'he clear 
 streams from tin; Uoiinarliaslii anil 
 JJiiili'n s]ii'inL;'s, with tlmir iiiiifoi-iiL 
 flow anil no ti'ilnitary toirnnt. to swell 
 tlieir \'oluiiie or to lirin:.:; ilown ilrtilfiis, 
 liave, thiiK iiail their eoni'Ses ilirecteil 
 alunij; tliii liaseof llie liills oti citlier 
 lower level of tin; jilain. 
 
 XOTK. 
 From tin; almvn ili;S[;ri|ition ,<j_Iven 
 liy niy fi-ieml Mr. I<'raiik' ('alvert 
 of liis e.^jiloration of 1 lanai Tepeli, in 
 \vhii;li I assistril liim in 187H ami 
 187i), it will he seen that all tin; 
 jii'o|iIi'S whieh sneeeeileil etieli otlier 
 on Ihat hill inlerreil tlnii' ileail, ami 
 iliJ not use, ea'enia tioii, wliioh was in 
 ti;oni-ral use in all tin; live; ]ire-historic 
 eilirs of llissarlilc. Tin- ]iiil|or\', too, 
 is wiilrly iliffereiil, foral, I lanai' 'I'epeh 
 all the vases Tsee tin; eiif^Tavint^s 
 Xo. late, 1.547, l.'.liO) liavo hoilzontal 
 ]ii'rliirat ions for Mis]ieiisiiin wilh a 
 stiin;,:;, wliile at llissarlik all the |ie|-- 
 loralions lor siis|ieiision are vrrtieal. 
 'I'liore i, ria'taiiil\- some aiialoL.^\' lio- 
 twii'ii the liiiwls (iiliml in tin; lowi;st 
 Biratiim at llana'i 'J'e|ie]i ami the 
 
 liiiwfs fouiiil ill the lirst ami lowest 
 eily at llissarlik', heeaiisi; they liavu 
 in eomiiion lonj;- hiiri/.ontal tiilirs for 
 Kiis|iensioii. Ihit, a;j,ain, as will he seen 
 liy eonijiaring the IJana'i I'ra'^inents re- 
 |iri;scnt(;il in the en;j,Tavin!j;s No. 154.'), 
 l.O-l-f, ami iri4."i, Avifli similar ones from 
 llissai-lik ie|ii-es(;nli;il on p. HIH, Ko.s. 
 ;;il--lL', tlie tiiliillar holes an; all.o;n;tlii;r 
 ililfi'ienf in shape and jiosilion. ]!e- 
 sidiis, altlioii;.;h tri])Oils oemir a.t llana'i' 
 Triiili, as at llissarlik, the, vase-fret 
 are alto;.;ethi'r different in form, and 
 a.inoni;- the thoilsa.iids of vasr-foet, at 
 Ilissailik there is ijot one wliieh reseni- 
 lih;s I ho \aKe-l'oot from llana'i Tepoli re- 
 in-oseiifi-il niiilei- Xo. l.j-IS. 'J'he same 
 may he said of the vase-handles, whieh 
 nevi;r oeeiir at llissarlik of tlio Hhaj)0 
 of tlioso found at llanai Tejiidi and 
 rejiresented under Kos. ]o-l(i, ]."i-l7, 
 l.'',.a(j to I.OoO, and l."!!'.!. (Jons)iieuouH 
 amoni:; the ti;rra-eettas in the seeorjil 
 stratum at lla.na'i d'opeli is a dull 
 lilaekish 111- ,;;ri'y jiaml-madi; pott-i;i'y, 
 \vhirli as, for instanee, the vase- 
 f rai;;iiiout loliK — has in eolour and 
 falirie a '^r(;:it resenil)Ia,ni;e to the 
 am-iryit T;yilian ])otte7-y foniiil at llis- 
 sarlik', imnieiliatily lii;low the siratiim 
 (;f (W/r/'.s- of tin; Ilium of the Arolii; 
 eolon\'. i may also lay stre>s on tin; 
 laet that, among this pottery from the 
 second llana'i 'J'opeli stratum vaso- 
 handlis oeeiir with a (;ow or ox Iiead, 
 \vliii'li likewise iieeurs on vasi;-handli;s 
 in the I/ydian city at llissarlik, Imt 
 novel- in any one of the five ju-e-his- 
 toi-ie, eitii;s of llissarlik. 
 
 l'''rom all this we may eniielude with 
 the ;.;l-i;alest eorlainty, that, allliiiUL;k 
 I lamii 'I'ljii-h is only an hoiii-'s walk 
 distant from llissarlik, yet all the 
 ]ieii|iles whirh sm-ceeded each otlier 
 on that pi'i'iiliar spot well) alloi_;-i;11ii-r 
 ililfrreiit from the prc-liistoi-ic inliahit- 
 aiits on llissarlik, except a Lydiaii 
 (;olony, whoso existriici; wi; infi-r from 
 the potlery. 
 
 IliiNllY Soil Ll K.MANN. 
 
APPENDIX V. 
 
 MEDICAL PRACTICE IN THE TROAD IN 1879. 
 
 By PnOFEsson Piudolf Vikciiow. 
 
 When last spi iiiy; I accepted Dr. 
 Schlieniann's invitation to assist liiia 
 ill liis excavations in tlie Troail, I 
 was prompted to d(_i so in no small 
 dci^'iee by the hope tliat, in turning 
 my hack on the soil of Europe, I 
 sliouhl also for some time turn it upon 
 tlie whole mass of occupations which 
 threatened to crush me. I did not 
 suspect that the very occupation 
 from which I hail gradually with- 
 drawn at h(.>me, the practice of medi- 
 cine, would fall to my lot there in 
 hurdeiisoiue almndance. lint scarcely 
 had I been one day at Ilium, or, to 
 speak less dogmatically, at Ilissarlik, 
 "^\dien some sick lalidurers were Ijrouglit 
 to me from among the large numliers 
 eiaplciyed by Dr. Schliemann, and this 
 sufficed to spread over the wlmle of 
 the Noi tliern 'I'road the report tliat a 
 newlj'-arrivod Eftendi was a great 
 physician. The labourers, numbeiing 
 from 12(1 to 150, wdio came everj' m(.irn- 
 iug to the excavations from all parts 
 of the neighljourhood, as -^^'cll as the 
 numerous [lersuns wlio brouglit victuals 
 and other necessaries, took care, in a 
 country wdiere foreigners are in them- 
 selves a vcay nnusual sight, to e.xcite 
 a general curiosit\". 
 
 I am at a loss to say whether there 
 is a real physician in the Troad. 
 Though I travelled throiigli the coun- 
 try from the Hellespont to the (_iulf 
 of Adramyttium, yet I nowhere met 
 with such a man. Even professional 
 cpiacks did not come across me. Only 
 the Greek priests practise a little 
 medical manipulation here and there ; 
 
 especiallj' are they highly dangerous 
 ])lilebotomists. Dr. Schlienrann' has 
 rightly denounced this practice, and 
 lias mentioned the terrifio examjilc of 
 such a priest, who had bled a girl, 
 seventeen years old, seven times in 
 one month. 
 
 An apothecary's shop is as unkn("n^'n 
 in the Trojan land as a. physiciim. ^^"c 
 were obliged to send for our medicines 
 to the Dardanelles, a, distance of six. 
 or eight hours, wlien wc needed to 
 renew our st(.ick ; and "when, on my 
 journey to the west coast, I came to 
 the village of Ghiekli, and for want 
 of appropriate medicines wrote a pre- 
 scription for a sick woman, her hus- 
 band told me, in answer to nij ques- 
 tion whether ho could get it made 
 up, that he would go on purpose 
 for it to the island of Tenedos. But 
 that was a real voyage. Strange 
 to say, the people appeared not even 
 to know domestic remedies. Camo- 
 mile grows in many places in such 
 great abundance, that the whole air 
 smells of it, like the kitchen of a 
 Western hospital, but nevertheless I 
 had some trouble to make the jilant 
 known to the people and to introduce 
 its use. Juniper grows on all the 
 mountain sh ipes, lait nobody had ever 
 made use of its berries. Happily we 
 had an abundance of medicines. Dr. 
 Schliemann had in former 3'ears Iiecn 
 oldiged to treat diseases in the Truail, 
 and his medicine Ijox was abundantl^y 
 supplied. My friend Liebreich had 
 
 ^ ^roy and its Jiciiiahis ; LondoD, 1870, ]i. 141. 
 3 A 
 
MEDICAL PDACTICE IN THE TROAD IN 1879. 
 
 [App. V. 
 
 jirMviileil I'll' me a cunijilete tiavel- 
 lini;- filiiitliijcary's store; ami though 
 I liafl taken it witli Die Kijmewliat 
 reluetaiitly, it reiiih'i'eil good service. 
 IlappilA- I liai.l little iieeil to make 
 use of it fur myself. <Jf tlie L-<ii<e- 
 lini' I must uiake a partieular ac- 
 kn(jwledgment. Not only against the 
 effects of sun-hurning on the skin, 
 hut also in various otlior exeoriatiorjs, 
 espei'ially from riding, it proved to lie 
 highly heneficial. 
 
 My practice consisted at first solely 
 in receiving out-door pjatients. Besides 
 our laliourci'S and the other pierscms 
 engaged on the excav-ations, people 
 came seeking hcdp from all the neigh- J 
 hourhood for a distance of from t-ivo 
 to three hours. They came some on > 
 foot, some on horsehack, others on 
 donkeys. AVith the exception of small 
 carts, which have voinlen discs in- 
 ■stead of wheels, there ai'e still to the 
 present day in the Troad neither 
 A-ehicles nor real jiracticahle roads. 
 Even the vnmen, theref ire, ride whcTi 
 they have to go any hmg distance. 
 (.)nce only a sick person, a poor con- 
 sumptive girl, in the last stage of i 
 exhaiistinn, was Lrought to mo in a 
 large hasket hung on a horse, and, as I 
 usual, lialavjced liy a second basket on i 
 the other side of the animal. 
 
 In tlie early monung a whole trooii 
 of persons seeking helji. men. M'omen, I 
 and children, gathered before our 
 wiioden barracks. They sfjuatted in ! 
 ■a long row in the sliade of the 
 kitchen building which was oppiisite 
 to our barracks, and waiteil patiently 
 till tlieir turn came. Towards the 
 end of my stay, when my reputation ' 
 had extended, a second ti oop came 
 about noon, for the most jiart from 
 more distant localities. 
 
 I-tnt to this was gradually addtd 
 4 Jiractice in the patients'' houses. 
 This w--as jiarticidaily the case in the 
 nearest (Jreek village, Kalifatli, situ- 
 ited in the plain, which we liad to 
 pii-s in nuist of our excursions, espe- 
 i'ially in our rides to the Heroic tombs 
 
 i")n the west coast. Sometimes on our 
 return late in the evening, people 
 waited for ns, and I cannot sufficiently 
 praise the kind patience of my friend 
 Schliemann, who, in spite of the press- 
 ing urgency of his afl'airs, and often 
 in spite of his extreme fatigue, never 
 for a moment grew impatient of 
 acting the onerous ptart of inter- 
 pi'cter, and explaining my prescrip- 
 tions in a circumstantial and popular 
 "\vay with the greatest care and atten- 
 tion. AA'herever we came, sick people 
 I gathered around us, their attention 
 having jiroliably lieen aroused liy the 
 communications of our workmen ; 
 J and even on our j(.iuniey through the 
 mountains of Ida, the first act in the 
 morning was usually to insjiect those 
 who sought help in the open nuir- 
 ket. Then followeil. not seldom, the 
 reipuest to visit more serious cases at 
 home. 
 
 r(jr the most part my patients ^vere 
 Greeks, and their homes were princi- 
 palh' in the Greek towns and villages ; 
 especially (besides Kalifatli) Een Kioi 
 on tlie Hellespont, Yeni Kioi and Yeni 
 Shehr on the Aegean Sea. Turks, 
 hriAvever, were not wanting. The 
 Turkish oflici;il Mdio had been sent by 
 the Ministry to Hissarlik to watch 
 the -w-in-ks, as Tvell as the ten zaptiehs 
 I'gcnsdarmeV) whom Dr. Schliemann 
 always ke]it as an escort and safeguard, 
 furnislied fnun the first a certain 
 contingent. The Turkish villages, 
 es]iecially Chiblak and Keum Kaleh, 
 contributed their patients, and even 
 Turkish women were brought to me. 
 Besides these came Gi])sies (Tpc^toi), 
 who live in tlic country in large 
 numbers, iiartly as nouiads, pa.rtly as 
 resident craftsmen, especially smiths. 
 Our labourers were also composed of 
 many nations: among them were 
 Bulgarians, Armenians, and even 
 Bersians. It is ea.sy to conceive 
 what a trouble and what .'i loss of 
 time it was, in this mixture of 
 nationalities and languages, to carry 
 on the examination of the sick and 
 
App. YJ 
 
 V,Y PROFESSOll KUDOLF VIItCHOW. 
 
 rso 
 
 the explanation of tlio prcRcriptions, 
 whicli liad often to Ije done by two 
 or more interpreters. Sometimes we 
 almost desp)aire(l of making ourselves 
 understood, for even tlie modern Greek 
 -patois of the men does not know many 
 expressions which are current in the 
 more civilized language of Athens. 
 Thus, for instance, we did not suc- 
 ceed in ascertaining whether in tliis 
 provincial dialect there exists a pre- 
 cise expression for diarrhoea. 
 
 On the whole, I was surprised to 
 find a strong and healthy-looking 
 population. Even the appearance of 
 the wijmen exhibited a favourable con- 
 trast with wliat I had seen, though 
 only in the streets, at Constantinople 
 and iScutari. Whilst in these large 
 citie.s the faces of the women, so far 
 as they were at all visible, exhibited 
 a fearful paleness, nay a very strik- 
 iiiglv bloated and anaemic appearance, 
 I found the women of tlie Troad, 
 even those from the very regions of 
 fever, if not fresli-lookiug, at least 
 less pale and of a purer cinuplexion 
 than the greater part of the female 
 population of our large cities. Among 
 the men there are a great number of 
 very strong and well-built forms, and 
 in their bronzed faces rosy cheeks are 
 not wanting. 
 
 And j-et it v:ns a particnlaidy criti- 
 cal time. The forty days' fast of Lent 
 WAS, approaching its end, and the 
 whole (_ireek population was in a 
 state of exhaustion, which could lie 
 very precisely measured by the dail}' 
 decrease of the work done. When 
 the first sick woman I spoke to, a 
 person iA-or)i out liy long fev(jr, asked 
 me what she should eat, and I pre- 
 scriliecl to her a generous diet, I was 
 not a little astonished to hear that 
 Lent excludes altogether not only the 
 eating of meat Ijut even of eggs and 
 fish, and that there is no dispensa- 
 tion for the sick or even for children. 
 For forty consecutive days Lent is 
 observed witli the greatest austerity 
 by the entire population ! Such is the 
 
 influence of the priests, who are neither 
 educated nor removed from the com- 
 mon p)ursnits of the people. Nay, I 
 saw one of these gentlemen who kept 
 a frequented inn, and who on Sunday 
 was to be seen sitting in the middle of 
 the bar-room smoking his nargileh. 
 
 In addition to Lent, with the atro- 
 phy it produces, comes a second mis- 
 chievous influence, the malaria. The 
 Trojan Plain is a notorious region of 
 fever, nor can any one be astonished at 
 this. Lai'go swamps and marshes ex- 
 tend in all directions. Several rivers 
 and rivulets disappear in them and 
 fill the subsoil with their water. 
 Shortly before my arrival, the Sca- 
 mander had overflowed its banks and 
 had ininidated the jdain far and wide. 
 In the first week of April the whole 
 land on its west side was still coated 
 with thick silt and mud; all the 
 roads were covered up, and stagnant 
 water still stood in many places. 
 Then the evaporation commenced, and 
 in the evening a stinking fog lay over 
 the plain. The various arms tif the 
 Kalifatli Asmak began soon afterwards 
 to change Irom flowing Avatercourses 
 into chains of stagnant pools and 
 tanks. In short, all the conditions 
 were supiplied fir the formation of 
 malaria, ibr at the same time tlie tem- 
 perature of the air increased rapidly, 
 and at noon we had not seldom in 
 the shade 20'^, 22^, and even higher 
 degrees centigrade (08", ll'C/ ¥., and 
 upwards ). 
 
 Nevertheless I did not see a single 
 case of malignant fever piropcr. Ac- 
 cording to what the people say, it is 
 finly June and July that bring this 
 inci'case of the malarious action. Wo 
 remained exempt, though we did not 
 fjllow for a single day the ^vell- 
 known rule, not to sta}' in the open 
 air after sunset. IIow often did 
 we ride liy starlight or moonlight 
 over the stinking plain ! Sometimes 
 after such rides, which were usually 
 very long and fatiguing, I felt on the 
 following morning a slight fulness in 
 
MEDICAL riiACTICE IX THE TROAD L\ 1879. 
 
 [App. V. 
 
 the ]ie;iil, .so tliat for j^'ecant ion's sake 
 I took soiiiu ([ninine, lint no trace of 
 fever was olisiTv'alile. Aniono- tlie 
 po]iiilatif)i\, intermittent fever, for the 
 most part tertian, u'as the prevail- 
 ing disease, lait general!}' in lighter 
 forms, tlioiigli freijuently the new 
 attacks \vt.Te clevelcjped on the V.iasis 
 of an old malarious condition, or as 
 gradatiiais of a ehronic state of fever 
 which had existed for five, six, or 
 nine mi.mtlis. Tiunonrs of the spleen 
 are common among the people, and 
 the term " spleen " ((TirXriv) is gene- 
 rail}- employed to express the disease. 
 Many ajipiaix-iitly similar diseases of 
 course fall under the same term. Thus, 
 fir instance, one day a little boy was 
 brought to me witli a large echino- 
 coccus, and my assurances tliat it was 
 no "spleen" were hardly lielieved. 
 A man whom I consrded with the assu- 
 rance that his wife had no "spleen," 
 but that she would pjreseiit him with 
 a child in a few montlis, was quite 
 panic-stricken, fir they had been 
 married for seven years -(vithout 
 having any children. I had to refer 
 him to the example of the old patri- 
 arch Jacob). Another, who believed 
 himself to be sick of the spleen, liad 
 a most developed purpura ( morhus 
 macnhims Wurlhofii) ; his disease was 
 jiroraptly cured by the administra- 
 tion of suliihuric acid, though at first 
 he was vei-y reluctant to take it. 
 In other cases extraordinarily large 
 spleens occ'urred. "What was most 
 striking, nay, really new to me, were 
 the splenic tumours of the young 
 children. In Kalifatli, wliicli of all 
 the Trojan localities has the most 
 nnfivourable situation in the midst 
 of a swampy region, I saw a child of 
 t\vo years, and another of ten mouth.s, 
 ■wlio had very large and hard splenic 
 tumours ; in the case of the latter 
 cliild, the spleen iillcd almost the 
 wliolc anteiiiir part of the abdomen. 
 Tliis was the more remarkable, as 
 witli adults largo splenic tumours 
 were rare ; and in the lighter and 
 
 more recent cases they wore generally 
 hardly percepitible. 
 j Another circumstance also struck 
 me. .Shortly before, I had visited 
 the hospitals in Bucharest, and had 
 seen there a larger number of fever- 
 stricken patients. Dr. Gliick had 
 j pointed out to me several cases in 
 which ascites with chronic hepatitis 
 (cirrhosis) had been engendered as 
 a consec^uent disease, and he assured 
 me that this is a frequent occurrence 
 in the fever distiiets of lioumania. 
 In the Tn.iad I did not see a single 
 case of the kind. Xur did even 
 anasarca fiequently occur. 
 
 At all events, we should have ex- 
 pected that malaria must exercise a 
 great influence on the aspect of the 
 people. If this is l>y no means gene- 
 rally the case, the reason is not that 
 the number of fever districts is small. 
 It is true that ahaost all the villages 
 aie built on heights, on puipiise to 
 avoid the fever. In the plain jiroper 
 there are in all only three small 
 settlements : the small town of Koum 
 Kaleh at the mouth of the Scamander, 
 and the two villages of Koum Kioi 
 and Kalifatli. But even the villages 
 situated on heights, and in fact al- 
 ways on heights of tertiary or vol- 
 canic rock, are not free from fe^-er. 
 Manifestly the malaria is brought to 
 them by the winds. The fact that 
 the inhabiitants have nevertheless a 
 decidedly healthy look, I am inclined 
 to ascribe to their passing the greater 
 jiart of their life in the ojicn air. 
 Many of them wander about with 
 their herds and seldom come home. 
 Almost all carry on agriculture over 
 largo tracts, and the women also take 
 part in the work in the open field. 
 
 This manner of living of course 
 exposes them to other diseases, espe- 
 cially to colds, and these were the 
 order of the day just at the time when 
 I was in the Troad, — during the 
 Avhole month of April. Though the 
 days were for the most jiaxt Avarm, 
 and sometimes even hot, yet the 
 
App. v.] 
 
 BY PriOFESSOR RUDOLF YIRCIIOW 
 
 725 
 
 temperature fi'eqiiently fell in tlio l 
 night to 10^ C, and lower ; a (j^nick 
 change taking ]^ilace at sunset. .Vt 
 the same time a strong wind gene- 
 rallj' prevailed, and in particular a 
 cool sea-breeze. Under such circum- 
 stances, catarrhs and pmeumonia were 
 not to lie wondered at. The severest 
 pneumonia I saw ^vas in the case of a 
 man who had passed the nights with- 
 out shelter in the field. Xoue of these 
 cases, however, terminated fatally. 
 Nevertheless it is not improbaLle that 
 at least some of the cases of con- 
 sumption, of which Very severe ex- 
 amples were lirought to me, are to 
 lie attriljuteil to the same cause. I 
 have not been able to authenticate 
 an immunity from consumption. 
 
 It deserves particular mention that 
 I met "witli no trace of acute exan- 
 themata, unless erj'sipelas should be 
 counted amongst them. I saw neither 
 small - pox, nor scarlet fever, nor 
 measles. It may be that the slight 
 intercourse with the nuter world con- 
 tributes to prevent tliese contagions. 
 It is still, ho'svever, remarkable that 
 such free spots are found on a conti- 
 nent. Of erysipelas I saw soma ^'ery 
 severe cases, the most severe being 
 that of an elderly man, who had at 
 the same time erysipelas of the face 
 and a large roseolar swelling of both 
 hands and fore-arms, with high fever. 
 He also recovered. 
 
 Other contagious diseases, apart 
 from skin aifections, were also I'are. 
 Of lues I met with a single case fter- 
 tiary ) in a f ireign labourer. Seal lies 
 I saw sometimes ; tinea (piorrigoj also 
 among children, but in slight forms. 
 
 A very lai'ge number of sick per- 
 sons sought relii'f finm chronic dis- 
 eases, which had alr(.'ady subsided, 
 but had been cured imperfectly, es- 
 pecially chronic diseases of the eye 
 and ear. I extii-pated an aural ]iol,V- 
 pus ; but for the rest I could do 
 but little except that, yiarticuhu-ly 
 for the eye-diseases, I put myself in 
 communication with Dr. Miihlig, the 
 
 physician of the excellent German 
 luispital in ( 'onstantinople, asking 
 him t(.i admit them. ( )f surgical cases 
 but few occurred ; but on the other 
 hand a comparatively large numlx-r 
 of chronic nervous diseases, jjarticu- 
 larly spasms and paralysis. Among 
 the more frequent skin diseases, I 
 may mention a remarkable case of 
 iclitJii/osis cornea palmaris. 
 
 Finally, a case of particular interest 
 to me was that of a little Ijoy with 
 geophagia. He was a child seven 
 years old, with a somewhat liloated 
 thick face. The abdomen was rather 
 protuberant, though I could not 
 feel any tumour in it, and the 
 mucous memlirane of tlie mouth was 
 entirel}" anaemic. In the vessels of 
 the neck there was a remarkalily 
 loud anaemic murmur. Though ho 
 \\"as the son of the sliepihercl who 
 brought us every morning excellent 
 fresh sheepj's milk, and though the 
 oiiptirtunity for a similar indulgence 
 was ceitainly nut wanting to him, 
 he nevertheless, " from the time ho 
 walked," had preferred to eat earth, 
 that is to say the common earth, con- 
 sisting of calcareous clay, wdiich forms 
 the soil of the pasture. Formerly he 
 is said to have had a health}' ayipear- 
 anco, but now he is small and weak 
 for his age. His parents declared 
 that the)' had tried in vain to break 
 him of his propensity. Whether the 
 iron piowder which 1 gave him has 
 6iired him, I do not know. 
 
 On the whole I cannot compilain of 
 the lesults of ni)- medical campaign. 
 The sick wete (ibedient ; and, even 
 wlicn I went altdgcther in oppositi:.in 
 t(.i their habits, tln^y were compliant. 
 Schliemann writes to mo, in his en- 
 thusiastic way, tVom Ilium (May 10): 
 "All your sick in Kalifatli are per- 
 fectly cured, and, blessing you, they 
 exclaim : 
 
 (5 Tpd'ej Kara, arrru deo: ciis evx^Towfro. " 
 
 At the same time he relates the fol- 
 lowing story, which is characteristic 
 
72<] 
 
 MEDICAL rEACTICE IN THE TROAD IN 1879. 
 
 [App. V. 
 
 of the EaBt uni.I its forraatinn uf 
 iu)'ths. For the pni'iiose of :i '^Qnlii- 
 gieal iiiA'cstigiitioii nf the soil of the 
 Trijjaii I'hiiu, 1 liail i>i(h,'reil a hoh/ to he 
 fliig ill the Tieighh(iui'li(ii)(i of Kalifatli, 
 in an ancient liver-conrse. Having 
 little time, I 8et twn hiljourers t<j woi'k 
 thi'i'e, and instnieted thein tn dig on 
 until till-}' reached -ivater. In the 
 nieantiiiie I rode with my zaptieli 
 fgeiidarmej to the Ujek and Besika 
 Tejiehs, but was so mneh hindered that 
 it was afti-r nightfall wlion [ )-etnrned 
 to the place. jVs tJie matter was 
 imjiortant to me, 1 ordered the ser- 
 vants t(i light matches, examined the 
 hide attentivel_y, and took away some 
 of tli(.' excavated earth. On tin.' hilhiw- 
 ing days I again ixdnrni'd to the spot 
 several times, and inAa/stigatcd the 
 condition of the sijil. This had evi- 
 dently excited the enri(jsity of the 
 peo]ilo, whn did not understand tlie 
 purpos(_- of the work. Under the date 
 of June 4, Sehliernann wrote to me 
 from Troy : " Your excavation in tlie 
 hed of the Kalifatli has Iseen reve- 
 rently ciKdoseil Ly the villagers witli 
 a wall (jf stones; a great magical 
 virtue is attiihuted t(^ tin.' spiring you 
 hrought to light in it, which is called 
 
 TO TTijydoi TOli In.TfiOV (the Doctor's 
 
 spring); all tlie villagers fetch their 
 water from it." 
 
 In this way local legends still origi- 
 nate in the East at the present day. 
 Though it was not possible for liie on 
 the island of Kos to seek out the old 
 plane-tree under "which the f itlier of 
 medicine, Hippocrates, is said to have 
 received his patients, j^et a vivid pic- 
 ture of the old state of things has been 
 disclosed to me. This people is still 
 in many rcsjiects just what it M^as 
 thousands of years ago ; especially in 
 p(jint of p)ersonal g]-atitude. Schlie- 
 mann, who had formerly practised 
 medicine with much success in the 
 Troad, and to whom I had tlierefore 
 given the name of Machaon, has for 
 a long time been in doubt whether 
 the pKMjple were thankful.- I myself 
 liad the same doubts; tint when the 
 ]ico]de learnt that I gathered flowers 
 daily, no morning passed without our 
 table hieing covered with fragrant 
 bourjuets ; and wlien on niv return 
 journey to the Dardanelles I rode 
 through lien Kioi, so many boUf[uets 
 of stock gilly-flowers (levkoies) and 
 basilicum fwhich are growji in flower- 
 pots on the balconies and on the 
 terraces of the houses) were presented 
 to me, that I had great troulile to 
 find a ]ilace about me in which to 
 pjiit them. 
 
 * Trotj iniil its liemaii)!;, pp. 89, 14'2. 
 
APPENDIX YI. 
 
 C'atalooue of the Plants hitherto known of the Teoad, compieeo accordinoc 
 T(. the collections of Puofessoe PJTJOLF ^'lPlC][OW and Ihi. JULIUS 
 
 SCHMIDT, ASH FROJI THE LITERARY SOURCES BY PROFESSOR I'ALTL 
 
 ASCHEKSOX OF Berlin, Professor THEODOK VOX HELDEEICII 
 OF Athens, and Dcictor F. KUETZ of Berlin. 
 
 The Troad ' Ijclongs in a liotaiiical 
 jioiut of A"ie«' to tlio least knciwii 
 countries of Asia ]\Iinor. TlKnigh this 
 eoiinti'y lias lieen visited or wandered 
 tlirongh b}' several of tire most re- 
 nowned botanical travellers, sucli as 
 Porskul (1701 ) and Dnniont d'Urville 
 (ISlOj, who merely visited the island 
 of Tenedos, Olivier (1794: and 171)8), 
 Sibthorp (1794?;, Barker Webb and 
 Parolini (1S19), Aucher-Eloy and 
 Gust. C'oqncbert de Montbrot (1833j, 
 who explored the Tr-oad proper, yet 
 these explorations did not lead to de- 
 tailed communications on the plants 
 of tlie regions visited, because some 
 of the travellers named visiteil the 
 Troad in an nnfavnurable season, 
 midsummer or autumn, wdiilst others 
 did not publish an^-thing on their 
 collections, of wdiich only some species 
 liaYC here and there become known. 
 At least as much, thcref ire, as to 
 the botanists by profession, if indeed 
 not rnoi'c, are wo indebted fjr our 
 knowledge of the Trojan flora to tra- 
 vellers, wdio besides tlieir jirincipal 
 archaeological, geological, or geogra- 
 phical objects of study, paid also at- 
 tention to the ever-attractive children 
 
 ^ The tori-iO>i-v, frnrn which botaiiicnl jiitor- 
 matioii has bciMi colli-'cted in this ■■.itahi-j iie, is 
 far more restriited than the area dl' tin- Troas 
 as imderstoiid at p. 07 of this nnri;. It extends, 
 on the shore, southward as lar as Adi-amyttiura 
 (Edrcmit),norfhward to the <,iuarantine (Ijetween 
 lihoiterion and the Dardanelles). 
 
 of Flora: such wci-o Clarke (1801 j, 
 Tchihatcheff ( 1849), Julius Schmidt 
 (1804), and Pudolf Virchow (1879); 
 supplementary information has also 
 been received from Frank Calvert 
 j (1879 and 1880). J'he collections of 
 the tliree last-named explorers are f 'r 
 the most part giA-en here for the first 
 time (that of J. Schmidt accijrdiHg 
 to the commijnicati(jns of I'll, von 
 Heldreicli). From them and iianii tlie 
 sporadic notices containetl in bota- 
 nical literature on collections of former 
 travellers we gather that (including 
 cultivated plants) there are scarcely 
 500 kinds of ]ilants known to belong 
 to the Troad, wliich nnniber constitutes 
 at most a. quarter or one-thinl jiart of 
 the pilants existing there. But doubt- 
 less in a country wdiich offers such 
 favourable conditions for the vegeta- 
 tion, a country too which. — from the 
 sandy and rocky sea-coast and the 
 swampy plain to the lofty summits (jf 
 the mountains abounding in forests 
 and springs, and only for some months 
 free from snow — offers a manifold 
 variety of situation and geological 
 formation, there are still I'cservcxl 
 f jr the future splendid botanical dis- 
 covei'ies. 
 
 Since many of the future travellers 
 to tlio Troad will certainlj^ bo active 
 in this direction, an enumeration of 
 the jilants hitherto known — however 
 incomplete it must be— seems to be 
 useful in this place. 
 
728 
 
 CATALOGUE OF TLAN'J'S OF THE TROAD. 
 
 [App. YL 
 
 To economize sjiace tlio names of 
 tlie more frequently oceurring oLser- 
 vers lire alilireYiated, namely — 
 
 (■ = (:iarke T = Tcliih;it.'liLff 
 
 F = F(.v,,kal V = \iivhnw 
 
 S = Julius ScLmiJt W = liarkur Webb. 
 
 EANlNCrLACEAE. 
 
 Cia'ciFEnAE. 
 MaltliioJa trlcuspidaia, R. Br. Sandy strand 
 
 of Talian Kioi near Alexandria Troaa (V.). 
 Curdamine hirsuta, L. ? (0. lenella, Clarke). 
 
 Bounarbasbi (C). 
 C. graeca, L. Troy (V.), Between Kelbi and 
 
 Tehaukhlar (T.). 
 Jiriit:iri(i huViifi:m, L. Mountain forests of 
 
 the Troad (T.). 
 
 Ar. 
 
 NIP COrnH'l I'lC. 
 
 T,. In the Tmad wiilely Arali-^ n-riuj^U.BT. I'pper ScamanderTalley 
 
 spread. e-LT. In Tepeh (C), Novum Ilium 
 (V.), Bounarbasbi ((.'.). (-iarjranis ' C). 
 
 A. ftJIatti, Lmk. B.iii Dagb (C). 
 
 A. fiiiiiiosa, Clarke, (iar^'arus (C). 
 
 A.'ll'iNila. Scbott and Kotscliy. Bali I»agh 
 (('.), Gari;-arns C ). 
 
 (V.). 
 A. (dliida, Steven. Between Nurlii and 
 
 Tcl 1 auk-Li ar(T.). 
 Xasturtiuiii officinale, R. Br. At the springs 
 
 near Novum Ilium (V.). 
 Enjftuniui xuiijniafiitii, Bokss. Ida region (V.). 
 
 Adinils oestii-'dif, I;. Tuuiulus of AcbiUes Simiuilirinin jHiIijeeratiiiiH, L. Tenedos ( F.). 
 
 (\'.), Plain (if Troy (Yj. 
 
 Ill (triek, a.ypioridpa. 
 
 Liuaturuhis aqiinidix. B. In Tepeb Asmak M.druhnld )hj-uosa,iim. Port of Alexandria 
 
 (Y.), ICalil'atli As k(Y.). 1 Troas (Y.). Tenedos (Olivier). 
 
 I?. noirUfnniiin, F. Sebultz. Novum Ilium, Anhrlelia delloidca, DC. lioek above the 
 
 i^rove of lij,'-treea above the springs (Y.). Scamander source (C), Alexandria Troas 
 
 iitali^. L. Ida region (Y.). 
 
 (Y.). 
 T-,s/car/a ;-/,v„.,-o, Bent. Troy (Y.). 
 
 'I!, lu'iderinnus, Boiss. Between Nurlii and I Alussiiiii timhellatuiii, Disv. Troy (Y.). 
 
 A. eaifiju'ftre, B. Troy (Y.). 
 
 Konuvi luaTiliiiia, I!. Br. Troad (W.). 
 
 Dmhu nniraJitt, L. Kestambul (Y.). 
 IL o;,;,;,,,// >x>;fnlhif, Vill. Plain of Troy (S.). Atthi<meum ondifolium, Boiis.? {Thlaqri saxa- 
 li. trurjiiiciri,!!.-:, Fisrb. et iMey. I'laiu of Troy tile, Clarke). Scamander source (C ). 
 
 C'd:ile 'inarilimc(. Scop. Sandy beacb oppo- 
 site Tenedos (b'.). 
 
 Tehaukhlar ( T. . 
 7?. c, h,fi„ti^. Ten. Blain of Troy (S.). 
 11. ^e, h ratlin, L, Plain of Troy (S.). 
 
 I;. ,(,/■, /is/s, L, Plain of Troy (S.). 
 
 Ceruinreiilndii^ fnlriiliis, Pers. Yalley of the | Siiwpis iirrt-yis/s, L. Among oats (Calvert) 
 
 Kiiiiar .'<n (Calvirt). 
 ^iijella arvi'}i^i-<, L,, var. /nvoluceate(, Boiss. 
 
 Tenedos (D'Urvilb). 
 -Y. galim. L. Troad, eult. (Y'.). 
 I'ueoiiia deecirei, Anders. Below the source 
 
 of the Scamander (Y.). 
 
 BEUnEPJllACEAE. 
 
 CAPrARIDACEAE. 
 
 Cap-paris .y.im.sa, B. Troad (\V.\ Tenedos 
 (L''.). Greek, /ji^oi'tapaz. 
 
 FiESEDACEAE. 
 
 Jie.<efl(i rhi/teuma, L. ? (L. (dhei trigyna mi. 
 Jo^i, Forsk.). Tenedos (F.). Ciieek a7pio- 
 X^-pOapo. 
 Ltoidire Lrn,dnj-„t,dn:n, B. Plalii of Troy ;;,?„/,„, L. Tumulus of Patroclus (Y.). 
 
 (V.), e.g. near Bounarbasbi (C). 
 
 pArAVEKAenAE. 
 
 Tapaeer diihln,,,, L. Troad (Y.). 
 P. Arrjemoiie. Ij., var. Yalley of Aiwajik Su, 
 near Esheklii y ), Assus (Y.). 
 
 FCMAPiIACEAE. 
 
 CiSTACEAE. 
 
 Cifinx rilJoiiiiK, B. Mountains near Ghiekli 
 I Y.) '.-' Scamander source(C. erixpns, Clarke) 
 (C). Yar. rre/i'cM.f, Boiss. Between Nurlii 
 and AkbmetlU (,T.). 
 
 C. .■i.(/r///V.//».^. L. Ben Kioi (V.), Troy (V.), 
 Ida district (V.). 
 
 Tlijpecouni procundwiis, L. Plain of Troy Heliontheniuiji ,]utt<itinn, Jlill. Troy (Y.), 
 
 (C. W.), Hissarlik (Y. 
 
 Cnnjdnlli.: Mnrfehidliami, Pers.' {Fumnriu 
 
 l.id'.iifo-, Clarke). Source' of Ibe Seftmauder 
 
 (C). 
 Fiimurl.i ujjirlntdi.i, B. 1'road (C.). 
 F. V,iiJI„,dil, Bni.scl, On the Hellespont, near 
 
 the l.iiiaranline (\'.). 
 ;■', i.in-ijl.u-<:, Bn,k. Tr.iad (C). 
 /■. ,11, lit,, lie,,. BnisH. Plain of Troy (S.). 
 /■". I :,if,',,i,ii. B(a.,s.. var. ii,,ili,;jsit, Ilausskn. 
 
 Plain of Tiov (,S.j. 
 
 YloLACEAE. 
 
 Vi„hi sii,;:,!!,',!, Fr. Chigri Dagli (Y.), Be- 
 tween Nurlii and Tehaiiklilar (T.). 
 
 I7o?(( ohimj)ica, Pjoiss. Between Nurlii and 
 Tehaukhlar (T.). 
 
 SlLEN'ACEAE. 
 
 l)i,,,,il,,!^ r,/i,,ieeus, Boiss.. \ar. aJpinu^, Boiss. 
 (]K juiiij„'i-inu^, Wehb ; D. M'eh},i,iiius, 
 Parol.). On tlie summit of the Gargarus 
 (W. Barolini). 
 
Arp. YI.] 
 
 CY mOFESSOR PAUL ASClIEIiSOX, ETC. 
 
 and Simois in the Plain {\.). 
 mentioned liv Humer. 
 
 Hypericaceae. 
 ^^'.'g<jer/\ Fenzl. 
 
 Ailramvttion 
 
 Trindenia I!,i 
 
 (Montbret). 
 Ihj-[iericum rhodopeum, Triv. (11. recniinihim 
 
 l'"ii:cher et Meyer). Between XurlLi and 
 
 TcliauJililar, in a luw stony situation (T.). 
 ? R. ohjm/iiciim, Fnrsk., liardly L. Teiiedo.s 
 
 (F.) Greek yovoovpa, ayovSovpa or ayadou- 
 
 .Taub. et Spacli. GarL^Mrus 
 
 OEpa. 
 U. Aucheri, 
 
 (Aucher), Adiamytlion (i\rontl)ret) '.' lie- 
 
 tween Nurlii and Aklinjetlil (//. prucuiu- 
 
 hens, T., hardly Michx.). 
 II. fiipinuiii., \iii. On tlie gnlf of Adraniyt- 
 
 tion, near tlie ancient Antandros (Parolini). 
 II. Mordhrelii, Jaub. et Spach. Alexandria 
 
 Troas (V.), Kestambul (V.). 
 
 Malvaceae. 
 Malope malacoides, L. Alexandria Troas 
 
 (V.). 
 ? Malva Tournefortiana, Forsk., hardly L. 
 
 D. [jlidiiinsuf, Eois--. et Heldr. (Z). ptdjcfceiis, 
 
 D'Frv.). Tenedos, on inmiy hills, not lare 
 
 (D'UrvUieV 
 Tunica velulina, Fisch. et Jley. Plain of 
 
 Troy (S.). 
 T. Siblhorpii, Boiss. Troad ( Olivier). 
 Sajjoiiaria ) acearia, L., var. iimndiflora, 
 
 Boiss. Plain of Troy (8.) 
 Sihue conica, L. Plain of Troy (S.). 
 S. Beheii. L. Plain of Troy (S.), 
 S. colurala, Poir. Stouialimne (Y.)., Troy 
 
 (V.). Tenedos ( Yirlet). Yar. raiie.-iceii!!, Heldr. 
 
 Plain of Troy (S.). 
 .?. fuharia, Sui. ? (Cucuhalu.i fnlii.i cra.-isis, 
 
 Forsk.). Tenedos, rock ( F. ). 
 S. iiiflala, Sm. Troad (S.). Yar. ridnijluni, 
 
 Boiss. Troad (S.). 
 
 Alsixaceae. 
 Ahine setacea, Mert. et Koch. A'ar. anatolici, 
 
 Boiss. Gargarus (Aucher). 
 A. tenuifoUa, Wahlenb. Troad (S.). 
 Arenaria leptoclados. Ecljb. Troad (S.). 
 Stdlularia media, Cir. Plain of Troy (S ). 
 Moenrliiamaidica, Bart]. Troy (S., A'). Hill 
 
 at Sigeum (V.). 
 Cerastium hraclujpelalu m ,'Dci:p. Yar. ItiriduM, 
 
 Boiss. Troad (S.). 
 
 Paeoxtchiaceae. 
 H'^rniaria //;crt?m, Lnik. Troad (S.). 
 I'aronijclii't anjenfea, Lmk. Troad (W.). 
 
 MOLLrGI>rACEAE. 
 
 _Vo//»;;o arnciaa. Ser. Troad (W.). 
 
 Tamariscaceae. 
 Toraarix jxirvijiora, J)L'. At the Seamandur 
 
 Tlie IXVpiKT] 
 
 ■29 
 
 ish, 
 
 Tenedos (F.). Greek, ^oAAoxa; Tur 
 aehedjuniez. 
 
 Ahdmoscliiu esculenlus. Much. Troad, cult. 
 (W.). Greek, ^ap^ii. ; Turkish, ban.ia^ 
 
 (.loxxi/iujim liL'rlmcifum, L. Is extensively cul- 
 tivated in the Plain of Troy (Olivier, W. V.). 
 In Tenedos, scantily cultivated (P, Olivier). 
 
 TiLIACEAE. 
 
 Tilia intermedia. DC. Below the Scarnandcr 
 source, very sparingly (V.). 
 
 LiXACEAE. 
 
 Liiinm alpiiium, Jacf£. Besika Tepeh (Y.), 
 Chigri Dagh (Y.). 
 
 C;erane\ceae. 
 Gemiiliiiii aspliodeJoides, Willi. Yalley of the 
 
 Aiwajik Su near Eshcklii (Y.). 
 G. disseclum, L. Plain of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 Zygophtllaceae. 
 Trdiidii^ terrester, L. Troad CSV.). 
 J'rganitm Uarmala, L. Troad (W.), Tenedos, 
 
 on the beach (F.). Greek, Bpo^uoxop'rapo ; 
 
 Turkish, yserlik. 
 
 Petaceae. 
 Iluta ch(depensis, L. Troad (Y'.). 
 
 Sapixdaceae. 
 
 Acer cr'fieiiin, Ij., var. olitufifolluvii, Boiss. 
 Troad (T.). 
 
 Ampelidaceae. 
 
 r///,-.' rinijera. Ij. In the Plain of Troy, very 
 olten wild (AY.), e.g. at the In Tepeh As- 
 inak, Simois, Thymbrius, Kimar Su (V.) ; 
 but sparingly cultivated, by the Mahornedans 
 0]dy for the grapes; for 1hc making of wine, 
 only at Yeiii Shelir, Yeni Kioi (W.), Ben 
 Kioi (Y. ). Chiefly on Tenedos, the wine of 
 which is celebrated. In this island, viti- 
 culture was flourisliing already in ancient 
 times, the arms of ancient Tenedos showing 
 a grape. 
 
 Tereliixthaceae. 
 Iihiis Curiiiria, L. Sumach. Y'ild on hills 
 
 near the sea (W.). 
 n^laela Tn;hiidhns, 1,. In the Plain of 
 
 Trov, not rare (W. Y.) ; also near lieu Kioi, 
 
 and on the Oulou Dagh (Y,). 
 r. Leuliscii^, L. Troad (W.). 
 
 Papilioxaceae. 
 
 Aiiarjijris fn,i!da, L. Found all over the 
 Troad (C. W. S.), e.g. on the banks of Iho 
 In Tepeh Asmak, and near Novum Ilium 
 (V.). Is not eaten by the cattle. 
 
 Adenocarpiis diraricafm, DC. Middle region 
 of tin' Ida above Evjilar (W.). 
 
 Cidi/i-"liniir riVfjsa, Lk. (Sparlinm apirioxiiui, 
 Webbi. Troad (W.), e.g. Oulou D.igli (Y.). 
 
 'i Spurliniu Scvrpius, AVebb. Tioas (W.). 
 
rso 
 
 CATALOGUE OF TLAXTS OF THE TEOAD. 
 
 [Apr VI. 
 
 S.Ji'.iireiiui,Jj. TroaJ (W.). Between Niirlii 
 anil Akhnietlii (T.). 
 
 Cfiiifl'i li/diii, Itoi.ss. Ga.r^^iiriis (Anehcr). 
 
 (';///,-».< Kiiii/nni' iir:, LoUs. Betwecn Nurlii 
 'an.l 'I'rhanklilar (T.). 
 
 Ti!<iiiii('lhi ^jurdla, Urn. lietwecn Nurlii and 
 Akhnietlii ;T.,. 
 
 T. crclira, Tiois.s. I'.ehveen Niuiii and Akh- 
 nietlii (T.), 
 
 ileiliriKjn iiii(riii(:,\j. I'road (S.). On the shore 
 ol' the Hellisiiont, near Kenin Kaleli (V.). 
 
 ilf. orlh-nhirh, All, var. hianjiituta, Lientli. 
 I'kiiii of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 M. roirniafa, Desv. Troad (S.). 
 
 j¥. lu.^,i,1ii, Frh , var. dndiciilata, Urb. Plain 
 of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 jV..r(r.i/<iV<r, All. I'laiir of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 i¥. uioUuKi, li.irtal. Troad (S.). 
 
 Melilotm stdcutas, De^f. Plain of Troy (Cal- 
 vert). 
 
 M „,itpi>lilK:iu>:, Ten. Trnad (S.). 
 
 TrijnUinn ChrrltrK L. Tread (S.). 
 
 T. xtrll.itiiiii. L. Troa.l (S.), e.g-. ,,n the Kali- 
 littli .^.-inalv, in"it fiir I'lruii the imjutli of the 
 
 .Sililois (V.). 
 
 T. fr„hrinii, I;. Plain of Troy (Calverl), 
 
 Between Nnrlii and Tehankhlar (T.). 
 T. r,n,:,;,iiv!, Savi. Plain of Tmy (Calvert). 
 T. xfiiimnMim, h. Plain of Troy (Calvert;, Ida 
 
 di.strict (V.). 
 T. npnix, I,. Trnad (S.). 
 T. viu'jlnni i:t Tj. Bouiiarba.slii (C), between 
 
 Nnrlii and Tcliaiikhlar (T.). 
 . prorKi)il>'.'ii.i, P. {T. O'lriiriiiia, I'oll.). IMain 
 
 fit Troy (S. Calvert), Alexandria Troas ("\'.), 
 
 lietwecn Tuzla and Hasii (T.). 
 FliijsmdlnjVh fetrcq'liylln, Boi^.s. Troad (W.), 
 
 lietwecn Nurlii and Akhnietlii (T.). 
 Hijiiif.iidciiriiin circiiniliis, Savi. Plain of 
 
 Troy (S. v.). 
 Lnlui rritii'tis, L.,var. ri/fis<:iilt.<^ Boibs. Troad 
 
 (S.). 
 L. hrl.jnidicn, Forsk. Tenedos (F.) ? 
 JIniiiirn-iii ,^rriin'<liirn, Seop. Between Nurlii 
 
 and Akhuiellii (T.). 
 Cnnmillic I iiicr<ji(li!i, Boi.s.s. et Spr. (C. L'merus, 
 
 Webb), Troad (W.). 
 C. ijlaurii, L. 'Troad (W.). 
 C. ■jinrcijlura, Willd. Frequently in thi' Plain 
 
 of I'roy (S. v.), c.-.<iii the Kalifilli Asmak 
 
 (V.). Ithas yellow and pink, seldom white 
 
 tlowelR. 
 
 I'y.infhv. hiliiiui,ia.-<ii, I,. Troad (S.). Var. 
 a/e/nr, Hrldr. 'JViad (S.). 
 
 Chjnjrrlii-ji ijbihrii, f,., \ar. nlninhi]ij\ ru, Pegel 
 et Jlerd. ((,'. hlmiila, J'alk). 'I'r,,ad (W.). 
 
 Aftrinjnliix UaarlniHiii, Sprini. Troad (S.). 
 
 A. Virrliairii, Aselis. et Kurtz (,P rhri.^loiniis, 
 M'ebb). Veiii Sliehr, not far Ironi the tu- 
 mulus of AeliilleB (V.). 
 
 A. ainitnlir,,,, B.i-s.? (.1. ;e«r,//?erH,s', Clarke 
 hardly I'alla.s). Troad (C). ' 
 
 A. trojaims, Stev. (A. Trajjacaidha, Webb)^ 
 
 Troad (Olivier, Auclier). 
 Onobri/chis aequidattata, D'Urv. Troad (S.), 
 
 e.g. Sigeuin (V.), Bali Dagh (V.). 
 Cicer ariclinitnt, L. Tread, cultivated {'SV. 
 
 Calvert). 
 C. Moulhreta, Jarib. et Spach. Ida district 
 
 (V.), Gargarus (Anelier, Jlontbrct). 
 Villa liijhrida, P. Troad (S.), e.g. Hissarlik 
 
 (V.). Tenedos (Virlet). 
 V. iiie/a)H')i.i, Siblh. et .Siu. Troad (Y.). 
 I', ijriiiidijliiia. Scop. Betwieu Nurlii and 
 I'chaulvhlar (T.) Var. Biehrrsteiiiiaiui, Koch. 
 Troad (V.). 
 V. salira, 1j., var. jnacrocarpa, Boiss. Troad 
 
 (S.). 
 T. Cnxeniiiiii, Ciu.ss., var. ampliicui-pa, Ileklr. 
 
 Troiid (S.). 
 P. Jatlii/roid'S, P. Between Nurlii ami 
 
 Tehankhlar (T.). 
 V. cuspidata. Boiss. Troad (V.). 
 V. pereijrinn^ P. Troad (A^.). 
 P. Fahi, P. Troad, cultivated (V.). 
 V. Ci-Kcca. L. Troad (V.). 
 I', rillnxa, Bth. Troad (V.). 
 P. h:i.r!j!oru, Boiss. Kololi Ali Ovas.si (V.). 
 V. ^iiiijniifea, Boiss. Besika Tepeh (V.). 
 P. ///rsH(i(,Koch. Troad (S.). 
 P. Enllla, Willd. Troad, cultivated (Calvert). 
 Jjens i:Si'vlenUi, jHncli. Troad, cultivated (VV.) 
 LafJiyrus Aphaca, Tj. Troad (S.). 
 L. sativns, L. Troa<l. cultivated (Calvert). 
 L. Cifra, P., var. y/;/o.s«.*,Alef. Troad (S. A'.). 
 L. xeli/nli,i>;, P. Ti'oad (S.). 
 J.. xa.,:ntili>'r Vis. Troad (S). 
 ()n,h„x ,■!, ,wi7//u;;«s, Sibth. et Sni. Troad 
 (S. \.). lietwecn Nurlii and P'chaukhlar. 
 (T.) 
 O. hirxidiii, P. Troad (V.P Between Nurlii 
 and Tchaukhlar (T.) Var. (jlahratus, Grie. 
 Troad (S. v.). 
 7'/N!(ai, rliiliiis, 1\I. P.. Troad (S.) . 
 ]'Inix,n1,is r»/y-ir/,-i, L. Troad, cidt. (AV. Cal- 
 vert). 
 DoUrliug Lidda, For-sk. Troad, cult. (Calvert). 
 
 C,\ESALriXIACEAE. 
 
 Cercii> SiJtqHastrum, Ij. Alexandria Troas 
 (A\). On the Iiie Tcliai (A'-). Between 
 Nurlii and Akhnietlii (T.). 
 
 ASIYODALACKAE. 
 
 Aitnindahtx Wcljhii, Spacli. Bali Da^h (W. 
 
 A'.'). 
 A, ci'iitniKiii-^, L. C'ultivated in the vicinity 
 
 of the villages (A^.), e.g. in the Simois 
 
 valley (C). 
 J. I'ersiixt, L. Like the foregoing (A'.). 
 
 I'OMACEAE. 
 
 Finis commHiiix, Ij. Forms frequently bushes 
 in thi' I'laiu of Troy, more seldom trees, e.g. 
 Kouiiii Koi (A'.). On the In Tepeli Asmak 
 
Arp. VI.] 
 
 DY TEOFESSOR PAUL ASCHEliSOX, ETC; 
 
 J3l 
 
 (V.) Tencdos(Prunuso.i;jaeantha.Foi->ik.). 1 Bifom fe.tirnjata, DC Troail (V ) 
 
 Greek, ax^aSa; also cultivated 
 
 P. il/a^MS, L. Aggdagli (T.). Ciiltivatea in 
 tlie neighbourhood of the villages (Y.). 
 
 Crataegus monogyna, Jacq. Often in the under- 
 wood, of tlie jdaiu and the mountains (Y.), 
 e. g. iS'ovuni Ilium (Y.), upper Scamauder 
 valley (Y.). 
 
 EOSACEAE. 
 
 Sosa canii>a,lj.? In bushes, particularly on 
 the river-banks, fre(incnt (V. ). 
 
 Bttbus sanctus, Schrb. '! In bushes, particu- 
 larly on river-bauks, frequent (Y.). 
 
 I!, tomenlosus. linrkli. Gargarus (W.). 
 
 I'oteidilla ■inirnmtlin, Kauiond ? (Fraqaria 
 Merilix, Clarke, whether L. V) Gaigarus 
 (C). 
 
 Arniioiiia cujrimonioiiUs, Neck. Alexandria 
 Troas (V.). 
 
 Sanguisorha sfinosa, Bertol. In the bushes 
 of the Plaiu of Troy and the hills, so fre- 
 quent that it is used for fuel, e. g. near 
 the In Tepeh, Novum Ilium, Besika Tepeh 
 (V.). 
 
 Myrtaceae. 
 
 Mijiius communis. L. TroaJ (W. Y.)- 
 Gran'ataceae. 
 
 Fiinica Criiiiatum, L. Trnad, wild and culti- 
 vated (\Y). 
 
 CtrCURHITACEAE. 
 
 Cilndliis CK/r/dr/.s, Schrad. Trnad, cult. (AV.). 
 
 EdidUuin Elaluriairi, Rich. Hissarlik (V.). 
 The seed of this plant wis found in ex- 
 cavating. 
 
 Bi-ijonla diorca, .Jacq. ? Troad (Y.). 
 
 C'rassclaceae. 
 Vmhilicus 'penduUnus, DC. Kntch Ali Ovassi 
 
 (V). 
 Sedum Cepaea, L. Bali Dagh, '■ tumulna of 
 
 Hector" (C). 
 
 U.1IBELLIFEEAE. 
 
 Enjngium camprstre, L. Tencdos (F.). Greek, 
 
 ayyaOia. 
 E. hilhijnicum, Boiss.? (E. irimspjidatum, Sibth. 
 et Sm , hardly L.). Plaiu of Troy (Sib- 
 tliorp). 
 E.fiwUdum. For.k., not L. Tencdos (F.). 
 Ldgoecia riiiniufidrs^ L. Troad (Y. ). 
 Hiqiltunim Iricliopodnm, Bniss. et Sprun, 
 
 Troad (S.). 
 J pill m grareoieim, L. Assos fV.). 
 Aiuuii inaJKs, L. Tencdos (F.). Greek, aa- 
 
 7rpoK€(pa\os. 
 PliysocauJus nodosus, Tausch. Troad (S.). 
 Aiitliriscus nemorom, SI. B., var. auaioUca, 
 
 Bniss. Gargarus (Ancher). 
 A. rulgarix. Pers., vai'. iiuJiescena, Heldr. 
 
 Troad (S.). 
 Scaiidix. (jrand iflura, L. Troad (S.), e, g. Hi.3- 
 sarlik (V.). 
 
 t^tii>jruium Orphanidi!', Boiss. ? lUiins of Assos 
 
 (Y.). 
 Eippoinaridhruia cristatum, Boiss. ' Troad 
 
 Echiiiopjliora Sibtliorpiaiia, Guss. Troad (S.), 
 
 vineyards on Tencdos fiequent (D'lrrviUe). 
 Oenanihe silaifoUii, M. B. On the Bnunar- 
 
 basiu Su, near the bridge (Y.). 
 Foeniculuin officiuidi:, All. On the Knnar Su 
 
 (Y.). 
 Crillihiuiu mnritiuuim, L. Eockv coast of the 
 
 Troad (\V.). 
 Ft-n,/,, cnuuninis, L. Troad (S.), e.g. on the 
 
 In Tepeh Asmak, above the bridge (Y.). 
 Tordijlimi, njji,l,„iJr, L. Trnad (S.). 
 T. aindnnt, L. Trnad (S.), Alexandria Troas 
 
 (Y.). 
 Op,np,ii,ax f>ri,-rd(ih\ Boiss. Ti-n:id (8.). 
 Dani-iis Brulerii, Ten.? {Artrdia vmricata, 
 
 Fnrsk.). Tencdos (F.). Grcrk, d|i77£{;/o. 
 Cawulis hptiipjhijila, L. Troad (8.). 
 
 Araliaceae. 
 Uedcra Helix, L. Ida district (Y.). 
 
 Corsaceae. 
 Connis mat:, L. Troad (T., Y.). 
 
 Caprifoliaueae. 
 I-oitirira Ciiiirifoliitm, Ij.? Troad (Y.). 
 L. (iiiridrilis, Lmk. Between Karajilar and 
 Diviinjik (T.). 
 
 ErniACEAE. 
 
 Euhiu peregrina, Ij. Troail (S.). 
 
 li. Olirif-ri, A. Bich. Hedges near Beira- 
 mitch (Y.). 
 
 Sheriirdia arcciuis, L. Plain of Troy (8., Cal- 
 vert). 
 
 Oaliiini Apuriiif, L. Troad (S.). 
 
 V'lilliiidia 'iiuircdia, L., var. Idrsuta, Guss. 
 Tr.iad (S.). 
 
 V. Mxpida, L. Troad (S.). 
 
 YALERIA^•ACEAE. 
 
 Valeriana Dioscnrid is. 8nn Troad (C). Ujiper 
 
 Scamauder vallry (Y.). 
 Cmdrnulhus ruher, DC. Troad (W.). 
 Vah'ri^niella coronata, DO. Hissarlik ('\'.), 
 
 Tumulus of Baticia (Y.). 
 
 DirSACACEAE. 
 
 Kimnlin hijhrida, (J^nlt. Yallcy of the Aiwa- 
 
 jik ,Su near Fsheklii (Y. ). 
 Seahiiisa oelirohucii, L., var. TI'i /././(onf, Bniss. 
 
 (S. Widihiiina, Don). Ida mountains (W., 
 
 I'ariilini). 
 
 CO.MPOSITAE. 
 
 BeVis pereutils, L. Near tlie Kidihilli Asmak 
 
 (Y.). 
 Asterixrns aijiinticus. Mnch.? (Biiphlhalinum 
 
 iiiuriliminii, Forsk.). Tencdos (F.). Greek, 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS OF THE TROAD. 
 
 [Arr. YI. 
 
