m ■iliiiil liiiiiiiiiil :m\m fiil|i||i: lllljljiilp; W$\ " "iiiiiiiiiliHiil: ^iilll Jlr5,A.D. WKite. Cornell University Library Z685 .S67 ++ Library planning, bookstacks and shelvin 3 1924 031 032 216 olln Overs Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031032216 LIBRARY PLANNING BOOKSTACKS and SHELVING BERNARD RICHARDSON GREEN, the inventor of the Library of Con- gress bookstack, was born December 28, 1843 at Maiden, Massachusetts and died October 22, 1914 at Washington, D. C. He was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, in 1863, with the degree of S.B. in Civil Engineering. The subsequent thirteen years were spent with United States Engineer officers, constructing permanent fortifications in Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts. From that time until his death Mr. Green was in charge of the erection of large public buildings, among which are the State, War and Navy Building, Army Medical Museum and Library, United States Soldiers' Home Buildings, Washington Monument, Library of Congress, Washington Public Library and the National Museum. During the last sixteen years of his life, in connection with his other work, Mr. Green was in charge of the Library of Congress as Superintendent of Building anj Grounds. J* ^ LIBRARY PLANNING BOOKSTACKS and SHELVING V^ITU CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE ARCHITECTS' AND LIBRARIANS' POINTS OF VIEW Illustrated The Snead & Company Iron Works, Inc. jersey city, new jersey, u. s. a. The construction and designs illustrated and described in this hook are protected by Letters of Patent, oivned or controlled by The Snead ^ Co. Iron Works, Inc. Copyright, 1915, by The Snead & Company Iron Works, Inc. " Architecture Press " The Gillespie Bros., Inc., Stamford, Conn. FOREWORD THIS BOOK is published for distribution among Architects, Librarians and Trustees, to give general information regarding the planning of Ubrary buildings, specific facts in connection with the problems of book storage, and details of the construction of Snead Bookstacks, Shelving and other products. The Snead & Company Iron Works began the manufacture of metal bookstacks when they first came into use and have built the largest stacks in America, including those of the Library of Congress, Ontario Legislative Library, New York Public Library and Widener Memorial Library of Harvard University. We have also equipped many libraries in foreign countries. As this is a highly specialized work, the experience gained in both large and small installations is one of the Company's most valuable assets. The manufacture of metal bookstacks is a development of the architectural and orna- mental iron and bronze business established in 1849 at Louisville, Kentucky, by Charles S. Snead, one of the pioneer iron founders of the United States. The Louisville plant was destroyed by fire in 1898 and was subsequently re-established in Jersey City, N. J., where the main office and works are now located. The business is owned entirely by the officers actively engaged in its management. Architects, trustees and librarians planning to install bookstacks, either in new buildings or old, may call upon Snead & Company for layouts, estimates and advice, which will be given either by correspondence or by the personal call of an expert. All that is asked in return is an opportunity to submit a proposal and to demonstrate that it is to the owners, best interest to use the Snead product. It has been found more economical and satisfactory to have all domestic business con- ducted directly from the main office rather than through branches or agencies. Business in foreign countries is handled direct or through agencies, as may seem advisable. Correspond- ence is therefore solicited. THE SNEAD & CO. IRON WORKS, INC. Cable address: "Snead, Jersey City.' Western Union & A.B.C. 5th edit. Codes JERSEY CITY, N. J. CONTENTS PART 1— THE MODERN BOOKSTACK Pagb PRINCIPLES AND DEVELOPMENT 11 Prototype, Gore Hall stack — Advance in construction — Library of Congress stack com- petition — Requisites for proper book storage — Sheet metal stacks — Features of Snead Stack: Form of shelf supports, Construction of shelves, Method of finishing the metal. SHELF SUPPORTS 18 End shelf supports or range fronts — Intermediate shelf supports or partitions — Simplicity and compactness — Purposes served — Adjustment teeth — Horn locks — Architectural design — Gray iron castings — Economical production — Advantages of cast iron over steel: fire and rust resistance, finish retention — Snead Standard Stack details — Open construction — No dust pockets — Combination cast iron and steel shelf supports — Inspection and testing. SHELVES 27 Wood shelves unsatisfactory — Snead Open Bar shelf: convenience, lightness, strength, per- fect adjustment, thorough ventilation, convenient accessories, flexibility, cleanliness — Baked enamel finish, special colors — Extensive use of Snead Open Bar shelves — Sup- porting pins — Solid plate shelf — Sohd fixed shelf, as fire and dust stop — Snead "Over- Size" shelf — Snead Open Bar shelf with deep bars — Tests on Open Bar shelves, shelf pins and horn locks — Tables and curves of strength and deflections for Open Bar shelves. FINISH ON METAL WORK 31 Finish on movable parts — Finish on fixed parts — Air drying enamel, preferable to baked enamel for fixed parts, wearing qualities, elasticity, renewal in place — Baked enamel on fixed parts not renewable — Colors limited — Imitation wood effect not recommended. SHELVING FOR SMALL LIBRARIES 33 Relative cost of metal and wood shelving — One-tier Snead Standard stacks, finish — Provision for expansion: removable cornice, attachment of future deck framing — Fitting stack around base boards and chair rails — Unit system base and cornice — Ledge ranges. SPECIAL SHELVING 39 Rich effects possible with cast iron — Special finishes — Bronze powders — SHding shelves — Periodical case with level and sloping shelves — Snead standing desk — Glass door cases — Sliding wire door cases — Snead steel library shelving. TOP FINISH 44 Conditions governing top finish — Flanged steel cover plate — Removable steel cornice — Unit system cornice cover plate — Top angles — Cast iron cornice — Top clearance. DECK FLOORS 46 Deck framing: strength, provision for electrical work — Deck flooring: perforated cast iron, marble, glass and slate slabs. Bottom floors: concrete, terrazzo, marble, tile. CONTENTS Page STAIRS AND RAILINGS 48 Straight stairs — Spiral stairs — Stair treads — Continuous newels — Window guards — Stairs between ranges — Standard designs of plain and ornamental railings and fascias. THE SNEAD NEWSPAPER STACK. 52 Similar to Snead Standard Stack — For large flat books — Sizes of newspaper volumes — Shelf sizes — Ventilation — Compact construction — Minimum of dust collecting surfaces — Open bar shelves: simple, easily adjusted, easy to clean, strong, books easily handled, no injury to bindings — Disadvantages of roller shelves — Preservation of newspaper files — Snead Unit System newspaper stack — Shelf lengths easily varied — Accommodation for a few newspaper volumes — Double-faced book ranges used for newspapers — Finish. BOOKSTACK FITTINGS 56 Book supports — Card frames for end shelf supports — Shelf label holders — Range indi- cators — Back cHps — Portable book ledges — Back stops. BRACKET STACKS 61 Snead Tubular Steel Bracket Stack — Snead Star Column Bracket Stack — Snead Cast Iron Bracket Stack — Purpose of the designs — Construction, finish and relative cost. STANDARD VS. BRACKET STACKS 66 Relative merits — Characteristic point of difference: form of shelves and shelf supports — Use of the word "Standard" — Comparative costs — Appearance — Adjustment and security of shelves — Bracket Stacks: fire, dust and water stops and cover plates lacking, projecting members, wasted space, unsuitable for important buildings. LAYING OUT A STACK ROOM .... 67 Governing conditions — Aisles — Location of uprights — Shelf lengths — Range sizes — Ledge ranges — Stairs — Booklifts — Vertical (protected) deck slit — Wide bottom shelf, its advantages — "Over-Size" sheKes — Regular and "Over-Size" shelves interchangeable. WIDTH AND CAPACITY OF SHELVES 71 No definite rules — Compactness — Table of shelf widths and lineal foot capacities. STANDARD DIMENSIONS 72 Tiers — Aisles — Stairs — Ranges — Cornices — Shelf supports — Adjustable shelves — Fixed bottom shelves — Electrical arrangements — Deck floors. PRICES OF STACKS 73 Form of inquiries — Price limits — Information required — Follow established standards. TIER HEIGHTS 74 Basic principle — Galleries — Advantages of standard sizes — Relation to building floors. STACK ENGINEERING 75 Stack a self supporting structure — Stack bracing walls — Diagonal bracing — Stack carrying superimposed loads, floors and roofs — Strength of shelf supports — Reusing old stack — Steel column construction — Distributed loads — Concentrated loads — Suspended stack — Rooms and study alcoves in stack — Early consideration of engineering problems advisable. CONTENTS Page FOUNDATIONS 81 Solid concrete mat — Separate footings — Continuous footings — Damp-proofing — Uniform settlement — Air space under stack — Basement under stack — Firepi'oofing cellar columns. STACK WEIGHTS 83 Dead loads — Live loads — Negligible difference in weight of standard and bracket stacks — Books the principal weight factor — Typical plans and units weights for light, medium and heav>' stack construction — Table of bookstack weights from one to twenty tiers. STACK ROOM WALLS 86 Irregularities — Mouldings and trim — Backing on ranges — Attachment of stack to walls — Curb angles — Wall brackets — Furring and insulating of walls. NATURAL LIGHTING 87 Dark storage stacks — Smtill libraries — Window openings — Slit windows — Location of ranges — Position of window heads — Prism glass — Aids to natural lighting. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING 91 Electricity and gas — Tungsten lamps — Carbon lamps — Lock socket bulbs — Special reflectors — Marble and glass deck floors — Light control : chain pull switches, push button switches, tassel switches, gang switches, "time-limit" switches, hinged bar switches — Spacing of lights — Conduits and ducts — Responsibility for electrical work. HEATING AND VENTILATING 94 Library of Congress system : bottom inlets, air filtration, fans, heating chambers, deck slits, exhaust fans, hermetically sealed windows — System for small Hbraries — General i-ules for atmospheric conditions — Insects destructive to books — Feasibility of fumigating Snead Standard Stacks — Disinfecting individual volumes — Beebe carbo-gasoline method. BOOKLIFTS, ELEVATORS AND OTHER STACK ACCESSORIES 96 Hand power and electric booklifts — Guide tubes used as speaking tubes — Location of electrical machinery — Machinery enclosure — Systems of control: "One Point Control with Signals," "Full Automatic Control," "Call Button Only" — Cars, removable shelves — Location of booklifts — Electric elevators : sizes, safety devices — Book conveyors : con- veyors in Library of Congress stack — Booklift and elevator enclosures: steel plates, wire mesh, wire glass — Means of communication : pneumatic tubes, telautographs, intercom- municating and automatic telephones — Pneumatic cleaning : stationary plants, portable machines, "Plenum-vacuum" system. UNDERGROUND BOOKSTACKS 100 Necessity — Expense — Preventing dampness — Regulating temperature — Avoiding con- densation. PARTIAL EQUIPMENT 101 Provision for growth — Three methods: installing lower tiers, instalHng portion of full height stack, instaUing intermediate tiers — Electrical work — Temporary struts — Initial cost — Cast iron and steel construction. CONTENTS Page PART 2 — LIBRARY PLANNING SOME ESSENTIALS OF LIBRARY DESIGN, by A. D. F. Hamlin, A. M., L. H. D 103 Three fundamental elements — Reference and circulating libraries — College, institute, society libraries, etc. — Accommodations for books: alcove system, open shelf system, stack system — Accommodations for readers, three features — Reading rooms : various kinds, lighting, location — Provision for the staff — Trustees' and committee rooms — Heating, ventilating, etc. — Preliminaries to building — Employment of experts — Competitions — Estimates — Type of construction — Capacity — Elementary principles. PLANNING A LIBRARY BUILDING, by Theodore W. Koch, M. A., 109 With Special Reference to Bookstacks Growth of American libraries — Alcove type — Stack type — Architect and librarian — Design — Considerations in planning: nature of building, type, size, class of books — Radial stacks — Bound newspapers — Annual growth — Vacant shelf room — Build too large rather than too small — Location of building — Extension — Summary. SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY PLANNING, by Edward L. Tilton, Architect 113 Rules — Principles involved — Method of procedure, practical example — Division of appropriation — Stacks below main floor level — Various rooms — Lighting — Width of bays — Heating — Ventilating — Furniture — Metal shelving — Summary. Extracts from an address by Mr. Tilton: Cost per cubic foot — Cost in relation to seating capacity — Location of branch buildings — Interest and maintenance — Upkeep charges. A LIBRARY BOOKSTACK IN THE DARK, by Bernard R. Green, C. E 118 Disadvantages of stacks with windows — Books in the dark — Possibilities and feasibility of dark storage — Southeast court stack. Library of Congress — Economical administration — Architectural advantages — Stack for 100 million volumes — Fire not a serious danger. BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 PARTIAL LIST OF LIBRARIES HAVING SNEAD STACK INSTALLATIONS 121 Architect — Librarian — Year completed — Cost — Cubic foot contents — Cubic foot cost. PART 3 — LIBRARY BUILDINGS, PLANS AND INTERIORS Monumental Libraries 129 College, School and Seminary Libraries 159 Public Libraries 197 Parliamentary and State Libraries 241 Society and Institute Libraries ... 249 PART 4 — OTHER SNEAD PRODUCTS Metal and glass museum cases — Steel storage shelving — Architectural and ornamental iron work — Iron castings — Macdonald Roller Ramming and Pattern Drawing Molding Machines — Foundry equipment 257 General Index . . . . 263 Buildings Illustrated ... 267 Architects Represented . . 270 SNEAD STANDARD STACK, TECHNOLOGY ROOM, NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY Photograph taken before the installation of the adjustable shelves. THE MODERN BOOKSTACK PRINCIPLES AND DEVELOPMENT 1 s« ^S ^^^ /v^ rtgi y m ^^^S^^S^ HE prototype of the modern bookstack was designed in 1876 by Professor William R. Ware, of Ware & Van Brunt, and Mr. Justin Winsor, acting together as architect and librarian for the extension of Gore Hall, the Library of Harvard College. A shell was built of masonry walls pierced by rows of small windows and carrying a roof supported by trusses. Into this were packed book ranges, row on row, tier on tier, with only enough vacant space to give access to the books. The aisles between the ranges were 28 inches wide and the tiers 7 feet high, allowing the topmost of the seven rows of shelves to be easily reached. The stack was six tiers high, self supporting throughout and depended on the building for protection only. The vertical shelf supports were of cast iron open work, the deck framing of rolled wrought iron, the deck flooring of perforated cast iron slabs and the shelves of wood, supported at the ends by light zinc Z bars fitting into notches in the uprights. This Gore Hall stack was a dis- tinct advance in compact permanent shelving and in it were laid the basic principles of stack construction ; it was copied for a number of libraries, including the Boston Atheneeum, the Surgeon General's at Washington, Amherst College and the University of Michigan. No further advance of any importance was made in stack construction until the build- ing for the Library of Congress at Washington was taken in hand in 1889 and the necessity arose of providing shelving for millions of volumes. A system of storage on a large, com- plete, thoroughly economical scale had not as yet been devised. The wood, or wood and iron combinations which had hitherto been constructed were crude, bulky and inflammable, dusty, close, overheated at the top, inconvenient of access, poorly lighted and unadaptable. Librarians were dissatisfied and the theory of shelving on the stack principle had gradually fallen into disrepute. Tall single tiers reached by ladders, or a few tiers arranged in alcoves were attempted, but found inadvisable because of the extended area of administration, the greater size required for buildings and gi'ounds and the resultant increase in cost of con- struction and maintenance. Consequently the problem presented by the Library of Congress was new in almost all its elements. The United States War Department assigned the con- struction of the Library to a prominent civil engineer, Mr. Bernard R. Green. After an exhaustive consideration of the needs of libraries and of new materials and manufacturing resources available, Mr. Green prepared a full sized working model of a bookstack, accom- [ 11 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. panied by drawings and specifications. He then advertised for bids for the construction of three nine-tier stacks containing 43 miles of shelving with a capacity of 2,000,000 volumes. The leading architectural iron manufacturers of the country entered the competition and the contract was awarded to the lowest bid- der, The Snead & Co. Iron Works, then of Louisville, Ky. Mr. Green's invention was a success and has served as a model for all sub- sequent stacks. This is due to its extreme sim- pHcity and convenience, the attainment of a minimum of space occupied by the materials used and a maximum of space available for books at a cost reduced to the lowest terms. The Library of Congress stacks have been in use for about twenty years; no part of the great combination has given trouble or need- ed repair and the whole is as perfect and ser- viceable as when installed. F.g. 1. ORIGINAL GORE HALL BOOKSTACK HARVARD UNIVERSITY REQUISITES FOR PROPER BOOK STORAGE The prototype of the modern bookstack The stack illustrated was not supplied by The Siiead 4' Co. Iron Works A thorough study of the fundamental requirements which govern the successful storage of books in a large, growing library has resulted in the establishment of the following rules. There should be : Accommodation for books of every variety, shape and binding. Direct and immediate access to every volume with a minimum distance to travel. Location in close communication with cataloging, reading and delivery rooms. Thorough illumination, either natural or artificial, by day and night. A constant supply of fresh air and an evenly regulated temperature, in order to prevent the deterioration of both paper and bindings. The greatest possible freedom from dust. Facilities for proper classification, arrangement and rearrangement. Maximum development of book space and provision for indefinite expansion. BOOKSTACK PRINCIPLES The modern bookstack, as designed first by Mr. Green for the Library of Congress, grew out of the scientific application of these requirements, and has proved itself to be the most convenient, compact and economical method of storing books. Through its success certain general principles of bookstack construction have come to be advocated: 1. Books are most advantageously shelved in tiers of double-faced parallel ranges, with [ 12 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 2. Section through bookstack and deck flooring showing vertical, protected deck slit. single-faced ranges along end walls ; radial ranges waste space and are costly. A row of shelf compartments end to end constitute a range. A number of ranges side by side form a tier. A series of superimposed tiers or an isolated tier forms a bookstack. 2. The height of each tier should be 7 feet or 7 feet 6 inches, preferably the former, as every shelf is then accessible to a person of average height. 3. Between each two tiers there should be a thin deck floor made of solid material, preferably white marble or, as a second choice, glass. Along the face of each range and around the walls should be an open space or deck sHt 2 or 3 inches wide for ventila- tion, light and the safety of the lower rows of books from injury by moving trucks or feet. Deck slits are protected by cui'bs about 1 inch high to prevent litter or articles being pushed off. By extend- ing the bottom fixed shelf over the deck slit the opening is further protected and accommodation is provided for extra large books. See Fig. 2, also Fig. 106, page 69. 4. The stack tiers should be uniform in size and superimposed on each other in order to secure convenience, interchangeability, greatest economy of space, best lighting and the least expensive construction. 5. Main corridors should connect the aisles between the ranges of each tier and the tiers should be connected vertically by means of stairs and lifts. Speaking tubes, telephones, telautographs, pneumatic tubes and automatic book conveyors may also be used for commu- nication and transportation. 6. The materials of stack construction should be non-combustible through- out. The vertical shelf sup- ports should be strong enough to carry not only the load of books, but also the superimposed tiers, deck floors and any overhead loads, in order to eliminate the use of large structural columns within the stack room. 7. All parts should be simple and solid, with no in- accessible pockets to harbor dust or book pests. The con- struction should be as open as possible for lighting, ven- tilation, cheerfulness and supervision. Fig. 3. READING AND STACK ROOM, CINCINNATI, C PUBLIC LIBRARY Illustrating alcove arrangement. The stacks illustrated were not supplied by The Snead (§■ Co. Iron Works [ 13 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 4. LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF NORTH STACK, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Fig. 5. PLAN OF NORTH STACK, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. WASHINGTON, D. C. [ 14 ] i Fig. 6. Section througl- range front. Fig. 7. Section through partition. Fig. 9. Plan and section of Open Bar shelf. LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING 8. Fixed stack members that become a permanent part of the building require a pro- tective covering that can be renewed. They should be finished after erection with aluminum bronze, or some light reflecting enamel, preferably white or light grey. Adjustable shelves are most economically and satisfactorily finished with baked enamel. 9. Shelf supports should be of open work design, thin, flat and rigid, with stiffening ribs extending between the shelves in order not to occupy valuable book space and to make the stack as nearly as possible a stack of books. 10. Shelves should be easily adjusted, but firm and immovable when in place, interchange- able, thin for compactness, easily stowed away when not in use, and of open bar construction for cleanliness, strength, lightness and ventila- tion. They should neither require tools for adjustment nor have end brackets or loose parts. A smooth surface, permanently protected from cor- rosion and free from sharp points or raw edges, is required. Shelves are usually 8 inches or 10 inches wide and about 3 feet long. 11. Hermetically sealed windows in large stacks are effective in making mechanical venti- lation thorough and excluding dust. With such windows, automatically closing doors and a fil- tered air supply, the only dust which need be contended with is that which comes from the handling of the books. 12. Skylights will only illuminate one or two top tiers. In high stacks there must be am- ple side light if daylight is to be depended upon. Windows should be as tall as possible and placed opposite the range aisles. However, daylight is irregular and its use often uneconomical and un- necessary with proper electric light equipment. 13. The parts of the stack construction should be few, simple and proof against wear and tear. There should be effective fire stops formed of solid steel plates between the shelves of each two tiers to prevent the spread of fire in the books. Flanged cover plates over the top ranges are advisable for keeping off dirt and preventing damage from a leaky roof or ceihng. 14. Tables and ledges for work within the stack are often required, also book supports, number plates, back stops, card frames and shelf label holders. Fig TRANSVERSE SECTION OF NORTH STACK. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C. [ 15 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. OTHER STACK DESIGNS The system of shelving designed for the Library of Congress embodies all these gen- eral principles. Designs have been made by others based on the Library of Congress con- struction, but in order to cheapen the product and gain the market,certain essential features have been altered and the results have not proved successful. Thin sheet steel bent in a hollow form has been substituted for the solid cast iron shelf supports of the Green-Snead stack, but at the expense of compactness, strength, san- itary design and openness of construction. Adjustable shelves have been made of plain sheets of steel as a substitute for Open Bar shelves, but their hindrance to ventilation, inconven- ience in handling and use of accessories and dust collecting tendencies have prevented their meeting with approval in spite of reduced cost. Also the baked enamel finish, permissible for the shelves, has been applied to the fixed parts of the construction, entailing the loss of adaptability for renewal and repair, so neces- sary in a permanent structure. For some time the bracket type of stack with narrow post uprights and projecting shelves was popular because of its novelty and cheapness. Continual use, however, emphasized its inconvenience, ugliness, instability and lack of true economy, so that it is now rarely considered in competi- tion with the Library of Congress standard type. After twenty years of use the Snead Standard Stack still holds its own, unique in three vital features which will be taken up in detail in the following pages : Form of shelf supports. Construction of the shelves. Method of finishing the metal. Fig. 11. Section tiirough sheet steel intermedi- ate shelf support. Fig. 10. BRACKET STACK CONSTKli Tli i.\ Slack illustrated was nut supplied by The Snead tS' Co. Iron Works [ 16 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 12. BIBLIOTHEQUE ST-SULPICE, MONTREAL, QUEBEC Unfinished stack skeleton without marble deck flooring or adjustable shelves. SHELF SUPPORTS THERE are two kinds of shelf supports: those at the ends, called Range Fronts and the intermediate ones, called Partitions. Each of these is divided into two classes: double- faced, for ranges accessible from both sides, and single-faced, for ranges accessible from one side only. That side of a range front which serves to hold the shelves is similar to a partition; the other side is designed to give a finished appearance. Simplicity and compactness are gained by making the vertical shelf supports serve several purposes: to support the adjustable shelves, to hold the books upright, to carry the deck floor of the tier above and to carry the shelf supports of the superimposed tiers. The shelf supports have rows of rounded blunt teeth on their front edges and horn locks, formed from No. 16 strip steel, riveted to their central stiffening ribs to automatically lock the shelves in place and allow of their easy adjustment at intervals of about 1 inch. There are stock patterns for making four regular designs of range fronts, each of several widths and heights, all illustrated in figures on pages 22 and 23. Special designs to conform to any architectural requirements will be made if warranted by the size of the order. Cast iron was the shelf support material selected by Prof. Ware for the first stack in Gore Hall, Harvard University, and it was later used in an improved form for the Library of Con- gress, the New York Public Library and the Widener Library of Harvard, besides many of the other most important libraries in the country. Cast iron has several unique advantages for bookstack shelf supports. From one pattern, by mechanically operated moulding machines, an almost limitless number of identical shelf supports can be made, each having the same adjustment teeth, stiffening ribs, rounded edges and corners, perforations for the distribution of light and air, and the same mouldings and panels for architectural design. This wholesale duplication cannot be done except by casting. Cast iron is more resistant to fire or rust than wrought iron or steeV" and has an excel- lent surface for holding an enamel finish. The shelf supports are simple. Each one extends the width of a range and the height of a tier, and as a rule consists of a single casting. They are solid with no inaccessible dirt pockets, and are compact in form, fitting between the *Exlraet from Kidder's Architects and Builders Pocket Book. (The most widely used work of reference in the Architectural offices of the country.) Page 729. "Cast Iron: As the result of tests and actual experience in conflagrations it may he stated that unprotected cast iron can stand practically unharmed up to a temperature of 1300 or 1500 degrees F. while carrying very heavy loads, even with the frequent applications of cold water while the metal is at red heat." (Freitag). "No building can be considered fireproof in which unpro- tected iron or steel columns are used; but in many classes of buildings unprotected cast iron columns might safely with- stand any heat to which they would probably be exposed. From a fire resisting point of view cast iron columns are un- questionably preferable to steel columns when unprotected." Extract from Skeleton Construction in Buildings. By William H. Birkmire. (A leading architectural engineering authority.) Page 18. "Mild steel rusts faster than wrought iron at first, then slower. Cast iron on the contrary slowly oxidizes in damp situations; rust does not scale from it and oxidation when formed is of much less dangerous kind, extending only a httle way into the metal to about the thickness of a knife bladr, then stops for good. Cast iron of goodly thickness i6' V "4" %" i-it" V V %" % *t' % V %■ '■' DEfLtCTlON 5HE.LF PIN- iHELF? ID 1/ CL Fig. 31. DIAGRAM OF TEST ON SHELF PIN In four separate tests conducted as shown in Fig. 31, shelf pins showed an average Ulti- mate Strength of 375 pounds each. -ifiiin Fig. 32. DIAGRAM OF TEST ON HORN LOCK In four separate tests conducted as shown in Fig. 32, horn locks showed an average Ulti- mate Strength of 330 pounds each. These tests show that each horn lock and shelf pin is capable of sustaining more than share of the total distributed load carried by any of the above mentioned shelves Fig. .30. DEFLECTION OF SNEAD OPEN BAR SHELVES its [ 30 ] FINISH ON METAL WORK LIBRARY bookstacks, being built of iron and steel, have to be given some kind of pi'otective covering to prevent rusting. When properly applied, the protective covering can be made to give a handsome effect and also increase the serviceableness of the shelving by forming smooth, light reflecting surfaces. A unique feature of the Snead Standard Stack is the method of finishing the metal. The adjustable shelves are dipped in dull black japan and baked in ovens at the shop, but all fixed parts are painted by hand after erection and finished with air drying enamel or bronze. The method of dipping and baking is economical and permissible for such movable parts as shelves, which are little exposed and which can be shipped away for refinishing if necessaiy. Pigment colored enamel may be used for the shelves if desired but black japan is better as it has an asphaltum base which can be baked extremely hard under a high temperature and the rubber colored finish does not readily show scratches. Only an air drying finish should be used on the fixed parts of a stack in monumental and permanent buildings. It is better than baked enamel because it is equally hard when thoroughly dry, is more elastic and can be re- paired or renewed in place. Aluminum bronze is particularly recommended on account of its durability, velvet -like texture and excellent light reflecting qualities. No finish that can be applied to metal will last as long as a sub- stantial building. Exposed parts are bound to show the wear of use and the scars of accidents. A stack with fixed parts finished in baked en- amel is liable to injury in shipment and erec- tion, grows more shabby from year to year and the enamel chipped off leaves unprotected metal. The baking process cannot be repeated after the members are erected and attempts at repairing by other methods are entirely un- satisfactory. Only a few darker colored baked enamels are durable or practicable. Air drying Fig. 33. CAST IRON RANGE FRONT GRAINED TO fiulshes, however, may be had in any color HARMONIZE WITH OAK _ ' . . . As a rule, metal finished in imitation of wood is not recommended. required but white Or light gray IS the bcSt. [ 31 ] < y CQ a- id. o z Q Z M td K H « o o o K o g 5 < •43 a; ^ o >. o ■■a -a J3 SHELVING FOR SMALL LIBRARIES M' ETAL shelving has entirely supplanted wood for stacks more than one tier high and is now rapidly taking its place for small installations of wall shelving or a few double- faced ranges. Good lumber is expensive, while the price of iron products has been dropping with improvements in methods of production. As a consequence the best metal shelving may now be purchased for no more than first class wood work, provided special con- struction and unusual sizes are not required. Aside from all considerations of cost, metal shelving is preferable on account of its fireproof qualities, durability, compactness and conven- ient adjustment. The warping and cracking of wood and the liability of its being scarred in use cause constant expenditure for the upkeep of wooden shelving. Shelving but one tier high can be made to receive a future second tier, if desired. In this case the cornice is removable and may be used again on the completed stack; and the necessary holes in the uprights, for the attachment of the future deck floor construction, are also provided. See Fig. 37. The shelf supports of wall shelving may be cast with notches to fit over the base board and chair rail and close against the wall so that the use of steel backing plates, which form inaccessible dirt pockets back of the case, is unnecessary. In this way the wall forms a backing for the books, ex- pense is saved, and ranges can be made more compact than if backing plates are used. The stacks for one tier installations may be finished either at the shop or after erection. The latter saves some expense in packing and avoids the liability of in- juring the enamel by hand- ling. The work of finishing after erection can be done by any first class painter fol- lowing directions furnished and with this method it is easy to have the stacks con- Fig. 35. CHILDREN'S ROOM. NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY form to any color scheme Low 9" shelving around walls. Special design ends and ia.st iron cornice. Similar low shelving, usually _. . , about 4'- 6" high, can be furnished of the designs shown on pages 22 and 23. OeSireQ. [ 33 ] to m CV (^ T1 t- C o ^ W (^ 0^ 'r\ -c hr bri m a « j: c W "c3 P c 1^ D (-1 - — - j=, ?r , w o -C to o z < w b 'cft W '-H dj « «o X a Lj w H 0) o < D fc w t. u^ H w a w > OJ 3 J W > 0) o K tn u ^ '■M Q S -C fcj ;s a "a a. o w a; a, 0) 3 !