397 H 55 ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY SD 397.P8H53"""'™"'""-"'"'^ '^°UN?ii«iiR.?PP'*' PoPu'us tremuloides & P 3 1924 002 973 877 ^<^>^ Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002973877 NOTES ON POPPLE Populua tremuloides & P. grandidentata A MINOR REPORT Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master In Forestry by Paul Anthony Herbert B,S, Ithaca N« Y« 1922 One Year Old Sprout Study. Location:- Two zailes out of Tupper lake on the Saranac Road. North aide of raad In old burn. Part of the area has "been planted by the state. Site:- G-entle slope. Soil fresh white sand. Covered with amat of moss and in places with goldenrods and r;;ra3s. Site only about 15 feet above the level of a beaver J)ond. On a plot of 36 aq. ft. containing only two tree stumps and no others within ton feet of the plot, all the sprouts were counted ani mensured. The two g. populous trexnuloides 'measured one inch and three inches at ground level. They were eleven years old when cut by the beavers for thpir damia, and from all appearances were re- moved last yaar. All the sprouts were one year old, and most of them (49) were root sprouts. A few stump sprouts were present. Ht. No. 6" - 17 1ft.- ?^5 2 15 - 14 3 " - 10 Total - . 66 Total per Acre 79, .860. Ave. Ht. 1 .4 f6 >et. r> Photograph shows general appearance of the plot. Boundary of the plot marked by white pine stump and log to point^) The back boundary is marked by two X's. One Year Old Sprout Study continued. 0002 This piiotograph shows an eleven year old ?. tremuloides' stump 12 inches high and > inches in diameter. This tree was gnawed off by the heavers last year. This stump had on 13 stump sprouts, rang- ing from four to two feet in height. Ihe sprouts appeared at two distinct points on the s;^ump as shown "by the photo- graph, just above the surface of the ground and about one inch from the top of tme stump. The ground around the stump was heavily covered with mosss. Very few sprouts from the roots were around this stump. These sprouts were all in very healthy condition, but as popple rots very gfuickly it is doubted whether they will be effective. The lack of root sprouts in this individual may be due to the heavy covering of moss, as light stimulation seems to have something to do v^ith the production of root sprouts. This photo shows a :^ew of the root sprouts jroduced by a one inch oopple stump X. There are eleven root sprouts and five stump sprouts in this photograph. One year old sprout study coiitlnued. 0'"'ii''"' The following is a count of root sprouts oricxinati-.'x ^^o'j}. one four inch( ground level) P. tremuloUides cut the previous summer. Ht. No. t25 of these sprouts showed mildew, pro"ba"b/ly 9-12" - 5 13-lBB - 39 caused by too much shade. 9^ of them had aead 19-24" ^ 41 25-30" - 37 tops, due to the same thin;:'-. Many sprouts had 31-36|; - 23 37-42" - 15 already been killed by too much competition with 4-^-48" - 4 49f<54" f< briers and grasses. Where the ground cover ?ms r,5^60" - _1_ ^ low and dense there viere few sprouts, whereas Total - 164 shade from overtopping trees did not seem to af- Ave. Ht. & 22" feet theri number. Popple seems to sprout from latent buds( not necessarily from nodes) on roots, which run through the ground just an inch or so below the surface. In no case were sprouts found to ori-jinate from roots more than two inches linder the ground, usually less; at times they were only covered with litter and humus of which there was very little. Some roots on these sites immediatly sink to depths of from one to two feet. These are always the larger roots. Others will ex- tend like slender cords Just below the surface for tv;enty feet or more giving rise at frequent intervals to clumps ( 3 to 10 per clump) of sprouts. ©4-" ©6 6H OS Tiiree Year Old Sprout Study. OOO'i Location: - Tupper Lake Jc. just beside hand car house west of station. Site; - Soil white sand, fresh. No humus, litter scanty, ground cover light consisting only of grass. D ata ; - Area had been covered with a twenty year old stand of P. treau- lo ides, which had been cut off four years ago. The sprouts are all three years old. All sprouts and stumps were measured and counted on a six foot square, as shown in the adjacent diagram. Ql.S" OS' Ht. No. 8 ft. 4 7 5 6 9 5 3 4 8 3 6 2 _g Total & 40 living sporuts. 