 Inula lulcrohpU, liniss. (Cn'n/:a Candida, 
 
 Wel.lj, ii"t ]>.)- Troad (W.). 
 I. riyenf,!. Ait. Bcsika TL-pc-h (V.)- 
 Jiinlis ,niu-diuiOy 8m. SL-a-,slioro <if tin:' Truad 
 
 (W.). 
 Anlhrnu'^ <i?(/,-.«//,»f, L. riaiii of Tmy (Cal- 
 
 Yrrtl. TcurJii.i (D'l'rvillc). 
 A. nrrrn^i'g, L. Plain nfl'my (V.). 
 Alatriraria ('InnnnntiUa, L. Plain of Troy 
 
 (Calv.Tt), 
 Cli.aii(ii'.tnfhrin tri'Janiiui, Bury ot Chauli. Tciie- 
 
 ili)s (^'irl^t). 
 ? C. can_ea»irn.iu, Poi.ss. Petweon Xuiiii and ■ Spu-alarin )<peruUiin- Veneris, Alpli. DC. 
 
 Taraxacum f>JJirinale, "\Vob. Meadows along 
 
 the Kalil'atli Asmak (V.i. 
 I'ieridiuni rnlijare, Uesf. Tenedos (F.). 
 Criijiis ridira, L. Valley of the Aiwajik Su, 
 
 near Peli^-klii (V.). 
 liodiijia .i.uunnlata. Spr. Troy 'V. . 
 Luguseris hijida, P'lU.s. Teuedos (Yirlet). 
 
 C A:\iPANrrArE.\E. 
 Campanula hjrala, Ladv. Troad (V.). 
 C. Jirinnx, P." Tmad (S,,. 
 l;„lanflnnn ciclmri i/urnie, Boiss. Troad (S.). 
 
 'J'cliaiikhlar (T.). 
 Artru:ixia niariliuia, Ij. strand near Koum ] Sn), white and blue flower (V.). 
 
 Kah-h (V.). 
 L'orviiiennt can.rasicunt, 'M. P. Between Xurlu 
 
 and Tehaukhlar (T.). 
 Scnrria rrrnali>^. W. K. Petween NurlU and I -trhntus Vnedo, L, Vpper Searnander valley 
 
 Fulah Dagli ni. ar the Tliymbrius (Kiniar 
 Sii), wdjite and blue flower (A^.). 
 SiL ^,tnta:juniu, Alph. PC. Troad (Y.). 
 
 Ericaceae. 
 
 Tchaiikldar (T.). 
 Calrn.hda arr,:n>=i^. P. Iliisarlik (Y.). 
 Eidiinnps ris.vjsnx. DC. (E. ^pharrnfrpkalns, 
 
 Por.^k. not P.). Tenedos (D Urvdle). Creek, 
 
 Kadap ayyaOo. 
 E. ni.ierar,.i,l,aln^, Sibth. et Sin.:-' (E.slriijo- 
 
 !<iis, Fnr.-<k., nut P.). Toneln.s (F.). 
 Ciirdi:jHitiinn earijnthusnni, Per.s. Troad, Te- 
 
 nediis (Oli\ ier). 
 Carlina lanafa, L. ? (C. ruhra, Forsk.). Tene- 
 
 do.s (F.). Creek, KoKivdyyado (that is, red 
 
 Thi.,tle). 
 Cnnara Scnh/mn^. P. Troail (W.). 
 Jnrinra. nwUi^, Ivclib.? (Srrralula centauroides, 
 
 For.sk.). Coa.st of the Troad, oj^posite Teue- 
 
 do.s F.;. 
 Ciailanren CijannHjlj. Chigri Dagh (V.). 
 C lani'jera, DC. Between AkhmetUi anel 
 
 Nurlii (T.). 
 C. puli/rladu, DC. 'C. arenarla. P)TT-v., not 
 
 (Y. 
 A. Andna:hne, P. Oulou Dagh (Y.), on the 
 
 Seanianiler, lietween Karajilar and P)i- 
 
 vaujik (P.), upper Scamauder valley (C, 
 
 Y.) 
 I'riea arlioren, P. Troad (W.), e.g. Oulou 
 
 PlagluY.). 
 Jihadad'iidrnn flarnin P>on {Azalea 2'>ontica, 
 
 P.). Between Ivarajilar and Divanjik (T.). 
 
 Pi;r?irLACEAE. 
 Cijrlamen europaeuin, Webb, hardly P. Troad 
 (\Y). 
 
 Styracaceae. 
 Styrax ofilrinalix, L. Troad (W., S.), e.g. 
 slo])es of Hissarlik towanP tlie Simois 
 valley (Y.j. 
 
 Oleaceae. 
 Olea I'vrnj.aea, P. Cultivated in tlie neigh- 
 bourhood 01' tlie villages (Y. 
 
 >PB.). Troad? (Aucher). Diy hills on | riulli/na media, ] . Troad ^^V.), 
 
 Teaedos, freijuent (D'UrvUlej. 
 C. .'<jiinf>sa, P. < Serralula vpinei.^a, Forsk. ?i. 
 Tn iad( Olivier), Tenedos,oii dry uncultivated 
 hills very freeiuent (D'Urv.). Creek, TaAacr- 
 Tvl3id. 'J'utI;. djevvan. Is fastened on the j Ja.-<ininura frntieans,!,. Troad AV.), e. g. His- 
 
 lai.l ( \ 
 yuniain sia jthiUijreoides, Labill. Betweer 
 Jiairaudjioi (Assos) and Shuhrak [T.). 
 
 Jasjiinaceae. 
 
 hedgislF.). 
 C.yuhliliali,. Ij. Troad (W.), ? Tenrdna (C, 
 
 tananlitsa, Fnrsk. ( ire(Ai, o.Tfijyipa). 
 C. rarnlinii, IH •. (C. inirra, Webb). Snniuiit 
 
 of (iulgarus (W., Parolinii. 
 Carllannn, d, nlalaf. Yah]. Tn.al ' Parolini I. 
 Srnhjntnx 1, ixpanirnx, L. (Catananche luha, F. 
 
 iiulP.). TroadfW.). 'J'enedos (F.). ( J reek, 
 
 aaphaApta or K^Tpivo-yyaOu. 
 Clfla.riuin IJlhd,ns,^J. Tene.lo.s 'F.). Oeek, 
 
 K(.)pAa. 
 C. h'ndiria, L. Teiicdos 'probiddy crdt.) (F.). 
 
 Cri'ik paoUri : Turk', hiddiba. 
 U.dijiaad^ er.lira. Vi Md. Plain of Troy 
 Calvi rl), Tenedos ( F. i. r;reek, ko\t(,'i'5i7.. 
 Tra<jai,n,pai jaarifalinx, p. ? Kotch Ali 
 
 Ov.a&fai (V.), Assos (V._). 
 
 tarlik (V.). 
 
 Ai'OCYNACEAE. 
 
 Xerinm Oleanih.r, Ij. Troad (Y',). Greek, 
 pohuhcKpi'T] (ir niiipu5a<pvT]. 
 
 AsOLEPIADACEAE. 
 
 I'triploca riraeca, Tj. Plain of Troy {\f.}. 
 
 Sesamaceae. 
 Senaniuin indicnni, Ij. Tr(iad, oult. (Olivier, 
 AV., Calvert , Tencilos, rarely eultivated and 
 growing wild (F., Olivier, DTJrville). (ireek, 
 
 ClINVOLVrLACEAE. 
 
 Cvnriih-nhts (enninximnx, Sibth. et Sm. Troad 
 
 (Y.). 
 C. arvensis, L. ITaiu of Troy (Calvert). 
 
App. A^L] 
 
 BY PEOFESSOR PAUL ASCIIERSON, ETC. 
 
 BOKAGIN'AOEAE. 
 
 Ileliotrojjiam europmnim, L. Troail (W,). 
 
 H. sp. Kvjilar (\V.). 
 
 CerintUe major, L. Troud (W. . 
 
 Aiichusa offieiiuilis, L. Plain of Troy (V.), 
 
 betweeu Xurlii and AkhmetUi (T.)- 
 Onosma stelMata, W. K., var. pnllula, Boiss. 
 
 Alexandria Troas (V.), Kestanibul iV.). 
 Eeliium plantafiinijiiui, Tj. Valley of the Tliym- 
 
 brius (Kimav Sn) (\.)? Tenedos {E.crdi- 
 
 cmn, Fursk.). 
 Litliospcniium apuhirn, L. On the Hellespont, 
 
 near the Quarantine (V.). 
 L. purpiirco-caL'nilt'iim, L. Upper Scamauder 
 
 valley (W). 
 Alkanna iiiidoria, Tauscli. Troad (C, V.). ■ 
 Myosotis liispidi, Sclilechtd. Kalitatli (V. . 
 Ci/noglofsuiii pdrtum. Ait. Valley of the 
 
 Thynrbrius (Kininr Su) 'V.), between Nurlii 
 
 and Akhmetlii (T.). 
 Asperugo procumh-ns, L. Valley of the 
 
 Tliymbrius (Kimar 8u) (V.i. 
 
 SOLAXACEAE. 
 
 SijJanum sodomaeum, L. Troad (W.). 
 •S'. Melonijena. L. Troad, cult, (W.). 
 Hijosajamus albus, L. Tenedos (F.). 
 II. aun-ux, L. Tenedos (1?.). Greek, lUeAo- 
 Xoprapo. 
 
 SCROPHULAEIACEAE. 
 
 Verhasciim pWomoides, L. Troad (W.), Tene- 
 dos (F.). Greek, <p\6/j.o. 
 
 V. simtatum, L. Troa'l (Vi.). 
 
 Linaria Pelicieriana, DC. Novum Ilium (V.), 
 Besika Tepeh (V.\ valley near Tuzla (T.). 
 
 L. arvensis, Desf. Troad (C). 
 
 ScrophulaHa caniiia, L. Assos (V.). 
 
 Veronica multifida, L. Troad (V.). 
 
 Eufragia latifolia, Gris. Plata of Troy (Oli- 
 vier, Calvert), e. g. Hissarlik (V.). 
 
 E. thcosa, Bentli. Plain of Troy i Olivier). 
 
 Trixago apida, Stev. Plain of Troy (Calvert), 
 between Nurlii and Akhmetlii (T.). 
 
 Orobanciiaceae. 
 Phelipaea ramona, C. A. Mey. Fulali Pagh 
 
 (V.), Alexandria Troaa (V.). Var. Mitldi, 
 
 Boiss. Assos (V.J. 
 Orohanche pubesceiw, D'Urv. Troad (V.). 
 
 ACANTHACEAE. 
 
 ? Acanthus mollh, L. Troad (W.). 
 
 Verbesaceae. 
 Vitex Agnus-castits, B. Troad (W.) e. g. 
 Valley of the Simois (V.). Also between 
 Chigri Dagh and Ine (Sayce). Greek, 
 
 Myaptd. 
 
 Labiatae. 
 
 Lavandula Sfoechas, L. Troad (W.). 
 Mentha, sp. On the Kalifatii Asmak (V.). 
 Origanum vulgare, L., var. viride, Boiss,? 
 
 Tenedos (F.). The opiT-acoj/ of Tenedos is 
 praised by anrient classics. 
 
 0. Oiiites, L. Troad (W.) e.g. at the Seaman- 
 der source. (C.) 
 
 Thiniiiis slrialus, Vahl ? {T. Zi/gis, -Forsk ) 
 Tenedos (F.). Greek, eu/idpi. 
 
 Th. hirfudis, i\I. B. (T. vulgaris, Webb, not 
 L., Th. clii'ritrioides. Vis.). Ida mountains 
 (Parolini). 
 
 T. aipitatus, Lk. et Hfnig. Troad (W.) 
 
 Suiurejii ThynihrK. Ij. Troad (Olivier, W.), 
 Olivier derives the name of the city Thym- 
 bra and the river Tliymbrius from tiait of 
 the plant, which he found abundanlly in 
 the valley of the Simois (Doumbrek Tcliai) 
 whiili used to bo identified with the Tliym- 
 brius. 
 
 Sidrid grandijhira. Etth, var. rotundifoUa, 
 Boiss. (S. riifiindifulia-. Vis ). Ida moun- 
 tains (Parolini). 
 
 S. argentea, L. Troad (S.). 
 
 S. verhcnaca., L., var. rernali.t, Boiss. His- 
 sarlik (V.). 
 
 S. riridis, L. Hissarlik (V.), between Nrndii 
 and AkhmetUi (T.). 
 
 Stachijs orienfiilis, Vahl. Betiveeu Nurlii and 
 Akhmetlii (T.). Var. pawiflura, Boiss. ; 8 
 pawifinra. Vis. Tioad (Panilini). 
 
 ,S'. crrlini, L. ? {S.tomridosa, Fnrsk.). Teue- 
 di.is ( F ). Grt.'ek, fxoax^ j3(jKo X'^P^o.po. 
 
 ? Lana'nin alhuiu, Ij. Between Akhmetlii and 
 Nurlii (T.). 
 
 L. mosrhatiiiii. IMill. Troad (S,), e. g. valley of 
 the Tliymbrius (Kimar Su), (V.), 
 
 B'dlnfa acetah'ulosa, Benth. Tiriad (X.). 
 Does Muluccdla fndicosa, Forsk., Tenedos 
 (Greek, xfpa/8(i), belong here ? 
 
 ridomis friiticosa. L. Troad (W,). 
 
 I'rasiuni majux, L. Troad (W.). 
 
 Ainga chia, Schreb. Troad (V.). 
 
 Tcucrium Folium, L. Bali Dagli (C). 
 
 Pr,U31BAGlNACEAE. 
 
 Sfaticc xiniiufd, Iv. Shore of the Troad (W.). 
 I'lumhiigo earopaca, L. Ti'oad (\V.). 
 
 Salsolaceae. 
 ? Clienopodium album, L. Tenedos (F.). Tui k. 
 
 siritjam. 
 C. Botrijs, L. Troad (W.). 
 '> AtripJex Haliniuf, P. Troad (W.). 
 Sahdla Soda, Tj. Coast of tlie Troad (W.). 
 S. Kail, L. Sandy strand opposite Tenedos (P.) 
 
 POLYGON'ACEAE. 
 
 Emex stpiuosa, Campd. Kcstambul, on the 
 Chigri Dagh (V.). 
 
 Eumex pidcher, L. Plain of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 B. tuberosus, L. Tenedos (Virlet). 
 
 B. acetoselloides, Bal. Plain of Troy (V.). 
 
 Fohjgonum arleudare, L. Plain of Troy (Cal- 
 vert), Tenedos, frequent in dry places 
 (D'Urville). 
 
lo 
 
 n 
 
 CATALOGUE OP PLANTS OF TLIE TROAD. 
 
 [App. VI. 
 
 TllVMFXAEACEAE. 
 
 Tlii/mi'ldca Tiiiiiiiirairn, All. (T. argentea, 
 (.'larkr). Very frequent iicar the villages, 
 uscil a3 lircwiind; e. ,^'. in the environs 
 <if tin- In Tepeh (C, V.), Haf^Kos Dernttrios 
 Tr|-,rll (V.). 
 
 T. hlr^nhi, Eiall. Troad (\V.). 
 
 Elaeagnackae. 
 Ehi'iKjiiiif iKidinifis, JL I;. (77. atiijiisiifnUa, 
 Fiirsk.). Troiiil, cult. (\V.), Tenedo.s, cult. 
 (F.). Turk. ulac. 
 
 IjAVRACEAE. 
 
 Lauruii nohil!.<, L. Troad (W.). 
 
 Cytinaceae. 
 
 C'ijlist:< llijpndgtix, L. I'arasitic on tlie roots of 
 
 cuius sah-UfiiJim, L,, near lieu Kiui (V.). 
 
 ArJsTOLOCHIArEAE. 
 
 ArhtoJorhta Tounitfuiiii, Jaub. et S]). Troad 
 
 (rjlivicr). 
 A. ],irt„, L. Eidgeof Hi8SarIik(V.). 
 
 ErrHORBIAOEAE. 
 
 r.UjUwrhia ClKtuiiusijr,; I;, (/i". poh/rionifolia, 
 Forsk.). Coast opposUo Tenedos (F.). 
 
 E. avnjcjihdniiji's, L. IJutweun NurlLi and 
 TcLaukhlar (T.) 
 
 E. Mglaiiduhisa, Desf. Kalifatli (V.). 
 
 Ci-ozo^iliara ilwinria, A. Juss. Troad (W.), 
 Tenedos, on fallows (F.). (iiock, anKapu- 
 XopTo: with llie C^reek of Nutolia, aypto 
 (parrovMa. 
 
 Urticaceae. 
 
 Vrtica jiilulijh-a, L. Valley of the Thynibrius 
 (Kiniar Su) (\'.), Tenedos (F.). Gicek, 
 a-Ti^riKUiOa. 
 
 llumulus Lupnhfs, Ij. In liuslies on the 
 river-hanks of the Plain r»f Troy, {re'juent 
 (V.). 
 
 Miiru>i iii'iirti, L.jCultivated near the villages 
 
 ]\[.,i1h,i.J.. I (V.). 
 
 Ficus Caric.a, L. Wild in the Plain of Troy, 
 e. g. in the grove above the springs at Novum 
 Ilium (V.), Bounarbashi (Olivier). Cul- 
 tivated near the villages. The practice of 
 caprification (iccurs in this country (W.). 
 
 Odtis Trninii'furlii, Lmk. In the ruins of the 
 thermae ' of Alexandria Troas' (W.). 
 
 Ulimts can'iK'stn's, Ij. Ibislies rai the river- 
 banlis of the Plain of Troy; e.g. on tht^ 
 Kalifatli Asniak, on the Scamander, Simois, 
 Thymbrius (Kimar Su) (V.), near Bounar- 
 bashi (Olivier). 'J'lie TrreAea nieaitioHetl by 
 Homer. 
 
 Jeolandaceae. 
 
 Jiir/JaiiK riijiii, L. (_'ultivated near the vil- 
 lages (V.). 
 
 Plata NAC'EAE. 
 
 I'hddmis niinilnlis. L. Wild in (he luisbes 
 on the rivi'r-banks of llu- Plain of Troy ami 
 in the mountains; e. g, in the lower Simois 
 
 valley (V.), at tire Scamander source, there 
 also often a tree (C, W., V.) ; planted in 
 and near the villages. It is the most stately 
 tree of the Troad, e.g. at Kalifatli, in Doum- 
 brek Kioi (V.), Bounarbashi, near Beira- 
 mitch (0. W.). 
 
 CUPELIFEKAE. 
 
 Quercus pedtMicidata, Ehrh. Ida, lower 
 region (\V.). 
 
 Q. sesailifiora, Sm. Like the former (W.). 
 
 Q., var. puhescens, Boiss. Plain near Ivoum 
 Kioi (V.). 
 
 Q. lusitanic'i, I-mlt., v.ar. genuina, Boi s. (Q. 
 infectoria, Oliv.). In the Troad, e.g. Ine' 
 (T.), only shrub-like ; the gall-nuts are 
 gathered (Olivier, V.), most appreciated 
 are those which are not yet quite ripe, called 
 "green" or "black;" the ripje "white ' 
 ones have far less value (Olivier). 
 
 Q. Ilex, L. Troad, here and there (W. T). 
 
 Q. cvcrifcra, L. Frequent in the anterior 
 Tioad, but only shrub-like (W., T.), e. g. 
 His.-arlik, on the slopes above the springs 
 (V.). 
 
 Q. Cirris, Xi. In the lower range of the Ida, 
 iinil on the Scamander near Kara Kioi (T.). 
 in the upper Scamander valley from Kush- 
 urnlii upwards (W.) 
 
 Q. Ai-gilops, L. In the Troad, widely spread ; 
 it gives abundant Valonia (deAai/iSia) (Oli- 
 vier, D'Urville, W., S., V.); particularly 
 remarkable trees near Ken Kioi, Koum Kio', 
 at the foot of the Fulah Dagh, on the Sud- 
 luch Su between Gliiekli and Talian Kioi 
 (V. j, and particulirly in the ruins of Alex- 
 andria Troas (Olivier, W., V.), scantily on 
 Tenedos (Olivier). Here also belong 
 Q. triguiin, Webb (Q. (tegilnpifolia, Webb) 
 and IJ. Li'baui, Telih. (not Oliv.), the latter 
 between Ine' and Kestambul (T.). 
 
 Castanea sativa. Mill. Ida district (Y.). 
 
 Betulaceae. 
 Caryhis Aridlaiia, L. ? Upper Scamander 
 
 valley (C, \.). 
 Carp'inus Brtidu^, L. Sjiread in the Plain and 
 
 in the mountains (V.). 
 C diiiiieiisis, Scop. In the valley of the El- 
 
 tchi Tchai (T.). 
 
 Saeicaceae. 
 Salix <dha, L. Spread in tli(^. Plain of Troy 
 
 as bu.shis on the rivrr-bank^, also a tree, 
 
 e. g. on the Scamander, Bounarbashi Su, 
 
 Thynibrius (Kimar Su) (V.), near Bounar- 
 
 laelii (Olivier). The Irea mentioned by 
 
 Homer. 
 I'liindiis ilidii-a, Jlnch. At Pen Kioi and 
 
 DouTubrek Kioi, planteil ; not in the Plain 
 
 (V.). 
 
 Typiiaceae. 
 Ti/phii, sp. On tlie In Tepeh Asniak, above 
 
 the bridge (V. v.). 
 
App. VI.] 
 
 BY PliOFESSOG. PAUL ASClIEliSoN, KTC. 
 
 I oo 
 
 Araceae. 
 Dmcunculm ruhjaris, Schott. On tlie KalifatU 
 Asmak, near the mouth of the Simois, in 
 the luiderwood of Ehns (V.), 
 
 TOTA^IEAE. 
 
 Zoslera marina, L. Hull, spout (Calvert). 
 Fosidonia oceanird. ] Irl. In (he C4nlf of Adra- 
 myttion, ne.ir Bairaiu Kiui (Assos) (V.). 
 
 Okchidaceae.- 
 Aceras pi/minijalis, lichb. til. Alexandria 
 
 Troas (V.). 
 Orchis papilionacea, L. Troad (Olivier), 
 
 valley of Yerkassi Kioi (V.). 
 ? 0. Joiigicornu, Poir. Between Nurlii and 
 
 Tchaukldar (T.). 
 0. enriiiplinra, L., var. xnncla, Piehb. til. 
 
 Troad (Olivier). 
 0. trideniata, Seop. Yerkas^i Kioi (Y. ). 
 U. hrci-ilihris, Fiseh. et iley. IJetween Kara- 
 
 jilar and Divanjik on liu.sliy hills (T.). 
 0. jiiiiirlidata. Stev. Alexanilria Troas (T.). 
 U. jirorinciaUs, Balb. Tmy (Y. ), Alexandiia 
 
 Troas (Y.). 
 0. h^rnica, Clarke. Bali Datrh, " tuuudus of 
 
 Hector" (C). 
 0. i'wudiifninhm-ina. Ti'n. Oulou llaL,di (V.), 
 
 Letween Xurlii and Tehankhlar (T,). 
 Ojilirijs fnriflrjra, Itehlj. Upper Scamander 
 
 valley' (Y.). 
 0. iir'iiiifirn, Huds. Yerkassi Kioi (V.), var. 
 
 inaimnn^d, Ecbb. HI. Upper 8ea)uander 
 
 valley (Y.). 
 Cpliidniillv :-a Xi^jHjphi/n,,,,,, Eebb. til. Yer- 
 kassi Kioi (Y.). 
 C. mc-idlota, Bidss. et Ileldr. Yrrkassi Kioi 
 
 (Y.). Here nray lieli'OL^ C vpi piirtnidt^>i, 
 
 Fisch. et jMey. Between Kestanjbul and 
 
 Tuzia (T.). 
 Sjiira}dlu's ntietihniadis, Rich. Gargarus, below 
 
 the snnimit ("\Y.). 
 
 Ajiaryllidaceae. 
 Gidcudlitis iiirali.-i, Ij. 8eaniander-source (C). 
 Sternherijia htfca. Ker. Troad (W.). 
 St., sp. ? Between Biiunarlia,hi (near Bei- 
 
 ramitcb) and Aiwajik (W,). 
 I'ancratimn maritimuin, L. Sea-shore of the 
 
 Troad (W.). 
 
 IrIDA' EAF. 
 
 CniciismoeaiacHS, Klt, var. Laiidcriainis, Herb. 
 
 Kurshuklu Tepeli (Knslmndiiy) (Herbert). 
 C. ijarriarii'iis, Herlj. (C. aiirrus, Clarke). 
 
 Gari.''ariifl (C). 
 C. hijlorus, Mill., var inddgnius, Baker (C. 
 
 vermis, Ch-irke ? G. viihiiirnns. Herb.) 
 
 Summit of the Gargarus (Herbert). 
 C. Sieheri. Gay. Troad (Olivic r). 
 C. cundidus, Clarke. C!-argaru3 (C). 
 
 ■ Virrhow's collection has been determined by 
 Jlr. F. Kriinzlin. 
 
 C. aiiliiiniiidif, Webb. Gargarus, below the 
 
 suiinnit (W.). 
 r.ouiid.n j;nllu,ciidiniii, Seb. et Maur. Troad 
 
 (C). 
 Iris immihi, I;. Xovinii Ilium (V.), Ilagios 
 
 Demetrius Trpeh (Y.). 
 I. rsijudiicnnis, L. On the Bounaibashi Sn, 
 
 uot far frnni the liralgc (Y.). 
 GijiKiiidriris Sisijriiirliiiiui. Pari. Not rare in 
 
 the meadows of tlie anterior Troad, e. g. in 
 
 the bed of the In Tepiii Asmak, ou the Kali- 
 
 fatli Asmnk (Y.). 
 
 llioseorj'ACEAE. 
 Tavius contiiiiinis, L. Ida district, at Erinlli 
 (V.). 
 
 SMiL.\ea':AE. 
 Siriilix asji, rn, L. Troad (W.). 
 Tiuscns ]fiij„,j,l,iilliini. p. (I!, trvadensis, Clarke). 
 Seamauiler-souree (0., Y.). 
 
 PlLI,\CEAE. 
 
 Tidijiu m^idinin, Pind. Upper Soamander 
 
 valley, ni.ar Ivaiakioi (T.). 
 Gaiira arri'iisis, Sehult. ? [OriiitliorjaJam a., 
 
 Clarke). In Trpeh (C). 
 G. ■polijmiirpliu, B(iiss. Yalley of the Thym- 
 
 brius (Ivimar Su) (Calvert). 
 G.hd,:,i, Sehult. y (On,ill,n,j,d,i,it l, Clarke). 
 
 Bali Dagli, on the " tnmidusof Heetnr" ((_'.). 
 Fritillarid I'iiinrdi, Boiss. lietween Nurlii 
 
 and Tebaukldar (T.). 
 
 F. Scldienniiuii, Aselts. et Boiss. Upper Sca- 
 mander valley (V.). 
 
 Leopoldia /rr,;o,,o, Hel.lr. Troad (S.). Plain 
 of Tioy (Y.), upper Scamander valley (Y.), 
 Ale.xandria Troas (Y.). Here seems also 
 to belong Belheidia. cumosa, Tchih. Plain 
 of Tuzla (T.). 
 
 L. Finnrdi, Heldr. Troad (S.). 
 
 Slusairi rnrrninsiini. Mill. Plain of Troy (V.), 
 Bali I>agh. '■ tninulns of Hector " iC). 
 
 M. pdritdd.rinii, C. Koch. Between Niuiii anil 
 Teliauklilar (T.). 
 
 Oriiitliciinhiin jrnisiiiidriDit, Gris. Kalifatli 
 (V.), Alexandria Troas (Y.). 
 
 0. s«?j;/(HrM„/(, K. it S. Troad (S.). 
 
 0. niiunsaui, P. Troad (S.), e. g. Hissailik (Y.). 
 
 AUiiun nl.jnim, Ii. Troad (S.). 
 
 A., sp., ]air]de Unwer. Summit of the Gar- 
 garus (W.). 
 
 Asj'hijdiliis mirroriirpiis. Yis. Plain of Troy 
 (W.), e.g. in the dry meiidows on the Iii 
 Tepeh Asmak aud on the Simois (Y.), 
 Tenedos (F.). Tirerk, amrovpSovXi. 
 
 A. lutcKs, P. Alexandria Troas (V.). 
 JIeeantiiiaceae. 
 
 ? Culcliirinii. iiiii-hiiuiiidr, p., aud 
 
 G. mrii.ijittiiDi, L. (Jargarus, bi low the sum- 
 mit (W.). 
 
 Fulhocndiiim triiji/mnK, Adam. Yalley of the 
 Tliymbrius (Calvert). 
 
73G 
 
 CATALOGUE OP PLANTS OF THE TKOAD. 
 
 [App. VI. 
 
 JlNCACEAE. 
 
 Juncus acutus. Link. In Tejioh Asmiik, above 
 the bridge (Y.). 
 
 BUTOMACEAE. 
 
 Siifomiii uhihtllatus. L. Tlaiu uf Truy (S.) 
 
 Cyperaceae. 
 Ciiiirrit.^ liiurius, L. Plain of Troy (W.). 
 Galilii"! iiincrnuatii, I'arl. Sandy strand of 
 
 tlie. Troad (W.), c. g. to tlie ni.rtli of Talian 
 
 Kioi {V ). 
 Scirpus Holosdioenus, L. Plain of Troy, near 
 
 P)Onnarbashi (C). 
 ,?. uiarlHiiiiis. L. Troad (8.). 
 Can:-: ilii-i'a. llmls. Troad (8.). 
 C. .//ra/«f(, Good. Novnm Ilium (V.). 
 C. liiaiihhi, Wdld. On the Bounarbashi 8u, 
 
 near the lirid^.- (T.). 
 C. ,\M,n,f. L. Pluin of Troy (S.), e. g. on the 
 
 In Tepeli Asmak (V.). 
 
 CJliAJIINE.VE. 
 
 PhalanS tniiior, Ketz. I'lain of Troy (Cal- 
 vert). 
 
 Soriiliiini iiilgare, Per.s. Troad, cult. (Calvert). 
 
 ^^ hahpfii^,', Pers. Teuedos (P.). Greek, 
 ica\a/xdypa. 
 
 Ztn Mn,f. L. Troad, cult. (Calvert). 
 
 7J. muJli^, L. Plain of Trry (Calvert). 
 
 BriiehijiMiUiim dittacliijum, P. B. Pliin of 
 Troy (Sibthorp, S.). 
 
 Tritieum ruhjare, Vill., and 
 
 T. diiniiii. Dobf. Troad, cult. (Y., Calvert). 
 
 T. villosum.M. B. Tioad (S. . 
 
 Aegilops triaiisiata, WilM. Plain of Troy 
 (Calvert). 
 
 Secede cerealc, Ij. Troad, cult. (Y.). 
 
 llnrdiurn vidgnre, L. Troad, cult. (Y., di- 
 vert). 
 
 II. lidhnsuiii, L. Troad (S.). 
 
 II. muriiniii,. L. Plain of Troy (S., Calvert). 
 
 II. maritimuin, AVith. Plain of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 Lolium temulentum, L. Among oats (Calvert). 
 
 GXETACEAE. 
 
 Tjpliedra procera, Fr,^ch. et j\Iey. Novum 
 Ilium (W., v.). 
 
 COXIFEEAE. 
 
 Till IIS Lnririo, Poh'. Mountains above Ine 
 
 (T.), Ida Mountains (W.). 
 r. hahxiensis, Mill. Near the sea-eoast (\Y.), 
 
 Tenedos, scantily (Olivier). 
 r. rarnliiiii, A'is. Ida Mountains, forming 
 
 tlie main part (AV., I'arolini). 
 J'. Tinea, L. Between Ine- and Ovajdi (T.). 
 
 C.v»0(/"« 7'i'cf;/?0H, Rich. Tenedos (P.). Greek, j,;,,,,,, orieutaUx, Carr. (P/,!».? Ahies, "Webb). 
 
 aypio. or o-ypid^a. 
 
 rid, II, ,1 l,„,i,', Sclirad. Plain of Troy (S., 
 t.'alvert). 
 
 Fh. pniteiise. L. Plain of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 AhijirniriiK vlriridiitiiJi, Pers. I'laiu of Tioy 
 (8.). 
 
 A. lujri'fti'.i, L. Plain of Troy (Calvert). 
 
 Av'iia orientidh, Selireb. Troud, cnlt. (Cal- 
 vert). 
 
 A. h,irlnt,i. Brot. Troad (S.). 
 
 Ai-i-ii '■iijiidiui.^. Host, var. amhiijua, Heldr. 
 Troad (S.). 
 
 Aniinhi l'l,r,i,jiiiil,'s. L. Swamps of the Plain 
 Cif Trov. evcrywlaio (Y.). 
 
 Ida Mountains (W.), lower mountain range 
 
 at Tchaukldar (T.;. 
 Ahis alha, Slill. Ida mountains ("\V.', Agg. 
 
 Dagh (T.). 
 t'tijiressus semveriirens., L. In the IMiddle 
 
 Troad, on graveyards, not in the Plaiir (Y.) 
 
 e.g. Ine (().). 
 Juniperus Oxycedrns,1i. Troail (AY.), e. g. His- 
 
 sarlik, slopes above the spring i V.). 
 
 FiLTCES. 
 
 r,:ilijpndium i-ulfiai-e, L. Upper Scamander 
 
 valley (Y.). 
 rtiris iiipidina, L. The same (Y.). 
 
 A. Diiiiax. I.. I'lain of Troy, e.g. in the lower As},Ieiiiiim Trielioinaiien, L. ScauKinder-source 
 
 Simois valley (W.). 
 
 (Y.). 
 
 Bri-j'i mii.,-iiii,i, P. Troad (S.), quarry at j A. Adiniittim-iiigrum, L. Upper Scamander 
 
 K.jteh All Ovai-si (Y.). 
 
 /;. xj,i,;d,i. Sihtli. et Sm. Troad (S.). 
 
 Ihietijlh ijhriiii'irdii, L. Truad (S.). 
 
 Cdahriii'ii iiipialica, P. B. Plain of Troy (S.) 
 
 F,'fiiini rdtiil,!, Dantli. Troad (S.). 
 
 l:,n„,„.^ sl,rili>i, L. Troad (S.). 
 
 B. I,:rl„iiiin, L. Plain of Troy (S., Calvert), 
 Cliigri Dagh (Y.). 
 
 D. mndritetisii:, L. Plain of Troy (S., Cal- 
 vert). 
 
 77. f!i,;diiiiiis, Ji. Among oats (Calvert). 
 
 I), scdjiorius, L. Plain of Troy (S., Calvert). 
 
 valley (A-. ). 
 
 Cderaeh. njjieinarum, AYilld. CJargarus (C.^. 
 
 Cysfopiterh fragilh, Bernli. Scaniander-eource 
 (Y.). 
 
 Mi'scr. 
 
 Ciiididiitus ai-piaticus, Brueh et Sehimp. 
 Overgrows the wet roeks at the Scamander- 
 sonrce (V. . The same species is also 
 found at the source of Yauoluse [C. Miiller, 
 Hal.). 
 
 TjICIIENES. 
 
 Vsiwa arliculata, Aeh. Gargarus (C). 
 
APPENDIX VII. 
 ON THE LOST ART OF HARDENINa COPPEE. 
 
 VtY A. J. DUFFIELD. 
 
 So5iE years ai;-o, while eugui^'eil in 
 writing; ou tlie Incas of Peni, their 
 civilization and kuowleilge. of the fine 
 and the indn.strial arts, I came to 
 doubt what has been so confidently 
 set forth bjr some historians, that tho 
 (.'hildren of flie Sun knew of a secret 
 in metallurgy that batiies the scienti- 
 fic knowledge of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury to discover. It is true that tlie 
 lucas had their mirrors of jiolished 
 copper, which their women greatly 
 prized; and did not Humboldt bring 
 to Europe a copper chisel, that was 
 found in a silver mine close to Cuzco? 
 And is it not true that man}- of the 
 vessels, weapons, tools, and ornajnents, 
 which lielong to Incarial times and 
 arc now and again found in various 
 parts of Peru, are of a biro"wn eom- 
 Jilexion, and liot blue or green with 
 rust ? And does not all this prove that 
 the Incas possessed and practised the 
 art of hardening copper ? 
 
 The Incas were a wonderful jieopde : 
 their svstem fjf cidonization and set- 
 tlement is worthy tho attention (if 
 modern statesmen. Their way of life 
 was admirable and enviable for many 
 things : no one, for example, of their 
 kingdom could die for lack of bread ; 
 idleness was punished as a crime; no 
 lawsuit ciiuld lie postponed longer 
 than five days. Everybody rrceived 
 an educatiiju ]ieculiar to liis state and 
 conditiim. The compulsory education 
 of children began at their birth; fur 
 no mother "^\^as allo\\'ed t<j take her 
 babe in her arms to give it suck, but 
 Was to bend over it as it lay on its 
 
 biaek, encouraging the infant to an 
 eftbrt which he should never be re- 
 leased from making through the rest 
 of his life — that, namely, of doing 
 something I)}' which to win his <laily 
 food. Thieving was punished with 
 the loss of tho eves ; the moving of 
 a landmark with death. AVater -was 
 made the universal servant and slave 
 of man ; the soil was divided eipiallj' 
 every year bet^'i'een Ciod, the king, 
 and the people ; the earth was culti- 
 vated with joy and singing ; the sun 
 was the image of the (.'reator, the 
 moon that of his spouse ; the rainbow 
 was his messenger, and tlie stars ^^■llich 
 I hung in the sapjihire niglit insjiired 
 a sense of beauty, that retlned while 
 it elevated the taste of all observers. 
 But fur all that, I do not l)elieve that 
 the Jncas laiew how, by artilielal 
 means, to give haixlness to copper. 
 They were a pjcoplc gifted with a 
 clear insight ; they lovi.'d and "wiii-- 
 shipped Katuro in her most excellent 
 forms, and imitated her in all things ; 
 their kings' gardens wci'O beautiful, 
 not onlj' in exquisite flowers and 
 birds and bright-coloured insects, but 
 also in perfect imitations uf these in 
 silver and gold. 
 
 jMuch meditatiun on the arts of 
 this refined and deeply ]-eligiiius 
 pieiijile mailc ]ne IVeijuently muse and 
 think and moui'ii, as, wai;dering 
 among tho ruins they have left liehind 
 them, I came to indulge in a "lodged 
 hatc' and a certain loathing " foi' tlie 
 innnaculat(j Spanisli Christian pceple 
 wh(j murdered those worshippei's of 
 
 3 B 
 
13i 
 
 ON THE LOST ART OF HARDENIKG COTPEli. [Arp. VII. 
 
 Kiiture, tridiipliMl their kind's' gardens 
 iiit'i iiiiiil, melted flieir silver lilies 
 iiitii live-sliilliii!j; pieces, anel their 
 geld priim-oses and butterflies into 
 (jiizns, liuthjns for eijnrt monkeys, and 
 Lnekles and hracelets for ifivolous 
 women. These ami like things Leing 
 fastened in my revolving mind often 
 sha]ied themselves as tignres are 
 hliaped hy the idle na.ition of the 
 k.'di.'idoscnpe ; and sinno year.s after, 
 vhile siij.iiirning in Keewaiwona, 
 once the territory of a race who de- 
 lighted to make beautiful things out 
 of a beauteous material, — the Huron 
 Indians, wIkj lield the south shore of 
 Lake iSnperior, — I one day caught 
 sight of a lai'ge boulder of pieculiar 
 shape and colour l.yiug amongst other 
 and different boulders on the lake- 
 sliore. It was slightly tinged with a 
 blue-green mould, liut its deeidy cut 
 crevices were as briglit .as I'Cil-hot 
 wire. Afterwards I picked up some 
 copper daggei-s of fine shape, and 
 sharji in edge and point. I was also 
 present at the finding, some thirty 
 feet below the level of Lake Superior, 
 of three swords, 20 in., 18 in., and 16 
 in. hmg respectively, als(j comidete 
 in bevelled edge and shaiieful point, 
 handle and fluting of the sides finely 
 ^vrought, untouched by tlie lapse of 
 time, and but little sullied by the 
 ]iresence of an oxide. I su))sc(pientlv 
 visited the (_»ntonagon district, where 
 f u- tlie lii'st time in my life I saw 
 native cop])er lying in its rocky 
 womb, twin-born with silver, and 
 Bliining -s^-ith a. lustre comparable only 
 to that of the heavenly bodies. There 
 is something in the sight and presence 
 of a. laige massy body shining in the 
 dark of the earth, and retaining its 
 bi'iglitni.'ss I'oi- the eye to lake in its 
 hll of beauty, that may be com])aied 
 to iJie charm of sustained music une.K- | 
 pr'ctedly heard for tlie fii'st tiin(.'; and, 
 in fl)i: course of a yc'ai-'s i-esidenee in 
 that metallic region, I ]iad .abundant 
 ojipoi-tunities of I'cturiiing to that 
 comparison and testing its truth. 
 
 On my return to England I carried 
 with me many samples of these metals, 
 which were analysed in tlie usmil 
 way ; liut the gangue of the sauijiles 
 from Keewaiwona carried a number 
 of bright specks visible to the naked 
 eye, which I picked out with a pair 
 of pincers. They were globules of 
 a liright grey-white metal, wdiich 
 had resisted the- action alike of nitiic 
 acid and aipua regia. Assisted by my 
 late fnend 3Ir. W. Valentin, of the 
 Koyal College of Chemistr}', 15 grains' 
 weight of these minute specks were 
 treated with an infusion of potassic 
 bisuljihatc, dissolved in water, preci- 
 pitated on zinc, and subsequently^ 
 heated in hydrogen, giving us a dark- 
 grey pii-n-dery substance that could 
 be beaten into shape. Professor 
 Liankland subjected a portion of this 
 to spectrum analysis. The left hand 
 of the ribbon was filled in with the 
 bars characteristic of rhodium, and 
 the charcoal linger ca'ucibles carried 
 niinute particles of puio metallic 
 I rhodium, which I retain. Subse- 
 quently to this I -svas requested by 
 Mr. X'alentin to analyse the " imp)uri- 
 j ties " of certain copjiers, which 1 did, 
 not knowing whence the coppers came, 
 or in what part of the world they 
 were found ; they yielded us, among 
 other elements, ruthenium and iri- 
 dium. ^Mien I came to learn that 
 these coppers came from the great 
 native copper deposit from which the 
 Incas took tlieir metal for making 
 their edge-totds and weapons, their 
 arrow-heads and vessels, their bright 
 flat reflecting mirrors to give gladness 
 to their women, their concave nrirrors 
 by which tlieir priests "drew lire 
 fn.ini the sun, ' — the wh(do thing 
 fla.shed across my mind, that it was 
 to the presence of tlie metals of the 
 ]ilatinuni grou}) that the liaidness of 
 the copper was due, and not to any 
 art. of hardening copper, which was 
 kuiown to the Incas, but is now lost. 
 1'licn I returned to Lake Superior to 
 hunt for the home of rhodium, sending 
 
Arp. Nil.] 
 
 r.Y A. J. DUFFIELD. 
 
 739 
 
 from time to time to Mr. Yalentin for 
 iinuly.sis examjiles of a certain lu.strous 
 iloeiily-dyeil native cnjipcr, anj he 
 always founil traees of rlmilimii. 
 
 I come tlierofore to tlie eouelusion, 
 that all the knowledge whieh the 
 Incas and the lliirdus had on the 
 hardening of copper was dne tii their 
 love of lieaiitlful things : thev camo to 
 know hy experience that the deep- 
 coloured c0|'pcr from a certain kicality 
 was not only line of complexion, l.iut 
 very hard : of this, therefore, they 
 made their excellent vessels and their 
 keen-cntting Llades. 
 
 rrofessi-.r Koljcrts, of the Eoyal 
 Mint, who has taken a deep interest in 
 this matter, has made an experiment 
 with 90 per cent, of copper and 10 per 
 cent, of rhodium, which ha.s yielded 
 an alloy very similar in colour to the 
 native cop[ier of Keewai-^A'ona ; the 
 fracture is exactlv the same in shade, 
 but of its liardness it is difficult to 
 tell; a portion of the alloy left in the 
 bottom of the cnieiljle was found to 
 Ije very hard. It is to be hoped that 
 Professor iioberts may j'et find time 
 to conduct otlier expjeriments which 
 shall tlirow some light on the amount 
 of rhodium with which Kature used to 
 
 fnrni that allo^' of her own, and from 
 which -we may assume; that some of 
 her d-avout chiklreri made their most 
 perfect things. 
 
 In piinti]ig the foregoing commu- 
 nication, I offer my very sincere 
 thanks to Mv. Duffield for liis interest- 
 ing account of a discover)- so nnporlant 
 in its bearing on the general question 
 of pirc-historic metallurgy, 'iiie dis- 
 covery presents an obvious analuijii to 
 the implements of copp)er, liarder than 
 onJiitar// conintcrctal i:ojii>ri\ wliicdi I 
 found in the stratum of the. first cit)' 
 at Hissarlik (see p. 251 ); but there 
 has not licen time, since my attention 
 was called to it, to decide tlie question 
 whether the copper found by me is, in 
 I'act, a natural alloy similar to that 
 which Mr. Duffield discovered in Ame- 
 rica. The necessary experiments have 
 still to be conducted ; but meanwhile 1 
 feel it an honour and pleasure that 
 the present work should be enriched- 
 with a discovery tiiat promises to Ijc 
 fruitful in results to our knowledge of 
 tliC early Copper Age, which wo now 
 know certainly to have preceded that 
 of Bronze (see pip. 257, L'58j. — H. S. 
 
APPENDIX Yirr. 
 
 ox HE K A B P I S. 
 
 IJy Professor Henry Bri'Gsch-Bey. 
 
 In no otlier land of the ancient "world 
 does the worship of the Cow pla}- so 
 important a part as in Ei;'y}"it. The 
 representations and inscriptions on 
 the oldest monuments already contain 
 copious rct'ercnces to the sacred (_'ow ; 
 liut it is only fi'Oni the monnments of 
 later periods that scientific encpiiry is 
 iirst supplied with clearer infoi'mation 
 as to tlie origin of this worship) and 
 its connection with a goddess of the 
 Egyptian (Jlympjns of learned iuves- 
 tigatiijn. The following account, 
 fjnnded on monumental records, com- 
 prises in one view everything that 
 relates to the origin of this worship, 
 and tliat is calculated to throw liadit 
 on the nature of this peculiar venera- 
 tion for the cow. 
 
 Li the oldest re[jrescntations, re- 
 lating t(_) tlie creation of the world, 
 the cow, C(.imiiig forth (jut of tlie 
 ]iriiiieval waters, apjieai's on the terri- 
 t'Ji'v of the Hermopolite nome in 
 T^]ipcr Egyj)t as the motlier of the 
 yi.iniig 8nn-god. Clinging to the 
 liorns of his parent, the yonng god 
 hindli.'S the light of day, and the life 
 of all creatures begins with him. To 
 spealv in tlie langnage eif tln' mo'nn- 
 niciits, Isis rthat is, tlie cow) causes 
 hi'r son Ilorus (more exactly ITarpo- 
 crates, that is, " Ilorus the child ") (o 
 come into cxistenre tirst of all, and 
 the visilile forms id' tin.' woild com- 
 mi'iico the cyclo of their crirthly eourse 
 Ifom lif.' to death: Jlorus liecomes 
 Osiris, ami, in the eternal revolution 
 ol things, ii'oni the dead ()siiis a, new 
 rejiiV'/nated Ilorus is de\eloped. In 
 
 this myth Osiris symbolizes the prim- 
 eval water, the fertilizing moisture ; 
 Isis, under the image of the cow, the 
 I'cceptive and productive power of 
 nature; IIoius, the light which is 
 
 ' kindled from the moisture, just as in 
 the teaching of Heraclitus, surnamed 
 " the obscure" (u crK-oTeiros). This is the 
 esoteric part ijf the ancient Egyptian 
 doctrines of hoary wisdom, to which a 
 later cycle of myths souglit to give an 
 historic foundation. 
 
 Tlie more ancient conception, which 
 goes back to the times of the thirteenth 
 century, gives the following S(dution 
 of the enigmatical representation of 
 the goddess Isis with the head of a cow. 
 Ilorus f Apollo) and Set (Typhon) 
 fought with one another for the 
 sovereignty over the kingdemi of 
 (Jsiris. Set is defeated. Isis, moved 
 with ci impassion for the "elderljrother" 
 conquered by liorns, frees him from 
 
 ! his bonds. 1 loins, filled with airger 
 and rage, sejiarates tlie head of Isis 
 from her bod\'. Thot, the Egyptian 
 Hermes, 1 ly the aid of the magic pt)wer 
 of his charms, replaces it by the head 
 
 ; of the ( sacred ) Cow {icp-aJic). This 
 strange myth is preserved in the 
 iSallier piapyrus Xo. 4, t'oiitaining 
 an ancient Egyptian calendar of the 
 times of the tirst liamessids, according 
 to 'wdiich this event took place on the 
 L'C.th day of the month Thot (the 14th 
 of August, aceording to the Sothis- 
 year, and the 2,jrd of iSepteinber,^ ac- 
 
 ' Chiil.as, Lc Cat.niJrlei- thi p<ipii,',is S,illi,'r, 
 iv. p. oU. 
 
Ai'P. Till.] 
 
 BY riiOFESSOR ilENllY BRUGSCII-13EY. 
 
 741 
 
 cording to tlie Alexandrian calendar). 
 In remembrance thereof, sacrifices for 
 the gods Isis and Thot were prescribed 
 for ever on tliis day. I'lutarcli- was 
 acquainted with this legend, of which 
 he sa3's, " The fight lasted man}' days, 
 and Horus conquered. But Isis, to 
 whose keeping the fettered Typlion 
 had been committed, did not kill him, 
 but freed and dismissed him. Horns 
 did not boar this patiently ; he even 
 laid bands on his mother, and tore 
 the crown from her head : but Hermes 
 placed on her a helmet like the head 
 of a cow ( [iovKpavov Kpdvos)." The best 
 prcKjt that Isis was in fact worsliipped 
 under the local conception of her as 
 Hathor (Aphrodite) in tins c(jw- 
 headed form, is the name of the town 
 dedicated to her, Tep-ahe (' cow-head ' ), 
 called by the Copts, with the article 
 prefixed, Petpieh, liy the Arabs AtfiJi, 
 the metropolis of the last (the 22nd) 
 Upper Egyptian nome, known to the 
 Greeks under the name of Aphrodito- 
 polis,'^ in which Isis was worshipped 
 as Hatlior (Aphrodite).'' 
 
 In anrjther conception (almost a 
 thousand years later) the myth which 
 identifies Isis with the cow is explained 
 in a way that throws the clearest light 
 on its connection with cnrrcspdnding 
 Greek myths. The goddess Isis, per- 
 secuted by Typhon, retires to the 
 marshes of Buto in Lowin' Egypt, on 
 the island of C'hebi ( the t'liL'inmis or 
 Chemliis of the Greelc autlnjrs from 
 Herodotus onward ), whose papyrus- 
 beds secured her from the snares of 
 her pursuer. There she brought into 
 the worlil her son Horns (surnamed 
 Nub, that is, "the golden"). This 
 is the same island sjioken of liy 
 Herodotus (ii. 150), according to 
 
 - Dt? Iside et Osiride, c. 1 9. 
 
 ^ See Brugsch, Uictionnaire g^ufjraphirfie, 
 p. 933. 
 
 « Jbid. p. 1360, -x.xii. According tu Strabo 
 also (xrii. p. 809), a sacred white cow was hctl in 
 special honour in the Arabian town of Ajihro- 
 ditopolis (that is, on the eastern Arabian side of 
 Egypt), and in the nome of the same name. 
 
 whom the Egyptians maintained 
 that it had been floating since the 
 time when the goddess Leto of Buto 
 received into her care from Isis- 
 Demeter the young Horus-A polio. 
 The Egyptian representation of the 
 legend of the journey of Isis to the 
 island of Chebi-Chemmis is found 
 most fully in a part of the remarkable 
 texts which are treated of in the 
 iMetteniich-Stele of the time of king 
 Nectanebus I. (378-300 B.C.), for 
 the full pulilieation of which, under 
 the title : " The Metternich-Stele 
 pulilislied for the first time in its 
 original size " (Leipzig, 1877),° science 
 is indeljted to the industry of a young 
 liussian Egyptologist, M. Golnisheft'. 
 I have published the translation of 
 the part in ciuestion in the Aeguptisclie 
 Zeitsclirift for 1879, page i. 
 
 The Egyptian texts frecjuentl}' 
 allude in other passages to the wander- 
 ings of Isis, and to the flight of the 
 goddess from Tj'phon. In these, Isis 
 appears accompanied Ijv lier son 
 Horus, Mdiom she seeks to withdraw 
 from the snares of his hostile brother 
 Vj}' the use of all kinds of stratagems 
 and magic arts. The most remarkaUe 
 account is tliat found on one of the 
 Avails of the great temple of Edfou 
 ( Apollinopolis Magna in Upper Egypt ) 
 regarding the statements of mythical 
 geogT'aphy aliout the seven Oases 
 of the Libyan Desert, known to 
 the Egyptians in the times of the 
 Btolcmics.'' Under the head which 
 treats of the Oasis of To-ahe, that 
 is "Land of the (Jow " (the present 
 ( )asis of Farafrah) it is expressly 
 noted tliat liei'e the worship of (3siris 
 Avas predominant, in "s-^duch the great 
 trinity, Osiris, Isis and Horus, was 
 venerated by the inhabitants. On this 
 ocrasion it is related of the goddess ; 
 " iSlie wandered about with her son, 
 
 ' Jiic Jl!rtl,'ni:r/i-:^lcle in tier Urif/iwi/tji-Uss,; 
 ziiia ci-stin Jihd Iicruiistjetjebcii ; Leipzig, 1877. 
 
 '' Published in full in Diimichen's Die Oasen 
 del- libijschen Wiiste ; Strassburg, 1877, plate It. 
 foil. 
 
742 
 
 ON HERA ]500PIS. 
 
 [App. VIII. 
 
 the yciuijg bo^y, to liiile liiiii from Set 
 (TvjilKai!. Tliis godfless changed 
 henself iiiti) tlie t-ricred (Jow Ilor-Seeha, 
 and (ho 3'()ung lioy into the sacred 
 ISull Ilapi ( Api.«, Epaiihus). She went 
 witli him to this town of Ilapi (Apis, 
 in tile ljili3'an mane of Lower Kgvpt), 
 in ordei' to behold his father Osiris 
 whi) is there." 
 
 Nothing can be jilainer, clearer, or 
 more instrnctive than these few words, 
 which tliniw snch a .surprising light 
 on the worship of tlie Cow in the 
 western parts of tlie Delta. The geo- 
 graphical researches fjiinded on an 
 almost inexhan.stible srijiplj of re- 
 cords from all times of Egyptian 
 history, to which my whole attention 
 has Ijeen turned fjr more than twent}' 
 years, afford most important disclosures 
 as to the worship of the Cow in the 
 Liliyan nome, inelusivo nf the norne 
 Called !\Iareotes bj^ tlie geographer 
 Ptiileni}-.' Three towns, alioyo all, 
 claim our attention in this connection, 
 f'irst the town of Hapi, A[iis, the old 
 capital of the Liliyan nome, in the 
 neighbouriiood of the Lake Marcotis, 
 with the worship of Osiris as a bull; 
 next, the place Tha-ahe, '-the f'ow- 
 towu " par e.rclhnifc, situated in the 
 neighboni-lmod of the firmer; .and 
 the place Tha-Hor-Secha, or Tha- 
 Seoha-IIor (the i:a.xoii<Ta of Ptolemy), 
 the name of whidi means " Abode or 
 Town of the sacred ("'ow Ilor-Seeha.'^ 
 All these designations had their origin 
 in the flight of Isis and her son Horns 
 from the O.-isis of the " <;',.,vy-land " 
 (Farafrali ) to the maritime districts of 
 the Libyan nome situated tij the north, 
 the anciont settlements of immigrant 
 trilics, Avho were wont to dii-ect their 
 course to Egypt on the west by land. 
 
 ' Rr-frrritlL; to rlassir-;il .ircounts, it lil.iy lie 
 remnrlcr.l I,,,,-,, tliat, arr.mlii.g to StralH, ('wii. 
 p. S'l), ;ni .\ptiroditp, and a .am- <'oiisrrr;it.-d to 
 her, wei-p «or,hi|.|... I in tlie t..\vu oC jMn|-nern|.liis, 
 i-eloii^in-^' to tiie .aiuient Liliyan Home of the 
 irioiminents. 
 
 » See my treatise Li- he Margotis, in tlie T!ccv.c 
 (yi/pt„lni;.,>ir : Paris, 1880, p. 32. 
 
 on the north liy water, and who were 
 destined to become disagreeable neigh- 
 liours for the Egyptians. That among 
 these foreigners there were also ad- 
 yenturers of lonio-Oarian descent, is 
 pro"\'ed bj' the purely Greek designa- 
 tions of somenames and towns situated 
 on this side of Egypt ; designations, 
 the origin of which apjiears to liaye 
 been connected above all with pro- 
 minent names in the Trojan legends. 
 Menelaus and his pilot Canobus gayo 
 their names, the former to a nome, 
 the latter to the well-known town of 
 Canobus. Helen and Paris, on their 
 voyage to Egypt, landed in the same 
 parts, to claim the hospitality of the 
 Egyptian coastguard. Besides these 
 famous names, other appellations of a 
 Greek form indicate a foreign inter- 
 course, the origin of which must not 
 be first sought in the times of classical 
 antiquity. The designation of the 
 Metelitic Nome, lying upon the sea on 
 the western side of tlie Canobic branch 
 of the Kile, shows most clearly how 
 regular foreign intercourse must liave 
 been in this part of the Delta ; for the 
 origin of the name cannot be sought 
 in any Grccized Egj-ptian word, but 
 in the pure Greek /./.eVi/Aii?, " ibreirfn 
 visitor and settler." Thus, then, wo 
 obtain the clearest explanati(m of the 
 fact that, besides the worship of Osiris, 
 the Egyptian monuments attribute to 
 the districts freciueuted by foreigners a 
 worship of the (Typhonic) Set, which 
 found its sensuous expression in the 
 animals consecrated to this deity, 
 the crocodile and tlic hippopotamus." 
 While these strangers brought to 
 the Egyptians what the latter were 
 accustomed to comprehend under the 
 general name of Skt, that is eveiy- 
 tiling fireign, on the other hand 
 the former received more Irom the 
 Egyptians than they themselves were 
 in a ]iosition to give. In the pro- 
 vinci^ of i-eligion, \\hat must have 
 specially struck the foreigners was the 
 
 ° See my Dictiomiriire rjtfujraphiquc, p. 1305 f. 
 
Ait. YIII.] 
 
 DY PEOFESSOR IIENTtY BRUGSCII-BEY. 
 
 74n 
 
 worship of O^iiris, tliat is, the priiuitivc 
 form of the Eg3'ptiaii faitli, with 
 its peculiar idea of the wandering 
 Isis, who, in the shape of a cow, 
 sought to escape the snares of Set. 
 Even though the}' ma}' not have known 
 tlie secret meaning of this myth, 
 which had been devekiped on tlic 
 Lihyan side of I'^gypt along the sea- 
 coast, and whicli denoted the conflict 
 of foreign ideas \vith the native 
 religion, customs, ami views — tlie 
 former symliolizeil liy tlie forms of 
 Set and his domoniaoal animals, tlie 
 crocodile and tlio hipjiopotamus, tlie 
 latter by the ti inity of Osiris, Isis, 
 and Ilorus, and by the animal forms 
 of the sacred cow, Hor-seclia, and the 
 Apis-bull. — yet tlie (jreek genius 
 bieathed its life into these legends of 
 pure Egyptian origin, and modebed 
 them according to special local colour- 
 ing into special myths, which found 
 their most striking expression in tiie 
 IIer.v Bi.iopis, and in the cow-headed 
 lij, the wandering goddess, whose 
 name is from the root I in cT/.u : 
 and in ancient Egv|itlan the rnot /, 
 in, io. as also the (.'optic word / derived 
 ifom it, denote exactly the same — (Vc, 
 venire. The migration and tran.s- 
 ferenee of this legend from the north- 
 west corner of the Egyptian Delta to 
 the Greek coasts and islands, seems 
 to me to have been conceived under 
 the form of an historical fact, which is 
 best exhibited in the fable of the enii- 
 giation of the Eibyan king Danaiis, 
 the In-other of Aegyptus, to Argos. 
 