-i w w o ^ KJ ^ c QJ ^ o c bD [ti w J o CQ U <: ^ > hfi ^ o C § a UJ r^ c oi M-I ^ X q= O ^ -^ > tii _C u Id W < o z < Q rri 3 M-l ^ ■^ « < C t^ Q ^ _c O cfl biJ 'J, !l) *j rt ti. nl (h o 0) (h w -J- _c J w s o 2 t4 HH T5 I/l 01 ■n n & a 00 i tn 11 X sc O C/J 2 o O C rn O W !fl a 'J) Q r/} -o w -n « 3 J ( ) d w z -< Oh 2 Pi o r 1 C Tl 01 Q Q <-!-. o, '-' z < c O o en M [-> urj r/1 -o O < c Cvl -G ^ ^ S n3 CO bB c« .,r! (i ;^ Cfi r f/i a H 2 13 3. n w5 K 0) .2 H S yi: S o U o ^ "q3 In c/:) ^ Q M-l o rv < Q ,n ^ ;^ p= >i CO o -M 0) '3 "3 w ^ o >- w -Q 2 - OJ o o E O W 2 « H v; -M ^2 :3 CD 5 '£ 0^ a; M -a C-f 6 c 1 C cd H 0) -*;j' '< >> K be X O ^ o W ca ^ IS o rt -a c CQ s 01 " " 8 «i O ■" O Q .2 ° '-' JD i- ^ c cd < Cfi JS 0) Of D T3 C •« QJ C m 111 g o >■ 5^ § -a ^ h^ (7} ^ OJ C J=! z w 1 TS > 5; 0) 2 'T3 C CO uo cd 0) c £ CO T3 cu 'E OJ a D be "in "3 CD OJ ■75 C/} bu cd 0) 1- < Z -13 C cd CO 0* en CO X j= Tn b(i D ,S :£ OJ c a -a a. -+ c cd ;h Cd m a: d lo OJ S OJ bij OJ u CO QJ C ^Q S cu OJ -3 00 t; „ .5 E-, H t S ffl E E O O <+H CO > LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 42. AMERICAN CIRCULATING LIBRARY, MANILA, P. I. mmB i,;3asss=W« Double-faced ranges, with removable steel cornice, prepared to receive additional tiers if the library is moved into a new building. Fig. 43. RHODE ISLAND MEDICAL SOCIETY, PROVIDENCE, R. Wall ranges, with Unit System base and cornice. [ 37 ] SPECIAL SHELVING SOMETIMES it is desired to make a bookstack of a special design to meet particular architectural requirements or conditions of use. The system of using cast iron for the uprights gives unsurpassed opportunities for producing rich effects, without excessive cost, on account of the ease with which a pattern is duplicated. In this way the architects' personality can be worked into the design of an exposed stack, thus enhancing the artistic character of a building. Once the pattern is made, range fronts of special design (see Frontis- piece opposite page 11 and Figs. 44 and 47 on pages 38 and 40) cost no more per pound than those from regular stock patterns. With cast iron, all ornamentation is actually part of the structure and is not merely applied as in the case of sheet metal; furthermore, the uprights have a solid, substantial appearance rather than the "tinny" look of sheet metal construction. With stacks of special design, it is usually necessary to employ finishes which will har- monize well with the interior treatment of the rooms in which the work is located. This is not always practicable with sheet steel construction which is necessarily finished with baked enamel; with cast iron construction, however, the air-drying finishes applied after the stack is erected make it possible to obtain any tone of color or any combination of colors which may be desired. Bronze powders of various kinds are available which, when used on well finished cast iron, produce particularly attractive effects, preserving the interesting texture and metallic quality of the surface cov- ered. A bronze finish of particular merit is obtained by using a gold bronze stippled with dark brown and a touch of green. This finish, while in no way an imitation, gives an effect which resembles old bronze. When shelving or equipment of a special size is required and the quantity does not justify making new patterns to produce the work in cast iron, it may be made of cold rolled steel plates. With standard dies and mechanical equipment, it is possible to form sheet steel members in a wide variety of sizes at a moderate expense. For the sake of econ- Fig. 45. SLIDING SHELVES. NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY omy and in Order to coat the interior surfaces Ends of main stack room are equipped for storage of maps and prints, of holloW memberS, all sheet Steel WOrk IS either loose or in boxes. Shelves slide in grooves with rollers to prevent £ • 1 J . j.1 I -j.! U 1 1 1 jamming. In a simpler form, rollers are omitted and shelf spacing fixed. finished at the ShOp With baked eUamel. [ 39 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. JHCTION THMUGH BOTTOW ShtlT. Fig. 46. PERIODICAL CASE, HARTFORD, CONN., MEDICAL SOCIETY Cold rolled steel finished in baked enamel. Level shelves, just below sloping shelves, permit back numbers to be compactly stored close to current numbers. As seen in the above sketch, all shelves are so constructed as to allow their being set either level or sloping. Fig. 47. PATENTS ROOM, NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY Range fronts, cornices, stairway and railings are of special design, made expressly for the Now York Public Library. Reading tables have been placed in the open space directly in front of the stack ranges, affording convenient working space in close proximity to the open shelves [ 40 J LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 48. SUPREME COURT LIBRARY, WISCONSIN STATE CAPITOL Unit system of construction. Cast iron cornice and steel base designed so that length of ranges may be altered by changing the number of shelf compartments. This special design is more costly than unit system with steel cornice shown on page 35. Fig. 49. SNEAD STANDING DESK, ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY. View in office of the Assistant Librarian. Snead Standing Desks, either single-faced or double-faced, are equipped with open bar or solid plate shelves as desired. These are adjust- able at intervals of l'' and lock in place in the same manner as in the regular bookstack construction. The sloping counter is fitted with a grooved ridge along the top for pencils, pens, etc. In the background is shown a Unit System wall range with ledge. A better view of this type of range is shown in Fig. 41 on page 36. [ 41 ] < bo O ca a. S fe 2; o . o tj „' -a :-yaa?^.::;j.'.4iJ'ieiiaHWP[riwii iiii^^ iiiiiliii «aflMi4ii3i3|aa;«a'pwiaaw CLASSIC iV#i.'uj{JHi:i..j^i.;..]_ [j;j,^lL F'K- 69. RENAISSANCE SNEAD STANDARD DESIGNS OF PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL RAILINGS AND FASCIAS [ 50 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig, 70. G E O R G I A X Fig. 71. ORNAMENTAL BAR E3E3 £3Zi m an C3E3 na aa I \ aa a r 1 aa [:«:{ m^^ ITy^ l9?S ff3^^t'^S^S"^^^3??' Fig. 72. SPANISH Fig. 73. ENGLISH GOTHIC Fig. 74. LOUIS .\VI Fig. 75. ROMAN Fig, 76. EMPIRE Fig. 77. L O U I S X V SNEAD STANDARD DESIGNS OF PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL RAILINGS AND FASCIAS [ 51 ] THE SNEAD NEWSPAPER STACK THE Snead Newspaper Stack is an adaptation of the Snead Standard Stack to meet the special requirements of large flat books. It is used for newspapers, art books, public, bank and commercial records, large foHos, or any volume which is better stored lying flat. As these books require no side support the shelf supports may consist sim- ply of front and back vertical bars carrying the corners of the shelves, the entire central portion being left open for ventilation. Bound newspaper volumes average from 18 inches to 20 inches in width and 24 inches to 26 inches in length. As a rule the shelves are made 18 or 22 inches deep and about 28 inches long. As the shelves are closely spaced, from 4 inches to 6 inches apart, the load per square foot of shelf is small and only a few shelf bars are required. This greatly facilitates ventflation.* The great depth of the shelf compartments, the close spacing of the shelves and shelf supports, the skeleton form of the latter and the wide spacing of the shelf bars form the distinguishing characteristics of the newspaper stack. In other respects it is similar to the standard bookstack. This system of shelving was de- signed for the nine-tier South East Court Newspaper Stack (the dark stack) of the Library of Congress. See Fig. 81. The central columns are so shaped that they can be made to carry any required floor load, or extended to any height. The construction of the newspaper stack is most compact and dust-col- lecting surfaces are reduced to a mini- mum. The shelves have no loose parts, are easily adjusted without tools and every inch of space can be utilized for books. These last two advantages do not always hold for roller shelves, for the latter are frequently difficult to adjust and wasteful of space. The Snead newspaper shelf is thinner than the roller type and its long continu- ous bars afford a better support for the books than the short rollers. Moreover the open bar shelf holding two or more volumes does not allow ^M^^g— i— ^-aBSBBaSBg^^ Fig. SNEAD OPEN BAR NEWSPAPER SHELF Wicilh, 18" or 22"; length as required, usually about 28" *Mr. John Norris, Chairman of the Committee on Paper of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association, in his re- marks before the Committee appointed by the American Library Association to study methods of preserving newspaper files (Brooklyn Public Library Nov. 26, 1912) particularly advocated that newspaper volumes be kept in the dark, thoroughly venti- lated and free from dampness, excessive dryness, artificial heat and the products of gas combustion. He commented favorably on the Library of Congress storage arrangements with air spaces around the books, ribbed shelves, filtered air supply and the perfect cleanliness as an insurance against animal organ- [ 52 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING the bottom book to come out unexpectedly when the top one is being withdrawn, as often hap- pens with roller shelves. The simplicity of the bar shelf construction and adjustment furnishes nothing to get out of order, and makes every portion easy to clean. The newspaper shelves do not lack in strength, — a man may safely walk over them. The smooth rounding of the sur- faces not only allows the books to be handled with ease, but also without injury to the bindings. Roller shelves can be supplied instead of open bar shelves if required. They are designed to fit on the same shelf supports and to take advantage of the easy gravity lock adjustment. The rollers are made of enameled steel or brass. Steel is recommended because it does not tarnish. The shelf frame of the roller shelves is strongly riveted together so that it will re- main "square" and always allow a free turning of the rollers. The Snead Unit System Newspaper Stack is suitable for single-tier installations when a neat attractive appearance is required. There are only five parts to the stack: the end shelf supports, the intermediate shelf supports, the base plates, the cornice cover plates, and the shelves. Under certain conditions diagonal braces are also required. Similar parts are inter- changeable, rendering alterations of range length easy. The stack is so simple that any good mechanic can erect it by following the directions furnished. If desired, the solid base plate may be omitted and the uprights fastened to the floor or to light bottom bars. This con- struction is perhaps more sanitary than with the base. For special architectural effect, the end shelf supports can be made solid with panels and the cornice of cast iron with ornamental mouldings. For simple storage purposes end shelf supports can be made like intermediates with some saving in cost. Shelf lengths can easily be varied to meet particular conditions, such as accommodating the ancient blanket sheets which bind up 31 or 32 inches long. Accommodation for a small number of newspaper volumes is frequently provided in ordinary shelving by letting the books extend clear through from one side of a double-faced book range to the other, thus making the ranges in effect single-faced. This allows the location of the newspapers to be changed at will. It is objection- able, however, in that regular book shelves are usually too long for newspapers, thus wasting space, and also because half the number of aisles could be omitted had dou- ble-faced newspaper ranges been installed at the outset. The finish customarily used for newspaper stacks is the same as that used for the book stacks, air drying enamel for the fixed parts and baked enamel for the adjustable shelves. Metal construction is no more expensive than first class wooden construction and has the advantages of being entirely fireproof and far more convenient, durable and sanitary. m H Fig. 79. SNEAD ROLLER NEWSPAPER SHELF Width 18" or 22"; length as required, usually about 28". [ 53 ] ' '-H 1.1-' '1111-/ tin /'AxuJ'iAiiJ'.AAzii-\mAi\mij '•^iii 'UUj "It- 'VafBlMaimisin /lint ifw« u ,£ ^3 s .S 0) D Q 'u en 3 ,s & o 3 1) 'S ^ 3 'e S -a E o g QJ -a en ^ ^ OJ u 3 < -2 en o T3 OJ QJ O OJ en a Eh U en W ca a tn cc; & cfl 3 t/i O Z tn bo .S O O 0) u ^ i hD fc d ,C "o O *q [h w >- E_ O tn 3 rt ^ a Q < O s Di en en cd E cd 3 'o O u 7] -— . tH c CD 00 "■ £ w bb QJ « § E > en c/T U (U CO > _D 1j HH en S tn o O o bc t^ X! .E O ■X) 'u < 0) cd a tn E en •D 3 o 'C "o K c "S > w ... ji: IX 0) X! o < en b£) c C cd ffi ■-M rJ3 H X. 3 < c S £ o z c ui: o c a H en T3 o 0) > O QJ 5c CQ 'o jd J2 i- be LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 82. ALBERTA PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, EDMONTON, ALBERTA Single-faced newspaper range with unit system base and cornice designed for the future expansion of the storage system. Range can later be made double-faced. Fig. 83. NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, CONCORD, N. H. Structural columns of building enclosed by double-faced newspaper ranges, with cast iron cornice and base. [ 55 ] BOOKSTACK FITTINGS Fig. M. PLATE STEEL BOOK SUPPORT FOR OPEN BAR SHELF A doxvnvvard projecting J_ shaped key, fit- ting between any two shelf bars, forms a lock when books press against the top of support. The support is easily adjusted with one hand when grasped at the base. Heights 6" and 12''. Fig. 85. PLATE STEEL BOOK SUPPORT FOR SOLID PLATE SHELF The support is held in position by the weight of the end books which rest on a flat tongue extending horizontally along the shelf. The flanged vertical edges prevent books "strad- dling" the support and having their leaves damaged. Fig. KB. UPRIGHT WIRE BOOK SUPPORT The ends of the wire project between the bars and hook underneath, forming a lock when books press against the top of support. VVTKE BOOK SUPPORT This support, engaging the side flanges of shelf above, extends down and supports the books below. For use with solid plate shelves only. [ 56 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. SINGLE FRAME Fig. DOUBLE FRAMES Illustrations of solid cast card frames with label opening 23^ x 4,% inches. Made of enameled iron, polished brass or bronze and held in place by tap screws. Each frame has one end slotted to allow cards to be readily inserted. Fig. 90. ORNAMENTAL CARD FRAME Made of finely molded cast bronze, finished as desired. One end slotted to receive card. Label opening 2% x 4% inches. Fig. 9L HANGING CARD FRAMES Hooks at top allow these frames to be readily attached anywhere on open design range fronts. Card opening 3 x 3]4 inches. Any card frames which may be required should be ordered before the stack is manufactured so that tap holes for securing them in place may be provided at the shop and not have to be drilled after the work is erected. [ 57 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 92 OPEN BAR SHELF LABEL HOLDER "A" Fig. 92-b. OPEN BAR SHELF LABEL HOLDER "B" Fig. 93. SOLID PL.ATE SHELF LABEL HOLDER Fig. 94. LABEL HOLDER FOR SLOPING MAGAZINE SHELF Shelf label holders are made of cold rolled steel finished in baked enamel to harmonize with the shelves; or, if specially ordered, are made of sheet bronze or brass. They are readily adjusted by clamping them in place anywhere along the edges of the shelves and are not dislodged when books are handled. The label openings are ,",.''' wide by 4" long and labels are inserted at the ends. 95-a. RANGE l-'KONt WITH PLATE STEEL INDICATOR TIER, SECTION AND RANGE INDICATORS Those as shown in Fig. 95-a are made of enameled plate steel and are numbered and lettered to order as desired. The double wedge shape per- mits the designations being read from any position in the aisle. The indicators are se- cured near the tops of the end shelf supports by means of tap screws. Fig. 9.5-b shows bronze num- ber p] ates riveted in to recesses and section designating letters cast on the end shelf support. This method of indication, while giving a handsome ef- fect, is not so clearly read as that shown in Fig. 95-a and is more expensive. Fig. 95-b. RANGE FRONTS WITH APPLIED AND CAST INDICATORS [ 58 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTAXKS AND SHELVING Fig. 96. BACK CLIPS When "over-size" adjustable shelves are used, a heavy weight on the front edge of the shelf may tilt up the back edge until it strikes the horn lock about I" above. This tilting is pre- vented by the use of back clips which wedge between the back edge of the shelf and the bottom of the horn lock immediately above and hold the shelf firmly in place. Back clips may also be used in connection with portable ledges though not required if the ledges are at- tached to loaded shelves. Fig. 97. PORTABLE BOOK LEDGE Can be attached to any one of the adjustable shelves to provide a con- venient place for consulting books. For convenience of handling, the ledge is usually made of light weight mahogany with steel ends and is finished to match the adjustable shelves. Fig. BACK STOP This angle back stop is provided with keys locking between any two shelf bars. It is used to prevent books from being pushed too far back on a shelf and becoming lost, as often happens with small volumes; it also facilitates the even arrangement of books of uniform size, such as law reports. The back stop is^ particu- larly useful in open shelf rooms as the public is apt to be careless about replacing books. [ 59 ] H W U < m J w w H < D m Q w W H fc. O cfi < H U D w ►J < o en J J < Q Z < W O BRACKET STACKS SNEAD TUBULAR STEEL BRACKET STACK THIS stack has been designed with the purpose of combining simplicity, Ughtness, rigidity and strength in a construction less costly than the Snead Standard Stack. It is made entirely of pickled, cold rolled, annealed and patent leveled steel plates, except for the feet of the uprights and the cornice on the full width ends; these parts are made of cast iron. Fig. 100. SNEAD TUBULAR STEEL BRACKET STACK, EXETER, N. H., PUBLIC LIBRARY The steel section of the uprights is formed so as to develop the fullest possible strength of the material, the hollow-tube shape giving great rigidity. The feet of the uprights are secured to the floor to prevent displacement, while the tops are braced longitudinally by tie channels, of such stiffness, that transverse bracing between ranges is only necessary at inter- vals of about three compartment lengths. Full width end shelf-supports act as a cover to hide the brackets of the adjustable shelves. They are frequently used on the ends of those ranges which are particularly exposed to view. The cornice on full width ends is made of cast iron in order to secure the proper fineness of line and beauty of design. Where a number of full width ends are required little is saved by the use of a bracket instead of a standard stack. The bracket shelves consist of: First; the shelf proper, upon which the books rest. Second; the brackets which carry the shelf in cantilever fashion and hold the end books [ 61 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. upright. Shelves are triple flanged along the front and back edges into a rigid box form, and single flanged on the ends. The brackets are bolted to the end flanges of the shelf. The adjustment of the shelves is accomplished by means of three hooks on the upper back cor- ner and a lug on the lower back corner of the shelf bracket, as shown in the details in Figs. 99 and 101-a. These hooks and lugs engage slots in the uprights; the hooks forming a sup- port and the lug serving to prevent an upward blow from dislodging the shelf. Rounded flanges are pressed on the tops and fronts of the brackets to prevent any raw edges of the material coming in contact with and injuring the books. Baked enamel, dark green or semi-gloss black, is the finish generally employed. Spe- Fig. 101-a. Detail of shelf constiuction and adjustment. Snead Tubular Steel Bracket Stack. cial colors, however, can be furnished as re- quired. Stairways, deck framing and other structural steel parts are finished with paint or air drying enamel applied after the stack is erected. Steel bracket construction is particularly adapted for use in a one-tier stack but may be used in stacks of two or more tiers. Where the uprights have to carry heavy superimposed loads they can be strengthened, either by thick- ening the steel plates from which they are formed or by reinforcing them with structural steel members. The tubular steel bracket stack is made in any width, height or length. It is inadvis- able, however, to go beyond 3 feet 6 inches in the length of compartments, or above 10 feet in the height of the stack. Even at 10 feet several rows of the adjustable shelves are inaccessible. The simple construction of this stack makes it easy to pack for shipment and any good mechanic can erect it by following the instructions furnished. Fig. 101-b. SNEAD TUBULAR STEEL BRACKET STACK View looking toward closed end shelf support. [ 62 J LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 102. PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND DETAILS OF SNEAD STAR COLUMN BRACKET STACK SNEAD STAR COLUMN BRACKET STACK The principles involved in the shelf adjustment of this stack are similar to those used in the Snead Tubular Steel Bracket Stack. The Snead Star Column Bracket Stack, however, is much stronger and is designed for greater heights or to carry heavy floors. It is too ex- pensive to use in a one-tier or two-tier stack. The intermediate uprights are of heavy steel star sections, specially rolled for Snead & Company; the ends are of heavy t sections. Adjustment slots are punched in those flanges of the uprights which stand parallel to the face of the range. Shelves are triple flanged on the front and back edges into a rigid box form and single flanged on the ends. To the end flanges are fastened the brackets which carry the shelves. Hooks and lugs on the back edges of the brackets engage in the slots of the uprights, the hook forming the support, while the lug serves as a guard to prevent dislodging of the shelf by an upward blow. An offset in the back of the brackets allows the shelves to be inter- changed throughout the stack and provides for the adjustment of the hooks of opposite shelves in the same adjustment slot. This offset also prevents books coming in contact with the ad- [ 63 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. justment hooks. Round flanges, turned on the front and top edges of the brackets, prevent injury to books. The distance between the back edges of shelves at the same level in a compartment is only Iq: inches, and the distance between the ends of two adjacent shelves is only f inch. This construction affords the greatest compactness possible in the bracket stack, the structural members being kept soUd and all waste space being eliminated. In this type of construction, the shelves are usually finished with baked enamel, and shelf support uprights or columns, steel framing, stairs, etc., with air-drying enamel applied after the stack is erected. The Snead Star Column Bracket Stack, while cheaper than the Snead Cast Iron Bracket Stack, is more expensive than the Snead Tubular Steel Bracket Stack. Fi;;. 103. MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL FACULTY OF MARYLAND, BALTIMORE, MD. Vieu. in second tier of Snead Cast Iron Bracket Stack showing stack ready to receive future tiers above. Pilaster design ends. [ 64 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING SNEAD CAST IRON BRACKET STACK The uprights of the Snead Cast Iron Bracket Stack are solid, substantial and remark- ably stiff and strong. Each consists of a single casting neatly molded from patterns parted in the center, sand-blasted, surface ground and filed to obtain the best possible finish. The end uprights are of an attractive pilaster design as shown in Fig. 103 on opposite page. By placing one upright above the other, a stack of any number of tiers may be built. Shelving is formed of pic- kled cold rolled, annealed and patent leveled steel plates, with triple flanges on the front and back edges. The brackets, also of steel plates, fit against the ends of the shelf and are fas- tened to the front and back flanges, a portion of the bracket being carried around the back to form a brace. See Fig. 104. This insures a perfectly square and rigid connection and makes it impossible for the shelf brack- ets to spring from the support- ing lugs on the uprights. The shelves are adjusted and held in place by means of hooks, on the back upper corners of the brackets, which engage with lugs on the uprights. The uprights, framing and stairways are usually finished with an aluminum bronze or air drying enamel, applied after the erection of the stack. A baked enamel finish can be furnished if desired. Shelves are always finished with baked enamel, usually black. Many prefer this stack with solid cast iron uprights, to the Tubular Steel Bracket Stack, but owing to its greater cost, it is not so generally used, Fig. 104. LAW LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL. View at bottom of the five-tier Snead Cast Iron Bracket Stack, showing details of bracket shelves and shelf adjustment lugs. [ 65 ] STANDARD VS. BRACKET STACKS AS a choice has sometimes to be made between standard and bracket stacks, a state- ment of their relative merits is in order. The following comparison is not based on any particular makes of stack but on the general features which naturally belong to each of the two types. The characteristic point of difference between a standard and a bracket stack lies in the form of the shelves and shelf supports. The word "standard" is here used to indicate the broad upright support which holds the ends of the shelves. For the purpose of reducing the cost, the shelf supports of the bracket stack are made as narrow as possible and so have to support the shelves in cantilever fashion. As the post-like supports are not wide enough to cover the ends of the shelves and keep the books upright the shelves are provided with end brackets. While the shelf supports in the bracket stack are cheaper than those of the standard, the bracket shelves are more costly as they are excessively heavy; consequently the difference in price between the two types is not large. The irregular outlines of the bracket ranges present an unattractive appearance. The unsupported front edge of the shelf gives a suggestion of insecurity which has a basis in reality. The books look as if they might topple over on the slightest provocation. The shelves frequently become dislodged accidentally and have been known to drop on glass flooring and crack it. The brackets themselves sometimes bend or become loose on the shelves so that they do not fit the shelf supports. The brackets prevent a close adjustment of shelves to hold large folios lying flat and they give an insufficient support to tall books standing upright. In stacks of this type there is danger of straddling the books over the brackets and marring the leaves. The bracket construction is particularly objectionable in a stack room open to the public, as the projecting members are fiable to catch on clothing. Considerable book space is wasted between the end brackets, and between the back edges of the shelves. This latter space is sometimes 2 inches or more in width, thus allowing books to drop through. The desirable features of the Open Bar shelf are never found in a bracket stack, nor do bracket stacks have the fixed bottom shelf at deck floors which serves as a fire, dust and water stop and prevents books falling from the upper to the lower stories. The solid cover plate, which is a characteristic feature of the standard construction, is a great protection to the books from dirt and other injury and is frequently used as an extra shelf when the mov- able shelves are full. The omission of the cover plates and the fixed shelves between tiers largely account for the cheapness of the bracket type. Practically all of the first class important library buildings of recent construction have standard stack equipment and for most buildings, proposals are not received for the bracket construction. The only advantage in the latter is a slight economy in first cost, and this is more apparent than real. [ 66 ] LAYING OUT A STACK ROOM No absolute rules can be laid down for the arrangement of a stack room. Too much depends on the size and shape of the room and the manner in which it is to be used. A stack open to the public should have more liberal aisle space than a storage stack. The range aisles in an open stack may be approximately 3 feet wide and the main aisles any- where from 3 feet to 6 feet. Too great liberality in aisle space is expensive in the cost of deck floor construction and limits the book capacity of the whole building. Ample aisle space looks well when a library is new and the shelves only partially filled, but as the books accumulate and the stack becomes crowded to overflowing, all space save that absolutely necessary for aisle room becomes a source of regret to the librarian. The stack of the British Museum is a good example of this ; the range aisles were originally about 7 feet wide, but so great became the demand for book space that movable cases were suspended on rollers from the deck floor above each tier. These stood in front of the fixed shelving. This about doubled the stack capacity, but at the cost of making