26 dead sprouts all under thpee feet in height 48,400 living sprouts per acre. The Effect of Popple on Underplanted Conifers. 0o05 These two photographs taken at Axton show plainly the effect of popple on the underjilanted pine. This white pine was |)lanted in 1902 (exact year?) when the popple was already eight years old. Remarks ;- The pine is still Mdly suppressed by the popple, but shows a slow but sure gain upon the more intolerant popple. 0006 The Effect of Popple on Underplanted Conifers, The two photographs upon this page were takeh at the site of the first state planting along the state road leading from Tupper Lake to Saranac. I This print shows the general appearance of the country- The stump in the foreground is a white pine stump about three feet across* The soil at the present time is white sand with practically no humus or litter. The growth consists of scat tered patches of popple, which is rather poorly developed. This picture shows the difference in the growt h of the popple and the spruce under conditions of no light compe- tition, and very little root competition. The popple is 12 years old and 18 feet high. The underplanted spruce is Six The Growth of Popple in a svfaap. 000^ Locality; This swamp is directly behind Square Pond on the road from Tupper Lake to Saranac Inn. Site d escription ; This is a typical Adirondack swamp. The ground cover con- sists of mosses, ferns, ■blueberries, etc. The land adjacent was formerly covered with a mixed hardwood and softwood stand. The soil is nearly pure white sand. "Vhite pine must have been in the mixture, as several veterans five feet in diameter are still stand- ing. The forest is encroaching upon the swamp. Data ; The area shown in the photograph is along the edge of the swamp, and marks thjs line of invasion of tree growth. The popple located here can be described as follows: Age 18 years; Height 6 to 14 feet; D.B.H. 1 to 3 Inches. The foliage is pale green and the leaves are comparatively small* The balsam, spruce, and larch show by far better growth than the popple. Comparative Growth Study- O' 08 Soil - Sand. Topography - Flat. Locality:- South of Square Pond on the west fcSide of the road from Wawbeek to Upper Saranac. Poreat Description:- Soil nearly pure white sand. Litter light. Ground cover moderate. No reproduction. Humus on B. grandidentata V/A" » t6'x16' Plot in P. grandidentata. D.B.H. .No. D.B.H. No* D.6.H. No. 1.1" 1 1.5" 2 2.6 1 1.3 1 2.0 4 3.2 1 1.4 2 2.1 2 3.3 1 1.8 2 2.2 1 3.8 1 1.9 1 2.4 1 3.9 4.1 2 2.5 1 4.0 2 „«'X i ■ jSph^ '^' -^l^^^^^^H . ■■ --^' ^■**; - i- . /'^' ««^ - '^' %■ "^^^^JMI \_.j^ W^ ■m ■-.•■-'-v. .S*"^ '■■■ '■--.S^^- Age D.B.H. Ht. Vol. * Snore.' lOyr. 1.i" 17* .0?cu.ft. J( 'Trees per A. 4254 20 2.5 29 .54 I5jf 'Basal area I06sq.ft. Volume per acre 2297 cu. ft. The p. grandidentata were larger, healthier, and straighter. No difference could be noted in the site. Til® P.tremuloides plot can "be seen in the "background. Comparative Growth Study. 0009 Soil - Sand. Topography - Plat. Locality:- Juat north of P.grandidentata plot, s>n slightly higher ground although neariB the pond. Forest description the same as for the P. gran- didentata plot Although the humus covering seemed to he slightly greater. 16' X 16' Plot in P- tremuloides. D.B.H. No. D.B. H. No. 1.1" 1 2.1 3 1.2 2 2.4 3 1.8 1 2.5 4 2.0 2 2.6 2 Age D.B.H, Ht. Vol. Increment lOyrs. 1.2" 15' ,04 cu.ft. Ji 20 2.1 21 .33 15^ 'J I- " V .1 - i "..^ ,.'^;>.' %, ; ^ .11 j|, ■ \ ( H: -i^ i|V' 1* --•f^^ kf ' No. of Trees per acre 3062 Basal area " " 67 sq.ft. Volume " " 1010 cu.ft. Growth Study. 