 I am not bold enough to seek an 
 Egyptian origin for the name of ] ta- ! 
 naiis, according to a method in tavour 
 with many scholars nowadays: but 1 
 Cannot pass over in silence the fact 
 that, among the districts and tribes 
 nearest to the sea-coast of the Eibyan 
 nome, there appeal s the name Telimnm, 
 ThmiiiH, which must have been known 
 down to the time of Ptolemy, since 
 this writer exjiressly observes, in liis 
 enumeration of the regions, noiiies, 
 and towns, on the ^vest side of the 
 
 Delta : Tuv 8e Ma/jci(ijrou ra p.h' tin 
 OoXddcnj KaAetrat Tati'fta t; Teyeta. lit'- 
 garded from this point of view, the 
 ciintest fur sovereignty, Celelirated in 
 tlie Greek legend, between the t\vn 
 liriithers Danaiis and Aegyptus, that 
 is between a Liliyan and Egyptian 
 race, would have a deeper liistorical 
 signiiicanee. AV^e know still further 
 frtini the Egyptian monumental le- 
 cords, that under :\Iineptah IE ( Me- 
 nephthes, about 1300 B.C.), the son of 
 king Eamscs IE, there occurred a 
 vast migration, which first made its 
 pressure felt from Eibya on the 
 western territory of the Delta,' ■' whose 
 nearest border district, lying along 
 the sea-coast, embraced the land and 
 peo]ile of the Tehannu or Teliennu 
 (the inserted vowels e and ci are 
 diiubtful, since they have to be sup- 
 plied). The name Tehannti, also 
 wiitten simply Telian or Tlirni, 
 which here ajijiears a second time in 
 a wider sense, is of pure Egyptian 
 origin, and must be referred t'j the 
 Egvptian root llat, "to glitter, to 
 shine, to tiasli, to beam," (compare 
 the C'l.iptic 0Hn fii^'J'i''} ; whence also 
 we find the name tliii as the desig- 
 nation of a stone, according to Eep- 
 sins the yellow topaz, although this 
 latter explanation is not placed beyond 
 doubt. The Egyiitian appellation 
 ihn, transferred to another and larger 
 territory, reminds us at once of the 
 Greek name i\[armarica (MapiJ.afuKi'i) 
 fir the region which followed im- 
 mediately to the west of tlie Libyan 
 nome, and, in the time of the geo- 
 grapher Etoleiny, tbriued a separate 
 independent nome, belonging to Egypt. 
 Just as the Egyptian root tint, so the 
 Greek ij.af>ijjj.iii'i), /in/i/'api'^o., signilies 
 " to glisten, to glimmer, to sparkle, 
 to shine," whence the derivatives /xa^j- 
 l.ui.i)€iK, "glistening, i;lea.*iing," jijiji- 
 /u/./)o5, "shining stone, marble," and, 
 let us now add, Mu^i/xa/uK;), in a sense 
 
 i» ,Si;e my Ilhturij ,,/' A';/// t, ji. 507 ; ^"l. ii. 
 ji. Vll f., Kiig. trans. 'Ja.l r<l. 
 
744 
 
 OX HERA Boons. BY BGUGSCH-BEY. 
 
 [Ai'P. viri. 
 
 referring to the Briglitiiess and glitter 
 of tlie iliNtrict, wliicli coiiBi>ts of bright, 
 .shilling liniestnnu. 
 
 A\ liether we accept the connection 
 of the Greek iJanaiis with the name 
 of the larger region (Marmarica) or 
 I if the lesser (TuLveux, Teveui), called 
 I'hn on tlie monuments, the Liljyan 
 li_iculity of fioth remains as cer- 
 tain as the Libyan origin of King 
 Uanaiis. The statement, accredited 
 bj' tlie ancients, that he taught the 
 Argives among other ihings tn build 
 lai'ger and nif.ire convenient ships, and 
 to dig wells (we may call to mind the 
 cisterns in Idb3'a, the land of drought ), 
 cannot Ijut contribute to give greater 
 force to the probability of this con- 
 nection ; and htiU more so the circum- 
 stance, that Uanaiis made good his 
 claim to Argos liy ]iroving his descent 
 from Inachus, that is, froni the father 
 ')f III, the Libyan Isi.s, the (_'ow- 
 Mother nf Epaphus-Apiis. 
 
 'I'he comparison of the Egyptian 
 and (i-reek accounts concerning the 
 wiir>hipi (jf the ( 'ow and of the cow- 
 headed goddes-^, whatever were tlie ' 
 names and local conceptions of her in 
 Greece and Egypt, leads to the follow- 
 ing result : — 
 
 The Cow (aJir), under the peculiar 
 mythological name of Ilor-secha or I 
 Secha-li( ir, was regarded on the Lil lyan 
 side of Egypr — from tlie Oasis nf To- 
 ahe { that is ■' Cow-lanil," the Faralrah 
 of our time) to the sea-coa-t — as the 
 living symijol of the goddess Isis : 
 and was woishipipod there in towns 
 and sanctuaries of tlie same name. 
 She ]-c[irosenls the transformed Isis, 
 who in this shape seeks to eccape the I 
 
 persecutions of Set, the Kakodacmon 
 of tlio Egyj'tian pantheon. The region 
 of her wanderings is l^iljya and the 
 Lilij-an desert in the narrow sense of 
 the word. Her child Hor, the future 
 Osiris-Serapis, appears veiled UTider 
 ihe form of a Bull, flie Ilapi- 
 Apis-Epaphus. The Liljyan seat of 
 his wor.-liiji is the town of Apis, 
 in the neighbourhood of the Lake 
 Wareotis. The Cow-headed {hoi'ipis) 
 Isis, or whatever niaj' have been her 
 local designation, or Isis with the 
 horns of a cow and the dis(; of the 
 moon between them on her head, are 
 stereotyped forms of the Egyptian 
 idols, the origin of which goes Ijack 
 to the most ancient times of Egy]itian 
 history. The relationship of these 
 forms with the Hera-I(), in idea and 
 representation, is indis) ratable, and 
 comes from a common source, which 
 had its origin from the soil of 
 the Libyan side of tlie Egyptian 
 Delta — on that territory which, in the 
 earlier times of the history of the 
 I'haraohs, witnessed the developiment 
 of an active foreign intercourse by 
 sea and land.^ 
 
 Every conneetiim of the Greek 
 •y/VavKiuTTis, as an epiithet of the Homeric 
 Athene, with Egyptian representa- 
 tions, must lie rejected. The. Egyp- 
 tians regarded the owl as a liird of ill 
 omen; and no deity, whether male or 
 female, bears the head of this animal. 
 
 ' T)H\-^e views (it' my friend Brugsch .^crree 
 perfeetly with the myth nf \'n as given in the 
 J'r<iiiiiihf'iix (it' Acseliyliis, and es]ieeially with 
 tlie termiuatidu ot' her wandering in Egypt, 
 where she gives birtli tn Eiia|ili(is. 
 
 H. SciILIEMANN. 
 
APPENDIX IX. 
 
 TllOY AND EGYrT. 
 
 By Pkofesso:: IIe.\i;y Bk[GSCH-Bet. 
 
 IMy riEAE FrjEND SCHLIEMANX, 111 
 
 complying lau.st readily witli yimr 
 wisli to do justice tet tlic above tiile 
 from the point of A'iew of Egyptian 
 antiqiiity, I am troubled \vith certain 
 scruples, which I cannot withhold 
 from you in the very beginning of 
 my letter. As I liave the accidental 
 merit, by favour only of good for- 
 tune, of having moved for a long num- 
 ber ijf years amidst the world of 
 Egyptian monuments as among old 
 acipiaiutances, you will perhaps de- 
 mand from me, as from an initiated 
 priest, disclosures on the lelations 
 between Tjov and Egypt. You may 
 expect fiom mo the solution of ob- 
 scure historical enigmas, and rejoice 
 bj' anticipation at having found at 
 the right Imur the right man, who 
 has ill this respect succeeded in 
 evoking, as if by enchantment, old 
 life frijra the ruins of dead monu- 
 ments. Xothing have I to bring of 
 all tliat you expect and that I should 
 like to lay at your feet, as the most 
 eloquent testimony of my friendship 
 and high esteem. Is it my fault, is 
 it the fault of tlie monuments, if I 
 appear before 3"ou with a poor gift? 
 I fear the fault lies with liotli, and, 
 with tliis fiank confession, I transport 
 myself into the midst of the monu- 
 ments and their inscriptions. 
 
 The name of the Hellenes must 
 necessarily have been known to the 
 Egyptians from tlie time when Hel- 
 lenes, as pirates or as travellers and 
 cast-away mariners, set foot on Egyp- 
 tian soil. The latest testimonies to 
 
 this are furnished, as is self-evident, 
 by the tinus of the PtMlemies. On the 
 extant stnnes and in the papyrus-rolls 
 of that epoch, which is comparatively 
 tlie modern liistory of Egyjit, the 
 Hellenes are called l.iy the name 
 of Uinen, Ueinen, which has continued 
 in the Coptic language in the forms 
 of Ueinin, Ueeinin, Ueeienin. The word 
 so written and spoken has no linguis- 
 tic connection either with the 'luores, 
 'Iijji'£5, of tlie Giceks, or with the Javan 
 of tlie Bible (as has been generally 
 assumed), but it is a derivative from 
 the Egyptian root imi, uini, preserved 
 also in Coptic in the forms noein, uoini, 
 uoeine, etc., with the significations of 
 the Latin luiaen, hix, aphnrhir, .and, 
 in composition with tlio verb cr 
 ( =fareri:, csm- ), it means fuhjere, sjilcn- 
 dere, illnfi-aci're, illuminare, or parti- 
 cipially, hiciihif!. splendens. I observe 
 at once in this place how, in i'acf, 
 the peoples of the Pulasta (Pelas- 
 gians) and Tckkar (Teticrians) ' aie 
 once denoti.'d on a. monument, of 
 the times of King Iiamses III., with 
 the help of a Semilic word like 
 tnlier. that is in Hebrew IHtO, "biil- 
 liant," "shining," "conspicuous," 
 "celebrated." 'i'hat is to say, the 
 above nations, which I have in my 
 mind, are called, some of them, 
 "celebrated peoples on tlie land," the 
 others " on the sea." 
 
 'J'his designation, which implies so 
 much that is flatteiing for the Ilel- 
 
 ■ Hisionj of Eijypt, vol. ii. p. 15.3 foil., Eng. 
 tr.ins. 2nd ed. 
 
74U 
 
 TROY AND EGYPT. 
 
 [An: IX. 
 
 Iciius, can cnily l)e est;i.lilishfd, as I liave 
 saiil, fnr tlie later puiioil of Kgyptiaii 
 liistury. It is said to l)e peculiar to 
 tlic dcMofic elHicli 'if writing. ]t is, 
 however, scarcely to be presumed that 
 the Egyptian proper name Uiiirn. in 
 connection with the Semitic tnJirr — 
 lioth «itli the sense of "light, lumin- 
 ous, hrilliant," — could have been an 
 invention of the Egyptians. < In the 
 contrary, the supposition may Ijo 
 admitted, that the name Uiiien repre- 
 senteil the Egyptian trannJniion of a 
 genuine Greek denomination of the 
 Hellenic race, and in this connection 
 I call to mind the name Hellas, 
 Hellen, itself, the root of whicli 
 seems to me to lie in tlie Greek 
 stem )<rl (ciimpare (jiXas, (reXaw. aeXila- 
 (TOjiai, ■■lustre," '■glance," ■■shine.") 
 with the signiheatiun of "to he 
 bright, glance, shine, glimmer." Ana- 
 logies within Greek itself are not 
 wanting. Let us compare fjeA-ai'j; 
 with iX-avi], " torch," 2e/\-r;rv;, "moon," 
 (Tis with ?s-. the name of the race of 
 the 'E/V/Voi ( Sti-abo. vii. § 'olS ) with the ; 
 Homeric ^(XXoi i Iliad xvi. 2.j-t); let 
 ns add to this tlie words in which 
 the (ireck asjiirate {' ) is equivalent 
 to the Ijatin •«, as in vi = sus, £So5 = 
 sedcs, aA? = .s-((/, gahiiii, e/)7rio = scrjio, 
 iXiKi] = ■'iiih.c, dX-X<>ii.o.i. = s<di(i, ijAios = 
 ■sol, lom = yiidor, and many others. 
 
 In the existing liilingual and tri- 
 lingual inscriptions, the dennjtic 
 Uiiirii uniformly corresponds to a 
 hieroglyphic form Hn-nch or llaii-nidi, 
 which (compound) word lias the 
 signilication of " those ■^vho are 
 behind their chiefs, those 'who follow 
 their chiefs," consccpiently Ibreign- 
 ers, who choose their chiefs in 
 order to accompany them (jn warlike 
 expeditions. My explanation of this 
 most ancient projier name is new ; 
 but I have contirmed it by the most 
 striking examples of its use. I'he 
 Ilau-neb appear already on the monu- 
 jnents (jf an early time, even before 
 the ep(.(ch of the Eighteenth J tynastv 
 (about ITot) lic.j. They make tlieir 
 
 appearance in what is called the 
 " List of the Kine Nations," as a dis- 
 tinct group of peoples, whoso places of 
 abode are clearly and distincti}' indi- 
 cated b)' the following words in an 
 Egyptian hieroglj'phic text of tlie 
 rtolemaic time : " Hau-neh is the 
 name of the inhabitants of the islands 
 and coasts of the sea, and the numer- 
 ous and great (or, the very numerous) 
 peoples of the north." In tliis geo- 
 graphical conception of the seat of 
 the peoples and races of the north on 
 the soil of Asia Elinor, called Ilau- 
 neb, — established as it is by the monu- 
 ments — we have the solid foundation 
 for all the indications of the earlier 
 and later monuments. 
 
 With some of tliese peoples w-e be- 
 come iirst aci|uaintod froai the records 
 of the monuments aliout the cam- 
 paigns of King luimses II. Sestura 
 (Sesostiis) against the mighty peo- 
 ple of the < 'licta or Chita, the Hittites, 
 or " childien of Cheth," of the Bible. 
 A great confedovacy of nations, wdiich 
 extended over Western Asia and Asia 
 ]Minor, ojiposed the celebrated Egyp- 
 tian coiKpieioi', in order tii dispute 
 with him the supremacy over tb.e 
 paits of Asia now mentioned. The 
 heroic poem of Pentaur. in glorifica- 
 tion of the victories of this Eharaoh 
 over the king (if ('beta and his con- 
 federates, names as such, first ijuite 
 generally, "all peoples from the fur- 
 thest extremities of the sea to the 
 laiiil of Cheta." The region is dis- 
 tinctly indicated : the whole of Asia 
 Minor as far as the Eu]ilirat('s, on 
 whose banks lay the eastern border 
 districts of (>)ai;oamasha, (Jarchemish,- 
 and (.^).A.ZAUANATaN, Gauzanitis, the 
 (ioshen of the Bible. Over against 
 them, as representatives (if the western 
 regions of Asia Minor (at the extremi- 
 ties of the sia), appear the peoples of 
 the DaisDaNi, the Hardanians, Mauna, 
 
 " Tin? niiiis (if (_'ar(ii(?inish lia\-e lii^en latL'ly 
 (lisciiV(!r(Ml at Jcrnl'hh (Hii:'ra]i'.iU.y) uii the 
 Euphrates. 
 
App. IX.j 
 
 IJY PItOFESSOR HEXKY BRUGSCII-BEY. 
 
 747 
 
 Mauox, the Jlauoniaiis or JEeoniaiits 
 (the ancient Ljdians), Masq, the 
 Mysians, Liku, the Lycians. The 
 two names of nations mentioned he- 
 sides, I'lLiASa and IveliKesil or tleiMesir 
 remind us, the i'oi iner id' IVihisns, the 
 latter of the <_iei-y;ithians in tlie do- 
 minion of Troas/' 
 
 These names, handed down to ns 
 with all fidelity, bear upon them an 
 unmistakalile murk, namclj', that of a 
 close connection founded on a politico- 
 geographical relation. They exhilnt 
 the military power of "Western Asia 
 in its chief representatives, just as 
 we already have them enumerated Ijy 
 name in Homer in tlie (_'atahigue of 
 tlie allies of Troy. But the Ji.iox to 
 which piominenco has been g'iven by 
 E. de Eouge, in his celebrated disserta- 
 tion on the epic of Itamses — in ancient 
 Egyptian Iri-nna, Iliuna, — must dis- 
 appear fronr the record of the Trojan 
 allies of the Chela in their contest 
 against Sesostris, for the reading 
 lli-una has proljablj' to be rectified in 
 I'espect of the first part of the name, 
 «7/."' It is not t(i lie lead lli-una, but 
 Ma-una, that is Maeonia. 
 
 We feel bound to maintain that the 
 whole series of the confederates named, 
 on the west coast of Asia Elinor, " be- 
 ginning from the furthest extremities 
 of the sea," as tlie texts express them- 
 selves, is an historical fact of capital 
 importance. It gives us the certainty 
 that, abont a lin;idied years before 
 the destruction of Troy, the nations 
 enumerated inhabited the same terri- 
 tories which the geographers of classi- 
 
 ' Unless we are altogether deceived, both 
 names .'ire derived from .Semitic roots. Pedasos 
 reminds lA the root patash " tn hammer," , 
 wlience pnttish ■■ ir"n-hamnier ; " i]rr,icsh of fjir- 
 gas/i : Chaldean, (inr<irsht>i : Araliic, flir'jis \ 
 "clay, loam — black silt." the change of tlie I 
 Semitic sound s/i into the Greek t can be proved j 
 also bv other e.xainjiles: compare Kadesli, in J 
 Greek Kadytis. 
 
 •• The sign in r|uestion is of a polyphonic 
 nature, and can be equallj' well read iri, Hi, or ma 
 and mar. From internal reasons, the statement 
 of which cannot be given here without proli.x 
 explanations, I prefer the reading ma. 
 
 cal anti(|uity have atti'iliufed to them. 
 To these we add, witli I'aiticular re- 
 ference to later tini' s, the names of 
 the Shardana (Shairdana) and Tiira.sh 
 (Tuirash), generally with the epiihet 
 "of the sea" ; which denoted nations 
 distinguished 1iy their foreign attire 
 and armameiit, first as enemies of the 
 Egyptians, Imt afterwards also as 
 their auxiliaries in the wars of Eani- 
 tes II., botli against tlie Cheta ami 
 against olher peoples. It is the war- 
 like races of the Sardians and the 
 Homeric T/jo)«9, the inliahitanls of 
 Troas, who thus show themselves fur 
 the first time on the llieatre of the 
 world's hi.stoiy as faithful allies of 
 the Egyptians. 
 
 But under the successor of the great 
 Eamses, king Mineptah II. (al.iout 
 1300 B.C.), the rheron of Herodotus, 
 the iSliarJana and Tura^h appear 
 again as opponents of tlio li^gyp- 
 tians and as allies of the king of 
 the Lilivans, wdio, from the west, 
 on African soil, made a formid- 
 able attack on the region eif the 
 Helta. According to the texts relat- 
 ing to them, they ajipear at one 
 time as '■ peoples of the sea," at 
 another as " peoples of the north," 
 that is to say, as inhabitants nf the 
 coasts of Asia Minor, in brotherly 
 community with the kindred tribes 
 adjacent to their native seats. The 
 inscriptions call them in succession : 
 tlie " Shairdana, Shakalsha, Akaiua- 
 sha, Leku, Turisha,"^ wdiicli we 
 translate ; " the Sardians, Shakalsha, 
 Achaeans, Eycians, Trojans."" To- 
 gether with their Libyan friends, tliey 
 are entirely defeated liy the Egyp- 
 tians in the liattlo of I'rosopis ; and 
 
 '" The final syllable slvi or axti of these or 
 other proper n.aiiies is rrniai kiible, because it 
 represents :i terniiuatioii (lie- Greek os) which 
 does notocciir in any ancient Ki;y|itian writings; 
 it is consiiiciious in the jirnper name I\Iasliaii;islia, 
 also written ^I.ashaua, a l.iliyan people called 
 Jla.wes by the (trceks. 
 
 " Jlisfi'i-i/ af li'JiJi't, vol. ii. p|i. Vl'l, foil., Eng. 
 trans., 2nd ed. 
 
748 
 
 TliOY AND EGYPT. 
 
 [A pp. IX. 
 
 are p:u'fl\' slain and partly carried 
 intn c.-iiitivity.' 
 
 Under Iviiig Ramses III. ( ll'OOli.c.j, 
 the ]'r'jt(_'us of Herodotus, tlie con- 
 temporary of Alexandros and his 
 belovei.I Jleli'n, who in their flight are 
 oast away on Egypt, this country is 
 involved in nfw wars against neigh- 
 liouriiig jieoples. Jjarge confederations 
 of nations rose up more formididjly 
 than evi-r hefore, to join in hostile 
 invasions npon Eg3-pt. Fronr the 
 A\'est it was the Liliyans (Lilni), with 
 their allies, wlio thri;atened Egypt's 
 ancient frontiers and indf)iend(;nce. 
 Among their allies we cite the Masha- 
 nasha, Asalita, Easa, and iSakana, 
 since the same firms of names are 
 clearly preserved in the classical 
 designations of tlie Max3'e.s, Ashytae, 
 Ansees, and JJah-ales." From the East 
 " the ])eoples of tlie north," " the 
 inhahitants of the isles and the 
 coastlands," at one time also called 
 llan-neli, di}'ected their attack Tjy 
 water and hy land against Egypt. 
 The expedition on the mainland 
 issned from Asia Minor. The peoples 
 anil citii.'S, which they touch in their 
 migratiiai, are seized with fear and 
 terror. 'Tliey settle down in tlie land 
 of the Amori f Amorites) and o~talilisli 
 a fixed canqi. Then the warlike 
 attack is again diiected against 
 Egypt. At Jligdol, on the Eelusian 
 arm of the Nile, they join their con- 
 federates, who arriving hy sea, had 
 s.ailed up with their ships into the 
 Lroad aim of the Xile. A great 
 hattle is joined lietween them and the 
 Egyptians liotli on land and on the 
 water. The emjmy are defeated and 
 killed or captured. Iiamses III., the 
 victor, does not omit, in his Liter expe- 
 dition against Asia Jliimr, to wreak 
 vengeance on the enemies of Egypt ; 
 and ho attaek-6 their cities in their 
 own land, that is to say on the isles 
 and coast-districts of Asia iMinor. 
 
 This is the brief summary of the rich 
 representations and inscriptions which 
 cover the temple Avails of IMedinet 
 Ahou (hi the wcsiern f|uarter of 
 Thebesj and of which the celebrated 
 Harris Eaptyrus Ko. 1 contains an 
 e})itome.'' 
 
 " The peoples of the north," " the 
 inhaliitants of the isles and of the 
 coast districts, ' appear also in the 
 wall-paintings, in two .separate groups, 
 distinguished by their attii'o and 
 armaiuent. The fir.st includes the 
 pjcopiles called Piirosata or I'ulosata 
 (Pelasgians — I'hilistines !), Tekri or 
 'i'ekkari fTeucrians) and JJanau 
 TDanai y). Their armament consists 
 of spears, sliort swords, round shields, 
 and helmets crowned wiih feather- 
 like crests. The enemies of the 
 Egyptians designated as I'urnsata ap- 
 p(.>ar on the monuments as the most 
 important and most distinguished 
 people among the nations now men- 
 tioned. The termination ta gn'ves to 
 I the name a i~^emitic complexion, and 
 with this agrees the fact, tliat tlie 
 root ruuos, PURas, I'Ui.as, contains a 
 very suggestive meaning ; for palas, 
 y<il(ix]i. (in ITebrewj, fulasa (in Ethi- 
 opic) means "to make a way for one- 
 self, to dejiart f abroad ), to migrate." 
 The Purosata are, therefore, " the wan- 
 derers, foi'eigners," which name j^er- 
 fectly suits the Pelasgians of the Greek 
 tradition, wIkjui Attic wit conceived 
 as the Pelarg(ji, that is " the storks,' 
 wdiieh come and depart again.'" 
 
 ' //,-s?.,ry .,/■ J^/yjjt, T.il. ii. p|i. 14i;, f,,ll., Kng. 
 trans,, 'Jiid t-l. « y^,y^ j,jj^ jj..^ f,jj^ 
 
 » n,,. rit. ].. 15.-,. 
 
 ° 'Ihe ii;i)"iK' I() aJsu contains a similar signifi- 
 
 tii)ri, for acrni-iliii'/ tit \''iur sagacious judgment 
 
 \l;/rrnjie, |i. liil)it shiiulil lie referred tn the root 
 
 (in t/^i, I iji>)\ in stating \\'lii(;li I ought not to 
 
 ave urniotiecil the atti-in])t to iiring the name 
 
 ' tin- godih'ss lo into inniiei tiiiu with the Kgvp- 
 
 an word l<ih "moon," (Itut of the maseuline 
 
 •nder I). Whi'tiu'r the name of the loiiians is 
 
 dati'd to )o. as I see from some remarks of 
 
 arned llidhoiists, I would hv no means venture 
 
 le, |-r<iiii my Ivgyjdian and Oriental 
 
 int of ^■ieu' 1 would rather reier it to the root 
 
 w hieh Ml Somitio as well as in Arehaie-Kgyp- 
 
 n ( '', /'/. ill : jdiiral, /?/?i, i'tn) signifies '"isle" 
 
 d '' islanders." In the bible the I'jyfrn (once 
 
 I 
 
 to d 
 
Arr. IX.] 
 
 BY riiOFESSOlf HEXRY BllUGSOU-BEY. 
 
 749 
 
 The second group is foruied liy 
 the kindred [loojiles of the Shardaiia, 
 Shakalsha, and Uashash, with tlie 
 epithet " of tlie sea." that is valiant 
 warriors on sea. Tiieir aruiarueut is 
 essentially distinguished from that of 
 the first group. Helmets surmounted 
 with horn-like crests, coats of mail, 
 armlets, shields with liandlcs and 
 bosses, long swords, sandals on their 
 feef, — all give them a chivalrous 
 appearance, especially iu conti'ast 
 with the Pelasgian group. The 
 fi-reok type is unmistakahlc 
 
 A pylon of the ahove-mentionod 
 temple of Medinet Ahou shows the 
 king liamses III. as vau(piisher of the 
 ILiu-neb, that is, the IL.-llenes. He 
 brings to the goil Amnn of Thebes 
 thirty-nine concj^uered cities with their 
 inhabitants, the names of which — 
 often t){ Semitic oiigin — may be found 
 again on the islands and coasts of 
 Asia Minor.^ I cite the most striking 
 names in the appended list : No. f>, 
 Tarshcha or Tarshach = Tarsus. No. 7, 
 8alomaski = Salamis in C3'prus. No. 8, 
 Katian = Kitiou ; No. 9, Ai-mar, I-mar 
 
 alsi"! /'/'/'''. ii^ t}io lilural) rirc a <^'r>neral .svnonyin 
 l'"r the c.jast-lanJs ami tliL- islands .if the Jleiii- 
 terranean, ]\Jav not the Innians ha\a.' re|n-esented 
 liy their names jnst tlie inhahitants nf those 
 islands and coasts? At all events, this hint 
 a)i]iears to me \vortli\' "i' e.\annn:iti(ai. The 
 liilih- (Gi'iicfus, X. 4) e.\|ires,ly says ot' the ehil- 
 drcii et' .lavan, hJishah, d'arshish, Kittim ami 
 Dodaniin: '■ hy these were thr /s/es of tin; Gen- 
 tiles ever.-pread °, in th.ar lands, eaeh a.'eordin'j; 
 
 to their hangua'^es, races, and ]iee|des." ddcat 
 
 till' ethnic name .lawau is iihaitical with laones, 
 lonians, cannot he a snliject of the sii'^htest 
 diinht.'' lUlt the o|,iniiin of a seh.iliast ileser\-es 
 notice, that the harharians had demited the H.-l- 
 leries hv the liesi'^nat ii m laoni.-s, as if the nanir* 
 itself had been of a tjarhariali, that is to say not 
 Greeh^ oritjin. 
 
 ' h'.ir the fnli list see ///s/. nf E.jiij^t, vol. ii. 
 ]i;i. LjS, l.:i9, Eng. trans. 2nd ed. 
 
 * German ausijehreitct. A. V. " ilivided." 
 ' This was clearly seen liyjlilton, who, in his 
 catalogue of the fallen angels (I'm-. Aos/, hk. i.) 
 calls the Greek deities "The Ae-e„i g.ids, of 
 .y'lrcm's issue." In fict inN is identical, Ic-tter 
 for letti-r, with \V (Ion : with the added 
 vowel points, Ja\'aiiJ. 
 
 = Marion; No. 10. Sail ^- Soli, and 
 No. U, I-tal = Idalion ; — all four al-o 
 in (.'yprus. No. 1-t, Bitttr or liizar, 
 exactl}' represents the Ilelirew bezer, 
 '■ copper mine." No. 15, Asi, suggests 
 the name of Assos, a ]\l3'sian city 
 in Troas, or of Issa, the ancient 
 designation of the island of hesbos, 
 or of Issus in Cilicia. No, 20, Kerena, 
 Kelena, locals Kolonae in Troas; as 
 does No. --, A buret, Aburt, the Mysian 
 district of Abiclteno. No. 23, Kabur, 
 Kaliul, sliDWS itself again in the 
 (Ireek Ktilialis, the name of a district 
 of Thrygia and Lyciti. No, 24, U-lii, 
 if the transcri[)tion of the name is 
 right, brings IidL'M to mind. No. 2(), 
 Kushpita, Kushptit, recals the Semitic 
 Keseph " silver," as this again re- 
 minds us of the silver city Argyrion 
 in Troas. With No. 27, Kami, might 
 be compared the name of the city of 
 Caunus in ('aria, and with L(a)res 
 one of the cities called Larissa. No. 
 o3, Maulnus, otherwise also written 
 in the inscriptions IMuanllos, Miilims, 
 calls to mind the C'ilician Mallus, as 
 do No. 38, Atena, and No. 3'J. Karlca- 
 niash, the names of the cities Adana 
 and Coracesium, likewise situated in 
 Cilicia. 
 
 In this and in all similar lists of 
 nations, countries, and cities, we can- 
 not think of a strictly geographical 
 arrangement. The monuments prove 
 this a hundred times. Tut, on the 
 other hand, names which have a firoad 
 general conneclion are not separated. 
 The general outline wliicli includes 
 the abo\i'-uieiitioncd list of cities is 
 tiTiced out, for the reference is to the 
 isliinds and cotist-cities of Asia Elinor, 
 of that region, iiiimel}', on which the mi- 
 grations of Aryan and Semitic groups 
 of nations jircsoiit :i confused scene ol 
 movements hither and thither. The 
 fact, that the monuunuits, which tiro 
 contcmportiry with the Trojan epocli 
 liegin sudditnly to speak and to present 
 the wandering tribes according to their 
 appearaiKac and their names lieloro our 
 a-stonisliial eyes, is iinother witness of 
 
750 
 
 TltC)!' AXD EGYPT. 
 
 [Ait. IX. 
 
 till.' certainty of flic Greek ti-iiditioiis 
 aliiiut till' olden time, in tliis respect tlie 
 iuf'oniiatli.m of the mouuineiit.s aeijuires 
 a vahio liej'ond all description. Troas, 
 Mysia, Maeonia, Lj'cia, appear already 
 as the fi.\:ed seats of nations bearing the 
 like rianies, on the west coast and the 
 neighl.ionring islands of Asia Minor. 
 The statement of thi-' classical writers, 
 tliat King h'anises II. (Sesostrisj ad- 
 vanced on liis victorious e.\pedition as 
 far as Tlira.ce, and there sot np his 
 last memorial pillars, is therefore no 
 empty tale, invented to gloriiy the 
 extent of the expeditions of the Egyp- 
 tian ^Sesostris. Tliose eoniiucsts helong 
 to the region of facts. The furl her 
 progress of the stud}' of the riioiu- 
 iiients will hereafter dissijiato the 
 mist which still covers some piarts 
 of these expeditions, which have an 
 hi^torical foundation. The lu'Oad 
 general fact is pnived, that, as 
 early as the fcmrteenth century be- 
 fore our i-ra, the (jreid^s and their 
 several tribes were pci-fecth' known 
 to the Egyptians, and carried on in- 
 tc'rcourse with them. This is already 
 attested by tlie Greek faliles and the 
 classical traditions. I'erseus, l)anaiis, 
 oMeiiidaus, Andiandc'r, (.'anobiis, Paris, 
 ILdeii, are names which stand in the 
 closest connection with the geography 
 and the history of Eg3-pt at the north- 
 west corner of tlie Delta, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the (_'anobic, moutli. hjr 
 they refer to times in which lonians 
 and (Jarians landed on tin', same coasts 
 of that region ^\■hich were marked, at 
 tlie later eiiochof the I'tolemaio aire, 
 
 I o ' 
 
 with the names of the Menelaitc and 
 ]\b_'ti'lile nome. I have cdsewhere 
 slioHii- how the latter dcriomination 
 has sprung directly iVom tlie (.Ircck 
 /.le'ry/Ais C immigrant, foreign visitor"). 
 Long bi'fore Tsamuictiehus I. had 
 opened the land to lonians and ( 'arians 
 clad in bion/.e arnioiir, in order to 
 make nse of them as mercenaries and 
 auxiliary troops, the I'liararjhs had 
 
 ■ See Appendix VIII., |.. 74l'. 
 
 already, 80t) years before, olitainod 
 the like service fn.im their ancestors. 
 
 There are two tribes esjiecially, 
 which claim our whole attention at 
 that epoch ; these are the iSliardana 
 and the Shakalsha, the predecessors 
 of the lonians and Carians of the 
 time of Psammetichus. We meet 
 with them sometimes as auxiliaries 
 in the snite of Libyan kings and as 
 enemies of the Egypitians, sometimes 
 as troopis allieil with the Egyptians 
 against Libyan and Asiatic despiots, 
 as h'lS been stated above (p. 747). 
 3Iisled by the resemblance in sound, 
 some have \\ished to recognize in 
 their names the most ancient desig- 
 nations of the Sardinians and the 
 iSicilians. Put for all this, it appears 
 to us impossible to Sever these tribies 
 from the conncetiim witli tlieir neigh- 
 lionrs in Asia Minor, among whom 
 they obtained so conspicuous a place 
 through their Hellenic apjieai'ance. 
 AVe l.ielieve whh M. 3Ias]ieri.i,' that 
 the names refer to ]\Iaeonian tribes, 
 among which were the >Sliardana, 
 the Lydian Sardians, desceirdants of 
 iSardos, the liero cpomimus of the city 
 named after him. AYhen Sliardana 
 ser\'cd in the armies of the I'hai-aohs, 
 tlicydidnot at all renounce the riglits 
 of their native home. Maeonia, the 
 country called Manna in the ancient 
 Egyptian texts, was and still re- 
 mained their fatherland. The same 
 is tiaii.' of the iieoiiles called Shakalsha 
 and I'ashash, wlmm wo have to regard 
 as tribes akin to the Shardana. I must 
 not omit to mention that, as the former 
 have lieen regarded as inhabitants of 
 Si' ily, so the latter are viewed by 
 .^ome scholars, accoi'ding to the sug- 
 gestion of M. C'halias, as the prede- 
 cessors of the Oscans. 
 
 Here then, my dear Friend, yon 
 have in bold and rough outline, from 
 the sketch traced on the monuments, 
 the picture of the groups of nations 
 
 ■^ .See liis Jflstuire ancicnnc dcs Penplcs de 
 r Orient (I'aris, 1875), p. 249. 
 
Arp. IX.] 
 
 BY IT.OFESSOn HEXKY r.rjTORCn-l?EY. 
 
 751 
 
 who peopled the eo;ist,s of Asia jMinor I 
 about the Trojau tiiue.s. Among them 
 the DardcDii, the Danhuiians, are not 
 wanting. I have taken pains, as far 
 as I had the aljilitj', to hx elearly the 
 fundamental lines of the picture, and 
 to f.jlhjw, so far as accorded with my 
 own conviction, the masterly first 
 essays of E. de Itouge and Chalias. 
 The opinions at variance with theirs, 
 which the study of the mon>nnents 
 has fiirced upon mo almost against 
 ui}' will, have respect principally to the 
 countrv of Asia Minor, which I feel 
 oLliged toregard as the common father- 
 land of those Hau-iirh er peoples of the 
 islandsand coasts to the n(.n-thof Egypt. 
 I repeat that to recognize the Etruscans 
 in the Tuirsha or Turisha (Trojans), 
 the Oscans in the I'ashash, the Sicu- 
 lans in the Shakalsha, and the Sardi- 
 nians in the Shardana (.Sardians), is 
 repugnant to my own geographical 
 convictions. 
 
 And where, you will ask me, is the 
 Egyptian Troij { Troja ), the site, ac- 
 cording to classic tradition, of the 
 settlement of the Tr.ijans ^^dlO f(jllowed 
 Menelans and remained there as cap- 
 tives ?■ Oi anted that through tliis 
 storv, preserved Ly Straho, there shines 
 fiirtii a bright and clear ray of tlie 
 histoi-ical fact of the ohl relations 
 between the Egyptians and the Tro- 
 jans (the Turisha <A tlio monumentsj, 
 confirming what I have maintained 
 abiove, yet tlie connection lietween the 
 names of the two cities of 'i'roy is in 
 
 no wise estalilished. The Egyptian 
 Troja., situated at the foot of the like- 
 named mountain, on the right Ijank 
 of the Nile o})p(isitc tij Memphis, and 
 now called Tnrni, bm-e in old Eg\'ptian, 
 from the time of the jiyraniid-building 
 kings,'' the designati(.in of tnrCiii or 
 tfiran'i, as the mountain biore tliat of 
 tiirCm or iinliii, which is of genuine 
 Egyptian origin, and has nothing to 
 do with the foreign name of the 
 Asiatic Troy. The Greeks travelling 
 or settled in Egypt found it easy to 
 take advantage of the similar names 
 of the two [ilaces, in order, after their 
 wonted fashion, to add a geographical 
 biasis tn the old traditions of the wars 
 of the Egyptians against Troas. Ac- 
 cordingly the ca}itive enemies were 
 represented as making a settlement 
 at the place referred to, and calling it 
 I'roy in honour of their native cit}-. 
 
 With this remark, dear and valued 
 Friend, allow me to close this long- 
 epistle. On reading over once more 
 the little that it contains, I feel almost 
 ashamed, in contrast with yoiir bril- 
 liant laliours and discoveries, so rich 
 in results and consequences, to expose 
 on rny part such an evidence of 
 poverty. The reasons for this I have 
 explained in the introduction. Dis- 
 pose of my sli'^ht gift according to 
 your own judgment. 
 
 Henry BEaGscn. 
 
 3 See ILstori/ of E-jiipt, Tol. i. p. 91 (ct ali.i), 
 Eiv^. traiij. '2nd ed. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Re-i'ii-s thoso usual, Rucli as M. amount; I'r. - promontory ; U. = river, .tc. : c. = city, citk-s ; d. = danghter; 
 f, == fat!ir-r ; ]<. :z^ l<inL^ ; ui. = inotlK'r ; g ^son ; X. ilium, or X. /. — N'ovurri iiium ; Tit. d'-notosolijocts belonging 
 to tljo gfat Treasure lirsl found; Tr., objects of tlie 9 oth r Treasures ; all. found in tlie drhns of 3rd city. 
 
 ^/.'rivO.S', 0!] ilie Hclli's|«,iit, criioriizeil by ] 
 IMile.siansurnli!'- 1 1 V'i(;s, r_:s,(ixy; no ruins, 
 bill. pottery, etc., ]!::« ; cuinsot.at X. I.,GLL'. 
 
 Accideiils ;it tlie e.xcuvatiun.s, -4; jiarrow I 
 tscujiy li'ijiii fiiu, 27 ; ill riiliii;^ to slioic in 
 tbo a.iH;, 5l'. 
 
 Arliiiriiii^, niiLn'uto fi-oni ]'t;ln|Minn('sns to the 
 'Ii-oa.l, 127; tliu Al;aiiiasb:t of J']gyiitiaii 
 recoivl.s, 7 17. 
 
 A'-Jiacoi-iiui, J'ljiliis, on tlio liollesfKjiit, ]ii-o- [ 
 l.iably at tlie mo<itli of tljc In 'J'(j|ieli 
 Asmak, '."i5. 
 
 ArhiUr^ il-sln.y.s I'l-.la.MH, i:;i ; Tiirbi^ i:;-j 
 Lyriit'ssiis, l.'iO; slain by i'aii.s, l.'/J ; in- 
 tianlril niaiiii;_'o \vitli J'uly.xena, 1(1-1 ; 
 lii-iiii/.i- .slatno ot, aial e.vlra,va^;ant liononrs 
 to, by fJaiacalla, 170; .statue at X. I. in I 
 thi- oiicii ail', 181; sbriii'j sorn Ijv. Julian 
 iininjiiii'l, b^2. 
 
 Ad,i//rs, Tnin.llm nj\,,u \\y 'Av'Vr bv tllO 
 
 <nvi.l: caiii]., b")!,^.'.:"); (le]iosit ofliis boni;s ;' 
 with tliosi.' ol' I'ati'ooliis in a. ;j;olilrn iiiaj ; 
 tVio tniriiibis now so callril inrunsisfriit 
 witli Homer, (M'.i; rail oil so in Hint's time; ' 
 "peiioil by a. Jew in ]7K(;; )ns inei-oiljl,!,; 
 account of its contents, 0.01-5; author 
 jir^'veiit -il li'om e.KeavatinL', tl.y". 
 
 ^lr/////''s u,„l llrrlnr, ennibat, of, r,.", ; their 
 ran- roHinl 'I'i'mV, 'i.'j ; (liscir-.sion ,,|', l.|'_:, 
 I7t ; -a-ilv a]i]ilieable lo 1 lis-arlik, 1 1:; ; 
 nii|»e,-,il,I,; at thr. Uali Itaeh, i'.ll. 
 
 Arlnll, ,ii„, lo'.vn |,i'oba,bly at K'oiiin Iv.aleh, 
 1"! : iniliqieiaboif oi' K, lliinii, lil7. 
 
 A'Inn.l, ir., ' 77,.^ I'l.nir,,,/ 7V.,y,' 1S;7. 
 
 A'rnpoliH (if A//ir„s, \viili'nn>l by Ciinon, 
 '■om|i:irril with that ot llliaca, 47 ; (//' 
 /I'.nr.i, ,111 Mf. Aldus, 17, l:s; „/■ Xnrn,,, 
 ///"//-., liissailik w.iH the, ;.!-S, :i!l; tem|.lo 
 
 of Athene in, 108; of Oplirijuiam, GO; 
 
 if 'I'roiJ fsee l'i.T<j(Lmijn)-^ ad'opolis on 
 
 height oj-posite the Bali D.i-h, Oij. 
 Ailriiiinilliiiiii, coin.s of, at X'. Ilium, 012. 
 Ailii'yjria^ cilv, i;;2. 
 ,U/rrs/ii^ and Aiiijiliias, sons of ]\Ierops, 
 
 ilurninion of, (\6 ; defmeil ; cities, 132. 
 
 Aiiiiiirii/iii, city, lo:;. 
 
 y\i'f/iii',jii. See Uriareiift. 
 
 Ariii'i^ or Ne:i., question resfiectinc,', 07. 
 
 ^Iciii'ux, ]irinee of the iJaiilanians, 20 fseo 
 Jlijiihiiiiji,)-^ pro]ihi'Cy of bis iloininioii 
 over 'I'roy, 120; Hies to Lyrnessns from 
 Achilles, IGli; inanifolil sloriosof his fate, 
 104; connocteil ^villl many jilacos, 100; 
 worshippBil as a l'o 1 at X. lliurn, 100; 
 .saiil to have lutr.ayeil '^Pruy, in reveni'e for 
 injury from I'aris, 100 ; trailition in the 
 Troail, th.at he reieie'il tli'Tr, after llie 
 caphiro of 'IVoy, on fiiinilly terms wilh 
 the firerks, 100; confirmeil by Ilonier, 
 100, 100, anil accepte.l by Stialio, lliO ; 
 cnnliiniril by the excavations, 014; re- 
 pn-siutalive of the ])ar(lanian line, 100; 
 remarks ol' filailslone ami Oirole, lOli; 
 .arcoiint III' l.)eniidrins of Sce]isis, 107; 
 with Anehisi'S ami liilm mi coins of 
 X. irmrn, tll2, 017 ; bis lli.;ht with (hem 
 md mmtioiieil by Homer, 017. 
 
 Ami,, II, rami Arlnirui,) roloni/.alion of the 
 Troail, in eon.se(|iiriiee of the iJuiian iii- 
 ^■asilln of relo|ionnesiis, 127; letl by the 
 sons of Oii'stes, 127, 1 2S. 
 
 Arulir h'rrr/.'s at X. lliniii, ]t;7; tbrii- en- 
 thiisiasm for J'rojan tiaiiil ions, 21.):), L! 1 1'j. 
 
 v(e„//.s, the 'rrojaii land callnl, 12.S. 
 
 A<.'„/iis II, „l Aii.liiln in lioinm- ; Aciilians 
 unknown In him, 127. 
 
AESCHYLUS. 
 
 JJS'UEX. 
 
 AMPniKYPELI.ON. 
 
 V M 
 
 Aeseliijhis on tlio destruction of Trov, 20(i. 
 
 Ai:sr-iius, 1!., rises in Ida, 68; de.-crilied, 
 lOO; Vioundary of tlie i.ycians, l.jL' ; 
 limit of Tri'jan teriitory, loS. 
 
 Aesi/etes, f. of Alcatlioiis, tuuinhis of, tlie 
 watch-station ol' I'olitcs, tlicnl'oi-c lic- 
 tween Troy and tlie Grecli cain|i, 117, 
 65G; wroai'^ly placed by Demetrius and 
 Hestiaea ( y. r. ), and moderns, at tlie 
 Pasha Trjirli. K.ii, lOS, ITl-d, lb."., 207, 
 C.jO; site probably at l\onm Kim, 17."). 
 
 Actus, M., in Iiliaea, "Castle of Ulysses" 
 on, first excivadous at (1870), 20 : explo- 
 ration of (1.S7S), 17; Cyclopean remains 
 on video, 17 ; uniiiuc cyeli.ipean luins of 
 tlie ancient capital on tlie levelled summit, 
 17, 18 ; unnoticed by travellers owine; to 
 the difficult ascent, 18 ; excavations tliere ; 
 potter}', tiles ornamenleil and inscribed, 
 IS ; curious handinill, 18. 
 
 Aijfiineiiiui.y,, s. nf Atieus, k. of Slycenae 
 (I'/i/a^ avhpi-v), ceimuiander of the tlrceks, 
 157 ; Ills sepulchre tboueht by Aeschylus 
 to be a tumulus, (JOO. 
 
 Aijrs iif Hjyiip, JJrniK.r, (iml Iron, according 
 to classical wrifei's, '17t'l-'.'> ; il' Slnnf ]iro- 
 per, not at llissarlik, Pri-f. xi. ; of Cnjijicr, 
 in 1st c, see ^/"y/")-. 
 
 Agora of Troy, lielnre Pri.am's palace in the 
 L'ergamos, 110, lijl ; corresponding to the 
 Ag. in front of chief's house, .^rd c, ^JL'l. 
 
 Ai/ora held by Hector, near the tumulus ol 
 llus, 117. 
 
 Ai/ura in the Greek camp, 110. 
 
 jil/ora, little, discovered by A'irchow on the 
 Bali Daeh, 5,3. 
 
 Ai/rijipa fines the Iliaiis for accident to 
 Julia, 178. See Nurtno llinnt. 
 
 Aiivio/j'ik, vidted, iji^, 00; in a valley of 
 Ida, GO, 70. 
 
 AJo.r, Tumuli of. 1. The original tomb) on 
 the shore of the Hellespont, lO-'l, <;I8; 
 with ternpile and statue (Strabo, &i:. ), 052 ; 
 laid open by the sea, ,as lic-scrilied by 
 Pausanias and riiilosiratus ; the gigantic 
 bones reburii d by Hadrian in the present 
 tumulus; present remaios, '152; larse 
 mutilated statue near the I'cacli, 100, 
 053 ; ruiDS of city near, l(i.3. 
 2. See In Tepeli. 
 
 Ajdx, p. of Oileus, prince of Locrls, attcm]ls 
 to violate Cassandra, at the altar, and 
 lierishes on tlic voyage home, HH. 
 
 Akcrit, the, of Egy|itiaii records (Carians '?), 
 VI?.. 
 
 Al-shi, Kiol or JUiJoh (I.e. "swamp "), vil- 
 lage, depoiiuluted by plague, and replaced 
 
 by farm of Thymbra, 00 ; site of the anclLUt 
 historic Thymbra, 710. See lliyuihra. 
 
 Alhiiuo hul-ums, black, like pottery il' 
 Oih c, 588. 
 
 Ah'ollioiis, s. of Aesyctes, married to Hippo- 
 daineia, d. of Anchises, 117. 
 
 Ahlvuhooni, C, ' i'ehcr das neueiildixhle 
 Troj,,; ISO. 
 
 Alvxiiiiibn- l/ie (Jn-at, visit to and vencialinn 
 for Ilium, the heroes of the war, and 
 Achilles, 171 ; his belief in N. Ilium as 
 Troy ; force of the argiunent, 21U ; his 
 favours to the cily, 172, 088; "casket 
 edition " of Hunier, 172 ; bis descent bom 
 Andrnmaehe, 170. 
 
 Alvxiiinli lo-Troas, ruins ol", at EsU-Slam- 
 biail, visited, 50; its foundatinu and liis- 
 toiy, 50 II. ; Troy placed at, by some, 181 ; 
 coins of, frequent at N. Ilium, 012. 
 
 Alc.niiiilros. 8ee Paris. 
 
 AU::oiiiaiis. S-C Pal Izoii ians. 
 
 Allies of tin- Trujoiis, lii.ini Asia Minor and 
 Thrace, 158. 
 
 Altiiriul Prjiusits in plain of Tioy and 
 Hellespont, disproving advance of the 
 coast, 81, 80 ; confirmed by (Ijservations 
 on the Stomalimne; \'ircho\v's investiga- 
 tion of; come from the higher mountains, 
 especially Ida, 87-.S0. Coiiip. Ihllespout, 
 Plain of Troy, t-'onn'iiah'r. 
 
 Altar, ]iriniitive, below tcni[ile of Athene, 
 .00, 01. 
 
 Alta.rs, at Thymbra, 715; burning, on 
 whorls, 117, 118. 
 
 Atti:s, father-in-law of Priarn and grand- 
 father of Lycaon, dominion of, the Le- 
 leges, 08, 101; on 10 Satnoeis near I'r. 
 Leetuni, 101 ; citirs, 131. 
 
 Ali/lir, e. of the llalizonians, Ibe " birtbilacc 
 of sii\'er," ja'ob. on the I'ontus, 25^1. 
 
 Aii'i'li il''ilj''ttoii, (Irjias (diiras d^<f)iKv7Te\\oi', 
 Ibiin.), a two-handled gublet, not a ilouble 
 Clip, as exilained by Arislntle : in terra- 
 cotia, bistnms-black in 2nd c, red in (ho 
 Ord,ltli, and 5tli, dull black in the Otli ; 
 probably still used in Ibnier's time, 200; 
 sviiianinous with a'Atmrni/ ufx^wrov, "a 
 two-eared (I.e. handled) cup,'' 200- 
 .001 ; Aristotle's coiii|iarison ol bees' 
 cells to an(piKv7TeW(i (only, riot 5t7ra) 
 
 expl 
 
 led, 01)1-2; 
 
 •Illy 
 
 lilet like fl 
 
 'J'rMJaii, faiiid at \O0ei, 002; — il" ."nl c. ; 
 bistroiis-red, olteii very large; mode o| 
 using, 071; the laree goMui, Ti;., 101; 
 Ikjw used, lCl-5 ; size and weight, lti5; 
 manufacture of; handles soldered, 105; 
 terra-cotta, contiining bars of gold {'[.v.), 
 
754 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 ARISJjfi;. 
 
 'JV., -JIIS-O ; — of -Ith c, Kcnevally like 
 Snl, fj]H; aliiindiiijl, botli liand-iuaili; and 
 wlieel-liiailr, r,:',l, ').".." ; soiiir i,r ]i.au--;:;'ass 
 form,?"'/ /"'/ I'rii.riijia^ jici nliav t';> -Itli and 
 5th c, Mack ill I'.li, n.'d in filli, always 
 wlieel-iua,'lr, ',:',~,-:',i; ; .mi; of onri'ins 
 Elia|ir, ri.';i(; ; — of otli c, miicli bmallor tlian 
 in flic )ji-cccdiiis cilics, ~>~~ ; — in <;tli c, 
 only 'J. and Kinall, but a link with its use 
 in IJuincr's fiini', o!ii;-7. 
 
 A,n,,!,i„.,. S.-C .|./r<.s/,,,s. 
 
 Aiii/i/i'ij-ne, 'J'rojan, -Uil c: two - ]iaiidlcd, 
 mostly u]iii|n'', -Wh-'-':'.!'.) ; one foiinil on 
 Tliera, ';9'J; iirojection,perlia]is for siipiiort- 
 ingrope, o07; with 2,3, aijd4 handles, 401- 
 
 Aiiis/riilii.iji, aiitlioi''.'! eni|iloyinMit at, !l. 
 
 A„a.,,irfl,„s, 172. See /A,,,,,,,,', Ci^Li-l ,:di- 
 
 tin„ of. 
 
 Arirhifira and Aphroili/i', on coins of N. 
 Jlimn, G-l:!. 
 
 Aif'l'iliisiii^ sus|ifns'ion-vases fi'om, 21o. 
 
 Ai"lr'.^, C'"//, author's early tutor, 0. 
 
 yl,,.//r/,//'(c//r, w. of Jlcetor; the prize of 
 Xioj.toleiiins ; married Helenas; niotlni' 
 of lire Molossian line of kini's, 1(14: 
 Alexander the Great descended Horn, 
 173. 
 
 Aiiiiiiiih, Dniiic^fir^ rerniiins of, in JJuint 
 <'ity, .",i:i, :;22; at Tlivinhra, 711. 
 
 ^l//////r(/,s fi|uadriiiieds, slags, &c.), and hirds 
 (piol,. storks;, on whorls, 41«, Jll); in 
 trrra-Citla, llli c. ; at Sziliaioio, oGO. 
 
 Aiiiuiiih' lit'uh on va-.es, as Plioenician 
 trihiite to Kgy|.t, r,!i."i. 
 
 AiiiiiinU^ vrpsel.-i ol torra-cotta in form of: 
 with o or 4 ieel, frei|Uent in 2ndand .'Ird c., 
 204; at C'-pnis, 21)1 ; some in I'laai and 
 Jle.xico, 21ll: tri|iod in form of sow, 
 2iid c, 204 ;— of 3rd c., with ram's head ; 
 
 in for?n of ln.-dgcllOLr, KOM-, slirrp, l)Cig, 
 
 moll', //(;iy«Y«;/((,/,((,s fy. ('.;, 377; similar 
 vrssi'ls ioiind ill I'oseii, A'c, 377-X. 
 
 A'lil-frah'iijfn, in Afecldenlaire; - Scliwiain, 
 author's early life at, 1 ; local \\'oiider.i 
 and li'L'ends, 1-3; ea>lle.ol', '_'. 
 
 A'„ri'-/,;j^ filvundarit in 'li-oad, 111. 
 
 A'li/f'tiriii, "\'enomous siial:c, 22, 114. 
 
 A„lr„„r, fiVMured hy I he Creil-s fir his 
 -ond failh; said to have liitra\ial Tii.y ; 
 led Veueti Ifoin I'a|4ila'_'oina lo the Adri- 
 atic, and fiiinded I'atavinm, lO). 
 
 Aii/i'/uini^ ])nxiiii 6.h. 221 i;.r.), i]iscii|ilion 
 |a-o|.ahly of his (inic at X. Ilium, fl33 f. 
 
 A„i;/..,:l,,,s, s. of Nestor, killed hy Memjjon, 
 
 loll. 
 
 Aidij,r!,„s I. Sntrr, his visit to tlie 'J'road, 
 and slatiie at Sigeuni, 031 ; his liberality 
 
 to Ilium, 172, 032; insoriplion at N. 
 
 Ilium, 172, 027 f. See /iisrfiji/ioiiH. 
 Aii/inr/iiiK fJJ. t/iii Great, saoritices at Ilium, 
 
 171, 0.31 ; expelled by the Kornans from 
 
 Asia Minor, 17.3 ; coins of, at Is'. I., I'J. 
 AiiliijiiiJ i,'K^ 'J'riijdii, di'Stination of Dr. 
 
 Scldiemann's coUcctiiais, 00. 
 Anlntnini^ I'ivs (a.I). 13y-101), on all iri- 
 
 scriplioij found at N. Ilium; name luis- 
 
 spi/lt .\NTtJNIf)Y, 0:'.7. 
 ^ly/(/.-s/',s kt J'liiaiiK, city; tin; )ieople Mile- 
 
 siims; destroyed, and inliaOilants settle at 
 
 Lanipsaf;lls, 1.32. 
 A/'/ii'u'/ilr^ prclerred by I'aiis, pronii.ses his 
 
 reward, 137. 
 Ajiollo : Ins servitude to Laomedon, 123; 
 
 tein]ileof, ni tbe I'eigamos ..f 'li.iy, 140; 
 
 Doric temple of, at X. Ilium, 23, 001); 
 
 sciil|itiired metope reprcsrntiiiL', 23, 022 
 
 (sei; A/ilnjil;); statiicof, at .\. 1 1 i I uji, t laiis- 
 
 feirc'l to ( 'onstantino|ili-, IMO; on coins of 
 
 X. Hi 11111,31 1 ; ti.mp|i.(4', at 4'liynibra (see 
 
 T/njnJ,,!!.)- Achilles killed at, 131). 
 A/m//o /snni.ulK, I'lio.liiri.ui I'lsln.nli,, 134. 
 
 .l/.o//c ,S3/(//,///c»s rir. liiwHii, "field 
 ninnse";: his worship asciibi'd to the 
 JVuriians, 122; tcmjili's at Chryse and 
 the- later (dirysa, 122, 130. 
 
 Ap'illod.n-ii^ on oriLUii of the Trojans, 119. 
 
 ,4/.;,/Vo,, |,,r (ho X3 I. ,ole of d'loy, 210. 
 
 J</».,/,y o„/3,c//s r;>/'/.7.////'/c and Krlnwic) 
 imitated by Tj-ojaij .j.ildsmitbs, 437. 
 
 A'j'uvd'iid, Jtniiioii, of X. ilium, b-orn tlie 
 U]ip<T 31iymbiiiis,carrird over tlicTliym- 
 brius, 77, lit), OK). 
 
 A,'il,n;J,„iy uufuiowu f., fJrcd; Iliaiis, L'll. 
 
 Arrh(-I,tiis, s. of Orestes, leads Aeolian colo- 
 nists to Cyzicus, 127. 
 
 Air/it-ri/, bone 'liracer' for, 4th c, .3tl0 ; 
 sill h used by the E.squiniaiix, 303. 
 
 Ai'r/ii'hr/nrr, ikiiiicslir, of 43-.iy, JirototyiiC 
 of inoiiorn houso,, ..I' llii. Troad, 3,'; f., Ill |- 
 317;— of 3tli c. ipiiie diff-rmt lrom4tli; 
 houses of wood and rla\-, 37.3. 
 
 J/'V///»s, ipir, |,ort, Laocoon and Siiiou 
 taken from, Klii-l. 
 
 Afli/s, s. of < lyL'os, k. of 1.3 dill, s./nt ti-ibute 
 to Assyria, 13ii v/. 
 
 y|)v/r/c.,,s, siirc'oou, of Alliens, explains the 
 human riariains in a fnncial urn, 227. 
 
 Ai-'l/uisn, /■,,'„„/,,;„ „l\ in llbaca, 30. 
 
 ,1c/;///, of Homer, dominion of; a mythic 
 people, |ilaccd in llie "burnt land"of Lydia 
 or (3ilicia; identified by some \vitb the 
 Arimaei of Syria, 1.37. 
 
 ylr/.sAc, the " divine" fllom.;, near 13 Sellefs, 
 residence of Asius, 133. 
 
AKISTAUCIILCS BEV, 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 Arititarclies Be//, (Ireat Lonotliete at C;on- 
 stiintiiiiiple, aids autliur, 44. 
 
 vl/'/s/A/t's, Greek matMi-, reco^-nizes Troy in 
 N. Ilium, 17'J, L'li). 
 
 Ai'isfudiridi-s, oi' Assds, iu iiisci'iiiiiini ivlat- 
 iiiji to, at N. Jliiim, unlcnown, lioL*. 
 
 Ai'istutU on tliC ht-rras aij.(piKL'Tr(X\ov, ilis- 
 cussed, 299 1'. 
 
 J rmenians akla to Phrvgiaus, 120; anon- 
 Aryan race, 120. 
 
 Ai-r(tb(i(--iis, ail Atlieiiian, inscription in 
 liniioiir of, K. I., ('>38. 
 
 Ai-riaii, lor the N. 1. sire of Troy, 210. 
 
 Ari'nir-limd, goMeii, on " Inwor," 3i\l c, pro- 
 liably a cerenn'iiial weapun, -1 91.1. 
 
 Arrdic-litcids : lorius of, diflei'eut iu a inonld 
 of 1st c. tVoin any found, 21 H; one of 
 copiier, 219, 250 ; ili'd c, lironze or copper, 
 501; tlie o)i}// our in't/i Ixiiiis found in 
 3rd c, 506; Itli c, bronze, 501; 6tli c, 
 bronze, bai'hc<l, ainitlier witliout barlis ; 
 similar in Denmark, 001 : — obsidian, still 
 made and used for small game by Indians 
 of Yosemite valley, 570. 
 
 Arteinis, the Ephesian, a non-Hellenic deity 
 combined with a Greek goddess, 151. 
 