two-thirds of the books inaccessible without first moving one of the heavy rolhng cases. In an open shelf stack room the range aisles may be made as long as 18 feet when open at both ends and 12 feet when "blind" at one end. In a storage stack the ranges may be made as long as 30 feet and the range aisles as narrow as 27 inches to give the maximum book capacity. Although a person can pass through an aisle 21 inches wide, it is difficult to use the lower rows of shelves with aisles under 27 inches. The ranges should be so placed that adjacent shelf supports stand exactly opposite one another across the aisle. If this is not done the floor framing becomes unsymmetrical and costly. The length of the shelves is largely gov- erned by the dimensions of the stack room. A distance of 3 feet between the centers of shelf supports is usual, but this figure may be varied if necessary. A closer spacing increases both the number of shelves and shelf supports, thereby adding to the cost. The use of longer pig. los. old stack room, British museum, london shelves is frequently warranted, 3 feet 6 inches Auxiliary cases suspended on rollers. being quite common. stack Ulustrated was not sappUed by The Snead (J Co. Iron Works [ 67 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. The double-faced ranges for public, college and law libraries are generally made about 17 inches wide with 8 inch adjustable shelves. A few 10 or 12 inch wall ranges or 20 and 24 inch double-faced ranges may be provided for over-size books, or all the bottom fixed shelves may be widened from 2 to 4 inches as shown in Figs. 2, 17 and 106, on pages 13, 22 and 69. Sometimes ranges are preferred, having projecting ledges about 2^ or 3 feet above the floor, with 10 or 12 inch shelves below and 8 inch shelves above. See page 70. The ledge is convenient for consulting books and does not seriously cut off the most valuable por- tion of the aisle space. The stairs and booklift should be in a central location or adjacent to the main entrance. A stairway in the center of a stack room is usually more serviceable than one at each end. SNEAD VERTICAL (PROTECTED) DECK SLIT It is a well established principle of bookstack construction that an open space or deck slit should be left between the bottom fixed shelves and the curb angles bordering the stack deck floors so that proper ventilation of the stack room will be possible. In ordinary stack construction this opening is about 3 inches wide, measured horizontally, and it has sometimes been criticised on account of the possibiHty afforded of objects dropping through the deck. This objection has been eliminated by the Snead Vertical Deck Sht Construction which has shelf supports widened at the bottom so that the fixed shelves extend over to the edge of the deck floor and entirely cover and protect the ventilating opening, which now extends in a vertical rather than in a horizontal direction. The height of the bottom shelf above the deck floor is usually about 3 or 4 inches, leaving an opening of 1 or 2 inches between the top edge of the curb angle and the bottom flange of the fixed shelf. The wide bottom shelves also afford convenient accommodationf or over-size books right in the same range with the smaller books, and this without encroaching on the valuable portion of the aisle space. It is the width of aisle at elbow and shoulder levels that counts, rather than the width at the floor level. Furthermore, the upward flowing air currents in a multiple-tier stack carry dust, and if these currents pass through the deck floors along a line several inches in front of the face of the range, the dust particles are not so liable to be deposited on the books. Another feature of the Snead Standard Stack which can accompany the wide bottom shelf and make it practicable to shelve books right along in their proper order, irrespective of size, is the interchangeability of regular and "Over-size" adjustable shelves. See opposite page and Fig. 29, page 29. The proportion of large books in a library is usually smafl, so that if the bulk of the shelves are made 8 or 9 inches wide, and aU fixed bottom shelves and about 5 per cent, of the adjustable shelves 10 or 12 inches wide, convenient and adequate accommodation can be had for the entire collection, with a minimum waste of space. The vertical deck slit, wide bottom shelf and interchangeable regular and "Over-size" ad- justable shelves were first designed for use in the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library of Harvard University, in order that the students and attendants using the stack would not be confused by the classes of books being broken up on account of variation of size. Books on the same subject properly belong together, and it is awkward and needless to separate them simply because one book may be larger than another. [ 68 LIBRARY PLANNING., BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 106. SNEAD VERTICAL (PROTECTED) DECK SLIT Section through stack floor, showing top and bottom of typical range, with wide fixed bottom shelf, "Over-size'' adjustable shelves and protected Vertical Deck Slit of the Widener Memorial Library. See also Fig. 116, page 80. THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 107. ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY, TORONTO, ONT. Stack with ledge ranges, continuous marble deck floors (no deck slits) and open design range fronts. Upper shelves 8" wide, ledge lO" wide, lower shelves 13" wide. [ 70 ] WIDTH AND CAPACITY OF SHELVES No definite rules can be laid down regarding the width of shelves required for libraries as much depends on the method of classification, space available and usage to which the library is put. Where economy and compactness of storage are important, 8 inch shelving is recommended for bookstacks in general. Books deeper than 8 inches can be taken care of in various ways : by making the fixed bottom shelves from 9 to 12 inches wide; by providing adjustable shelves 9 or 10 inches wide to fit on the 8 inch shelf supports; by providing one or more ranges with 10 or 12 inch shelf supports and shelves; or simply by allowing the books to project a little beyond the front or back edges of the shelves. Most books ai'e 6 inches or less in depth and it is well to bear in mind that waste space back of books collects dirt and is objectionable while the same space added to the width of the aisles becomes valuable. The number of volumes that can be stored per lineal foot of shelving depends on the character of the books. The following table has been prepared by averaging the data collected from various general and special libraries. For convenience in computing the amount of stack necessary, the capacity for both single-faced and double-faced ranges has been added, this being based on stacks 7 or 7^ feet high with seven rows of shelves, six adjust- able and one fixed, in the height. Vols, per foot Vols, per lineal foot of Vols, per lineal foot of Recommended Kind of books. of shelf. single-faced range. double-faced range. width of shelves. Circulating 10 70 140 8 inches Fiction 9 63 126 8 " Economics 9 63 126 8 General Hterature ... 8 56 112 8 " Reference 8 56 112 8-10 " History 8 56 112 8 " Technical and Scientific .7 49 98 8-10-12 " Medical 61 45^ 91 10 " Law 6 42 84 8 " Public documents ... 6 42 84 8 " Bound periodicals . . . 5^ 38^ 77 10-12 " U. S, Patent specifications 2 (144 vols, per year) 14 28 8 " [ 71 ] STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR the sake of convenient reference a summary of the regular sizes and dimensions of various stack parts are given below. It is well to take up with the manufacturer any changes that may seem necessary in these dimensions. Stack tiers Heights. 7 feet and 7 feet 6 inches, measuring from deck floor to deck floor. Stack aisles Main. 2 feet 6 inches to 5 feet or more, depending upon shape and size of room. Minor. 2 feet 3 inches to 3 feet 6 inches or more, depending upon conditions of use. Stack stairs Straight Runs. Well length, 8 to 9 feet; 11 or 12 risers; width usually about 30 inches. Stack ranges Lengths. As required, preferably in even multiples of shelf length adopted. Widths. Single-faced, 8f, 9f, lOf and 12^ inches for books; 18| and 22| inches for newspapers. Double-faced, I65, 18|, 20^ and 24^ inches for books; 37 and 44| inches for newspapers. Range cornices Depth. 2 inches for drawn steel, 3 inches for "Unit System." Shelf supports Thickness. Of intermediates seven-sixteenths inch, of ends five-eighths inch. Central stiffening ribs about 4 inches wide. Cornices project about 1 inch beyond face of ends. Adjustable shelves Lengths. As required, usually about 3 feet, uniform if possible; maximum about 3 feet 6 inches. Widths. 8, 9, 10 and 12 inches for books; 18 and 22 inches for newspapers. Thickness, g inch to f inch ; greater for long span, soHd plate shelves. Fixed bottom shelves Height from deck. 2 inches with horizontal, 3 or 4 inches with vertical deck slits. Electrical arrangements Vertical ducts. On end shelf supports, ^ inch x 2 inches in cross section. Sivitch boxes. On end shelf supports, for single or double switches as required. Horizontal conduits. For main feeds, sizes as required; for branches ^ inch round (actual diameters, internal .623 inch, external .84 inch). Deck floors Glass Slabs. Usually f inch thick, sometimes 1 inch thick for large spans. Marble Slabs. 1^ inches thick. Slate, if used, same thickness as marble. Total Thickness. For ordinary spans, measuring from top of slabs to bottom of steel beams : with glass, 3^ inches; with marble, 4 inches. [ 72 ] PRICES OF STACKS INQUIRIES regarding shelving installations frequently take this form: "We are about ready to equip our stack room; please send catalog and prices." It is easy to send a catalog but impracticable to give a satisfactory estimate of prices without some specification of re- quirements. Stacks are built to order, to fit each library. Consequently each contract must be estimated separately. The cost varies from 40 cents to $1.00 or moi'e per lineal foot of shelving for straight stack work. The arrangement of the stack room, length of ranges, width of shelves, height of tiers, number of rows of shelves, number and position of stairways and booklifts, freight rates, packing charges and market price of steel, are only a few of the many factors which enter into the cost estimate. It is, therefore, almost impossible to quote list prices and discounts which will be intelligible and accurate. In requesting an estimate, architect's plans and sections should be sent. If these are not available, sketches with figured measurements will do. There should be a full description of the requirements of the library and the condition of the room. The more particulars given, the easier becomes the task of making a close and satisfactory estimate. For stacks but one tier high the following data is required: Standard or bracket type. Number of ranges. Width of each range. Length of each range. Height of each range. Number of rows of shelves in the height. Color of finish desired. It should also be stated whether or not it is proposed to add an upper tier of stack with a deck floor over the first tier some time in the future. For stacks of more than one tier in height, added information concerning the number of tiers, dimensions of the deck floors, position of stairs, gallery railings, window guards, etc., is needed. Where ranges are to fit against a wall, a detail should be furnished showing any projections from the wall, i. e., base boards, chair rails, etc., so that, if possible, the uprights may be notched around the same. See Fig. 36, page 34. Mention should be made of the trim around windows and doors and of any radiators or steam pipes which might interfere with the stack. Although stacks are built to order, there are established manufacturing standards, patterns and dies, to which it is necessary to conform for the sake of economy. Special construction, designs or sizes are expensive. It is well in stating requirements to mention those features which are essential and those which are merely preferred and therefore sub- ject to modification. In other words, give as much freedom as possible for the development of the stack according to the spirit rather than the letter of the requirements. Such latitude tends toward economy and toward rendering the finished result more satisfactory to the user. [ 73 ] TIER HEIGHTS ONE of the basic principles of the modern bookstack is to have every shelf accessible, without the use of steps or ladders, to a person of average height. The old arrange- ment of running shelving to the ceiling without a gallery is looked upon with disfavor. A mezzanine floor or gallery, although adding to the cost, is more practicable and economical in the end. Such a floor, however, is not feasible where the ceiling is less than 12^ feet or 13 feet high. The regular stack tier heights are 7 feet or 7 feet 6 inches. These may be modified if necessary, but if 7 feet 6 inches is ex- ceeded by more than 2 inches modification is liable to cause a considerable additional ex- pense. Moreover, there is waste space in tiers that exceed 7 feet 6 inches, as the upper rows of shelves are inaccessible. The height of the bottom tier can be increased a few inches by increasing the height of the stools supporting the uprights under the bottom fixed shelves. These are ordinarily 2 inches above the floor. In planning a library it is advisable to have the distance between the main floors of the building multiples of the stack tier heights, so that as many as possible of the stack floors will be on a level with the main floors. This greatly increases the convenience of access to the stack and allows book trucks to be moved without hindrance from the stack room to other parts of the building. See section of New York Public Library on page 144 and section of Library of Congress on page 136. ^ ,„„ ^^,^^ „^ •' "^ f b ^- F,g. 108. STACK ROOM, DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY [ 74 ] STACK ENGINEERING THE various engineering requirements which may arise in the construction of a building, such as the supporting of floors and roofs and the bracing of walls, are easily fulfilled by the Library of Congress stack construction. Ordinarily the stack is a self support- ing structure surrounded by masonry walls. It is customary to reinforce the walls by tying them, at intervals of about 7 feet, with the stack deck floors. This also serves to steady the stack tiers and renders diagonal bracing within the stack unnecessary. However, when diag- onal bracing is used, the stack can be made an entirely independent structure and may sup- port curtain walls enclosing it. The rows of stack uprights, generally about 3 feet on centers in one direction, 4 feet or 5 feet in the other, and thoroughly braced about every 7 feet in their height by the deck floors, can easily be made to carry heavy superimposed loads. The two-tier basement stacks in the Brookhne, Mass., Somerville, Mass., and Gary, Ind., Public Librai-ies and the stack in the Library of Hawaii, carry floors above. The two-tier stack at Whitinsville, Mass., and the three-tier stack of the Coburn Free Library, Owego, N. Y., support their own roofs. In the Elizabeth, N. J., Public Library the medical reference room in the second story rests on the four-tier bookstack below. In all the above buildings the stack uprights, each consisting of a single through casting with central stiffening ribs, required no extra reinforcement. The castings are so designed that shelf supports for even a one-tier or two-tier stack are generally strong enough for use in the bottom of a seven- tier stack. This permits of the shelves being made the same size and interchange- able throughout, and some- times has other advantages. For instance, a two-tier stack in the old Indiana State Normal School Li- brary was reset in the new building and two tiers added above, with plans for still another. Such use was in no way contemplated when the stack was built, but the Fig. 109. GORE HALL. HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. extra Strength WaS the Structure in course of demolition, winter 1913, to make room for the Widener Memorial Library. meaUS of SaVlUSf SeVeral Note that stack structure is entirely independent of the surrounding walls. inn Stack illustrated was not supplied by The Snead ^ Co. Iron Works tnOUSanCl QOliarS. [ 75 ] Pi < cC K CQ tfi J . -iii ir. 5- ^ 5 u C/J < !=. O o ?; 01 C en O Is b ^ S o cii T— ( u. '^ ^y CI) en (fl D o K O w ci > 0) Z c 1:3 a o LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING As a rule when stacks are unusually high, or the superimposed loads excessive, the stack uprights consist of central structural steel columns with flat cast iron shelf supports attached in each tier. The columns are in multiple tier lengths, breaking joints at the deck floors and securely braced by the deck framing. The accompanying sketches, Figs. 112-a and 112-b, show how the strength of these columns can be increased ' indefinitely, without encroaching on book space, by simply lengthening the Fig. 112-a. Range Front arms of the columns. In a twenty-tier stack the ends of the rectangular J=. 4- Fig. 112-b. Partition SECTION THROUGH UPRIGHTS Showing flat cast iron shelf supports attached to central structural steel columns. shelves need not be more than ^ inch apart and their back edges f inch apart; thus no available book space is occupied by the structural work. In the Library of Congress there are four nine-tier stacks with these structural steel columns. One of these, the new southeast court newspaper stack, carries above it a work room and over that, its own roof. The main stack room of the New York Public Library is seven tiers high and supports the floor of the great reading room. The new Widener Memorial Library of Harvard University has a ten-tier stack carrying a floor of seminar and lecture rooms. A floor carried on a stack can be made unusually thin as the points of support are close together. A construction is frequently employed having 3 inch I beams running along the top of each stack range, either underneath or imbedded in a reinforced concrete slab 3 inches to 6 inches thick. Allowing 2 inches for the fin- ish above the slab, the total thickness of the floor need be only 5 inches to 8 inches, thus affording a great saving in space and floor ma- terial. Although stacks are well adapted for carrying uniformly distributed loads, they are not so well fitted for the heavy concentrated loads of masonry walls or columns within a reading room. If necessary these columns and walls can be provided for in the stack structure but it is usually less expensive to continue heavy columns down through the stack. The original stack in the University of Michigan Library, of the Gore Hall type, car- ried a museum floor above. To increase the stack space plans were made to build a two-tier stack in the museum room. The stack below was not strong enough, however, to carry the increased load. There was then, no alternative but to suspend the new stack. New steel roof trusses were placed across the room parallel to the old wooden trusses, which remained in place. From the steel trusses steel bar sus- p.^ ^^3 coburn free library, owego, n. y. PenderS were dropped at intervals 01 4 feet to sloping roof of stack room carried by cast iron struts on top of third 11-1 1 l_li.J' ^'^^ shelf supports. Tops of these shelf supports are tied together by 6 feet and to their lower ends were bolted pairs two steei angles instead of flanged cover piate. [ 77 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING of steel channels just clearing the floor. There was one pair of channels for each range and they were entirely concealed by the bottom fixed shelves and base of the end shelf supports. On top of these channels the two-tier stack with its marble mezzanine floor was built, and over the stack a reinforced concrete slab was constructed to isolate the old wooden roof and eliminate fire risk. See Fig. 110, on page 76. In the Bibliotheque St-Sulpice at Montreal, the librarian's office and cataloging room are built directly in the stack room, with book ranges above, below and to one side. See main floor plan on page 199 and transverse section on page 200. The stack room of the Widener Memorial Library, see plan on page 155, has been constructed with study rooms incorporated in the stack work, and also with rows of reading alcoves placed along the outside walls. Both in new buildings and in alterations, interesting engineering problems frequently arise in connection with the bookstack. If taken up at the outset with the stack manufacturer, a solution can usually be found that is safe, simple and economical in space and construction. Fig 115. MAIN STACK ROOM, NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY View in center of seventh tier, showing stack columns supporting steel beams and terra cotta arch floor of main reading room overhead. Heating and ventilating duct in left foreground. See Fig. 114 for view in seventh tier during construction. [ 79 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 116. HARRY ELKINS WIDENER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Construction view showing portion of fifth stack tier carried by girders over ground story reading room. The lower part of the shelf supports are extended into the aisles to carry wide fixed bottom shelves. FOUNDATIONS STACK foundations are provided, as a rule, by laying a concrete slab over the whole stack room floor, of such thickness or so reinforced that it will carry the loads without cracking. Economy is sometimes gained by making the floor thin and having a concrete beam under each row of stack columns to form a continuous footing. It is impractical to put a separate footing under each column as the latter occur at such close intervals (about 3 feet in one direction and 4 feet in the other) that the footings run together. The floor and lower walls should be thoroughly damp-proofed so that the first tier will be dry enough for books. When the soil under a building is of such a nature that settlement is liable to occur, the area of the footings under the waUs and of those under the stack should be so propor- tioned that the pressure on the ground will be everywhere equal, thus causing uniform settle- ment. On this account it may be necessary to use the beam footing construction, with the concrete slabs between not bearing directly on the ground. This distributes the stack loads over a small area and equalizes the pressure under the stack and wall footings. In cold weather all footings should be protected from freezing ; otherwise the floor may heave up in places and push the shelf supports out of true, not only with each other but also with the surrounding walls. If an air space is de- sired under the stack room floor it is good construction, although expensive, to have walls or rows of piers with brick arches between them in the cellar under the stack ranges. Where there is to be a basement under a stack room, two methods of con- struction are available. The first and most economical is to continue the stack col- umns down to the basement floor and to make the floor above of light construction similar to a regular stack deck, but without deck slits. ^■'^■'"- NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY . „ ,, The second is to use larger Construction view, September 1, 1905, in main stack room, showmg cast iron columns m cellar which a carry the seven-tier bookstack. Note cast iron brackets built into the wall for the attachment of stack StrUCtUral COlumnS Under deck floors. Such brackets are not recommended as they require the greatest care in setting to insure , . 1 • 1 , i their being in exact position. Bvcry scconcl or third stack [ 81 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. upright (or possibly at greater intervals) and to construct a heavy grillage on top with a beam upon which each row of stack up- rights may rest. This gives more space in the basement for mechanical equipment or working purposes than the first method, but the space cannot readily be used for book storage. The cel- lar columns should be fire proofed unless it is certain that the space will not be used for the storage of in- flammable material such as empty boxes, waste paper furniture, etc. These might endanger the stack structure in a way not possible with books. Fig. 118. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, COLUMBUS, O. View showing steel columns, 9'-0" high, carried through cellar to support the six-tier stack above. Columns are provided with holes for the attachment of the future shelf supports in the basement tier. ,?^* SNEAD METAL MUSEUM CASE, STYLE "O'^ See also pages 89, 100 and 26L STACK WEIGHTS ALTHOUGH the dead loads of stack construction vary with each stack installation, they can be accurately determined; the weight of the books and the live load on the k- stack decks must be assumed. The proper allowance for deck live load differs with each building, 70 lbs. per square foot is frequently used for a stack of but a few tiers to make sure that the deck framing will be amply stiff to prevent deflection and vibration. However, it is out of the question to consider that any such live load could ever come on all the decks. Therefore, the assumed live load may be greatly reduced when calculating the strength of the columns and might be disregarded entirely so far as the foundations of the stack are con- cerned. A conservative basis of calculation is to assume a live load of 40 lbs. per square foot for the top deck and reduce the amount 10 per cent, for each tier below. Unit weights given below are a safe average for an ordinary bookstack : Shelf supports and shelves, 6 to 10 lbs. per cubic foot of range. Books 20 Deck framing 4 f inch glass flooring .... 10 1^ " marble flooring ... 18 Live load 40 square foot of gross deck area. " " net area. " " of glass or marble area of top tier, and reduce the amount 10 per cent, for each tier below. When a stack must be erected on a floor of light construction, there is sometimes a prejudice in favor of the use of a bracket stack rather than a standard stack. This prejudice, however, is not well founded since the difference in weight between the lightest kind of a bracket stack and a substantial standard stack is almost negligible when proper account is made of the weight of books, deck floors, deck framing and live load on floors. In either case, the weight of the last four items should be the same. The shelf supports, or uprights, of the bracket stack are lighter than those of the standard stack, but the shelves themselves are heavier, so that the net difference in weight is but a small proportion of the total weight of the stack construction. In fact, after making proper allowance for the weight of books and the live load on decks, the total weight on the floor with a bracket stack might be as much as 4^ per cent, less than with a standard stack, but is more likely to be only 1 or 2 per cent, or even nothing. The books themselves are the principal factor to be considered in reference to floor loading, as they are far heavier than the shelf supports and shelves, and the variation in their weight is much greater than the variation in weight of the different types of stack. The following plans and unit weights are given to show two extreme cases and a medium example. It is unhkely that the combination of extremely heavy weights in the last example could ever be obtained in an actual bookstack, but it serves to illustrate the maximum limit of weight. [ 83 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. '^ — — 1 — 1 — — — = =t. iL, JU __ 11 = ^^ ^^ = 3 — — = 4 — — — 1 ^5 — — " = — 6 — — — 7 ^ — = 6 — — Jm — — — — — — = 10 — — — — — — = 11 — — — 1 ' — — — 12 — — — — — — -11 — — — — = 14 — — — — 11 = ^i^ L— :^ iS^ — ^ ^ — — = = ■ — 1 1 — = 18 — — = — 13 ~^ ^ ML^ m m ma £ PLANS AND UNIT WEIGHTS These plans and unit weights are assumed to show examples of hght, medium and heavy stack construction. Computations on opposite page. UNIT WEIGHTS Light, used with PI in N Medium, used with Plan O 1 Heavy, used with Plan P Stack construction 7 lbs. per cu. ft. 8 lbs. per cu. ft. 11 lbs. per cu. ft. Floor framing 3 lbs. per sq. ft. 4 lbs, per sq. ft. 5 lbs. per sq. ft. Deck flooring %" glass, 10 lbs. per sq. ft. Pi" marble, 18 lbs. per sq. ft. VA" slate, 20 lbs. per sq. ft. Books 20 lbs. per cu. ft. 25 lbs. per cu. ft. 30 lbs. per cu. ft. Live load 20 lbs. per sq. ft 40 lbs. per sq. ft., decreased 10<''f. for each tier. 70 lbs per sq. ft. Tier height r-0" 1 7'- 3" 7'- 6" I i t-t t'^f l I- t t f=^" ^3' DECK 3LIT ■« I A B C M-^i*^3'-6'-*-3'-6-i-3'-6-i- 6-0' -i-3-6'^j'-6'-*-3-6'i-J-6-i-3-( Plan N. Fig. 120. LIGHT CONSTRUCTION r EpizzErD A » B -% C '•P it DECK 51JT'9 rfr-T— riT^ M-i t \--r t ^j^ tit I I I 1 i~r t fff \h 3 "inn^zEn: 1 t t--4 fiT~i I- I t t t "n Fig. 122. ■di-3' n iiiuiiii HI H H Hi H iS H B, R R H ■: " S * B s MLIl^li i ■ ri ■ ■ ■ m 11 ■ ■iixiii I I ^k. Fig. 124. VIEW IN NORTHWEST COURT, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, SHOWING WINDOWS OF NORTH STACK ROOM [ 88 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Prism glass with ribs arranged to throw the Hght rays horizontally across the stack tiers is of assistance in illuminating deep rooms. Open work shelf supports, a white finish on the stack construction and walls, white marble floors and deck slits are valuable for making the available light go as far as possible. Light rays pass freely through the openings or else are reflected from the white surfaces. In a stack so designed the books themselves form the principal obstruc- tion to light. SNEAD METAL MUSEUM CASE, STYLE "D" See also pages 82, 100 and 26L [ 89 ] o ° >! m 'o d) rn .■^ n3 o o 3 O CO q; n 2 £ 4^ CO fl) o O -n T3 o O z; 15 > O !-< ft rri -^ _c < < > cd J 1 3 O s CD <1J CO -C cv rd '—1 -t: ^y OJ C p: Uh 0; to t-i ^^ p, > ft <« .£f g ^ C/} « . - .a § W O -■3 s o u ^ *' -^-5 o 2 < z M 2 ^ u . a > ai U < QJ CO C o ^ «'3 St ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING THE artificial lighting of modern stack rooms is now accomplished solely by means of electricity which, if properly installed, is entirely safe. Gas has been found incon- venient and costly and in some of the old libraries it was discovered that the bindings and the leaves of books shelved near the ceiling were rapidly being destroyed by its fumes. Tungsten lamps, because of their economy in the consumption of current, are preferred to the old style of carbon lamps. Lock sockets should be provided in open stack rooms. There is much room for improvement in stack lighting systems. As a rule the upper shelves are brightly illuminated, while the titles of books on the lower shelves are read with difficulty. The use of opalescent glass shades of proper curvature, aids in lighting up the bot- tom row of books and protects the eye from the intense glare from the bare filaments, but the distribution of light which they give is not uniform. Special reflectors are made which distribute the fight rays equally over the whole face of a range, but they greatly increase the cost of the lighting installation. Indirect lighting is not generally practicable as it requires too great a consumption of current. White marble deck floors do much to distribute light for they not only reflect the rays upwards but diffuse them by reflection from the under side of the floor above. Where glass floors are used, arrangements are sometimes made to con- trol the lights of the tier be- low so that they will shine up through the floor and illu- minate the lower shelves. This method although form- erly popular, is now seldom used in new buildings as it complicates the wiring and is costly to install. The choice of a method for controlling the lights of a stack room should be de- termined by the conditions of use. Small libraries ordi- narily have one main switch board controlling all lights in the stack, with chain pulls for individual lights. This arrangement saves in cur- Fig. 127. ST. CHARLES THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, OVERBROOK. PA. ^^^^ ^^^ .^ ^^^ j^_^^^ ^ View showing electric lights controlled by chain pulls. Conduits carried by stack cover plates. When . ■ , 11 T, 1 ll ,, second tier is added, conduits can be raised to new level by merely disconnecting them at the walls. tO mStall. it alSO ailOWS the [ 91 ] o "1 to < t« ( ) X o c <_) dJ > fe t-i z o a. 1 IB « 0) 3 W to ■*S > o a a O D H CO 1) >« M-l cd Pi tfi en QJ m n aj 1 1 QJ , E OJ ^ n -Q r. s o U 'JB s s 3 <: 3 ^ K 0) CQ ^ H-l OJ -G u en ^ ►J T3 C OJ OJ CQ N D 0) F o a. m c ■-^ 10 q5 ■^ ca o X "3 H H [t1 0) a CQ < N ■£ bo c -a t^ Xi IS en ^ !