»i§ MS! ■dS fcss fe? ,{&>>■• m ffemn fyxmll Uromitg |f itatg THE GIFT OF J«!]fokkiix£cT^ Avl OJLMr H; 2_hus asterias, in having a wider disk, more acute snout, much smaller prickles, and fewer spinules on back and tail. Three specimens obtained in the Astillero, the longest 18 inches in entire length. Type, No. 1700, L. S. Jr. U. Museum. This species is named for Dr. George Warren Rogers, a scholarly physician, native of Vermont, but long resi- dent in Mazatlan. 16. TJrolophus umbrifer Jordan & Starks n. sp. Occasionally taken with Urolofthus asterias, but much less common. Disk round, not wider than long, its length greater than tail; snout pointed, not exserted. Snout from eye, 4^ in disk; eyes equal to spiracles; mouth 2 in distance to tip of snout; caudal spine inserted in front of middle of tail; skin perfectly smooth. Color, brown above, with blackish cross-shades or bars, radiating from the shoulder; a dark band behind eyes, and one from eyes; caudal fin dark. One adult female specimen, the uterus containing four young. This is probably not identical with Garman's Urolophus nebulosus, being perfectly smooth and different in color. 17. Dasyatis longus G arm an. Rather common at Ma#atlan, where specimens were also taken by Dr. Gilbert; also recorded by Mr. Garman 39© CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 18 from Acapulco and from Panama, and by Evermann & Jenkins from Guaymas. 18. Pteroplatea crebripunctata Peters. Mantaraia. Very common on sandy shores everywhere about Ma- zatlan, from which locality it was originally described; also taken by Dr. Gilbert. Width of disk twice length to posterior end of anal slit; snout forming a regular curve from a little in front of middle of pectorals, a very small blunt projection at tip; anterior margin of disk convex near snout and lateral angles, pectorals concave medially ; posterior margin weakly convex; posterior angle broadly rounded; lateral angle sharply rounded ; distance from snout to a line drawn through lateral angles, 2^ times in distance to tip of tail. Interorbital a little wider than its distance to tip of snout ; eyes twice "spiracles; mouth equals snout, 6j4 in disk. Tail rat-like, with a scarcely perceptible fold of skin on its dorsal side. Ground color olive brown, everywhere with small dark points, not so close set as in Pteroplatea rava, indis- tinct greyish spots, half as large as iris, scattered over the body among the dark points, these spots are more dis- tinct on anterior edge of disk; tail mottled with darker; lower parts light. Markings, nowhere so distinct as in the next species-. Several specimens, the largest 15 inches long.' 19. Pteroplatea rava Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Man- taraia COLORADA. One specimen taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan. Length of disk 1% width; snout forming an angle which is almost a right angle ; pectorals slightly concave medially ; posterior margin of disk weakly convex ; pos- terior angle not broadly rounded, but curved in some- what suddenly; lateral angles acute. 19 FISHES OF SINALOA. 391 A line drawn through lateral angles would bisect a line from snout to tip of tail. Interorbital i^ in snout; eye 1% in spiracles; mouth 7 in disk, 1^ in snout; tail straight and slender, with a very slight fold on dorsal side. Ground color light olive brown, thickly set with sharp cut black points; conspicuous grey or white spots, half as large as iris, scattered over the body, around which the black spots form rings ; brighter yellowish spots and half spots around anterior edge of disk; tail mottled above with darker ; lower parts chiefly light orange red or rust colored in life. All the markings are very distinct and clear cut, the red- dish of the belly conspicuous. One specimen, 12 inches long. Type No. 1587, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 20. .astobatus narinari (Euphrasen). Gavilan. Rather common in the harbor of Mazatlan, where it was also taken by Gilbert; a beautifully colored species reaching a large size. Length of disk 1^ in width; proximal half of anterior margin of pectoral fins straight, distal half convex; pos- terior margin concave, the end of each ray forming a small scallop ; lateral angle sharp. Snout forming an angle, from its tip to division of nasal- lobes, 1^ times breadth of head; width of snout 1^ times distance from its tip to the division of nasal-lobes ; nasal- lobes projecting back over the moujji; width of mouth i}4 its distance to tip of snout; numerous blunt buccal papillas around upper dental plate and on ridge between nostrils; interorbital 4^ in disk; eyes smaller than spir- acles, which are as long as base of dorsal. Ventrals well rounded, 3^ in length of disk; tail 3^ times disk. First caudal spine equals base of dorsal, which is half second spine. 392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 20 Color bluish black with many round yellowish spots scattered equally over the back and ventral fins; spots about as large as eye on back, smaller on head, sometimes two spots run together forming an elliptical spot, about sixteen spots from eye along anterior margin of pectoral to lateral angle; posterior margin of pectoral very narrowly mar- gined with white; ventral side pearly white. From the description of sEtobatus latice-ps this species differs in the following respects : disk not so broad ; tail not so long; width of head and snout less; ventrals not truncated behind ; pectorals not margined with blackish ; spots on ventrals not assuming the form of ocelli. Five large specimens obtained; length of disk in each, 15 inches. This description has been compared by Dr. Barton W. Evermann, with specimens of sEtobatus narinari from Brazil. No difference of any importance appears, and in his judgment the Atlantic and Pacific Coast American forms are identical. Note. — This species has been several times obtained by Dr. Gilbert and others in the Gulf of California, hav- ing been identified as sEtobatus latic&ps of Gill. It does not, however, agree with Dr. Gill's description and there is no evidence that his specimen came from Mexico. sEto- batus laticefs was described from an example from un- known locality received from San Francisco. It is there- fore quite as likely to have come from Honolulu or from China, as from the"Gulf of California. The following is Dr. Gill's description: "A'etobatis latice-ps Gill. " The greatest width is rather more than twice as great as distance from snout to front of anus.-. The head is broad and nearly equals the distance from snout to divis- ion of nasal lobes. The snout is obtusely angulated in front, and at its sides is convex and scarcely angulated; 21 . FISHES OF SINALOA. 393 its width at a line in front of the nostril is as great as the distance from its point to interlobular nasal emargination,. The rostro-frontal fontanelle is constricted at its anterior third; the interval between the crests of the anterior por- tion enters about 2 ^ times in the interorbital area ; at the constriction, about 4 times; at the posterior portion, about 2 2 /^ times; the posterior portion gradually expands backy wards and terminates with an oval contour behind. The nasal lobes are about twice as long as wide, their length externally exceeding half the length or breadth of the rostral area. ' ' The dental plate has a triangular contour ; its anterior angle obtusely rounded. "The dorsal commences immediately behind the pec- toral fins. The ventral fins almost truncated behind, be- tween the well rounded angles; their breadth 2% times their length. The tail is four or five times as long as the body. "The color is bluish-black above, relieved on the head by numerous, but rather distinct, whitish or yellowish spots, smaller than eye, much larger on the body and be- hind towards the sides, and on the ventrols sometimes as- suming the form of ocelli ; below white ; pectorals mar- gined with blackish. "This species is closely related to A. narinari and its allies, and especially A. latirostris A. Dum., but is apparently distinguished by the combination of charac- ters given in the diagnosis. It belongs to the genus Gon- iobatis Ag., proposed for a species with a more angular lower dental plate than in A. narinari, and is related to the Goniobatis meleagris Ag.* of the Sandwich Islands, * " This species has not been characterized, but a dried Aetobatine ob- tained at the Sandwich Islands by the Wilkes' Exploring Expedition prob- ably belongs to it." 2d Ser., Vol. V. ( 26 ) August 15, 1895. 394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 22 but is distinguished by the more declivous forehead and .the shape of the rostno^frontal fontanelle. "A single specimen was forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution by S. E. Hubbard, Esq., of, San Francisco, Cal." (Gill.) 21. Manta birostris (Walbaum). Said to be frequently seen in the open sea about Ma- zatlan; not obtained by us. Family SILURID^. 22. Felichthys pinnimaculatus (Steindachner). Occasionally taken in the estuary. Recorded by Gil- bert from Mazatlan and Panama, by Steindachner from Altata, Costa Rica and Panama. Two specimens ob- tained by us. 23. Felichthys panamensis (Gill). Not rare in the estuary, reaching a considerable size. Obtained by Gilbert at Mazatlan, Libertad, Punta Arenas ; by Gill and Giinther at Panama; and by Steindachner at Magdalena Bay, Altata and Panama. One specimen ob- tained by us. 24. Galeichthys peruvianus Liitken. Panama. Recorded by Steindachner from Altata; not seen by us, and taken by Dr. Gilbert only at Panama; apparently not common. The so-called genus Galeichthys is distinguished from Hexancmatichthys only by having the bones of the head covered by skin. In several species of other genera (notably flatyfogok, dasycefhalus, gilberti), the skin on the head is thickened in females, obscuring the outline and granulation of many of the bones. It may be that the species called Galeichthys represent only the extreme 23 FISHES OF SINALOA. 395 of this condition, and that the species referred to it should be arranged in other groups. As the dentition of the typical species of Galeichthys agrees in essential respects with that of Hexanematichthys, we unite the two groups under the earlier name, Galeich- thys. 25. Galeichthys gilberti Jordan & Williams, n. sp. Bagre Blanco. Plate xxvi. Extremely abundant in the upper part of the Astillero, along sandy bottoms, exceeding by far in numbers all other cat fishes. Also found by Gilbert at Mazatlan, whence it was erroneously recorded by Jordan & Gilbert as Arius assimilis Giinther. Large numbers of this species are left on the beach after seining, and the various sea birds, pelicans, man-of-war birds, gulls and the like^ come down to take possession of them. In two cases specimens of this cat-fish were swallowed by pelicans ; the spines were erected after the fish was partly engorged, and these spines entering the skin of the sack of the pelican, made it impossible for the bird to swallow them or to dislodge them. Considerable numbers of pelicans are doubtless destroyed every year by attempting to swallow living cat-fish which have been left by the fisher-- men. The following description is essentially that of Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, under the name of Arius assimilis. The type of that description, 29,213 U. S. N. M., from Mazatlan, coll., Gilbert, maybe taken as the special type of the species, numerous co-types (numbered 1666, 1667 and 1668, L. S. Jr. Mus.), having been sent by us to different museums : Head, 34 to 4; width of head, 5J: depth, 5; D. I. 7; A. 4, 14. 396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 24 Body comparatively elongate, the head depressed but not very broad, somewhat broader than high; eye rather large, 5 to 6 in length of head; width of interorbital space, 2% in head; breadth of mouth, 2§; length of snout, 3. Teeth all villif orm ; bands of vomerine teeth separated by a rather wide interval, each small, roundish, confluent with the neighboring palatine band, the junction marked by a slight constriction; palatine bands ovate, broad be- hind, varying considerably in size and somewhat in form, the width ranging from one-third diameter of eye to two- thirds, being generally largest in adults; band of palatine teeth without backward prolongation ; band of maxillary teeth rather broad and short, its length about five times its breadth. Maxillary barbel broad and flattened at base, reaching a little past base of pectoral in the young, scarcely to the gill opening in the adult; outer mental barbels, 2 in head, inner 3. Gill-rakers, 4-)- 12. Dorsal shield very short, narrowly crescent-shaped, its length on the median line not more than half that of one of its sides. Occipital process subtriangular, not quite as long as broad at base, with a strong median keel, its edges slightly curved. A short distance in front of the beginning of the keel, is the end of the very narrow groove- like fontanelle, which is somewhat widened anteriorly, finally merging into the broad, flat, smooth interorbital area, the boundaries of which are not well defined ; shields of head usually smooth, all finely and very sparsely gran- ular, the granules not forming distinct lines. Gill membranes forming a rather broad fold across isthmus. Dorsal spine long, usually, but not always, shorter than the pectoral spine, about 1^ in head; axillary pore ab- sent. Humeral process rather broadly triangular, not 25 FISHES OF SINALOA. 397 much, produced backward, less than half length of pec- toral spine, its surface not granular, covered by skin. .Adipose fin half length of anal, its posterior margin little free. Upper lobe of caudal longest and somewhat fal- cate, about as long as head. Ventrals unusually long about reaching anal in females, shorter in the males. Vent much nearer base of ventrals than anal. Color olive green, with bluish luster, white below ; upper fins dusky olivaceous; caudal yellowish dusky at tip; anal yellowish with a median dusky shade 1 ; ventral yel- lowish, the basal half of the upper side abruptly black; pectorals similarly colored, the black area rather smaller; maxillary barbel blackish; other barbels pale. Length, 12 to 18 inches": The following specimens from Dr. Gilbert's Mazatlan collections are registered in the United States National Museum : 28,161, 28,189, 28,210, 28,213 (2), 28,221, 28,232, 28,276, 28,304. This species is nearest allied to Galeichthys seemanni (Gunther), a Panama species. Galeichthys jordani (Eigenmann) from Panama differs in the gill rakers and in other regards. Galeichthys assimilis is an Atlantic species, not yet known from the Pacific Coast." With each of these Galeichthys gilberti has been at one time or another confounded. Galeichthys gilberti differs from Galeichthys seemanni, as described by Dr. Eigenmann, in the absence of pectoral pore, in the shorter spines and in the fontanelle not quite reaching occipital process ; ven- trals unusually long, no dark specks on side of belly, barbel short, compressed. As noted below, Galeichthys gilberti bears a superficial resemblance to Netuma flaty- ■pogon. Its teeth are different, the ventrals are much longer, and the adipose dorsal much larger. Netuma 398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 26 flatyfogon has the sides of belly much soiled by dark specks. 26. Galeichthys azureus Jordan & Williams, n. sp. Bagre Azul. Plate xxvii. Head 3% ; width of head 4I, depth 9. Length from tip of snout to tip of upper lobe of caudal fin 19^ inches. D. I, 7: P. I, 10. A.»4, 14. Gill rakers 6+13. Body robust, its width anteriorly greater than its depth ; caudal peduncle short, stout; distance from end of anal fin to base of median caudal rays about one-half length of head. Head flat, very broad ; its depth at posterior an- gle of jaw about one -half its width; interorbital region flat, smooth anteriorly and granulated posteriorly; fonta- nelle almost obsolete, wide anteriorly and ending in a short groove posteriorly at a point one-half distance from tip of snout to posterior end of occipital process; top of head, occipital process and dorsal shield finely granular, granulations mostly arranged in radiating striae and extend- ing forward to a line with the pupils, nostrils very large and close together; posterior one with a broad valve. Occipital process pentagonal, its length 4^ in head, about as long as wide, with a very low ridge; dorsal shield crescent shaped with points extending back on each side of fin, its median length about one -half the length of its side. Eye small, about 9 in head; inter- orbital width almost 2 in head; snout 3 in head; breadth of mouth 2 r \ in head. Maxillary barbel slender, thick at base, if in head; outer mental barbel reaches to posterior angle of jaw, about 2-f in head; inner mental barbel about 4 in head. ■ Teeth all villiform; premaxillary band narrow, about one-eighth as wide as long, vomerine and palatine bands of teeth fully confluent on each side, forming together a crescent- shaped patch, narrowly divided on the median 27 FISHES OF SINALOA. 399 line of the vomer; form of vomerine bands similar to that of the palatine bands but smaller. Palatine band of teeth without backward prolongations. Opercle with radiating ridges; humeral process gran- ular, triangular, lower posterior corner prominent; axil- lary pore very small. Gill membranes forming a broad fold across isthmus. Dorsal fin short, base not including spine equal to base of adipose dorsal; dorsal spine robust, but little shorter than pectoral spine, about two in head; its anterior serrae small and tubercle-like; its posterior edge, as well as that of pectoral, retrosely serrate; soft rays of dorsal extend- ing but little beyond spine, the longest about three -fifths length of head. Adipose dorsal about one -half as high as long. Caudal lobes unequal, the upper lobe about one-third longer than lower lobe. Anal short, of medium height. Distance from vent to base of ventrals one -half distance from origin of anal. Pectoral spine very strong, its anterior margin with serras towards the tip, which be- come small tubercles towards base; soft rays but little longer than spine, which reaches slightly beyond one-half distance from its origin to base of ventrals. Color dark blue with silvery reflections on sides ; belly pale, mental barbels dusky; maxillary barbels light below and black above; paired fins darkest on inner side; other fins almost uniformly dusky. One specimen, ig% inches long, was taken by the Hopkins expedition in the estuary at Mazatlan. It is numbered 1575 in the collection of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. 27. Galeichthys guatemalensis (Giinther). Taken by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan; not seen by us. Also recorded from Chiapam (Giinther), and the coast of Colima (Xantus). 400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 28 28. Netuma platypogon (Giinther). Very common at Mazatlan; several specimens taken in Astillero, where it is scarcely less abundant than Galeich- thys gilberti. Also recorded by Dr. Gilbert from Mazat- lan, Libertad and Punta Arenas; by Giinther from San Jose; and by Steindachner from Magdalena Bay and Callao. To the southward it is very abundant. In some specimens, perhaps females, granulations are visible on the occipital process only, the other bones be- ing covered by smooth skin, as in the subgenus called Galeichthys. This species much resembles Galeichthys gilberti. It is, however, readily known by the short, pale ventrals, as well as by the generic character of the backward extension of the palatine bands of teeth. 29. Netuma kessleri (Steindachner). Recorded by Steindachner from Altata; recorded from Panama both by Gilbert and Steindachner. Not taken by us. 30. Sciadeichthys troscheli (Gill). Bagre Colorado. Rather common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, reaching a considerable size. Also taken at Mazatlan by Gilbert, at Altata by Steindachner; found by Gilbert and Steind- achner at Panama, and by Gilbert at Punta Arenas. Its general coloration is decidedly reddish or coppery: The sculpture of the large dorsal shield and of the occipital process is subject to considerable variation, and possibly more than one species of this type exists. We follow Dr. Eigenmann in referring the short de- scription of Sciades troscheli Gill to the species called Arius brandtiihy Steindachner. Dr. Gill does not fully describe the dorsal shield and the type of his description is lost. In recalling the matter to his memory, he is, however, positive that the type of troscheli had the large 29 FISHES OF SINALOA. 4OI dorsal buckler shown in Steindachner's figure of brandtii. In that case troscheli and brandtii must be the same. Family MUR^ENID^. 31. Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns. Anguila Pinta. Not rare in the rocky places about the islands at Ma- zatlan, where a few specimens were taken by us. Nu- merous others, the types of Murana j>inta, were found by Dr. Gilbert. The species is widely distributed, hav- ing been recorded from Cape San Lucas (Xantus), Co- lima (Xantus), Panama (Rowell) and San Josef Island (Nichols). 32. Lycodontis dovii (Giinther). Anguila Pintita. Not seen by us at Mazatlan. The original types of MurcBna pintita (which we now identify with dovii) were taken at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert. Specimens which we have elsewhere referred to this species have been re- corded from Espiritu Santo (Belding), Galapagos Islands (Herendeen) and from Panama (Giinther). The name Gymnothorax as originally proposed by Bloch, is an exact synonym of Murcena as understood by us. Of the many later names applied to this type, Lyco- dontis of McClelland seems to claim priority. 33. Lycodontis castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert). This enormous eel is very common about the islands near Mazatlan, where numerous specimens were obtained both by Dr. Gilbert and by us. Our largest specimen is <,% feet in length. The species is very close to the West Indian Lycodontis funebris (Ranzani), but is apparently ' distinct from the latter. The colors are not the same, funebris being of a greenish black and casteneus border- ing upon purplish chestnut. This species and its con- gener (funebris) reach a larger size than any other Amer- ican morays. 402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 30 Family OPHICHTHYID^. 34. Myrichthys tigrinus Girard. Culevra. Not uncommon in the harbor of Mazatlan, where sev- eral specimens (types of Ojjhichthys xysturus Jordan & Gilbert) were taken by Dr. Gilbert. Several specimens were also obtained by us. It has been recorded also from Acapulco and Panama. The original types of Myrich- thys tyrinus were said to come from Adair Bay in Oregon. It has, however, not yet been taken north of the Gulf of California, and the\ locality assigned to the type is very doubtful. We have not been able to find a bay of this name on any map of Oregon. 35. Ophichthus triserialis (Kaup.) ( Of hisurus calif or- niensis Garrett; Herfetoichthys callisoma Abbott.) Recorded by Gilbert from Mazatlan; not seen by us. A specimen certainly belonging to this species has been lately obtained by Dr. Gilbert in the Bay of Monterey. The only other definitely known localities are Cape San Lucas and the Galapagos Islands, whence it was de- scribed as Ofhichthus rugifer Jordan & Bollman. 36. Ophichthus zophochir Jordan & Gilbert. Rather common in the Bay of Mazatlan, where it was also taken by Dr. Gilbert. We have examined specimens from Acapulco. Olive brown, abruptly paler olive below middle of side. Dorsal with a black edge, which shades toward olive at base of fin; anal similar, paler. Pectoral uni- formly dusky, the base paler. Teeth 2-rowed above and below, Canines small. Pectoral 2f in head; snout $*4 ; eye i^ in snout; gape i\ in head; head and body i% in the long tail. 31 FISHES OF SINALOA. 403 Family MUR^ENESOCID^). 37. Muraenesox coniceps Jordan & Gilbert. Culevra Blanca, Anguila Blanca. Very common about the islands in the neighborhood of Mazatlan. It reaches an enormous size, a specimen ob- tained by us being 6 feet and 10 inches long and having a girth of 22 inches. Family CHANID^E. 38. Chanos chanos (Forskal). Sabalo. Very common on the sandy shores of the bay, reaching length of about 5 feet. The flesh is poor, and the fish is seldom brought into the market, but is frequently used as bait. The hard enamelled scales are used for orna- mental work by the Indians. We are unable to see any difference between our specimens and others brought by Dr. Jenkins from the Hawaiian Islands. We have no doubt that our species is identical with the common East Indian form. Head 4I; depth 4; D. 2, 12; A. 2, 9; V. 12; scales 12—70—14; snout t>% in head; eye 3^ ; maxillary 4^; pectoral if; ventral if; caudal % longer than head; dorsal 1]^. in head. Body elliptical, moderately compressed, the caudal pe- duncle slender. Head pointed, rounded above. Eye and side of head covered by a large transparent, imperforate adipose eyelid. Mouth small, terminal, toothless, trans- verse, the lower jaw included; maxillary broad, slipping under the' adipose preorbital, without supplemental bone. Branchiostegals 4. Opercle truncate behind. Pseud- branchiae very large. Gill-rakers fine and flexible, very close set, rather long, the gill-rakers of all the arches bound together so as to form a perfect strainer. Bones 404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 32 of gill -rakers flexible. Scales firm, enamelled at base, with strongly marked longitudinal stria?, becoming bony when dry; used by the Indians for ornamental work. Lateral line well developed. Dorsal somewhat nearer snout than base of caudal, before ventrals, its first ray fal- cate, its last produced in a short filament, longer than pupil. Base of fin with a large scaly sheath; pectoral and ventral with scaly axillary appendage. Anal similar to dorsal, but much smaller. Pectorals and ventrals rather small; caudal very long, forked to the base, its lobes subequal, straight; base of fin with small scales. Ventrals some- what falcate. Brilliant silvery in color, greenish above; fins more or less darker; inside of pectoral and ventral blackish. Stomach forming a muscular crop. Pyloric caeca many. Intestinal canal long, filled only with remains of plants. The skeletal peculiarities of Chanos are numerous and remarkable, many archaic characters persisting. The following account of the skeleton has been prepared by Mr. Starks: SKELETON OF CHANOS CHANOS. a. Cranium. The frontals are very large, covering nearly the whole top of the head, and extending over the dorso - anterior part of the parietals, supra-occipital and the parotic pro- cess. On the side of the skull there is an area bounded by the supra-occipital, the opisthotic and the sphenotic, which is not ossified but is composed of cartilage. Between the frontals, at about their middle, there is a place in which the bone is fibrous and largely cartilagi- nous; it is easily broken through. The basal cavity under the brain cavity is large. 33 FISHES OF SINALOA. 405 On the upper part of the operculum is a large scale- like bone. The suborbitals are well developed and plate-like, ex- tending back nearly to the posterior edge of the preopercle. b. Vertebral Column. There are forty-two vertebrae in the spinal column. The first vertebra is co-ossified to the skull, and appar- ently bears no ribs; the second vertebra supports a pair of very small, slender ribs, which articulate directly with the sides of the vertebra ; the third vertebra supports the first pair of large ribs ; they are articulated with the trans- verse processes. The first fourteen or fifteen neural spines and pairs of transverse processes are articulated with the vertebrae by sutures, they are easily separated from the vertebrae by boiling or maceration. The vertebrae gradually increase in size and reach then- largest size about two-thirds of the distance from the an- terior to the posterior end of the spinal column, where they are three or four times the size of the anterior ones. This character is more marked in the adult than in the young. c. Shoulder Girdle. ' The shoulder girdle is exceeding^ well braced, the post-temporal is widely forked, and strongly articulated to the epiotic processes of the skull. The supra-clavicle is long and slender, its posterior face is hollowed out and attached some distance from the upper end of the clavicle, which projects upward. This projecting upper end of the clavicle is braced to the skull by two long bones.* The first bone is very slender, at its anterior end it is connected to the exocci- * See Dr. K. W. Shufeldt's report on the osteology of Amia calva; Bull. U. S. P. C, 1883, page 59. 406 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 34 pital; near its middle it is connected with the posterior end of the post-temporal, at which point it turns at a sharp angle and runs to the clavicle. The second bone is much larger, it is articulated to the basioccipital. Its posterior edge is nearly straight for its whole length, but its an T terior edge is produced and much swollen near its middle, and joins the post-temporal over the first bone, then runs to the upper end of the clavicle. The inner part of the clavicle and the coracoid are thin and pierced by many holes, so that the bone in places is little more than network. The hypercoracoid has a very large foramen; at its posterior edge is a projection which supports a thin bone, probably a dermal bone. The mesocoracoid is well developed. There are four actinosts; the first is long, but they rapidly decrease in size to the fourth, which is short and triangular. The first ray of the pectoral is large at the basal end, and hollowed out; it works directly on the hypercoracoid. d. Branchial Apparatus. The branchial apparatus is peculiar in the adult, in having gill-rakers somewhat resembling the filaments of a feather, on both sides of each arch and on the basi- branchial- They meet in a middle line between the arches and unite forming a continuous lattice-work screen , through which nothing but the very smallest bodies can pass. The pharyngeals have no teeth, but have gill-rakers similar to those on the arches; they are enclosed in sac -like pro- jections on each side. This description is taken from the skeleton of a large specimen 4 feet long. The gill -rakers are not united in young specimens. e. Other Parts. 35 FISHES OF SINALOA. 407 The septae between the myotomes are ossified about half an inch under the skin, forming long, slender rays of bone. There is an upper series running from the middle of the sides up on the back, and a lower series from the sides down on the belly, they form a sort of a basket around the body. Those below have a single branch near the middle of each, the ones above have two branches each, these branches are lost towards the posterior end. These bones are not present in the young. The large caudal fin is attached very firmly to the hy- pural, the long rays of each lobe join the hypural at about the same. oblique angle, the base of each ray is deeply divided and articulated immovably with the hy- pural. The middle short rays are all nearly horizontal and are much less firmly fastened. The first interspinal ray of the anal is hollow and cone- shaped, the posterior end of the air-bladder runs into it as in the genera Eucinostotmis and Calamus. The scales are very thick and closely imbricated; the skin anteriorly is a quarter of an inch thick. Family ELOPID^E. 39. Elops saurus Linnaeus. Chiro. Very common in the estuary, ascending into brackish mud puddles at high tide; not valued as food. Also found by Gilbert at Mazatlan. Family ALBULID^. 40. Albula vulpes (Linnaeus). Sanducha. Very common in the estuary at Mazatlan ; not valued as a food fish. Also found by Gilbert at Panama and Ma- zatlan. The band-shaped young, which Dr. Gilbert has shown to be the larvae of this species, were obtained in abundance. 408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY. OF SCIENCES. 36 Family CLUPEID^E. 41. Sardinella stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert). Sardina de Aceite.. Plate xxviii. Exceedingly abundant in the Astillero at Mazatlan, where many specimens were taken by Dr. Gilbert, as well as by the Hopkins expedition. This species is also recorded by Gilbert from Panama, and has been found in several other localities. The flesh of this sardine is very rich and delicate, quite equal to that of the European Pilchard (Clupanodon filchardus), and it is therefore a most excellent pan fish. It is, however, not eaten by the Mexicans, no fish having less than one-half pound weight being salable in the market at Mazatlan. The art of properly cooking delicate fish like this is unknown to the people of this region. 42. Opisthonema libertate (Giinther). Sardina Mach- ete. Common in shallow water, in the surf and in the harbor at Mazatlan, where it was also taken by Dr. Gilbert. 43. Opisthopterus lutipinnis (Jordan & Gilbert). Extremely common in the surf outside the bay, where great numbers are taken with the seine ; a delicate fish which, probably, is of excellent quality as food. Our specimens are all smaller than the single one taken by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, and they differ in some minor details. Doubtless' all belong to the same species. Head 4I; depth 3I; scales 48-13; D. 14; A. 54; snout 4 in head; eye 3^ ; maxillary 2; pectoral i\; anal base 2% in body; scutes 27. Gill-rakers moderate, slender, about x+15. Body strongly compressed, translucent, the belly much compressed, with sharp scutes; vent midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. Front of dorsal midway 37 FISHES OF SINALOA. 4OO. between preopercle and base of caudal. Teeth strong, sharp, unequal in both jaws; small teeth in patches on palate and tongue. Maxillary pointed behind, reaching middle of eye. Color bright silvery, bluish above ; a very distinct black spot at shoulder on level of eye, two-thirds diameter of eye; chin and nose black. Fins all pale, with no yellow; a trace of a broad diffuse, lateral streak of silvery, most distinct in«young. Upper ray of pectoral dusky, some pale olive spots on back, very faint. Very many specimens taken, the longest 5 yi inches in length. Family ENGRAULIDID^E. 44. Stolephorus miarchus Jordan & Gilbert. Obtained by Dr. Gilbert in the open water about Ma- zatlan; not found by us. These translucent type speci- ments are apparently immature, but the small number of anal rays would indicate that it is a species distinct from any other now known. The immature or larval specimens obtained by us in the open sea have the fin-rays of Stolephorus ischanus and must belong to that species. 45. Stolephorus exiguus Jordan & Gilbert. Originally found by Dr. Gilbert in the Astillero at Ma- zatlan; not seen by us. 46. Stolephorus curtus Jordan &. Gilbert. Rather common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, where it was originally found by Dr. Gilbert. Numerous speci- mens taken by us. 47. Stolephorus ischanus Jordan & Gilbert. Very common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, where it was originally found by Dr. Gilbert. Many specimens obtained. 2d SebL Vol. V. ( 27 ) August 15, 1896. 410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 38 In the open sea many slender larvae, similar in form to Stolephorus miarchus were obtained by the use of dyna- mite. The number of anal rays shows that these larvas belong to the present species. 48. Stolephorus lucidus Jordan & Gilbert. Originally found by Dr. Gilbert in the Astillero at Ma- zatlan; not obtained by us. 49. Stolephorus scofieldi Jordan & Culver, *n. sp. * Head 3^ to 3 T 9 ¥ in length to base of caudal; depth 4/^ t0 5> eve 3^ to 4 i" head; dorsal 12; anal 25 or 26; scales 41 or 42. Close to Stolephorus delicatissimus, but with larger head, wider lateral band, and greater number of dorsal and anal rays. Body somewhat compressed and elevated, the belly not carinated or serrated. Teeth in both jaws, and on pala- tines; a few on vomer. Maxillary covered with teeth its entire length and reaching beyond base of mandible, biit not to opercular margin. Gill-rakers 10+12, the longest a little more than half the eye. Origin of dorsal midway between base of median cau- dal rays and center of eye; anal not quite as long as head, its origin below the middle of dorsal. Lower caudal lobe longer than upper; longest ray equaling length of * The following are the measurements, etc., of seven specimens: Anal Dorsal Head Depth Eye rays. rays. in length. in length. in head. Scales. 26 12 3 9/10 ■ 4| 4 42 26 12 3 9/10 41 4 41 26 12 3 9/10 4| 3| 42 25 12 3 4/5 4| 34 41 26 12 3f 44 34 42 26 12 3J 44 34 42 25 12 3| 5 34 41 39 FISHES OF SINALOA. 4II ,the head; shortest caudal ra3 r 2}& in longest. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, 1% in head. Both anal and dorsal fins preceded by a rudimentary spine, not half length of first true ray. Color translucent, with a distinct broad silvery stripe as wide as the eye, growing more diffuse at lower anterior edge, narrowing on caudal peduncle, and becoming fan- shaped on the base of caudal. Tip of snout black; a distinct median band of black specks extending from tip of snout to base of caudal. No distinct black markings on fins. , Length, 3 inches. Type, No. 2941, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Found in the Astillero at Mazatlan, not very abundant. Named for Mr. Norman Bishop Scofield, a member of the Hopkins expedition to Sinaloa. 50. Anchovia* macrolepidota (Kner &Steindachner). Originally described from the neighborhood of Panama ; recorded by Dr. Gilbert from the Bay of Mazatlan, but not seen by us there; apparently rare. Family SYNODONTIDyE. 51. Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert. Caiman. Not very common, on sandy bottoms in the Bay, where the species was originally found by Dr. Gilbert; also recorded from Panama. Color brown, with markings of pale bluish green. No yellow anywhere. 52. Synodus jenkinsi Jordan & Bollman. Not rare, occurring in deeper water than the preceding and reaching a much larger size. The two species are very closely related, but seem to be distinct. In Synodus * Anchovia (Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North America), is a new generic name applied to this species, distinguished from Stolephorus by its robust form and the absence of teeth in the adult. 412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 4O jenkinsi, the head is much larger and the form more ro- bust, besides slight differences in the scales. The speci- mens obtained were sent to us by Sefior Ygnacio Moreno after our departure from Mazatlan. Family PGECILIID^E. 53. Poecilia butleri Jordan. Common in the fresh waters of the Rio Presidio below the village of Presidio, where the species was originally taken by Mr. Alphonse Forrer. Head 3^ ; depth 2^ to 3^ ; dorsal 9; anal 6; scales 26-9; eye 3 in head, equal to snout; interorbital 2; pec- toral x% in head; caudal equal to head. Longest dorsal ray 1% in head in male; 1% in female. Body much deeper and more compressed than in Poeci- lia presidionis, the profile rather steeply rising to front of dorsal- Dorsal and ventral outlines of head meeting at mouth and forming a somewhat sharp point; snout as viewed from above, truncate. Teeth in two series, the inner smaller, more close set, not trifid, the two series well separated. Interorbital space wide and flat, about twice as wide as eye. The sexes differ greatly in the position of the anal fin, it is under or rather behind dorsal in females, much in front in males, the tips of ventrals reaching much past the base of fin. The sexes similar in size, not very unlike in coloration; both with traces of faint olive cross-bands, especially on caudal peduncle ; a dark curved streak be- hind eye on opercle bounding a roundish silvery area on opercle and breast. Male green with pale blue spots on each scale sur- rounded by pale bronze shades; no bars. Dorsal and caudal pale orange, with many small black spots. Lower fins pale. Female similar, paler, without cross-bands, 41 FISHES OF SINALOA. 4I3 with a dark spot behind pectoral ; lower fins bright orange, caudal nearly, plain ; dorsal speckled as in male. Form similar to that of male, deeper than in Pcecilia -presidionis. Alcoholic specimens show no dark spot behind pectoral and only a few specimens show traces of orange colora- tion on fins. The following is a list of the species of fishes found in the fresh waters of Rio Presidio about Presidio and Villa Union : Sardinella stolifera. Scarce. Poecilia butleri. Rather common. Pcecilia presidionis. Very common. Thyrina crystallina. Rather common. Agonostomus nasutus. Very common in ripples. Siphostoma starksii. Common in algae in sluggish water. Centropomus ensiferus. Common in cut-offs of rivers. Centropomus pedimacula. Scarce. Eucinostomus gracilis. Common. Xystsema cinereum. Not rare. Heros beani. Common in deep places. Philypnus lateralis. Common (young very common). Eleotris tequidens. Scarce. Dormitator latifrons. Common. Awaous taiasica. Common. Citharichthys gilberti. Not rare in river; colors very bright. Achirus mazatlanus. Very common. Aehirus fonsecensis. Scarce. 54. Pcecilia presidionis Jordan & Culver, n. sp. Plate xxix. In the clear waters of the Rio Presidio, about Presidio; with the preceding, and still more abundant. Head 4^; depth 3^ to 4^; D. 7 or 8; anal 7; scales 28-9; eye equal to snout, 3^ in head; interorbital 2; caudal 1 to i\; pectoral i#. Body rather elongate, shaped as in a Fundulus, the profile scarcely rising to dorsal. Teeth much as in Pcecilia butleri, the outer smaller 414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 42 than in butleri; broad and movable, apparently in two well separated series, the inner row similar to the outer, but smaller. Fins all low and short, except anal in male, in which, the first one or two rays are produced and extend back nearly to the caudal, fin. , Dorsal in female inserted over middle of anal, behind anal in male; caudal truncate. Female greenish above, sides with violet sheen; three or four black cross bars, sometimes obsolete in adult, but very distinct in young; one or two blackish oblong spots before the anterior bar, representing other bars; a dark pencil -like streak on sides of body below the scales; a dark blotch on opercle ; a trace of a dark ocellus on- last ray of dorsal at base. Fins without spots; lower fins plain ; a dark streak along edge of caudal peduncle ; faint traces of black markings on edge of dorsal and caudal. Male much smaller, reddish, with the lower fins yellow- ish ; the coloration generally similar ; both sexes rather dull. Type, No. 2687, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Family ESOCID^. 55. Tylosurus fodiator Jordan & Gilbert. Agujon. Common in the harbor at Mazatlan, where numerous specimens, large and small, were taken; the largest of these is about four feet long. It reaches a length of five feet. Greatly valued as food in Acapulco; but not at Mazatlan, the people disliking it on account of the green bones. It often leaps at lights in boats, and is regarded as a species dangerous to fisher- men, as its sharp beak readily pierces their scanty cloth- ing. 43 v FISHES OF SINALOA. 415 56. Tylosurus stolzmanni (Steindachner). Sierrita. Occasionally taken in the harbor of Mazatlan, where specimens, the types of Tylosurus sierrita, -were, taken by Dr. Gilbert. ■ One large specimen obtained by us. Its measurements differ somewhat from those given in the type of Tylosurus sierrita. The distance between the eyes is 8^ in head. The maxillary reaches beyond the ver- tical from front of pupil. The eye is 3 in postorbital part of head. Head not quite 2 in length. D. 1.15; A. 1.17. Pectorals with dusky specks, but not notably black at tip. This fish is probably identical with Tylosurus" stolzmanni ', described by Steindachner from Tumbez, Peru. The snout in our specimen, as in the type of sierrita, is shorter than in Tylosurus stolzmanni. Family HEMIRAMPHID^E. 57. Hyporhamphus roberti (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Pajarito. Exceedingly common about Mazatlan, swimming in schools in open water, especially numerous in the bay; those of the same age and size go together. Schools of adults and schools of half grown specimens will be found, each moving about independently of the other. It is highly valued as a food fish,, although distinctly inferior to Sar- dinella stolifera. Lower jaw, measured from tip of upper, two times length of rest of head. Snout, 2^ in head. This species is found along the whole Pacific Coast of tropical America, and from Cape Cod to the mouth of the Rio Grande, being everywhere common southward. We have seen no specimens from the West Indies. The type of Hemirhamfhus roberti Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, came from Cayenne, coll. Poiteau. Through the kindness of our friend, Dr. F. Bocourt, of the Mu- 416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 44 seum at Paris, we have received a drawing of this speci- men. In the drawing the lower jaw, from tip of upper, is 1% times length of head. The head, with lower jaw, is if- times in length from tip of upper jaw to base of caudal. The ventral is midway between front of eye and base of caudal. The name roberti belongs, therefore, to the common long-jawed form ; the short-jawed West In- dian form being Hyjt>orhamj)hus unifasciatus. Family SYNGNATHID^. 58. Siphostoma starksii Jordan & Culver, n. sp. Cul- evra de Rio. Plate xxx. Common in the Rio Presidio in sluggish water, on the bottom, about a mile below the village of Presidio. The species is probably found in brackish and fresh waters rather than in the sea. Head ioj4; depth 21; dorsal 38, on b-)-io or 11 rings. Rings 13 or 14+ 37 or 38. Head and body in tail 2. Snout 2f in head. Dorsal half longer than head. Body rather stout. Head scarcely carinate , above. Snout with a slight smooth carina. Two lateral keels, confluent into one behind. Belly slightly keeled; no keel on opercle. Color, dark olive, much mottled with darker but with- out distinct markings ; yellow below. Male and female common in the fresh waters of Rio Presidio among algas ; not seen in salt or brackish water. The pouch of the male teeming with eggs in January. Length 4 to 6 inches. Type, No. 2686, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 59. Siphostoma arctum Jenkins & Evermann. Two specimens taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan, both males, the egg-pouch filled with eggs. Length 4 inches. Previously known only from Guaymas. This species re- 45 FISHES OF SINALOA. 417 sembles the preceding, but its dorsal fin has but 20 rays, being placed on + 5 rings. 60. Hippocampus ingens Girard. Caballito de Mar. Rare in the harbor at Mazatlan. Three male specimens and one female, each about six inches long, obtained. Also recorded by Dr. Gilbert. D. 19. Rings about n-l-36; dorsal on 3 + 2 plates. Spines on head and body high, with large fringed flaps and with many small papillae. Every 3d to 5th tubercle of dorsal series enlarged. Greatest depth iy-j- to 1% in head. Tail longer than rest of body. Snout moderate, i\ to 2%. in head, rather longer than opercle, 2% times eye. Shoulder girdle with three tubercles; anterior spine on frontal triangle much smaller than the others. Color blackish, unspotted, faintly barred with darker; dorsal speckled with black and edged with white ; papillae on body pale, giving an appearance of scattered whitish dots everywhere ; a white speck before eye ; a faint trace of radiating streaks behind it; one specimen further dotted with black on body, the radiating streaks behind eye distinct. Here described from an adult male, 6 inches long. The female is entirely similar except that the body is much more slender, the depth if in head ; the snout is longer, as long as rest of head. The male specimens agree fairly with the description of Hippocampus ingens. The female evidently corre- sponds to Hippocampus gracilis Gill. Family FISTULARIID^. 61. Fistularia depressa Giinther. Corneta. Common in the Bay at Mazatlan; many specimens taken with the seine in shallow water. Also, found in 418 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 46 abundance by Dr. Gilbert; not yet recorded from local- ities further south. Family ATHERINID^). 62. Eurystole eriarcha (Jordan & Gilbert) . Plate xxxii. One specimen found in a rocky pool by Dr. Gilbert; a second one taken by us with a seine on the sandy beach just south of Mazatlan. Only these two specimens are known, and the species is probably rare. This species is allied to the genus Menidia- rather than to Atherina. It differs from the species of Menidia chiefly in the extremely long anal fin and in the smallness of its dorsal, which is unusually far backward. These characters have been used by Jordan and Evermann to define the genus Eurystole, of which this species is type. The mouth is shorter than in Menidia, but its structure is exactly the same. Head 5; depth 5; dorsal iii-i, 11 or 12, anal 1, 27; scales about 48.* Body short, deep, much compressed; head short, deep, about % longer than deep, rather broad above; opercles, truncate behind, the interorbital spa'ce about equal to eye. Mouth very small, terminal, very oblique, with curved cleft as in Menidia; the premaxillary very short, wide behind, with curved edge, slipping under the narrower maxillary; the premaxillary protractile, but not much movable; jaws subequal, the lower slightly included. Maxillary scarcely as long as eye, not quite reaching front of eye. Teeth rather large, hooked backward. Snout short, ^A in head. Eye large, 2^ in head. Gill-rakers numerous, long and slender. Scales smooth, caducous, not easily counted, 21 before dorsal. Pectoral moderate, * Not to be exactly counted; the number (36-7) stated in our original description is an error. 47 FISHES OF SINALOA. 419 not falcate, inserted high, 1% in head, 6 in body, reach- ing to the middle of the small ventral. Belly not espe- cially compressed, not cultrate. First dorsal very small, slightly nearer snout than base of caudal, over first ray of anal; last ray of dorsal much before last of anal., s crumenofihthalitius. 82. Caranx vinctus Jordan & Gilbert. Rather common in the estuary, where numerous speci- mens were taken. The original types were found by Gilbert at Mazatlan, and the species has been recorded from San Bias and Punta Arenas. 83. Caranx caballus Gunther. Cojinero. Extremely common in the harbor; also found in abun- dance by Dr. Gilbert. 430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 58 84. Caranx medusicola Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate xxxiv. Rather common in the surf outside the harbor. Not found in the Astillero. The young from i to 2 inches long live in the body cavity of the large white jelly fish, which is very abundant about the Venados Islands in Jan- uary. Sometimes two or three specimens will be found in the body cavity of one jelly fish. Head 3§; depth i\\ D. VII-i, 22 or 23; K.\\, 1, 19 or 18; scutes 30 to 32; pectoral \ longer than head; dorsal lobe 1^ in head; caudal lobe, as long as head; curve of lateral line 1% in straight part; height in chord 4; eye 4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 3; ventral 2^. Body unusually deep and compressed, the back ele- vated, the belly similarly arched ; head moderate, deep, the nape -arched. Mouth small, maxillary broad, with broad supplemental bone. Teeth in moderate bands, the outer enlarged but not canine-like; upper teeth rather larger and in broader bands. Villiform bands on vomer, palatines and tongue. Eye moderate; preorbital rather narrow. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, about 12 below angle of arch. Soft dorsal and anal with falcate lobes. Caudal well forked, the lobes equal. Pectoral very long and falcate ; ventrals short. Lateral line rather strongly curved, with moderate armature. Breast entirely scaly. Clear blue above, silvery below; no bands or spots anywhere, except a small black axillary spot and a blue green patch on back of caudal peduncle; pectoral bright yellow; anal yellow, the lobe blackish; caudal grayish, the lobes black with whitish posterior edge; ventrals yellow. Length of largest specimens, 6 inches. Type, No. 2645, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 59 FISHES OF SINALOA. 431 Another example was, in life, blue above, silvery be- low; no d^rk spots on- opercle or pectoral; pectoral bright yellow, very long. D. and A. and C. lobes, all tipped with black. Base of dorsal bright blue. Anal and dorsal largely blue. Base of caudal peduncle green above. No trace of bands; a slight dusky shade on axil. The very young, taken from the body of a Medusa, may be thus described : Head 3 in length; depth 2-jj- ; dorsal IX, 24; anal II, I, 18 or rcp; ventral with a sheath; scales minute; caudal keel scarcely appreciable; lower jaw projecting; mouth oblique; body deep, compressed; caudal peduncle slender, the fin short, moderately forked; pectoral short, not falcate, shorter than head; maxillary broad, reaching pupil; preorbital narrow; dorsal and anal not falcate; lateral line arched before, then straight; jaws with teeth; preopercle with flexible spines. Clear white, fins all pale, a bright violet blue area above and behind eye, fading in spirits ; dark dots above ; dorsals both dusky at tip. 85. Caranx marginatus (Gill). Not rare in the Astillero, where several specimens were taken by us. This species is well distinguished from Caranx latus, with which it has hitherto been confounded, since it was originally described by Dr. Gill. The follow- ing are its characters: Head 3^; depth 2 2 / 3 ; dorsal VIII-i, 19; anal II- 1, 15; eye 3% in head; pectoral 3^ in length, equal to head; Ventral 7% > dorsal lobe $% ; caudal 3%. Dorsal outline of body evenly curved from snout to caudal peduncle ; ventral outline straight from gill open- ings to anal spine, behind which it is curved like the dor- sal portion. 432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 60 Top of head, snout, lower jaw, orbitals, maxillary, lower two -thirds of opercle and preopercle naked; cheeks scaled; eye large, with membranous eyelid to posterior edge of pupil in specimens six or eight inches long, not conspicuous in young examples. Snout equal to eye, twice width of preorbital; lower jaw entering profile; maxil- lary reaching to posterior edge'of orbit. Teeth strong, in a single row; lower teeth close together, with two canines in front; upper teeth larger, the distance between them irregular, not much enlarged anteriorly; vomer, palatines and tongue with exceedingly small villiform teeth. Gill-rakers hardly half eye, 4+13. Breast scaled; curved part of lateral line, 1% in straight part; scutes large, about 30; scales, 80. Color, silvery, bluish above with golden reflections below; a dark band along plates of lateral line; fins largely yellow, dorsal, anal and caudal, broadly edged with black ; a distinct small black spot at upper end of gill-opening; a dark blotch on opercle, and one behind pectoral. Body more elongate than in Caranx latus, the fin rays fewer, the eye larger and the coloration more yellow, with more black on the fins. 86. Caranx latus Agassiz. Occasionally taken in the bay at Mazatlan, and gener- ally distributed throughout the waters of the tropical Pacific and West Indies. We are unable to distinguish the specimens from the west coast of Mexico from the common West Indian form. 87. Caranx hippos (Linnasus). Toro. Very common in the sea about Mazatlan, occasionally entering the estuary. A food fish of some importance, reaching the length of two or three feet. We are unable 6i FISHES OF_ SINALOA. 433 to see any difference between specimens from the west coast and specimens from Havana. 88. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskal), Mojarra Dorada. Very common in the harbor and estuary, being one of the more valuable food fishes, the flesh being firm and delicate. We have compared specimens with others taken by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu and find no difference. We have, therefore, no hesitation in continuing to identify our species ( Caranx panamensis Gill) with this common East Indian fish, of which the oldest name is speciosus. In life, everywhere deep golden yellow, with black cross bands.. Sg. Citula dorsalis (Gill). PAmpano. Rather common in the estuary. Three specimens taken by us, one half-grown and the others adult, the change in form being strikingly marked, as will appear from the following descriptions : Citula dorsalis (half grown) : Head 3^; depth 1^; D. VI-I, 19; A. II, 1, 17; eye 4^ inhead, the orbit 3^ ; snout 2% ; pectorals 2^ in body, \ longer than head; ventrals3; caudal lobe equal to head ; dorsal with one long filament, as long as body, reaching middle of caudal; anal with one filament; caudal mod- erately elongate, the lobes equal; pectoral very long, falcate, reaching tenth anal ray; ventrals small, reach- ing just past vent. Body deep, compressed, rather ovate than angular; profile straight from the vertical truncate snout to nape, then rounded, then straight to front of dorsal. A nearly straight line from chin to front of anal. Eye rather small, preorbital deep. Mouth large, the lower jaw included. Teeth small, in broad bands on jaws, vomer and palatines, 434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 6l maxillary reaching pupil. Cheek entirely scaly, some scales on opercle above. Breast naked, body well scaled. Body with small scales, the nuchal region naked, scarcely carinate. Gill-rakers rather long, 2 + 15. Lateral line evenly curved, the curve high, equal to straight part. Scutes small, eighteen with keels; the total number of scales on straight parf 58. Steel blue above, silvery below, with golden reflections and shades; fins all pale, tinged with yellowish, none of them dusky; no black on pectorals. Axil jet black; opercle slightly dusky, blackish within; a dark spot on orbit above. Specimen described, ten inches long. Citula dorsalis (adult) : Length 24 inches; head 3^ ; depth 2% ; D. 18; A. 17. About 25 scutes developed. Body moderately compressed, with angular outlines. Profile of head rounded, of belly somewhat concave, forming an angle at anal similar to one at front of dorsal. Eye 5 in head. Maxillary 2j4; lower jaw included. Teeth in broad villiform bands on both jaws and on vomer and palatines. Nostrils large, equal, close together. Gill-rakers 3-1-14, rather stout, shorter than eye. Dorsal spines nearly obsolete, three of them present; first dorsal ray filamentous, 1^ in body. Long anal ray 2^ in body. Caudal keel considerably elevated, with a small keel above and below it; scutes not sharp. Caudal lobes subequal, about as long as head. Pectoral falcate, \ longer than head. Ventral short, 3^ in head. Curve of lateral line low, 1% times in straight part, its height % its chord. Maxillary broad, with very broad supplemental bone, its width % eye. Color, silvery, strongly tinged with golden, olive on upper parts, pearly reflections below. A large black spot in axil, nearly as large as eye. Fins pale. 63 FISHES OF SINALOA. 435 90. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). PAmpano. Obtained by Dr. Gilbert; not seen by us. We have hitherto been unable to distinguish the specimens of this species from the two coasts of Mexico. We are further- more unable to find any distinction between the American form called crinitus, and the East Indian species, Alectis ciliaris. We do not believe that any distinction exists, and therefore find ourselves compelled to believe that this species, like Caranx hipfos and Caranx latus, is almost cosmopolitan in the tropical seas, ranging from the coast of Arabia to the West Indies. None of the three are found in the Mediterranean. 91. Hynnis hopkinsi Jordan & Starks, n. sp. PAm- pano. Plate xxxv. One large specimen taken with the seine in the harbor at Mazatlan. Head 3^; depth i\; D. VI- 1, 18; A, II, 1, 15; snout 2^; eye 3% in head; maxillary 2^ ; pectoral, 3! in body; ventral, 2% in head; dorsal lobes 2\ in head; caudal lobes if in head; anal lobe, 2% ; preorbital, 4^ in head. Body oblong, compressed, elevated, with angular out- lines, ventrals outline sharp. Top of head sharply cari- nate; profile nearly straight from snout to nape, there boldly convex," then nearly straight to elevated front of soft dorsal ; a concavity in profile before soft dorsal and before anal. Mouth oblique, rather large, the jaws equal. Broad bands of small sharp teeth on jaws, vonier and palatines. Eye very large. Dorsal and anal lobes low. Lateral line with a long arch, as long as straight part, which has about twelve elevated scutes and thirty- seven scales in all from end of curve; curved part of lat- eral line undulating behind. Gill-rakers short rather few, twelve in all, those above angle obsolete. Body minutely 436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 64 scaly. Belly and lower parts largely naked, a large patch of scales on cheeks; head otherwise naked. Bright blue above, with bright reflections, sides bright silvery; no golden; a narrow brownish streak not quite so wide as pupil from upper part of gill opening to middle of base of soft dorsal. Pectoral tipped with black ; axil of pectoral dusky. Upper fins rather dusky,. lower white. Dusky on opercle inside and out but without definite spot. More elongate than Citula dorsalis, the anterior profile more convex, the base of dorsal and anal more elevated, the caudal scutes stronger and fewer, the ventrals longer though the specimen is larger. Gill-rakers fewer. Pec- toral long and falcate, reaching seventh anal ray. Ven- trals not short, reaching vent. Caudal moderate. One specimen obtained, twenty-six inches long, No. 1563, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. We take great pleasure in naming this interesting fish for Mr. Timothy Hopkins, in recognition of his great in- terest in scientific research. We provisionally admit Citula and Hynnis as genera distinct from Alectis. No structural characters of' im- portance distinguish this group, and all these genera are merely form variations from Caranx. 92. Vomer setipinnis (Mitchill). Recorded by Dr. Gilbert as common at Mazatlan and Panama; no specimens, however, were seen by us. It is not unlikely that this species disappears from the coast with the end of the rainy season. 93. Selene cerstedi Liitken. Recorded by Dr. Gilbert as frequently found both at Mazatlan and Panama. One specimen, sixteen inches long, taken by Ygnacio Moreno and sent to us. 65 FISHES OF SINALOA. 437 Head 3; depth 2; dorsal V-i, 15; anal (II) I-14; eye 4 in head; snout 1^; maxillary 2^ ; ventral 3^; caudal lobes equal to head; pectoral one-eighth longer than head. Body compressed and elevated; profile oblique, con- cave over snout then straight to occiput, which is well rounded; line of back straight to soft dorsal, then lightly curved to caudal peduncle; ventral outline rounded on breast to ventrals, then straight to anal, forming an angle at first ray, then straight to caudal peduncle. Mouth projecting, with minute teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; gill- rakers thick and blunt, many of them knobbed at tip-^— in old examples at least, one above angle with 3 or 4 rudimentary ones, and 13 below. A large bony knob at occiput, conspicuous in adult, the thickened supraoccipital crest. Pectoral falcate, reaching to tenth anal ray; dorsal and anal lobes filamentous, reaching past tips of caudal lobes; lateral line strongly arched; curve equal to straight part. Color silvery, with bluish reflections above, dorsal and caudal dark, pectoral, ventral and anal white; axil dusky. 94. Selene vomer (Linnaeus). One large specimen obtained by us. Recorded by Dr. Gilbert as common at Mazatlan and Panama. It perhaps disappears with the end of the autumn, going farther south. 95. Trachinotus paloma Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Pa- LOMA. A few small specimens taken in the surf at Puerto Viejo," just north of Mazatlan; other specimens were taken by Mr. Xantus on Cape San Lucas, and still others were obtained by Dr. Gilbert in San Juan Lagoon. The species is apparently not common, and it is not known to 438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 66 the fishermen. On the Atlantic coast, the very closely related Pamp-ano, Trachinotus carolinus, is one of the most valued food fishes. We are unable to see any difference of any importance between the present species and the Pampano of the gulf other than the fact that in the Sina- loan form the head seems to be larger and longer. On this difference we have ventured to give a new specific name to our specimens from Mazatlan. We shall not, however, be surprised if the species proves inseparable from Trachinotus carolinus. Allied to Trachinotus carolinus, but with the head larger. Head 3, depth 2^; D. VI-I. 24. A. n, 1, 23; eye 3^ in head; snout 2% ; maxillary 2^ ; dorsal lobe 1% ; caudal i T V Body rather elongate, the back moderately and regu- larly arched; snout bluntish. Mouth large, horizontal, the lower jaw included, maxillary reaching past pupil. Lateral line little arched, its curve ij4 in straight part. Teeth well developed. Caudal not widely forked. Silvery without spot or band; anal creamy orange, its tip whitish. Other fins pale, except dorsal lobe which is dusky. Axil silvery. A few specimens taken in the surf, the largest 2% inches long. Type No. 2690 L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Other specimens taken by the Albatross in San Juan La- goon examined; some of these are five inches in length. 96. Trachinotus rhodopus Gill. ( Trachynotus fasciatus Gill; Trachynotus nasutus Gill.) Very common on sandy shores about Mazatlan, reach- ing the length of about a foot; not much valued as food. Readily distinguished at all ages by the reddish color of the lobes of the dorsal, anal and caudal. These lobes become, considerably elevated with age, but at all times 67 FISHES OF SINALOA. 439 they are marked by shades of brownish red or maroon color. There seems to be little doubt that the Trachyno- tus rkodopus Gill is the young of the species which he called at the same time Trachynotus fasciatus. The very young specimens to which Gill gave the name Trachy- notus nasutus were probably also the young of the same species, but it may be that they were the young of Trachi- notus kennedyi. Dr. Jordan's identification of the great Pampano of the Florida Keys with Gill's Trachynotus rhodofus is doubtless incorrect. There is at present no evidence that any species of Trachinotus is common to both coasts of Mexico. Young specimens, 2^ inches long. Blue above, white below, no bars. Dorsal and caudal lobes black, with strong orange shade. Lobes of caudal orange brown, verging on black. Pectoral and ventral white. Specimens 6 or 7 inches long, have from 3 to 5 narrow dark cross-bars, not quite so wide as pupil, running from a point on a level with pectoral fin to within a short dis- tance of the dorsal line of the back, but never quite to it; these bars vary in number and position; posterior face of pectoral fin dusky. Otherwise colored as the younger ones. 97. Trachinotus culveri Jordan & Starks n. sp. Palo- meta. Plate xxxvi. Five specimens, each 7 inches long, obtained in the market at Mazatlan; no others 'seen. This species is re- lated to Trachinotus falcatus of the Atlantic, but its fins are lower and different in coloration. It is also allied to Trachinotus kennedyi, but the body is much deeper and there is no black axillary spot. It does not seem possible that with age culveri should become transformed into kennedyi. Head 3I; depth i#; D. VI-i, 17; A. II-i, 17; max- 44° CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 68 illary 3 in head; eye 7, 2 A > snout 4^ ; dorsal lobe i T V in head; pectoral 1% in head; caudal £ longer than head. Body very deep, compressed, the back much elevated. Snout very blunt and convex, the rest of profile straight and steep; base of dorsal and anal very oblique. Dorsal and anal lobes rather low. Caudal long. Lateral line little elevated in front, the curve 1% in straight part. Gill-rakers very short, about 5+9. Teeth persistent, in specimens 7 inches long. Bluish gray, silvery below, tinged with yellow, every- where much soiled with blackish spots, no distinct mark- ings anywhere, the axil only slightly dusky; fins all dusky except middle of caudal and lobe of anal, and the ventrals which are whitish. Types, No. 2691, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 98. Trachinotus kennedyi Steindachner. Palometa. Two large specimens obtained in the surf. This spe- cies was originally described by Steindachner from Mag- dalena Bay, and has been recorded by Dr. Gilbert from Mazatlan and from Panama. Head 3%; depth at vent 2^; at anal 2^; D. VI-i, 19; A. II, 1, 16. Curve of lateral line i| in straight part. Eye 5 in head; maxillary 2%; dorsal lobe i-|"; caudal % longer than head ; pectoral 1 % in head ; snout 3-f ; least depth of caudal peduncle 3^ in head. Body oblong, compressed, and elevated at bases of dorsal and anal. Anterior profile of head an even curve, the snout blunt and convex ; line straight from nape to dorsal. Mouth moderate, very qblique, subinferior, the lower jaw much shorter than upper, the maxillary reaching to posterior border of pupil. Teeth obsolete. Tail widely forked, the lobes equal. Lobes of dorsal and anal low, not sharp. 6 9 FISHES OF SINALOA. 44 I Gray above, with deep green reflections, lower half silvery, with strong golden tinge. Axil jet black, the color covering base of fin and extending behind for a distance nearly equal to eye, so that the fin does not cover it ; upper fins dusky, the* caudal edged with paler, anal dusky with golden tinge, ventrals purplish white. Pec torals dusky ; maxillary with a black streak. 99. Seriola mazatlana Steindachner. Originally described from Mazatlan by Steindachner, but not seen by Dr. Gilbert or by us: probably a migra- tory species. Family NEMATISTIID^E. 100. Nematistius pectoralis Gill. Papagallo. Very common in all the waters about Mazatlan; speci- mens reaching the length of about three or four feet found about the islands of Venados, Isla Blanca and Creston. Color silvery, iridescent bluish above, with black bands ; the first across tip of snout ; the second across interorbital, involving the top of membranous eyelid; the third from nape across opercle ; the fourth including the first dorsal spine and running obliquely down on the belly, where it fades out at about the tip of the pectoral fin; the fifth running from middle, of first dorsal obliquely to lateral line, then backwards along lateral line to upper lobe of caudal, including the whole upper half of caudal peduncle ; a sixth indistinct band, following the line of the back for a short distance, under the soft dorsal; upper part of maxillary dusky; long spines of dorsal with alternate bands of yellow and black, and much slaty-bluish at base ; soft dorsal and caudal uniform dusky; pectoral with a black spot on lower rays, not involving the axil; ventrals white; anal slightly dusky. Described from a specimen sixteen inches long. 2D Seb., Vol. V. ( 29 ) August 16, 1895. 442 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 70 The two anal spines united with rest of the fin. No free anal spines. Ventral ray really I, 5, the inner ray very wide, made up of four branches so that the rays seem more numerous; ventral spine obscure. Anal fin short. Pectoral fin falcate. Both dorsal and ventral with sheath. Soft dorsal and anal low, the last ray slightly lengthened. Dr. Gill is probably right in regarding Nematistius as type of a family distinct from the Carangida. Family STROMATEID^E. 101. Rhombus medius (Peters). Originally described by Dr. Peters from Mazatlan ; not seen by Dr. Gilbert or by us. Only the original type in the museum at Berlin seems to be yet definitely known. Family CHEILODIPTERID^. 102. Apogon dovii Giinther. This species was found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, but was not seen by us. 103. Apogon retrosella Gill. Cardenal. Plate xxxvii. Two specimens of this most beautiful little fish were obtained by us with dynamite off the Isla Blanca and Creston Islands. Only the very young, found by Mr. John Xantus, at Cape San Lucas have been hitherto known. Head i\; depth 2]/a 1 scales 3-26-9; dorsal VI— 1, 10; anal 11, 9; eye %]/i in head; maxillary 1^ ; snout 4^ ; interorbital 4; fiist dorsal 2^ ; second dorsal if; caudal \\\ pectoral 1^ ; ventral if. Body rather plump, not much compressed, the profile rising steeply from snout to first dorsal. Caudal peduncle long and strong; eye very large; mouth large, oblique, the" maxillary opposite posterior margin of pupil. Teeth small, the outer scarcely enlarged. Premaxillary pro- tractile; no supplemental maxillary. 7 1 FISHES OF SINALOA. 443 Bright scarlet much dotted with black, cheek with many dark points, a diffuse dark blotch on opercle; a diffuse black blotch at base of caudal. First dorsal with triangular red area in front. Second dorsal red at base, the anterior half jet black above the red, the posterior half translucent. From black anterior rays, a rather faint black saddle falls to middle of side. Caudal red at base, upper and lower lobes black, the middle pale. Anal red at base, the anterior rays black, the posterior pale. Pec- toral white, the base deep scarlet. Ventral white, red at base, blackish at tip. Opercle reddish within, with some dusky. Preopercle minutely serrulate on its vertical margin only, these serrulations soft and easily rubbed off. A younger specimen was, in life, scarlet, deeper below and on tail, fading on fins; second dorsal, anal, and caudal tipped with blackish. An oblong inky spot at middle of base of caudal. An inky bar below soft dorsal extend- ing to level of pectoral and spreading on base of soft dorsal. A black bar from snout through eye to gill open- ing, broader and clearer behind, overlaid by reddish, a fainter dusky band below parallel with it. Family SERRANID^. 104. Alphestes multiguttatus (Giinther). This species is found in rocky places along the coast, having been taken by Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama. But one small specimen was obtained by us. 105. Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns). Cabrilla Pinta. This species is generally common about the islands on the coast of Mexico all the way from Cape San Lucas to the Galapagos Islands. Only young specimens were seen by us. 444 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. *]2 Inside of mouth salmon yellow; pectoral with salmon color, its edge pale; caudal with a maroon band above and below; dorsal edged with blackish red, spots on belly nearly white; dorsal with white on membranes. 1 06. Epinephelus analogus Gill. This species is also common in rocky places along the coast from Mazatlan to Panama. Several specimens were obtained by us. " 107. Promicrops guttatus (Linnaeus). Mero. Rather common about the islands and in deep water, reaching an enormous size, greater than that of any other bony fish found in the region.' The largest seen by us weighed some seventy pounds, but it is said to attain the weight at times of 500 or 600 pounds. Only one speci- men was obtained in a condition for preservation. This was a small one 20 inches long. The species was found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, Panama and Punta Arenas; the type of quinquefascidtus were obtained by Dr. Bo- court at Tauesco. This species seems to agree fully with the account .of Promicrofs guttatus, given by Gilbert & Swain, in 1884. There is not much doubt of the identity of the Pacific Coast Promicrops quinquefasciatus with Promicrops gut- tatus of the Atlantic. 108. Dermatolepis punctatus Gill. This species seems to be rare along the coast. The tvpe was found by Mr. Xantus at Cape San Lucas, another specimen was brought by Lieut. Nichols from Socorro Island, and a third was found by Dr. Gilbert about the islands near Mazatlan. It was found in abundance by Dr. Gilbert about the Revillagigedos. 73 FISHES OF SINALOA. 445 109. Mycteroperca boulengeri Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Cabrilla Raizer. "Mangrove Grouper." Plate xxxviii. This species is found with Mycteroperca jordani Jen- kins & Evermann in about equal abundance. It reaches a much smaller size than any other species of Myctero-perca. It is in many ways an aberrant form, showing affinities with Epinephelus. The anal fin is short, as in Epine- phelus, while the general appearance and coloration is that of Mycteroperca. The structure of the skull shows that its affinities are with the latter. Head 2-| in length; depth 2-|. Dorsal XI-14 or 15; anal III-9 or 10; scales about 90, 20 above and 42 below; snout 2/4 in head; maxillary i\; eye 5^; pectoral 1^; ventral if; longest anal ray 1% ; caudal i-f; longest dor- sal spine 2^; gill-rakers short, about 6+17, the longest about 4 eye; longest dorsal ray 2 in head; length 10 inches. Body short and deep, compressed. Head moderate* compressed, its profile not steep, nearly straight, a de- pression before eye. Upper canines moderate, the lower quite small. Nostrils small, well separated, the anterior slightly larger. Lower jaw very strongly projecting. Maxillary reaching opposite posterior edge of pupil. Pre- opercle slighily notched, the angle slightly salient, with enlarged teeth. Dorsal not deeply notched, the fourth spine not much elevated. Second dorsal high, not long, its angle not rounded. Caudal scarcely lunate, the upper lobe long, the lower truncate. Anal very high, strongly elevated; its posterior border incised, the anterior rounded. Pectoral and ventral moderate. Scales smoothish, not very small. Color olive gray, covered everywhere with oblong ir- regular markings of black, between which the ground 446 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 74 color forms rivulations. Gray lines radiating from the eye. A black blotch below maxillary. Pectoral olive yellow. Other -fins blackish, clouded with pale. First dorsal with faint small black spots. The supraoccipital and temporal crests are high, the supraoccipital crest extending to the posterior margin of orbit; the temporal crests are parallel to each other, and extending to pupil; interorbital space concave. Several specimens, the largest (No. 1621, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.) one foot in Jength, taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan. We take pleasure in naming this interesting species for Dr. George Albert Boulenger of the British Museum, in recognition of his excellent work on the Serranidce, in the first volume of his Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum, the proof sheets of which have been kindly placed in our hands. no. Mycteroperca rosacea (Streets)'. Cabrilla Cala- MARIA. Occasionally taken at Mazatlan in rather deep water. Three specimens only of this species have been preserved; one of them from Mazatlan, collected by Gilbert; one, the original type, obtained by Dr. Streets at some point further northward in the Gulf of California, and the third sent to us by Sefior Ygnacio Moreno after our return from Mazatlan. In all of these the life color seems to be bright orange. in. Mycteroperca venadorum Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Garlopa. A very large species found in some abundance about the islands along the coast, in rather deep water. But a single specimen, weighing 75 pounds, was obtained by us, this specimen being a type of the species. We are 75 FISHES OF SINALOA. 447 told by Dr. George W. Rogers and others that specimens weighing 150 pounds are not uncommon. The specimen from which the species is described was taken by the ex- plosion of dynamite outside in the deep water not far from the island called Isla Blanca. Head 3^ in length; depth t^A- Scales, small, smooth- ish, about 130. Dorsal XI, 16; anal III, 11. Snout 3 in head; maxillary 2; eye 8. Gill-rakers 3 + 8; pectorals iy'-jj-; 4th dorsal spine 34 ; longest dorsal rays 3; longest anal ray i\; caudal lobe 1^; ventrals 2%\ Body robust, not strongly compressed, the head large. Lower jaw much projecting. Posterior nostril three times diameter of anterior. Preopercle scarcely notched, its angle scarcely salient, its teeth a little enlarged. Gill- rakers short, thick, few in number. Dorsal deep notched, 2d spine a little lower than the 4th. Soft dorsal high, slightly angulated.. Anal very high, with exserted rays. Caudal well forked, lobes unequal. Color olive brown, almost uniform; no spots or bands. Dorsal, anal and caudal with broad black margin nar- rowly edged with whitish. Pectoral and ventral darker behind. Pectoral with pale edge. The type, a specimen weighing in life seventy-five lbs., has been sent as a skin to the British Museum. Its length was 40 inches to base of caudal fin. 112. Mycteroperca pardalis Gilbert. Cabrilla Pin tita. This species is said to be rather common at the Venados and other islands in the neighborhood of Mazatlan. A single specimen was obtained by us; a head was also found in the market* Dr. Gilbert tells us that he has seen salted specimens apparently of this species preserved by the fishermen at Guaymas, together with specimens of 448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 76 a very large species, probably our Mycteroferca venado- rum. Head 3 in length; depth 3^; dorsal XI, 16; anal III, 1 1 . Scales 100, small, smooth, imbedded, difficult to count. Eye 6% in head; maxillary 2% ; pectoral 1%; longest anal rayi^; longest dorsal 2; longest dorsal spine 3^. Cau- dal upper lobe 1^3 : ventrals 2. Body deep, robust; anterior profile rather steep and straight; lower jaw moderately projecting. Small canines in both jaws; preopercle with notch and a salient angle. Gill-rakers about 15 + 25, rather stout, the longest about 7^ in head; snout 3^. Posterior nostril oblong, 4 times as long as anterior. Dorsal spines low, the third and fourth but little longer than' the last. Dorsal fin pointed behind; anal very high, triangular in form; anterior margin convex, posterior concave. Sixth soft ray very high, reaching far beyond tip of last, which is short; spines graduated. Caudal fin broad, on a broad peduncle, un- equally lunate; upper lobe longer and broader than lower. Pectorals rounded. Color olive gray, paler below, clouded with dark above. Everywhere covered with small roundish dark olive or bronzed spots so thick as to obscure the ground color; very close set on head and' back, small and distinct, not larger than anterior nostril, growing larger and less thick- set below; posteriorly still larger, often half diameter of pupil, and .tending to run together forming elongated blotches and vermiculations. Dorsal similarly spotted with spots which grow faint on soft rays ; pectoral, anal and caudal like soft dorsal. All soft fins growing dusky toward margin. Soft dorsal, anal and caudal very narrowly edged with pale. Pectoral with broader pale margin; ventral like pectoral, pale edge narrower. When seen from back an appearance of about 10 very faint dusky cross-shades, probably very conspicuous in young. 77 FISHES OF SINALOA. 449 113. Mycteroperca jordani (Jenkins & Evermann). Cabrilla de Astillero. Common in the Astillero at Mazatlan, reaching a much smaller size than any of the three preceding, the largest among them not being more than two pounds in weight. It is not found about the rocks, but lives in abundance in the branches of the Astillero on the muddy bottoms below a growth of the mangrove bushes. Head 2^, depth 3^. D. XI, 15. A. Ill, 10. Scales 23-125-43. Gill-rakers 3-{- 10, short, barely longer than pupil. Eye 6j4 in head; snout 3^; maxillary 2%. P. if. V. 2. 4th D. spine 3. Longest soft ray 2^. A. A- C. z#. Body moderately elongate, compressed; profile anteri- orly a little convex, depressed before eye. Mouth mod- erate, the lower jaw longer. Nostrils well separated, sub- equal. Preopercle scarcely notched, the teeth at angle scarcely enlarged. First dorsal low, scarcely notched, the fourth- spine not elongate. Soft dorsal low and rounded. Caudal truncate or very slightly rounded. Anal high but not rounded, its posterior border notr in- cised. Pectorals and ventrals moderate. Color olive gray, with very obscure marks of darker olive in the form of diffuse dark clouds ; lower parts pale olive. Pectorals yellowish green; other fins blackish, the soft dorsal and caudal narrowly edged with whitish. Sides of head with wavy blackish streaks ; a black mus tache behind maxillary; lower side of head clouded, lower lip greenish. Several specimens, each about a foot long. » An adult specimen of the same species shows the fol- lowing characters: Head 2^ in length; depth 3%'. Dorsal XI, 17; anal III, 11. Scales 120. Snout 3%! m head; maxillary 2; 45° CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 78 e Y e 1%'> pectoral i^; ventral 2-|; anal ray i\\ caudal if. Longest dorsal spine 2-f ; longest dorsal ray 2-f. Gill-rakers short 3 + 8, not longer than pupil. Body robust, rather elongate. Head large, low, its profile, not steep, a depression before eye. Canines in both jaws, rather strong. Nostrils well separated, the posterior scarcely longer than anterior. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Preopercle slightly notched, the angle little salient. Dorsal rather deeply notched, the fourth spine not especially elevated. Second dorsal high and long, with rounded angles. Caudal slightly lunate. Anal high, but not falcate, its middle rays much elevated but not exserted; both outlines nearly straight. Color olive almost black above, wijth four series of ob- long blackish, cloud-like blotches along sides; these irregular in size, the largest twice length of eye. Fins all dark, clouded with darker. A little dark red on pec- toral and- on the lower edge of anal and caudal. Pale edge on dorsal, anal, and caudal very slight; none on pectoral. Cheeks and opercles clouded, the cheeks faintly reticulate, the lower parts grayish, faintly mottled. Inside of mouth pale. 114. Mycteroperca xenarcha Jordan. One specimen, 22 inches long, from the Venados Islands. Head 2^; depth 3. Dorsal XI, 16. Anal III, 11. Scales 25-110 to 115-50. Body rather deep and compressed; head compressed, with rather short, sharp snout, which is 4 in head; profile steep and nearly straight. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching scarcely beyond eye, 2 in head. Lower canines small; upper canines (two in number) strong, scarcely directed forward. Eye small, 7 in head. Preorbital 79 FISHES OF SINALOA. 451 narrow, % width of eye. Interorbital area convex, its width 4^ in head. Nostrils small, the posterior scarcely, the larger, separated from the anterior by one diameter. Angle of preopercle scarcely salient, but provided with coarser teeth; a small sharp notch above it. Opercular spine flat and divided into about six teeth at the end. Gill-rakers moderate 9+18. Scales moderate, scarcely ctenoid. Dorsal spines low, the outline of the spinous dorsal gently convex, the fourth spine longest, 3 in head. Soft dorsal high, its outline angular, the tenth ray pro- duced, if in head. Anal fin formed as in Mycteroferca falcata, its seventh ray produced and falcate, i-f in head, its posterior outline concave. Caudal subtruncate, the outer rays slightly produced. Pectoral 1^ in head. Color plain dark olivaceous, the edges of the fins scarcely darker ; no evident markings on body. 115. Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Steindachner). Cabrilla Pinta. Rather common at Mazatlan. This is one of the very few northern species which extends its range thus far to. the southward. It is found in some abundance about San Diego, and its center of distribution is probably between Mazatlan and San Diego, these two places being the lim- its of its range, so far as now known. 116. Diplectrum radiale (Quoy & Gaimard). This small species is about a foot in length and is gen- erally common on the Coast. It is apparently not very abundant at Mazatlan, the few specimens seen by us be- ing all taken in the Astillero. Much cherry red on head and fins in life, sides salmon color, streaks on head greenish. ( 45 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 8o 117. Prionodes fasciatus Jenyns. Generally common in rocky islands on the Coast. Obtained by Gilbert irom the islands about Mazatlan, whence it was described as Serranus calopteryx. Not taken by us. Serranus bulleri, lately described by Dr. Boulenger from Las Penas, Jalisco, seems to be identical with Pri- onodes fasciatus: 118. Rypticus xanti Gill. Jabon. This species was found by Gilbert in some abundance at Mazatlan.. It was not seen by us. Family CENTROPOMID^. 119. Centropomus viridis Lockington. Robalo. A common and valued food fish at Mazatlan, where it was also taken by Dr. Gilbert. This Pacific Coast fish seems to be really a species dis- tinct from Centropomus undecimalis, with which it has hitherto been identified. The only differences we find are these : In Centropomus viridis the anterior append- ages, to the air-bladder, are two to three times diameter of orbit (in C. undecimalis not longer than orbit), and the third anal spine projects beyond second. In C . undecim- alis the second spine is the longer. Color in life olivaceous, the sides dull silvery, a very little yellow on ventral, none elsewhere ; ventrals not black. 120. Centropomus nigrescens Gunther. Robalo Prieto. Rather common; a food fish of some importance, reaching a length of about two feet, less common than Centropomus viridis. Recorded from Chiapam by Gun- ther, and from Mazatlan, Panama and Punta Arenas by Gilbert. 8l FISHES OF SINALOA. - 453 121. Centropomus pedimacula Poey. Robalito, or Constantino de las Aletas Prietas. (Centro- pomus medius Giinther.) Rather common, reaching a length of a little more than a foot; found at Chiapam (Giinther), San Bias (Nichols) and Punta Arenas (Gilbert). We find but one difference between the Pacific form called Centropomus medius and its Atlantic analogue, Centropomus -pedimacula Poey. In the Pacific specimens, Centropomus medius, the second anal spine is curved and j.% to i-f times in head. In Centropomus pedimacula it is straightish and longer, i% to 1% in head. This dif- ference is of very doubtful value, and for the present we place medius in the synonymy of pedimacula. Color greenish, the sides bright silvery. Ventral pale yellow, black at tip, a little yellow on anal, none else- where. Upper fins dusky; dusky on anal behind the spine. 122. Centropomus robalito Jordan & Gilbert. Constan- tino, or Robalito de las Aletas Amarillas. Rather common in the estuary and freely ascending the fresh waters, numerous specimens being taken by us in various places in the Rio Presidio. The species was found by Gilbert at Mazatlan and at Panama; it is prob- ably generally common along the coast. At our request, Dr. Evermann has compared speci- mens of the Pacific form called Centropomus robalito with Centropomus ensiferus from Cuba. He is unable to find any differences, and probably the two are identical. Cen- tropomus armatus Gill from Panama is, however, distinct from ensiferus or robalito. Olivaceous with bluish reflections ; sides silvery, bright- est above; ventrals bright yellow, not black at tip. Anal more or less bright yellow; upper fins dusky. 454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 82 Family LUTIANID^E. 123. Hoplopagrus guntheri Gill. Pargo Coconaco. This beautiful and most interesting species is very com- mon about Mazatlan in deep water among the islands. It reaches a considerable size, the largest specimen seen by us having a length of 26 inches. There is considerable difference between the young and the old in coloration, the bands so conspicuous disappearing with age. The species has been found in abundance at Cape San Lucas, Altata and Guaymas, but has not been noticed further south. Adult greenish above, belly coppery pink; head olive, sides with eight cross bands of warm brown, unequally placed; fins dusky olive shaded with pinkish and brown; ventrals black tipped. A dark crescent at base of pec- toral. 