 Artemis Jsana, of Chaldea, prototype of the 
 Trojan leaden idol (Sayce), 337, 691. 
 
 Ar//iiit race, not E. of Halys before yth cent, 
 ri.c. ; evidence from Assyrian monuments, 
 120, 121. 
 
 Ai'//b:i//os, Etruscan and Greek, like bugle- 
 shaped vessels of Otli c., 596. 
 
 Asraiiia, city of the Phrygians, distant from 
 I'roy (Honi.), 120. 
 
 Ascher.'ioii, Ponl, Prof, List of Plants of the 
 Troad, 727 f. 
 
 Ashes, red, yellow, and black, in enormous 
 quantities in the 3rd, the burnt c., 20t;. 
 
 ^ls/i( Minor: writing and sylialiary of, 
 091 f . ; inlliicnce of Babylonian and 
 Hittite art and writing in, 091; tlie 
 peoples of, and of the islands, in eoniie'- 
 tioii with Egypt ; confederates of Libyans 
 and Kheta ; their names on the mona- 
 meiits, 715-71'.). 
 
 Asiatic Peitirs, Xooifs of, remoulded ivi 
 Greek funis, 15 1-5. 
 
 Asiiis, son of Hyrtacus, dominion of, on coast 
 of Hellespont, 08 ; Thracians of Sestos ; 
 under him ; cities, Arisbe his residence, 133. 
 
 Assiiroxus, 2nd s, of Tros, 152; head of the 
 Dardanian line, 153. 
 
 Assos, ruins of, at Behrabm, 58 ; jierfect 
 iileal of a Greek city, 59 ; walls probably 
 Macedonian, but iu part eailier, 59 ; coins 
 of, at N. I., 012. 
 
 AssiirhiiiiijKit, k. of Assyria, sends embassy 
 to, and receives tribute from, Gyges, k. of 
 Lydia, 12S, 098. 
 
 Assi/riaii loses, 222. 
 
 Ass//rioiis, first knew the country "W. ol 
 Plalys rir. 005 B.C. ; signs of connection 
 with Troy, 128. 
 
 Asteris, L, 15. See j\[otliitori6. 
 
 Astro'/ots (aorpdyaXot, huckle-bones), from 
 1st c., 203; game of, in Horner, 203; 
 story of Patroclus, 203; — 3rd c, 126. 
 
 Ast//rii in Troas, gold mines at, 253. 
 
 Ast//aiio.i: (Scamirndrius), s. of Plector, 
 thrown from tlie walls of Tro\', 161; 
 mythical lounder of Scepsis, 167. 
 
 Astyvelii'. d. of Siniois, wife of Tros, 152; 
 d. of Laomedon, 150. 
 
 Atori/iitis (Ate, Cybele, Omphale), proto- 
 ty]ie of Trojan female idols (Sayce), 
 01) f. 
 
 Ate. Phrygian goddess, 153 ; related to Atis, 
 151; Ilium built on lur sacred hill, 153, 
 013 ; persouitieil power nf infatuation, per- 
 nicious eldest daughter of Zeus and Eris, 
 cast by liim out of heaven, 153 ; wor- 
 shipped on Hissarlik; original of thellian 
 Athene, and combined with the Greek 
 Athene ; distinguished fmm the Greek 
 Ate, 151. 
 
 Atlieiii', why hostile to Troy, 157. 
 
 Atliein', the llian, originated fiom the Phry- 
 gian Ate (7. r. ), 151; on a coin as a 
 Phryuiau i:oddess ; combined with tlie 
 Greek Athene as A. llias; ber symbols, 
 the Phrygian cap, spear, torch (replaced 
 by distaff and siiiniUel, and owl, 154; llie 
 Cow of many colours her .symbol, 155 ; on 
 coins of X. Ilium, 013.. 
 
 Ailieiir h'ri/oiie, tutelary deity of Troy; her 
 eharaetia-, 229; tlie »'//..iVs (r/.c.) probably 
 offerings to her, 2211. 
 
 Atlieoe (,'Iojo'Ojiis ( yXneKMTrif ), tlie oirl- 
 Jo:ol,,l or met -for,'. I goddess of I'roy ; 
 argument on, 282 f. ; from analogy with 
 Hero, /ioiijo's ('I.e.), 28^, 'JHO ; three stages 
 of the sNinbolisni, 287 ; oilier hgurcs of 
 deities with animal beads, borrowed by 
 llreek ait Irorn Asia, 28S ■ Prof. Keller 
 on signilicanie of the owl in conncetiou 
 with Athene, 289; true character of 
 Atliciie or Ate, 28',l, 'J!lO ; in no way con- 
 nected with Egypt, 711. 
 
 Atlieiie, temple of, iu the Pergaraos of Troy, 
 110; sitting woodiai statue of, 140; the 
 euily idol rncntioiied by Homer, 23.3 ; teni- 
 ]ile in Greek Ilium, 108, 211 ; discovered, 
 Z'); site artificially levelled,, 30; statue 
 
75(1 
 
 !M)I':X. 
 
 BKKCJI-TltEH. 
 
 aiiil iNscii|)l inns I'lHiiiil in, L*i), it'.\l\. Src 
 
 Jl.li'if, .M., \i^ibl(j lioni Ui-snrlilv in clciir 
 
 \vi,-atlior, lOr.. 
 Af;is, s. (,f 3I;ini'.s k. ..I' Lylia, faniinr 
 
 ainl ini'jrriti'in undci', IL'S. 
 Ain/iis/iis : his |)njji'ct nl' capital at llinni, 
 
 J7S, ijd.-,. 
 ^lui/ua/iiK, Oiins ot, X. ]., (141 ; as lonnilri- 
 
 (KTurTijv), i.r. iTstori-r, fiKi. 
 ^■I////s in I'Mi.'ijlia, t_irci;k lli i/t assianblei! at, 
 
 J. -.7. 
 
 .l//,v-/;„,s, JAnvv.s, coins oi; X. I., (;-i4, i;ii;. 
 
 .l/r/,s; .,n,(inc aial ivoiy, Isl c, IJH 1, '-'HL-' ;— 
 •'Jnl c., ol;i, l.'JO, 4:U; liorns ut liUnw .lr,a- 
 sliar[icncil I'-ir use as, 4'11 ; c4' bnnc and 
 I'ilis ul' aninials, 4fli c, TiCC-T. 
 
 A'v/ iir j:iiiirli, brunzi', 4tl] c, odO. 
 
 A.rrs or rr//s, s/„„r.- ,4' 1st C. (conip. .7"r(r/c 
 
 and .7r/r/,.,7r), o:;,S; tlicir use (b'sciilicil liy 
 Sir. I. Lnlilnirlc, 'S.V.) ; loi'.lonjcstic i.ni-|.o,-ivs 
 as well as lia'l Ir-axi'S, I'll; |irj Inrafi'd, 
 21-1 ; IcMv.lrdlrd.'Jir, ; |,ar.dlcl cvani|4i-., 
 1^I1,L;Io;— ,4'i;ndc.,li7o,l:;7i;; — or:!r.lc., 
 4 1o; r, of tlicni of /,„/,. fy. ,..;, 4 Id;— of 
 4tli c, .; of jade, rai!) ; — vri-y rarr in olh c, 
 51.'; ; a jii'ccions one of wliito jailc, 57'!. 
 vl.'V'K, ///(,(/r.c, nunc in tluj pic-ldsloric cities, 
 excel. t bnll.h.-a.ris ('/. v.), L'74. 
 
 i!Ai:iF..s\frr,n„<i i,<,i,iirK,:,[\i c, Gsi; cih 
 e., r,:i7. 
 
 l:ul,,ilni,nlu r./ses, L'ljL'. 
 
 j;<il,ljHi ]i|-.-ldstoric jiolfery, mode of, at 
 o;.,,/ //,,-, L'lll; rseey;/.s„e//r/,,; \'irclloU''s 
 opinion : antlior diffrrs from, oL'O //. 
 
 l:iili, Diiijh, (lie (comp. I'.niiuiirliii'^lii ), rnins 
 ol citadel on, not Cyclopean, ill ; peilcips 
 *.ier;4is, ]!l, LJOH ; I'l'iaiii's ]'ci--arnns ( Lo- 
 chovaliorj, iHo ; the wiiJls and potlory lato, 
 V.)'l--'.\\ Ida iiol vi-d.j'- Irom, lilt ; timmii 
 on, Ijol; b'orclileiininci's account i:4, not 
 exact, (j,"jo. 
 
 BnlUinf, ./. //,, befriends aiilbor, K). 
 
 lUilh;, drd c, ]jeiforafcd, of sri'pentme, use 
 unknown, llL'; similar iu <'\prus ami 
 ('alibania, I IL'. 
 
 y;'///s, Irrra-colla : ,,f .'Ird c., one will, a 
 curious |,atlern, porbaps astrouomi, al, 
 41.'l); Willi owl's bin., and liair, llir sun, 
 uioon, and morniir.; star, .'111, lL'n~| ■ 
 Willi rt and ^i, ::ld; eiiiions paltini, 
 in H Holds, jirobably in part astronomical, 
 l'.:^! ;— of lib c., like.';rd,r,lS; Willi si-US, 
 porliaps wrilfcii (diaraclrm, bi;;;, bd I ; wilb 
 ^J-^ and p.rbaps a cul I le-bsb, 57-; very 
 euriuns with \i fields, 57-. 
 
 I!iii-ii:h^ Icrra-cotta, .".rd c, with sjioiits, 
 
 lot ; Willi liandle and :; feet, 4(j4, 405. 
 7A//S of cold, small piadbrated, for liangiun; 
 
 slriiUL; jewels on, 'I'l;., 4d.". ; d'r., 493, 4!JH. 
 JUifx ol gold, \vitb boi'lzontal iiicision.s, 
 
 'I'r., 41ld ; analysis of, .|;id ; may tlic.se be 
 
 Homeric lalents? 4!»d. 
 J!<ir:i ol' silver and elcetriini fy. v.). 
 r>iisi'iiii:,il^ as store-rooms, iu Homer aial iu 
 
 JUislii, rude band-made, one-bandied, 5tl) c. 
 
 See A'o/e/.s. 
 /A(,s/,Y'/,s, coated with eartli, for ]ireservui ; 
 
 ,i;raili, p rliap^ used at Tl'oy, .",L'l. 
 //(//-(.',■ a. c. " swamp "). See ,1/r.sA,: A7r,/. 
 
 Jiiilii^iii^ Idaean nympli, daugbfrr of Teiicei', 
 mail led to Diirdaiius, 11!), 151', d57. 
 
 lUiliciii or Miifhi<\ I'll null iiK e/', "llcre tbe 
 dVoJans arrayed tlieir troops, lid; placed 
 on billof I'.oimarbasbi by (,'lioiseul-l bmllii.r 
 1^5, d57 :— (see y',(,s//r( 7V'/,-/,j; tbeiiaine 
 ("brambly") |irob. n.ativc ei|nivaleut lo 
 Creek Myrine (y. /'.). 
 
 7;.(///r--c,v.s, shiiir: of 1st c., L'lf; amoie^ 
 b;e-\'pli:in spoils of \'i,.|.,ry fn,in W. Asia, 
 'irilh i.lijrrh iif luijl, rlrili::,ili,,ii, '1\\ „, ; 
 — .'b'd c., i4' ;grccn g;dibro-rock and ;jri.y 
 diorite ; similar in 1 )iiiina)k ami (dermaiiv, 
 4;;s ;— 4tb c, like .".i-d e., 51s. 
 
 J;,illlr-,i,rH, /ir„ii;y, 'I'l:., 17d, 477; biriri 
 coped from fbose o!' stone, .|71); analvses 
 ol, 477, 1 7S ; similar found in India, 
 l;aliyl..iiia, Cyprus, l\i,'y|it, and ('LI only) 
 at iM3eeiiae, 47S-!I; also of rujipi,- ni 
 I'oscn, 11 unitary, and N. America, •17S; 
 'J'r., 1S7, l!ll, 1115;— witli bob. for fasten- 
 iipt^ to sbaft, only 4 siicli in ;;rd c, bud; 
 similar iu Sardinia, and (j\' mji/ur iu llim- 
 'jary, 5()d ; olliers d' common 'Iroiaii firm, 
 r.Od ;— fib c, lil;e .".rd, 51S; only 5 of 
 same sbiipe as .".r.l, but smaller, 5d5 ; — 
 btb c, sborlrr tliaii in ."u'd c, 585-0 ; — 
 bib c, one bronzo, double-ed-rd, unlike 
 any iu (be 5 pic-bistorie cilirs; ebarai;- 
 Iciislic of Asia lliuor, (;0d ; similar 
 f.iiiud at Jlyceiiae, fie.pieut iu f.lr..(.ce, 
 Assyria, and liabylonia; af-o iu l.ake- 
 dwellings, (ilid ; analysis ol', (:o7. 
 
 7;.(///r,s loaiid fro in tlie I'lain, jiroof of sliort 
 dislaucr of 'I'roy I'r. 1 1,. He, punt, I'.IS, oOl). 
 
 Jli'iii/s, e.iriieii.iu and ;elass (y. n.). 
 
 j;i',n/s, -/"/,/, 'I'r, |,S7_ .jpii^ 4;i;i-5 ; dif- 
 lorenl dojires ol alloy, 41)7 ; bundreds in 
 tonn of riiie;-: and b.-aves, 'I'r., 50'.', 5(1.';; 
 —dill c.,atlailicd to a bronze bioocb, do). 
 
 IJvri-li-lrri' (rjiriynij, before tbe Scaeaii (late, 
 111; discu.ssioii of its meaDing, 115. 
 
BEECH-TREES 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 757 
 
 Beech-trees (cfirjyoi) on tomb '<( llus, iiotict'il 
 l\V Theophrastus, 20S. 
 
 Beiramirh, on the Scamamlcr, visited, 57; 
 vallcv ot, G'J. 
 
 Bellerojilion, his n-qfiarn "Kvyjiu (11. vi. IGli), 
 probably ot the old syllabary of Asia 
 Minor, G9[i. 
 
 Besihi, Bay <,f, 107. 
 
 Besilcn (/.<-■. "ciadle") Ttye/i, 051 ; re;:;ardcd 
 by AVebb as tlie tomb of Peneleos, 0(15; 
 dinii-'usious, (JG5 ; excavated by the uutli'.a-, 
 55, 107, 108, 665 ; strata described by 
 Burnout, 666 ; pottery found; vase-bottom 
 witli incised signs, perhaps meant for cunei- 
 iorm, 666, 703 ; large masses of [lotsberds, 
 703; Coarse, il" large hand-made vessels, 
 and better, of smaller vessels, unlike any at 
 Hissarlik; marks of wieker-u-ork on vase- 
 bottoms ; no perforated piMJections for slis- 
 pensiori ; two wing-like hamiles; decora- 
 tion iif ni:t-\vnrk and lines, GG7 ; rnanv 
 pieces with indistinct floral and other de- 
 corations, and signs bke writing, painteil 
 with clay; remarkable absence of ndioils 
 and tripod vessels; fragments of only - 
 wheel-made vases ; all signs of a town or 
 village, 668 ; polishing stones, but no stone 
 implements ; a few liones and shells ; no 
 trace of a funeral fire, 6Glt. 
 
 Birds of the Tnjad, various, little known, 
 ir2 ; few arnou':; renniants of Trojan food, 
 chiefly wild, 318, '■'>--. 
 
 bishopries of Troad in 10th centnry. Ilium 
 among, perhaps at atiother site, 1S3, 612. 
 
 Bismarck, Otin ron, I'rince, on tl:e manu- 
 facture anil baking of the gigantic jars 
 (see I'itlinl), L'7':i, ■.'>0. 
 
 Bit, bmnze, Ctli e.. 605. 
 
 Blur]; tilH-lisl- nf Shal mancse'-, in Eritish 
 Museum; Daetriau eaiuel, 112, and ele- 
 phant, represented u|«in, 426-7. 
 
 Boar, frequent in Troad, in LI i and Mysian 
 Olympus, 432 ; in the G-reek mytliology, 
 432 ; — tusks abundant in 3rd and 4th c., 
 319, 432. 571. 
 
 Boar's head stamped on a weiglit df lead, 
 620, 621. 
 
 Bocotia, the ' Catalogue of Ships,' ll'.t 
 
 JUilts, copper, of the gates, 36 ; conip. Ket/s. 
 
 Bone : awls, [lins, and needles of, 1st r , 2G1, 
 262 ; par.illrl examples of, 261j ; — 3rd c, 
 engraved tube of, 425, 426 ; bamlle oF a 
 knife, 427 ; of sticks or sceptres, 427, 42H ; 
 comb, 430 ; awls and needle.s, 430, 431 ; — 
 4th c., piece with 3 tioles, prol)ably an 
 archer's 'bracer,' 566; awls, .o6G ; stafl- 
 handles, 567. 
 
 B'Dirs, <i III mat, found in 3ril c. ; small instru- 
 ments made from, 319; those found at 
 Troy classilied by Dr. Moss, 322 ; fossil, of 
 an e.xtinet siiecics of dolphin, 323; of 
 deer and boar, fnund at Thymlira, 711. 
 
 Bones, liuiiiaii, not fatnd in lu'ns of oril 
 and 4th cities, exce[it the embryos ((/. v.), 
 a siLigle tooth, 39, 323, and a skull, 511. 
 See .Skeletons, Sl-ulls. 
 
 Bdiijiis. See Here. 
 
 Uiitiiiuj of Troad. See Flora and Plants. 
 
 Bottle of pure gold, Tr:. ; how made, 466. 
 
 Buttles, terra-cotta: 3rd e., with long neck 
 and handle, rare, 390 ; similar from 
 l!ethlehem, Nimroud, Cj-prus, and E^ypt, 
 390; without handles, 395, 396; with 
 2 handles, 402 ; cxaLOples from t'yprus, 
 Egypt, and Assyri^, 402; tube-spouted, 
 perhaps for feeding babies, 406, 407;— 
 4th e., lentil-shaped, 541; wheel-iuade, 
 nf \arions shapes, 543, 544 ; line-handled, 
 546; — 5th c, wheel-made, red and black, 
 578, 579. 
 
 Bnttonis, convex and piointed, of vases, 
 sn|iported by rings (q. v.) of terra-cotta 
 and stone, 440, 451. 
 
 Bonlenterion (nr Senatc-hiinse) of X. Ilium, 
 iliscovcred, 21 ; ruins nf, 6(i9 ; 3 inscrip- 
 tions in, or beside its foviudations, 609, 
 638. See hiscriptiniis. 
 
 Bonnarhaslii (i.e. "Head of the Springs," 
 55) and the Bali D'ujli, Lechevalier's site 
 ol Homer's Ilium, 18, 185 ; author's fii'st 
 vi^it to (1868), 18 ; the springs examined, 
 18 ; distance from Hellespont, 19 ; excava- 
 tions, with negative residts, 1'.'; revisited 
 with I'riif. A'irchow ; height of ruins on 
 l'>ali Dagh ; nut Cyelii[ieaii ; proved late 
 by mtide of workiu'i ; poltery only Greek ; 
 a^iiia discovered liy Virehow ; the (34 
 (ir 40 instead of 2) springs investigated; 
 iiAit Homer's warm and eold sources e^f the 
 Scamaniler, 55 ; their tem|;erature tested, 
 56 ; village of, 107. See bite of llomer's 
 Jlios. 
 
 Boiinurhashi Sn, rivulet, described by Vir- 
 ehow, '.Ml; its swam|is, 97; canal from, 
 to tlie Aegean, probably of no great anti- 
 quity, 98; another eanal, 99; the Sca- 
 mander of Lechevalii'r, 185. 
 
 Binr's, t'rra-ciitta : Isl e., with horizontal 
 tubular Imles fjr sus|ieiisioii, 217; black, 
 22^; with a pair of eves, 247; none of 
 this snrt in 2nd c, 279; — 3rd c, with 
 spout and handle, 394, 395; large two- 
 handled, 397;— 4tlj e., 2 with a cro^s 
 painted in red clay, 225; two-handled, 
 
758 
 
 ixDr:x. 
 
 nulLDINIJS. 
 
 liaM.l-iiiadr, r>ri:i ; dee]) pkitcK liku Imwls, 
 
 014; Willi iiiLiiJii; and luot, nr,r,- ]„■,- 
 
 Inralcd nke :i sicvr,, rifiG ; — ilaik-laowii, 
 Ijaiiil-iuade, lrci|nc'iit in Tjiji c., ;j^2 ; — 
 (jtli c, (WM-haiidli'd, fir tiiri'i'ii, wln/rl- 
 madr, oSl), r.'.iO; ilonlilc-liandli d, f.D.S;— 
 
 N. J., Ira- Ills (.r ].aiiitr.l, Gil, Clfj ; 
 
 lai'L'e sliailim-, al, Tliyiiilira, 711. 
 
 JSnirls, ^iinill ^ in [a-e-Iiistoric cilii-s, ju-rLajis 
 {or lan]|is, (llio. l^ec Liuii/m, J./'jIili inj. 
 
 Jlo.r^ t*a-ra-nil ta CiA'ci'iii;^ (if a, 1st '■., L'i:d. 
 
 Hii.iia^ lri-ra-rnlf i : lli'd c, |-aiidcd wdli red 
 clay, liLTi ; uilli cap-likij rnvrrs, onr- a 
 tri|iod; aiiiitli(r witlmut Icjct, I'uiind on 
 Wall nrai' !nyal lionsc, riirilainin;^ asiics 
 (|ii'ijl). (<!' a d'jrcaseil ]Jtr,si)n;, leads, and 
 i:a.i Ijnnizcrl cl.lli and t^rain, .'i(Ji)-L; — 
 tri|HMl, lllj c, f,:;..i. 
 
 Unirrhf, Cn|,|,rr, 1st C, l^f.l. 
 
 Jlntr, h h^ clci rrnin, 'Jr., A'.ll-l. 
 
 llraa:lrh,'siM: Ti;., six stii.k li.'jothrr, 4r>H, 
 400 ; iniidr 111' nianurartnri', 10« ; — licavy, 
 Willi orna.Nientaliiin ufsi.irals, rnsi'ttes, &c., 
 Tr. ; liow made, 100; li lieavy, Tr., r.OL'. 
 
 i'/KK.s ('(')pfi;^-«A/<oi_), lijiined by ui'plier Willi 
 11m- zila; of Ida, L'0-1. 
 
 nrn.li:„, .hil ;,„:<, ' Cr^r], irlil,' ,1. Kini^l IV ihr' 1,1. 
 Kill tr'nLt llinjy.(jii'n(J(:^ '\\i\\ ' !!nj,,i:r II nil ^lu'ii 
 
 y.i-iliilirr,' in laN'nnr nt Ilissarlik, '10, IHO. 
 /;,v./s/ 0,'//'i/,/r„/, luti^ lass.l ok gold, 'Ir., 
 
 OnO; niuiilHT (if links and leaves in, 001 ; 
 
 its leniarkalile disenvery, OO'J. 
 Jiiriiliiii,,, /O, 'AlL-lliini nil l>,iiiil,i',:l,lliiii; 
 
 1 ;-;.s. 
 
 JJniii-i'iis and Af ,<iriiii , ei|uivaleiit iianies in 
 tlie- ' laieina/je uC ^nds and men," /.c. (jreek 
 and nali\'e, 7t) 1 -0. 
 
 iO-/r/,: f07,y, tlie 'Jliird sn called, OIH. 
 
 i<'/'/e/..s, nrji used in Island ^iid e., o|;(; ; — 
 snn-dried ur sli;j;lilly liakeil, nseil s|ieeially 
 in the 3rd c. ; I'artly \ilrirMd li\- llet cnn- 
 flagratinn, '11, '.',?,, .'11, .'lor,, :;l I ; dreayed 
 inio rnriidess masses, .",1)0, Oy ram as widl 
 as lire, 317; rarely piiservrd emire, 3O0 ; 
 ilimensiun.s and make ; i:iinlaiii straw, 311; 
 — nut leiiiid m -Ith e. ; Viri'liow's ex- 
 I'lanalien ; aiilliMr difleis Oum, r,l.'0 ; — al 
 '1 liyiiikra,dimetisicaisaiideian|»isili.,n,7l)li 
 
 /;/7'//e, Or.,!,/,.., i;ili ,.., f.o:, ■ similar in Lake- 
 . In. •Mines, dnO. 
 
 /;,//.,„„/.„;,, e.,iii„ .,1, \. I , no;. 
 
 J!ri,ii::r, S,r .1. I,iil,l„,ek .„i .■ally kn.iwl.dge 
 I'l', in I'liir.-i,.', as a t.,r.a;iii arli.a.-, ur,7. 
 
 L'i'i,ii::r, ..rnamiads ami iil.'iisils .,t, in ,",r.l c, 
 
 (s.'e nil. I. a- Ike sev.a'al names .,1 lln- arms, 
 ornami'iils, A'e.y, a, eiiri.ius |ii,inli,il im|,li- [ 
 
 iiieiit, OOd ;— Itli c, im|,lianiaits, ite., Odl, 
 00.^);— Olh e., OW.'i, O.Sli;— Olli c., 1103 k; 
 — N. I., OL'O, i;ii. 
 J'rriiiizi': analyses uf tke 'I'rnjan, -177, ■I7H; 
 Iji'jlily ]in/,e.l ; e'lymnl.iLiy, d.MI; i^emilie 
 d. ri\'a tlnli of ^hKki'}'; Jmints tei S'llllee 
 wdie-nce the Ai'yans of Asia Minor ami 
 lireeee received it, 4yl ; analysis ol Oattle- 
 a.\-.: ot dill c, Iiii7. 
 
 Jlfiiorliis (I'.i:. tk., I,!, I iiiihl, c.im|.. l-'iliillll): 
 
 eo|,|iia- an.l silver in Isl and LInd e., Ijl!), 
 O'OO, 'i::l, 'I'i',; ekctriim, loiin.l uitli 1.- 
 iiiale sk.deton, lin.l c, L'7-!; — .3r.l c, liroiiz.', 
 l..niiil in urn «itk lianale skull, .'k) .; walk 
 .jl.iOiikir Iieails, coinmon in all (lie pr.- 
 j lli^t.irH■ .all. s, OOl ; als., Willi sj.iral heads; 
 <.M.- .l.aihl.', r.i.ll ; |,aekel of C in a l.,ne, 
 e.'in, nl.'il Oy o.xiile or earO.aiate .,t c.i|i|,ia', 
 
 Oi:;;— Ilk (_:, r,(;i ;— oih e., o.so, okii;— 
 
 dtk c, uilli ,i;o|.l Oea.ls ali.aelie.l ky oxide 
 or carOonate, l',n:',. 
 
 Jiriiodics, heaiililnl .jol.l, 'J'r, ; c.aistriietion 
 ex|,lain.,.l; (irnainenls like some at My- 
 c n.ie, I -,':, l,s;i, 
 
 iJrnnili, i\(,iy, Oir.l as li./ad, dtk c, Gdl. 
 
 Ilriiiiijliliiii, Liiril, j.nts Troy at Alexaiidria- 
 'I'nias, kS7. 
 
 I'.inijsrli-lliii, II., I'rof., ' m^lorijof lujiij,!,; 
 Vi:\ rl iiiissiiii; on Inlies of Asia Minor 
 on l';;_fy|.liaii In.imiinenls, H.'.'',, and A|,|i. 
 JX. on "'I'n.y an.l K-ypt," 710 0; on 
 "Jlera l;o.i|,is," A |,|,.\' 1 1 1, p. 710. k ; w.,r- 
 ship of til., e.iW ill V.'s,\ pi, ,as the symO.,1 of 
 Isi.s, 710-7 Ik'; ilsspieial seat in the \V., 
 the i.ikyaii iioiin, I r. .j ii,,ii ti'il ky koreieiiers, 
 .and coiini'eied w ii h 'I'miaii leeiai.ls, 7 1 1: ; 
 conn.rlii,n wild l.,, I'mho.lied in m\-lli .a' 
 ilanaiis, 713, 711; tO.; I.ihyan '1 rim ii ,i a 
 ''I'li^-'l'iil' I" tlie div.li JMarmarica, 7 1 :0 
 
 /•'niiiii, Jl., on Ike ni.lope of Apoll.,, GL'l. 
 
 Jliiiiili-liiuiilh^iti lerra-c.illa, with remnants 
 of rrilllillilr Olislk'S, 3id v., II I. 
 
 nri,,llll, .lilnili, Ailiiliriilini, uf 1 1,,,,,,-,- ^ IKO. 
 
 r.iirlnii',-, ir., f,.r llie Ilissarlik sil.,, l,S!i. 
 liiicliliiil:: on tlie l)oniinions of Ike 'Iroad, 
 OS ; his ' Iliiiniiii^riic Kiii^nKn/riijiJiic mnl 
 
 Orni/ril/)/ll'r,' (;:-',),., l.'iL' „,^ | ,SH. 
 
 Jliirl-i/s, Kara-eotla, lor.lrawiii;_r \\at.a- from 
 walls, witli impr.'ssi.in of rop.- on kaielle, 
 like Ikose nse.l in lyL'ypt : 3rd c, .'ksl ; 
 ltd e., 071. 
 
 JSvrl.iiin, l\'rii, in jMecl l( nhiir;,'-Seh weriii, 
 liirtlipla.v of llie aullinr, ]. 
 
 'lliiijlc-diiijiiil vi'ssds of dill c, also I'llriis- 
 eaii and Greek, .nOd. 
 
 Hinhliiiijs, foniiii ill the, several .strata, L'l 
 (coinp. An-liiliil.iiri:. Ilonnr-innlh, Tinijilr, 
 
EUJUK EOUNAKRAHHI. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CAUl.UllON. 
 
 759 
 
 Tower, Walls, &c.) : large in 4tli city, 2:'. ; 
 Greek wall belonging to, 28, 29 ; Hellenic 
 and pre-Hellenic, 40 ; — 2nd c, a large one 
 of stone, 2C9 ; — 3rd c, of lirieks, vilritied 
 by the eonfiagvation, 305 ; enormous masses 
 of remains, also of small red stones ; easily 
 distinguished from those of 2nd settlers ; 
 — 4th c., stone substructions, 5J9, 520; 
 — 5th c., of wood and clay, 573. 
 
 Bujuk Bounarhashi visited, 58, 59. 
 
 Buiihnry, K. TL, ' Cijclopean Hemains in 
 CeiArnl ItaJi/,' 192. 
 
 Burial (if I>tad, sometimes used in N. I., 39 ; 
 rare in the pre-historic cities, 39; used at 
 Thymbra, "IS, 719. Conip. </rrm(ifio)i. 
 
 Burial, in Homer, for the performance of 
 funeral rites without actual interment, 
 649, 650. 
 
 Burnovf, E., joins author at Troy (IS79), 
 53 ; his maps, plans, sketches, geological 
 and other researclies, 53 et passim. 
 
 Burnouf, E., and Mdlle. L., drawings of the 
 whorls and balls, 421. 
 
 Burnt City (see Third City, Tmy, and 
 Conflagration) : now seen at the bottom 
 of the funnel; points of correspondence 
 with Homer, 683, 684, and Pref. 
 
 Buttons, gold, Tr. ; how made, 490-1 ; he- 
 mispherical, Tr., 498. 
 
 Byzantine remains, none at N. I., 612. 
 
 CABIBI, sons of Hephaestus, mythical me- 
 tallurgists in Phrygia and Samothrace, 
 country of Perganienes sacred to, 255. 
 
 Ca.ecina of Cyzicus (2nd cent, a.d.), base of 
 lost statue of, with its footprints, found 
 at X. I., 637. See Insrriptiaus. 
 
 Caesar, Julius, favours Ilium, both in ind- 
 tation of Alexander and as descendant of 
 lulus,*, of Aeneas; privileges granted tn 
 the Ilians, 177, 207 ; bis visit to Troy, 
 vow to restore it CLucan;, 2i)6. 
 
 Caicus, P.., limit of Trojan tenitory, 67. 
 
 Caius Caesar, son of Agrippa and Julia, 
 adopted by Augustus, govrrnnr of Asia, 
 died A.D. 4; his favour to N. I. attesteil 
 by an inscription, 178, 633. 
 
 California made a State, July 4, 1850, and 
 author's consequent citizenship of the 
 United States, ] 2. 
 
 Callicoloni;, M., probably not Kara Your (as 
 Demetrius held, 17b), but Oulou Dagh, 
 59, 71, lii9, 145-6, 678. 
 
 Callinvs, of Epbesns, earliest Greek elegiac 
 poet, in 7tb cent., 122. 
 
 Callirrhoe, d. of Scamander, wife of Erich- 
 thonius, 152. 
 
 Callisthenes, 172. See Ilonier, Cas/cet edi- 
 tion of. 
 
 Caluert, Erank, U. S. Vice-Consul at the 
 Dardanelles, holds the ruins at Bali Dagh 
 to be Gergis, 19; convert to- the Troy- 
 Hissarlik thetiry ; owner of part of His- 
 sarlik ; excavates there, 20; his ' Asi- 
 atir Cuiist (f the Bellesjionf,' ' Cunti ihu- 
 liiiiis lijn-a.rds the Ancient Geography of 
 the 'J'rijo.d.,' and ' Trojan Antiquities,' 91, 
 189 ; on " Tlij'mbra, Hanai Tepeli," App. 
 IV., 70(j f. ; excavates the tumuli of PriarU; 
 655, and Patroclus, 656. 
 
 Calvert, Ered.,t]ie late, excavates the tumu- 
 lus above Ken Kioi, 655. 
 
 Camel, liactrian, in the Troad ; on black 
 obelisk of Shalmaneser HI.; anciently 
 strange in Asia Minor, 112. 
 
 ihi Carmp, Maxims: ' L' Em placement de 
 I'llion d'lJomere,' 190. 
 
 Camp), Naval, of the Greeks, on the plelles- 
 pont, lictween Capes Sigeum and Pihoe- 
 teum,73,91, 149; length, 30 stadia (3geog. 
 miles), 148 ; to the left (W.) of mouth of 
 the Scamander, 92, 147 ; objection of W. 
 Christ answered, 93 ; in siglit of P'loy, 
 207; in 3 lines; order of the shijis 
 and divisions, 148 f. ; the agora^ 149 ; no 
 tents, but huts, 149; that of Achilles 
 described, 150; open space where games 
 were held ; goals, 151 ; tumuli of Patro- 
 clus and Achilles on the shore, 151 ; 
 common tumulus and earthen wall of de- 
 fence, 151 ; feint of burning it, 160. 
 
 Cuuiji, Trojau, at tunuilus of Ilus, before 
 Ilium, ^'isible irom the ships, 200; objec- 
 tion fiiuniled on, answered, 207. 
 
 Cv,rw<illa,: visits Ilium, honours Troy and 
 Achilles with mad extravagance, kills 
 bis friend Festus to imitate the funeral of 
 Patroclus, 179 (see Vjeh Tepieli); coins of, 
 N. I., 643-7. 
 
 Ciresns, It., rises in Ida, 68; described, 100. 
 
 i'arlisle, Lord, ' lHary in 'Turkish ]\aters,' 
 bs7. 
 
 Ca.riivs, allies of Trojans, 158., 
 
 Cassa.ndra., d. of Priam, 157. 
 
 Castriiu, ill Ithaca. See Balis. 
 
 Catakekaumene (the "burnt land ") of the 
 myth of I'yphoeus, 137 ; seat of the Ho- 
 meric Arini'i ('/. «.). 
 
 CaJei-in'llarini Tinjan tcrra-cottas, 4th c.,562. 
 
 Canldriin (\(lir]s), copper, Tk , with frag- 
 UH'nts of bronze weapons fused to it, 
 474 ; bandies, how put oir, 475 ; use of 
 cauldrons in Homer, 475; one among the 
 Egyptian tribute from W. Asia, 475. 
 
rco 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 clay-cakks. 
 
 Cnijrrii, natural, ami sjiriii;T, nciir N. I., on 
 W. slope of llissarlik, liL'o; exravatdl, 
 only late jiotwlienls ami Ijone^, li-(i. 
 
 I\_hri-ii, )!., in the 'I'roail, epically coniKcteil 
 with Cel>iiiines, s. of I'riam, IL'I. 
 
 (,'chrriiiii, talile-laml lietueen l)artlaiiia and 
 'i'roy ; with (of oW) a c. Cebren6, lo8. 
 
 ^_ '(■//<()■.•;, Greek, 30; sulislructions served as, 
 in 'I'ro'an houses, am;ient and modern, 
 5-1 I', 317; gi;iaiitic jars (ttWol) in, 33 
 (see Pitlnii)\ fur wine, in AV. Asia, men- 
 tioned in i^LCyptian reeords, 371) n. 
 
 CkUs, t,\-['i\n ol the word, 238 ii. (See Axes.) 
 
 I'ciiu:iilii(ij action of chloride >>[ copper and 
 sihiT, 4!J4 ; of earlionate and oxide of 
 copper, 504 ; tt piissim. 
 
 Censers, terra-cotta: 3rd c., 411; similar 
 one from Zaborowo, 41.'; — 4th c, 555 ; 
 similar in Lusatia, Po.sen, and Germany, 
 224, 555, 556 ; — 5th c, 580 ; — Greek and 
 Graeco-Phoenician, with 3 feet, 355. 
 
 <li CtsiioJa, (jeiieriil Liiii/i Pahn'i, ' Cyprus^ 
 'I'-Xj-^j, 353, 3b'5 et 'pass! m. 
 
 Cetiiii IIS (oi KijTfioi), the, dominion of Eury- 
 pylus, on the Caicus, bordering on Lyr- 
 nessus, 08, 130, 137, IGO ; identified by Mr. 
 Gladstone with the Klieta and Kliattui 
 of Kgypliaa and Assyrian reconls, the 
 llittites (Chethites) (if ^^S., 137; led b\' 
 Meninon to Troy, 15f). 
 
 ' 'Iinjiiis, ' htmles siir r^lnfiijiii/e historique ; 
 ■ ■n earlj' llelleinc iiopulaiions in K.W. 
 Asia Minor, 132. 
 
 fJUi/cis or t'f/miiiflis (XciXkls, Kvp.Li^bis, Ilom. 
 i. e. " yellow "), Greek and native names of 
 a Trojan bird; it.s fVirrn assumed by Sleep 
 ("Yttvos), 113; mythical connection with 
 tie: Corybantes, workers in hrotizi-, 113 )/. 
 
 t'lia//.-, incised ornamentation filled in with, 
 'jiiisslni ; practised in primitive Gaul, 594. 
 
 f'liai iih-iiiiis, mercenary chief in time of 
 Philip 1 1., takes Ilium by a stratagcQi, 171, 
 688. 
 Cliersoiiesvs, the Tliracian, seen from His- 
 
 sarlik, 105. 
 C'liesls: siip]iosed wooden of the gi'eat 
 Trrasure, 41, 451 ; Priam's treasure chests, 
 454 ; i|iiadrangular tUape of a chest con- 
 taining cai'boni/.ed grain, 3rd c, a puzzle 
 and suggested sidutiou, 323-1. 
 riiihiuk, village and rivulet, 108, lOft ; Trt.y 
 
 lilaocd at, by (Jlarkc and Webb, IHS. 
 (Jlmiri Jlinjli, visited, 50 ; height, 5(;, 107 ; 
 
 vast Helhadc ruins, 57. 
 (Jliiixi, anil Jiijiiiii, the author's first I Ouk 
 
 (.1), ' J II CI, I 
 Cliiiirsf- hr.ilizr 
 
 1 1 h .III pi, II CI 800),' 18. 
 ip fir lihalions, as a parall- 1 
 
 trj tliC gold htira'i ajj-fptKurreWoiij 405, 
 400. 
 
 Cliliiri.de of silver and eoppier c:in the metals, 
 252; Cementing action ol, 408. 
 
 Cli(.,iseul-(JouJ)irr, I'reiicb ambassador at 
 Constantinople, patronizes Lechevalier and 
 ado[ ts his theories ; visits the Plain of 
 Troy; bis views of Trojan topography, 
 
 Christ, ir., ' T<rpogra.])liie der Triii.anisdien 
 
 Jiheiie' '■)2, I'.JO; on the site of the Greek 
 
 camp, '.13. 
 
 CIrn/sa, near Hamaxitus, later than Cliri/se, 
 
 with a temple of Apjollo Sminthens, 130. 
 
 Chrijse, Ciiician c. of '1 road, close to Thelie, 
 
 on the sea with a ] ort, with temple 
 
 of Apollo Srnintheus; destroyed before 
 
 Strabo's time, 130. 
 
 6'(7tc(an.s, dominion of, 68, 134. See Ceteians, 
 
 Cilicians of Tliehe, Eurypylus, lli/iies. 
 C'iUcians of Tliehe, in 'Jroad, dominion 
 of Ei''tion, 08, 123, 125 ; same race as 
 people of Cibei.i, 125 ; cities, Tliehe, Chryse, 
 Cille' (fj. ('.), 130 ; — of Lyriiessiis, 137. 
 Cllln, d. of La.imedoii, 150. 
 Cillaeiis, ]!. and M., near Cille, 130. 
 Cille', Ciiician city, near Antandros, founded 
 
 by Pelops, with temple of Apollo, 130. 
 Cimmerians invade the Troad and devastate 
 Asia Minor in time of Gyges and Assur- 
 banipal (cir. 665 B.C.) ; the Oiiiiirrai of 
 the Assyrian inscriptions, 130 )/. 
 Cireassiiihs in the Troad, outrage liy, 51. 
 Cisseus, f. of Hecuba, 150. 
 Cities, successive, on Hissarlik. Sec under 
 
 First City, Second City, &q. 
 Cities, Greek, sites of, on low hills iu plains, 
 
 like llissarlik, 105. 
 Clarke, Dr. E. !>., bis Travels; against the 
 Ijoiinarbashi theory ; jilaccs *l'roy at 
 'Wiiow Koifii], which he puts at Chiblak, 
 20, IK^. 
 ("/f/^fi/z/K grants exemption to Ilium, 178. 
 Clay : cylinders of, perforated, sli:.;litly baked, 
 pecubiir to 3rd and 4ih c., 558, 550; 
 similar in Lake-dwellings and Geruiau 
 tombs, 550 ; flat pi rlorated pieces of clay, 
 559,560; sinnlar from Tlieraand Nimroud, 
 5fi0 ; iptadrangnlar perforated pieces, 3rd, 
 4tl), and 5th c, 500 ; curioitscnlie of, with 
 hole, and incised ornamentation of ^,el-c., 
 501. 
 Cliiy-nil,-es (i/aJettcs), used to consolidate 
 debris in fmmilatiems i4" the first 3 or 4 
 ju'c-histoiac cities, 213 ; in 2iid c, 260 ; 
 in 3rd c, 305, 307; circuit wall founded 
 on; i'uriKiurs section and description. 
 
Cl.AY-COATl^'G. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 COKX-BUUISKI:^;. 
 
 7G1 
 
 307-8 ; at bose of walls of voyal house, 
 325; in fouudatiuiis of 4th c, 308. 
 Clatl-coali iKj of jiotterv nt Ifit c, I'l'J. 
 ('bill Iifjimes of .^lli c, o73. 
 CItOpatni. d. of 'J'ros, loL'. 
 Climati- of the Troad, 38, 101 f. ; ti-'iiipera- 
 ture, lol ; talile of -iviuds, fine days, lain, 
 and cloud, 101; prevaleiico of viultut K. 
 winds ; rainy season in winter, but seldom 
 severe ; ci:reat frosts receirded ; Webb's 
 r,do\viivj; descri[ition, 102. 
 Clvthes-liuuks, terui-cotta, 3id c, 378. 
 CJytiiis, s. of Laomedon, 15(i. 
 Coined money unknown to llunier, 513. 
 Coins, Greek: of Antiochus 111., feaind at 
 N. I., 10 ; of Constans II., the latest loun.l 
 at X. I., 012 ; Ithacan, Greek and Komau, 
 in Ithaca, 50; at Ophryriium, GO. 
 Coins of N. I. : proof of belief in its ulcntity 
 wdtli Treiv, 170 ; enormous nuinlier piekeil 
 up on surface, and lound in the trenches; 
 all bronze ; nune earlier than Macedonian ; 
 chiefly of Ilium itself; many of Alcxan- 
 dria-'l'rijas ; some of other cities, 612; 
 accrAint of ihc coins fuund at X. I., by M. 
 Achilles Postolaccas, G41 f. ; antonomous, 
 silver and lironze, of Macedonian period ; 
 imperiol, bronze only, from Augustus to 
 Gallienus ; the silver tetradrachms artistic 
 of Attic standard, with name of tliC Ilian 
 Athene; th''ir date; tv]es eif the bronze ; 
 Athene, Eoma, the wolf, Apolln, Gany- 
 niedes, G41 ; Hector; Aeneas, with An- 
 chisesand Irilus, G42-3 ;— types i.f the im- 
 perial bronze, Zeus NikeiJioids, Dardauus, 
 642; the Palladium; litis and the cow, 
 642-3; Anchises and Aphrodite, Xcstor, 
 rriani, 643; Hector, 643-G47 ; d. ath of 
 I'atroclus ; Scamander ; ilium ami Itoma, 
 645-6; Ganymedes; Aeneas, with An- 
 chises and liilus, fJ47. 
 Cold, intense, on Hissarlik in February and 
 
 i\larch, 2G, 3S, 52. 
 Colours nf pottery ; lustrous-black of 1st e., 
 218, &c. ; how produce.l, 220; brnwii, 
 greeri, grey, red, yellow, &c., 221-225 et 
 passi/ni -.—ui large piUoji, always daik- 
 i-ed, 2s 0. 
 Colurrrns, diurns of Doric, of temi.le (A 
 Aiiolln, N. 1., 23; drums and caiiitals of 
 Corinthian, of temiile of Atliene, 27, GOS, 
 GOO; ffranite monnliths in a rpiarvy, like 
 those of Ale.xandria-Troas, 56. 
 Comb of bone, 3rd c, 4.3<'. 
 Commodus, coins of, X. I., G42-G47. 
 ConrJnjUaof the Troad, Yirchow's account 
 of, 114 f. ; the purple muiex, 115 ; species 
 
 of rnrldeoe and ronrlijtin- used as fund by 
 Trojans, remains of in houses of burnt e., 
 IIG, 318; not mentioned by Iloiner, 
 IIG. 
 
 Cones, 2 terra-cotta, of 5tli c, inscribed 
 » ith the Cypriote character mo, like one 
 found at Nineveh, 128, 582-3, 698. 
 
 Con/laynition, no trace of, in 1st or 2iid 
 stratum, 22 ; traces o'', in 3rd stratum 
 ((if Troy;, 21, 31 ; not in S.lv corner, 54 ; 
 striking elTeets of, 305-312; its centres 
 and directi'in, 313. 
 
 Conrodi, ]iastor in Ankershagen, 4 n. 
 
 Conslo/i,s If., his cnius the latesl at X. I., G12. 
 
 C'onstoiitine flie Creaf, first design of new 
 capital near N. lliuin, 1^0, 205 ; liis statue 
 on 'the burnt eolurnii ' at Constantinople 
 one of Apollo from IN'. I., D-iO. 
 
 Constantinople, Mnsenm of. See Mnsenms. 
 
 Constant inns l'orplfi/ro,/r„nefns (10th cent.) 
 mentions a bislmprie of lliuin, 183, 612. 
 
 Conze, J., ' I'roionisdn' J nsgroln, ,njri,; 188. 
 
 Cookson, Clnjs., Enulish consul at Constan- 
 tinopile, supplies impleinents -■:. 
 
 Coornassie, bronzes fi'om, with Ft, 353. 
 
 Cojiper, ornaments and utensils of, in 1st 
 and 2nd c, but of Iron-c O/. r.) in 3id c, 
 249; parallel examples, lilO ; analysis of, 
 
 specimens 
 
 hardrrtinn, mod,. 
 
 'jinmercial 
 
 copper, 251 (eomp. next art.); a pae- 
 linaize Copper Jye, 1^51, 257, 258; 
 uther objects, li53 ; ie> laui;e^ or battle- 
 axes, 25l: ; mines in Troad, 253; native 
 on Lake 8u)ieririr, used liv Indians for 
 weapons, &e., 257, 738 ; anciently har- 
 dened In- plunging' in water, 481, 481i ; — 
 plate, "ith 2 discs, 44;., I'erlKips hasp of 
 the chest, 468-9; vase, Tr., 485; frac- 
 tiireil vessel, with gold beads cemented uii 
 by oxide, Tr., 4 05. 
 
 Copper, hardening of, Ajip. Vn.,a supposed 
 lost art, ascrilieil to the Incns of rem, 737 ; 
 dageers and swords of hard copper of the 
 Iliiruns, found under Lake Superior, 738; 
 discovery of .alloy of eoppier and rhodium 
 by Mr. Dnflield, 73S ; the eopjier of the 
 Iricas found to be of the like alloy, 738; 
 experiment ol l'roless(jr llolierls, 739. 
 
 Cord for suspending vases, reinnnuts of, 
 lotind, 1st c, 217. 
 
 Cnrn, Jndian, m the Tioad, 118. 
 
 Corn lirnis.-rs (or lilnllrrs), ftone : 1st c., 
 parallel examples, L'.;!;, 237 ; — 2iid c, 
 275; — 3rd c, enormous nuinbers in first 
 4 cities; similar at Mycenae, and in 
 Hungary and Germany, 442; — 4th c., 
 I 569, 570 ;— 5th c, very few, 583-4 ;— 
 
70:.! 
 
 coa:raT,"AN. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 foiinil in Vj'iy\>t, r,70, .084; still usul Ijy 
 N. Aiiii'i jr;iii Inilianx in tlir Yosoriiiti; 
 ^■^lll(■\■ I'l.l' )inilljrlill'_' arni-iis, r)7n. 
 
 r,„v/,//„», l,-:iiis mi; 'I'r., !;i:). 
 
 i.'i:iii\ I'lmiil, ]i;iii:iii ;iiiil):i.ssiiilor 1o fli« 
 Porte, aids iiiitli'ii', I I. 
 
 ('m,7//«(///'',v, iiiylliii;:il iiielalliirL'isfs in S;iino- 
 tlii':ii/e, 111 i;^iii:ili.'(l I'r. i'liryc;i:i, LTi."!, '-Till; 
 liaini.' (li'livril li)' siiMii' llolii itn'tnni^ \\)i; 
 (Jy|iriiif,i^ I'm' ' cii|i|iit; ' liniii tlic Zciuil, liofi. 
 
 ('(iriilhiis, s. Ill' I'luis, 157. 
 
 Cntin,,, in tliii Tinail, lis. 
 
 ( ':,! ijlirA, JT., iu Ma raiiL^r, i-ff.;arilijd Ijy some 
 as snnrrij of Scauiaiiiler, oH. 
 
 Corn-x nf rirsT,^.- 1st c, Willi ilonlilc lioli-K 
 I'lir suspMisimi, li I T. ; iniiili- ol' la-JuniiiL,', 
 L'U] ; — Uml f., \\itli criisl-IJIa; lianillu; 
 owl-l'aceil, 201; — .'Ji'il c, witli frown- 
 sliapeil lianillc, .303, 3'IH, .'!(;;), 382 ; owl- 
 faieil, .3-11, ,343; iliriiaiait luiins, flat, iir 
 cap-like, 33 1; flat, witli liainlle, 370; 
 wlicel-iiiailr, in sliapo nf a stuppia', 330 ; 
 criiwii-sliapeil anil witli siiiijili; arclitil 
 lianille ; like iiinilirii l'liry;;iaii wati.-r- 
 vi'ssi-ls, 3 r4 ; siniilar cnvrrs I'lami Szi- 
 lialmii, .''173 : in fniaii uf a lluwia-saucer, 
 411; roiiiai lialile, \vitU tice, .sta'_', anil 
 ciittli-lisli or tortoiso, 413 ; in form 
 of a stopper, similar from Szilialuni, 122, 
 423 ; — 4tli e., eresleil ami uwl-Iareil, 322, 
 .523; imiipie, wlieel-ma-le, with 3 feet, as 
 if tij lie iiseil as a eiip, 530-1 ; \viili eurious 
 hariille, 5.38; In ll-sliapeil, with archeil 
 hanillo, 512 ; with hole-s in edcMj fur tyiri;.; 
 down, ornameiiti/il with rt 'I'l'l 4n. ■"32 ; 
 similar one fr. Lnsatia, 532 ; — 5tli 0., 
 crested .'ind owl-laei'd, 575-3; erovvn- 
 shajied, latest example, 580. 
 
 (Jmi: of many colours, ;.'iiiile of Iliis to site 
 
 of lliilln, 153; the syinliol of Alliene or 
 
 Ate, 155; parallel |e'_iiiiils, ancient and 
 
 medic\'al, 155, 15'i ; on coins of X. I., (;13. 
 
 <J<iii\ \vorsliip of, ill K.L'yiit, 740 f. Sec 
 
 ('(iir Oir 0.1 ) on handle of a luonzc ila'.;^ei', 
 
 C'o/v.s or iKicii, terra-co'ta, 4tli e, ; Jiow they 
 dilTer from those at Mycenae-; one from 
 falysiis, 530. 
 
 (.'iiiff! IiiihIr on vase-hai.dles, l'ri'i|iient in 
 Ctli e., never in the 5 pirecedin-j-, 5'.lll ; 
 
 ■prnhnhli- nrl.liii. nf III,' I irn-hnnn-.l VUK,- 
 liilinlhy. nf It'll 11^ 51l!l ; nllllienins exain|iles 
 
 of the eo'A-head in pre-hi,iloiie, remains, in 
 |.'old, hronze, and lena-eotta, 300, COl. 
 fJiiiiii'x in the 'I'road, Homer's simile from, 
 113. 
 
 Vralfii's (Kjjarrij)fs, Horn. K/ir/riy/jes'), lar^^e 
 lerra-cotta howls for mixiii;j: wine with 
 water, with 2 and 4 handles, from 3rd c, 
 'lo.'! ; Ireipieiit mention of, in Homer, 4(J3 
 (soinetinieK also of inetal, 41.)!; ; hy ot,lier 
 
 flreej; hors, 4IJ4; on I'j'jyptian relicl's, 
 
 41)1; iliriiscan clay models, tOI. 
 
 ('nil, nil,, I, «;/■/>««;, used at N. I.,3'.i; eeneral 
 in the 5 pre-histoiic cities, 30, 270. 
 
 ('r,:st. See llilii,,'!^. 
 
 <Jrel,i, tradition of Teiicrian mier.ation from, 
 to the I'road, 12], 122; resemlilance of 
 Cretan and 'I'roj.m names, 122. 
 
 CVe/'esv/, d. of rriani, I 57. 
 
 <Jri,„iiii, Will-, eoimnereial ell'ect of, 13, 14. 
 
 ('i'isi,n„i, coins of, K. J., 31-, 313. 
 
 l',-,lk,tni, of the pirkaxe and spade, 518. 
 
 CVu.s'.sY'K ; painted in red ekiy on 2 houls, 4th 
 c, 225; incised on whorls, 113. 
 
 Ci-i,iililis of clay and cow-dmi'i, 'J'rojan, 3rd 
 c, 408 ; one conlainin;; traces of copper 
 ami spanefes of eold, 4ijO ; — 1th c, 558. 
 
 C'("'H;/ir//r/,, the, at A'nici, dcsciihed by 
 Mdidihoel'er ; no real likeness to the Iljilc 
 
 y'eyi-Vi, (;3 4, G(;5. 
 
 (Jij,,i;ifij,-,it (•liiti;ii:li',-s, apparent attempts to 
 imitate at 'I'roy, titiO, 703. 
 
 6'«'/«, terra-cotta fconip. (Johli'U'): of 1st c, 
 224 ; — of ■'!rd c, triple ciipi on 3 feet, 384 ; 
 Av heel-made, with hrcast-like kiiohs, 303 ; 
 Vioat-shaped, ofcoaise clay, for metalliirey, 
 4 00, 410 ; similar one from Lake of liieime, 
 410; — 1th c, wiji.-ei-madi-, with ears and 
 breast-like boss, 532, 53.3 ; very rude, 533 ; 
 two-handled, ol lioiir-;.'lass form, 535 ; two- 
 handled, one wilh sunk spots, 53,3 ; hand- 
 iiaade, of (orm lir.it loiind in 4lh c. and 
 very abundant in 4lli and 5lli, 5.'!7-8 ; 
 .akso at iM\i;eiiae, 538; smi^le-handled, 
 abundant in 4 I li and 5tli, 538, 530 ; iar^'C 
 donble-haiiiiled, 530; 3 and 4 on one body, 
 540; wlieel-maile, 551 ; lar-e elobnlar, 
 common in llhano 5th c, 553 : |ierforalcd, 
 557;— 5th e., one-handleiUlike.\iis. lOOl- 
 
 llHi) in 1th;, \ery ab lanl,578; riule 
 
 band-made, oni-handled tor basin), 578, 
 580 ; ;.;lobnlar hand-made, 581 ; with tube 
 in side, probahly lor feeiliiiL^ liahies, 581 ; 
 ilonhle, joiii(;il, 5.S2 ; small, with covers, 
 only in the 5lli c, piihaps criicildes, 582 ; 
 — Cth c, lar.L'e one-handled, wlieel-made, 
 580, 50(1; heavy, ilonble-haiiilled, wilh 
 linear oinanii Illation and breasl-like pro- 
 jections, frei|iii)it; similar fiaind in lfal\', 
 593, 501 ; oiiL'in rp.rliaps') of the liner 
 Creek lc(ifill,ii,-,is and k1:iijiI,iih, frcfpient iji 
 Etruscan tombs, 505 ; heavy one-liandled, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 AfTras-. 
 
 (03 
 
 t.r bowl, 5'J4, 51.)") ; hurse-shapcd, ami fnig- 
 iiient with liuisp's head, G'Ji, 5Uu ; one of 
 a jiair coiijniurd, "jOT. 
 
 (.' .jis, mrlitl : hmozr, Cth c, peifuratcd 
 like a colaii(k-r; mio on a tall lndt, iiku 
 the Etruscau and tirerk liulkinn, CUu : — 
 electram, Tr. ; see Eltrlrmn: silver, Tr. ; 
 see aih'i-r. \ 
 
 Curetes, mythical metallurgists iu Phrviia 
 and Samothrace, 25(1. 
 
 Curtius L'., 'Jlis/itrij nf G rrn;-; 121 et 
 priH^iiii ; Lrcf/trr oil Troy^ 1H7. 
 
 Cu/llr-Jisli (sepia), mi aTrojati Ijux, 225 ; on 
 gublets I'r. lalysus, 225; painted in dark- 
 red cla)-, on a terra-cotta hnx lid, 3rd c, i 
 oilO; (.jr tortoise?) on a vase-cnver, 4i;-;. 
 
 Ci/r/nj) III, }\'iilh (so called), in 2iid city, 21 
 (see TTk/Zs); in J/liarti, (rj, v.); — nut ne- 
 cessaril}' ])riini)iv(>, hut used at all periods, 
 
 1'.I2. (Cuirip. I'nlljljnind Milsnil ri/.) 
 
 Ci//iinlrf, (.if terra-cotta, pcrlorated, with 
 iiieised decoratioir, ord c, 415 ; ol liluc 
 felsjor, "wdh reinarkahle signs, Inan the 
 royal house, 41i; ; the signs discussi^d ; a 
 mailv of iiabyloniair inflnence ; reseinljle 
 the Hittite s.'nlptures, 693, 694. 
 
 (Jijifiiiiilis (Ki'fiii'Oif, Ion., 'night jar'), native 
 uarne equivalent to lireelc t'/mln's (</. c.) ; 
 KVfitvd connected with vKit/iavd, 113, 7i.)5. 
 
 C'l/riossiiiio, ('"dog's nmnument "), the tra- 
 ilitiiinal tniidi nl HiM.Milia, (JIS. 
 
 (.'lijirinli: r/iiirurli r i/n^ im vases, 298 ; sylla- 
 \i;wv. Hrt; J iisrriji/iiiiiiy^ Tt'ojicii. 
 
 Cyprus, pottery of: tlagrais \\\\\r female 
 heads, picrliajis <lerivcd li'om 'J'liera, 293; 
 animal vases, 294 ; other forms, pasniin,. 
 
 Cy7:kus nuil Ihinvijluuii, Aeolian colonization 
 of, l:iy Archelaus, s. of Orestes, 127. 
 
 DACTYLT, tlie Idaean, mythical mclallur- 
 gists, 254, 256. 
 
 Dr/fy./f y,s .■ Ijriai/.e, '\'r., liroken and curled 
 up liy the conllagration ; proofs of wooden 
 handles, 482; \vith ciaiehaiit cow or ox 
 on handle, 3ril c, a ceremrMiial weapon, 
 504; — none in Itli c, 565: — silver, royal 
 house, 3r 1 c, a ceremonial wea|)on, 499. 
 
 Daiin/'s, connection with Egypt, 743, 744. 
 
 ftiiriliiiii'NeK, present town of, 133. 
 
 /liirilaiiifi,, the 'I'road called from Dardanus, 
 119; name also in Samothrace, 121. 
 