00 iO « History of area. All of the land lying between the fields south- west of Moody and extending about 3/4 of the way up the slope of Mt« Morris has been burned over at least twice. Part of the upper section is a level bench. There must have been a fire about 35 years ago to ac- count for the large popple 6f this age found here and there over the area. The result of this fire was to reduce the ntimber of softwoods and liberally sprinkle the area with popple. A large amount of maple ccime in about this time, partly due to the fire • and also due to the logging operations whicEih took place about this time. A second fire occurred ejjfcher in 1903 or 1904. This fire destroyed nearly all Ike popple resulting from the other fire. Practically all that remain show a dis- tinct fire scarjrf, as can be seen in the ac- companying photograph. These scars were caused by the fire of t904. This last fire gave rise to four distinct types on the lower slopes of Mt. Morris* 1 . Pure popple where the fire killed off all the hardwoods and the conifers. 2. Mixed stands of popple and hardwoods, mainly maple. The popple is at present dominant, but the 0011 maple is making the fastest growth, and will soon over take and crowd out the popple* 3» Pure stands of hardwoods, where the fire did little damage, and where the popple did not gain a foothold* 4. Open areas, which were either so severely burned as to prevent tree growth or, what is more likely, a scarcity of tree seed allowed the area to be covered with a rank growth of grass and ferns, which prevented the rapid reestablishment of the forest* The forest is slowly reducing the size of this area* The following plot was taken in pure popple on this area»- 1/40 Acre* P.tremuloides. Popple H. Maple St* Maple Cherry Total D.B.H* Live Dead p er Acre ~T^ IT'W 5 — 5 2720 2 46 t 3 2000 3 21 1 880 4 3 200 5 Total per A*3520 1600 360 200 120 5800 Age D.B.H* Height Volume Increment % Grown VO 1.9" 21* olS etJ« ft. 15'x5' 17 2.3 31 .44 14^ 10 1.2 23 .09 18 2.3 32 .58 19JC 13't 4' Basal area of live popple 110 sq. ft. Volume of live popple per acre 1795 cu. ft* Forest Description: -Soil, a white sand. Humus 2"* Litter heavy* Densit y 90ji* Too dense. Ground covered with brackeb 3' high* Popple showed leaf spot* Height growth in 1921 about 18"* Some of the larger trees making a growth of 20$C* Growth Study* Soil - Sandy loam Topography - Flat LocatiJan:- South of reseroir pond on Mt. Morris. History:- Part of area previously described as "buBned over 38 years ago. No fire here in 1904. Forest Description:- This seems to he an original spruce flat, although fire and logging has brought popple and other hardwoods into the stand. The humus on this particular site is one inche deep. litter moderate. The stand consists of P. trem- uloides with spruce, balsam, birch, and maple coming in. Blot 1260 sq. ft. D.B.H. No. 3" 1 7 3 D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. 8" 8 11" 1 9 . 2 Total number per acre 519* Age D.BH. 10 2" 20 3.6 30 6.8 37 8.4 Height Volume Increment ^ Crown 30' .37 cu. ft. 46 1.82 13J5 57 7.36 12 26'x 14' 63 11.69 6 Total basal area per acre 181 sq. ft. Total volume per acre 382 cu. ft. Remarks:- This shows a distinct falling off after the 30th year due to competition with the slower growing but more tolerant species. Growth Study. ^^. , ,,, Soil - Sand Topography - Flat. Locality:- On flat west of Square Fond.petveen the swamp and the pond. Forest Description:- Soil is a white sand and very fresh, being only 200 feet from the swamp. Humus 1/4". Litter very scanty. Grownd cover of ferns, scanty. Large areas covered with this sparse stand. Trees are making good growth now. Diameter increase of 1" in three years. A scanty amount o£ white pine, balsam, and sprftce repsoduction is present. 