^ is C\! 3 bo o Q 'c LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING conduits to be run perpendicular to the ranges, so that they are supported by the cover plates over a single tier or over the top of a stack of several tiers. The most widely used method of electric light control is to have double push-button switches on alternate end shelf supports for the lights in each stack aisle. With double switches it is evident at a glance that the Hghts in any aisle are controlled by the switch nearest at hand. Sometimes switches are placed on the opposite ends of the same range, for the convenience of the attendant, who enters at one end of the aisle and leaves at the other. End switches are also employed where the utilization of the lights below a glass floor is desired. Occasionally, tassel switches are used at the aisle entrance. These cost less than end switches and are sometimes necessary where a special design of end shelf support interferes with the fixed switch box. In some of the largest stack rooms, gang switches are placed at convenient points to illuminate large sections at a time, the theory being that Hghts are more likely to be turned off at one switch than at several. This method is used in the New York Public Library and was in use in the Library of Congress until supplanted by "time Hmit" switches. These "time limit" switches are operated by means of clock-work running in oil and are customarily placed on alternate end shelf supports along the main aisle. As an attendant enters an aisle to get a book he pushes the nearest switch. He then has to pay no further attention to the lights as they go out automatically after the lapse of a fixed period of a few minutes. They can be kept burning indefinitely, however, by inserting a special key in the switch. Although the price of these switches is from ten to fifteen dollars each, it is esti- mated that in the Library of Congress they have halved the consumption of current and globes As they come into use more generally their cost will undoubtedly be decreased. They will not be recommended, however, by readers who like to browse. In the Harper Memorial Library of the University of Chicago, the lights in each aisle are controlled by means of a hinged bar extending across the entrance. When entering the aisle, the bai is lifted and the lights are automatically turned on. They are switched off again when the bar is raised at departure. See Fig. 129. The spacing of the lights varies with conditions, but the general rule is to place 16 candle power carbon lamps or 25 Watt tungsten lamps about 6 feet apart in range aisles and from 12 feet to 24 feet in the main aisles where the lights are in constant use. Occasionally a portable bulb, protected by a wire screen and mounted on a handle attached to an extension cord, is used. These portable Hghts are found convenient for searching lower shelves. Elpctric wires should always be protected by metal conduits and ducts. These conduits shoula be designed to have the wires accessible for repairs. If the wires are protected by metal and the current supply properly fused, there is no danger of fire from a short circuit. The electric wiring of a stack room is usually a sub-contract with the stack manufacturer. However, it is best placed under his control, so that the stack work can be properly prepared to receive the conduits and switches. The appearance and convenience of many stack rooms have been injured by not considering the lighting question until after the stacks were installed. [ 93 ] M HEATING AND VENTILATING "ANY different methods for heating and ventilating stack rooms have been attempted, but none have proved more satisfactory than the system installed in the Library of Congress stacks. See sections of Library of Congress, pages 14 and 15. This system will work either in conjunction with the heating arrangements or independently of them as the weather requires. The Library of Congress stacks have fresh air intakes leading into the basement from interior courts covered with grass, and practically free from dust. By means of electric fans the air is first drawn through closely woven wire mesh screens to eliminate the larger foreign bodies. It is then thoroughly filtered for the removal of dust and may be washed with water sprays, although this precaution is seldom found necessary. From the filters, the air passes through the heating chambers, where radiators heat it to any temperature desired. From here, under the pressure of the fans and its own natural tendency to rise when warmed, the air flows into the stack room and up through the stack structure. The deck slits along the faces of the ranges and around the walls permit an equitable distribution of the fresh air. In cold weather the difference between the temperature of the air outside and that within the stack room is sufficient to cause a continuous outward flow through louvres in monitors on the roof. In warm weather exhaust fans, mounted in the monitors, supplement those in the base- ment and help to keep the air circulating. The system is rendered fully efficient by the fact that all the stack room windows are hermetically sealed. Sealed windows also aid considerably in eliminating the dust. One of the great advantages of this system is that there are no hot pipes in the stack room to occupy valuable space and injure adjacent books. Nor do the upper tiers tend to become over-heated as is the case with the direct system of heating from radiators. In the stack rooms of small libraries where an indirect heating system is impracticable, the mistake should not be made of distributing radiators or pipe coils uniformly through the height of the room. Such an arrangement makes the upper tiers unbearably hot when the lower ones are only comfortably warm. As the warm air is free to rise through deck slits and stair wells the space occupied by the stack should be treated as one room and not as a series of low stories. Proper atmospheric conditions are of prime importance for the preservation of books. The following are a few simple rules to follow: 1. Do not overheat the stack room. From 60 degrees to 70 degrees is a good range of temperature. 2. Avoid dampness and unnatural gases in the atmosphere. 3. Demand cleanliness in the handling of the books both within and without the library. 4. Books should be kept in clean open places where they have the benefit of good ventilation. Air should circulate freely around each volume to prevent disintegration. The [ 94 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING late Dr. W. F. Poole said that books breathe just as do human beings and have practically the same requirements for fresh clean air. Mr. William R. Reinick, in his article "In- sects Destructive to Books," printed by the American Journal of Pharmacy, recommends good ventilation and the avoidance of insect breeding places. He says in part that : "Late investigations have disclosed facts which show that insects are not only in search of the paste in bindings, but also of the cloths, woods, papers, inks, leathers, parchments, oils, etc., which go to make up the books. "It has been stated that more books and papers are destroyed by small forms of life in one year than by fire and water combined; and, from the facts given by various writers and the statements made to me in letters by many Hbra- rians and others, especially where the libraries are located in warmer regions, I am positive that this statement is true. "As far as the destruction of these insects by poisons is concerned, they are practically worthless, because whenever the poison is used to destroy one insect it will attract other insects who have need for this poison." A stack which lends itself to thorough ventilation and is so constructed as to eliminate hollow, dust and filth collecting spaces, may be easily fumigated. Occasion for such action arose in January 1908 when one of the staff of the Washington Public Library was taken ill with smallpox. The building was promptly closed to the public and disinfected, where necessary, with formaldehyde. In the stack room the process was simple, owing to the fact that the build- ing was equipped with a Snead Standard Stack. The ventilating slits in the decks, the open construction of the shelf supports and shelves, and the entire absence of hollow enclosed spaces allowed the formaldehyde fumes to penetrate everywhere. Volumes which have been exposed to contagion should be fumigated individually. This may be done by the Beebe carbo-gasoline method. This consists of immersing the books in a solution of gas-machine gasoline containing two per cent, of phenol crystals. After twenty minutes they are removed and placed before an electric fan for two minutes and then stood on end for from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Another method of disinfecting consists of immersing the books in a solution of gasoline containing five per cent, of carboHc acid. Fig. 130. EXAMPLE OF HAVOC WROUGHT BY INSECTS AT HILL MEMORIAL LIBRARY, BATON ROUGE, LA. Previous to the installation of the new metal stack. [ 95 ] BOOKLIFTS, ELEVATORS AND OTHER STACK ACCESSORIES HAND-POWER AND ELECTRIC BOOKLIFTS THE satisfactory installation of a booklift depends largely upon the selection of that equipment which best meets the conditions and requirements of each case. There are two general classes of bookhfts: hand-power and electric. Hand-power lifts are used in small libraries for short runs and light loads. Those required to carry one or two books at a time should be light and rapid running while those designed to carry loads of 100 to 200 lbs. or more should be strong and so geared that they operate with ease. When a small hft may sometimes be used for a few books and at other times for heavy loads, a compromise must be effected. One type of hand-power lift which has proved very satisfactory for high-speed services, consists of a pair of balanced trays, or one counterweighted tray, running between guides. These guides are preferably made of polished brass tubing or Kalameined brass, to present a neat appearance. One of them may serve as a speaking tube to connect various floor levels, while the counterweights run within the other. The quick running of this type makes it useful for serving a delivery counter from a department above or below. A lift designed for heavy loads, however, must necessarily move slowly. The mechanical apparatus can be geared for any speed required but, when once set, cannot be readily changed. Booklifts are usually equipped with a device to make them self sustaining in any position of the run. In large stacks it is generally advisable to in- [''Standard par.tition standard ranqe front, stall electric booklifts. These are usually built to carry from 100 to 300 lbs., at a speed of about 100 to 150 feet per minute. The hoisting machine can be located either at the top or at the bottom of the shaft. Generally it is preferable to have it in the basement in a small room or wire mesh enclosure alongside the shaft, where it can be readily cleaned by the jani- tor or engineer. Electric lifts are best controlled by Fig. 131-a. Plan of Booklift shaft running through the end compartments of a series of superimposed ranges. [ 96 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 131-b. VIEW OF BOOKLIFT CAR AND STEEL PANEL ENCLOSURE, AKRON, OHIO, PUBLIC LIBRARY The booklift travels through the end compartments of a series of superimposed ranges. For plan of a similar arrangement, see Fig. 131-a. on opposite page. The enclosure is frequently made of panels of wire mesh similar to that forming the backing of the single-faced range alongside the stairway. means of push-buttons arranged to meet different requirements of service. Safety devices render these push-buttons inoperative while any booklift door is open or while a car is in motion. The several systems of control are as follows: One Point Control with Signals. With this system there is a central controlling station to which all messages must be sent and from which point the booklifts are operated. This control is efficient in a stack employing more than one lift. Full Automatic Control. This consists of a full set of controller buttons, on each of the floors or decks, by means of which the car is called to or sent from the station. Call Button Only. This system is used where telephones are installed in the stack room. It is similar to the Full Automatic Control except that the car can only be called to a station and cannot be sent to other points. Cars are generally made of steel, 12 to 18 inches deep, 2 to 3 feet wide and 2 to 3 feet high. Removable shelves are convenient for handling books of various sizes. [ 97 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. At times a booklift is located outside the stack room, and opens into it, but almost in- variably, it is placed directly in the stack room, where it is most accessible for the attendants. When installed within the stack it is generally included in the stack contract, since the stack manufacturer must provide the structural framing and enclosure for the Hft shaft, the Hft it- self being supplied by a specialist. It frequently develops that the greatest convenience and compactness can be obtained by running the lift as shown in Figs. 131-a and 131-b. ELECTRIC ELEVATORS The most serviceable elevator for a stack room is one large enough to accommodate both passengers and book trucks. Push button control, consisting of a call button at the ele- vator door and a bank of push buttons inside the car, renders the services of an attendant unnecessary. Safety appliances, similar to those used with electric booklifts, are always pro- vided. Electric elevators should only be used in large libraries and tall stacks as their installa- tion forms a rather disproportionate expense for a small library. BOOK CONVEYORS Automatic book conveyors are designed to carry books both vertically and horizontally and perhaps from one building to another. Their action may be almost human in intelligence and in fact, mistakes are generally the fault of the operator and not of the conveyor. A de- scription of the book conveyors in the Library of Congress will serve to explain the working of such appliances. See section of Library of Congress on page 14. Conveyors in Stack. Each of these consists of a pair of parallel, endless sprocket chains, 20J inches apart, driven continuously throughout the day, at a speed of 100 feet per minute, by means of a small electric motor. The chains run over sheaves of such size that the hanging trays pass freely over the axles wherever the direction is changed. Eighteen book trays are suspended from the chains at equal intervals. These trays are made of aluminum, for light- ness, with small fittings of brass and ii'on. The tray bottoms consist of horizontal sets of parallel brass fingers, five-eighths inch apart, attached at the back and turning up slightly in front to prevent the books from projecting over. The trays thus pass flatwise through similar sets of teeth, or toothed racks, located at the various stations. At deck stations two such racks are provided, one at the arriving and the other at the departing part of the chain, for the automatic delivery and taking on of books. In the reading room both racks are on the same side, one above the other, one sloping inward, the other outward. As a tray arrives at its delivery station its contents are combed off and slide into a softly padded box. The capacity of each tray is the equivalent of a quarto, 3^ inches thick. The automatic action of the trays is secured through a'set of movable spurs or keys on the back, one for each station and one general key. When a book is taken on, a dial is set by hand by which the general key is withdrawn and the tray prevented from responding to any call until its load is dis- charged at the proper station. Conveyor to Capitol. This consists of trolleys running between parallel rails and having attached to them carriers large enough to hold a bound newspaper volume or a leather pouch of similar size and shape, for small books and other matter. Each carrier consists of a set of deep parallel hooks similar to the hanging human hand with fingers turned upwards, [ 98 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING nearly to the top. They are hung Hke a pendulum and always travel in an upright position, their loads being taken on and removed by the carriers passing upwards or downwards through toothed racks. The conveyors are moved by means of small flexible, endless wire cables, of which there are three along the route: one in the library, one in the capitol and the third, connecting these two, in the tunnel between the two buildings. The cable in the central loop is driven faster than those in the buildings, thus increasing the speed of deliveries. ENCLOSURES Elevators, Hfts, conveyors, etc., running through a stack require some form of enclosure. This is generally made of a steel frame with panels of steel plates, wire mesh or wire glass. Panels of flat wire, woven into a square mesh, are recommended since they give an attractive, Ught and open appearance. Steel plates while somewhat cheaper are not so satisfactory. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION Pneumatic Tubes are used in large libraries for transmitting messages between the delivery desk and the different stack levels. The system consists of metal tubing installed be- tween the various points of communication, and cartridge shaped carriers, usually about two inches in diameter, which hold the message slips. A partial vacuum formed in the tubes in front of the carriers causes the atmospheric pressure to drive them to their destination. Their cost of installation and operation is prohibitive for a small library. The Telautograph is a delicate electrical apparatus, with writing pad attachment, by means of which a fac-simile of any message written at the sending station is immediately re- produced at the receiving station. It is sometimes used instead of the pneumatic tube service. Intercommunicating Telephones are used in large modern library buildings to connect the different departments with each other and the stack tiers with the delivery desk. Auto- matic telephones are now on the market'which eliminate the necessity of a central exchange. PNEUMATIC CLEANING A pneumatic cleaning apparatus is a valuable accessory for any stack. By its use, dust is actually removed from books and floors instead of merely being stirred up to settle in an- other place. A stationary plant is quite unnecessary and costs considerably more to install and operate than a portable machine, as the latter has only short tube lines and consequently loses very httle power in transmission. Furthermore, it need only be in operation while cleaning is actually being done. The portable machine can be attached either to the electric light sockets in the stack or to plugs specially provided at convenient points. Probably the most efficient cleaning machine for a library stack room is a combination plenum and vacuum apparatus with two hose connections, one terminating in a hook shaped nozzle which serves as a blower, and the other terminating in a cone shaped bell at the apex of which is attached the vacuum tube. The operator works with blower in one hand and bell in the other. He passes the nozzle back along the tops of books or other dust covered sur- faces and blows the dust forward in the direction of the bell. It is then drawn into the vacuum tube and filtered out by the machine. By this means, dust is driven from small crevices and corners which could not be reached by a regular vacuum cleaning apparatus. [ 99 ] UNDERGROUND BOOKSTACKS LITTLE has been done as yet towards building bookstacks underground, except in so far as basement rooms of library buildings have been utilized. However, this method A of storage becomes a necessity when adjacent space is required and architectural con- siderations or injury to light prevent an above ground addition. The expense of an under- ground stack is greater than that of a stack of corresponding capacity above ground, on account of excavating, heavy retaining walls, underpinning of adjacent buildings and admin- istration solely with artificial lighting and ventilation. As dampness is extremely injurious to books, the floor, roof and walls of the under- ground stack room should be thoroughly waterproofed. They should also be carefully insu- lated so that they will not be cold enough to condense the moisture in the air that touches them. A cork paint on all interior surfaces, where practicable, will prevent condensation although it cannot be wholly depended upon for insulation. Provision should also be made to prevent surface water draining into the stack during heavy rains or in times of fire in ad- jacent buildings. In humid weather the temperature of the underground stack must be kept above that of the outside air, otherwise the increased pressure will force out the dissolved moisture and cause condensation on the metal work. SNEAD BRONZE MUSEUM CASE, STYLE "P" See also pages «2, H9 and 261. [ 100 ] PARTIAL EQUIPMENT IN planning a library building, sufficient stack space should be provided to accommodate growth for many years. It is often advisable to install only a part of the bookstack at the outset and to make future extensions as required. If there is no roofing or masonry work to be done, this proceedure is a simple matter and may be handled in several ways to meet various conditions of the general plan of the building. 1. The first tier or first few tiers of the stack may be installed at the beginning, with provision for the addition of future tiers above. In this case it is well to equip the upper- most tier with a portion of the framing for the deck next above so that the electric conduits Pj^ ^32 BANGOR PUBLIC LIBRARY, BANGOR, ME. ViL in basement tier showing bare structural steel columns partially equipped with shelf supports and shelves. The columns support the second tier ^vhich is on a level with the main floor of the buildmg. [ 101 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. for this tier may be permanently supported by passing them through the steel floor members. If this is done, the electrical work will not have to be disturbed when the height of the stack is increased. 2. A portion of the stack room may be equipped with a stack of full height and future expansion effected by adding additional tiers of ranges, from time to time, to cover the balance of the available floor space. The overhang of the deck floors pro- jecting beyond the stack ranges can be carried by tempora- ry struts so arranged that they will not have to be removed until the new ranges take up the deck loads. The guard raUs placed between these struts can be disconnected and re- used each time an ad- dition is made. 3. When a library is so planned that an upper tier of the book- stack is on a level with the main floor of the building, this tier, being needed most, should of course be installed first. This necessitates support from the tiers below but does not require the installation of full equipment. The initial cost of the stack can be re- duced by supplying only the shelf supports and deck framing of the lower tiers and omitting the shelves and floor slabs. Or the combination cast iron and steel construction, page 26, may be used. In this case only the deck framing and central steel columns for the shelf supports need be supplied in the lower tiers as seen in Fig. 118, page 82, thus further reducing the initial expense. The stack may be extended either by attaching shelf supports to the steel columns or by building on more tiers above. Fig. 133. BANGOR PUBLIC LIBRARY, BANGOR, ME. View in second tier showing stack ready to receive tiie future second deck and third and fourth tiers. The top cover plates are provided with a removable steel cornice which can be reused on the future tiers above. Tempo- rar.v bars support the electric conduits, which will later be suspended under the deck floor framing of the third tier, so that they will not have to be disturbed when the additional work is installed. [ 102 ] LIBRARY PLANNING .4 SECTION DEVOTED TO SPECIAL ARTICLES ON THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE PLANNING OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS SOME ESSENTIALS OF LIBRARY DESIGN By A. D. F. HAMLIN, A. M, L. H. D. Professor of the History of Architecture, Columbia University; Consulting Architect to Carnegie Library Committee of Brooklyn, N Y. and to Building Committee for Central Library, Brooklyn. HE public library is one of the most highly developed types of buildings to be found in American architectural prac- tice. By careful study of the problems it presents, prima- rily by librarians and second- arily by architects, its require- ments and the best means and devices for meeting them have been more completely woi'ked out and standardized than those of any other type of edifice except the modern office building. Taken as a whole, the libraries of the United States, large and small, represent American architecture well-nigh at its best. Library buildings may be broadly divided into two main classes, the large and the small, the dif- ference between which is one not merely of size but also of function. To the first class belong all those in which the gathering under one roof of a variety of functions and services necessitates a special and complex plan for their accommodation; to the second, all such as by reason of simplicity of function and organization have simple plans and can be super- vised by a very small staff. Thus it may happen that the single library which serves an entire town of moderate size may be smaller and simpler than a branch library in a large city. All libraries are devices for bringing books and readers together. As such they comprise in all cases three fundamental elements: First, accommodations for the books; Second, accommodations for the readers; Third, accommodations for the staff— the active human agents in bringing books and readers together. To these fundamental elements may be added any number of accessories, such as picture galleries, lecture rooms, club rooms, workshops for printing, binding and the like. But these are not in them- selves essentials of a library building. The three classes of accommodations mentioned above are essentials and must be provided in every building however small. Such accessoi'ies as a heating plant, toilet rooms, stairs, vestibules etc., are of course included in any complete public building. The art of library design is the art of providing the most perfect accommodations for each of the three above named requirements, in such relation to each other that the books will be transferred from the shelf to the reader in the shortest possible time with the fewest steps and least labor both for readers and attendants. Before discussing the various means for accom- plishing these ends, it is in order to set forth briefly a more detailed classification of library buildings with reference to the character of their service. Here again two main divisions appear: reference libraries, whose books are used only within the build- ing; and circulating libraries, from which the reader may borrow books to be taken home. Practically all public libraries of this second class provide also for the use of books within the building, so that the combination of the two kinds of service does not constitute a third and distinct class. In such build- ings the two classes of readers may be served, as in [ 103 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. the smaller libraries, from one central loan desk; or, as in the larger libraries, in different rooms, from different desks and by distinct sets of attendants. Special subdivisions of these two classes are formed by the libraries of colleges or other learned institutions, professional organizations and other societies or clubs. In these the use of the library is restricted to certain privileged classes —the members of the institution, club or association; and in the case of professional and technical libraries, the books are confined to a more or less narrow range of sub- jects connected with the profession or science to which the library belongs. These restrictions give occasion for special arrangements not required or not practical in the generality of public libraries. ACCOMMODATIONS FOR BOOKS Taking up now in order the three essential fac- tors of a library plan, we may remark that the storage of books may be on any one of three systems, or a combination of them: (a) the alcove system; (b) the open shelf system; (c) the stack system. By the first of these, the gi-eater portion of the area of a large room, on one or both sides, is divided into alcoves by book-cases projecting from the wall. The books are stored in these cases and on wall shelves, often in two or three stories forming galleries. In the majority of public hbraries, until the later years of the nineteenth centui-y, the major part of the books wci-e stored upon the shelves of alcoves two or three stories high, opening upon a lofty central hall or passage, as in the former Astor Library, New York, the Peabody Library in Baltimore, the Cincinnati Library (see page 13) and most of the famous Old World libraries. The second system is that which places the books within the immediate reach of all the readers, either in wall cases, or in wall cases and wing cases forming alcoves, usually shallow and limited to li feet in height, so that all volumes are within arm's reach of an ordinary adult. By the third system the books are stored in bookstacks, forming tiers of shelves in stories not over Tg feet high, set as close together as convenience will allow, in a wing or structure quite distinct from the read- ing rooms, though a part of the same building, and placed so as to be chrectl.