 Iliinliiiiiit-, (lomiinon of Aeneas and the 
 Antcnorids, (;8, 133; defined hy Straljo; 
 long and narrow; its boundaries, 134. 
 
 Dardania (or Dardanus, 119), c. of Dar- 
 danus, at foot of Ida, hefm-e san-cd Jlios 
 was fimnded in the. plain. 134, 194 ; d.e- 
 
 stroyed In fire Strabo's time, 134; not the 
 latia- Hardaiius, 134, 174 '//. 
 
 DnnhiiiHiii, tlieSearan (late so called, M3. 
 
 JJuiiliiiii'iiis, in the I'road, 123 ; play im- 
 portant iiart in tlje 1 liml, 124 ; dominion 
 of Troy promised to tlair jirince Aeneas, 
 125; akin to, and conliamded with, the 
 Trojans, 134; the Dnrdani of Egyptian 
 records, 741.;, 75(j. 
 
 iJardjiiinii, s. of Zeus and i'.lectra, 119; 
 crosses from Samotliiace to the Troad, 
 119; ado]ited by T(aiccr, mariies his d, 
 lialiiia, and succeeds him, 119, 152, l;j6, 
 642 ; or iiiiirries Chryse, who lirought him 
 the ralladium, 642; builds the c. ol ]);,r- 
 danns, 11! 1, 152 ( see i'd;'' /((/)/«); not known 
 til lliinier as an immigrant, 123 ; oldesl 
 name in Homer's Trojan genealogy, 152: 
 his sons Ibis and Erichthonius, 152 ; on 
 cuius of X. I., 642. 
 
 DardfiiiiiK, Greek c. on tlie Hellespont, 134 ; 
 excavations gave only fragments of Greek 
 pottery, 134. 
 
 Ihii-i'ins, tliC rhiygian name of Hector, 
 7ul. 
 
 Tu-nirijli 11111. See (.'ijzii'nR. 
 
 hate nf rrc-liiKlui-ir. Truij, probably 1500- 
 1200 B.C., 292. 
 
 Dni'ien, 7'., on the stone iiriplements, 235. 
 
 liiiviin. 115/0, on a Trojan fossil bone, 323. 
 
 l)iii)is. !•]. ./., ' Life ill Asiatic Turkey" 374. 
 
 iJehris, slanting layers thrown down from 
 the liill by successive inliabitants, 64, 
 328 ; section of, 328. See ITIssarlilc. 
 
 Deer, siiecies of, in the Troad, 112. 
 
 Iiei/jIinliii.-<, a. of Priam, 157 ; marries Helen ; 
 killed Viy Ulysses and Meirclaus, 161, 
 
 Deiiiefer, SI. Deirielriiis, confounded, 106. 
 
 Denielriiis. giaminarian of Scepsis (cir. n.c. 
 2(i()-l.S0), Homeric critic, bis 3("i Viooks of 
 Ciiiiiiiieiitnries on tlie ('iilnlnr/iie (II. ii.), 
 171; visits Ilium, 17-!; first questions 
 identity of site at N. Ilium froin jealousv 
 for Si-e])sis, 108, 174 ; his objections, 174; 
 refuted, 175, 686-9 ; cx]ilanalion of utter 
 destruction of Troy, a gratuitous assump- 
 tion, 175, 17i; ; jilaces the site of llios 
 
 at 'lAlEMi' Koj/jt;, 79 ("sei' lliiliiK. \'i//iir/r of 
 
 till') ; iin sonrre of Scamander. 58. 
 T)eiohiiios. Mr. ami I\Irs., Iheii' liuspitality 
 
 111 travellers in Ithaca, 50. 
 Driiiiiarl.-, suspension-vases from, 215, 216; 
 
 otlier jiiittery, ite., jiussim. 
 JJeiiiiiK, '/., ' Cilles anil feiveferleK of 
 
 Kiriiria' 129 et jiasxim ; on pottery as 
 
 a, test of race, 279. 
 Aemii ' Ait.fjiiKv7reXKov. See Amp)liihjpellon. 
 
nu 
 
 lUOTHIEn, PII. 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 EAU-Brxf;s. 
 
 J)i'thi,:,\ Ph., oil the I'reasuius fomnl at 
 Troy, is: I. 
 
 l)t,-i,i. Si.e l'liOil:i;s. 
 
 Ihiji-J;::, v., Z., /■'(//,, autlii:a-'s employer at 
 llaiiiliai'_', V. 
 
 l*/>/./i'//(«, the 1' Ljolilen, Tr. (Hmrier's TrXfKTi) 
 avals id 111]), 45-1: ri. ; desenlieil, 4"i4-7 ; 
 muiilier of ]i'cces in the eliairi:?, 457; the 
 L'oMsmith's wijrk exiilaine'.l, 45^. 
 
 IHiiihiiiiviihinufi, ciiin o!, \. I., 047. 
 
 lh''-(iriircliiis, his work uu Ak'xander's sacri- 
 fice at Ilium, 171. 
 
 I'Av, ;j;ame of, attributed hy Herodotus to 
 the r.ydiau^; one ot' .stmie, I'.ih c, 0(12. 
 
 p.'n rl,r,,sa.<t,,„-,, r.ir X. \. s;te of Troy, 210, 
 
 JiinmrJrx letclies Phikictetes, 100. 
 
 Iiininj^i'na Pcn'egetes for 'Troy at X I., 170. 
 
 J^se of Ijrouze, shmviii'^; a man with uplifted 
 arms, .3ril c, 513; not a coin, unknown 
 even in Homer's time, 514. 
 
 i>'>s, guld, 4>., 404; 3 with star-ilower 
 pattern, Tr., uniiiuc at 'J'roy, Imt cominrm 
 at ^lyeenae ; how manufactured, 500. 
 
 Ili!;c.<. ivory; u itli border, 5th c, 5^5 : wiili 
 a scorpiou and 2 curious animals in iu- 
 la-!io, Oijl. 
 
 /'/ses, stoii.', pelf irated ; of unkiKnvn use, 
 1st c, 247; stands for vases with pointed 
 feet, 2nl c., 20s. 
 
 Disrs, terra-cotta, thin, perforated, of l,t c, 
 cut IVoiii broken jiottery, probibly wei,L;hts 
 lor siiiiiniiiL; and weaviiiL', 231; piarallel 
 examples, 2."U ; abundant in tiie 5 lire- 
 historic c, 422 ; of steatite, 443. 
 
 IH^rx, terra-Cotta, lenticular, in shape of 
 watches, witli 2 perf 'rations : 0th c, with 
 a siuoi Irerpicnt on Trojan whorls ; also 
 found in Italy and 'I'ransxdvania, 001, 
 0i)2 ; — in X'. k, with stamped k;.j;iires, 
 Imiiian, animal, t*ce., seem to take place of 
 the wfiorls of former cities, 010, 020; found 
 tlirough Troad and iu <4reece; probablv 
 
 e.r-!'ri/..s, 020. 
 
 Tlishrs. torra-cotta; 3rd c, tri[iod, wheel- 
 made, ;;oO;_5tli c, see P/ates. 
 
 7'/s'((s (rpia\(n), silver, found near the Trea- 
 sure, 4.". : one in tin; Tit., 47ii. 
 
 JiisOiif, w-jth o.irhijii-:,,/ iio'llrii lliroal 
 wound round it, 3rd c, 3'_'7. 
 
 /'o./s, remains of, in 3rd c, .'ll'l ; fot.tprints 
 lif one, on bricks at Thyiiibra, 711. 
 
 Jin'i,,i'ii<i, siispcns:on-\ases from, 215, 21(>. 
 
 Jh.Ip/iiu, vertebrae of 3rd c, 323; of an 
 e.xtinet fossil species, 323t. 
 
 P<„„n,inus ,.f the Tr<,,ul, 08, 132 f : (1) of 
 Piiiahiriis, Ihe Lycians, 132; (2) of 
 J'i/v.s^t.saiid Ainplnus,l^2; (3) of .ls/».s-, 
 
 133 ; (4) tif Aenois, ])ardania, 133 ; (5) uf 
 ^l//cs, the Leleges, 134; (0) of ihe ClU- 
 ciiiNs, 134; includin::; ((() of £1:1 Ion, ihe 
 'Iheban Cilicia, 134-5; (h) oi Jli/nes, 
 Lyiaressus, 130; (c) of Eunjpijhis, the 
 Keteioi (Hittites), 130 ; (7) ofthe Homeric 
 Ariini. 137 ; (8) ofthe Asiatic Pehisgians, 
 13S ; (II) of Prhtiit, li.ios or ilium {q.v.'). 
 j P)oiir-surlcet (probabhj rif limestone, 2nd c, 
 304. 
 
 Dooru-cu/s, rare in baseirrents of Trojan 
 houses, except iu the royal house, 53; 
 the I asenieuts were cellars, 317. 
 
 Phjrian invasion of the kelopomiesus, various 
 dates and accounts of; probably in time 
 of Orestes. 127. 
 
 Doufjlas, P. A'., on jade, 451 n. 
 
 VtvmhriJi. village, at junction of two 
 branches of the Simois ; geological forma- 
 tion, 71. 
 
 Pninnhrch Su, R., not the Thymlirius (as 
 Leclievalier held, 185), b\tt the Siniois, 
 70 ; ajiure Turkish word = " abode of ice,'' 
 aiisweii'ig to its nature, 77; fertile valley 
 of, its orchards, If^l. 
 
 Phn/eii — Sn-amp, one source of the Kali- 
 fath Asmak, reclaimed by ilr. Calvert, 
 00; its tlirec springs, 108. 
 
 Dnjji.hl, A. J.. '■ ( )n the lost Art of Harden- 
 ing Cr.iiper,'' App. '\'1I., 737 f. (comp. 
 Copjiei-') ■ his discovery of the hard natural 
 alloy of copiier with rhodiurn, on Lake 
 Superior, 738. 
 
 E, Cypriote character in an uhJcr form, on a 
 Trojan seal, 415, 093. 
 
 Ell file: one species in Treiad, Homer's Trtpxror, 
 113; — gold, 3,rd c, vvitli ornarnen's like 
 eagle on Hittite scrilptures, 503. 
 
 En r-riiiii of ilectrum, 'Tr., 404. 
 
 Ear-riiii/a, gold, 2nd c, 272 ; — 3rd c, Tn., 
 5(; ; \-arious piattcrns, and manufacture ; 
 the serpent pattern ; those like studs, wiih 
 ]nn and socket, 4lO; larce, with pen- 
 dant chains and idols, 403-4 ; descrii'tion 
 and construction, 404; with long pen- 
 dants, 'Tr., 485-8, 404; 2 pairs, heavy, 
 baskel-sliaped, with ornamentation of 
 rosettes, beads, il'c. (peiidanls ii'oliablv 
 lost'), Tr., 100, 407; 2 large, with iien- 
 dants, rosettes, i'C, 4'r., 502 ; another, 
 501; ; of common 'Troj m form, 'J'r., 400, 
 408 ; one fused on to a bracelet of elcctruni, 
 Tr., 402 ; others, 'Tr.,494 ; of simple form, 
 with SI iral ru-namcnts, 498 ; with pendant 
 like a bell-clapper, 408; simple siarals, 
 lor holding up the hair (Honi. //. xvii. 
 
KAU-UINGS. 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 7 00 
 
 51, b'2), 498 ; of serpent IVirm, Tr., 487, 
 488, 490, 494; 2 luassive, Tr., 498; 
 others, Tr., oO.j ; of coinriiuii Trujiin form, 
 small, Tr., .oU2,.50o; lioat-slia[ied (uiiiiiue, 
 but also ill silver), Tr,, oO'J. 
 
 liui'-rlitiis, silvei', Ti'., some eemented by 
 cljlori4c, i'd'l, 494 ; b cemented to,:;etlier, 
 'Ir,, 002. 
 
 E'lrtliijiial-e, signs of, in 2nil stratum, 21 
 
 Eclienhnn-her, (J. (■«)(, ' /'/c J. aye t/c-s 
 J-Joiiurinchen Tiojii," 20,1119 et p lasiiii ; 
 iu iavunr of Hissarlik, 20. 
 
 Ei'tiun, Jominiun of, tis, ] 34 ; bis capital at 
 Tlielie, lo5. Sec L'i//c/aiis of HuJnU 
 
 Et'liou, discussion about Ins burial, b.JO. 
 
 Eg'j of aragouite, ord c, 430. 
 
 Egg, hen's, found at Thymbra, 319. 
 
 Egyptian Porcelain. 8ee Foreelain. 
 
 Egyptian Monuments, mention of 4'rojan 
 tribes (111, 123; App. IX. 
 
 EiridlaiJ, <T. d', ' Le iiite ile Troie se'on 
 dieralier ou selon ,^e/ilieiua:in ,' 188. 
 
 Eiieitl:yiii,, the Asiatic goddess Yudcleth, 
 Moledetli, or ilylitla, 1.34. 
 
 Eluetts, on the 4'hracian (lliersonese, lO.j. 
 
 Elaeussa, coins of, at X. I., 012. 
 
 Elagabalns, oans ..f, X. I., 045, 040. 
 
 Electro, d. of Atlas, niuiher by Zeus of 
 lasiiin and Dardanus, 119. 
 
 Electruin (fj'KiKTpov, also 'amber'), an albiy 
 of gnld and silver; Ibuner's use 'if the 
 word; its etymology, 273, 473 ; the 'pale 
 gold' of Croesus's oheiings at l>eliilii ; 
 account of, by Pliny, 273 ; by Strabo, I'au- 
 sanias, Eustatluus, 273-4 : — unc broMLli in 
 2udc.,273; frequent in 3rd c.,273; lliited 
 soblet, Tk. ; fo(jt, how [lutoii, 407 ; sniall 
 goblet found in Sliver vase («•«/■ the ddi., 
 472; bars, Ti'., 485-0, 493; car-rings, 
 I'r,, 4SS, 494 ; pendant, Tr., 494. 
 
 Elephant, known in W. Asia; on black 
 obelisk of Slialinaneser, 420-7. 8ee Ivin-y. 
 
 Elias, St., fins uii bis frslival upon I'j'k 
 Teiieh, which is rejaided as his tomb, 
 perhaps by a confusimi with I Ins, G5S. 
 
 £/j)e/iO)-, iliscussiiQi aliiiut his Iniiial, 051). 
 
 Emljryos, human : 1st c, skeleton of, with its 
 mother's ashes, 227, :;2.3 ;— 3id c, two 
 others, 3,23 ; jireservatioii of tlir lioiies, how 
 explained, 323 ; one describeil )i_y Virelnnv, 
 512. 
 
 Ennius mentions the recognition liy the 
 Komans of X. I. as their latherland, 173. 
 
 Epeius and I'unopeus, makers of tlie wooden 
 horse, 10'"). 
 
 Ephesi'S, coins of, at N. I., G12. 
 
 Ererdu visited, iJS. 
 
 Ei'icldlninius, s. of Dardanus, his riches and 
 stud of males ; his son Tros, 152. 
 
 Erineox (fi)ii'(ai, ' « ild lig-tree ' V), close 
 to wails of 4'roj' ; its meaning discussed, 
 141-2. 
 
 l''sli.iiinii, l'liociiieian = A].ollo Isnienius, 154. 
 
 l.tlinagrapiig of flie Trojans, 119 f. (coin]i. 
 'Iioad, I'k'/'ii/s); ancient tribes of the 
 Troad, 119-120 ; Aeolian colonization by 
 Aehaeans li'oni Peloponnesus and Aeolians 
 from ISoeotia, 127 ; Pydian dominion and 
 settlers, 128 ; invasions of 'J'rerians and 
 Ciminerians, (3auls (bilatiansj, 131.1; pas- 
 sage of nations to and fro, 131. 
 
 I'drusean pottery, archaic, like that of 0th 
 stiatum on llissarlik, 085. 
 
 Etrusrans, their Lydian oiigin generally 
 acceiited in antiiiuity, but denied by 
 Dionysiiis ; arguments against ; their lan- 
 guage agglutinative, 129. 
 
 Eumaeus, house and stables oh See Itliac i. 
 
 EiijiliorliKS, s. of Panlhoii^, a Trojan, called 
 a Uardanian, 134. 
 
 Eurydiee, d. of Adrastus, w. of 11ns, 150. 
 
 Euryjiylns, s. of Ttlepbus and Aslyoche, k. 
 of the Ceteioi on the C'atcus, 37 (see 
 (Jifeiany); aids the TM.jaiis, lOO ; his 
 dominion, 0^^, 130; killed by X\oplole- 
 mns, 100. 
 
 Evans, Jolin ; ' Stone Inipteiiients,' 245 et 
 pKissiin. 
 
 Evjilar, on the Scaniaiider, visited, 57. 
 
 Excavidions at JJoiiinirhaslii. and the Ea'.i 
 Uagli, by Von Halm, 1804, 19; by 
 Dr. Schlieinaim, 19. 
 
 Ejcaea.lions at Eissartil; by some Turks, 
 19; by j\Ir. t'alveit, 20; Dr. Scldiemann's 
 ]jreliiidnary (1870), 20; first year's work 
 (1871), 21; second year's work (1872), 
 21 ; labourers, implements, and exiienses, 
 21, 22, 24, 25; great idatlorm on the 
 K. slope, 22; large trench from S. side, 
 2''> ; ruins in njiper strata demolished 
 in order to discovca- TiioY, 23.; sccoml 
 platform on N. side, 23 ; abandoned, 
 23,24; trench cut in its centre, 23, 24 ; 
 dangers, dinieulty, aiitl discomforts, 21, 
 25, :!S;o;reat Ireiieh ihrongh the hill, 
 21, 25; tliird year's \\ ork (lsi73), 20; 
 new trench on X. sale; slo|ies for 
 removing delo'is, 27; another large cx- 
 cavalioii; disco\ery ol sticet, 33; ol a 
 large house, 31 ; of the double gates, 30 ; 
 new Irenehes Ironi X.AY. and \V., 40, 
 20 i; discovery of the Treasure, 40 f, ; 
 obstacles to resumption (1875-10, 44; 
 resumed in 1878, fourth yetrr, 50 ; the 
 
766 
 
 EXCAVATIONS. 
 
 1XDE2. 
 
 kiui; or chii'Ts liouse near the gate, 51 ; 
 more treasures found there, 51-2; fil'th 
 year's work (1879), 52 ; du-ected to circuit 
 "walls of Tro}', 53 ; area of the 3rd city 
 laid bare, 53 ; Yirchow's speech on present 
 condition, 60; his defence of Sclilieniann's 
 method, ()2 f. ; the Srd, Burnt C'lly, in a 
 liollow in the middle, 05. Sec also App. 
 I. and Fr.f. 
 
 Krcanitiniix at Jtliara (IStW-, IS, 4W-,r-,0. 
 
 Excacatiunx nf 2/ijreiiar, preliminary (1S71), 
 43 ; in ISTH, their great success, 20. 
 
 FACE-VASES, urns with human faces 
 found at Pomerellen and elsewhere in (ier- 
 niany, itc, 2112; not earlier than 1st <ir 
 2nd century ii.c, described, 203 ; relation 
 to the Trojan, Fref. 
 
 Fnllnr-der r, horns of, sharpened fur use as 
 awls, 3rd c, 431. 
 
 FuHsliiia, the elder, coins of, N. F., 0-;4 ; the 
 younger, coins of, N. I., 042, 043, 045. 
 
 F'rdiii.j h.jffh's li,r bahi'.'s, 400, 407, 
 
 Errf ,,/■ J'lisra, censers, 1st c, 223-4, 
 
 Fe/Joires, ' Fjixiirsin,, in Asia J//;/,/,-,' 180, 
 
 Festiis, friend of Caracalla, slain to provide 
 a Palroclus fur new luneral games, 179. 
 See UH^ Tqwh. 
 
 Fihuia, the buck !;■ of the broiich, absence of at 
 Hissarlik,a ^igntllnghantiqnitv, rrcf.xn. 
 
 Firh, ■ llir rJinniOiije Siirarliri,,l,i:it Ea- 
 ro/j,/s; 121, 
 
 Fi/fli Fi-t-liiatorir Cihj of Troij, dis- 
 covered, to depth of 13 It., 21; slratuni 
 ahnut ft, thick, of hunses oi' ir;i,„l and 
 '■/",'/, 573 ; diiferent architecture and 
 iiiiplenients, 573; no stime haniiners ur 
 axes (excejit 2 or 3, nne df white jade, 
 <]. V. ) ; saddle-querns rare ; whorls different, 
 5i3; potteiy inleriiir, 574 (see Fn/fc,-;/) ; 
 kitchei;-refuse shot over hdl, 574; all 
 infers a diffei'cnt rnce, with ]ieriiaps a 
 mixture of the 4th jieojile, 574; doubt 
 whether tljcy had cily walls, 574; ow4- 
 headeil vases, 574 f ; id.ils, 570; Kniplii- 
 hijpclhta (Ji-pns very small, 577 ; other 
 jiottiM-y ((/, v.), 577 f ; seals, 5^2, 5.S3 ; 
 inscribed funnels, 582, 583,; silex saw, 
 58:i; one (nnly) hammer of diurite, 583; 
 other stone iin]jlemcnts, 581; rpioit, 584; 
 nidulil, 585 ; -disc ef ivnry, 5H5 ; weapuns 
 and implements of bronze, 585-0, 
 /•'/'/,s in Troad, 118. 
 
 h'lij-lrvi: '! (ipiveos) of Troy, 141. Hee Erineos. 
 Fi(/iiic, with well-modelled face, of terra- 
 cotta, 3rd c, £30; rude, perhaps a toy, 
 3rd c, 331. 
 
 Figures, rude, of terra-cotta or marble (comp 
 
 FJuh). 
 F'iguns, in prnfile and in front, use of in 
 Greek painting, and on sculptured reliefs 
 and coins, (ilil, 025. 
 F'iivs, unknown at l'ro,v or M3'cenae, 463. 
 FiUrf (aiJTTv^), fur the head,'gohl, Th,, de- 
 scribed, 403 ; lung plain gold, with holes 
 for tying it, Tr,, 502 ; another, orua- 
 mented, Tr., 503, 
 Fiiuhria takes and sacks N", IPum (b,c. 85) ; 
 
 account of Strabo, 176; of Appian, 177. 
 Fire, 1st c. not destroyed by, 213, 2t;4 ; 
 
 comp. (Jonflwjration.. 
 Fiiiu'ins fur the excavations: 1871, 21; 
 1S70, abortive through local opposition. 
 44 ; lb78, 45 ; 1879, for exploration of the 
 I'uniuli, 54-5. 
 F'irst Pre-iiistorie Cilij at Hissarlik, 45 to 
 53 ft. deep, discovered, 22 ; house-walls of, 
 54; excavation imperfect, wdiy ; built on 
 native rock and natural suil; analysis of 
 its strata, 212 ; slope of strata ; not de- 
 stroyed by fire ; no walls of defence found, 
 but a retaining wall, 213 ; pottery, 213 f ; 
 Ifimeral tints (y. c.) on native rock, 227 ; 
 terra-cotta wliurls (q. v.), 229 ; perforated 
 discs ((/. V.) of terra-cotta or marljle, 231 ; 
 rude tigiu-e of terra-cotta, 231, 232 ; im- 
 plements of stone; saddle-ipierns, 234; 
 mortars and pestle, 235; polishers, 230, 
 237; coru-briusers or mullers, 230; 
 pounders; hammers; axes or celts, 237; 
 jade, its great interest, 238 f, ; silex saws, 
 and knives of flint and obsidian, the o,];/ 
 siJe.i: ijiqileiiieiits erer fuiiinJ in anij uf 
 the ]ire-lnst<iri<' cities uf ] F'ssei rl i Ic, 215- 
 247 ; potsherds wdth ]>air of eyes, 217, 
 247; whet-stones; mould of mica-slate, 
 218 ; metal ornaments and imiilements, 
 249 f. ; absence of iron, proof of high 
 antiquity, 252; sources of these metals, 
 253 f. (comp, Metals); bone and ivory 
 objects, 261, 262 ; no indication of its fate. 
 Fisrlier, Professor, on the Trojan jade axes, 
 
 210-2. 
 Fisli , I' wood, 3rd c, 423. 
 Fis/i-hones fuund at Troy, species, 318. 322. 
 F^is/i-!i(i<F:, bronze, 3rd c, 504, 
 F'isliinf/, ful lowed by Trojans; wdiv not 
 
 mentiuned in the JliaF,, 321, 322. 
 F'isli-spine orn(iinrnt,21G, 280; on a Trojan 
 triiiod; on gold goblets at Mycenae; on 
 terra-cottas in llenmaids, Hnngaiy,itc.,356, 
 Flur/ons (oenocho(ie) : of Tliera and Cyprus, 
 with female charncterislics, 2'.l3 ; doiible 
 1.4' 2nd c. ; aial in all the hit.T ]a-ediistoric 
 
INDEX. 
 
 nucK, o. 
 
 767 
 
 c. ; parallel fonns fruiu I'liudes, Ei^yiit, 
 Cyiirus, ami Thera ; also IVoin i^wiss 
 lake-dwellings, Lusatia, I'dseii, and I'eru, 
 1:94, 295 ;— of 3rd c, with iiiuce cut out 
 of muuth, common iu 3rd and 4tli c., oSO, 
 3ST ; with double spouts, one behind the 
 other, 384 ; or side by side ; similar ones 
 found only in Cyiaus, Germany, and Huu- 
 gary, 385 ; ivith long neek and trefoil 
 mouth, 380 ; similar in ^[useum at Hou- 
 logne, at Athens, from Cyprus, Thera, 
 and Mycenae, 387 ; with neck bent back, 
 388 : with upright spout, 388, 3S9 ; fine 
 grey, with incised bands, and ]ilant-like 
 band round neck, 392 ; — 4th c, of various 
 forms, wheel-made and liand-ijiade, 548 f. ; 
 witli 2 necks, side by side ; with cme spout 
 in front o( the other, uniipie, 553. 
 Fiiiif JiiijJeiiieifts. f^ee SiJex. 
 Fh:iyx, in 2nd c, of hediiis, not pdanks, 
 274 ; envered with clay, 275; the same 
 in 3rd e., 30, 313 ; of limestone slalis, 30 ; 
 of polished stone in a Greek liorrse, 33. 
 Flora of tlie Troad, Barker Webb's account, 
 110 f ; oaks, especially the valonea, 110.; 
 Homer's yiictnres; flowers of Scamander, 
 lotus, apium, vegetation by the river- 
 sides ; flowers on Gargarus, 117 ; second 
 zone of forests ; wine-making ; grapes, 
 water-rni'lons, &c. ; oil ; Solanum and Se- 
 same, use of seeds for food, mentioned 
 by Homer; leguminous yjlants; cotton; 
 Indian corn ; silk ; figs and pomegranates ; 
 a fieM of wheat under the walls of Troy, 
 118. 
 Flouxr, W. IT., Trof., on vertebrae of fish 
 
 f .imd at Troy, 323. 
 Flowers, (XI wliorls, 419, 420, &-c. ; one of 
 
 marble, at Thynibra, 712. 
 Flutes, ivory, pieces of, 3nl c, 425, 420; 
 
 bone, at Thymljra, 712. 
 Foo'l of the Trojans, dcscribe-d Ijy Virehow 
 from remains in the Burnt C, 318 f. ; 
 condiylia (y. v.) best preserved. ; Hsh ; no 
 remains of tortoise; bones of hi-^her verte- 
 brates abundant, 318; few birds, chiefly 
 w-ild, no domestic fold ; bones of domestic 
 animals in moderate ciuantities, chiefly 
 sheep, goat, ami horned cattle; Trojans 
 not great meat eaters ; few pigs ; few horses 
 and di.L's (not fi.od, btit carcases not thrown 
 out of c.); many fallow-deer horns and 
 boars' tusks ; bones made into small in- 
 struments (see AvjIs, Keedles, Scrapers, 
 &c.), 319 ; vegetable substances, much 
 burnt grain, chiefly wheat, 319, 320; 
 leguminous plants ; question about pease, 
 
 320, 321 '/(. ; beans, 321 ; — remains of at 
 lliymfira, 711- 
 Foihiijer, ' llandhadi der alien, fleof/raphie,' 
 
 187. 
 Forcldmmnter, ' Tojiographisdie und j)hysio- 
 'jrai'liische Beschreibmif/ der Ehene von 
 T,oio,' 90, 187; ' Dailuchos, tt-c ,' 187; 
 ' hcii mandros,' 187. 
 Furts, two q\iailrangular, X. I., 010. 
 Forhi h'yes (I'urk. Kill- Gins), tile springs 
 
 at Bounailiashi, 55. bee llouiiarbasld. 
 Fossil vertebra o( an extinct species of 
 dolphin, 3rd c., its source, 323; use of 
 I'ossils for ornaments, 323. 
 Fountains, vessels with spouts in the side 
 jierliaps placed under to drink I'roni, 3rd c, 
 4oC. 
 Fuiirlh Cilij on tlie site of Troy, stratinn of, 
 1.3-20 It. (hep, discovered, 21 ; lejuse- 
 walls, many stone implements and pot- 
 terv, 21 ; large Imilding in, 23 ; founded on 
 soil, ashes, and bricks, covering the debris 
 <4' the 3rd c., with clay-cakes to consoli- 
 date foundations, 310; — described, 518 f. ; 
 tradition of contiiaious liabitation con- 
 firrned by tlie pickaxe and sjiade ; part of 
 ISurnt C. escaped the fire ; olijects still of 
 the same character, idols, lironze and hone 
 battle-axes, vases, handlrs, ami saddle- 
 ipierns, whorls and halls; ddferences, pot- 
 teri/ (q. v.) coarser, stone implements more 
 numerous ; great masses of shells (kitchen 
 refuse) in tlie iiouses, a sign of low civiliza- 
 tion, 518 ; absence of large city walls, 518, 
 519 ; those of 2nd and 3rd c. left undis- 
 turbed beneath the debris ; evidence at the 
 gate that the same road was still used, 519 ; 
 walls of defence outside circuit of 3rd c. (see 
 Walls); no brick used; difference of domes- 
 tic architectm-e, an argument against con- 
 tinuous habitation; pottery, its character, 
 520; owd-lieaded female vases, 521 ; other 
 vases and pottery ('/. w ), 525 f. ; crucibles 
 and other objects of tirra-colla and clay, 
 558 (. ; animal figures, 500 ; a lyre, 500-1 ; 
 seals, 501 ; wliorls and balls, 502-4, 571, 
 572; iiniilements of bronze, 504; a lead 
 wheel, 565; objects of ivory, 505, 500; 
 mould.s, 567, 568 ; stone hammers and 
 axes, 568, 569 ; corn-bruisers, 569, 570 ; 
 other stone implements, 570;— its end 
 unknown, no trace of catastroiiln', 574. 
 Foirl, domestic, no (races of among Trojan 
 
 food, 319. 
 Friinhliii, Tb., ' Veniarl-s, Xc. on the Plain 
 
 (f Troy; 180,. 
 Fricl;, 0., ' Zur Troisdien Frcaje,' 188. 
 
ros 
 
 IXliEX. 
 
 Fro'js, iiiiiurnL'iahle about Ilissarlik, 08. 
 
 FrOhrli, ]•:., Wvv., 3 II. 
 
 Fnillrh, Ida, 1 )/. 
 
 Fi-ijiitid, .i^nM, witli li.,l(.>,s fur tying it, 'J'r., 
 -1:1.:;. Hoc also Dlinlriii, J'illvL 
 
 Fiuifviil HiJi:^, iiri-l'jriiiaiiro ul', iu lloriicr, 
 witliiHit. iiitfi'iiieiit, Ool.l. 
 
 FiiiicrnI I'nis. Sco Urns. 
 
 Fiinruls, tena-otta : .'Jnl c, [Tobalily for 
 iiietaUin-,'}', 41ii, -111 ; numerous iu .3ril, 
 4tli, and otii cities, 41ii; — 'J, iu oth c, 
 inscribeil witfi Cypriote character iiio (for 
 " measure'), lilce one fouuil at l\ouyunjik, 
 ];erlia|is bro;iglit to Nineveli from Uyges, 
 -J 11, 582-0 ; terra-cotta, sieve-lilie. jior- 
 turatoo, f)77. 
 
 Filrstenherg, iu Mecklenburg - Strelilz, 
 autlior's life at, G. 
 
 GJLA'TJAXS (Giiuls) inva.le tlie Troail ; 
 tlieir .J tribes ; settlements 011 the llelles- 
 ]i0iit, in j\eolis and Ionia; conqiujr Asia 
 Minor to the Taurus; exact tiibute fojm 
 Syria ; final settlements in Galatia, l.'iO ; 
 llnmi unfjrtilieil in their time, i7.j ; im- 
 jilies seam: sudden temporary decay, G89. 
 
 fU'.'illrf. See r'lnil-lyll.rs. 
 UnlliriniH, rums of, X. I., 1144, 0-15. 
 Gaiii/iiieiJrH, ;!rd s. of Tros, carrieil away to 
 
 be cup-bearer t(j Zeus, 1;>J ; ou coins of 
 
 X. J,, (Mlj, i;47. 
 (iiii-fjiirus, M. (K'M I)ai;li;, highest summit 
 
 of Ida, lieight, oH, (18; contains sources 
 
 of Seaniaiider, oH, G'.l; sljrine of Zeus on, 
 
 08; mentioned tiu'ee times by Homer; 
 
 geoliigical forinatiiin, Cfl ; lorcsls ol, 110; 
 
 Howers ou, 117, nuptials of Zens and 
 
 llerr, 117, lis. 
 
 6''//e, fjic Sni.iin; (iKinai TTuAfu), f.if Trny; 
 
 also called Dnrilniuini ; derivation of the 
 uaiiM'; why pliual ; ].)r. Eysseiihardt 
 up'in, Ih'!; tower 'i\-ir it, 144; placed by 
 Lechevalier at Donnaibashi, 18."). 
 
 6'r/<c.s, tlje double, of d'lny, ,■;(; ; l,cio],f „l,ove 
 sea and below hdl, o.'! ; erected by seemid 
 settlers, use.l by the tldr.l, -:er,-7 ; 
 describ(;d ; ].iers lowered by seci.od set- 
 tlers; the doors of the gates wire wood; 
 third gate, «'dli a. wicket; wucidcn tower 
 over thein inlerrrd fr.jin the a^hrs, LKlC ; 
 covered up ii; 4th e., but the wav out 
 still used; pro. 4' from Iho section uf the 
 '/('/;e/.s', .011) ; Virchow u]io)], 084. 
 
 Girii'llifi m the 'I'road, U2. 
 
 Oi'll, 't.lfoiinijiliif mill Aiiliiiiiilics of Itlmra' 
 bS;/.; iniagmary I'alaee .if L lysses, 4!j ; 
 'Tiipn.jiupliij „f Trijij; 180. 
 
 Gelztr, ''Fine WanderurKj nadi Tmja,' 188. 
 
 Gems, incised, jiicked up at iS'. I., chiefly 
 Ilomaii, lew Macedonian, none of great 
 artistic ^alue; subjects; absence of rings 
 explained; great value in anticjuity, GIL'. 
 
 Gensdarraen, escort of, iheirvalue, 51, 52, .07. 
 
 <jeulogy of the Troad, 70 (see Troad) ; chain 
 of volcauic rock from Hellespont to Aegean, 
 a. frame for the Trojan Plain, 078. 
 
 Gerijis (Gerrjetha, Gergillius), Olreek city in 
 the Troad, identified by Mr. Calvert wdlh 
 laiins on the Bali Dagh, I'.J ; the trea>uiy 
 of Queen Mania, 55 ; city of tlie 4eu- 
 crians, 121; origin ol Gergithian Sib\ 1, 
 122; destroyed by Attalus 1. of I'erea- 
 nius. Col ; prob. the Gcrgesh of Egyptian 
 records, 747 ; coins of, at N. I., 012. 
 
 Gci-ijiJhii, new town ot', proliably relerred to 
 in an inscription, N. I., Gol. 
 
 Geriauiiij, suspension-vases fouiid in, 222, 
 22o ; other antiipiities, jiassim. 
 
 Gelii, coins of, X. 1., 043, G44, C4C, 647. 
 
 GiJdiiKj on copper knife, 1st c, the only 
 case iu the pre-histoiic cities, hut Ireipient 
 at Mycenae, 251, 252 ; plating silver \vilh 
 gold mentioned liy liomor, 258. 
 
 Ghiliaiio, ('., OIL Trojan goldsmith's woik, 
 218, &-c. ; of tlie Treasures, 458 h 
 
 GladUone, III. lion. \V. E. : Poseidon a 
 sign of Phoenician rehations, 50, 125 ; 
 ^ Iloirii'i's I'lace in Uktiirij -^ ' Iluincric 
 Si/iir/n'oiiisin f and ' //o/iirr,' I'.Hi fJ, y«/.s- 
 siiii ; on progress of sculptured images of 
 deities, 2o.'J ; llonicrs ttX^ktij ai/ant(Tp.ij, 
 4C5. 
 
 Ghi.'ifS biltloiis, balls, and brails, Ord c, tlie 
 fiiily objects of glass found in the pre- 
 histoiie cities at llissailik, 42'.t. 
 
 Gills'^ beads, oinamenled, X. I., 022. 
 
 Giuncd/'is. See Athi^ne Ginifco/iis. 
 
 Go, or A'li, Cypriote, on '14-o;an vases, 208. 
 
 CJohlitx, terra-cotta (comp. C»/w) : 1st c, red 
 like the clay and i/iiti/:ri at ilyciaiac, 224, 
 225; lil:e those ol ]al\"sus in Pliodes; 
 othia'S elsi'where, 225 ; two - handled, 
 Ilonier's odmis ajxfj)iKV7TiK\r)ii (sie Ainplii- 
 li/pilloii), -I'.W) ; — :;ril c, two-handled, 
 nearly all lustrous-red, a few lustroiis- 
 blaik, o72, o7:i;— 5th c, small, 57iS. 
 
 Gohht, gold lliited, Tii.; how made, 4GC-7 ; 
 clcctnim, 4'r. Sec KIcd rum. 
 
 6''"/s, an inseparable ]iart of (he Trojan 
 Iceeiul, 074 and I'ref. 
 
 Gold, oliiaimd from Piirygia ; niines in the 
 4'road, 25.'! ; ini|)orlcd by Phoenicians Irom 
 Arabia, 258-200 (conip. Oplnr); obtained 
 by Egyptians from Phoenicia, Fuut 
 
INDEX. 
 
 HANAI TEPEII. 
 
 7G9 
 
 (Arabia), and Xubia, 201 : — Semitic ileri- 
 vation of xpvo-os points to importation by 
 I'hocuicians, 481 ;^Trojan gold inustly 
 very pure, and thus the easier to \vorl<, 
 458, 461 ; various degrees of alloy, 4'J7 ; — 
 lamps or nuggets of, large and small, Tr., 
 493 ; one very large, bell-shaped, 403-4. 
 
 Gold OniuinejifSj'ird c., in an owl-vase, 341 
 -2; in silver vase of Tr., 4G1-2; siiirals, 
 large and small, Tr., 5U2 ; abundant at 
 ilycenae, 502. See Treasures. 
 
 Gold rings, 2nd c, 272. 
 
 Gold vessels of the great Tn., 464-467 ; 
 unique ; probably imported, 467. 
 
 Gold-beating, 258. 
 
 Gold, City of, the burnt city was also, 684 
 and Fref. xiv., svi. 
 
 Gohhmith'f w"ork, Trnjan, explained by Mr. 
 Giuliano, 458 f. ; soldering known, 458 f. ; 
 also the blowpipe, 460 f. 
 
 Goriiperz, TJt., Prof., his attempted decipher- 
 ment of Trojan inscriptions, 692. 
 
 Gordiemus III., coins of, K. I., 64.3-4, 647. 
 
 (jorgythion, s. of Priam, epically connected 
 with Gergis and the Teucriaus, 121. 
 
 Grain : carbonized, in cuphoard-like recesses 
 in Trojan houses, 317, 320 ; in a few of 
 the large pitJioi, 379 ; I'eceptacles for, in 
 the soil, at Tliymbra, 711. 
 
 Granicus (Grenicus, Hom.), Pu, rises in Ida, 
 68 ; described ; victory of Alexander the 
 Great upon, 100. 
 
 Grcis, grandson of Orestes, leads Aeolian 
 colonists to Lesbos, 128. 
 
 Graves, Thomas, Commander, Map of the 
 Troad, 1«7. 
 
 Greeli-, wTong method of teaching at school ; 
 mode recommended by the author ; con- 
 firmed by Prof. Virchow's experience, 
 15 n. ; modern before ancient Greek, 15 ; 
 English pronunciation condemned, accord- 
 ing to accents vindicated, 16. 
 
 Greek Camp. See Camp. 
 
 Greek E.rpedition against Troy : 10 ycais' 
 Iireparation ; 186 ships and 100,000 men 
 assembled at Aulis ; superior by 10 : 1 to 
 Trojans and allies, 157 ; readies the 
 Troad, 158. See Troy, History of. 
 
 Greeks, known to Egyiitians as ]iivates, tra- 
 vellers, &c. ; by name of Vinen ('the 
 celebrated'), proliably a trom-lation of 
 "EXXrjfer, 745 ; in older recools JIaiieh, 
 746; on the coast of the Libyan norae ; 
 the seat of Trojan legends, 750. 
 Grolimann, 'Ajvillo Sniintheus und die Be- 
 deutung der Mduse in der Mythologie,' 122. 
 Grote, ' History of Greece; 20 et passim ; 
 
 for the Plissarlik site, 20, 168, 189, 209, 
 210 ; on Ilium and the Itomans, 171. 
 
 Grotto of the Nympjlis, in Ithaca, identified 
 and described ; its two entrances ; stalac- 
 tites which suggested Ilcrner's urns, am- 
 phorae, and looms of the Nymphs, 49. 
 
 Gutter of sandstone, in 4th city, 23. 
 
 Gyges, k. of Lydia (cir. 698-660 B.C.), 
 possesses the Troad ; settles Lydians at 
 Abydos ; embassy to, from Kineveli, 128 ; 
 aids Psammetichus I. against Assyria, 
 130 n. ; defeated and beheaded by Cirame- 
 riaus,130 ; his tribute to Assurbanipal,698. 
 
 Gyjisum, curious object of, probably orna- 
 ment of a box, 3rd c, 514. 
 
 HADRIAN, coin of, N. I., 647. 
 
 IJayia Trias, cemetery at Athens, example 
 of later polygonal masonry, 57, 192. 
 
 Hogios Demetrios Tei^eh, witli a cliai)el of the 
 saint, and ruins of a temple, probably of 
 Dernetcr ; the goddess and saint confused, 
 106, 650 ; its lofty site above the sea, 650 ; 
 explored by the author, with Prof. Virohow 
 and M. Burnouf ; merely a limestone rock, 
 no trace of sepulchres ; pilgrimages to the 
 shrine, 669. 
 
 Jlohii, a. iO«, Austrian Consul, excavations 
 of, at llcjunarbaslii in lKii4, 19 ; 'Ausyra- 
 liiingeri. avf iJer Jlmnerisrhen I'ergamos ; 
 his opinion on Iloiijers Troy, 187. 
 
 Hairpins: gold,witli sjiiral heads, Tr., 488- 
 490; electrurn, Ti'., 493 ; gold, with oc- 
 tagonal head, Tr., 498 ; very pretty, with 
 r'jsettes and s|iirals, how made, 498-9. 
 
 Ililil (Jrosi, beautiful plain of, on the 
 Simois, with village of Halil Eli, 109. 
 
 Ilalizoniuns or Alizonians, allies of the Tro- 
 jans, 158; identified by Strabo with the 
 Chalybes, 253. 
 
 Halo of rays, on reliefs and coins, dates from 
 Alex.ander the tireat, 625. 
 
 Hdys, P., E. limit of Aryan races before 
 8ih cent. B.C., 120 ; country W. of, first 
 known to Assyrians cir. 665 B.C., 128. 
 
 Hammers, stone : 1st c, 237 ; — 2nd c, 275 ; 
 perforated, 275, 270 ;— 3rd c, 439-441; 
 veiy numerous, esp. in 3ni and 4th c, 
 441 ; drilling often untinished, parallel ex- 
 amjilcs, 439 ; massive, of diorite, 451, 452 ; 
 — 4tli c, perfoialed and grooved, 568, 
 569 ; — of diorite, the onl y one in 5th c. ; 
 similar found in California, 5S3. 
 
 Ilampjel, Dr. J., ' Catalfjyue de V Exposition 
 prehistorir^ue des j\Iusees, etc. de la Hon- 
 grie; 222 et passim. 
 
 Hnna'i Tepieh, mound of ruins of pre-historic 
 
 3 D 
 
770 
 
 HAXDMII.L. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 HESTIAEA. 
 
 'i'hynilirn, exca\'atcd by Mr. Culvert, with 
 the help of J)r. tSclilieiijanii, 77, 108, 
 7011 (App. lY.). See 'ni/,iihr,i. 
 Iliiiiihiu'U, ciiriuus aneieiit, on M. Aiilos 
 in llliae.;!, 4W. See t^^nhllr-i/nrnis. 
 
 Ill!<J>ri\ II'., his works ni, tllr ,S,te nf Tt"}] 
 
 ;uiil lh\ Sriilirhiiiiiii's Jh'xnircn'va, 1S7. 
 
 Iliiflnir, Egyptian cow-goddess, like tireek 
 111, l^Sri, and App. IX. 
 
 Hiitzj'i'hif, Count, (lernian Amliassador to 
 the Torte, aids in obtaining' firman, o,"). 
 
 Il'ni'i, Dr. J/., discovers Cypriote \vritini 
 on objects from Ilissarlil;, b!Jl ; his 
 attiaTipts at decipiliermeiit, (102. 
 
 IJrrnhe, flrridui, ,], ,if Cisseus, \v. of I-'riam, a 
 Pliry-ian )irinci'ss, 120,156; her tomb, 648. 
 
 IL-rtnr, s. of I'lTain, 157; bnt, according to 
 some, ot Apollo, 157 n. ; bis name Pliry- 
 gian, meaning 'a stay,' 120; called 
 Dareios by the Phrygians, 701 ; his lionse 
 on the Pcigamos, 110; bis dominion, 
 I'roy in the narrower sense, lioni the 
 Kaustathmus to Cebreuia, GS, 138; bis 
 " helmet crest " and " hoise-bair ]iliune'" 
 (Iloni.) illiislrated, 512 n. (see J/el„icts); 
 Worshipped at X. 1. ; his sanctnary and 
 statne, 1115, 181; sacrifices and games 
 at X. I. in his hononr, 1170-1 ; "/.'erfor if 
 til" //iitns," coins of X. I., 17!l, 042-7. 
 
 n,rh>r mill Arhilliv, combat of. See Arliillcs. 
 
 Ui'i'liir, bineral ami tumnlns of, described in 
 It. -xxiv., a real tomb, not a cenotaph; 
 but lliis book is later and jiroliably repre- 
 sents the Eydian niode (.f burial, 670; 
 the t( Mnb of Hci'for clainieil by (Jjilirynirnii, 
 al-(j by X. I., 670; also by Thebes in 
 Boiofiii, (171. 
 
 Ihdiif, Tiniiiilus i,f\ on theP.ali Dagli, 051; 
 consists of small stones; excavated by 
 Sir John Lidjbnck, nothing f amd, 05(1. 
 
 Iklitienli, 'I'll. eo)(, Prol'essor, list of Plants 
 of the Tro:,d, 727 f. 
 
 lli-lrii, wife of Jlenelans, cariied oQ" b\- 
 Palis, ]57; married to ])ei|iholius ; re- 
 covered by i\Ienelaus, 161 ; E'jy|)(iaii story 
 id' her detention in I'j.^ypt ami restoration 
 to iNIenelaus there, 1(11 /;., f, 747, 748. 
 
 J/i'Iniiis, s, ot Priam, eaptnied by Ulysses; 
 hi; |>i(ipliecy of ilie lall of Troy, 160; 
 cameii away by X'coptolemns ; succeeded 
 him as king ol' Chaonia ; married Andro- 
 niaclK^, anil founded the Jbjios-ian line of 
 kings, Kit. 
 
 //.7/i////Vv;,s, his Tpai'iKii ; lesliniony fir llii' 
 X'. I. she. Ids, 0,s;i; censured as paiiiLiI 
 b\' l>'eiM'tiiiis and llesliaea, 168, 17(1. 
 
 l/cllisjiurit, the N.W. boundary of Priam's 
 
 dominion, 67 ; no evidence of growth of 
 the Plain of Troy towards, 84; soundings 
 in, bearing on question of alluvial de- 
 posits, 86 ; tlie sea has advanced on the 
 land, 01 (conip. Alluvial iJeposUs, Plain 
 of Troy, licamander), view of, from His- 
 sarlik, 105 ; passage of nations to and fro 
 across, lol; H. and Bos|io™s, ferries 
 between P^urope and Asia, 131 ; narrowest 
 lietween Sestosaiid Ahydos, 133; historical 
 and poetic interest of, 679, 680. 
 
 TLIiiiits, Trojan, fragments of bronze, found 
 near Tn., 473 ; on skulls of two Trojan 
 w an iji-s, 30, 507 ; fi-actured and decayed 
 liy chloride, bnt upper ]!art preserved, 512 ; 
 the crest (ipd'Koi) which held the plume, 
 characteristic of Homer's wairiors, 512 & 
 )(. ; its two pieces reconiposed, 513; like 
 arrangement on Mycenean intaglios, 513 n. 
 
 Jleiiniiiij Britili nlifl, legend of, 2, 3. 
 
 Ileiiniiiii, I>r. ('ml, couiributiou ol'. Julian's 
 letter alxmt X. 1., 180 (see Julian); his 
 ' Xcii Jlioii,' 180. 
 
 Ilcjiliiiestiis, and his sons the Cabiri, in 
 Phrygia, 255. 
 
 /'rjiuir, ir., Consul-general of Prussia at 
 Amsterdam, aids author, 9. 
 
 Ilejitiqiorus, Pi., rises in Ida, 08, 100. 
 
 IJera or Here Boopis (iSnUms), the cow- 
 heculed or rout-faced goddess, argument on, 
 282 f. ; confirmed by tlie excavations at 
 Mycenae, 282-3, 290 ; connection with the 
 moon-goddess, the Egy|itian Isis, and the 
 Pelaseian Id, the later Here', 282-5 ; thn e 
 s a^es of the symbolism (comp. Athene 
 (ilmici'ijiis) ; Prngscli-Cey on, App. IX. 
 
 Ih ra-liloh at Mycenae and d'ii'yns, a sacred 
 tradition, like llie Palladium idols of Troy, 
 331. 
 
 Ill riirlruin, coins of, at X^. L, 612. 
 
 Ilrrahlrs, representative of the Phoenicians ; 
 cycle of myths, of Semitic origin, 125; kills 
 the sea-monster; is defrauded by Laome- 
 don, takes Troy, and kills Laomedon and 
 bis sous, except Podarces (Priam, q. v.), 
 125, 156. 
 
 I.'rrrlier, I!., ' I'elirr die Jfomerisrlie Ehrne 
 roll Tro/a,' 18S. 
 
 f'err, why hostile to Troy, 157. 
 
 Ill riiiiic, 621 ; key in shape of, X^. L, (i21. 
 
 Urroilotiis on the Egyptian stoi-y of Helen 
 and the Trojan "War, 101 »., f. 
 
 IJeiiioiie, d. of Laomedon, w. of Telamon, 
 randoms Priam with her veil, 125, 156. 
 
 Ilrstioeii, of Alexandrki-Troas, wrote Com- 
 iiieiilories on tlir Iliad ; (piestioneil the X^. 
 1. site; objections refuted, 168, 174, 175. 
 
HR'KTAON. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 771 
 
 llirrhiuH, s. of LaullH'dnll, liji;. 
 
 JJi/ipiirr/iuf!, a nieiiiln'r v( tljr lliaii council, 
 ill till' time uf Augustus, named on two 
 inscriplinns, (132. 
 
 Jlijijinihiiiir u, .1. (if Ancliises, niarrinl to 
 
 Alcatliniis, .snu n( AcsVCtCS, 147. 
 
 Uijijtnjiufii/iius, 'lVoj;in terra-cotta vissel 
 in sliape ol, sign of comiectiou witli 
 Eg^l.t,n7T. 
 
 ///,«(;■///,■ (the ' I'orti-css bill'), at. K.W. 
 cornel' of site of tlie Greek ilium; Hist 
 visited by the author (1SG8) ; supposed 
 to be tlie Acropolis of 'i'roy, Priam's Pcr- 
 cainus ; licigbt of the bill ; excavations hj 
 villagers ; Coins of Antiocbus III.; autho- 
 riiiesfor identity with Troy (coni]i. >(7e 
 uf lldiiiur's J/ivs), l!i; aulbor's |a-ebmi- 
 iiaiy excavations (ISTO) ; eiilargiancnt of 
 the hill, 20; first year's work at (1871), 
 21; second year's work (1S72), 21-211; 
 a|ipearance of the hill, 22 ; the .side formed 
 chiefly of Greek i/cbfis, 23; increase of, 
 liroved, 24; steep slopeon N., N.E., N.W., 
 and W., 38 ; only l-25th part of the Greek 
 Ilium, 30; ancienily niU'di lower than 
 now, li"! ; successive increase tif area willi 
 c;icli settlement, by ih-hris thrown down, 
 03-G5, 264-, 328; site of, on W. spur of 
 ridge running E. to Oulou Dagb, 1011 ; live 
 distinct pre-historic settlements on, 131 ; 
 ]\[r. Gladstone on desirableness of tlies| ot, 
 13,1; bill probably levelled for Acropolis 
 of X. I., 58^; Virchoxv on Tniy and His- 
 sarlik, App. I. aial /^r(/. (comp. Tnnj); the 
 strata not of the Stone age, GS5 ; the oh/rst 
 kiniirii sitthiDPiit. hi Asia Minor nf a jiri- 
 ],ist,ii-(r iifuphi (<{ some aih-ance in civili- 
 zaiion, (180. 
 
 Ilhxiiiij at deiiirars liy early Christians, 181. 
 
 IJIttile (()■('.• Assyro-liabylonian ori;^in, iii- 
 ilnence in Asia Jlinor and Greece; time 
 of its introduction; senlptiires at Bogliaz 
 Kioi and Eyuk ; syllabary alsobronglit in 
 by them, 604, 700-702. 
 
 Uiltllr onjh like one at Troy, ."03. 
 
 Uillitr iiiiiia, its relation to the weights of 
 Asia Minor, 471. 
 
 Ilitfife^. See Crtciririfi, KlieU. 
 
 J1i«l (V) of ivory, 3rd c, 4 23. 
 
 Ih<ll:lnn, Etruscan and Greek, like a bronze 
 cup of the Gth c, GO.i. 
 
 Ikihz, E. X., author's first employer, at 
 Fiirstcnberg, G. 
 
 Iloiiwr, recitation of by a drunken miller, G ; 
 authoi's repeated perusal of, 14; adunr- 
 ablc painter of nature, 117, 118; his al- 
 leged exaggeration answered, 198-0 ; li s 
 
 use of /I'.rcJi' e/n'tlirfs, 283 ; date usuiilly 
 assi'^ned to biin, Olb cent. B.C., 3;jo ; " the 
 Sun of all ancient literature," 617 ; the 
 question of unity left untoucheil, 517; 
 Ids poems baseil on real facis, (172; he 
 must have liveel in the I'road, and looked 
 on the ]irtis|iect from Ilissarlik, (174-G7G, 
 and I'rrf. xv. ; his song not pure fiction 
 alt. r all ; his po, ins iierrr In hr lust hi/ the 
 ymniqft'ryb \ to anqineiit tin: iihiri rsot lore 
 for hikI stmlii of liis iriniis the our .,/-;,v< 
 fuiil rririiril of' tlir outhor's imrli, (172. 
 
 Ihuiiirr, Ciis/,vt Jit/itioii of, by Alexander 
 and the pupds of (/allisthencs and Anax- 
 archus, 172. 
 
 Iloiiirr, School of (so called). See Ithaca. 
 
 lloiiirric Ilijiiiii to Aphrodile, on the I'bry- 
 gian ami I'mjan hmguages, 120. 
 
 V.oncij, perforated vessels for draining from 
 Comb, common in 3rd and 4th e., 373. 
 
 Horace. ])rophecy of Juno about Ilium, dis- 
 cussed, 21)4 f. 
 
 Horns of fallow-deer, abundant in 3rd c, 3 1 0. 
 
 Horse, tlie: Ilium thrice taken by menus of, 
 by Herakles, Agamemnon, and (f/iari- 
 Oenius (./. v.), 170. Comp. ]Voo,lrn L'orse. 
 
 Horse, nnknowii in I'roail in [ire-liistorio 
 age, Contrast to Homer, 711. 
 
 Horse, cup in shape of, and spout in shape 
 of horse's licad, 4th c, 504, oOo ; Ireniient 
 among the Etruscans, the Greek rhijlon 
 (Dennis), 50."> ; similar in Berlin and l!ril. 
 JIiis. from Etruria, 505; on claj' disc of 
 N. I., GIO. 
 
 Hune-ha 'V jiliiiiie of Trojan helmets, 5 12-13. 
 
 Horsi'-traiiiiiiiiis (probably), ivory ornaments 
 f.ii: .'Ird c, 4'J7 ; 1 bailer's allusion to such 
 use of dyed ivoiy, 427; — 4th c, 5(1G. 
 
 House of Kill!/ or Cliief in the Burnt (_'., 
 discovery and situation of, to riglit and 
 left of the gate, 3,G, 211 ; its treasures, 
 27() ; drawing of, by Dr. Moss, 32J, 325 ; 
 house-walls of small stones joined willi 
 earth; filled with ashes, shells, polterv, 
 bones, iKrc, 324-5; corridor, 32G ; cliani- 
 bers, 327; buried umler bricks and ashes 
 of upper stori'ys, 3,27 ; eoinparison of with 
 Triani's palace, 32(1, 327 ; ^'irchow's re- 
 marks lai it, (184. 
 
 Houses, first discovery of, 30; skeletons of 
 WMiriors found in, 30; large ( frcek, 33; a 
 lai'ee one on the sireet, 34 ; another older 
 to right and hdl of the gates, jirobably the 
 town-chiefs house (sec prec. art.), 33; 
 why so regarded, 51 ; of 3rd c. laid bare ; 
 substructions lUily, used for cellars, en- 
 tered oiil\' from above, 53; construclion 
 
772 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 likij prestiit lionscs uf tlie TiMail, iio ; of 
 ]iMMR'i' ciasses ill a Miburlj, 54. 
 ITo'isi s, Tfdjan, n'scinljl:iiicc liL'hvueii ancicut 
 ami i]i'»li_'rn, 31-1-;J17 ; rtiols, hi)W made 
 in liOth, 214;— ofl.st c, .04(coinp. Buiise- 
 yriJIs);—o( 2i-iil c, built of stiaics diated 
 T.-iih clay, LG4, 274 ; but snnie witli walls 
 ol clay, 2(14 ; remains cjf imc, described by 
 lUiniiiut', 2I11J ; stmie Innise, destroyed by 
 fire, u"Uii lernale skeleton and ornaments, 
 271); anntlie)', burnt, of small stones (as 
 at Tlierai, witb lioles for beams of upiier 
 storey, 274 ; another below, lairnt, with 
 calcine'l lluor of hiimu, w>t planlss, 274, 
 275; — uf ,3rd c, some on walls of 2ud c, 
 208 ; baseuients of small stones joined 
 with earth, CO, 33 ; up]ier parts of 
 slightly-baked brick, 520; fluoi's of clay, 
 generally vitrified, 313; sometimes on 
 flagstones, burnt like asphalt, 313 ; floors 
 of upper storeys of beams, covered with 
 clay, which has run down iu Titrified 
 lump-, 313; domestic architecture like 
 that of ihe modern 'I'ro.ad, described by 
 Virclio\\-, 314-17 ;— of Itli c, 520 (see 
 IIou!ie->ralh');—oi 5th c, of wood and 
 clay, 573;^at 'Ihymbra, of brick, 709: 
 alisence of doors and wind.iws as at His- 
 sarlik, imlicating snhsfnirtiiriis of wooden 
 houses, 710. 
 Iloiise-ini/h, prc-Iiistiiric, dug through by 
 Greek llians, 211 ;— of 1st c, of roiigli 
 stones ficiUi the neiuljljuuiliood, 54 ; — of 
 2nd city, below chiefs hiaise of 3rd city, 
 2711, 327 (see i/oj-.ses) ;— of 3rd city, of 
 small stones and earth, 30, 33.; hd.yrinth 
 o', 31; plastered with earth and ashes, 
 "hitened with a wash of clay, 320 ;— of 
 4tli c, of stoiirs joined \vith clay, )ierhaps 
 some clay \\alls, but no brick, 52t». 
 7//(.7,7c-/i(i/(rs (d(TTpdya\oi). See AstraijaJs. 
 IJi'r/:sftif,/f, 'J'lipodor, author's second em- 
 ployer at Ftirstenberg, (\. 
 lluiiinii iishes in an urn of the 1st c, 
 
 lliniiiii, huiih: well modelled, 3rd c, 330; 
 
 helmeted, on clay disc of X. I., Oi;). 
 llii.inuijnih of Goldenitz in Jleckleidjurg, 
 
 vase from, 1'22. 
 Iliiruji, JiKhiiiia, their hard coiiper weapons, 
 
 73a. ISce ('niijici\hiirilrni')iij uf. 
 