124. Lutianus novemfasciatus Gill. Pargo Prieto. Pargo Mareno. This species reaches a much larger size than any other members of the genus on the Pacific Coast, those speci- mens obtained by us with dynamite among the Venados Islands having a weight of about twenty-five pounds. It is a food fish of some importance. It undergoes very considerable changes with age, as the notes below will show. The young are dark in color, the bodies banded and the amount of red very slight. The adult becomes uniformly colored with much red, and with increased age there is a progressive lengthening of the snout and widen- ing of the preorbital. Description of adult of 30 inches: Head 3; depth 3 (3/i in young); dorsal X, 14; anal III, 18; scales 6 (4)-5°- I 3; eye 6^ in head; snout 2%; maxillary 2|. Pectoral 1%. Ventral 2. Anal 3; 3d anal spine 5^; 83 FISHES OF SINALOA. 455 caudal 1^; preorbital 34 (4^ in smaller specimens 20 inches long; 5 in those of one foot long). Body very robust, not much compressed, the back not sharp. Head very large, the mouth very large, reaching middle of eye. Canines very strong, in front of jaw and on sides of lower. Vomerine teeth in a V-shaped patch, not prolonged behind. Gill-rakers 7, very small, the longest less than pupil. Posterior nostril oblong, much longer than anterior. Preopercle slightly notched; 7 or 8 rows of scales on cheeks. Dorsal deeply notched, rather low. Soft dorsal low and rounded. Anal low and rounded. Pectoral long and pointed. Caudal short, scarcely concave. , Anal spines short, graduated. Scales above lateral line not in a paral- lel series. Maroon color above, copper red below, becoming sal- mon color before. Fins blackish, tinged with maroon. Pectoral dull yellow olive, blackish at tip; a blackish cross spot on base of pectoral, growing faint with age. Inside of the mouth salmon. Ventral quite dark, the tips black. Iris salmon color; no blue spots or line below eye. Young with spinous dorsal edged with black ; anal and caudal black; ventrals black tipped. A black crescent on upper part of base of pectoral. Young of one foot, black with progressively less red and narrow preorbital. Color largely blackish, tinged with copper on belly and lower parts. The young are called Pargo Negro; the half grown, Pargo Prieto; the adult Pargo Marefio, or Maroon Snap- per. 125. Lutianus argentiventris (Peters). Pargo Amar- illo. Very abundant everywhere about Mazatlan, and prob- ably common all the way from Guaymas to Panama. It 456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 84 reaches a weight of about five pounds, and is a food fish of some importance. Back olivaceous, anterior parts washed with maroon red, bright on sides of head, becoming more orange pos- teriorly; posterior half of body bright yellow; some pale streaks on scales. Pectoral light orange red. Other fins mostly bright yellow. A row of round blue spots below eye. Belly silvery, slightly washed with red; inside of mouth white; iris, white. 126. Lutianus Colorado Jordan & Gilbert. Pargo Col- orado. This large, handsomely colored species, is one of the staple food fishes at Mazatlan, being brought into the market every day, both from the estuary and from the deep water about the islands. It reaches a weight of about ten pounds. Thus far it has been recorded only from Mazatlan and Punta Arenas, all the known speci- mens having been collected by Dr. Gilbert. 127. Lutianus guttatus (Steindachner). Pargo Fla- menco. This small, beautifully colored species, is generally common about Mazatlan, and probably in all the locali- ties along the coast; it is found both in the estuary and in the neighborhood of the rocks. It rarely reaches a pound in weight. Light olivaceous above, the markings bronze olive; sides pale crimson, the marks more yellow. Belly golden yellow. Scarlet on iris, yellow about eye; first dorsal reddish, second with reddish brown markings; caudal deep rich red; lower fins golden; pectoral nearly color- less; side of head pink with golden stripes. 85 FISHES OF SINALOA. 457 128. Lutianus aratus (Giinther). Pargo Raizero. This beautiful species is not very abundant about Maz- atlan, specimens being only occasionally taken. It rarely reaches five pounds in weight. It is generally distributed along the coast, having been recorded from Punta Arenas by Gilbert, and from Chiapam and Panama by Giinther. Dark green, the dark stripes on sides dark brown, the interspaces yellowish white; belly coppery red; some bluish on cheek; pectoral maroon red; ventrals salmon red, the first ray white; anal creamy red; caudal dark red, blackish towards tip; dorsals dusky; throat silvery. 129. Rabirubia inermis (Peters). Plate xxxix. The original type of this species in the museum at Ber- lin was said to have been brought from Mazatlan. A single specimen from Panama is in the museum of Stan- ford University. In this species the supra-occipital crest is continued forward on the head to the ethmoid region, as in the genus Ocyurus. This character widely separates inermis from the genus Lutianus. The genus Rabirubia Jordan & Fesler, of which it is the type, is separated from Ocyurus chiefly by the small number of the gill- rakers. Family H^MULID^. 130. Haemulon sexfasciatum Gill. Roncador Alme- jero. This species reaches a larger size than any other of the group, none that were found by us being less than two feet in length. It is not very common, living mainly about the islands. It was obtained by Peters and Gilbert at Mazatlan, and ranges from Cape' San Lucas to Panama. 2d Seb., Vol. V. ( 30 ) August 16, 1895. 458 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 86 131. Haemulon scudderi Gill. Roncador Prieto. This species reaches a length of about fifteen inches, and is very common at Mazatlan, more so than any other member of the group. Large specimens were taken by dynamite in the deep water about the Venados, and the young are rather common in the estuary. The species seems to have indifferently eleven or twelve dorsal spines, and there is a greater variation than usual in the form of the body and in the shade of coloration. There seems to be no doubt, however, that all the forms usually referred to this species belong to a single one. The species is found from Cape San Lucas to Panama. Back bright yellow-olive to opposite front of soft dorsal, the posterior half, more or less abruptly, steel blue black. The vertical fins all blackish; in some the whole back is greenish, in others only half; lower parts all gray; most of the large ones show no traces of spots on scales, some show a few spots; fins silvery, with golden above and be- low; mouth red within ; black under preopercle. 132. Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert) . Ron- cador Raiado. This small species, not reaching a length of more than eight' inches, and too small to be regarded as a food fish, is very abundant in the harbor at Mazatlan, especially about the wharf and in the quiet waters in the estuary. It is generally distributed along the coast from Guaymas to Panama. It seems to be indistinguishable from a species found along the Brazilian coast and north to St. Lucia. For this species we have formerly taken the name of Hcemulon schranki Agassiz. This identification is prob- ably an error. Hcemulon schranki is probably based on a faded example of Hcemulon melanurum. Apparently the appropriate name of Hcemulon steindachneri should stand. 87 FISHES OF SINALOA. 459 Fins all golden yellow; body dark bronze, with rows of pearly blue spots; a large black blotch at base of caudal. I 33- Lythrulon flaviguttatum (Gill). (Hcemulon mar- garitiferum Gunther.) • This species is not very common in the estuary at Ma- zatlan, a few specimens having been taken by Dr. Gil- bert. It is widely distributed along the coast from Guay- mas to Panama. 134. Lythrulon opalescens Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate xl. Rather common in the estuary at Mazatlan, not yet no- ticed elsewhere; all the specimens of Lythrulon from other localities examined by us being referable to Lythru- lon flaviguttatum . Head 3}^; depth 2% ; dorsal XII, 16; anal III, 9; snout 3^ in head; maxillary reaching slightly past front of pupil, 2% \ri head; orbit 2-jj-; interorbital t, 2 A '■> longest dor- sal spine 2; longest dorsal ray 4; second anal spine 2% ; pectoral 1^; ventralsi^; scales 7-54-13. Body deep, compressed, the back well elevated, the dorsal outline nearly uniformly curved from tip of snout to caudal peduncle ; ventral outline curved from chin to breast, thence straight to anal spine, and slanting obliquely upwards to caudal peduncle. Snout small and pointed; mouth small and oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting; teeth all small, the outer scarcely enlarged; preopercle finely serrate, the posterior limb somewhat concave, the angle broadly rounded. Gill-rakers short and slender, about half the diameter of pupil, 8+15; scales above lateral line arranged in oblique series; tip of snout, chin and maxillary naked; scales on head small and crowded; soft fins scaled. 460 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 88 Pectoral reaching to vent; ventrals reaching half way to second anal ray; second anal spine a .little longer and stronger than third; upper lobe of caudal the longer, about equal to head. Color as in Lythrulon flaviguttatum , in spirits, dark steel gray; a small very distinct pale spot on each scale of back and sides, surrounded by darker. This spot is, in spirits, light yellowish; in life of a pearly blue. Head plain; a small dusky blotch under angle of preopercle. Fins plain bright yellow in life. Young with a large black blotch at base of caudal, as in Hcemulon steindachneri and Orthostcechus maculicauda, and without the dusky horizontal streaks seen in most of the other species. This species differs from Lythrulon flaviguttatum in having fewer gill-rakers, the depth and arch of the back greater. Described from a specimen (No. 2963, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.) 9 inches long. Two others were obtained. 135. Orthostcechus maculicauda Gill. This small species was not found at Mazatlan either by Dr. Gilbert or by the Hopkins expedition. Specimens from Mazatlan and from Acapulco have been recorded by Steindachner. It was obtained by Xantus at Cape San Lucas and Colima, and by Dr. Gilbert at La Paz and Panama. 136. Anisotremus interruptus (Gill). Mojarron. This large species occurs in great abundance about the islands near Mazatlan, many specimens, the largest over two feet in length, having been obtained by dynamite. 1 It is occasionally seen in the Astillero. It is widely dis- tributed along the coast, and specimens were obtained by Dr. Gilbert in 1881 at Mazatlan. Body grayish anteriorly, most specimens gray before, §9 FISHES OF SINALOA. 461 yellow on posterior half ; the back tinged with brassy olive, which grows darker behind, the posterior parts pretty dis- tinctly yellow; fin spines gray, the soft fins olive, the fins growing dusky at tip; scales on back and sides each with a distinct black spot; iris yellow; scales above lateral line much enlarged, 4 in number, 7 in an oblique series; 52 pores. The generally larger size of the scales above the lateral line may possibly separate this species from the common Atlantic form, Anisotremus surinamensis. 137. Anisotremus caesius (Jordan & Gilbert) . This species is known only from two or three speci- mens obtained by Dr. Gilbert in 1881 from Mazatlan. It was not seen by us, and is doubtless rare. 138. Anisotremus dovii (Giinther). This species was found by Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama, but no specimens were obtained by us. 139. Anisotremus taeniatus Gill. Catalina. This species is rather common about the islands. It reaches a length of about 18 inches, and in life is very brilliant in color. It is seldom found in shallow water. It ranges from Magdalena Bay to Panama. 140. Pomadasis macracanthus (Giinther). Burro. This species is extremely common everywhere about Mazatlan. It is a food fish of some importance, but the flesh is rather coarse. It reaches a length of about 18 inches. When taken from the water it makes a loud and singular noise extremely similiar to the noise made by the. donkey or burro, from which this species receives its com- mon name. Every species of the genus makes some noise, but in no case is it so loud as in this one. 462 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. QO 141. Pomadasis branicki (Steindachner). This small species, rarely exceeding six inches in length, was found by us in some abundance in the Astillero at Mazatlan. It was obtained by Gilbert both at Mazatlan and Panama. Steindachner described it from Tumbez on the coast of Peru. 142. Pomadasis panamensis (Steindachner). This species is generally common along the west coast, but it was not seen by us. Dr. Gilbert found it both at Mazatlan and Panama. 143. Pomadasis axillaris (Steindachner). v Burro Blanco. This species reaches the length of about a foot, and is occasionally taken at Panama; a single specimen being found by us at Mazatlan. Both Steindachner and Gilbert also record it from Mazatlan,. and a single specimen has been found by us in the collection of Dr. Streets from the coast of Lower California. It has not been noticed from any other locality. 144. Pomadasis nitidus (Steindachner). This species was found at Mazatlan by both Steindach- ner and Gilbert, but it was not seen by us. Gilbert re- cords it also from Panama. 145. Pomadasis leuciscus (Gunther). Burrito. This small species seldom exceeds a length of six inches, and is generally common in the bay at Mazatlan, and on sandy bottoms where the water is shallow. We found large variations in the depth of body, in the width of the preorbital and in the length of the anal spines, but in no case have we been able to make these variations agree exactly with any of the differences by which we have hitherto distinguished Pomadasis elongatus (Stein- 9 1 FISHES OF SINALOA. 463 dachner) from Pomadasis leuciscus (Giinther). We have reached the conclusion that all of these forms belong to one species, and that elongatus, as we have understood it, cannot be maintained as a separate species. The two supposed forms have been recorded from various places between Guaymas and Panama. The name elongatus was first applied to a Peruvian specimen, which is possibly different from leuciscus, as we have seen none exactly like Steindachner's figure. The young show yellowish shades on fins. Second dorsal mottled with blackish; a diffuse dusky blotch on opercular angle, and evident dark streaks, three or four, along middle of sides. 146. Orthopristis chalceus (Giinther). This species is generally common along the coast from Guaymas to Panama. It was obtained by Steindachner and Gilbert at Mazatlan, but no specimens were secured by us. 147. Isaciella brevipinnis (Steindachner). The original type of this species was obtained by Dr. Steindachner at Mazatlan. A specimen from Panama, now in the museum of Yale University, was obtained by Prof. Bradley. The species seems to be rare, and no specimens were secured by us. 148. Microlepidotus inornatus Gill. Jopaton. Five specimens of this rare species, the largest about fifteen inches in length, were obtained by us with dyna- mite off 'the shore of the southernmost of the three Ven- ados Islands. In life, steel-blue, with stripes of bright bronze; upper fins with golden; caudal partly dusky; preorbital with vertically oblong spots. 464 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 92 Family SPARID^E. 149. Calamus bracbysomus (Lockington). Mojarra Garabata. This species is very common about Mazatlan, being a food fish of some importance and reaching a length of about fifteen inches. It was also obtained by Dr. Gilbert. Its range southward is not certain, but it is generally com- mon in the Gulf of California. Family KYPHOSID^. 150. Kyphosus analogus (Gill). Salema. This beautiful species is rather common about Mazat- lan, both in the estuary and in deep water in the neigh- borhood of the islands. It was not found by Dr. Gilbert, and its range along the coast is not definitely distinguished from that of the following species, the two having been recorded as identical by authors who had seen but one. They were first properly distinguished by Jenkins and Evermann, who obtained both atGuaymas. The marked difference in color, however, does not appear in the de- scription of Jenkins and Evermann, which was drawn from specimens preserved in alcohol. Head 4; depth 2%; dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 12; eye ^% in head; snout 3; maxillary 3% ; pectoral i^ 7 equal to ventrals; longest ray of soft dorsal 3^ ; longest dorsal spine 2^ ; upper lobe of caudal as long as head. Body compressed, elliptical; profile in some specimens evenly curved from tip of snout to dorsal, in others slightly produced before eyes and concave over snout. Mouth small, horizontal; jaws equal; teeth in a single series, from 22 to 28 in each jaw; maxillary extending to the vertical from the front of eye. Snout, lower jaw and preorbital naked, head elsewhere with scales; 12 to 15 rows of scales on opercle; scales on body much crowded 93 FISHES OF SINALOA. 465 anteriorly; scales 13-76-20; all the fins, with the excep- tion of spinous dorsal, entirely scaled. Tip of pectoral sharply rounded; front of anal not greatly elevated, its longest ray 3 in base of fin, which is about equal to head; spinous dorsal higher than soft dorsal; upper lobe of caudal the longer. Color, steel blue, brighter than in elegans, with bronze streaks along the edges or rows of scales, much brighter than in elegans. A broader gray streak bordered with bronze at base of soft dorsal. A large brassy spot in the axil, extending along shoulder girdle ; a deep bronze stripe through eye, another back from angle of mouth; the two separated by steel blue ; fins all blue black, with some bronze, especially on pectoral. Body more elongate than in elegans; the form mor.e elliptical; the mouth less blunt, with fewer teeth; the scales smaller and more crowded anteriorly; the fins lower, especially the anal. Well separated from Kyfhosus elegans, living chiefly in the rocks outside; rare in the bay. Largest specimen eighteen inches long. 151. typhosus elegans (Peters). Chopa. This species is rather common about Mazatlan, espe- cially in the sluggish waters of the Astillero. Like the preceding, it reaches a length of about fifteen inches. Head 3%; depths; dorsal XI, 12; anal III, 11; eye 4 in head; snout 3% ; maxillary 3|; pectoral i-f, equals ventral; longest ray of soft dorsal 2^; longest dorsal spine 2}4 ; longest anal ray 2; upper lobe of caudal equals head. Body ovate, compressed; profile rounded, slightly pro- duced before eyes; concave over snout in some speci- mens, straight in others; a gentle curve from eyes to dor- sal. Mouth small, horizontal; the jaws equal; teeth in a 466 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 94 single series, about 36 in each jaw; maxillary extending to the vertical from anterior edge of orbit; snout, lower jaw and preorbital naked, head everywhere else scaled ; opercles with 8 or 9 rows of scales; scales on body large, somewhat crowded anteriorly; scales 11-63— 17; all the fins, except spinous dorsal, with scales to their edges, those on caudal exceedingly small. Tip of pectoral sharply rounded, not reaching to tips of ventrals; ventral spine half as long as soft rays; anal spines short and stout, graduated ; anal elevated in front and higher than soft dorsal; middle spines of dorsal the longest, about equal to highest rays of soft dorsal; upper lobe of caudal the longer. Color grayish black, with paler centers to the scales; sides with large faint diffuse yellowish white spots ; a little bluish and yellowish on sides of head; a yellow streak below lower part of eye. Vertebras 9+16 or io-j-15. Family SCI^ENID^E. 152. Cynoscion reticulatus (Giinther). Corvina. Generally common on the sandy bottoms about Mazat- lan. An excellent food fish, very often brought into the markets, and reaching a length of nearly 3 feet. It was found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan and is common south to Panama. Caudal fin yellowish orange in life; inside of mouth deep orange yellow. 153. Cynoscion xantnulum Jordan & Gilbert. Corvina Aletas Amarillas. Found in company with Cynoscion reticulatus, but rather less abundant and perhaps reaching a smaller size. It is also a food fish. It has thus far been recorded only from Mazatlan, where the original types were taken by Dr. Gilbert. 95 FISHES OF SINALOA. 467 154. Larimus argenteus (Gill). One large specimen obtained; also found in the Gulf of California and southward on sandy shores to Panama. 155. Larimus breviceps Cuvier & Valenciennes. Specimens of this species were obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, Punta Arenas and Panama'., None were seen by us. 156. Corvula macrops (Steindachner). Vacuocua. One fine specimen from the Astillero at Mazatlan. Head $y 2 ; depth 3; dorsal XI, I, 25; anal II, 9; eye 3% in head; snout 4%; maxillary 2)4, ; longest dorsal spine i}( ; longest dorsal ray 2% ; second anal spine 2% ; ventrals 1%; pectoral i-f; caudal fin 1^. Body oblong, moderately compressed, not much ele- vated; dorsal outline uniform from tip of snout to caudal peduncle; ventral outline rounded from chin to breast, then straight to anal spine, then slanting obliquely upward to caudal peduncle. Snout blunt, shorter than large eye; upper jaw slightly projecting, teeth small and sharp, in one or two irregular series in lower jaw, in several series in upper jaw, the outer row slightly enlarged; maxillary extending to pos- terior edge of pupil; chin with four large pores; edge of preopercle covered with skin, which is serrated on the edge. Gill-rakers slender, 9+13; scales ctenoid on the body, cycloid on the head; scales 8— 56-11. Spinous dorsal a little higher than soft dorsal ; first dorsal spine very short, second about 5 times longer, third twice as long as second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth subequal, the others rapidly shorter; first anal spine very small, the second many times longer and stouter, but shorter than soft rays; ventrals inserted behind pectorals and reach- ing beyond them; caudal truncate. 468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF. SCIENCES. 96 Ground color silvery, but so closely set with small dark brown points as to almost obscure the silver; sides with about four faint dark cross bands and with conspicuous black stripes following the rows of scales, about n hor- izontal stripes below lateral line, those above slanting ob- liquely upward anteriorly, but becoming horizontal pos- teriorly, tips of ventrals and anal black, other fins dusky. Described from a specimen 8 inches long. 157. Bairdiella icistia (Jordan & Gilbert). This pretty species is not rare in the Astillero at Ma- zatlan, where specimens were obtained by Dr. Gilbert and by us. It has not been noticed elsewhere. 158. Ophioscion. scierus (Jordan & Gilbert). The species was obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan; not seen by us. It is more common southward, having been taken by Dr. Gilbert at Punta Arenas and Panama. 159. Micropogon ectenes Jordan & Gilbert. Verru- GATO. This species is a rather common food fish about Mazat- lan, reaching a length of 18 inches. Numerous speci- mens were obtained both by Dr. Gilbert and by us. It has not been noticed at any other locality. 160. Umbrina xanti Gill. Codorniz. This species is very common about Mazatlan, reaching a length of 15 inches, and being frequently brought into the market. It is generally common along the coast. 161. Umbrina dorsalis Gill. This species seems to be scarce at Mazatlan, where a few specimens were found by Dr. Gilbert mixed with those of Umbrina xanti Gill. No specimens were ob- tained by us. It has elsewhere been noted only at Cape San Lucas. 91 FISHES OF SINALOA. 469 162. Menticirrus simus Jordan. This species was described from specimens obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan. A single very small one was obtained by us in the surf north of the city. 163. Menticirrus panamensis (Steindachner). Taken by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan; not seen by us. 164. Menticirrus elongatus (Giinther). Verrugata. This species is very common in the surf on the sandy beaches about Mazatlan. Specimens were also obtained by Dr. Gilbert. Elsewhere it has been recorded only from Chiapam, whence came Dr. Giinther's original types. Family GERRID^. 165. Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill). Mojarra Cantilena. ( Diafteris californiensis and gracilis Gill.) Excessively common in the estuary, being by far the most abundant species, not excepting the White Mullet. It is rarely used as a food on account of its small size, its length when adult ranging from five to ten inches. The second iriterhaemal bone in this species is developed in a very singular manner, being short, much expanded and hollow, the broadly open upper end being occupied by the posterior part of the air-bladder, the structure being the same as in the genus Calamus, but more highly de- veloped', the bone being shorter and more largely ex- cavated. This structure is seen also in Eucinostomus gula, harengulus, and probably others. As Gerres gula (= argenteus) is the type of the genus Eucinostomus, this structure may be held to define that genus as distinct from Gerres. There can be no question as to its generic im- portance. In Gerres proper, the second interhsemal is 470 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 98 long and spear-shaped, very much more slender in pro- portion to its length, not hollow and not receiving any of the air bladder. This structure is seen in Gerres cinereus ( Walbaum) , in Gerres -peruvianus Cuvier & Valenciennes, and in Gerres lineatus Humboldt, as also in several West Indian species. Eucinostomus califomiensis is generally common along the west coast of Mexico, from Guaymas to Panama. It is probably, however, not found in the West Indies, the closely related Eucinostomus harengulus being appar- ently a different species. The specimens called calif or- niensis by Gill, having the premaxillary groove semi -oval or p| -shaped, seem to represent the adult of this species. Those called gracilis, with the premaxillary groove linear, are the young or half- grown. Still others, especially adults, have the premaxillary groove round, forming a pit, and every intermediate character may be found. At first we thought it possible to separate califomiensis and gracilis as distinct species. The careful re-examina- tion of some 200 specimens leaves us wholly unable to separate them, as all grades of variation occur. Appar- ently the premaxillary groove is linear in the young, grow- ing broader with age, but the changes very irregular. The name Eucinostomus califomiensis has priority over E. gracilis. Note. — The genus Gerres was established by Cuvier in the second edition of the Regne Animal, the name being based on seven species as enumerated by him, rhombeus, oyena, aprion, poieti, lineatus, argyreus and fila?nentosus. One of these species must, therefore, be chosen as the type of Gerres. In 1842, Ranzani estab- lished the genus Diapterus on auratus, a species closely related to rhombeus, or rather to the allied olisthostoma. In 1850, the name Catochanum was proposed by Cantor as 99 FISHES OF SINALOA. 471 a substitute for Gerres, regarded as preoccupied by the earlier name Gerris, applied by Fabricius to a genus of insects. The name CatochcBnum can only be used if Gerres is regarded as ineligible. By the rules followed by us, Gerres must be retained, being spelled differently from Gerris. ! In different publications of Poey, flumieri is made the type of Gerres, although it is not one of Cuvier's original species. Bleeker substitutes Diafterus for Ger- res and Catochcenum, specifying plumieri as its type, while Gill and Poey have used the name Diafterus for the allies of gula, to which the name Eucino stomas had been applied in 1855 by Baird and Girard. Although flumieri cannot be made the type of Gerres, it seems to us that the cog- nate species lineatus can be so regarded. If this view is adopted, the restricted Gerres of the present paper would correspond exactly with the restricted Gerres of Poey and Gill. This fact certainly justifies us in choosing lineatus as the type of the genus. There can be no doubt of the generic value of Eucin- ostomus (gula) and of Ulcema Jordan & Evermann MS. (lefroyi), as distinguished from Gerres. Of the other groups represented in American waters, Xystcema Jordan & Evermann MS. (cinereus) seems to be a valid genus, while Qiafterus (auratus) should stand rather as a sub- genus of Gerres. Diafterus differs from Gerres chiefly in the entire preorbital. Xystcema has the preopercle as well as preorbital entire, while Ulcema has the second in- terhaemal very short, and the two spines of the anal are themselves scarcely enlarged. Moharra Poey (rhombeus) differs from Diafterus only in the presence of two anal spines instead of three, a character of low importance, as the relation of the species included in the two groups is very close. The exotic genera of this group have not been studied by us. 472 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. IOO The specimens recorded by Eigenmann from San Diego Bay as Gerres cinereus var. (Amer. Nat., 1891, 156) seem to be Eucinostomus calif or niensis. 166. Xystaemacinereum(Walbaum). MojarraBlanca. Very abundant at Mazatlan, being one of the staple food fishes, and reaching a length of nearly two feet; its flesh is of an excellent quality. The species was found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama, and seems to be generally common along the coast. Like the rest of the genus, it occurs in shallow water on sandy bottoms, away from the surf. 167. Gerres peruvianus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Mo- jarra de las Aletas Amarillas. This small species is abundant at Mazatlan, although less common than Eucinostomus calif orniensis , and Xys- tcema cinereum. It rarely exceeds six inches in length. Gerres brevirostris Sauvage, from Rio Guayas, near Guayaquil, is not evidently different from this species. 168. Gerres lineatus (Humboldt). Mojarra China. (Gerres axillaris Gunther^). Rather common at Mazatlan, with the preceding, but reaching a rather larger size, from eight to twelve inches, and frequently used as food. It was found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, and has been recorded from Acapulco by Humboldt and Bradley, from San Bias by Nichols, and from Chiapam by Giinther. Family CIRRHITID^E. 169. Cirrhites betaurus Gill. The young of this species, from two to six inches in length, are very abundant in rock pools about Mazatlan, where numerous specimens were obtained by us, as well IOI FISHES OF SINALOA. 473 as by Dr. Gilbert. These small specimens are identical with, those obtained by Xantus at Cape San Lucas, the types of Cirrhites betaurus. It has been supposed that these are the young of Cirrhites rivulatus Valenciennes, abundant about the Galapagos and Revillagigedos, as no differences except those of color appear. The color diff er- 'ences are, however, strongly marked, and we are disposed to let Cirrhites betaurus stand provisionally as a distinct species. The coloration of betaurus has been well de- scribed by Dr. Gill; that of rivulatus is well figured by Dr. Giinther. First dorsal fin bright orange red in life ; second red- dish; cross bands on body black. Family CICHLID^. 170. Heros beani Jordan. Mojarra Verde. Common in the deeper and more quiet places in the Rio Presidio, especially just below the village of Presidio. It reaches a length of about-eight inches, and is occasion- ally taken by the hook, its habits being very similar to those of the abundant sun fishes as seen in the more northern waters. Adult Jight olive, banded with darker; black spots on each scale. First dorsal edged with dark red, the two black blotches and black bars obsolete. Young with the bars distinct; no blue, yellow or red in life. Family POMACENTRID^E. 171. Eupomacentrus rectifraenum (Gill). Pescado Azul. ( Pomacentrus analigutta Gill.) This beautiful fish is very abundant in the rock pools about Mazatlan. It is excessively wary and hard to catch. Great changes in coloration, due to age, have been no- ticed by Dr. Giinther and others. The chief peculiarity 2d See., Vol. V. (31) August 15, 1896. 474 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 102 is in the greater uniformity in coloration of the adult, in which the blue shades become obscure, and the ocelli, so conspicuous in the young, are more or less lost. This species is exceedingly close to Eupomacentrus fuscus (Cuvier & Valenciennes), a species found on the Brazilian coast. Comparing specimens from Bahia with ours from Mazatlan, we note that in E. rectifrcenum the" blue markings persist longer and that the scales on the head are smaller, more crowded and more mixed with small scales in E. recti/ranum than in Eupomacentrus fuscus. Head 3^; depth 2; D. XII, 13; A. II, 11; scales 3-28-9; eye 4 in head; snout 2§; D. lobe i|; C. upper lobe if; V. i)i; P. i%. Preorbital and preopercle strongly serrate. Teeth firm, flattened, not notched. Lateral line ending under ninth dorsal ray. Caudal lunate, the upper lobe the longer. Dorsal and anal rounded, ventral filamentous. Gill-rakers short, slender, weak, numerous. Color of adult (5^2 inches) nearly uniform blackish ' olive, darker on head, back and fins,' paler on pectoral and on axil, where is a yellowish area below the small axillary spot. The coloration of the young and partly grown has been well described by Dr. Gill. Dr. Gill's last account (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863) of this and related species is most excellent. The only error of importance contained in it is the failure to examine the teeth of ii Pomataprion , ' > bairdii and dorsalis. Pomataprion is identical with Microspathpdon. 172. Eupomacentrus flavilatus (Gill). Pescado Azul de dos Colores. Plate xlii. This little fish is equally abundant with the preceding in rock pools. It seems to reach a smaller size. The I0 3 FISHES OF SINAl.OA. 475 differences between the two are comparatively slight but very persistent, and we believe that the two species are fully distinct from each other. In life Eupomacentrus flpvilatus is the most beautiful fish found on the coast of Mexico, showing a most intense shade in the blue of its back and the orange of its sides. Both this species and the preceding were found at Cape San Lucas, but only Eufomacentrus rectifranum has been taken at Panama. An irregular line from s,nout below eye to soft dorsal divides the fish into two parts ; below this line all is bril- liant yellow with an orange shade, deepest on anal; above all is the brightest sky blue. Scales darker, but all edged with sky blue, six sky blue stripes on upper part of head. An indigo spot on base of first soft dorsal and last dorsal spines extending on back, this surrounded by a ring of sky blue; a similar smaller ocellated spot on back of caudal peduncle* 173. Abudefduf* saxatilis (Linnasus). Common in rock pools about Mazatlan, where it was obtained in abundance by Dr. Gilbert and by us. The' largest specimens were taken by dynamite off the Vena- dos Islands. Careful comparison of these specimens with others from the West Indies shows no difference whatever. Glyfhisodon troscheli Gill, the name given to the Pacific Coast form, is therefore fully synonymus with Abudefduf (or Glyphisodon) saxatilis. In life, bright greenish yellow above with steel blue bands. Dorsal like back; other fins dusky; axillary spot faint. In alcohol, the color is a slaty brown tinged with red- *" Abudefduf Forskal seems to be identical with Olyphisodon and is en- titled to priority, notwithstanding its barbarous form. 476 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. IO4 dish brown below, showing faint dark cross bars, with no bright color anywhere, the yellowish green of the back being last to fade ; behind the pectoral each scale has a white spot, these form white lines that run back to a little past the tip of pectoral. All fins dark except pectoral, which is colorless. 174. Abudefduf declivifrons (Gill). This species occurs in rock pools in abundance every- where about Maxatlan, in company with Abudefduf saxa- tilis, from which its duller color readily distinguishes it. In life, dusky brownish with many pale spots on edge of scales; these vary a good deal; cross bands blackish; no bright colors. Black spot at base of pectoral con- spicuous, a good mark, varying in size, larger in older specimens. 175. Microspathodon bairdii (Gill). Plate xliii. Numerous small specimens taken in the rock pools in company with Ewpomacentrus flavilatus , a species which the present one closely resembles in color, and which scarcely excels it in brilliancy. This species has been well described by Dr. Gill. It seems to reach only a small size, none of ours being more than two inches long. It differs from the other species of Microspathodon in its low fins and in color. The latter may be a matter of age only, but this does not seem likely, as the young of Micros-pathodon dor salts (called by Dr. Gill quadriguttd) has essentially the coloration of the adult. Apparently four species of Microsfathodon exist on the west coast of Mexico, but it is possible that all are forms of one protean species, for which the earliest specific narne is dorsalis. Head 3; depth 2; dorsal XII, 16; anal II, 13; eye 2%- in head; pectoral 1% ; anal { longer than head; soft dorsal and anal lobes equal 1^5 in head; caudal lobe 1% in head. 105 FISHES OF SINALOA. 477 Body compressed, ovate; profile convex; mouth wide, lower jaw included; teeth in a single row and movable; gill-rakers small and numerous; head entirely scaled; scales on body large 3-30-9; scales running well up. on fins; lateral line high, ending under last dorsal ray. Color: Body divided into two parts by a line from the opercular flap to posterior end of soft dorsal, below this line it is rich, bright yellow, above it is sky blue, darker on head, with brilliant sky blue spots; a chain of these spots following the suborbitals below eye; a spot at angle of mouth, two converging lines of spots more or less run together from tip of snout to upper edge of orbit, each scale on nape with a spot and a* few scattering spots on opercle ; scales on upper part of body edged with dark ; a dark spot on caudal peduncle anteriorly edged with sky blue; fins all more or less dusky except anal and ventrals, which are white and edged with black. 176. Microspathodon dorsalis (Gill). ( Pomacentrus quadrigutta Gill.) A single specimen 4 inches in length was obtained in a rock pool on the Peninsula called Vijia, by Mr. George B. Culver. This specimen corresponds almost perfectly to Dr. Gill's account of Pomata^rion dorsalis. A smaller specimen entirely similar was also obtained. The distinctions be- tween this species and Microsfathodon bairdii are con- stant though slight. Head 3.; depth if; D. XII, 16; A. II, 12; scales 3- 28-10; eye 2^ in head; snout 4; D. lobe 1; C. lobe equals head; P. i*4; V. equals head. Body compressed, the profile rounded, depressed before eye so that snout projects. Gill-rakers numerous, very short, slender, close set. Preorbital deep. Preorbital and preopercle entire. Teeth in a single row, movable. 478 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 106 Dorsal spines rising to the last, subtruncate, flattened, each with a brown vertical streak in center; the soft rays and lobes of caudal much produced, as also ventrals. Deep indigo blue on body and fins; no pale edgings to any of the fins; three round sky blue spots above lateral line, the one near its beginning, the one under front of spinous dorsal, the third under last spine, the first smallest, the other two as large as pupil; a larger sky blue saddle in axil of last soft ray. Head with many sky blue spots everywhere, those on preQrbital and suborbital coalescing in a blue streak; another streak behind angle of mouth, and another above eye. Axil sky blue, a bar of sky blue across end of snout. Angle of snout sky blue. 177. Microspathodon azurissimus Jordan & Starks n. sp. Plate xliv. , A surpassingly beautiful little fish, obtained by dynamite from the rocks about the Venados Islands. Three spec- imens were taken, the largest twelve inches in length. This species seems to agree fully with Microspathodon dorsalis, except in coloration, in the greater elongation of the lobes of the fins and in the greater depth of the pre- orbital and other bones of the head. All these latter may prove to be differences of age. The change in the color- ation can hardly be of this nature. Another species of this type, Microspathodon cinereus Gilbert, has been de- scribed from Socorro Island. This is very close to dor- salis and azurissimus, but is of an ashy gray color and has a greater number of accessory scales on the large scales of its body. Pending investigation, we admit all four of these color forms — bairdii, dorsalis, cinereus and azurissimus — as distinct species, which they probably are, although the differences between cinereus and azurissimus may be derived from the character of the bottom, cinereus having been obtained from a bottom of volcanic ashes. 107 FISHES OF SINALOA. 479 Head 3; depth. 2; D. XII, 16; A. II, 13; eye 5 in head; snout nearly 2; pectoral i*^ ; highest dorsal spine 3 in body; ventral 2^ in length; anal lobe 2>g; dorsal lobe i}( in body. Body compressed and deep; dorsal outline from snout to caudal peduncle uniform; breast prominent and well rounded, behind which the ventral outline is straight to anal spine, then slanting obliquely upward to caudal pe- duncle. Mouth wide with thick lips; the teeth flat, sharp and movable, in a single row in each jaw, those in the upper jaw are arranged in a crescent, in the lower jaw they are in a straight line in front, but at the sides they describe nearly a right angle and run back; isthmus with a notch made by the prominence of the breast. Tip of snout, maxillary and lower jaw naked; head everywhere else with scales, the scales on cheeks in about 5 rows; scales on body large, 3—28-9; all the fins with scales. Accessory scales very few. Lateral line running high and ending under last ray of soft dorsal; gill-rakers numerous, short and weak, about 5-J-21. Pectoral short and rounded at the tip; ventrals with the middle rays produced, 2}4 times ventral spine, reaching past vent to anal; spinous dorsal low; with the exception of the first the spines are about equal; soft dorsal and anal falcate and filamentous, the dorsal lobe slightly the longer, not quite reaching to tip of caudal fin ; caudal widely forked, the lobes falcate, the upper lobe the longer; the middle rays are contained 3^ times in the upper caudal lobe. Specimens described twelve inches in length (Nos. 1610, 1636 and 2895, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.). In life, deep indigo blue, with traces of" olivaceous cross -shades. Pectoral, dorsal and caudal edged with bluish white. Eyes violet. The species feeds on plants. 480 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. I08 Family LABRID^. 178. Harpe diplotsnia Gill. A single young female specimen was obtained by us at Mazatlan. This species is rare in collections, but is apparently not uncommon around the rocky islands. It has" been recorded from Cape San Lucas by Xantus, and numerous specimens from the Revillagigedos have been taken by Dr. Gilbert. The form called Harpe fectoralis Gill is the male of the same species of which Harfe difilo- tcBnia Gill is the female. 179. Pseudojulis notospilus Giinther. This small species is common in rock pools about Mazatlan, where numerous examples, the largest about six inches long, were obtained by us. It was found in these pools by Gilbert, and has been recorded from Pan- ama by Giinther. Coloration of adult blue green ; bar across base of pec- toral very bright; no dark spot behind eye; corners and tip of caudal pale, as in young. Each scale of posterior part of body with a small sky blue spot at tip; edges of scales bluish, the base olivaceous. Axil blue, golden be- hind. Breast and throat pale salmon color, with bluish streaks and shades; cheeks yellowish, snout blue. Young with blue spots more distinct, especially one behind eye. Adult with four dark shades on back extending on dorsal, the largest at front of soft dorsal; blackish spot diffuse, not ocellated. Caudal with faint bluish cross - streaks on faint bronze ground color, the angles broadly whitish ; anal bronze with three bluish streaks, the tip pale. Ventrals dusky edged. Young colored like adult but brighter, a paler olive streak from mouth across opercle above pectoral to base of caudal, this obsolete in adult. Dorsal unlike that of !09 FISHES OF SINALOA. 481 adult. First dorsal bronze with bluish cross-streaks, the large black blotch ocellated with blue and with a patch of bright yellow before and behind it. Interspaces between this and the two other, smaller black spots also bright light yellow. 180. Halichceres dispilus (Giinther). Plate xlv. This beautiful little fish was found to be rather abun- dant in the branches of the Astillero which cross Isla de las Piedras south of Mazatlan. Unlike most species of the group, it lives on the muddy bottoms, and is abundant about the roots of the mangrove, which border the muddy branches of , the Astillero. It reaches a length of about six inches. A few specimens were also obtained in tide pools with sandy bottom. Head 3%; depth 4; dorsal IX, 11; anal III, 12; eye 6 in head; snout 3^ ; maxillary 4%! ; pectoral 1% ; anal 3; caudal fin 2. Body slender and compressed ; dorsal and ventral outlines similar; head pointed, the profile slightly convex; mouth small, the jaws equal; teeth in a single row; canines fin front of jaws ; at the posterior end of the premaxillary is a single strong, sharp tooth, pointing forward, and entirely below the angle of mouth. Lateral line high, following the curve of the back to the eighth dorsal ray, where it curves sharply down through two rows of scales, and then runs straight through middle of caudal peduncle to tail; pores of lateral line simple ; scales large 2-27-10; head entirely naked; gill -rakers very small and pointed 6-f7- Dorsal spines slender but pungent; caudal slightly round- ed, the upper angle slightly acute; ventrals short not fila- mentous; scales before dorsal in about six'rows, not cov- ering middle line. Length of specimen described, five inches. Number 2904, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 482 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. IIO In life olive green, a bright blue streak, narrow and somewhat interrupted, from eye to base of caudal; a broader dark bronze streak just below it, containing a series of small dark spots, mostly arranged in threes, the last one darkest, at base of caudal, just above middle line, these obsolete in adult; below the bronze band, a faint blue streak, then a broad brown one, then a short one, bright sky blue bounding the belly, ending over the mid- dle of anal; belly and throat pearl white. Head cherry red and bronze anteriorly, becoming olive in all specimens behind, mottled with blue ; a dark blue edged spot behind eye; a large black spot smaller than eye below fifth dor- sal spine, the spot crescent shaped, bordered with yellow behind, mostly on one scale. Iris red. A golden cres- cent at base of pectoral. Dorsal bright orange, bluish below. Caudal cherry red. Anal bright orange. No spots on fins. Larger specimens deeper in color, the head cherry red, a dark spot bordered with blue behind eye. Pectoral not black. In alcoholic specimens pearly streaks appear on sides of head and behind pectoral. Found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan. Specimens have also been obtained at Panama by Giinther, and at Acapulco by Steindachner. Our specimens differ somewhat in color from those described by Dr. Giinther, especially in the hue of the head and caudal and in the presence of a black spot be- hind eye. They are, however, probably not specifically distinct. 181. Thalassoma lucasanum (Gill). Obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan; not seen by us. Also recorded by Mr. Forrer from Tres Marias, the original types taken by Xantus at Cape San Lucas. HI FISHES OF SINALOA. 483 Family SCARIDyE. 182. Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert. Perrico. This large parrot-fish is rather common about the rocky islands near Mazatlan. A single specimen was obtained by us. The original type was found by Dr. Gilbert at the same locality. The fins of another specimen were found on the beach at La Paz by Mr. James A. Richard- son. Body olive brown. The markings, fins, teeth and spots on head all bright blue green. Family EPHIPPID^S. 183. Chaetodipterus zonatus (Girard). Occasionally seen at Mazatlan, several specimens be- ing taken by us in the Astillero. It was found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama. The original type of the species came from San Diego, where no author sub- sequent to Girard has seen it. It is probably generally diffused along the coast, although less abundant than the corresponding species ( Chcetodifterus faber L.) is in the Atlantic. Chato dieter us zonatus agrees with Chcetodi-pterus faber in nearly all respects. The chief differences are that behind the great band from soft dorsal to anal in Ch. zonatus there are two other bands; one under middle. of soft dorsal, the other at base of caudal, both distinct com- plete rings; no other bands. The third dorsal spine is not very high, being only about half length of head, and about twice height of the fourth. Dorsal VIII-i, 18; anal II, 16; scales 70. Long rays of soft dorsal and anal % longer than head. 484 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 112 Family CILETODONTID^E. 184. Chaetodon humeralis Giinther. Muneca. Exceedingly common in the. Astillero, especially on rock bottom. It reaches a length of about six inches, and is seldom used as food, although its striking color, which has suggested the name of Muneca or doll, makes it an object of attention. 185. Pomacanthus zonipectus (Gill). Mojarra de las Piedras. ( Pomacanthus crescentalis Jordan & Gilbert.) Not uncommon in rocky places about Mazatlan. Two specimens were obtained by us with dynamite about the wreck of a French man-of-war in the Astillero. Smaller specimens, very different in color from the adult, and hence taken by us to be a distinct species (Pomacanthus crescentalis), were obtained by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan and Panama. The original type of the species was taken at San Salvador by Capt. Dow. Description of the adult of Pomacanthus zonipectus : Head 3%; depth 1%; D. XI, 23; A. Ill, 20. Pre- opercular spine longer than eye, 3^ in head. Last dor- sal spine 1^ in head. Longest dorsal ray | longer than head, falcate. Anal rounded. Caudal short, truncate, 1% in head. Pectoral moderate. Ventral very long, j£ longer than head. Preorbital equals maxillary, 1% va. head. Eye 3^ in head. Interopercle with one stoutish spine. Preopercle very finely serrate. A large hump at nape in adult. Dark gray, blackish posteriorly, most scales with black centers; edges of scales, bright sky blue in life, espe- cially posteriorly; a triangular bronze yellow patch in front of line connecting pectorals with ventrals, then a diffuse blackish bar from front of dorsal along region be- hind pectorals to ventrals, then a broad curved bar of 113 FISHES OF SINALOA'. 485 yellow, obscured by blackish centers of scales; behind this a diffuse blackish area ; breast vermiculated with blue and yellowish; a blackish bar covering most of head, be- hind which the opercles and nape are yellowish; jaws pale bluish; dorsal orange, vermiculate with sky blue, the edge bright sky blue, below which is orange; caudal orange, vermiculated with sky blue, the edge orange, the very margin blackish. Anal blackish, vermiculated with sky blue; pectorals light orange, marked with grayish blue. Ventrals largely blue -black, tipped with orange, the spine bluish. Family TEUTHIDID^. 186. Teuthis crestonis Jordan & Starks n. sp. Bar- bero Negro. Plate xlvii. Common in the Astillero and in rocky places about the islands. Also obtained by Dr. Gilbert in i88iat Mazat- lan and Panama. These specimens having been destroyed by fire, have never been described, and were provision- ally and incorrectly referred to the West Indian species Teuthis tractus (bahianus), from which thjs species dif- fers in a few respects. Head 3^; depth if; D. IX, 26; A. Ill, 24; snout i% in head; eye 3^; pectoral equal to head; caudal \ longer than head; longest dorsal spine equal .longest soft ray, i% in head; ventral i| in head. Body deep and compressed, the anterior profile steep, convex before eye ; caudal lunate, the upper ray ]4, longer than middle one, ventrals very long. Body slaty brown, mottled with gray but without bands ; dorsal with a bluish gray band at base, then a bronze one, forking on soft dorsal inclosing a bluish gray band; five gray bands and four bronze ones on dorsal more or less distinct, especially in young ; anal with five bluish gray 486 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. II4 and five bronze bands more oblique than those on dorsal and hence not continuous the whole length of fin ; caudal peduncle black, a whitish yellow cross-band behind spine, faint in adult, the anterior margin vertical, the posterior concave; rest of caudal black. Pectoral yellowish; ven- trals dusky, the spine black. Adult with the pectoral quite yellow ; pale band at base of caudal growing faint with age; a blue streak along base -of dorsal. Numerous specimens, the largest about six inches in length, numbered 2899, in the L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 187. Xesurus punctatus (Gill). Cochinito. Plate xlvi. Young specimens very abundant in rock pools about Mazatlan, hitherto known only from Cape San Lucas. It was not found by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan. Most of our specimens were secured by the use of the fish poison called gervo. By pouring this liquid into the rock pools at low tide this and several other species were obtained in numbers. This gervo or gerbo is the milky juice of a tree called hava, abundant in the forests about Mazatlan, and apparently allied to the Strychnos nux-vomica. In rock pools no specimens exceeding two inches in length were found. Several very large specimens were obtained , with dynamite about the islands of Creston and Isla Blanca, where the species reaches a length of i6)4 inches. Description of adult: Head 4; depth 2; dorsal VII, 26; anal II, 23; snout t.% in head; eye 5^; pectoral long as head: ventral 1^ ; caudal i l /(, ; second dorsal spine 2. Body deep, compressed, covered with fine velvet. Cau- dal with three stout compressed blunt spines, with broad bases, the tips turned upward. Some specimens with no other spines; others with many spines, similar in form US FISHES OF SINALOA. 487 but much smaller, scattered over posterior half of body; most numerous about the other spines. Gill -rakers ex- tremely small and weak. Caudal evenly lunate. Pecto- ral not falcate; anterior profile concave before eye then convex, the short conic snout projecting; lower jaw in- cluded. Preopercle obliquely placed, its bony edge slightly roughened. Color in life olive green, slightly paler below, every- where evenly covered with small round black spots, close- set and not confluent, the largest about equal to nostril. Caudal peduncle and fin abruptly bright yellow, unspotted. Other fins colored like the body and similarly spotted, the spots more sparse, the edges dusky with few spots. Large caudal spines whitish, their bases black; other spines all black. Among the you-ng two different styles of coloration were noticed, but all probably belong to the same spe- cies: 1. Specimens with the caudal yellow are more dusky, the dark spots much smaller and more distinct than in the others. Ground color of back light steel blue gray, lighter below head. Caudal canary yellow, clouded with dark at base, the yellow running forward on caudal pe- duncle. 2. Specimens with the caudal white have ground color lighter, more milky in general, much more silvery below eye, the silvery forming an irregular triangular patch on breast and opercle; caudal gray and white, black at base, white running forward slightly on caudal peduncle ; dark spots on body forming pale reticulations, above lateral line white patches. Body deeper than in yellow -tailed specimens. Both have the first dorsal and anal black at base, other- wise mostly white; white line bounding the back; dark 488 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Il6 bar from nape to eye; snout dusky; breast and opercles silvery. This species is the type of the genus Xesurus Jordan & Evermann (MS.), distinguished from Prionurus by the armature of the caudal peduncle, as above described. Family BALISTID^E. 188. Balistes polylepis Steindachner. Pez Puerco. Generally common in rocky places on the coast from Magdalena Bay to Panama. Many specimens were ob- tained by us, the largest of them sixteen inches in length. It was found at Mazatlan also by Gilbert and by Steind- achner. 189. Balistes naufragium Jordan & Starks n. sp. Pez Puerco de Piedra. Four specimens obtained with dynamite, about the wreck of a French man-of-war in the Astillero at Mazatlan, in company with Pomacanthus zonij>ectus. The largest of these was fourteen inches in length. Allied to Balistes carolinensis. Head 3; depth i|; D. III-27; A. 24; scales 50; 12 rows on cheek; snout 1% in head; eye 5; 1st D. spine if; longest ray i|; longest anal ray 1% ; upper caudal lobe i%; pectoral 2%. Body very plump, not strongly compressed; no streaks on cheeks; no spinules on caudal peduncle; a few larger scutes behind gill- openings; groove before eye, slight not naked. Lateral line traceable for most of its length. First dorsal spine very stout, the third remote, moderate. Dorsal moderately elevated and falcate. Anal rounded. Caudal double concave, the pointed outer rays longer than the rounded inner ones. Dark dull olive green, nearly plain, edges of scales "7 FISHES OF SINALOA. 489 largely pale blue, especially toward the tail; faint traces of numerous dark cross -bands. Fins dusky olive, the pectoral and first dorsal paler, base of pectoral dusky. Type No. 1656 L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 190. Pachynathus capistratus (Shaw). Coche. Common in rocky places about the islands of the Ven ados, Creston and Isla Blanca; many specimens obtained. This species was found by Gilbert at Mazatlan, and by Steindachner at Cape San Lucas. We have thus far been unable to find any distinction between the American form and the common East Indian species, to which the name capistratus was first given. Two markedly differ- ent types of coloration were obtained, supposed by us to be of the two sexes, since no other difference except that of coloration is noticeable., In all specimens ob- • tained, however, the sexual organs were so immature that the sexes could not be distinguished thereby. Specimens supposed to be female dull olive with darker clouds; no yellow on posterior parts which are scarcely paler behind; fins all plain olive blackish; streak behind mouth light bluish, very faint, soon fading after death; lower lip blue, then golden, then a blue ring, then yel- low, then bluish; upper lip livid, bluish above. Others supposed to be male are in life dark olive clouded with darker; posterior part of body deep yellow, below median line; fins blackish; first dorsal bright olive vellow on membranes; green on caudal membranes, the rays black. Anal reddish. Streak behind mouth bright red in one specimen, whitish in another. Upper lip livid blue then orange, then golden, then livid blue or purplish, then orange, then crimson, then dark. Still other specimens were marked with whitish shades instead of red. 2d Skb., Vol. V. ( 32 ) August 15, 1895. 490 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Il8 Family TETRAODONTID^. 191. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns) var. folitus Girard. Tambor. Very common everywhere in the Astillero. Specimens entirely smooth, and those variously prickly, were ob- tained; prickly ones, both young and old, were found, but no very young which were smooth. There seems to be no specific difference recognizable among these. All of them, however, differ from specimens taken farther south in the larger size of the dark spots and in a some- what greater tendency to smoothness of the body. All of these, smooth or rough, seem to belong to the form called folitus, which is probably the northern form or representative of Spheroides annulatus. 192. Spheroides lobatus (Steindachner). Botete. Rather common in the estuary with the preceding, reaching a smaller size, the largest seen not over six inches in length. The species was first described by Steindachner from Altata, but until its recent discovery in the Albatross collections it was confounded with Spheroides angusticefs (Jenyns) , from which it is prob- ably distinct, although the latter, entirely smooth and uniform dusky in color, may prove to be the adult form. In both species the two small black flaps on the shoulder are present, and in both the interorbital space is very narrow and concave. Specimens taken at La Paz by Mr. James A. Richardson are intermediate in color, but retain the prickles. In life grass green, with maroon colored spots and markings. XI 9 FISHES OF SINALOA. ^gj Family DIODONTID^E. 193. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus. Puerco Espino. Very common about rocky places, especially among the islands, where it was also found by Dr. Gilbert. All specimens taken belong to the typical Diodon hystrix. Diodon holocanthus, if different, is unrepresented in our Mazatlan collections. Family MOLID^. 194. Mola mola (Linnaeus). Pez Mola. Found in the open sea from San Francisco to Mazat- lan. It was seen at the latter locality by Dr. Gilbert, but not by us.- Family SCORP^NIDyE. 195. Scorpana mystes Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Lapon. Plate lii. Common in the Astillero, on the bottom. Very tena- cious of life, and much dreaded by the fishermen from the poisonous sting of its dorsal spines. Allied to Scorficena plumieri Bloch, which species it represents on the Pacific Coast. Head 2%; depth 3% > dorsal XII, 10; anal III, 5;. scales about 30; orbit 6% in head; maxillary 2; pec- 'toral 2; highest dorsal spine 3^; second anal spine 3; caudal 2. Body robust, not much compressed; interorbital space wide, not deeply concave, y 2 wider than orbit; a pit be- tween preorbital and eye, and a broad depression behind coronal spines; membranous flaps on preorbital, edge of preopercle, over nostrils and above eyes; preocular, su- praocular, tympanic, coronal, occipital, nuchal and exoc- cipital spines present. Maxillary reaching to behind eye ; lower jaw included; gill -rakers short and thick, about 492 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 120 3 + 6; head naked, with the exception of a few imbedded scales on preopercle and posterior part of opercle; scales on body large, many of them with membranous flaps. Olive -brown almost black, marbled with light drab; opercular flap with pale edge; the fins much spotted and marbled, all except spinous dorsal, with white margin, more distinct in the young; caudal fin showing three in- distinct cross-bars; axil jet black, with white spots. Largest specimen fourteen inches long. ' This species differs from Scorpcena flumieri in having a wider and flatter interorbital area; the lower jaw wider and more rounded in front; the knob at symphysis not so sharp and projecting; the pit behind coronal spines broader and not so deep, and, the color darker. This species was also obtained at Mazatlan by Dr. Gil- bert, who identified it provisionally as Scorfcena plumieri. Types numbered 1501, 1616, 1617, 2919 on the L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. register. 196. Scorpaena sonorae (Jenkins & Evermann). This small species is not uncommon in the Astillero, where numerous specimens, none of them over three inches in length, were obtained. It has hitherto been recorded only by Jenkins & Evermann from Guaymas. Gray above, the flaps pinkish, the bars blackish; lower parts pink, bright on ventrals and anal; axil orange, mottled with dusky; ventrals and pectorals black at tip, edged with pale. Middle rays of pectoral slightly divided at tip, not all of them being strictly simple. Family TRIGLID^E. 197. Prionotus horrens Richardson. Two small specimens, each about two inches long, ob- , tained in the Astillero. I 2I FISHES OF SINALOA. 493 Family GOBIIDtE. 198. Philypnus lateralis Gill. Aboma de Mar. Common in the Rio Presidio and occasionally taken in the Astillero, especially where the fresh water soaks into it. The species is common in fresh waters along the coast, but has not hitherto been noticed at Mazatlan. 199. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch). Puneca. Rather common in the Rio Presidio and also in the brackish waters about the estuary. The young occur in considerable abundance in the mud puddles left by the winter rains or by the high tides. It reaches in the river a considerable size, and is a food fish of some importance, said to be the most valuable in the Rio Presidio. It is generally common along the coast, as well as everywhere along the Atlantic side. 200. Eleotris aequidens Jordan & Gilbert. Guavina. Rather scarce in the Rio Presidio, where only one young specimen was obtained by us. A few others were found in brackish waters or muddy places about the es- tuary. Blackish everywhere, sides with faint whitish streaks, along rows of scales ; a broad blackish lateral band occu- pying whole of side; back and belly paler; traces of faint dark cross -bands; caudal black, with a pale margin and some dark cross-shades; pectorals, dorsals and ventrals more or less barred with black; a whitish bar at base of caudal with a darker one before it. Scales 68; preopercu- lar spine well developed. 201. Cotylopus, gymnogaster (Ogilvie-Grant). Recorded from streams about Mazatlan ; not seen by us. 494 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 122 202. Awaous tajasica (Lichtenstein). Aboma be Rio. Found in company with Philyfnus lateralis, from which most fishermen scarcely distinguish it. It is rather less abundant in the river, and was not noticed by us in the Astillero. Elsewhere on the coast it has been recorded only from the river at San Jose del Cabo in Lower Cal- ifornia, where it was found by Mr. Lyman Belding and more recently by Dr. Gustav Eisen. Comparison with specimens from Havana shows no differences. 203. Gobius soporator Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cai- man. Found in abundance in all rock pools,. ascending far- ther above the low-tide mark than any other marine spe- cies. It does not occur in fresh water. There seems to be no difference between these specimens and those from the Gulf of Mexico, where it is found everywhere in water not exceeding two feet in depth. 204. Gobius sagittula (Glinther). A few small specimens, not over four inches in length, found in the Astillero on muddy bottoms. It was also taken by Dr. Gilbert at La Paz, Mazatlan and at Panama. Gobius longicauda, described by Jenkins & Evermann from Guaymas, is no doubt the adult of the same species, as Dr. Gilbert has already indicated. Head 4^; depth 6% ; caudal | longer than head; eye y/ 2 in head; maxillary 2^; snout 3^; scales about 52, the first 37 very small; dorsal VI-13; anal 14; skull with a median lengthwise ridge; interorbital space narrow, channelled; skull somewhat broader behind; scales before dorsal minute ; head naked ; scales ctenoid, much re- duced anteriorly; lower jaw short, included; no flaps on shoulder girdle; maxillary reaching to pupil; dorsal spines I2 3 ' FISHES OF SINALOA. 495 slender, some filamentous; caudal lanceolate; teeth sharp, rather small, the outer larger; lower jaw thin and flat, its a'cutish tip elevated. Olive, speckled and marbled; side with five oblong black spots, the smallest at base of caudal; a black blotch on opercle; dark cross-bars under soft dorsal; head much mottled; dorsal speckled; caudal with ten zigzag cross- bars of dark specks; pectoral faintly barred; anal and ventral plain; a dark curved streak about yellowish base of pectoral; lower lip dusky; a blackish cross-blotch above gill opening. In the adult, called Gobius longicauda, the caudal is much longer, but there is no other difference of impor- tance. 205. Gobius manglicola Jordan & Starks n. sp. One specimen found in the mud of the Astillero among the roots of mangrove bushes ( Rhizofhora mangle). Head 4%; depth 5^; D. VI-12; A. 12; scales about 35, not to be exactly counted; caudal lanceolate, 2% in body; pectoral about equal to head; dorsal spine slender, not filamentous, i%'in head; eyes large, close together, the range partly vertical, the narrow interorbital deeply furrowed; no flaps on shoulder girdle; scales moderate, ctenoid anteriorly, becoming smooth behind; median keel on head slight; head naked. Body long, compressed, the head depressed, the cheeks tumid; snout bluntly truncate; mouth large, the maxil- lary reaching the middle of eye, not produced backward ,- truncated behind, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw a lit- tle the longer; lower jaw flat; teeth strong, the outer in both jaws enlarged; cranium without median crest, ab- ruptly widened behind eyes. Color light olive mottled with darker; six oblong blotches of blackish on sides as in Gobius boleosoma, the 496 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1 24 last at base of caudal; dorsals and caudal finely check- ered and barred with dark brownish orange and blackish; anal mottled; a dark shoulder spot; a dark bar before eye and one below eye; ventrals dusky, the edge pale. The species seems nearest allied to Gobius sagittula. One specimen, i^ inches long, numbered 3095 on the L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. register. 206. Garmannia paradoxa (Giinther). Plate xlix. A single specimen found on muddy bottom among the mangroves lining the estuary. Head 3^; depth 4^; D. VI-11; A. 9; eye 4 in head; snout 4^ ; pectoral 1)4, in head; dorsal spine i-|-.. Form of Gobiosoma bosci. Body compressed; head broad and depressed, with tumid cheeks; snout not very blunt, short, oblique -truncate; eyes rather large, high, the maxillary not produced, extending to their posterior margin; mouth large, oblique; lower jaw heavy, slightly projecting; teeth strong; gill-openings narrow, not wider than base of pectoral. First dorsal rather high, the first spine filamentous, reaching past soft dorsal; other fins low. Head and anterior half of body to front of soft dor- sal naked; scattering scales coming in above, twelve rows of imbricated slightly ctenoid scales along median line of caudal peduncle and forward to middle of soft dorsal, the scaled area about as long as head, the upper parts better scaled than lower. No flaps on shoulder girdle. Olivaceous with seven or eight dark cross-shades — two on head, one across gill-openings, one behind pectoral, and a broad one below soft dorsal; dorsalst dusky, the fil- amentous ray pink; lower half of soft dorsal yellowish, upper dusky; lower fins black; caudal dusky; a dark speck at angle of opercle; skin everywhere punctate with black; a pale olive bar at base of caudal. 125 FISHES OF SINALOA. 497 Skull without median crest. Interorbital space not concave. Head not very abruptly widened behind eyes. One specimen iyi inches long obtained. This spec- imen differs but slightly from Giinther's account of Go- bius -paradoxus, a species which is the type of the genus Garmannia of Jordan & Evermann (MS.), distinguished from Gobius by the half -naked body. The genus is named for Mr. Samuel Garman, the accomplished ichthy- ologist of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, in recognition of his important contributions to ichthyology. 207. Aboma etheostoma Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and n. sp. Plate 1. A single small specimen found in the mud on a shallow bottom in the Astillero. Aboma, new genus, allied to Microgobius Poey, distin- guished by the large, ctenoid scales, which cover the body; head naked, rather long, pointed in profile, the mouth moderate, not very oblique ; teeth rather strong. Dorsal spines more than six, none of them filamentous; soft dorsal and anal short; no flaps on shoulder girdle. Cranium with a slight median crest. The name Aboma is used by the Mexicans in Sinaloa as synonymous with goby. Besides the new species, Aboma etheostoma, which is the type of this genus, probably Gobius chiquita Jen- kins & Evermann, and Gobius lucretice Eigenmann & Eigenmann, will be referable to it. Head 3^; depth 5; D. VIII-11; A. 10; scales 26; longest dorsal spine 1^ in head; eye 3; snout 4; max- illary 3. Body long and low, moderately depressed and pointed forward. Scales /large, ctenoid behind, none on head, those on nape and belly much reduced. Mouth moderate, terminal, moderately oblique; the maxillary reaching 49§ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1 26 middle of pupil, jaws subequal or the lower a little the longer; teeth rather strong. No flaps on shoulder gir- dle. Cranium with a slight median crest. Interorbital ridge not hollowed out; skull not abruptly widened be- hind. Color olivaceous, side with a very broad jet black lat- eral band, three times interrupted by silvery. Caudal white with four < shaped bands, growing progressively fainter behind. Pectoral mottled gray, with a jet black oblique crescent towards its base, surrounding a large yellow spot, side of head with four round gray spots sep- arated by black, the largest below eye, with a black streak before it. First dorsal jet black; second mottled; the produced spine with yellowish. Ventrals and anal pale. One specimen, i}£ inches long, in the Museum of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. 208. Evermannia zosterura (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate li. Very common on sandy bottoms everywhere about the estuary, numerous specimens being dug out of the sand by Mr. Williams. It is seldom found much if any below the mark of low tide. It is a very handsomely colored species, the male being more strikingly marked than any other of our Gobies. The species has hitherto been known only from a single specimen taken by Dr. Gilbert at Ma- zatlan. Head 3^; depth 6; dorsal IV-15; anal 14; eye equals snout, 5 in head; pectoral i 2 / 3 ; caudal 1^. Body compressed, profile convex; snout short, not very blunt; eyes high, the maxillary reaching to their posterior margin; mouth oblique, jaws equal. First spine of dor- sal filamentous, reaching to middle of soft dorsal (male). Body entirely naked. Body everywhere speckled with dots of dark -brown. I2 7 FISHES OF SINALOA. 49Q, Male sometimes with traces of eight olive cross-bands. Fins very ornate, the dorsal and anal yellowish at base, then a broad median band of jet black, then a broad white margin. Middle of caudal yellow to the tip, with a black band above and below, and a white edge above and be- low this as in dorsal and anal; no bands on tail. Female with dorsal filament short, reaching about to first soft ray. Dorsals and anal checkered with blackish; caudal faintly barred; all vertical fins with pale edgings, but without the black stripe of the males. Family GOBIESOCID^. 209. Gobiesox adustus Jordan & Gilbert. Obtained by Dr. Gilbert in rock pools at Mazatlan. Rare and not found by us. 210. Gobiesox erythrops Jordan & Gilbert. Found rare in rock pools at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert, who also records a specimen from Tres Marias. Not seen by us. 211. Gobiesox zebra Jordan & Gilbert. Very abundant in rocky places at Mazatlan, especially among sea urchins. . Numerous specimens were obtained ■by us, as also by Dr. Gilbert. The coloration is quite variable, although the markings are rather constant. In general, light pink with mark- ings of gray, blackish and olive ; a distinct dusky blotch behind eye and a dark bar across caudal. 212. Gobiesox eos Jordan & Gilbert. Found in rock pools at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert. Not recorded from any other locality. Two specimens obtained by us from rock pools among echini. The bright cherry red coloration is distinctive and persists in alcohol. 50O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1 28 Family OPISTOGNATHID^E. 213. Opistognathus punctata Peters, The original type of this species was described by Dr. Peters from Mazatlarii It was also found by Dr. Gilbert at Panama, the two specimens mentioned being as yet the only ones known. Family BLENNIID^E. 214. Isesthes brevipinnis (Giinther). This species was found to be rather common in rock pools at Mazatlan both by Dr. Gilbert and by us. 215. Rupiscartes atlanticus (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) This species is very common in rock pools about Ma- zatlan, where it reaches a length of about six inches. It was found in numbers by Dr. Gilbert at Mazatlan, but has not been recorded from localities farther south. Mr. Charles H. Townsend found it at San Cristobal Bay, and Mr. John Xantus at Cape San Lucas. Thus far no dif- ference has been found between these specimens and those from the West Indies. Body liver brown, paler below. Fins mostly blackish; an orange area on upper edge of caudal; a yellow one tinged reddish below. Eye red posteriorly. 216. Rupiscartes chiostictus (Jordan & Gilbert). Only the original types of this species found by Dr. Gilbert in the tide pools at Mazatlan have been recorded. It was not seen by us. Family CLINID^. 217. Labrosomus xanti Gill. Very common at Mazatlan in rock pools with Rupis- cartes atlanticus (Cuvier & Valenciennes), and reaching 129 FISHES OF SINALOA. 5OI about the same size. It was also found by Richardson at La Paz and by Gilbert at Mazatlan. It has been recorded from Cape San Lucas by Xantus and from San Cristobal Bay by Townsend. The Pacific form called Labrosomus xanti seems to be scarcely if at all distinguished from the West Indian form, nuchipinnis, cognate to it. The only difference we have found is in the dentition of the vomer, and this may not be constant. 218. Labrosomus delalandi (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Extremely common in rock pools at Mazatlan, where it was also found by Dr. Gilbert. It has not been no- ticed from any other locality on the Pacific Coast. Thus far we have not been able to distinguish it from La- brosomus delalandi of the coast of Brazil. 219. Enneanectes carminalis (Jordan & Gilbert) n. gen. Plate liii. Four specimens, types of the species, were found by Dr. Gilbert in a rock pool at Mazatlan. A single small example was obtained by us. The short chubby body, large rough -ctenoid scales, little rounded profile, and short fins distinguish this spe- cies sufficiently from Tripterygion Risso, and character- ize the new genus Enneanectes, framed for it by Jordan & Evermann. 220. Auchenopterus monophthalmus Giinther. Several specimens taken in rock pools at Mazatlan. At low tide it is often left by the recession of the water, in which case it creeps about in the Corallina. In this species the first dorsal is higher and better sep- arated from the rest of the fin than in the California spe- cies, Auchenopterus integripinnis, and there are some constant differences in coloration. 5<32 CALIFORNIA, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. I3O Family FIERASFERIDJE. 221. Fierasfer arenicola Jordan & Gilbert. A single specimen found in the sand at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert. At first described as a new species, Fieras- fer arenicola Jordan & Gilbert, and subsequently iden- tified with the species which occurs in more or less abun- dance in the shells of the pearl oyster. It was not found by the Hopkins Expedition. According to Prof. Putnam, the West Coast species, Fierasfer arenicola, is not dis- tinct from Fierasfer dubius Putnam, of the Florida Keys. We may, however, retain the former as distinct until com- parison of specimens can be made. Family BROTULID^E. 222. Dinematichthys ventralis Gill. Plate liv. Found abundant in rock pools at Mazatlan, where specimens were taken reaching a length of about. four inches. This fish has hitherto been recorded as ex- tremely rare, and very few were obtained by Dr. Gilbert. This is one of the species that were brought from then- hiding places by the introduction of the poisonous juice of the Hava tree into the water. It has been recorded from Cape San Lucas and Mazatlan. Color in life, everywhere liver brown, the fins edged with whitish or pinkish. Family PLEURONECTID^E. 223. Syacium ovale (Gunther). Occasionally taken in the Astillero at Mazatlan, where specimens were found by Dr. Gilbert and by us. It is more abundant at Panama. The broad -headed form called Syacium latifrons (Jordan & Gilbert), which has been supposed, perhaps wrongly, to be the male of this .species, has been seen only at Panama. I 3 I FISHES OF SINALOA. 503 224. Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Evermann. Len- GUADO. Very common everywhere in the Astillero, and also ascending the Rio Presidio in the fresh waters nearly as far as the village of Presidio. In fresh water the color is considerably brighter than in the sea, and these fresh water specimens correspond to those described by Jordan & Goss as Citharichthys siimichrasti. These seem to be, however, of the same species. 225. Azevia panamensis (Steindachner). Common in the Astillero, reaching a length of about eight inches. The following is a count of the fin rays of nine specimens: D. 95, A. 75; D. 89, A. 67; D. 92, A. 71; D. 89, A. 71; D. 94, A. 74; D. 89, A. 71,- D. 90, A. 72; D. 92, A. 71; D. 91, A. 72. These specimens seem to be inseparable- from Azevia ■panamensis. 226. Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert. Rather common in the Astillero with the preceding species, but reaching a smaller size, rarely exceeding four inches. On careful comparison of our specimens with others from Beaufort, Pensacola, Panama, and other localities, we are unable to find any differences. The color varies with the bottom, some being plain light brown, others are much mottled with lighter or with darker. 1 227. Hippoglossina macrops Steindachner. This species was described by Steindachner from a specimen obtained at Mazatlan. We have not seen it. 228. Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner). Very common in the bay and Astillero at Mazatlan, and in fact everywhere on the coast from Guaymas and 504 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1 32 La Paz to Panama and Callao. It reaches a length of about three feet, and is a food fish of some importance, most specimens, however, being much smaller. Head 3^ ; depth about 2 in length of body; D. 73 (70 to 76) ; A. 57 (53 to 60) ; P. 12; V. 6; scales on lateral line about 106 + 8 with 35 dorsally and 36 ventrally. Flesh firm. Body oblong, moderately compressed; mouth large, oblique, the mandible very heavy, slightly pro- jecting; 4 canine teeth on each side of lower jaw in adult specimens, 8 in young, the two anterior teeth long; an- terior teeth of upper jaw strong, but smaller than those in the lower jaw; the lateral teeth very small and close set. Eye small, shorter than snout, about 7 (6 to 8) in length of head; interorbital area, smooth, flatfish, ^ width of eye. Scales cycloid, small anteriorly and larger posteriorly. Lateral line strongly arched anteriorly, arch about ^/i i n straight part. Gill-rakers of medium length, broad, retrose-serrate on inner side, longest about % length of eye, from 4+13 to 5 + 14 in number, counted in eight specimens; pecto- ral fin about as long as mandible, slightly more than half length of head. Dorsal low, anterior origin opposite an- terior margin of eye; caudal barely double concave; caudal peduncle very strong. Anal spine obsolete ; ven- tral fins small, inserted symmetrically. Fins all scaly. Color — Large specimens are dark brown, with blotches on fins; small specimens are covered with pearly white and very dark brown blotches. The brown blotches are almost circular, larger and with less definite outlines near the center of the body, very dark and distinct on caudal. Seven specimens were taken by the Hopkins Expe- dition in the estuary at Mazatlan, where they reach a length of 44 cm. Several specimens were also taken at La Paz. 133 FISHES OF SINALOA. 505 These specimens seem to be identical with Paralichthys adsfersus, described from Callao by Steindachner. The original types have on the average more gill- rakers than we find on our Mazatlan specimens, but this character is subject to variation, and no other distinction appears. In one of Dr.Steindachner's types from Callao (11,417, Mus. Comp. Zool.) we 'find the gill-rakers longer, 6+17; depth 2% in length; D. 67; A. 51; scales 120; arch of lateral line barely twice as long as high, nearly 5 in straight part; maxillary 2% in head. Mr. Garman has kindly examined for us six other specimens, with the following results: "Paralichthys adspersus from Callao has gill-rakers — 7 above, as long as the eye; 17 below. T % about Y as long as the eye. T \ nearly as long as the eye. T 3 T about y^ as long as the eye. T 6 ¥ about Yi as l° n g as ^ e eve - T e T near ^ as long as eye." — (Garman, in lit., May 3, 1895.) Family SOLEID^. 229. Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner). Lenguado de Rio. (Solea filosa Peters.) Very abundant in the fre,sh waters'of the Rio Presidio below the village, varying considerably in color, and somewhat in form. One specimen was taken in the brackish waters of the estuary. 230. Achirus fonsecensis (Richardson). Two specimens found in the Rio Presidio with Achirus mazatlanus ; not seen at Mazatlan. 2D Seb., VOL. V. ( 33 ) August IB, 1895. 506 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. I34 231. Symphurus williamsi Jordan & Culver, n. sp. Plate lv. Two specimens, the largest about i^ inches long, were obtained by Mr. Thomas Marion Williams in tide pools with sandy bottom, in very shallow water, near the estu- ary at Mazatlan. Head 4! ; depth 3% ; D. 93; A. 73; scales 92. Body slenderer than in Symphurus plagiusa, which it much re- sembles, but not so slender as in Symphurus elongatus^ and the caudal fin not black. Upper eye slightly in ad- vance of lower. Sand color in life ; light gray, everywhere finely mottled with light and dark, with traces of a few very narrow dark-cross bands. - Fins all mottled ; the caudal and pos- terior part of dorsal and anal not black, scarcely darker than anterior part. Type numbered 2943, in the register of L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Family ONCOCEPHALID^). 232. Oncocephalus elater (Jordan & Gilbert). One, specimen, the type of the species, presented to Dr. Gilbert by Dr. Bastow, then a resident of Mazatlan. It is found in deep water, and was not seen by us, but numerous specimens have been since dredged by the Albatross in localities further to the south, so that the species is now well known. 135 PISHES OP StNA*LOA 507 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON THE FISHES OF LA PAZ HARBOR. Mr. James A. Richardson, a member of the Hopkins Expedition, spent two days at La Paz, the chief city of Baja California, where he made a small collection of fishes. The work was done under very unfavorable conditions, as La Paz has no fish market and its fish supply is obtained by the spear and the hook and line. There is but one seine at La Paz, a very old and rotten one, which was rented by Mr. Richardson, as was also a parachute seine and a small dip-net. Considering all the , difficulties en- countered, the list here given shows that the locality is well worthy of a detailed exploration. Concerning the harbor of La Paz, Mr. Richardson has the following notes : " The approach to La Paz estuary is guarded by several large, islands, uninhabited, wild and precipitous, The en- trance to the estuary is very wide, apparently ten or fif- teen miles, the general direction being north and south and the length of the estuary about fifteen miles. The estuary gradually narrows to about one mile at ten miles from the entrance. As the steamer proceeds up the estuary it is noticed that she hugs the left bank closely. I was told that in all that breadth of water there is but a very narrow channel, the balance of the space in the estuary being of a sand formation, the sand bars com- ing very near the surface of the water so that they can be seen from the deck of the steamer. The steamer in following the channel nearly doubles on itself occasion- ally, and in the darkness of the night a boat is lowered and a search is made for certain buoys. The left bank is made up alternately of gravel beach and abrupt cliffs all the way to La Paz. The country behind La Paz is hilly and mountainous, of no value, covered with rocks and cactus. The right bank opposite La Paz, as far as 508 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 136 one could see, is one vast stretch of sand and mangrove bushes lying a little above tide water. This is considered to be fine soil for cocoanut trees, but it is uninhabited and uncultivated. The sand beach is very fine; one could ride a bicycle here for fifty miles following the shore line." 1. Narcine entemedor Jordan & Starks. Common. One specimen somewhat decayed found on the beach. 2. Opisthonema libertate (Gunther).' Two specimens obtained (i^ in. long). 3. Stolephorus ischanus Jordan & Gilbert. Two small specimens. 4. Stolephons curtus Jordan & Gilbert. One specimen. 5. Mugil cephalus Linnagus. " Very common. 6. Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes. Very common. 7. Querimana harengus (Gunther). Very abundant in the lagoons and small estuaries. 8. Holocentrus suborbitalis Gill. Common in rock pools. 9. Paralabrax maculatpfasciatus (Steindachner). Common. 10. Lutianus novemfasciatus Gill. Two specimens. 1 1 . Lutianus argentiventris (Peters ) . One specimen obtained. J 37 FISHES OF SINALOA. 509 12. Xenistius californiensis (Steindachner). Several young specimens obtained. Silvery, with continuous streaks of bright warm brown along the rows of scales. 13. Pomadasis macracanthus (Giinther). Common. 14., Orthopristis redding! Jordan & Richardson, n. sp. Plate xli. Allied to Orthofristis ruber (Cuv. & Val.) Head 3% ; depth 3; dorsal XII, 15; anal III, 10; scales 8-52-15; 53 pores. Eye 4^ in head; maxillary 3^; preorbital 4% in snout; pectoral if in head; longest dorsal spine 2-jj-; longest soft ray 3|; second anal spine 4I; ventral if; upper caudal lobe x% ; base of soft dorsal in spinous 1^. Body oblong, the back not much elevated; the anterior profile straightish, slightly depressed above the eye; mouth small, low, the maxillary reaching to Opposite the nostril; teeth subequal, in broad bands; lower jaw in- cluded; nostrils both oblong, the anterior the larger; eye rather large, about as wide as the broad preorbital; pre- opercle very finely serrated on its posterior margin only, the serrations very weak; gill-rakers short and small, about 12; scales moderate, the rows above lateral line very oblique, those below nearly horizontal, the series from the scapular scale reaching middle of spinous dorsal. Spinous dorsal moderate, not deeply notched, the median spines injured in youth in the type specimen; soft dorsal low, free from scales ; anal spines low, the second a little longer than third ; soft rays scaleless; caudal lunate, the lobes unequal, the upper longer than lower, which is more obtuse. Ventrals rather long, inserted just behind axil of pectoral. Pectoral rather short, not quite reaching tips of ventrals. 510 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1 38 Color pearly gray, darker above ; each scale of back and sides, with a bright bronze spot behind its center; these forming nearly continuous streaks along the rows of scales. These streaks run upward and backward an- teriorly and nearly horizontally on sides, when they are more or less interrupted or transposed. Head plain gray, dorsal with some streaks and clouds; outer fins plain; ventrals somewhat dusky. One specimen, 8}{ inches long, was taken by Mr. Richardson. This species is very closely allied to the Atlantic spe- cies, Ortho-pristis ruber (Cuv. & VaL), but has the body a little more slender and the head larger. The specimen from Guaymas provisionally referred to Orthofristis cantharinus (see Jordan & Fesler. Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1889 to 1891, 500, 1893), is perhaps a second specimen of Orthofiristis reddingi. This species is named in honor of Hon. Benjamin B. Redding, first Fish Commissioner of California, a man deeply interested in scientific research, to whom Mr. Richardson has been indebted for many favors, in his former capacity of Superintendent of the California Fish Hatching Station at Sisson. 15. Microlepidotus inornatus Gill. One specimen, 10 inches long, obtained. Common. 16. Umbrina xanti Gill. Common. 17. Microppgon ectenes Jordan & Gilbert. One specimen. 18. Eucinostomus gracilis (Gill). Common. X 39 FISHES OF SINALOA. e lz 19. Xystaema cinereum (Walbaum.) Common. About twenty specimens obtained^ 20. Gerres lineatus (Humboldt). Common. 21. Scarus perrico Jordan & Gilbert. One specimen, found dead on the beach. 22. Spheroides lobatus (Steindachner). Common. Two specimens obtained. In color these approach Spheroides augusticefis (Jenyns). It may be that lobatus is, after all, the young of augusticefs, as was supposed by Jordan and Gilbert. 23. Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus. Common. One specimen, 11 inches long, was obtained. D. 12; A. 12; back and sides covered with spots; no spots on fins or tail; back very dark; a dark band be- tween eyes; frontal spines nearly as long as pectoral spines which are longest. 24. Alexurus armiger Jordan, n. g. and sp. Gobiid^e, Plate xlviii. Head 4^; depth 8; dorsal VI-13; anal 11; V. I, 5; scales about 102—30; eye 8 in head; maxillary 2^ ; man- dible, iYq, ; snout 5% ; interorbital 4^ ; pectoral i|; cau- dal equals head; ventral 2; last dorsal ray if. Body long and low, compressed posteriorly, depressed in front. Head flatfish and broad above, the cheeks rnod- erately tumid. Eyes small, high up, separated by a broad flatfish interorbital space ; snout short; mouth moderate, very oblique, the maxillary ceasing below the center of pupil; lower jaw very heavy, oblique, projecting beyond upper, its outline horseshoe-shaped, obtuse in front. Teeth in rather broad "bands, the outer enlarged below, but 512 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. I4O scarcely so above; none of them canine-like. Top of head with very small scales. Cheeks and opercles with rudimentary scales above. Preopercle with ,a concealed antrose hook below as in Eleotris. Scales on body very small, perfectly smooth, partially imbedded; scales on nape and throat minute. Gill membranes extending a little forward below, so that the branchiostegals are free from the isthmus. Insertion of dorsal twice as far from middle of base of caudal as from tip of snout; the fin low, its slender rays slightly filamentous. Soft dorsal low, its last ray highest. Anal similar, beginning under second dorsal ray. Cau- dal long, bluntly pointed behind, with strongly procurrent base above and below, the base above two-fifth length of head formed of fourteen short rays, that below a little shorter, of twelve rays, this procurrent portion forming an angle with the caudal proper where it joins it. Pectoral and ventrals short, the ventrals inserted under pectorals. Color olive green, dusky above, paler below, but every- where covered with fine black dots. Both dorsals with the membranes pale, the rays each barred with black. Caudal mesially blackish, all the rays barred or chequered in fine pattern. Pectoral and anal pale, similarly speckled ; base of pectoral dusky; ventral finely speckled. One specimen, 6^4 inches long, taken by Mr. James A. Richardson in the harbor of La. Paz. This species seems to be the type of a distinct genus allied to Eleotris and Erotelis, distinguished from Eleo- tris by its very small cycloid scales, from Erotelis by its concealed preopercular hook, and from both by the pro- currant caudal fin. The generic name is from &A£sXF PLATE XXIX. Amxa ZMrohwUzi PCECILIA PRESIDIONIS. Zim.J?J?lTTCW# JSSX&ir PLATE XXX. M SIPHOSTOMA STARKSII. A/mA.Z±B&owv:Il£z,. hlTH.BR/JTQFfq-fZEXJZ! PLATE XXXI. MUGIL HOSPES, 2JTJt.BR/770tf$EEK£F. PLATE XXXII. ■4mr4.2i25RG9WrDEt EURYSTOLE ERIARCHA. 2.im.&rmrcw# -jsEr.&r PLATE XXXIII AimA.ZJBaowpr.IiBZ,. THYRINA EVERMANNI. i,i7&:i?jw7tt/i>'#jz£Kj&: PLATE XXXIV 4WnW//w(mK»W MBS ■;,.>:■ Msmiim WIlaBlFimmr fF ^wMZ^39CM5j;Zfe& / CARANX MEDUSICOLA. UT£.3RJT7a/f$JlEy:£J?. PLATE XXXV flS525}s>S; €11 :-?~$$mSm wm H, "As ■ ''■i^WKsJ' *?#££ .■'.>.■■ IlllPI;'^ . -.-••&:■£•£■ jplitli liP^N^ ■■''-'4vt"i- : > if 1 /^ ' nf ' •'*■. -'•■'f'.' ;;&£ V s ' 1 . i M" Anma Z23&ovm.MBZ . HYNNIS HOPKINSI. J.2TX.J?fWJT£,Y4- Kgy&F PLATE. XXXVI. ^ imM -A#&AZJ3Romv:IteL. TRACHINOTUS CULVERI. J.I23t.&ffl7TQfTi$- ffl^.pr PLATE XXXVII. -AimAltIfeiam%Z}&L. APOGON RETROSELLA. j^nw.j&&T7Qffq-i2Ey,JJ?- mm PLATE XXXVIII. <&m*m M II I 'dm: $ti&£$* lliil I -4/K3M ZtJBlisoiw.ZiEZ,. MYCTEROPERCA BOULENGERI, -i/zH &/&TTQ/r$ Rsy.w: PLATE XXXIX Av&A Z.20??OH5¥,Zte6. RABIRUBIA INERMIS. znsis/yjrof^- s£y. t z/r PLATE XL. Ajwa Z.23&amf.Zl£x,. LYTHRULON OPALESCENS. ■L?T#..B?e/JTCW#J2£K£F. PLATE XLI. Jit » ■■■■;■ AimAZtJSxomitDm,. 0RTH0PRIST1S REDDING!. um.BisnTQivq-HKyiAF: PLATE X.LII. EUP0W1ACENTRUS FLAVILATUS. ArvTeAllIfacvmtJS&L. 2JT//.£iijr?a/f$j£sy,£j;.' PLATE XLIII. AimALIfeo-mtDjsi,. MtCROSPATHODON BAIRDII. PLATE XLN, £&». 00mL wmm k f Iffl i m |PI- 91 IlilKPli 111111 mxaZiZI&ojw.Z)^ MICROSPATHODON AZURISSIMUS. urifMRjnw&REy.3F. PLATE XLV; Amha Jj.B&own;2}el. HALICHCERES DISPILUS. W7W. BRJTTQPfq-JZgy.^f; PLATE XLVI. Aiv7iiiZiJ3j?ow7ir,J9EL. XESURUS PUNCTATUS. i,im.JBj&7TQ?rf hst.sx t PLATE XLVII. P 1 X! A/mAZ.ZiRam?,I)s± TEUTHIS CRESTONIS. AZTff.tt/77aY$J2&y;£K I PLATE XLVIII. mr m w. wm. i w HSR we At&£Alt3Batm,££i,. ALEXURUS ARMIGER. M7y.E!mTQrf$-&ery.£F. PLATE XLLX. A/mAZtJ3f?om$2)£Uj GARMANNIA PARADOXA. Z.I72/ BffJTTQtfq-flSy.AF PLATE L AimALJfeonwD&L. ABOMA ETHEOSTOMA. Z£B£.&RITTQ1Y$- J3£%£F: PLATE LI. AjmAZJ3&ofw,£)££>. EVERMANNIA ZOSTERURA. AIT2f.&RJTTQ/f$J2&y^F, PLATE LII. IPS m- Ik "IB m -4*a« ZMbowwHez.. SCORP/ENA MYSTES. UT/f.#JUFFQ/rq-J3&y.£F. PLATE LIII. ^KMfZ-SPOHS^Zfei ENNEANECTES CARMINALIS, -i/JK-Sffi^TTrW^jBSf^Cft* 4B jm. PLATE' LN. Ajwm 7*.3&ai*7r.Ztei,. DINEMATICHTHYS VENTRALIS. ■&S7Zf-B?&7YaV-f/2£y:j3r. PLATE .LV /4/mA2J3Bonw,/?£z,. SYMPHURUS WILLIAMSI. ■ZJ7YS-g?V27QA'$J22y,JJZ University Publications. The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1785 1 833. With a Summary of the Period before the Ado] tion of the Constitution. By Orrin Leslie Elliot' Ph. D. pp. 272. Price, $1.00. Observations on the Conductivity of a Copper Wii in Various Dielectrics. By Fernando Sanford, M. i pp. 44. Price, 50 cents. The American University and the American Mai Second Commencement Address. By George Elliot Howard, A. M. pp. 22. Price, 15 cents. Specialization in Education. Fourth Commencemei Address. By Prof. John M. Stillman. With Addrei to the Graduating Class. By President David S. Joi dan. pp. 29. Price, 15 cents. The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Moun ains of California. By George H. Ashley, pp. 95. The Fishes of Sinaloa. By David Starr Jordai pp. 142. Price, 50 cents. The Charities of San Francisco. By Chas. Kelle Jenness, A. M. pp. 93. Price, 50 cents. • Address, THE REGISTRAR, ,f ; Stanford University, California. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY II ON THE CRANIAL CHARACTERS GENUS SEBASTODES (ROCK-FISH). \ BY FRANK CRAMER. Iceland Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, California, 1895. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY II ON THE CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS SEBASTODES (ROOK-FISH). FRANK CBAMEK. ( Reprint from the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, Vol. V. ) Leland Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, California, 1895. PREFATORY NOTE. This memoir is the second of a series designed to illus- trate the investigations and explorations of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct of the biological labora- tories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. The series is issued under the patronage of Timothy Hopkins, Esq., of Menlo Park, California. The present paper is published with the co-operation of the California Academy of Sciences, appearing simultaneously in its present form and as part of the Proceedings of the Academy. Charles H. Gilbert, Oliver P. Jenkins, Editors. Date of publication, October 4, 1895. ON THE CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS SEBASTODES (ROCK-FISH).* (With Plates lvii-lxx.) BY FRANK CRAMER. The rock -fishes of the Pacific, commonly but errone- ously called " rock -cod," constitute a large section of the Scorpaanidas, a family of the mail-cheeked fishes, and present extremely interesting problems in distribution and - classification. Fifty or more species have been described during the past forty years from the west coast of North America, between the southern boundary of the United States and Bering Strait. Quite a large number of spe- cies also, distinct from the foregoing, havebeen'discovered on the coast of Japan, arid all the indications point to many more that are still undescribed. To the southward of the United States the group abruptly disappears, but reappears again in the temperate and cold waters of west- ern South America, which undoubtedly still hold out a rich field for investigation of this group. The rock-fishes of American waters are characterized by having 13 dorsal spines, while their nearest allies, the rose-fishes ( Sebastes), have a larger number. Some of the Japanese forms, however, are described as varying in the number of dorsal spines from 13 to 14. If this is so, the further study of the rock-fishes of the Japanese coast will furnish new and interesting material upon which to base the systematic arrangement of the group, for no such variation is found in all the fifty or more species of the western coast of North America. * I wish to thank Prof. Charles H. Gilbert for putting at my disposal the material on which this paper is based, and for generously sacrificing valuable specimens, in order that the series might be made as complete as possible. The collection of skulls is now in the Museum of the Leland Stanford Jr., University. Peoo. Oil. Acad. Sci., 2d See., Vol. V. October 1, 1895. 574 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 6 , There has hitherto been no agreement among ichthy- ologists as to the boundaries of the genera of rose- and rock-fishes. European writers, believing that the differ- ence in the number of dorsal spines is not a sufficient basis for a generic separation of the Pacific forms, include them all in the old Cuvierian genus Sebastes. American writers, however, lay greater stress on this difference, which theyhave shown to be connected with a constant difference in the number of vertebrae. They are also prompted by the desirability of breaking up so large and unwieldy a genus into smaller natural groups, and have thus not only segregated the Pacific forms with 13 dorsal spines and i2-|- 15 vertebra? in the genus Sebastodes, but have made several efforts to break up the latter genus into several smaller ones. Between 1854 and 1861 W. O. Ayres 1 described numerous species from the Pacific Coast of California, including them all under the old genus Sebastes. In 1861 Gill 2 proposed the genus Sebastodes for the Sebastes -fiaucisfiinis of Ayres. In 1862 he placed all the remaining rock-fish of the West Coast in a new genus, Sebastichthys, but all the generic characters which he as- signed have proved worthless. Ayres accepted the genus Sebastodes, but redefined it so as to include the species ovalis, jlavidus, melanosis and -pin- niger. It will be seen that this was a natural group, the characters which he selected being correlated with others of which he knew nothing. He retained all the remain- ing West Coast rock-fish in the genus Sebastes " with the characters of Sebastes as given by Cuvier, except that the top of the head is always marked by spinous ridges, the orbits being commonly crested, so as to leave a depression between them." 1 Ayres: Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1854-1862. 2 Gill: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1861, p. 165; 1862, p. 329. 7 GENUS SEBASTODES. 575 In 1864 Gill 3 separated the then known rock-fishes of the Pacific Coast into four genera: Sebastodes, Sebas- tichthys, S ebastosomus and Sebastomus. The groups which he thus indicated form natural assemblages of species, but thus far he has never defined them satisfactorily. The genera proposed by him have generally been accepted as of subgeneric value by later workers in the group, but with a knowledge of the early known species which Gill was unable to examine, together with many others discov- ered since, they have found it impossible to draw the lines of generic separation indicated by him. In 1880 Jordan and Gilbert* discovered and described fifteen or more new species, and adopted a more definite terminology for the spinous ridges of the cranium, which seemed to them to furnish the most reliable characters. The arrangement adopted by them on the basis of these characters agreed in the main with the generic grouping already proposed by Gill. Since, therefore, the charac- ters furnished by the top of the head had been most re- lied upon for the grouping of the species, and it was still a mooted question whether they should all be included in one genus or distributed among several, it seemed to the writer desirable to make a detailed examination of a series of skulls in order to determine what other cranial characters, if any, were correlated with those of the top of the liead, and whether there were any gaps in the series which would serve as points of separation into gen- era. As will be seen later, the writer has been unable to dis- cover a basis" for such generic separation and is convinced that the cranial characters fail to indicate such. Since the present investigation was completed, however, an at- 3 Gill: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, p. 145. 1 Jordan & Gibert: Proc. U. S. National Museum, 1880, p. 287. 57^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 8 tempt has been made by Eigenmann and Bees'on * along the same lines, and with opposite results. It therefore becomes necessary to examine their conclusions in some detail. As a basis for the primary division of the group, they have selected the condition of the parietals, classify- ing the species according as their parietals meet or do not meet above the supraoccipital. The character is else- where described as the "union or non-union of the parie- tals," and the statement made that " the value placed on such a character need not be defended here." During the course of his investigation the writer also at- tempted to make use of this variation in the extent of the parietals, but came to the conclusion that it had little, if any, taxonomic value. The inner edges of the parietals are strictly superficial in position, overlapping the supraoccipi- tal. Their inner margins are irregular, and the extent of the lap somewhat variable within the limits of each species, depending both on original individual variations and on the extent to which the thin edges of the bones have been absorbed. Taking a series of species, we have presented every degree of approximation of these margins, from ■ the condition where they are wide apart and leave exposed a broad strip of the supraoccipital, to that in which they touch, meet, or overlap. Union is never effected between the parietals and it is misleading to speak of such. The manner in which the parietals reach or pass over the middle line is SO variable as to suggest anything but genetic relationship. In a few species the inner edges of the parietals are parallel and seem to abut against each other in the middle line, in others the inner outlines are curved and the left parietal overlaps the right. In some cases * Preliminary Note on the Kelationship of the Species Usually United Under the Generic Name Sebastodes: C. H. Eigenmann and C. H. Beeson. American Naturalist, vol. xxvii, pp. 668-671, July, 1893. For convenience of reference this paper is given in full in the appendix, which see. 9 GENUS SEBASTODES. 577 one of the parietals reaches the middle line and the other does not; in other cases the posterior part of one parietal and the anterior part of the other reach the middle line, and yet a wide strip of supraoccipital separates the two bones throughout their length. All of these conditions are evident in the accompanying figures. There is no more reason why that condition of the parietals in which they barely meet should be chosen as the line of separa- tion between two groups of species than that any other degree of approximation or overlapping should be chosen. The character is unfitted a friori to serve as a primary character. The kind of difficulties into which its adop- tion leads is illustrated, among other instances, by the fact that -5 1 . elongatus and S. levis are placed in the group with separated parietals, although in some individuals the parietals plainly meet. Not only is the condition of the parietals, by the nature of the character, unsuited for the purpose which it is made to serve, but it is not correlated with a single other important cranial character. After it is adopted as the primary character it does not serve in the slightest degree as a key to the rest of the structure. The degree of de- velopment of the cranial spines and ridges, the condition of the interorbital space, the curvature of the base of the skull, the condition of the ventral process of the basi- sphenoid and the direction of the mesethmoid processes are all closely correlated with each other and all lead to the same arrangement of species. The condition of the parietals not being correlated with a single other charac- ter, its use as a primary character is bound to rupture all the correlations that do exist; and that is what it does. To select a single illustration from among a host of them, the genus Sebastomus, as made up by Eigenmann and Beeson, includes . species from all parts of the group: 578 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. IO rosaceus, ruber, constellatus, etc., with concave interor- bital space, straight base of skull, and strong spines and ridges ; and miniatus and -pinniger with convex interorbi- tal space, curved base of skull, weak spines and ridges and depressed mesethmoid processes. In every point of structure and conformation of skull the last two species are most closely related to the species placed in the gen- era Primospina, Sebastosomus and Acutomentum; and are widely separated from the other species of the genus Sebastomus. The condition of the parietals was the first character selected by the writer as a basis for the arrangement of the species, but it was soon found unreliable' from every point of view and had to be rejected; and the further the investigation proceeded the more clearly was its rejection justified. An examination of all the* cranial characters in a large number of species will invariably lead to the same result. Of the fifty or more species recognized from the Pacific Coast of America, the following thirty-two have been ex- amined by me : S. paucispinis ,' goodei, mystinus, mela- nops, jlavidus, entomelas, ovalis, atravirens,. pinniger, miniatus, introniger, aurora, chlorosticfus, rosaceus, con- stellatus, rhodochloris, ruberrimus* saxicola, diploproa, elongatus, rubrivinctus, levis, ^erriceps, rastrelliger, auri- culatus, vexillaris, caurinus, maliger, carnatus, chrysom- elas and nebulosus; besides two or three unidentified * The specific name ruberrimus is here proposed as a substitute for the ruber of recent authors, not of Ayres, which latter must be regarded as a synonym of auriculalus. That the specimens to which the name ruber was first applied belonged to the species auriculatus is clearly shown by the careful description of the spines on the top of the head. The statements concerning color and size do not apply to auriculatus, but apply equally well to each of the three species ruberrimus, pinniger or miniatus. (Ayres, Proceedings California Academy of Sciences, vol. i, p. 7, 1854.) J I GENUS SEBASTODES. 579 skulls. The following West Coast species were not avail- able: ciliatus, proriger, brevispinis, umbrosus, nigrocinc- tus, alutus, serranoides, rufus, melanostonius , rufestris, eos, tzrcus, gilli, zacentrus, sinensis. The series upon which the following conclusions are based consisted of fifty-one skulls of thirty-two different species. Although many skulls could not be procured, the series is essentially complete, containing representa- tives from all parts of the group. The cranial characters that have hitherto proved-useful relate to the cranial ridges and the spines in which they end. The characteristic spines and ridges are : the pre- ocular on the anterior superior border of the orbit; the supraocular, near the edge of the frontal bone above the middle of the orbit; the postocular, behind the supraocu- lar, and the tympanic, behind the postocular on the frontal bone near the superior posterior angle of the orbit; and the parietal, present in all the species, a longitudinal ridge on the middle of the parietal bone. Of these ridges all may be absent except the parietal,* and in the different species in which they are present differ exceedingly in the degree of their development. In a comparison of the crania some characters which it was at first supposed would furnish good marks by which to subdivide the genus into groups, proved other- wise. The thickness of the bones of the skull is general- ly correlated with other characters, rather thin papery skulls bearing strongly developed bony ridges, while thicker and more bony skulls have the ridges low or ob- solete. But there are several exceptions to the rule. Other characters at first seem important, but as they occur *Prof. Eigenmann has changed the name of this ridge and its spine from "occipital" to "parietal," and I have adopted his name for it, be- cause it seems much more appropriate. 580 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 12 in a few species only, far apart in the series, they must be regarded as sporadic; thus nuchal spines are present in S. levis, chlorostictus, aurora and constellatus (in the last species connected with a tendency of the ridges to break up into spines and tubercles), but they are inconstant even in the species in which they occur; so that it is doubtful whether they are always present in any species. The coronal spines, likewise inconstant, are usually pres- ent in S. aurora, and nearly always present in S. auricu- latus. In some species in which pairs of spines are normally absent, these are sometimes present in a rudimentary or distorted form, either singly or in pairs. Although the ■paucisfinis group is characterized by the absence of the usual pairs of spines in adults, two adult -paucispinis skulls had a rudimentary supra- or postocular on the left side, and a very young skull of this division had rudimentary tym- panic spines on both sides and a postocular on the left side ; a medium-sized melanops had a rudimentary right tympanic; and a large one had a pair of postoculars and a deformed left supraocular; a young jlavidus had a rudimentary right postocular; in an elongatus, in which the supraoculars are normally absent, the spines were still present in the form of low humps on the ridge; in another specimen the supraocular spine was sharp and perfectly distinct. Hilgendorf expressed the belief that when one of the three pairs of spines (supraocular, postocular and tym- panic) is absent, it is the supraocular and not the post- ocular that has disappeared.* This is proved by several * Hilgendorf: Uebersicht iiber die japanischen Sebastes-Arten, Sitzungs- Bericht der Gesellschafi Naturforschenden Freunde zu Berlin, 21. Dec, 1880, p. 168. "Das maximum von Dornen am Oberkopf kommt bei S. marmoratus vor, namlich einer in der Nasengegend, der nasaldorn, drei auf dem Augenrand, Orbital-dornen, von denen der mittlere bei den andern Arten zuerst verschwindet." 13 GENUS SEBASTODES. 581 1 series of facts. When the three spines are present to- gether, the distance from the base of the tympanic to the base of the supraocular on the one hand, and the distance from the supraocular to the preocular on the other hand, are to each other in many species as i to i, varying from this ratio to i to 3 in rosaceus; while where one of the spines is absent, the relative distances vary from 3 to 10 to 3 to 15 (except nebulosus, 2 to 5). \ These measure- ments give the all but invariable rule that, when one of the spines is absent the so-called supraocular occupies the position of the postocular. When both the supra- ocular and postocular are present and differ in size (which is usually the case) , the supraocular is invariably weaker than the postocular. The depression between the tym- panic and postocular is always deep, while between the postocular and supraocular there is frequently a well- marked ridge ( chlorostictus , rhodockloris, ruberrimus). In levis the true supraocular is usually present; in the skull at hand it was absent, but on one side a blunt knob occu- pied the position required by the rule of relative distances, and just behind this point, on both sides, there was a de- pression in the otherwise continuous ridge, marking the depression between the supra- and postoculars. In the skull of elongatus, in which one of the pairs of spines is normally absent, there is a low, conical rudimentary spine on the left side, occupying the position of the supraocular, as required by the rule of relative distances. These facts, taken together, seem to establish the conclusion that when one of the trio of pairs of spines is absent, the supraocular spine has disappeared, and the supraocular ridge merged with the postocular. A source of error that had to be studiously avoided in the comparison of species is that due to the changes that take place with increasing age. Of these, the following 582 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 14 are among the most constant: The bones of the skull grow thicker and in very large specimens become spongy. The processes of the mesethmoid become depressed; and the ventral process of the basisphenoid, when present at all, sometimes suffers complete, and always partial ab- sorption. The interorbital space grows relatively wider, this being one of the most striking and constant varia- tions. In the, present paper the width of this space is always given as measured at its narrowest part (which usu- ally falls immediately behind the preocular spines) , and compared with the total length of the base of the sktlll. In a young vexillaris, the ratio of interorbital width into the length of the base of the skull is 5%^ i n a medium- sized one 4I, and in a large one 4. In a young maliger it is 4-f , in an old one 4^3 ; in a young miniatus 3^, in an old one 3y T ; in a young flavidus 3 T \, in an old one 3. In a very young ruberrimus it is 6-f- , in one two or three times as large 54, in one in which the cranial ridges are almost competely serrated 5, and in a ,very large, old specimen 4^. The degree of approximation of the parietals seemed at first to be a valuable character, and it will be seen from the key given below that in several parts of the group closely related species have the parietals in contact; but while it serves well as a character of subordinate import- ance, the mere fact that any two species have parietals which meet or overlap is no proof of affinity unless it is supported by other agreements. The most reliable cranial characters for the purpose of classification of the species are: the degree of curvature of the base of the skull; the convexity or concavity of the interorbital space and its relative width ; the direction of the mesethmoid processes ; the degree of development of the ventral process of the basisphenoid ; and the strength IS GENUS SEBASTODES. 583 or weakness of the cranial ridges. These characters are closely correlated, and furnish the only basis for the ar- rangement of the species within the genus. In the fauci- spinis, melanops and finniger groups (see classification below) the base of the skull is strikingly curved ; the in- terorbital space is always convex (at most flat, never con- cave) and relatively wide, its width never being more than 2}4 in the length of the base of the skull; the mesethmoid processes are never directed upward ; the ventral process of the basisphenoid is absent, or reduced to a mere point or at most occasionally present in very young specimens; the cranial ridges are poorly or not at all developed and the spines are delicate or absent. In the rosaceus-nebu- losus groups the base of the skull is straight or nearly so ; the interorbital space is always concave and narrow, its ratio in the base of the skull varying frdm 4%! to 6-f; the mesethmoid processes are always directed more or less upward; and the ventral process of the basisphenoid, the cranial ridges and the spines are strongly developed. These two groups of characters would furnish an' am- ple basis for the division of the genus into two, if the species mentioned were alone to be considered. But between the two groups distinguished by these characters lies another (zntrom'ger- aurora) in which the base of the skull is somewhat curved (approaching straightness), the interorbital space is flat or slightly con- cave, of medium width, 4 to 4^ into the base, of the skull, the processes of the mesethmoid are directed but little upward and the ventral process of the basisphenoid is poorly developed. By the interposition of this group it is possible to arrange a series from faucisfinis to rosaceus in which there is an almost perfect gradation of all the above-mentioned characters, from strikingly curved to straight base of skull, from convex and broad to concave 584 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. l6 and narrow interorbital space, from mesethmoid processes depressed to those directed forty-five degrees above the dorsal plane of the skull, from a rudimentary to a fully developed ventral process of the basisphenoid and from nearly obsolete to strongly developed cranial ridges. The single species ruberrimus furnishes at different stages in its development a series of characters that paral- lel in a striking way the series just described. The very young skull is so much like those of rosaceus and rho- dochloris that, if it were the only ruberrimus at hand, it might easily be put between them in a series. The width of the interorbital space is 6y into the base of the skull,, relatively narrower than that of any other skull in the collection of fifty, and deeply concave; the mesethmoid processes are directed upward and the ventral process of the basisphenoid is well developed. The very large skull of the same species is almost exactly adapted to the de- scription of the aurora-introniger group. The inter- orbital space is perfectly flat and ^% into the base of the skull, the mesethmoid processes extend forward nearly horizontally and the ventral process of the basisphenoid is rudimentary. The gap between these two extremes is completely closed by skulls of intermediate age. S. saxicola and difloproa constitute another interme- diate group with the base of the skull markedly curved, the interorbital space slightly convex or flat, of medium width, ^H to 4^ into the base of the skull, mesethmoid processes directed but little upward, and the ventral pro- cess of the basisphenoid rudimentary or fairly developed. This intermediate group, unlike the other, lacks the su- praocular spine and probably forms one of the links be- tween the entomelas -j>inniger group and the other rock- fish in which the supraocular is wanting. The following classification, based exclusively on era- 17 GENUS SEBASTODES. 585 nial characters, summarizes- what has been said and in- cludes some details not hitherto mentioned : A. Base of skull markedly curved. Interorbital space convex or flat, broad, less than 3i in the base of the skull. Processes of mesethmoid not directed upward. Ventral process of basisphenoid rudimentary. Cranial ridges obsolete or weak, spines absent or delicate. a. Cranial ridges (except parietal) obsolete or very slightly developed. Cranial spines absent or very inconstant and weakly developed, b. Parietals not meeting; mesethmoid processes weak and depressed; skull moderately thick; parietal ridges weak, with minute spines or none; other ridges none. c. Interorbital space plainly convex, paucispinis. cc. Interorbital space nearly flat, goodei. bb. Parietals meeting in the middle line, but separated posteriorly by a wedge-shaped exposure of the supraoccipital. Mesethmoid processes better developed, straight and horizontal; skull thick; the bones striated; parietal ridges low, spineless, other ridges none. d. Preocular spines none, flavidus, melanops. dd. Preocular spines present, mystinus. aa. Cranial ridges somewhat developed; preocular, supraocular, post- ocular, tympanic" and parietal spines present, all delicate; ventral process of basisphenoid sometimes present in young. (Tympanic spines usually absent or imperfect in atrovirens.) e. Parietals not meeting; interorbital space usually plainly convex; bones thick, more or less striated, f. Supraocular spine present. g. Base of skull strikingly curved; parietals nearly meeting, entomelas, ovalis. gg. Base of skull less strikingly curved; parietals well separated, h. Interorbital space plainly convex, pinniger. hh. Interorbital space flat or nearly so, miniatus. ff. Supraocular spine absent; parietals well separated; interorbital space but little convex; mesethmoid processes directed some- what upward, atrovirens. B. Base of skull markedly curved. Interorbital space flat or slightly concave, of medium width, 3| to 4J in base of skull. Processes of mesethmoid directed but little upward. Ventral process of basisphe- noid rudimentary or fairly developed, h. Cranial ridges fairly developed, supraocular spines absent, skull thin, papery, mesethmoid processes horizontal, i. Parietals not meeting, saxicola. ii. Parietals meeting, diploproa. Pboo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Sbr., Vol. V. October 1, 1895. 586 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. l8 C. Base of skull nearly straight (slightly curved). Interorbital space flat or slightly concave, of medium width, 4 to 4} in base of skull. Pro- cesses of mesethmoid directed but little upward. Ventral process of basisphenoid rudimentary or poorly developed. Cranial ridges and spines quite strong. j. Cranial ridges well developed. Preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, parietal and nuchal spines present. Coronal spines usu- ally present, introniger, aurora. D. Base of skull straight or nearly so. Interorbital space concave and narrow, 4J to 6$ in base of skull. Processes of mesethmoid directed upward. Ventral process of basisphenoid well developed. Cranial ridges high and strong. k. Supraocular spine present. Parietals not meeting. I. Skull thick; cranial ridges broken into tubercles and spines; in- terorbital space flat; mesethmoid processes horizontal; ventral process of basisphenoid rudimentary in adult (the skull of young almost exactly as in rosaceus; see below), ruberrimus . II. Skulls somewhat papery; ridges smooth; interorbital space con- cave; mesethmoid processes directed upward; ventral process of basisphenoid well developed in both young and 61d. constellatus, rosaceus, rhodochloris, chlorostictus. kk. Supraocular spine absent. m. Interorbital space not widening markedly backward, n. Parietals not meeting; skull papery, elongatus. nn. Parietals meeting; skull bony. o. Nuchal spines none, rubrivinctus, levis. oo. Nuchal spines present; ridges thick and high, serriceps. ' mm. Interorbital space widening markedly backwards; parietals not meeting. p. Coronal spines present, skull bony, auriculatus. pp. Coronal spines none. q. Skull thick; bones striated; interorbital space slightly con- vex, raslrelliger. qq. Interorbital space concave and the cranial ridges strong and high, vexillaris, maliger, carnatus, chrysomelas, nebulosus. The interorbital space becoming more concave and narrower and the ridges stronger and higher from the beginning to the end of the series. It has been impracticable in some cases to separate closely related species in the above classification accord- ing to cranial characters, some of them agreeing even in color patterns and differing only in colors and other de- tails, and showing no tangible differences in the skulls. IO. GENUS SEBASTODES. 587 S. serriceps is probably placed a little too high up in the series, as its other characters indicate closer connections with the last group. It is evident that the cranial charac- ters do not furnish a basis for the division of the rock- fishes of the West Coast into several genera. All the characters that are at all available for purposes of class- ification serve remarkably well for arranging the species in series, but the changes which those characters undergo in the successive species are. so perfectly graduated that they cannot be used to break up the genus. Jordan and Gilbert 5 first grouped the species in 1883, using the num- ber and degree of development of the cranial ridges and spines as principal characters. Their arrangement not only remains, but is more firmly established, with one or two doubtful exceptions, by the remaining cranial char- acters. Connected with this series of cranial characters and their modifications are a number of other characters. Al- though the correlations are not always exact, an arrange- ment of species based on these external characters would differ but little from that given above. Ayres long ago pointed out that "the border of the caudal fin changes insensibly in the successive species from the slight emargination of paucispinis to the slight rounding of nigrocinctus. ' ' In paucispinis the anal spines are graduated, but this feature gradually changes in the series until in the rosaceus group the second anal spine is longer than the third. In the group represented by pau- cispinis and pinniger the longest rakers on the anterior limb of the first arch are relatively much longer than in the group represented by rosaceus, etc. The decrease, in length is gradual in the series and is quite closely cor- 5 Jordan & Gilbert: Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, 1883, pp. 652-678. 588 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 20 related with the decrease in the number of rakers on the anterior limb. The scales also, become successively larger, from very small ones in paucispinis to large scales in introniger . But it is impossible to use the size of the scales for the purpose of generic distinction. In the whole genus the transverse rows of scales corresponding in number with the pores are very oblique (making an angle of about forty-five degrees with the vertical) and have rarely, if ever, been counted as the " transverse rows of scales." Besides these there is a series that is actually vertical, making an angle of about forty-five degrees with the former. For each " oblique transverse" row there are two plainly visible vertical rows, and as a scale for each of the latter rows lies upon or nearly upon the lateral line these have been depended on for the determination of the "transverse rows of scales." Occasionally the scale of a vertical row lies far enough above or below the row of pores to be left out of the count, although the row to which it belongs is continuous above and below the line. This counting of the scales on the lateral line instead of the vertical rows to which they belong has led to confusion, because no two specimens of the same species give similar results. It is an easy matter to arrange the species in a prob- ably natural order; but, even with the fine series of grad- uated characters described above, it has been impossible to construct a " genealogical tree." The genus is prob- ably a young and vigorous one ; and extensive comparisons of the young stages of the different species with the adult condition, comparison of the different species with each other at different ages, and a study of the later embry- onic stages of these ovoviviparous fishes, together with the few facts now known, would in a large measure solve the 21 GENUS SEBASTODES. 589 problem of genetic relationship in this interesting group. I include below a diagnosis of the genus, with an an- alysis of the North American species.' SEBASTODES* Gill. Rock-Fish ; ' ' Rock-Cod . ' ' (Sebastosomus, Sebastomus, Sebastichthys Gill; Acutomentum, Primo- spina, Pleropodus, Auctospina Eigenmann and Beeson.) (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila., 165, 1861: type Sebastes paucispinis Ayres; Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis of Fishes of North Amer- ica, 652, 1883.) Body and head somewhat compressed; head large, 2| to 2 2 /$ in length of bodyt; depth 2% to 3^ in length of body; mouth moderate or large, with the jaws equal or the lower more or less projecting'; the maxillary reaching middle of eye or beyond, sometimes beyond posterior edge of orbit, its length from 1 ^ to 3 in length of head ; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer and palatines. Head more or less evenly scaled, without dermal flaps; interorbital space convex or concave, widening markedly with age; cranial ridges! more or less developed, one or more of the following pairs always present, usually end- ing in spines: preocular, supraocular, postocular, tym- * A very doubtful species, which may be the young of Sebastes. marinus, with an abnormal number of spines, is accredited to the ^Atlantic Coast, viz.: S.I fasciatus (Storer). " Body elongated, not convex in front of dorsal fin as in Sebastes norvegicus; four distinct dark brown transverse bands upon the sides, the broadest at the posterior portion of the body." D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 7. Provincetown, Mass. (Storer). .(Sebastes fasciatus Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 31, 1854.) An equally, doubtful fossil species is referred to this genus, viz.: Sebas- todes ( ? ) roses Eigenmann. It is known only from a fragment, the hori- zontal limb of a preopercle, which was found at Port Harford, Cal., among various tertiary fossils, thirty feet above the sea; but the finder himself thinks it may have been left there by the" Indians. (Sebastodes (?) rosce Eigenmann, Zoe, i, 16, 1890.) tLength of body is measured from tip of snout to base of caudal fin. tPor illustrations of cranial ridges and spines, see explanation of plates. 59° CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 22 panic, coronal, parietal and nuchal. .Five preopercular and two opercular spines; one to three spines on the suprascapula. Suborbital stay moderate, usually not reaching preopercle. Gill-rakers various, very long and slender to very short. Scales moderate or small, mostly ctenoid, 35 to 100 transverse series. Dorsal fin continuous, emarginate, its formula XIII— 12 to 16. Anal fin III, 5 to 9. Pectorals well developed, the base broad or narrow, the lower rays undivided. Caudal slightly rounded, trun- cate or slightly forked; soft parts of vertical fins more or less scaly. Pyloric coeca 6 to 11. Vertebras 12-)- 15. Species of varied, often brilliant colors, mostly red. Sexes colored alike. The group inhabits the two shores of the northern Pacific Ocean. Some of the species are ex- tremely localized, and they are exceedingly abundant in rocky places along the west coast of the United States. They seem to disappear rather abruptly to the south of southern California,- and the number of species dwindles northward; none are arctic, the bulk of the group in- habiting temperate waters. The bathymetric range of most of the species is rather limited ; some live in shal- low water along shore, the majority frequent rocky reefs at depths of 50 to 500 feet; a few species have been taken at a depth of 1600 feet. All are ovoviviparous, bringing forth great numbers of young, which are nearly half an inch in length when born. The species differ greatly in form and armature, but the genera based on these differences intergrade too closely to be worthy of retention. (& 1 - PLATE LXVI 28. SEBASTODES VEXILLARIS 23. SEBASTODES VEXILLARIS 30. SEBASTODES MALIGER J.im.&nJlTO'Vf RE7.& hnaL£rowM,Z)ei, PLATE I.XVIL 31. SEBASTODES MALIGER 32. SEBASTODES NEBULOSUS raw Zt&namcMBZ: 33. SEBASTODES PAUCISPINIS 2JTH. BftTfQ/rq-ffjryiJj:: PLATE LXVIII. 34-. SEBASTODES FLAVIDUS 35. SEBASTODES MINIATfcJS WM-^S^OTWl^Zfec. 36. SEBASTODES ATROVIRENS ZJT/f^g?&J7Qff-$JS£y,£K PLATE LXTX. 37. SEBASTODES SAXICOLA 38. SEBASTODES RUBERRIMUS 39. SEBASTODES CHLOROSTICTUS A^BRaw^Msij. zmf.j3lvmw4-R£y,£?: PLATE LXX. 40. SEBASTODES ELONGATUS 41. SEBASTODES RASTRELLIGER 42. SEBASTODES N EBULOSUS i£BbokkD& U12i.BE/77VSir #JE£7t^j? University Publications. The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789- 1 833. With a Summary o± the Period before the Adop- tion of the Constitution. By Orrin Leslie Elliott, Ph. D. pp. 272. Price, $1.00. Observations on the Conductivity of a Copper Wire in Various Dielectrics. By Fernando Sanford, M. S. pp. 44. Price, 50 cents. The American University and the Amieriqan Man. Second Commencement Address. ByGEORGE Elliott Howard, A. M. pp. 22. Price, 15 cents. Specialization in Education. Fourth Commencement Address. By Prof. John M. Stillman. "With Address to the Graduating Class. By President David S. Jor- dan, pp. 29. Price, 15 cents. The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mount- ains of California. By George H. Ashley, pp. 95. The Fishes of Sinaloa. By David Starr Jordan. pp. 142. Price, 50 cents. . The Charities of San Francisco. By Chas. Kell£y Jenness, A. M. pp. 93. Price, 50 cents. On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes. By Frank Cramer, pp. 38. Price, 35 cents. * - Address, THE REGISTRAR, Stanford University, California. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS LABORATORY OF BIOLOGY XII THE FISHES OF PUGET SOUND BY DAVID STAKE JOEDAN and EDWIN CHAPIN STAKES. Leland Stanford Je. University, Palo Alto, California, 1895. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS LABORATORY OF BIOLOGY III THE FISHES OF PUGET SOUND BY DAVID STARR JORDAN and EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS. ( Reprint from the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, Vol. V. ) Leland Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, California, 1895. PREFATORY NOTE. This memoir is the third of a series designed to illus- trate the investigations and explorations of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct of the biological labora- tories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. The series is issued under the patronage of Timothy Hopkins, Esq., of Menlo Park, California. The present paper is published with the co-operation of the California Academy of Sciences, appearing simultaneously in its present form and as part of the Proceedings of the Academy. Charles H. Gilbert, Oliver P. Jenkins, Editors. Date of publication, December 21, 1895. THE FISHES OF PUGET SOUND.* BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS. (With Plates lxxvi-civ.) The present paper contains an enumeration of the fishes known to inhabit the waters of Puget Sound, a large es- tuary or fjord entering the northwestern part of the State of Washington. The paper is based primarily on a col- lection made by the junior author in July, 1895, under the auspices of the 'Hopkins Laboratory of the Leland Stan- ford Junior University, he being the guest of the "Young Naturalists' Society of Seattle." This society undertook at this time a dredging expe- dition for the special purpose of collecting invertebrates. Through the interest of Mr. Timothy Hopkins, the junior author was enabled to take part in this work. Nearly two weeks in July were devoted to dredging. A small steamer was chartered for this purpose. A camp was established at Point Orchard on Admiralty Inlet, and collecting and dredging were carried on within a radius of twenty miles from that point. Besides the fishes that were brought up in the dredge, collections were made of "rock-pool" fishes at low tide, and seines were worked along the beaches. After the return of the dredging expedition, the fresh waters about Seattle were seined, with the help of differ- ent members of the Naturalists' Society. This fresh wa- ter collection is described by Mr. Alvin Seale, in an ap- pendix to the present paper. Besides' the work done about Seattle, a week was spent by the junior author at Neah Bay, near Cape Flattery, in the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Here a collection of the rock-pool fishes was made. A rich field for this work 'Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, No. 3. Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2i> See., Vol. V. December 14, 1896. 786 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. was found on Waadda Island, a small rocky islet, lying about half a mile from the shore, near Neah Bay. In this same locality large collections were made in 1880 by Professors Jordan and Gilbert. Previous to this expedition a small but very valuable collection of fishes had been presented to the Leland Stanford Jr. University by the Young Naturalists' Society. The new forms in this collection are described in the present paper by Jordan and Williams. In the present list are also included the species enumerated by previous writers as occurring in Puget Sound and the Straits of Juan de Fuca. In the list published in 1880 by Jordan and Gilbert ninety species are mentioned as found in these waters. From this list we have drawn freely in our present records of the habits of species. In a later list by Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann (1892), 106 species are re- corded. In the present list 141 species are recorded from these waters. The junior author wishes to express here his obliga- tions for the many favors extended to him by the differ- ent members of the Young Naturalists' Society, who did all that was in their power to make his part of the expe- dition a success. He is under particular obligations to Mr. Charles L. Denny and Mr. Edward S. Meany, who helped him in many ways, both in the dredging trip and on his trip to Neah Bay. He is indebted also to Mr. Henry H. Hindshaw for entertainment in Seattle and help of various kinds. Valuable aid was also given by Mr. Adam Hubbert, Miss Adella M. Parker, Miss Maud Parker, Mr. Trevor Kincaid, Mr. J. W. Busby, Mr. Al- bert Bryan, Miss Robeson, Mrs. J. E. Chilberg, Mrs. H. H. Hindshaw, Prof. O. B. Johnson, Prof. C. V. Piper, Mr. Oscar Piper, and Miss Newell, members of the so- ciety in question. Further acknowledgment is due to FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 1787 the kindly interest of Messrs. Goodall & Perkins, repre- senting the Pacific Coast Steamship Company. The following species are here described as new to science, the types of all of them being deposited in the Museum of the Leland Stanford Junior University as gifts from the Hopkins Laboratory or from the Young Naturalists' Society of Seattle. .The new genera are in- dicated in full-face type. Ruscarius meanyi. No. 3127. Oligocottus embryum. No. 3128. Gilbertina sigalutes. No. 3129. Averruncus emmelane. No. 3135. Xystes axinophrys. No. 3130. Lethotremus vinolentus. No. 3131. Neoliparis floras. No. 3019, 3133. Liparis dennyi. No. 3703. Bryostemma nugator. No. 3134. Xiphistes ulvce. No. 3132. Besides these species, the following additional new species are described from other localities : Zalarges nimbarius. No. 3125. Open sea. Hexagrammus otahii. Tokio, Japan. Podothecus veternus. Robin Island, Alaska. Podothecus accipiter. Robin Island, Alaska. i The following additional generic names are here used for the first time : Astrolytes, Pallasina, Stelgis, Quietula, Ronquilus and Xererpes. The fish fauna of Puget Sound marks a transition from the California fauna characterized by the abundance of Scorpcenidce, EmbiotocidcB, etc., to that of Alaska, in which CottidcB, Agonida and the Arctic types of Blennies are dominant. Here both classes occur, though less abun- dant than in their respective regions. The present col- lection is chiefly from depths greater than those reached by Jordan and Gilbert, who collected largely in Puget 788 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Sound in 1880. The extensive collections made by the Albatross in the north have been mostly from much greater depths. The plates of the present paper are all drawn by Miss Anna L. Brown, artist of the Hopkins Seaside Labora- tory. Family PETROMYZONID^. 1. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). Common; ascending the fresh waters in spring to spawn, reaching a length of over 2 feet. It is not used as food. Not taken by us. 2. Lampetra cibaria (Girard): Not rare; ascending streams, reaching a length of 8 inches; not used as food. Not taken by us. Family HEXANCHID^). 3. Notorhynchus maculatus Ayres. Recorded (as Notorhynchus borealis) from Nisqually, Washington, by Dr. Gill. Not taken by us. 4. Hexanchus corinus Jordan & Gilbert. Originally described from Neah Bay and from the Bay of Monterey. Not seen by us. Family GALEID^). 5. Prionace glauca (Linnasus). Blue Shark. Recorded by Jordan & Gilbert; rare. Not seen by us. Family DALATUD^). 6. Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch). Ground Shark. Not uncommon. A very sluggish shark. Recorded by Jordan & Gilbert from Victoria. A stuffed specimen from Seattle in the Museum of the Young Naturalists' Society. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 789 Family SQUALID^E. 7. Squalus sucklii (Girard). Dog-fish. Exceedingly abundant. Taken in great numbers with set lines. It is valued for the oil extracted from its liver. Family RAJID^. 8. Raja rhina Jordan & Gilbert. Not uncommon; reaches a length of 32 inches. Not taken by us. 9. Raja binoculata (Girard). Common Skate; Ray. Common on sandy shores. Reaches a length of 6 feet and a weight of over 60 pounds. One small speci- men obtained, very prettily marked with large ocellated spot on the base of pectorals, which fades in the adult. Several of the egg cases of this species were dredged from deep water, where they lie apparently unprotected on the sandy bottom. Family CHIM^ERID^E. 10. Hydrolagus colliaei (Lay & Bennett). Rat-fish. Numerous specimens taken on sandy beaches at night with a seine, where they were attracted by a camp-fire. It reaches a length of 2^ feet. Family ACIPENSERID^E. 11. Acipenser transmontanus Richardson. White Sturgeon. Common; running up the rivers in the spring. It reaches a length of 15 feet and a weight of 300 to 400 pounds. Used largely as food, although its flesh is coarse. Not taken by us. 12. Acipenser medirostris Ayres. Green Sturgeon. Not common. Reaches a large size, but is not used as food. Not taken by us. 790 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Family NEMICHTHYID^E. 13. Nemichthys avocetta Jordan & Gilbert. The type of this species was taken near Port Gamble in 1880, by Prof. O. B. Johnson of the University of Washington. It was presented to the U. S. National Museum by President A. J. Anderson. Mr. Ashdown H. Green of Victoria, B. C, reports a second specimen as recently taken near Victoria and preserved in the mu- seum of that town. • Family CLUPEID^E. 14. Clupea pallasi Cuvier & Valenciennes. Herring. Exceedingly abundant.. Smoked and salted in large numbers. Mr. J. P. Hammond* states that from 18 to 25 years ago.it was not an uncommon occurrence for a "gang" of fishermen to catch from 200 to 300 barrels of herring in a night on Puget Sound. Now the largest night's work is 20 barrels. 15. Clupanodon caeruleus (Girard). Sardine. This sardine occurs in large numbers in the warmer part of the season. [Alosa sapidissima (Wilson). Shad. This species was introduced into the Pacific about 1878, and was first noticed in Puget Sound in 1884. They are slowly increasing in number, although the catch is as yet unimportant. Specimens of 6*4 pounds in weight have been taken in the Sound. Not seen by us.] Family ENGRAULID^. 16. Engraulis mordax Girard. Anchovy. Abundant; occurring in immense schools. Chiefly used for hait. Not taken by us. *Amerioan Angler, December 18, 1886. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 79 J Family SALMONID^E. 17. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum). Quin- nat Salmon; Chinnook Salmon; Tyee* Salmon. The first salmon to appear each season, abundant from August to October. It commonly weighs about 17 (11 to 20) pounds, but specimens weighing 70 pounds are on record. The most important fish on the Pacific Coast. In Puget Sound it is not very abundant, and being ob- tained late in the season, its flesh is somewhat lean and dry, ranking with the silver salmon, with which it is usu- ally canned. In the Columbia River this species is canned early in the season, and its quality then is much superior to that of any salmon canned in Puget Sound. 18. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). Silver Sal- mon; Skowitz. Abundant from August to November. It reaches a length of 30 inches and a weight of 4 to 8 pounds. It is largely canned at Seattle under the name of Red Salmon. Its flesh is very red, but dry and not richly flavored, be- ing much inferior to the Quinnat or " Tyee." 19. Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). Dog Salmon; Le Kay. Abundant; reaches a weight of 20 pounds. It is only eaten by the Indians, as it runs late in the fall when its flesh is very dry and poor. One small specimen taken. 20. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Humppack Salmon; Haddq. The smallest of the salmon, reaching a weight of 7 pounds. It is very abundant on alternate years in the Sound (1893, 1895, etc.), being wholly unknown in even *Tyee, the common Chinnook name for this species on Euget Sound, is said to mean king or chief. 792 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. years. It is dark in color, with pale flesh and is regarded as the poorest of the salmon, although its inferiority, to the silver salmon is in appearance rather than in taste. It is, however, canned in large numbers, and is of eco- nomic importance. 21. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). Sukkegh; Blue- back Salmon. Abundant, reaching a weight of from 4 to 8 pounds.. Often landlocked in the lakes. In value intermediate be- tween the " Tyee " and the " Skowitz " or Silver Salmon. The male in the fall is known as "red-fish." 22. Salmo mykiss Walbaum. Cut-throat Trout. Found in abundance in salt water in Puget Sound. It often reaches 8 or 10 pounds, but specimens weighing much more have been taken. 23. Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Steelhead. Common near the head of Puget Sound. Considerable quantities are taken for the market. It sometimes reaches 14 to 18 pounds in weight. It is now canned regularly with the silver salmon. 24. Salvelinus malma (Walbaum). Dolly Varden Trout. Abundant. In Puget Sound it is taken from salt water in large numbers. An excellent food fish, reaching in salt water a weight of 11 pounds or more. Locally known as bull trout or salmon trout. Family ARGENTINID^. 25. Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard). Surf Smelt. Very common on sandy beaches in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of a foot and becomes very fat. It is a food fish of great value. Several specimens obtained. A beautiful, symmetrical little fish. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 793 26. Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson). Eulachon; Candle-fish. Abundant in the spring; not taken by us. A fine food fish. Reaches a length of about 10 inches. A fisherman at Olympia says that this species buries itself in the sand of the beach, in the same fashion as the species of Am- modytes. 27. Osmerus thaleichthys Ayres. Smelt. Common, but not of great importance as a food fish. Length, about 6 inches. Not taken by us. Family MYCTOPHID^. 28. Tarletonbeania crenularis (Jordan & Gilbert) . A specimen taken off Vancouver Island in 1880 by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, who gave it the manuscript name of Myctophum procellarum. Not taken by us. 29. Myctophum californiense Eigenmann & Eigen- mann. Recorded from Vancouver Island by Dr. Giinther under the name of "Scopelus hoops;" more common southward in deep water. It is perhaps not distinct from Myctophum humboldti. Family CHAULIODONTID^E. 30. Zalarges nimbarius Jordan & Williams, n. gen. and sp. Plate Ixxvi. • Head 4. in length to base of caudal; depth 5; D. 9, A. 15. Scales probably present in life, but no traces, left except a. few impressions. Muscular bands about 42. Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, formed some- what as in a stickleback, the tail tapering and slender, the belly broad and not carinate, the sides moderately .compressed. Anterior profile of head rising evenly, not 794 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. convex; a slight depression before eye. Mouth large, low, oblique, the lower jaw somewhat projecting. Pre- maxillaries short; maxillaries long, expanded, the lower edge curved, overlapping the dentary bones. Maxilla- ries extending beyond eye, to angle of preopercle, as in Stolephorus, their length i| in head, their tip acutish. Eye very large, 3 in head; snout 4. Bones of lower jaw thin, broadly expanded, meeting across the throat at the articular joint, leaving a club-shaped naked area under the chin. Entire edge of maxillary armed with a single series of slender sharp teeth, somewhat unequal, some of them forming slender canines, which are however but little longer than the other teeth and not fang-like. Teeth in lower jaw similar, those of both jaws largely directed forward. No teeth on vomer or tongue; a row of small slender teeth on each palatine bone. No pseudobranch- ias. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, about 5 + 17 m number, the longest about half eye. Branchiostegals short, 8 in number. Opercle short and thin; scarcely striated; subopercle and interopercle developed. Photophores large and conspicuous, forming convex pearly bodies on a dark background. Two series in a straight line along lower part of sides, making four series in all. The two lower series run from chin to the caudal fin, 47 in each series, 10+13 + 9+8+7=47. The two upper rows begin under chin at front of isthmus and ex- tend to front of anal fin, 24 in each row, ib+13 + 11; 8 photophores along branchiostegal membranes, one for each ray, all overlapped but not hidden by the. broad transparent rami of the lower jaw; one photophore on preopercle, one on subopercle, one on preorbital, and one at lower posterior margin of eye; 2 under tip of chin. , Dorsal fin low, inserted on posterior half of body, some- FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 795 what behind ventrals, at a point "midway between pre- opercle and base of caudal, its last rays extending over the anterior third or fourth of anal; adipose fin not evi- dent, perhaps obliterated. Caudal apparently lunate, if in head. Anal low, its base 1% in head. Ventrals 2% in head, inserted midway between front of eye and base of caudal. Pectorals inserted very low, narrow and pointed, if in head. Back brownish, the sides burnished silvery; silvery area on cheeks Y-shaped, the Y placed obliquely. Fins with some dark dots, these forming obscure bars across caudal; dark specks on back of caudal peduncle, and across base of caudal; some dark ddts elsewhere on body. Type two specimens, each 2^5 inches long, and in good condition, numbered 3125 on the register of Leland Stan- ford Jr. Museum. They were cast up in a storm and thrown by the waves on the deck of a vessel coming in from Australia. The exact locality in the open Pacific is not known. The types were presented by the Young Naturalists' Society to the Museum of Stanford Univer- sity. The new genus Zalarges seems to belong to the Chau- liodontidcB, near the Atlantic genus Yarrella Goode & Bean. It maybe thus defined: Body, subfusiform, mod- erately compressed, probably covered in life with thin caducous scales. Head subacute, the membrane bones normal, thin; mouth large, with expanded maxillary and mandibular bones; lower jaw projecting. Teeth very slender, unequal, uniseral, none On tOngue or vomer; no fangs. Eye large. Gill openings very wide; gill- rakers long and slender; bra,nchiostegals 8; no pseudo- branchiae. Photophores conspicuous, in two rows on e,ach side of belly, the, upper row ceasing at front of. anal; some 79^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. detached photophores on head. Dorsal short, on. poste- rior half of body, slightly overlapping the short anal. Ventrals inserted before dorsal. Pectorals narrow and low. Coloration silvery. (ZdXrj, surges; aprys, silvery.) Family ALEPISAURID^. 31. Alepisaurus borealis Gill. Very rare; in deep water. A head from Puget Sound is in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences. Family PARALEPID^E. 32. Arctozenus coruscans (Jordan & Gilbert). The sole specimen known was taken at Port Townsend in 1880, by Jordan & Gilbert. It is in the U. S. National Museum. Family AMMODYTID^E. 33. Ammodytes personatus Girard. Sand Lance. Found in immense schools along sandy beaches in Puget Sound. It burrows in the sand between tide marks. It reaches a length of 5 or, 6 inches. Two specimens taken. Family AULORHYNCHID^E. 34. Aulorhynchus fiavidus Gill. Abundant in sheltered bays. It reaches a length of 5 or 6 inches. Family GASTEROSTEID^. 35. Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard. Abundant. Specimens obtained in brackish water near Ballard, Seattle. Length 2 inches. 36. Gasterosteus catraphractus Pallas. , Specimens obtained in abundance, from 3 to 3^. inches in length. It lives on sandy beaches and spawns in the latter part of July and in August. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 797 Family SYNGNATHID^E. 37. Siphostoma calif orniense (Storer). Pipe Fish. Not very common. It reaches a length of 18 inches. Family STROMATEID^E. 38. Rhombus, simillimus (Ayres). Pampano. Rare in Puget Sound. Not taken by us. Family BRAMID^. 39. Brama raii Bloch. Pomfret. A specimen taken at Port Townsend by Mr. James G. Swan, and reported by him as being not uncommon off Vancouver Island. It reaches a length of about 20 inches. Recently numerous specimens have been taken off San Francisco and Monterey. Not taken by us. Family EMBIOTOCID^E. 40. Damalichthys argyrosomus ( Girard ) . White Perch. Very abundant; many specimens obtained. It reaches a weight of 2 pounds, and is a common food fish, though not of high quality. 41. Taeniotoca lateralis (Agassiz). Striped Perch. Very common; a brilliantly colored fish. A number of specimens taken. It reaches a weight of 2 pounds, and is an important food fish, finding a ready sale, although the flesh is somewhat poor. 42. Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz. Blue Perch; Surf Fish. Somewhat scarce. It reaches a weight of 1^. pounds. Its flesh is poor. A few specimens obtained. 43. Brachyistius frenatus Gill. Not very abundant; not used as food. Weight y^ pound. 798 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 44. Cymatogaster aggregatus Gibbons. Shiner. The most abundant species of the group. It is small in size and is only used for bait. Several specimens taken. Family SCORPyENID^E. 45. Sebastodes melanops (Girard). "Black Bass." Abundant in Puget Sound and a food fish of value. 46. Sebastodes mystinus (Jordan & Gilbert). Priest Fish. Scarce, but more common farther south. No speci- mens taken by us. 47. Sebastodes pinniger (Gill). Red Rock Cod. Abundant in rather deep water. Not taken by us. 48. Sebastodes ruberrimus Cramer. Red Rock Fish ; Tambor. Taken with hook and line in some abundance in Puget Sound. 49. Sebastodes caurinus (Richardson). Very common; brought into the market in abundance. This species has not been found south of Puget Sound, being replaced southward by the very closely allied Se- bastodes vexillaris. Several specimens obtained by us in the seine. 50. Sebastodes auriculatus dalli (Eigenmann & Beeson) . Common; a shallow water species. Many specimens taken with a seine. The specimens of Sebastodes auricu- latus from Puget Sound are very dark in color, and about half of them lack the coronal spines which are especially characteristic of Sebastodes auriculatus on the coast of California. The name dalli seems to have been given to £L specimen of this type taken at San Francisco. Pend- FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 799 ing investigation we may adopt the subspecific name dalli for the Puget Sound form of this species. 51. Sebastodes maliger (Jordan & Gilbert). Found by Jordan & Gilbert to be a common species in the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Reaches a weight of 6 pounds. Not taken by us. 52. Sebastodes nebulosus (Ayres). Rock Cod. Rather common. No specimens taken by us. 53. Sebastodes nigrocinctus (Ayres). This peculiarly marked rock fish was found by Jordan & Gilbert to be common in the entrance to the Straits of Juan de Fuca, in deep water. No specimens obtained in Puget Sound. Family HEXAGRAMMID^. 54. Hexagrammus decagrammus (Pallas). Said to be quite common, but less abundant than Hex- agrammus as-per. Not taken by us. 55. Hexagrammus ordinatus (Cope). Taken at Port Angeles, on the south shore of the Straits of Juan de Fuca, by the Albatross. Not seen by us. 56. Hexagrammus asper Steller. Hexagrammus super- ciliosus (Pallas): Not abundant and not taken by us. 57. Hexagrammus hexagrammus (Pallas). Starling. Abundant everywhere in Puget Sound. It lives about rocky places, and is taken in large numbers with hook and line and nets. It reaches a length of about 16 inches and a weight of 2 or 3 pounds. It is a food fish of fair quality, but inferior to the species of Sebastodes. This is the southern limit of this species. Several specimens were obtained by us. 8o6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. We' may here record a new species of Hexagrammus from Tokio, Japan, hitherto confounded with the Amer- ican species Hexagrammus hexagrammus . Hexagrammus otakii Jordan & Starks, h sp. Plate lxxvii. Head 4 in length to base of caudal; depth 4^ ; dorsal XIX-23; anal 21; scales 21-106-34; eye 4^ in head; snout 3^; highest dorsal spine 2}4 ; highest dorsal ray 2 H > highest anal ray 3; pectoral 1% ; ventral 1% ; cau- dal 1%. Body elongate, not greatly compressed, the head small and pointed. Mouth not large, the maxillary reaching slightly past the vertical from anterior rim of orbit; jaws subequal; teeth conical and sharp, the outer row enlarged, smaller on vomer, none on palatines; interorbital space broadly convex; a wide, short, multifid dermal flap over posterior edge of each eye. Head scaled above to slightly in front of eyes, opercle and cheek entirely and densely covered with small scales ; snout, preorbital, suborbital, lower jaw and interopercle naked. Scales everywhere, except on cheeks and oper- cles, strongly ctenoid. Lateral lines 5 on each side ; the upper one from nape parallel with dorsal, stopping under the beginning of pos- terior fourth of soft dorsal, sometimes uniting with the second lateral line at this point, not joining its fellow of > the opposite side in front of dorsal; the second running parallel with it, continued to base of caudal, situated be- low the first in distance equal to half eye; the third, par- allel with curve of back, running from the upper end of the gill-opening to the base of the caudal; the fourth short, beginning slightly in front of ventral, past the outer edge of its base, not reaching to its tips; the fifth parallel to anal, in distance above it equal to space between upper lateral lines, barely reaching base of caudal posteriorly, FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 8oi anteriorly joining its fellow of the opposite side between vent and base of anal, continuing simple forward. Of four specimens examined, in two it stops at the base of ventrals, in the others it ends midway between that point and isthmus. First and second dorsal and anal subequal in length of base ; spinous dorsal very slightly higher than soft dorsal, its origin slightly behind upper end of gill- opening, the notch between it and soft dorsal shallow; origin of anal midway between front of eye and base of caudal, its rays shorter than those of soft dorsal; pectoral short and wide, the rays toward the upper edge the longest, the tips of which reach to end of ventrals ; origin of ventrals behind that of pectorals a space equal in distance to length of snout; caudal short, shallowly lunate. Color light brown above, white or yellowish below, va- riously marked with irregular dark brown mottlings and spots arranged chain -like; top of head and snout dark; dorsals dark and mottled; pectorals crossed with irregu- lar bars; ventrals dusky, not black at tips; anal dusky and mottled, the end of each ray white. Four specimens, collected by Mr. Keinosuke Otaki, a graduate of the Department of Zoology in Stanford Uni- versity, now a member of the Fish Commission of Japan. They are from the markets at Tokio, Japan, the largest about 9 inches in length. This is the species recorded from Tokio by Dr. Stein- dachner (Beitr. Kenntniss Fische' Japans, iv, 66) as Hex- agrammus asfer. It is not likely that the latter American species occurs in Japan. 58. Ophiodon elongatus Girard. Cultus Cod; Blue Cod. Abundant. An important food fish, reaching a weight of 60 pounds. Pboo. Oal. Acad. Sol, 2d Sbr., Vol. V. December 16, 1895. 802 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 59. Oxylebius pictus Gill. Plate lxxviii. Not uncommon, living among the rocks near shore. Not taken by us. 60. Zaniolepis latipinnis Girard. Rare in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of a foot. Two specimens obtained by Prof. O. B. Johnson are in the Museum of the Young Naturalists' Society. 61. Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas). Black Cod; Beshowe. Common in Puget Sound, where it is valued as a food fish. It reaches a length of 40 inches. Family COTTID^. 62. Jordania zonope Starks. Plate lxxix. Jordania zonofe Starks, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, p. 410. The three type specimens of this singular fish were collected in channel rocks near Point Orchard. The largest specimen (No. 3124 L. S. Jr. Univ.) is 4 inches long. This species has 10+36=46 vertebrae, a number considerably in excess of that found in the related genera Icelus and Artedius. The following is the original description of Jordania zono-pe : Genus Jordania Starks. Allied but not closely to Trig-lops and Chitonotus. Body elongate, not greatly compressed ; head moder- ate, partly scaled, with dermal flaps above. Mouth mod- erate, with bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Body above lateral line closely covered with strongly ctenoid scales; lower half of body with narrow, parallel plate-like folds of skin, running obliquely down- ward and backward from lateral line to within a short distance of anal fin, the posterior edge of each fold finely FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 803 and sharply serrate. Gill -membranes united, free from isthmus ; a slit behind last gill. Spinous dorsal with very long base of about 17 spines, longer than the soft dorsal; anal long; ventrals 1, 5, inserted behind base of pecto- rals. Jordania zonope Starks. Head 3^ in length of body; depth $}4 ; dorsal XVII- 15; anal 22; lateral line 50; orbit 3^ in head; maxilla- rv 3/4 > longest dorsal spine if; longest dorsal ray 2^; longest anal ray 2% ; length of ventrals i,}( ; pectorals % longer than head; caudal i|. Body rather elongate, compressed posteriorly, not much anteriorly, the back not elevated; dorsal and ventral out- lines almost straight from head to caudal peduncle. - Head not large, profile from front of dorsal to eyes nearly horizontal and straight, then abruptly turning steeply downward to end of snout, lower profile gently curved from chin to ventral fins. Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching the vertical from front of orbit; jaws about equal or the lower slightly projecting; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; eyes large, set high in head, a little shorter than snout; interorbital space deeply concave, half as wide as eye; a slip of skin, half as long as the diameter of the eye, over the anterior edge of each eye, and a longer one over the posterior edge ; a few minute fleshy slips on nape; nasal spines long and sharp, somewhat curved back; spine on preopercle simple, hooked up, a minute spine above it, and a blunt spine below; posterior end of interopercle prominent, forming a blunt spine; opercle produced posteriorly in a flap, which lies in a shallow groove in the shoulder girdle ; no opercular spine ; gill -membranes united, but not joined to the isthmus; a distinct slit behind fourth gill arch ; branchiostegals 5 . 804 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Top of head to middle of eyes, opercles and upper part of preopercles closely covered with small rough scales ; head otherwise naked; body above lateral line completely covered with ctenoid scales, not very regular in size, ar- ranged in about 67 series; ' lower half of body covered to within a short distance of anal with about 50 oblique plate- like folds of skin, the posterior edges of which are finely and sharply serrate, the pores of lateral line are situated in the upper end of these folds; pectoral base, belly and a narrow space along base of anal, naked; fins, with the exception of pectoral, which has a few rough scales on the rays, naked. Dorsal spines slender, the first one inserted in advance of pectoral base, directly over the upper end of gill-open- ing, the fin somewhat round in outline, the spines not va- rying greatly in length, with the exception of two or three on each side; soft dorsal a little lower than spinous, the rays subequal, its base is a little shorter than the base of first dorsal, and slightly longer than the length of head; ventral fins long, their tips reaching past front of anal fin, their length equal to the distance from snout to edge of preopercle, the pubic bone very prominent; pectoral fins long and curved upward, the middle rays the longest, reaching far past tips of ventrals and front of anal to the space between dorsals; the ends of lower rays free, the width of the fin at its base is contained three times in the length of the head; caudal rounded. Color in spirits blackish, with traces of 4 or 5 darker cross-bars on back, sides below lateral line mottled, faint dark spots along lateral line, more conspicuous posterior- ly; a- dark bar half as wide as eye, running from eye downward across cheek to anterior end of interopercle ; bordered on each side by a light streak, a similar bor- dered bar running • across top of head, slightly turning FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 805 around posterior margin of orbit, downward along margin of preopercle, and ending on posterior end of interoper- cle; snout abruptly black, lips dark; fins all dark and slightly mottled, tips of ventral, anal, and caudal rays a little lighter; caudal and pectoral dark at base; slips on top of head black; belly very finely dusted with minute dark points. This species is not uncommon in Puget Sound; the types are three specimens taken in channel rocks at Point Orchard, near Seattle, by Miss Maud Parker and Mr. Adam Hubbert, members of the YoUng Naturalists' Society of Seattle. The largest of these is 4 inches in length. The types are in the Museum of the Leland Stanford Junior University, numbered 3124. Unfortu- nately the life colors pf this brilliant species were not taken. There is in life much red on the lateral plates and elsewhere on the body and fins. This disappears at once in alcohol. 63. Radulinus asprellus Gilbert. Plate lxxxi. Not common; two specimens dredged near Seattle, the larger about 4 inches in length.. 64. Chitonotus pugettensis (Steindachner). Not common; two specimens obtained with a seine. It reaches a length of 9 inches. 65. Ruscarius meanyi Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and sp. Plate lxxx. Head 2}^ in length; depth 3^; dorsal X-14; anal 12; lateral line 6-32; orbit 4 in head; maxillary 2; snout 4; highest dorsal spine 3; highest dorsal ray 3; pectoral 1%; ventrals 2^; caudal 2^. Body robust,, deepest and broadest at shoulders, taper- ing quickly backwards into a slender caudal peduncle ; back somewhat elevated; ventral outline nearly straight 806 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. from chin to caudal fin; dorsal outline gently and evenly- curved from snout to caudal peduncle. Mouth terminal and nearly horizontal, maxillary reach- ing past pupil nearly to posterior edge of orbit; jaws sub- equal; teeth in narrow villiform bands on jaws, vomer and palatines ; process of premaxillary prominent, expend- ing between and above nasal spines ; preopercular process well developed, long, near its tip a very small second spine is developed, making the process befurcate, 3 or 4 short spines below on edge of preopercle ; opercle end- ing in a flap; top of head with dermal flaps, one over an- terior margin of eye, and a group of 2 or 3 over posterior margin; a few shorter ones on nape; mucous pores around mandible, large; opercle, upper part of preoper- cle, top of head to eyes, and the orbital ring covered with sharply ctenoid scales, upper part of eyeball with small rough scales, balance of head naked. Lateral line with a row of rough plates ; upper half of body completely covered with scales, their anterior edge ' imbedded, coarsely ctenoid on their posterior edge; lower half of body naked. Dorsal spines slender, those in the middle highest, the fin without a notch, the longest spines reaching to front of soft dorsal where fin is depressed, well separated from soft dorsal; first dorsal ray inserted over first anal ray, the fin longer and higher than anal; pectorals somewhat pointed posteriorly, reaching just past the space between dorsals; ventrals inserted behind the base of pectorals a distance equal to the length of snout, their tips reaching to the front of the anal ; caudal slender, rounded behind. Color olive gray, belly dusky; back with dark cross shades, irregular in number and size, below lateral line light with small wavy bars running across to within a short distance of anal fin, then fading out; head with cross FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 807 shades above ; a dark bar from eye to side of snout, one from eye downwards past end of maxillary, another be- hind it across posterior edge of preopercle ; some dark markings on maxillary; lower lip dark; pectorals light, with dark wavy lines across them ; dorsal fins dark and mottled; anal and ventrals varying from white to black; caudal with a dark bar at base, light with irregular dark cross markings. Two specimens dredged, about 1% inches in length. They are in the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum, No. 3127. This species is the type of the new genus Ruscarius, allied to Chitonotus, but distinguished by the continuous dorsal, scaly back, and weak armature of the preopercle. It is named for Mr. Edmond Stephen Meany, Secretary of the University of Washington, in recognition of his work in the Young Naturalists' Society. 66. Astrolytes fenestralis (Jordan & Gilbert). Common; several specimens obtained with a seine.. It is not found in rock pools. It reaches a length of 5 inches. Vertebras 8 + 25 = 33. This species is the type of a distinct genus, Astrolytes, distinguished from Arte- dius by the scaly, rough, uneven cranium, and more strongly armed preopercle. 67. Artedius lateralis Girard. Two specimens obtained with a seine ; probably not abundant. Color in alcohol very dark; the head black; the body dark olive green, with faint pale markings on sides above lateral line; below with numerous clear-cut white spots, irregular in size, none of them half as large as pupil; belly dusky or white; fins all jet black; first dorsal with 2 or 3 faint light bars across the spines running backward 808 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. and downward ; soft dorsal with 7 or 8 series of spots on the membrane, not involving the rays, running obliquely backward and downward; other fins plain black. 68. Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus (Tilesius). Very abundant in shallow water among weeds, and in rocky places. It reaches a length of 15 inches; rare- ly used for food. Several specimens obtained with hook and line. 69. Acanthocottus polyacanthocephalus (Pallas). Abundant. One of the largest cottoids, reaching a length of 2 feet. Specimens collected with the seine. 70. Enophrys bison (Girard). Abundant. An exceedingly ugly -looking fish, reach- ing a length of 12 inches. It is not used for food. Sev- eral specimens obtained with the seine on sandy beaches. 71. Leptocottus armatus Girard. The most common large cottoid in Puget Sound. It reaches the length of a foot, and is seldom used for food. Specimens obtained in abundance. 72. Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Girard). Not uncommon; said to reach a weight of 20 to 25 pounds in Puget Sound. It is not valued as a food fish. 73. Blennicottus globiceps (Girard). Rather common, in pools left in the sand by the tide. Several specimens taken near Neah Bay. The largest was 6^ inches long, this being the largest of this species on record. These specimens (subspecies bryosus) have many more cirri on the head than southern specimens. 74. Oligocottus embryum Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate lxxxii. Head 4 in length; depth 4^ ; dorsal IX-15; anal 10; FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 809 orbit 4 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2f ; highest dorsal spine 2^; dorsal ray 1^; anal ray 1^; length of cau- dal fin if; ventrals 1^-; pectorals iy 2 in body. Body elongate, compressed, back slightly elevated, deepest under spinous dorsal; caudal peduncle moder- ately slender. Skin perfectly smooth. Head small, tapering rapidly forward to the rather sharp snout as viewed from above; profile of head, straight below, acutely and evenly rounded above ; mouth terminal, horizontal; maxillary reaching to the verti- cal from the middle of pupil; lower jaw included; teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines, in narrow villiform bands; process of premaxillary prominent, extending slightly above nasal spines, giving the appearance of three spines above snout; eye set high in head, the orbit as long as snout; preopercular spine short, blunt and triangular, entirely covered with the skin ; edge of preopercle below, entire ; opercle ending in a short flap ; top of head with two rows of "mossy" cirri, running from the superior orbital mar- gin, curving over head and continuing on lateral line ; they disappear on its anterior third. Dorsal spines rather stout, the fin lower than soft dorsal, rounded in outline; soft dorsal well separated from spinous, the front of fin the highest; pectorals long, the eighth ray the longest, rendering the fin pointed behind; it reaches to the base of about the seyenth dorsal ray. The pectoral rays below the eighth are swollen, and posteriorly free from the membrane; anal about as high as soft dorsal, the rays somewhat swollen and more or less free; ventrals long, reaching about to front of anal, their insertion behind base of pectoral, a distance equal to the snout and eye; caudal fin slightly rounded. Color varying from light green to a rich maroon; traces of 5 or 6 dark cross-bars on back, lower parts dusky with small light spots ; belly white ; a dark bar from eye to 8lO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. side of snout, one from eye to edge of preopercle behind end of maxillary, and another from eye to below preoper- cular spine ; lips black ; lower rays of pectorals crossed with black and white bars, which fade out above; ven- trals light with some dusky mottlings; dorsal dark above, light at base, no markings; anal with black and white bars running across the rays, caudal fin mottled. Two specimens collected in the tide pools left in the sand on a beach a couple of miles east of Neah Bay, the largest 2^ inches in length. They are now in the Leland Stanford Jr. University collection, No. 3128. A third specimen has been collected at Point Lobos, Monterey County, California, on Carmelo Bay, by Mr. John O. Snyder. This specimen is considerably brighter in color and the markings are more distinct. 75. Oligocottus maculosus Girard. Very abundant. Specimens taken in large numbers in a muddy lagoon near Point Orchard. It is one of the smallest - of the marine Cottidce, not over 3 inches in length. A number of specimens were also taken at Neah Bay in tide pools. These differ from the others in being lighter in color, and in having many more cirri on the top of the head. 76. Dasycottus setiger Bean. Plate lxxxiii. One small specimen brought up in the dredge, i}4 inches in length. Probably rare. 77. Nautichthys oculofasciatus (Girard). Apparently not uncommon. Several small specimens collected in the rock pools and dredged from deep water. It reaches a length of 6 or 8 inches. 78. Blepsias cirrhosus (Pallas). Not rare in Puget Sound, where it is taken in seines. It reaches a length of 6 inches. Not taken by us. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 8ll 79. Ascelichthys rhodorus Jordan & Gilbert. Plate lxxxiv. Plentiful at Waadda Island, Neah Bay. It is found under rocks between tide marks. Not a very active fish. This is the type locality where it was first taken by Jordan & Gilbert in 1880. It reaches a length of 3 inches. It occurs also on the rocky coast about Cape Mendocino in California. , Family PSYCHROLUTID^E. 80. Psychrolutes paradoxus Giinther. The original type from the Gulf of Georgia. Not ob- tained by recent collectors. Dr. Boulenger informs us that twelve dorsal rays are present in the original type, three of them entirely hidden by the skin. 81. Psychrolutes zebra Bean. Plate lxxxv. Probably rare. One small specimen obtained, about an inch and a half in length. 