\' accessible from the loan desk or delivery- room. It may be separated by fire- walls and fire-proof doors from the rest of the build- ing; or, if the whole building be thoroughly fire- proof, it may form an open chamber or wing extend- ing back from the main structure. The stacks are metal structures, independent of the walls of the buildings, and are usually designed and erected by concerns which make a specialty of their construction, upon specifications prepared by the architect, prefer- ably with the technical advice and assistance of the stack manufacturer, to fit the structure he has de- signed. The system of storage in stacks, which has revolutionized American library design, was devised by Professor William R. Ware, to solve the problem of the enlargement of the Harvard College Library in 1876. In these stacks the shelves were of wood, but were carried by an iron framework standing in- dependent of the walls from the cellar up, and sup- porting its own floors. In the modern stacks the shelves are usually of metal. The stack system is of especial value where a large number of volumes must be stored in a re- stricted space, or kept together under the control of the library staff. The open shelf system — which has given rise to much controversy between those who believe that the loss of books due to free access of readers to shelves is more than offset by the advan- tages of such free access, and those who do not — is frequently made use of in particular reading rooms of libraries which at the same time store the greater part of their books in a stack room or stack wing. The alcove system has been generally abandoned since about 1890, because the projecting stacks or cases separating the alcoves cast wide shadows and cut off a large part of the room from the view of the attendant in charge. Where, however, the number of readers is small or restricted to certain definite classes, as in most libraries of colleges and clubs or societies, well-lighted alcoves may be advantageously provided, each alcove being devoted to one general department or category of books and made large enough to accommodate several readers at one table. Such alcoves form a series of quiet study rooms opening upon a central hall or corridor, each profit- ing by the spaciousness and airiness of the large room of which all are a part, while affording some- what of the quiet and seclusion of a special study room. Modern examples of such a room are seen in the University Club and in the Avery Architectural Library of Columbia University, both in New York. For public libraries in general, however, the arrange- ment is wasteful of space and difl^cult of supervis- ion. In the new Springfield, Mass., City Library (see pages 202 and 203) there is an interesting combina- [ 104 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 134. READING ROOM. UNITED ENGINEERING SOCIETIES, NEW YORK CITY View showing alcove arra ngement for study tables. Snead Standard Stack installed in the second tier. Books on each of the various branches of engineering are arranged around their respective alcoves. tion of the three systems, in a large open-shelf room with two-storied radiating stacks, controlled from the attendant's desk at the center of radiation and forming, by their outward divergence, a series of open alcoves near the windows, each with its readers' tables. ACCOMMODATIONS FOR READERS These comprise three principal features: the reading room, card catalogs and delivery desk. The last claims our attention first as the connecting link between the stored books and the readers. It is the central point and focus of the library, in which the three elements of the library meet— books, staff and readers. Theoretically, therefore, it should stand between the stack room and the reading rooms, and this is its usual physical location. Thus placed, it should be so disposed as to "control"- that is, com- mand a view of— the largest possible portion of the public space in front and on either side— entrance, deHvery-space, card-catalog-space and reading rooms —and at the same time be in closest proximity to the chief supply of books, which is usually a stack room or stack space. The space behind the delivery desk should be ample for the maximum number of attendants who may at any time serve it; it is better to have it too large than too small. It must be abundantly lighted, preferably by side windows, as overhead lighting by a skylight fails early in the day. On no account should the attendants here be compelled to depend during the daylight hours on artificial light. A sufficient space should be left free in front of the desk for the readers who are awaiting their books or their turn at the desk. READING ROOMS Reading rooms are of various kinds: general reading rooms, children's rooms, reference rooms, magazine or periodical rooms, special rooms for fiction, history, art books, technical branches, etc.; special study rooms, seminar rooms, in col- lege and university libraries for conference between students and teachers, etc., etc. Each kind of room demands its special treatment as to size, location and equip- ment, but certain considerations apply to all alike. The shape may be almost any simple geometrical form consistent with perfect lighting and good ser- vice, but it should be without ells, recesses, deep al- coves or encumbering columns and projections- the simpler the better. Circular and octagonal rooms, though often condemned by theorists, present no fundamental objections, and where the alcove or open shelf system prevails, may be made extremely convenient as well as architecturally imposing, as in the beautiful Radcliffe Library at Oxford, the British Museum reading room in London, the Con- gressional Library at Washington and the Columbia University Library. The objections alleged against these examples are due to defects of planning and arrangement in other respects rather than to the mere form of the room itself. The most important fundamental consideration in the form of the reading room is its lighting. If lighted from one side, its width should not be more than 50 to 60 per cent, greater than its height to the top of the windows. Windows may have sills as much as 4^ or even 5 feet from the floor in a room of 14 or 15 feet clear height. This allows of wall cases 3i to 4i feet high continuously along [ 105 THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. the window wall in open shelf rooms. It is the high light that counts in lighting the further parts of the room. A reading room lighted on both sides may be 30 or more feet wide with a height of 15 feet. Skylighting may be employed in certain cases, but as already remarked, it fails early in the day as com- pared with side lighting, and should never be the sole means of day lighting when side lighting is possible. Reading rooms should be planned so as to be within easy reach of the stack room, unless res- tricted to the use of books stored in the reading room itself; and so as to be completely visible and controllable from the central desk or, as in the larger libraries, from that of the special wing or department to which each belongs. PROVISION FOR THE STAFF Accommodations for the staff comprise in gen- eral: (a) oihces for the librarian and his assistants; (b) catalogers' room or rooms; (c) rooms for special services, such as accessions, branch station delivery, etc.; (d) workshops for printing, binding, repairing, packing and unpacking books, and for mechanical repairs; (e) locker rooms, lunch rooms and rest rooms for the staff; and (f) janitor's quarters, store rooms, etc. In large libraries and central libraries, a trus- tees' room and committee rooms will be required. No general rule can be laid down for these, but in all cases the convenience of the users of the room, good lighting and easy access are the essential con- siderations. Avoid dark and tortuous corridors, steep and winding stairs, toilet rooms opening di- rectly opposite public rooms or upon conspicuous passages, and study the minor, as well as the greater, amenities and comforts of the service. HEATING, VENTILATION, ETC. With regard to heating, ventilating and artifi- cial lighting, each building presents a special prob- lem, and the only general rule to be laid down is that of making excessive rather than inadequate provision for all three, so as to allow for later expansion. The success of a system of heating and ventilation de- pends less upon the system than upon the way it is designed and carried out. The advice of a compe- tent engineer expert in laying out and superintend- ing the installation of the system should always be sought. The extra expense of such service is in the end an economy and not a loss. With regard to the artificial lighting two things are important, that it should be abundant, and that as far as possible all lights should be prevented from glaring directly into the eyes of the readers. What is called "in- direct lighting" should be resorted to as far as practicable. It costs more in current, but saves eye- strain. PRELIMINARIES TO BUILDING In undertaking the erection of a library build- ing, supposing an eligible site to have been secured, the first step is to formulate a definite program of the accommodations to be required, in as great de- tail as possible, with the aid of the librarian if he has had experience in such matters; otherwise with the aid of a consulting expert, who should be either an experienced librarian or an architect of estab- lished and varied experience in library design. In some cases it might even be well to employ experts in both professions. The choice of the architect to design the building upon the program thus pre- pared should be made directly if possible. A com- petition may be resorted to in the case of a large and important edifice, if the committee in charge find themselves unable to agree upon a direct selec- tion. In that case care must be taken to place the conduct of the competition in the hands of a com- petent expert and to make it conform in all respects to the requirements of the Code of the American Institute of Architects, otherwise it will be impos- sible to secure the participation in the competition of architects of the highest reputation, whether members of the Institute or not. In the case of large and costly buildings, it is often a wise economy to employ, throughout the whole process of design and erection, a competent consulting architect hav- ing no other relation to the enterprise. His disin- terested advice is often of the greatest value in pre- venting or correcting errors of taste or judgment on the part alike of committee and architect, avoid- ing controversies, and arbitrating them when they arise. Never attempt cheese-paring in the matter of fees and commissions. Competent architects, engineers and expert librarians are worth all they cost, and none other should be employed. In the matter of cost, it is wise to figure up the approximate actual total cubic contents of all the required areas, from cellar floor to roof, add one-third for walls, stairs, corridors, halls, closets and contingencies, and multiply this by a figure of [ 106 ] LIBRARY PLANNING. BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 135. THE MAIN READING ROOM, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. cost per cubic foot to be furnished by an experienced architect or builder for the type of construction and finish desired. Then cut down your requirements to remove the excess which this calculation almost invariably produces over the sum available— or in- crease the appropriation. The actual cost of other buildings of approximately like character and size will assist in reaching a fair and practical result. Committees, like many other clients, are apt to re- quire of their architect far more than their funds will allow, and this is not fair, either to the archi- tect or to themselves. As to construction: except where abundant funds are available, the cost should go into solid construction rather than into architectural splendor. Build fire-proof ivhenever possible. In every case, without exception, the book room or stack room. and stacks should be fire-proof; also the stairs and stair halls where a second story exists, and the floor construction above the heating plant. Avoid wood- en furring and wooden laths in non-fireproof structures. Take special pains with the roof to avoid possibility of leakage from either rain or snow. Entrust the building of your stacks to none but experienced stack-builders. Remember that first-cost economies may result in cost for mainten- ance and repairs far greater than the interest on the saving effected. Solidity, simplicity, durability and convenience should be the watchwords of every library building committee. CAPACITY In figuring on the storage or volume capacity of a library, allow a general average of eight vol- umes per running foot of single shelving. Law- books may be figured at four or five volumes, children's books at ten volumes, per running foot. Allow on the average 1 foot of height per shelf. Make special allowance for large reference books and art books. Stacks and shelving generally are set up in 3-foot sections, 7 to Tg feet to a story. Thus a double-faced stack section with seven shelves will hold on the average 7x3x8x2 volumes = 336 volumes; a single-faced or wall section of the same height, 168 volumes. Double stacks are generally set 3 to 4 feet apart. A closely set stack room will contain, when all the shelves are filled, twenty-two to twenty-five volumes per story per square foot; eighteen to twenty volumes is a safer estimate. Thus a stack room 20 x 40 feet inside measurement, with six stories of stacks, should accommodate 800 x 20 X 6 = 96,000 volumes. But this makes no allowance for expansion, for which ample room should always be left. From the "Elementary Principles" laid down by the American Library Association to be ob- served in library construction, the following coun- sels are especially commended to the attention of library building-committees: "The interior airangement should be planned before the exterior is co?isidered. "Plans should provide for future growth and development. "A library should be carefully planned for economical administration. "Public rooms should be planned for complete supervision by the fewest possible attendants. "No convenience of arrangement should be sacrificed for architectural effect. "There should be good natural light in all parts of the building. Windoios should extend to the ceiling. "In a book room or stack, windows should be opposite the aisles. "Flights of stairs should be straight and not circular. " To these excellent counsels may be added: In public libraries the main floor should be as near as possible to the street level. Rooms and offices open to the public should be arranged so as to be easily and obviously accessible. Corridors and communications should be as short, straight and direct as possible. Stairs should have easy steps, never more than twelve between land- ings, and should not be too wide. Other things being equal, a building on a simple and obvious plan costs less, both to cmi and to admin- ister, than one built on complex lines. [ 108 PLANNING A LIBRARY BUILDING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BOOKSTACKS By THEODORE W. KOCH, M. A., Librarian, University of Michigan Reprinted from ■' MIchifidii Libraries.' Vol. 1, No. /, .June, 1912. THE rapid development of American libraries is constantly commented upon. There are many ways of gauging this growth— by comparison of the number and sizes of libraries, by statements of the area over which they have spread, or statistics of their use. A comparative study of the older buildings and the new ones will serve equally well the purpose of illustrating the changed conditions. In Boston the old public library on Boylston Street, one of the earliest of the alcove type of building, was vacated a score of years ago. The Boston Athenaeum, recently remodeled, still stands as a representative of this class, where the books are arranged in alcoves, several tiers high, running around the sides of the reading rooms. In New York the Astor Library was the best illustration of this style of library architecture. Most of the larger cities of the East have outgrown this type and moved their book collections into modern structures with splendidly equipped rooms for different classes of readers and fire-proof stacks for the reservoir supply of books. In the main buildings of the public Hbraries of Detroit and Cincinnati, old alcove structures are still in use and on entering these the visitor is at once impressed with the inaccessibility of the books, the waste of space from a structural standpoint, and the disturbance to readers not only from at- tendants going to the various alcoves for books, but also from the presence of so many volumes rising in tier over tier of ornate iron supports and shelving. The effect is not productive of a quiet receptive state of mind. Contrast this sort of a reading room with the dignity of Bates Hall in Boston, or the new reading room of the New York Pubhc Library. Here we do not feel overburdened with the accumulation of the ages around us. On open shelves around the room are the most im- portant reference books, while the main stock of books is in the background and the reader has his few selected volumes brought out to him where he can study them in surroundings suited to assimila- tion. The, old idea of the library as a storage place for books is giving way to the modern one of the library as an educational institution where books are to be used as tools. The old alcove construc- tion with all the books in sight helped the reader to realize the storage idea, but to-day everyone knows that the modern stack is the better storage house and it is best to have most of the reading done outside of the stack. In the earliest buildings equipped with stacks there was a distinct line of demarcation between the stack and the reading room, emphasized by a fire-proof wall. The reading room was quite bare of books, the entire collection being kept in the stack room, which was in consequence called the book room. To-day the reading room must be well equipped with the best up-to-date reference books, some standard authors and open shelves or display racks for popular books, while the stacks are used for the storage of the bulk of the collection. In the smaller libraries the book stack is frequently noth- ing more than a single tier of compact double-faced shelving at one side or in the back of the reading room, to which everybody has free access. In the larger libraries one sees the stack in its more characteristic form, occupying a separate wing of the building, distinguished on the exterior by the regular rows of narrow windows, close together, suggesting an interior framework of steel, with a range of shelving between each pair of windows, and with glass or marble floors at such a distance apart that a person of average height can with ease reach the books on the uppermost shelf, which nearly touches the ceiling. While the average stack is so planned that the light of day is sufficient to enable an attendant to find any book stored in [ 109 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. it, the use of electric light makes it possible to erect stacks in the interior of buildings and for the storage of less used ma- terial under gi'ound. Stacks of this type do not permit the su- pervision of readers and are not ordinarily open to the general public. In planning a library the general outlines should be deter- mined by the architect and libra- rian in consultation. Of recent years we have seen the archi- tects and librarians coming to a better understanding of one another. Mutual concessions have been made and the archi- tect has begun to reaHze that he can learn something about what a modern library building ought to be by consulting the librarian, and the latter has con- fessed his dependence upon the architect for putting into con- crete shape whatever is practi- cable in his sometimes unformed ideas as to the relation of the various parts of the building. The change in this respect is illustrated by comparing the splendid accommodations for the public card catalog, the union catalog and the like in the New York Public Library, with the lack of adequate pro- vision for anything of this kind in the Boston Pubhc Library. In one case the Hbra- rian planned for this special feature, while in the other the architect was uninstructed on this particu- lar need, or, we might say, the dimensions to which the card catalogs were to grow had not been realized. There is a general feeling that the problems of adapting library buildings to the changing methods of library administration will be worked out by the library and the architectural professions jointly. As stated by one architect, the first work must be done by the librarian and should consist in reducing to writing a description of the purpose and scope of the library, particularly helpful if the Fig. 136. BOSTON ATHEN/EUM View of reading room, taken before alterations, showing alcove stack arrangement. The same general arrangement, but with new Snead Standard Stacks, followed in remodeling. library be of some such special type as that of a college or university. The study required to formu- late and classify his own ideas would doubtless lead the librarian into some new conceptions of the pur- pose of his library. The future as well as the pres- ent must be considered and other libraries should be visited with a mind open for new impressions and ready to gi-aft any improved ideas upon the parent stock. The architect, having consulted with the libra- rian and being in possession of his data, should study the problem sympathetically and try to get the point of view of the man who is later to administer [ 110 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING the building and the institution it houses. That the building should be planned from the inside is an axiom not only approved by librarians, but recog- nized as fundamental by architects. We know of Hbrary buildings where the design of the exterior has governed the arrangement of the interior to a lamentable extent, as where a French renaissance exterior of what would seem to a passer-b\' a one- story building, encases a three-story structure. There is no special design to whicli the library exterior can be said to conform. Like the interior, it has changed with the changing methods of library administration. The problem has been to provide rooms of varying sizes, arranged for the carrying on of certain library work, and the exterior is largely determined by the arrangement of these inner factors. Considerations that will enter into the planning of the library, and especially of the stack, are : First. The nature of the library, whether a col- lege, university or a public library. The books in a university library are used intensively by a limited number of readers; the under-graduates are not or- dinarily admitted to the stacks. In a public library the circulation feature is usually predominant. Second. Whether wholly a reference library, or partly for circulation, or an open access library. If the public is to be admitted to the shelves, the aisles are naturally made wider than if the stack is pri- marily for storage and is open to the attendants only. Third. The size of the library. In a very small library, free access is taken for granted and wall shelving wiU suffice. For a library requiring only a small stack, but one tier high, and with httle likelihood of outgrowing it, a radiating stack is found to reduce the difficulties of supervision. Where more than one tier of metal stacks is built on the radiating principle, the cost of construction is so much higher than in the ordinary parallel arrangement as to be prohibitive. Fourth. The class of books to be housed. Scien- tific and technological books require deeper shelving than volumes of belles lettres. Books on architec- ture and the fine arts require special shelving, while newspapers are a problem by themselves. No class of books will eat up the shelving so rapidly as our metropolitan dailies. If the policy of the library is to include any special collection of considerable size along any line it would be very helpful if it were known in advance of planning the building. If bound newspapers are to be indulged in to any great extent' it would be desirable to have the stack run below ground where the simplest form of structural work could be used to accommodate these bulky volumes. One item that will help decide the question of the size of the stack needed is the average annual growth of the library. For the average public library it will be necessary to consider in this connection such factors as the number of books discarded each year, and the number of these that are replaced. In a college or university library the discards are comparatively few, being mainly in the class of text books, and required or collateral reading. In the smaller public library the average number of books out in circulation will enter into the problem. A given amount of shelving will accommodate a certain number of books; but if in a small library one-fifth of the collection is as a rule out in circulation only four-fifths the amount of shelving is necessary that would be required if the books were not allowed to circulate or were of a character which would not tempt readers to borrow them. Of course, it is at no time desirable to have all the shelves filled to overflowing. From a fourth to a third of vacant shelf room ought to be available for shifting the collection when large additions are made or when reclassification of any section becomes desirable. The custodians of many of our smaller public libraries feel the necessity for constant "weeding out" of their collections, sending to the larger depository libraries of the neighborhood such material as has not been called for within a given time, or disposing by sale of items which seem un- suited to their particular clientele. This tends to keep down the size of the collection and to prevent its growing too rapidly out of its shelf accom- modations. But do what we librarians may, books will accumulate on our hands at a surprisingly rapid rate. The common mistake is to build too small rather than too large a building, and especially too small a stack. I know of one college library that had no sooner been comfortably settled in its new Carnegie building than its custodian was compelled to ask for additional stack room; and I know of a university library which has a building under way with a stack so wholly inadequate that one would think that even the trustees of the institution could see what they were bringing upon themselves— the necessity of an extension within a few years, with [ 111 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. the risk of the usual patchwork effect. It is seldom indeed that a university library is planned with a com- prehensive scheme for future development. Students come and go, their numbers increasing but slowly, while the books come, for the most part, to stay. Hence the book storage space is liable to be outgrown much sooner than the accommodations for readers. A location that must present architectural facades on all sides is unfavorable to extension. It is better to have a distinct front and rear. A cor- ner lot or a site with parking all around it necessi- tates a greater expenditure for building materials, while an inside lot, with good frontage, admits of a utilitarian stack on the rear without any architec- tural pretensions whatsoever. Sloping ground is advantageous for practical reasons as giving a chance for a high basement in the rear, with two or more stack levels below the main reading room floor. Of course it is desirable that the library should be separated from other buildings as far as possible, so as to give an abundance of light and air on all sides and to diminish the danger from fire. To sum up : The first thing for a board of trustees to do in planning a library building is to get a librarian, if a competent one is not already in their service. It will not do to think that a make- shift librarian will answer during the period of plan- ning and building, and that a better one can be en- gaged after the new building is erected and occupied. It may then be too late to rectify blunders which will represent a serious annual drain on the resources of the library, costing in the aggregate many times the difference between the salary of the makeshift and the competent librarian. The competent librarian should be on hand from the beginning, even before the new building is thought of. He may be needed to point out the necessity for better accommodations, or to create a demand for larger activities. When on hand it will be impossible for him to be ignored. If competent he will make himself so useful to both the trustees and the architect that neither will wish to ignore him in planning for a new building. Of course it is unfortunate that not all librarians realize that they should criticize practical arrangements and not architectural details, and that not all architects understand that the ideas of the librarian should be given the fullest consideration in order to make a truly successful building, which requires first of all that it should be good from a utilitarian point of view and secondly from an aesthetic standpoint. But the architects and the librarians are coming to recognize where their separate provinces lie, what interests the}^ have in common, and how they can co-operate in building the libraries of the future, which, while beautiful, must first serve the purposes of the insti- tutions they house. [ 112 ] SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY PLANNING By EDWARD L. TILTON, Architect Reprinted from the IJIimry Journal of September, 1912 PROPER library planning may now be called a science, since it is possible to formulate certain rules which, if carefully followed, will produce a methodical and rational result; it is likewise an art, since it calls for a skillful and sys- tematic arrangement of means for the attainment of some desired end. The combination will produce a construction both practical and aesthetic. The principles involved require the accommo- dation of the greatest number of readers or patrons under hygienic conditions, and with due care for their comfort, for the housing of the maximum number of books and contents, and for an aesthetic expression of the building's purpose, both within and without. These principles are fundamental, and are applicable to all libraries; they are likewise sufficiently flexible to admit the inclusion of any new discovery which may develop better arrange- ments as the science advances. The method of procedure is simple. Given a certain appropriation, not over 80 per cent, should be devoted to the construction, including heating and lighting, and from 20 to 22 per cent, to equipment, furniture and fees. The following formula will apply : .80a* In which x equals the size of plan in square feet; (a) equals the appropriation; {b) equals the cost of construction per cubic foot, which for a fireproof building might range from twenty-five to forty cents, and for a non-fireproof building from fifteen to thirty cents, depending upon various local con- ditions, including prevailing rates of wages and materials; (c) equals the height of the building, measured from the basement floor level to the top of the roof if flat, or half up the slope of the roof if pitched; the height of a basement and one-story building is about 30 feet, and the height of a base- *78 per cent, is a closer approximation, but 80 per cent, is taken for easy figuring to demonstrate the theory. See the tabulation near the end of this article. ment and two-story building is about 40 to 4,5 feet. To apply the formula concretely, let us assume the appropriation (a) to be $150,000, 80 per cent, of w'hich would be $120,000. If a fireproof two-story and basement library be required, (b) would equal, say, $.30, and (c) 40 feet, or be would equal 12 which, divided into (.80a), $120,000, would give a resultant x of 10,000 square feet, which would permit of a building 100 x 100 feet, 80 x 125 feet, or similar proportions, in deciding which the shape of the lot might be a factor. With the total appropriation of $150,000, we should endeavor to house 150,000 volumes (or one dollar per volume), and to accommodate 300 readers (at $500 each), allowing a maximum of 30 square feet per seat; this would require 9,000 square feet of floor space for the various rooms destined for the use of readers, such as reading, reference, children's, periodical, newspaper and such special rooms as the librarian may demand for medical and historical collections, club rooms, etc. The 150,000 volumes may be distributed, allot- ting approximately 100,000 to the stacks and 50,000 to shelving throughout the various reading rooms. The size of the stack may be determined by divid- ing the 100,000 volumes by 20, which gives 5,000 square feet for a tier of seven shelves, and allows sufficient space for aisles and gangways; this 5,000 square feet may be arranged in two or more tiers, as the exigencies of the case demand, giving 2,500 square feet if in two tiers of seven shelves each; 1,250 if in four tiers, etc. When possible, it is well to allow 20 per cent, leeway to these figures, in order to avoid close stacking and to give some free shelf space. Several advantages are gained by keep- ing the stacks below the level of the first floor, as in the new Springfield, Mass., Library, (see pages 202 and 203) and the Somerville, Mass., Library (see page 225) thereby leaving the valuable main floor space free for readers and reference shelving. In the latter building the stacks do not extend to an [ 113 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. outside wall, but are lighted by "second light" through glazed partitions, leaving the periphery of the building free for reading rooms. This idea is also applicable to stacks extending vertically through the building, and has several decided advantages. Darkness is better for books than direct sunlight, and an interior stack may be readily ventilated. A plan to be economical and well laid out should have a minimum space devoted to corridors and stairways, and a maximum space for library purposes. In "monumental" libraries recently constructed, only 50 per cent, of the ground area is available for li- brary use, the remainder being given up to walls, halls, stairs, etc. In the Springfield Library the simi- lar proportions on the main floor are 85 per cent, and 15 per cent. In the imaginary problem under consideration, with a ground plan of 10,000 square feet, we can assume, therefore, that 8,500 square feet of the main floor may be divided so as to allow, say, for the delivery room 500 square feet; for reading rooms, open shelf rooms for fiction, reference and other rooms as the librarian may designate, 8,000 square feet. The basement may need to accommodate heating and mechanical plants besides stack space, which will reduce somewhat the residuum to be as- signed to newspaper rooms, lecture room and work rooms for receiving, unpacking, binding, etc. The second floor's available area may also be less than that of the main floor, owing to possible light wells. The available areas may, therefore, approxi- mate: basement, 6,500 square feet; main floor, 8,500 square feet; second floor, 5,000 square feet; or a grand total of 20,000 square feet, to be apportioned among the various departments possibly as follows: Delivery room 500 Several rooms for readers' use 9,000 Stack ( area of one tier) . . 