1/40 Acre. F. ^andldehta^a D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. .6" 1 1.9" 1 2.6" 1 1.0 2 2.0 1 2.7 2 1.1 1 2.1 2 2.8 1 1.3 5 2.2 1 2.9 2 1.6 2 2.3 2 3.0 1 2.4 I 2.5 2 3.2 1 Number of trees per acre. 1 V60 Basal area per acre 30 sq. ft. Valume per acre 420 cu. ft. Age D.B.H. Height Volume Increment % Crown 10 1.1" 10' .06 cu.ft. 17' X 8' 19 2.5 24 .36 lt9.< 0014 Growth Study. Soil - Sand Topography - Flat Location:* On flat southwest of Square Pond- Forest Description:- This site is only about 20 chains from the previous plot on the last page. The Stand is much denser, and shows a better growth* in the first ten years. The stand is too dense, so a falling off in growth is noticaftle. The soil is the same^ hut is not as fresh as the site described on the last page. Humus 1/2" and litter light to moderate. A ground cover of ferns is present. There is no reporduction of any kind. The stand is a mixture of P.tremuloides and P. grandidentata. The bigger trees are invariable, in this case, grandidentata. 1/160 of an Acre. D.B.H ;. No. D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. .6 3 1.3 1 2.0 2 .7 3 1.4 1 2.^ 2 .8 1- 1.5 1 2.2 3 .9 1 1.6 1 2.3 1 1.1 2 1.8 2 2.4 1 1.2 3 1.9 1 2.6^ 1 1.3 Number of trees per acre » 4800. Basal area per acre 69 sq. ft. Age D.B.H. Height Volume Increment jC Grown |« 1.2" 13 .95 cu.ft. 19 1.6 21 .*? 13^ 7'x 5' Volume per acre 835 cu. ft. Growth Study. 0015 Soil - Sandy loam Topography - Flat Location:- At Square Pond. On the east side of the road, where the road runs along the pond. History;- This stand is slightly older than the stands on the other side of the road around the pond, and is evidently the result of a local fire here 22 years ago. Forest Description:- Soil a fresh sandy loam, only about 8" deep wit h a hardpan of sand underneath. Humus is 2" deep and litter moderate. The ground cover is scanty. There is a moderate amount of H. maple reproduction. Much of the birch is dying. Plot 256 sq. ft. in P,tremuloides. D.B.H. Popple W.Birch D.B.H. Popple Y. Birch .6" 3 2.1" 1 .8 2 2.2 1 .9 3 2.4 2 1.0 2 2.5 2 1.1 2 2.6 2 1.2 2 2.7 2 1.3 1 2.8 2 1.5 1 2.9 2 1.6 2 3.0 1 1.8 1 3.1 1 1.9 3 1 3.2 1 2.0 1 3.5 1 Total number of popple per acre 4424 Total number of white birch per acre 2724 Grand total per acre 7148 Affe D.B.H. Height Volume Increment % Grown to .9" 15" .03 cu.ft. 20 r.9 25 .2t 19^ aa 2.2 28 .32 20 10'x 5' ..- Basal area per acre of popple 134 sq.ft. Volume of popple per acre 1245 cu. ft. Growth Study. 0016 Soil - Sandy loam Topography - Plat Location:- Square Pond. Just over bridge, by Conservation TEommlssion Camp Site. History:- This area burned over 37 years ago and again lightly some 20 years ago. It formerly sup- ported a good stand of timber. Forest Description:- Flat next to pond. Soil a deep fresh sandy loam. Humus is one inch deep^ and litter moderate. Ground covered with brackenfrom dense to moderately. Crown density .5 The larger part of this area is covered with white birch with a sprinkling of popple. Plot taken where popple was dominant • l/40nof Acre P. tremuloides. D.B.H. Popple W. Birch Red pine W. Pine 2 1 ) 1 2 6 2 3 4 5 6 2 5 6 Total 3 1 2 -1 per A. 880 28 40 80 1280 It was evident on this site that popjile was more tolerant than white l>4rch. 0017 Growth Study. Soil:- Sandy loam Topography: Flat. Location:- Along watermain just in front of Camp Cornell I920f(21 Forest Description: -(This is in the same general area as the other plots taken on MT. Morris* A sample plot was taken in this area by Vettel in 1920.) Soil a fesh sandy loam. Humus 1/2", litter light. G-rovind cover of moss, grass, goldenrods, striped maple, and bracken. There is a little hard maple repooduction. P, Tremuloides Age D.B.H. H eight Volume Increment % Crown . To "TTS^ ~T2^ "709^ 20 3.0 30 .65 15J( 22 3.2 34 .96 t9 10 2.0 23 .32 20 4.3 43 2.01 14J{ F. grandidentata 10 1;6 21 .17 20 4.2 33 U13 15^ 23 4.4 38 2.31 9 0018 Growth Study Soil:- Sandy loam Topography:- Flat Location:- These stem analysis were made in the popple stands east of Camp Cornell 1920-21 along the old Mt. Morris trail. Vettel(l920) made some sample plots here* History is the same as for the rest of this area. Popple all from the second fire in 1904* Forest Description:- Litter scanty. Humus 1/2". Reproduction very scanty. Hard maple . Pure popple of lOOjC density. Ground cover moderate. A little hracken and goldenrod present. P, tremuloides Age D.B.H, Height Volume Increment J< Crown 10 1.0" 15' .06 cu. ft. 12'x 5* Ir9 2_,% 30 .42 16j{ Int ermed. 