 1ALY;^VH, goblets from, like tlio.<'e of 1st 
 
 cit\-, 225. 
 }iisi,,„, s. of Zeus and Electra, killed by a 
 
 thundcrlioll, U'.l. 
 Ihuxes on clay discs of X'". I., (1111. 
 
 Ihraliiii Fasha, governor of the Darda- 
 nelles, obstructs the excavations, 44. 
 liJa, mountains of, ascended, 57 ; flne forests, 
 58 ; Sources of the Scamander, 58 ; Ho- 
 meric epithets of; extent and branches; 
 rivers of, (j.S ; wild beasts in forests of, 
 110; named by Teucrians from Ida iu 
 Crete, 121 ; view of from L'jck Tepeh, 679. 
 Ji./iJ, only one mentioned in Homer, 233 ; Mr. 
 Gladstone on the progress of the art, 233. 
 Idols (and rude huirran figures) : of 1st c, 
 terra-cotta, 231 ; marble, 232 ; with in- 
 cisions representing bird-like face, hair, 
 female breasts, and girdle, probably 
 copies of the I'alladium, 232; their ex- 
 treme rudeness, 233 ; of ivorj-, 2G2 ; all 
 ftmale, andcoimectedwith Athen(3 through 
 the owd, 281 (comp. Athene Glaucopis) ; 
 — of 3rd city, a sacrtd tradition of the 
 Palladiimi, 329; not for waut of plastic 
 ability, 330 ; with female breasts and 
 hair, necklaces, and wing-like projections, 
 331 ; of terra-cotta, 331, 332 ; marble, 
 332-33(3 ; bone, 332, 33(5 ; trachyte, 
 332 ; remarkable figure (idol '?) of diorite, 
 337 ; most remarkable idol of lead, 
 with Pc! on vulva, and goat's horns, 
 337; probably an Aphrodite, 338; the 
 only similar figures found in Attica and 
 the Cj'clades, 338 ; Leuormant upon, 338 ; 
 prototype in the Babylonian Zai-[ianit 
 (Lenormant) or the Artemis Xana of 
 Ghaldea (Sayce), 338-9, 094 ; — in 4th c. 
 like 3rd, 518; marlje, resembling Baby- 
 lonian figra-es of Xana, 522-4 ; slate and 
 maible, with owl's face, 524 ; — of tena- 
 cotta and marble, more pdentilul in 5ili 
 c. thai) in any belbre, 570, 577 ; — 0th c, 
 terra-cotta, G02-3 ; — terra-cotta figure, 
 picked up near Yeni Sbchr, like the Trojan 
 idols, 071. 
 Iiloh, gold, pendant, on t]u' Diridems (q. v.), 
 450 f., and car-rines, 404, of the great 
 Ti;.; on breast-ornament, Tr., 500, 501; 
 on ear-ring, Tr., 502. 
 Ih'iiiii I'hiiii ('iXi-fiov neoiov), 139; between 
 
 'Iroy and Ida, 115. 
 Jliiiil, scope of, 51 days of the 10th yea? of 
 the war, 158; events fronr «rath of Achilles 
 to luneral of Hector, 158-9 ; the transac- 
 tions of single days, a test of distance of 
 Troy from Hellespont, 195 f. ; Bk. xxiv. 
 a later addition, 019; author probably a 
 native of Smyrna, well acquainted vlth 
 Lydia, 070. 
 Iliuiis, ]'il/,i,/e nf ("iXif'mi' Kti^t,), site of 
 Homer's Ilium according to Demetrius of 
 
INDEX. 
 
 IXSCRIl'TION.S. 
 
 r73 
 
 Scepsis and Strabo, 70, 175 ; fnllowed by 
 Clarke and IJenntU, 188, 208 ; uii Mr. 
 Calvert's I'arm-of Akslii Kioi or Thynibra, 
 108, 175, 176 ; site explored ; no dehn's, 
 and few potsherds ; small natural rampart 
 of sand, -wliicli niay have misled Deme- 
 trius, 108. 
 
 llios, " the Sacred "' ( "iXio?, name of Troy in 
 Homer, once only "iXum), 13fl ; founded in 
 the Flail) later than Dardania, l.'-Ji ; name 
 of the i-vY(/ only, lo9 (comp. Troij); had 
 the Vau or Digamma, f/Xioc, 139 ; Homeric 
 epithets, 139 ; built by Ilus, on hill of the 
 Piiry-iau Ate, 153, 15f;. See Site of 
 IJumrr's 21i'.is and Trci/. 
 
 Iliuin, personified, on coins of X. I., 
 Gld. 
 
 Ilituji, the Greek city. See Novvm Ilium. 
 
 Ilium, a city in 'J'hracc, llil. 
 
 lliuiia or Iriunit, supposed Egyptian name 
 for Ilium, should ratlicr be read Mu-uiia, 
 Maeonia, 123, 747. 
 
 11m, s. of Dardaiius, 152. 
 
 Ilus, s. of Tros, and grandsoir of Ilus, 152 ; 
 head of the Trojan line, 153 ; goes to 
 Phrygia, whence guided bj' a cow of many 
 colours, he budds Ilium, 153, 15G, fi-13; 
 and receives tlie ralladium (y. i-.) fnirn 
 Zeus, 153; epouym of lliurn, 151, 15G ; 
 father of Laomcdim, 15G ; on coins of 
 N. I, G13. 
 
 Ilus, tumulus of (iTi]p.a "iXou), in Homer, 
 81, 147, 20<'t; pillar neai-, whence Palis 
 shot at Dioua-d ; a^'iira held by Hector 
 near; on ri<jht or h-fi bank of Scamandcr, 
 147; the discre|iancy explaineil by the 
 spuriousncss of 11. xxiv. G70 ; on rt. bank 
 of Kalifatli Asmak, X. of Koum Kioi, 
 669; a natural hill of sand, almost de- 
 stroyed by the plough, 83, C69 ; circular 
 depression, indicating a forujcr stone le- 
 cess ; tljin layer of stones and debris, 
 but no pottery, 069. 
 
 Imhros, I., seen from Hissarlik, 105. 
 
 In Tepeh, tumulus of Ajax, 103, 648 ; on C. 
 Pdioetcum, COO yds. S. of his old tomb; 
 raised by Hadrian over the temple in 
 wfiich he re-lniried the hero's b(.idy, 652 ; 
 the remains of the temple destroyed in 
 1770, but the subterranean passage left, 
 053. (Coni|i. Jj'ax.) 
 
 In Tepeh Asmak, It., described, 95; its 
 present state, an inlet ratlicr than outlet, 
 96; its mouth probably the ancient 
 Portus Achaeorum, 95 ; the Scamander an- 
 ciently fell through it into the Hellespont. 
 See Scamander. 
 
 liinfi, the, of Peru, their institutions and 
 hive of beautiful works in metal; sup- 
 posed art of hardening coppjer, 737, 738. 
 ((Jomp. Copper, liardenincj of. ) 
 
 Ine, on the Scamander, site of an ancient 
 city, perhaps Seamandria, 57; silver 
 ndnes near, 57, Oil. 
 
 Inii Tepeh, hill of, 09. 
 
 Iiisrrijitions, (ireeli, at Ithaca, on tiles, 50. 
 
 Inserijitioiis, I Ireek, at K. I., G27 f. ; found 
 in or near Senate-house, 009 ; the largest, 
 of Antiochus I. (prob.) and Meleager, re- 
 lating to a grant of land to Aristodici- 
 des, for K. I., 027 f. ; remarks upon, 
 031-2 ; a record of tines, &c., imposed by 
 the cit}', of the tinaj of Augustus, 032 ; 
 of the Senate and jieople, in honour of 
 Ceiitis Caesar (q. v.); another, ] robably 
 of time of Antigonus Doson, G33 f . ; in 
 temple of Athene, 29, on base of statue 
 (_>! H/rtrodorus (q. v.), 035 ; in same temple 
 in praise of the proconsul C. Claudius 
 Nero (B.C. 80-79), 036 ; on site of temple 
 of Apollo, on base of a lost colossal statue 
 of Caecina the C3'ziceire, in time of Anto- 
 ninus Pius, 637 ; 3 in and beside founda- 
 tions of Senate-house, of time of a king 
 of Pergamus ; in honour of an Athenian 
 Arraliaeus ; in honour of Cliaercas, G3S ; 
 a contract for the i'oundation of a new 
 settlement, 039; another, 640. 
 
 Inscriptioi), Lydiari, on fragment of a base 
 from temple of Artemis at Eiiliesus, 
 699. 
 
 Inscriptions, Trojan, Prof. Itartin Hang 
 n|ion, 143 ; on a vase, 3rd c, 369 ; on 
 whorls, 4th o., 562, 503, 690 ; on a whet- 
 stone, 4th c, 507, 097; on 2 cones of 
 5th c, with the C^ypriote character mo 
 (see Cunes), 128, 582 ; — Prolessor Sayce 
 uprai, A]ip. IV., 0911'.; older than the 
 intn«luctiMn cif tlie Plioenician or (lieek 
 alphabet, 091; Ijel.mg to an old syllabary 
 of Asia Mmor, retained in Cy|irus, 091 ; 
 nejt imported from C3prns into Asia 
 Minor, 699; compared with the Cappa- 
 docian, Lye-ian, and Carian ; had about 
 100 characters, 699 ; beginning of de- 
 ciphering by Geoi'gc Smilh, and ]irogress, 
 091; Dr. I)eceke's theiay, untenable, 091, 
 703 ; Cypriote letters at Troy first dis- 
 covered by Hang, t;91 ; attempts at deci- 
 ])heiinent by liim and Prof. Cornperz, 092 ; 
 the several inscriptions examined and dis- 
 cussed, 693 f. ; tlie syllabary of Hittilo 
 origin; iih'onetic pecidiaritics ; order of 
 writing, 701 ; time of its disappear- 
 
I.XZIiilKllEy. 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 aiicx' from Jlysa and the 'J'ruail, 702; 
 ilicorative uharactei's ou tln' Trojan 
 wliui'ls like Hittite hieroglyphs, 703 ; ap- 
 pavfht attempts to imitate cuneiform cha- 
 racters, 703 ; laULOta^e of the inscriiitioos 
 still unknown, 704 ; relations of the 
 ilv>ian ami Phrygian lausnages, 7o-t ; 
 Hnnier on the langnaue of ;:oiis ami mm, 
 i'.f. Greek ami native; the exainpf s dis- 
 cussed, 701-5. 
 Li.ziiihiil'i-ii, on Upper iJanuhe, pottery 
 
 from, -21 et passim. 
 /e, a foiin of the cow-licadcd Isis, 713. See 
 
 IJr:ra Borqiis. 
 In,, (IQN), saine as \\\JariAii, 132 n., 710 «. 
 h-iii,, none found in tlie 5 pre-historic cities, 
 2."i2, f;01 ; one knile, assigned to the Gth 
 c. ; why, 601; Hesiod on use nf later 
 than bronze, 252 ; the ' Iron Au'e,' 252-3 ; 
 early mention of in the Bible, 253. 
 Jsamh'ft, E., ' Itineraire di:scrqdii:i;^ 188. 
 Isles of tlie Gentiles (Gen. x. 4, 5), coasts 
 and islands of Asia Minor, Greece, Ac, 
 peO| led by sons of Javaii, i.e. of Ion, 
 132, 74!). 
 Jfiiiiiii, ;iuthor',s first visit to, and excava- 
 tions (ISTii), 18; explorati(jn of', 15; the 
 valley I'ulis proved not the site of the 
 Homeric cajiital, 45, 40; ilatliirarid I. 
 gave to Homer tlie iden ol his Asteris, 4(5 ; 
 cyclipean renulins, called the 'Schiiol of 
 Ili.mer,' of classic times, 43, 47 ; Cyclo- 
 pean remains of capital on il. Aiitos (•/. f .), 
 47, 4-S; Grottem;if the Xymplis ; siailhern 
 portion explored; no a?icient town at 
 Aalhy; cyelopean walls, suggesting the 
 stables of Kiimaeus; ancient potsherds, 
 evidence of rustic lialatation, 40 ; the nick 
 Koiax ; fountain of Aretlmsa; firei k and 
 Ilornan coins plentiful; hares; Ithaca 
 rie.ienician by name and by imlieaOmis 
 in Hiuuer ; visit to the island strongly 
 recommended, 50. 
 luoi-i/,. (ibjects of: 1st c, awls, pin.s, and 
 needles, 231,202; trapezium, 202 ; curious 
 object (an idol?), 262 ;— 3rd c, 423-426; 
 musical instruments, 421, 125 ; orna- 
 ments, some probaldy fur liorse-trappiuL's, 
 42i;, 427, 4:iij; awls and needles of, 13il, 
 431; indicate trade with the East; the 
 elephant on the bhick idn lisk uf Shalina- 
 neser, 426, 427; a]iiecewilh be.Lils strung 
 iin for a necklace, Tr., 402-3; — Ith c, 
 disc and slips ornamented with circles and 
 dots, prnbably for liorse-trap])ings, 506; — 
 5tli c, disc, 585; — Oth c, brojch and disc 
 ('/■ v.), 0(il. 
 
 I Iz:et Effeii'li, empiloyed to hinder the exca- 
 vations, exiled lor embezzlement, 44. 
 
 j JJHEand JaOeite: axes of, 1st c, 238; 
 Prof. jMaskelyne on their vast inipoitance, 
 as connecting Troy and Europe with the 
 remote East, 210 ; Prof. Fischer ou, 210, 
 241; Prof. Poemer on, 243: localities 
 ttdierc jade is fiumi, 242, 243 ; — in 2nd c, 
 ot green jade (see N'^pli rit^); — 3rd c, a.xes 
 and celts, 441.); fuither discussion of the 
 dihusi(ju of jade, and its importance as a 
 sign of Connection with the reiriote East, 
 by Professors Max ]iliillerand Maskelvne, 
 the ' Times,' au'i Jlr. li. K. Douglas, 
 440-451 7i. ; — 5ih c, a precious axe of 
 u'liite jaile, extremely rare, 573. 
 Japan. See China,. 
 
 J'irs, gigantic (see I'ithol); great number 
 of larse in 3rd e., ami soirie smaller ; « ith 
 re^pe-like decorat-on, 370 ; with 2, 3, and 
 4 handles, 308 f. See Amjil,orae. 
 Jauim, Siitis, peopled the Isles of the Gentiles, 
 i.e. coasts and islands of Asia Minor, 
 tbeece, &r , 132; name (]V) identical 
 With /.//( (IQNj, 132 «., 710 n. 
 iTeircls (see Elect rum, Ovbl, SiJuer') : 8700 
 small of golil, foimil in silver vase, Tr. ; 
 their vaiious forms and manufacture, 
 401, 402. 
 Jiajs (comp. EI,ii/oiis, Pitclieis) : 1st c, 225 ; 
 — 3rd c , of various forms, o84-'-'96 ; globu- 
 lar, with small necks, 300 ; with rope-like 
 handle and band, 300 ; with inei.seel orna- 
 mentation, 302; with fluted body, 3'.i2; 
 with arched handle, 4O0, 4i;'7 ; — 1th c, 
 flat, like hunting-lidtlles, 532; tripod, 
 gh il Hilar, itc, 532, 533 ; rude two-handled, 
 530-8 ; globular wheel-made, 515 ; 
 with perfirated bottt.m and nipe-slioped 
 handle, uniipie, jimbably fiaeigii, 545, 
 540; others, 540, 547; tlnvr-han.lled, 
 547; with haig upright necks, 550, 551 ; 
 wiih ueck b nt back and spuul in body, 
 55'J ; euiions, ^vith small mouth and sieve- 
 like butidin, 552; with 2 necks, side by 
 side; (dseuhere in Hungary and Cy- 
 ]'riis only, 55.'!; with one s|iout in front 
 of tlie other, tniiipie ; covered \\ith 
 proluberances, 553-4; — .Oth c, with 
 straight necks and loni; spouts, wheei- 
 made, 577, 57s ; rude hand-made glo- 
 bular, 578; tii[iod. wheel-made; with 
 long necks, 578, 57'.l ; rude wheel-made, 
 580, globular, with boss on neck, 581 ; — 
 01 li c, larire wheel-rnade, with wave-lines 
 500; willi bosses or liorn-like projec- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 / 10 
 
 tions, 5;t2-3 ; hand-maik', like Etruscan 
 
 lekytho^, 596 ; with conical excrescences, 
 
 intemied for eyes, 597 ; similar fr. Tbera 
 
 and Cyprus, 597. 
 Julia, d, of Aut;ustus, nearly drowned in 
 
 Scamander, 178. 
 Julia Domna, coins of, N". I., 642, 6f 3, 645. 
 Julian (aft. emp.), letter of, describin;^- liis 
 
 visit to N. I., 180 f. ; comments of Dr. 
 
 Carl Ilenning, 182; his policy towards 
 
 renegades from Christianity, 182, 210. 
 Julii, house of; their favour to the 'J'rojans 
 
 and hatred of the Gi'ceks, 633. 
 Juno, prophecy of, in Horace, 204 f. (See 
 
 Site of Homer s llios.) 
 Jutchtnko, author's ageut at Moscow, 12. 
 
 KADESII, on the Orontes, war of liamses 
 II. against, 123. 
 
 Kali/atli. village of, 105. 
 
 Kulifutli Asinal-, P.., ancient ted of the 
 Scamander (</. r.) ; its two arms, 99; its 
 course descrilied, 100. 
 
 Kantharos (Kavdapos), Greek cup s.Tcred to 
 Dionysus, prohalile oiigiii of, 595. (See 
 ftfp.s, 6 th c.) 
 
 Ktra-Knli, hill of, 70. 
 
 Eara Yuur, JL, visited, 59 ; height, 59, 71; 
 wrongly identified with Calhcolone', 59, 
 71; view from, 71; traces of an ancient 
 building on ; desert plateau to Chiblak, 72. 
 
 Kuraiilik'{i. e. "darkness"), port on the 
 Hellespont, ]ierhap3 of Aeanteum and 
 Ehoeteum, 104. 
 
 Keller, Otto, 'Die Entdeekung lUmi's zu 
 HissarUk,' 154, 189; on the owl in con- 
 nection with Athene', 289. 
 
 Kermes, worm of the oak, 114. 
 
 Keys (xArjiSef) : copper or bronze, of the 
 treasure-chest, 41, 454, 484 ; more usual 
 form of, a bolt, as in Homer; 4 such 
 in burnt city, 484 (comp. Bolts); 2 in 
 the gates ; 1 in a house, 484-5. 
 
 Key, bronze, with handle in sliapc of, and 
 with attributes of, the quadrangular Her- 
 mar, N. I., 620, 621 ; Prof. Athanasios 
 lihousopoulos upon, 621 ; iron, G22. 
 
 IsJieta or Kldta (Kattaia, Khethites, Ilit- 
 tifes ; comp. CeteicLns), confederates of, in 
 war with Ramses II., 123 ; include peoples 
 of Asia Jlinor, 746-7. 
 
 Ki, Cypriiite character, on a terra-cctta ball, 
 3rd c, 349. 
 
 Kiepert, ' Memoir iiher die Construction der 
 Karte von Kleinasieii,' 187. 
 
 Kilns unknown at Troy; dates of use, 219. 
 
 King or Chief, last, of Troy, his house, 51 ; 
 
 view I if, 35 and 325 (see House); Vii'cliow's 
 plea for still calling him Priam, 684, 1'ref. 
 
 Kitdien refuse, on fluors of houses of 4th c. ; 
 shot down the hill from 5th c, 574. 
 
 Knife-handle, bone, 3rd c, 427. 
 
 Knives used in Homer's time for eating, 
 408 ; straight, and worn in the belt, 506. 
 
 K'nives, copper, Istc. ; one of them gilt, 251. 
 
 Knives, bronze, 3rd c. ; only one in the 
 great Treasure, 483 ; in other treasures, 
 494 ; still with pins which fastened 
 them to the woudeu liandle, 505, 506 ; 2 
 single and double cilged of remarkable 
 form, like the Egyptian, 506; — 4tli c, 
 564 ; — 5th c, 585-6 ; — 6th c, one plated 
 with gi'ld, 604 ; one of iron, with rmg and 
 rivet, like the bronze Etruscan knives, 604. 
 
 Knives of flint, chalcedony and obsidian, in 
 the 4 lowest c, 246-7 ; 3rd c. ; also found 
 at Thera, 445 ; — 1th c, 571. 
 
 Ko, or Go, Cypriote character, ornament like, 
 on vases of 3rd c, 342, 369, 383, 384. 
 
 Korax, rock in Ithaca, 50. 
 
 Konmanondes, Atli., assistant keeper of 
 the antiquities at Athens, 338. 
 
 Koumanoudes, St., Prof, at Athens, 464, 633. 
 
 Koum Kaleh, town on Hellespont, probably 
 site of Achilleum, alluvial deposits at, 104. 
 
 Koum Kioi (" 'V^illage of Sand "), 103 ; site of 
 Folium (q. v.). 
 
 Kouyunjik (Nineveh), palace of Assurbani- 
 pal, funnel with Cyiiriote chaiacters, like 
 the Trojan of 5tli c, found at, 411. 
 
 Kuhse, II'., author's brother-in-law, 5 n. 
 
 Kurtz, Dr. F., list of plants of the Troad, 
 727 f. 
 
 JjABFtANP^, the double-edged battle-axe 
 common in Asia Minor, whence the Zeus 
 Labraiideus of Caria ; like one in 6th c., 
 606. 
 
 Ladle of clay, 5th c, 580. 
 
 Laertes, grandson of Poseidon, a sign of 
 Phoenician relatidus of Itliaca, 50. 
 
 Lake-dwellings, whurls found in, 230 ; other 
 objects, passim. 
 
 Lambda, ornament on vases in shape of 
 tlie Greek A, or the Cy[iriote character 
 go, 290, 297. 
 
 J. amp/on, s. of Laomedon, 156. 
 
 Ijiinps nnt in pre-li. cities, except perhaps 
 little bowls like the condijlia in Greek 
 churches; not known to Homer, 620, 621, 
 I'ref. xii. ; unknown in Greece and Asia 
 Minor till 6th cent. B.C.; those found in 
 N. Ilium nearly all Itoman, 405 ; Greek, 
 terra-cotta, one on a long foot, N. I., 620. 
 
77« 
 
 1,A jiryAciis. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 j.anip^dcax, callcfl of olil I'ityr'ia oi' Pityusa, 
 |:;:j; a Milesian ,sulllriiii'i]t,, i;iL'; ouiiis 
 1,1, al N.I., (11'-'. 
 
 Ijiiici--/i'i"h, 'I'nijaii, lii'dijzc, ■':(); not ^^■illi 
 a tulii-', as in Ilonici-, Iml fastrriril (u shal't 
 liy a iiin, 'J'r., ITfj-T ; 'JV., 41)4, r/Jf), .0(^1; ; 
 tliij lorni willi a liilic fouial at Myi.'ciiac, 
 aucl ;j;(jnrraliy in l'an-u|M', 47.".; om- ('(jinnl 
 lirsiilo llio two s/:r/i'fj>/i^ ('/■''■) "' wamnrs, 
 r,07 ;— not found in <)l]i <:., .M;.~, ;— Ctli c, 
 witli <«/)e for shaft, li];(! tliu Myccnoan ami 
 ll(anenc, 004. 
 
 I.avilrrir, -V., I'rofr.ssor at yVllicns, lit? el 
 '/iKSsi nt. 
 
 I.iii"j'""ji', 'l'i'"]"ii, nnknown, 704. 
 
 Jjinrullll, o|i|losi,s acCl:|,t,'ll]C^J of woodiai 
 liorsi; ; lii.s late ; taken from the epic jjoeni 
 of Arctinu.s, ICO, Kil. 
 
 I.llniUrr, ,1. of I'llaOl, ] 57. 
 
 J niiiiir^lnii, K. of Jliis ami I;, of Troy, legend 
 of; (rrole upon, TJo; liis f Jiir sonsarid three 
 danj^htms ; waifs of Troy Ijnilt lor Iiim Iiy 
 I'osridun (;ind Apolf.;; Tr.,y lalceii and 
 r,. killed l.y Jlerakles, I'Jo, lot;. 
 
 L'lrinsd, ri4asgian c. of 'J'road, near Cyimj; 
 Si ratio's 'liscnssion on, l.'JM. 
 
 Ln/i.ii. shonld ke tanglit ii/lf,- tireek", 10. 
 
 Liniria, (I. J., ' 'J'inj,!,, n.m, Shuh'n,' \<M). 
 
 /.'///'/-■';. nt. I[n„.hii- A. //., aids ill oklainirig 
 lirn an . ; arkiiow Ird'inient lo, 4 a, f, 1. 
 
 Lad, ill 1st and 'Jml cilies, 'JOL', 'J58 ; — .'!nl 
 0., ninarkalile; idol ot, :;,';7 ; curious okjisct 
 of, r,01 ;— .^jth o., okj.etof, oMo-O;— X. 1., 
 flock- of, sfarn|ii;d u il li a hoar's head, prob- 
 ahly a wci'^lit, GL'O, O'Jl. 
 
 Li;il.-r^ r,,/., ' 7'rni,,'/s in N<irlJi<:'ni. drew,' 
 40; on llliaca, 4H; ' Jon n,id of a Tuar ij, 
 
 ],vr]ii-r,ii;rr ("17-4.^-0), invcnt.s the lloiinar- 
 liaslii theory; pali'Miiizcd and followed by 
 Choisenl-Coiilh' r, lH|-5 ; bisview.s gene- 
 rally adoplc,!, I«r, ; see Houiiarbaslii, ,SV;a- 
 'iiu/iii/rr, :^j'iiin/s, &c. ; bst of followers of 
 
 hi^ ihrory, r-;(; f. 
 
 Lrr/,ii,,i I'r., W.-nio-t ]ie,ak of achief branch 
 
 of Ma, G<^, 7'J; S. point of the 'I'road ; 
 
 altar to twelve <^,i'hi, iiLcntioned by Homer 
 
 and Jliaijdotns, 7-!. 
 l.rrrhrs, abundant in Tro.ad, 114. 
 J,'-i/iiiiiii,oiifi il,inl:< of the Troad, IIH. 
 /'■/■'(, VS.;. Si-r l.yrhi,:,. 
 l.fl.iiUioK, Klrn,scaii,'like jng of (ith c, 5!)i;. 
 I.'li'-I'!<, of tin; Troad, the dondnion of AUcs 
 
 1'/. w.;, O.S, ]'_'.';; thi'ir Icnilory .about I ). 
 
 Li'clnni ; (dose connection willi Cari.aiis ; 
 
 also in Grccci;^ IL'O. 
 Lcnirnnini), /'V.,'/.c,s Aiiliijuih's ilcJii, 'I'rnd.ili: 
 
 (it Vllixloi.Te priiiiiJ.ioe di-.s (Jonl/riins 
 
 ijrerjjues,' 122, lUO ; on Here' 15oo|)is, 283 ; 
 
 on Athene Glancopis, 287 ; on the metope 
 
 of A|iollo, and Oreek forms of low relii f, 
 
 024. 
 Iji'.iiloid Gi:iii of cornelian, .jrd c., Kimilar to 
 
 one from (jamirns in Kliodcs, .'~>14. 
 l.ciiz, (J. (}., ' III': J'^ he UK vim '/'ruj'ii.,' ll!l, ISO. 
 J.ihiiliiiii, ]iou)'ed by Achilles Ironi a ;_'olil 
 
 Clip (rieTTd?^, 405 ; therieTTU? afj.(jnKuTTt^AAni^ 
 
 of Tit., pi;rhap.s used lor, 401, 405; 
 
 Chinese bronze np, nsed for, 405-0,. 
 LicJi/eii.fleiii, ./., author's friend and agent 
 
 at Kcinigsbcrg, 14. 
 Jjiil^. Sr'C <Joi^<:r^. 
 ]jiiijli:'iiiiiii'ii,, jimior, author's employer at 
 
 Altona, 7. 
 J./ijin, //«rt///(a)/i, botsi, rings, 50 ; valley, 0!). 
 l./'ijliliiiil by ti, relies (Sm'Sff) and lire-pans 
 
 (AainrTijijes, Ibancr), 405. 
 Lili'/.eiiKrlrmil, Jj., ^ JJie \'ilJ('iiuii(J isrjieil 
 
 Allerlluinii-r ,lrr 1 loh.i'ji::<ill(:r!ii:h<:ii. hjuaiii- 
 
 hn,r„ri-l\ Hj,a.si,„. 
 7./V,/(, thi', in W. Asia; familiar to Homer; 
 
 why decreased witli decline of culture and 
 
 population, 111 ; — a Hhii'h /inul, of fine 
 
 crystal, handle of a sce|itri,, .'"h'd c., 428 ; — 
 
 a /ion, teira-cotta, K. 1., 010. 
 //,»•//, JJr., on Ihe baking of pottery, 219. 
 J.ixHiiuer, ' Ji''ilrii()t' ziir n'entpreitssischen 
 
 Urgeschichte,' 2.'j0. 
 Livius, consul, sacrifices at Troy, 17.3. 
 J.orlihart, Zly., Chinese illustrations of 'Trojan 
 
 antiquities, 405. 
 J.orris, ],e,stilenec at for the crime of Aja,\, 
 
 101; two noble virgins sent annnally from, 
 
 to Ilium, 104, 100; evidence lor belief in 
 
 the site of Troy at N. I., 20!l. 
 /.ociisls, freipjent visitations of, 11 I. 
 ]j,„i/j,rriir, A. dc, on the sile of 'Troy, 18t). 
 Jyiililuir/,-, Sir Joliii, ' J're-Iihlorir. J'/oics,' 238 
 
 1 1, jiiisniiii, ; on primilive u.se of stone axes, 
 
 23,!); 1,11 ]iriniitive knowledge of metals, 
 
 257; excavates the tumulus of Hector 
 
 ('/. v.), 050. 
 J.yroon, s. of Taothoe, d. of Altes, ami f. of 
 
 Tandanis, 134. 
 Jyijrio.ii^, tia; 1.1:1,(1, /.</.», or IJI:,n of Kgyj)- 
 
 tiaii records, 12.3, 710; the dominion of 
 
 I'andarus, 13,2 ; allies of 'i'rojans under 
 
 Sar|iedori, 158; (he old Jjyeian writing, 
 
 J,i/i-ii,ri/u:i, Attic orator, on the utier destruc- 
 tion of Troy, iliscus.se(l, 203. 
 
 Jjtji/i(i, name first known to Assyrians in 
 time of Cyges (rir. 005 ii.c), 128. 
 
 I,yil,i<i,ii, dominion in the Troail, 128; iiiigra- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 METALLURGISTS. 
 
 ni 
 
 tioii to Umliria andcolonizntioa of Etniria, 
 account of Herodotus, 128-0 ; the question 
 discussed, 587 and n. (comp. Etruscnns); 
 language Aryan, 12!) ; traces of settle- 
 ment at Hissarlilc, 128, 087, G88. >See 
 Sixth City. 
 
 Lydiaiis, akin to Mysians, 119. 
 
 Lyres, i\'oiy, fra;4nieiits of, -i strinc;cd ami 
 7 stringed: .jrd c, 421; the lyre and 
 l^re-playiiig in Homer, 424, 425 ; — 4tli c, 
 terra-cotta <j stringed, fragment of, 500. 
 
 Lyrnessus, in tlie plain of Thebe, the city 
 of Jlynes, and home of Biiseis, destroycl 
 by Achilles; Aeneas tied tliither from 
 Achilles ; ruins near Karavaren(Fello\ves), 
 130 ; a Cilician settlement, bordering on 
 tbe Ceteians, 137. 
 
 Lysimuehus, bis buildings at N. Ilium, 23, 
 31 ; wall ot, 27, 40, 03 ; theatre ascribed 
 to, 110; favours and enlarges it, builds 
 city-wall and temple of Atheue, 172, 173, 
 608, 010 (see Temple, Wall) ; his policy 
 towards the city, 088, 089. 
 
 MACEDONIAN tower and walls at His- 
 sarlik, 20, 23. See Novum lliuni. 
 
 Madiaoii lieals Philoctetes ; is Ivilled by 
 Eurypylus, ICO. 
 
 Mudaren, C, first modern writer wlio iden- 
 tified Ilissarlik with 'J'roy, 19; his two 
 books, 19 n. ; on alluvium of the Plain of 
 Troy, 86, 189. 
 
 Macrinus, coins of, N. I., 045, 040. 
 
 McVeagh, Wyne, U. S. Minister at Constan- 
 tinople, aids in obtaining firman, 21. 
 
 Mneoniaiis (the ancient Lydians), allies of 
 the Trojans, 158 ; the Maitna of Egy|itiau 
 records, 740, 747. 
 
 M'lgcr-iiie of nine enormous jars for corn or 
 wine, in 3rd city, under temple of Athene', 
 32, 379. See Pithoi. 
 
 Magyarad, in Hungary, terra-cottas fi'om, 
 231 et passim. 
 
 iMahaffy, J. P., Professor, "On the Relation 
 of Novum Ilium to the Ilios of Homer," 
 App. II. p. 086 f. ; criticism of the argu- 
 Ljents of Demetrius and Strabo, 087. 
 
 Jilalet, E., Minister Plenipotentiary at Con- 
 stantinople, aids in obtaining firman, 
 54. 
 
 Malutin, M. P. N., ISrothers, house of, at 
 Moscow, 11. 
 
 Man, with uplifted arras, on whorls, 3rd c, 
 410, 418-20; 4th c, 571, 572 ; on a vase 
 neck, 525. 
 
 Mania, queen, kept her treasures at Scepsis 
 aud Gergis, 55. 
 
 Mtintaslia, near Assos, casile on, 70. 
 
 Mdp of the Troad, iirst real, by Spratt and 
 Craves, 187 ; revised by E. Burnouf for 
 tills work, JJap I. at end. 
 
 Marble, u'In'te, blocks ol', of Greek Ilium, 
 27 ; sculptured, 28 (see Columns, &c.) ; 
 numerous fragments of, characteristic of 
 the strata of N. I., 010. 
 
 Martens, W. von, description of conchylia 
 found in Trojan houses, 318. 
 
 Maskelyne, N. tilory, Professor, on the 
 Trojan jade axes, 240 f., 440 n. 
 
 Masu, 123. See Mysians. 
 
 Matliilario, islet off Jthaea, supposed Ho- 
 meric Astcris, 45 ; ruins quile modern, 4tl. 
 
 Matweieff, A., author's agent at Moscow, 12. 
 
 Maialv.it, ' Decouvertes duns la Troade," 187. 
 
 Maxirainus J., coins of, N. I., 043. 
 
 Maynard, Mr., U. S. Minister to the Porte, 
 aids author, 44. 
 
 Mc'il, bruised, not ground flour, in 1st c, 
 234-5 ; in Homer, 235. 
 
 Measures, French and English, Table, viii. 
 
 Medes, the Aryan, early seats, and first 
 .settlement in Media, 121. 
 
 Meden, 0. von der, partner in the house of 
 Messrs. J. Henry Schroder aud Co., in 
 London, 13 n. 
 
 Medieol Pradiee -in the Troad, by Prof. 
 Virchow, Apji. \., 721 f. 
 
 ]\!ehlis, P., ' Sehliemann's Troja u. die Wis- 
 senscha/t,' 189. 
 
 Meincke, Louise, 3 ; her marriage, 3 n. 
 
 Meincke, Minna, 3 ; sympathy with author's 
 boyish enthusiasm for Troy, 4 ; mutual 
 attachment, 4; separation, 5; last meet- 
 ins, 0; her marriage, 3 /(. and 11. 
 
 Mda on X. Ilium: " Urbs bello excidioque 
 clarissima," 179. 
 
 Meleayer, satrap of tbe Troad, inscription 
 relating to, at N. I., 027 f. 
 
 Memel, burning of, in 185 i ; marvellous 
 pirescrvation of author's goods, 13. 
 
 Memnon, s. of Titbonus and Eos, leads 
 Acthiopians to aid of the Trojans, from 
 Persia, Assyria, or I'.gyiit, according to 
 I various accounts; killed liy Achilles; 
 probably leader of the Keteioi orllittites; 
 bis tomb, 159. 
 
 ]]rendaus, s. of Atreus, k. of Sparta, visited 
 by Paris, who carries off Helen' and his 
 treasures, 157; appeals lo Greek chiefs, 
 157; recovers Helen, 101; Egyptian story 
 of his visit to Egypt and receiving back 
 Helen fr. K. Proteus, 103 n.; ambassador 
 to Troy before the war, 104. 
 Metalluryists, mythical, in Phrygia, 254-5. 
 
MKTALLURnY. 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 Mitiilliirf/i/, rilics uf Trujan, Snl c, 409, 
 41i\ Si'c Cniclhlcs. 
 
 2U-tah : 1st c. ; gulil, silver, Irail, copper, 
 vd) /;•!)», 252 ; wlicnce obtained, 253 f. ; 
 ivorked in riiry2:ia, 25i-5 ; — 2nd c, lil^e 
 1st, tlioiiL;h iio lead or silver was found, 
 275 ; names of iii Asia Minor and Ci-reece, 
 of iSeniilic derivation; inference, 4bl. 
 See undia- the several IMetals. 
 
 jllctiijif, Doiic, s|ilcndid, of I'lioelius x\ polio, 
 vdtli horses uf the Sun, N. I., of best 
 Macedonian ai^e, C22 f. ; a cast in the 
 Brit. Mus., G22 ; remarks upon, by Hein- 
 rich Brunn, C22, and Lenorniant, 624 ; 
 the halo of i-ays dates from Alexauilcr ; 
 similar examples, 025 ; another mutilated 
 metope, with warriors, C25. 
 
 3Ietrui!onis, son of ThemistaL^oras, mutilated 
 statue of, with inscribed pedestal, by 
 Pyllieas of Argos, found in temple uf 
 Atliene, N. L, G.'Ju ; prolxtbly the orator 
 of Seelisis, put to death by Mithridates 
 VII., G35. 
 
 Mexiran animal-vases, 294. 
 
 Meyer, E,, ' 1>Ik Geschichte der Troas,' 180, 
 183, et passim. 
 
 Mice, field, mythological connection of with 
 the Teucrians and A[iollo fSmiutheus 
 (q. c), 121, 122. 
 
 Mile, Geographical , the minute of a degree 
 at the Equator = 10 Greek stadia, 
 71 /(. 
 
 Milesian settlers in Troad, in Lydian times, 
 128 ; at Abydos, 128 ; -at Apaesus and 
 Lampsacus, 132. 
 
 Mina, of Carchemish (Flittite), same as 
 Babylonian, used in Asia Minor ; rela- 
 tion to the silver ' talents,' Te., 471. 
 
 Miiidarus sacrifices tu Athene at Ilium, 
 170. 
 
 2[inipfah IT., k. of Egypt, the Pheron uf 
 Herodotus; peoples of Asia Minor con- 
 federate with Libyans against bim, 747. 
 
 Miniature Pottery, probably toys, abun^'ant 
 in 3rd, 4th, and 5th c, 407, 534. 
 
 i.o, Cypriote character on a polisher, 3rd 
 c, 444 ; on two cones of 5lh c, 12S, 5^3. 
 
 Mueriiir/eii on Lake of Bienne, lacuslrine 
 station, 230 et passim. 
 
 Mollusca, shells of, found at Troy, 322. 
 
 Mnlnrli. = Zeus Mcilichios, 154-5. 
 
 Mnlf/.c, Ciiimt von, ado])t3 the I'ounarljashi 
 theory from "military instinct," l.Sii. 
 
 Mornmsen, ^ Itomaii TJistejri/ ;' on the siip- 
 ]iosed Lydian origin of the Etruscans, 129. 
 
 ' Moiiarrli,' Il.M.S., oflicers of, present at 
 finding of treasures, 52, 490. 
 
 Muuk, 'Anjyptens Vormetallische Zeit," 583. 
 
 Morritt, answer to Bryant's ' Vindication of 
 Ilomir,' 186. 
 
 Mortars of lava, 1st c, 235 ; parallel ex- 
 amples, 235. 
 
 Martinet, He, ' Le Sirjne de la Croix,' 230, &c. 
 
 7l/.-.S((/c floors in strata of N. L, 610. 
 
 Mosrov:, author's house of business at, 12. 
 
 Jfcs, Vr. 7i', late of H.M.S. lieseardi, 208 ; 
 on the vitrilied Trojan flours, 313; classi- 
 fication of bones found in 3rd c, 322 ; lost 
 in the Atalarda, 322 n. 
 
 Motlier-of-piearl Bing, 3rd c, 414. 
 
 Mcjxdds for casting ornaments, imiilcments, 
 and weapons, ninety found (broken), 
 nearly all of mica-scbisf, a few uf clay, 
 one of granite, 432, 433; mode of 
 casting, 249, 250; two ditlerent methods, 
 434, 435; — 1st c, for arrow-heads, 219 ; 
 — 3rd c, six-sided, for battle-axes, knives, 
 &c., unique, 433; the only siujilar one 
 from Sardinia, 434; lor battle-axe, small 
 hammer, arrow-lieads, &c., 435 ; similar 
 of sandstone in Hungary, 430 ; — 4th c, 
 for ring and strange object, 568; — 5th c, 
 of limestone, 5S4-5 : — N. I., lerra-colta, 
 fur stamping figures iit relief, 018. 
 
 j\[ouiitaiiis of tlie Tioad, 68 f. 
 
 Midler, Max, German consul at Gallipoli, 
 sends workmen, 24. 
 
 j\luller. Max, Prof., on Athene' Glauc6])is 
 and Here I5o6pis, 282 ; on the iSvastika 
 and Sauvastika, 346 f. ; on jade tools, 
 446 n., 448 n. 
 
 J\[idlers, stone. See Corn-hruiters. 
 
 Miinif Effendi promises firman, 54. 
 
 Muialt, I'lqf'. von, author studies Latin 
 with, 15. 
 
 Mtirex. See Concliylia; Purple. 
 
 Murray, ^i. S.,Ol the Britisli Museum, 381. 
 
 Mnrray, John, the celebrated publisher, 
 672.' 
 
 ]\[us(iirris : — of Poidogne-sur-nier, 387; 
 Britisli, piassim ; hnperial, of Constanti- 
 nople, treasures from Troy in, 43 ; author's 
 liberality to, 44 ; itssl^ire ofobjects found, 
 51, 52, &c. ; Markisches, at Berlin, 223 
 it jiass.; of Modena, 230 et 2MSS.; National 
 Hungarian at Pnda-Pesth, 231, 375, et 
 pass.; of Nordiske (dihager, Copeidiagen, 
 215 et pass. ; if i^aiid (iermai n-i n-Laye, 
 215 etpass.; at Scliirerin, (J rami Ducal 
 Antignarinin, 222 et pass. 
 
 Myeena", autlior's first visit to, 18 ; interpre- 
 tation of Pausaniason the Itoyal Sepulchres, 
 ]iroved right, 18, 20, 45 ; shafts sunk there 
 (1874), 43 ; excavations at (1876), 45, 282 ; 
 
INDEX. 
 
 >:ovuM ilh;m. 
 
 779 
 
 book on Myctnae and Tiryaa, 45 ; etyuio- 
 lo'jj'nf tlie name, 282, 286 ; whurls louml 
 at, must of stone (j;en. stuatitej, d-w uf 
 tcrra-cotta ; the inverse of tlie iiroiiortious 
 at Ti'ny, 422 ; otiier comparisons, j«(ss(;/j. 
 
 Mllhlln. See Eilc'ithijia. 
 
 Myiina, domiuioii ol, 08; Lyrnessus ('/. c), 
 V.%. 
 
 Mill-ill'', tlie 'racer,' said to be an Anjazon 
 (Straliii), l-tT ; identical with Sm\ rLa = 
 Arteniis-C\ bele (Sa\ cej, 147, "Do. oee 
 Batii'ia. 
 
 ilyaia, relation to tlie 'I'road, G7 ; the name 
 denvuil from the I^NOiau fiucr'n- = lirk. 
 d|i'i;, " tlie beecli," TlKTi. 
 
 Myiiiiiii^, cross from Asia into Eiu' ifie ; their 
 C'iin|nest3 there, ll'J ; by some made 
 'I'hraeiaus, by others Asiatics, akin to 
 Lydiaus, lllJ ; their lani^uage akin to 
 Lydian and Phrygian, 119; the illasii. 
 (if Egyptian records, 123, 747; allies ol' 
 tlie Triijans, loS; relatinns of the ]iei.>ple 
 and their laiieua^(; to the Ehryeians and 
 Trojans; half Eydiau, half rhrygian, 
 704. 
 
 NAX^i, Babylonian goddess, figure of in 
 Biit. ilus,, bke a 'I'rcijanidol, .524. Coinp. 
 Artiiiiiis Karvi. 
 
 Kaustatli inV-S. Sec Ciiinp, KavaK 
 
 Xe, Cypriote and Hiitiie character, on a 
 'I'rojan seal ; ].erhaiiS the origin of the 
 SiriiyHka(^-dycr), 414. 
 
 Kti-hlacfs : guld, Tr., 486-7; .silver, of 
 rings strung on ivory, '\'r., 492-:'. ; e4' 
 beads, cemented liy chloride, Tr., 40:1. 
 
 Kti'illis, bone ami ivoiy : 1st c, 261, 262 ; 
 3rd c., 319, A'.V) ; bune, frequent m 4tlic., 
 571; less frequent In 5th c. than in tlie 
 preceding ones, 586. 
 
 Xeedles, metal: cupper, double-]ioiQted, 1st 
 c, 249; parallel examples, 2-19; 2Dd c., 
 274 ; — bronze, 3rd c, 505 ; bronze, with 
 eyes, some double-]iointed, 4th e., 564-5 ; 
 bronze, 5th c., 585-6. 
 
 Neoptohmus, s. of Achilles, brought from 
 Scyros to aid tlie Orceins, 160; shuts up 
 Trojans in c., 160; kills Priam, 161. 
 
 Ntphrite (green jade), axe.s, 2nd c, 275 ; 
 nature ; derivation of name, 275. 
 
 Nero, C. Claudius, s. of Publius, proconsul 
 of Asia (B.C. 80-79), praised in aa inscrip- 
 tion found at N. E, 636. 
 
 yero, when a ynulh, speech of, in Forum, 
 f.ir the Eians, 178; on coins of X. E, C46. 
 
 Nestor " of the llians," on coins of N. E, 643. 
 
 Newton, C. T., 'Dr. tichlitmann'sDiscoverizs 
 
 at J. Noi'iiiii," \H'.) ; on ignonince of paint- 
 ing in the 5 pre-historie cities, 225 ; on 
 the Trojan idols, 233. 
 
 Nir/iija ( cupboards), in walls id Trnjan houses, 
 with reniainsof food, explained by modern 
 houses, 317. 
 
 Niijii/aiiK JiaiiHisreiiiis oblains rrmission of 
 fine inijiosed uii lliaiis by Aeiippa, 178. 
 
 Ni'iliiiliii/]i:i\ Ihniiuiiii, the millei' reeiliiig 
 Hiimei', 7 ; his early and lati-r hie, 7 and 'n. 
 
 Nihi/iial's. d/. G., ' Jn/iiHiriijiliie ct riaii 
 striiti''ji,iii,: di: riliiidr; Isy. 
 
 Novum J /ill III, the 1 1 reek Hi urn, 19; a modern 
 name lor Strabu's 'existing' Ilium, not 
 used by classical writers, I'l, 38; site ol', 
 viewed frum Hissailik, 109; situaiioii, 
 three miles honi Ib-llespnnt, four from 
 Sigeum; inhabited by Aeolic Greeks; 
 inconsiderable till liomaii times, 167; 
 legendary reverence for; liic oidy pilace 
 tliut eiy-r lore the sacred uiiini: ; temple of 
 Athene in the Acni]Kjhs, 16S ; idenliiy 
 with Homer's Ilios first i|iiestioned by De- 
 metrius and Ilestiaea (</. c), 168, 174; 
 (comp. tide of Homers Ilios:) descrip- 
 tion of by Eolemon (if. v.), 168 ; visited 
 liy Xerxes, 168; strongly garrisoned, 170, 
 173; eaptuiedby Chaiidiinus, 170 ; visited 
 liy Alexander tlie • d'eat, 171; favoured, 
 enlarged, and fortified by Eysimachus 
 ('/. ('.), 172, 173 ; liy Anlioehus I. SnbT, 
 172 ; is seen in decay liy Demetrius ; his 
 statements questieined; mutual recognilinii 
 of Piomans and llians, 173; new iinpni- 
 tanee of lliurn ; jealoii.sy uf iieiglibuuring 
 cities, 174; sacked by Pindjria, 176-7; 
 impruved by Sulla, 177 ; receives favuurs, 
 exempliuiis, and privileges from .luliiis 
 Caesar, 177; iid.eiided lor capital of tlie 
 empire by Jnlius Carsar, Augustus, and 
 Constantine, 178, 180; liiir imposed by 
 Ai;ri|ipa, remitted tlirouji intercession of 
 HeroiEs; favoured by 6'ains Caesar, s. of 
 Julia ; visited by Ovid ; speech in favour 
 of by yuimg Nero secures exemption from 
 Claudius, 178; visit and mad pranks of 
 Caracalla (</. v.), 179; visit of Julian 
 (q. v.), 180 f . ; saeritieis tluii still nfl'L-rrd 
 to heroes, 181; abandunmeut ol, in 4lli 
 or 5tli cent., iiresuiiied rmm the liiiest 
 coins, of Constantiiis II. and Constans IE, 
 and from aVisence of any Pyzautine re- 
 mains; a bishopiie in futh century, 
 perhaps un another silr, ll-i3, G12 ; 20 
 shalts sunk, depth of drla-is in ; pottery 
 of all ae'es fmrn the lirst Aeulic culoniza- 
 tioii ■ numerous coins and incised gems 
 
780 
 
 ^^0\■UM II/.UM. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 OWL-ilEADED V.HSES. 
 
 picked up on surface, (;il2 : — Prolessur 
 Mabaffy uu its ivlatioii to Humur's 
 Ilios, App. ir,, ijSlJ f . ; its history traced, 
 fjSS, Os'j ; uld Trojan localities shown at 
 X. I. ; why invented, (JS8 ; proofs of iu- 
 siirnilicance befoie Alexander, l!89 ; but 
 fortilied, not a Koi^rj as Demetrius made 
 it, lici'J ; sudden expansion due to favour 
 (if Alexander and Lysirnaebus, exciiiog 
 envv, ijS'J ; the fine intiicted by Aeripjia, 
 a prnof of its impiirtance, 681t. 8ee In- 
 f;crijitioi:s and Coins. 
 
 Kovuiii J/iuui, AcriqirjUs of, callrd Per- 
 gamus (alter that of Troy), the 7th c. on 
 Hissarlik, OS; remains discovered, 0} It. 
 deep, 21 ; Douleuterion or Senatc-hoiisc, 
 21 ; <h.'hi-is of, deep on S. side of hill, 2:1 ; 
 Doric temple of Apollo, 23; marble blocks 
 belonging to buildings, 27-29 ; large « ine- 
 jars (tt'iBoi), 28 ; great temple of Athene', 
 29; site probably levelled for, 588; rea- 
 sons for the choice, G08 ; the city to the 
 E. and S. ; the temple where Xerxes and 
 Alexander sacrificed, probable remnants 
 of; later Corinthian, of Lysimacho~, 008: 
 Doric of Apollo (see Temples); blnck of 
 triglyphs; the (supposed) Senate-house 
 (see Boiileiiterion), inscriptions in or near 
 it; unavoidable destructiun of remains to 
 excavate Troy, 609 ; walls of delence, 
 ancient and Macedonian, 609, 610 (see 
 Walls, Toirer) ; slanting layers of dehris, 
 610; section of, 611; size, wealth, and 
 magnificence, attested by the ruins; 
 aqueduct ; theatre, 610 ; archaic Greek 
 jiotlenj (q. V.) and other objects of 
 ien-o-entfa (q. v.), 612 f. ; lamps, 620 ; 
 lead, 621; keys, 621, 622; glass beads, 
 622; the hue metope (7, v.) of Apollo, 
 622 f. ; cavern on W. slo}ie, 625-6 ; /«- 
 srrijifioiis ('/, 1'.), 627 f, ; eoiiis (q. v.), 
 611 r. 
 
 Niiijijeh. See Geild and Silver. 
 
 Kiji,qj/is, Grotto of, 49. See Grotto. 
 
 OAKS, abundant in Troad ; various species 
 (conip. I'liJovj-a) ; gall-bcariug, use of ne- 
 glected, 116, 117. 
 
 Otjsii/iaii knives in first 4 c, 247 ; still used 
 liy Jews for circumcision, 247. See also 
 Arrow-hewh. 
 
 Odyssey, xxivth Book of, a later addition, 
 649, 670. 
 
 Oenochoae (olvoxocu, " wdne-pourers "). See 
 Fliirjoiis. 
 
 Ociioiie, d. of It. Cebren, w. of Paris, 157. 
 
 Oil, scented, used by ladies after the bath 
 
 (Mom.), small tripod bottle, perhaps for, 
 3rd c., 405. 
 
 Ophir and its gold, 258 f. ; etymology, 259. 
 
 Opilrrynium, ruins of, at Palaeo-Kastron on 
 the Hellespont, 59, GO, 109; identified by 
 coins; acropolis same size as Hissarlik; 
 Hellenic jiottery only, GO ; Plector's tomb 
 shown at, 76, 670; coins of, X. I., 612. 
 
 Orestes, s. of Agamemnon; Dorian invasion 
 prubably prevented his reigning at My- 
 cenae ; reigned in Arcadia and Sparta ; 
 began the Achaean and Aeolian emigra- 
 tion, but died in Arcadia ; his sons and 
 grandsons, 127, 128. 
 
 Oriiinnentodion of ]'oFes : incised linear, 
 filled with chalk, 216 ; of furrows on 
 bandies, 217; of ovals, 221; painting 
 unknown, except a cuttle-fish in clay, 
 a cross, and owls' faces in cla}', 225; of 
 dots, 22G ; incised, on the wdiorls, 229 ; 
 remarkable on a potsherd, 232 ; remaid;;- 
 able on a pithos in shape of Greek A, 297 ; 
 spiral, bke the lifui carried by Hittite 
 figures 341. 345 ; zigzag, 357 ; the cuttle- 
 fish, ooO; of rows of dots, 366; tree, as 
 on many whorls, 367 ; wave, like Cv- 
 priote Ico, 309 ; bands, rope-like, &c., on 
 the great pitlioi, 379, 380 ; fluting, 392 ; 
 of cii'cles and cro.sses, like Pabyhmian 
 and Hittite, 412; of aniujal foims, on 
 whorls, 413; floral, painted, on the Besika 
 Te|ieh pottery, 668. 
 
 Orrinments of metal: see Bronze, Copiper, 
 Elertruui, Gold, Silwr ; akso Brooches, 
 Jiur-rini/s, Bendaiits, Fins, Biro/s, &c. 
 
 Grnitlojtof/y of the Troad, 112. 
 
 Otreus, k. of Phrygia, 12 >. 
 
 Uulou Dni-jli, visited ; probably Homer's Cal- 
 lieolone ; height; gtoh.igy ; view from, 59, 
 71 ; viewed from 'Troy, 109. See Calli- 
 colone. 
 
 Ovens for pottery unknown at Troy ; dates 
 of use, 2 19. 
 
 Ovid visits N. Ilium, 178. 
 
 Oivl, significance of, in connection with 
 Athene', 289 (eornp, Atliene' Gluncdpis) : 
 in P"gy]it a bird of ill-omen ; no owl- 
 headed deities there, 744. 
 
 Oivl-fiice, on flat idols (see Bdols); one 
 painted in black clay, 225 ; on vase- 
 covers (see Covers); — in monogram ; 1st c, 
 on fragments of bowls, 217, 247 ; 3rd c, 
 on a terra-cotta ball, 344. 
 
 Owl-head, terra-cotta figure of, with neck- 
 laces ami hair, 3rd c, 334. 
 
 On:l-headed. ]'ascs, with female cliarac- 
 teristics, represent tlie Athene Glaucupis 
 
INDEX. 
 
 of liuURT, 281, 282: of 2na c, 2!J0; 
 "with wing-liko anus, distinct from the 
 handles, 291 ; unique, nearest parallel 
 in the (jermau urns with liuuian faces, of 
 recent date (see Face- loses), 202-3 ; rude 
 flagons of Thera, with necklaces and 
 breasts, 293 ; — 3rcl c. ; general descriii- 
 tion ; the wing - like projections not 
 handles ; nevtr with holes for suspension ; 
 with cup on head; with two handles, 
 330, 3-10 ; with spiral ornaments, 311 ; 
 one which contained gold ornaments, 
 somewhat like a I'osen face-urn, 13, 
 341, 1S5 ; with ornament like Cypiiote 
 IiO, 312 ; must remarhahle , femnd in myal 
 palace, with necklace and scarf, 313 ; 
 very curious, with owl's face, necklaces, 
 hair, shield, and side vessels in form of 
 win;js, 344: — 4th c. ; one with ■:^ on 
 vulva, .'321; very curious, with basin on 
 head and cup in hands, .021 ; mouth- 
 piece of another, 339, 340 ; with wing-like 
 projections, 522:— .5th c, .574 f ; aV vlncl- 
 made, ofrudefahrlr^ nml urquil isli'd, 575 ; 
 the owl-headed vases and idols repre-ent 
 in Prof. Sayce's opinion the Eastern 
 goddess Atargatis, Ate', Cybele, Ma, and 
 Omphale, 694. 
 
 Oivh, innumerable in the trenches, 38, 113. 
 
 Vxen, two species in Troad, common {Bos 
 Taurus) and liufl'alo, 112; both used for 
 agricultiu-e, 112 ;— terra-cotta fi;^ures of (or 
 cows, q. i-\), 4th c, oljO. 
 
 PAEOXIAX.'^, connection with Teucrians 
 and Phrygia, 122, 123 ; allies of Troy, 158. 
 
 Paesus, R., 132 ; c, see Apa,esus. 
 
 Paintbirj and Pigments unknown in all the 
 5 pre-historic c, 222, 225 ; the very few 
 excepli(jns of painting with clay, 225. 
 
 Palaee af Priam (Horn.) compared with 
 chief's liouse of Burnt C, 32(;, 327. 
 
 PaJaescepsis (Old i:^ccpsis), myal seat of 
 Aeneas, 1G7 ; refounded (,Sce|isis) in the 
 plain, by Scamandrius, s. of Hector, and 
 Ascanius, s. of Aeneas, 107, 088. 
 
 Palaeocastron, Pr., no c/e7,r/s or pottery, 107. 
 
 Pulamedes taught the Greeks to play dice, 
 1118, 211. 
 
 PaJ/adiii/iii,, the, sent down fr. Zens to llus, 
 153, 043 ; or brought by Chryse to Dar- 
 danus as her dowry, 042 ; made Troy ini- 
 pregnable, 100 ; carried off by Dioinedes 
 and Ulysses, lOO, 178 ; said to liave been 
 preserved in the sack of N. I. liy Fimbria, 
 177; described, 153, 232; probably .yi- 
 credly coi-ied in the Trojan flat idols, 232, 
 
 320 ; identilied with Athene on a coin of 
 N. I., 289 ; apjiears oir many coins of X. I., 
 042, 043. 
 
 Paiidarus, s. of Lycaon, dominion of, 08; 
 the Lycians, fr. 11. Aesepus to Zeleia, 132. 
 
 Partopens. See Epeias. 
 
 T'aj pad, ikes, X., author's teacher in Greek, 
 14. 
 
 Paris (also Alexandros), s. of Priam and 
 Hecuba ; omens before his birtli ; ex- 
 pioseil on Ida arid brought up bv shepi- 
 lierds; wh}' called H/c',>'aH(/ros; his deci- 
 sion of the dispute of the three goddesses, 
 and its conseqnerrces ; visits Menelans and 
 carries off Helen, with treasure; returns 
 by Egypt and Phoenicia to Troy, 157; 
 shoots Achilles, 159; killed by Philoetetes, 
 100; Egyptian story about Palis and 
 Helen in Egypt, lOlvi.f. ; liouse of, on 
 the Pergamos, 140; the names Paris and 
 Alexandros native and Greek equivalents, 
 704. 
 
 Paslin 7'rpeh, Tamidus of, promontory from 
 into tlic plain, 108, 109; AVebb's site 
 of Troy; his errors, 108; Hiauer's tomb 
 of Aesyetcs, according to fttrabo, but 
 really his tmnulus of Eatieia (7. c.) or 
 j\lyrine, 650, 057 ; excavated by Mrs. 
 Schliemann, 108, 170, 050, 058; no signs 
 of sepulture, but very ancient pottery, 058. 
 
 Passaye, a narrow, between Trojan houses, 
 3rd c, 54, 323. 
 