3,000 Catalog and work rooms . 2,500 Librarian and staff rooms . 2,500 Lecture rooms 1,050 Collections, etc 1,450 The lecture room, unless usable for other pur- poses, is apt to make the least return, and should not, therefore, be too large nor occupy valuable space on the main floors. For a building to cost $150,000, the lecture room might be in the base- ment and limited to 150 seats, which at 7 square feet, will require 1,050 square feet to allow for proper aisles; the height to ceiling should be not less than 12 feet, making 12,600 cubic feet and at 30 cents (the cubic foot cost of our building) will rep- resent $3,780 as the amount invested in the lecture room, the interest on which at 5 per cent, is $189, to which must be added the expense of light, heat and janitor's labor. It is usually better economy to hire a hall in the neighborhood for lectures or en- tertainments likely to attract large audiences and include only a small lecture room in the library building. The working space and rooms should be ample to insure the proper running of the machinery of administration. Comfortable quarters for the staff, including rest room, locker room and kitchen- ette, will yield better returns in efficiency and library results than those obtained from a dispro- portionate lecture room. A good librarian and an efficient staff are as essential to a library as a com- petent president and faculty are to a college, and it is equally important to maintain an esprit de corps and an esprit d'ouvrage if the public are to receive adequate return for their financial and spiritual investment. To insure a continuation of such "divi- dends," the humanistic element should be considered with a solicitude at least equal to that accorded to the machinery of a steamship. The comfort and convenience of the public are enhanced by the proper location, arrangement and design of the reading room. The collaboration of librarian and architect is here vitally requisite. The size and shape of any reading room can best be determined by plotting out the furniture. The tables should be spaced about five feet apart and the same distance from the walls of the room. The details are too diverse to enlarge upon here, since the individual preferences of the librarian and the requirements differ with every locality. But a fundamental condition applicable to every case is that of maintaining a reasonable pi-o rata cost per reader accommodated. In our supposititious problem we have allowed 9,000 square feet for reading and ancillary rooms to accommodate 300 readers at 30 square feet for each. The appropriation being $150,000 makes each of the 300 seatings represent $500 outlay. The lighting of the library is of paramount importance, and to accomplish a satisfactory result it is well to follow the school house requirements and make the glass area of reading rooms equal to 20 per cent, of their floor areas. The light from [ 114 ] LIBRARY PLANNING^ BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING the windows will be effective in the room for a distance equal to about one and one-half times the height of the top of window from the floor. Ceil- ing lighting will be advisable for spaces not properly illumined by the windows. A module or width of bays approximately 12 feet, will be found to produce a good relation be- tween sohds and openings. For our building of 125 feet by 80 feet, there is no common denom- inator, so we can modify the dimensions to 129 feet 10 inches by 77 feet 5f inches, which will also produce 10,000 square feet, and give ten modules to the front and six modules to the sides of 12 feet lOf inches. Artificial illumination is usually and preferably secured by some electric s\stem. The carbon lamp is yielding to the tungsten lamp, owing to the increased economy secured by its gi-eater power at less wattage. The amount of light required may be roughly figured at one watt (tungsten lighting) for each square foot of floor area when a direct lighting system is used. Indirect or semi-direct will require a Httle more wattage per square foot. The main floor of our building, with its 10,000 square feet, will therefore require for proper direct illumi- nation enough lamps to yield 10,000 watts. If 30 watt lamps be used, there will be a total of 333 lamps, and if three lamps be used to each fixture, there will be 111 outlets; and if each circuit of twelve lamps has a switch, there will be twenty- eight switch outlets, or a total of 139 outlets, at an approximate cost of $5 each, or $695 for the main floor. It is not necessary, however, to have so many switches, since most of the circuits can be con- trolled directly from the panel board. This $695 may be reduced to terms per cubic foot. The main floor, with 10,000 square feet, may be assumed to have a height of 15 feet or 150,000 cubic feet, which, divided into $695, gives .46c, or less than one- half cent per cubic foot. The total cubage of our building, including basement and second stories, being 400,000, will require on above basis $1,840 to cover the expense of the wiring for lamps. The panel boards for the several circuits in the reading rooms are best located near the delivery desk, within easy reach of the library attendant. In addition to the electric light wiring, proper allowances must be made for an interior telephone system and public telephone connections, for call bells, for standard clock system and watchman's clock, for electric book lifts, for all of which, in the building under consideration, we may set aside $4,500. The heating of the library is usually accom- plished by a steam system. The number of square feet of radiation is calculated by the Mills formula of 2-20-200; that is, the sum of the glass area, divided by 2; the solid wall area by 20, and the cubic foot contents of the room by 200. For ex- ample, the building we are assuming covers 10,000 square feet, by 40 feet in height, or 400,000 cubic feet; the glass area equals 2,000 square feet (or 20 per cent, of floor area); the wall area equals the periphery of the building (120 + 80 + 120 + 80), 400 lineal feet by 40 feet height, or 16,000 square feet, less the 2,000 feet of glass, or 14,000 square feet. The following formula will apply: ga, wa I cc "''~y 20 200 in which x equals the square foot of radiation re- quired; ga equals glass area of windows and ceiling lights; iva equals solid wall area; cc equals cubic con- tents. Applying this formula to the above figures, we obtain the following results: 2,000 , 14,000 I 400,000 _^ 2 ^ 20 ^ 200 '^'^^^ square feet of radiation. If the radiation be con- cealed behind shelving or seats, it should be in- creased by about one- third, or, say, 1,200 square feet, giving a total of 4,900 square feet, to which add 25 per cent, for supply and return pipes, and another 25 per cent, for reserve power in boiler, or 50 per cent, of 4,900 equals 2,450, giving a grand total of 7,350 square feet, which indicates the requisite boiler rating. The cost of this will approximate 75 cents per foot, or $5,512.50 for heating the building. An additional percentage of radiation should be allowed for walls on north sides and for ceilings under flat roofs, but 5 per cent, of the total appropriation should cover the expense of "direct" steam system. The mechanical ventilation in an ordinary li- brary building may be limited to the lecture room, and a possible small amount in the shape of "direct- indirect" for certain of the reading rooms, the cost of which would approximate 25 cents additional, or $1,837.50, entailing the total estimate for heating and ventilating of $7,350, or one dollar per foot of of the sum above. A "plenum" system for the entire building is expensive to operate, and experience shows that when installed the use of the fan is apt [ 115 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. to be soon discontinued. The writer has arranged a simple system, first tried at Cleveland and since installed in many buildings, b\' which the radiators or coils are concealed back of insulated shelving and supplied with openings at floor and at top of cases to permit the circulation of air. When the shelving runs beneath windows, either high or low, there is an opportunity to arrange an effective method of ventilation by opening the window slightly and insert- ing a deflector. Even with closed windows there is a continual circulation of the room air engendered by the spaces containing radiation between walls and back of shelving, which act like flues. The furniture will consist of delivery or charg- ing counter, catalog cases, bulletin boards, tables, chairs, shelving and the various items of equipment for the rooms devoted to periodicals, newspapers, fine arts and special collections, as well as the suite for the librarian and staff, for the cataloging and work rooms, and for the lecture room. Our building, as before stated, is intended to accommodate 300 readers, and for convenience we can assume the tables will be the standard three feet by five feet size for four persons, making a total of seventy-five tables and 300 chairs. The 50,000 volumes to be distributed throughout rooms will need about 1000 feet of bookcases, five shelves high in children's room and seven shelves high else- where, and will cost about S3,500. Metal shelving can be installed for nearly the same price. The stacks form an important adjunct to the library. As before indicated, the amount of stack required may be calculated by multiplying the square foot area of the stack room by twenty volumes if but one tier of seven shelves be required; by forty if two tiers be required, and so on. Conversely, if we wish to know the size of stack room necessary to house 100,000 volumes in one tier seven shelves high, we divide by twenty, giving 5,000 square feet; for two tiers divide by forty, giving 2,500 square feet; for three tiers, divide by sixty, giving 1,667 square feet, and so on. Metal stack construction is an invention of recent years, and its rapid develop- ment has kept pace with the modern library de- mands. There are several makes of metal stacks upon the market, each claiming to have special features of superiority over its competitors. The system originally conceived by Bernard R. Green, and installed in the Library of Congress, has since from time to time, been improved and used in build- ings where the conditions imposed heavy loadings of superimposed tiers of floors, and also where com- pactness, as well as strength, was a desideratum. The weight of each tier of stacks, with its com- plement of books, may be figured at 125 pounds to the square foot. The cost may be roughly com- puted at $2 per square foot of stack room for each tier, or 10 cents per volume. To summarize the foregoing, we can subdivide the $150,000 appropriation under the following heads: General construction, exclusive of heating and electric work . . Heating work with limited ventilation 4 72i% Electric work la Stacks 7g " Furniture 6 " Lighting fixture 2 " Contingencies OOg " Architect 6 " 100% After analyzing and proportioning the various elements of the plan as indicated, the architect's skill should be invoked to produce an artistic building. The scientific or mathematical consideration of the problem resembles the human skeleton, which is similar in child and adult, black, white and red men, but the flesh covering may over one be beautiful and over another be the reverse. It is not possible to give more than general hints in an article of this description since there are many ramifications which lead off into various refine- ments that make for economy of plan and expression in design. Extracts from an address delivered by Mr. Edward L. Tilton before the Ohio <§■ Michigan State Library Associations, Cedar Point, Ohio, September 4th, 1911. "The cost per cubic foot of a building, thoroughly fireproofed throughout, including floors and roof and faced with stone or even marble, can be brought to 30 cents, and including best stacks and equipment to 35 cents. A non-fireproof brick and terra cotta building, well finished, can be brought to 20 or 25 [ 116 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING cents, and in some cases to a little under 20 cents. "The following computations have been made of the cost of a building in relation to its seating capacity for readers and to its volume capacity: Allowing 30 square feet floor space to each reader as full capacity in rooms allotted to reading and reference purposes, then $500 per reader should easily cover the cost of an average suitable building and permit the inclusion of a lecture room and all the necessary elements and accessories. The cost of housing books varies from one to two dollars per volume, the former where stack construction and wall shelving in reading room is used, the latter if the open shelf and wall shelving is adopted. The first type of shelving brings the book to the reader; the second, the reader to the book. "The location of a branch building in towns of the second or third class is probably best deter- mined by the conditions geographical, topographical or racial, and the size and cost of the building by the number of population in the section to be served reckoned roughly at about two dollars per capita. A city of about 300,000 population and covering say an area of 30 square miles would have possibly one- third of the people served directly by the central building, leaving 200,000, or 7,000 people per square mile beyond the center, and each branch might serve four square miles; i.e., a mile each way from the branch, or 28,000 people, requiring therefore in the city a total of seven branches. Business centers also control the location of branches. "When a building, as before stated, costs about $2 for every volume housed therein, the cost of inter- est and maintenance might be approximated as 35 cents per volume, as representing the minimum an- nual average expense of each book upon the shelves. Or to put it in another way, 25,000 volumes will require, say, a $50,000 building. Add for expense of land, say, $5,000, making building and land cost $55,000 on which interest at 5 per cent amounts to $2,750. To this add annual upkeep charges such as salaries, light, heat, etc; say, $6,000, or total of $8,750 for 25,000 volumes, which give an average amount of 35 cents per volume as a minimum for a small library." [ 117 ] A LIBRARY BOOKSTACK IN THE DARK By BERNARD R. GREEN, C. E. Read at the Baltimore meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1909 UNTIL recently the free admission of daylight had been deemed an indispensable requisite in the bookstacks of libraries. Masses of shelving were wont, on that account, to be kept small because artificial illumination was not only inade- quate and expensive, but overheating and dangerous. The breadth of aisles was limited to secure even a moderate amount of daylight. It was likewise con- sidered necessary to locate the exterior walls so that they would give not only free access to the light, but would insure a safe distance from exterior fire. To all this handicap was added the even greater neces- sity of a proper regard to architectural appearance. Under such conditions large isolated lots and wide courts seemed to be the only solution at hand. The bookstacks, in consequence, extended over wide areas at ever increasing distances from the center of use. But even here there were limits — the walls must not be so high as to overshadow each other. The result was that not more than a third of the ground devoted to the stack could be used by it. Added to this inconvenience was not only the costly space-consuming expanse of exterior but the proverbial fickleness and frequent failure of the day- light, due to cloudy weather, the time of day and the seasons of the year. These accumulated uncertain- ties have at last not only rendered artificial illum- ination a necessity, but an economic advantage. Moreover, sunlight is often so bright and hot that it becomes injurious to the exposed books, thereby making adjustable shades an indispensable part of the equipment of a stack room. Now, win- dow shades, it is well known, are not only expensive in their first cost and in their maintenance, but they are also expensive in the time and the annoyance they require for their operation. Even the diffused daylight, which their adjusted aid gives, is more or less injurious to books in the long run. Books, in fact, are much better off in the dark. In the construction and arrangement of a book- stack, therefore, the maximum of economy will be reached if the shelving be so compacted that only space for convenient access to all the books is pro- vided. That is to say, every possible cubic foot of the entire bulk of the stack should be available for the books themselves and the minimum of the cubic contents taken up by the stack structure and the space necessary for access to the books. Such a structure is at the present day made entirely feasible by the use of light steel framework and shelving, mechanical elevators and book car- riers, artificial ventilation, and the incandescent electric light, or tungsten lamp. The Library of Congress has used such a stack to fill up one of its courts. The court is about 150 feet long, 74 feet wide and 80 feet high, with a roof resting on the numerous slender steel columns which carry the stack structure, from the foundation to the roof. There are nine tiers or stories of shelving with a low basement for the distribution of fresh air circulating upward through the stack and discharged at the roof. Great economy in the consumption of electric cur- rent is secured by the use of time-limit switches which automatically turn off the lights a few minutes after they are connected. The fact that the stack is enclosed in a court and surrounded by a heated building makes the heat- ing of it a simple matter, because only a moderate quantity of fresh air is needed to counteract the relatively slow vitiation of the interior air of the stack. The heating of such a stack may be done with either direct or indirect radiators. Those con- taining warm water are preferable. As the stack decks contain sufficient openings for ventilation, neither flues nor special airways are needed for the passage of the constantly upward flow of the air, which is controlled by plenum and exhaust fans at the bottom and top respectively. In economy of space, in bulk, simplicity, and consequent low cost of construction and maintenance, such a stack is analogous to an ice house, which is but a protecting plain shell or envelope, filled solidly [ 118 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 137. SOUTH-EAST COURT, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Steel frame for the nine-tier Snead Standard Stack, in course of construction. Roof over stack carried by this steel frame. with ice. The purpose of the shell is not to carry floors or roof, or shelving, but is to exclude weather and fire and to prevent depredation. Viewed in this light, the stack may be built as a simple mass of shelving within the walls of an existing court as at the Library of Congress, or it may be built within sohd plain walls constructed for the purpose, with- out windows or openings. In fact, such a stack may be built, embodied and concealed, anywhere within a library building, local conditions of space, cost, administration, and architectural considerations being the only determining factors. The bookstack, especially if it were a large one, has up to this time been the bete noir of the architect, who not only sought to give it the demanded day- light but also to harmonize its architecture with that of the rest of the building. To-day the shape of the bookstack, its location, dimension and frontage are relieved of the all-controlling daylight stipu- lation. It may be a tower or a well, or both com- bined, or an inside mass hidden or buried, invisible and unsuspected, leaving the well-lighted, attractive spaces for the various library purposes. With such a bookstack, books may be very conveniently read in the daylight and then stored away safely in the dark. The height, length and breadth of such a stack are limited only by the economy of elevator service, ground damp proofing, and lateral distance from the center of administration or use. It is obvious, how- ever, that these limitations admit of enormous pos- sibilities. Why, for example, might not a stack be forty tiers high and 400 feet square, holding in con- veniently accessible arrangement, 100 millions of volumes and occupying but one ordinary city block? Fire is not a serious danger with such a book- stack, because books, as they are ordinarily placed on the shelves, do not burn or communicate fire readily, and the stack itself is wholly fireproof. If so desired, the long stack may be divided vertically by a fireproof wall and the tall stack horizontally by fireproof flooring, into compartments, like the hull of a ship. [ 119 ] BIBLIOGRAPHY L' IBRARY Building: Some Preliminaries," by F. P. Hill, in Library Journal, 1899, vol. 24, pp. 563-569, emphasized the necessity for enthusiasm on the part of the librarian, the im- portance of interest among the trustees, visits to other libraries, methods of securing money, function of the consulting architect, the selection of a site, conditions of competition and award of contracts. Some of the remarks center around the Newark Public Library, on which compare W. K. Stetson, "Planning for Efficiency in Library Buildings," in Library Jounml, 1911, pp. 467- 168. J.C.Dana has a helpful note in Public Libraries, 1902, pp .406-407. Papers by the late Bernard R. Green, "Planning and Construction of Library Buildings," in Library Journal, 1900, vol. 25, pp. 677-683, and "Library Buildings and Book Stacks," in Library Journal, 1906, vol. 31, pp. 52-56 contain many excellent sug- gestions. A paper by Edward B. Green, a Buffalo architect, in Library Journal, Dec, 1901, vol. 26, pp. 865-867, takes up general principles and discusses some special buildings. He quotes the article by C. K. Bolton, "The Planning of Small Libraries," in The Brickbuilder, 1901, (abstracted in Public Libraries, 1901, vol. 6, p. 620). J. L. Mauran, of St. Louis, published "Housing the Books," in Public Libraries, 1901, pp. 603-606, and a paper on the "Relationof the Architect to the Librarian," is sum- marized in the same volume, pp. 475-176. Other papers byarchitectsare:W. A. Otis, "Library Build- ings from the View-point of an Architect," in Public Libraries, vol. 8, pp. 202-207; Grant C. Miller, "Library Buildings," in Iowa Library Quarterly, vol. 3, pp. 1-8; Norman S. Patton, "Designing of a Col- lege Library," Asheville meeting of the American Library Association, 1907, (Proc. pp. 270-274). Ed- ward L. Tilton, at the joint meeting of the Ohio and Michigan Library Associations, gave an illustrated lecture on the architecture of small libraries, (pub- lished in Michigan Libraries, Dec, 1911). See also "The Views of a Consulting Architect," by A. D. F. Hamlin, Narragansett Conference of the A. L. A., 1906, (Proc. pp. 57-62). Charles C. Soule published in Library Journal for April, 1892, an article entitled "How to Build a Library." See also "How to Plan a Library Build- ing for Library Work," by Mr. Soule, (Boston Book Co., 1912) . "Points of Agreement Among Librarians as to Library Architecture," by Mr. Soule, appeared in the Brochure Series of Architectural Illustrations for Nov., 1897, which also contained a brief paper on "Library Architecture," by the late Russell Sturgis, and "Planning a Library from the Librarian's Point of View," by William E. Foster. "New Ideas in Library Buildings," by Mr. Foster, as published in the American Architect, July 30, 1898, vol. 61, pp. 38-39, are extracted from his report to the A. L. A. in 1898, the full text of which is found in the Library Journal, vol. 23, C pp. 13-17. The A. L. A. Publish- ing Board issued in 1902 as "Library Tract," No. 4, a condensed study of "Library Rooms and Buildings," by Mr. Soule. See also Mr. Soule's article in Stur- gis's "Dictionary of Architecture and Building," vol. 2, pp. 749-759. W. R. Eastman, late library inspector for the State of New York, has published papers on library buildings in Public Libraries, 1901, vol. 6, pp. 474-475, and Library Journal, 1901, vol. 26, C pp. 38-43. In revised form the latter paper was re- printed by the New York State Library and by the A. L. A. Publishing Board, 1908. An article by Mr. Eastman on "Library Buildings of Moderate Size" appeared in Library Journal, vol. 27. pp. 80-81. Amian L. Champneys, an English architect, has published "Public Libraries, a Treatise on their De- sign, Construction and Fitting, with a Chapter on the Principles of Planning," (London, Batsford, 1907) which will be found more useful to British than to American students of the subject. "Small Library Buildings; a collection of plans contributed by the League of Library Commissions, with introduction and notes by Corneha Marvip," (A. L. A. PubHshing Board, 1908) will prove helpful alike to architects, librarians and trustees. "A PortfoHo of Carnegie Libraries," by Theodore W. Koch, (Ann Arbor, George Wahr, 1907) contains exterior and interior views, with floor plans, of some eighty libraries. [ 120 SNEAD STACK INSTALLATIONS PARTIAL LIST WITH COST DATA SOME general information on the cost of library buildings may be found on page 106 of Pro- fessor A. D. F. Hamlin's article, "Some Essentials of Library Design" and in Mr. Edward L. Tilton's article, "Scientific Library Planning," page 113. Regarding the relative costs of buildings, Archi- tect Grant C. Miller writes: "In comparing the costs of buildings one should not compare the cost per cu- bic foot of a large building with that of a small build- ing, as a small building will cost sHghtly more in proportion. It is almost impossible to compare the cost per cubic foot of a building designed by one architect with that of a building designed by another architect. There are as many different ways of measuring and comparing as there are individuals. We take the cubic contents from the cement floor in the basement to the top of the ceiling joists in the top story. You will note that the attic spaces are not measured. Of course it is not wise to com- pare a steep pitched roof with a flat roofed build- ing, but compare only buildings of a similar type. We find that public library buildings, not fireproof — but of especially good construction otherwise, cost anywhere from 17 to 25 cents a cubic foot. The classic style of architecture costs from about 20 to 25 cents a cubic foot, and other styles of a more economical nature from 17 to 20 cents. The library for the University of Tennessee at Knox- ville (non-fireproof) cost about 23 cents a cubic foot. The library for Purdue University at Lafayette, Ind. (fireproof) cost 25 cents a cubic foot. Both of these buildings are in comparatively cheap locaHties. If one were to erect buildings of this type in Iowa, Minnesota, or even Wisconsin, the price per cubic foot would be a little higher. In general, fireproof buildings cost about 20 per cent more than those that are not. In quoting the price per cubic foot for buflding, we have included most of the equip- ment, that is, the equipment of the first floor in the public libraries and nearly all of the equipment in college libraries." Note: Name of librarian given below is either that of the librarian in office at time of stack inslct/ldtion. in charge at date of compilation of this list. WASHINGTON, D. C. ir of I he librarian Building Page Architect Library of Congress Washington Public Library Army War College Engineer's School Department of Agriculture . U. S. Soldiers Home Bureau of Education Bureau of Crop Estimates. . . Bureau of Mines Bureau of Plant Industry . . . 217 Librarian Herbert Putnam., Smithmeyer & Pelz and E. P. Casey. Bernard R. Green, Eng. Albert Randolph Ross ; George F. Bovvernian. McKim, Mead and White. . . McKim, Mead and White. . . Rankin, Kellog & Crane ... Ykar Cubic | Cost COM- Cost ' foot i per PLETED CONTENTSJCU.FT. 1897 .%.;U5,1H)(I H),0(I(),(JO() S.(i3 Henry E. Haferkorn. Miss C. R. Barnett.. Herman Miller J.D. Wolcott Louise'Hayward Mrs. E. F. Spofford . Cora L, Feldkamp. . . 1902 1907 1914 1910 S370.0()l) 960.000 , :^.39 S700,000 I 2,5()0;0()0 S.2M §100,000 477.000 8.21 NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY New York Public Library 138 Columbia University Library, N. Y. City. . . 148 American Museum of Natural History, . . . New York City United Engineering Societies, N. Y. City . . 105 American Society of Civil Engineers, New York City Kent Hall, Columbia University Law School, ' 169 New York City American Geographical Society, N. Y. City 251 Carrere «S: Hastings McKim, Mead & White. . Trowbridge & Livingston . Howes & Morse Eidlitz & Mac Kenzie. Edwin H. Anderson, Dir.. F. C. Hicks, Actmg Libn.. Dr. R. W. Tower 1911 .S9.466.HIII1 10,.382.fi(l() 8.87 1897 .'itinued. Building Union Theological Seminary, N. Y. City. . . 168 Syracuse Public Library, Syracuse, N. Y. . . 240 Russell Sage Foundation Library, N. Y. City 255 Jewish Theological Seminary, N. Y. City.. . 183 Canandaigua Historical Society and Wood .... Library, Canandaigua, N. Y. Elizabeth Public Library, Elizabeth, N.J.,. 220 Williamsburg Branch Lib., Brooklyn, N. Y. 231 Pacific Branch Library, Brooklyn, N. Y.. . 232 Carroll Park Branch Lib., Brooklyn, N.Y .. I 233 New Rochelle Public Library, New Rochelle. 219 N.Y. Cornell University Law Lib., Ithaca, N. Y. St. Elizabeth's College Library, Convent 186 Station, N. J. Frances Folsom Cleveland Library, Wells 184 College, Aurora, N. Y. MontclairFree Lib., Upper Montclair, N. J.. | Cobum Free Library, Owego, N. Y 77 Summit Free Public Library, Summit, N. J. .... Hispanic Society of America, N. Y. City. | 251 Cooper Union Library, New York City.. G. P. Putman's Sons Co., 45th St. Book 36 Store, New York City Lotos Club, New York City Private Library of Thomas Mott Osborne, Auburn, N. Y. Flower Memorial Library, Watertown, N.Y. Rochester Theological Sem. Rochester, N.Y. General Theological Seminary, N. Y. City.. Little Falls Public Lib., Little Falls, N. Y.. The Association of the Bar of the City of New York New York Law Assn. Library, N. Y. City Y. M. C. A. of New York City New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, New York City American S. P. C. A. of New York City.. . . Union College Library, Schenectady, N. Y. Rochester Medical Assn., Rochester, N. Y. Architect Allen & Collens . James A. Randall Grosvenor Atterbury Arnold W. Brunner, Claude Bragdon Edward L. Tilton and C. Godfrey Poggi, Associated Architects Walker & Morris. Raymond F. Almira Wm. B. Tubby & Bro Albert Randolph Ross Wm. H. M Maginnis & Walsh Beverly S. King and Harry Les- lie Walker, Associated Archts Nelson & Van Wagenen H. Sumner Gardener. Earl Harvey Lyall Chas. P. Huntington Donn Barber Henry Wilhelm Wilkinson Orchard, Lansing & Jorolemon J. Foster Warner Charles C. Haight NEW ENGLAND STATES Widener Memorial Library, Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge, Mass. New Hampshire Historical Society, Con- cord, N. H. Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Mass Springfield City Library, Springfield, Mass, Blackstone Memorial Library, Branford, Ct. Brookline Public Library, Brookline, Mass Manchester Public Lib., Manchester, N. H.. Andover-Harvard Theological Seminary, Cambridge, Mass. Fall River Public Library, Fall River, Mass. Lynn Public Library, Lynn, Mass New Hampshire State Lib., Concord, N.H.. Mason Library, Great Harrington, Mass... . Somerville Free Public Library, Somerville, Mass. Be\erly Public Library, Beverly, Mass Bangor Public Library, Bangor, Me Williams Memorial Library, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. Perkins Institute for the Blind, Watertown, Mass. Proctor Public Library, Proctor, Vt Hartford Medical Society, Library Wing, Hartford, Conn. 152 250 253 202 210 2I,S 170 229 225 212 228 187 237 411 Horace Trumbauer. Guy Lowell., Bigelow & Wadsworth, Archts of remodeling Edward L. Tilton S. S. Beman R. Clipston Sturgis Edward L. Tilton. Allen & Collens Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson - Geo. A. Mooif A. P. Cutting Blanchard & Barnes Edward L. Tilton Cass Gilbert Peabody & Stearns La Farge & Morris R. Clipston Sturgis Harry Leslie Walker A. Raymond Ellis William Coolidge Lane. . . Otis G. Hammond, Supt Charles K. Bolton Rebuilt Hiller C. Wellman Chas. N. Baxter Louisa M. Hooper F. Mabel Winchell Dr. Owen W. Gates Geo. W. Rankin Harriet L. Matthews Arthur H. Chase Emma J. Sheldon Drew B. Hall iMartha P. Smith Charles A. Flagg Walter B. Briggs Laura Sawyer Mary K. Norton Dr. Walter R. Steiner.... 