10 .7 11 .04 3'x 9' tS 1,3 19 .09 14 Suppressed 10 1.4 21 .17 16'x 6' 20 3.2 "35 .90 M Co-dominant 10 3.0 26 .65 10'x 35' 18 6.4 47 4.37 2? Dominant 0C19 Growth Study Soil - Sand Topography - Flat. Locality;- South of Square Pond on the west side of the rodd from Wawbeek to Upper Saranac* Two plots taken side by side one in P- tremu- loides and the other in P. grandidentata . Forest Description:- Soil nearly pure white sand. Litter light. No reproduction present. Plot in P. ;tremuloidesva. 16'x 16' D.B.JJ* No. D.B.H, No. D.B.H. No. 1.1" 1 1.9" 1 1.5" § 1.3 1 2.0 4 2.4 1 1.4 2 2.1 a 2.5 1 1.8 2 2.2 1 2.6 1 Trees per acre 3062; Volume per acre 157 cu. ft. Age. D.B.H. Ht. fol. 10 1.2" 15' .04 cu. ft. 20 2.1 21 .33 Growth Study Soil!- Sandy loam Togographyt- Spruce Plat Location:- On nort h side of road just west of Cross Clearing* History:- There evidently had "been a fire here about 40 years ago, but could not have been very sever- Forest Description;- This area seems to be a typical spruce flat. It at the present time covered with a growth of softwoods, hardwoods, and popple* The soil is a deep, fresh, sandy loam* The humus is from one to one and one half inches deep* The litter is heavy, with practically no ground cover. The density is nearly lOOjC except where an old popple has died* Observations:- The popple on this site is fully mature and is rapidly dying. However, it has suc- cessfully withstood the competition of the other species present, especially the conifers* The popple is from 10 to 15 inches in diameter and the spruce, balsam, and white pine is from 4 to 7 inches* 0021 Growth Study. Soil - Sandy loam Topography:- Slope Location:- Northwest shore of Big Simonds Pond, about one mile from the road. Plot about 20 feet from the shore. Forest Description:- Soil a fresh, sandy loam. In spots it is shallow and at others modeHate. Humus moderate to scanty. Usviilly less than 1" j No underbrush. The popple and the white birch forms the over story, i.e. those species which seeded in immediately after the fire and grew rapidly. The understory, which is slowly creaping up is composed of the climatax type tw this site i.e, of hemlock, balsam, spruce, white cedar, harift maple, etc. The popple is still in a healthy condition. It is all P. grandidentata. 1/10 of an Acre. D.B.H. Popple White Hem- Bal- White Spruce Hard Misc, To- Birch lock sam Cedar Maple tal 1" 6 40 6 12 1 1 2 4 15 12 5 2 1 3 11 10 1 1 4 4 12 5 9 4 6 3 7 7 1 t „8 _1 _ Total per A. 350 550 530 110 150 20 10 3 690 2 410 250 160 130 100 20 30 50 1770 Growth Study. Soil:- Sandy loam Topography:- Slope Location:- Twenty yards from the northwest shore of Big Simonda Pond, about 1/2 its length. History:- Probably a light fire about 27 years ago. Forest Description:- Gentle slope. Soil fresh. Humus about 1". Litter scanty to moderate. No ground cover present. A light sprinkling of soft- wood reproduction. Obsexnrations;- As will be noted from the sample plot on the next page white birch and yellow birch 8V« the most important species on this site. On this site the popple appears more intolerant than the white birch. The softwoods, consisting of hemlock, cedar, spruce, and balsam make up the under story. It therefore appears that in about fifty years time this area will be predominantly coniferous. Just why the white birch and the yellow birch out- number the popple cannot be explained by any reference to site conditions. A ggod seed year for thfese species, coupled with their chance occurrence near the site is, I believe, the abst important reason. Aa average size popple is 3.4"D.B.H. 39* high. Schiffelfe 1.68 cu. ft. volume of average popple 791,86 cu. ft. volume per acre. Pressler' s 1,49 cu. ft. volume of average popple 701 ,24 cu. ft. volume per acre. Growth Study. OOSC 1/10 of an acre plotfsee last page) D.B.H. Pop- Y. Beech St. Soft- Total White PlQ Birch Maple woods per A. Birch •o^ 5 2 150 8 •7 10 1 1 230 11 .8 6 1 120 5 •9 9 130 4 1.0 7 11 170 8 1.