82. Gilbertina sigalutes Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and sp. Plate lxxxvi. Head 3 in length of body; de,pth 4; dorsal VIII, 18; anal 14; ventrals I, 3; pectoral 15; eye 6 in head; in- terorbital 2^; maxillary i\; ventrals 2; pectorals I; caudal 2% ; base of dorsal i| in length of body; base of anal 3. Body rather slender, robust anteriorly, compressed pos- teriorly, the greatest breadth and depth at shoulders. Head large, the nape slightly produced ; mouth large and broadly rounded, oblique, the jaws about equal; maxillary extend- ing to posterior margin of eye, its end buried under the skin of the cheek; eyes placed high, the interorbital space very wide and slightly convex, its width about 2^ times that of the eye ; the posterior end of mandible very prom- 8l2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. inent; bones of head cavernous, largely made up of car- tilage; anterior end of preorbital forming a blunt spine over mouth; process of premaxillary prominent; a couple of blunt' projections behind each eye; upper part of shoulder girdle projecting, forming a blunt spine on nape above gill-slit; a row of large pores around suborbital ring, and along under part of mandible; no opercular spines. Head and body covered with a very loose, naked, mov- able skin; dorsal fin continuous; no notch between spines and soft rays ; the spines very slender, the first one in- serted over end of opercular flap ; the last rays reach to the base of caudal fin ; anal lower than dorsal, its origin midway between base of caudal fin and posterior mar- gin of eye, ending at about the same point that dorsal does, but not reaching so far; pectorals long and slen- v der, reaching past front of anal and over half way be- tween their bases and base of caudal fin; they are adnate to the body for the anterior third or fourth of their length; ventrals long, not quite reaching to vent, adnate to the body for half their length; caudal fin rounded. Color light olivaceous ; body and head with innumer- able dark points giving the fish a dusky appearance ; a large dark blotch across body at the posterior end of the dorsal and anal; a similar spot under pectoral; head uni- form dusky, lighter below; belly white, middle of pectoral dark; dorsals dark; lower fins white. A single small specimen dredged, ij4 inches in length. It is numbered 3129 on the register of the Leland Stan- ford Jr. University Museum. This species is the type of a strongly marked genus, distinguished from Psychroliites by the very long dorsal and anal fins and by the form of the mouth. It is named for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, who has contributed FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 813 more than any one else to the knowledge of the fishes of the Northern Pacific. Family RHAMPHOCOTTID^E. 83. Rhamphocottus richardsoni Giinther. Plate lxxxvii. Head 2; depth 2; dorsal VII, 13; anal 6; pectoral 14; orbit 6 in head ; maxillary 4; snout 3; highest dorsal spine 6% ; dorsal ray 4; anal ray 4; pectoral 2 l /(,; ventral 2; caudal 3. Body short, compressed, the back elevated, its greatest depth just in front of spinous dorsal. Head large, as long as the rest of the body; snout long and narrow; mouth U-shaped, its gape longer than wide, lips thick, their surface broken up into papillae; maxillary reaching the nasal spine; lower jaw included; teeth in villiform bands on jaws and vomer, none on palatines; eye placed high, its diameter contained twice in the snout, once and a half in the interorbital; .a branched dermal flap, as long as pupil, at tip of the snout; head with two large bony ridges above, continuous with the orbital rim and ending in strong blunt spines at occiput, head deeply concave between these ridges; nasal spine sharp and re- curved; a pair of strong spines over the eyes; a sharp spine just above opercle, a~blunt one on opercle below flap, and a long sharp one at angle of preopercle; a low bony ridge leads to each of these spines; a long sharp spine on clavicle just behind gill-opening; a blunt bony knob at posterior end of mandible ; gill-openings extend- ing upward from upper pectoral ray, their length equal to the length of the snout. The entire head and body covered with multifid spines, those on head much smaller than the ones on sides ; a few simple spines along cephalic ridges ; the first dorsal spine covered with spinules, and each dorsal ray has a 814 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. row on its side; a few spines on the base of the pectoral and anal rays. Dorsal spines very weak, fitting in a groove in the back; soft dorsal higher than spinous, the tips of the rays reach- ing the base of caudal fin; anal short, few rayed, reach- ing slightly beyond soft dorsal; pectorals pointed, their lower rays entirely free, reaching about to the base of the third anal ray; ventrals reaching to ends of pectorals, their origin behind the lower part of pectoral base a dis- tance equal to the length of snout; caudal rounded be- hind. Body creamy yellow, with conspicuous irregular dark stripes, edged with black, running obliquely across the body; similar stripes radiating from the eye in all direc- tions, one to end of snout, a triangular one downwards, one running backwards and downwards, to middle of preopercle, then turning upwards and running nearly to occipital spine, two or three short ones above; each of these involving the membrane of eye; 2 or 3 black -bor- dered dark spots on edge of opercle ; a light yellow streak surrounded by black across caudal peduncle, behind which all is bright cherry -red to the end of caudal fin; two similar spots on base of pectoral; top of head crossed with wavy black -edged dark bars; tip of lower jaw black; a line of black spots running along under parts of mandible; fins all bright red, each ray of dorsal with a sharp black spot at its base, a few spots on dorsal spines; anal, pectorals, and ventrals, dark at base. One specimen, 3 inches in length, collected in a rock pool, on Channel Rocks near Point Orchard, by Miss Adella M. Parker of Seattle; a second specimen, pre- sented by the Young Naturalists' Society. The skel- eton of this specimen has been prepared. It shows the following characters : FISHES OF PUGET, SOUND. 815 The posterior end of the prominent ridge, which runs backward from the superior orbital rim on each side, is formed by the epiotic process. It ends in the form of a long "occipital spine;" almost directly under it is the short parotic process. The post-temporal is short, wide and flat; its upper end is attached to the inner side of the epiotic spine, and for the whole length of its anterior edge, to the skull between the epiotic and parotic processes. From its lower inner surface it sends a wide thin bone, which is firmly fastened to the base of the skull. It bears a backward projecting spine on its lower end, inside of which the supra-clavicle is attached. Actinosts large, wide and thin, without an opening between them. Subopercle absent; preopercle large, sending a spine backwards; bpercle triangular on its lower inner angle, the interopercle is developed and strongly coossified with it; it sends a slender process for- ward under the preopercle; a projection downward from the posterior end of the articular; suborbital wide, thin and concavo-convex, its convex surface outwards. Skull without basal chamber; vertebrae 104-14. Family AGONID^E. 84. Aspidophoroides inermis Giinther. The type from Vancouver Island recorded by Giinther. 85. Bothragonus swani (Steindachner). Known only from the type taken near Port Townsend. 86. Pallasina barbata (Steindachner). Taken v at Port A.ngeles by the Albatross. This species is the type of the genus Pallasina Cramer, distinguished from Brachyofsis by the long, Syngnathus- like body, and by the presence of a long barbel at the 8l6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. chin. The genus Sifhagonus, to which Dr. Steindach- ner refers it, is based on Agonus segaliensis, which seems to be a true Brachyo^psis. 87. Podothecus acipenserinus (Pallas). Very abundant on sand beaches, where it is taken with seines. It reaches a foot in length. Many specimens taken. Two additional new species of Podothecus, presented by the Alaska Commercial Company, collected by Capt. J. G. Blair at Robin Island, in the Gulf of Patience, Saghalien, may be here recorded: Podothecus accipiter Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate lxxxviii. Head 34 in length; depth 6^; dorsal VIII- 9; anal 10; pectoral 15; lateral plates 36; eye 4^ in head; snout 2 l /i; second dorsal spine if; second dorsal ray 1 y 2 ; third anal ray i-| ; caudal i£ ; upper ray of pectoral i^; ventrals 2^. Body elongate, not compressed; head triangular as viewed from above; the mouth wide, entirely inferior, q -shaped, the lower jaw shutting behind the upper by a distance equal to half eye ; maxillary not reaching quite to anterior orbital rim ; distance of anterior edge of upper lip from tip of rostral spines a little more than half eye ; teeth in upper jaw almost obsolete ; villiform band of teeth in lower jaw, wide in front becoming narrow at sides; vomer and palatines toothless ; a patch of thick barbels below snout in front of mouth, the longest equal to verti- cal diameter of eye, a similar patch at end of maxillary, about equal in length to the shortest on snout; two short barbels on each side of lower lip between symphysis and angle of mouth. A, pair of short, sharp, rostral spines, pointing directly forwards ; at their base and much wider FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 817 apart is a pair of spines which point upwards, backwards and slightly outwards ; running backwards from these are the ridges that bound the wide groove in which the max- illary process fits ; these approach each other behind and end in sharp spines which point backwards and upwards ; these spines are midway between middle of eye and the spines behind rostral spines; no median or mova- ble spine at tip of snout; a pair of, large spines above posterior third of eye and a pair of larger ones at occiput, these are continuous with the dorsal ridges ; a curved ridge running from superior orbital rim and ending in a small spine just above opercle; a small ridge on opercle; preopercle with a large spine ; a couple of spines below eye at lower edge of suborbitals, running from them to tip of snout is a ridge along lower edge of preorbitals; it is somewhat irregular but without spines ; interorbital space wide and deeply concave, a pair of ridges on each side, converging forwards; supraorbital rim prominent; ante- rior nostril ending in a short, wide, conical papilla, with a small opening at the apex; no noticeable depression at occiput. Dorsal ridges converging from the occiput to behind the soft dorsal; they unite on the second plate behind the base of last dorsal ray, this is continued as a single ridge on about 8 plates where it becomes obsolete; the upper lateral ridge follows the course of the lateral line to about the middle of spinous dorsal, where it slants sharply up- ward and is continued to tail above lateral line ; lateral line midway between upper and lower lateral ridges pos- teriorly; a single spine above base of pectoral indicating an obsolete ridge between the, lateral ridges; lower lateral ridge becoming obsolete under pectoral on 2 or 3 plates behind its base ;. abdominal ridges widest apart behind base of, ventrals, uniting directly behind anal base and Pboo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d See., Vol. V. December 18, 1895. 8l8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. running simple backwards, becoming obsolete on caudal peduncle; all the ridges with sharp recurved spines, with the exception of abdominal ridges behind part of anal; where the dorsal and anal ridges disappear the caudal peduncle assumes a quadrangular shape, the corners being formed by the spines of the lateral ridges; no row of spines around base of caudal or pectoral. Fins all very high, origin of dorsal between the fourth and fifth dorsal plates, the fin to base of last spine covering 6 plates, the membrane covering 2^ more; the second and third spines the longest, a membrane connecting the last spine to the body for its whole length ; when fin is de- pressed the ends of the last spines reach to the front of second dorsal; the second dorsal to end of last ray covers 8 plates, the membrane covers one more; the second and third rays are the longest, the last ray is connected to the body for about a third of its length; base of anal cover- ing 8}4 plates; the rays are very long and not differing much in length, the last ray not connected to body by a membrane; the fin begins in front of soft dorsal but is about coterminous with it, its rays when depressed reaching past ends of soft dorsal, 6 plates past base of its last ray; pectorals barely reaching to tip of last dorsal spine, the fin pointed above, first and second rays the longest, the lower rays produced beyond the membrane, making a notch in posterior outline of fin; origin of ven- trals directly below base of pectoral, their tips reaching 6 plates beyond their base; caudal long and truncated; vent directly behind base of ventrals. Color light brown above, white below; back with many narrow brown bars placed at irregular distances apart; head with many blended brown spots, one under eye, one on front margin of eye, one or two on top of head, one behind eye, one on preorbital, a similar spot on base of FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. ' 8lQ pectoral rays; pectoral dusky. First dorsal with 3 rows of spots across the rays, a very narrow brown border to fin; second dorsal with similar spots, not arranged in rows; anal light above, uniform brown below; ventrals white; caudal fin dark at base with 3 or four dark spots towards middle of fin. One specimen collected at Robin Island, by Capt. J. G. Blair. It is 8 inches in length. Podothecus veternus Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate lxxxix. Head 3% in length; depth 7^; dorsal IX-8; anal 8; pectoral 15; lateral plates 36; orbit 4^ in head; snout 2\; upper rays of pectoral i}£ ; highest dorsal spine 2^ ; highest dorsal ray 2-f ; highest anal ray 2-f ; caudal 2 y% . Body elongate, about as wide as deep anteriorly, much wider than deep posteriorly; mouth inferior, the lower jaw shutting far behind the upper; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines obsolete; a few short barbels beneath snout in front of mouth, and at angle of mouth; their length about equal to pupil; bones of lower jaw extensively cav- ernous. A pair of short blunt rostral spines pointing directly forwards ; at their base and wider apart is a pair of sharp spines curving outwards, backwards and upwards; at the posterior end of the rather wide rostral groove are a pair of small spines pointing upwards and backwards; from their base a pair of diverging ridges run through the in- terorbital to above posterior margin of orbit. No me- dian or movable spine at tip of snout. A strong spine over eye, and a longer one at occiput; a low sharp ridge on side of head, running from ocular spine and end- ing in a low spine at upper end of gill - opening ; a very low ridge on opercle not ending in a spine ; preopercle with a strong spine with a wide keel-like base ; a hooked 820 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. spine below eye on suborbital, from which a ridge runs along lower edge of preorbital to end of snout, below posterior end of rostral groove ; on this ridge is a trian- gular, spine pointing backwards; between this and the suborbital spine is an acute outward pointing spine not much widened at its base; interorbital concave, its width equal to the length of the eye, 2 in snout; supraorbital rim prominent. The dorsal ridge of body is continuous with occipital and supraorbital spines, it joins its fellow of the opposite side posteriorly, directly behind the second dorsal, and is continued simple on caudal peduncle; the spines are large and strongly hooked back anteriorly, be- coming nearly obsolete posteriorly, only traceable on cau- dal peduncle by the center of each plate on the median line being slightly produced ; spines on lateral ridges with stronger spines near middle of body than anteriorly or posteriorly ; two or three blunt spines above base of pec- toral, indicating an obsolete ridge between lateral ridges ; lateral line at end of pectoral fin running along the upper lateral ridge a short distance, and becoming obsolete an- teriorly; spines of abdominal ridge low and blunt, nearly obsolete posteriorly; the ridge joins its fellow of the oppo- site side directly behind base of anal fin and continues as a single low ridge on caudal peduncle ; a small plate be- fore base of each ventral; a median row of three running forward to gill membrane, three on each side of these, a row around base of pectorals. Origin of dorsal behind the fourth dorsal plate; including the membrane behind, it covers 9 plates; one plate between dorsals; the second dorsal covers 8 plates, behind which are 14 plates; the last ray of first and second dorsal and anal, are connected to the body by a membrane; upper ray of pectoral the longest, reaching to below the ninth or tenth spine of dor- sal ridge, the lower rays slightly produced beyond the membrane. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 821 Color in spirits, reddish -brown above, light below; narrow, irregular, transverse dark streaks across back and sides; a.longitudinaldark bar along each side of base of both dorsals; a dark streak forward from eye; margin of spinous dorsal blackish; soft dorsal with a small spot be- hind, a dark spot on pectoral rays near their base and some dark bars behind it across rays; anal and ventrals colorless; caudal dusky. A single specimen collected by Capt. J. G. Blair at Robin Island, about 8 inches in length. Related to P. acifienserinus and P. gilberti. It differs from the former in having fewer and shorter barbels, teeth on jaws obsolete, keel and preopercle larger; dorsal ridges without spines posteriorly, and the spines on the preorbital ridge different in shape; from the latter in having the body different in shape, not everywhere deeper than wide, but the reverse posteriorly; anal much shorter and lower; no teeth on jaws, and the spines on preorbital ridge better developed and different in shape. Allied to Podothecus is the genus Stelgis Cramer, of which Podothecus vulsus is the type. It is distinguished from Podothecus mainly by the comparative lack of bar- bels and by details of armature. We present a figure of the species drawn from the original type of Stelgis vulsus, the only specimen yet known. (Plate xc.) 88. Averruncus emmelane Jordan jfe Starks, n. gen. and sp. Plate xci. Head from tips of rostral spines 4 in length of body; depth ^y 2 ; dorsal VIII or IX-8 ; anal 11; pectoral 14; lateral line 35 ; orbit 4 in head ; snout to tips of rostral spines 3}£ ; maxillary 3^ ; interorbital 6% ; pectoral i|; second dorsal spine 2-f; third dorsal ray 2% ; longest anal ray 2-|; caudal fin 2. Body elongate, subcylindrical, the caudal peduncle long 822 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. and slender, very slightly depressed, about three plates in front of caudal fin it widens slightly and is compressed; belly somewhat prominent, breaking the otherwise straight vertical outline from chin to caudal fin; dorsal outline straight from occiput to caudal fin. Head as viewed from above almost regularly triangu- lar, the prominent preopercular spines and the snout form- ing the angles ; its dorsal profile irregular, much broken by spines. Mouth inferior, broadly U-shaped, maxillary reaching just past the vertical from front of orbit; lips thick, cov- ered with short, fine papilla?; upper jaw protractile; teeth small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, vomer and palatines ; the distance from the anterior edge of premaxillary to end of the rostral spines is less than half the length of snout; two cirri as long as pupil under rostral spines, anterior lower edge of preorbitals with cirri, a group of 3 cirri on end of maxillary, and a group of 4 or 5 on posterior end of mandible; one on the middle of each branchiostegal ray, these forming a line from isthmus to opercle an area on chin from the mouth to the hyal bones "woolly" with short cirri; 2 or- 3 cirri on lower edge of opercle and in- teropercle. A pair of parallel rostral spines pointing for- ward, their tips covered with skin; behind them is a deep oval pit, on the anterior outer edge of which are a pair of spines that point upward and outward and are slightly hooked backwards ; at the posterior end of the pit are two spines, smaller than those above, and slightly curved backward; no median nor movable spine at tip of snout; a group of four short spines around anterior edge of eye, and one large triangular spine over posterior edge; the interorbital space is deeply concave, with a low sharp ridge on each side of the median line ; pre- opercle very rough with irregular spines and tubercles ; FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 823 middle of suborbital stay with a strong hooked spine; below the stay, on the naked area, are 2 or 3 plates with spines on their centers ; angle of preopercle with a large sharp spine; along the lower edge of preopercle are 3 or 4 blunt spines; a ridge of 4 spines running back from each eye, corresponding with the dorsal keels of body; below this on each side is a ridge, somewhat irregular but not broken into spines, terminating in a spine that points between the dorsal and upper lateral keel of body; a small ridge on upper edge of opercle which does not end in a spine; a few small spines around posterior edge of oper- cle; a few minute spines along median line of top of head, the upper part of the eye covered with minute prickles. At the occiput is a deep pit, broader and deeper than long, divided by a low ridge through its middle. Body with four ridges on each side, formed by the body plates, each plate ending in a strong recurved spine, except those of the abdominal ridge, which are smooth; a row of minute spines along median dorsal line from first dorsal to occiput; small spines following the lateral line ; no trace of keels or spines in front of ventrals. The ab- dominal ridges are widest apart on the belly, they unite on the tenth plate in front of the caudal fin. The dorsal ridges unite on the ninth scale in front of the caudal fin, but the spines continue double to the tail; a row of sharp, small spines around the base of the pectoral and caudal fins. Dorsal spines slender, the fin highest in front, the sec- ond spine the longest, its tip reaching to the base of the next to the last spine when the fin is depressed ; third dor- sal ray the highest, its tip reaching nearly to the last ray when depressed; the last ray is very short and adnate to the body for the whole of its length. Lower rays 824 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of pectoral fins produced, extending beyond the mem- brane, the longest extending beyond the upper ray of the fin; anal longer and lower than soft dorsal, ending at the same corresponding place ; last ray reaching to the fifteenth plate before caudal fin. Ventrals differing in length in the different sexes, reaching from slightly beyond vent to nearly half its length beyond; inserted slightly behind pectorals ; caudal fin rounded behind ; vent anterior, sit- uated on the tenth plate in front of anal. Color dark brown, belly white; sides crossed with ir- regular white bars, giving the fish a mottled appearance, besides dark dashes as though the fish had been bathed in ink (eV /xekdv-q) ; snout black; a black streak along lower edge of preopercle; a black spot on iris above; dorsals light, mottled with black; anal white with dark mottlings, a dark bar across the posterior rays, the tips of all the rays white; ventrals black, abruptly white at tips; pecto- ral and caudal dark with a white border, a light spot in the center of fins, and many white spots on the rays; a black spot at base of pectoral. Two specimens collected with a seine near Point Or- chard, the largest 7 inches in length. They are in the Museum of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, No. 3135. This species is the type of a distinct genus, Averrun- cus, allied to Podolhecus, but with teeth on the vomer and palatines. The lack of the median movable rostral spine separates it from Odontopyxis, in which genus the dorsal fins are very small. 89. Xystes axinophrys Jordan and Starks, n. gen and sp. Plate xcii. Head 3^ in length of body; depth 5 ; dorsal IX-8; anal 10; pectoral 15; lateral line 38; orbit 4 in head; snout to tip of rostral spines 3^3 ; maxillary 3^ ; interorbital 3}4; pectoral 1% ; highest dorsal spine 2j^ ; highest FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 825 dorsal ray 2; highest anal ray 2^; length of caudal fin Body elongate, subcylindrical, deepest and broadest at shoulders; belly prominent; dorsal outline straight from first dorsal spine to caudal fin, curved up anteriorly to occiput. Head very irregular, much broken by large spines ; mouth inferior, rather broad, maxillary reaching to the vertical from front of orbit; lips thin, not broken up in papillae; upper jaw protractile; teeth small, in villi- form bands on jaws, vomer and palatines; the anterior edge of premaxillary is directly under the base of rostral spines; a few very small blunt papilliaa behind chin; a barbel at end of maxillary, not half so long as diameter of pupil. A pair of sharp rostral spines pointing forward and upward ; behind these is a pair Of curved spines pointing upward, outward and backward; no median spine of movable spine at tip of snout; between these and be-" hind the rostral spines is an almost circular pit, which is entirely occupied by the upper end of the premaxillary process; interorbital wide and concave, a slight median ridge running from the rostral pit to a point above pupil, on each side of which is an outward curved ridge ending in a minute spine; over each eye is the largest spine on the head or body, the large triangular orbital spine, its base occupying nearly the whole space above eye ; it is sharp, compressed and strongly hooked back; on the an- terior part of its base is a small, sharp, preorbital spine, pointing upward ; a series of minute spines running medi- ally along the top of the head and body from a point be- tween the orbital spines to the first dorsal spine ; on each side of these are two large blunt spines, with the traces of a smaller one between them, they are continuous with the dofsai keels of body; farther down and continuous with 826 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. theupper lateral keel of body is a ridge broken up into 4 irregular spines, larger than the body spines ; 4 triangular spines on edge of preopercle, the upper one the largest; a very irregular ridge running from upper preopercular spine, under eye, to snout; a ridge on upper part of opercle. Body with 4 ridges on each side, formed by the scales, each of which ends in a spine ; traces of a ridge between lateral ridges; the spines on abdominal ridges as sharp as J:hose on rest of body; a Y-shaped ridge of spines in front of ventrals, the forks toward - the ventrals and the base ending at gill-membrane; a raised area between ven- tral fins, running from their base to opposite their tips, which is entirely covered with small prickles; the anus is in the posterior end of this ; the dorsal and abdominal ridges coalesce with their fellows of the opposite side, but they come together so gradually that it is impossible to tell exactly where they unite, as the spines continue distinct to the caudal fin. Small spines covering the outer part of the base of the pectoral ; a ring of spines around caudal base; a few minute spines on eye above pupil; occiput abruptly lower than body, but scarcely forming a pit, as the body is about level behind it. Spinous dorsal highest in front, the second spine reach- ing to base of last spine when fin is depressed; the dorsal rays subequal in length, the last not shortened and not adnate to body; last ray reaching to the tenth plate before caudal fin ; pectoral fin posteriorly rounded in outline, the lower rays not produced; it reaches to the second plate before anal fin; ventrals small, reaching just past vent; anal longer and lower than soft dorsal; dorsal and anal ending at the same corresponding place; caudal fin rounded behind. Color, in spirits, gray, with 7 or 8 dark cross-bars; head FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 827 uniform gray with the exception of a dark spot at occiput; belly dusky; dorsals somewhat mottled; anal black, with a white spot near its middle; pectorals white, with a large black spot on base of ray's ; ventral black, abruptly white at tips; caudal black, edged with white. One specimen brought up in the dredge, i^/i inches in length. It is in the Leland Stanford Jr. University Mu- seum, number 3130. This species seems to represent a new subgeneric or generic type, allied to Averruncus, distinguished by the supraocular spine and by the subequal rays of both dor- sals, the last of each not adnate to the body. 90. Xenochirus triacanthus Gilbert. Plate xciii. Rare; brought up in the dredge in company with Odontofiyxis trispinosiis. One specimen obtained, 2% inches in length. In this young example, here figured, the lower rays of. the pectoral are not produced. 91. Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockington. Abundant in deep water; the most common species brought up by the dredge. Length 4 inches. In this genus and in Xenochirus there is a movable spine or long plate on median line at tip of snout. Family CYCLOPTERID^. 92. Lethotremus vinolentus Jordan and Starks, n. sp. Plate xciv. Head 2% in length; depth 2%; dorsal V— 7; anal 6; eye 3 in head; snout nearly 4; maxillary 2y 2 ; interorbital 2^; ventral disk 1^; height of spinous dorsal 2^; length of pectoral 2^. Body short and thick, broadest at head, deepest in front of first dorsal spine, abruptly compressed at vent; back somewhat elevated. 828 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Mouth terminal, oblique, the jaws about equal; snout very blunt; maxillary reaching slightly past the vertical from front of eye; teeth in narrow villiform bands; teeth on vomer (the specimen is so small, we cannot be sure of the palatine teeth) ; eye large, set high in the head, its diameter greater than the length of the snout; inter- orbital wide and flat, the diameter contained 1% times in the width; gill-opening oblique, about as wide as eye and on a level with eye; disk % longer than broad, its length about equal to distance from gill-opening to anterior edge of eye. % Skin thick; head and body nearly naked, a few spines scattered over it; spinous dorsal with 3 or 4 small spines, a minute simple spine in front of eye and 2 or 3 above it; 4 multifid spines following the curve of back, under spinous dorsal, and 1 under the front of second dorsal, 2 similar spines on each side of nape, just above opercles; 2 on edge of opercle and 3 on edge of preopercle; an irregular row of 6 running from above base of pectoral to front of anal fin, and a couple of small ones behind gill-opening; body otherwise naked. All the above spines, with the exception of those noted as simple, are long sharp spines in groups of from 3 to 6 with a common base, gen- erally the length of each spine exceeds the length of the base. No lateral line. Spinous dorsal reaching to the first ray of soft dorsal when fin is depressed, higher than soft dorsal; anal and soft dorsal similar; caudal small, truncate or slightly rounded; pectorals very short, reaching to the posterior edge of ventral disk. Color bright wine-red, slightly lighter below, without markings, sides dusted over with very small dark points; spinous dorsal dusky; other fins colorless. Colors dis- appear in alcohol. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 829 One specimen brought up from deep water in the dredge, ^ inch in length. Numbered 3131 on the regis- ter of the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. This species seems to belong to the genus Lethotremus Gilbert, MS. From Z.. muticus, type of the genus, it is distinguished by its few -rayed fins and by -its scanty prickles. 93. Eumicrotremus orbis (Gunther). One specimen of this interesting fish taken, 2 inches in length. Family LIPARIDID^E. 94. Neoliparis greeni Jordan and Starks, n. sp. Plate xcvi. Head 3|; depth 4; depth at disk 5; dorsal VI -34; anal, 30; pectoral 35; caudal 15; eye small, about 10 in head; snout 2^; longest pectoral ray 1^; disk 2%; longest dorsal ray 2% ; longest anal ray 2% ; caudal 1%. Body elongate, posteriorly compressed; profile undu- late, over snout blunt and rounded, depressed over eyes, well rounded from eyes over occipital region. Skin thin and exceedingly loose, nearly to the end of the dor- sal and anal rays. Jaws equal;, maxillary extending to posterior margin of eye; teeth small, nearly simple, depressible and blunt, slightly hooked back, arranged in oblique series, those in the front running nearly straight in, but towards the sides of the jaw they grow more and more oblique till they are nearly parallel with the jaw at the sides-; superior pharyn- geal teeth conical and sharp, slightly longer than the teeth in the jaws, arranged in a single round patch on each side; inferior pharyngeals separate, with small teeth. (Teeth probably tricuspid in young specimens.) Posterior nostrils in a short wide tube; cheeks well 830 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rounded; gill-rakers short and thick, no longer on the outer side of the first arch than on the other arches, fourth arch not free; gill-slit short, its length contained about 3 times in head, its lower edge extending in front of pec- toral to about the third ray; opercles with a blunt spine which is covered by the skin. Dorsals two, connected by a low membrane; first dorsal about twice as high as anterior part of second dorsal; the first rays of pectorals inserted under eye and in front of disk; the anterior rays short, graduated to the sixth ray, which is about 4 times longer than the first, the next few rays again short and gradually lengthening posteriorly; posterior rays % longer than anterior, fin broadly rounded behind; ventral disk nearly round, its posterior edge reaching the vertical from gill-slit; its distance from tip of lower v jaw 1% times its length; caudal truncate or slightly rounded ; vent under ends of pectorals. Color, in alcohol, uniform brown, breast and lower parts of head creamy, fins slightly darker. When fresh the sides were blotched with pinkish. The type of this species is a specimen 10 inches long, in the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum, number 3019. It was collected in the Harbor of Victoria by Mr. Ashdown H. Green, of Victoria, President of the Nat- ural History Society of that town. 95. Neoliparis florae Jordan & Starks n. sp. Plate xcvi. Head 34 in length of body; depth at ventral disk 5^ ; depth under middle of soft dorsal 4^; dorsal VI-27; anal 21 to 23; caudal 15; pectoral 30; eye 7 in head; interorbital space 2^; maxillary 2^; pectoral i|; ven- tral disk 2 y^ . A small specimen collected at Waadda Island, Neah FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 83 1 Bay. No. 3133, Leland Stanford Jr. University Mu- seum. Body moderately elongate, much compressed poste- riorly, about as wide as deep anteriorly, its greatest depth under middle of soft dorsal where the back is elevated. Flesh very firm, the body retaining its form, the skin loose but not flaccid. Head small, the nape not produced; mouth moderate, the maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of orbit; jaws subequal; teeth tricuspid, arranged 1 in series which are nearly transverse on middle of jaws, becoming more and more oblique towards the sides, the outermost series nearly parallel with the sides of jaws ; nostrils end- ing in a short wide tube ; gill-opening short, extending downward to about the fifth pectoral ray, its length about half interorbital space ; opercle ending in a flap, which extends over middle of gill-opening; ventral disk slightly longer than wide, its distance from tip of lower jaw once and a half its length ; vent equidistant from posterior edge of ventral disk and front of anal; skin thick and not very loose. Origin of spinous dorsal a little in front of the vertical from vent, its distance from snout 3 in length of body; anterior part of dorsal separated by a notch; origin of anal about equidistant from snout and base of caudal fin; some of the lower rays of pectoral produced forming a notch in the lower posterior margin of fin, the fourth to the tenth of the upper rays the longest, forming a rounded point behind, extending slightly past the vertical from snout ; dorsal arid anal scarcely connected with the caudal ; caudal long and slender, rounded behind. Color a uniform dark olive green, under parts white, a light streak medially along back from dorsal to occiput, a light spot over opercle; pectoral light at base, dusky be- hind; other fins colored like the body; lips white. 832 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. This small specimen taken in a rock pool on Waadda Island, Neah Bay. Length 2 inches. A second specimen, about 5 inches long, is in the Muse- um of the California Academy of Sciences. It was col- lected off San Francisco by Mr. H. D. Dunn. In this specimen, the dorsal rays are VI-27; anal 25; pectoral 30; caudal 15; teeth blunt. Flesh firm; form and color of the young specimens above described. The species is named for Mrs, Flora Hartley Greene, Assistant Cu- rator of the Museum of Leland Stanford Jr. University. In the Museum of the California Academy is the only specimen we have ever seen of the rare Neolifaris rmico- sus ( Ayres) , likewise obtained at San Francisco by Mr. H. D. Dunn. We here present a description and figure of this specimen (No. 360) : Neoliparis mucosus (Ayres). Plate xcv. Head 4 in length; depth 4^ ; dorsal VI— 26; anal 26; pectoral 29; caudal 12; eye 7 in head; snout 3; ventral disk 1^2 ; pectoral i-f; longest dorsal ray 2; highest anal ray 2 ; caudal 1 % . Body not greatly elongate, rather robust, compressed posteriorly, holding its width well past middle of body; head short and thick, broader than body, % longer than broad, its length i| times its depth; mouth small, trun- cate, its cleft almost entirely anterior, scarcely extending laterally; end of maxillary buried under the skin, barely reaching to eye; nostrils not ending in tubes; lower jaw slightly the shorter; teeth sharp, tricuspid, the middle cusp much the highest and longest, arranged in nine ob- lique series in both jaws, becoming more and more oblique toward the sides; interorbital space moderately wide, about 3^ in head, a little convex; gill-slit not extending below upper edge of pectoral, its length about 1% times eye and 3 in ventral disk. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 833 Pectoral broadly rounded when spread, its notch com- paratively very shallow, its tip reaches past vent but not to notch in dorsal; ventral disk large, slightly Jonger than broad, its posterior margin almost midway between its anterior and front of anal,' its anterior margin half its length from chin; dorsal with a shallow notch; origin of fin over posterior margin of ventral disk, its longest rays in its posterior half; origin of anal a little nearer snout than base of caudal, the last four or five rays rapidly shortened, making the fin truncate behind; dorsal and anal scarcely joined to caudal; caudal long and slender, rounded behind. Color olive brown, light below; indistinctly mottled; dorsal and anal darker at their margins ; pectorals uniform dark brown; caudal light, with indistinct cross-lines; lips dark. Here described from the only specimen known to us, five inches in length; from near San Francisco. It is now in the collection of the California Academy of Sci- ences (No. 360). Collected by H. D. Dunn, off San Francisco. 96. Neoliparis callyodon (Pallas). Obtained by the Albatross at Port Angeles. This is the species figured by Mr. Garman (monograph of the Discoboli) as Liparis mucosus. His description seems, in part at least, to have been drawn f rom Neolipa- ris florae , The latter has larger gill-openings than either Neoliparis mucosus or N. callyodon. Neoliparis callyodon is extremely abundant about the Aleutian Islands. The coloration, form of mouth, small gill-opening and the number of fin-rays all point out this as the original callyodon of Pallas. The following is an analysis of the species of Neoliparis, as far as known: Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Sek., Vol. V. December 18, 1896. 834 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a. Gill-opening very narrow, almost entirely above base of pectoral, the lower edge not below third pectoral ray. b. Anterior nostrils with distinct tubes. c. Dorsal rays about 30; anal rays about 24; form robust; ventral disk 1\ in head; color brownish, clouded or banded. North Atlantic on both coasts, south to Cape' Cod. montagui* cc. Dorsal rays 34 to 36; anal rays 25 to 28; lower jaw included; form rather elongate, the head depressed; ventral disk 2J in head; color pale, irregularly dotted with darker, sometimes plain brownish. Alaska, south to Puget Sound, callyodon. bb. Anterior nostrils with a raised rim, and without distinct tubes; head short, blunt, 4 in length; ventral disk very large, 1J in head; snout blunt; mouth very short, its cleft almost entirely anterior, the maxillary scarcely reaching eye. Dorsal rays 32; anal 26. Color plain rosy or brownish, not spotted. Off San Francisco, mucosus. aa. Gill-opening rather large, its base opposite 4 or 5 upper rays of pec- toral; body deep posteriorly; nostrils with raised rim, but without dis- tinct tubes; ventral disk moderate, 2J to 2£ in head; head about 3| in body, depressed above; cleft of mouth broader, partly lateral, nearly 3 in head; color plain brownish or reddish. d. Dorsal rays VI-27; anal 21 to 23; pectoral 30; flesh firm. Puget Sound to Monterey. florae, dd. Dorsal rays VI-34; anal 30; pectoral 35; flesh lax. Pu- get Sound. greeni. 97. Liparis cyclopus Giinther. Plate xcvii. Head 4^6; depth 4^; dorsal 34; anal 29; pectoral 30; caudal 12. Body much depressed and rather broad anteriorly, deep and much compressed posteriorly; head a third longer than broad and a third broader than deep. Flesh much more firm and the skin less lax than in most species of Liparis. Opercles with a rather strong spine concealed by the skin; mouth rather large, terminal; jaws subequal; teeth small, tricuspid, in broad bands; eye small, 6 in head; snout 3, flattish and broad above; interorbital space 4^ in head; ventral disk oval, 2^ in head, its anterior edge half the length of the eye behind postorbital margin; gill-opening moderate, 1.3^ in head, extending * Liparis monlagui Donovan. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 835 downward to the third or fourth ray of pectoral. Dorsal fin low, continuous, not joined to caudal, beginning slightly before anal, on a vertical with vent ; vent midway between edge of ventral disk and front of anal. Pectoral fin emarginate, the upper lobe if in head, the lower 2, the shortest intervening rays 3. Anal long and low, barely joined to caudal. Caudal 1^ in head. Color olivaceous, darker above; body and pectoral fin finely speckled with olive brown; fins dotted; bases of the fins paler than their tips; belly white. Two specimens 4^ inches long, in excellent condition, taken in Elliot Bay, near Seattle, were received from the Young Naturalists' Society. They are numbered 3126 in the register of the Leland Stanford Jr. University Mu- seum. This species, not been previously recognized since its original description, is recorded by Dr. Gilbert from Unalaska. 98. Liparis dennyi Jordan and Starks, n. sp. Plate xcviii. Head 34 in length of body; depth \ x / 2 ; dorsal 39; anal 30; pectoral 36; caudal 12; eye 8 in head; maxillary 2-5-; snout 25^ ; gill-opening 2-f ; upper pectoral lobe ^ ; lower lobe 1% ; intervening rays 2% ; ventral disk 2^ ; high- est dorsal rays 2-f ; highest anal rays 2-f ; caudal rays 1^ . Body moderately elongate, much compressed posteri- orly, slightly so anteriorly; head moderate, the cheeks and nape prominent. Mouth wide, with little lateral cleft; maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of eye, its end covered with the skin of the head; the lower jaw slightly the longer; the teeth tricuspid, those on the inner part of jaw largest, arranged in about 14 series in each jaw; series nearly transverse on middle of jaw, becoming more and more .oblique towards the sides, where they are nearly parallel with the sides of the jaws; interorbital 836 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. wide, slightly concave; nostrils ending in very short, wide tubes, the posterior over the anterior margin of eye, the anterior in front of it a distance equal to the diame- ter of eye ; opercle ending in a short, wide spine covered with skin ; it is situated slightly above the middle of gill- opening; gill-opening running from about the eleventh pectoral ray to a level with the eye. Origin of dorsal slightly behind base of pectoral, its distance from the snout 3^ in length of body, its anterior rays short, gradually lengthening posteriorly, the rays from the anterior third to near the end about equal, the last ray abruptly shortened, forming a slight notch where the fin joins the caudal; posterior two-thirds of caudal free above ; anal similar to dorsal, about the same height, its origin nearer snout than base of caudal, about under the base of the tenth dorsal ray, posteriorly it is longer than the dorsal, joining the caudal at about half its length; ventral disk nearly round, its distance from tip of lower jaw 1^3 in its diameter, 1 in distance from vent, 2 from first anal ray; vent midway between front of anal and edge of disk; upper lobe of pectoral broadly rounded, reaching to two-thirds of the distance between vent and front of anal; lower lobe long, reaching nearly to vent; caudal long and slender, rounded behind. Skin very thin and loose on body and head, covering the anterior parts of dorsal and anal, attached at about the middle of rays posteriorly and covering the base of caudal rays. Color light brown, lighter below, thickly covered with minute brown points, which form spots and mottlings on sides; upper part of head dark, lips spotted with brown; dorsal and anal dark brown, slightly mottled with lighter; pectoral light, with irregular brown spots and bars run- ning across it. Caudal dark brown, mottled at base, two light bars crossing it towards its end, leaving a narrow posterior margin of brown. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 837 The type specimen, 8 inches in length, was collected in Admiralty Inlet by the Young Naturalists' Society and presented by them to the Leland Stanford Jr. University. The species is named for Mr. Charles L. Denny, of Seattle, in recognition of his active and intelligent interest in the natural history of Washington. 99. Liparis fucensis Gilbert. Taken in the Straits of Juan de Fuca by the Albatross. Locally abundant. This seems to be the species de- scribed and figured by Mr. Garman (Monograph of the Discoboli), under the erroneous name of Lifaris calliodon. It will be described by Dr. Gilbert in the current number of the Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 100. Liparis pulchellus Ayres. Rather rare. Three or four small specimens brought up in the dredge. The following analysis will serve to distinguish the North American species of Liparis: a. Liparis. Vertebra in moderate number, about 39; dorsal rays about 35; anal rays 27 to 30. 6. Gill-openings very narrow, entirely above base of pectoral; pecto- ral rays from 34 to 37; head a little shorter than broad, and a little longer than deep; dorsal and anal slightly joined to caudal; caudal narrow, its rays 12. North Atlantic, south to Cape Cod. , liparis. bb. Gill-openings broad, the lower part considerably below base of upper ray of pectoral. v. Pectoral rays 30; head low, flattish, a third longer than broad, a third broader than deep; jaws subequal; dorsal free from cau- dal, which is slightly joined to anal; caudal narrow, of 12 rays. Puget Sound to Unalaska. cyclopus. cc. Pectoral rays 41 to 43; head short, not quite as wide as long; caudal 15 to 20; the dorsal and anal slightly joined to its base. Puget Sound'. . fucensis. aa. Gareliparis Garman. Vertebrae about 46; dorsal rays 40 to 44; anal rays 35 or 36; dorsal and anal largely joined to caudal. d. Pectoral rays 35 or 36. e. Gill-opening small, its lower edge not below first ray of pectoral; nostrils small, the tubes short or absent. 838 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. /. Fins plain, not distinctly mottled or barred; body robust, its color plain brownish or with dark spots. Coasts of Greenland. tunicatus. ff. Fins more or less mottled or barred, body mod- erately elongate; lower rays of pectoral rather short, not half head, not reaching beyond ventral disk; body mottled, -usually with concentric rings. Aleu- tian Islands to Eastern Siberia. agassizii. ee. Gill-opening rather large, extending downward to about fourth ray of pectoral; nostrils with short tubes; lower lobe of pectoral long, reaching much beyond disk, nearly to vent; color brown, the body and fins mottled and clouded. Puget Sound. dennyi. dd. Pectoral rays 42; gill-opening large, its lower edge below upper part of pectoral; body robust; surface covered with round yellowish spots. Aleutian Islands. eyclostigma. aaa. Actinochir Gill. Vertebras about 52; dorsal rays 45 to 48; anal rays 38 to 40; pectoral rays 34 to 37; dorsal and anal largely joined to caudal; gill-opening large, about one-third its length before pectoral; anterior nostril tubular. g. Head broad, flattened above; body rather elongate; skin usually with wavy, concentric longitudinal streaks, sometimes spotted. Un- alaska to Monterey. pulche.llus. gg. Head high, boldly rounded, with promi- nent nape; color olivaceous, clouded and dot- ted, but without wavy streaks. Coasts of Greenland. major. Family BATHYMASTERID^. 101. Ronquilus jordani (Gilbert). Plate xcix. Not common; occurring in deep water. Reaches a length of 8 inches. A fine specimen presented by the Young Naturalists' Society. The genus Ronquilus is distinguished from Bathymas- ter by its scaly cheeks, enlarged scales on lateral line, and especially by its increased number of simple rays or spines in the dorsal. Family GOBIID^. 102. Gobius nicholsi Bean. Not rare about Vancouver Island. Not taken by us. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 839 103. Lepidogobius lepidus (Girard). Three specimens dredged, the largest 4 inches in length. 104. Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper. Mud Fish. Not common this far north. Found in the mud in la- goons. No specimens taken by us. 105. Quietula y-cauda (Jenkins & Evermann). This little goby was taken in Saanich Arm, Vancouver Island, by Jordan & Gilbert. One of the two specimens taken from the stomach of Hexagrammus kexagrammus and recorded as Gobiosoma ios belongs to it. The other is the type of the latter species. This species is the type of the gemis JQuietula Jordan & Evermann, distinguished from Gillichthys by the presence of dermal flaps on the shoulder girdle. 106. Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate c. The original type of this species was obtained from the stomach of Hexagrammus hexagrammus, in Saanich Arm, by Jordan & Gilbert, in 1880. It was not in good condi- tion and the description is defective. Two specimens were dredged near Seattle by us. A description is here appended : Head 3% in length of body; depth 6; D. V-16; A. 14; eye 6% in head; maxillary i-f; pectoral i-f; ven- trals ij4, ; caudal 1% ; base of soft dorsal 3 in length of body; base of anal 3^. ,Body long and slender, compressed, the back not ele- vated; caudal peduncle moderately wide. Head long, profile steep to within a short distance of the front of the eye, thence horizontal. Mouth very large, not very ob- lique, the maxillary projecting to opposite the middle of the cheek; jaws subequal; teeth in narrow villiform 84O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. bands, eye small, longer than wide, set high in head; in- terorbital space narrow, about as wide as eye.- Body covered with very small cycloid scales, impossible to count. Spinous dorsal well separated from soft dorsal, the spines slender; soft dorsal the higher, its origin a lit- tle nearer base of caudal fin than tip of snout; anal about equal to soft dorsal in height, its origin a little behind first dorsal ray, nearly coterminous with soft dorsal; ven- trals inserted slightly behind pectorals, reaching midway between their base and front of anal; caudal short, its end rounded. Color light olivaceous, the cheeks and sides with many dark points which form mottlings,; snout dark; a dark spot on upper part of opercle; top of head black; dorsals pale, with three or four dark lines running across the rays; some dark spots on base of anal; pectorals crossed with dark wavy lines ; caudal with about five irregular cross- bars. Two specimens obtained, each 2 inches in length. Family BATRACHID^. 107. Porichthys notatus Girard. Very common in shallow water. It attaches its eggs to the rocks just above low-tide mark, and watches them till they hatch and the young are quite well matured. The young fasten themselves to the rocks by means of a ventral disk, which soon disappears. It makes a pecu- liar grunting noise when disturbed. It reaches a length of over a foot. Several specimens taken. Apparently the type of Porichthys margaritatus Rich- ardson was the tropical species since described as Porich- thys nautoficedium . The name margaritatus should not be used for the northern form. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 84I Family GOBIESOCID^. 108. Caularchus maeandricus (Girard). Very abundant under the rocks between tide marks. It feeds on small shells and Crustacea. A large number of specimens obtained at Neah Bay and in the vicinity of Seattle; the largest 4^ inches in length; said to reach a length of 6 inches. Specimens from Neah Bay varied from light olive to bright cherry-red. This species has 13 + 19 = 32 vertebras. The species referred to Gobiesox have, so far as known, 10 -f- 16 = 26. This increased number, associated with its northern dis- tribution, may define the genus Caularchus. Family XIPHIDIONTID^E. 109. Bryostemma polyactocephalum (Pallas). , This species has been referred to the genus Chirolofhis (Blenniops). It, however, differs from the latter in the entire absence of the true or median lateral line, and may be made the type of a distinct genus, for which we sug- gest the name of Bryostemma. In Bryostemma, as in Chirolofhis, there is a short series of large pores above the pectoral. ^The following is a description of our specimen from Seattle : ■ Head 6%; depth 6; D. LXI; A. 61. P. 14. V. 1, 3. Fifteen pores above pectoral. Body elongate, much compressed, covered with small, smooth, imbedded scales. Head very short, blunt in pro- file; mouth short, terminal; lower jaw heavy, projecting, its lip with two small cirri; teeth subequal, small, blunt- ish, close set, in one row in each jaw; eyes 4 in head, near together; snout 4; supraorbital cirri, 2j^ in head; interorbital space with two large superciliary cirri; top 842 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of head and nape covered with series of erect cirri, the longest nearly as long as eye; about 15 minute cirri along dorsal edge of lateral pores, one on each pore. Rows of pores running around eye, under preopercle, and along entire length of the short lateral series; about 15 in lateral series, which is 2 in length of head; gill -rakers not de- veloped; gill-membranes not joined to the isthmus. Dor- sal fin beginning over pectoral and running to caudal; anterior rays fringed with fleshy cirri ; first ray, including cirri, 2 in length of head; anal beginning close behind vent and running to caudal, lower than dorsal; vent about % distance from tip of snout to tip of caudal; distance from base of ventral to vent 4^ in length of body; pec- toral fin but little shorter than head, its breadth at base not half its length. Color, in spirits, pale brownish, with about 13 dark blotches along dorsal and anal fins ; more distinct on dor- sal; a black spot on fourth to sixth dorsal spines very distinct; a very faint spot on anterior part of anal; a few dark markings about head and nape. Cirri mostly pale. One fine specimen, 6% inches long, from Point Orchard, near Seattle. Collected by Prof. O. B. Johnson. This species seems to belong to Bryostemma -polyacto- cephalum. As figured by Mr. Nelson, the latter species seems to differ in the absence of the lateral pores and in the much shorter and broader pectoral fin; the propor- tions of the body before the vent are also different. A number of young specimens collected by the Alba- tross in Alaska seem to belong to the same species. These are more elongate and less compressed, the body much mottled and vaguely barred, the ventral fins cheq- ured in fine pattern; head sand color; a black blotch on fourth to sixth dorsal spine ; anterior dorsal spines little elevated and with few fringes; sides of head with few FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 843 cirri, except in one specimen in which the cheeks are cov- ered with cirri densely matted. Evidently the species is very variable. no. Bryostemma nugator Jordan and Williams, n. sp. Plate ci. Heads^; depth 5^; dorsal LIV; anal' 41 ; ventral 1, 3; pores of lateral series 25. Body elongate, formed as in Pholis, less compressed than in Bryostemma poly actocephalum, covered with small, smooth, imbedded scales. Head short, very obtuse, almost truncate; top of head from nostrils to near front of dorsal covered with fleshy cirri, much smaller than in Bryos- temma -polyactocephalum ; only two or three small ones extending on first dorsal spine ; supraorbital cirrus short, 4 to 5 in head; two small cirri placed at the sides of snout, with a larger median one behind them, forming a triangle ; jaws equal; mouth horizontal, the angle extending to below pupil; eyes small, 4 in head; snout very short, almost vertically truncate, 2 /^ of eye; teeth of both jaws subequal, short, bluntish and close set. Lateral series short, 7^ in length of body, concurrent with the dorsal outline of body. A line of pores begins in front of eye on a level with pupil, runs under eye and to a level with pupil again, then back to and along the entire length of the short lateral series. Gill-rakers not developed; gill- membranes free from isthmus. Vent j^ distance from tip of snout to tip of caudal; distance from origin of ventral to anus 4^ in length of body. Pectoral fin 5^ in body, as long as head. Dorsal fin beginning in front of the pectoral, highest along the posterior half; the longest spine, 2% in head, the fin higher than anal; dorsal slightly joined to caudal; anal separated from caudal; caudal rounded, i| in head; first dorsal spine \ x / 2 in head, its surface with 2 or 3 small cirri. 844 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Color of one specimen, probably male, dark brown, with 13 pale cross-bars along back, extending on dorsal fin; along sides these become obsolete; on belly they become increased in number and broadened below; dor- sal fin with 13 large, very distinct, black ocelli, with yel- lowish rings, one between each pair of the pale blotches; anal with about 7 small blackish spots at base on posterior part, the fin otherwise nearly plain ; caudal faintly barred with light and dark; pectorals pale, with two dark pale- edged oblique bars before them; sides of head with irreg- ular dark vertical bars, one of them forming an inverted X below eye, this and others extending across lower jaw; cirri mostly black. The other specimen, probably the female, has the body nearly plain brown, the dorsal with but 4 ocelli, the ante- rior nine being replaced by dark bars on the fin; anal with dark oblique cross-bars ; pectorals barred with black. Markings on head more sharply defined, coloration other- wise similar. This second specimen is 4^ inches in length; the other, 4. These two specimens were taken near Seattle and pre- sented by the Young Naturalists' Society. They are numbered 3134 on the register of the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. Three additional specimens of Bryostemma nugator were taken by Mr. Starks in rock pools on Channel Rocks. The life colors of these were as follows: Color, dark red above, orange-brown below, belly cream color; sides below with cream-colored cross-bars, wider than eye, running from the axis of body downward and fading into the general color below; a X- shaped mark downwards from eye, across branchiostegals to isthmus, a similar mark behind eyes, across edge of preopercle this last sometimes broken up and chain-like ; top of head FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 845 dark ; snout light ; 2 oblique dark bars at base of pectoral ; dorsal with 12 or 13 sharp dark brown spots as large as eye, edged with bright red, these arranged regularly along the whole length of fin; pectorals and caudal bright red, with wavy irregular brown lines running across the rays ; anal red, with dark brown bars as wide as the interspaces running obliquely downwards and forwards; ventrals light brown. in. Pholis ornatus (Girard). This blenny is extremely abundant in Puget Sound, where many specimens were taken. It is found under rocks between tide marks, reaching a length of a foot. No specimens were found at Neah Bay. The species varies much in color, being typically yellowish -green with dark markings, but varying to brown or cherry red with the markings faint or obsolete. One specimen is notably different in color: Body purplish red, lighter on the belly; two conspicuous black -bordered white spots on front of dorsal; a light streak bordered with black from eye to nape; pectorals one -fourth shorter than in the others. Dr. Gill tells us that the generic name Pholio Scopoliis equivalent to the. later Murcenoides.< 112. Apodichthys flavidus Girard. Common in shallow water among the kelp. It varies from bright green to red, orange or violet. Two speci- mens belonging to the green form (var. virescens) were taken by us in Puget Sound; the larger 10 inches in length, the smaller 3 inches. These differ in color from the typical examples. The large one is a bright grass- green, mottled with light gray; a series of blended white spots, as large as eye, along the axis of body from the pectoral fin to the middle of caudal peduncle ; belly with many similar spots smaller in size and somewhat sharper in 846 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. outline ; a row of conspicuous black spots, irregular in size, shape and position, along back at the base of dorsal spines ; a black line as wide as pupil from nape to eye, a similar line from eye to posterior end of maxillary; a faint light streak across cheek posteriorly; cheek and base of pec- toral dusted with fine dark points. The small one is bright green without distinct markings on body; a silvery bar, running posteriorly from tip of snout through eye, across cheek, to the middle of oper- cle ; no bar downward from eye to maxillary, or from eye to nape as in the large one. 113. Xererpes fucorum (Jordan & Gilbert). Recorded by Jordan & Gilbert as rather rare on Waadda Island. No specimens obtained by us. The new genus Xererpes Jordan & Gilbert is distinguished from Apo- dichthys by the small anal spine, which is not grooved in front. 114. Anoplarchus atropurpureus (Kittlitz). Taken at Neah Bay and in the vicinity of Seattle. Abundant under rocks, above low tide mark, in company with Xiphidion xiphistes and Pholis. It reaches a length of 8 inches. These specimens are scaled on the poste- rior half of the body only, which is probably true of the genus as a whole. JE15. Xiphistes chirus (Jordan & Gilbert). The most common blenny in Puget Sound, where we obtained specimens in abundance. At Neah Bay Xiphi- dion mucosum and rupestre were found. We found neither of these in the vicinity of Seattle. Variable in color, running from dull brown to bright red. This species is the type of a distinct genus, Xiphistes, distinguished from Xiphidion by the well-developed pectoral. ■ FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 847 116. Xiphistes ulvae Jordan & Starks, n. gen. and n. sp. Plate cii. Head 8 in length of body; depth 10; dorsal LXXIV; anal III, 48; eye 5 in head; maxillary 2^ ; pectoral 3%. Body eel -shaped as in the related species X. ckirus; head short; mouth small, oblique, maxillary extending to below posterior margin of eye; jaws subequal, with ca- nine teeth; 4 enlarged canines in front of lower jaw; teeth in upper jaw gradually enlarged from behind for- wards; eye moderate, equal to length of snout; interor- bital space prominent, sharply convex, narrower than width of eye; nape not constricted. Five mucous canals radiating downwards and back- wards from eye, not reaching to edge of preopercle; the branches running upwards from upper lateral line ending on the membrane of dorsal, the lower lateral line not co'nnected with the abdominal line. Lateral line other- wise as in Xiphistes chirus. Origin of dorsal at a dis- tance behind nape equal to distance from nape to middle of eye; the fin posteriorly barely connecting with caudal, anal with 3 spines,- its origin about a head's length nearer snout than base of caudal, connected with caudal poste- riorly; pectorals equal in length to snout and half eye, slightly shorter than caudal; caudal rounded, fan-shaped. Color olive -green above, very bright green below; sides along middle and lateral line posteriorly, with con- spicuous white spots, half as large as pupil, each with a black spot before and behind it ; a black streak from tip of snout, through eye, to nape, a streak starting from eye behind quickly fading out; dorsal darker than body, un- marked ; the anterior third of anal green without mark- ings, behind this, faint cross-bars of brown appear, these grow broader and darker posteriorly; caudal olive green with a light bar across base; pectorals green without markings. 848 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. One specimen obtained on Waadda Island, Neah Bay. It was found high on the rocks, among algae just below high water mark. Length 5 inches. This species is very closely related to Xiphistes chirus. It differs from it chiefly in having 3 anal spines, in the branches of the upper lateral line running higher, and in coloration. It is numbered 3132 on the register of the Leland Stanford Jr. University Museum. 117. Xiphidion rupestre (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate ciii. Equally abundant with Xiphidion mucosum under rocks about Neah Bay. It does not reach such a large size as the latter. 118. Xiphidion mucosum Girard. Abundant at Neah Bay, where it was found under rocks between tide marks, in company with X. rupestre. Reaches a length of 18 inches. Family STICH^ID^E. 119. Lumpenus anguillaris (Pallas). Taken in abundance with seines along sandy beaches in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of 20 inches. Family CRYPTACANTHODID^:. 120. Delolepis virgatus Bean. A stuffed skin from near Seattle is in the collection of the Young Naturalists' Society, collected by Prof. O. B. Johnston. Family ANARRHICHADID^). 121. Anarrhichthys ocellatus (Ayres). Wolf Fish, Rare in Puget Sound; more common southward. It reaches a length, of 8 feet, and is sometimes eaten. It feeds on Crustacea and mussels, which it pulls off from the rocks and crushes between its powerful jaws. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 849 Family ZOARCID^. 122. Lycodopsis paucidens (Lockington). Abundant in Puget Sound. Length about 10 inches. Not taken by us. The large-mouthed specimens, called by Jordan & Gilbert faucidens, are the male and the small-mouthed ones, called facificus, the female of the same species. Family. SCYTALINID^E. 123. Scytalina cerdale Jordan & Gilbert. Plate civ. Specimens were found in abundance in the loose gravel under boulders at Waadda Island, Neah Bay. It has not been taken since 1881, when Drs. Jordan & Gilbert took the two type specimens (one of which was afterwards destroyed by fire) in this locality. The skeleton does not differ essentially from that of Lycodopsis paucidens, with which it has been compared. The skull is not at all depressed, the wide depressed form of the head of the fish is due to the fleshy cheeks. The frontals take up the greater part of the top of the skull, the parietals are separated by the supraoccipital, which extends forward to the frontals. Opercles all present. Lower jaw large and strong, Post -temporal scarcely so firmly attached as in Ly codes; the clavicle long and slender. Family GADID^E. 124. Microgadus proximus (Girard). Tomcod. A few specimens obtained. Very abundant. Taken in large numbers by the fishermen. It is a food fish of some value^ and meets with a ready sale. It reaches a length of a foot. 125. Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius. Alaska Cod. Not uncommon in certain localities near Cape Flattery. This is probably its southern limit. Peoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Sbb., Vol. V. December 19, 1895. 850 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 126. Pollachius fucencis (Jordan & Gilbert). Occasionally taken in deep water in Puget Sound. Not obtained by us. Family MERLUCCIID^. 127. Merluccius productus Ayres. Hake. Abundant. It does not rank high as a food fish, as its flesh is soft and watery. It reaches a length of over 2 feet. Family TRACHYPTERID^. 128. Trachypterus rex-salmonorum Jordan & Gilbert. King of the Salmon. Very rare. Two specimens recorded from Neah Bay, where it is regarded by the Indians as a sacred fish, the King of the Salmon. Family PLEURONECTID^. 129. Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linngeus). Halibut. One of the most valuable fish taken in the region. It is found most abundant off Cape Flattery.. Several fish- ing schooners are engaged in the halibut fishery. It reaches a weight of over 200 pounds, and a length of 5 or 6 feet. 130. Eopsetta jordani (Lockington). Not abundant in Puget Sound. It reaches a length of 18 inches and a weight of 3 to 5 pounds. A fine food fish. Not seen by us. 131. Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert. Common. The types of this species were first obtained at Seattle and Tacoma, where it was taken with hook and line from the wharves. Length about a foot. FISHES OP PUGET SOUND. 851 132. Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan & Gilbert). A small flounder; not very abundant. It does not reach a length of over 9 inches. It is of no value as a food fish. 1 A specimen in the collection of the Young Naturalists* Society has the right pectoral black, but it is not otherwise peculiar. ' 133. Psettichthys melanostictus Girard. Abundant. It is one of the best of the flounders for food. It reaches a length of 20 inches. 134. Citharichthys sordidus (Girard). Very common in deep water, in the sound; weight i% pounds. 135. Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington) .' . Common in rather deep water. It reaches a length of 15 inches. Not taken by us_. 136. Isopsetta ischyra (Jordan & Gilbert) . Not common. The type from Elliot Bay, near Seattle, where it was taken with a seine. Length 18 inches. 137. Parophrys vetulus Girard. Very abundant. Many specimens collected with a seine in shallow water. It is a good market fish, and reaches a length of 14 inches. The young are spotted with blackish. 138. Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres). Very common. Specimens secured in abundance on sandy beaches. About 18 inches in length. Puget Sound specimens are rougher than those found farther south. 139. Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) . Diamond Floun- der. The commonest flounder in the sound. It is not held in as high esteem as a food fish as some of the other 852 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. flounders. It reaches a length of 2 feet. A few speci mens preserved by us. 140. Microstomus pacificus (Lockington). One specimen dredged from deep water in Puget Sound. 141. Pleuronichthys ccenosus Girard. Rather common. The specimens taken show a black spot on sides and one on tail. It reaches a length of about a foot. SUPPLEMENTARY. List of Fresh -Water Fishes Collected in the Vicinity of Seattle, Washington, by Edwin C. Starks. by alvin seale. i. Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner). Lamprey. Three young specimens about 30 mm. in length were taken July 7 in a small stream which flows into Green Lake. Lamprey are reported as being very abundant in this lake during the spring. Great numbers, not only of E. tridentatus, but also of Lamfetra cibaria, spawn in the small stream mentioned above. 2. Catostomus macrocheilus Girard. A few small specimens collected in Green Lake, Seat- tle, 4 to 9 inches in length. 3. Mylocheilus caurinus (Richardson). "Chub." D. 8. A. 8. Head 4^ ; depth'4^; scales 13-76-9; eye 4^ in length of head; snout 3^; teeth 1,5-5,1. Fourteen specimens, 3 to 10 inches in length, were taken in Lake Washington, July 14. A very common species. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 853 4. Ptychocheilus oregonensis (Richardson). "Squaw- fish." D. 9%. A. 8*4. Head 3^3 in body; eye 4>£ in head; teeth 2, 4-5, 2; scales 12-74-9; caudal peduncle 3 in length of head; lateral line slightly decurved. Thirty-three specimens, 2 to 9 inches in length, were taken in Lake Washington, July 14; 71 specimens of young were taken in Green Lake, July 24. This species was by far the most abundant fish in the lakes. 5. Leuciscus balteatus Richardson. D. 10. A. 18. Head 4^ ; depth 3^ ; eye 2^ in head; teeth 2, 5—4, 2; scales 13-60-3; caudal peduncle i 2 /^ in length of head. About 50 specimens, 2 to \]/ 2 inches in length, were taken in Green Lake, July 29. Three of the larger of these had a bright rosy band extending along the sides from the head back as far as the vent. These three specimens were opened, and proved to be females filled with eggs. No males showed the rosy color. About 60 small specimens were taken in Lake Washington, July 27. They showed no perceptible variation from those in Green Lake. A very abundant species. 6. Salmo mykiss Walbaum. "Cut-throat Trout." Two specimens, 9 inches in length, were taken with hook and line in Lake Washington, July 14. Very com- mon. 7. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). Salmon. Six large specimens taken November 7, 1892, and two taken June 30, 1895, in Lake Washington. Those taken June 30 were more silvery in color than the ones taken November 7, the latter being quite dark. A very abund- ant species. 854 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 8. Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard. One adult 58 mm. in length, and three young 34 mm. in length, were taken in Green Lake. The adult had 7 well developed plates, the young had but 5- It was of interest to note that these specimens seemed to indicate that the young have the plates well developed first on the sides below and between the dorsal spines, and that the dorsal portions of the plates were the first to develop. The young were much lighter in color than the adult. Eleven specimens, apparently all adults, were taken in Lake' Union. These' were apparently similar to those from Green Lake, except they had 9 or 10 plates. 9. Cottus asper Richardson. Twenty-eight specimens, 2 to 5 inches in length, taken July 26, in Lake Washington. A common species. FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. 855 LIST OP PLATES. LXXVI. Zalarges nimbarius: type. Open sea. LXXVII. Hexagrammus otakii: type. Tokio. LXXVII1. Oxylebius pictus. From Monterey. LXXIX. Jordania zonope: type. Point Orchard. LXXX. Ruscarius meanyi: type. Point Orchard. LXXXI. Radulinus asprellas. Near Seattle. LXXXII. Oligocottus embryum: type. Neah Bay. LXXXIII. Dasycottus setiger. From Unalaska. LXXXIV. Ascelichthys rhodorus. From Waadda Island. LXXXV. Psychrolutes zebra. From Point Orchard. LXXXVI. Gilbertina sigalutes: type. Point Orchard. LXXXVII. Rhamphocottus richardsonii. From Point Orchard. LXXXVIII. Podothecus accipiter: type. Robin Island. LXXXIX. Podothecus veternus: type. Robin Island. XO. Stelgis vulsus: type. Point Reyes. XCI. Averruncus emmelane: type. Point Orchard. XCII. Xystes axinophrys: type. Point Orchard. XCIII. Xenochirus triacanthus. From Point Orchard. XCIV. Lethotremus vinolentus: type. Point Orchard. XCV. • Neoliparis mucosus. From off San Francisco. XOVI. Neoliparis greeni: type. Victoria. Neoliparis florae: type. Waadda Island. XCVII. Liparis cyclopus. From Elliot Bay, near Seattle. XCVIII. Liparis dennyi: type. Admiralty Inlet, near Seattle. XCIX. Ronquilus jordani. From Elliot Bay. C. Clevelandia ios. From Elliot Bay. 01. Bryostemma nugator: type. Elliot Bay. OIL Xiphistes ulvas: type. Waadda Island. GUI. Xiphidion rupestre. From Waadda Island. CIV. Scytalina cerdale. From Waadda Island. riAlE LAXVI. imaZiBxowjyZtez,. ZALARGES NIMBARIUS U7H. J3/&T7XW.23Ramr,D&£,. OXYLEBIUS PICTUS 4?rif.&R??TQ/fq&Ey.jj;. rKUU.UAL.rt.LAU. OUIACJ VDL.V, PLATE LXXIX ■■'. : ■ ■ ■ ' '• ^ ■ ^\\W* 1 sms 'WAZiZfeow^Dsu JORDANIA ZONOPE JJZ&.&J&77UtVtf R£y,£jr Prdc.Cal.Acad. Sci. (2) Vol V PLATE LXXX "mi I ^ *' /4i lii Urn m i -4ra« I^B^amr.Dsz.. RUSCARIUS MEANYI J-/T#JBR/J?QArg.E&y:fjz Prdc.Cal.Acad. Sci. (2) VolV; PLATE LXXXI dMaZBffojvyJfe RADULINUS ASPRELLUS 2JT/f.J3RlT2'aSfqj2£Y: l ZF. Prdc.Cal.Acad. Sci. (2) Vol.Y PLATE LXXXII ^M!/AZEz,. RHAMPHOCOTTUS RICHARDSONI UT/f~BR?7TQtf$}2E}',£F. Proc.Cal.Acad. Sci. (Z) VdlV: PLATE LXXXVIII. 4mmZ£i?oky,£i:i, PODOTHECUS ACCIPITER imr.Mjynp/r$zi£r.$F: Prdc.Cal.Acad. Sci. (2) VolV. PLATE LXXXIX. PODOTHECUS VETERNUS U7&. SS/?/7TOA'4 JZSrJf ' Prdc.CalAcad. Sci. (2) VolV. PLATE XC: ^nvx-LSBcmmZlBs:, STELQIS VULSUS &lTM-BR7JTCxrqREy^F. Proc.Cal.Agad. Sdi. (2) Vol.V. PLATE XCI AxMLLBnomWisi.. AVERRUNCUS EMMELANE '■£f73/.-BSS/7TCA r #K£y, JCjr Prdc.CalAcad.'Sci. (ZyVotV. PLATE XCII Mi ff?jf?^Pf? XYSTES AXINOPHRYS &m.£R/T?Q/r$&Ey.£K Proc CalAcad. Sci. (2) Vol.Y PLATE XCIII. ■Aiwi&ioKaiJl^ XENOCHIRUS TRIACANTHUS £ITIfMR171XW$8m',£F. Proc.Gal.Acad. Sci. (2) Vol V PLATE XCIV ^maI,BmmtJ>s. LETHOTREMUS VINOLENTUS um.&jwj70Jr$ Jssz&r Prdc.Cal.Acad. Scr. (2) Vol.V PLATE xcv -dJv&xZ^&oiwJ&z NEOLIPARIS MUCOSUS J./zf/.j?jvjra,vj A ' -teMji^BOWKajZ. LIPARIS DENNYI Proc CalAcad. Sci (2) Vol.V: PLATE XCIX. d&MiZMHomeltei. RONQUILUS JORDANI ■M22f.&E/77TW§-J££y; 1 XE Prdc.CalAcad. Sci. (Z) Vol.V PLATE CLEVELANDIA IOS ■LlTJf^BR17?0rr$l£sy.£F. Prdc Cal.Acad. Sci. (2) Vql.V PLATE ci ■AmKA&BROvmZlED., BRYOSTEMMA NUGATOR Aim.BBnTQfl'fsiEirjx: Proc.CauAcad. Sci. (Z) Vol.V PLATE Gil 1 ■ : : :W , r ~ v?I3i ^MWliBRdYMZfilSL. XIPHISTES ULVAE -i/HK-Sffii^tiV^vBE^XT Prdc.Cal.Aead. Sci. (2) VolV". ■ PLATE XCIII-. :■?/■&■ ti shsSS * ***** \ a- :?: ■ni 1/ ■s J f f At/i2aLZteovw t £&L- XIPHIDION RUPESTRE :■ .s.h~. .T.,r t- n-i'r dj- Proc.CalAcad. Sci. (2) VolM PLATE civ Ajmx.Ij-Bf2CMW.Z)x£.. SCYTALINA CERDALE jam^iarfatrfSBxSF. University Publications. The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789- 1 833. With a Summary o± the Period before the Adop- tion of the Constitution. By Orrin Leslie Elliott, Ph. D. pp. 272. Price, $1.00. Observations oh the Conductivity of a Copper Wire in Various Dielectrics. By Fernando Sanford, M. S. pp. 44. Price, 50 cents. The Ameripan University and the American Man. Second Commencement Address. By George Elliott Howard, A. M. pp. 22. Price, 15 cents. Specialization in Education. Fourth Commencement Address. By J'rof. John M. Stillman. With Address to the Graduating Class. By President David S. Jor- dan, pp. 29. Price, 15 cents. The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mount- ains of California. By George H. Ashley, pp. 95. The Fishes of Sinaloa. By David Starr Jordan. pp. 142. Price, 50 cents. The Charities of San Francisco. By Chas. Kelley Jenness, A. M. pp. 93. Price,. 50 cents. On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes. By Frank Cramer, pp. 38. Price, 35 cents. The Fishes of Puget Sound. By David S. Jordan and Edwin C. Starks. pp. 71. Price, 50 cents. Address, THE REGISTRAR, Stanford University, California. LBLAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBL/CmONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY IV NEW MALLOPHAGA, i, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A COLLECTION MADE FROM MARITIME BIRDS OF THE BAY OF MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA. VERNON L. KELLOGG, Associate Professor of Entomology, Lelcmd Stanford Jr. University. Leland Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, California, 1896. LVlAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY IV NEW MALLOPHAGA, i, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A COLLECTION MADE FROM MARITIME BIRDS OF THE BAY OF MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA. BY ,, VERNON L. KELLOGG, > > -r Associate Professor of Entomology, Leland Stanford Jr. University. Reprint from the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, Vol. VI.) Lelajjd Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, California, 1896. PREFATORY NOTE. This memoir is the fourth of a series designed to illus- trate the investigations and -explorations of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct of the biological labora- tories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. The series is issued under the patronage of Timothy Hopkins, Esq., of Menlo Park, California. The present paper is published with the co-operation of the California Academy of Sciences, appearing simultaneously in its present form and as part of the Proceedings of the Academy. Charles H. Gilbert, Oliver P. Jenkins, Editors. Date of publication, March 17, 1896. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. T|-*J:ollowing paper presents the descriptions and fig- ures ot one new genus and thirty-eight new species of Mallophaga, together with the identifications and figures of twenty-two species previously described by European authors, but now, with few exceptions, first determined as parasites of American birds. All of these species have been collected, mostly by the author, from water and shore birds. As this is the first American general sys- tematic paper on the Mallophaga, the author has thought it desirable, for the sake of making the study of the group more accessible to American stu'dents, to present some statement of the present knowledge of this little-known but interesting order of parasitic insects. To this end there is offered a brief account of the structure, external and internal, of the life-history and habits, and of the zoological and geographical distribution of the parasites, together with a review of the literature of the group, and a statement of the present systematic treatment of the order, with a synopsis and tables of the families and genera. Types of the new species described will be placed in the collections of this University, in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, and in those of the University of Kansas. The author has to express his obligations for services kindly rendered in connection with the preparation of this paper to President F. H. Snow and Librarian C. M. Watson of the University of Kansas ; to Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, curator of birds for the Cal- ifornia Academy of Sciences, whose aid in the collection and determination of birds is elsewhere referred to ; to Miss Bertha M. Chapman, student of entomology; to Professor H. R. Fairclough, and to Miss Edna Hyatt, artist. V. L. K. Stanford University, February, 1896. NEW MALLOPHAGA, I,— WITH SPECIAL REFER- ENCE TO A COLLECTION MADE FROM MARI- TIME BIRDS OF THE BAY OF MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA. (With Plates ii-xv.) BY VERNON L. KELLOGG. CONTENTS. The Mallophaga: Introduction. Historical and Bibliographical. European. American. Structure. External. Internal. Life- History and Habits. Immature Stages. Parasitism. Distribution. List of Hosts, with Parasites. Systematic. Position among Insects. Classification, with Keys. Synopsis of Genera. Terminology. Account of Collections Examined. Methods of Collecting and Preserving. Descriptions of New Species, and Identification of Old Species. Index of Species. Explanation of Plates. The Mallophaga — Introduction. The Mallophaga constitute a small order of parasitic insects which live externally on the bodies of birds and mammals. The insects are small, one-tenth of an inch being perhaps an average length, wingless, and have bit- ing mouthparts, with which they feed on the feathers or hair of their host, not sucking blood as the true lice do. They have an incomplete metamorphosis. The structure and habits of the insects have until recent years been very Proo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser., Vol. VI. March 7, 1896. 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. imperfectly understood — even yet the position of the group among insects is but provisionally established (see fostea), and the knowledge of the life history is strangely incomplete. In America, besides some account of the commoner forms infesting domestic birds and mammals included in Professor Herbert Dsborn's " The Pediculi and Mallo- phaga affecting Man and the Lower Animals" (Bull. No. 7, 1891, Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric), and a discussion by Prof. A. S. Packard (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1887, vol. xxiv) of the position of the group among insects, practically nothing touching the systematic consideration of the group has been published. Historical and Bibliographical. European. — The Mallophaga are first recognizably mentioned in the writings of Redi (1668 and 1686), where the common Trinoton luridzim of the ducks may be recognized in his "louse of the teal," and the com- mon Lifeurus baculus of the pigeons is evidently the subject of his description of "Pulex columbce majoris." In the various writings of Albin (1720), Otto Fabricius (1780), J. C. Fabri«ius (1781, 1787, 1805), De Geer (1778), Linne (1746, 1789), Scopoli (1763), Schrank (1776, 1781, 1804), Panzer (1793), and others, curious accounts and brief descriptions of the common Mallo- phaga are to be found. It is to the writings of Christian Ludwig Nitzsch, Pro- fessor of Zoology in the University of Halle, in the suc- ceeding century, however, that we turn for a definite me- moir which may be recognized as a real beginning of the systematic study of the Mallophaga. Nitzsch's "Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta Epi- zoica) als ein Prodromus Naturgeshichte derselben," NEW MALLOPHAGA. 33 published in Germar's Magazin der Entomologie, vol. iii, 1818, Halle, presents the essential features of the classification of the group now used, and contains the earliest accepted nomenclature. Since the publication of this pioneer memoir four monographic works have been •issued, together, needless to say, with numerous lesser memoirs containing descriptions of new species, compiled and more or less comprehensive conspecti of the group in text-books, and morphological treatises. The monographs indispensable to the student of the Mallophaga are Henry Denny's Monographia Anopluro- rum Britanniae, or an Essay on the British Species of Par- asitic Insects, 1842, London, illustrated with colored plates; Christoph Giebel's " Insecta Epizoa, die auf Saugethieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insekten, nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet, mit XX Tafeln nach Nitzsch's Handzeichnungen," 1874, Leipzig; E. Piaget's "Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique, vol. i, Texte, vol. ii, Planches, 1880, Supplement, 1885," Ley- den; and O. Taschenberg's "Die Mallophagen, mit be- sonderer Beriicksichtigung der von Dr. Meyer gesam- melten Arten," Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.- Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, Band xliv, No. 1, 1882, Halle. Of these monographs Denny's is limited to a consideration of the parasites found on birds col- lected, in England, his descriptions are too brief, and the colored figures too superficially drawn, so that it is often impossible to recognize from his description and illustra- tion the species of parasite which he had under consider- ation. Giebel's monograph, as indicated in the title, is based on the unpublished descriptions and drawings of Nitzsch. Giebel also had access to the specimens col- lected and prepared by Nitzsch. The work is a monu- mental one, although many of the descriptions are incom- Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. ( 3 ) March 9, 1896. 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. plete, and the colored illustrations leave much to be de- sired in the way of accurate detail. Piaget's monographic essay is easily the most valuable treatise on the group, the descriptions being good, the uncolored figures in every way admirable, and the scope of the work truly monographic. Piaget has fairly attempted to include in his original essay a consideration of every species of Mallophaga described up to 1880. In his Supplement he publishes the descriptions of more than 100 new, species which have come under his observation. Taschenberg's memoir is the first part of what he hopes to make a com- plete monograph of the group. It includes the genera Goniodes, Goniocotes, Lipeurus, Ornithobius, Akidoproc- tus and Trichodectes. The descriptions of new species are very complete, and the keys to species in the consid- ered genera of great value; the illustrations only, though good, are not up to the exceptionally high standard of the work. Taschenberg, like Giebel, has had access to Nitzsch's types. Of the lesser systematic memoirs Nitzsch's posthumous papers, edited by Giebel, in the Zeitschrift fur gesammte Naturwissenschaft, vols, xvii, 1861, xviii, 1861, and xxviii, 1866, are the most important; all of their contents are, however, included in*the Insecta Epizoa. Next in im- portance, as far as number of described species goes, are Rudow's papers, consisting of an inaugural dissertation (1869) and several articles in the Zeitschrift fur gesammte Naturwissenschaft, 1869- 1870. Rudow's descriptions are deplorably incomplete; Piaget has practically dis- carded them in his monograph. Of treatises on the Mal- lophaga to be found in text-books of general entomology, that in Burmeister's Handbuch der Entomologie, 1832, is markedly the most complete. Finally, of morphological memoirs, those of Kramer on NEW MALLOPHAGA. 35 Lipeurus jejunus (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1869, vol. xix, p. 452), of Melnikoff on the embryology of the Mallo- phaga and of the PedicuHdas (Archiv f. Naturgesch., 1869, vol. xxxv, p. 136), and of Grosse on the anatomy of Tetraoj>thalmus chilensis [=Menofon titan] with some comparative studies (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1885, vol. xlii, p. 530), are the most important. A full abstract of Grosse's paper was published by Macloskie in the Amer- ican Naturalist, 1886, vol. xx, p. 340, and is thus readily accessible to American students. A few descriptions of new species have been published recently by Piaget (Tijdschr. v. Ent., and Notes of the Leyden Museum), and by Picaglia (Atti d. Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat.', and Atti d. Soc. dei Nat. di Modena). I append a bibliographic list of the more important sys- tematic and morphological memoirs. Full bibliographic lists are to be found in the monographs of Giebel and Piaget. A good list is that published by Picaglia at the beginning of his paper, " Pediculini delPIstituto anato- mo-zoologico della R. Universita di Modena," Atti d. Soc. dei Naturalisti di Modena, 1885, serie 3, vol. iv. BIBLIOGKAPHY. SYSTEMATIC. Albin, Eleazar. A Natural History of English Insects, 1720, London. Burmeister, Hermann C. C. Handbuch der Entomologie, part I, 1835, Berlin. DeGeer, Carl. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Inseetes, vols, v, vii, 1778, Stockholm. Denny, Henry. Monographia Anoplurorum Britannise, 1842, London. Fabrichjs, Johannes Christianus. Systema Entomologies, 1775, Flens- burg. Species Insectorum, 1781, Hamburg. Mantissa Insectorum, 1787, Copenhagen. Systema Antliatorum, 1805, Brunswick. Fabrichts, Otto. Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, Copenhagen and Leipzig. Gervais, Paul. Histoire Naturelles des Inseetes apteres, 1847, Paris. 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Giebel, Christoph. Inseota Epizoa, Die auf Saugethieren und Vogeln sehmarotzenden Insekteu, nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet, 1874, Leipzig. Geuee, Adolph E. Beschreibung der auf A. Th. v. Middendorff Sibirischen Reise gesammten Parasiten, in MiddendorfFs Beise, vol. ii, part i, 1851, St. Petersburg. Gurlt, Ernest F. Verzeichness der Thieren auf Welchen Schmarotzer- insekten leben, mit Hinzufiigungen von Schilling. Arch, f. Natur- gesch., tome xxiii, p. 276 et seq., 1857. Uber die auf Haussaugethieren und auf Hausvogeln lebenden Sohmarotzinsekten. Mag. f. d. ges. Thierheilkunde, vol. viii, p. 409; vol. ix, pp. 1-10, 1842. Neues Verzeichniss der Thiere auf welchen Sohmarotzerinsekten leben. Archiv. f. Naturgesoh., vol. xliv, p. 162 et seq., 1878. Linne (von) Carl. Systema Naturaa, 13th ed., tome I, vols, iv, v, 1789, Leipzig . Megnin, Paul. Les Parasites et les maladies Parasitaires ehez l'Homme, les animaux domestiques et les animaux sauvages aveo les quels ils peuvent etre en oontaete, 1880, Paris. Murray, Andrew. Economic Entomology, Aptera, 1877 (?), London. Nitzsch, Christian Ludwig. Die Pamilien und Gattungen der Thier- , insekten (Insecta epizoica) als ein Prodromus Naturgeschiehte dersel- ben. Germar's Mag. d. Ent., vol. iii, pp. 261-316, 1818, Halle. Panzer, Georgius W. F. Faunas Insectorum Germanicaa, 1793, Niirn- berg.' Piaget, Edmond. Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique, 1880; Supple ment, 1885, Ley den. Description d'une nouvelle Pediculine. Notes from the Leyden Museum, vol. xi. Quelques nouvelles Pediculines. Tijdschr. voor Entomologie, vol. xxii, p. 147 et seis due to a structural condition incident to the parasitic habits of the insects. The body is small, wingless, greatly flattened and usually strongly chitinized. There are no indications of wings in any stage of the in- sect's life. Head (fig. 7, plate ii). The head is large in propor- tion to. the whole size of the body, flat (slightly convex above and slightly cojicave below), and variously cres- centic, reniform, quadrangular, triangular, narrowly or broadly conical. It is usually sparsely haired, the hairs appearing specially along the acute lateral margins. The mouth parts and oral opening are on the under side of the head; and the antenna? are outstretched or concealed in excavations on the under side. The most conspicuous character of the fixed parts of the head, other than their extremely flattened condition, is the great development of the clypeus which usually forms the principal part of the head in front of the antennary insertions, and is prolonged as a flat, tapering or expanding, colored or partly uncol- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 41 ored plate, whose anterior margin, variously notched, roundly emarginated, truncated or convex, forms the frontal line of the head. The suture separating the cly- peus from the epicranium is usually distinct or unmis- takably indicated, sometimes indistinguishable. The hind-head is usually widest across the temporal region, the temples often being strongly expanded laterally with angulated or rounded margin. The occipital region is usually concave, so that the head sits "hat-like" on the prothorax. The head presents certain chitinous bands projecting forward from the occipital margin, inwardly from the eyes, forward from the bases of the antennas, etc. The presence or absence and the character of these bands are used as distinguishing specific characters, and the bands are named and defined in the Terminology (see j>ostca). The antenna? (rigs. 10, u and 12, plate ii) are short, 3-, or 4-, or 5 - segmented and vary much in shape and character. They are filiform (suborder Ischnocera) or clavate or capitate (suborder Amblycera), and sometimes differ in the two sexes of the same species. When this is the case they are the antennae of the male which depart from the typical condition, showing appendages on one or more segments, probably used for grasping the female. The antennas arise from or near the lateral margins of the head, and usually from about the middle of the margin. The fossa may be deep or shallow ; its angles projecting and acute or short and rounding; and the antennae may project directly and always from the head ( suborder Ischnocera) or they may lie concealed in excavations on the under side of the head (suborder Amblycera). The eyes are simple and are located in the lateral mar- gins of the hind-head not far behind the antennary fossas, in a deep or shallow ocular emargination of the lateral 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. margin, or on the non-emarginated margin. They are two in number, although each is sometimes slightly or al- most completely divided by an angular emargination. They are flatly convex to hemispherical, and clear to strongly colored. The mouth parts (figs. 7, 8, 9, plate ii), situated on the under side of the head, and variously from the middle of this aspect to the frontal margin, are fitted for biting and consist of rather large, strongly chitinized, usually two- toothed, usually sharply pointed mandibles, inconspicuous and as yet imperfectly known maxillae without *palpi, and a labium of various character and size ; either large and with 4-segmented palpi (family Liotheidaa) or small and without palpi (family Philopteridas). Despite the good work of Grosse the knowledge of the mouth parts of the Mallophaga is still manifestly incomplete. Thorax. The thorax, which is composed usually of but two segments (three in but three genera) , the meso- and metathorax being indistinguishably coalesced, is flat, larger than broad, and variously shorter than the head to much longer than the head (in one species as long as the abdomen). The lateral borders of both sclerites are strongly chitinized. The metathorax sometimes closely resembles an abdominal segment and is often closely joined to the first abdominal segment. The prothorax usually bears one to a few stiff hairs on its lateral margins; the metathorax often bears in addition to the hairs almost al- ways present in the lateral angles, a series of long, strong hairs ranged along the posterior margin. These hairs may arise from small uncolored (unchitinized) spaces and . *The earlier writers, Nitzsch et al., ascribe the visible palpi to the max- illae; Grosse is positive of their labial connection. A study of the anatomy of the Mallophaga, now being made in my laboratory, will, it is hoped, afford some further data on the mouth parts subject. NEW MALLDPHAGA. 43 project upwards, being undoubtedly tactile organs. In ~the case of the three genera in which the mesothorax can be distinguished from the metathorax, this separation is especially evident in immature specimens, as would be expected in the case of a specialization by reduction. The legs (fig. 13, plate ii) are strong and of variable length ; the forelegs are the shortest and are used as foot- jaws for carrying food to the mouth. When at rest the forelegs project forward beneath the head. The coxae 'are usually short (long and projecting beyond the lateral margins of the thorax in one genus) and are rarely ap- pendaged. The femora vary from long, subcylindrical, Jo short, thick, subovoid; the tibias are usually shorter than the femora (sometimes as long, rarely longer) and slender, and are armed at the distal extremity with spines , and sometimes, in the males, with special structures for holding the female. Both femora and tibise bear from a few to many short to long hairs; sometimes series of short, strong spines. The tarsi are 2 -segmented, the distal segment with one (mammal-infesting forms) or two (bird-infesting forms) claws, the first segment of the tar- sus is short and with or without one or two small lobes ; the second segment is short (family Philopterida?) or elon- gate and slender (family Liotheidae) and bears a pulvillus between the claws. Abdomen. The abdomen is flat, short, oval to long and slender, often differs in the sexes, especially in the shape and character of the posterior margin of the last segment, and is composed of 9 (sometimes apparently 8) or 10 segments. It may be almost naked or pretty thor- oughly clothed with hairs, and bears almost always one to several short to long hairs in the posterior lateral an- gles of each segment, which angles sometimes project acutely. The hairs on the dorsal surface, as on the 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. thorax, sometimes arise from small, circular, uncolored spaces, when they are said to be "pustulated." The last segment is variously elongate, short, with emarginate, truncate or convex posterior margin, which is evenly or unevenly fringed with short to long hairs. The lateral margins of thesegments are usually strongly chitinized, the chitin being sometimes translucent, but usually dark brown to black. Internal. — For our present knowledge of the internal anatomy of the Mallophaga we are indebted chiefly to Nitzsch, Kramer and Grosse. Among the points of special interest presented by the internal structure are the concentration of the nervous system and the differing types of crop in the two sub-orders. Alimentary Canal (figs, i and 2, plate ii). The oesoph- agus of the Amblycera simply expands widely to form a crop ; in the Ischnocera the crop appears as a conspicu- ous diverticulum or lateral sac of the oesophagus. The crop often bears spines or teeth on its inner wall. There are two pairs of salivary glands, variously cylindric, clavate, sub-spheroid, reniform, or divided into many small Cylindrical tubes. The stomach usually presents two forward-projecting sac-like expansions. There are four thread-like, unbranched, Malpighian tubules. Genitalia (figs. 4 and 5, plate ii). In the male there are paired testes, two sperm-ducts uniting to form an ejaculatory duct, accessory glands and a protrusible penis, with chitinized, often elongated, side-pieces. The female has paired ovaries ("three pairs of ovarian tubes in Liotheidee, five pairs in Philopteridse "), two oviducts uniting before issuance, and a seminal receptacle (called by Nitzsch " Kittdruse," but hy Kramer and Grosse a receptaculum seminalis). Dorsal Vessel. Kramer found the heart of Lipeurus NEW MALLOPHAGA. 45 jejunus to be a long delicate tube with expanded, turnip- like, posterior extremity. The " wing -muscles " are greatly reduced. There are but four openings for the ingress of the blood, which is not rich in white corpuscles. Wedl was able to study the heart of Meno-pon /pallidum, but Grosse could not succeed in making preparations showing the heart of Tetraopthahnus chilensis \~=Menopon titan]. Respiratory System (fig. 6, plate ii). In Menopon titan I have found six pairs of abdominal spiracles (segments 3-8) and a pair of prothoracic spiracles. There are two large longitudinal trunks and one large transversal trunk (segment 4 of the abdomen) in titan. Nervous System (fig. 3, plate ii). There are two head ganglia, the supra-oesophageal and the infra-oesophageal, and three thoracic ganglia lying close together. There are no abdominal ganglia, the hindmost thoracic ganglion sending back into the abdomen two large nerves, whose branches provide the abdominal viscera with nerves. Life-History and Habits. The Mallophaga have an incomplete metamorphosis. The eggs are elongate-oval, are fastened singly by some gluey substance to the vanes or barbs of the'feathers, and the young issue by breaking off a circular cap or lid at the larger free end of the egg. The duration of the egg stage has not been determined for any species. A num- ber of eggs of Nitzschia pulicare (host, the Chimney Swift, Ckcetura pelnsgia), collected by P. H. Rolfs (Ames, Iowa), and kept, some of them, " in a tight paste- board box in his vest-pocket, the others enclosed in cot- ton-plugged tubes under a setting hen," incubated under these circumstances in from 13 to 20 days. The age of the eggs at time of collecting was not known. The young 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. resemble the parents in essential characters; the notice- able differences are the comparatively larger head, the smaller, especially shorter, abdomen, and the absence or incompleteness of the markings, especially those of the abdomen. The color of the very young is always whit- ish; as they grow older chitinization follows and the brown and black colors appear (see plates). The number of moults or the duration of immaturity is not known for any species. I have observed nymphs (presumably in the stage preceding the final moult) which were fully as large as the adults of" the same species. I have figured the immature stages for one or more species in nearly all the genera met with by me on the water and shore birds (see plates). In none of the monographic works is there any attention paid to the young. From the preceding brief account it is obvious that the life -history of the Mallophaga is as yet practically unknown. Parasitism. The parasitic habits of the Mallophaga have been the subject of some little study, mainly directed to ascertaining whether or not the blood of the host ever forms a part of the food of the parasite. From the con- dition of the mouth parts and from repeated examination of the contents of the crop the food of the Mallophaga is affirmed to be the epidermal scales and the hair or feathers of the host. The conspicuous large, dark, pear-shaped blotch in the abdomen found in a majority of individuals examined is discovered, on careful examination, to"*be the crop and its contents, composed of bits of feathers show- ing through the semi-transparent body of the insect. In Nitzsch's drawings, illustrating the Insecta Epizoa, this food-filled crop appears in many of the individuals figured. Denny's figures also show the discolored crop. Of course such a " marking "» is an evanescent one: immediately after a full meal it would be present; later, after diges- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 47 tion, it would be wanting. A few instances are recorded of the presence of blood in the crop, but it has been sug- gested, with much show of probability, that the blood was such as might not infrequently, because of wounds, be found by the parasite on the feathers, perhaps dried and hard. There is one instance, however, known to me among the habits of the parasites which cannot be so readily explained. Menofon titan var. linearis of the California Brown Pelican ( Pelecanus californicus) is found commonly clinging to the inner surface of the gular pouch. The clinging is accomplished by the use of the mandibles, each parasite of the half do2en individ- uals which may be grouped together having its mandibles inserted in the skin of the pouch. The mandibles are not thrust in suddenly on touching the insect with the collecting forceps, but the insects are always, as far as observed, firmly lodged. Indeed some effective clinging would be necessary always to prevent the carrying away of the parasites by the water taken into the pouch of the pelican in feeding. In several instances a small region surrounding the parasites was raw and bloody. What is it that serves these parasites for food? Perhaps, of course, simply the epidermal scales of the inner wall of the pouch. The abundance of certain species of Mallophaga, like Menapon pallidum, 6n domestic poultry causes the hosts much inconvenience and sometimes actual injury. The injury is done by the irritation of the skin of the host by the sharp-clawed feet of the hordes of parasites, rather than by any direct hurt through the feeding. After the death of the host, the parasites either attempt to leave the body, usually migrating slowly toward the head, or sim- ply die on the body. The death of the parasites remain- ing on the body usually ensues in two or three days. I have observed the death of some in four or five hours, 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. and, on the other hand, have collected live parasites from a bird skin seven days old. The death of the parasites can hardly be caused by starvation, in view of their feed- ing habits, but rather must be attributed to the lack of animal heat which they have been accustomed to during the life of the host. Mallophaga which infest swimming and diving birds are not furnished with special contrivances for their pseudo-aquatic life. They, in fact, never come, neces- sarily, into contact with the water, living, as they do, at the roots of the feathers where the water can never pen- etrate, and where they have a constant and sufficient sup- ply of air for the longest submergence possible to the host. The origin of the parasitic habit among the Mallophaga and its influence on their structure are questions of much interest, but ones which cannot be touched on here. Some of the phenomena of the relations of parasites to hosts, the migration of the parasites, and the influence of their peculiar habits on the rapid establishing of varia- tions, are considered in the following paragraphs under the head of "Distribution." Distribution. The Mallophaga are parasites which live for their whole life on. the body of the host; only in rare instances are the insects to be found off the host's body. The common louse of the hen, Menopon pallidum, has been found walking on the roosts or elsewhere in the chicken houses. But the Mallophaga are not "stationary parasites" of that extreme type in which the organs of locomotion are lost; and the infesting of new hosts .is accomplished by actual migration of individuals from one bird to another. It is obvious that for any one bird- species this migration NEW MALLOPHAGA. 49 may be readily accomplished: (a) from male to female, or vice versa, during copulation; (b) from parent to young, during the nesting season. In both of these cases there is actual contact of the hosts. If at other times in the life of the host it comes into actual contact with other birds of its own species migration of parasites can take place. Such cases must occur among birds of gregarious habits; the crowding together of gulls on small masses of floating sea -weed, or on masses of food, or on the rocks of the shore, must bring about actual con- tact of the bodies of the birds. But, as common observa- tion shows, there are in the crowding groups of gulls in- dividuals of different species. Thus in these cases there is possible a migration of parasites from one bird -species to another, these species in the case of the gulls being closely related ones — species belonging, in fact, to one genus. But on the " roosts " of maritime birds, the cliffs of the shore and the outlying rocks, birds of very differ- ent kinds sit huddled together. Along the rocky shores of Point Pinos on the Bay of Monterey, pelicans, cormo- rants and gulls gather in great numbers and perch side by side on favorite "roosts." It seems as if migration of parasites from one to another of these bird-species could here, and elsewhere under similar conditions, often be accomplished ; and I have found Lifeurus toxoceras, de- scribed by Nitzsch from a cormorant, on both a cormo- rant and a pelican shot on this shore. Other cases of contact occur between birds of prey and their victims (I have noted a Physostomum, a genus confined normally to passerine birds, on a sparrow-hawk); and in those few groups of closely allied forms among which hydridization occurs, as with the ducks. Still other opportunities for accidental or normal contact between birds of different species will suggest themselves to the student. Peoo. Cal. Acad. Soi., 2d 8sb., Vol. VI. <4> March 9, 1896. 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The opportunities for migration so far referred to are sufficient to account for the spreading of a parasite spe- cies among individuals of its host species, and for the condition presented in cases like those of Docophorus lari and JYirnius lineolatus common to many species of gulls, and those of Trinoton luridum and Docophorus icterodes common to many species of ducks : cases where the birds are of gregarious habits, or where hybridization occurs. But of those cases of a parasite common to two or more bird-species, one or more of which are Old World forms and the other or others New World forms, a further ex- planation is necessary. In this paper I ascribe to Mallo- phagous species described from specimens taken on birds of Europe or elsewhere not on the American continent specimens of twenty-two different species of Mallophaga taken on American birds. Examples of such occurrence are Nirmus signatus and N. pileus from the American Avocet (Recurvirostra arnericana) and described by Pia- get and Nitzsch from specimens taken on the European Avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta); Docophorus pertusus from Fulica arnericana (America), originally described from Fulica atra (Europe), and so on. In rare instances we find a bird-species common to both the Old World and the New World: certain birds of circumpolar range, as Cepphus grylle, and exceptional cases like that of Puf- finus major, come in this category. The parasites of these birds will of course be common to America and to Europe. But such instances are rare. A few other cases may exist in which certain strong - flying maritime American and European or Asiatic birds may meet occasionally on some midoceanic island and a migration of parasites be effected. Such instances, also, are exceptional. The occurrence of a parasitic species common to European and American birds, which is not an infrequent matter (out of the sixty NEW MALLOPHAGA. 5 1 species of Mallophaga referred to in this paper as being taken on American birds one -third are referable to spe- cies previously described from European or Asiatic birds), must have another explanation than any yet suggested. This explanation, I believe, is, for many of the instances, that the parasitic species has persisted unchanged from the common ancestor of the two or more now distinct but closely allied bird-species. With the spreading of the ancestral bird-species, geographical races have arisen within the limits of the species which have, with time and isolation caused by newly appearing geographical barriers (due to geologic or climatic changes), come to be dis- tinct species — species often distinguished only by super- ficial differences in color, etc. The parasites have re- mained practically unaffected by the conditions which have produced the differences among the birds ; the tem- perature of the host's body, the feathers as food, all, of the environment is essentially unchanged in its relation to the parasite. The parasitic species thus remains un- changed, while the first Larus species or Anas species becomes differentiated into a dozen or score of specific forms, all with a common parasite. In substantiation of this explanation of a common pos- session of a parasitic species by Old and New World birds some examples may be referred to. As already mentioned, I have found on Fulica americana the same species of parasite, Docofhorus pertusus, described by Nitzsch from specimens taken from the European Fulica atra; Docofhorus melanocefhalus taken by me on Sterna maxima is recorded by European authors from Sterna casfia and S. cantiaca; Nirmus functatus, found by me on Larus occidentalis was described by Nitzsch from Larus ridibundus and has been found by Piaget on Larus dominicans from Chile and on Larus ickthyatus from the 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Volgas; Nirmus signatus and N. -pileus found by me on Recurvirostra americana were described by Piaget and Nitzsch ■ respectively from Recurvirostra avocetta, the European Avocet; Lifeurus ferox taken by me on Dio- medea albatrus is recorded by European writers from Diomedea exulans, brachyura and melanofhrys; Lifieurus forficulatus taken by me on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus and P- californicus was described by Nitzsch from P. onocrotalus ; and similarly the most of the twenty -two previously described species taken by me from American birds might be thus offered as examples. We have in all of these cases the common parasite occurring on the American representatives of the genus to which the orig- inal Old World host belongs. Looking now for the ex- ceptions to this condition — namely, for instances where the known species when found on an American bird is found on one widely separated phyletically from the Eu- ropean host — we find no clearly defined instance of this condition, no instance where association during life or "straggling" after death of the host can be put aside as possible explanations of the presence of the parasite on the unexpected host. There are to be noted other results of the influence on the taxonomy of the TVTallophaga of the peculiar condi- tions of their parasitic life. While the uniformity and persistence of the conditions under which the life of the parasites is passed tends to preserve with little change the species types, the peculiar isolation, often pretty complete, of groups of individuals of a parasite species on individual birds of the host species and the consequent close breeding tend to foster and fix those in- evitable slight variations always manifest in a comparison of offspring and parents, but under normal conditions held in check or lost (unless directly advantageous) by new mAllophaga. 53 crossing among less closely related individuals. For ex- ample the individuals of a parasite species on a bird of long life and non- gregarious and monogamous habits, like an eagle, live very much the life of an isolated com- munity. There must be many years of in-and-in breed- ing. It is like island life. The result is certain: the members of this isolated group will soon differ from the specific type in noticeable particulars. On the other hand, the conditions of life on this "island" are practi- cally identical with the conditions on other similar "islands" — other eagles — inhabited by other individuals of the same parasite species, so there is no iufluence working to produce a wide divergence of the members of these various isolated groups of individuals of the same species. Now this isolation of groups of individuals is in some degree an incident of the life of all Mallophaga ; in some instances it is considerable; in others, inconsider- able, but taken altogether a condition in the life of the whole order exerting an influence which has the readily recognizable result of creating a great number of small variations within species limits. We have noted now two influences resulting from the peculiar habits of the Mallophaga which are somewhat opposed to each other. One influence, due to the uni- form (as far as relation to parasite goes) conditions of the habitat, the body of the host, tending to preserve essen- tially unchanged the type-forms of the parasites; the other influence, due to the isolation of groups of individ- uals and the consequent close breeding, tending to foster and fix small variations. The results, manifest to any student of the gr6up, are to render difficult the division of the order into distinct genera on account of the general similarity of structure, and to make difficult the definition of species on account of the many slight variations among 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the individuals from different bird individuals. While I believe myself able to refer specimens taken from Amer- ican birds to a score of species described from specimens taken from European and Asiatic birds, in all of these instances there are slight but recognizable differences be- tween the American specimens and the type-forms of the species (as well as I am able to make comparison, having only the drawings and descriptions of these type-forms to refer to). The differences in relative abundance or rarity of the individuals of a species, and in the relative freedom or seriously infested condition of the hosts may be referred to briefly. Certain specific examples will serve to illus- trate the various conditions. In the first place the host species may have several parasitic species as Diomedea albatrus, Fulmariis glacialis vars. glupischa and rodgersii and Fulica americana, each with six species of parasites; or the host species may have but one (very rarely) or two or three parasitic species infesting it, as with most of the ducks and gulls. A parasitic species may be constant in its appearance on the individuals of its host species, as Docophorus lari, almost certain to be found on any gull specimen shot, Lipeurus celer, which I found on twenty- nine out of thirty specimens of Fulmarus glacialis vars. glupischa and rodgersii examined, Doco-phorus occidentalis similarly found on twenty- nine out of these thirty Ful- mars; or it may be found on but few individuals of the host species, as Docophorus quadratice^ps found on one of fourteen specimens of Fulica americana examined, and Nirmus prcestans found on two of fourteen specimens of Sterna maxima examined. There may be many individ- uals of a parasitic species always present on the body of the host, as with Lipeurus celer on the Fulmars, of which parasite I have collected nearly one hundred specimens NEW MALLOPHAGA. 55 from a single bird, and which is always abundantly pres- ent on its host; or the individuals may be few even though the parasite is a constant one, i. e., almost always to be found on any specimen of the host examined. Trinoton luridum of the ducks is a good example of this constant presence in small numbers. There may be more than one species of the same genus of parasites on a single host, as Li-peurus celer and Lij>eurus varius, both numerous on the Fulmars ; but usually the different parasites of a host rep- resent different genera, exemplified by the remaining four species of parasites of the Fulmars which belong to four other and different genera. Finally, I may append to these desultory remarks con- cerning the distribution of the Mallophaga and the influ- ence on their taxonomy of their peculiar habits of life a list of those bird hosts with their parasites, the examina- tion of which has afforded the data for this paper. In preparing the list I have eliminated all instances of un- doubted "straggling." LIST OF HOSTS WITH- PARASITES. Colymbus nigricollis calif ornicus. Synthliborhampus antiquus. Docophorus lari. Docophorus montereyi. kansensis. atrioolor. Menopon tridens var. insolens. Menopon loomisii. Urinator paoifious. Brachyrhampus marmoratus. Docophorus colymbinus. Docophorus montereyi. graviceps. atricolor. Oneophorus advena. Uria froile californica. Menopon tridens var. pacificum. Docophorus calvus. Urinator lumme. Rissa tridactyla polliearis. Docophorus colymbinus. Docophorus lari. lari. Larus glaucus. graviceps. Docophorus lari. Nirmus farallonii. Larus glaucescens. Ceratorhina monocerata. Docophorus lari. Docophorus acutipeclus. Niimus lineolatus. Ptychorhampus aleuticus. Colpocephalum funebre. Docophorus montereyi. Menopon infrequens. Menopon loomisii. , 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Larus occidentalis. DooophoruB lari. Nirmus lineolatus. punetatus. Larus argentatus smithsonianus. Docophorus lari. Nirjnua lineolatus. Larus vegte. Docophorus lari. Nirmus lineolatus. Larus oalifornicus. Nirmus lineolatus. Larus delewarensis. Docophorus lari. Nirmus lineolatus. punctatus. Larus brachyrhyiichus. Docpphorus lari. Nirmus lineolatus. Larus canus. Docophorus lari. Nirmus lineolatus. Larus heermanni. Docophorus lari. Nirmus lineolatus. felix. Sterna maxima. Docophorus melanocephalus. Nirmus prsestans. hebes. lineolatus. Sterna forsteri. Menopon tridens var. insolens. Diomedea albatrus. Nirmus giganticola. Lipeurus ferox. densus. Eurymetopus taurus. Oolpocephalum pingue. Menopon navigans. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. Docophorus occidentalis. Lipeurus celer. varius. Eurymetopus taurus. Ancistrona gigas. Menopon numerosum. Eulmarus glacialis rodgersii. Docophorus occidentalis. Lipeurus celer. varius. Eurymetopus taurus. Ancistrona gigas. Menopon numerosum. Puffinus opisthomelas. Lipeurus diversus. limitatus. testaceous. Giebelia mirabilis. Puffinus griseus. Lipeurus diversus. limitatus. Giebelia mirabilis. Phalacrocoraxdilophusalbociliatus. Docophorus lari. Nirmus farallonii. Lipeurus toxoceras. Phalacrocorax penicillatus. Nirmus farallonii. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus.- Lipeurus forficulatus. Oolpocephalum unciferum. Menopon titan var. impar. Pelecanus oalifornicus. Docophorus lari. Lipeurus forficulatus. toxoceras. Colopocephalum unciferum. Menopon titan var. linearis. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 57 Merganser serrator. Doeophorus icterodes. Lipeurus temporalis, squalidus. Merganser americanus. Lipeurus squalidus. Trinoton luridum. lituratum. Anas boscas. Doeophorus icterodes. Trinoton luridum. lituratum. Anas americana. Trinoton luridum. Anas carolinensis . Trinoton luridiim. Spatula elypeata. Trinoton luridum. Dafila acuta. Doeophorus icterodes. Trinoton luridum. lituratum ( ? ) Aythya americana. Doeophorus icterodes. Aythya affinis. Doeophorus icterodes. Charitonetta albeola. Lipeurus squalidus. Oidemia deglandi. Doeophorus icterodes. Oidemia perspicillata. Doeophorus icterodes. Lipeurus constrictus. Erismatura rubida. Doeophorus icterodes. pertusus. Trinoton luridum. Ardea egretta. Colpocephalum laticeps. Fulica americana. Doeophorus pertusus. Lipeurus picturatus. longipilus. Oncophorus ad vena. Laemobothrium atrum. Menopontridens var.pacificum. Kecurvirostra americana. Nirmus signatus. pileus. Colpocephalum uniforme. Menopon indistinctum. Charadrius squatarola. Doeophorus fuliginosus. Charadrius dominicus. Nirmus orarius. Colpocephalum timidum. Position among Insects. What the position of the Mallophaga among insects is, is s.till a moot question, as indeed, strictly speaking, is the position of any one of the groups. The Mallophaga by reason of their habits have been constantly associated in entomological literature with the Pediculidae. It is hardly worth while here to trace the Mallophaga in their tortuous path through the various schemes of insect classification from the times of Redi to the present day. It has not been until comparatively recent years that the facts of structure and life history upon which the classification of any group depends were known in the case of the Mallo- 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. phaga. The classificatory attempts prior to that time were simply the results of conjecture. Grouped for a long time with the Hemiptera, because the Mallophaga are, what the Pediculidas, undoubted Hemiptera, are, external parasites of animals, the testi- mony of the biting m<5uthparts finally effected their re- moval to that heterogeneous group of insects, the order Pseudo - Neuroptera. "Here they came to be associated, in all of these steps more and more nearly approximating the truth, with the Termites, Psocids, Perlids and Embids, these groups forming the suborder Platyptera. Dr. Brauer in 1885 broke up the order Pseudo-Neuroptera, and after this cataclysm our Mallophaga found themselves in com- pany with the Termites and Psocids constituting the order Corrodentia. Finally under the impetus thus acquired in order -breaking many entomologists have gone further, and in the hands of these men the Mallophaga reach the standing of an independent order. The latest American text-book of entomology, Comstock's Manual of Insects, 1895, adopts this treatment of the group. Whether a group of insects should be called an order or a suborder or what not is largely, of course, a matter of an author's attitude in matters classificatory. The point manifest in all this shifting about and gradual growth of ranking importance 1 of the Mallophaga is that the group is one well removed from any other group of insects. The more the structure and life history of the bird -lice have been studied, the more difficult it has become to ally them closely with any other insects. The, at first glance, apparently simple and lowly struct- ure of them is discovered by study to be the result of a specialization along the lines of parasitism. The sim- plicity of outer habitus, lack of wings, the rather Thysan- uriform appearance are not the simplicity of a general- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 59 ized, of a racial condition, but of a specialization, albeit in the line of reduction or degradation. With the simple general structure there goes a highly concentrated ner- vous system, greatly modified mouth parts, and curiously specialized antennas. The thorough study of the life-history, embryonic and postembryonic, is needed to throw more light on the po- sition of the Mallophaga. Till such study is made, the present isolated position assigned the group, based on the known structure of the adult and on its habits, may be accepted as representing the consensus of authority. Classification. The Mallophaga were divided by Nitzsch into two fam- ilies, the Philopteridas,' with filiform antennas and without maxillary palpi, and the Liotheidas, with capitate 4- seg- mented antennas and maxillary palpi. The family Phil- opteridas included two genera, Trichodectcs , with 3 -seg- mented antennae and i-clawed tarsi, and Philopterus, with 5 -segmented antennas and 2 -clawed tarsi. The latter genus was subdivided into the five subgenera, Docoph- orus, Nirmus, Goniocotes, Goniodes, Lipeurus. The family Liotheidce similarly included two genera, Gyropus, with 1 -clawed tarsi, and Liotheum, with 2 -clawed tarsi. The latter genus was subdivided into six subgenera, Lu- t reum, Lantobothrium, Physostomum, Trinoton, Colpo- cephalum and Menopon. The two i-clawed genera Tri- chodectcs and Gyropus were found by Nitzsch exclusively upon mammals; all the other genera exclusively upon birds. In essential identity the classification of to-day is that of Nitzsch; it differs in discarding the generic groups Philopterus. and Liotheum, and in considering the Nitz- schian subgenera as genera, and in the addition of sev- eral new genera. 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. That change by which the one-time subgenera of Phil- opterus are now put on equality with the genus Tricho- dectes, and similarly the subgenera of Liotheum on equal- ity with Gyrofus, seems to me ill-advised. The two genera found on mammals differ so radically and in so many ways from their related genera in each family that I believe their striking host and structural differences should be emphasized in the classification. I propose, therefore, in the light of the present position of the Mai- .lophaga as an independent order of insects, to rank the Nitzschian families as suborders, and the.Nitzschian gen- era as families, and the Nitzschian subgenera, the genera of present day writers, as genera. This will leave un- changed the present generic names and ranking, but will restore the expression, first indicated by Nitzsch in his generic rankings, of differences between the mammalian parasites and the avian parasites. This re-ranking, which is practically a return to classification of Nitzsch, finds expression in the keys and synopses which I have ar- ranged to receive all of the genera so far recognized. Although the Mallophaga include already nearly iooo described species there are but few genera and these genera are difficult, to separate: In other words, the whole group is a series of closely related and intergrad- ing forms. The causes and conditions of this state of affairs I have already attempted to explain in the para- graphs under the head of " Distribution " (antea). In this place the facts of this close inter-relation come home to' us in the attempt to arrange keys for the separation of the genera. I found trouble, when beginning the study of the Mallophaga, in distinguishing by the published keys certain genera; whether a Philopterid parasite was a Docofhorus or a Nirmus, or whether a Liotheid para- site was a Menopon. or a Colfiocefikalum, were questions NEW MALLOPHAGA. 6l not definitely answered by the key. In introducing into the key the genera which have been described since the making of the key used in the European monographs, I find naturally increasing difficulties; so I have accompa- nied the key with a synopsis of all of the described gen- era, calling attention to the characters which go to give any genus its peculiarly characteristic appearance. With the key and the diagnosis I hope that any genus can be satisfactorily determined. For definitions of the terms used in referring to various structures of the Mallophaga, see the Terminology, following the synopsis. KEf TO THE SUBOEDEBS. A. With filiform 3- or 5-segmented antennae, and no labial palpi. Suborder Ischnooera. AA. With clavate or capitate 4-segmented antennas, and 4-segmented labial palpi. Suborder Amblycera. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBOEDEE ISGHNOCEEA. A. With 3-segmented antennae; tarsi with 1 claw; infesting mammals (family Trichodectidse) . Trichodectes N. AA. With 5-segmented antennae; -tarsi with 2 claws; infesting birds (family Philopteridaa). B. Antennae similar in both sexes! 0. Front deeply angularly notched. Akidoproctus P. CC. Front convex, truncate, or rarely with a curving emargina- tion, but never angularly notched. D. Species broad and short, with large movable trabecules (at the anterior angle of antennary fossa). E. Forehead with a broad transverse membranous flap projecting beyond lateral margins of the head in the male, barely projecting in female. , Giebelia Kellogg. EE. Without such membranous flap. Docophorus N. DC Species elongate, narrow; with very small or no trabecules. Nirmus N. BB. Antennae differing in the two sexes. C. Species wide, with body elongate-ovate to sub-orbicular. D. Temporal margins rounded; last segment of abdomen roundly emarginated; antennae of male without append- age, third segment very long. Eurymetopus Tasch. 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. DD. Temporal margins usually angulated; last segment of abdomen convex, rarely angularly emarginated with two points. E. First segment of antenna of male large, sometimes with an appendage; third segment always with an appendage. Goniodes N. EE. First segment of antenna of male enlarged, but always without appendage; third segment without appendage; last segment of abdomen always rounded behind. Goniocotes N. CC. Species elongate, narrow, sides sub-parallel. D. Third segment of antenna of male without an append- age. Ornithobius Denny. DD. Third segment of antenna of male with an appendage. E. Front deeply angularly notched. Bothriometopus Tasch. EE. Front not angularly notched. F. Antennae and legs long; a semicircular oral fossa. Lipeurus N. FF. Antennas and legs short; oral fossa narrow, elongate, extending as a furrow to the anterior margin of the head. Oncophorus Rudow. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBORDER AMBLYCERA. A. Tarsi with 1 claw; infesting mammals (family Gyropidas). Gyropus N. AA. Tarsi with 2 claws; infesjting birds (except Boopia?) (Family Liotheidas.,) B. Ocular emargination distinct, more or less deep. C. Forehead rounded, without lateral swelling; antennas pro- jecting beyond btirder of the head. Colpocephalum N. OC. Forehead with strong lateral swellings. D. Antennas projecting beyond border of the head; temporal angles projecting rectangularly; eye large and simple. Boopia P. DD. Antennas concealed in groove on under side of the head; temporal angles rounded, or slightly angular; eye divided by an emargination and fleck. E. Mesothorax separated from metathorax by a suture. Triuoton N. EE. Meso- and metathorax fused; no suture. L.35M0B0TH.RIUM N. BB. Ocular emargination absent or very slight. C. Sides of the head straight or slightly concave, with two small laterally-projecting labral lobes. Physostomum N. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 63 CC. Sides of the head sinuous; forehead without labral lobes. D. Body very broad; metathorax shorter than prothorax. Eueeum N. DD. Body elongate; prothorax shorter than metathorax. E. Ocular emargination filled by a strong swelling; . sternal markings forming >a quadrilateral without median blotches. Nitzschia Denny. EE. Ocular emargination without swelling, hardly- ap- parent or entirely lacking; median blotches on sternum. E. Very large; with two 2-pointed appendages on ventral aspect of hind-head; anterior coxaa with very long lobe-like,appendages. Ancistkona West wood. PP. Small or medium; without bi-partite append- ' ages of hind-head. Menopon N. Synopsis of Mallophaga. Suborder ISCHNOCERA. With the antennae filiform, 3- to 5-segmented, sometimes differing in the sexes ; no labial palpi. Family TRiCHODECTiDyE. Characters of the single genus. Genus Trichodectes. Infesting mammals; tarsi with one claw; antennae 3-segmented, in some species differ- ing in the sexes ; legs thickly beset with hairs ; female with a pair of bent appendages on the sides or ventral surface of the eighth abdominal segment. Family Philopterid^e. Infesting birds; tarsi with two claws; antennae 5-seg- mented, not lying in an excavation on the under side of the head, but always projecting far beyond the sides of the head. Genus Docofhorus Nitzsch. (Plates iii and iv. ) Body short and broad, head usually as wide across the tem- ples as long, front broadly truncate or convex or slightly concave, rarely with a curving emargination; clypeus 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. with distinct suture, often with a broad uncolored anterior and lateral margin ; signature usually shield-shaped, with acuminate posterior angle; prominent movable trabecule reaching to or beyond end of the first antennal segment; antennae similar in the sexes, with thick first segment, segment 2 the largest, and segments 3-5 subequal. Thorax with meso- and meta-segments completely coalesced; legs rather flattened, insertions approached; front legs small- est and usually concealed beneath the head. Abdomen usually oval, of nine segments of about equal length; last segment of male rounded, of female small and emargin- ated. Color and markings whitish on buffy ground, markings clear light brown to opaque dark brown, and even to black; head with antennal occipital bands ; thorax with lateral borders; abdomen with lateral bands, dark- est, and lateral transverse blotches, longest in male where they nearly meet on the median line. This genus has been found on birds of all the larger groups except the Gallinae. Genus Giebelia Kellogg. (Plate xi.) General char- acters of Doco-phorus ; forehead (labrum?) with a broad transparent membranous flap extending across the ventral surface of head and projecting conspicuously beyond lat- eral margins of head in* the male and but slightly in the female; rectangular anterior angles of temporal region with large eye in the angle. Found, as yet, only on the genus Puffinus (Shearwaters). ' Genus Nirmus Nitzsch. (Plates v and vi.) Body usu- ally narrow and elongate, though not actually long, the species rarely exceeding 3^ mm. in length; the antennae similar in the sexes; clypeal suture ordinarily indistinct; the trabecule wanting, or if present very small, incon- spicuous and not movable (rarely large and feebly mov- able) ; other characters approximately those of Doco-phor- us. Found on all kinds of birds. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 65 Genus Akidofroctus Piagel. Body slender, elongate, Nirmoid in general shape; front of clypeus with a deep median rectangular notch, clypeal suture not distinct; antennae similar in the sexes, situated distinctly before the middle of the head, short; prothorax rectangular, meso- and "metathorax fused, widest (except in one species) in front; abdomen with broad sutures and a longitudinal median uncolored line; slightly, mesad of thelateralband there runs parallel with it on each side a second narrow transparent lateral band ; the two last segments in both sexes abruptly narrower than the seventh and conical. But four species belonging to this genus have been de- scribed. Genus Eurymetojyus Taschenberg. (Plate xi.) Body broad, Docop/iorus-like ; antenna? differing in the sexes; clypeus broad, truncate; anterior angles of antennary fossae produced and pointed; metathorax short, broad, without indication of constriction between meso- and meta-segments ; coxa? not projecting beyond lateral mar- gins of thorax; posterior segment of abdomen broadly round with slight rounding emargination, deeper in fe- male than in male. But three species of this genus are yet known, of which one is so aberrant that it should probably be made the type of a new genus. Genus Goniodes Nitzsch. Body large and broad; head usually with temporal margin and outer occipital margin angulated; head often varying in form in the sexes; antennas differing in the sexes, third segment of male always with appendage, first segment enlarged and some- times with appendage; prothorax usually trapeziform, metathorax much larger, rounded laterally; abdomen usually broadly oval, lateral band broad. Color usually whitish or pale yellowish, the blotches tawny, the bands dark brown to black. Found only on Gallinaceous birds. Pboo. Cal. Aoad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI ( 5 ) March 11, 1896. 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Taschenberg has given sub-generic names to certain pretty distinctly separable'groups of species. These sub- genera may be distinguished by the following table : A. With rounded temporal and occipital corners. No appendage on third segment of male, or a very small one. Stronglyocoles . AA. With angulated temporal and occipital corners. B. Antenna of male with segments 4 and 5 very short, third segment with appendage. Temporal angles weak. Coloceras. BB. Segments 4 and 5 of male antenna of ordinary size. Temporal anglfes distinct. C. Segment 3 of male antenna with appendage; segment 1 long and thick and sometimes with appendage. Goniodes s. sir. CC. Segment 3 of male antenna without appendage (distal angle slightly produced); segment 1 without appendage. Rhopaloceras. i Genus Gom'ocotes Hurmeister. General characters those of Goniodes, but usually smaller species, and with an- tennae of male never appendaged; the antennas differ but little in the sexes, the male sometimes having the first and second segments larger than in the female. The species of this genus are found on gallinaceous and columbine birds. Genus Omithobius Denny. Body elongate, narrow; head broad, rather quadrangular; clypeus with a frontal emargination expanded within so that the bounding sides are pincer-like in shape, the points almost meeting, thus nearly inclosing the emargination ; the antenna? arise far in front of the middle of the head, and differ in the sexes; the antenna? of the male have the first two segments larger than the others, and the third, which is diagonally trun- cated and expanded distally, is with or without an append- age ; the abdomen has two parallel lateral bands on each side, and the last segment of the male is pointed, of the female rounded or truncate. Only three species of this genus have been found, all on swans. Genus Bothriometofus Taschenberg. Body elongate, NEW MALLOPHAGA. 67 sides subparallel; head about as long as wide, with swell- ing rounded temples ; clypeus including most of the fore- head; without antennal bands, and with a deep angular frontal emargination or notch (much as \x\Akidoproctus); antennae situated in front of middle of head and differing in the sexes; the antenna of male long, first segment thickened and as large as all the others together and with a pointed projecting process; antenna of female short, first two segments of equal length; legs very long, abdo- men of both sexes with posterior segment 2 -pointed be- hind. But one species has been described, taken from Palamedea . Genus Lifeurus Nitzsch. (Plates vii, viii, ix and x.) Body long, slender; head usually narrow, elongate, with rounded temporal margins ; clypeus usually with distinct signature, and with distinct or indistinct suture; antenna differing in the sexes, the male antenna with first segment long and thick, rarely with appendage; third segment has an appendage, which is sometimes small and inconspicu- ous; the female antenna is simply filiform with first seg- ment the thickest and second segment the longes,t; meta- thorax usually at least twice as long as the prothorax, often showing a lateral constriction indicating the line of fusion of meso- and meta-segments; the legs arise far apart, the proximity of the coxal cavities of the second and third pairs of legs to the thoracic margins being one of the diagnostic characters of the genus; the coxae are long and project conspicuously beyond the lateral margins of the thorax; abdomen elongate and narrow, with seg L ments 8 and 9 fused. Body color, white to brown, with conspicuous markings of pale brown to black. There are many described species and they have been found on all kinds of birds, being especially common on swimmers and rare on passerine birds. 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Genus Oncophorus Rudow. (Plate xi.) (The generic name Oncophorus was proposed by Rudow for a species which has since been transferred to another genus, Eury- metopus, but Piaget, retaining the generic name, has grouped under it a number of species presenting the characters following. This genus "serf de transition naturelle entre les genres Docophorus et Nirmjis (Tune ■part et les genres Goniodes et Lipeurus d'atitre part." ) Usually small, 2 mm. being a maximum length among the known species.; varying from broad to slender; head conical, clypeus with or without distinct suture, with or without signature; antennas differing in the sexes, the male antenna longest, and the first three segments with or without appendages ; prothorax but little shorter than the metathorax; legs short like those of Nirmus; color generally dark brown. But few species (eleven) so far described. Suborder AMBLYCERA. With the antenna? clavate or capitate, 4-segmented, and with filiform 4-segmented labial palpi. Family Gyropid^e. Characters of single genus. Genus Gyropus Nitzsch. Infesting mammals, tarsi with one claw; temples produced into angulated pro- cesses; mouth parts on the frontal margin of the head; size, small from .7 to 1.2 mm. Family Liotheid^e. Infesting birds (see Boopia! ); tarsi with two claws; the 4-segmented antennas lying, when not outstretched, in an excavation on the under side of the head. Genus Colpocephalum Nitzsch. (Plate xii.) Body varying in size from very small (1 mm.) to large (3 mm.), elongate, oval or elliptical; head usually wider than long NEW MALLOPHAGA. 69 with distinct ocular emargination ; eye located in the pos- terior portion of the emargination, simple or semi-divided by an emargination; temples usually swollen or "winged" with rounded or nearly straight lateral margin; just be- hind the eye and along the anterior margin of the temple a series of fine short hairs, the "ocular fringe"; the 4- segmented labial palpi extending beyond the lateral mar- gins of the head; the 4-segmented antennas with first seg- ment short, cylindrical, second, conical, truncated, third goblet -shaped, fourth cylindrical or ovoid usually ob- liquely truncated; prothorax usually longer than metatho- * rax, with produced lateral angles and bearing a pale or uncolored transverse line which does not extend into the lateral angular regions ; mesothorax indicated by a slight constriction and sometimes by an uncolored transverse line across the metathoracic segment; first segment of tarsus short, with a small flat lobe or plate, second very long and slender; abdomen with nine segments, the pos- terior one differing in the sexes, with distinct dorsal and ventral posterior borders. Color whitish or yellowish with pale to dark brown markings. The genus contains many species, found on all birds except ostriches. Genus Boopia Piaget. -The single species upon which this genus is established by Piaget was found by him in company with individuals of C olpoce-phalum truncaium on Phascolomys fossor, a wombat ! Can these true Liotheid forms have been stragglers from some bird host to this mammalian host? The characters of the genus, as shown by the one species, are: Body about 2 mm. long; head rounded in front, ocular emargination wide but shallow, situated more anteriorly than in other Liotheida?; eye hemispherical, very large, located in the anterior portion of the ocular emargination ; temples angularly produced ; the palpi passing the margins of the head by three seg- 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ments; the antennae with second segment subspherical, third pedunculated, fourth the largest; thorax much as in Colfiocephalum ; legs, long and hairy; abdomen of eight (?) segments. The middle of the head and borders of the abdomen yellowish ; the rest of the head, thorax and abdominal blotches tawny. Genus Trinoton Nitzsch. (Plate xiii.) Body large, from 2 to 6 mm. long; head, triangular, with rounding angles, with projecting rounded temples, and convex ar- cuated occipital margin; antennas, short and concealed, palpi projecting beyond lateral margins of forehead; eye prominent and emarginated, appearing double ; the whole thorax very long, in one species larger than the abdomen ; mesothorax separated from metathorax by distinct suture (the diagnostic character of the genus) ; legs long, strong and haired; first segment of tarsus short, with two nar- row and acute lobes, second long with two small lobes near the extremity; abdomen elongate oval, nine seg- ments, the posterior segment being rounded behind in the" female and trilobed in the male. Color whitish, with brown or reddish brown blotches and black bands. Genus Lamobothrium Nitzsch. (Plate xiv.) Large species, from 5 to 10 mm. long; body elongate, rather slender; head usually longer than wide, truncate or emar- ginate in front; temples but little swollen with occipital corners angulated; occipital margin deeply concave, with a neck-like prolongation; a large and' distinct oral fossa; the mesothor-acic suture obsolete, although usually faintly indicated; metathorax separated from abdomen by dis- tinct suture, but of general appearance of an abdominal segment; legs long and strong; first segment of tarsus short with a large lobe; second segment very long and without lobes; abdomen elongate, tapering posteriorly; the ninth segment rounded or truncate. Color varying NEW MALLOPHAGA. ^1 from tawny to blackish brown on a whitish groiind. Found on birds of prey, and certain water birds. Genus Physoslomum Nitzsch. Species large, from 2% to 5 mm. long; body elongate; head broadly conical, straight or a little concave on the lateral margins, without ocular emarginations ; broad and usually truncate or flatly convex in front; temporal corners angulated; the under side of the forehead with two small motile muscular lobes projecting slightly beyond the lateral margins, character- istic marks of the genus; palpi prominent; antennas very short, always concealed in their furrows; thorax longer than the long head; meso- and metathorax completely fused, the posterior width of the metathorax same as an- terior width of first segment of abdomen; legs robust, little colored and with few hairs ; first segment of tarsus with a small double lobe ; second segment rather short. Abdomen elongate elliptical, ninth segment broad and rounded. Color clear pale brown to yellowish, abdomen with lateral bands. The species are few and have been found as yet exclusively on passerine birds. Genus Eureum Nitzsch. Body large, head and abdo- men very wide, and metathorax very short; head without ocular emargination and with temples very much enlarged and rounded; antennas concealed in their cavities; the palpi never projecting beyond lateral margins of the head; thorax about same length as the head; prothorax con- cave before and behind; the shorter metathorax of the same form as first segment of abdomen; legs long, sec- ond segment of tarsus very long; abdomen with acute posterior angles of segments, and hairy. But two species are known, one found on a swallow and the other on the chimney swift. Genus Nitzschia Denny. Body of medium size, about 2 mm. long; head with small ocular emargination, and a 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. slight but distinct emargination of the lateral margin in front of the ocular emargination, being about where the projecting palpi pass the margins of the head; head wider than long, temples expanded and angulated in front and behind; antenna short and entirely concealed in their cavities; palpi rather* long and projecting beyond mar- gins of the head; prothorax hexagonal with obtuse an- gles; the mesothoracic suture slightly indicated on the lateral margins; legs long arid only slightly colored, first tarsal segment very short with a small acute lobe, second segment larger; abdomen similar in the sexes, obovate, widening posteriorly, with broad lateral bands. Color tawny, blotches ferrugineous, and lateral bands dark reddish brown. Only one species certainly known; found only on the chimney swift. Genus Ancistrona Westwood. (Plate xiii. ) Body very large, 6 mm. long and ly^, mm. wide; head crescentic, without ocular emargination; with two 2-pointed strongly- chitinized processes on ventral aspect of hind head pro- jecting backward beyond occipital margin of the head; antenna concealed in ventral cavities; the lateral palpi short. Prothorax as large as the head; the metathorax like an abdominal segment; the coxae of the front legs bear a long appendage or lobe; abdomen of ten seg- ments. Only a single species certainly known; found on the Fulmars. Genus Menofon Nitzsch. (Plates xiv and xv.) Body small to large, varying from i mm. to 5 mm. in length; of general shape and character of Colpocepkalum (from which it is sometimes hardly distinguishable), but the oc- ular emargination is wanting or is slight; an ocular emar- gination is often present and plainly visible inferiorly, but superiorly there is a membrane which extends across it; head always widest across the temples; the antennae NEW- MALLOPHAGA. 73 short, first two segments truncated, conical, the second rarely with a short appendage, the third usually pedicel- lated and goblet-shaped, receiving the spherical or ovoid or cylindrical fourth into this open mouth; the fourth is always the largest of the four segments; mesothorax fused with metathorax ; legs long, first segment of tarsus "very short with a lobe of variable form, second long with a small chitin plate often swollen at its extremity ; abdo- men differs in the sexes, both as to general form and specially as to the last (ninth) segment; posterior border of ninth segment of female fringed with fine hairs which are not present in male. Color whitish or yellowish with darker markings. This is a very large genus, infesting all kinds of birds. Terminology. By means of the following definitions and accompany- ing figures the student will be enabled to understand, it is hoped, the special descriptive and structural terms used in the synopses, keys and descriptions of Mallophaga. Most of these terms are the English equivalents, as nearly as possible, of the terms used in the French and German monographs. A few of them are here'first used. 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. c)yf>. Sat" ant Ir. OCC tvU- Fig. 1. Docophorusfuliginosu& Kell., male: clyp., clypeus ; clyp. sut., clypeal suture; clyp. h., clypeal hair; tig., signature; md., mandibles; ant., antenna; tr., trabecula; e., eye; oca. b., occipital band; ant. b., antennal band; lb., cbitinized part of labium; occ.sig., occipital signature; pth , prothorax; mlh., metathor- ax; (or., tarsus; p. ft.. " pustulated " hairs; tr.bl., transverse blotch ; 2. 6. , lateral band; sp , spiracle; gen., genitalia. Antennal Appendage (fig. 2). A projecting pro- cess on the first or third segments of the antennas of the males of certain gen- era. This appendage may be simply a slight projec- tion of one side of the distal extremity of the seg- ment, or may be long and curving, and may arise from the middle of the segment. Antennal BANDS(an2. b., fig. 1). Pale to dark-col- ored chitinous bands ex- tending along the lateral margins of the forehead, interrupted and divided into two parts when the clypeal suture is distinct, sometimes divided into three parts (Nirmi nigro- picti). Antennary Furrows (ant./., fig. 3). The furrows on ventral aspect of head of mem- bers of the Liotheidse in which the antennae he, concealed from dorsal view. Clypeal Hairs (clyp. A., fig. 1). Usually short, fine hairs on the margins, frontal and lateral, of the clypeus. Clypeus [clyp., fig. 1). That part of the head in front of the clypeal suture; prominent throughout the group. Clypeal Suture, or, in descriptions of the head, the suture (clyp. sut., fig. 1). The distinct or indistinct suture separating the clypeus from the rest of the head; when distinct, appearing as a narrow uncolored line; when indistinct, usually recognizable on the lateral margins of the head by a small emargination. Forehead That part of the head in front of the mandibles and an- tennas. Fig. 2. a, antenna of Li- peurus bandus $ ; b, antenna of Lipeurus ferox $ . NEW MALLOPHAGA, 75 Genital Blotch. Abdominal markings on the under side of the last segments of the female; sometimes single and median, sometimes paired and lateral. Genitalia (gen., rig. 1). The colored chitinized parts of the genitalia, often showing through the surface of the body. Hind-head. That part of the head behind the mandibles and antennas. Inteb-coxal Line (i.e. I., fig. 4). A sternal marking consisting of , a colored line or narrow band running transversely between two coxae of the same side. Lateral Bands (I. b., fig. 1). The dark or transparent lateral margins of the abdomen. Labial Palpi (lb. p., fig. 3). The 4-seginented labial palpi, present only among the Liothei- daa; usually projecting laterally beyond the lateral margins of the forehead. Metathorax (m. th., fig. 1). As the meso- and metathorax are in most genera of the order fused into a single segment; the term metathorax used when no men- tion is made of the meso-thorax is intended to apply to this com- pound segment. Pale to dark-colored chitinous bands Fig. 3. Under side of head of Losmobatho- riumsimiUsKell.; of '..oral fossa; lb. p., labial palpus; md., mandible; pg., paraglossa; ant., antenna; ant./., antennary furrow; e., eye. Occipital Bands (occ. b., fig. 1). extending from the occipital margin forward to the mandibular rami. Occipital Margin. 'The posterior margin of the head. Ocular Bands. Bands extending from the eyes to the anterior extrem- ities of the occipital bands. Ocular Blotch. A colored blotch contiguous to the Inner margin of the eye. Ocular Emargination. An emargination of the lateral margin of the head, the eye lying in the emargination though near the posterior end of it. Ocular Fleck. A small intensely black spot of pigment in the eye. Oral Fossa (o.f., fig. 3). A furrow lying in front of the mandibles. Ocular Fringe. A series of closely set small hairs on the posterior half of the inner margin of the ocular emargination and extending to and sometimes on the temporal margin; especially characteristic of Menopon and Colpocephalum; 7 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Pustulated Hairs [p. h. fig. 1). Hairs rising from unoolored (unchit- inized) spaces. Signature (sig., fig. 1). A colored blotch on the clypeus, usually with a posterior acuminate point. The occipital signature is a usually sub- circular colored blotch on the under surface of the hind-head, often show- ing through above. Sternal Markings (fig. 4). Colored blotches and lines on the ventral aspect of the thorax. Temporal Margins (t.m., fig. 1). The lateral margins of the hind-head. Fig. 4. Ventral aspect of thorax and first abdominal seg- ment of Nirmus prcBstans Kell. ; cox., coxa; i. c. I., intercoxal line ; m. bl., median sternal blotch; m bl a., median blotch of abdominal segments. Trabecule (tr., fig. 1). Two processes, one on each side of the head, projecting laterally from the anterior angle of the an- tennary fossa; largest and^onovable in Do- cophorus. Transverse Blotches (Iv. bl., fig. 1). The cplored blotches, one on each lateral half of each abdominal segment. Collections Made. The specimens which I have had for study have been collected by me from newly-killed birds, or from freshly- made skins under the following circumstances : (a) A collection made at Lawrence, Kansas, during the years 1889-1892, exclusively from newly-killed birds, the birds determined bj^me, and in most cases collected by me. (b) A collection made by me at the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory on the shore of the Bay of Monterey, Cali fornia, during the two weeks from Dec. 17, 1894, to Jan. 1, 1895, from newly-killed birds and from the fresh skins lying in cotton forms on tables in the laboratory; the birds were collected on the bay by Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, Curator of Birds of the California Academy of Sciences, and were determined by him. It will always be of interest to the student of these parasites to know the exact conditions attending the col- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 77 I lection of any set of specimens in order that he may weigh fairly the probable accuracy of the host determina- tions and the value of any statements as to relative abund- ance of the individuals of a species,' or of the constant or casual occurrence of any parasite species on the, in- dividuals of its host species. A large number of the specimens upon which the mono- graphs of the order are based were collected from the dried skins of birds in various museums. Piaget has found the museum of Leyden a fertile field for collecting. But it is evident that collecting under such circumstances makes uncertain any generalization regarding the abund- ance of individuals on the host, and the constancy of oc- currence of any certain parasite species on any certain bird species. There is also much likelihood of " strag- gling " and little opportunity to prove or disprove it. On the other hand, in collecting from the newly-killed birds one can practically determine the total parasitic fauna of any bird specimen ; and, where a. large series of speci- mens of one bird species is obtained, definite conclusions as to the constant or casual occurrence of a parasite species upon its host can be attaiped. The collection of imma- ture specimens is practically restricted to collectors from newly-killed specimens because the tender, unchitinized body of the young insect shrivels soon after death; thus the immature insects are rarely found on dried skins. This may account for the absence of references in the European monographs to the immature stages of any of the described species. Methods of Collecting and Preserving. The methods of collecting are simple. The parasites do not leave the body quickly after the death of the host, so if there is no opportunity to take them from the host in the field immediately after shooting, they may be col- 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lected after the dead birds are brought to the laboratory or museum. Most of my collecting has been done in connection with the collection of the birds for museum purposes. The parasites frequent all parts of the body of the host, but after death of the host are especially to be sought about the lores and base of the bill. Here they seem to congregate, and while sometime after death of the host many parasites leave the body others will stop their traveling at the base of the bill, and rather than leave the body will fasten themselves by claws or man- dibles to the short stiff feathers of this region and die there. The death of the parasites which retaain on the body after death of the host takes place in from four or five hours to seven days. In most cases all of the parasites are dead at the end of two or three days. It is evident, in face of the fact that after death of host many parasites leave the body, that much care must be taken to prevent " straggling," i. e., parasites from one bird getting. upon some other bird which may be conveniently near. In the game-bag each bird should be well wrapped in paper, or, as is common with collectors, placed in a paper cone head downwards. In addition to the examination of newly-killed birds, the examination of freslily-made skins may be made, or even of old and dry skins. On these skins the dried bodies of the dead insects, their external appearance (in case of adults) little modified because of their firm chi- tinous covering, may be found attached by the mandibles to the feathers. The collected insects should be kept in alcohol in vials. I put all of the parasites taken from one bird specimen in a single vial, giving this vial an accessions number and putting into it a label bearing name of locality, date and name of bird. Later, with opportunity, the specimens NEW MALLOPHAGA. 79 in any one vial may be assorted into species putting each species in a vial by itself and giving this vial the same accessions number as the original vial and in addition a sub- number or letter. In my catalogue of accessions there are entered under each accessions number the sub-numbers or letters with specific name of the parasites when deter- mined. By this plan, any specimen of parasite can be traced at any time to the individual bird from which it came, and statistics of abundance on the host, of number of individuals of a single species, or of the constant or casual occurrence of a parasite species on a host species can be compiled. Also, the parasitic faunae of different specimens of the same bird-species from different local- ities can be critically compared. The alcohol modifies the specimens but little; their hard chitin covering prevents appreciable shrinking, and the colors are due chiefly to the excess or scantiness of chitinization in different parts of the body, a coloration not much affected by alcohol. Specimens intended for dissection can be well preserved in soft condition in a five per cent, solution of chloral hydrate. Descriptions of New Species. Docophorus calvus n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. i.) A single female, taken on a California Murre, Uria troile calif ornica (Bay of Monterey, California). Description of female. Body, length 1.7 mm., width .8 mm.; short, broad, small, with golden brown mark- ings, darker on margins, almost without hairs. Head, length .53 mm., width .56 mm., thus being slightly wider than long; conical, with uncolored frontal part of clypeus slightly expanded and feebly emarginate ; suture distinct; lateral margin of head in front of suture slightly concave; temporal margins convex with two hairs, and 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. one hair in the prominent eye; occipital margin straight ; trabecular large ; signature colored, posterior margin with darker-colored acuminate point, anterior margin parallel with front margin of clypeus, i. e., emarginate; antennal bands distinctly colored and continued in front of suture, and bending in at posterior ends ; behind these bent-in ends a diagonally transverse, uncolored line; occipital bands distinct; temporal margins colored. Prothorax small, short, much narrower than the head; angled behind, with a slight, rounding prominence at posterior lateral angles bearing a single hair; colored, paler in the center. Metathorax short, angled behind, with sides produced and obtusely rounded, bearing one long hair; whole segment strongly colored. Abdomen broadly elliptical; first segment wholly col- ored, segments 2-7 with a strong lateral blotch, irregu- larly triangular, pointed inwardly, with clear stigmatal spot, with uncolored posterior angles, and with one or two hairs arising from extreme posterior lateral point of colored blotch; eight segment wholly colored; ninth uncolored, rounded, with only very small hairs; central space of abdomen uncolored; a rectangular genital blotch with backward projecting posterior angles showing through on sixth and seventh segments. Docophorus fuliginosus n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 2.) A few specimens from a Black-bellied Plover, Chara- drius squatardla (Lawrence, Kansas), and a single male from a specimen of the same bird-species shot near Palo Alto, California. The new species belongs to the group rotundati (with convex or truncate clypeus) of Piaget's super-group latitemfiorales, which includes the Docoj)hori of the shore birds. This group closely resembles the group -pustulosi of the Terns, and this species from Char a- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 8 1 drius very closely resembles the common melanocefhalus of the Terns. Description of the male. Body, length 1.62 mm., width .65 mm. ; head and thorax smoky golden brown, abdomen dark brown with black markings. Head, length .60 mm., width .53 mml; front convex with a narrow uncolored border, and a short hair in each anterior angle; one short, marginal hair in front of the distinct suture, and two behind it; trabeculae medium ; eye inconspicuous, with a short hair; temporal margins with two hairs: occipital margin straight, bare; signature shield-shaped, pale, with acuminate posterior point darker colored; quadrangular space in anterior part of signa- ture slightly darker colored than rest of signature ; angu- lated antennal bands, their continuations in front of the suture as narrow marginal borders, the diverging occipital bands and the marginal temporal borders dark brown; also* a narrow occipital border not extending to the sides of the head and interrupted medially. Prothorax, short, with slightly diverging sides and flatly convex posterior margin; posterior angles with a single hair; color smoky golden brown, with a dark brown lateral border, extending around the posterior angles, and a little way along the posterior margin. Metathorax short, broad, with widely diverging short sides, and broadly parabolic posterior margin thickly set with a se- ries of pustulated hairs. Sternal markings consisting of dark brown intercoxal lines, a pale median prothoracic blotch, and a small, pale, triangular metathoracic blotch. Legs, fuliginous with narrow dark brown to black mark- ings. Abdomen, broadly ovate, turbinated; segment 2 with specially prominent, acute, projecting, posterior angles; segments 4-8 with one to two hairs in posterior angles ; Pboo. Cal. Aoad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. V.I. ( 6 ) March 11. 1896. 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. whole abdomen, except segment 9, strongly colored; segments 2— 7 with broad black lateral, .bands; segments with long, transverse, dark brown blotches barely separated medially by an uncolored line, widest on second segment and narrowing on each successive segment; transverse blotches confluent medially on segment 1, with a small, medial, angulated, uncolored emargination on anterior margin; segments 2—5 with a series of pustulations along posterior margin of each transverse blotch, and behind each series a narrow dark brpwn transversal line; segment 1 with but two demi- pustulations near mesal end 1 of each transverse blotch ; segment 9 with uncolored anterior an- gles, and a lateral smoky brown blotch with four or five short pustulated hairs; posterior margin truncate with a few rather short hairs; genitalia extending through seg- ments 3-9. Female, length 2. mm., width .9 mm.; head, length .65 mm., width .65 mm.; transverse blotches of abdomen, except of segment 1, not closely approached mesally; segments 1-6 with series of pustulated hairs along pos- terior margin of transverse blotch, four hairs in segment 1, six hairs in segments 2-6; blotches on segments 2-5 acute mesally, blotches of segment 6 diagonally truncate, and of segment 7 flatly rounded; a narrow transversal line be- tween succeeding blotches of each -side of abdomen; segment 8 wholly colored, with a narrow transverse line running across segment close to and parallel with ante- rior margin of blotch; posterior margin convex with four hairs. • Docophorus graviceps n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 3.) A single male specimen, taken from an American Coot, Fulica americana (Bay of Monterey, California) ; and two females from a Pacific Loon, Urinator j>acificus (Bay of Monterey, California). * NEW MALLOPHAGA. 83 Description of maie. Body, length 2. mm., width .72 mm.; pale golden brown, with characteristic angulated, black, lateral abdominal markings; abdomen Nirmoid, head large and just as broad as long. Head, length .62 mm., width .61 mm. ; broadly conical; clypeus with uncolored, truncated, frontal margin, and rounded angles ; a very fine short pair at middle of each rounded anterior angle, and one at the suture; temporal margins with one short prickle and three long hairs ; eye with a short hair; trabecule broad, acute-angled; antennas short, thick; signature pale smoky brown, broadly hex- agonal; posterior margin slightly rounding; on each side of the signature a similarly colored elongated triangular blotch apex anteriorly; ground color of head pale golden brown with darker mandibles, broad curving antennal bands, narrow temporal margin, and occipital bands con- vex outwardly; occipital margin straight. Prothorax, short, broad, a single short hair in posterior angle, and anterior margin deeply emarginated and pro- jecting under the head ; broad lateral margins and for- ward projecting anterior processes dark brown. Meta- thorax, short, broad, with rounding lateral margins; with a short prickle at rounding anterior angle, a short prickle and long hair in middle of side, and one long and two short hairs at rounding. posterior angle; posterior margin slightly convex on abdomen. Abdomen, long, ovate, with obtuse posterior angles of segments projecting along lateral margin, the angles of segments 1—6 bearing a single hair, 7—8 with two hairs; first segment with brown triangular blotch in anterior angles, segments 2—7 with brown transverse blotches cov- ering almost entire segment; along lateral margins on each segment a sharp blackish angulated line extending forward into preceding segment; inside of this broken 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. marginal line the stigmatal series* and still inside a faint continuous uncolored line; transverse blotch on segment 8 curving, and the lateral line narrow and sinuous; seg- ment 9 but weakly colored; the genitalia extending for- ward into the eighth segment, and with distinct small claws at posterior end. The female .specimens were so distorted in preparation as to preclude any careful description. The ninth seg- ment is small but distinct, feebly and broadly emarginated, and has two lateral triangular pale brown blotches. The general abdominal markings similar to male, the charac- teristic angulated black lateral lines being present. Docophorus acutipectus n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 4.) A single female taken on the Rhinoceros Auklet, Cer- atorhina monocerata (Bay of Monterey, Cal.) . This spe- cies resembles D. celedoxus Nitzsch, taken on Alca tor da, Uria troile and Fratercula arctica, but differs in the absence of sternal markings, the almost failing emargina- tion of the clypeus, the character of the genital blotch of the female, and in the larger size. Description of female. Body, length 1.94 mm., width .7 mm.; golden brown with darker markings, middle space in abdomen whiflsh. Head length .56 mm., width .56 mm. ; general markings and shape of celedoxus ; front of clypeus with very faint emargination, one short marginal hair and another just in front of suture; trabeculas large, obtuse, reaching to middle of second segment of antenna; antennae with short thick first segment, second segment longest, bear- ing a short dorsal hair, third and fourth short, equal, fifth longer ; temporal margin with two hairs, eye with a short hair, occipital border straight; signature pale smoky brown, long, with posterior acuminate point, darker col- ored; suture distinct; dark brown antennal bands, con- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 85 tinuing in front of suture, behind it angularly curving; occipital bands diverging, and separated from antennal bands by an uncolored line. Prothorax short with lateral margins obtusely angulated and bearing one hair in angle; broad lateral colored bor- der, anterior border colored, median uncolored space. Metathorax obtusely angled laterally, long and acutely angled on abdomen, three hairs in margin behind lateral angle, broad lateral borders colored. No sternal mark- ings. Legs concolorous with body. Abdomen elongate ovate ; first segment wholly colored except for • distinct narrow median uncolored line not reaching quite to posterior border of segment; segments 2-7 with lateral blotches, on segments 2-5 pointed within, on segments 6-7 blunt within; each blotch with stigmatal spot and several wholly or partly enclosed small circular clear spots along posterior margin ; segment 8 longer and wholly colored, segment 9 short with two lateral flecks ; genital blotch of under side with frontal transverse bar, and extending backward two pointed elongate triangular spaces, lateral ends of the transverse bar diagonally trun- cate. Docophorus quadraticeps n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 5.) A male and a female taken from an American Coot, Fulica americana (Monterey, California). This species closely resembles kansensis, taken from an American Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Law- rence, Kansas). It differs from it by its larger size, the more rotund abdomen, in the distinctly long acuminate signature, and less markedly in the genital blotch. Description of female. Body, Jength 1.87 mm., width .87 mm. ; short golden brown with narrow dark margins of thorax and anterior half of abdomen, and short trian- gular abdominal blotches with few large pustulations. 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Head, length .6 mm., width .6 mm.; broadly conical, forehead especially broad ; front truncate with a hair on dorsal surface in rounded anterior angle, projecting for- ward behind the hair two very short ones (not marginal, and showing through from underside), and behind them a very long hair; at suture a short marginal hair, and be- hind the suture two curving hairs on dorsal surface near the margin and projecting beyond the margin; trabecular large, broad and colored at base with rapidly tapering un- colored tip; antenna?, weakly colored, first segment thick, second segment slender as long as first segment, third, fourth and fifth short and about equal; temporal angles with three long pustulated hairs, also a marginal hair just behind the eye and a long one in the eye ; occipital margin slightly convex in the middle and slightly concave each side of the middle; signature pale, broad, truncate anteriorly and with long,- acuminate, darker colored tip projecting beyond the mandibles; antennal bands pale, interrupted by the distinct clypeal sutures, and coalescing with the much darker, conspicuous, widely diverging oc- cipital bands; temporal margins narrowly edged with black. Prothorax short with rounding angles, posterior margin flatly convex and a single long pustulated hair behind the posterior angles ; lateral margins with even black borders bending inwards, narrowing and paling on posterior mar- gin. Metathorax broadly pentagonal, posterior margins thickly set with a line of long pustulated hairs ; lateral margins unevenly bordered with dark brown and black, broadest in lateral angles. Legs smoky with darker markings, and uncolored extremities of tibiae, tarsi arid claws. Abdomen ovate, with several long marginal hairs in posterior angles of segments; segments 1-7 each with a NEW MALLOPHAGA. 87 lateral, brown, triangular blotch, with an outer, marginal, narrow, blackish line contiguous to the anterior margin of the segments, but leaving an uncolored space about one-third the length of the segment between the hind mar- gin of blotch and posterior margin of segment; each seg- ment with a single transverse series of long hairs pustulated along the posterior margin of the triangular markings, but not pustulated in the median, uncolored portion of the seg- ment; a conspicuous, clear, stigmatal spot in each blotch; triangle of first segment extending furthest inwards (nearly to median line), and shorter on each succeeding segment; eighth segment wholly colored;. ninth segment uncolored, short and emarginated; a large, broadly crescentic, gen- ital blotch With a median, angulated projection in poste- rior concave border on ventral face of segments 6-7. Male, length 1.5 mm., width .4 mm.; head, length .53 mm., width .5 mm.; abdomen short, broadly ovate, with triangular blotches prolonged inwardly; ninth segment flatly rounded behind with a few rather long hairs. Docophorus montereyi n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 6.) Abundant on the Ancient, Marbled and Aleutian Mur- relets, Synthliborhamfus antiquus, Brachyrhampus mar- moratus and Ptychorhamfus aleuticus (Bay of Monterey, California). . Specimens were taken from forty- six indi- viduals out of fifty-five birds of these species shot. , Description of male. Body, length 1.56 mm., width .53 mm.; head large, pale golden brown, abdomen dark, thorax and abdomen with black lateral border. Head, length .47 mm., width .43 mm. ; uncolored front of clypeus very slightly expanded, rounded with a single marginal hair on the side in front of the suture ; trabecu- lar large reaching almost to the middle of the second an- tennal segment; antennas with first segment thick and about as long as second, third and fourth very short, equal, 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. fifth longer than third or fourth ; eye with short curving hair ; temporal margins with two hairs ; occipital margin straight, even slightly convex noticeable at least medi- ally; color pale smoky brown; signature shield shaped with produced acuminate posterior angle not reaching the mandibles, darker colored; antennal bands dark brown,, distinct, posterior ends turning diagonally inwards, ante- rior ends where interrupted by the suture turning in to- ward the base of the point of the signature, and tapering to an acuminate point; occipital bands dark brown, nar- row, uniform, widely diverging, and separated from the antennal bands by a pale diagonal Space; region immedi- ately contiguous to the eye dark brown. Prothorax short, broad, sides diverging, a single long hair in posterior angles; hexagonal, the middle third of the posterior margin making a very obtuse but distinct angle with the lateral thirds; a broad, uniform, dark brown to black border on the lateral margins and lateral thirds of the anterior and posterior margins. Metathorax with sides rap- idly diverging ; posterior margin with rounding angle on the abdomen, and a series of about fourteen pustulated hairs ranged along its entire length from lateral angle of one side to lateral angle of the other side; lateral margins bordered with dark brftwn to black; an anterior medial region almost uncolored; rest of segment fuscous. Legs concolorous with head and prothorax, with darker mark- ings. Abdomen short, suborbicular, turbinated, hinder seg- ments with one to three longish hairs in posterior angles; segment i wholly colored, fuscous, with the blotch angu- lated medially on posterior margin and emarginated nar- rowly on anterior margin; remaining segments except the last with a long, lateral, transverse, fuscous blotch preceded by an equally long, transverse, fuscous line, NBW MALLOPHAGA. 8 9 these blotches and lines black along lateral margin of body forming broad, black, lateral, abdominal bands; the blotches and lines separated medially by a pale, almost uncolored space on segments 2-5 ; on segments 6-7 and on posterior half of segment 5 the blotches and lines coalesce on the median line; several pustulated hairs ranged along posterior margins of blotches on segments 2-6; last segment flatly rounded posteriorly with several •longish hairs, a curving, transverse, medial blotch, and regions of the anterior angles uncolored. Female, with transverse blotches of segments 2-7 of abdomen very short, beginning with anterior segments successively acute, diagonally truncate, and truncate on inner ends, the usually three pustulated hairs conspicu- ous; large medial space of abdomen whitish; last seg- ment fuscous, with five longish hairs in two -groups, one of two and one of three, on each side; measurements, length 1.75 mm., width .7 mm.; head, length .53 mm., width .51 mm. Docophorus occidentalis n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 7.) An abundant species on the Pacific Coast varieties of the Fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis -pacijicus and F. g. rodg- ersii; found on twenty-nine of thirty of these Fulmars shot on the Bay of Monterey, California. Two speci- mens, probably stragglers, taken on two Surf Scoters, Oidemia -perspicillata (Bay of Monterey). Description of the male. Body, length 1.56 mm., width .7 mm.; short, broad, strongly-colored, with black ab- dominal bands and triangular, lateral, abdominal blotches. Head, length .53 mm., width .53 mm.; conical, with truncate or weakly convex front; three very small mar- ginal hairs, one of which is slightly in front of suture; trabeculae reaching slightly beyond base of the second antennal segment; antenna? colored except at sutures, 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. second segment longest, third, fourth and fifth segments about equal; temporal angles with two hairs; eyes with a short spine ; occipital margin straight or slightly convex; signature broadly shield-shaped, constricted near the front, anterior margin truncate or slightly emarginated, posterior margin with a darker colored obtuse angle; angulated antennal bands dark colored and specially dis- tinct; occipital bands distinct, widely diverging, and in- terrupted by a diagonally transverse uncolored line; ,temples dark brown, narrowly margined with black; oc- cipital margin between bases of occipital bands with border of same width and color as occipital bands, paler in the middle. Prothorax short, broad with slightly diverging sides and rounded posterior angles, with one hair; with mar- ginal lateral.bands bending inwards along posterior mar- gin. Metathorax pentagonal, angled on abdomen, with a series of seven pustulated hairs ranged along latero- posterior margins beginning at lateral angles; last hair of each series removed from others and near the posterior angle; segment mostly brown, with a dark lateral blotch in each lateral angle extending indistinctly along latero- anterior sides. Legs light brown, with dark brown mark- ings. Sternal marking* consisting of a short, broad, transverse line in front of the mesocoxae, terminating inwardly in an expanded circular spot; a distinct, narrow, transverse, intercoxal line between meso- and metacoxas, bending backward and margining narrowly the coxal cav- ity, and four small median spots, the hindmost of which is the largest. Abdomen short, broadly ovate, segments 1-7 with elongate, narrow, brown triangles, with acute apex in- wardly; each one of segments 2—6 with three pustulated hairs, one near the lateral margin of' the triangle and two NEW MALLOPHAGA. 