1915 1912 1915' 1912 1896 1910 1913 1911 1900 1910 1895 1913 1913 1913 1913* 1914 1913* 1912 SBOO.OOO ?355,000 «300,000 8250.000 S250,000 S225,000 S225.000 $54,500 $125,000 $107,000 «138,000 .? 150 ,000 «23,000 815,000 675,000 1,100,000 442,000 700,000 735,000 681,000 148,500 44.7,000 240,000 361,000 312,500 74,000 58,000 ?.74 $.35 S.fiS $.36 $.35 S,33 S.37 .S.2N $.38 $.31 .5.26 * Of non-fireproof construction [ 122 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING NEW ENGLAND ST ATES ~ Continued. Building Page Architect Librarian Schauffler Memorial Library, Mt. Hermon. 19(1 Mass. Parish & Schroeder Elizabeth Conway. Southboro Public Lib., Southboro, Mass. . . Whitinsville Public Library, Whitinsville. Mass. Converse Memorial Library, Maiden, Mass. Davis Memorial Library, Phillips - Exeter Academy, Exeter, N. H. Jacob Edwards Library, Southbridge, Mass. Ferguson Memorial Library, Stamford, Conn. Rhode Island Medical Society, Providence, R.I. New England Historical and Genealogical Society, Boston, Mass. Portland Public Library, Portland, Me--.. East Greenwich Free Library. East Green- wich. R. I. Dalton Public Library, Dalton, Mass Canton Public Library, Canton, Mass, J. V. Fletcher Library, Westford, Mass Hyde Park Public Lib.. Hyde Park, Mass. . Reuben Hoar Library, Littleton, Mass Dowse Library, Sherborn, Mass Howe Library, Hanover, N. H Dunbarton Public Lib., Dunbarton, N. H.. Fitchburg Historical Society, Fitchburg, Mass. Providence Diocesan Office and Library, Providence, R. I. Redwood Lib. and Athenaeum, Newport.R.I. Vermont Free Public Library, Montpelier, Vermont. Masonic Library, Boston, Mass Meriden High School Library, Meriden, Ct. Ridgefield Memorial Library, Ridgefield, Ct. Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Sta- tion, New Haven. Conn. Maine Historical Society, Portland, Me. . . . Caribou Public Library, Caribou, Me. Exeter Public Library, Exeter, N. H. 236 23H Alfred Cookman C;iss. R. Clipston Sturgi.s. . . . H. H. Richardson Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge. 188 Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson. . Francena E. Buck. Mrs. W.H. Fuller. H. W. Fison.. Mabel Cilley . 224 252 Little & Browne Tracy, Svvartwout& Litchfield. Clarke, Howe & Homer. Brainerd 8i Leeds Ella E. Miersch Alice M. Colt... F. H. Fassett. .. Angell & Swift. H. NeiU Wilson Bigelow & Wadsworth. H. M. Francis Clark & Russell Dr. Geo. D. Hershey . Wm. P. Greenlaw Alice C. Furbush Mrs. Ella D. Chapman. Mrs. M. E. Davidson. . Mrs. Wm. F. Downes.. Mary C. Bunce Elizabeth Ainsworth . . . Perkins & Betton Cora Whitcomb Da H. P.White., C.W. Bixby., H. M. Francis & Son Murphy, Hindle & Wright. Loring & Phipps, Guilbert & Betelle Raleigh C. Gildersleeve . F. H. Fassett. Astle & Page Rotch and Tilden. Elizabeth Dowse Coolidge Etta M.Clark Stack wing Ruth Emerson Theresa N. Garfield Rt. Rev. Matthew Harkins, D.D., Bishop. Providence George L. Hinckley ; Rebecca W. Wright Thomas W. Davis, Record- ing Grand Secretary Willis J. Prouty. Principal Jennie Smith Miss V. E. Cole Evelyn L. Gilmore, Libra- rian and Curator Sarah A. Roberts Carrie W. Byington Year COM- PLETED 1912 j 1912 I 1911 ; 1884 ' 1897 ; 1912 1915 , 1911 I 1912 ' 1913 1889* 1915* 1893* , 1902 1896* 1899 1895 1914 1773 1914 Cubic , Cost Cost foot per contents cu.ft. S66,800 S19.000 810,300 $26,000 S27,200 1912 1914 1913 1913 1882* 1912* I $10,000 1894* i PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pa , . . Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila., Pa. . . Haverford College Library, Haverford, Pa. Biddle Law Library, University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pa. Delaware State Capitol, Dover, Del American Philosophical Society, Phila., Pa. Pittsburg North Side Carnegie Free Library. Pittsburg, Pa. Bradford Public Library, Bradford, Pa Reading Public Library, Reading, Pa Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borro- meo, Overbrook, Pa. Dropsie College, Philadelphia, Pa Krauth Memorial Library. Mt. Airy, Pa. . . Zoological Laboratory, University of Penn- sylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. University of Pennsylvania Lib., Phila., Pa. Van Wickle Memorial Library, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. Newtown Public Library, Newtown. Pa Gratz College, Philadelphia, Pa U. S. Naval Home, Philadelphia, Pa Jefferson Medical College Lib., Phila., Pa.. 254 49 176 186 192 239 Cope & Stewardson Wilson, Harris & Richards. Baily & Bassett Stewardson & Page Dr. Chas. Perry Fisher. . Edward L. Nolan A. C. Thomas Mrs. M. C. Klingelsmith . Edward L. Tilton Frank Miles Day & Bro. Henry D. Whitfield Edward L. Tilton Henry D. Whitfield and Alex. F. Smith, Associated Architects. Harris & Richards Pilcher & Tachau Watson & Huckel Cope & Stewardson Thomas W. Wilson. Dr. I. Minis Hays .. Edward E. Eggers.. Susan L. Sherman. Edward A. Howell., Furness & Evans. . Harris & Richards. Henry L. Reinhold, Jr. Pilcher & Tachau J. T. Windrim. [ 123 ] Father A. J. Schulte Stack wing Dr. Cyrus Adler Rev. Luther D. Reed Morris Jastrow. Jr Morris Jastrow, Jr John C. Stonecipher Stack wing W. E. Martindale Charles Frankenberger. . 1909 1909 1912 1900 1911 1789 1889 1890 1914* 1913 1910 1912 1908 1911 1891 $300,000 tl55,000 $12,063 «450,000 810,000 J161,900 872,500 $59,300 1911 : $11,100 1911* '• .S4..500 1909 j 825,600 1899 $47,500 155,000 $.31 $34,800 76,300 $.46 $56,200 204,300 $.22 $136,000 $75,000 $63,800 211,300 $.30 $41,000 174,500 $.24 $77,800 404,400 $.28 121,500 $.55 111,000 $.16 29,820 73,900 85,600 54,000 955,400 452,600 52,700 43,480 974,500 233,000 329,400 133,500 37,000 99,300 $.35 $.35 $.32 $.32 8.34 $.25 $.23 !.16 (.26 8.17 $.12 8.23 * Of non-fireproof construction THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. SOUTHERN STATES Page Gilman Hall, Johns Hopkins University,' Library-, Baltimore, Md. University of North CaroHna Library,... Chapel Hill. N. C. Hill Memorial Lib., University of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, La. University of Tennessee Library, Knoxville, Tenn. Loyola University Lib., New Orleans, La.. Coa-^t Artillery Training School, Fort Mon- roe, Va. Louisville Public Library, Louisville, Ky. Virginia State Library. Richmond, Va Texas State Library, Austin, Texas George Peabody College for Teachers, , . Nashville, Tenn. Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- land, Baltimore, Md. Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Ga... Phipps Psychiatric Institute, Baltimore, Md. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Sulphur Springs Public Library, Sulphur Springs, Texas Wheeling Public Library. Wheeling, W.Va. Gainesville Public Library, Gainesville, Tex. Greenwood Public Lib., Greenwood, Miss.. Benedict College Library, Columbia. S.C.. . 194 196 191 193 256 Architect Librarian Year COM- PLETED Cost Cubic FOOT CONTENTS Cost PER CU. FT. Parker, Thomas & Rice Frank P. Milburn & Co Col. W. L.Stevens M. Llewellyn Raney Louis R. Wilson Inez Mortland Sabra W. Vought Father Albert Biever Maj. T. W. Winston George T. Settle H. R. Mcllwaine E.W.Winkler EUzabeth Lee Bloomstein. Marcia C. Noyes 1914 1911* 1903* 1911* 1911 1909 1907 1895 1888* 1909* 1874 1912* 1913 1911* 1909* 1910* 1914 1904* $500,000 848,000 856,400 $150,000 854,000 $274,900 864,000 840,000 $12,000 811,000 273,700 765,300 185,000 952,300 572,100 400,000 37,000 8.21 De Buys, Churchill & Labouisse. $.20 S?9 Pilcher & Tachau W. M. Poindexter $.29 E. C. Meyers Ludlow & Peabody $.11 W.A.Edwards T. VanHyning Effie Brinker Etta M. Roberts Lillian Gunter Mrs. W. R. Humphreys... M. Virginia Ashton 8.10 Charles W. Bates Wm. Albert Tackett Cleveland & Godfrey 8.30 CENTRAL STATES Harper Memorial Library, University of Chicago, Chicago, III. University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, Mich. ' Ohio State University Lib., Columbus, C. . University of Illinois Library, Urbana, III.. ' Purdue University Library, Lafayette, Ind.. University of Wisconsin Agricultural Hall Library, Madison, Wis. Wisconsin State Capitol Law Library. Madi- ' son. Wis. Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind. Gary Public Library, Gary, Ind Evanston Public Library, Evanston. Ill Lincoln Hall, Uni\t-rsit\' of Illinois, Urbana, III. Hebrew Union College Lib.. Cincinnati, O.. Wisconsin State Historical Society. Madison, Wis. Ohio Mechanus Institute, Cincinnati, O . . . Akron Public Library, Akron, O Natural History Building, University of Illi- nois. Urbana, III. U. S. Naval Training Station, North Chi- cago, III. Transportation Building, University of Illi- nois. Urbana, III. Western College for Women, Oxford. Ohio Peoria Public Library. Peoria, III Appellate Court Library, Mt. Vernon. 111... Sault Ste. Marie Public Library, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 164 76 172 174 247 181 14 222 78 82 97 Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. Albert Kahn, Architect of re- modeling Allen &Collens James M. White, Sup. Archt... . Patton & Miller Arthur Peabody George B. Post & Sons. . J. F. Alexander & Sons., H. D. Whitfield and J. Ver- plank. Associated Architects James Gamble Rogers and Chas. A. Phillips. James M. White, Supervising Architect A. Lincoln Fechheimer Ferry & Clas Samuel Hanaford & Sons Frank Weary James M. White, Super\'ising Architect Jarvis Hunt James M. White, Supervising Architect Yost & Packard Richardson & Salter J. C. Teague . Dr. Ernest D. Burton. Theodore W. Koch . . . , Olive Jones Phineas L. Windsor Wm. M. Hepburn Walter M. Smith.— C. S. Hean. Dept. Librarian Gilson G. Glazier Arthur Cunningham. Louis J. Bailey Mary B. Lindsay . . . . Phineas L. Windsor . Adolph S. Oko M. M. Quaife, Supt., John L. Shearer Mary Pauline Edgerton., Phineas L. Windsor. . . , , Rev. Frank Thompson. . . Phineas L. Windsor Grace E. Derby . . E. S. Willcox A. C. Millspaugh . AdahE. Shelly... 1912 1897 1913 1910 1912* 1908 1911 1912 1900 1909 1902 1896* 1911 1912 1893 1897* 1854* 1905 8285,000 ^160,000 S97,140 S115.200 S72,000 $135,500 §250.000 $40,000 $762,000 8718,300 $82,000 $67,900 $30,000 1,360,000 8.21 714,000 8.24 426,600 $.23 568.000 8.20 297,200 $.24 383,000 $.35 1,106,200 8.23 140,000 8.29 2.628.600 8.29 3.637,500 $.20 WESTERN STATES University of Missouri Liby. .Columbia, Mo .... Multnomah County Public Library, Port- 204 land, Ore. Sl Paul Public Library, St. Paul, Minn.... | 221 James P. Jamieson Doyle, Patterson & Beach. Elc.tus D.Litchfield. Professor H. O. Severance Mary F. Isom Wm. Dawson Johnston . . . 1915 $200,000 763.370 8.26 1913 8450,000 2.039.000 $.22 1915 *o non-firepr oof constru ction [ 124 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING WESTERN STATES-Continued BLIILniNG Denver Public Library. Denver, Colo | 208 Arkansas State Capitol Law Library, Little ' 246 Rock, Ark. , Supreme Court and Library Building, Salem, Ore. University of Oregon Library, Eugene, Ore. Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Mo. Sioux Cit> Public Library, Sioux City, Iowa Iowa State Teachers College, Cedar FalLs, Iowa Mercantile Library, St. Louis, Mo Iowa State University Law Building, Iowa 195 City, Iowa Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhat- tan, Kan. Leland Stanford, Jr. L^niversity Library, Stanford University, Cal. Louis George Branch Library, Kansas City, 234 Mo. School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rollo, Mo. University of Missouri, Biology Building, Columbia, Mo. South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Brookings, S. D. Coleraine Public Library, Coleraine, Minn. Wallace Public Library, Wallace, Idaho. . . . Academy of Idaho, Pocatello, Idaho Architect Albert Randolph Ross. Cass Gilbert Librarian Chalmers Hadley. . Peyton D. English. 248 W. C. Knighton | Edna M. Hawley. W. C. Knighton... Theodore C. Link . Edward L. Tilton Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson. . . . Mauran & Russell, Architects of remodeling Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson Seymour Davis Chas Edward Hodges. Charles A. Smith M. H. Douglass Mrs. Helen Tiesler . Jeanette M. Drake. Ellen D. Briscoe .... Howe, Hoit & Cutler. James P. Jamieson, . . W. L. R. Gifford.. Merton L. Person. Arthur B. Smith .. Geo. T. Clark Purd B.Wright..., Jesse Cunningham., W. H. Powers. Geo. E. O'Connor. Julius P. Zeitel . . . Jessie B. Bollinger Mrs. A. R. Carpenter Gretchen Louise Smith. . . Year CuBfC Cost COM- Cost FOOT I'EI) PLETED rONTKNTh CU.FT 1910 1340,700 805,000 $.38 1911 J750.000 1914 1915 1915 1912 1910 1909 1894* 1900* 1913 1912 1914 1883 1911 1210,000 797,000 .«.26 S30,000 100,300 s.:ii) 832,400 $75,000 I 348,900 | ,?.22 $175,000 I 853,700 $.21 $100,000 400,000 123,400 (.25 $.26 $100,000 577,043 .^.17 181,500 CANADA Legislative Library, Toronto, Ontario 244 Provincial Library, Victoria, British 242 Columbia Provincial Library, Edmonton. Alberta... 36 Saskatchewan Legislative Library, Regina Sask. Bibliotheque St-Sulpice, Montreal, Quebec. | 198 Toronto Public Reference Library, Toronto. 206 Ont. Knox College Library, Toronto, Ont | McGill University Medical Lib., Montreal, ' ... Quebec Victoria College Library, Toronto, Ont .... ' 189 Ottawa Public Library. Ottawa, Ont | 230 Hamilton Public Library, Hamilton, Ont Calgary Public Library, Calgary, Alberta. . . Moose Jaw Public Lib., Moose Jaw, Sask.. | 226 Regina Public Library, Regina, Sask 223 Calgary Court House Law Library, Calgary, j .... Alberta Edmonton Court House Law Library, Ed- monton. Alberta Fort William Public Lib., Fort William, Ont. ! .... Tillsonburg Public Lib., Tillsonburg, Ont Geo. W. Gouinlock. F. M. Rattenbury... Avern Pardoe E. O. S. Scholefield , J. Chalmers, Structural Engineer Edward and W. S. Maxwell Eugene Payette Wickson & Gregg and A. H. Chapman Chapman & McGiffin Brown & Vallance j Sproatt & Rolph Edgar L. Horwood A. W. Peene MacLean & Wright and Hodg- son, Bates & Butler Reid & McAlpine Storey & Van Egmond Richard R. Blakey, Provincial Architect Richard R. Blakey, Provincial Architect Hood & Scott W. A. Mahoney John Blue. . . John Hawks Aegidius Fauteux. . Geo. H. Locke , . . . Rev. Edward Cockburn. Miss M. R. Charlton.. . A. E. Lang Wm. J. Sykes Adam Hunter Alexander Calhoun A. H.Gibbard J. R. C. Honeyman. Mrs. G. H. Norton. Lena Smith, L.L.A. . Miss. M.J. L. Black., 1912 I $750,000 I 1.650,000 1914 sBOII.onii 727,000 1912 1913 1909 1914 1910 1909* 1906* 1912 1912* 1913* 1912 1913 1911 $285,000 I 950,000 $260,000 ' 1,092,200 $500,000 ; 1,562,600 $600,000 i $85,000 $90,000 S81..5IIO $50,000 17.143 365,600 $100,000 265,784 203,000 225,000 $.45 8.68 $.30 $.24 $.32 $.35 $.23 t.38 i.40 f.23 Library of Hawaii, Honolulu, T. H Philippines Library, Manila, P.I Dairen Public Library, Dairen, Manchuria. Bureau of Education, Manila, P. I Parliamentary Library, Wellington, New Zealand Sydney Public Library, Sidney, New South Wales FOREIGN Henry D. Whitfield.— H. L. Kerr, Supervising Architect John Campbell, Government Architect Miss. E.J. Allyn James A. Robertson, Dir. Frank R. White, Director. F. M.Bladen, F.R.G.S.. 1913 1913 I $104 ,400 419,000 $.25 ' Of non-fireproof construction. [ 125 ] LIBRARY BUILDINGS, PLANS AND INTERIORS MONUMENTAL LIBRARIES COLLEGE, SCHOOL AND SEMINARY LIBRARIES PUBLIC LIBRARIES PARLIAMENTARY AND STATE LIBRARIES SOCIETY AND INSTITUTE LIBRARIES All buildings illustrated have been equipped with Snead Stacks Owing to the necessity of limiting the size of this book, it has proved impracti- cable to illustrate more than a small part of the material available. Consequently some of the most important buildings have been omitted in order to show a variety of typical examples and to give representation to different localities. MONUMENTAL LIBRARIES LIBRARY OF CONGRESS NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WIDENER MEMORIAL LIBRARY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Smithmeyer & Pelz and Edward P. Casey, Architects, Bernard R. Green, Engineer Herbert Putnam, Librarian AN ACT of Congress, passed April 15, 1886, authorized the construction of a Hbrary ■ building substantially according to the plan submitted by John L. Smithmeyer, with such modifications as might be found necessary or ad- vantageous. The original designs for the building were furnished by John L. Smithmeyer and Paul J. Pelz, and the architectural details were worked out by Paul J. Pelz and Edward P. Casey. The construction of the building was under the direction of a commission until October, 1888, when, before the foundations were laid, the commission was abolished by Congress and the work placed under the control of General Thomas L. Casey, the Chief of Engineers of the Army. He placed Bernard R. Green in charge as superintendent and engineer, who upon the death of General Casey, March 25, 1896, succeeded to full control until the building was completed February 28, 1897, at the cost, exclusive of the land, of $6,344,585.34. The building is approximately 470 feet by 340 feet and had originally four inner courts 150 feet by 75 feet to 100 feet, and it consists of cellar, basement, first, second and attic stories, with an octagonal dome rising 120 feet above the main roof. Later a ten-tier stack was constructed in the southeast court, the roof of this structure being carried directly on the steel frame of the stack. The central feature is the main reading room, 100 feet in diameter, extending from the first floor to the inner dome, a distance of 125 feet and lighted through eight large arched windows in the clere- story. It has 210 desks, thirty-six alcove tables and can accommodate 250 readers at one time. In the alcoves are two tiers of metal shelving holding over 120,000 volumes. The distributing desk in the center of the reading room is connected with the three main stacks by pneumatic tubes and with the north and south stacks by mechanical book carriers. Each stack has nine "decks" or floors, each 7 feet high. The dimensions and capacities of the stacks are as follows: Location Depth Length Height Volumes capacity North stack 44'8" X llO'O'' X eS'O" 713,500 South stack 44'8" X 110'0"x65'0" 713,500 East stack 44'8" X SO'O" X 65'0''' 173,000 Southeast court stack 74'0" X 150'0" X SCO" 1,045,000 Total capacity of four main stacks, 2,645,000 The Smithsonian room on the second floor is 131 feet by 35 feet and has a book stack of three tiers provided with an electric elevator. The capacity of this stack is about 150,000 volumes. A three-tier stack has also been installed in the north curtain, second floor, for manuscripts and documents, the total capacity being 250,000 volumes. The westerly stacks in the first tier are enclosed with plate glass for greater security. In the attic are rooms for photography, repair of prints and manuscripts, storage, a public restau- rant, and a room containing a book stack of 80,000 volumes capacity for the Slavic section. The music division occupies a portion of the north curtain in the basement story, with auxiliary bookstacks in the cellar directly below. It has a stor- age capacity of 12,840 feet of 13 inch deep shelving. Outside of the three main stacks the basement story contains the reading room for the blind, the departments of music and copyrights, a branch of the Government Printing OflSce, the offices of the superintendent, chief clerk and the watch, and the mail room which handles all material arriving at or dispatched from the library building, including all mail matter and books delivered for outside use. The building already contains over one hun- dred miles of shelving for books exclusive of that for prints, maps and charts. The cellar space is devoted to the machinery room, heating apparatus, workshops and storage. The boilers and coal vaults are located under the parking, near but quite outside the building, at the east front. [ 131 ] u Q O O g X W « o z o o — fc « 2 a. en O o K < J o Q 2 O E- O 2 X us < U o 2 o o o « <; 2 a, O O J H 2 U w < M E u 2 O O g X < (/) K O O o Z < a, cc; O O J H £ u Q 2 O H O 2 S -c O h w "" -a tij « O •£ ^ 1^ O ° fa !& o i; i» B o o K Z o p u u en fS w O Z o o o < a: m < Q < Q < H CO Q < W Z w z o u X H o w z o y 3 NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY Carrere & Hastings, Architects John Shaw Billings, Late Director (deceased) Edwin H. Anderson, Director THE New York Public Library was founded on the 27th of May, 1895, by the consoh- dation of the Astor Library, the Lenox Library and the Tilden Trust. At that time a board of twenty-one trustees was elected from the boards of these three corporations, and provision was made for maintaining a free public library, with such branches as might be considered advisable. The site chosen for the main building was the eastern end of Bryant Park on Fifth Avenue, between 40th and 42nd Streets, then occupied by the old reservoir. In 1897 the City of New York agreed to erect a building which was to be admin- istered by the trustees, with certain restrictions as to time of opening and the maintenance of a circulating library. The city furnished both site and money for construction. On November 11, 1897, the architects for the new building were selected in competition. The removal of the reservoir was begun in June, 1899 and on May 23, 1911, the building, completed at a cost of $9,466,566, was opened to the public. To the librarian the most interesting features of the plan are: First, the placing of the main reading room on the top floor at the rear, immediately above the main stack room, its floor being supported by the stack uprights. This gives a well lighted, well ventilated, quiet room conveniently located over the book "reservoir." Second, the arrangement and dis- tribution of special reading rooms in such a way as to make the books shelved there easily available for use in the main reading room, and to allow unre- stricted access to the books on the part of the investi- gators and special students. Third, the grouping of the administration rooms and offices on the south side of the building, leaving the east, north and west sides for reading rooms or storage of books. The building is in the form of a rectangle, 390 feet front by 270 feet deep. The heights of the floors are as follows: cellar, 13 feet; basement, 15 feet, first story, 22 feet 6 inches; second story, 16 feet; third story, ceiling height 11 to 23 feet; main reading room, 50 feet. The heights of the base- ment, first and second stories were made multiples of the stack tier height, 7 feet 6 inches, in order that the first, third and fifth stack decks might line up with the main floors of the building. The area covered by the library, exclusive of the open south court, is 115,000 square feet and its cubic contents is 10,380,000 cubic feet. The material used is largely Vermont marble bonded in brick walls, steel beams with terra cotta arch floor construction, roof of copper and glass and window frames of bronze. The main bookstack occupies the larger part of the rear of the building and extends upward through the basement, first and second stories. It is 297 feet long, 78 feet wide, and is made up of seven tiers, each 7 feet 6 inches high, with deck floors of Ig inch marble. Each stack tier is divided into four quadrants designated as Northwest, Northeast, Southwest and Southeast. Each section consists of twenty-nine double-faced ranges, composed of ten compartments with six adjustable and one fixed shelf in each com- partment. Along the walls are compartments 24, 26 and 30 inches deep, fitted with sliding shelves. In all the main stack contains 96,000 adjustable and 16,000 fixed shelves, which placed end to end would extend a distance of 63.3 miles. The capacity of this big stack is about 3,000,000 volumes. In forty- three other rooms in the basement, first, second and third stories Snead bookstacks are provided with a combined capacity of 500,000 volumes, making the total stack capacity about 3,500,000 volumes. The main reading room is 76 feet by 295 feet, and accommodates about 800 readers. In the cen- ter is the delivery department having pneumatic tubes and four electric elevators connecting it with the different levels of the stack room below, while auxiliary elevators are placed at each end of the stack. A pneumatic tube service connects the main reading room with all rooms in which there are special collections. [ 139 ] y < O) c hJ j: o oq D ^ Cu cfl W m K -0 O a >^ -a n cfl ^ cfl W ■n <; n) C 2 C/J o sr. H ■V u w C/J « >> W J-l > -n 2; 0) "F < Cfl « H H o o J3 cc o ,— < !D o CQ '3£ h-J 'V^ O cr. ^ J ;^ CQ Oj -M ~ ^. ' ■/' CO ''f' ^ cC C) r- K^ f^ > -n ' w a* c 2 r o Vi h 2 3 n . 'V fc M .5' ■» c > iS 3 13 S -3 CO QJ < s ^1 s bi) 1- p J •ti T3 o £ ^ o li u s o < ho u r^ cC O .= c ^ UJ o 2; CC >h" -p Pi ^ < "" CQ J "o >H cu H n r/l d CC '^ w > :^ z C/j D -a rt < -c CQ f1 S C/J n -o J c> c u C/J THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. m m m m # # a a 2 lO ZO 30 40 SO „„^ 6CALE .1 - ^ I I I rtn Fig. 156. FIRST FLOOR PLAN, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, NEW YORK CITY [ 150 ] LIBRARY PLANNING BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING 6CALE, ^ zo ."io to so rtir Fig. 157. THIRD FLOOR PLAN, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, NEW YORK CITY [ 151 ] C/2 2 < O O u s < a Q E < u >-- 00 Cd > Q ft: <; > OS <; <; ft: 03 2 o w 2 fcd Q g 2 fti M O THE HARRY ELKINS WIDENER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Horace Trumbauer, Architect THE Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library, completed during the year 1915, houses the principal book collection of Harvard Univer- sity, as well as the precious group of rare and won- derfully interesting books bi'ought together by Mr. Widener. It stands, in part, on precisely the same spot as old Gore Hall, a building which for seventy- five years sheltered the richest and most widely used collection of college books in America. The new building faces inward towards the college grounds, forming one side of a quadrangle, the other three sides of which are occupied by University buildings. From the rear of the entrance hall on the first floor, monumental stairs lead to the second floor which contains the main reading room overlooking the college grounds. This room, accommodating 336 readers, is 192 feet by 40 feet and extends 43 feet to the roof. The other three sides of the build- ing, however, contain a third floor of special collec- tion and seminar rooms which rest directly on and are carried by the bookstack below. The stack, ex- tending across the rear and along the greater part of both sides of the building, contains ten tiers with a total capacity of 2,206,000 volumes. Vertical deck slit construction with wide, fixed bottom shelves and protected openings is employed on all deck floors. The inconvenience and unsightly appearance of vents, ducts and pipes carried through the book- stack is eliminated by the provision of an open space of about three feet, between the first and second tiers, through which all these conductors are carried. The stack room is ventilated in a simple and economical manner by means of plenum fans forc- ing fresh, properly heated air into the basement and exhaust fans drawing the partially vitiated air out from the top. One of the distinguishing features of the stack is a row of stalls along each outside wall, each stall being well lighted and having comfortable room for William Coolidge Lane, Librarian a table and chair. The stack thus becomes practi- cally a working laboratory, with the best possible accommodations for individual and continuous work. A striking innovation is found in the provision of a large number of small study-rooms about 10 feet by 12 feet, or 12 feet by 15 feet for the private use of professors and others. These are provided in five tiers. Although these study-rooms open into the stack, some of them are separated from it by a screen, thus allowing students and visitors access to the rooms, without passing through the stack proper. Other studies are provided in different parts of the building, the total number being seventy-four. The upper floor contains fourteen studies, nineteen rooms to be used for special libraries and seminars, a photographing room, the Library's collection of maps and manuscripts and many of the special col- lections, such as the Classical Library and the Child Memorial Library, which were formerly in other buildings. The building contains thirty-six miscel- laneous rooms equipped with Snead Steel Shelving. As the center of the building was reserved for the Widener books, the delivery room was placed to one side. This was deemed permissible since, in a college library, the greater part of the students find the books necessary for daily work in the read- ing room, while advanced students and officers have direct access to the shelves and in most cases prefer to look up their own books and work in the stack rather than to call for books at the delivery desk. These conditions greatly reduce the proportion of books issued from the desk. The giouping of the reading room, reference books, card catalog and delivery desk, all in close juxtaposition, but separate one from another, is a great advantage. Ease of communication between the different floors and departments is facilitated by telephones, pneumatic tubes, book lifts, book conveyors and passenger elevators. [ 153 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 159. BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN, WIDENER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY [ 154 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING ^^^^^'3[^^^^^(i COLLEGE, SCHOOL AND SEMINARY LIBRARIES GILMAN HALL, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY HARPER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, CHICAGO UNIVERSITY UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY KENT HALL, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ANDOVER-HARVARD THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PURDUE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ST. CHARLES THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LINCOLN HALL, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS IOWA STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE KRAUTH MEMORIAL LIBRARY, MT. AIRY, PA. INDIANA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL LIBRARY HEBREW UNION COLLEGE LIBRARY .JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY WELLS COLLEGE LIBRARY ST. ELIZABETH'S COLLEGE LIBRARY DROPSIE COLLEGE LIBRARY WILLIAMS MEMORIAL LIBRARY, TRINITY COLLEGE DAVIS LIBRARY, PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY VICTORIA COLLEGE LIBRARY, TORONTO SCHAUFFLER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, MOUNT HERMON, MASS. LOYOLA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY VAN WICKLE MEMORIAL LIBRARY, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE COAST ARTILLERY TRAINING SCHOOL LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE LIBRARY o h4 o i-" a u z t^ < K tH o 'A o ix (t: J w ■o K c O % t* H m J .. •< oa O > H 'TS C M O « u W Cfi > ;3 -^ u M cd 2 w X fc D- o o K _D M 0) 2 E « r5 ^ > fc (U o OJ >< K (ft ■< 0) a ^ C o QJ w U X H V. o J J o qi: < ■^i K 2 -a <; c cS ^ ■« ^ ■^ t; r^ OJ o =3 I o X H .? ta td be Pi < Uh a. GILMAN HALL, BALTIMORE, MD. THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Parker, Thomas & Rice, Architects GILMAN HALL, the new fireproof library of the Johns Hopkins University, was com- pleted during the year 1914, at a total cost of about .