 P'atavium founded by Antenor, 104. 
 
 Palroclus and the game of astragals (Horn.), 
 sculptures representing, 203; — his death 
 on coins of X. I., 014-0. 
 
 Patroelus, Tiniiidus ,if (Horn)., on the shore 
 by the Greek camp, 151 ; his reputed 
 tumulus an identification opposed to 
 Homer ; account of bis funeral ; his real 
 tumulus a cenotaph, 049; the reputed 
 tumulus excavated by Mr. I'rank Calvert ; 
 nothing founil, 050. 
 
 Pausanias for the X. 1. site of Troy, 210. 
 
 Paveinenls: of sti-cet through gates, 33 ; of 
 limestone flags, laid by 2iid settlers ; much 
 worn, covered by 3rd settlers with flags to 
 1st gate, with rough stones to 2nd gate, 
 205, 200,300; flags disintegrated by the 
 conflagration, 200; no wdieel marks, 205 
 (comp. Street) ; layers of debris over, after 
 the conflagration, 310 ; a level space paved 
 with flags and other stones, 40; of flags, 
 on wall of 2nd c, 207-8 ; on wall of 3rd 
 c, 305. 
 
 Pc'ise used by the Trojans, 118; probably 
 Homer's (pejiwdoi, o2l and n. 
 
782 
 
 PEtllM., II. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PITCHERS. 
 
 I'vchrl, ,1/., tiiu autlioi's limtlier-iu-law, 5//. 
 
 I'i'<hix>ix, on tlie Satiiiijis, ilrstroyed liy 
 Achilles, l:l-t; Iloraerir epitla'ts, 134; 
 su|ipiiseii Fiiliim of the EL'vjnian nionn- 
 iiierits, loi, 747. 
 
 I'njaxiiin, riiU"_'ailo bislmp (■!' N. Ilium, acts 
 as rrnide to Julian at Ilium, ISI. 
 
 I'chisjji(i/i!<, Asiatic, iloiuinioii of, on tlic 
 Aeolian ciiast, 12.3, 138 ; c, Larissa, ('y. v.) ; 
 Pcof. Sayce's remarks on, 127 ; the I'ulu- 
 aa/a or I'unjsala of E'.;y|itiaii records, 715, 
 71 S. 
 
 P,r,,/H„ts, sold, Tr., 487. 
 
 rrnvln^s, tomb of, accnrdin- to AVcbb the 
 I'lcsika 'I'cpch (y. ('.), (10."). 
 
 I'l'iitniir, E;j:yptian epic poem of, contains 
 nami's of peoples of A>ia Jlinor, 123. 
 
 I'viitJiraih'iii^ (p of the Amazons, aids the 
 Troiaiis ; killed by Achbles, 15',). 
 
 I'l.'jit/ii/iis, K. of Orestes, leads Aeolian colo- 
 nists to Thrace and the Troad, 127, 128. 
 
 FerriKjfi (vTfpKvui, IJom.), the one caL;le of 
 the Troad, 113. 
 
 I'eirutr (a- Pi'frtJjic (Bdr^as or F.ergas), c. 
 near the Hellespont, 133>. 
 
 I'lyrij, T)r. Ju/iii, on a I'nijan crncible, 408. 
 
 F(:rJ\>i-iil:il ten'a-cotta vessels: with handle 
 and 3> feet, to stand on the side, frciinent 
 in 3rd au'l 4lh c., all wheel-made, ]ier- 
 haps for draining; Imneycondjs ; snnilar 
 in Italian terra-mare, 373; — 4(h c, 
 556, 558; dillicidly of cx}ilainin;j; their 
 use; perhaps t(i pi-eserve fruits; similar 
 from Idiiides, I'lioenicia, llunsai'y, teria- 
 mare, and lake-dwelliiii;s, 55y. 
 
 I'erijiiiiiiiH, -tin, -II ill (Ji ne'/)-yn/jof, Hom. ; 
 TO rie'/j-yn^tfu' : Tii Hqiyaf^ia), the Acri'polis 
 of the Homeric Trey, 211; temples and 
 jialaees in; I'riani's house, 140, 211; 
 Homer's cuneeiitinn of, ]4ii; ascending 
 slope lif, 141; placcil by Leclie'\alier on 
 the Ilali Dagh, 185; Ilissarldv tiist sup- 
 posed t.) be, 38 (see Tmif) \ the name 
 conlinued in the Acrepciiis of Kni'iiiii 
 Jliinii ('/. r.) : I'lTiiiiiiios uiit I'tynioloji- 
 eally connected with rri'imns, 701. 
 
 /'ciyiiiiiiiiii, the famous c. in JTwsia, 150. 
 
 I'riyiiiiitis, cities in (_'rete, 122; foundation 
 ascialied to Aeneas, 15(1; in Pieria, 123. 
 
 I'lrrii/. '/., ' li,.rrii-rsinii U 'Jruleei aux Sources 
 ihi Mniiln-i'; ISH. 
 
 r. riiriitii aiiimal-vases, 201. 
 
 I'rslirn u[ limcslouc and grauile, 1st c, 235. 
 
 J'rti rshiii-i/, St., author's establisliinent ill 
 business at, 1 1. 
 
 I'i'li-ii, unkiLown ]ilace in Troad, named on 
 an inscription of iN'. I., (.1.32. 
 
 Pffroirsl-i/, IL, the author's brother-in-law, 
 5 //. 
 
 PhaJliift or Pn'itjiUii, of stone: 2nd c, 276; 
 mytlioloiy and worship ol', 276 f. ; one on 
 ]\I. Sipylns in Lydia, 27M, 452-3 ; some 
 of 3rd c, 452 ; one of nhite marble, 5th 
 c, 5.^4. 
 
 Pliihic/rffx, brought from Lcnmos to Troy, 
 according to a prophecy, kills Paris, 160. 
 
 P/ivriiirijtiiti, migration of, from the Persian 
 Gulf, 260. 
 
 Pliorkijs, Homeric port of Ithaca, supposed 
 to be Dexia, 49. 
 
 Plirijtjiit, N.E. boundary of Priam's do- 
 minion, 67; rich in iiocks and wool, 112 ; 
 mythical metallurgists in, 254-6 ; art of 
 fusing metals invented in, 255. 
 
 Phrijglans, akin to Mysians, 119; relations 
 to Trojans ; Phrygian names of Trojan 
 heroes ; allies of Trojans from a distance 
 (Homer), 120, 150; called Thracians, 
 said to have been once neighbours of the 
 Jlacedonians, and to have ujigrated to 
 Asia; affinity with Armenians; their lan- 
 guage related to Mysian and Lydian, and 
 closely to Greek ; other grounds of connec- 
 tion with Greeks; common legends; the 
 Pelopiils from Phrygia, 121; relations of 
 the people and their language (o the 
 Mysians and Ti-ojans, 704. 
 
 P'ir/.Ti.vi- ami S/iridr, erilicisrn of, 518, 672. 
 
 I'hiiifit. Sec Pnhisiis. 
 
 Pi':/, terra-cotta, covered with stars, N. I., 
 (.116. 
 
 Piijioii on clay disc of N. I., 619. 
 
 Pit in in Hungary, vases from, 223. 
 
 Pirif ofcoiipcr in 1st c. ; parallel exatnples, 
 249 ; of bone and ivory, 261, 262. 
 
 Pifrlirrn, terra-cotta (comp. Jii;/k): of 3rd 
 c, long and tliick, for di'awing water 
 from well, with marks of the rop.e on 
 han.lles ; like the ancient l-^gyptiau 
 bnekcts, 3,81; rude, i olished, wheel- 
 niade, peculiar to old c, 3'J3-5; similar 
 from ISethlehem, Egypt, Cyprus, aiul 
 Szihalom, 394; otliers, uni(iue, 396; — 
 4th c, 529; rude, of a foian very abun- 
 dant, 53.3 ; lusti'ons-red, alnindaiit in 3rd 
 and 4 til c, 535; double-handled tripod, 
 540 ; hau.l-made, 553-5 ; thick cylindri- 
 cal for iliawiiu; water, with impression of 
 rope on handle, 554, 555 ; — 5th c., <aie- 
 bandled, of hour-glass form, 578, 579; 
 rude, of fiei|uent type, 581 ; — of 6th c. 
 liand-mti.de with incised ornamentation 
 like embroidca-)-, 590-1; similar from 
 Italy and Lydia, 591; with fiosses or 
 
INDEX. 
 
 POMEGRANATES, 
 
 tbo 
 
 Imrn-like projeclioiis, 5'.t2— '_! ; like those 
 i'ouiiil at liovio, 593 ; pitcluT with spout 
 ill side, peiiiaps for feeding Ixihies, 5'J7. 
 Pithoi (nlBoi), terra-cotta, in Tnijnn liase- 
 mcnts, for lood, water, oil, &c. ; discovery 
 of, li^, 3- ; — ill 'Jiid c., rudely made, 279 ; 
 Prince liisniarek's explaiintiim ol' tiieii' 
 makin;j; and baking, 279, 2Si), O'^^H ; Vir- 
 cliow's opinion, r>20 ii. ; always (hirk r&i ; 
 fragment of one, 280; mentioned hy 
 Homer and Hesiod in the legend of Pan- 
 dora, 281 ; — of enormous size in 3rd c., 
 32, 54; tl;e great one presented to the 
 Eoyal iluseum of Berlin, its peculiar 
 form, 378, 379 ; numerous and nearly 
 all ilestroyed ; nine below the temple 
 of Athene; great number, geneially 
 covered with flags, but empty, 379; iu 
 a few, carbonized grain, &c., 317, 37',i ; 
 jilain, or decorated with simple Imnds, 
 379, 380; — gigantic of fith c., found in 
 s/r(, thoroughly baked, 588. 
 Pityeia, c, and Pifijus, district, in territory 
 of Parinm, 132; said to be old name of 
 Larapsacus, 133. 
 Phiia of Troy, n(jt of marine formation ; 
 and no evidence of growth towards tlv 
 Hellespont, 84; Maclaren on the allnviid 
 deposits iu, 86 ; investigations of Virchow 
 and Purnouf, 88, 89; not 'maleriully 
 ijltn-rd liinrii the 'frojair War, 89; con- 
 firm' d Ijy Fnrclihauinier and Spratt, and 
 liy the anilior's ob~eivatmns, '.lO ; //-c 
 sea has rather admiic.d on the hi.inj, 91 ; 
 misinterpretation of Homer's (vpvi KuXnoi, 
 91 ; panoramic view of, 103 ; Ijivadth 
 of; linmided on W. by hills skiitiim' 
 Ae'_;ean, lOG ; Plomer's ^ptorr/xut tteOioio, 
 the I 'pjMr Plain, n<,t a hill, none in the 
 I>lain, 115; small exteut of, argument 
 against iV. I. site, relut&l, 174, 175; 
 alleged growth of, disproved, 203-207 
 (comp. AtlnrlaJ De/iosi/^); extent of, 
 and view over, from Ujek Tejieli, (1(8; 
 framedhy^ chain of volcanic i^ck from 
 the Hellespont to the Aegean, 078. 
 PlaJciii; d. of Atreus or Lencilipns, wife ol 
 
 Laoniednii, loll. 
 Phinlid Dirnjation, ou vascs ; on a vase- 
 cover, 113; on whorls, 413, 418, 419, 
 420, <V-c. 
 Piaiif^ -/ tJie Troad, list of, by Professors 
 Ascherson and von Heldreich, and Ur. P. 
 Kmiz, A|>p. VI., 727 f. 
 Plaster ol' clay on house-walls, 30, 31. 
 tlule of CniqM'r, with two discs, perhaps 
 hasps lor the chest, Tn., the first object 
 
 <!' the (Ireat 'IVeasure caught siglit of, 40, 
 453, 408-9; — of gold, ornamented iu in- 
 taglio, Tr., 493. 
 Plates, teri'a-cotta, jierliaps Ibr lining house- 
 walls, peculiar to 2nd c, 281. 
 I'laJes (and Dishes), terra-cotia, shallow and 
 deep : — 2ud c, all « lieel-made, very rude, 
 303; similar ones lonnd at Magyarad in 
 Hungaiy, 304; also Ira'iinents of black 
 liaiid-made plates, 304 ;— .')rd e., mostly 
 small j'elldw wheel-made, without handles; 
 the band made larger, brown or red, 
 polished and better baked, 407, 403 ; no 
 marks of » ear, 408 ; similar from Assyria, 
 Cyprus, Hungary, Gerunany, 408; — 4th c, 
 wheel-made, rmie and un|iolished, shal- 
 pjw, as in 3i'd c., 544; hand-made, deep, 
 polished, lustrous-brown or red, sometimes 
 with 1 or 2 handles ; some tripod and per- 
 f(jrated ; one with cross ]>ainted in red 
 clay; sinnlar, but wheel-made, in Cyprus, 
 544 ;— in 5th c, none n-l:erI-,ioide, 582. 
 Plalforuis. See Excavatinns id llissorlilc. 
 I'lolit recognized connection of Creek and 
 
 Phrygian languages, 121. 
 /'////// calls N. Ilium " the fjuntain of all 
 
 celebrity," 179. 
 I'hdarch fjr the X. F. site of 'lr..y, 210. 
 Pudarees, s. of Laoiiiedjn, 151'.. See I'riam. 
 Poeinanenians, iif I'dCmanenon, S. of Cy/.i- 
 
 cus, in an inscription ol iN. F., G3G. 
 Poleiiion, ti( X. Ilium, his description 
 (Tr€puiyi]ms) "f ihe city ; identifies it with 
 ILmier's llios, 138, 173. 
 Polls, valley in llhaea, supposed site of the 
 Homeric capital, disproved; tlie vatvraj 
 rock Castrun not a fortress; shafts suid;, 
 negative results ; pottery, tombs, coins, an 
 inscriplion, all much later, 15, -13. 
 Polisher (probably) of teira-cotta, curiously 
 
 decorated, 3rd c, 422. 
 Polishers, stiii'.c, for pottery, il'c. : fst c, 218, 
 233, 237;— 3rd c, (if jasprr, diorUe, and 
 porphyry ; one inscril.ied with the I 'ypriote 
 iiio, 4 13, 4 14 ;— livquent in 4th c, 571. 
 I'nlil'rs, s. of Piiani, 157, 171, 350. See 
 
 Ai-syeles, 'J'nnlid IIS of. 
 
 piiliniii^ or Pnlisiiiii, Ijiiilt by the Astypa- 
 l:ieans on the Siinois ; its site at Koum 
 Ka.i, 81. 
 
 Pol ydiiriis^ s. of Priiini, 157. 
 
 Puli/i/oiiiil 3/iisnnri/, no proof of antiquity, 
 57, 192. 
 
 Poli/.reioi, i\- "I Priam, 157; intemled mi|i- 
 tials of Ailiilles will), 159; siierilieed on 
 tomb of Achilles; another account, 104. 
 
 Pomegranates in the Tio;id, 118. 
 
784 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 I'oiie, A., oil Horner's tixeJ ei.ithets, 284. 
 I'orceluiii, Kijyplian, staff-liaiuUis (il, iird c, 
 
 si'iii of relations with E'_'ypt, i'l'J. 
 l'oKi:iili)ii, ill story of Laonifdon, link of 
 
 coiiiiiictiou with I'lioeiiicia, I'Ju. 
 I'ostoluccas, Achilles, account of the coins 
 
 fouiiil at N. Ilium, 641 f. 
 I'ohlienk usoi.l for sttinus in avails of royal 
 
 house, 3r(l c, 325. 
 PofJer'.'s Wheel, known early in Egypt, 213 ; 
 
 known but not common in 1st c, 211. 
 I'otJerjl (couip. Uoivls, Cups, Covers, 
 D/'shes, Gohle's, Jars, Ju^/s, rithoi, 
 I'lales, Urns, T'ase.s, &c.) : first discovery 
 ot, in the successiye strata ; coarse hand- 
 luade in otli and -1th, better hand-made 
 in 3rd, 21 ; in 2 lowest strata, diU'crent 
 from those above, 23 ; enormous quantity 
 in a Trojan house, 30 ; of Eoman age in 
 K. Ilium, u'J ; nearly all of pre-liistoric 
 cities in fragments, 30 ; in Ithaca, 10, 
 47 ; on JI. Aiitos, like that of 1st and 
 2nd c. of Troy, 48 ; only Greek at Bounar- 
 bashi, o5 ; of (ith or Lydian c., unlike 
 tlie rest, like the Etruscan, 128 ; on site of 
 iJardanus, Greek only, 131 ; the cornu- 
 CMji/f(. of pre-)uftoricarcha.'ologioat wisdom; 
 antinuity of the art, 213; test of advance 
 in civilizatioij, Lill ; test of race, 279 ; of 
 chronology, the latest found in ruins a 
 limit of their age; it may be later, but 
 cannot be earlier, 6G3. 
 FrjUerij of \st City, 213 : use for all utensils 
 of life, cellars, and coffins ; no tiles; best 
 of all llie pre-historic cities; far the most 
 of it hand-made; some wheel-made, 214 
 and ;(. ; lustrous-black colour, 218 ; how 
 produced, 220 ; polished by stones ; rougli- 
 iiess duu to materials, 218; mode of fabri- 
 cation; clay coating; baking at an (jjieii 
 fire, ovens unknown, 219 ; very imper- 
 fect, 232; feet of vases, 223, 224; re- 
 markable fjohlet {'[.v.), 224; miniature 
 pitcher, 225 ; piece of a slab, perhaps of a 
 box, 220; 2 funeral irnis ('/. cj, injured 
 by moisture, 227; teri-a-cottaai/jor/s (17. v.), 
 229; discs (</. v.), 231 ; the only perfectly 
 baked p..tslu.,)d of tlie 1st c, 231. 
 I'uttecij of 'Zrol City: different from 1st, 
 204, 278; the gigantic jars {iiilJtui^ '/■''■)> 
 279 ; plates, perhaps for house-walls, 281 ; 
 oul-vases (y. v.), 281 f., and covers, 291, 
 292 ; vessel in shape of a sow, 294 (see 
 Animal Vases) ; vases witli verlieal tubn- 
 lar holes fjr sus|ierision, 295; tripnds, 
 295,290; all tliese are hand-made, 200 ; 
 a wheel-made tripod, 290 ; vases with 2 
 
 and 3 handles, 297 ; potsherds with in- 
 cised decoration; one witli written cha- 
 racters, 298 ; the inscri]ition discussed, 
 G97 ; the remarkable two-hamlleel goblets, 
 Homer's 8€nas dfKpLKVTreWov (see Arnplii- 
 l-ypeUori), 299 ; fragments like the remark- 
 able vase from the chiefs house of 3rd c, 
 302, 303 ; whorls, 304 ; plates, all wheel- 
 made, very rude, 303. 
 Putlery of ■.ird City: all liand-made, 329; 
 imperfectly baked at open fire, 329 ; much 
 (esp. potsherds) completely baked by the 
 conflagration, 329, 521 ; owl-faced idols 
 and vases (<[. v.), 329 f ; tilpod vases, 
 354 f ; curious boxes and covers, 300; 
 unornaniented tripods, 302 ; vases (ej. v.) 
 of various forms, .363 f. ; vase-covers, 
 flat, cap-like, and stopper-shaped, 354, 
 368-70; decorated potsherds, 370; elepa 
 umphikypeVa (y. v.), 371 ; jjerforated 
 tripods, 373 ; crow-n - handled covers, 
 374-5 ; vessels in form of animals, 
 375 f. ; hooks, probably for clothes, 378 ; 
 the great jars (pithoi), 378 f . ; solid 
 piiteher for drawing water, 381 ; various 
 vases (cp v.), 381 ; tripod, with three con- 
 ined cups, 384 ; jugs or flagons (j. v.), 
 with double spouts of two kinds, 384, 
 385 f. ; rude polished wheel-made pitchers, 
 peculiar to this city, 393-4; bottles, 390, 
 3tJ5, 390 ; wheel-made cup and tripod- 
 dish ; bowls, with handle and spout, 
 396; large, with two handles, 307; ani- 
 ]liora', 307, 308; vases and bottles with 
 2, 3, and 4 handles, 400-402 ; large mix- 
 ing bowds, 4()3 (see Craters) ; barrels, 404 ; 
 vessels with spouts in the side, use of, 406 ; 
 niiniafnre vessels, 407 ; fragments deco- 
 rated with circles and crosses, 4] 2; curi- 
 ously ornamented vase-cover, 412, 413. 
 I'ot'try^ <f ith City: like 3rd, but some 
 new forms ; coarser and ruder, wheel- 
 made, 518; only half-baked, 520-1; 
 owl-headed female vases, 521 ; fragments 
 of ornamented vases and handles, 524 ; 
 vase-neck, incised, and (perhaps) man 
 with uplifted arms, 525 ; suspension and 
 other vases, jugs, pitchers, cups, &c. (q.v.), 
 525; liUipulian vessels, probably toys, 
 abuialant in 4th and 5th c, 534; de-pa 
 onipliikyjiella, 535 f. ; plates, 544 ; vases, 
 jugs, flagons or oenochoae, 545 f ; per- 
 loratcd vessels, 550-8. 
 Pottery of rdh City : same patterns as 4th, 
 Ijand-made and wheel-made, but generally 
 inlerior, 574; owl-headed female vases 
 and Covers (ly. v.), all 'wheel-7nade and 
 
rOTTEUV. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 RHOETEUM. 
 
 78.J 
 
 uiqtol i^lied ; other pottery jioliKlied, 575 ; 
 tbe dtpas amphik>ji)eUo)i Las become very 
 small, 577 (see lioVhs, (JnpH, Gobkls, 
 Jugs, Pitchers, Vases). Xnt,' ou pottery 
 of ord, 4th, anil 5tli cities, 5s;; n. 
 
 Vulleri/,,/ tJie iifh or ],i/ili,ii, Citij: tutally 
 dillereut in shaiie and I'ahiic t|-;jii[ tliat .it 
 the fire life-liisloi-ic cities, ainl tliat ul 
 N. Ilium, 5«7, 5sy ; tlie ,L;i^'aiilic. ^)/7/,„s 
 found /// situ, 588 ; iieaily a[[ hand-ma. h.-, 
 and mixed witli crushed stones, particu- 
 larly mica; generally bulky ; coated with 
 a Avash of elay beliire bakiiit;; sli-^htly 
 baked; dull black, like the Albauo "hut- 
 urns, bet some dull )tI1o\v or brown, 5S8. 
 
 T'ljltryij of X. ].: archaic <b\'ek, painted; 
 fragments of vases, bowls, vas"-liandles 
 spouts, &c,, Ijl--(;f5 ; au archaic viise- 
 head, with vei tical tubular holes for sus- 
 pension, 'll-f; iir.tsherd with signs like 
 liieroglyplis, Cl'.l. Comp. I'l-n-n-rottns. 
 
 Vollery found in Besika Teicli, i;nni|.ared 
 with that of llissarlil;. See' A'cs/V.vt ■repch. 
 
 I'o'lenj found in Uanifi Teiieh, the pre-liis- 
 toric Thjliibra. See 'lliijinhrii . 
 
 Pottery, Ktruscan, like tint of Otli c. on 
 llissarlik, 5S7. 
 
 Pr<)kese]i.-()Kleii, ' Eriinienjn<ien aus Aeyyp- 
 
 teti uinl Klrin-Asii;,,' and ' Denlewiir- 
 
 dn/keileii- tend Priiiiieruiiijea aus dem 
 
 (irieiit; IMj. 
 Pioh Its, k. iif Kgypt, receives and expels 
 
 I'aris, detains llflrn and n stores iier to 
 
 Jleiiibuis, KU „. I ; pinbably liamseslll., 
 
 li;:; //., 7-17. 
 I'ldszl.'ij, !■'., on a (lopper Age, 257. 
 Pui,rl,rs, CM|.|,er, 1st and 2nd cities, 250; 
 
 biiiiize, :h'd c, 505. 
 Puqile dijriiitj, fronr the luurex, an ancient 
 
 'i'rojan mduslry, 115. 
 Pyramid, small, of green gabbro-rock, 
 
 ]migg(d uilb leail, Mnl c., 4J4. 
 Plitlnn^ ol' Argos, seulptoi' of statue of 
 
 Wetrodoins fmind at X. 1., C'b",. 
 
 QUACK, 21 T;., consul of Jlecklenburg at 
 Anisterdam, aids author, 0. 
 
 Quien, F. (J., author's employer at Amster- 
 dam, fl, 10 ; coinmcrcral house of, 9 n. 
 
 Qiinit (Sia-Koi, discus) of granite, 5(h c, 
 584; in Homei-; etymology; found in 
 iJenrnark and England, 585. 
 
 PlAMHIiH II., l~'esostris, V. of Egypt : pro- 
 
 Poinidrrs for crushing coarse piarticles iu i pies of Asia jMinnr and the islands eon^ 
 
 clav lor [lottery, b-t c , 2.;7. 
 
 I'rarliiis, II., ilescnbed, bH. 
 
 Prendergast, '/. /,., ' (,'irncorila'ice to the 
 Iliad of l-knaer; 40;b 
 
 Priora (npui/aoT, Hi'iri.; Am, I. nei'jpano^-, 
 Ibsych.;, first called 7',«A/,-. r.s, s. of 
 LaomedMn, spared liy Jlerakh'S and 
 ruiisoiiieil (Tij>u'tiJ.(v(ii) by ilesionc; tlie 
 tjiiiiiyiii (f Pcrgit iiiiiii, (llinfej; marries 
 llecahc (^Hecuba;, lob; his lilly sons and 
 twelve daughters, 157; kilird Iw Neoplo- 
 leiuits, IGl ; p;i].iee nf, .ai the I'ergamos, 
 140; still shown by ihc fireck Iliaris, 
 
 federate wiili the Khila against him, 71(; ; 
 
 liistorieal linindabiai for the tradition ol 
 
 his cxprditKJiis as lar as Thrace, 749, 750. 
 L'lAinscs III., k. i.f Eg\'pt, the Proteus of 
 
 lbriid(ilu<, lli:i //., 747 ; ch IVats I'Coples of 
 
 Asia JMiiinr and the islands alliid in the 
 
 im asiun nf l'"gypt, 718. 
 liiishid Pasha, obtains a firman, 44. 
 Pattlis of lerra-cottn, 3rd c, 4i:i; 4th c; 
 
 foiinil in Mnerineen lake-dwellings, 5.'j.j. 
 Paraissoii tie Mulini, site of Troy, lilO. 
 Patfliitsttii, I'rif. (l , ' llistirry tf Ilcro- 
 
 dtjtits,' 188. 
 
 211 (see JS'ovutii lliitnt); " Pritt m, cf tlte Jen Kini, titmtdiis above, (;-l8; excavated 
 
 lliaris,'' legend on enins of N. Ilium, 171), 
 CJ3 ; Yirchow's plea f'lr retaining the 
 nnine, 084; his name Ilf/i^a^of, mig. Pe- 
 rytttttts, not connected willi rif/>yri/ios', but 
 wdth tlie L\diaii TrnAfief, " king," accord- 
 ing to Prof. Sayce, 70 1. 
 
 Priaiti, dominion of, (17; Iliiiin and sur- 
 rounding eoiiutry; cilies, T'hymlira and 
 IiaaM (.see Troy), lo8. 
 
 I^riam, Tuttridvs ttf, on the ISali Dagli, (151 ; 
 opened by Jlr. Erank Calvert ; structure 
 of stone in the centre, ]irobably the base of 
 a monument, 055, 050; a few potsherds, 
 but no sign of sepulture, 050. 
 
 Pruii'Us. See I'htillus. 
 
 IjV Jlr. bred. Calvert; a mere natural 
 mound, 0,55. 
 
 Peiiitell, Mitjttf, ' Tiijiogrttplty of tlte Plain 
 ttf Trtiii,' 188; laj Alexander's belief in 
 the N. i. site of Troy, 210. 
 
 Phett, m. of the gods, worslii]) of, coramou 
 to Phrygians and 'i'rojans, 121. 
 
 Phesii.s, P., iis"S in Ida, 08, 100. 
 
 PIttiditi.s, P., lisis 111 Ida, 08 ; desoiibed, 100. 
 
 PItofleititt, Pr. ( in Tepeli), on the Hellespont ; 
 distance Irom Sigeiim ; several pieaks, hence 
 named in plural ; lieiglif; this and Sigeuni 
 not named in iloiiH'r, Ijut once alluded to 
 as liaving tin/ (irerk naval camp between 
 tliein, 72, 73, 103. Sec (_'fint/i. 
 3 E 
 
786 
 
 EHOETEL'M. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SAYCE, A. H. 
 
 Bliii'teii.tii, town, 73, 101; indfiieinieiit of 
 
 K. I., Vu. 
 lilioiisi jiui/Ios, A., Piof., letter to author on 
 
 kej' m shape of a IIermcs-[iillar, 021 
 
 and ■//. 
 Blii/t'iii, a Greek vessel, like those with 
 
 horses' lieads in Utli c. and Etrmia, oll,3. 
 liihs of animals, shaiiieueil, Ith c, fitin. 
 Hii-Jiter, (J. F. vun, ' WaVfahrtcn ini Mor- 
 
 fjeti/uixh;' 18H. 
 Hirrllrr, J., ' Ueher Scldiemann's Ans'jra- 
 
 /-'(//;/-;/,' ISO. 
 lUiig, of niother-of-pearl, 3rd c, 414; of 
 
 (liorite, 3rd c, 430. 
 Biiiijs of fiaked clay, iirohalily stands for 
 
 vases with round or pointed liottorns: 
 
 L'ml c, 298; ireqiient in 3rd and 4ili c., 
 
 440, .5(;0, 501; in llungaiy and Swiss 
 
 lake-dwellings, 440, olil. 
 Siiir/s, lar-ie copper, helouging to helmets, 
 
 3rd c, r,I3. 
 Biiiijs for fingers and hair: bronze, 3rd c, 
 
 005 ; 5th c, 585-6 ;— gold, 2ud c, 272 ; 
 
 probably for the hair, 3rd c, 'J'r., 498, 
 
 502; with s|iiral ornamentation, 'I'r., 503. 
 Bivers of the 'i'load, 73 f. : — names of rivers 
 
 always iiersistent, 77. 
 Bnhrrts, ir. <'I,(Tiidln; I'rof, on the copper 
 
 eif the 1st c, 251 ; on Trojan metallurgy, | 
 
 409,410; rf 2,ass'l,l. "' j 
 
 li'ocJ:, Xiiliri\ at rlissarlik, about 53 ft. I 
 dee]i, 22 ; comp. Dingr;im at \k vii. ; of soft 
 limestone; old soil up"n, 212. 
 
 B'ti iiur, /■'., Prof., on imiilernents of jade, 243. 
 
 Bmivi on coins of X. I., (ill, (jlC. 
 
 i/<///(<'//s enter Asia; nnitual recognition with 
 Ilians, as parents and children; fivour 
 Ilium and enlarge its territory, 173; letter 
 (if S.P.f^).!!. to Selcncns in I'avcmr of Ilium ; 
 acknowledge their descent from Troy, 178. 
 
 Buiifa, Trojan (ancient and modern), flat, of 
 beams Covered with clay, 214. 
 
 Bupe-ji'itlrni : band on the great ^liV/di;', 3rd 
 c, ■"179, 3,-1); handle and banil on a Jul', 
 3rd c, 390; bands and handles on the 
 Bcsika Teijch pottery, 067. 
 
 i,'c)Se//'e,s, ornamentation of Babylonian origin, 
 lironght by Phoenicians to the West, 494. 
 
 A'».ss(/(;);/', run, pastor ot Aidierslitigen, 
 ghost of, 1. 
 
 SACIUFIi'KS to Troj:in heroes at N. I., 
 2111. 
 
 >i,i,lill,-fjti,^ni!\ (or stone hand-iuilU), very 
 abinidant in the 4 lower e., especially 3rd 
 and 4th, 44H ; of trachyte anil lava in 1st 
 c, 234; parallel examples, 231; 2nd c. 
 
 275 ; Very rare in 5th c., 573 ; at Thym- 
 bra, 711. 
 
 Safvet Faslia aids author, 44. 
 
 Si-ilamis, fortifications of, example of later 
 jiolj'gonal niasonr}', 57, 192. 
 
 Salisbury, 8., ' Troy and Homer,' 100. 
 
 Salonirai, coins of, N. I., 641. 
 
 Sumofliriice, I., seen from Hissarlik ; seat of 
 Poseidon to view battles at Troy, 105; a 
 sacred seat of primitive metallurgy, 256. 
 
 Suiiijariits, E., in Phrygia, abode of Hecuba's 
 brother on, 120. 
 
 Saore, 11., in Samothracc, 105. 
 
 t'arpedon, leader of Lyoians, 158 ; his death 
 on Coins of X". [., 645, 646. 
 
 Satriiuis, P., described, 101. 
 
 Sauvastiln ^ and Seastika 4^, frequent on 
 whorls, ifcc, brouglit to Hissarlik by the 
 3rd settlers, 340; a sign of good omen, 
 froiri Sanskrit .s», "well," and ns, "to 
 be " = f i'eo"rtK/; (fv and fcrri, or fu eVrto), 
 346, 347 ; Prof. Max Miiller upon ; objec- 
 tion to use of word out of India ; dis- 
 tinction between ^ and Lf^ ; earliest 
 occurrence in India, 346-7 ; used for 
 marking cattle ; origin probably in a 
 simple cross; use in Buddhist inscrii> 
 tions. Coins, and JISS. ; first attested on a 
 coin about 3u0 B.C., 347 ; in foot-prints 
 of Bu(bllia, 347, 349 ; the Nand yCiriirta, 
 its development, 347 ; in later Sanskrit 
 literature ; occurrence in China, Asia 
 Jlinor, Etruria, and Teutonic nations; 
 how the sign got its meaning, 348 ; 
 perhaps a moving wheel as symbol 
 of the sun, 348, 353 ; also of the earth, 
 348-9 ; on a Trojan ball ; on a potsherd, 
 349; frequent on balls and whorls, with 
 other symliols, 350; Bnrnonf's views 
 on the Ft 'iiiil 'J^, f^ and '^, and <^, 
 the cross for gencratnig fire, o51 ; lound 
 frequently and wide-spread in Europe 
 ai]d Asia, 350-2, China, 352, W. Africa, 
 352-3 ; at Mycenae, Athens, and Cyprus, 
 353 ; Prof Sayce and Mr. 'iliomas on, 353 ; 
 on whorls, ;!rd c, 416-18, 420. 
 
 t'tiira, of Hint and ehalcedonv, single and 
 double edged : 1st c. 246 (eomii. .S/fer) ; 
 parallel examples, 240 ;— 3rd c, 145 ; fre- 
 (|uent in 4th c, 571; — silex, only 3 in 
 Oth c, 583 ; such Ibund at Ilehvan in 
 Lower I'gypt, 583 ; — luoie of bronze at 
 llissarhk,exce]it one thin one m the great 
 'I'reasure, 274-5. 
 
 Si.iyri', A. II., Professor, distinguishes wal's 
 <ir 1st and 2nd cities, 24, 213: bis ' Frln- 
 cijilrs of Coiriparatu'e Bluluhyy,' 121; 
 
SCAMAXDER. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SCIILIEMASN, DR. 
 
 for the Hissarlik site, I'/iO ; citicl jjiissirn ; 
 "On the Inscriptions luiind at Hissarlilc," 
 App. III., p. 601 f. 
 
 Scaiuttiidei; f. of Teueer, 110. 
 
 Scamaiider, K. (Meuderc) : Homer's warm 
 and cold sources near I'roy, 14:4 ; not the 
 sprino;s of Eounarbashi, 18, 55, 78 (comp. 
 Springs) ; sources of in M. Ida described ; 
 height; temperature; Yirchow's discus- 
 sion of ancient opinions, 58 ; they are 
 in GarL;arus, 58, (";0 ; but placed by 
 Strabo in Cotylus, 78; called X(tnthu$ 
 (yellow) by the gods, /.<■. by the Greek 
 settlers, probably a translati^m of the 
 native name, 78, 113 i;., 705; pamning 
 etymoloey of Eustathins, 78 ; its course 
 described by Strabo, 78; falls into Hel- 
 lespont through the IStomalimne, 70 ; 
 junction with the Simois, 70, 81, 82, 117 ; 
 length and f dl, 70 ; Burnouf's description 
 of its course, 70, 80; its ancient lied (the 
 Kali/atli Asmuk) described by Yirchow ; 
 causes of the change, 80 ; its bed in 
 front of Troy ; nature of its sands, 81 ; 
 lower course once through the In Tepeh 
 Asmak, 83 ; confirmed by Homer, 02, and 
 Pliny, 84 ; diverted to the Stonialimne 
 before 180 B.C., 83 ; course below mound 
 of Ilus, 84; ancient volume much larger 
 than now, 85; width of bed of theKalilatli 
 Asmak, 86 ; A'irchow's invesiigalionof the 
 bed, 88 ; allui'larii die fo l/ie moin, fains, 
 especially to Ida, 88; fu'd bitween Greek 
 camp and Troy, 02, 147, 200; the river 
 flowed on E. side of the camji, 02 ; 
 Homeric epithets, 03; the liver-god, his 
 teniple and altar; takes piart in the 
 baltles before Troy, 03; reverenced by 
 tlie Trojans, 04; Herodotus on occasional 
 lowness of water, confirmed, 04 ; Pliny's 
 mistakes, 05 ; viewed fojm Hissarlik, 105, 
 117; best ford, 107; 'flowery rncad of,' 
 117; dangerous in floods, 17S, 322; the 
 Buunarbashi Su, according to Lechevalicr, 
 185; A'irchow on old and new lied, 676, 
 077 ; nature of its delta and valley, 677; 
 per.-niiified on coins of X. I , 616. 
 
 Sr:iim<iiiilriii, town of, now Ine, oi. 
 
 yr,imrnid_ri>is, surname of Astyaiiax, 04. 
 
 Snq)si.s, c, ujythical foundation. Sec L'ulav- 
 sci-jisis. (See also Lemdriiis.) 
 
 Sc'ptre (a-KfiTTTpov), tu-ofold use nf the word 
 lor a staff and royal sceptre, 427 ; handles, 
 of bone, lion's head of fine crystal, 
 Egyptian porcelain, and glass, 428, 420 ; 
 such named as Egyptian siioiis from AV. 
 Asia, 428 n. 
 
 Schlir, Dr. Fr. : his works, ' Scldieiuann 
 uiid seine Bes/rehiiiiijen,' 2 '/!., 100 ; and 
 ' ]\'issenschaftliclie Ueirrlhedung der 
 Ftiiide Scldieriiann's in Hissarlik,' 100. 
 
 Schliemanii, Jijaineiniion, the author's son, 
 C5 n. 
 
 Selilieoiann, Andromaclie, the author's 
 daughter, G5 '/(. 
 
 Seld ieinanri, Elise, the author's sister, 5 n. 
 
 Seldieinariri, Her. Ernest, autlmr's father, 
 1; ciiuversatinns with abdut Tmy, 3. 
 
 Seldimiii.rin, Her. !•'., author's uncle and 
 tutor, 6. 
 
 Seldieiiiaiin, iJr. Henry: motive for writing 
 his own life ; parentage and birth at Neu 
 Buckow ; early life at Ankershagen ; 
 influence of the local legends, 1-3 ; dis- 
 cussion with his father aljoiit Troy, and 
 resolve to excavate it, 3; ciiustant firm 
 belief in its existence, 5 ; his mother's 
 death ; separation from Mirma ileincke, 
 5 ; education ; first Latin essay, on the 
 Trojan War; last meetin-.; witli Jlinna; 
 employment in shop at Fiirstenberg, 6 ; 
 effect of a drunken miller's recitation of 
 Homer; desire to learn Greek; accident 
 and illness ; employment at Altona and 
 Hamburg, 7; goes to sea and is ship- 
 wreek'. d, 8; at Ainstcr«laiii ; rescued from 
 destitution; self-ednc it on ; in English; 
 new method of learning languages, 9 ; 
 French, Dutch, S|'anish, Italian, and Por- 
 tuguese ; in house of B. II. Sehrijder and 
 Co., of Amsterdam, 10; liatais Russian, 
 10, 11; sent to St. Petersburg; pro- 
 posal to Jlinna, finds her niariied, 11 ; 
 success as a merchant at St. Peters- 
 burg; goes to Calilbrnia and becomes 
 a citizen of the United States; branch 
 house at Moscow; learns Swedish and 
 Polish, 12; a marvellous escape from 
 ruin by the bunang of Memel, 13; Jiro- 
 crress m business; at length finds time 
 to learn modern and ancient Greek ; read- 
 ing of Greek authors, and especially 
 Homer, 14; advic- on teaching Greek; 
 study of Latin resumed, 15; jiroposed 
 retirement from bii-iiiess; travils in 
 Europe, Ee'yiit, Syria, and Greece ; 
 learns Arabic, 16; involved in a law^- 
 suit ; resumes business with new success ; 
 final retirement (1863), 17; travels to 
 Tunis (Carthage), lv.;ypt, India, China, 
 .faptan, America, and settles at Paris tei 
 study (18G6); first book, J.a Chine et l-; 
 Japini ; first visit lo Ithaca, the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, Athens, and Troy, 18; ez- 
 
7S8 
 
 SCIll.IEMANN, Ilk. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 .iminaiiou uf Bouiiarliaslii, tliu I'mjan 
 Plain, ami llissarlik", 19; evideiici; as to 
 ihu site of Troy, 1'.), 20; resolve to lieiin 
 excavations; work entitled If/ia'jtie^ Je 
 Prlopoinuise -d 7Vo/c(lftGH); di(jlnnia of 
 rii.lJ. from (niversily of Itostock ; retnrn 
 to Hissarlik, ]ireiiminary excavations 
 (ISTO), 2(1; first year's work at His^arlik 
 (iHTlj, 21; second year's work (lsi72), 
 21 f. ; tliinl \ear's work flSTS), 20 t. ; pnb- 
 lishes 7'/fj// innl i/s lu-iiniin^ : sinks slial'ts 
 at Mycenae ( IHTl) ; lau-siiit U'itli Tui'kisli 
 uovernmeiit, 43 ; lirrnan lor new excava- 
 tions (187CJ; baffl 'd l\v oflieials at the 
 Dardanelles, 41; excavations at Tiryns 
 and Mycenae (187HJ ; jjublislies jl/i/rY;iif(e 
 mid Tiryns (1877j; olitains new liiTuan 
 (1!S7.S), 45; meanwhile explores Itljaca 
 (1878), 45 f. ; lourth year's work at Trov 
 (18TS), 501. ; iisel'ul escort of p;ensdarnies, 
 
 51 ; fifth year's work at 'iVoy (1H7!I), 
 
 52 f. ; hernic tnmiili explored, 55; jonr- 
 ncys throuL^h the Troad, 55 f. ; his fur- 
 tune and familj'. Go, (j<j ; destination of 
 liis collections, G(j ; acknowledL^nients lo 
 fiieiids f.r assistance, (16, 072; the one 
 ohjert and reward of his labours to advance 
 the hive for and stndy of ILaner, 072. 
 
 Srli'Hi'jiimiii, Br., brothers and sisters of, 5 n. 
 SchJii'inajiii, J.niiis, attthor's brotiier, dies in 
 
 C,dil'o;nia, 12. 
 S'Ji/i'riironi, Xwlinliila, the author's daugh- 
 ter, 05 ri. 
 f:'r/ilieiiiii,ii)i, >'( /'(/('((s, the author's son, 05 n. 
 SclilirniKtiii, d/;s. Siipliia: her enthusiasm 
 
 for Horner and tlie exeavatlMos, 21 ; ac- 
 
 comjianies her 'Ijusbaud to 'i'l'iy, 21, 20; 
 
 hi.l].s 'iji scui-iir.; tlie i^o-eat To asure, 41 ; 
 
 excavates Tasha Tepeli, 109, 050-7. 
 Hrliiinl-, Dr. I.., f.r ihe IJissarlik site, ls9. 
 I^chri_rlrr, J. (J. 1111,1 a, II. cun, paslurs of 
 
 Ankersha,L,"'n, 4; their portraits, 4. 
 Svlnoi/rr, j1//ks, in Ankersha^en, 4. 
 Srhro'/tr, nhjnrlliit vim, her portrait, 1, 5. 
 tydirwii-r, I!. 11. ami On., of Amsterdirn, 
 
 author's employers, 10; house of, 10 ii. 
 Sdio'lur, J. II. mill Co., „f London and 
 
 Jlaiidiur/, 1.-]. 
 i^rlirn I, r, L'mi,,, J. II. rn„, of IJandjur.', 13 n. 
 I-iliriilrr, Ilmnii J. jl. W, j„„. r„„, of 
 
 himdun, lo I,. 
 J^ripii, jlsiiiliriis and his army at llinni, 17:!. 
 Hoinii, terra-cetla, .'Ji'd c. ; similar fr. tomb 
 
 :il C.inetM, 422, 42.';. 
 I^njr/ii'iii, on an ivory disc, 0th c, K;_;ypltan 
 
 symh(,l of llio goddess Selk, I.KJl. 
 Hrriijii-rs ol' Ijone, :ird c., ol9. 
 
 Srulptares, Greek, of N. Ilium, abundant 
 
 leoiains of, 010, Oil. 
 Sea-hafJis, preventive of colds, 52. 
 It't'jih, terra-colta : 3rd c, 414, 415 ; one in- 
 scribed with the Cypriote ami Hitlite 
 character iie, 414 ; another perforated, and 
 inscribed with Cypriote chai'acters, 415, 
 093 ; — 1th c., 501 ; similar at Pilin, with 
 Pr: and y^, 502 ;— 5th c, 582, 583. 
 
 l^iajiid Frii-hlsloric (Jitij on the Siteof Trny, 
 stratum of, from 30 and 33 to 45 ft. deep, 
 discovered ; buildiiiL^s of lariie stone 
 blocks, 21, 22 ; si;ins of an earthquake, 21 ; 
 exciivatiou imperfect, Avhy, 212; people 
 of, different from the 1st, pjrovcd bv ar- 
 chitecture and [lottery ; houses built of 
 htrge stones ; Cyclopean wall, 204 ; great 
 interntil ami external rampart walls, 
 205, 207, 209 ; only substructions for 
 fortillcati(ars, 208 ; gates andiiaved street, 
 205-7 ; the c. probably not destroyed, but 
 abandoned (see Oute, Sr. e^), 207, 305 ; 
 funnel-shaped holes in the debris, 207 ; 
 ruins of houses on wall, 2i;8 ; stone walls 
 of a large edifice, 208 ; remains of 3 houses, 
 209; bousc-walls below chief's liouse of 
 3rd c. ; stone house burnt, with f. skeleton 
 and ornaments, 271 (see Skfletons, bktdls) ; 
 another buiait bouse, of at least 2 storeys ; 
 li(atse-\valls below tliis, wnth marks of 
 great heat, 274 ; metals ; copper brooches 
 and needles ; saddle-querns, corn-brnisers, 
 hammers, axes (2 of nephrite, ij. v.), 
 275; a phallus (probably), 270 ; pottery. 
 So dilferent from 1st c. as to jirove a 
 different people, 278-9; the gigantic 
 jars ( jiitJiiii, q. v.), 279 ; plates, 281 ; owl- 
 vases (7. v.), 281 f., 291 ; vase-covers, 291, ■ 
 292; oth.r forms, 294 f. (see Pottery); 
 the biiras iiix<^LKvneWov (see Ampliikij- 
 pi:non),'J.VJ; whorls; plates, 303 ; lini.- 
 st(j[ie door-socket (probably), 301. 
 
 /S'eff/,s from tlie Troad, described by Dr. 
 Wiltmack, 320. 
 
 SrVi'is, ]!., desciilH'il, 101. 
 
 l^eiiiper, ' h'ermiiil.-, Til,-li,nik, Stcreotomie, 
 MetaUotcchiiil.- ;' em crattrs, 404. 
 
 lienate-house of Uima. See Bouhuterion. 
 
 Herperds, horned, of leira-cotta (probably 
 vase-handles), 0th c, an ancient Jjyilian 
 syndiol ; presentsitperstitious belief about, 
 in the Troad, 598 ; none like them in the 
 lirst 5 c, 599. 
 
 Sesmiie mid snlmrmi), use of seeds for food, 
 loentiiaK.'d liy Homer, 1 IH. 
 
 yeslijs, Thracians of, leil by iVsins at Troy, 
 133 ; on Chersonese, opp. Abydos, 133. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 78f» 
 
 (Sc;, tlie ]v_'ypti;ui 'J'y|ilioi;ic deity, symbol 
 
 of foreit,'iii_'rs, 742. 
 Severiis, I'rfi., coins ii[', N. I., (M:!, (J-ifi, 0-Ki. 
 
 Slia/lx, 20 svin]< ou site ol' N. 1., to discover 
 limits (if 'J'roy, 3S, 211, Gil; positions, 
 deptlis, ;ind si'eiioiis of. See 1'lan II. 
 
 S/iaK'idtha o( E^'yiitian reeonls, a people of 
 Asia Minor, jiredecessors of lonians ami 
 Carians, 7-17,750, not tlie Siculians, 751, 
 
 Slian/iDia of Egyptian records, tlie Sardians, 
 747, not Sanliniaris, 750, 751. 
 
 /S/('.(/Vi'.s' bom/s, in oi'd c, 323. 
 
 blitl/", coiicliylia, species nf, 114; nmcli 
 used fur lo<jd, but not nienlioned by 
 Ibmier, 114, 115 (see Cnnrjujl lay. 1st c, 
 213 ; masses of shells in Iw/mes of 4tli c, 
 evidence of l>\v civilization, 518; at 
 'lli\ mbra, 711. 
 
 Slii hi, Co[iper (ao-jrir u/xcpaXi'iea-aa), with 
 boss and rim (ai/i-u^), Tn., how made ; lil%e 
 the shields of Ajaxaiid Sar|iedon,47:i, 474. 
 
 Ships, Greek, on shore fietween I'ronis. 
 Pihoeteum and Si.i;enn], 73. See (.'niup. 
 
 Sihl/l, the UerL;itliian, and tlie Sili\lline pro- 
 phecies, of Teuerian orie;in, 122. 
 
 Sickle, bronze, (jth c, f;04. 
 
 Sif/euin, city on SiL;eiiiri I'r. wrongly jilaced 
 in Spratt's ma]i ; \-illaL'e of Yeni Sliehr on 
 its ruins, 72; iride|iondent of X. Ilium, 
 107; added to X. I. by b'onians, 173; dr- 
 stroyed by the Ilians lor its resistance, 72, 
 173; coins of at X. I., (;12. 
 
 Slgeuia, I'r. (Yeni Shehr;, X.W. point of 
 Asia; height and formation, 72, 105; 
 intended new capital of Cotistanline near, 
 180. Comp. Ilhoelenm, Pr. 
 
 Sign of the Cross, made by Christians on 
 the fori head, as ri lated by the Emperor 
 .Tiilian, lyl ami /;. 
 
 Slgo or Sit,-", Tinjan god or hem, according 
 to i»r. I-laiig,. 143. 
 
 Siltx h'oirs Olid Knives, the oulij jllnt Im- 
 ptements found at Troy, 1st c, 215-247 ; 
 their present use lor thiesliing-sledges 
 (SoKaw), 247. See Knlees, Son's. 
 
 Silk, culture of in Troad, lly. 
 
 Silver: from Alybe, prob. on the I'ontus, 
 253; minee in Troad, near Ine, 57, (iS, 
 253 ; plating with gold on (Homer), 258. 
 
 Silver blades, six Ti;. ; analysis of, 470 ; 
 are they Homeric "talents"? 471; I'rof. 
 Sayce on their relation to the money of 
 Bihylon and Asia Minor, 471. 
 
 Silver, objects of : brooches, 2nd c, 250, 252 ; 
 another object; wire, deteriorated by chlo- 
 ride, 252; — 3rd c, silver vessels of the 
 creat Tit.; small vnse-cover with zigzag 
 
 lines, 4<i7 ; large jug-shaped vase, con- 
 taining tlie 8700 small gold jewels; how 
 made, 4(i7; vase with co|iper fused onto 
 its bottom, 4G8 ; va.se with another broken 
 silver vase cemented to it Ijy cldoride, 
 4GH ; another broken vase cemented to the 
 copper plate, 4G8, 4G9; two vases with 
 caps and tubes for siis[ieiision, 4G!) ; cup 
 and dish {(\>m\r)), 469 ; vase found near 
 the Tr., 473 ; all covered with chloride on 
 outside, free from it on the inside, 472 ; 
 nugget, turned to chloride, witli gold 
 beads cemented to it, 'I'r., 404 ; — 5tli c, 
 ornament, in shape of an animal's liead, 
 5b'5-G. 
 
 Siinols, 11. (Doiimbrek Su), view of its 
 plain, o'.l ; liseson (Jotylusin Ida, G8, 73; 
 description by Virchow, 73; N. and S. 
 arms; banks and veuetatiiai; branches, lost 
 in great swamp; thiee springs near Tioy, 
 their temperature ; course h'om the swanqi 
 to the Kalifatli Asmak, 74; mentioned 
 seven limes ill Homer ; by other writers ; 
 proofs of iileiitity ; description by Stiabo, 
 75, 7G ; conttised with the Tliyinbrliis (see 
 Ihjiiiiibrel: Su), 7G ; no ford mentioned in 
 Idomer, and "why, 77; contluence with the 
 ancient Scamander, SI, 147; eiMifoiinded 
 with the true Scamander, by Lecbevalier, 
 185 ; Virchow on its valley, G77. 
 
 Sliioii betrays the 'I'rojiuis; taken from Arc- 
 tiiiiis ; forms of the falile, IGl and )/. 
 
 Site (if IIoiiii:r's lllos (eoni|i. Uounarbashi ; 
 Illssorllh; 11 In, IS, Vilhoje nf): founded m 
 the riolii lalerthan Dai'dania, 134, which 
 agrees with Hi-s:irlilc, 'not with Uounar- 
 bashi, 1111-5 ; siinikir sites of Greek cities, 
 105 ; aneient belief in continuity of site 
 at N. Ilium, 1<J7-S ; 'no other rllij ever 
 hire the soxred no me, ]i;8; attested by 
 Polenion, by tiellanicus, by Herodotus, 
 IGS ; (visit of Xer.xes, l'i8-9 ; remarks of 
 tJrote and Eckenbrccher, ICO, 170;) by 
 Xeiiophnii, 170; by Ale.Xiindei' tlie Great, 
 and his successors, 171 ; by the iiomans, 
 173; by Pliny, Mela, Tacitus, and 
 other waiters, 178, 170; first questioned 
 liy Hernetrius and Hestiaea from local 
 jealousy, IGS; their objections, 174; an- 
 swered, 175-(i; adopted l)y Strabo only, 
 17(; ; proof from coins of N. Ilium, 179 ; 
 by Caracalla, 170; modern opinions, and 
 discussion of; some for Ale.xandria-Troas ; 
 moilern philology and Oriental dis- 
 coveiies llien unknown, 184; theories of 
 Lechevalier, 181-5 ; adopted by Choiseul- 
 Goullier, 185; list of followers of the 
 
790 
 
 SIXTH (ITi'. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Coimarliaslii theory, l.^tJ-lSy ; advocates 
 ol' utlici- tlicines, IHS; of tlje site of 
 Ti-oy at Missarlik, bs'.i, I'.li) ; chief art;-ii- 
 rneiits for IjuuiiarUa.^lii answered, I'.IO f. ; 
 distance I'roni Helles|iojit tested hy the 
 transactions of sinc;le days in the Jliml, 
 I'.i.l 1'. ; ilie ar;^iunent from the ships — 
 " far Iroin tlie city " — answered, 201 ; otiier 
 proofs from Homer of short distance, 201, 
 202 ; relative position of Scamander, 202 ; 
 allei;ed growth of I'lain (</. y.), 203 ; dis- 
 cussion of ar;_;iinients founded ou a passat^e 
 from LycurgMS, 2i.».'J ; on the jiropliecy of 
 Juno ii] Horace, 204-G ; on Aescljjlus 
 and Lncan, 20'i ; lionrnahaslii-site in- 
 consistent with hydro'^rapljy ; argument 
 from d'rojaii camp; <.iree]< Heet in siglit I 
 of Troy, 20V; olhiT evidence from an- 
 cient autliors, 20:-i-'J; Ivom tlie senthng 
 of Loorian virgms to Ilium; continuous 
 habitation; value of tlie local trailition ; 
 enthusiasm of the <jreek Jliiuis for the 
 Trojan legends, 2uO,2liJ; <irote on this 
 legendary laitlj ; ar-ument of Major 
 llennell on Alexander's lielief; testiuKjny 
 of Anian, Arislides, Dio Chrysostom, 
 I'ansanias, A|i|iian, I'lutareh, 210. (Jom]j. 
 JI.Iiis ami Troy; see also I'lof. \'irchow, 
 Ap|i. ]. and /■/■'/., and Prof. Mahally's 
 criticism of views of Demetrius and 
 Stralo, App. II. 
 Av'.'VA ^''^'J *>>!' ^/"? ^'i^'<'' "f TiO}j, pri)hiiJJif a 
 J.fl.lni,, S'tllrmnit, 12S; indicated hy 
 ]ioltery between tljc 5th c. and N. J., 
 distinct from other cities, generally Oft. 
 deepi, sometimes less, and alanidant cai 
 slopcsof the hill, resemljliii'j; archaic Etrus- 
 can piottery in Itiily; ])erliaps lor.ndeil 
 when the ^Troad was snhject to riyges, 
 128, 580, 587; no remains of huildings, 
 587; probably levelled by the Greek 
 settlers lor tlieir Acropolis, 58« ; this con- 
 firmed by i/i'hris on siJv of liill, 58.S ; 
 pollrrii (i/. r.'), 5Hs; f . ; .ibjeets of ivory ! 
 iujd murljle, hiJl, 002; whorls; idols, 002 ; 
 bronze implements and vi/Ssels, 003 1'.; 
 chronology, Oii7. 
 /S'/,</r/f;/(,s, liuinaii : of an emhryo ('/. ■/>.), 227 ; 
 ('■male, with ornaments, in a lionsi-, 2nd e., 
 2711; f.f two 'J'rojan waniors, vvilh hidinets 
 and :i lance-liead, in a house, llrd e., .",0, 
 5(i7 (see Skulh); tit Thymbia, 71 2, 7 13. 
 iS7,/'//s, first iliscovu-y of, .''.H, 311; female, in 
 house of 2nd e., drawn and described by 
 Virchow, 271-2; hiiirln/n-p/ni/ir, 510; 
 of two Troiaii warriors, 3rd c, 3(1, 507; 
 diawings and desciiptioiL by Virchow, 
 
 51)1 r. ; ili:liclio<x/iIiiiJir, 511); indicate hiijh 
 civiUz'iliiiii, iiijinoi'/i iif tin; suvai/e, 510; 
 of a yoting wonuin, found in ajar, 3rd c, 
 (lol irhijrijiliul ir, 31), 511; (:|uestion of race 
 and social position, 510, 511 ; of a irxdus, 
 3rd c, 512. 
 Hkyjilivs. See C«!/',s, <;th c. 
 hUiiij liiilhU, of loadstone, haanatite, and 
 diorite, 3rd c, 437,438; ancient use of 
 the sling, 437 ; one of copper ore, analysis 
 of, 477. 
 Siiiliitlio'ti, fiiniiitheus. See Apulln. 
 Sriiith, Oeori/e, first decijiiierer of Cypriote 
 
 characters, 001. 
 Smith, riiili/i, on movements of nations to 
 and fro acreiss the HelleS]iont and site id' 
 Troy, 131; ^Student's Aiiriuut IlUtory 
 of tite last' 132; on the site of Tro\', 
 1«1), r.)5; 0:2. 
 Siiutli, l)i\ IF, ' Pirtiiinarij of Creel- and 
 l!niii,'io ^ifiti-jiiifii.s,' 1'jl; II.; ' Jli'iioiiury 
 if (Jrcel- ami Ji'omaii Oeoi/rajiliij,' ISO. 
 t-'.iiiijnui, coins of, at X. I., 012. (Comp. 
 
 iMiirine.) 
 HnaI.eit in the Troad, 22; munerous and 
 
 venomous, 114. 
 Soldering of metals in use at Troy ; hardl)' 
 
 ever at Mycemie, 474. 
 Soiiderdo']! ami Hani, consuls at the Texel, 
 
 aid author when shipwrecked, H. 
 Spiral ornaments of gold, Tr. ; hovv made; 
 like those at Mycenae, 41)0; the form 
 also llabylonian and Assyrian, 404. 
 Sjiit-iests, of mica-schist, 3rd c, 430; fre- 
 
 ip'ent m 4 tli c, 57 L. 
 Sjiiltiiiij, a Chris; ian si^n against lOe demons 
 
 at baptism in (dreek chureh, ISl ,,. 
 Spoon, large silver, in repousse work, with 
 
 a boss, pridiahly lor liliations, 'j'r., 5(l3. 
 SjiooiiK, terra-col ta, for metallurgy, 410. 
 S/'Oiit.-; in sides of vessels, probable use of, 
 
 for drinking at fountains, 4()0. 
 Sjault, T. A. I!., Admiral ; his Map of the 
 
 Troad, 1.S7. 
 Sprenijir, A., Prof., ' /''> altc Gmijriqiliie 
 
 Ai-atiii'iif, ; ' on goLl and ( )phir, 258 f. 
 Sprliajs, Homer's warm and cohl, of tlie 
 Scamander; his tiro, tin: fflrtij at P.ou- 
 narliaslii (Lechevalier), 183 (see ISonnor- 
 haslii, Scamander) ; three, near walls of 
 Kovum Ilium, with modern melosiiresaiid 
 troughs, i 10 ; three, in the l)uden swamp, 
 at site ot lAieoji' Koifxrj, their leaiperature 
 108; hot, numerous in the Troad, 70. 
 See also Lii/ia /laianiarii,. 
 Stadiii.nl, of 000 Greek feet = l-lOlli of an 
 Eii'ilish geo.:raphical ndle. 71 //. 
 
staff-haudles. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 791 
 
 Shtff-hanilles, of bone, terra-cotta, porce- 
 lain, >;lass : 3rd c, 428, i'l'd ;— itli c, 5G7. 
 Comp. !-<reptre. 
 