91 near the apex, all along the posterior margin of the tri- angle ; segment i with one pustulated hair near the mid- dle, and segment 7 without hairs; segment 8 with narrow curving, transversal, nearly continuous brown band, and segment 9 wholly colored but paler; outer margin of each triapgle broadly black, producing black lateral abdominal bands; posterior margin of segment 9 flatly rounded, with about ten longish hairs; segments 3—7 with one to three longish hairs in posterior angles ; genitalia extending for- ward to third segment, and posterior pincer-like portion very strong. Female. Body, length 1.8 mm., width .78 mm. ; head, length .53 mm., width .53 mm. ; pustulated hairs of meta- thorax at subequal distances apart; triangular blotches of abdomen not projecting so far inwardly, and with but two pustulated hairs ; segment 8 wholly colored ; segment 9 very small, uncolored, with two small lateral blotches, posterior end truncate, and with one short spine at each posterior angle; genital blotch on ventral face of seg- ments 6-7, transverse anteriorly, with two posteriorly projecting pointed processes. , ' Docophorus kansensis n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 8.) A single female specimen taken from an American Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Law- rence, Kansas). The new form somewhat resembles colymbinus (Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 117, pi. x, fig. 5, from Colymbus septentrionalis) , especially in the shape and markings of the head; but the well-defined and characteristic abdominal markings are very different from the abdominal markings of colymbinus. Description of female. Body, length 1.6 mm., width .64 mm.; pale golden brown, with darker, narrow, tho- racic borders and short, lateral, triangular, abdominal blotches bearing a few, long, pustulated hairs. 92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.. Head, length .47 mm., width .44 mm. ; broadly conical, front broad, slightly convex with a shallow median emar- gination; a hair arising from the dorsal surface near the obtuse anterior angle projects forward beyond the margin; behind this two short hairs (not marginal and showing through as in n. sp. a) and behind these a rather long hair ; two short marginal hairs ; trabecule long and father slender, acutely-tipped; antennae long; temporal angles with three hairs, also one hair just behind the eye, and one in anterior angle of eye; occipital border slightly convex; forehead much paler colored than hind head; signature short with slightly concave anterior margin and obtusely angled hinder margin ; antennal and internal bands pale, temples and widely separated occipital bands darker. Prothprax subquadrangular ; rounded posterior angles with one hair; posterior border straight; distinct, regular, colored lateral borders. Metathorax pentagonal; with two non-pustulated hairs in lateral angle and five pustulated hairs ranged along each latero-posterior margin; uniform lateral colored border. Legs pale colored except tarsi and claws. Abdomen, elongate ovate, without angulated lateral pro- jections, with a few pustulated hairs on surface, and one or two rather longish hairs in posterjor angles ; segments 1-7 with lateral trangular blotch bearing three or four pustulated longish hairs ranged along posterior border of blotch; an uncolored stigmatal spot in each blotch; the lateral margins of segments 1 and 2 (less distinctly in 2) bordered with dark brown like the thoracic segments; segment 8 with transverse blotch extending entirely across the segment; and segment 9 uncolored or faintly colored, with slight emargination and only a few very short hairs. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 93 Docophorus atricolor n. sp. (Plate iii, fig. 9.) Not uncommon on the Ancient and Marbled Murrelets, Synthliborhamj>ns antiquus ap,d Brachyrhamj>us marmo- ratus (Bay of Monterey, California). This species is closely related to colymbinus. Description of male. Body, length 1.75 mm., width .71 mm.; rather elongate, Nirmoid in shape, darkly col- ored all over with wide, black, lateral, abdominal bands. Head, length .53 mm., width .6 mm.; slightly broader than long, front broad, with shallow rounding emargina- tion, uncolored portion of clypeus slightly expanded, an- terior angles rounding; one very short fine marginal hair at indistinct suture ; trabecular small; antenna; short and slender; temporal margins with two long hairs; eyes flat with a spine; occipital margin concave; clypeal signa- ture broad anteriorly, with truncate front margin, tapering slowly posteriorly to truncate, posterior margin reaching the mandibles; antennal bands darkly brown, right-angled, with posterior ends extending transversely inwards to mandibles ; occipital bands distinct, slightly diverging and separated from forehead by a transverse, weakly colored, linear space behind antennal bands; temporal regions brown with margins darker. Prothorax, small with anterior margin emarginated and projecting under the head ; lateral and anterior margins ' distinctly and evenly bordered with dark brown to black, rest of segment brown; a short spine on lateral margin, and at rounded posterior angle a single hair. Metatho- rax short, broad, posterior margin flatly convex, angles rounded; a long hair and short spine in an uncolored space in front of middle of lateral margin, and three long hairs in posterior angle; segment wholly colored with darker, small, lateral, marginal blotch, in which is located the clear space containing hair and spine. Legs brown with darker markings. 94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Abdomen elongate, elliptical, segments short of about equal length; each segment with two weak median hairs on dorsal surface; whole colored dark smoky brown ex- cept tip of ninth segment; broad black lateral bands, connected on each segment by a narrow transverse black bar across middle of segment; on first segment this bar broader, covering nearly whole surface of segment, and with a narrow uncolored median line ; ninth segment trun- cate behind with flatly rounded posterior angles ; a series of short pustulated hairs along posterior margin; genitalia in segments 8 and 9, side pieces with a distinct toothed posterior claw. ■ Female, same size; not so dark; ninth segment emar- ginated for one-half its length, the points being obtusely angled, and with one very short hair each. Docophorus insolitus n. sp. (Plate iv, fig. 5.) A few specimens, male and female, taken from an Aleutian Murrelet, Ptychor ham-pus aleuticus (Bay of Mon- terey, California) . This species was not found on other of the numerous individuals of the same bird species taken at Monterey, Description of female. Body, length 1.65 mm., width .50 mm.; elongate, narrow, Nirmoid in general appear- ance, with long trabecular and distinct clypeal suture; color of head and thorax yellowish brown, abdomen whit- ish, with strongly marked dark brown bands of the head, borders of thorax, and. blackish abdominal lateral bands, and brown transverse blotches. Head, length .5 mm., width .4 mm.; large in compar- ison with total size of body, the head being nearly one- third of the total body length, elongate conical; that part of the head in front of the mandibles specially long; front broad, convex, with the margin finely crenulate; three small lateral marginal hairs on forehead; trabeculae NEW MALLOPHAGA. 95 large, blunt; eye with a short hair; temporal angles rounded, with two rather short curving hairs; occipital margin straight; bands of the head, viz., broad antennal, diverging occipital, distinct ocular reaching the tips of the occipital, and narrowly marginal, dark brown and well marked; pale brown signature large, with dark brown posterior angle not reaching mandibles and rather blunt. Prothorax short, broad, with rounded angles and con- vex posterior margin; one hair. in posterior angles; dis- tinct dark brown lateral and anterior borders, also extend- ing inwards from the posterior angles along the posterior margin, but not meeting; median space almost uncolored. Metathorax pentagonal, with rounding lateral angles and six hairs on each latero- posterior margin; broad lateral dark brown border, broadest in lateral angles. Legs concolorous, with pale brown tinge of body, tarsal claws darker. Abdomen elongate, narrow, posterior angles of seg- ment 2 produced, acuminate; lateral margins with two longish hairs, a few longish hairs on dorsal aspect; lateral bands semitranslucent smoky brown, composed of a series of slightly diagonal, narrow, marginal blotches, one on each segment, each blotch widest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly and not quite reaching the posterior angle of the segment; segments 1-7 with lateral transverse blotches, those on segment 1 meeting on the median line; large median region of abdomen whitish ; segment 8 wholly colored; segment 9 small, uncolored, with very slight an- gular emargination; genital blotch a narrow, curving, transverse band across segment 6. Male. Smaller, length 1.34 mm., width .38 mm.; head, length .47 mm., width .37 mm. ; metathorax almost wholly fuscous ; the lateral transverse blotches of abdo- men longer, those on segments 6-7 almost, if not quite, 96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. meeting on median line; last segment broadly rounded with several hairs; genitalia pincer-like. Docophorus icterodes'Nitzsch. (Plate iv, fig. 1.) Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 290. Pediculus dentatus Scopoli, Entomol. Oar'niol., 1763, p. 383. Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie, 1832, vol. ii, p. 424; Gurlt. Mag. f. ges. Thierheilk., 1842, vol. viii, p. 415; Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 101, pi. v, fig. 11; Grube, v. Middendorff's sibir. Keise., 1851, vol. ii, part 1, p. 468; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 115, pi. x, fig. 8; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 114, pi. x, fig. 1. Specimens of this common parasite of ducks taken on the Surf Scoter, Oidemia -persjiicillata, the Ruddy Duck, Erismatura rubida, the Red -breasted Merganser, Mer- ganser serrator (Bay of Monterey, California) ; and from the Mallard, Anas boscas, the Greenwinged Teal, Anas carolinensis, the Redhead, Aythya americana, the Lesser -Scaup, Aythya affinis, and the Pintail, Dafila acuta (Law- rence, Kansas). Piaget, Giebel and Denny list fully a dozen species of ducks on which icterodes has been found. Giebel has described (Insecta Epizoa) three other spe- cies of Docophorus (adustus, p. 113, brevimaculatus, p. 114, and brunneiceps, p. 114) found on ducks, and Rudow one species (natatorunf, Zeitsch. f. ges. Naturwiss, 1870, vol. xxxv, p. 453), all of which Piaget holds to be syno- nyms Of icterodes. Piaget doubts also the validity of two or three other of Giebel's species of duck -infesting Do- cofhori. The wide geographical and zoological distribu- tion of the species render variations inevitable, and its abundance on such common birds as ducks renders inev- itable the observation of these variations. The measurements of the male specimen figured are : body, length 1.4 mm., width .52 mm.; head, length .44 mm., width .4 mm. The species is easily recognizable by its conspicuous rounding, uncolored clypeus with col- NEW MALLOPHAGA, 97 ored signature, and on each side of it the triangularly- headed anterior projection of the antennal band. Docophorus pertusus Nitzsch. (Plate iv, figs. 2 and 3.) Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 290. Docophorus pertusus Nitzsch, Burmeister, Haudbuch d. Entomologies 1832, vol. ii, p. 426; Giebel, Inseota Epizoa, 1874, p. 108, pi. xi, figs. 3, 12; Piaget, Les Pediculines,' 1880, p. 89. Males, females, and young from eight out of eleven specimens of American Coot, Fulica americana (Monte- rey, California) , and from one out of three specimens of same bird species taken at Lawrence, Kansas. A single specimen was taken from a Ruddy Duck, Erismatura rubida (Monterey, California). The Ruddy Ducks and Coots are such constant associates that it is not surprising to find this Coot parasite occasionally on this species of duck. Also a single male was taken from an American Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Bay of Monterey, California). The characteristic forcipated appearance of the clypeus easily distinguishes the spe- cies; in some specimens the "pincers" will be found closed, so that the deep frontal emargination is quite en- closed, while in others the "pincers" will be open. My specimens do not agree with Giebel's figures and Piaget's description as to length of signature; in my specimens the acuminate posterior point extends quite to the mandi- bles. I figure a female, and an immature specimen. The young stage is interesting, as it shows no evidence of the pincer-like condition of the clypeus, and thevdy- peal signature is arrested far in front of the- mandibles. The measurements of the specimens 'figured are: Fe- male, body* length 2. mm., width .92 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .6 mm. Immature, body, length 1.7 mm., width .84 mm.; head, length .52 mm., width .5 mm. Nitzsch's specimens were found on Fulica atra. Pboo. Oal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. ( 7 ) March 12, 1896. 98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF .SCIENCES. Docophorus lari Denny. (Plate iv, fig. 4.) Monograph Anoplurorum Britanniae, 1842, p. 89, pi. v, fig. 9. Pediculus lari Fabrioius, Fauna Groenlandioa, 1780, p. 218. Philopterus lari Fabr., Walckenter, Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt., 1844, vol. iii, p. 337. • Docophorus gonothorax Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1871, vol. xxxvii, p. 450; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 111. Docophorus congener Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 111. Docophorus lari Denny, Piaget, Les Pediouliues, 1880, p. Ill, pi. ix, fig. 7. Many specimens of this common parasite of the gulls on Larus argentatus smithsonidnus, canus, occidentalis, brachy- rhynchus, glaucescens, heermanni , vegce, de/e-warensis, glaucus and Rissa tridactyla -pollicaris (Bay of Monterey, Cal.), and from Larus delewarensis (Lawrence, Kansas). In all, I have examined eighty-seven specimens of gulls of the various species mentioned, and have collected this parasite on seventy-eight of them. Piaget and others have found this parasite on Larus canus, marinus, fuscus, glaucus, argentatus, ridibundus, atricilla, islandicus, leu- cophceus, cyanorhynckus, Pagophila eburnea, Rissa tri- dactyla, Sulla bassana, and Lestris parasiticus. I have found males, females and young of this parasite on Colym- bus nigricollis californicus and Urinator lumme; these can hardly be stragglers. Piaget has named and* briefly described three varieties of this species, there being apparent a considerable vari- ation in size, in shape of the clypeus and character of the male genitalia. The careful examination of a large num- ber of specimens from different species of gulls is neces- sary for an understanding of the condition of the species. I hope to have opportunity to make such a study soon. The species is easily recognized by the strong mark- ings, broad truncate clypeus and large acuminate signa- ture. The female specimen figured measured as follows: body, length 2. mm., width .93 mm.; head, length .62 mm., width .63 mm. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 99 Despite the smaller size I do not understand, from the description, how Picaglia's D.larinus (Atti d. Soc. Ital. d. Sci. Nat., 1885, vok xxviii) differs specifically from lari. Docophorus melanocephalus Burmeister. (Plate iv, %• 6.) Burmeister, Handbook d. Entomologie, 1832, vol.ii, p. 426. Docophorus laricola Nitzsch. (in pars) Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel) 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 363. Docophorus caspicus Nitzsch. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel) 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 361, fig. 87. Docophorus melanocephalus Burm. Giebel, Inseeta Epizoa, 1874, p. 110, PI. xi, fig. 8; Piaget, Les Pedioulines, p. 109, 'pi. ix, fig. 5. Many specimens taken from the Royal Tern, Sterna maxima. This is the most abundant parasite of this Tern (Bay of Monterey, California). I found it on every one of fourteen specimens shot. The European authors record its occurrence on Sterna cassia, cantiaca, and on Larus ridibunda and cirroce-phalus (localities?). Giebel de- scribes also as a distinct species lobaticeps (Insecta Epizoa, p. 109), a closely related, if not identical, form taken on Sterna hirundo and Sterna jissifes. Piaget believes loba- ticefs to be identical with melanocephalus. The distinguishing characters of' melanocephalus are its general dark color, its especially dark colored head, prominent signature with long acuminate point reaching the mandibles, slightly convex clypeal front, and the presence of a small spine and a short hair in the eye. The measurements of the female specimen figured are : .Length 2.1 mm., width .9 mm.; head, length .65 mm., width .65 mm. Nirmus praestans n. sp. (Plate v, figs. 1 and 2.) Taken on the Royal Tern, Sterna maxima (Bay of Monterey, California). But two specimens, both males, IOO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of this new Nirmus were taken, one from each of two birds. The new form belongs to the group nigropicti. Body, length 3.25 mm., width .5; with marginal mark- ings of black, and abdominal blotches of chestnut brown. Head, length .56 mm., width .5 mm.; broadly conical, widest at posterior angles, with temporal margins and margins of forehead in nearly straight diagonal lines; clypeus truncate in front (even slightly concave), with three lateral short hairs; signature with broad anterior margin colored (brown) ; a rather broad lateral black line interrupted posteriorly by the suture, but reappearing behind the suture as a black blotch; antennal bands black, outer ends curving forward; trabecular distinct, as long as first antennal segment; antennae with second seg- ment longest, fifth longer than third or fourth which are equal, uncolored, except the fifth segment, which is light brown with distinct short hairs on tip; eyes with a bristle; temporal margins narrowly bordered with black and with one long hair; occipital angles rounded, posterior border doubly emarginated ; occipital signature black and labium brown, visible on under side ; mandibular rami strongly colored. Prothorax quadrangular, much narrower than head; angles obtuse to rounding; lateral margins strongly and broadly colored, the colored band running inward along the posterior margin for about one-third the length of the margin and slightly expanded at inner end. Metathorax, transverse, five sided, lateral margins with a feeble concav- ity, posterior angles rounding with five separated, strong, pustulated hairs arranged, irregularly spaced, the three outermost close together, in a row extending inwards along the posterior margin; posterior margin obtusely angled on the abdomen; lateral margins with a strong, dark brown, linear blotch expanding at the ends; sternal NEW MALLOPHAGA. IOI markings consisting of broad intercoxal lines, and a tri- angular median blotch on metathorax. Legs mostly un- colored, with femur semiannulated with dark brown at basal and distal extremities; tibiae annulated at distal end; tarsus light brown ; claws uncolored. Abdomen, elongate ovate; posterior angles of segments with few hairs; surface glabrous, first segment without transparent lateral margin, with circular black spot in anterior angle; segments 2-6 with transparent lateral margin, narrower posteriorly; in each anterior angle a black, linear, obliquely directed blotch produced anteri- orly across the suture and into the preceding segment; on segment 7 this blotch very faint or obsolete; at the posterior angle a small distinct blotch; on the eighth segment a small marginal blotch, and on the ninth a transversal, curving, brown line; on the dorsal surface a small, short, curving, median, transversal brown line on the second segment, and a similar slightly larger one on the third segment; on segments 3-6 the broad transversal blotches of the ventral surface show through, as also do the chitinized parts of the genitalia; on the ventral surface there are median transversal brown mark- ings as follows: on the first segment a small wide tri- angle, on the second segment a semiellipse with con- vex side forward, on segments 3—6 broad transverse blotches largest on segments 4-5 ; genitalia showing dis- tinctly; one or two hairs at posterior angles of segments 1-7 ; segment 8 with a strong, long, hair and a shorter one on lateral margin; segment 9 with strong hairs arising from dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rounded poste- rior margin, in all about ten. Nirmus hebes n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 3.) A single poorly -preserved specimen from a Royal Tern, Sterna maxima (Bay of Monterey, California). 102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Description. Body, length 1.72 mm., width .5 mm.; strongly marked, abdomen with large, lateral, transverse blotches and an uncolored longitudinal median line. Head, length .47 mm., width .35 mm. ; elongate conical, front truncate, bare (?); trabeculae small but distinct; temporal margins subparallel, with one hair near posterior angle; antennal bands distinct, dark brown, bending in- wards at the suture, and with posterior extremity expanded; temporal margins narrowly edged with dark brown ; oc- cipital bands indistinct, diverging, more strongly colored at base. Prothorax with rounded angles, bare (?); posterior margin flatly convex, with colored lateral border. Meta- thorax with rounded anterior angles, diverging sides and obtuse posterior angles; angulated on abdomen; two or more hairs in posterior angles; lateral borders colored. Legs concolorous with body, with darker narrow margins. Sternal markings consisting of two pairs of intercoxal lines. Abdomen elongate elliptical ; posterior angles of posterior segments with short hairs; each of segments 2—7 with a marginal black blotch, widest anteriorly and projecting inward along the anterior margin of segment, but paling to brown; this projection 1 stops at a median, longitudinal, uncolored line, turns posteriorly to the posterior margin of the segment and runs along the segment outwardly for a short distance; that part of the lateral portion of the segment not colored by this black and dark brown curv- ing blotch is golden brown; segment 8 wholly colored with narrow, black, lateral margin; segment 9 uncol- ored, with two small, brown blotches; posterior margin feebly emarginate. ' NEW MALLOPHAGA. IO3 Nirmus farallonii n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 4.) A single female specimen taken from a Farallone Cor- morant Phalacrocoracc dilofhus albociliatus (Bay of Mon- terey, Cal. ) An immature specimen taken from a Western Grebe, Colymbus seftentrionalis (Bay of Monterey, Cal.) is also probably of this species. It may be a straggler. In general marking and outline this new species resembles Nirmus disbar Piaget, taken by the namer on a Carbo sulcirostris from a skin in the Leyden Museum. Dispar is a much smaller species, and lacks the characteristic median abdominal blotches of farallonii. Female. Body, length 2.66 mm., width .84; ground color pale clear brown ; strongly and extensively marked with dark brown. Head, length .6 mm., width .53 mm.; conical, narrow in front and rounding; five marginal hairs, a long one on dorsal surface between the front two and two shorter ones on dorsal surface near the fourth marginal; trabeculas small and nearly obtuse ; temporal margins rounding and with one long hair and several short prickles; occipital margin slightly concave; eyes prominent, with a very short prickle; antennas short, second segment longest, third and fourth about equal, fifth longer, concolorous with pale ground color of head; clypeal signature dis- tinct, short pentagonal, with hinder margins and posterior angle rounded ; whole head, except small parts of clypeus, pale brown; antennal bands broad, distinct, bending in at suture; small black ocular flecks, and converging oc- cipital bands. Prothorax shorter than broad, quadrangular with round- ing angles; one long hair and one short thorny hair at posterior angle; color brown, with darker lateral bands which expand into triangular dark brown blotches in posterior angles. Metathorax broader than long, quad- 104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rangular with lateral margins diverging slightly, and anterior angles distinctly expanding and tubercular in front of a constriction; posterior margin straight; pos- terior angles with one long and one short hair in point of angle, and near them five long hairs set in an elliptical clear space; brown, palest in center, lateral bands very dark in posterior two-thirds, and bending in along an- terior margin. Legs colored. Abdomen elongate elliptical, with posterior angles pro- jecting, and two or three rather long hairs in each angle; a few long hairs on dorsal surface; segment i all brown, others with strong, quadrangular, lateral, brown blotches, black on outer margin, and with uncolored stigmatal spots and a median quadrangular light brown blotch ; posterior angles uncolored; segments 8-9 undivided, but with distinct blotches and no median blotches; segment 9 rounding, hardly if at all emarginated, and with only a few short hairs. Nirmus orarius n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 5.) A single specimen from a Golden Plover, Charadrius dominions (Lawrence, Kansas). This form is a member of the group obscuro-suturati, and resembles somewhat my species bce-philus from a*Killdeer Plover, ^Egialith vocif- erus; the body, however, is shorter and not parallel-sided, though the form is still a slender, graceful one. Female. Body, length 1.84 mm., width .4 mm.; pale with narrow distinct marginal markings. Head, length .5 mm., width .28 mm.; head elongate conical, With expanded uncolored part of clypeus in front not ahgulated as in bcefihilus, but rounding ; three clypeal hairs and one on dorsal surface in front of the trabecula projecting over the margin; trabeculee small, clear, but distinct; temporal margins weakly convex with two long hairs; occipital margin faintly concave; eyes flat with a NEW MALLOPHAGA. IO5 long hair; antennae uncolored, short; clypeal signature uncolored; mandibles and labium brown, a- narrow lat- eral brown margin along forehead interrupted in front of antennas and at suture and along temples. Prothorax markedly narrower than head; quadrangu- lar, with sides converging slightly toward front; one hair in posterior angle; with brown marginal band distinct along posterior margin. Metathorax but little longer than prothorax, wider, with rapidly diverging lateral margins; posterior margin angulated; four long hairs in posterior angles, grouped in pairs, one pair being a short distance inward oil posterior margin; an interrupted, lateral, brown band and a long, triangular, brown blotch projecting in- wards from middle of lateral margin. Legs uncolored" with weakly colored tarsi. Abdomen elongate, with convex sides, not parallel; segments of about equal length; segment 9 short and with weak, rounding emargination on posterior margin; a few scattered weak hairs on surface, and segments 5-8 with one or two weak hairs in posterior angles; a narrow, lateral band emphatic in anterior part of each segment and margined outwardly by a narrow clear space; seg- ments 1-6 with large, median, pale brown transverse blotch. Kirmus giganticola n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 6.) This well-marked Nirmus of the group nigroficti was taken from the Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, California). It was found on both of two birds of this species shot. I have not found it on any other bird-species. Body, length 3.5 mm., width .87 mm.; white with a few definitely arranged black and brown spots ; of about the average size and usual shape of the Nirmi nigroficti; 106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. body with a few hairs on margins, general surface glab- rous. Description of male. Head, length .75 mm., width .62 mm. ; conical, front produced and narrowly rounded, al- most angulated; sides of forehead with five hairs, and one short one between the first two which rises on upper sur- face of clypeus at some distance from the margin; be- tween second and third marginal hairs a short hair rising from surface of head so far inward that its tip does not pro- ject over the margin ; temporal marginsjrounding, with few short hairs ; occipital margin slightly and broadly concave ; trabecular wanting; eyes distinct; antenna? with first and second joints longest, each as long as third and fourth, fifth longer than fourth, uncolored; clypeus uncolored; margins of forehead with a short, interrupted, dark brown line; an irregularly shaped dark brown orbital blotch; a small occipital signature; mandibles chestnut brown. Prothorax rectangular, angles obtuse, glabrous, uncol- ored, with broad transparent margin. Metathorax trape- zoidal, widest at posterior angles ; lateral margins slightly concave, deepest before the middle; posterior margin weakly concave; a slender hair at each posterior angle, and in the angular area four long, strong hairs set closely together in a circular, uncolored spot; by each lateral margin just before the middle a conspicuous black trian- gle with apex directed inwards, situated in a marginal transparent space; no sternal markings. Legs uncolored except distal extremity of tibia and tarsus, which are, dark brown; with a few scattered hairs. Abdomen, third, fourth and fifth segments broadest and of about equal width, eighth much narrower than seventh, ninth very narrow and small; posterior angle of second segment with two hairs; posterior angles of seg- ments 3-6 with three hairs, of seventh with at least four NEW MALLOPHAGA. IC>7 hairs, eighth segment with two hairs at each anterior and posterior angle; ninth segment feebly angularly emar- ginated with one short stiff hair on each side of the emar- gination; lateral margins of abdomen transparent, con- taining entering whitish appendages of clear chitin, and on segments 2-7 a small distinct black blotch near the anterior angle of each segment; seventh segment also with a slightly curving, elongate, black fleck in the poste- rior angle; eighth segment marked like the seventh ex- cept that the posterior blotch is more narrowly linear; segment 9 with a narrow marginal blotch on each side. Female generally similar to male; abdomen with one hair on posterior angle of first segment, t\yo hairs on segments 2-4, three hairs on segments 5 — 7; segment 9 more acute than in male and two -pointed; segment 8 with linear blotch extending along whole length of mar- gin ; inside of lower end of this blotch and of marginal blotch of ninth segment a curving, linear, brown blotch; opening of vulva with nine stiff hairs on each margin. This member of the Nirmi nigroficti differs markedly by the produced and narrowly rounded clypeus, the long metathorax with acuminate posteripr margin, and the en- tire absence in both sexes of transverse blotches or" lines on the abdomen from such forms as functatus, selliger, and lineolatus, which in general appearance are somewhat similar to this new form. Nirmus bcephilus n. sp. (Plate v, fig. 7.) A single female taken from a Killdeer Plover, s&gial- itis vocifera (Lawrence, Kansas). Packard's outline figure and incomplete description of Lipeurus gracilis, host? (Amer. Nat., 1870, vol. iv, p. 95, pi. i, fig. 6) must refer to a form resembling, in shape and markings, at least, this species. The new species belongs to the group oSscuno-suturati. l68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Description of female. Body, length 1.95 mm., width .34 mm.; very elongate and slender, parallel -sided, pale with distinct brown marginal bands on head, thorax and abdomen, and with weakly colored and ill-defined trans- verse abdominal markings. Head, length .48 mm., width .23 mm.; elongate, con- ical, with clypeus expanded, and obtusely angled in front and at sides; the expanded part of the clypeus is un- colored; one lateral hair on expanded clypeal portion,' two in front of the suture (one rising from dorsal surface 1 and one from ventral), one at the suture, and two rising from the ventral surface and projecting beyond the lateral margin behind the suture, and one long hair rising from the internal band and projecting beyond the lateral margin of the forehead; trabeculae small but distinct, acute; temporal margins subparallel, with one long hair and one shorter hair; occipital margin concave; eyes inconspicu- ous; antennae with second segment longest, fifth next, third next, fourth next, segment 1 short and thick, un- colored, except a faint brownish tinge on segment 5; clypeal signature triangular with apex toward the man- dibles; entire lateral margin of head narrowly dark brown, interrupted at clypeal suture and emphasized at beginning of antennal band; uncolored occipital bands converging toward the mandibles, and uncolored internal bands bend- ing outward at suture to meet antennal bands and in front of mandibles to enclose oral fossa. Prothorax truncated, conical, sides converging in front, with well defined brown marginal bands around the en- tire segments, and a single hair at posterior angle. Meta- thorax but little longer than prothorax, wider, also trun- cated conical with lateral brown bands interrupted at middle, and three long hairs in posterier angle, and one pustulated hair on each latero-posterior margin; a me- NEW MALLOPHAGA. IO9 dian, long, spear-head shaped sternal blotch of pale brown showing through. Legs with colored, tarsi and strong claws. Abdomen very long, slender, parallel sided, with few scattered long hairs on surface and in posterior angles of segments; segments 8-9 tapering posteriorly; segment 9 slightly but angularly emarginated, without terminal hairs on points; all segments with distinct narrow lateral brown bands, slightly expanding at front of each segment and projecting across the sutures ; segment 1 with trun- cated, conical, paler, median blbtch; other segments with indistinct, large, quadrangular, median blotches. Nirmus punctatus Nitzsch. (Plate vi, figs 1 and 2.) Germar's Mag. Eiitomol., 1818, vol. Hi, p. 291. Philopierui grammicus Gervais, Hist. Nat. Apteres, 1847, vol. iii, p. 350. . Nirmus punctatus Nitzsch. Nitzsch. (ed. Giebel) Zeitschr. f. ges Naturwiss., 1866, -vol. xxviii, p. 377; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 176, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2; Piaget, Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 200, pi. xvi, fig. 4. A female and two immature specimens taken from a Western Herring Gull, Larus occidentalis (Bay of Mon- terey, California). This species was found by Nitzsch on Larus ridibundus, and by Piaget on a Larus domi- nicanus from Chili, a Larus crassirostris from China, and a Larus ichthya'ehis from the Volgas ; a well distributed form, surely. Piaget's figure omits the short hairs at the anterior angles of the clypeus present apparently in all nigro-picti, and his description consistently with the draw- ing refers to but three hairs on each side of the clypeus, where there are really four. The specimen is much larger (length 2.4. mm.) than Piaget's seem to have been, the average length of his female specimens being 1.9 mm. Description of young. Length, 1.5 mm., differing from adult specially in incompleteness of markings and relative IIO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. shortness of body. Head, length 5 mm., width .41 mm.; more rounding than truncate in front and without colored markings, except dark brown labium and pale brown mandibles ; ratio of breadth to length greater than in adult. Thorax with a lateral small black blotch near anterior angle of metathorax. Abdomen, length .81 mm., width .41 mm.; without median markings, a small black blotch at anterior angle of segments 1-7, blotches grow- ing smaller in each succeeding segment. Nirmus felix GiebeL (Plate vi, figs. 3 and 4.) Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 175. Two specimens, both males, taken from two specimens of Heerman's Gull, Larus heermani (Bay of Monterey, California), maybe attributed to this species of Giebel established on a single female taken from the same species of gull. Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 201) assumes to believe Giebel's specimen a variety of punctatus. " Cette spece ne me parait non plus qu'une variete du -punctatus ou l'occiput n'est pas borde de noir et les taches de l'ab- domen sont plus allbngees transversalement." But the differences between the males taken by me and the male punctatus are much more considerable than this. The black bordering of t^je head and the strong tripartite blotches of the abdomen remove it distinctly from any immediate similarity with punctatus ; in fact, the species more nearly resembles lineolatus than punctatus (compare figures 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8, plate vi). Its most striking re- semblance, however, is to prcestans, the transparent clyp- eus, different abdominal markings and markedly different male genitalia distinguishing it from prcestans. Description of male. Body, length 3.66 mm., width .62 mm.; white, with dark brown or black marginal markings, and chestnut brown, median abdominal mark- ings. NEW MALLOPHAGA. Ill Head, length .53 mm., width .50 mm. ; conical, clypeus truncate, even slightly concave in front, a short hair at each anterior angle and five other short hairs in the lateral margin between it and the small but distinct trabecula,; temporal margin slightly rounding, with two longish hairs, and behind the hinder one two very short, stiff, prickle- like hairs; posterior margin straight; antenna? uncolored, second segment longest, third, fourth and fifth segments about equal; anterior part of clypeus transparent, and a transparent space on each side just inside of trabeculae; margin of forehead with a twice-interrupted, uneven, black line, the middle third of it not contiguous to the margin and thickly crescentic; a black border along the temporal margins, bending inwards at anterior end; labi- um black; mandibles chestnut brown. Prothorax quadrangular, bordered laterally with black, which runs inward along the posterior margin one-third the length of the margin; a single hair at posterior angles. Metathorax pentagonal, bordered on the anterior lateral margins with dark brown, inside of which the short, curving, black, intercoxal lines of the sternum show through; posterior lateral angles with five strong pustu- lated hairs almost exactly as in frcestans; posterior mar- gin angulated on abdomen; sternal markings consist of an obtusely-pointed, nipple-like fleck, projecting inwards from lateral margin of metathorax. Legs, femur with brown fleck at basal end and tibia with brown blotch at distal end, tarsus brown, otherwise white; tibia with three short, stiff hairs on inner side and one on outer side; femur with two or three short hairs arising in basal blotch. Abdomen with segtaent 4 widest; nearly parallel-sided for most of its length ; segment 1 with small black blotch at anterior angles, segments 2-7 with triangular (seg- ments 2-3; , or curving, angulated (segments 4-7) blotches 112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. in anterior angles, with transparent spots at posterior an- gles and margins narrowly transparent; segment 8 with irregular black marginal blotch ; segment 9 with two short chestnut lines parallel with posterior rounding margin ; on dorsal surface of segments 2-6 a median transverse chest- nut line shortest on second and on sixth segments, and with anterior border of each mark emarginated; ventral surface of segment 5 with broad transverse chestnut blotch almost divided in the middle; segments 4 and 6 with such blotches completely and widely divided, making two lat- eral blotches on each segment; segment 3 with faint in- dications of such lateral blotches; genitalia confined to segments 7-8, side pieces angulated with points project- ing inwards and slightly crossing each other at tips ; pos- terior angles of abdominal segments with few long hairs ; segment 8 with hairs rising from middle of margin ; seg- ment 9 with about twelve^ hairs along posterior margin which is broadly rounded. Nirmus signatus Piaget. (Plate vi, fig. 5.) Les Pedieulines, 1880, p. 186, pi. xv, fig. 8. Nirmus signatus Piaget, Konig, Ein Beitrag zur Mallophagenfauna, 1884, p. 10. Three males and three females taken from an American Avocet, Hecurvirostrft americana (Lawrence, Kansas). Piaget found this species common on Recurvirostra avo- cetta (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam), and Konig found it abundant on the same bird species taken near Kiel. As Piaget figures only the female, and the differences between the sexes in shape and markings of abdomen and character of last segments is considerable, I figure the male. The difference in size between the sexes is considerable, as shown by the following measurements of my specimens: Male, body, length 1.9 mm., width .5 mm. ; head, length 5 mm., width .36 mm. Female, body, NEW MALLOPHAGA. II3 length 2.5 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .4 mm. The characteristic markings of the species, especially the large and sharply-defined signature, make it easily recognized. Nirmus pileus Nitzsch. (Plate vi, fig. 6.) Germar's Mag. Eutomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 291. Nirmus pileus Nitzsch, Zeitsohr. f, ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 373; Giebel, Iusecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 162; Piaget, Les Pedicu- lines, 1880, p. 182, pi. xv, fig. 6. A single specimen, female, taken from an American Avocet, Recurvirostra americana (Lawrence, Kansas). Nitzsch's and Piaget's specimens were taken on Recur- virostra avocetta. I figure the female, although Piaget's figure is excellent, for the convenience of American stu- dents. The measurements of the specimen are : Body, length 2.8 mm., width .78 mm.; head, length .62 mm., width .60 mm. These measurements vary a little from Piaget's, my specimen being shorter and wider, and the head a fifth greater in length and width. Nirmus lineolatus Nitzsch. (Plate vi, figs. 7, 8 and 9.) Zeitsoh. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 376 (ed. Giebel). Nirmus ornatus Grube, v. Middendorffs sibir. Reise zool., vol. i, p. 477, pi. i, fig. 4. Nirmus lineolatus Nitzsch, Burineister, Handb. Entomol., 1838, vol. ii, p. 428; Giebel, Iusecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 177; Piaget, Les Pedi- culines, 1880, p. 199. I have taken this common Nirmus of the gulls from Larus argentatus smithsonianus, brachyrhynchus, glau- cescens, canus, vegcB, occidentalis, heermanni, calif or nicus, delewarensis (Bay of Monterey, California). Nitzsch found it on Larus canus, argentatus, glaucus, tridactylus, and Piaget on argentatus and glaucus. It is readily distin- guishable by its characteristic head markings and by the ventral abdominal blotches and the genitalia of the male. The young, which I have found in many stages of growth, Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Seb., Vol. VI. (8) March 13, 1896. 114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. differ from the adult, especially in the shape of the head and the markings of the body. Description of very young. Body white, with few brown markings. Head short, broadly conical; front rounded; temporal angles with a single long hair; front with two very short hairs on each side (invisible except under high magnification) ; antennas rather short and thick, uncolored; mandibles pale brown; a small black ocular fleck; head otherwise uncolored. Thorax shaped as in adult, with but four long metathoracic hairs instead of six; prothorax unmarked ; a small fleck at anterior an- gle of metathorax. Abdomen with sides subparallel ; no medial markings ; a small lateral marginal blotch on seg- ments 1—7 ; segments 1—4 without hairs at posterior angles. Lipeurus densus n. sp. (Plate vii, figs. 1 and 2.) A single female specimen taken from a Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, Califor- nia). The form is a well-marked member of the group tircumfasciata. As indicated by the clypeus, the simple lateral bands of the abdomen, and the concave posterior margin of the metathorax, it somewhat resembles hetero- gramniicus taken by Nitzsch and Piaget on Perdix cinerea. Description of femal^. Body, length 4.3 mm., width .81 mm.; white, strongly marked with dark brown and black; sides subparallel. Head, length .94 mm., width .75 mm., sides nearly par- allel ; clypeus obtusely angulated in front; six hairs on each side of forehead, the anterior one longest; trabeculae want- ing; antennae uncolored, second segment longest, as long as fourth and fifth together, first and third about equal in length, with a very few scattered short hairs; eye prom- inent, hemispherical; temporal margin with two minute hair prickles, no other hairs; occipital margin concave; a strong, dark brown band completely bordering fore- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 1 1 5 head, and continuing, interrupted at antennary fossae, along temporal margins almost to occipital angles. Prothorax quadrangular, convex on metathorax; two separated hairs at occipital angles; a lateral marginal brown blotch bounded outwardly along its posterior half by a transparent edge. Metathorax with lateral margins concave, deepest before the middle; anterior angles obliquely truncate; posterior margin straight or feebly concave; three long, strong, hairs in the posterior angles, arising from an elliptical uncolored space; a large brown blotch in anterior angles, and a smaller one in posterior angles,. also a narrow marginal band running full length of segment. Sternal markings consisting of a faint bor- dering of anterior coxal cavities, an inter coxal line be- tween pro- and mesacoxae, an obscure median semicircular blotch with convex margin posteriorly, and a rather broad lateral marginal band on metathorax. Fore legs short, coxae narrowly separated and globular, femora wide, tarsi alone colored; middle and hind legs long, coxae produced widely and separated; femora long and slender; femora and tibiae with dorsal, elongate, dark brown markings; tarsi and claws pale brown; tibiae with two long hairs and three short ones on outer margin. Abdomen with sides of segments 1-7 parallel; sides of segments 8-10 tapering posteriorly, tenth segment bi- cuspidate; posterior angles of segments 1-4 without hairs, angles of segments 5-6 with one hair, of segment 7 with three hairs, segment 8 with one hair rising before the angle, segment 9 with two hairs, segment 10 with each posterior point bearing four hairs, two arising on mar- gin and one each from dorsal and ventral surfaces; a strong broad, dark brown, marginal band, this band pro- jecting in on segment 9 almost to median line; segment 10 wholly colored. Il6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Lipeurus varius n. sp. (Plate vii, figs. 3 and 4.) A common parasite of the Pacific Fulmars, Fulmarus glacialis vars . glufischa and rodgersii, being found by me on twenty-six out of thirty specimens of these Fulmars shot on the Bay of Monterey, California. This white and blotched species belongs to the Lifeuri circumfasci- ati, and shows some similarity of appearance to tricolor Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 363, pi. xxx, fig. 4), taken from an Albatross. Although this parasite was found on nearly all the Fulmars shot, on none was it present in large numbers (as was its companion Lipeurus celer), and among all the specimens taken by me, perhaps one hun- dred in total number, there is not a male. Description of female. Body, length 2.9 mm., width .62 mm.; white, with distinct dark brown markings, marginal on bead and thorax, and as lateral blotches not reaching the margins on abdomen. Head, length .6 mm., width .4 mm.; sides subparal- lel, front parabolic, with five marginal hairs on forehead, one of which is separated from the others and close to angle of antennary fossa, and a short hair on dorsal sur- face projecting beyond the margin between first two mar- ginal hairs; trabeculas wanting; temporal margins with a single short hair; eyes distinct, with a fine prickle on margin just behind them; occipital margin straight; head uncolored and pale smoky brown, with dark brown cir- cumferential antennal bands and ocular blotches which extend backwards, paling, over temporal region; antennae uncolored, first two segments about equal, third and fourth equal and shorter, and fifth slightly longer than third or fourth. Prothorax nearly square, angles rounding, posterior ones slightly swollen; whitish, except even dark brown lateral border. Metathorax elongate, slightly widening NEW MALLOPHAGA. II7 posteriorly, anterior angles swollen, posterior margin straight, with four long hairs, not pustulated, in posterior angles ; lateral margins unevenly bordered with black and dark brown, widest anteriorly; sternal blotch pale brown, anterior part elliptical, with a backward-projecting, long, slender, tapering process. Legs uncolored except for pale brown tarsi and claws. Abdomen slightly widening to segment 6, and then more rapidly narrowing; white, with two lateral brown quadrangular blotches, fading inwardly, and each, except on segments i and 7-9, with uncolored stigmatal spot; these distinct and characteristic lateral blotches do not touch the lateral margin, the white marginal border vary- ing from very narrow to one-half the width of the blotches, as in the specimen figured; ninth segment angularly emarginated with two hairs on each point. I figure an immature specimen which is about one-half the size of an adult; it lacks entirely the abdominal mark- ings, showing small portions, but intensely colored, of the thoracic and head markings. The presence of but one of the long metathoracic hairs is interesting, and the usual large head, characteristic of the immature stages, is noticeable. Lipeuru celer n. sp. (Plate vii, figs. 5 and 6). This large dark form was found in great numbers on all specimens except one of thirty Pacific Fulmars, Fulmarus glacialis vars. glufischa and rodgersii (Bay of Monterey, California), examined by me. It belongs to Taschen- berg's group, clypeati sutura indistincta, and its most obvious resemblances are to grandis taken by Piaget on Procellaria felagica in the Zoological Garden of Rotter- dam. It is distinguished from grandis by the different form of the head, by lacking the occipital signature, by the presence of occipital bands, by the markedly different Il8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. abdominal markings, by the different character of the last segment of the male, and by other less obvious char- acters. Its dark color and large size make it a conspicu- ous object on the birds. Description of female. Length 3.37 mm., width .7 mm. ; body everywhere brown, the accentuated markings black, sides of head, thorax and abdomen subparallel. Head, length 7. mm., width .5 mm.; sides nearly par- allel ; clypeus narrowly rounded in front with six lateral shprt hairs of which four are located along the margin at nearly equal distances apart, one arising from the dorsal surface near the anterior marginal hair, and one near the antennae; trabecular wanting; temporal margins weakly convex with one long hair; antenna; with segments 1-2 about equal in length, segment 3 but little shorter, seg- ments 4—5 shorter and feebly colored ; whole head chest- nut brown; clypeal signature wide anteriorly, short, and acuminate posteriorly; the pronounced antennal bands projecting inward at their basal extremities ; the irregular orbital blotches, the narrow temporal marginal bands, and the distinct occipital bands much expanded at occip- ital margin, black or strongly dark brown. Prothorax short, quadrangular, slightly wider poster- iorly; chestnut brown, paler in the middle; lateral bor- ders black. Metathorax widest at posterior angles ; brown ; lateral margins broadly and irregularly bordered with black; four long hairs arising from an uncolored spot. Sternum almost completely brown, showing a broad long median blotch abruptly pointed behind, set off by narrow uncolored lines from the broad lateral bands. Legs with coxae, femora and tibiae dark brown; femora paler on inner side and at distal extremity; trochanters uncolored; tarsi pale brown. Abdomen with sides nearly parallel; segment 8 nar- NEW MALLOPHAGA. II9 rower and segment 9 very narrow and short; segment 1 shorter than the nearly equal segments 2-7 ; all segments brown; segments 1-7 with a rather broad, black, lateral, marginal blotch, emarginated on inner face ; these blotches touching at the sutures produce a continuous lateral band emarginated oh each segment; segment 8 not distinctly , blotched, but with narrow lateral black margin; segment 9 slightly emarginated, and with a brown blotch on each side; segment 1 especially, and segment 2 with an ill- defined median blotch of dark brown; the sutures between segments 2-7 showing except at lateral ends as uncolored lines; below, the lateral bands are narrower and not emarginated (or faintly on each segment) ; segment 1 with distinct median blotch, and segment 2 with a larger indistinct blotch; one or two hairs at posterior angles of segments; on segments 7-9 more hairs. Male. Body, length 3.44 mm., width .59 mm.; head, length .72 mm., width 5. mm. Antenna?, first joint as long as all others combined, second next longest, third short with a dorsal angular projection at distal extremity, fifth slightly longer than fourth; first, fourth and fifth more colored than others. Abdominal segments with complete trans- verse dark brown bands, black at lateral margins, and with paler stigmatal spots ; ninth segment very small and not emarginated. Rudow (Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1870, vol. xxxv, pp. 121-137), describes several Lijfreuri taken on Procel- laria, and one, nigricans, is a form as dark as celer, but all of these species are small, nigricans being but 1.5 mm', long. Lipeurus longipilus n. sp. (Plate vii, fig. 7.) A few males and females taken from two specimens (out of ten shot) of the American Coot, Fulica americana 120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (Monterey, California). The species was not present on any one of five Coots taken at Lawrence, Kansas. A well-marked member of the group clypeati sutura dis- tinct a. Description of the male. Body, length 2.4 mm., width .4 mm. ; fuliginous with paler femora, antennas, prothorax and posterior half of abdomen, and black marginal bands on head, thorax and abdomen. Head, length. 53 mm., width .35 mm. ; elongate, conical, with narrowly parabolic front, four marginal hairs in front of suture and three behind it; temporal margins with one hair, occipital margin straight or feebly concave; no trabecular; eyes inconspicuous; antennae, first segment short, second segment large, broadest at base, almost as long as third, fourth and fifth together, third deeply notched and with an acute claw-like extremity, fourth and fifth short, cylindrical and more strongly colored than other segments; signature shield-shaped, extending to front margin of head, pale-colored anteriorly, with indis- tinct transverse striae parallel with anterior margin, dark brown behind, a distinct suture extending from posterior angle along the median line not quite -posterior sides narrowly edged with black. Metathorax just as wide as head, narrow anteriorly with rapidly diverging sides, mesothorax dis- tinctly separated by marginal constriction and dark trans- verse line; posterior angles of mesothorax bare, sides of meso- and metathorax bare; posterior angles of meta- thorax with a spine and the terminal one of a series of hairs ranged thickly along the weakly convex posterior margin ; metathorax with a broad, transverse, fuscous band across posterior half. Sternal markings composed of small me- dian blotch on prothorax with lateral linear processes ; a NEW MALLOPHAGA. 159 small pointed blotch with two diverging very small linear processes projecting anteriorly, the whole between strongly curving, inwardly produced intercoxal lines, on meso- thorax; and a larger median blotch, truncate behind, convex before, with two small linear points near the pos- terior angles of -median blotch, on metathorax; a smaller semilunar median blotch on first segment of abdomen is also apparaent; the blotches of metathorax and first ab- dominal segment are beset with numerous short pustu- lated hairs. Legs pale smoky brown, with darker mark- ings. Abdomen, elongate oval, posterior angles of segments 1^3 projecting a little; the others barely or not at all; a rather long hair and some shorter ones in each angle ; also a series of hairs in small pustulations along the pos- terior margin of each segment; all segments with a broad, distinct, light fuscous, transverse band whose extreme outer margins are darker; the bands separated by wide, uncol- ored, sutural lines; last segment, broad, short, uncolored, posterior margin concave with a series of fine short hairs. Menopon numerosum n. sp. (Plate xv, fig. i.) An abundant parasite of the Pacific Fulmars, Fulmarus glacialis vars. glupischa and rodgersii, taken on twenty- four out of thirty^specimens shot on the Bay of Monterey, California. Description of male. Body, length 1.44 mm., width .62 mm.; pale yellowish to reddish brown, with trans- verse abdominal bands, separated by broad, white, su- tural bands. Head, length .28 mm., width .50 mm.; front very ob- tusely but distinctly angled with two short hairs on each side of the median angle ; three long hairs and three short ones before the slight ocular emargination ; a sparsely set l6o CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ocular fringe of short stiff hairs, and in the temporal an- gles four long hairs and several short ones: occipital margin broadly and shallowly concave arid with four hairs ; dark brown ocular blotches, distinct black flecks in the eyes, and a narrow, dark brown, occipital border. Prothorax with posterior margin broadly and evenly rounded with fourteen long hairs in a series extending from lateral angle to lateral angle; a narrow transverse line in front of the middle and a short longitudinal line at each end of the transverse line; the lateral angle regions slightly darker than rest of segment. Metathorax with diverging sides, straight or very flatly convex posterior margin; along the sides three short spines, of which the first two project upwards and the third outwards beyond the mar- gin; in the posterior angles are two long hairs, then a short spine, and then a series of twelve long, strong hairs ranged along the posterior margin. Legs concolorous with body. Abdomen elongate ovate, with long hairs in the poste- rior angles of segments and a series of long hairs along the posterior margin of each segment; ground color whitish showing in broad, transverse sutural bands; each, segment with a pale, reddish brown, transverse band, darker and with a subtratisparent, curving space at each end ; posterior margin of last segment smoothly rounded with a few rather long weak hairs. Female larger, length 2. mm., width .78 mm.; head, length .3 mm., width .53 mm.; abdomen more elongate, last segment less broadly rounded, and with a narrow, transparent, posterior border thickly fringed with fine transparent hairs. NEW MALLOPHAGA. l6l Menopon infrequens n. sp. (Plate xv; fig. 5.) A single female taken from a Glaucous-winged Gull, Larus glaucescens (Bay of Monterey, California). Description of female. Body, length 2 mm., width .81 mm.; brown with chestnut, transverse abdominal bands, narrow black lateral bands, and broadly linear, diagonal, black, ocular blotches. Head, length .31 mm., width .62 mm., thus being just twice as wide as long ; brown with darker fuscous clouds ; narrow black occipital margin ; black ocular blotches in the form of diagonal bars ; some indefinite pale to uncol- ored spaces, as in the posterior angles, along the front, and a more definite circular space containing a long hair and a spine on each side of the forehead just outside of the origin of the labial palpi; on the front four short hairs near the middle, and on the sides in front of the ocular region two short hairs and one longer but weak hair; temporal angles with three long hairs, one one-half as long and some shorter hairs ; occipital margin with four pus- tulated hairs ; on ventral aspect occipital bands showing, enclosing an orbicular occipital signature, with a series of five pustulated hairs along the lateral margins. Prothorax, with fourteen long, pustulated hairs extending in series from lateral angle to lateral angle along the poste- rior margin, which in its middle third is almost straight; ground color of segment largely clouded with fuscous to dark brown, especially in lateral angle region, which is very narrowly margined with black ; the usual transverse line in front of middle with curving longitudinal lines at the ends especially distinct. Metathorax with lateral emargination and dark brown sutural lines separating mesothorax; pos- terior margin straight, with a series of nob very long hairs, and two or three hairs and a spine in the posterior angles ; a fuscous transverse band across posterior half of Peoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. ( 11 ) March 14. 1896. l62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. segment, with its lateral margins black. Sternal mark- ings composed of a small trapezoid on prothorax with the posterior angles produced, and a broad blotch on metathorax; the anterior coxa? are produced forward and backward into broad lobe-like appendages, rounded in front and angulated behind. Legs concolorous with ground color of the body, with darker margins. Abdomen, elongate ovate, with one long hair and sev- eral short ones rising on margin just in front of each uncolored posterior angle, and a series of hairs along posterior margins of segments; segments 1-8 with a broad, transverse, fuscous band darker at lateral extremi- ties and black on extreme lateral margins ; segment 9 uni- formly colored, broadly rounded with narrow, uncolored, fringed, posterior margin. Menopon loomisii n. sp. (Plate xv, fig. 6.) Specimens taken from two specimens of the White- winged Scoter, Oidemia deglandi (Bay of Monterey, California). Named after Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, Cura- tor of Birds, California Academy of Sciences. Decription of female. Body, length 1.8 mm., width .84 mm. ; pale golden brown to pale chestnut brown. Head, length .3 mm., jyvidth .56 mm.; semilunar with evenly rounding front, shallow ocular emarginations, and rounded posterior angles ; occipital margin concave ; palpi projecting by the length of the last segment; the antennae when outstretched projecting beyond the margin of head by the length of the last segment; a pair of very small hairs in middle of front, a longer one on side followed by a very short one, and then two or three longer ones in front of the emargination ; the ocular fringe composed of few but rather strong hairs longer than usual; tem- poral margins with three very long hairs and two more on occipital margin of the produced temples ; four addi- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 163 tional hairs on the occipital margin ; a small, black, ocular fleck, dark brown ocular blotch, the mandibles black- tipped, the other mouth-parts and the basal segments of the palpi brown. Prothorax with produced lateral angles obtuse, bearing two spines and a long hair, which is the terminal one in a series of fourteen ranged along the rounded posterior margin of the segment; the transverse line with curving vertical lines at its extremities is distinct. Metathorax with divergent sides, not quite as wide as head, with flatly convex posterior margin bearing a series of long hairs; in each lateral angle several small spines and the terminal hair of the posterior series. Legs concolorous with body; with scattered, rather long hairs. Abdomen ovate, with broad transverse bands across all segments separated by wide uncolored sutures ; in the anterior angles of each transverse band a small curving comma-like chitinous band; the segments with fine hairs on lateral margins, and longer weak hairs in the posterior angles; dorsal surface with hairs. Menopon titan Piaget. (Plate xv, fig. 2.) Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 503, pi. xl, fig. 7. Tetraopthalmus chilensis Grosse, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1885, vol. xlii, p. 530. Many specimens of this species, or of a variety, found on four of five specimens examined of California Brown Pelican, Pelicanus californicus (Bay of Monterey, Cal- ifornia), and on the White Pelican, Pelicanus erythrorhyn- chus (Lawrence, Kansas). These large conspicuous par- asites are found not alone" among the feathers of the host but also abundantly clinging to the inner surface of the gular pouch, a circumstance which suggests that feathers may not constitute the exclusive food of the parasites. Piaget has described two species of these giant Meno- fons of the Pelicans, viz. : titan found on Pelecanus ono- 164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. crotalus (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam) and consanguineum (Les Pediculines, Supplement, 1885, p. 116, pi. xii, fig. 7) found on P. erythrorhynchus (dried skin in Museum of Leyden). Picaglia has described a third species rag- azzi (Atti d. Soc. d. Nat. d. Modena, 1885, serie iii, vol. ii) found on P. trachyrhynchus (Callao), and has estab- lished the subgenus Piagetia for the group. The. char- acters of the subgenus are as follows : " abdomen narrow and very elongate ; male longer than female ; length more than 5 mm." The remaining members of the genus Menofon present in contrast these characters : "abdomen oval-elongate, rounded oval, or almost round ; male smaller than the female; length varying from 1 to 3 mm." The species chiefly used by Franz Grosse in his study of the anatomy of the Mallophaga was a member of this Meno- pon titan group, taken from a Pelican, undetermined, from Chile. It certainly seems advisable to indicate the peculiar characters of the group by assigning to it a subgeneric name; but I can hardly recognize in Picaglia's descrip- tion of ragazzi characters other than the dimensions which make it recognizably distinct from, titan. My specimens from Pel. erythrorhynchus show the slight vari- ations from titan indicated? by Picaglia in his description of ragazzi, but the dimensions are quite as large as those of titan (Picaglia made ragazzi one - fourth shorter than titan) ! My specimens from Pel. californicus closely cor- respond with Piaget's description of titan, except that the transverse abdominal blotches are not bifurcated at the extremities. I believe that the present knowledge of the group hardly justifies any separation of the known forms into distinct species, but that the presence of these varia- tions may be recognized by letting titan stand as the rep- resentative form of the species (consanguineum is evidently a distinct species, the equality in size of both sexes re- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 165 moving any likelihood of confusing it with titan), and by designating ragazzi and my specimens as varieties pre- senting the following diagnostic characters : Var. ragazzia Picaglia, from Pelecaus trachyrhynchus (Callao) ; small, length of male 3.42 mm., of female 3.15 mm.; mesothoracic suture indistinct; metathorax a little wider than the head; general color paler than titan. Var. imfiar Kellogg, from Pelecanus erythrorhynchus (Lawrence, Kansas) ; with the minor differential char- acters of ragazzi, but almost as large as titan ; length of male 4.7 mm., of female 3.8 mm. Var. linearis Kellogg (Plate xv, fig. 2), from Pelecanus calif amicus; about same size as titan; length of male 5.2 mm., of female 4.2 mm.; transverse abdominal blotches not bifurcated at extremities, and the longitudinal un- colored lines beyond spiracles very distinct in female, forming an interrupted, uncolored, longitudinal line for full length of abdomen, setting off lateral abdominal bands which are darker than the other abdominal mark- ings. Menopon tridens Nitzsch. (Plate xv, figs. 3 and 4.) ? Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii. Lamobolhrium tridens Nitzsch. Zeitzschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 396. Menopon scopulcCcome Denny. Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 221, pi. 18, fig. 9. Menopon tridens Nitzsch. Burmeister, Handbuch. d. Ent., 1832, vol. ii, p. 440; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 296, pi. xvii, fig. 9; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 479, pi. xxxix, fig. 1. I have taken several specimens of a Menofon from Coots, Grebes, and Loons and from a single Tern, which are referable to this species, or at least to the group of forms of which tridens is the described representative. The descriptions of tridens by Piaget and by Giebel differ positively in various particulars, noticeably in the char- racters of the hairs. My specimens agree exactly with l66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. neither of these descriptions, and besides differ among themselves in size and shape of head to such a degree that I have arranged them in three groups to which I give, tentatively, varietal rank. These varieties are as fol- lows : V r ar '. facificum Kellogg, from the Pacific Loon, Urinator flaci/icus (Bay of Monterey, California) , andfromfive speci- mens out of ten of the American Coot, Fulica americana, shot near Monterey, California, and on two specimens out of five of the same bird species from Lawrence, Kansas; measurements, female, length 1.65 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length .28 mm., width .5 mm.; smaller than the succeeding, variety which it otherwise resembles. Var. insolens Kellogg (plate xv, figs. 3 and 4), from an Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Bay of Monterey, California), and from a Forster's Tern, Sterna forsteri (Lawrence, Kansas) ; measurements, female, length 2. mm., width .72 mm.; head, length .31 mm., width .53 mm.; markings distinct and dark; lateral bands of abdomen nearly black. Var. far Kellogg, from a Western Grebe, ^uchrno- ■phorus occidentalis (Lawrence, Kansas) ; measurements, female, length 2. mm., width .78 mm., head, length .31 mm., width .56 mm.; deftidedly paler colors. As already mentioned none of these varieties agrees with Piaget's or with Giebel's description of the species. The notable differences lie in the dimensions, in the pres- ence through all of the varieties of six hairs on the oc- cipital margin (Giebel says four; Piaget says two); and similarly through all the varieties the clear brown color of the lateral abdominal bands instead of an uncolored condition as affirmed by Piaget. The specimens of Piaget were taken from Gallinula chloropus; and his variety major based simply and certainly insufficiently on a dif- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 167 ference in,, size amounting to but one-tenth of a millimeter in total length in the female and half that in the male, was taken on Fulica atra. Nitzsch found the species on Fulica atra, Gallinula chloro-pus, Crex -porzana, Podicefis auritus, Podiceps cristatus; Denny found his scopulacorne on Rallus aquaticus,,Podiceps minor and Gallinula chlo- ropus. The species is easily recognized by the peculiar trilobed process, function unknown, on the under side of the hind-head (see fig. 4, pi. xv). EXPLANATION OP PLATES. PLATE II. — Pig. 1, Alimentary canal and salivary glands of Menopon mesoleucum (after Nitzsch). Pig. 2, Alimentary canal of Docophorus fusi- collis (after Nitzsch). Fig. 3, Nervous system of Lipeurus baculus( ?) (after Nitzsch). Pig. 4, Pemale genitalia of Menopon mesoleucum (after Nitzsch). Pig. 5, Male genitalia of Menopon pallidum (after Nitzsch). Pig. 6, Respi- ratory system of Menopon titan (original). Pig. 7, Head, under side, of Lcemobothrium sp. (after Grosse). Pig. 8, Labium of Tetraopthalmus chil- emst*s[= Menopon tilan( ?)] (after Grosse). Pig. 9, Labium of Nirmus sp. (after Grosse). Pig. 10, Antenna of Tetraopthalmus chilensis [=Menopon titan] (after Grosse). Pig. 11, Antenna of $ Lipeurus. Pig. 12, Antenna of 6 Lipeurus. Pig. 13, Leg of S Tetraopthalmus chilensis [=Menopon titan]. PLATE III. — Fig. 1, Docophorus calvus Kell., ? . Pig. 2, D. fuliginosus Kell., S . Fig. 3, D. graviceps Kell., S . Pig. 4, D. acutipectus Kell., ? . Pig. 5, D. quadraticeps Kell., $. Pig. 6, D. montereyi Kell., & . Pig. 7, D. occidentalis Kell., 9 . Pig. 8, D. hansensis Kell., ? . Fig. 9, D. atri- color Kell., S . PLATE IV. — Fig. 1, Docophorus icterodes N.,$. Fig. 2, D. pertusus N., ? Pig. 3, D. pertusus N., juv. Fig. 4, D. lari Denny, ? . Fig. 5, D. insolitus Kell., 9 . Fig. 6, D. melanocephalus Burm., ? . PLATE V.— Fig. 1, Nirmus prceslans Kell., S . Fig. 2, N. prmstans Kell., ventral aspect abdomen of S . Fig. 3, N. hebes Kell., ? . Pig. 4, N. farallonii Kell., $'. Pig. 5, N. orarius Kell., ?(?). Pig. 6, J?, giganticola KelJ., EL. ZnH.J57V7TQ.-f4- HEXST Prdc.Cal.Acad. Sci. 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UTff.BR/7?QW$RSy.JJ : . University Publications. The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789- 1 833. With a Summary o± the Period before the Adop- tion of the Constitution. By Orrin Leslie Elliott, Ph. D. pp. 272. Price, $1.00. Observations on the Conductivity of a Copper Wire in Various Dielectrics. By Fernando Sanford, M. S. pp. 44. Price, 50 cents. The American University and the American Man. Second Commencement Address. By George Elliott Howard, A. M. pp. 22. Price, 15 cents. Specialization in Education. Fourth Commencement Address. By Prof. John M. Stillman. With Address to the Graduating Class. By President David S. Jor- dan, pp. 29. Price, i rather long. and slender, the longest nearly y-g- inch in length, 7 to 9 in maxillary. Head pointed; mouth rather large; maxillary extending to hinder mar- gin of eye, i| in head, with about 20 teeth; snout 3| in head ; preorbital very narrow, the maxillary almost touch- ing the orbit; posterior suborbitals shorter than eye, about 6 in head; opercle not very broad, equal to eye, its free part 4! in head; interorbital width 3§ in head, equal to snout; several large teeth along margin of tongue; no hyoid teeth; teeth on vomer in zigzag series. Origin of dorsal in middle of the length, margin slightly concave, the first ray i|- times last, the last ray being pointed, slightly greater than base, 2 T 1 ir in head. Origin of anal midway between origin of dorsal and base of caudal, mar- gin straight, the tip of the last ray slightly exserted ; anterior 2IO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rays 2% times posterior, and equal to base of fin, 2^ in head. Adipose fin high and slender, situated above or anterior to end of anal. Pectorals 1% in head'; ventrals under middle of dorsal, 2^ in head. Caudal broad, nearly truncate, the middle portions abruptly lunate when spread open, with pointed angles, each lobe being some- what convex on its edge; longest rays 1^ in head. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2^ in head. Pyloric coeca 50 to 60, short and thick, the longest about 3 in head. Color in spirits very dark blue above, sides abruptly brighter, with many scales abruptly silvery; below white, lower jaw white, its margin dusky;, cheeks below suborbitals very dark; sides, top of head, dorsal and caudal fins spotted, the spots all very small; pectorals and ventrals nearly colorless, without spots, and slightly dusky; adi- pose fin with two spots ; tips of lower fins faintly tinged with yellowish. Two specimens, each 16 inches long, Nos. 1861 and 1862, L. S. Jr. Univ. They were taken on March 12 and 16, 1896, in Lake Crescent, by Mrs. George E. Mitchell of Fairholme, and sent to us by Mr. M. J. Car- rigan of Port Angeles. No. 1864, L. S. Jr. Univ. A third specimen of much larger size, afterwards sent to us, shows the following characters: Head 3J; depth 3%; D. 12; A. 12 branched rays; branchiostegals 11 or 12; scales 23-123-26, 64 before dorsal; snout 2|; eye 7^; maxillary 1% in head, its depth 8 in its length. Body robust, little compressed; head "large, maxillary moderate, extending beyond eye; opercle moderate, its width 5^ in head. Last ray of dorsal pointed. Caudal subtruncate, lunate mesially, each lobe somewhat convex, pointed at tip. Caudal peduncle short and thick. Series of vomerine teeth long, in double row. Color above dark green, with black spots which are small and sparse NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 211 on body, extending to below lateral line; many small spots on head, dorsal and caudal; spots not more nu- merous behind than before; sides and belly bright sil- very; no red on lower jaw; a faint pink shade along lateral line; pectorals colorless except the upper, ray; ventrals and anal colorless; flesh pale; gill-rakers re- moved. This specimen, male, was taken in Lake Crescent. Length 26% inches; weight in life 14 pounds. This specimen differs from a large gairdneri most in the large scales. In addition the head is much larger,, and the body deeper. A fourth still larger specimen (No. 1865, L. S. Jr. Univ.) r an old spent male, 27 inches long, has been still later re- ceived. It shows the following characters: D. 11; A. 12. Head 3f in length. Gill-rakers 8-|-i2, of medium size, rather broad but sharp pointed; opercle 2)4 in head; eye 7 in head; B. 11. Maxillary long, reaching beyond the eye, 1^ in head, its width g]4 in length. A double row of sharp teeth extending to within a short distance of end, where they are replaced by a single row of slightly larger teeth; teeth on tongue rather large; no teeth on hyoid; teeth on vomer in zig- zag series. Scales 26-137. This specimen, a spent male, has the flabby muscles and slimy half concealed scales of the spent male salmon. The dark dots are very numerous and small and show very distinctly on back and sides, as also on head and fins. There is a dull red lateral band on head and body. This is about an inch broad, its outlines diffuse : A black blotch on cheek; maxillary dusky with a red blotch to- ward its tip. Lower jaw and branchiostegals dusky; pectoral, ventral and anal dark; back dark green, belly dusky. 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The following account of the life-coloration of Salmo beardsleei is given by Mr. George E. Mitchell. " The Blue-back Trout caught in Lake Crescent are on the back a deep dark-blue , ultra-marine color of a peculiar transparency, dotted with small round black spots from the size of a pin's head to a little larger. The two fins on the top of the back are a dark smoky color, also dotted as on back end and are transparent. The tail is the color and transparency with dots also — same as the top fins. The side fins and the bottom fins are dead white and sometimes faintly tinged with a pinkish hue at the edges; the belly is white. Looking at the fish sideways the sides of the fish show the scales to be iridescent, the red flash predominating. The head has very much the polish of mother-of-pearl around the lower jaws and jowls, red and pale blue colors predominating; under the eyes a few black spots; on top of head the blue much darker than on top of back — so dark in fact that the black spots on it look blacker than the rest. The nearer the shore these fish are caught the lighter the blue on back, the fish often having an impression of the surroundings dis- tinctly marked on them." The following notes are added by Admiral Beardslee : habits. ' The Blueback is a deep water dweller; those taken by me in late October were caught at depths varying from 30 to 50 feet, on large spoons. They fought hard until brought near surface, then gave up, and when landed were found puffed up with air. Specimens taken in spring and put in pools in mountain streams with other trout died very soon, while the others lived. The trout caught by Mr. Mitchell, in March, was taken near bottom, by a large spoon, and it is not on record that at so early a date one has previously been caught. Beuebacks from Lake Crescent, Washington. r,. a. beardslee M. J. CAKRH'.AN. TWO HOURS' WORK, OCTOBER 28, 1895. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 213 FLESH. Light lemon color before cooking; devoid of the oily salmon flavor, and very excellent; whitening by cooking. OVA. October 28 — The eggs in the large fish were in indi- vidual size, and in size of cluster much smaller than those of a salmon of the same size. The following extracts from a letter from Mr. Carrigan, dated Port Angeles, April 30th, are of much interest: * * * Answering your direct inquiries : The Beards- lees and Crescents are readily distinguishable, and can always be told apart. There are no red spots at the points indicated on the Crescent trout — no markings to suggest the Cut-throat trout. There are no Cut-throat trout in Lake Crescent. The Beardslees (Bluebacks) are taken in deep water. Those caught by the Admiral and myself were taken in from 25 to 35 feet of water. The known varieties of trout in the lake are: (a) "Beardslees." . • (b) "Crescents." (c) "Silvers" (the local name for a very beautiful trout, that measure, as a rule, from 12 to 18 inches in length; but I have seen specimens 22 inches long, and there are doubtless much longer ones in the lake). (d) " Half-breeds" (the local name for a long, slen- der, graceful trout, that seems to be a cross between the Beardslees and Crescents. The markings of the fish, as I recall them after last season's fishing, are a rather pale olive-green back and silver sides; the head and back being dotted with rather faint small black spots. The shape of the fish is one of its distinctive features. The flesh is pale lemon colored). 214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (e) " Mountain trout " (a. variety that evidently comes into the lake from the mountain streams that empty into it). The possibilities of the beautiful mountain lake have never been fully tested. The Admiral (Beardslee) , when he comes up in June, will fish it at all depths, and there is no telling what new surprises he may bring forth. The lake is about 10 miles long by 2 or 2^ miles wide, and deep water is found everywhere close to shore. In places a 500 foot lead-line will not sound bottom. No one really knows what depths of water exists in the lake beneath the 500 foot sounding, or what size or variety of trout can be taken at depths lower than those so successfully tried by Admiral Beardslee. But we will know this season; and you will be promptly acquainted with everything new or of interest that is brought forth. * * * High up on the side of one of the mountains surrounding the lake — probably 2,500 or 3,000 feet above the lake — is a pretty little lake containing what I believe will also prove a new variety of trout. Specimens of the variety are found every spring, after the freshets caused in the mountain streams by melting snow, floating on the surface of Lake Crescent, dead. They are evi- dently parried out of the little lake by the torrent and are battered to death in going over the falls in the creek, for streams empty into the little lake that have their origin up near the crest of the mountain. Mrs. Carrigan found one of these trout floating on Lake Crescent about ten days ago. It was still alive, but died directly after being taken into the boat. Its head and body were all bruised and battered, and its tail fin was broken and in shreds. It may be that the little lake is the home for what we, for want of a better name, call Half-breeds. We will go up to the little lake this summer, and secure some good spe- cimens of the trout it contains. * * * NEW OR. LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 215 In a letter to Admiral Beardslee, dated April 19th, Mr. Carrigan gives these further details, especially interesting to the angler : * * * I have some news that will interest you. We have a young lady friend visiting us — Miss Sara Beazley of Columbia, Missouri. On Friday, the 17th inst., Mrs. Carrigan and Miss Beazley drove out to Lake Crescent to spend a few days with Mrs. Mitchell. They returned in triumph at 4 o'clock this afternoon, with four trout weighing 21 pounds. , Miss Beazley, Mrs. Mitchell and Mrs. Carrigan went out fishing at 10:30 yesterday, Saturday morning, April 18th. They took the copper wire troll that you sent to Mrs. Mitchell and Miss Beazley did the fishing, using trout belly for bait. When off Eagle Point, at 11:30, Miss Beazley caught and successfully landed a magnifi- cent speckled trout that measured 27 inches in length, was 6 inches through, and weighed 8 pounds. The top of the head and back of the fish is a dark blackish green, the head and back being thickly covered with quite large round black spots which extend down the sides about halfway to the median line. From there to the median line the black spots are equally thick, but are irregular in form, two and sometimes three spots lapping on to each other, making angular looking black spots of various sizes, some of them quite large. The irregular spots ex- tend in a scattering way bejow the median line. The tail is thickly marked with round black spots. The upper jaws and gill plates have the appearance of clouded reddish mother-of-pearl, somewhat iridescent. In some lights the "reddish" shade has a burnished copper effect, and in other lights it presents a pale ma genta shade. There are six large round black spots on each side of the head, on the upper- and back portion of 2l6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF. SCIENCES. these mother-of-pearl plates (on a line back of the eyes). The back fins are blackish green, heavily dotted with round black spots. The side and belly fins are of smoky gray, opaque, and entirely free of spots. Miss Beazley had a great struggle landing the fish. It made a fine fight, towing the boat for a long distance. She landed him without a gaff-hook. About an hour later in the same locality Miss Beazley caught a one-pound Bearsdslee. The party then went home to luncheon, and at 4:30 started out again, Miss Beazley still managing the troll, and Mrs. Mitchell man- aging the boat. At 6:30 o'clock, when off Eagle Point, Miss Beazley caught and landed (without a gaff, also) a superb Beardslee that measured 29^ inches in length -and 8 inches through, and weighed strong 10 pounds. It was a beautiful specimen and made a" fierce and pro- longed fight. It raced along with the boat (the wind slight favoring its " tow ") for a long, distance below the point, and made several desperate and out-of-the-water leaps and plunges to get away; but it had swallowed the hook and was securely caught. As soon as it struck the bottom of the boat, on being taken over the side, it be- gan a terrific struggle to get back into the water, and both Miss Beazley and Mrs. Mitchell had to throw them- selves upon him and hold him down with their knees. When he was finally killed and the hook removed, it was found that in his struggle for freedom he had badly bent the shank between the spoon and the hooks; but it held fast, to the delight of the three ladies, who made the lake ring with their exultant exclamations. I don't suppose there ever were three happier women. On their way home, Miss Beazley landed a beautiful two-pound Crescent. Both of the big trout were caught just as the wind NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 21 7 freshened into a strong breeze, and were taken in from 30 to 35 feet of water. The women followed the plan of rowing along slowly; stopping rowing altogether for a few seconds, and then starting off again slowly. Both fish were taken just as the boat started up, after one of three brief stops, during which the troll had gone down to a greater depth than when the boat was in motion. I examined the Beardslees with great care just after the women reached home this afternoon, and have settled these points definitely: The head is densely spotted with round black spots down as far as the mother-of-pearl gill plates, but no further. There are no black spots on these plates. The blue on the back extends down al- most to the median line, and the entire back, from head to tail, and on either side halfway down to the median line, is thickly marked with round black spots which de- crease in size as the tail is approached. The tail itself is densely dotted with round black spots, as are also the back fins. The side, and belly fins are not spotted. The black spots on the back are not so prominent as on the smooth surface of the head, owing to the presence of the scales on the back and sides, but they are there in great numbers. I noticed this difference between the marking of the one-pound and the ten-pound Beardslee. On the one- pound fish there is a well-defined line of large round dark spots extending the whole length of the body, from a point just back of the gills to the tail fin, and midway between the median line and the bottom of the belly. There are 17 of those spots grading down in size. These spots are not a pronounced black, but show out plainly enough from beneath the whitish silver scales, presenting the dark . dull appearance of human flesh Pboo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. ( 15 ) June 20, 1896. 