*;6()(),000. It is the first of the major build- ings to be erected at Homewood, where all depart- ments of the University, except the Medical School, are to move. Oilman Hall is the crown of the campus- marked so by its place at the head of the main quadrangle, by its architectural distinction, espe- cially due to the portico and clock tower which rises to a height of 120 feet, by its size and by its function. The arrangement of the building is noteworthy be- cause of the organization of the stack as a series of departmental libraries, planned in the first instance by the librarian who served as a secretary of the faculty committee of five entrusted with the prepar- ation of a program. After adoption by the com- mittee and acceptance with minor adjustments, on the part of the faculty, it was elaborated by the architects. The plan grew out of the unique library tradi- tion of the University. Heretofore the library had not had a stack, but consisted of a group of depart- mental collections, each shelved in a separate room or suite of rooms. The problem was to preserve to faculty and students that immediate contact with all the material of a subject, so important to work of research, and yet secure the convenience of the in- evitable stack. This was essentially accomplished by putting the offices and seminar rooms of a depart- ment on one side of a corridor, and on the other the stack with accommodations therein for graduate students. The building floors correspond to alter- nate deck floors of the stack and in two tiers, con- tained between one floor and the next, are stored books of the subject pursued by the department across the corridor at that level. In the stack a space fifteen feet wide is left between ends of ranges and the prismatic glass windows. Terrazzo floors, sur- Dr. M. Llewellyn Raney, Librarian faced with cork or linoleum, are laid at building floor levels, and here are tables, chairs and individual lights for graduate students. To complete the de- partmental organization of the stack, deck-slits at building-floor levels are closed and forced ventilation is provided. Nor is this all. Kindred departments can be brought to the same floor for there are two such stack systems, set sixty feet apart. The room which ties them together on each floor is the seat of library service and control, with departmental librarian, branch catalog, current journals, new, reserved and reference books, etc. The stacks will ultimately contain nine tiers, each consisting of thirteen ranges, 21 feet long. At present, however, only tiers 3 to 8 inclusive are equipped. These have nearly ten miles of shelving, accommodating about 450,000 volumes. Approxi- mately 300 graduate students can find accommoda- tions in the stacks and their adjacent reference rooms. The rooms across the front and rear pro- vide quarters for undergraduate instruction but are intended for future expansion of graduate work and library administration. The reading room occupies a complete floor in the rear, being reached from both lateral corridors as well as through an ornate enclosed bridge span- ning the court. It has over 6,000 square feet of floor space, and an abundance of natural light coming from four sides and the top. Artificial illumination is operated under the indirect system. The floor is covered with inlaid cork. The radiators are re- cessed and send their heat through horizontal grilles in the window sills. Around the walls is an unbro- ken line of shelving which will hold about 15,000 vol- umes and 300 current journals. The room opens in- to both stacks at the fifth tier, i.e., midway vertically. As for control, one desk attendant in the read- ing room at night can throw open all shelves and still have command. In the day, three suffice. [ 161 ] 2 O O z D O a. ta o o H z a w u o H So w > g 2 a, O X E o <; a: z <: o < X o o o z o u u z < o o H I/) w o J < m H 00 > D c« 3 o K Z O •z. < o o o < o S o O >^ H So K W > 2 oi ■< a; ffl S o w 2; o D H bo o o o 2 <; THE HARPER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Shepley, Rutan & CooLiDGE, Architects FROM 1892 to 1902 the General Library of the University of Chicago was housed in a temporary one-story brick building. In 1902 the library moved into the new Press Building, and in the same year the first active steps were taken toward the erection of a permanent central library building. The committee appointed for the purpose recommended that the library building be made the central member of a group of nine buildings which should include the Divinity School, Law School, Historical and Social Science group, Philosophy group. Classical group. Modern Language group and the Oriental group, each to contain a depart- mental library, so constructed as to have the read- ing rooms of each at approximately the same level with the reading room of the central building. Mr. John D. Rockefeller promised to give, up to $800,000, three-fourths of whatever amount should be raised for the erection of a central library building as a memorial to Dr. Wm. Rainey Harper, first President of the University. Over $200,000 was raised in subscriptions. The above sums with interest which accrued before and during the pro- cess of building, somewhat exceeded one million dollars. Of this sum approximately $800,000 was spent upon the building and its furniture, and over $200,000 set aside as an endowment fund for the physical maintenance of the building. Ground was broken on January 10, 1910, the corner-stone laid June 14, 1910, and the building completed in June, 1912. The main reading-room is on the third floor of the middle section of the Harper Library. Adjoin- ing it in the west tower is the public catalog and general delivery room. From this floor bridges lead immediately to the libraries in the Haskell Oriental Museum and the Law Building. Eventually there will also be immediate communication with the read- ing rooms of the other buildings of the group, which still remain to be built. The general administrative Dr. Ernest D. Burton, Director offices and working rooms of the libraries are on the second floor. Other offices and rooms for spe- cial collections are provided in the fourth, fifth and sixth stories of the two towers. The bookstacks rest directly on the basement floor and are carried independently of the building. The first floor, with the exception of the east tower stack, is temporarily given up to classrooms and a suite of offices for the president of the university. Eventually the partitions of this space and those of the floor above will be removed and the stack ex- tended from below, increasing the present capacity of about 525,200 volumes to over 1,000,000 volumes. The basement stack is so designed that when the ad- ditional stack tiers are added in the first and second stories the weight will be carried through the base- ment stack to the basement floor and not on the main first floor. In the building there are 81 rooms providing accommodations for over six hundred readers and office space for about 50 members of the staff and faculties. A passenger elevator and two stairways extend the entire height of each tower. Electric book-lifts in both towers run from lower basement to the sixth floor. Pneumatic tubes for the convey- ance of book orders and charging cards connect I various parts of the building. Speaking tubes and telephones facilitate communication. The center court, bounded on the south by the library building; on the east by the Law School, and on the west by the Haskell Oriental Museum, will be known as the Harper Court, and eventually, it is expected, there will stand in the center of it a bronze I statue of President Harper. In the stone carvings, both exterior and interior, in addition to the traditional designs characteristic of Gothic architecture, much use has been made of the coats of arms of European, American and Asiatic universities, and of the individual marks of the most famous European printers. [ 165 X u r-r-r-\ niin^uf- dn ^ o o < u X u o So > Z D >-' a; < w m W in < w u a, < X LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 172. HARPER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Basement tier of Snead Standard Stack showing side switclies on end shelf supports. c & m (h S-, ,.n c J C T3 'X tfj H 0) •? ■*^ m >> > 5 Q -5 p ^ J3 be >- 0) =2 H £ u 1 S U "t! 3 ^ O t- t; a; ;h F^ ^ n o U OJ 2 u 0) i OJ bJD -^ "^ > c t'^ < to O 2 c 17} o ^ d o -^ J X X! < CO bo C ^ i CI -a S g o 3 ^^ o w 2 a: 0) is 2 z 8 S f1 o F " CO — ;> E o ^ O TS "^ O C -em? £ o o b-g O ^ =a 3 -M O C -H 2 biD T3 7J m E < H a CD Id < U CD < O O o ►J o K H Q > « > o Q < Oh a; o O H in j3 o .g D r5 ri -a M 'TJ CD C« <^ o c ^ M m O 73 cu n 3 G j2 cn Qi CQ P CD S <" o a ;c OJ 0) ^ -c j: rr^ H H L 0) -a Cd U 77= o -° -^ T3 0) n -U e -C m rt _Q o C >^ 00 y= f^ t/i 3 w bxj X > 0) Uh H THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 179. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY COLUMBUS, O. Allen & Collens, Architects Miss Olive Jones, Librarian Fig. 180. VIEW IN SEVEN-TIER SNEAD STANDARD STACK Several shelf compartments have been temporarily omitted to make room for study tables near win- dows. Along the center 3-foot aisle, partition shelf supports have been used instead of range fronts so that adjustable shelves can later be placed across the aisle to in- crease the stack capacity. In the basement tier, structural steel col- umns have been installed to sup- port the six-tier stack above. See Fig. 118, page 82. The columns are designed so that, at some fu- ture time, shelf supports and shelves can be easily attached. Space is left above the stack to allow the installation of a future eighth tier. VIEW FROM THE CAMPUS [ 172 ] LIBRARY PLANNING. BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 181. SECOND FLOOR PLAN Fig. 182. FIRST FLOOR PLAN OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, COLUMBUS, O. The small stack adjoining the main stack room was designed for the storage of bound newspapers and periodicals. Story heights of the building are in even multiples of the stack tier heights so that the main floors line up with certain of the stack deck floors. [ 173 ] THE S^EAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 183. VIEW OF EXTERIOR Fig. 181, MAIN READING ROOIM PURDUE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, LAFAYETTE, IND. Patton & Miller, Architects "Direct-indirect" system of illumination used throughout the build^''"'' "' ""'"'''' '^''™''"" [ 174 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 185. ma:in floor plan Fig. 186. g:round floor plan PURDUE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, LAFAYETTE, IND. Stack room contains a three -tier Snead Standard Stack; third tier on a level with main floor of building. Provision has been made for two additional tiers above present stack. [ 175 ] 0r < i4 o o CQ w > o d w S o oi o m w < H M o >H <; w < u o o o w -o a o 3 o X o s =a r-^ 00 cfi '— ^ s Qi bb ■< E K LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. ISS. INTERIOR OF LIIBRAIRY Fig, 189. M'AIN FLOOR PLAN OF LIBRARY WING THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF ST. CHARLES BORROMEO, OVERBROOK, PA. The library contains a one -tier Snead Standard Stack which has a capacity of 103,300 volumes. Solid paneled design range fronts have been supplied and the bottom fixed shelf in each range has been extended to accommodate oversize books. Provision has been, made for the addition of a future tier above and the stack is fitted with a removable cornice which may be reset on the future second tier. The electric conduits are carried directly on the stack cover plates. See Fig. 127. When the stack is extended, the conduits will be disconnected at the walls and raised to a new level above the second tier, no alterations being necessary. [ 177 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. lao. y U A U R A N G L E FRONT ^CALE III 1 '?! 1^ IIJ ' » ^> Fig. 191 SECOND FLOOR PLAN LINCOLN HALL, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL Ja.mks M. White, Supervising Architect ' r, t T,r Fhineas L. Windsor, Librarian l7f jZiZttTl" " seminar and special study rooms. Those in the seminar rooms are designed to receive future second tiers. The building, known as a laboratory of the intellectual sciences," has its library divided and placed in separate rooms or series of rooms so that each becomes a working laboratory for a special department, containing books, documents, maps photographs, slides, busts and other material relative to the subjects treated. [ 178 ] LIBRARY PLANNING. BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING 3 10 13 ZD 7i t Fig. 193. FIRST FLOOR PLAN IOWA STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE, CEDAR FALLS, IOWA Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson, Architects Miss Ellen D. Briscoe, Librarian [ 179 ] o u < oq J o H D < < 2; w < o o o o w H < W H D J «] hJ cc; H ■^ T3 CO -S "J S pec S U CO P CO C ^ iH ^J CO CO tC _^ C Q. b ? OJ cS .S 2 - '^:| CO c ^ a. 2 .S2 bi] ' ^ '(3 2 O o Tl < cd 3 H < ^ 0) iH j: o ^ ^ bo CO 'C -i^ I il^" :. ; 1 ""n""' Jj LL z < o o IS OS o u X w < S fl] "il CD M T3 "^ O > .g ^ M-J -* Cfi U CO -C ■> 5 •S '-c g ^ ^ -° z < 0. 03 o o w W o O n 1) 5 ■3 CO C .2 •< 3i .5 OJ '0 C m & m '^ i u '4-t J o Q < J 0) -0 C 3 c OJ s w :j a* ^ t-. hfi s o O t H > 0) QJ UJ ^ CO C bn ■*-' a; J ^ a C ^ j: J H 3 o OJ !^ O o < 3 bC ^ OJ OJ "3 2 c X. ;^ ^ .^ £ o s K K u w O OJ G O M _b£i "S c OJ QJ OJ QJ "3 ^ z o o 2 ^ o 03 H 'be' < CO bl) 'S c 3 13 < bo g a z a. O o < o g 7i o cd cvi < 2 id CI- OJ 3 8 ^ % cd -3 o CD S § < m cd o c '~n\ n £ .S W o •^ _C ^ F 2 OT ^^ CO J f^ r QJ H 7) O trt U H o a! o cd en c c V, < < in O o C (d c o 2 i J o cd o "^ ;• bJli ^1 H J /- _c !- '.t; a a; 2 o w 2 a; 2; c5 rCi 5 o u a! -C CO ii ■5 td j>3 cj E OT > 0; 0/ 3 "P 0^ tt ^ S Q O < CD 0) 0) C?^ c IJ ^'P w K _c c tn OJ > E -S -5 < D o OJ c o 'o tn iS > I i I I I I I I i I I r I I I I I I I 3, < Hfvo Tcoog ^ood ?ryn^. .p-j. -r I I I I I I iiiii z <; a, o o J b, Q ■X. THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. - tf*SSS£" > ^- ^^,-, ^^Sk^j ' *^^ ^^m !J^» ,^k SjB^h' '^" " ^w ^^m Pb. ■ ■^Sc*' . ^ ^'^^RBflJ Itm^^t^^ '■^x^ ■"' [- P, -'l^^i^H ^^■fs_^^ Wi s^^^x^ w^ fit" Jd^^ ,. •-SfaKis^a ^^Jh- fe '^^^^k 1 m H ■ p^iB* '* jj m .1 IIBL^^^i^ m 1 ^^'^^^^H 1 S^^J^Bj^^ i— ^ cSB ~ E iM R B^gJ ^^m ^rT sfl ■■1 H| sR^fiSW^ jt»-« ^ i^ H I n 11 1 1 Fig. 202. VIEW FROM THE CAMPU.S Fig. 203. VIEW IN FIRST TIER OF STACK ROOM FRANCES FOLSOM CLEVELAND LIBRARY, WELLS COLLEGE, AURORA N Y Beverly S, King and Harry Leslie Walker ' Miss Alice' E. Sanborn Associated Architects r -i ijiljranan Funds for the purchase of this stack were raised by individual and group donations. The opposite ends of the ranges illustrated above contain tablets marking the separate sections purchased by the respective donors. [ 184 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 204. FIRST FLOOR PLAN Fig. 205. BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN FRANCES FOLSOM CLEVELAND LIBRARY, WELLS COLLEGE, AURORA, N. Y. [ 185 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 206. ST. ELIZABETH'S COLLEGE LIBRARY, CONVENT STATION, N. J. Maginnis & Walsh, Architects Sister Marie Elise, Librarian MiiiNT i iinnri M- p |i. iiii (i M »] r;;W ' ; ; ; ; ;;i; i " ""' ! !t! t . ' j ! i»:!: ' Il 3 — I'J.'I'I'tiTiiS' '!!>!n!in''J2 ' W Fig. 207. DROPSIE COLLEGE LIBRARY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. PiLCHER & Tachau, Architects D^ Cyrus Adler, Librarian Building designed to house several departments at present, but provision has been made so that it may ultimately be used for library purposes only. [ 186 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING i 1 1 1 i 3 TACK. HOO/A J! 32-4".53'-o" r-w z I./ '^ p ■ 111 p 15-6". n^ tOOM>3 13-0", 16'-6" TE.IN1TY COLLEGE Fig. 208. l-tOOK. CA5E.S A II Vh 02. O C SECOND FLOOR PLAN Fig. 209. FIRST FLOOR PLAN WILLIAMS MEMORIAL LIBRARY, TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD, CONN. La Farge & Morris, Architects Walter B. Briggs, Librarian [ 187 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 210. EXTERIOR VIEW Fig. 211. FIRST FLOOR PLAN DAVIS LIBRARY, PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY, EXETER, N. H. Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson, Architects Miss Mabel Cilley, Librarian On the ground floor are two rooms being used as study rooms. These will later be put to library use. A cataloging room, stack room and toilets are also contained on this floor. [ 188 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 212. VIEW FROM CAMPUS Fig. 213. GROUND FLOOR PLAN VICTORIA COLLEGE LIBRARY, TORONTO, ONTARIO Sproatt & RoLPH, Architects A. E. Lang, Librarian Upper story contains two large seminar rooms and several small rooms for research work. Basement contains offices, book bureau, receiving room, caretaker's quarters, attendant's room, cloak room, lavatories, boiler room and storage space. Stack room entirely fireproof ; stone interior walls and steel sash. [ 189 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. FiK. 214. EXTERIOR VIEW Vm.-liT,. I'IRST FLOOR PLAiX SCHAUFFLER MEMORIAL LIBRARY, MOUNT HERMON, MASS. Pauish & ScHROEDER, Architects Mis.s Elizabeth Conway, Librarian [ 190 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 216. EXTERIOR VIEW Fig. 217. TWO-TIER SNEAD STANDARD STACK, GOTHIC DETAIL LOYOLA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, NEW ORLEANS, LA. De Buys, Churchill & Labouisse, Architects Father Albert Biever, Librarian [ 191 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 2r). FIRST FLOOR PLAN VAN WICKLE MEMORIAL LIBRARY, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, EASTON, PA. Harris & Richards, Architects John C. Stonecipher, Librarian When the new bookstack wing was added, the two-tier bracket stack contained in the old building, being too weak to support further construction, wtis reset as a single tier above a two-tier Snead Standard Stack. [ 192 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 220. K R O i\ T E L E \ A T I O N F,g. 221. FIRST FLOOR PLAN COAST ARTILLERY TRAINING SCHOOL, FORT MONROE, VA. Francis B. Wheaton, Architect Major T. W. Winston, Librarian [ 193 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. VIEW FROM CAMPUS ZQ ;^ X! » Fig. 223. FIRST FLOOR PLAN UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA LIBRARY, CHAPEL HILL, N. C. Frank P. Milburn & Co. Architects Louis R. Wilson, Librarian [ 194 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 224. MAIN READING ROOM Fig. 225. THIRD FLOOR PLAN IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW LIBRARY, IOWA CITY, lA. Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson, Architects Merton L. Person, Librarian Snead Standard Stack ranges with removable steel cornices form alcoves along the sides of the reading room giving students direct access to the books. The stack is designed to receive a mezzanine floor when an extension of capacity is required. When this addition is made, the cornices of the first tier ranges will be reset on those of the second tier. [ 195 ] o c o O > z < c« — ' T •J. cd s O o ^ u. OJ Q +-■ z ?^ cd o 2 n u W w l- -a -D W J QJ > V X o O 2 « >' R! tf < ci « p^ u- m ' — ' C/J w -^ frl cd m C M [tI 2 (/J z -a w d) H c > 2 O < PUBLIC LIBRARIES BIBLIOTHEQUE ST-SULPICE, MONTREAL FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS MULTNOMAH COUNTY, PORTLAND, OREGON TORONTO, ONTARIO DENVER, COLORADO BROOKLINE, MASSACHUSETTS BEVERLY, MASSACHUSETTS GARY, INDIANA LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW ROCHELLE, NEW YORK ELIZABETH, NEW JERSEY ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA EVANSTON, ILLINOIS REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN FERGUSON MEMORIAL, STAMFORD, CONN. SOMERVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS MOOSE JAW, SASKATCHEWAN LIBRARY OF HAWAII, HONOLULU BANGOR, MAINE MASON LIBRARY, GREAT BARRINGTON, MASS. OTTAWA, ONTARIO WILLIAMSBURG BRANCH, BROOKLYN, N, Y. PACIFIC BRANCH, BROOKLYN, N. Y. CARROLL PARK BRANCH, BROOKLYN, N. Y. LOUIS GEORGE BRANCH, KANSAS CITY, MO. SOUTHBORO, MASSACHUSETTS PROCTOR, VERMONT WHITINSVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS NEWTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA SYRACUSE, NEW YORK a < S 5 '■^ •: .■" £ o o a, .^ ^ J Oj cS ^ fc "a^ s H - y g CO c < o < . 1 ri .. ■" M a = ■" o = O CO < eparat access the ca 2 O ij o ^ 0/ 0- ^ W ^ "5 ' O oi bi .5 Uh cont er gi he \v H s^" £' ian Orde , and a f page 200 ^ a .'W O '^ S 5 ►J QJ (U *" 2 < 2 5 J a. r3 "^ > OS 0/ 0; V) o = -2 S o C « +J J '^ a ^ fe O OJ c H ., ^ '^ z -RSiS w O j: O 5- a o '^ W < ^^ 1 CO fe S ^ >• < Q O 2 C/3 < W &-, o z ■« ^ — ». i !> ^ 01 ,cS J o w CJ _a; ^ U ») ~ . 'C C CD c OJ 12 o -il "S -^ E '" o -a ^ - o .S 3 = £E in N JS &5 1! O -t; m u Q Z < Q Z W H < X H W u LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 238. FIRST FLOOR FLAN ? 10 i; 20 z? ;o j? Fig, 239. BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN SPRINGFIELD CITY LIBRARY, SPRINGFIELD, MASS. On the second floor, just above the entrance hall, is located a fireproof vault in which valuable books and papers may be stored. To the left of this are the medical library and study, and rooms for administration and cataloging. To the right are a large lecture hall and a map room. An exhibition room occupies the rear of the building on this floor. [ 203 2 < o o J Q 2 O O w D >^ H Z ;:3 o u X < o 2 H D O Q 2 < ►J H O Oh ^a 3 (1) ^^ ^ OJ _:<; F o -C F ■*-■ o p "H. e o Eh o t-l UJ _c c T3 o > O -5 C3 r/1 tn O 3 F n o E O t tt: F-i B rt > S (/J MH 3 CJ n 3 m u en -j= o Li TJ CJ o -d JZ -y on H ^ T 'fl OJ _c ^ OJ j:: OJ CO bc O c !h lii .2 'en O rt 3 -^ O a > O t-i 1 tn -^3 F 11 (U r< .-^ (/J bo o, n o < CQ u „ CQ D O, Z o H 2 < > ca 3 ►J o o CO 3; s a, o < o Is i^ K 5 ■^ ^ 2 .2P * I .^ - ^ -S 4 i I I - s ^^ i S S f I -a *- 5 „ " -o 'S -M ^ C ^ m "3 -, ^ .^ ?^ OJ t- c g - -g ^ a. _„ 5 nn 0) ^ c H crt c ^ rt .i^ >^ H n tn u 3 QJ CO c ;> ^3 CO cd , — ^ 0) >■, s -^ Em m B r h 2S 2 < c « o o J H CO c j: _c CO =3 o ^ ■> ^ :^ ■z ^ rn 2 < TJ w < 2 < w 2 5 T3 ^ K z > E Dh ^ ■"■ ■*- a. tl) « -a rr ^ OJ t/J Tl +J ^ 0) ffl m o cd t-l < <-M H O (n bn cd 0) ■S (1) « o ti O iS -o ctf -Q cd u bc f- z -a c 3 > " i= w en -C S H 5 " o c J 2^ CO o ^ < H O Pi < u pa <; < H E- O o o Q W r OJ _c n > cd r£3 cd -C n, r X QJ _c n 2- ;s OJ pii T-| CJ QJ m ^ 0) J-! -C _iii ^ Tl Oi t^ -lii o ^ bi c o tJ) o S-i m cd r« > frt s s -•^ o r/) 'A -n ;-( -n cd H C/J LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 291. FRONT VIEW OF EXTERIOR Fig. 292. FIRST FLOOR PLAN WILLIAMSBURG BRANCH LIBRARY, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Frank P. Hill, Librarian Walker & Morris, Architects This is the largest of the Brooklyn branches of the Carnegie library system. The delivery desk forms a focal point from which the librarian has absolute supervision, including even the radial aisles in the two-tier stack. The change of axis gives a distinct separation between the children's and the reading rooms. The basement contains a lecture hall with stage, anterooms and toilet under the reading room; work and storage rooms under the children's room; and toilets, boiler room, and fan under the stack. [ 231 ] < < K -C o z ci: H _g z a: Eh >' Uh 3 o O (T cd ^ O "i- w CQ ^ > >-<- S3 u « o < 7, OS < m e o -t « hJ OJ H z -M .,C cu CO J S o o w n c S ^ -a r 2 3 8 3 J3 nC n -U aj 7; _fl H-l n H O ? _C ^ c ni , — 1 [_ -a g -5 1- -o !^ s O o B ■^ n tiC t-i c m QJ nj r> z _D < T3 J C a. r^ (J ir cS o Cfi c o b h B f- o c/) 3 K cd -o OJ fc cd > OJ T3 B - -Q M LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING SCALt-z. Fig. 296. FIRST FLOOR PLAN CARROLL PARK BRANCH LIBRARY, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Wm. B. Tubby & Bro., Architects Frank P. Hill, Librarian Directly under the stack room and delivery desk, is located a stage and auditorium with direct access to the street. To the left are three large study rooms and to the right a staff room, work room, janitor's quarters, and lavatories. [ 233 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 297. VIEW OF EXTERIOR Fig. 29X. STACK AND READING ROOM LOUIS GEORGE BRANCH LIBRARY, KANSAS CITY, MO. Chas. A. Smith, Architect ' □ d ur f. a. Wright, Librarian The open shelf principle is here fully developed as the stack room is entirely open to the readers and forms the principal architectural feature of the interior. [ 234 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 299, FIRST FLOOR PLAN 0-* O" ^~^^^" [F STOBjXGt STOC.E ROOM ITJtL BOILEE. ROOM IB-8XI+0' r P ^^ — VEST. U COCE.IDOIL 48',ol{30 VOaK ROOM SCALE, or FEET ASSEMBLY BOOM 44-9XZ S-O' Fig. 300. BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN LOUIS GEORGE BRANCH LIBRARY, KANSAS CITY, MO. Note that the assembly roo:n in the basement ^^^^e reached tWgh a sid^^^ directly from the street, without passmg through the hbrary proper. [ 235 THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 301. :i I--5-5- ■5-6- n\ U!ILaQ>« tfn 3TACX R.OO(A -"OP Q IT Tf Q Q fH—Jt Q QQQQ o QOQQ UOANOESK a OOOO CHILDR-EM '0 .1 ■PUBklC r-t si-'-o" 1- QQOD ADULTS D QQQQ •4 o o f O -1 1- 4 UJ _ < u :•£ o o d3 s o -I QQQQ OODO O, PI n^ « ^^ _ O oooa o L^^. a SCALEJ 15 EO 2S 30 3S Fig. 302. FIRST FLOOR PLAN SOUTHBORO PUBLIC LIBRARY, SOUTHBORO, MASS. Alfred Cookman Cass, Architect Miss Francena E. Buck, Librarian Basement floor contains stack room, public documents and unpacking rooms, boiler room and storage space. [ 236 ] LIBRARY PLANNING^ BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 303. ENTRANCE VIEW Fig. 304, DELIVERY ROOM, WITH STACK AT LEFT PROCTOR PUBLIC LIBRARY, PROCTOR, VT. Harry Leslie Walker, Architect Mary K. Norton, Librarian The stack room, placed directly opposite the entrance, contains a two-tier Snead Standard Stack with colonial design range fronts. [ 237 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. r.05. Fig. 306. FIRST FLOOR PLAN WHITINSVILLE PUBLIC LIBRARY, WHITINSVILLE, MASS. R. Clipston Sturgis, Architect Mrs. W. H. Fullrr, Librarian The two-tier Snead Standard Stack is contained in the basement and first stories and carries the roof above it. Besides the boiler and storage rooms, the basement also contains a bindery, an unpacking and branch room and a large working space. [ 238 ] LIBRARY PLANNING BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 307. VIEW OF EXTERIOR ^CALt Fig. MAIN FLOOR PLAN NEWTOWN PUBLIC LIBRARY, NEWTOWN, PA. Henry L. Reinhold, Jr., Architect W. E. Martindale, Librarian This shows a typical plan for a small town library. The floor space has been divided into three units: stack room, general reading room and children's reading room, arranged in such manner as to allow supervision by a single attendant. Provision has been made for the addition of another tier of Snead Standard Stack. [ 239 ] z < _^ Oh « o o J b n Q nJ Z t-l o J3 u w >-^ Q Z w" :s ^ U < w OS ;^ >- o C/J CO . >H £ < J o o cu J "S m ^1 p < 0- i w <( rn u p < o m < tf <; >H Cfi C/J z < < •-5 — ^ fc OS o o J b H cfi 05 PARLIAMENTARY AND STATE LIBRARIES BRITISH COLUMBIA PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY ARKANSAS STATE CAPITOL WISCONSIN STATE CAPITOL SUPREME COURT LIBRARY, SALEM, OREGON LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig 313 BASEMENT FLOOR OF LIBRARY WING SHOWING FIRST TIER OF SNEAD STANDARD STACK BRITISH COLUMBIA PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, VICTORIA, B. C. [ 243 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. 111 \f^s^l^ Fig. 315. VIEW FROM QUEEN'S PARK. SHOWING NEW LIBRARY W^NG Fig. 316. THIRD FLOOR PLAN OF LIBRARY WING ONTARIO PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, TORONTO. ONTARIO George W. Gouinlock, Architect Avern Pardoe, Librarian This wing was designed to allow the addition of future stories above. The third and fourth stories are devoted to library purposes, the administration offices being placed in the third story on a level with the legislative rooms of the main building. Each of the two stories con- tains a two-tier Snead Standard Stack occupying the center of the floor space, while the space adjoining the windows is devoted to work and study rooms. [ 2U ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 317. VIEW IN LIBRARIAN'S OFFICE The single-faced, paneled back counter with shelving, opening on opposite side, the standing desk and the Unit System wall shelving with ledge, are all of Snead manufacture. Fig. .318. GENERAL VIEW OF BOOKSTACK. THIRD FLOOR A double-faced Snead Newspaper Counter entirely surrounds the stack, serving the triple purpose of a railing, a convenient storage space for bound newspaper volumes, and a long consulting table. ONTARIO PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, TORONTO, ONT. [ 245 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. Fig. 319. \IE\V OF EXTERIOR Fig. 32(1. SUPREME COURT LIBRARY ROOM ARKANSAS STATE CAPITOL, LITTLE ROCK, ARK. C.\ss GiLHERT, Architect Peyton D. English, Librarian A three-tier Snead Standard Stack is installed along two side walls, with a spiral stairway and con- necting galleries. This arrangement shows how a stack room can be combined with a reading room so as to give direct access to all books. [ 246 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 321. VIEW DURING CONSTRUCTION Fig. 322. UNIT SYSTEM SNEAD STANDARD STACK IN LIBRARY WISCONSIN STATE CAPITOL, MADISON, WIS. Geo. B. Post & Sons, Architects GiLSON G. Glazier, Librarian The Hbrary contains a Unit System Snead Standard Stack with solid paneled range fronts, ornamental card frames, steel base and cast iron cornice. It is planned to move the library into another wing as soon as the building is completed, altering the length of stack ranges where necessary to conform to the new conditions. [ 247 J THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. .j-'<^ Fig. 323. VIEW OF EXTERIOR t t t t t t t LI6LAR,Y 5TACK-- t t t ( T-a-fe)'o't3tff->0't3'-(>t t \ \ \ 1.^ t j ( t t r^r-i t t t i:iE3 -5TATL LIDI^AR:/ R.EADING R„O0/K\- 60'-0'. 15'-0" ■ ■ W ^CALL 5 10 15 ■LIBRARY 5TACK. zi-o'x&go" ■21 20 2J JO 35 Fig. 324. LIBRARY FLOOR PLAN, SECOND STORY SUPREME COURT AND LIBRARY BUILDING, SALEM, ORE. W. ('. Knighton, Architect Miss Edna M. Hawley, Librarian The library consists of one room with reading space in the center and a two-tier Snead Standard Stack on either side. This allows readers to work among the books and gives a spacious architectural effect. [ 24.S ] SOCIETY AND INSTITUTE LIBRARIES NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY RHODE ISLAND MEDICAL SOCIETY BOSTON ATHENAEUM PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS PHIPPS PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION BUILDING MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL FACULTY OF MARYLAND jz; ^ rt E- OJ -^ j_) -LJ g; "^ >-- ^ H W O O y E o H C/3 £ a. S < X 2 lo o 0) OJ - > £ O ID [in U " 2 SP-c O ffl ^ ^ S >2 o o M 5 '^ a c o -o o 00 c 0) M -^ Ti CO cC (C is -e ••- TJ CO CD (0 = "! ■" ffl .5 S ' c S OJ OJ c " ^ — S a-g Q « O U Z O o d z 3 tD CO » _g iH cd -g f- O P *" o ^ CQ § ■£ ^ - -^ " _ 5 ■ >i S Q. I >1i ■s-g 5* cfl = o S^ R c O) '13 m ^ b r. - =§ (0 cd g (fl T3 c c :2 M 3 — S 2 -P cd tj ^ ca i| 0) I i £ i ^ ° -c -S -o ™ o ; IS cd o e o _ O u (A s o t-. OJ 01 g: ^ grS >. ^ ^ ^ 3 re 11 3 _5> 3 « rf ■= - S ^ 3 3 ' ^ M ■" o E " o c O «J o S S5 S o oi -g S c ■^ «^ ^ - 1 -s w be 3 2 .£ ^ § S o ^ 0) 13 .^ I 2 = a i5 fc o a. 0) OJ -^ ■ u o ■• w o S3 0, 2 -a c £ CO IJ n 0) S J= -a bx) - 11 2" — >> - J= .S CO J- M ■" 2^ 2^ t ■^ 5 ■^•=12 s :5 ■22 '5 o S E ^ jc be o iS o -c H ^ S W 2 S LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 326. HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA, E. L. Stevenson, Secretary AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY, Bauman L. Belden, Director Charles P. Huntington, Architect n^vv York City Fig. .327. AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK CITY Charles P. Huntington, Architect D. Randall MacIver, Librarian The three buildings illustrated on this page form a group on upper Broadway and 156th Street. They were erected with funds given by Mr. Archer M. Huntington. Snead Standard Stacks are in use in the Hispanic Society and Geographical Society buildings. [ 251 ] THE SNEAD AND COMPANY IRON WORKS, INC. 1 N" ,H^l^V^ ^t IN '_^ \'-\ '*F-f V y |- K. 329. FIRST FLOOR PLAN RHODE ISLAND MEDICAL SOCIETY, PROVIDENCE, R. I. Clarke, Howe & Homer, Architects Dr. Geo. D. Hershey, Librarian A three-tier Snead Standard Stack has been installed in the stack room and Snead Standard wall shelving in the committee room on the first floor. Excepting the stack room, the entire second story is devoted to an assembly hall, while the basement con- tains a large lunch room and kitchen, book storage space and boiler room. An apart- ment of four rooms and bath, with entrance hall connecting directly with the street is located in the basement, below the stack room. [ 252 ] LIBRARY PLANNING, BOOKSTACKS AND SHELVING Fig. 330. THIRD FLOOR PLAN Fig. 33L FIRST FLOOR PLAN BOSTON ATHEN^UM, BOSTON, MASS. BiGELOW & Wadsworth, Architects of remodeling Chas. K. Bolton, Librarian In remodeling the building, the old alcove arrangement was retained but all wood stacks were replaced by metal Snead Standard Stacks. New fireproof floors and windows were constructed and all interior finish was made of noncombustible material. The architecture of the old building has been followed in this new work. 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