^ 7 1 1 no 2 1.2 4 1 2 2 170 8 1.3 1 2 1 70 3 1.4 3 1 60 2 1.5 1 4 11 110 4 1.6 2 1 30 1.7 1 2 1 50 1 1 .8 60 6 1.9 1 1 30 1 IQO 1 1 70 5 2.4 2 1 ' 50 2 2.2 3 2 70 2 2.3 3 1 60 2 2.4 1 2 1 60 2 2.5 1 1 11 100 6 2.f 2 1 50 2 2.8 1 1 60 4 2.9 ^ • 1 40 3 3.0 2 40 2 3.1 a 50 3 3.2 t 1 30 tr 3.3 1 30 2 3.4 2 50 3 3.5 3 80 5 3.6 1 30 2 3.7 4 50 V 3.8 1 10 3.9 1 '0 4.0 1 1 30 1 4.1 1 30 2 4.2 4 70 3 4.3 3 40 ^ 4.5 1 9 4.7 5.5 10 1 4.8 1 20 1 4.9 1 IS 5.0 1 ^0 5.3 1 20 1 5.4 1 . 9 10 5.6 1 10 5.7 _ _ _ _ _ _L0^ -X. Total per A. 470 640 40 210 150 2720 1210 0024 Growth Study. Soil - Sandy loam Topography - Flat. Location:- Near the nprthern end of Upper Saranac on the eaat side of the road, just where the road makes a 90 degree turn to the west. Forest Bescription:- This is a dense stand of about 42 years old mixed with softwoods and with hardwoods. A light fire must have "burned over this area at this time, as the popple are all of this age. They are fast losing thetB dominant place. The soil is a deep sandy loam, with a covering of humus of over 2". The litter is also deep. The reproduction is mod- erate, consisting of ||.maple, spruce, hemlock, balsam, and beech in the order of frequency. There is very little ground cover* although the crown cover is very irregular due to the dying popple. Density .9. Popple 10" and 11" D.B.H. is about 70 feet high. 1/19 Acre. P.tremuloides. D.B.H. Popple Hem-- S. Maple Bal- Y. Spruce W. Dead Live lock sam Birch Birch P~ TV 12 TS~ 7 F" i '' f- 2 6 3 12 2 2 3 2 3 7 2 2 4 3 4 11 5 2 1' 1 3 6 2 4 7 8 1 t^ 9 14 10 4 11___^__ __ __ _- Total 90 170 210 150 400 50 120 40 per A. Grand total per acre 114r 0025 Growth Study* Soil - Sandy loam Topography - Plat. Location:- West of Square Pond. History:- Burned over about 52 years. Area once covered with mixture of hardwoods and of softwoods, in- cluding some white pine over five feet D.B.H. Forest Description^- Soil very fresh white sandy loam, just a»ff swamp. Humus only 1/2?' , litter mod- erate. No ground xzovee. 1/40 of an Acre. Popple Balsam D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. 2 2 \ 1 1 2 4.6" 1 1.0" 1 2.4 4.9 1 1.2 V 2.5 6.7 1 1.4 1 2.6 7.9 1 1.5 3 3.0 8.4 1 1.9 1 3.3 11.2 J_ 2.1 1 3.6 Total per A. 240 Basal area popple 76 sq. ft. Basal acea halsam 54 sq. ft. Spruce White Pine D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. .6" 1 4.4" 1 .7 1 6.5 1 .8 1 6.9 r .9 1^ 7.3 1 "1,1 P-\ 10.3 1 1.2 - 1 . — - 3.6 _i_ — Total per A. 280 200 Basal area spruce 4 sq.ft. Basal area white pine 598q.ft. Total number of trees per A. 1600 Total basal area per acre 193 sq.ft. D.B.H. No. 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.8 6.0 880 Height of Popple jB.B.H. Ht. 5" 45* 7 54 9 60 10 63 11 68 12 65 14 69 Ave. height 61 feet. G.A.I, of Popple ^.B.H. fi 11" 5i 10 3 7 4 5 2 14 3 0026 Growth Study. Soil:- Sandy Loam Topography:- Slope Location:- Southeast shore of Big Simonds Pond, not far from the red bridge over the Raquette River, History:- This area has been logged several times to small diameters, evidently taking cordwood for the neighhoring cottages. This has given rise to the pole hardwoods that partially cover this area. A light fire about 55 years ago gave rise to the popple occuring in the mixture. These popple are all mature and the hardwoods, beech, birch, and maple, are over topping them. Forest Description:- This is a moderat e slope, with deep fresh sandy