2l8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. bruised by a blow. These spots are entirely absent from the ten-pound Beardslee. * * * On Friday, April 17th, just before Mrs. Car- rigan and Miss Beazley arrived at the lake (it was about 6 o'clock in the afternoon) Mrs. Mitchell caught, with the gear you sent her, a twelve-pound Beardslee, measuring 30 inches in length and B>% inches through. She is im- mensely proud of your gift, which is doing such splendid work so early in the season. These fine catches made by the ladies prove the possi- bilities of the lake in early spring; your own splendid success demonstrates what can be done late in the fall, at the very tail end of the season. It remains for you to show what can be done in the heat of the season. There is no knowing what surprises may result from the deep fishing that you will do this summer, for I know that you will give the lake a thorough test at all depths. It would be a good idea to take out, when you go there this summer, a proper rig for sounding the lake, which has never yet been sounded. It is my conviction that you will shatter your own big trout record all to pieces this summer, and give the fish- ing world a series of fresh surprises. * * * The Eagle Point stream has its origin in a little lake high up on the mountain side, probably 2,000 feet above Lake Crescent. There is a high and very pretty water-fall in, the stream. On the mountain side of the little lake are trout, and the fish the ladies picked up on Crescent Lake evidently came from this little lake, being battered to death in coming over the fall. The men who run the launch say that the spring freshets bring down large numbers of trout from this little lake, and that many of them are killed in the descent. In a letter to me, dated May 5, 1896, Mr. Carrigan NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 2IQ gives further notes of interest concerning the third spec- imen described above: I have just forwarded to you a 14-pound " Crescent Lake trout" (the Blueback), which was caught at Lake Crescent, Sunday afternoon, by Mr. Ben. Lewis.' This trout, when taken from the water, weighed full 14 pounds, measured, 32 inches in length and 8*4 inches in width. Mr. Lewis at once started for Port Angeles, to present the trout to me to be forwarded to you, for I had told him that I was anxious to send you a large specimen of the Crescent trout, that you might note its special character- istics. He rowed over the lake, 8 miles, and walked into Angeles, 20 miles more, carrying this trout on his back, arriving here at midnight. We were both desirous of getting the fish off to you as promptly as possible and in the best condition,* but it was impossible to get any ice here yesterday, and we had to keep the trout as best we could until the ice we telegraphed for arrived from Seattle to-day. It is a magnificent specimen of the " Salmo beardsleei," and certainly presented a splendid appearance when first unrolled from Mr. Lewis' pack-sack. It was then sweet, fresh and plump. I hope it will reach you in good con- dition. We packed it carefully in ice before sending it forward. It is a pity that we cannot get one of these fish to you, showing its beautiful life coloring. When freshly taken from the water the head and back of the trout is a very deep, rich blue, which extends well down to the median line, and below the median line all is gleaming, creamy white, with a sheen as bright as burnished silver, and iridescent. The head, back and tail are strongly marked with black spots. The beautiful blue coloring of the back fades out after 220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. death and loss of blood, and changes to a shade of silvery- green. I don't know what the fish look like when they reach you, but they have lost their royal coloring before they leave here. Mr. Lewis has just told me of an entirely new variety of trout that he catches in the lake, at a depth of from 80 to 100 feet. He takes them on set lines, which he places out over night, and says he has never been able to catch one of this species in any other way. He says it differs from any other trout in the lake ; that it is a long, slender, graceful and very attractive fish, with a grayish green back and below the median line, pure white sides and belly. He has promised to secure a specimen of this- variety for me to be sent to you. Family LUTIANID^F. 6. Xenocys jessiae Jordan & Bollman. Plate xxiv. Xenocys jessice Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889; 160. Charles Island, Galapagos. The figure of this handsome species is taken from one of the original types. Family SCLFNIDvE. 7. Umbrina sinaloae Scofield, n. sp. Plate xxv. Head 3 T V; depth 3 T 6 ¥ ; eye 3^ in head; snout 3% ; interorbital space 4^ ; tip of snout to end of maxillary 2}4; D. X-I, 28; A. II, 6; scales 7-51-10; (scales 7 between front of dorsal and lateral line, 10 between line and vent; 51 pores in lateral line to base of caudal); pectorals if in head; ventral i-f ; second anal spine 2% ; third dorsal spine longest, 1% in head; gill-rakers 6+9, rather slender, about )/ 2 as long as pupil; distance to anal 1% in length (1^ in xanti); barbel slender; caudal slightly lunate, the upper lobe the longer. Color dark NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 221 above (greenish in life), silvery below; a dark blotch on opercle; conspicuous dark olive stripes follow the center of the scale rows upward and backward on the sides and back; stripes about y 2 as wide as pupil; spinous dorsal dusky: ventrals and anal pale, without punctulations; lin- ing of gill cavity quite dark ; gill membranes pale ; peri- toneum pale. Resembles Umbrina xanti very closely; but is distin- guished by the dark gill cavity, the small scales, small second anal spine, and more anterior position of anal. The stripes on the body are slightly darker, not so un- dulating, and there are a few more of them, due to the smaller and more regular scales. Length 8 inches. Type No. -1632, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., collected at Mazatlan by the Hopkins expedition of 1894. Several specimens were obtained in company with Umbrina xanti. It is equally abundant, having been hitherto confounded with the latter species. I may note that specimens of the Californian species, Umbrina roncador, are in the collec- tion from Guaymas. Family SCORP^ENID^). 8. Emmydrichthys vulcanus Jordan & Rutter, n. gen. and sp. Plate xxvi. Generic description : Body short and stout, length of head about equal to depth; body with no scales, thickly covered with irregu- lar dermal prominences. Cleft of mouth vertical. A band of minute depressible teeth in each jaw, none on vomer- or palatines. Tongue free, short and broad. Opercles unarmed, covered with thick loose skin. Gill openings very long. Eyes with an almost vertical range, the interorbital space very deep, a large pit behind and 222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. one below each eye. Dorsal divided by a deep notch, the anterior part with nine, the posterior with two spines; anal with three. Anterior spines of dorsal each with a pair of antero-lateral grooves. The new genus Emmydrichthys is closely related to Synanceia Bloch, differing in having the dorsal divided and with a smaller number of spines, and in the presence of a deep pit or groove below eyes. Head 2^ in length, depth 2%. D. IX-II, 7; A. Ill, 6; P. 18. Gill opening extending forward almost to be- low mouth, almost as long as depth of body. Head with many pits and irregular protuberances. Eyes situated on the outer sides of a pair of protuberances, the interorbital space very deep and nearly smooth, a large cavity behind each eye and a smaller one below. A small papilla on upper side of eyeball. Jaws equal, fringed with cirri. Anterior nostril tubular. Dorsal fins connected at base. Fin membranes all thick and heavily papillose, greatly thickened around anterior dorsal spines. Eyes midway between snout and origin of dorsal. Middle dorsal spines slightly longest, about equal to distance of first spine from pupil; longest pectoral rays, third and fourth from top, equal to distance of dorsal from tip of lower jaw ; anal not so high as soft dorsal* caudal small, rounded, shorter than ventrals; ventrals with two-thirds of inner side grown to body. Color, in alcohol, nearly entirely jet black, the tips of the warty processes on head washed with white, and some minute whitish streaks on under edge of eye. This specimen, in color and appearance, bears an as- tonishing resemblance to a lump of black lava.* This is undoubtedly a matter of mimicry, and its native, haunt must be among volcanic rocks. The type specimen, 9^ inches long, was sent to the * Hence the name from /wd^os, a lump of lava. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 223 museum of California College, Oakland, by Rev. J. H. Henry of Tahiti. It was said to have been taken at the Hawaiian Islands. By the courtesy of Professor Inskeep of this institution we h#ve been permitted to examine this type. The species is called by the natives No-ho, and its poisonous dorsal spines cause it to be greatly dreaded. Family COTTID^. 9. Cottus annae Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Plate xxvii. Head 3% to 3^ in body, depth 5. D. VII or VIII- 16 or 17; A. 12; eye 5 in head; maxillary 3%; highest dorsal spine 3}4 ; highest soft ray 2; pectoral 1; ventral if; caudal 1%. , Body elongate, not much compressed; caudal peduncle wide, wider than length of snout. Head small, broadly rounded anteriorly as viewed from above ; snout blunt as viewed from the side; mouth very small, without so much lateral cleft as in Cottus beldingi ov C.fhiloni-ps, the max- illary reaching to front of pupil; teeth in moderately wide bands on jaws and vomer; palatines toothless or with a few teeth in a narrow band on front; interorbital (bone only) equals ^ eye; eye smaller than length of snout; preopercle with only one small blunt spine, below which its edge is entire. Pectoral barely reaching front of anal; spinous dorsal very low, from y^ to ^ as high as soft dorsal, its base from its first spine to first ray of soft dor- sal 1% in head; dorsals barely meeting, not at all con- nected. Color light gray, somewhat mottled; ventrals and anal colorless, other fins crossedwith wavy lines; a black spot on each end of spinous dorsal. We have compared these specimens with specimens of Cottus beldingi from Birch Creek, Idaho, and from other localities as also with a single type specimen of Cottus 224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. philonifs from Field, B. C. It differs from both of these in having the mouth and eyes smaller, and from the. Field specimen in having a deeper body. Here described from four specimens from lyi, to 3*4 inches in length, collected at Gypsum, Colorado, from the Eagle River, by Jordan, Evermann, Fesler and Davis, Nos. 1305, 1308, 1309 and 1310, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. It has hitherto been confounded with Cottus semiscaber , which was taken in abundance at the same place, and recorded in their report as '■'■Cottus bairdii ■punctulatus." The species is named for Miss Anna Louise Brown, artist of the Hopkins Laboratory. We may here note that Cottus fhilonifs is very doubtfully distinct from Cottus beldingi, the only difference we can find being in the deeper body of the latter, which is a widely distributed species. Of Cottus -philoni^ps only the types are yet known, the Alaskan specimens referred to it being quite distinct. 10. Cottus Shasta Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Head 3 to 3^ in body, depth 4^. D. VIII or IX-17 or 18; A. 13 to 15; eye nearly 5 in head; maxillary i\; third or fourth dorsal spine 34 ; highest soft ray about 2 ; pectoral about 1^ ; caudal 1 % . Body not much compressed; caudal peduncle rather wide, about equal to snout; mouth rather large, the max- illary reaching to posterior margin of pupil; teeth in a moderate band on jaws and vomer, in an exceedingly narrow band in front of palatines; interorbital space not much over half eye; upper preopercular spine short, not much hooked up and not very sharp; a shallow concave space between it and the second, scarcely a notch; the second small and sharp, the third but slightly developed. Pectoral reaching to below the fourth ray of soft dorsal ; ventrals not reaching the vent; dorsals scarcely con NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 225 nected, the soft dorsal high, the highest rays equal to eye and snout; vent slightly nearer tail than tip of snout. Skin smooth, except a few scattered prickles under pec- torals-. Color very dark brown or blackish; sides mottled; top of head uniform blackish; all the fins more or less mot- tled, ventrals white or dusky. The following is the fin formula of four specimens : Dorsal IX-17; VIII-19; IX-17; IX- 18. Anal 14; 15; 15;' 13. Upper Sacramento Basin; here described from four specimens from McCloud River, Baird, Shasta county, California, about 4 inches in length. No. 4196, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Collector, E. C. Starks. The species is very close to Cottus semiscaber , but it has a longer anal. 11. Tarandichthys filamentosus (Gilbert). Plate xxviii. Icelinus filamentosus Gilbert, Proo. TL S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 85. Off Santa Barbara Islands. The section of Icelinus distinguished by the presence of filamentous dorsal spines, and the presence of bony plates behind the pectoral, represents a subgenus or genus distinct from Icelinus. This may be called Tarandich- thys, Jordan & Evermann. The name (Ta P dv8omaculosus, with which it has been hitherto confounded. It is distin- guished from the latter by having fewer filaments on the head and body, an ocellated spot on front of first dorsal, and by having the rays of the anal fin in the male all con- nected by membrane ; the first ray of anal is much shorter and weaker in borealis. 14. Ulca marmorata (Bean). Plate xxx. itemitrepterus marmoratus Bean, Proo. XJ. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 43. Sitkalidak Island. This species differs from Hemitrifterus in the shorter first dorsal, which does not show the division found in the typical species of Hemitrifterus. It is the type of the genus, Ulca, Jordan & Evermann. The specimen 228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. figured, not a type, is from near Unalaska. Coll., C. H. Gilbert, on the Albatross. Family GOBIID^. 15. Eleotris abacurus Jordan & Gilbert, n. sp. Head 3; depth 4^. D. VI-9; A. I, 8; scales 51-20; eye 8 in head, 2% in interorbital width; pectoral 1% ; ventral 1 y 2 ; highest dorsal ray 2 ; highest- anal ray 2 ; caudal 1 %. . Body slender, compressed,' the head depressed, be- coming very narrow anteriorly, its width •§ its length: a notable depression above orbits, the premaxillary pro- cesses protruding before it; lower jaw the longer; max- illary reaching vertical behind pupil, 24 in head. Teeth in jaws in narrow villiform bands, becoming a single series on sides of lower jaw; those of the outer and inner series in each jaw are somewhat enlarged, the larg- est being a single series in sides of lower jaw. Pre- opercular spine as usual in the genus. Scales smooth above and below, ctenoid on sides. Color in spirits brown, lighter above and below; each scale on middle of sides with a dusky streak, these form- ing obscure lengthwise lines ; back anteriorly with a few small black spots; under parts, including sides of head, very thickly punctulate with black; no dark stripes from orbit. Lips black; a dark streak from snout through eye to upper angle of preopercle; two dusky streaks from eye downwards and backwards across cheeks; a very conspicuous black blotch as large as eye in front of upper pectoral rays. Pectorals and ventrals transparent, dusky; vertical fins all barred with light and dark in fine pattern. Coast of South Carolina; known from a single speci- men, 4 inches long, No. 2009, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. ; taken in the harbor of Charleston, by Dr. Gilbert. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 229 This species agrees very well with Cope's account of Culius amblyofsis, but the eye is smaller and there is some difference in color, besides the remote habitat. 16. Evermannia longipinnis (Steindachner). Oobiosoma longipinnis Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., viii, 27, 1879. Las Animas Island, Gulf of California. At my request, Dr. Steindachner has re-examined the types of his Gobiosoma longipinnis. _ He finds them com- pletely scaleless, as originally described. The species cannot then be placed in the genus Clevelandia, as in Dr. Eigenmann's arrangement, but is nearest to Evermannia. 17. Clevelandia rosae Jordan & Evermann, n. sp. Clevelandia longipinnis, Eigenmann ■& Eigenmann, Proo. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1888, 73. San Diego. Not Gobiosoma longipinne Stein- dachner. The species described from San Diego by Dr. and Mrs. Eigenmann, 'under the erroneous name of Clevelandia longipinnis, and made the type of the genus Clevelandia, must receive a new name. We suggest that of Cleve- landia roses, in honor of Mrs. Rosa Smith Eigenmann, its discoverer. Family URANOSCOPID^E. 18. Kathetostoma averruncus Jordan & Bollman. Plate xxxi. Kathetostoma averruncus Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 163, southwest of Panama.. A figure of this interesting species of Star Gazer is here given from the original type. Family DACTYLOSCOPID^E. 19. Gillellus semicinctus Gilbert. Plate xxxii. Gillellus semicinctus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 98. Gulf of California. I present a figure of this interesting species from one of the types. 23O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 20. Dactylagnus mundus Gill. Plate xxxiii. I present a figure of this species from a specimen ob- tained by Dr. Gilbert while with the Albatross. The genus is a valid one, well separated from Doctyloscofus. Family GOBIESOCID^E. 21. Bryssetaeres pinniger (Gilbert). Plate xxxiv. Gobiesox pinniger Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat., 1890, 94. Puerto Re- fugio, Gulf of California. This species is the type of a distinct genus, Bryssetceres Jordan & Evermann, distinguished from Gobiesox by the long dorsal fin. The vertebras are 26, as in Gobiesox. The plate here given is from one of the type specimens. The name /3/xWos, sea-urchin; ijratpos, comrade, al- ludes to the brotherhood existing between the Cling- fishes and the Sea-urchins in the rock pools. 22. Arbaciosa humeralis (Gilbert). Plate xxxv. Gobiesox humeralis Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 95. Puerto Kefugio. This species, with its allies zebra, eos, rhessodon, etc., differs from Gobiesox in the serrated teeth. It may be made the type of a distinct genus, Arbaciosa Jordan & Evermann. * The name is given in allusion to the close association -in the rock pools between the Sea-urchins and the species of this genus. This relation is especially close between the Sea-urchin, Arbacia slellata and Arbaciosa zebra. 23. Arbaciosa rhessodon (Rosa Smith). Plate xxxvi. I present a figure of this interesting species from a specimen from San Diego. 24. Arbaciosa eos (Jordan & Gilbert). Plate xxxvii. I here present a figure of a specimen from Mazatlan. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 23 1 25. Rimicola muscarum (Meek & Pierson). Gobiesox muscarum Meek & Pierson, Proo. Cal. Ac. Soi., 1895, with plate. Monterey. This species is distinguished from Gobiesox by the narrow body and very small dorsal and anal fins. It may be regarded as the type of a new genus, Rimicola Jordan & Evermann. To the same genus, Gobiesox eigenmanni Gilbert may be referred". Rimicola muscarum has been well figured by Meek & Pierson. 26. Rimicola eigenmanni Gilbert. Plate xxxii. I present a figure of the type of this species from Todos Santos Bay. Family BATRACHOIDID.'E. 27. Thalassophryne dowi Jordan & Gilbert. Plate xxxviii. Thalassophryne. dowi Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 388. Panama. I present a figure of this interesting species, taken from a specimen from Panama, larger than the original type. I may notice that Batrachus Bloch & Schneider, 1801, is a synonym of Batrachoides Lac^pede, 1800, and can- not be used as the name of a distinct genus. None of the naked Toad-fishes were known to Schneider. The oldest generic term available for them is that of Opsanus Rafinesque, Opsanus cerapalus is identical with Batrachus tau, which must stand as Opsanus tau. Family BLENNIID^. 28. Starksia cremnobates (Gilbert). Labrisomus cremnobates Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 100. Gulf of California. This pretty species seems to be the type of a distinct genus, Starksia Jordan & Evermann, distinguished from Labrisomus by the large scales, presence of palatine teeth, the short, soft dorsal and the absence of the comb of 232. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. nuchal filaments. It is named for Mr. Edwin Chapin Starks, in recognition of his work on the fishes of the Pacific Coast. 29. Exerpes asper (Jenkins & Evermann). Auchenopterus asper Jenkins & Evermann, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 154. Guaymas. The widely separated and ribbon-like first dorsal fin, formed of three close set spines, may distinguish asper generically from the other species of Auchtnopterus. The genus Exerpes Jordan & Evermann, based on it, is further distinguished by the long, sharp snout, and the long ventrals. The species has been well figured by Jenkins & Evermann. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891 ; plate II.) 30. Chasmodes jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann, n. sp. Plate xxxix. Hypaoilennius strialus Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 163, Guaymas, not of Steindachner. Head 3^ (4 in total); depth 4 (5). D. XII, 17; A. 18 or 19; eye 4 to 5 in head. Body more robust than in related species, resembling Hypsoblennius ; head large, gently rounded in profile, the snout steep, 4 in head; interorbital space narrow, grooved; orbital tentacle (male) much as in Hypsoblen- nius gilberti, about 3 in head, branched, the branches usually 4 ; mouth much larger than in Hypsoblennius, the maxillary 2^ to 3 in head, reaching to below posterior margin of eye; teeth even, comb-like; gill opening 2 in head, extending downwards nearly to lower edge of pec- toral, much larger than in Chasmodes saburrce. Dorsal little notched, the spines slender, 2^ in head,- the rays a little higher; anal lower, the rays 3^ to 4 "in head; pec- torals reaching anal, 1% in head; ventrals 2%. Dorsal and anal free from caudal. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 233 Color in life, according to Evermann & Jenkins, yeK lowish; five quadrate spots of darker extending from dor- sal to a line drawn from middle of eye to lower base of caudal, the anterior one above tip of pectoral; median line of side with a more or less distinct series of small spots; a short dark vertical line behind the eye; a dark blotch in front of origin of dorsal fin and another on humeral region; under side of head with two ill-defined bands of dark; dorsal fin more or less speckled with black, the anal with a narrow white border above which is a broader band of deep brown. Six specimens, the largest about 3 inches long, were obtained at Guaymas, Sonora, by Dr. Evermann and Dr. Jenkins in 1887. One of these, No. 412, L. S. Jr. Uni- versity Mus., examined by us, is the type of the present description. The large mouth distinguishes this species at once from Hypsoblennius slriatus, with which it has been identified. The species is intermediate between typical Chasmodes and Hypsoblennius, and its discovery may make it neces- sary to merge the latter in Chasmodes. 31. Runula azalea Jordan & Bollman. Plate xxxvii. Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 171. Indefatigable Island. I present a plate taken from one of the types of this interesting little Blenny. 32. Lucioblennius alepidotus Gilbert. Plate xxxvii. Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 103. Gulf of California. The genus Lucioblennius is very close to Chcenofsis of the West Indies, and belongs to the Chano-psincB. It is not possible to separate this group, as a family, from the Blenniidce until the various intermediate subfamilies, Phol- idichthyince, Pseudoblenniince , Emblemariince and Ofhio- Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. ( 16 ) June 22, 1896. 234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. blenniince are better known. The accompanying plate is from one of the types. Family LYCODAPODID^. 33. Lycodapus fierasfer Gilbert. Plate xxxiii. Lycodapus fierasfer Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 108. Sta- tion 2980, etc. The genus Lycodapus cannot be retained among the Zoarcidce, as its general relations are with Fierasfer rather than Lycodes. It seems to represent a distinct family ( Lycodapodidce) distinguished from Fierasfer by the nor- mal position of the vent, which is not at the throat. Its gill membranes are separate and free from the isthmus. The accompanying plate is taken from one of the types. Family BROTULID^. 34. Bregmaceros macclellandi (Thompson). Bregmaceros macclellandi Tho-mps(fn,Chaxleswoith.'s Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840. India. Bregmaceros bathymaster Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 178. Off CoaBt of Colombia, near Panama. Two additional specimens of the species called Breg- maceros bathymaster have been found since the species was first described. They are from the same locality, having been mislaid in the removal of the collection. These are in better condition than the first and seem to agree fully with the accounts of B . macclellandi . The genus Bregmaceros has the hypercoracoid perfo- rate, as in the Brotulidce. It cannot therefore be placed among the Gadidce, but belongs very near the Brotulidce, if it be not a genuine member of that family. The remainder of this paper consists of notes by Mr. Frank Cramer on some new or little -known species of Sebastodes. This matter is supplementary to Mr. Cra- NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 235 rner's recent paper on the Cranial Characters of Sebas- todes, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 573 to 611. Family SCORP^NID^. 35. Sebastodes ciliatus (Tilesius). Plate xl. Head 3 %, depth 3 to 3% ; D. XIII, 16; A. Ill, 8; P. 18 to 19. Transverse (oblique) rows of scales 46 to 47 ( + 3 or 4 on caudal). Pores 46 to 47. Body compressed, deep, its width over the base of the pectorals about 2 in the depth. Dorsal outline descending rapidly backward in a slight curve from origin of first dorsal to end of sec- ond dorsal. Depth of peduncle more than 3 in depth of body. Head compressed, profile steep and nearly straight. Eye moderate, orbit circular, 3^ in head, a little longer than snout, its posterior rim at about the middle of length of head. Interprbital space strongly convex, its width a little less than orbit, 3^ to 4 in head. Nasal spines small; cranial ridges and spines all obsolete, except the parietal; parietal ridges very slightly developed, with a minute point or none, covered with scales. Mouth moderate, quite, oblique ; tip of upper jaw on a level with center of eye ; maxillary 2^ in head, its posterior end reaching about to vertical from posterior edge of pupil. Lower jaw a little projecting, with a slight symphyseal knob. Very narrow bands of teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Preorbital moderate, its lower edge scarcely at all indented or en- tirely continuous, spineless. Suborbital stay scarcely visible. Prpopercular spines small, the three upper di- rected backward and slightly diverging, nearly equidis- tant and of equal sjze, the two lower minute or obsoles- cent. Opercular spines small, without visible ridges. Gill -rakers slender, 2 in orbit, 23 to 24 on anterior limb of first arch. Dorsal fin rather low, the spines delicate, the 5th longest, 2% to 2 l /e. in head, the 2d about equal to 236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the nth, the 12th about 1^ in the 13th; the membrane rather deeply incised anteriorly, and reaching about half way up the 13th spine. Soft rays about equal to the spines. Caudal fin slightly lunate, its length about 1% in head. Second and third anal spines about equal in length, the former a little stronger, 1% in the soft rays. Pecto- rals reaching very nearly to vent, a little less than head, 3^ in body, their base nearly 3 in their length, the me- dian rays longest. Ventrals not reaching vent, about 1% in pectorals. Scales on body, opercles and interorbital space strongly ctenoid; those on mandibles, maxillaries and most of those on cheeks cycloid; preorbital and snout with minute scales. Accessory scales few. Color, in alcohol, dark reddish brown, mottled with lighter; top of head nearly black, a dark stripe on edge of lower jaw, another on maxillary; a dark brown band from preorbi- tal downward and backward to posterior edge of pre- opercle; a broader band from posterior rim of orbit downward and backward across preopercle and opercle. Fins all dusky, the dorsals somewhat mottled. Perito- neum black. The following description of the color is added from Jordan & Gilbert's Synopsis: "Blackish green, sides rather pale, much mixed with darker; dark shades from eye backward; a black streak on maxillary." Coast of Alaska, rare; not noticed south of Kodiak when the specimens here described were taken. No other specimens are known, except those of Pallas still preserved in the museum at Berlin. The above description is taken from three specimens 5% to 5H inches long, in the possession of the Alaska Commercial Company, one of them since presented to Leland Stanford Jr. University. The following is the synonymy of the species: Efinefhelus ciliatus Tilesius, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., iv, 474, 1810, Aleutian NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 237 Islands; Perca variabilis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., iii, 241, 181 1, Aleutian Islands, type; red specimens of Se- bastodes introniger included as the summer coloration; Sebastodes variabilis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poiss., iv, 347; Giinther, Cat. Fishes, ii, 99; Se- bastodes ciliatus Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 658, 1883. 36. Sebastodes hopkinsi Cramer. Plate xli. Sebastodes hopkinsi Cramer, Proc. Cal. Acad. Soi., 1895, 594. Mon- terey. Head 3, depth 3| ; D. XIII, 14; A. Ill, 7. Transverse rows of scales (midway between lateral line and base of dorsal fin) about 52; pores about 51. Body compressed, riot very deep, profile steep, depth of caudal peduncle a little less than orbit.. Head compressed, eye large, orbit 3j£'in head. Interorbital space evenly convex, 4^ in head; cranial ridges nearly obsolete; parietal ridges very low but broad, brown. Nasal spines small, far apart; preocular spines rather strong, triangular, supraocular and postocular usually present, very minute, tympanic and parietal spines sometimes present. Mouth moderate, oblique ; maxillary very little more than 3 in head, nearly reaching vertical from center of pupil, its posterior end very broad, two in orbit. Lower jaw much projecting, with a prominent, forward directed symphyseal knob, which enters the profile. Narrow bands of teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Preorbital rather narrow, its lower margin lobate, with sometimes a small spine. Preoper- cular spines flat, sharp, nearly equidistant, all directed backward, the 2d longest, 4th and 5th minute. Opercu- lar spines flat, sharp, somewhat diverging, the upper con- siderably larger; spines on shoulder weak. Gill -rakers 29 on anterior limb of first arch, long, slender, very little more than two in orbit. Dorsal spines slender, low, the 4th longest, 24 in head, 238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the 1 2th ^ as long as longest; soft rays equal to longest spines. Only a slight notch between the dorsals. Cau- dal lunate, if in head; second anal spine stronger and considerably longer than third, longer than soft rays, longer than longest dorsal spine, very little more than two in head. Pectorals reaching beyond ventrals but not to vent, a little less than head, 3^ in body; their base narrow, equal to orbit, the lower rays not thickened. Scales rather small, everywhere strongly ctenoid, acces- sory scales not very numerous; preorb,ital, snout, maxil- laries, mandible and branchiostegal rays scaled; all the fin rays more or less scaly. Color much as in Sebastodes ovalis, but with dark blotches and no dark specks. Dark olivaceous, tinged with reddish, especially below; a large, irregular dark blotch under soft dorsal, crossing lateral line ; a smaller one on lateral line below posterior part of spinous dorsal; top of head and anterior part of back to about 9th dorsal spine nearly uniformly dark to below lateral line ; two indefinite dark bands from behind orbit across preopercle and opercle; lips black. Dorsal fin olivaceous, spinous dorsal dark-edged, soft dorsal darker at base; caudal and pectorals olivaceous, axils dark, ven- trals yellowish, anal pale; no small round black spots anywhere. Peritoneufh black. Bones of skull thin, cra- nial ridges nearly obsolete, parietal bones meeting, inter- orbital space somewhat convex, 3% in base of skull, a slight depression on each side of a sharp, narrow median ridge, and another just within each supraocular ridge; ventral process of basisphenoid rudimentary, mesethmoid processes compressed, not elevated; base of skull very" strongly curved. Closely related to Sebastodes ovalis. Types 7^ inches long. No. 2282, L. S. Jr. Univ. This species is thus far known from Monterey Bay, California, whence the six specimens before us were NEW -OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 239 taken. It is named for Mr. Timothy Hopkins, founder of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory at Monterey. Since this description was written, numerous additional exam- ples have been secured. It is evidently not rare about Monterey. 37. Sebastodes eigenmanni Cramer, n.sp. Plate xlii. Head 2 t V; depth 2|- D. VIII, 14; A. Ill, 8; P. 18 (|); Lat. 1; pores 41 ( + 2 on base of caudal); trans- verse rows of scales 41. Body compressed, its width (behind opercles) about ay 2 in its depth. Greatest width of head 2f in its length. Profile steep ; interorbital space flat, 5^ in head ; supra^- ocular and parietal ridges quite well developed, the former , flat, the latter diverging backward. Preocular, supra- ocular, postocular, tympanic and parietal spines present, not very large, but sharp; a curved shallow groove at each side of the interorbital space inside of the supra- ocular ridges. Orbit large, nearly circular, 3% i n head, its upper rim on a level with the profile. .Snout short, about equal to interorbital width; preorbital moderate, with two small sharp spines directed downward and back- ward; maxillary 2f in head, reaching a little beyond ver- tical from posterior edge of pupil; mandible projecting somewhat, with a moderate symphysealknob. The upper- most preopercular spine small, directed a little upward, the second longest, horizontal, the fourth and fifth small, but evident; upper opercular spine slender and sharp, the lower shorter. Gill-rakers long and slender, about 2% in the orbit, 23 on horizontal limb of first arch. Scales rough, ctenoid, those on opercles, cheeks and in- terorbital space and snout somewhat rough; those on maxillary;, mandible and breast mostly cycloid ; very few accessory scales. Spines of first dorsal moderate, the 24O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. fourth longest, 2% in head, the fifth, sixth and seventh nearly equal, the twelfth 2j^ in the fourth; the mem- brane deeply incised; longest dorsal ray about equal to longest spine. Anal spines graduated; the second nearly as long as and but little stronger than third, 2-f in head, 1^ in the soft rays. Caudal truncate, or a little rounded (the rays somewhat injured). Base of pectorals 4 in head, the nine lower rays simple, the middle rays long- est, reaching a little beyond vent, 3 \ in length of body. Ventrals reaching vent. Color in alcohol: Reddish-brown; pale below; dorsals and pectorals dusky; membranes of spinous dorsal black- edged, and tips of ventrals blackish. Peritoneum white, with a few black specks. One specimen, 7 inches long, taken at Monterey, Cali- fornia, by Dr. Wilbur W. Thoburn; No. 4046, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. It is named for Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, of the Uni- versity of Indiana, in recognition of his work on the genus Sebastodes. The species is nearest to Sebastodes ovalis, but the mouth is larger and the color different. 38. Sebastodes darwini Cramer, n. sp. tSebastes oculala Jenyns, Voyage H. M. S. Beagle, Zool. Fish. No. ii, part iv, 37, 184*, Valparaiso. Closely allied to Sebastodes rosaceus. Spines similar in number, but a trifle higher; upper spines on preopercle longest. Gill-rakers slender, x-|-i8, nearly as long as pupil. Jaws subequal. Pectoral short, 1% in head, the lower rays thickened; second anal spine long, curved. A. Ill, 6. Compared with a specimen of S. rosaceus of the same size, the snout is blunter in S. darwini, the cranial ridges are a shade higher; the pectoral is shorter, reaching only to vent (while in S. rosaceus it reaches to second anal spine ; second anal spine much longer than NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 241 third (subequal in S. rosaceus) ; dorsal spiqes lower, 3 in head (2% in rosaceus). Scales similar. Mexillones, Peru. Here described from MS. notes of Dr. D. S. Jordan, taken from the type in Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Jenyns described a specimen from Valparaiso as the Sebastodes oculatus of Cuvier and Valenciennes; but pointed out distinctions between the two, which with later knowledge of related species prove beyond a doubt that it is distinct. This specimen probably belongs to Sebas- todes darwini. Jenyns also mentions a figure of an- other species from Valparaiso, very distinct from the others in having the spines of the head less developed. More than 50 species of the genus have been described from the north temperate waters of the Pacific Coast of America, and it is not improbable that the species of this genus will be found numerous in the temperate waters of the South American Coast. 39. Sebastodes gilberti Cramer, n. sp. Plate xliii. Head 2 r \; depth 2^ to 3. D. XIII, 13. A. Ill, 6. P. 17; transverse (oblique) rows of scales 40 to 42; lat. 1. (pores) about 39 to 42. Body somewhat compressed, its width over the base of the pectorals nearly two in the depth. Head compressed, profile steep, nearly straight. Preocular, postocular, tympanic and parietal spines and ridges present, all rather delicate, these spines some- what appressed, the parietal ridges diverging backward in slight curves. Interorbital space 1% in orbit, a little concave, with a pair of low ridges and a shallow median groove between them. Orbit high up, nearly circular, 4 in head, its posterior rim at about the middle of length of head. Preorbital scarcely lobate on its ventral margin, usually with one short triangular spine posteriorly. Sub- Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Sbr., Vol. VI. ( 17 ) June 22, 1896. 24 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. orbital stay not visible externally. Preopercular spines all directed backward, the two uppermost closer together, the two lowermost weak. Opercular spines rather small, sharp, without visible ridges. Mouth nearly horizontal, the tip of the upper jaw nearly on a level with the lower rim of the orbit. Maxillary 2% in head, its posterior end reaching about to vertical from posterior rim of orbit. JLower jaw very slightly projecting, with a slight sym- physeal knob. Teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines, the bands on the latter narrow. Gill-rakers rather slender, 2 to 3 in orbit, 23 on anterior limb of first arch. Fourth dorsal spine highest, i\\ in head ; membrane of first dorsal very deeply incised, reaching only % of the way up on the anterior side of the 3d, and about ^ of the way up on the 4th spine, nearly to the tip of the 12th, and about half way up on the 13th spine; soft rays lower than the spines, about 1% in the longest spine. Caudal fin truncate, with 11 to 12 full length rays, about if in head. Second anal spine longer and much stronger than third, 2§ in. head, 1^ in the soft rays. Pectoral fin reaching to or a little beyond vent, t, 1 A m length of body, the median rays longest, the 8 lower rays unbranched and thickened; base of fin 3 in its length. Ventrals reaching not quite to vent, the spine about equal to the 3d anal spine. Scales rather small, those of body, cheeks, and inter- orbital space all ctenoid, those on breast cycloid; maxil- lary with minute scales, lower jaw and top of snout naked. Accessory scales few, some of them ctenoid. Color: Head blackish above, lips dusky, a dark band from front of orbit forward along side of snout; a dark stripe on maxillary; a blackish or olivace- ous band from preorbital backward and downward across preopercle; another broader band from posterior NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN FISHES. 243 rim of orbit across preopercle and lower end of sub- opercle; a dark blotch on opercle; a blackish area in front of dorsal and under first and second spines, extend- ing with interruptions to axils of pectorals and on to the base of the fin, and downward and backward in a narrow broken band toward vent; another band from below 6th and 7th dorsal spines downward and backward nearly to origin of anal; a third short one from below 9th and 10th spines to lateral line ; a broad one under soft dorsal ex- tending below lateral line, and another across peduncle; all these dark areas extend up on the dorsal fin; their outlines are not sharply defined, and they as well as the lighter areas of the body are mottled with scattered, much darker spots; the lighter areas were in the fresh state a dull brick red, becoming lighter below. Dorsal mem- brane blackish between 1st and 3d, and between 5th and nth spines. Soft dorsal spotted with blackish anteriorly ; membrane of caudal dusky, the dark much broken into spots; anal and ventrals dusky. Pectorals with a broad, transverse, dark, spotted band near base, and a trans- verse dusky area with darker spots on distal half. Fins in life more or less tinged with the reddish color. Peri- toneum white. Types, three specimens 7>£, 8% and 8}4 inches long (No. 3893, L. S. Jr. Univ.), from Monterey, found in San Francisco market. Many others have been since obtained from Monterey, where it is common. The species is an ally of Sebastodes carnatus and Sebastodes chrysomelas. It had been previously confounded with the young of Sebastodes carnatus. It seems to reach a smaller size than any of the related forms. This species is named from Prof. Charles Henry Gil- bert, of Leland Stanford Junior University. 244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. LIST OF PLATES. XX. Zaprora silenus : type. Nanaimo, British Columbia. XXI. Nemichthys avocetta. Victoria, British Columbia. Avooettina gillii. Albatross Station, off Oregon. XXII. Salmo gairdneri erescentis: type. Lake Crescent, Washing- ton. XXIII. Salmo gairdneri beardsleei: type. Lake Crescent, Washing- ton. XXIV. Xenocys jessiaa: type. Charles Island, Galapagos. XXV. Umbrina sinalosB: type. Mazatlan, Mexico. XXVI. Emmydrichthys vulcanus: type. Hawaiian Islands. XXVII. Cottus annae: type. Eagle River, Gypsum, Colorado. XXVIII. Tarandichthys filamentosus: type. Off Santa Barbara Islands. XXIX. Icelinus quadriseriatus. Coast of California. XXX. Ulca marmorata. Unalaska. XXXI. Kathetostoma averruncus : type. Off Panama. XXXII. Gillellus semicinctus: type. Gulf of California. Eimicola eigenmanni: type. Todos Santos Bay, Baja Cal- ifornia. XXXIII. Dactylagnus mundus. Gulf of California. Lycodapus fierasfer: type. Albatross Station, 2980, N. W.. Coast of Mexico. XXXIV. Bryssetseres pinniger: type. Puerto Refugio, Gulf of Califor- nia. XXXV. Arbaciosa humeralis: type. Puerto Refugio, Gulf of Cali- fornia. XXXVI. Arbaciosa rhessodon. San Diego, California. XXXVII. Arbaciosa eos. Mazatlan, Mexico. Runula azalea: type. Indefatigable Island. Lucioblennius al^pidotus: type. Gulf of California. XXXVIII. Thalassophryne dowi. Panama. XXXIX. Chasmodes jenkinsi: type. Guaymas, Mexico. XL. Sebastodes ciliatus. Kodiak Island, Alaska. XLI. Sebastodes hopkinsi: type. Monterey, California. XLII. Sebastodes eigenmanni: type. Monterey, California. XLIII. Sebastodes gilberti: type. Monteiey, California. PLATE XX. AihsaLHroviw.-D&l ZAPRORA 9ILENUS £/2&^!R/77V/V$- JtSKJJT PLATE XXI. ./ 1 I vm Iv- 1 h NEMICHTHYS AVOCETTA AVOCETTINA GILLII zmr^vT7zw$ ssy '»ZF- s o z m PLATE XXII. M m. wm mmMmm PLATE XXm. PLATE JOOV. A/ZMAltSRCMZliEZ,. XENOCYS JESSI/E &im.&&I7TQW#&EK*Xf: PLATE 5CXV. Anwa Z*BRomr,D£& . UMBRINA SINALOft. UTH^R/7?QAr$J2m r .fj:. PLATE XXyi. EMMYDRICHTHYS VULCANUS Azwa li Si?amv,£)sx„ ZHHJSJVlTCWtf JZZXjyr PLATE J&V1I. ~ L i.iA.J AtmA Zt£i?owft;J2m,. COTTUS ANN/E PLATE XXVIII. f 'I! II :i ,'! I 5 I 4 V A/n/AU3Rcmw,22EL. TARANOICHTHYS FILAMENTOSUS uth. sjsrrroA -^est^x*- PLATE XXIX. A&jm£-B&ovm:Z3Ez,. ICELINUS QUADRISERIATUS £/7W.J3RJ7TQjr■) h-r""-.SJF. PLATE XXXV. / ,m jfaasiZtfxowfyMEL, ARBACIOSA HUMERALIS UTlt^R77TQff$JiEy,SF. PLATE XXXVI. / Ac) *■/ \ 'v \. \ \ i •- AAc-'C. iahV'CC 7' S i ARBACIOSA RHESSODON ^mamBROim,£E&. mK-BR/TTQA' .$SiJ.-y .. PLATE XXXVII. RUNULA AZALEA 7 M^^. LUCIOBLENNIUS ALEPIDOTUS /■& '^#*»-' •-. 1,0 __>^N^"' ARBACIOSA EOS wZ^p^i^v^fe^. r.lT.VJ?/;:. r, .v.j-v. £>-.. PLATE XXXVXII. THALASSOPHRYNE DOWI Ajvma-Z'M&qvw.Dez,. £/7Zf.£?i?/7TCiv-# nsy.^K PLATE XXXIX. AimA LBhoywiUel CHASMODES* JENKINS! urn. BJ?nTQ/r$j?Ey.£^ PLATE XL. Atm6L.J3j?omf,&£&. SEBASTODES CILIATUS &rnj. sft/Troff tyjsEr.sn PLATE XLT. ArmALBnovwltezj- SEBASTODES HOPKlNSI ZI7X.&flJTTQtf# >ZE2- ZF PLATE XLII. Ajvma £J3& -3 CO CD !• to w *- 01 c. -j OCj to B > < » CD a e B D 1 CO Santa Ana it.. Colton, Cal Santa Ana R, , RlTerside, Cal. Bio Salado, Santa Clara II., Ventura Co., Cal. Bio Pajaro, Santa Cruz Co., Cal.. San Miguel Cr., San Miguel, Cal. La Laguna, Santa Maria B., Santa BarbaraCo.,Cal. Gassus Cr., San Mateo Co., Cal. Santa Ynez 11., Santa Barbara Co., Cal 44 111 3 298 4 107 87 129 129 178 115 59 5 1 -.03 15 175 19 190 25 3 11 43 104 1 76 1 4 5 4 4 a 1 4 4 3 4 99 1 4 8 1 4 1 67 1 8 5 2 1 2 1 16 2 101 33 5 35 32 61 5 28 3 1 2 1 8 103 4 1 2 2 3 8 5 2 2 1 1 8 1 \ 1 7 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 • 1 4 2 • 2 2 3 4 i 4 5 Soledad, Cal... 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 Adobe Cr., Santa Clara Co., Cal.. San Luis Cr., San Luis Obispo Co., Cal 3 1 115 55 1 100 11 150 1 8 1 3 1 6 63 7 6 Williamette B., Oregon City.Or. San Benito B, , San Benito Co., Cal The Lakes, Wil- liamette B., Al- San Francisquito Cr., Palo Alto, Cal Lakes, vicinity of Seattle, "Wash. Carmel B., 25 mi. from mouth. McKenzieB., Eugene, Or Deer Cr., Boseburg, Or.. CarmelB. (mouth) Monterey Co., Cal PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 2 49 TABLE SHOWING THE VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF PLATES IN GASTEROSTEUS WILLIAMSONI—CoNimvnT). The number at the head of each column indicates the number of plates. Locality. » B B OQ Tl W B CD Oj fco CC rf- VI 0: -j 00 «o 1-' to *- ot 01 GO < H to m a a c B D - O *1 SoquelCr., Santa Cruz Co., Cal . . PBJaro B.. Wat- sonville, Cal... Skookemchuck Or., Chehalis, Wash 34 13 39 2 46 57 47 11 1 41 4 46 100 2 14 1 3 1 1 18 3 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 11 3 2 ] 2 6 5 2 1 1 7 1 1 3 6 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 il 2 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 9 1 8 37 28 11 1 40 4 45 79 2 14 10 10 Aptos Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Cal Walia Walla R., Wallula, Wash. Brackisb Fools, Ballard, Wash. San Qregorio Cr., San Mateo Co., Cal Scott Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Cal . . Liddel Cr., Santa Cruz Co., Cal.. San Vicente Cr., Santa Cruz Co., Cal ... Fescadero Cr., San Mateo Co., Cal Wadell Cr., Santa Cruz Co., Cal... Filarcitos Cr., Spanish town, Cal Elaskanine R , Astoria, Or. . . . North Umpqua B. Koseburg, Or.. 15 15 20 20 Fully This table shows a complete gradation in the number of plates from specimens wholly naked to those fully plated. The specimens from the Santa Ana River are almost invariably without any plates. About one -fourth of those from the Santa Clara River in Ventura county are without plates, the others having from one to four. Into this stream flow the brooks of Williamson's Pass, which is the type locality of Gasterosteus williamsoni. Fkoc. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. (19) June 23, 1896. 25O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The specimens here noted agree with the original de- scription of that species, except in the presence of plates as above noted. The original description was based on eight specimens. Our specimens from the San Miguel Creek have an average of four plates, only one having none. Adobe Creek furnishes 115 specimens, with from four to six plates. None of the 175 specimens from San Francisquito Creek have fewer than four plates, and four specimens are fully plated. The specimens from Walla Walla River range from four plates to a fully plated body, the average number of plates being fifteen. Seventy-nine per cent, of the specimens from Pilarcitos Creek, empty- ing into Half Moon Bay, are fully plated, but some have as few as six or seven. From several localities the spec- imens are all fully plated, but it is worthy of note that in such cases we have only a few specimens. Larger col- lections would doubtless show variation. Dr. G. A. Boulenger has recorded similar variations in the English Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The variations described by him were all found in one local- ity, in practically one haul of the seine. They corre- spond to those of our specimens from the Walla Walla River (see table). From a number measurements, made with as much accuracy as the small size of some of the parts measured would permit, I find that the dorsal and ventral spines become shorter, the prepectoral area becomes slightly smaller, and the pubic plate shorter as the number of lat- eral plates grows less. There is little variation in the size of the head, the width of the thoracic area or the depth of the body. The proportionate size of the eye varies inversely with the size of the specimen, as usual in fishes. These variations are all such that those found in one locality overlap those found in another, thus form- PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 25 1 ing a perfectly intergrading series from the plateless weak spined williamsoni to the fully plated, strongly armed form of microcephalics. Other differences are as follows : The tail of microcephalus, especially the more fully plated form, is somewhat depressed and rather slender. In the Colton and Riverside specimens (true william- soni), the tail is heavy, and it is somewhat compressed, or rounded. However this character shows great individual variation, and the well plated form of micro cefhalns dif- fers as much from the poorly plated form as the latter does from williamsoni. In the well plated forms the tail is provided with a keel on each side. This keel consists of a fleshy basis covered by the lateral plates, which here become keel-shaped. In the poorly plated form and in williamsoni the keel is ab- sent. The sides of the thoracic area are decidedly convex in williamsoni, becoming almost straight in the fully plated form of microce-phalus. The post pectoral plate is heavier and notched in the more completely plated specimens. The pubic plate is more sharply pointed and more firmly attached to the interclavicles when the lateral armor is more complete. The first dorsal plates, those in front of the first dorsal spine, are small or wanting in the naked specimens, becoming larger and more firmly attached as the lateral armature, becomes more completely developed. The specimens of williamsoni that I have seen are smaller than the average of microce-phalus. There are fully intergrading series in these variations also. The ■ following is a summary of the points in which variations exist and which may be used in distinguishing the two varieties. The average representative of the 252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. parent form, called microcephalics, as compared with the average representative of the derived form, williamsoni, has: 1. The sides with more plates. 2. The pre-pectoral area larger. 3. The pubic plate longer and sharper. 4. The caudal peduncle or tail more slender. 5. The dorsal and ventral spines longer. 6. The pelvic girdle more firmly attached to the, in- terclavicles. 7. The post-pectoral plate heavier. 8. The sides of the thoracic area less convex. 9. The first dorsal plates larger and more firmly at- tached. 10. A larger average size of the adult individual. The fin rays are: williamsoni , dorsal 9 to 12, anal 7 or 8; microcephalous, dorsal 10 to 13, anal 7 to 9. These numerous differences, together with the differ- ence in distribution, necessitate the separation of micro- cephalics and -williamsoni, but the fact that the differences all intergrade in intermediate territory, gives these forms only subspecific value. As the name williamsoni is the older, it must be used as the specific name, while the common or parent form«must be recorded as Gasterosteus williamsoni microcephalus. The true williamsoni, with the exception of the eight type specimens, is known only from the Santa Ana Basin at Colton, Riverside and San Bernardino. The form called microcephalus is known from many streams from Unalaska on the north to the Santa Clara River on the south, where it meets williamsoni , the types of williamsoni being from a tributary of the Santa Clara. The variety microcephalus shows great variations, but I have been unable to coordinate them with any locality PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 253 or stream condition. The most that can be said is that the more fully plated specimens have been taken in small coastwise streams, while the less fully plated ones usually, though not always, have been found farther inland. In general, there is no doubt that the forms having the arm- ature more fully developed are nearer the primitive type. These live near the sea. These facts point to the descent of the species from Gasterosteus cataphr actus. The marine species, Gasterosteus cataphr actus, itself shows little variation. It differs from the well plated form of tnicrocepkalus in having a more slender and com- pressed body, longer spines, longer pectorals, larger pre- pectoral area, more depressed caudal peduncle, and nar- rower pubic plate and thoracic area. These, again, are all differences of degree, and they point to the recent origin of microcefhalus and williamsoni, brackish and fresh water forms, derived from those strictly marine. In like manner, doubtless, the partly naked fresh water forms of Eastern America and Europe have sprung from the marine species of the same region. 254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS. (Specimens selected to show greatest variation.) F Eg JOT Us H a eg, tb B DO V < w V c n a' a h3 OB C 5 j a B 5 -a? h-§>0Q O ST* B 2, g b> B » ■ o 8,° B QOQ - e*. D* O B ? era t? a 5* B tra & re " 8 « $ 0Q w ■ o 5' B* '1' M< OJCD a a B S* B OQ S? A a ■ Bg *1 45. ( 3.00 11.0 7.4 9.4 6.0 2 4 2.6 11.0 3.7 V 39.3 3.12 7.9 5.5 9.4 5.3 2.8 1.6 11.5 3.8 / Fully Pilarcitos Greek. 41.4 3.16 8.1 5.7 8.8 6.1 3.0 2.2 11.8 4.1 V 46.6 3.05 9.5 7.1 9.6 6.0 2.1 1.6 11. 3.7 I Plated. 24.5 3.40 6.8 '6.0 9.4 6.1 3.3 1.9 9.8 3.6 ' 55.0 3.44 10.0 8.5 10.2 6.0 2.8 1.5 12.0 4.2 \ 52.8 3.24 10.6 7.7 8.9 6.8 2.4 1.5 12.0 4.1 53.9 3 31 11.7 7.8 8.7 5.7 2.5 1.7 12.6 4.1 / San Franclsquito 56.2 3.45 10.0 7.6 9 9 5.8 2.7 1.5 12.2 4.0 ( 55.3 3.35 10.4 7.8 9.1 6.8 2 7 1.6 12.0 4.0 / Six. Creek. 54.0 3.21 10.6 7.7 8.7 6.7 2.5 1.3 11 5 3.7 61.5 3 59 9.6 7.4 9.8 5.3 2.5 1.6 13.4 3.4 \ 37.0 3.22 10.6 7.4 9.5 6.9 3.2 ' 2.2 11.6 4.1 35 7 3.29 7.3 5.7 9.4 6.9 3.8 2.0 11.5 4.0 / 48.2 3.66 12.0 9.1 9.2 7.8 2.7 2.2 14.5 4.3 N 35.3 3.22 11.4 7.5 8 8 6.8 2.5 2.2 11.0 3.9 I San Miguel Greek. 51.0 3.40 12.7 10.2 9.3 6.9 2 1.8 13.4 3.9 > Four. 54.0 3.40 12.0 9.6 10.0 6.4 2.7 1.7 12.3 3.9 1 -- 36.9 3.30 9.2 7 5 9.5 7.0 2.8 1.9 12.3 4.1 5 44.3 3.06 16.8 10.8 9.6 7.3 2.3 2.4 12.4 3.8 40.0 3.03 16.0 13.3 11.1 7.6 2.8 1.7 11.1 4.0 ) Riverside. 37.3 43.0 3.01 3.33 9.8 12.6 9.3 9.6 10.6 11.3 6.9 7.6 2.6 2.9 1.6 2.4 11.0 12.0 4.1 4.3 > None. 44.7 3.08 14 .9 14.4 10.2 7.7 2.3 2.0 12.4 4.3 \ 23.6 3.28 8.7 7.8 9.1 9.1 2.6 1.8 10.7 3.8 36.0 3.00 14.4 10.0 10 7 7.5 3.0 1.5 10.7 3.6 1 Golton. 34.1 3.37 13.6 10.0 11.0 9.7 2.2 2.6 11.8 4.2 }■ None. 32.0 3 33 12.8 10.0 m 10.7 8.8 2.6 1.9 10.7 3.9 J oB Pilarcitos ... 3.00 6.8 5 5 8.8 5.3 2.1 1.5 9.8 3.6 Fully Plated. San Franciaq uito. 3.21 7.3 1 5.7 8.7 5.3 2.4 1.3 11.5 3.4 Six. San Miguel . . 3.22 9.2 7.5 8.8 6.4 2.0 1.7 11.0 3.9 Four. 3 Riverside . . . 3.01 8.7 7.8 9.1 6.9 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.5 10.7 10.7 3.8 3,6 None. None. 3 Cotton 3.00 12.8 10.0 10.7 7.5 3.40 11.0 7.4 9.5 6.1 3.3 2.2 2.2 11.8 13.4 4.1 4.2 Fully Plated. Six. S3 a San Ffanoisq uito. 3.69 11.7 8.5 10.2 6.9 3.8 "o San Miguel.. 3.65 12.7 10.2 10 7.8 2.8 2.2 14.5 4.3 Four. a Riverside 3.33 16.0 14.4 11.3 9 1 2.9 2.4 12.4 4.3 None. Colton 3.37 14.4 10.0 11.0 9.7 3.0 2.6 11.8 4.2 None. a o 3.20 8.9 6.4 9.2 6.7 2.7 1.8 .4 1.8 10.8 1.0 12.6 3.9 .3 3.8 is .20 2.1 1 .4 9.5 .4 6.1 .6 3 1 Fully Plated. San Franciaq uito. 3.40 9.5 7.1 " .19 2.2 1.4 .8 .8 .7 .5 1.0 .4 Six. 5% •J-*-* 3 San Miguel . . 3.44 11.0 8.9 9.4 7.1 2.4 2.0 12.8 4.1 " .22 1.8 M .6 .7 .4 .3 1.8 .2 Four. *a .•9 Riverside . . . 3.17 12.3 11.1 10.2 8.0 2.6 2.0 11.6 4.1 " .16 3.7 3.3 1.1 1.1 .3 .4 .9 .3 None. a* Colton 3.19 13.6 10.0 10.9 8 6 2.6 2.1 11.8 3.9 a .19 .8 .0 .2 1.1 .4 .6 .6 .3 None. PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 255 II. THE FISHES OF RIO YAQUI, SONORA, WITH THE DESCRIP- TION OF A NEW GENUS OF SILURID^E. This report is based on two small collections of fishes, one of two species made by Dr. Gustav Eisen at Hermo- sillo, and the other of six species by Mr. William Wight- man Price, in the headwaters of Rio Yaqui, in northern Sonora and southern Arizona. The only collections heretofore reported from Sonora were made in San Ber- nardino Creek by the Mexican Boundary Survey. No species other than those here reported were obtained at that time. Dr. Eisen obtained his specimens from a tributary of the Rio Sonora; near Hermosillo, the capital of Sonora, while in charge of the exploring expedition sent out by the California Academy of Sciences in 1892. He gives the following notes on the stream in question : The Sonora River at Hermosillo is a shallow stream, with so little water during the dry season that the stream becomes almost dry. Most of the water is taken out for irrigation above town, leaving the sandy bed dry below. In summer time after heavy rains, however, the water rises quickly and Rio Sonora may then become a torrent of several days' duration. East of Hermosillo the water increases rapidly, and even during the dry season may be several feet deep. The fishes collected were found in pools in the sandy bed, fed by a tiny streamlet in places simply percolating through the sand. Mr. Price obtained specimens of fishes in 1894 while collecting birds and mammals in the mountains of south- ern Arizona and northern Sonora. His stations were (1) the Rio Yaqui, east of Oposura; (2) its tributary, San Bernardino Creek, at a point just south of the Arizona 256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. line; (3) Morse Canon, and (4) Rucker Canon,' small creeks in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, which be- long to the Yaqui Basin, although their waters disappear in the sand long before reaching any direct tributary of that stream. Mr. Price says that the region is much ele- vated, and, except in the mountains, nearly barren. The courses of the streams of Rucker and Morse canons, and others similar in which he did not collect, can be traced for several miles into the desert, through which the water doubtless flows during freshets, but there is no evidence that it has reached the Yaqui in recent years. Mr. Price's collection adds the family Siluridaa and the genus Campostoma to the list of types found in Pacific waters, this being the most northern record of a fresh water catfish on the Pacific slope, and the first record of Campostoma from the west slope. The species has been named Campostoma pricei by Jordan ,& Thoburn, but the species seems to be identical with Campostoma ornatum of the Rio Grande basin, an unexpected and curious fact, as the two basins are separated by the continental divide. The basin is more closely connected with that of the Gila, all of the species found in the former, excepting the new catfish and the Campostoma being found in the latter. Family SILURID^E. Villarius Rutter, new genus. Allied to Ameiurus, differing in the presence of scat- tered cilia on the sides. Backward process from occipital short, broad, emar- ginate, connected by ligament with the first interspinal buckler. In adults, the distance between this process and the buckler is equal to the length of the former; in young specimens the process overlaps the keel on the underside of the buckler. Head narrow, width of in- PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 257 termaxillary band of teeth % of head. Caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer. Barbels long, those of the maxillary extending past the gill opening. Sides ■with scattered hair-like cirri. These are very noticeable under a lens, but not readily distinguished by the naked eye. This genus differs from all others of the family in hav- ing hair-like cirri on the sides. It differs from Ictalurus in having the occipital process and the interspinal buckler widely separated and connected by ligament; from Am- eiurus in having a narrow head and a deeply forked caudal. 1. Villarius pricei Rutter, new species. B. 8; D. I, 6: A. 22 to 23; C. 17; P. I, 9; V. 8. Head 3^ to 3^ in body; eye 5 to 7, snout 2%, max- illary 5^ to 6 in head. Maxillary barbel very long, reaching beyond the pectoral spine, in the adult speci- men about to its tip when depressed, 3 to 4 times as long as the barbel at nostril. Origin of dorsal midway be- tween snout and middle of base of adipose fin ; pectorals inserted halfway between snout and ventrals. Longest dorsal ray six to seven times in length of body; spine of dorsal longer than its base, equal to base of adipose fin. Longest pectoral ray about half of head, pectoral spine 2^ to 3 in head, with about twelve distinct hooked serrae 258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. behind, these fewer and somewhat smaller in a speci- men 17 in. long. Base of anal three times in its distance from snout, its longest rays equal to those of the ventral. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line present, but rather faint. This species is closely related to the species described by Bean as Ameiurus dugesii (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. r 1879, 3°4)> differing in having very prominent serrations on the pectoral spines, the types of dugesii having the pectoral spines without serrae. I have examined a speci- men of dugesii, 4 in. long, from Salamanca, Mex., which is in the type basin. It has the cirri minute and light in color, a row of papillae along the lateral line, and the pectoral spines with four or five degenerate serrae. The process from the occipital is as described aboye, and Mr. Bean informs me that the types have the sides with hair- like cirri. It, therefore, belongs in the same genus with ■pricei and may stand as Villarius dugesii. This description is based on seven specimens (No. 4826, L. S. Jr. Univ.), 7 to 17^ in. long, from San Bernardino Creek, near the northern border of Sonora, Mexico. The species is named for the collector, Mr. William Wightman Price. Family CATOSTOMID^. 2. Catostomus bernardini Girard. Several specimens, in poor condition, 2% to 3^ in. long, from Rio Yaqui, Sonora. Head 3^ to 3, depth about 4 to 4^ in length; eye 3% to 4J4 hi head, ij^ in snout. D. 11; A. 7. Scales 10 to 12-64 to 73 -I ° to I2 » 2 6 to 30 before dorsal. Lips very large, about four rows of papillae on upper, lower in- cised to base, the lobes rounded. PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 259 Family CYPRINID^E. 3. Campostoma ornatum Girard. (Campostoma pricei Jordan & Thoburn.) Five specimens, ij^ to 4 in. long, from Rucker Cation, Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz. Head 3^ to 4 in length; eye 3^ to 4^ in head, 5^ in an adult male; 31 to 35 scales before dorsal [31, 34, 35> 35]- Origin of dorsal midway between nostrils and rudimentary caudal rays. Maxillary extending to below anterior nostril; top of head \% in distance from occi- put to dorsal (1% in one specimen). These specimens are from the exact type locality of the specimen upon which Jordan and Thoburn based their description of Campostoma pricei (Fishes of North Amer- ica, Jordan and Evermann, p. 205), and their type speci- men is included in the notes here given. The receipt of more material and its comparison with specimens from Rio Conchas, Chihuahua, Mex., shows the species -pricei not to be valid. The measurements for the Rio Con- chas specimens are: Head 3^ to 34 ; eye 4^ to 5; scales before dorsal 32 to 39; [32, 33, 36,^37, 37, 38, 39] ; origin, of dorsal and maxillary as given above ; top of head 1 ^ in distance from occiput to dorsal, i-f in one specimen. The convolutions of the alimentary canal in these specimens are quite different from those of Campostoma anomalum. Instead of having the alimentary canal wound around the air-bladder a number of times, it is folded back and forth antero-posteriorly below and at the side and makes only one fold on top, not going entirely around it at all. The intestines were found to have the same arrangement in a specimen of Campostoma ornatum from Rio Conchas, Mexico. In one of our specimens, a female, the alimentary canal was entirely below the air-bladder. In a specimen of Campostoma anomalum from Ross Lake, 260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. near Cincinnati, Ohio, the alimentary canal was wound around the air-bladder more than a dozen times, though the ovaries were not thus inclosed. 4. Leuciscus purpureus Girard. One specimen 1% inches long from Morse Canon, and three of the same length from the Yaqui River, east of Oposura, are identified provisionally but very doubtfully with this species. The one from Morse Canon has the head 3^, depth 3^ in length, eye 3^ in head, longer than snout. Dorsal 9, anal 7, lat. 1. 53. Teeth 1, 4—5, 1. The three from the Yaqui have the following descrip- tion: Head 3^ in length, eye 3^ in head, a little longer than snout. Dorsal 9, anal 7, lat. 1. 70, complete. Teeth 4—4, hooked, with flat or slightly grooved grinding sur- face. Maxillary about to vertical from anterior margin of eye, slipping under the preorbital, without barbel. Mouth oblique, head pointed, lower jaw included. Dor- sal inserted over ventrals; anal deep, pointed. Olive above, silvery below, sides and back finely dusted with black. Lateral band, caudal spot, and a median dorsal line, black. 5. Agosia chrysogast%r Girard. Numerous specimens from Rucker Canon, the largest about three inches long, and one small specimen from Morse Canon; also three specimens i}4 inches long from Hermosillo. Dorsal 8, anal 7. Head 3f to 4, depth 3^ to 4. in length; eye 3^ to 4 in head, longer than snout in the smaller specimens. Mouth low, terminal, scarcely ob- lique, the lower jaw included; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary to below nostril in the larger specimens, with barbel at extremity. Teeth 4-4, hooked, with deeply PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 26l grooved grinding surface. Scales very small, about 17— 70 to 80—14, lateral line incomplete posteriorly. Alimen- tary canal 1% time's length of body; peritoneum black. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals, the latter reaching the vent. Anal, deep, extending when depressed half way from its hinder margin to caudal. Color of Hermosillo specimens, in alcohol, a dark me- dian dorsal stripe, a dark lateral band., above which the sides are brown; under parts silvery; sides in and above the lateral band finely dusted with black; a distinct black spot at base of caudal; fins all pale. The specimens col- lected by Mr. Price have lost their color markings. 6. Poecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard). Numerous specimens from the Yaqui, east of Oposura, collected by Mr. Price, and from Hermosillo, collected by Dr. Eisen. The following description is based on the latter, those collected by Mr. Price not differing mate- rially. This species, as Mr. Garman has shown, is a true P cecilia, not a Heterandria: . Dorsal 7 or 8; anal 7; ventral 6. Scales 28-7. Head 2% to 4 in length, depth 3^ to 4. Eye 3% in head, equal to or slightly longer than snout, a little less than two times in interorbital width. Teeth in a double crescentric row in each jaw, with a series of minute teeth behind them, not readily appreciable. Origin of dorsal in middle of total length in females, more anterior in males; behind the anal in males, where it is nearer pectorals than cau- dal, above posterior rays of anal in females. Anal pro- cess i-f to 2 times head, in some specimens extending to caudal, bent to one side at its extremity with minute ser- rulations. Adult males have' the ventral fins very small and placed almost below the pectorals; the females have them larger and inserted below the tips of the pectorals. 262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Several specimens, which are doubtless immature males, resemble the females, except in having the anterior rays of the anal somewhat elongate, but not yet developed into a true anal process. Anal basis short, four times in lower side of caudal peduncle. Color, in alcohol, a dark lateral band usually present on posterior half of body, with a distinct black line through its middle. A black line present on lower side of caudal peduncle. Scales edged with dark. Females otherwise very light, the fins unmarked. Adult males very dark, all fins with dark shadings ; young males re- sembling the females in color. Of the thirty -three specimens collected by Dr. Eisen, three are adult males and five or six others seem to be immature males. The largest male is 1 inch, the largest female 1% inches. The largest collected by Mr. Price are, male 1% inches, and female 2% inches. Mr. Price also fished Sabino Canon, a tributary of the Santa Cruz, of the Gila Basin, obtaining JLeuciscus inter- medins and Pacilia occidentalis ; and from the Rio San Pedro at Fairbank, Arizona, also in the Gila Basin, he obtained Pantosteus clarki and Agosia chrysogaster . I have the following note on • Leuciscus intermedins (Girard) : Head 3^ to 3^, depth 4 in length; eye equal to snout, 1 to 1% in interorbital, 3^ to 4 in head. Teeth nor- mally 2, 5-4, 2, but 1, 5-4, 1 and o, 5-4, 1 and o, 4-4, o also found, the tips black in some specimens. Dorsal 8 or 9, anal 7 or 8; scales 17 to 20 — 64 to 73 — 7 to 9, lat- eral line much decurved. Anal fin deep, longest ray twice length of base. PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 263 III. NOTE ON A COLLECTION OF FISHES MADE IN STREAMS NEAR CAPE SAN LUCAS BY DR. GUSTAV EISEN. A small collection of fishes, consisting of nine species, was obtained by Dr. Gustav Eisen in fresh water streams about Cape San Lucas, in Baja California. The species are all well known, but their occurrence in this region is worthy of record. 1. Siphostoma starksi Jordan & Culver. Numerous specimens of this species from San Jose del Cabo. They differ somewhat from the types of Siphos- toma starksi in having a longer body and shorter tail, though there is considerable variation in both lots of specimens. Head 10% to 10% ; dorsal 37 to 39; pectoral 13. Head 3^ to 4 in distance from snout to vent; head and body i^( to if in tail; snout 2^ to 2f in head. Two lateral keels on body, the upper ceasing and the lower curving upward under posterior part of dorsal, as in the types. Dorsal beginning over, or in some specimens, one seg- ment behind vent. Color quite dark, a rather regular series of light - colored dots along sides ; middle rays of caudal black, outer with irregular blotches. 2. Agonostomus nasutus (Giinther). One specimen, 4% inches long, from San Jose del Cabo. It agrees in all essential characters with the orig- inal description, which was based on a specimen 8j4 inches long from the Rio San Geronimo in Guatemala. The eye, however, is 3% in head, 4! in an 8-inch specimen from Mazatlan, instead of 5 ; the caudal is emarginate, the middle rays f length of outer. The soft dorsal is not so high as the spinous dorsal and is as high as the anal, in- 264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. stead of being higher than the spinous dorsal and lower than the anal. Head 3I, depth 3I in length; dorsal IV-I, 8; anal II, 10. Of specimens from Mazatlan, some have the anal II, 10, and some III, 9. The lateral line is faintly indicated ; scales 6-44-6, 19 before dorsal, extending forward to an- terior margin of pupil. Preorbital serrate on lower edge, the serree not evident on larger specimens from Mazatlan. Pectoral if in head, not quite equal to distance from nos- tril to margin of opercle. All fins, except the spinous dorsal, have scales on the basal part, and it has an elon- gate accessory scale on each side. The fourth spine of the dorsal is weak. 3. Mugil albula Linnaeus. La Liza. Two specimens, 9 in. long, from fresh water at San Jose del Cabo. Head 4 in length. Scales 38 and 39. Dor- sal and anal scaled on anterior rays only. 4. Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes. Trucha: Liza. Numerous specimens, i% to 8 in. long, from La Paz, and from Rio San Jose, San Jose del Cabo. This and the preceding are marine species, although frequently as- cending rivers. . 5. Eucinostomus calif orniensis (Gill). La Majarra. One specimen, 4^ in. long, from fresh water at San Jose del Cabo. It agrees with specimens from Panama. Dorsal VIII, 9, its longest spine about 1^4 in head; eye 2| in head, longer than snout. 6. Philypnus lateralis Gill. One specimen, 3^ in. long, from fresh water at San Jose del Cabo. Dorsal VI— I, 9; anal I, 11. PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES. 265 7. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch.) Pargeta, La Pajeque. Nine specimens, 2% to 4% in. long, from Rio San Jose, San Jose del Cabo. Head 3%, depth y/ 2 in length. Dorsal VII- 1, 8; anal I, 9. According to Dr. Eisen, the spot in front of the pectoral is blue in life. 8. Eleotris pictus (Kner & Steindachner). (Eleotris cequidens Jordan & Gilbert.) Eight specimens, 3 to 14 in. long, from fresh water at San Jose del Cabo. They agree with the original de- scription by Jordan & Gilbert, except in minor details. Head 3 to 3^ in length; maxillary iy 2 to 2% in head; scales 61 to 68, 25 or 26 in an oblique series downward and backward from the origin of the dorsal. Eye 2 to 2^ in interorbital width, the latter in a specimen 14 in. long. No conspicuous knobs at upper anterior and pos- terior margins of orbit; if such were conspicuous in the types, they were probably due to shrivelling. Preoper- cular spine covered by the skin. Dr. Gilbert informs me that Eleotris cequideus, of which species he has specimens from Panama, is identical with the form earlier known as Eleotris pictus. 9. Awaous taiasica (Lichtenstein). La Pujeque, Mu- CHURA. Six specimens, 2^ to 3^ in. long, from Rio San Jose, San Jose del Cabo. Dorsal VI— I, 10, the first ray of the second dorsal being unsegmented; eye 4^ -to 5 in head. The anterior profile of the head is much curved, as is the case with smaller specimens from Mazatlan. Pboo. Cal Acad. Sol, 2d See., Vol. VI. ( 17 ) June 27, 1896. 266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. io. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns). Five specimens, 3 to 3^ in. long, from La Paz. The bar at base of pectoral is indistinct, and there is a pale edging at tip of caudal. IV. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CHARACONDON FROM TEPIC, MEXICO. Characodon eiseni Rutter, new species. Head J,% 'f depth 3^; eye 3. Dorsal n to 13; anal 13; scales 30 to 32, 12. Snout shorter than eye, lower jaw projecting. About nine teeth in upper jaw and about 14 in lower. Teeth strongly bicuspid, the villiform teeth not developed. Mouth almost vertical when closed, man- dible about half length of eye. Interorbital -space flat, the anterior part equal to orbit, wider posteriorly. In- sertion of dorsal in middle of total length ; anal inserted under 4th ray of dorsal. Pectoral reaching past inser- tion of ventral. Tips of depressed dorsal and anal in vertical through middle of caudal peduncle. Caudal broad, truncate, length of middle rays equal to length of top of caudal peduncle. Head about % of total; great- est depth of body above ventrals. Depth of caudal pe- duncle % its length. Color, in alcohol: Male with a broad indefinite lateral band ; female with dark blotches on sides which in one of three specimens form distinct cross-bands. This species is most closely related to Characodon variatus Bean, which is found in the headwaters of the same basin. It differs from that species in having fewer rays and scales, much fewer teeth, larger eye, much more posterior position of dorsal, and in color. This description is based on four specimens (No. 4999, PACIFIC FRESH WATER FISHES.. 267 L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.), the largest i% inches long, from a branch of the Rio Grande de Santiago at Tepic, Mexico. The species is named for Dr. Gustav Eisen, who col- lected it with the following species in 1894: Poecilia occidentalis (Baird & Girard). Numerous specimens of this species were taken with the above. They do not differ from specimens from Hermosillo. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PIPE-FISH (SIPHOSTOMA SINALOjE) FROM MAZATLAN. BY DAVID STARR JORDAN AND EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS. Siphostoma sinaloae Jordan & Starks, n. sp. Allied to Siphostoma arctum Jenkins & Evermann. Head 8% in length to base of caudal; depth 3J-2 in head; dorsal 26, on 1^+5 rings 14-J-35. Snout 1% in head, a strong median ridge above run- ning to between middle of eyes, a ridge on each side from angle of mouth to below eye, occipital and nuchal plates keeled-, a slight keel on anterior part of opercle ; dorsal keels ceasing in front of the last four or five rays, of dorsal, the lateral ridge running up and continuing as dorsal ridges; belly with a keel on each side. Preanal part of belly i$( in postanal part; pectoral shorter than eye; caudal 3 in head. Color olive brown above, abruptly lighter below lateral ridges anteriorly, the edges of the plates dark, forming reticulations on lower parts of body, between every four rings is a harrow white cross-bar; from each eye is a narrow light bar running upward and backward to occi- put; caudal dark. The two type specimens, one of which was sent to the British Museum, were collected by the Hopkins Expe- dition at Mazatlan. They were erroneously referred to Siphostoma arctum in our paper on the Fishes of Sina- loa, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1895, 416. Type No. 2945, L. S. Jr. Univ. Museum. Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d See., Vol. VI. June 27, 1896. NOTE ON DELTISTES, A NEW GENUS OF CATOSTO- MOID FISHES. BY ALVIN SEALE. In studying the skulls of the different species of Chas- mistes, a genus of Suckers characteristic of the land- locked lakes of the Great Basins of Utah, Nevada, and Oregon, I observed a notable difference in the form of the gill -rakers of Chasmistes luxatus Cope, as compared with the other species. In this species the gill-rakers are broad, shaped like the Greek letter A (delta), and their edges are unarmed and entire. In the other species re- ferred to Chasmistes, the gill-rakers are, as in Catostomus, narrower and marked with a fringe of fine teeth on the inner dorsal margin. ,This character seems to be of gen- eric value, and the name Deltistes is here proposed for the group typified by Deltistes luxatus. In both Chas- mistes and Deltistes the lower pharyngeals are weak, with numerous small teeth. I may further note that Catostomus fecundus Cope, is a species of Chasmistes, and that the genus Lifomyzon Cope, cannot be separated from Chasmistes. The known species of Chasmistes may be thus distin- guished : a. Scales moderate, 60 to 65 in lateral line. b. Mouth small; nose with a prominent hump, formed by the exten- sion of a small "pre-nasal" bone between the bases of the premax- illary spines; scales 8-64-9; dorsal rays 11. Utah Lake. fecundus Cope. bb. Mouth large; hump on snout rather less prominent; lips thinner ' and smooth. c. Scales 10-62-9; dorsal rays 1 1 . Utah Lake. Horns Jordan. cc. Scales 13-65-11; dorsal rays 12; head very wide. Pyramid Lake. cujus Cope, aa. Scales small, 72 in lateral line; snout short, without prominent hump; cranial surface smooth; scales 12-72-11; dorsal 11; mouth rather smalt Klamath Lake. brevirostris Cope. Pboo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Seb., Vol. VI. June 27, 1896 University Publications. The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789*- 1 833. With a Summary of the Period before the Adop- tion of the Constitution. By Orrin Leslie Elliott, Ph. D. pp. 272. Price, $1.00. Observations on the Conductivity of a Copper Wire in Various Dielectrics. By Fernando Sanford, M. S. pp. 44. Price, 50 cents. The American University and the American Man. Second Commencement Address. By George Elliott Howard, A. M. pp. 22. Price, 15 cents. Specialization in Education. Fourth Commencement Address. By Prof. John M. Stillman. With Address to the Graduating Class. By President David S. Jor- dan, pp. 29. Price, i»5 cents. The Neocene Stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mount- ains of California. By George H. Ashley, pp. 95. The Fishes of Sinaloa. By David Starr Jordan. pp. 142. Price, 50 cents. The Charities of San Francisco. By Chas. Kelley Jenness, A. M. pp. 93. Price, 50 cents. On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes. By Frank Cramer, pp. 38. Price, 35 cents. The Fishes of Puget Sound. By David S. Jordan and Edwin C. Starks. pp. 71. Price, 50 cents. New Mallophaga, I, with special reference to a Collec- tion made from Maritime' Birds of the Bay of Monterey, California. By Vernon L. Kellogg, pp.144. Price, 50 cents. v Notes on Fishes, Little Known or New to Science. By David Starr Jordan, pp. 48. Price, 50 cents. Notes on Fresh Water Fishes of the Pacific Slope of North America. By Cloudsley Rutter, With De- scription of a New Species of Pipe-Fish (Siphostoma Sinalos) from Mazatlan. By David S. Jordan and EdWin C. Stark. And Notes on Deltistes, a New Genus of Catostomoid Fishes. By Alvin Seale. pp. 29. Price, 25 cents. Address, THE REGISTRAR, Stanford University, California. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY. NEW MALLOPHAGA, ii. FROM LAND BIRDS, TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE MALLOPHAGOUS MOUTH-PARTS. BY VERNON L. KELLOGG, Professor of Entomology, Leiand Stanford Jr. University. Leland Stanford Jb. University, Palo Alto, California, 1896. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY. VII NEW MALLOPHAGA, ii, FROM LAND BIEDS, TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE MALLOPHAGOUS MOUTH-PAKTS. VERNON L. KELLOGG, Professor of Entomology, Leland Stanford Jr. University. (Reprint from the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, Vol. VI.) Lblajjd Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, California, 1896. PREFATORY NOTE. , This memoir is the seventh of a series designed to illus- trate the investigations and explorations of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct of the biological labora- tories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. The series is issued under the patronage of Timothy Hopkins, Esq., of Menlo Park, California- The present paper is published with the co-operation of the California Academy of Sciences, appearing simultaneously in its present form and as part of the Proceedings of the Academy. Charles H. Gilbert, Oliver P. Jenkins, Editors. Date of publication, November 12, 1896. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The following paper presents the descriptions and fig- ures of thirty-three new species of Mallophaga, together with the identifications and figures of sixteen species pre- viously described by European authors, but now, with few exceptions, first determined as parasites of American birds. All of these species have been collected, mostly by the author and Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, from land birds as opposed to water or shore birds. (As No. iv, 1896, of this series of "Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory," under the title "New Mallophaga, I ," the author published the descrip- tions and figures of one new genus and thirty-eight new species of Mallophaga, with the identifications and figures of twenty-two previously described species, all from wa- ter and shore birds. In New Mallophaga, I, was given a "brief account of the structure, external and internal, of the life-history and habits, and of the zoological and geographical distribution of the parasites, together with a review of the literature of the group, and a statement of the present systematic treatment of the order, with a synopsis and tables of the families and genera"; the pa- per is intended to serve American students as an intro- duction to the study of the group.) In the present paper there is also presented a somewhat detailed account of the mouth parts of several genera of Mallophaga, and an account of the mouth parts of the Psocidse, Perlidas, Termitidae, groups which have been variously classed with or close to the Mallophaga, suffi- ciently full to make an intelligent comparison of the mouth structures of these various groups possible. Some light seems to be thrown by this study on the phylogeny of the Mallophaga. Types of the new species described will be placed in the collections of this University, in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, and in those of the Uni- versity of Kansas. The author has to express his obliga^ tions for services kindly rendered in connection with the preparation of this paper to Mr. F. J. Jack, artist, to Prof. Walter Miller, and to Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, who collected most of the specimens recorded from Califor- nian birds, and whose careful work on the anatomy of the mouth parts is elsewhere more definitely referred to. V. L. K. Stanford University, September, 1896. NEW MALLOPHAGA, II,— FROM LAND BIRDS; TO- GETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE MAL- LOPHAGOUS MOUTH-PARTS. (With Plates lx-lxxiii.) BY VERNON L. KELLOGG. CONTENTS. The Mouth-parts of the Mallophaga. Introduction. The Mouth-parts of Anoistrona gigas. The Mouth-parts of Lsemobothrium sp. The Mouth-parts of Eurymetopus taurus. The Mouth-parts of Goniodes oervinieornis. Resume. The Mouth-parts of Some Allied Insects. The Mouth-parts of the Terniitidae and the Perlidas. The Mouth-parts of the Psocidse. Comparison and Conclusions. Descriptions of New Species, and Identifications of Old Species. Docophorus. Nirmus. Lipeurus. Goniodes. Goniocotes. Physostomum. Colpocephalum . Menopon. Nitzschia. List of Hosts, with Parasites. Notes on Distribution. List. The Mouth-Parts of the Mallophaga. The mouth-parts of the Mallophaga are of the biting Orthoptero-Neuropterous type; that is, they are of that generalized kind of insectean mouth-parts in which there are free, strong, laterally working mandibles, free jaw- like maxillae composed of distinct basal sclerites, articu- Phoc. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. November 7, 1896. 432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lated terminal lobes and segmented palpi, and a labium composed of the fused second maxillse with similar basal anct terminal sclerites and segmented palpi. But the Mallophagous mouth-parts represent a modified, a special- ized condition of this simple type, in which the reduction of the maxilla? with the complete loss of their palpi and (in one suborder) the loss of the labial palpi, so con- fuse, at first glance, the homologies of the various struc- tures, as to make the proper understanding of the mouth- parts a matter requiring some special attention. Nitzsch, the first student of the Mallophaga, misun- derstood the structure of the mouth-parts, holding the labial palpi to be maxillary palpi (see figs, i, 2 and 3, plate lx), and his error was not corrected until Grosse*; in his careful dissections of Tetraofhthalmus chilensis \_=Menofon titan], made the matter plain. t Rudow gives a most confused account of the mouth parts, having evidently made very superficial observa- tion, although he declares himself to have made a most careful and exhaustive study of them. He concluded, from observation of the hypopharynx, that the Mallo- phaga should be classed with the sucking insects, and particularly with the Hemiptera. % Melnikoff thought the peculiar chitin structure in the pharynx (referred to later as the oesophageal sclerite) to be homologous with the sucking structures of the Pediculidas, and therefore held the Mallophaga to be true sucking in- * Grosse, Franz. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mallophagen, Zeitseh. f . wiss. Zool., vol. xlii, 530, p. pi. xviii, 1885. tEudow, Fred. Beobachtungeu liber Lebenweise u. Bau der Mallo- phagen o. Pelzfresser. Zeitsohr. f. ges. Naktrwiss., vol. xxxv, 1870, pp. 288-298. f Melnikoff, N. Beitrage zur Embryonalentwicklung der Insekten. Archiv. f. Naturgesch., 1869. p. 136. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 433 sects. * Denny, t Giebel, } Piaget and § Taschenberg add nothing in their monographs to our knowledge of the mouth-parts. Giebel repeats Nitzsch's explanation of them ; Piaget refers the palpi of the Liotheida? to the maxnlas, and also says the labium of the Philopteridas has 2-segmented palpi, referring doubtless to the para- glossae; Taschenberg in his passing reference to the mouth-parts repeats Piaget's statements. ||Grosse was the first to understand and to explain what seems really to be the true structure and homologies of the mouth-parts. He first indicated the labial character of the conspicuous palpi which are present in all of the Amblycera, called the labial palpar-like processes paraglossae (see figs. 4 and 5, plate lx, fig), and gave some account of that sclerite in the oesophagus, which to my mind is so sug- gestive in its bearing on the phylogeny of the group. An .abstract of Grosse's paper, by Prof. Geo. Macloskie, was published in the "American Naturalist," vol. xx, p. .34°- The following detailed accounts, with accompanying figures, of the mouth-parts of Ancistrona gigas P., Lcemo- holhirium sp., Eurymetofius taurus N., and Goniodes •cervinicornis G., are based on dissections made in my laboratory by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, and are mostly in the words of his notes. The drawings also were made by Mr. Snodgrass. * Denny, Henry. Monographia Anoplurorum Brittannise, 1842, London. t Giebel, Christoph. Inseota Epizoa, 1874, Leipzig. t Piaget, E. Les Pediculines, 1880; Supplement, 1885, Leyden. § Taschenberg, O. Die Mallophagen, 1882, Halle. ||Grosse, Franz. 