 Stark, 11. , liis Essaj's on the site of Troy, 
 188 ; ' llei.se nadi dciu yriechischeii 
 Orient,'' '20S. 
 
 Statue of Alltene, the only Trojan one men- 
 tioned liy Homer, 281. 
 
 Statues, Greek, of N. I., fragments over the 
 whole hill, 609 ; of Metrodorus, in tempjle 
 of Athene, 635. 
 
 Steitz, A., ^ Lie Lage des Homer isehen 
 Troja; 189. 
 
 Steplianus Byzantinv.s recognizes Troy in 
 N. Ilium, 179. 
 
 Stick-lcnuhs, marble, Cth c, COS. 
 
 Stijll, Lo'iis, befriends autlior, 10. 
 
 Stomalimne, the lagoon at the mouth of the 
 ancient Scamander, 79, 83; Virchow's 
 description of, 84; observations on, 87. 
 
 litone Inqilernents (comp. Axes, Balls, Corri- 
 bntisers. Hammers, Mortars, Pestles, 
 Folislurrs, Pounders, Saddle-querns, &c.), 
 abundant in 4tli stratum; fewer in 3rd 
 stratum, 21 ; in two lowest strata, 22-3 : 
 —1st c, 234 f. ; 2nd c, 275 f. ; 3rd c, 
 436 f . ; 4th c., like 3rd but thrice as 
 numerous, 518 ; objects of unknown use, 
 570, 571 ; very rare in 5tli c, 573, 583-4. 
 
 Stones, unwrought, cemented with earth, 
 of 4th city, 21 ; large, rudely hewn, of 
 2nd city, 21 ; obtained from neighbour- 
 hood, 54, 264; of 3rd city, small, from 
 the HissarlJk ridge, 316 ; smoothly hewn 
 and cemented with clay, of 4th city, 23; 
 mode of woiking by a pick-hammer, sign 
 of a later age, 55. See Houses, Walls, 
 and under the several cities. 
 
 Stijrpers, vase-covers in shape of. See 
 t'ouers. 
 
 Stoi-eys of Trojan houses, numerous, 268, 
 274, 313. 
 
 Storli, return of in Marcli, 3H, 52 ; respect 
 shown to in the Troad, by Turks, not 
 by Christians, 112, 113; biblical name, 
 Chasidali, "pious," 112; included by 
 Homer with cranes (yepavoi), 113. 
 
 Straho: proofs that he never visited the 
 Troad, 73 ; follows Demetrius in placing 
 Troy at the village of the llians, 79, 176. 
 
 Strata of Hissarlik, succession of, discovered, 
 21 ; irregularities of, 23, 30, 63 ; succes- 
 sion shown on block left standing, 62; 
 Virchow on their nature, compared with 
 other ruins, 62 ; slanting, of N. I., 610 ; 
 section of, in the great N.W. trench, 611 ; 
 various depths in the shafts, 611, 6i:i ; 
 
 diagram of, vii. (for the seven successive 
 strata, see under First, Second, &c.) 
 
 Streets : the principal one, 33 ; paved with 
 flags, 33 (see Pavement) ; made by 2nil 
 settlers, used by 3rd, 265, 306 ; for loot 
 passengers only, }iroved by steep slope 
 and absence of wheel-marks, 265 ; Eyssen- 
 hardt upon, 143 ; Virchow upon, 684 
 (comp. G'a'es); only another found, a small 
 one or lane, paved with flags, 3rdc., 54; 
 and a Earrow passage, 54. 
 
 Sfrymo, d. of Scamander, wife of Laomedon, 
 and m. of Priam, 124, 156 ; the name 
 .also in Thrace, 124. 
 
 Studs, gold, Tr,, for sewing on clothes, 461. 
 
 Suhurb of Tro}', 3rd c, houses of, 54 ; in- 
 habited by poor I'jeople, 328. 
 
 Suidas recognizes Troy in N. Ilium, 179. 
 
 Sulla restores N. Ilium after tlie injuries 
 of r'imbria, 177. 
 
 Sun, Moon, and Stars, on wdiorls and balls, 
 419, 420. 
 
 SuS'pension Vases (comp. Vases) : 1st c, witVi 
 vertical, tubular holes, especially double, 
 215, &c.; with horizontal tubular holes, 
 217, 223; — 2nd c, with vertical holes, 
 295, 296; — 3rd c, an example of double 
 tubular holes, 363 ; 2 from Kimroud, with 
 4 holes, 367;— 4th c., 525 ;— one of 6th 
 c., 59'!; — at N. I,, 614; at Thynibra, 
 with horizontal holes, 710. 
 
 Svastika (tiuastika, Sicastika). See Sau- 
 vustika. 
 
 Swamps, in Plain of Troy, in Plomer's time 
 and now; increased Viy want of cultiva- 
 tion, 106; one near Troy (Horn.), 144. 
 
 Suv.n stamped on clay discs of N. I., 619. 
 
 Swords, remarkable absence of, in all the 
 jirc-historic c, contrasted with their fre- 
 (juency at Mycenae, 483, I'rrf. xii. 
 
 Sijliel, L., ' Ueler Scldiemann's Truia,' 188. 
 
 Syllabary, meaning of the term, 691. 
 
 Szihcdom, in Hungary, terra-cottas from, 
 "91 et jiassim ; crown-shaped vase-covers, 
 
 TACITUS recognizes identity of N. Ilium 
 
 with Troy, 179. 
 Talents, periiaiis tlie Sil rerVhules, Te. (-/. v.), 
 
 or the bars of gold, 'J'r., 4'.ii;. 
 Tchihatcheff, ' Asie Mineure : Description 
 
 physique, statistique, arche'oloyique, dtc.,' 
 
 79, 101, 110. 
 Tectosaf/es, Gallic tribe, conquer central 
 
 parts of Asia Minor, 130. 
 Tekkar or Tekkri, on Egyptian monuments, 
 
 the Teucriaiis, 122, 123, 745. 
 
792 
 
 TICLCniNKS. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 THIRD CITY. 
 
 it-/(7//;i[-s, artists ami metallurgists in Sauio- 
 
 tlirace, '_'oG. 
 
 Tiiiiiph: of Alluiie ill Acropolis of N. I., 
 
 the original ciue built at once ou 4lli 
 
 ■ stratum, on a site lowered ami levelled, 
 
 •1\\ 328, (JOS; new, built by Lysima- 
 
 chus and restored by Sidla, (j08 ; drums 
 
 aud capitals of its Corintbiau culnums, 
 
 (jOS, GOll; Ibundatioms ordy hi sitn, floor 
 
 ol'slabs ; dimensions, scidptures destroyed, 
 
 G09 ; wall and t^iwer belonging to, 009. 
 
 Templr of Ajiiillo, Doiic, in the Acropolis nf 
 
 Greek Ilium, on the N. side of Hissarlik, 
 
 large ruins of, bnt even the foundations 
 
 destroyed, 23, 009 ; block of triglypbs and 
 
 metope (q. v.), 009. 
 
 Tijiiqilcs of Tliiiiidireoii JjioiJ^', pre-historic 
 
 aud historic, at Tbynibra, 714, 719. 
 Ten I'c'fcs' War of Troi/, tiiote ou the 
 
 mythical significance of, loS. 
 7'eioijox, I., distances from maiidand, Lesbos, 
 aud iSigeum, 107 ; seat ot" worship of 
 Smintheau Apollo, 107 ; Greek fleet retire 
 behind, lOt) ; coins of, at N. I., 012. 
 Tqi'Ji (a " low or small hill "), the Turkish 
 
 for fiininJi (q. v.), 648. 
 Terra-rot las (see Bulls, Pottery, IP/jor/s, and 
 tlie names of the various objects) : Snl c, 
 curiuus object, perhaps a polisher, 422; 
 another, perhapis an ux-rolo, 422, 423 ; — 
 4th c, curious solid object with 4 feet and 
 incised ]iatterns, 501-2; — N. I., female 
 figure in Assyrian style, Old; another in 
 Oriental style on a slab, prob. an idol, 015 ; 
 Tvoman and child, best Greek style, G15, 
 016; lion; pig covered with stars; slab 
 with horseman in relief; archaic head in 
 relief, Assyrian style, with wdnged thun- 
 derbolts; bearded head with curious head- 
 dress, GilG; female heads, prob. of Mace- 
 donian period; cup-boltom, 2 boys kiss- 
 ing, iu relief, 017 ; mould lor impressing 
 figures in relief; curi.ius tablets, with 
 winged thunderbolts, &c., iu relief, nu- 
 merous, 618 ; round objects, sluaped like 
 watches, wdth 2 perforations, and stamped 
 ligures, human, animal, &c., 619, 620 
 (see Discs) ; lamps, 020. 
 Ti-rraiaare of Itah', meaning of the word, 
 3i3 n.; whorls found in, 230; pottery 
 and iither objects, jixfss//),. 
 Ti'iiivr, s. of Scamander, reigns in tlie 
 Ti'oad ; adopts and is succeeded by Dar- 
 danus, 119 ; tradition of his migration 
 from Attica, 122. 
 Temer, s. of Telanion and the Trojan prin- 
 cess Ilesioiie, 121. 
 
 Tcticriaiif, ancestors of the Trojans, named 
 from King Teueer, 119; a remnant of 
 them at Gergis, 119, 121 ; cross the 
 Bosporus with the Mysians, conquer 
 Thrace, &e., as far as the Ionian Sea, and 
 the Peneus, 119; name used for Trojans 
 by I'lOman poets, 119, 120 ; not connected 
 with Troy by Homer, 121 ; tradition of 
 their migration from G'rete, and of the 
 field mice, derived from the poet Callinns, 
 121-2; their worship of Apollo Smin- 
 tbeus, 122 ; resemblance of Cretan and 
 Trojan names, 122 ; on the Egyptian 
 monuments, 122, 123 /(., 745; the (Sibyl- 
 line prophecies of Teuerian origin, 122; 
 conneetiou with the Paeouians, 122, 123. 
 Tc.ci'ir, v., ' Dcsrri/itivii de VAsie Mineure,' 
 
 180. 
 Theatre, great, of N. T., excavated in the rock 
 on the slope W. of Hissarlik, probably 
 Macedonian, 108, 109, 010; fragments of 
 its sculptures, 611. 
 Thehe (Brili^, never er,/3«i). ^ fortified Cili- 
 ciau e. of the Troad, " the sacred o. of 
 Eetion," dcstroj'ed by Achilles; site, near 
 Adramyttium ; Homeric epithets ; doubt- 
 ful why called " bypoplaciau ; " relations 
 with (he Egyptian and Boeotian Thebes, 
 according to Jlr. Gladstone, untenable, 
 135, 13g'. 
 Tliehes (Bi-ijiai), Boeotian, a Plioenieian 
 colony, name probably Semitic; native 
 meaning according to Varro, 130 ; con- 
 firmation of its legendary history by 
 Homer's use of (he name 'YiroBiyjiai, 
 516. 
 Thebes, Egyptian, name of, 135 n., 136. 
 Tlieoj'iJirasliis for the Hissarlik site, 208. 
 T/iera, I., suspension-vases found at, 221 ; 
 date, 222 ; buildings of small stones, like 
 the 2ndc. of 'i'ro}', 274 ; rude tkigons with 
 necklaces and breasts, 293 ; other objects 
 jmssiiii. 
 Third rre-Jiistoric City, the Burnt Cily, 
 at Hissarlik, stratum of, discovered : cal- 
 cined debris, bricks, saddle-querns, few 
 stone implements, good jiottery, 21 ; 
 called Troij fir convenience, 26 ; its 
 whole area laid bare (1879), 53; strata, 
 generally 22 or 23 ft. to 30 or 33 ft. 
 deep, but reached at only 12 ft. deep 
 on N. aud N.E. side, outside the city 
 wall, 328, 499, 500; proofs; explained 
 by a suburb, 328; tbunded ou levelled 
 site of the abandoned 2nd cit}', 305 
 (see Buddings, Gates, l]'aJls) ; much 
 smaller ihau 2iid citv ou E. side, 30<0 • 
 
TIIOiMAS, E. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 whole circuit of city waU hroiiglit lo liyJif, 
 30G ; debris of city after the cuuflagnition, 
 310, 311; tlie c. of a lrian;_;ular form; 
 Lurnouf's Jcscriplion (..fits remains, 313; 
 the houses (7. v.), 31.".-317 ; food of the 
 pco[ile, remnants deserilieil by Vircliow, | 
 318-321 (sic i-'..(«0; soeial condition, 
 agriculture ami tisliioL', .">111, 322 ; royal 
 hou^e (^ee IJouse), 324 f . ; irregularity of 
 strata (q. v.), 327 ; pottery ; rude idols and 
 owl-htaile'l vases (1/. v.), not far u-aiit of 
 uhdity to mould hu/uau. fcuturcs^ but a 
 sacrtd ttwlilimi of the I'alladiuni, 329, 
 330 f. ; the rt and Lf^, 315 f. (see ,S'rt'(- 
 vastiko); Ij-ijiod vases ('/. v.) in enormous 
 number, and otliers (see Vases, Pottenj), 
 351:f. ; heTTa a/if^iKL'TTf AAa, 371 {sea Amj'lei- 
 ki/l.ellu)i') ; niixinu vessels, 403 (see tVo- 
 iers) ; ]'latcs, 407-8 ; crucibles, cups, 
 spoons, and funnels, for mctallurgj', 409, 
 410 ; various objects of terra-cottn, 413 
 f. ; seals and cylinders, decorated and 
 inscribed, 414— 41C ; -wlioi'ls and balls, 
 their various patterns, 41(1 f . ; othei- 
 objects of terra-cotta, wood, and ivory, 
 423; musical instruments, 424, 425; 
 handles of sceptres, &'c. in bone, teria-cotta, 
 fine crystal, Egvptian porcelain, and glass, 
 427-9; glass buttons, balls and beads, 
 429; comli, needles, awls, fif boue, ivory, 
 and horn, 430, 431 ; boars' tusks and fish- 
 vertebrae, 432 ; moulds for casting, 432- 
 436; spit-props, &c., 433 ; sling-bullets, 
 437; stone weapons and implements, 438 
 f . ; the great Treasure (7. r ), 453 ; — the 
 9 other treasures, 485 f ; other metal orna- 
 ments, arms, and implements, 503 f. ; the 
 skeletons and arms of 2 warriors, 507, 508 ; 
 skulls ((/. f.) discussed by Virchow, 508 f ; 
 other objects found, 514; one rmique, of 
 gypsum, 514 ; the question — " \Vt\s this 
 Burnt City Uomer's Troy?" 514 f. (sec 
 Troy) ; tradition that Troy was not utterly 
 destroyed ; probable connection between 
 the inhabitants of 3rd and 4th c, 518 
 (see Fourth City). 
 
 Theimas, E., ' Tlie Indian Sirastika and its 
 Western C'ou7tterjiarts,' 353. 
 
 Thracians, connection of, with the Trojans, 
 123, 124; allies of Troy in Homer, 124, 
 158 ; of Sestos, allies of Troy, 133. 
 
 Threshing-sledf/es (doKam), with flint flakes, 
 now nsed in Asia Minor, 243-7. 
 
 Tliur.ydides on the Dorian invasion, 127. 
 
 Thunderbolt, winged, on terra-cottas of N. I., 
 616, 617. 
 
 Thymbra (Thymbre), town in Triarns 
 
 dominion, named by Homer, with temple 
 of Thymbi'ian ApoUo, ruins in mound 
 of Hanai Tepeh, 77 ; Mr. Fiank Calvert 
 on, Ai.p. n'., 70i;f. ; placed inland by 
 Ibaner, 70i;, 707; site <lehned by Deme- 
 trius anil Strab(], 707; — the lu'storie 
 city at Akshi Kioi (iitAV tlie farm of 
 Th}inbra), 719; jiainttil puttery, glass 
 vases, seimlchral inseriptinns, pithoi, and 
 cists fiund, 71S, 719 ; marble blocks 
 (probably) of temple of Thyndjreau 
 Apollo, 719; — the fre-liisioric city, at 
 Hanai Tepeh, excavated by ]\Ir. Calvert and 
 Dr. tschliernann, 223, 709 ; tlu'ee strata of 
 successive habitatiims, 708; their walls, 
 houses, pottery, remains of food, stone 
 and bronze implements, and otherol jects, 
 numerous tomlis and skeletons, icmains 
 of old temple of Tliymbrean Ajiollu, witli 
 altars and ashes, iV'C., 709-718; vases 
 witli horizontal holes for suspension, 223 ; 
 marks of distinction from the five pre- 
 historic cities of Hissarlik, and of resem- 
 bkmce to the lith or Lydian c, 223, 720. 
 
 Thyndn-ins, R. (Kemar (Su), rises near Ouluu 
 Itagli, falls into the Scamander opposite 
 ISouuarbashi ; meaning of modern name ; 
 not nami-d by Homer, 77; Burnonf's 
 descriiition ; swarnp of, now drained, 78 ; 
 not the Donndirek Su, as Leclievalier 
 held, 185, 677 (comp. iJouieihrek) ; section 
 of Trojan riiun in its valley, 719. 
 
 TiarJiS, Henry, partner in tlie liouse of 
 Messrs. J. Henry 8eliroder & Co., of 
 Lom.lon, 13 )/. 
 
 Tiles, not used for roofing in the pre-historic 
 cities, 214. 
 
 ' Times' the, on jade, 449 );. 
 
 Tin, small (accidental) traces in eop]ier nf 
 1st e., 251 ; otherwise unknown, as it 
 perishes witliout leaving a trace, 258, i;i2 ; 
 yir J. Lubbock on, 257; whence oljtainrd 
 by the Trojans for their bronze, 4 79; 
 oiigiii of the name, Icaslira, KaireriTtpoi, 
 not Sanscrit but primitive lialiylonian, 
 pointing to the tin mines i.f the Caucasus 
 (Sayce), 479; 8ir d. Lubbock on the 
 Thoenieian trade with Cornwall, 479 ; IVe- 
 cpient mention of tin in tlie Bible a]id 
 Homer, 480; Lenomiant's opinion that it 
 was obtained from Crete, 481. 
 
 Tltlionns, s. of Laomedon, 156. 
 
 Tollsboji, Gallic tribe, settle in Aeolis and 
 Ionia, 130. 
 
 Torrdis, Greek, fiund in the shafts on site 
 of N. I., 3M, 39; at 'Ihymbra, 712, 713; 
 of heivies, sec Tunndl. 
 
1^'PEX. 
 
 Ti'p, terra-cotta, ?>rd c, 413. 
 
 Torches, Homeiic (SaiciVr), pieces of resinous 
 
 wooil, 021. 
 Tuiioifi.s, land and wate", abundant in 
 Troad ; not eaten eitlier at Troy or now, 
 114, 318. 
 7'inivrx : of Homer's Troy, 141 ; the Great 
 Toirir i/ lliiiiii, over the Seaean Gate, 
 144; ]iair of iireat walls so called, suli- 
 atnuiivri walls, in 2nd .and 3i'd c, 25, 26, 
 265,305; connection with city wall, 54 
 (comp. Wiilh) ; a wooden tower (pro- 
 bably) ov«- tlie pites, 267. 
 Tiitcer, (inek, X. I., of the Macedonian ac;e, 
 20, 23, 40 ; probably built by Lysimachns 
 on older foundations, 609. 
 Tui/a, Trojan, of terra-cotta, 3rd c, 331, 413. 
 
 8ee also Miniature Pattern- 
 I'v.er, H. F., ' Jieseareites in the Hiijhiarais 
 
 of Turkey; 187. 
 Ih-easures, 10 large and small, all found in 
 the 3ril c., the Burnt or Golil City, and 
 all but one in or near its ]irincipal house 
 (see house of Kiraj or Chief), 43, 51, 52, 
 54, 211, 2110; Vu'eliow's renaarks on, 683 
 and I'rif. xiv. ; discovery of the Great 
 Treasure (187.",); the spot described, 40; 
 excitement and danaer, 41 ; how it came 
 to he there, 41, or it and the others may 
 have fallen from u|']ier storeys, 454; 
 wall of 4th c. built over the spot, 454; 
 general view of, 42; list of, 453 (see 
 under tlie sereral articles) ; the chest 
 (supposed) and l^ey, 454 ; — three small 
 (2nd, 3rd, 4th) found and stolen by work- 
 men (1873), and niixt in division among 
 them, partly recovered, but partly remade 
 into modern wcad\ : all in JNluseum at 
 Constantinople, 43,485 1'.; another (5th) 
 found in jiresence of officers of H.IM.S. 
 Mouare), (1,S78\ in a broken terra-cotta 
 vase, fallen fmm an upper storey, 490; 
 two more (6th and 7ih) in vases similarly 
 tallen, 493; anotlier larger (the 8ih) on 
 the house-wall, 494 ; anotlier small (the 
 9th), found in the presence of MM Hur- 
 nouf and Yuehow, only 13 ft. drep, on 
 K. .side of tlie liill (1879), 32S, 499 ; its 
 position exiilained ; sairje style of work 
 as all the rest, 499, 500; a lOth dis- j 
 covered in presence of IMJM. P.urnouf and 
 Virchow, close to the royal house and the 
 place of the Great Treasure, 502. 
 T;'ee ornament, on vases and many whorls, 
 367, 3(;s, &c. ; of Ilittite and B;xby- 
 loidan urigiii, 7(i3. 
 Trinches. See Excavations at llissarlik. 
 
 Treres, neighbours of Thraciaus, invade the 
 
 'i'road with tlie Cimmerians, 130. 
 Tri'/li/phs, Boric, block of, 23, 623. See 
 
 JLtopc. 
 'J'ripocl, curious small dish of terra-cotta, 
 oruauiented with caterjiillar, tice, and 
 cross, 4th c., 562. 
 Trijmcl Vases, terra-cotta: of 1st c, 220; 
 funeral urns {q.v.), 227; — 2ud c, wiih 
 vertical tnhuhir holes for suspension, 295, 
 296; one wheel-made, 296; — 3rd c, 
 nearly all the vases trijiods; differ from 
 tlie Mycenean ; feet never perforated, 
 but vertical side tubes and holes in rim 
 and Cover for suspension, or no holes in 
 rim but tidies on cover, 354 ; the method 
 shown (No. 252), 357; examples of very 
 Ljug tubes, 356 ; of perl'orations in edges 
 of the body, 357, 360; of various forms 
 and decorations, some with the suspen- 
 sion system, some without, 357 f. ; wiih 
 spiral handles and feet, 358, 359; curious 
 box and cover, with ornament like a cuttle- 
 fish, 360; examples of unornamented, 
 362 ; a lustrous-black two-handled, 373 ; 
 curious perforated, with handle, made 
 to stand on its side, 373 ; wheel- 
 made, 3S0 ; one finely decorated, 383 ; 
 triple cup, 384; jug, 384; barrel, 4(5; 
 small globular decorated vessel, perhaps 
 for scented oil, not a lamp (q.v.), 405; 
 wheel-made, 405, 406 ; with .spout in 
 side, 406; small globular, 407; — 4th c, 
 528; with vertical suspension tubes, and 
 vith handle and ears on sides, 530, 531 ; 
 globular, like a bottle, 531 ; jugs and 
 Jiitchcrs, 532, 533 ; box, 534 ; two- 
 handled pitchers, 540; -with 3 and 4 cups 
 on one body, 540; "wheel-made and hand- 
 made, 544 ; mode of putting on the feet, 
 544; flagon or oenochoe, 548, 549; per- 
 ibrated, to stand on its side, 557, 558 ; — 
 5th c., jugs, wheel-made, 578, 579 ; — 
 ieet of trijiods at Thymbra, 711. 
 Tripoi Vases, terra-cotta, not used in 
 Greece in historic times, except censers; 
 examfiles ol", fnaii lalysns, Etruria, and 
 Peru ; none in Lake-dwellings, 355. 
 Trijiods, bronze or cop|ier, none found at 
 Tioy, not even in 6tli e., and only one 
 at Mycenae, but must have been still 
 u.sed in Homer's time, 355; problems 
 thus raised, 356 ; uses of them in Homer, 
 as presents, 355 ; prizes in games, orna- 
 ineiits of rooms, for healing water, and 
 cooking, 356. 
 Troos, the Tro ol ( ij Tpipas ) : extent as 
 
INDliX. 
 
 ilpfineil by Strabo, G7 ; dominions, fJS ; 
 Diouiitaius, G8 f . ; geology ana siivlace 
 iinilulatioos, 70; proniontoiies, 7:2; rivers, 
 7o f. ; climatoloiry, 101 ; iianoraniic \ieu- 
 of the N. part, 10:'.; of the S. part, l{t7; 
 zoology, 110; flora, IIH; called AaJi's 
 from the Aeolian colonization, 128; in- 
 vaded by Treres and Cimmerians, Gauls 
 or Galatians, luO ; doniiiiioiis, OS, b'12 
 [nee Dniiiuiiniis) ; population ol (see -tVA- 
 nograjiliy and Tmiuns) ; gold, silver, and 
 coppa- Uiines, "250-5 ; the heroic tumuli, 
 G48 f. 
 Tiocini, Gallic tritie, settle on IIelles|ont, 
 
 i;;o. 
 
 TroiJus, s. of Priam, 157, 
 
 Tidjfin Territory between the 11. Aesepus 
 and Caictis, 158. 
 
 Trojan War, 158 f. ; see I'roi/, Ilistori/ of. 
 
 'J'rojaiis. //le (at Tpiifs), the people of the 
 Troad, hut SLinietimes only of Ilium and 
 Its territory, G7 ; etlumi/ra-t'hy, 119 f , ; 
 they were Teucrians, ll'J; called Teucri, 
 by Roman pnets, TrujanI by prose writers, 
 119, 120 ; called Phrygians by Attic tra- 
 gedians and lionian poets, but distin- 
 guished in a Homeric hymn, 120; the 
 Tioad peo[iled by non-Hellenic tribes, ac- 
 cording to Homer ; their names merr- 
 tionedon Egyptian monuments, 123; the 
 Tr. a Thiaeian race, intermarried \\\l\\ 
 native Phrygians (Forbiger), 123; crar- 
 firmation tium Straljo, 123-1 ; names coni- 
 mon to Tlirace and the 'broad, 124; the 
 Trojans were Greeks (Uiouys. Halic ), 
 124; Aeolian colony alter the 'I'rojan war, 
 127, 128 ; the countiy called Aeolis ; 
 Milesian settlers at Ahydrjs in Lydian 
 times; Tr. snliji ct to Gyges, king of 
 Lydia, 128 ; the Tnras/i or Txrhla of 
 Egyptian recoi'ds, 747, 751 ; relations 'Of 
 the people and tlieir language to the 
 Mysians and Phrygians, 704. 
 
 'J'rojatis nf the Ijnriit City, 'their social 
 condition, agriculture, and fishine', like 
 that of the modern inhabitants, 321, .".22. 
 
 Tros, s. .if Erichthonius, eponym of the Tro- 
 jnns, 152, 15G; his sons, llus, Assaraeus, 
 an.l Gauymedes, and d. Cleopatra, ].)2; 
 immortal liorses given him by Zeus, lo3. 
 
 Tmy (Tpoln, Tpnlr] Horn, an.l Ion., name of 
 the '-■//// a)i(l country; Jtios ('/-v.) of the 
 rift/ ijiili/; called IJiioa an.l Tnjja by 
 Latin writers, 139) : author's first desire 
 t.. excavate, 3 ; constant firm belief in 
 its existence, 5 ; opinions on site of, 18 ; 
 results of first investigations(18G8) against 
 
 Bounarbasin, in favour of" Hissarlik, Ifl ; 
 the s|iecial ohji'.'t of the excavations, 23; 
 the ;'.rd e., spc'cially call.;.! TttoY, 25 ; small 
 extent of, even less than the hill ..f His- 
 sarlik, 38 ; last king or chief, his li.juse, 
 5f; present state of the ruins, GO f. ; 
 Tr..y now at the bottonr of a hollow in 
 the mid. lie of the hill, G5. 8ee App. 1. 
 and Pre/. 
 
 Iloineric Topoyrajilnj : 'f'roy the do- 
 minion of Priam, 138; specinf dominion 
 of Hector, G8, 138 ; tfie Acr.ip.jfis or Per- 
 fjaiiios (ij. v.), containing the p.alace ..f 
 Priam, Agora, houses of Hectejrand Paris, 
 tenijiles of Athene, Apollo, and Zeus, 140 ; 
 \\":ill built by Pe.sei.hm and Apollo; 
 towers, 141 ; course round wall easy, 142 ; 
 one gate only, the Scaean (see Gate), 143 ; 
 tower over it; chari.-.t-road to the two 
 sources of the Scamauder ; stone washing 
 troughs; swauip, 144; beech-tree, 144-5 
 (.see Peecli) ; the Ileian plain ; wheal-fiehl, 
 145; Callieolone, 145-G ; the 6pa><Tfxus tt€- 
 diuio, the Upper Plain ; tun.ulus of Batieia 
 (./, i'.)or Myrine', 14G ; of Aesyetes ; con- 
 finence ..f Scaiijan.ler andSimois; ford ..I 
 Scarnan.ler ; tumulus of Ifus, 147 ; tfie 
 iS'austatlimus, naval camp of the Greeks 
 (see Ca,„2>), 143, 148; — 
 
 History, 152 1',; mythical genealogy : 
 
 ilardauus, si.n of Zeus, builds Dardania; 
 his sons llns and Erichthonius, father of 
 Tros, ep..nym of the Tr.jjans; his sons 
 llus, Assaracus, Ganynie.les, 152 ; llus 
 head of the Trojan line — [^aoniedon, Priam, 
 Hecor; Assaracus of the Dardanian — 
 Ga|.ys, Anehises, Aeneas, 15-". ; llus buil.ls 
 Pnini, 15:i, G43; receives the Palladium 
 fr..m Zeus, 153; his son Lii.anedon ; wahs 
 built by Po,seidon(and A|...1I..), 15r. ; I'xov 
 destroyed l.y Hcrakles ; Priam ransomed, 
 his family, 15G; Pai'is, rape of Helen; 
 Greek expedition against 'Iroy, 157 (.y. i\) ; 
 Tr. .jans an.l allies routed ami shut up ui 
 till; city ; iiregular war ibr nine years, 158 ; 
 ev.ajts of fift\ -one days of 10th year in the 
 ///(('/ {q. v.), 158-9 ; sequel from allusions 
 in Hoiuer and oi her sources ; Penthesileia 
 and Memnou killed by Achilles, 159; 
 arrival of Philoc;etes ami Keoptolemns ; 
 loss of the Palla.lium ; stratagem of the 
 wooden horse, Ifii); capture and destiaic- 
 tiiiii, lGl-2 ; tradition of Troy's rebuilding, 
 anil Aeneas reiginng there, IGG ; Achaean 
 and Aeolian colonization, 127,128; Ly- 
 dian settlement, 12-;; Lyd.an foundation 
 of N. Ilium, according to Str.ibo, 137; 
 
im 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ]iirj(jf iifcontiiuii-il lialiitation from ]:ottery; 
 also a trailitii'ii nf iLc Greek Iliaiis, KiT, 
 KJS ; ciiies built iVoiii the ruins of Trox', 
 a L;ratuitous assuniptiuii uf Deniefiius, 
 17.VI1 ; counecliuri ot 'I'my \vith Assyria, 
 IIJS; \vitli l'>c;ypt, 74". I'. (Histury con- 
 tiiiueil tiinler y. Jliaiii.) 
 
 Tri'ij iijid Ilismiiik .-—Was the onl, tlje 
 liutiit City, Homer's Tmy?— Small size 
 of laiinilive Greek cities, 514, 515 ; the 
 acropolis the city proper; Homer never 
 saw Troy, hat sanf; of real everjts fnirn 
 tradition ; remarks of Sayee ; Lenoiinant ; 
 Gladstone, 515, old; points of agieeuient 
 with the 3rd c., 51ij ; the event preserved 
 by tradition, i/etaih ima,:,'ined bj? the poets, 
 ofT; ei\iU/.ation ofHomer's tirne, that of 
 Xovum Ilium rather than the burnt city, 
 olT:— 
 
 Virchow on " Tioy and Hissarlik," App. 
 
 I.; legends of 'J'roy before the JIia.il, Ij73 ; 
 fitness of the site for poetic legends, 674 
 and Fref. ; its scenery the scenery of the 
 Ilkid, b7d-5 and Fr/f. ; the view from 
 Hissarlik thr horizon 'A' the poem, i;?L a[,d 
 Pr,/.; the mylh,jh«,ir„l ,,re„a irnhr than 
 the strati'(jl.':ul, (J7y and I'l-rf. ; this scenic 
 background only tlarkened by the student's 
 lamp, 681 ; ditferences fnjm Homer's de- 
 scription, 681-()83 ; ilie lliitin of Jietion 
 must be a fiel ioti i.taelf, (Jsl ; points of 
 likeness in the " bnrnt city/' which is 
 al>o a "city of gold," CH3, 084, and Fref. 
 
 Trmi (Trnj'ii), the Egyptian (fiiruit), has 
 no etymological connection \vith Trov ; 
 but the likeness of name njadc it the 
 Seat of Trojan legends in Egypt, 751. 
 
 Tuiniil!, IFrule (so called), of the Troad, 
 explored in 187!l, 55; mtaning of the 
 AVord ; described in order; the Oynossem;i, 
 or tornb of Heculia ; a •2nd near site of 
 Hardanns; a 3u-.l ; 4th aliove lou Kioi 
 (y. cj; 5th and (hh; 7th on the heights 
 of Itlioeteuiii fconi|i. //( Jc/'cA); the ori- 
 ginal tomb of Ajax on the shore, 048 ; 
 tornbs of Achilles and Patroclus (q. v.), 
 048 ; Haiios Dcmetrios Te|ieh ((/. r.), t;50 ; 
 ISesika Tepch (</. v.) ; Ujek 'J'epeh (q. v.) ; 
 four on the Bali Hagh ; tornbs of Hector 
 and Priam ; another opp.' the Tiali Dagh ; 
 the Hana'i'l'epeh (</. v.) on the '! liymbrius ; 
 the Pasha 'J'epeh (</. )'.) ; two smaller ; one 
 N.of Koum Kaleli,tlie tnm. of ] bis (y. i'.\ 
 bol ; turn, just S. of N. Ilium; shaft 
 snnk ; laily a few Pornan bricks, (iCO. 
 
 Tiireeii, two-handled, bth c, a\ heel-made, 
 589, 50O. 
 
 7'irei-:i rs, bronze, 5th c, 585-C. 
 
 Ti/rseiiiaiis, led from Lj'dia to Umbria by 
 '4'yrsenus, s. of Atys, 129 ; same as Etrus- 
 cans, 129 ('/. i'.). 
 
 UBiyEN, Uinen (the 'shinitig'), the later 
 Eg\ yilian name for the Hellenes, 745. 
 
 Ujek Tepeh (ujek = ' fire-side'), SO called from 
 the fires upon it on the festival of St. Elias ; 
 traces of tliem, C51, 058 ; the Idgliest 
 tumulus in the Troad, wrongly identified 
 with the Tomb of Aesyetis (q. v.) fiy 
 Lechevalier, Clioiseul-Gouffier, Szc, 107, 
 185; excavated by Dr. Schliemann (187;i) 
 Irorn the top and side, 55, (J59 f. ; jjro- 
 gress and difliculties of the work, 059- 
 002; a rnas.-ive qu;"i(h'angular tower above 
 a circular enclosure of polygonal stones of 
 the Macedonian age, probably a sacred 
 shrine, 602 ; the mound identified with 
 the ceiiof/ipli of Festus, killed by Caracaha 
 to provide a Patroclus for bmeral games 
 in imitation of Achilles; no trace of a 
 funeral fire ; fi'agnients of Greek pottery 
 o{ 5th cent. E.c. or earlier, and of L'omaii 
 polteiy fi.\ing the date ; alleged resem- 
 blance to the Cucumella at Vulei, 063 ; 
 — view from its sutnrnit of the ai'ena of 
 the Iliad, and to the wider range of itg 
 mythological sceneiy, 679, 68u. 
 
 Ulijsses, ftches Ncoptolemus fiorn Scyros ; 
 steals the Palladium from Troy, 160; 
 ambassador to Troy before the war, 104. 
 
 U/i/fsm, Caatle if (so calledj, on M. Aetos 
 in Itliaca, IH, 47; Pahice of, Sir W. 
 Gell's, imaginary, 411. 
 
 CrriK, with 2 handles, 3rd c., 399, 400; 
 hand-made, 4lh c, 539. 
 
 Ui'iis, FvncraJ, 2 tripod, found oil native 
 rock, one containing human ashes and the 
 skeleton of an embryo ; interment ex- 
 ]ilained, 227; — of 3,id c., in shape of a 
 box, 360-1 ; many found in 3rd and 4th 
 c.,39 ; — No. 42fl, type of funeral urns of 
 3rd c. ; No. 424, typ.e of those of 4th c. ; 
 only two such in 3rd ; similar one from 
 Thera, 400; of Pomau age, with human 
 ashes, in N. ]., 39. 
 
 VALFIilAXUS L, coins of, K. I., 045. 
 ^'aJoiira Oak, abundant in Troad, prcpara- 
 
 lioii i.f acorns for tanning, 116, 118. 
 ]'iixe ('veers, terra-cotla. See Cavers. 
 
 , sil\-er Tr. : see i>ileer, 
 
 Vafe-iiaialles, with lieads of seipetd.s (y. v.) 
 
 and ciiws (q. v.), 6th c, 598, 599. 
 Vases, silver, of great Tb. See Silver. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 viuciiow, ruuF. 
 
 797 
 
 Vuses, owl-heailed : coutainin;:; a trL-asuro, 
 43 ; broken, containing a trcasuve, o'-i. 
 See Owl-headed ]'ascs. 
 
 Vases, terra-cotta (comp. Fotteri/) : of 1st c, 
 214; with double veitical liulcs lur sus- 
 pension, common, but rave elsewlu'ie, 215 ; 
 none such in 2nd c, '2T'J; parallfl exam- 
 ples, 215 ; ornamoiluttuii (y. v.), 210 ; with 
 remnants of suspt-ndinii; curd, 217 ; colour, 
 fabric, and baking (see I'vUrry); with 
 four perforations in rim, 220; mode of 
 closing; with single tubular holes, 221; 
 parallel examples rare, 222 ; more fre- 
 quent w"ith horizontal holes, as at Ilanai 
 Tepeh, 223, 720 ; large two-liandled, 227, 
 22b ; curious red, 227, 228. 
 
 • of ■2nd City : pillnji (■/. r ), 279 ; oirl- 
 
 headed (q. v. ), 200 ; suspension and ti ipod, 
 295 ; two and three liandled, 297. 
 
 . nf'ird Cif)/ : remarkable, with liollow 
 
 wing-hke projections, from chief's house, 
 302, 303, 329 f. ; with wcU-modelled 
 human head, 330 ; otrl-lieodrd. {'/. v.), 
 339 f. ; fragment with ornament like a rose, 
 340, 341 ; vase with projections like birds' 
 beaks, 345 ; tripods (q. v.), with female 
 characteristics, 325, &c. ; decorated and 
 plain, 354 f ; with(jut feet, 3(;3 f . ; with 
 douhle tubular holes, ludy two or three 
 found in 3rd c, 3G3, 3G4 ; various foims, 
 ornamented and plain, widi ami without 
 svsteni for suspension, 304 f. ; decoration 
 of rows of dots, 366 ; two remarkable (N'o. 
 302), with incised ornaments of branches, 
 368 ; one like a melon, 368, SG9 ; with in- 
 scription round body,3fi9 ; with vvaveorna- 
 rnent UkeCypriote ko, 369,383,384; small, 
 rude, with breast-like projections, 369 ; 
 globular, curiously decuriited, 370; with 
 handles and wiiigdike jin.jections, 381; 
 splendid lustrous-red, «iih Inng and re- 
 curved hollow projections, spiral and fislj- 
 spine ornaments, from royal house, 381 ; 
 others of like form, 382, 383; globular, 
 395, 396; with two, three, and four 
 handles, 398-402. 
 
 ,f ith City: like 3rd, 518; owl- 
 
 heaiied (q.v.) and female, .521-523 ; with 
 vertical sus|iensiou tubes, 525 f. ; with 
 spiral iierforafed handles, 526; wdieel- 
 made, with spiral handles and suspension 
 tubes between, 526; \vith cui'ious cha- 
 racters, probably not a real inscription, 
 526, 527, 697; most of these are band- 
 made, 527 ; various incised decorations ; 
 tripoils, 528 f ; one with 3 bottoms, 
 529- 0113 with small jug adheiing 
 
 til it, 529; with 3 and 4 cups on one 
 body, oil) ; large two-handled ; two- 
 liandlrd with wa\'e ornament, 541 ; others, 
 
 542 ; with niio vertical and one horizontal 
 handle, 542 ; glubular, with 4 breast-like 
 bosses, 543; with tubular sjiout, unique, 
 
 543 ; with 4 thin handles, widenioulh, and 
 large Imrdicr, only 3 sucli found, 545, 540; 
 thrc'-liauillcd, 547 ; large twu-handled, 
 with lointcd fjot, 547; with 3 liandles 
 and Cover, 547, 548 ; with 4 handles, 548 ; 
 with 3 mouths and 2 handles, nnique, 
 553-4 ; with 2 handles and 2 wings, 556 ; 
 perforated, 550, 557. 
 
 T"oS( s of bIJi ( iiy : (iw 1-vases (q. v.), 574 f. ; 
 with feniale charactetistics, 570 ; two- 
 handled, wiih breasts, 577, 578 ; globular, 
 wheel-made, with zigzag round neck, 
 580; large wheel-made, with double 
 upright handles, of later fabric than in 
 preceding cities, with crown-shaped cover, 
 580; Willi tubes at side and hol's in 
 rim, lor snspension, 581; double, joined, 
 582. 
 
 of Od/i City: Very large, four-handled, 
 
 wdieel-made, 590 ; globular, two-handled, 
 wdieel-made, 590, 591 ; large hand-made, 
 w"ith one common handle, and thiee like 
 ram's horns, explaining excrescences on 
 Etruscan vases, 591-2, and protuberances 
 on others, 593-0 ; with verlical tubes lor 
 suspension, 596, 597 ; in shape of a bugle, 
 witli three feet, frequent ; similar Iroiu 
 rdiodesand Cyprus ; perhaps the Etruscan 
 and Greek ^4/7//)r(('/(<s ; tke Sinas dufjuKv- 
 TreXAoi', 596 ; other forms, 597. 
 
 Fa.ses, painted terra-cotta, of N. I. ; an ar- 
 chaic vase-head, hand-made, with tubular 
 holes for suspension, 014 ; fragments of 
 wdieel-niade, 014, 015. 
 
 Vatliy, capital of Ilhaca, not the site of an 
 ancient city, 4'.L 
 
 J'eneti or lineti, led liy Antenor from Pajihla- 
 gonia 10 the Adriatic, 104. 
 
 fertehrae of sharks, doli)liius, and tunnies, 
 3rd e., 323, 432. 
 
 ViUaiiora, cemetery of, whoils found in ; lis 
 age, 230. 
 
 Viiiipos, 'I'll., author's teacher in Greek, now 
 Aichbishop of Athens, 14. 
 
 ]'irdioni, Frif. l!udolJ\ on leaining Greek, 
 15 ■;/. ; his drawings and descriptions of 
 Ti'ojan skulls, 30, 39 (see tilculls); joins 
 author at Troy (1879), 53; his re- 
 seaiches there, 53; medical practice in 
 the Troad, 5.3, 721 f ; on the construction 
 of Trojan houses, 53 f ; on the sources of 
 
798 
 
 VIKi:lM\V, ADLE. 
 
 ]XDEX. 
 
 the Sciniander, "iS ; speech uii tlie exca- 
 vafiniis, (;0 f. (see L'.rruvfih'uiis at Ilismr- 
 lik mill I'roij); on the ScaiiiaU'ler and 
 riaiii of 'J'roy, 80 f. ; liis ' Beitrarje zur 
 LiMii-h'^knnde der Troas' m, 95, 190, &c. ; 
 account uf ('uiichijlUi, 114 f. ; for the His- 
 sarlik site, l!iO ; also /'/■',/'., and A]ip. I., 
 |i. ij7G f. ; excavations at Zaiinrowis in 
 I'osen, 223; on domestic arclntectin-e of 
 ancient and modem 'I'rnjans, ol-l-.'!17 ; 
 oil food of tlie ptiiple fi'Min remnnnts at 
 the burnt city, and their social condition, 
 318-321; on '^Troyand Hissarlik," Ajip. I., 
 673 f. ; " Medical Practice in tlio Troad," 
 Ap|-i. v., i-i. 721 r. 
 
 }'iri:]inir, ^I'/rJr, her excavations at Zabo- 
 rdwo, 22.'! ('/ jiitxsim. 
 
 ^'irrlinii; J)r. Ilnu!^, 22! it jiaHnini. 
 
 Yirlit il'AniiKf, 'Desri-ijitinri fnjin;iriiji!'i<ji'.eit 
 iiirlu-'u/oijii/iii' ilr /a rriiiiiJi',' PS'J. 
 
 Vitellius, Coins of, iV. L, I'lHl 
 
 Vi'virn lie Si-iiitt-Miirlii-,, L., ' J^JIion d'L'o- 
 rni're, I'JIiiini ihs Iliniiitiux,' 1-,S. 
 
 I'lir/li'i-., Mr., partner in tlie house of Messrs. 
 J. H. Schroder Si Co., in Hambnr;.', 13 n. 
 
 T'r;ss, ./. //., residence at Ankershasen, 2 ■/(. 
 
 IV/c/, \'ase resembling the Trojan fiiira 
 afj.(piKvn(]\i\a found at, .^02. 
 
 I'ldliirta in the I'road, 113. 
 
 IVJLL, eartlicn, of the Greek camp, 151. 
 
 M'ljll iif llernl-lrs, 'I'lojan rampart near the 
 sea-sliori', 151. 
 
 71';/// fJ'Trnij, built liy Poseidon, 141, or by 
 him and ApoUo, 15G. 
 
 Wiilh (see also House-}i!iilh^\m'\ the arts, on 
 the several cities) ; a Cyclopean wall in 2nd 
 c, resting on a reta'ning wad of sni.aller 
 stones of 1st c, 24, 201 ; jiair of areat 
 Tseo Tuii-er of lllinn), 2.': two Trojan, 
 27 ; Greek, 2,", 2!l; of fortiHcatiou below 
 temple of Atliene, 30, 31; of sun-dried 
 brick, near the 9 large jar.s, 33 ; great in- 
 ternal wall of 2nd c., 40, 265; another 
 of 2nd e., 2115 ; of Lysimachus, 40 ; stands 
 on i/<'///'/.s thrown down, G3 ; others, 40 ; of 
 Tioy discjosr-d in its whole circuit, 54; 
 retaining \\-.\\\, 1st c, 213 ; — j'anip.'u't wall 
 of 2nd e., X.AV. of gate, ]iaved with lings, 
 267-8; — walls of 2nd and 3rd c,, their 
 relation to eiieh other, 208 ; great slope, 
 (:i.-y to scale, proves them only substruc- 
 tion,,, 208 ;— of 3rd c, new wall added to 
 wall of 2nd c. ; its ]iccu',iar construction, 
 3ii5; of brick, 305; deirsely inhabited 
 v\-oiks of defence over, 3tiO ; city wall 
 brought to light hi its ivhuh ciraiit, 300; 
 
 its course, 307; construclion of brick, 
 upon a few courses of slabs, founded on 
 clay calces (rj. v.), 307 ; Burnoufs descrip- 
 tion and sections of the brick walls, 30:1 ; 
 section of remnant of the brick wall, 312 ; 
 — of 4th c. ; no large city wall, properly so 
 called, 518, 519; one X.W. (f tuwer-road; 
 ancient enclosure wall, with liattlements, 
 on X.W.; 2 more on S.E. ; all beyond 
 precincts of .'Ird c, 319 ; no brick walls of 
 defence, 320 ;— of 5tli c, doubtful ; per- 
 haps destroyed by succeeding settlers, 574; 
 — of K. I. ; great Hellenic wall liuilt im- 
 mediately on debris of 3rd c, 311 ; only 
 the lower coiu'ses of the Greek tower pre- 
 Jlacedoni.in, (i09; great city wall ascribed 
 to Lysimachus, well preserved ; probably 
 repaired by Sylla ; traces of an inner wall, 
 connecting 2 (piadraiigular forts, 010. 
 lliv/y/.j/c, ' Meiiiairs relating lo European 
 
 and Asiatic 'ftirkei/,' IbO. 
 IVashijig-troughs, stone, of Trojau women 
 
 outsiiie Troy, 144. 
 ]\'ave-line ornament on fragment of a great 
 
 jjithos, 280. 
 II ave ornament on vases, like Cypriote cha- 
 racter go, ko, or klio,^ ?A\'J, 3t3, 384, &c. 
 Weapons, bronze, Tr., mass molten together 
 by lire, 482 ; long epiadrangular bar with 
 sharp end, Tn., 482 ; another such, and 
 2 smaller, Tr., 494. See Batlle-Axts ; 
 Ilaggers; Laeiec-licads. (X.B. Xo swords 
 finual ) 
 Wehh, P. lliirlcer, his ' lopogra[)liie de la 
 Truade,' 2t.), 188 et passim ; ]ilaces Trtiy 
 at Chililak, 20; geolojy of Ida and its 
 valleys, 09, 70; dcscriptiiin of climate 
 and beauty of (he Trojan land, 102-3 ; 
 account of Fhii-a of tlie d'road, 116. 
 W'eiijiit, standard of, in Asia ilineir. See 
 
 Miua. 
 IVeigJds: 3rd c, one (probably) of green 
 gabbro-rock, 430; for doors, looms, or 
 nets, of teri'a-eotla, 411; of stone, 442, 
 443, 444 ; — 4th e., of stone for nets, 570, 
 5.S4 ; similar in Denujark, 584. 
 Trr/r/,7-,-, ' Kleiiie Si-hriftcn,' 187. 
 Well, (irecL; ill tlie Acrojiolis of X". I., 211. 
 )]'ciiilt, J. F., kindness to the author, 8; 
 
 death, 9 )/. 
 Wheal, a field of, under the walls of Troy 
 (Horn.), 118, 145; remains of, in Trojan 
 houses, 320 ; other grain, 32i) ■». 
 W/ael, leaden, wdth 4 spokes, 4lh c, doubt- 
 
 ' These are only various readings of the same 
 eliaracter, J\. See p. 69.5, a, near the top. 
 
l.XDKX. 
 
 799 
 
 less moJul of wheel's in use there; com- 
 pared with uthei- furnis of wheels; eight 
 spokes in Homer's chariot of Here, 565. 
 Wheels, moviiiL', on -ivhorls, -tl7. 
 W/ietstoiics : 1st c., of indurated slate; ex- 
 amples flora Eiiypt and elsewhere, 2-18; 
 — 3rd c, of green stone ; common in all tlie 
 pre-historic cities, bnt rare at Mvcenae, 
 443; similar at Szihaloin and Thera, 
 443; — 4th c., porphyry, witli insciiption, 
 567, 697 ; many of slate and porphyry, 571. 
 Whorls, stone, of steatite, abont 50 collected, 
 42'2 ; contrast with tlie great number fonnd 
 at Mycenae, 422, 443. 
 Whorh, feira-rotta : 1st c., plain and orna- 
 mented ; the latter known by the flat 
 form ; proliably offerings to Athene 
 Ergane, 229; found in various parts 
 of Enrope, Mexico, Mycenae (very few, 
 but many of stone), Thera, 231 ; — 2nd 
 c, also all black, smaller than in 1st, 
 with incased ornamentation as in upjier 
 cities, 3i)3 ; — 3rd c, double, or top-shaped, 
 rare, 416 ; various forms and patterns, 
 416 f. ; nearl_v half have incised pat- 
 terns, 416 : generally on one side onlv, 
 sometimes on both ; crosses, with dots, 
 ^ and Lf^, man with uplifted arms, 418; 
 a moving wheel, written characters, burn- 
 ing altars, animals, plants, flowers, zigzags, 
 the sun, birds, probably storks, 416-420 ; 
 rudeness of representation due to a sacred 
 tradition ; vnifurmitij of style, 419 ; 
 spirals, strokes, and dots, 420; all perfo- 
 rattd, of coarse clay, coated with hne clay 
 and polished — colours red, yellow, lilack 
 or grey, thoroughly baked (but in otliir 
 cities irapcrfectlv) ; ornamentation in- 
 cised, and filled with white chalk ; 
 hardlj' any show signs of wear, 4^'l ; 
 probabljr votive offerings to Athene Er- 
 gan(=, 410, 420, 422; more than LS.OOO 
 collected; comparison with (lie few at 
 Mycenae, 422; — thousands in 4th c, 
 like those in 3rd, 518, 571; various 
 patterns ; written characters, 502-564, 
 571, 572 ; patterns of 3rd c. recur, 571 ; 
 crosses, altars, ^ and 4n, hares and other 
 animals, zigzags, a man (probably), sym- 
 metrical patterns, 571-2 : — 5th c, patterns 
 often different from 3rd an A 4th; fabric 
 inferior ; shape moi-e elongated and 
 pointed ; examples of new forms ; one 
 with three deer ; another wiih strange 
 scratohings, 573 ; — 0th c, ornamented, 
 594, 596 ; frequent, of same dull- 
 black clay as the other pottery ; de- 
 
 coration linear, witli Ft and y^ ; — rare in 
 stratum of N. I., tliorouglily baked and 
 plain, 018 ; their jilace seems taken by 
 the stamped lenticular i.lisi:s (q. v.). 
 
 Winckelmaii}}, E., of Ankershagen, 2 n. 
 
 Wind, at Hissarlik, troublesome from N., 
 25 ; Homer's icy blasts of Boreas, '^6 ; 
 table of prevalent winds, 101. 
 
 Wine, huge jars (nldoi) for (see Pithoi); 
 making of in modern Troad, 118 ; mixing- 
 vessels for (see (Jnitrrs) ; wine-mer- 
 chant's magazine under temple oC Athene', 
 379 (cnmp. Cellars). 
 
 T) iny-li/,e projections, on Trojan idols, 331, 
 lV-c. ; and vases, 339, 381, &c. 
 
 Wire, gold, 'Irojan, drawn finer on account 
 of the purity of the gold, 4 58 ; quadran- 
 gular, Tr., 494. 
 
 Wittmack, Dr., on seeds from the Troad, 
 320 n. 
 
 Wolf \\\\\i riornulus and llemus, on coins of 
 N. I., 041, 047. 
 
 WijUert, ' Hopping Peter,' village tailor of 
 Ankershagen, his stories, 4, 5. 
 
 Wood, beams for floors, in 2nd anil 3rd c., 
 30, 274; difficulty of working with the 
 stone axes, 274; largely used for build- 
 ings of 3rd c, as shown by quantity of 
 ashes, 266 ; wooden houses of 5th c, 573. 
 
 IT'oocfc)* //o)'s6-, legend of, 160, 101; opinions 
 about, 207 ; beating on avginuent upon 
 the site of Troy, 208. 
 
 Wool, ancient export of, from Phrygia, 112 ; 
 woollen thread, carbonized, still on a 
 distaff; 3rd c, 327. 
 
 Workmen, numbers and wages of, 21, 2'2, 
 24, 27, 51. 
 
 Worsaa", ' Kordiske Oh.haijer,'' 215 et 
 passim. 
 
 Writing, in Asia Minor, long before the intro- 
 duction of the Phoeniciati alphabet, proved 
 by Dr. Schliematm's iliscoveries, 091. 
 
 Written characters, on sals, 415; on 
 whorls, 417-120. 
 
 X AS Til US, Lydiau histotian, on the 
 JMysian language, 119. 
 
 Xanthus, 11. ('yellow'), the 'divine,'' i.e. 
 Greek name, equivalent to the native 
 Scarnander (q. v.), 705. 
 
 Xenophon for the N. I. site, 170. 
 
 Xerxes, his bridge of lioats, 133 ; visits N. 
 Ilium as Homer's Trotj ; sacrifices to 
 Athene ; makes lihatiiais to Trojan heroes, 
 108, 680; topogra|iliy of his march, 108- 
 9 n. ; N. I. of no inip(jrtanee then but for 
 its shrine, 089. 
 
800 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 YEXl Kim, Clirisliaii Milage, lever- 
 
 stiickuD, KJO. 
 Yeni Lihehr, 105, site of tlie ancient 
 
 Sigeum {q. v.). 
 Yerlcassi, military farm, 101. 
 
 ZAFJOHiJ^VO, in Posen, pre-bistoric grave- 
 yard, exravated by Professor Virchow and 
 Lis cljililren, pottery from, 223 et 2'>assiin. 
 
 Znrpn.iiit or Zirlianit, Babylonian goddess, 
 pL'otiitj-pc of tlie Trojan fernaie idols 
 (Lenormant), 33'.i. 
 
 ZclriM, Lycian c. tm the Aesepus, 132 ; at 
 end of a cliief Ijrancli of Ida, 08. 
 
 Zriis, temple of, in the Pergamns, 110. 
 
 Zens /ler/ceiof:, altar of, Priam slain at, 211 ; 
 shown by Greek Ilians, 211. 
 
 Zeus Meilicln'iis = Jloloch, 154. 
 
 Zens Xikijjtioros, v:\t\i Palladium, on coins 
 of N. I., G42. 
 
 i?fr/2i/f/ ornament on a Trojan trijjod, 357; 
 pattern on whorls, 41H, 420, &c. 
 
 Zinc (\j/€v'6dijyvpoi) iu JI. hja, 253-4. 
 Corn p. Brass. 
 
 Zoolonji of tlie Troad : Barker AVebb and 
 Tchihatclieff on ; wild beasts in Lla, 110 
 lions, bears, paiithers, wolves; the boar 
 liorses, asses, mules, oxtn, goats, camels 
 sheep. 111 ; use of the ox for agriculture 
 bufiiilo also used in farming ; the Bactrian 
 camel; stag rare; deer,roebuck, and gazelle 
 frequent; birds, various but little known, 
 
 112 ; the stork, 112, 113 ; cranes; vaiious 
 vultures ; one eagle ; a bird, probably 
 Homer's Chulcis or Cyrnindis (q. v.) ; owls, 
 
 113 ; snakes, numerous and pjoisonous ; 
 tortoises, land and water ; annelids, leeches; 
 locusts; Ivermes worm, 114; Virchow's 
 report on Conchylia, 114 f. ; their use for 
 food, 115, 116. 
 
 THE END. 
 
W°- 1801-1816 , 
 
 :isoi 
 
 iao3 1804 
 
 1808 
 
 10M 
 
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 1915 
 
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 SPECIMEN SECTIONS OF WHORLS DUG UP AT TROY. 
 
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N°« 1817-1832. 
 
 SPECiWEN PATTERNS OF WHORLS DUG UP AT TROY- 
 
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NPE 1833-1848. 
 
 SPECIMEN PATTERNS OF WHORLS DUG UP AT TROY. 
 
 ttarpsr *,Bj>oUip,r3 KmvYork. 
 
Mos 1849 1856 
 
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W^^'S 1856-1860, 
 
 SPECIMENS OF WHORLS, 8(C, DUG UP AT TROY. 
 
W^ 1661-LB64>. 
 
 SPECIMENS Ot WHORLS, &c. DUG UP AV TftOT. 
 
1Sf°3 1866-1871. 
 
 SPECIMEN'S OF WHORLS, &C. DUG UP AT TROY. 
 
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N03 1310-191B. 
 
 
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Nos 1951-1954. 
 
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Kos \P,r 
 
 1355-1360^ 
 
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N°^ 1861-1065. 
 
 Sr'fCiMENS OF WfiOnlS, &C- OliG IIP AT TKrry, 
 
N°= 13S6-19TI. 
 
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Nos 1986-1990. 
 
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 2.0.%' 
 
 SPECIMf^!^ OF yjHORLS, &C. DUG UP AT TROY. 
 
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