loam soil. There is very little humus present, but a moderate amount of litter. Boulders are scattered over the area. There is no underbrush, but a moderate amount of birch and maple reproduction. Near the house a large number of popple sprouts have resulted from the cutting of the mature trees. These sprouts are healthy, but the density of the stand will eliminate them. Age D.B.H. Length Volume Increment % 10 2.7" 40' .83 cu.ft. 20 7.9 50 8.15 16^ Ave. height 30 14.0 60 29.88 11 40 15.5 64 42.33 3 of popple 50 17.0 68 52.56 2 54 17.4 71 54.98 1 64 feet. Remarks:- This tree was the largest iaamined any- where. All the popple 4n this area were large rang- ing from 8 inches up. Af^ter the thirtieth year there is a marked falling off in growth. Growth Study 00^'*''' Soil:- ??? Topography:- Slope Loaction:- Axton above creek* in the underplanted area. History:- This area was burned over some 28 years ago and under planted by Dr. Fernow about 1900. The planting was done v^ithout removing the existing popple stand. Forest Description!- See A, Merrillfe thesis. for details. Area now thickly Govereu. with a mixture of popple, hardwood reproduct ion and the underplanted conifers. Humus scanty and litter moderate toscanty. 250 Sq. Ft. D.B.H. Popple liThite Scotch Total Live Dead Pine Pine per Acre. 1»' 2 3 6 5 2 4 6 3 1 1 2787 1568 523 4 5 6 ■ 2 1 349 174 Total per A. 2265 697 1742 697 5401 D.B.H. Ace D.BH. Length Volume Increment % Crown to .9" 8^ .02 20 1.# 12 .11 13^ 7'x 3' 37 1.7 20 .18 6 Remarks:- This area must have been burned over very severljt. Further up the slope the trees show a somewhat better growth, reaching heights of 40 feet and diameters of 4". Growth Study Soil:- Sandy Topography:- Slop* Location:- On the North shore of Tupper Lalce. History and Forest Description: -(Dictated by Professor Spring) This area composes a narrow strip burned on the margin of the lake about 2 to 3 chains wide. The burn probably occurred 23 years ago. The formerly possessed a good growth of white pine in mixture with other softwoods and hardwoods. It had been 14mbered before the fire occurred. Soil is of glacial origin, mostly sand. Large rocks and boulders present. The soil is generally deep, well drained&fresh. The fire consumed most of the humus, so that at present the humus is very light although the litter is fairly deep. The forest is composed of popple, white birch, and groups of hardwoods. There is no underbrush. In plac^es there are dense patches of hard maple reproduction 6" to 2 feet highj in others the ground is bear or with moss on it. Conclusion:- (Prof. Spring) Probable gradtial loss of popple overtopped by white birch and subsequent replacement by hardwoods. A little hemlock is coming in along edge, bpt not abundant. Probably typical of such marginal strips on lakes burned over by campers. Age D.B.H. Length Volume Increment % 10 1.7' If .14 cu.ft. 80 3.4 28 .80 15^ 22 3.7 30 1.t5 30 Growth Study Soil:-fiand Topography:- Gentle Slope Location:- West of Tupper Lake on the north aide of the Axton road. On the first state land outside the village. History:- Burned over badly 13 years ago. Logged over previous to that. Original stand a mixture of hard and soft woods including white pine. Forest Description:- Soil a reddish sand, fresh and deep. No humus and very little litt«r. Stand of popple very irregular. Open spots either of bear sandy covered with moss, or a covering of g rass and briers. Popple all of one age. It has made no attempt to fill up the vacant areas, by root sprouting. Plot 150 sq. Ft. D.B.H. No. D.B.H. No. D.B.H. .6" 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 1 1 1 4 1.5" 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 1 4 1 3 1 1 2.4" 2.6 2.7 2.8 Total 27 No. 1 1 2 1 Popple per acre 7841 Sample tree 1 ;8"D.B.H.,Age 12, Ht. 21ft. Volume by Pressler' s 1.82 cu. ft. ^'-j^-iV f" N^ Volume per acre 14,270 cu. ft. Growth Study 0030 Soil:- Sandy loam Topography:- Slope Location:. North of the railroad and the shingle mill at Tupper Lake Junction. Hi story: -This site has been burned over several times, the last severe fire having taken place about nine years ago. This fire completly dest. royed every thing on the area. Forest Description:- Moderate slope with southern exposure. ) Soil a sandy loam, fresh, and deep. Boulders » Humus none Litter light Moderate a*' mount of bracken and ferns. Original stand consisted of mixed hardwoods and softwoods. 1/40 Acre Plot. D.B.H. Popjile Ch»rry Yellow Birch Willow. .6" .7 .8 .9 1.0 l.t 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 U6 1.7 1.8 12 10 12 9 13 n 13 8 4 2 5 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 Total Popple 103 Total popple per acre 4120 Total Misc. per acre 560 Total 4680 f. grandidentata ag e 8 years. Sample tree D.B.H. 1.0" Height I5ft. Volume .045cu. ft. VolMitisiJi popple per acre 185 cu. ft. Germination Study 0031 Location and Condition of Parent Trees ;- Tree No, 1:- P.tremuloides 5" D.B.H. growing on the iouth aide of Six Mile Creek about 1/3 mile below the lower D.L.&W. switchback. The tree is growing on a flat, but is exposed on the north and west sides. This site was evidently burned over both at the time this tree occupied the site eind at least once since then. The soil is deep and fresh, being a glacial clay loam* The tree shows signs of deterioration. Tree No. 3:- P.tremuloides, small tree 2" D.B.H. growing on the top of the hillock by the lower D.L.A W. switchback* This tree is still in the prime of its growth, growing on a deep sandy soil and is ex- posed equally on all sides* Tree No* 4:- P* tremuloides, 6"D.B.H. growing on the same hillock as No* 2, but with a southern exposure, free still growing vigorously and showing no sign of decay* Tree No. 5:- P» grandidentata, 4" |3«B*K,. growing on the same site as Tree No.V; This tree is one of a clump about Schains from the railroad track. Tree in excellent health* Proceydure t* The seed from Trees 1,9,4 was collected on May SUhof this year* In all cases it was taken from catkins still on the tree, but already part ially open. The seeds were placed in gtass cont ainers and kept in the laboratory* No care was taken in keeping them at the same temperature or moisture con- ditions* The containers were not air tight. The seed from Tree No, 5 was collected one week later, namely May 15, 1922. The grandidentatat seemed to be about a week behind the tremuloides in its leaf and seed development. The seeds were planted in a i)oor quality sand, not very clean. Where the sand came from I do not know. It was being used in plastering work in the building. The sand was placed in a box six inches deep and placed in the green house. No attempt was made to sterilixe it. The seeds were never lacking in moisture, being watered as soon as the surface showed signs of drying. Germination record: Tree No. 5: Tree No. 1 : Tree No. 3: Tree No. 4: Planted May 9 (20 seeds) ditto ditto May 11: 1 8 18 3 17 1 13 5 17 1 U 6 19 1 15 7 19 1 Planted May 13 (20 seeds) ditto rlitfo May t3 7 U 19 4 15 2 20 8 16 5 20 n 17 6 20 12 18 6 20 13 19 6 20 14 Planted May 17 (20 seeds) May 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 3 6 11 13 13 15 16 00.";; (20 seeda) May 24 g 2 25 9 13 26 16 29 17 Planted May 30 (^0 seeds) June 1 ' 7 2 13 3 15 5 17 Planted Jxme 7 (20 seeds) June 9 4 10 9 12 18 13 19 14 19 Planted June 14 (20 seeds) June 1 6 2 17 8 19 10 20 12 22 13 June 20 planted (10 seeds) June 24 3 29 3 1 9 IT 12 3 5 7 9 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 5 Planted June 27 (10 seeds) June 30 July 3 Note:- The .seeds were takeh without any care, as to fullness, vltAlity, etc. The box was not water from July 1 to July 20, but practically all of the seedlings were still alive des- pite the drying out of the first two inched of the sand. The mounts on the next sheet will explain the reason why. 0034 P. "tre rrt t/ /o i