1. c. 434 california academy of sciences. The Mouth-Parts of Ancistrona gigas. (Plate lx, figs. 6-12.) In this form the full number of mouth-parts is present,, and all are complete except the maxillae, these lacking- palpi and distinct sclerites. The labium is well developed and much longer than wide. It extends along nearly the whole length of the ventral surface of the head, the an- terior border being situated far forward, leaving only the tips of the mandibles visible. When the palpi are par- allel to the plane of the head their extremities project a little beyond the anterior lateral margin. The labium (plate lx, fig. 7) consists of three distinct parts, the ligula, mentum and submentum together with prominent palpi. The mentum is the largest sclerite and bears the four-jointed palpi. It is somewhat wider than long, and is incompletely divided into three lobes, one placed medially and the others on each side of this. The median portion has the anterior border straight or a little concave, and articulates with the ligula. Each lateral lobe is narrow and projects an- teriorly beyond the median portion which is .much wider. Each bears distally a palpus. The latter is composed of four short joints of about equal length, but the second is rather thicker than the others. The Jateral outlines of the mentum are roundly Convex. The median lobe forms, in part, a concavity on the surface of the labium, but its posterior part forms a wide elevation, continues externally with the elevated lateral lobes, and is sharply marked off from the posterior part of the sunken portion. This elevated posterior border bears a pair of large, strongly chitinized, backward-projecting structures, each being a sort of fork, with two prongs articulated at 'their bases (plate lx, fig. 7, fr.). One of the prongs in each fork lies dorsal of and a little within the other. This- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 435 dorsal prong is attached by its base to the mentum near the hind margin of the latter. From the posterior border of the mentum a deeply emarginated fold extends back- ward between the two forks, and is attached to the inner edge of the dorsal prong of each. In the young the emar- gination is much less, the fold being merely roundly con- cave posteriorly. In this stage it is attached for its full length along the median line to the submentum. In each fork the dorsal prong is rather flattened dorsoventrally ; its outer edge is rounded inward proximally and outward distally, while the inner edge presents the same outlines, only in different order, so that the whole is doubly bent, first inwardly and then outwardly. The curvatures, how- ever, are only slight, and the distal one is more marked than the other. The prong is much wider at its base than elsewhere, and tapers off very much distally. It ends by a triangular expansion, having one side of the triangle facing posteriorly and inwardly. At the base is an oval fossa, and in this the outer prong is articulated so as to allow of considerable movement. At the anterior outer corner of each fossa a large strong hair arises and extends outward and backward, being two-thirds or three- fourths the length of the fork. The ventral prong is more cylindrical than the other and tapers but little. It is almost straight, or slightly curved inwardly near the middle. Its base, however, curves dorsally, to be articu- lated with the other piece, as just described. It ends by a bluntly rounded termination which is very slightly ex panded. Its dorsal surface is covered by numerous fine, closely arranged, rounded ridges. Proximally these lie almost longitudinal, but they gradually become more transverse, so that the terminal ones form an angle of about thirty degrees with a transverse line through their inner ends. The ridges meet each Other along the median 436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. line of the prong at an increasing angle from in front backwards. The forks are less chitinized in young speci- mens, but very pale colored ones have them comparatively strongly chitinous, so that they appear very dai-k, while the rest of the outer parts are white. The ligula is a short sclerite, divided into glossy and paraglossae. The glossae are two rounded lobes, with a shallow concavity between them. They bear a few short hairs. External to the glossae are the paraglossae which are also two small simple lobes. They are separated from the glossae a little more deeply than the latter are from each other, and like them are covered by a few small hairs. The submentum is a simple sclerite back of the mentum, and mostly concealed by the forks and connecting fold from the latter. The maxillce (plate lx, fig. 8) are very weak, unchit- inized structures, lying entirely within the mouth cavity, and concealed by the other mouth-parts on account of their very reduced size. Each consists of a basal un- divided portion, somewhat roughly triangular in outline, and of two distal, soft fleshy lobes. The outer lobe is the larger of the two, and its inner edge lies ventral to the outer edge of the smaller lobe. Both lobes are longer than wide. There are no hooks or points of any nature, and no hard chitinous parts. The lobes appear to be galea and lacinia, but in the adult form there is nothing to show that these are what they are, and that they are not simply the result of a secondary division of a simple fleshy lobe, which is the common form of maxilla in the group. The basal portion shows no indication of being composed of two sclerites. The rudimentary condition and soft weak structure of the maxillae apparently must render them of little or no function. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 437 The mandibles (plate lx, figs. 6, 9 and 10) are large and strongly chitinized structures, and evidently perform an important part in the feeding habits of the insect. They are somewhat roughly triangular in profile, having each two points anteriorly and internally, opposing those of the mandible of the opposite side. They lie in a plane parallel to the head. The left one has its anterior surface smooth and a little convex. From the inner edge, a little back of the anterior angle, there projects inwardly and forward a short rounded process. Anterior to this and ventral to it the sharply terminated anterior angle of the mandible forms the second point or tooth. This one is very sharp compared with the other. The ventral surface is concave ventral to the posterior tooth and behind the anterior one. The latter is continuous down the ventral surface as a high wide ridge along the outer side. The posterior part of this surface is also elevated, and at the inner posterior angle is continued inward as a long and somewhat slender projection into the mouth cavity; this tapers distally, but terminates bluntly. At its base are two teeth projecting forward into the concavityon the ven- tral surface of the mandible just described. The mandible is articulated to the head by a condyle and a facet. The condyle is on the posterior ventral edge, near, but some distance internal, to the outer pos- terior angle of the mandible. It is a rounded knot pro- jecting backward. The facet is situated on the dorsal surface near the same angle of the mandible as the con- dyle. It, however, is not situated on 'the posterior edge, but somewhat further forward on the dorsal surface ; but it lies in the same anteroposterior d'orsoventral plane as the condyle. It faces posteriorly and outward, being sit- uated on an elevation, and the cavity ,is rather shallow. The right mandible is a Httle smaller than the left but is 43§ CALIFORNIA ApADEMY OF SCIENCES. otherwise very similar to it. There are the same two .teeth, but the posterior one is a little thicker than on the left side. The concavity on the ventral side is not so ex- tensive, and the projection from the inner posterior angle as shorter and thicker. The articulatory condyle is sim- ilar in position, but is perhaps a little larger. The facet, however, is relatively more external. In each mandible there is a considerable extent beyond a line drawn from the condyle to the facet, but this is much shorter than that in the opposite direction; i. e., inwardly. Each mandible is supported by two large chitinous processes (plate lx, fig. 9, d. ch. r. and v. ch. r.), arising from a common thick base which is attached to both the ventral and the dorsal wall of the head. One of these processes lies ven- tral to the other, and, in the case of the right mandible, a little internal to it. The ventral projection bears termi- nally a socket and the dorsal one a condyle; these artic- ulate respectively with the condyle and facet of the man- tdible. The mandible is thus-supported on an axis above which is all its weight; and further, the greater part of the latter falls on the. inner side of the axis when the mandi- bles are in the resting position. To the posterior edge of the mandible, near the inner angle but still some dis-. tance from it, is attached, movably,' a slender chitinous rod. This rod passes posteriorly outward and dorsally, and is attached to the dorsal wall of the head by bundles of muscle-fibers. To the outermost projecting angle of the mandible are attached directly other but much smaller muscles. These have their insertion also on the wall of the head, back of the mandible. These various inequal- ities noticed on the two sides of the mandibular axes make the strength of the closure of the mandibles much greater than that of the opening. , There are several internal mouth structures rather cu- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 439 rious in form, and whose functions are not definitely ap- parent, although they probably serve in some way for rasping or comminuting the food, or perhaps for holding it. In the ventral wall of the pharynx is imbedded a chit- inous rod or shaft, bearing two prongs at each end (plate lx, fig. 11, and fig. 6, hy.~). The shaft is rather long and slender, with a swelling posterior to the middle. The posterior prongs are curved outward and backward, and also a little upward around the oesophagus. Their bases are very wide. but they soon become narrower. Termin- ally each is somewhat expanded and ends bluntly. The anterior half of the wide basal portions is much thinner than the rest, and the shaft appears between the two as a wide elevated ridge, continuous with the posterior thickened borders. A large oval foramen, having its long axis extending from within outwardly and posteriorly, is situated between the thin part, the thickened shaft, and the posterior elevated margin. The anterior fork projects into the mouth, dorsal to the anterior end of the labium, in the position of a hypopharynx. The prongs of this bifurcation are much smaller than those of the other and project outward and forward. The entire length of the structure in a specimen measured is .52 mm. The part projecting is about a fifth of the whole. All but this latter part is imbedded in the ventral wall of the pharynx and is not visible from above. It is evident that it must be de- veloped from an invaginated portion of the cuticle which became strongly chitinized and constricted off from that lining the mouth. The two anterior prongs have on their anterior edges each a padlike, soft, unchitinized structure. Each pad is distally surmounted on the dorsal surface by a large cluster of rather long, thick, curved processes, radiating from a common center and curving upwards. 44° CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. All have their concave borders facing one another and the center from which they spring. Along the convex surface of each is a fringe of cilia inclined distally. The rest of the pad is covered by short, thick projections, lying with their long axes parallel to the surface and curving over to the dorsal side, where they become scale- like in form. Between this hypopharynx and the labium is a fold of membrane from which project the anterior ends of two other structures. There are two chitinous rods (plate lx, figs. 6, fk, and 12) whose anterior forked ends project through this fold and lie beneath and a little external to the hypopharynx. They may be exposed by removing the labium. Each lies ventral to all the other organs in the head. Posteriorly they diverge from each other and pass backward, ventral to the lower edge of the tentorium, and are attached to the ventral wall of the- head by muscles. They are very slender and del- icate on account of their thinness and being not very strongly chitinized. Anteriorly each is rather expanded and flattened dorsoventrally, but posteriorly becomes narrower and more cylindrical. The outer prong of the anterior bifurcation is wide and thin, the other is longer, narrower, a little curved outwardly, and rather more chitinous than any other part of the whole rod. The bifid part projects out of the fold as described, but very little if any of the shaft. The cuticle covering the fold is continuous with that over the pads on the fork of the hypopharynx, and is covered by small sharp-pointed papillae, having enlarged bases, and projecting forward. new mallophaga. 44i The Mouth-Parts of L^emobothrium sp. (Plate lxi, figs. 1-5.) , The labium of Lcemobothrium sp. (plate lxi, figs, i and 4) consists of submentum, mentum, palpi, and ligula. The labium as a whole occupies two-thirds of the length of the ventral surface of the head. Its anterior border lies in front of the bases of the antennas, and extends also considerably farther forward than the bases of the man- dibles; hence the latter are almost concealed by the la- bium. The submentum (plate lxi, fig. 4, sm.) is a transversely narrowed sclerite very convexly rounded posteriorly, and slightly concavely rounded laterally where it joins the temporal sclerites. The anterior border is more decided- ly concave and articulates with the convex posterior bor- der of the mentum. The submentum is a little wider than half its length, and on the whole is somewhat narrowly shield-shaped. In front of the submentum is the men- tum (plate lxi, fig. 4, m). This sclerite is wider than long and is somewhat oval in outline, with the long axis transverse; the latter is a little in front of the middle point. The lateral and posterior borders are very convex, and the sclerite may also be regarded as being an isosceles triangle with the angles very much rounded, and the apex pointing backward. Laterally there are two short thick, anterior prolongations, ff, one on each side. These bear the short four-jointed labial palpi. Each segment of the palpus is rather short and cylindrical and bears a few hairs. The terminal one is shorter than the others and forms a rounded termination to the palpus. The ventral surface Of the mentum is produced downward into a large saccular or pouchlike distention which is almost as wide and long through its greatest diameters as Pboc. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vox. VI. ( 31 ) November 9, 18%. 44 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the mentum itself. Where the pouch joins the mentum, however, it is narrower than it is a short distance below; it therefore expands a little ventral to its dorsal border. In a mounted specimen the pouch may be pressed down flat against the rest of the labium, and then its anterior border appears to be a fold of membrane extending over the ventral surface of the ligula from the anterior edge of the mentum. Within this pouch are two large glands (plate lxi, fig. 5) lying side by side, one on each side of the me- dian line. They are narrower anteriorly where they open into the mouth cavity near the anterior edge of the labium. Posteriorly they become enlarged and turn outward. The ligula is composed of glossa? and paraglossas. The glossas are flattened lobes, one on each side of the middle line, and separated from each other for about two- thirds their length. Each is about as wide as long, and the anterior border slopes slightly outward from within. The outer borders are straight. The paraglossse lie just exterior to the glossas. Each is conical with the end truncated, and is a little longer than the glossse. The maxilla (plate lxi, figs. 1 , mx, and 3) are simple lobes expanded distally but narrow at the base. Each projects inwardly and forward, and lies just back of the mandibles of the same side. The ends are exposed in front of the labium. The length is much greater than the greatest width, and the borders are all convex except the posterior two-thirds of the outer, which is a little concave. The anterior and inner edges form a continuous curve, and along these borders the maxilla is strengthened by a chit- inous thickening. Along the anterior margin and the anterior part of the inner, is a series of chitinous teeth which are not very sharp and have their points mostly di- rected inwardly. Each is a continuation of a plication, or thickening, on the maxilla outside the chitinous mar- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 443 ginal thickening and perpendicular to it, the latter lying close to the edge, just back of the teeth. Near the base of the maxilla on the inner side is attached a large muscle, as large as the maxilla itself. This large muscle and the strong teeth seem to indicate that the maxilla is not func- tionless, but that it plays some part in the mastication of the food. The mandibles (plate lxi, fig. 2) are the same in gen- eral shape and position as those of Ancistrona gigas. Those of the two forms present corresponding processes, and in each they lie in a plane parallel with the head. They are in both triangular in general outline viewed dorsoventrally. The right mandible of Lcemobothrium has at its ante- rior inner corner a large, strongly chitinized tooth, which is a continuation inward and forward from the ventral surface of a strong anterior thickening of the mandible. Posterior to this is a second tooth, just as in Ancistrona, continuous with the dorsal surface. This, however, in- stead of being regularly rounded is in Lmmobothrium very wide, especially at the base, and is of the form of a truncated cone. The inner, or free end, is roughened by several short blunt cusps. This tooth, however, very evidently is the same thing as the posterior tooth of An- cistrona; the positions on the mandibles are identical. From the inner posterior angle is a thick blunted pro- cess extending inward. It is rather short and terminally rounded. This process is present also in Ancistrona gigas. The outer posterior, angle is truncated, and at its inner corner, projecting from the ventral surface, is an articu- lating condyle. This is some distance from the outer corner, and to the latter is attached the extensor muscle. The condyle projects backward and a little outward, and fits into a socket of the head. Dorsal to this on the head 444 CALTFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. is a condyle which articulates with a facet on the dorsal side of the mandible. This facet is more external than the condyle of the mandible, and is also farther forward. In all these points the mandible is extremely similar to the . corresponding one of Ancistrona. The retractor muscle is attached directly near the inner posterior angle. The left mandible is in general similar to the right, and agrees with the corresponding mandible of Ancistrona in the same way as the right one does, although the two are rather less alike than those of Ancistrona gigas. The posterior tooth of the left mandible is continuous from the dorsal surface, but is very small compared with the anterior one, and is sharp-pointed compared with the corresponding tooth on the right side. The anterior tooth is much the same as that on the right side, or is perhaps a little smaller. Back of it is a depression on the inner part of the ventral surface; this is bounded behind by an elevation which is continuous inwardly as a slender pro- jection from the ventral surface, just as in the case of Ancistrona gigas. This process is thick at its base but tapers distally to the rounded termination. Its anterior- border is convex, but on the distal half of the posterior margin is a rather deep, rounded concavity. To the outer angle of the base is attached the extensor muscle. This is rather large on each side of the head. Internal to the attachment of the extensor muscle is the articulating con- dyle, and dorsal to the latter the rather large facet. These articulate as on the other side, with a facet and condyle, respectively, of the ventral aspect of the head. new mallophaga. 445 The Mouth-Parts qf Eurymetopus taurus. (Plate lxii, figs. 1-8.) There are many striking differences between the mouth- parts of this form and those of either Ancistrona or Lcemobothrium. The dissimilarity is most noticeable in the labiums. Ancistrona and Lcemobothrium both belong to the suborder Amblycera, while Eurymetopus and 'the next form to be described, Goniodes, belong to the sub- order Ischnocera, and the differences presented by these four genera are typical for the two groups. In Eurymeto-pus taurus the labium (plate lxii, figs, i and 6) is reduced in size, and very much crowded back on the posterior aspect of the head. Instead of covering over the mandibles ventrally, it leaves them entirely ex- posed, its anterior border reaching only about as far for- ward as their posterior articulations. On the posterior half of the median ventral surface of the head is a large unchitinized space. This is bounded laterally by the temples, posteriorly by a narrow, gular sclerite, presenting an obtusely angulated, convex, an- terior border, and anteriorly in appearance by the man- dibles, although it is really not bounded at all in front. The area is somewhat heart-shaped, having the apex forward, for the boundaries formed by the temples are convergent forward. The membranous labium stretches across the posterior half of this space, while the part in front of the labium forms the mouth-opening. The labium is composed of the full number of sclerites, and of these the submentum is the largest. It is much wider than long; is unchitinized and membranous, and is attached all around, except in front, to the edges of the space just described. Its lateral edges are convex and rounded, while the posterior border is angularly emarginated to receive the convex 446 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. margin of the gula. Its posterior angles are much rounded. Anteriorly it presents a concave border of which the lateral portions are free, but the median part bears the mentum. The submentum, on account of its anterior and posterior concavities, is much constricted in the middle. The mentum is a comparatively narrow, tranversely elongated, unchitinized sclerite, attached posteriorly to the submentum, but having its lateral borders free. The anterior outer angles are rounded. The median portion of the anterior border bears the glossa? and. paraglossaa. These are not separated by any suture from the men- tum, and hence there is no distinct ligular sclerite. The glossa; are two small oval lobes situated on each side of the median line and close to each other, being only slightly separated. Each bears four or five large, strong hairs situated on small basal segments. External to each glossa is a rather deep fossa in the mentum. In these fossa? are situated the paraglossas. These are cylin- drical structures having the outer ends somewhat en- larged, and bearing six or seven large, strong, two-jointed hairs like those on the glossse. The paraglossa? are rather strongly chitinized compared with the rest of the labium ; they appear dark while the other parts are white. Each is directed outward, forward, and downward. With the exception of the hairs on the glossa? and paraglossae there are almost none on the labium. Two small ones situated on basal joints occur on the mentum, one just back of each glossa. The oddly shaped, cylindrical paraglossas, having the stiff, thick, two-jointed hairs on the flattened outer ends, are very characteristic of the suborder Ischnocera. In undetached labiums there often appears to be a narrow sclerite between the sclerites which have been called mentum and submentum, but in the mounted specimen this does not appear. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 447 The maxilla, (plate lxii, fig. 4) are simple, fleshy, un- chitinized lobes attached to the lateral parts of the mouth- cavity, back of the mandibles. They show no indica- tion of division into different sclerites. Near their bases they are somewhat thickened; the distal ends are weak and almost membranous, in mounted specimens they gen- erally appear twisted, and distorted. On account of the position of the labium the maxillae are mostly exposed, only the bases being concealed. Each projects forward and inward. The mandibles (plate lxii, figs 1 and 5) present a very strange, appearance, both on account of their shape and their position- They are large, heavy, and strongly chit- inized, and very remarkably different from those of Ancistrona and Lcemobothrium in the way they are at- tached to the head. In these two genera the mandibles lie in a plane parallel to the head, and move in this plane. In order that, this may be so, their articulating surfaces are in the same or nearly the same dorso- ventral line. In Eurymetopus taurus there are two artic- ulating surfaces as before, but the mandibles move in a plane which forms a large angle with the horizontal plane of the head. To accommodate this action the articu- lating surfaces lie one in front of the other. The plane of the mandible is, however, not at right angles to that of the head,, and consequently the anterior articulation is a little dorsal to the posterior one. In the next form to be described, Goniodes, cervinicornis, the mandibles are al- most or quite at right angles to the head, thus present- ing an advance in this respect beyond Eurymetopus. In either of these two genera the mandibles may be regarded as being the same, typically, as in the Amblycera; but that each has been revolved on an axis passing from the tip of the inner basal process to the articulating condyle, 448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. until the anterior margin becomes the ventral margin. All the apparent differences may be reconciled by this view. In accordance with itthe articulating surfaces lie as they should. Further, the mandibles being as in the other genera, two-toothed, the posterior rounded tooth of An- cistrona, arising from the inner dorsal margin, lies in this form on the anterior inner aspect, in front of, and dorsal to the larger tooth. The left mandible has also the long slender process at the inner part of the base, as in Ancislrona and Lcemo- , bothrium; but, as would be expected, this arises from the dorsal aspect of the base. Since, however, in Euryme- toftus it is very long and slender, it is bent backwards so as to lie parallel with the head. In Goniodes cervinicornis, however, it is shorter and projects inwardly. The mandibles of Eurymetopus taurus are entirely ex- posed on the ventral surface of the head, not even their bases being covered by the labium. They are thick and have a clumsy appearance. The anterior articulating surface is a large facet situated at the anterior outer angle of the mandibles, on the dorsal surface. A rounded pro- cess projects over it from below. The posterior outer part of the mandible, bearing the condyle by which it is articulated posteriorly, .is greatly prolonged backward, forming a long process bearing the condyle at the ex- tremity. The latter fits into a chitinous socket on the ventral surface of the head. Some distance in front of this is a condyle which fits into the facet of the mandible. The process above referred to, arising from the inner dorsal aspect of the left mandible, curves inwardly and posteriorly. It is very wide at its base but rapidly dimin- ishes distally, and ends by a slightly enlarged extremity, free in the mouth cavity. The ventral tooth of each man- dible is large and thick, and bluntly pointed. The dorsal NEW MALLOPHAGA. 449 "tooth is shorter than the other, not so thick, and has a rounded termination. Its anterior border is just visible from the ventral side of the head, in front of that of the ventral tooth. In Eurymetofius and in a large number of other genera of the Mallophaga there occurs a very curious pharyngeal sclerite with accessory structures, within the cavity of the head. It is not intended here to explain the origin or function of these, but merely to describe them. The sclerite referred to is a thick, strongly chitinous structure situated in the ventral wall of the pharynx, and is probably a greatly modified portion of its chitinous cuticle. In a mounted specimen it is plainly visible through the head from either the upper or the lower side. Lying ventral to the sclerite are two structures which appear to be glands, and are connected with it by a duct. All three •of these structures are visible through the head of cleared and mounted specimens, and lie just back of the anterior •edge of the labium. This oesophageal sclerite (plate Ixii, figs, i, 2, 3 and 7) is in general form cup-shaped, having the hollow part turned upward and forming a depression in the floor of the pharynx, since its interior is simply a part of the pharyn-. :geal cavity. The ventral surface is very convex, being almost hemispherical. The anterior end is truncated, but from each of the two anterior angles thus formed there projects forward, outward, and dorsally, a large dorso- ventro-laterally flattened process, which lies in the lateral wall of the pharynx, the two partly surrounding the cavity •of the latter. Each of these processes is expanded distal-. ]}-, and sends a long, rounded, and bluntly terminated projection backwards. These latter processes lie parallel with and a little external to the lateral margins of the body of the sclerite, their outer edges being visible from 450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the ventral side. Posteriorly there is a thick, rounded,, median process which projects backward from near the dorsal edge of the sclerite, but still some distance below it, so that it is free from and not imbedded within the wall of the pharynx. The sclerite, viewed ventrally, is somewhat shield- shaped in profile. The body is almost semicircular, with a small segment taken off in front by the anterior trunca- tion referred to. Posteriorly there projects the median rounded process, and anteriorly on each side the anterior lateral processes. The latter give to the anterior profile an emarginated appearance. In the middle there is a longitudinal light colored area, due to the cavity on the dorsal side, the floor of which, being thinner than the other parts, transmits more light in mounted specimens. This area is expanded near the front, contracted from side to side posteriorly, and rounded before and behind. Along the median line there is a narrow linear area still lighter in color, due to a groove in the bottom of the dor- sal hollow. The dorsal surface of the sclerite is, as already de- scribed, excavated, and is doubly so, there being one cavity situated within another. The upper of these is a shallow depression, ha-^ng its edges rather oval in out- line. In front it extends very near the anterior borders of the sclerite, but on the sides the edges of the cavity and those of the sclerite are considerably separated; and that portion of the dorsal surface between these two is rounded outwardly and ventrally. This space is nar- rowed again posteriorly, but not so much as in front. The inner cavity is situated in the floor of the other. It is much deeper, and its walls are steep, meeting the in- terrupted walls of the other at a considerable angle. It is this deeper cavity that forms the light colored area NEW MALLOPHAGA, 45 f noticeable on the sclerite when viewed, from the ventral: side by means of transmitted light. It is much longer than broad,, and its widest diameter is in front of the middle. Anterior to this the dorsal edges form a rounded outline, but back of it they are a little concave and ap proach each other posteriorly. The posterior end is narrow and rounded. The walls of the cavity are con- cave, steeper in front and behind than elsewhere. The bottom slopes a little downward posteriorly, so that the cavity is deepest behind. Running longitudinally along the bottom is a narrow groove; this begins in front at the bottom of the anterior wall, and extends backwards from an aperture which is the opening of a duct into the sclerite. To the sides of the shallower cavity are attached two' large, laterally compressed, chitinous, pyramidal struc- tures, one on each side, whose ventral surfaces are not quite so divergent as the walls of the cavity to which they are attached, or perhaps better, from which they arise. The bases of these are very wide, but dorsally they become rapidly narrowed and pass upwards around the oesophagus, or pharynx, as two chitinous bands. Their dorsal ends are attached by large muscles to the dorsal wall of the head. The sclerite is about as wide as long, or sometimes a little longer. The dimensions of one specimen measured are as follows: Length, of the body, .097 mm.; width,. .108 mm.; length of posterior, projections, .02 mm.; dis- tance which anterior processes extend in front of anterior border of the main part, or body, .0227 mm. The gland-like structures (plate lxii, figs. 1, 7 and 8) before referred to, lie ventral to the sclerite, and the inner halves overlap its outer portions (fig. 7) . Their outer edges also lie a little dorsal to their inner edges, so that they ex- 452 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. tend slightly around the outer margins of the sclerite. Each is an oval structure, having the long diameter ex- tending from within outwards and backwards. The ven- tral surface is convex, and the dorsal surface concave, while the whole is very much flattened dorsoventrally. Each is invested in a thin chitinous envelope, and is seated upon the ventral anterior surface of a chitinous pedicle which is expanded where it receives the gland. The ex- panded portion of the pedicle is thin and convex ven- trally, so as to fit the dorsal concavity of the gland; and the middle of its shallow dorsal concavity lies below and external to the outer edge of the sclerite. Back of the glands the pedicle extends backward and outward, but not so much in the latter direction as the long axis of the gland, so that the two form an obtuse angle inwardly. The part of the pedicle not having the gland attached is about as long as the other part, and it is somewhat more chitinous. It tapers backward, but ends in a foot- shaped expansion, with the toe turned outward. To this is attached a large, wide muscle which extends back- ward to its origin in the posterior part of the head cavity. At the posterior end of the gland, on the ventral surface, a duct arises which passes forward, attached closely to the gland, to its anterio»end; here it leaves the gland and continues- forward, but soon- turns inwardly and dorsally, and then posteriorly, meeting and fusing with the duct from the gland of the other side. This common duct then runs backward to the sclerite, which it enters as al- ready described. The relative positions of the glands and sclerite vary somewhat, since they are evidently movable structures, judging from the attached muscles, and hence, also, the duct varies in position; but all such changes are slight. The free portion of the duct con- sists of an inner chitinous tube continuous with that NEW MALLOPHAGA. 453 soldered to the glands, but in addition to this there is an outer portion composed of a series of closely set, chit- inous rings, surrounding the tube. Each gland is about as wide as the sclerite, but is considerably longer. The Mouth-Parts of Goniodes cervinicornis. (Plate lxi, figs. 6-9.) In Goniodes cervinicornis as in Eurymetofius taurus the mouth-parts are crowded far back on the ventral surface of the head, so that the bases of the mandibles lie pos- terior to the bases of the antenna;, instead of in front of them, as in most of the Amblycera. The labium (plate lxi, fig. 7) has its anterior border between the bases of the antennae, and hence it is very much shortened from before, back. The part which seems to have suffered most in the crowding is the men- turn. It is narrow and not distinctly separated from the ligula, and is farther aborted by having lost its palpi. This condition is true not only in the genera Eurymetofus and Goniodes, but holds for the Ischnocera generally. The main sclerite of the labium is the submentum. This is a large unchitinized sclerite, having a straight posterior border and a very concave anterior border. The sides present an obtusely angulated, convex margin. The an- terior border is so deeply and roundly concave that it forms almost a semicircle. Its most posterior part is as far back as the middle of the lateral edge of the sclerite ; hence there is a narrow portion projecting forward on each side. These reach as far anteriorly as a line joining the middle of the bases of the antenna;. The rest of the labium is situated in the concavity of the anterior part of the submentum. It consists of the fused mentum and ligula (plate lxi, fig. 7) , and is divided into three lobes, two lateral and one median. The median lobe is almost 454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. square, and has its anterior border slightly emarginated and the anterior outer angles projecting a little. This lobe is thus composed of the glossas, which are separated onlj- by the anterior emargination. The lateral lobes are rounded and bear the cylindrical paraglossse. These are .almost identical with the paraglossa? of Eurymeto-pus, being also more strongly chitinized than the rest of the labium, and bearing on their slightly expanded ends a few strong hairs with basal segments. They project ventrally and a little inward and forward, the distal ends being •nearly always seen first on focussing down on a specimen toward the ventral surface. Back of the submentum is a narrow gular sclerite con- tinuous across the median line from the lateral portions of the head. The maxilla (plate lxi, fig. 6) are soft unchitinized struc- tures lying within the mouth cavity. Each is divided into three lobes: one basal, another terminal, and the other between these two. By the basal lobe the maxilla is attached to the wall of the head, and it projects inward into the mouth cavity. It is irregularly round in outline and is entirely unchitinized. The middle lobe is of about the same size as the first, and is joined to the latter by a constricted neck. Thig lobe projects forward and inward within the cavity of the mouth. The third lobe is the largest and is oval in profile, with the long axis at right angles to that of the middle lobe, to which it is attached by a narrow neck at its inner and posterior aspect. This lobe, as well as the middle one, is entirely unchitinized. It projects out of the mouth cavity, and lies close behind the mandible of the same side. The mandibles (plate lxi, figs. 8 and 9) are large and strong; their bases lie some distance back of those of the antennae ; they hang .downward from the head in a NEW MALLOPHAGA. 455 plane almost perpendicular to it, but inclined very slightly forward; their tips meet in the middle line, so that they form an arch over or ventral to the mouth-opening. The anterior lateral projections of the submentum extend for- ward beyond the bases of the mandibles, and the glossas and paraglossae lie just back of their posterior margins. Hence the mentum, ligula and mandibles are all enclosed in the anterior semicircular border of the submentum. The right mandible is triangular in dorsoventral section. The ventral part is thickened and prolonged inwardly at the inner ventral angle, forming two large thick, bluntly pointed teeth. These are separated from each other only by a slight emargination, and they lie one anterior to the other. The anterior of these probably cor- responds with the dorsal tooth of the mandible oi Ancistro- na gigas; if so, it has changed its position so that its tip is as far forward as that of the posterior tooth, and these two have become fused into a single process. The ante- rior tooth, however, does not reach quite as far inwardly as the posterior one, and is also a little dorsal to it. Both of these positions correspond with those of the dorsal tooth of Ancistrona gigas and LcBmobothrium. A large thick process projects inwardly from the inner dorsal angle. This very evidently corresponds with the ex- tremely similar process from the posterior inner angle of the right mandible of Ancistrona, and with the less similar but certainly homologous process of LcBmobothrium. This projection is the inner end of a posterior thickening of the mandible which bears near the outer angle of the base, on the posterior aspect, the articulating condyle. This projects dorsally, and fits into a socket on the ventral side of the head. On the anterior side of the mandible, somewhat more ventral than the condyle, is the articula- ting facet into which fits a condyle from the ventral surface 456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of the head. The facet presents the peculiarity of having no inner wall, and is separated only by a constriction from a large cavity in the anterior thickened part of the mandible. This cavity is elongated in a line extending from the facet to the two teeth of the mandible. The posterior wall of the cavity is very thin. Attached to the dorsal border of the inner angle of the mandible is a large thin chitinous plate (plate lxi, fig. 9, ck.flls.). This plate is thickened proximally and appears here darker than the rest. This part is also narrow, but distally the plate expands and becomes very thin and transparent. The distal border is not definite, being very thin arid generally irregularly broken away. Attached to this plate are the retractor muscles of the mandible. The plate and muscles extend dorsally and very slightly backward from the mandible, since they lie in the same plane as the latter. .From the outer posterior angle of the mandible there extends dorsally and outward a slender, very thin, chitinous structure, which bears the extensor muscles of the mandible. These two sets of muscles are attached to the dorsal wall of the head. The left mandi- ble is very similar to the right. The two teeth are more separated and are sharper. The process projecting inwardly from the base is slenderer and longer than on the right mandible. It arises a little ventral to the dorsal inner angle, and is slightly rounded ventrally, while the tip is again turned a little in the same direction. The muscles are attached in the same way as in the case of the right mandible. To the dorsal inner border of each mandible there is attached, also, internal to the attachment of the plate, a fringe of large muscle fibers; these appear to be a second set of retractor muscles. In Goniodes cervinicornis there is a pharyngeal sclerite and pair of glands which are in every way similar to those NEW MALLOPHAGA. 457 of Eurymeto-pus taurus. Besides these, however, there are two forked rods projecting into the mouth cavity, as in the case of Ancistrona gigas. These rods are ex- tremely slender and difficult to dissect, but they lie just dorsal to the labium, and pass forward beneath the oesophagus, and ventral to the glands connected with the pharyngeal sclerite. Only the bifid tips project into the mouth. Near the anterior end muscle fibres are inserted which pass forward and downward to their origin on the dorsal side of the labium. These evidently serve to draw the rods forward. Those of Ancistrona gigas, which is enormous amongst Mallophaga, are almost invis- ible to the naked eye, being weakly chitinized, and only .5 mm. long by .05 broad at the widest place. Only one specimen of the species oi.' Lmmobothrium described was had for dissection, and the rods may have been present but overlooked. Also it cannot be stated that they do not occur in Eurymetopus taurus. It is to be noticed that the genera Ancistrona and Goiiiodes belong to the two different subgroups of the Mallophaga. Resume. From these detailed accounts of the mouth-parts of four genera of Mallophaga, equally divided between the two principal groups of the order, we may confidently make a summary statement of the condition of the mouth struct- ures of the Mallophaga. The mouth-parts are confined to the ventral aspect of the much flattened head, the frontal margin of the head being formed by the greatly developed clypeus. The labrum is the foremost of these ventrally located mouth structures, and is well -developed, serving for prehension, and in some cases as a disk or platelike sucker for attach- Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. ( 32 ) November 9. 189(1. 458 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ment. It appears as a simple flap lying in front of, and, when at rest, partly over the mandibles. The mandibles are large and strong, usually roughly triangular in profile, with at least one projecting sharp- pointed tooth, and one or two blunter teeth. Each man- dible presents a characteristic facet and a condyle which articulate with two strong chitinous rami attached one to the ventral wall of the head and one to the dorsal wall. One ramus articulates by a condyle with the facet of the mandible, and the other by a facet with the condyle of the mandible. The mandibular muscles are exceptionally large. In the two genera of the suborder Amblycera, the mandibles lie in a plane parallel to the horizontal plane of the head, while in the two genera of the suborder Isch- nocera, the mandibles project in a plane nearly or quite at right angles with the horizontal plane of the head. This remarkable difference is probably characteristic of the two main groups of the order. The mandibles, though varying somewhat in shape in the two groups, are essen- tially similar in general character and in manner of artic- ulation; the articulations in the Amblycera lie in a dorso- ventral line, while in the Ischnocera they lie in a cephalo- caudal line; if, however, the Amblycerous mandibles be assumed to be rotated through 90 , so that the anterior aspect becomes directed ventrally, all of the apparent dif- ferences in position of features and manner of articula- tion between the mandibles of the two suborders become reconciled. The maxillce are greatly reduced, the basal and termi- nal sclerites so fused as to make it almost impossible to differentiate them, and the structure so feebly chitinized as to appear usually as a soft, small membranous lobe, lying almost wholly concealed within the, mouth cavity. The inner border is sometimes chitinized, especially dis NEW MALLOPHAGA. 459 tally, and bears few to many small teeth. Sometimes the distal part of the maxilla is two-parted and these two parts may represent the galea and lacinia of the typical maxilla of the orthopterous type. The maxillary palpi are com- pletely lost, there being no indication of them on any of the maxillae examined. , The labium, (see, in addition to figures previously re- ferred to, plate lxiii, figs, i, 2, 3, 5, and 6) shows some considerable variation in the two suborders. In the Am- blycera it is a larger and more complete structure than in the Ischnocera. A distinct submentum, mentum, and ligula are always present, the ligula consisting of the two terminal lobes, glossa, and paraglossa of each constituent half of the labium, united at their bases. With the Am- blycera conspicuous 4-segmented palpi rising from a basal segment-like palpifer are always present; while with the Ischnocera palpi are wanting. The ventral or other sur- face of the labium is in some forms (see Ancistrona gigas) provided with strong backward-projecting, pointed, some- times bipartite processes, as with Ancistrona gigas, Men- apon tridens, Menopon robustum, and others. These pro- cesses must subserve some holding on or clasping func- tion. A hypopharynx of elaborate structure was observed in Ancistrona gigas, but not in the other species dissected. Grosse refers to a delicate membranous fold of the ven- tral wall of the mouth, which in some forms projects be- yond the ligula as the hypopharynx. The "forks" observed va. Ancistrona and in Goniodes — genera representing both suborders of Mallophaga — be- cause of their similarity to the familiar ' ' forks ' ' of the Psocidae are of exceptional interest, and have not here- tofore been referred to in the literature of the Mallopha- gous mouth-parts. Most plainly discernible in Ancistrona, 460 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. they are very small, fine, chitinous rods lying inside of the mouth above the labium, whose posterior ends are at- tached to the ventral wall of the head by muscles and whose anterior ends are shortly forked or bifurcated, and project through the lining of the ventral wall of the mouth, thus lying free and uncovered in the mouth, cavity. Although not observed in the other two genera of Mallo- phaga dissected, it is not at all certain that they are not present, their extreme minuteness and delicacy making their discovery a matter of difficulty. The oesophageal sclerite and glands are also structures of extreme interest from their probable identity with similar structures in the Psocidae. They do not appear to be present in all the Mallophagous genera; but I have ob- served them in a majority of the genera, viz., Docophorus, Nirrnus, Lipeurus, Eurymetopus , Goniodes, Goniocotes, Giebelia, Oncophorus, Trichodectes, Colfiocefihfilum, and Menofon; also in Piaget's figures of Akido-proctus the sclerite is indicated. I have found the sclerite and glands absentin Ancistrona , Nitzschia, Trinoton, Lcemobothrium , and Physostomum. It will be noted that the sclerite and glands are present in all Ischnocera examined , and in two of the Amblycerous genera; while in a number of other Am- blycerous genera the structures are wanting. In Lczmo- bothriurn, where the sclerite is wanting, there is a pair of glands in the labium, evidently quite distinct, from the oesophageal glands so far referred to. This oesophageal sclerite is a thickening of the chitinous intima of the pharynx, and appears as a bonnet-shaped sclerite lying on the ventral wall of the pharynx, with hollow part up- ward, with median groove closed behind, projecting pro- cesses at the anterior angles, and a pair of long slender " bonnet string " pieces, which project dorsally and pass on either side of the pharynx, or oesophagus, upward and NEW MALLOPHAGA. 461 around it, and attach by their ends to the dorsal wall of the head. Opening into the median groove from its ven- tral side is a small duct, which, followed to its source, is seen to come from the union of a pair of ducts, each one of which comes from an oval gland lying ventral to the sclerite, and fitting into a concavity on the anterior end of a weakly chitinized, pedicle-like structure, which projects backward and is attached by a foot-shaped expansion to a large, strong muscle. This sclerite, which I call the "oesophageal sclerite," shows distinctly through the dorsal and ventral walls of the head, so that it is usually a con- spicuous feature in the markings of the head, appearing as a V- or U-shaped mark with thickened sides (see this mark in the various figures illustrating the systematic part of this paper) . It is this sclerite which has been called in the monographs of the European writers the labium, and in my "New Mallophaga, I," I have constantly re- ferred to it by the same name. It is this sclerite, too, undoubtedly, which Is the subject of' Melnikoff 's refer- ences, in his embryological memoir, to a sucking appar- atus. Grosse refers to this sclerite as the Schlundskelett, and describes it, briefly, in Tetraoj)thalmus chilensis (-.= 3fenopon titan) and Goniodes dissimilis. He found also a chitin thickening of the dorsal wall of the pharynx, immediately above the ventral sclerite. The mouth-parts of the Mallophaga are distinctly fitted for biting; there are no mouth structures which lend any probability to the old theory that the Mallophaga took food by sucking. The peculiar pharyngeal structures, while not yet understood in point of function, are not at all of a character to suggest anything like a sucking function. Grosse comes to no definite conclusion regarding the function of these oesophageal sclerites, but he says: "Ich schliesse aus seinem Bau, dass derselbe nichtzumSaugen, 462 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. sondern zur Ergreifung und zur Fiihrung der aufgenom- menen Federtheilchen dient." All of my observation, as far as it goes, tends to substantiate the belief, based on the structure of the mouth-parts, that the Mallophaga take all their food by biting. I have seen them biting off and eating the bits of feathers, and the crop content, which shows plainly through the skin of many specimens, is always composed of tiny bits of feathers. Comparison with the Mouth-Parts of Allied Insects. It should be of interest now to compare the mouth- parts of Mallophaga with the mouth-parts of those insects which have been placed in recent classifications nearest to the Mallophaga. Since the breaking down of Erichson's catch-all order, Pseudo-Neuroptera, the association of the Mallophaga,- Termitidae, Perlidae, Embidae, and Psocidae, into the order Platyptera has been, until very recently, the usually accepted interpretation of the place of the Mallo- phaga among insects. The most recent classifications assign to the Perlids, Termites and Mallophaga ordinal rank. Undoubtedly the Mallophaga are to find their affinities among the members of the group Platyptera, and it is, therefore, with the mouth-parts of these insects that I shall attempt to compare the Mallophagous mouth- parts. The Mouth-Parts of the Termitidae and the Per- LIDaE. (Plate lxiv, figs. 1-4.) The Termitidaa (White Ants) present a racial or gen- eralized condition of the simple Orthoptero-Neuropterous type of biting mouth-parts; free, strong, toothed man- dibles, working meso-laterally; maxillae (plate lxiv, fig. 2) NEW MALLOPHAGA. 463 well developed, with distinct cardo, stipes, palpifer, 4- segmented palpus, and both terminal lobes, the lacinia sharply two-pointed, and the outer hoodlike galea fleshy ; labium (plate lxiv, fig. 1) with elongate elliptical sub- mentum, mentum, 3-segmented palpi, and ligula showing in each half -both glossa and paraglOssa. The Termite, species whose mouth-parts I figure to illustrate the gen- eral character of the Termite mouth structures is Termcrp- sis angusticollis, a large form common in California. The Perlida?, as the Termitidae, present the generalized biting type. In the adult Perlids, to be sure, the mouth- parts seem to be hardly functional, being reduced to a semimembranous condition, with some correlated changes in form. In the nymphs, however, the usual Orthopter- ous form is shown. I have figured the mouth structures of a nymph of Perla (plate lxiv, figs. 3 and 4). The mandibles of the adult are very small and but slightly chitinized. The Mouth-Parts of the Psocid^e. (Plate lxiv, figs. 5-11.) The mouth-parts of the Psocidse present a modified or specialized type of biting mouth-parts. They have been the subject of some study and some dispute, and perhaps are not yet fully understood. An especially confusing feature is the presence of the "forks," and characteris- tic and little understood organs are the paired "lingual glands" lying "within the tongue." The best paper on the Psocid mouth-parts is one by Edward Burgess,* in which special attention is given the forks and the lingual glands. * Burgess, Edward. The Anatomy of the Head, and the Structure of the Maxillaa in the Psocidse. Proo. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist., 1878, vol. xix, p. 291, pi. viii. 464 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. \ In the two subfamilies of the Psocidas, the winged Psocinae and the degraded, wingless Atropine, the atti- tude of the head varies from a hanging or vertical posi- tion in the Psocinae to the nearly horizontal position of Atrofos. With the change from vertical to horizontal position there goes a marked flattening of the head, so that the head of Atrofos (plate lxiv, figs. 5 and 7) in its horizontally projected attitude, its flattened condition, and the limiting of the mouth-parts to the ventral aspect of the head, shows both in its relation to the body of the insect and in its own shape and condition, a great similarity to the horizontal, flattened head of the Mallophaga. The clypeus of Atrofos is large, projecting far forward, and, as in the Mallophaga, forms the frontal margin of the head, the labrum lying on the ventral aspect of" the head (plate lxiv, fig. 5). All the mouth-parts lie on the ven- tral aspect of the head (plate lxiv, fig. 5) The mandi- bles (plate lxiv, figs. 5, 6, and 8) are strong, toothed, and present distinct protruding condyles wholly similar in position and general character to those of the Mallo- phaga (see plates lx-lxiii). The maxilla? (plate lxiv, fig. 5) I do not understand, but there are no conspicuous ter- minal free lobes; there is a large basal part, and artic- ulating with it the conspicuous 4-segmented palpi. The fork is long and slender, projecting farther forward than the front margins of the closed mandibles. The labium (plate lxiv, fig. 5) shows a large elongate submentum, a hexagonal mentum, and a ligula composed of two large, free outer lobes, and a median bilobed part composed of the inner lobes of the two sides partly coalesced. Ac- cording to Burgess what I have called outer lobes are the reduced, i-segmented palpi. In addition the oesophageal sclerite (described hereafter for Psocus under the name " oesophageal bone") shows through the basal part of the labium. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 465 Burgess has studied the mouth-parts of Psocus in detail, and for the sake of his accounts of the forks, and of the oesophageal sclerite and lingual glands, those structures so characteristic of the Psocidae, and probably — certainly, in the case of oesophageal sclerite and lingual glands — quite as characteristic of the Mallophaga, I quote from his paper referred to, as follows: — "The maxilla in Psocus is hinged to the head by a small obscure piece which is immovably soldered to a larger joint. The first piece represents, probably, the cardo of a typical maxilla (plate lxiv, fig. 10, c) and the second the stipes (p). The stipes bears outwardly the 4-jointed maxillary palpus, while inwardly is hinged a thick, fleshy lobe, broad at the base, but soon contracting and curving inward. The tip is flat .and has a broad, oval outline on the inside, and is strengthened by several imbedded chitinous rods and other pieces. This lobe, by its position and shape, is doubtless homologous with the ordinary outer maxillary lobe, or galea, of the other Orthoptera. Behind, the lobe, that is between it and the tongue, lies the ' horny process ' of Westwood's descrip- tion, or 'fork,' as I shall call it. This is a slender, more •or less curved chitinous rod with a forked bifid tip, and two or three times as long as the outer lobe (plate lxiv, figs. 9 and io,f). The distal portion of the fork, about •one-third or less of its length, projects through the lining membrane of the mouth. At this point the fork is stout- est, and from it, it tapers to either end, the outer portion being, stouter than the inner. The membrane where it is united with the fork is delicate and elastic, thus permit- ting the fork to be projected forward or drawn back at will. Within the head the fork is held in position by, muscles inserted on its base, which unite it with the lobe and stipes of the maxilla, and by a ligament which runs 466 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. backward to the top of the head. Of these muscles one is inserted on the base of the lobe ; two others are in- serted apparently within the stipes ; by their contraction the fork is thrown forward out of the mouth, or moved about. The backward-running cord, which is double, is apparently neither muscular nor the tendon of a muscle,, but simply an elastic ligament to draw the fork back, and probably the membrane pierced by the fork aids in the same movement. The« fork is still further held in place by the flexor muscles of the stipes and lobe which pass behind it and serve to bind it down against the lobe. "In the maxilla we have recognized cardo, stipes, and outer lobe, and one naturally asks if the fork is the homo- logue of the inner lobe of the typical maxilla, or an inde- pendent organ. At. present I mi^st incline to the latter view, although some may regard the absence of anything else to represent the inner lobe as sufficient evidence of their homology. But there is no articulation of any kind between ,the fork and the outer lobe, and the peculiarity of the muscular connections seem rather to favor the idea that the fork may represent an independent organ. "The maxillas and mandibles occupy the lower half of the large oral cavity which opens above into a thick-walled oesophagus. Below thfe opening of the oesophagus lies a bone which may be fancifully likened to a lady's bonnet upside down (plate lxiv, fig. 11 and ce. b. fig. 9); the high front lies along the oral cavity at about half way up; two narrow extensions, representing the bonnet strings, run forward and upward, embracing the oesophagus. The great bundles of short muscles filling the large vaulted clypeus' (plate lxiv, fig. 9) are attached to the ends of these strings, and by their contraction close the oesophagus. Just below the 'front' a fine duct opens which is the common duct of a pair of lingual glands, NEW MALLOPHAGA. 467 presently to be described. Just below this bone there is a double elevated ridge covered with short hairs (plate lxiv, fig. 11). "The lower lip (plate lxiv, fig. 10) is composed of an oblong mentum (m) bearing a larger labium (lb) nar- rowed at the base, then expanding so as to have a bisin- uate, almost S-shaped lateral outline; the lower edge bears two short, broad lobes, and two stumpy, one- jointed * palpi (l.f.). The labium in profile (plate lxiv, fig. 9) is very thick, and the lower edge is divided into two narrow lamina?, while still a third lamina, well sepa- rated from the first two, forms the tongue (plate -lxiv, fig- 9, t)- Within the tongue lie a pair of peculiar organs which may be called the linguai glands (plate lxiv, figs. 9 and 10, l.g.) ; these can be seen through the semitrans- parent mentum and labium, as in plate lxiv, fig. 10, offer- ing an irregular, obovate outline. A short duct" from the lower end of each gland leads .into a common duct (l.d.) which opens in the oesophageal bone as already de- scribed. " The ducts curve over the lower end of the glands and run up* their posterior surface, to which they are soldered nearly to the top. The line of the ducts, together with the lateral outlines, give the glarrds a three-cornered shape, somewhat like that of a butternut. A little triangular cap fits on the summit of each gland, and on it is inserted a suspensory muscle, the upper end of which is attached to the cranium (plate lxiv, figs. 9 and 10, g.m.). The spec- imens at my command have not been fresh enough to study the histology of these organs, but they seem to be composed of an outer sack, with a thin tough wall which "*With Westwood I regard these pieces as true palpi, and not as a sec- ond pair of labial lobes." 468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. is light yellow and has a slightly roughened or granular surface. The interior is filled with cells, and perhaps may be glandular. The excretory ducts are thick-walled and strengthened by circular threads, as is often the case with the salivary ducts of * insects." Scudder in his note "on the structure of the head of Atropos," in "Psyche," 1877, vol. ii, p. 49, gives a differ- ent account of the fork, saying that "instead of forming a single, simple, rodlike process, this inner lobe [=fork] is three or four times as long as has been presumed, and is two-jointed, the apical point lying, when the organ is at rest, beside the basal joint, which is attached to the maxilla at the extreme base of the latter; the basal joint is directed backward and lies almost directly beneath the basal portion of the apical joint." Mr. Scudder believes that the fork is without any doubt homologous with the customary inner lobe, or lacinia of the maxilla. As will be noted in the foregoing quotation from Burgess, this author believes Scudder's account of the fork as a two- segmented organ to be erroneous, and he inclines to the. belief that the fork is an independent organ, and not a part of the maxilla. Comparison and Conclusions. But little special attention need be given to the com- parison of the mouth-parts of the Mallophaga with those of the Termitidas and Perlidae. The last named families (or orders) show the simple Orthoptero-Neuropterous "*The salivary ducts in most insects open by distinct apertures into the cesophagus; still, they unite into a common duct in many Diptera and some Orthoptera (see Siebold, Anat. Invert.). Siebold excepts only Mantis among the Orthoptera, but Blatta, Termes and the Acrydians, at least, must be added. The occurrence of salivary glands confined within the head is also unusual, but not without precedent." NEW MALLOPHAGA. 469 type of mouth-parts, and offer besides this no special resemblances to the Mallophagous condition. There is no indication in the mouth-parts of the Termitidas, wingless and specialized though the Termites are, of modifications in the direction of the Mallophagous mouth- parts. In fact, considering the food habits of the Termites and the specialization (by degradation) of their bodies, the mouth-parts show a surprising faithfulness to the simple usual Orthopterous type. It is in the comparison of the Mallophagous mouth- parts with those of the Psocidae that such interesting re- semblances and parallel or homologous structures appear as to give basis for a belief in the near relationship of the two groups. The comparison of the mouth-parts of the Mallophaga and the Psocidse is not made here for the first time. In 1887 Dr. A. S. Packard read a paper before the Amer- ican Philosophical Society entitled: " On the Systematic Position of the Mallophaga," in which he makes such a comparison. Dr. Packard based his paper on the studies of Melnikow and Grosse on the Mallophaga, and of Burgess on the Psocidas, and on his (Packard's) own studies. In this pap er attention is called to the general similarities shown in the two groups in the position of the mouth structures, due to the great development of the clypeus, in the shape of the mandibles, in the reduction of the maxillae, etc. In the light, however, of the preceding detailed ac- counts of the mouth-parts of Ancistrona, ' Lamobothrium, Eurymetofus and Goniodes (Mallophaga), with their de- tailed descriptions of the oesophageal sclerites and glands, and the "forks " of Ancistrona and Goniodes, the com- parison of the Mallophagous and Psocid mouth struc- tures may profitably be carried farther than has yet been done. 470 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The flattening of the head, with the great development of the clypeus, and the restriction of the mouth-parts to the ventral aspect of the head, so characteristic of the Mallophaga, is quite as characteristic of Atropos, the wingless, degraded Psocid. Among the winged Psocidae the head hangs vertically, and although there is a similar great development of clypeus, there is less flattening of the head and less general resemblance. The peculiar condition of the labrum in the Mallophaga, lying as it does on the ventral aspect of the produced clypeus, finds an identical repetition in Atropos; a point which Packard seems to have overlooked when he says that the Mal- lophaga differ from the Psocids in having the labrum covered by the clypeus. In the winged Psocidae the head is not horizontal as with the Mallophaga and Atropos, and the labrum is attached to the ventral margin of the clypeus. The mandibles of Atropos present a really striking similarity with those of the Amblycerous Mallophaga. The details of teeth, condyles, facets, and musculation are extraordinarily alike. The maxilla? of the Psocidae are greatly reduced, re- taining, however, a well developed palpus. In the Mal- lophaga the reduction q| the maxillae is carried still farther, the palpi having become completely atrophied. The labium of "the Psocidae (of Atro-pos in particular) and of the Mallophaga is modified along essentially simi- lar lines. One important distinction, • however, is the presence of well developed labial palpi in one suborder of the Mallophaga. Not brought out in any previous discussion of the Mal- lophagous mouth-parts, and, perhaps, more striking than the points of resemblance so far noted, is the practical identity of the oesophageal sclerite and accompanying NEW MALLOPHAGA. 47 1 glands of the Mallophaga, with the characteristic "oesoph- ageal bone " and glands of the Psocidae. The comparison of these structures in the two groups reveals an agree- ment in position and character so nearly identical as to preclude any supposition of independent origin. Also, there is to be noted the presence, in certain genera of the Mallophaga, of a pair of "forks," very much reduced in size,' and not yet well understood. These forks seem very like the familiar and characteristic Psocid forks, so far apparently found among no other insects. It is not intended to discuss here, at all, the probable relationship of the Psocidas and Mallophaga, simply to point out the peculiar and interesting similarity of mouth structures, as so far brought out in the study of the groups.- It is of interest to note in this connection the rather similar food habits of the two groups, the Psocidae feeding on dry, dead organic matter, such as wood and paper, dried insects, and dried bird and mammal skins; and the Mallophaga feeding on the dry, dead dermal scales, hairs, and feathers of mammals and birds. I have found Atrofos not infrequently in the nests of birds. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. DOCOPHORUS. Docophorus taurocephalus n. sp. (Plate lxv, fig. i.) Two males and a female from an American Rough- legged Hawk, Archibuteo lagqfius sancti-johanrlis (Law- rence, Kansas) . A member of the group dilatatoclypeati, found on eagles and hawks and characterized by the more or less prominent, uncolored frontal expansion of the clypeus. The new form resembles Nitzsch's gono- rhynchus (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 70), from Astur 472 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. nisus, in the emargination of the clypeus, and it shows, also, what Piaget affirms to be merely an individual character, the effacement of a distinctly limited signature, ' as spoken of by Nitsch. The new form is markedly larger than ' gonorhynchus, and the male has no transverse linear blotch on the last segment. Description of male. Body, length 2.06 mm., width 1 mm. ; strongly colored. Head, length .78 mm., width .78 mm.; thus being very large in proportion to the size of the body; front with shallow emargination, the projecting lateral parts angu- lated; clypeus expanded laterally behind these frontal angles, and the uncolored expanded portion bearing two conspicuous, longish hairs; a short marginal hair just in front of the suture, and two longish hairs rising on dorsal surface and projecting beyond margin between suture and trabeculae; trabeculas broad, not reaching beyond end of segment 1 of antenna; eye projecting, pendulous, with angulated cornea, and bearing a hair; temporal margins flatly rounded and bearing four long hairs, and on occipital side of posterior angle a short hair; occipital margin nearly straight, bare ; general color of head light translucent brown; signature indistinctly limited, its lateral margins obscurgd by the strong inner bands; an- tennal and occipital bands strongly marked and continu- ous; ocular bands distinctly indicated; suture distinct, interrupting the antennal bands ; antennal and inner bands paling anteriorly; temporal regions brown, with narrow darker outer margin. Prothorax short, broad, with uneven rounding sides, and a- single hair in each posterior angle, the angle being slightly tumid ; broad, apparently divided, lateral bands pale outwardly, and bending in along the posterior margin of the segment. Metathorax short, with sinuous, very NEW MALLOPHAGA. 473 obtusely angled posterior margin, bearing on the mesal third eight weak, non-pustulated hairs, and in the lateral angles two longer and stronger hairs; large, transverse, lateral blotches separated by a narrow, uncolored, mesal, linear space widening anteriorly; legs pale brown, with dark brown markings on dorsal margins of femora and tibize. Abdomen broadly elliptical, short, segments projecting little or not at all at sides, and with two to three long hairs in posterior angles ; a single transverse series of hairs on dorsal surface of each segment; lateral trans- verse blotches large, and with pointed inner ends; lateral bands darker, not distinctly limited; posterior margin of last segment flatly rounded, with numerous longish hairs which are confined to the lateral portions of the margin. Female. Body, length 2.53 mm., width 1.04 mm.; head, length .87 mm., width .87 mm.; the lateral abdom- inal blotches much shorter, the hind body tapering poste- riorly, and the ninth segment narrow, uncolored, tapering behind, and narrowly angularly emarginated so as to produce two short acute points. Docophorus alienus n. sp. (Plate lxv, fig. 2.) Found on a Yellow-shafted Flicker, Colaptes auratus (Lawrence, Kansas). This species does not resemble any of Nitzsch's or Piaget's Docofhori taken from wood- peckers, but belongs to Piaget's group latifrontes, found on the cuckoos. The group is characterized, according to Piaget, by the width arid emargination of the clypeus, and by the large size of the posterior legs. The clypeal characters are presented by this new form, but the pos- terior legs are not especially enlarged. Description of the male. Body, length 1.62 mm., width 7 mm. ; the only specimen is a recently moulted Peoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d See., Vol. VI. ( 83 ) November 11, 18?6. 474 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. one, so that the chitinization is incomplete, and the color is nearly lacking. If it were not for the well marked clypeal characters, which indicate its affinities unmistakably, I should not describe the specimen. Head, length 56 mm., width 53 mm.;, front broad, an- gularly emarginated; two submarginal hairs between the suture and the anterior angles of the clypeus, of which the hinder is much the longer; a short hair at the suture, and three short ones in front of the trabeculae; the tra- becular very long, reaching to end of segment 2 of an- tennae; eye prominent, with a hair and black fleck; four longish hairs on temporal margin; occipital and antennal bands pale, but evidently to be well chitinized; signature broad, emarginate on anterior margin. Prothorax short, with rounding angles, and with single hair in posterior angles; indications of strong, even, lat- eral bands. Metathorax obtusely angled on abdomen, with a series of pustulated hairs along posterior margin; indications of large lateral blotches. Legs concolorous with body. Abdomen broadly elliptical, with long hairs in posterior angles of segments, and one transverse row of hairs across each segment; lateral transverse blotches are indicated, and narrow dark lateup.1 bands are present; ' transverse blotches extending across segment 8; genitalia short, broad, confined to segments 8-9. Docophorus incisus n. sp. (Plate lxv, fig. 3.) Found on a Bluebird, Sialiasialis (Lawrence, Kansas), and on a Cedar Waxwing, Amfelis cedrorum (Lawrence, Kansas). General characters of communis, but with front of cly- peus narrower and deeply emarginated; signature with anterior margin emarginated and unevenly chitinized; NEW MALLOPHAGA. 475 temporal angles more convexly rounded ; metathorax ob- tusely angled on abdomen, and with transverse blotch, with posterior margin not parallel with the posterior mar- gin of the segment; thorax, relatively broader than in communis. Measurements of male : Body, length 1.72 mm., width .75 mm.; head, length .59 mm., width .56 mm. Female: Body, length 2.12 mm., width .90 mm. ; head, length. .63 mm., width .63 mm. Docophorus domesticus n. sp. (Plate lxv, fig. 4.) ' Males, females, and young taken from the Purple Mar tin, Progne subis (Lawrence, Kansas). Most nearly like Nitzsch's excisjis (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 88, pi. xi, figs. 1, 2, 3) found on Hirundo urbica and Cyfselus afius, but markedly larger. Piaget calls excisus one of the smallest Docofhori known, and gives the average length of the. males as 1. to 1.1 mm., and of the females as 1.2. My specimens average in length, males, 1.47 mm., females, 2 mm. Description of the male. Body, length 1.47 mm., width .59 mm. ; thorax and head pale golden brown, with light brown markings; abdomen darker, with large dark brown lateral blotches. Head, length .5 mm., width .48 mm.; front of clypeus emarginated rather squarely, the bounding mesal angles of the clypeus nearly rectangular; a longish prominent hair rising from the dorsal surface near the margin in each rounded latero-anterior angle of the clypeus, a short marginal hair behind it, another at the suture, two others close together and rising from the dorsal surface near the margin behind the suture, and a single short, marginal hair just in front of the trabeculas; the trabecular large, acutely pointed, reaching middle of segment 2 of an- tennae; antenna?, if projected backwards, reach the 476 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. posterior margin of the head; eye prominent, with a longish hair; temporal margin with one hair behind, but close to the eye, and two other hairs and two prickles; occipital margin sinuous, bare; signature indistinct, with anterior margin emarginate; no distinct posterior point; occipital bands brown, forking; antennal bands pale smoky brown, interrupted. Prothorax with rounding sides and angles, rather long, and with a single hair near each end of posterior margin ; a broad, even, translucent, lateral band. Metathorax rather long, angulated on abdomen, with a series of pus- tulated hairs along posterior margin and a broad, lateral, brown band along the antero-lateral sides. Legs robust, pale brown, with dark brown marginal markings and few scattered hairs. Abdomen broadly elliptical, segments projecting slightly laterally, with one to two or three long hairs in the pos- terior angles; dorsal surface with numerous weak hairs arranged in transverse lines, a single series on each seg- ment; segments 1-7 with large, dark brown, transverse, lateral blotches, each blotch with an uncolored stigmatal spot, and a few demi-pustulations with hairs along the posterior margin; segment 8 with a curving transverse blotch entirely across ^segment, and segment 9 wholly colored; a broad uncolored suture between segments 8 and 9; the chitinized parts of the genitalia distinct, short, broad; posterior margin of ninth segment rounded (para- bolic) with a few longish hairs. Female. Body, length 2 mm., width .84 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .56 mm. ; last segment of abdomen with slight angular emargination; genital blotch large, conspicuous. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 477 Docophorus distinctus n. sp. (Plate Ixv, fig. 5.) Many specimens, males, females, and young, irora the American Raven, Corvus corax sinuatus (Colorado). This form belongs to the corvinicolce infesting the Cor- vini and is of the type atroficti characterized by the whitish ground color of the body, and sharp black mark- ings. The new species differs from Nitzsch's atratus (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 81, pi. ix, fig. 10) from Cor- vus frugilegus by the long hairs of the clypeus ; from Nizsch's ocellatus (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 81, pi. ix, figs. 7 and 8), from C. comix and C. corone, by lacking the strongly marked bands on the temples, and by the short signatures; and differs from Piaget's albidus (Les Pediculines, p. 48, pi. iii, fig. 6) from C. scafitJatus by the pustulated hairs of temples and metathorax. Description of the male. Body, length 2 mm., width 1.06 mm.; ground color whitish with distinct, sharply defined, black markings. Head, length .63 mm., width .72 mm.; very broad in front and truncate ; five long marginal hairs on each side of forehead, one at base of antenna;, one in eye, one just behind the eye, and three on the temporal margins; occipital margin straight, bare; antennas with segment 1 large and swollen, segment 2 slender and longest, seg- ments 3-5 short, subequal and colored dark brown, seg- ments 1—2 uncolored; signature very short, or at least with only a short, oblong, anterior part colored; antennal bands broad, irregular, interrupted at the suture, and with subparallel inner bands ; occipital bands very dis- tinct, diverging and meeting the expanded basal extrem- ities of the antennal bands; ocular bands narrow, distinct, and extending around behind the eye; a shield-shaped occipital signature showing through. Prothorax narrow, with strong, black, lateral borders, 478 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. and a fainter narrow diagonal line running inward and backward from each side ; the pericoxal and intercoxal lines of prosternum showing through; one hair in each posterior angle. Metathorax angulated on abdomen, with a series of pustulated hairs along posterior margin; ante- ro-lateral sides with strong black border; postero-lateral sides with paler, brown, linear, tapering blotch. Legs concolorous with body, with black marginal and annular markings. Abdomen very broadly elliptical, suborbicular; not turbinated; with long weak hairs in posterior angles ; last segment flatly rounded behind; the transverse lateral blotches smoky brown, with darker lateral borders, large uncolored stigmatal spots, and about six demi-pulstulations along the posterior margin of each blotch; some of the outermost of these pustulations are complete ; many weak hairs on dorsal surface; genitalia showing distinctly in segments 6—9, broad and shortly three-pronged posteri- orly; segment 8 with transverse blotch entirely across segment; segment 9 uncolored. Female. Body, length 2.5 mm., width 1.34 mm.; head, length .72 mm., width .81.; abdomenmore elongate, the lateral transverse blotches a little shorter, the poste- rior margin of the last segment with shallow emargination ; last segment with two short, longitudinal, lateral blotches ; , 1874, p. 76, pi. x, tig. 4; Piaget, Less Pedieulines, p. 27, pi. i, fig. 7. Two specimens of this unmistakable Docophorus, taken by Nitzsch, Denny and Piaget from Strix jlammea, the European Barn Owl; taken by me from the American Barn Owl, Strix fratincola (Soquel, California). The American Barn Owl has always, until recently, been held to be simply a variety (Strix f. -pratincola) of the Eu- ropean Barn Owl. The specimen figured by me measures : Body, length 1.97 mm., width .5 mm.; head, length .75 mm., width .53 mm. The species is readily recognizable byits slender abdomen and its very long head, with narrow extended forehead. The head and thorax are longer than the abdomen. Docophorus communis Nitzsch. (Plate lxvi, fig. 7.) Germar's Mag. f. Ent., 1818, vol. iii, p. 290. The following synonymy is that given by Picaglia in his Pediculini dell 'Istituto anatomo-zoologico della R. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 487 Universita di Modena, Atti della Societa dei Naturalisti di Modena, Serie 3, vol. iv, 1895. " Sinonimia — De-Geer. Mem. Ins. vol. vii, tv. 4, f. 9. 1776 (Rid- nus emberizae) — Schrank. Beit, zur Naturg. p. 117, tv. 5, f. 8. 1776 (Pediculus curviroslrce) — 1. 0. p. 117, f. 6 (.P. Pyrrulce) — 1. 0. p. 118, f. 7 (P. Chloridis)—\. c. p. 116, f. 9 (P. cilrinellce)—l. c. p. 115, f. 10 (P. Rubeculce)— liinneo. Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, v. ii, p. 2922. 1789 (P. curviroslrce, Pyrrullce, Chloridis, Citrinellce, Rube- J - culce) — Panzer. Fau. Ins. Germ. p. 51, f. 27. 1793 (P. Curviros- i. tree)— Geoffroy. Hist. abr. Ins. v. 11, p. 599. 1800 (Pediculus Emberizce) — Latreille. Hist. Gen. v. viii, p. 111. 1804 (Ricinus Emberizce)— Fabviaus. Sys. Ant. p. 349. 1805 (P. Emberizce)— Olfers. De Veg. et. Anim. Corp. Anim. Rep. 1815 (Nirmus globi- fer) — Nitzsch. Germ. Mag. v. iii, p. 290. 1818 — Burmeister. Hand. Ent. v. ii,i p. 425. 1835 — 1. e. (fusicollis) — Denny. Anop. p. 70, tv. 5, f. 10. 1842— 1. i>. p. 82, tv. 1, f. 8 (pallescens)— 1. e. p. 98, tv. 1, f. 8 (fuscicollis) — 1. c. p. 104, tv. 5, f. 12 (Passerinus) — 1. o. p. 106, tv. 3, f. 1 (Merulce)— 1. o. p. 107, tv. 3, f. 3 (Modular is)— 1. o. p. 108, tv. 2, f. 2 (Rubeculce)— Walckenaer. Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt. v. iii, p. 332. 1844 (Philopierus) — 1. c. p. 336 (Philopterus pal- lescens) — 1. c. (Philopterus fuscicollis) — 1. c. p. 340 (Philopierus passerinus, merulce, modularis, rubeculce) — Giebel. Zeits. f. ges. Nat. Bd. xvii, p. 298-303. 1861—1. u. (fuscicollis)'?. 298 — 1. c. Bd. xviii, p. 298-303. 1861—1. o. p. 298. 1861 (fuscicollis)— Giglioli, Jour, of Micros. N. 10, tv. B, f. 9. 1864 (Mandarinus) — Giebel. Zeits. f. ges. Nat. Bd. xxvii, p. 116. 1866 (ornatus) — I. o. Bd. xxvii, p. 358. 1866—1. o. p. 359 (fuscicollis)— 1. c. p. 359 (ornalus)— Epiz. p. 85, tv. xi, t. 13. 1884—1. c. p. 86, tv. II, f. 10, tv. 20, f. 4 (fuscicollis)— \. v. p. 89 (ornatus)— 1. u. p. 120 (Rubeculce, Modularis, Merulce) — 1. e. p. 119 (iurdi) — 1. c. p. 91 (lineatus)— Piaget. Ped. p. 54, tv. 4, f. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 (sp. et var.)." The specific name communis given by Nitzsch to a Docophorus species or group of closely allied species found commonly on passerine birds, has been retained by Giebel and Piaget as the best, or, at least, most con- venient expression of the condition exhibited by the Doco- ■phori of the type figured by Nitzsch from specimens from Fringilla linaria, and by Piaget from specimens from Motacilla alba and others. Specimens of this type are the most commonly met with Docophorus on 488 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. passerine birds, and have been recorded from many species. Picaglia.(l. c, p. 16) lists 43 species of Euro- pean Passeres from which communis has been collected. But the variations exhibited by the specimens from the various bird species are many and sometimes striking. Giebel refers to variations exhibited by specimens from certain birds as being sufficient to warrant the founding of new species, but he merely refers to the general char- acter of the variation shown by specimens from Turdus pilaris, Pants major, Fringilla chloris, and Motacilla alba. He lists 29 passerine birds representing 15 genera on which communis had been found at time of his writing. Piaget holds to the single species communis, referring to the variations apparent in any series of specimens, and describes and gives varietal names to 11 varieties. He selects the form found on Motacilla alba as typical of the" species (believing it to be the same as found by Nitzsh on Fringilla linaria) and lists nearly 20 passerine bird species on which he has found communis and its varieties. I have collected specimens of this communis species or group of species from the following American passerine birds: the Horned Lark, Otocoris alpestris; Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phceniceus ; Western Meadowlark, Sturnella magna negl&ta; Lapland Longspur, Calcarius la-pfonicus ; Slate-colored Junco, funco hyemalis ; Cardinal Grosbeak, Cardinalis cardinalis ; Bohemian Waxwing, Amfelis garrulus; White-rumped Shrike, Lanius ludo- vicianus excubitorides ; Brown Thrasher, Harporhynchus rufous; and the. Robin, Merula migratoria — all from Lawrence, Kansas; and also from Bullock's Oriole, Icterus bullocki; the California Purple Finch, Carpo- dacus purpureus calif ornicus ; the House Finch, Carpo- dacus mexicanus frontalis ; the Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus; the Arkansas Goldfinch, Spinus psaltria; and the Sand- NBW MALLOPHAGA. 489 wich Sparrow, Amodramus sandwichensis, from Palo Alto, California. Variations among the specimens are apparent, but un- til I can examine a much larger series no attempt can be made to tabulate these variations. The species may be recognized by comparison with the figure in plate lxvi. This specimen, a female, was taken from a White-rumped Shrike, LaniUs ludovicianus excubitorides (Lawrence, Kansas), and measures: Body, length 2. mm.; width .87 mm. ; head, length 6 mm. ; width .6 mm. Docophorus excisus Nitzsch. Germar's Mag. f . Ent., 1818, vol. iii, p. 291. Pediculus hirundinis Linnaeus, Fau. Suec, 1746, p. 1963; Schrank, Fauna Boioa, 1781; Fabrioius, Sp. Ins., 1783,' vol. ii, p. 483; Linnams, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1779, vol. i, p. 2921. „ Ricinus hirundinis Latreille, Hist. Gen., 1804, vol. viii, p. 111. Philopterus excisus Nitzsch, Germ. Mag. f. Ent., 1818, vol. iii, p. 291; Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 425; Walckenaer, Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt., 1844, vol. iii, p. 333. Docophorus excisus 'Nitzsch, Giebel, Zeitsohr.f. ges. Naturwiss., 1861, vol. xviii, p. 298, 1. c. 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 359; Giebel, Inseeta Epizoa, 1874,_p. 88, pi. ix, figs. 1, 2, 3; Piaget, Les Pedieulines, 1880, p. 64, pi. iv, fig. 6. Specimens which may be referred to this long known parasite of the swallows taken from the Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon lunifrons, and from the Tree Swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (Palo Alto, California, and Lawrence, Kansas). The American specimens are, however, mark- edlylarger than the European ones and should be desig- nated by a varietal name. Piaget' s measurements are, for males, length 1 m., for females 1.1 mm.; the males among my specimens are about 1.3 mm. long and the fe- males 1.5 mm. long. The species of this group (with square emargination of clypeal front) which I have de- scribed from the Purple Martin (see page 475, plate lxv, fig. 4) shows all of the general habitus of excisus, but is Pkoc. Gal.' Acad. Sci., 2d See., Vol. VI. ( 34 ) November 10, 1896. 49° CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. so conspicuously larger and presents such constant minor differences that I have made it the type of a new species. The figure of it, however, will serve very well as a means of recognizing the American variety of excisus. Var. major Kellogg. Male. Body, length 1.3 mm., width .56 mm.; head, length .44 mm., width .40 mm. Female. Body, length 1.49 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length .45 mm., width .42 mm.; the pustulations in lat- eral abdominal blotches more complete and distinct than in the type form of the species. Males, females, and young found on the Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon luni- frons, and on the Tree Swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (Palo Alto, California, and Lawrence, Kansas). NlRMUS. , Nirmus longus n. sp. (Plate lxvii, fig. 1.) Taken from the Tree Swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (Lawrence, Kansas), and from the Cliff Swallow, Petro- chelidon lunifrons (Palo Alto, California). A member of the group interruptofasciati arid allied to Nitzsch's N. gracilis (Insecta Epizoa, p. 143, pi. vi, figs. 11, 12), which is only half as large and has but four (Giebel) or two (Piaget) hairs on#posterior margin of metathorax, and to Denny's elongatus (Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., p. 140, pi. vii, fig. 4), which has the posterior margin of the metathorax "strongly ciliate," the hairs in Denny's figure being ranged thickly along the entire length of the margin. Both of these two allied species were taken from Hirundo urbica. Description of female. Body, length 2.03 mm., width .38 mm.; very elongate, pale yellowish brown, with chestnut brown lateral bands and marginal head mark- ings. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 491 Head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm.; elongate-con- ical, with narrow truncate front; two very small marginal hairs near the. front, and one slightly longer a little dis- tance in front of the trabecular which are small but dis- tinct; eye flat, with a prickle in its posterior margin; temporal margins flat with a long hair and a prickle ; pale golden brown with dark brown narrow antennal bands and temporal borders; oral fossa elongate, expanded be- hind, nearly uncolored. Prothorax short, small, oblong, with single short hair in posterior angle, and even, lateral borders which bend inward along posterior margin. Metathorax trapezoidal, with lateral margins converging anteriorly ; posterior mar- gin straight or weakly convex on abdomen, more curved at each end which projects laterally beyond the abdomen; posterior margin with six longish but weak hairs on each lateral third; indistinct lateral borders with anterior ends more distinct and a diagonal line projecting inward and forward from the posterior angles. No pronounced ster- nal markings. Legs pale, concolorous with body, with narrow darker marginal markings. Abdomen very long and apparently slender, although really one-third wider than head; abdominal segments very gradually growing wider until segment 6 is reached, segment 7 slightly narrower, segments 8-9 narrower, ab- ruptly tapering; a single short hair in posterior angles of segments; dorsal surface naked; segments 1-7 with dis- tinct chestnut brown lateral bands; segment 8 of general body color; segment 9 uncolored, emarginated behind, with rounded points. Male. Two males, which with much hesitancy I as- sign to this species, taken from a Cliff Swallow, Petroch- elidon lunifrons (Palo Alto, California) > are much smaller than the females. This condition is similar to that pre- 49 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. sented by gracilis, the males of which are .7 mm. long, while the females are .95 mm. long. The arrangement and number of metathoracic hairs are the same as in the females, and the head characters agree. Measurements of the male: Body, length 1.47 mm., width .43 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width .31 mm. Nirmus simplex n. sp. (Plate lxvii, fig. 2.) Found on a Robin, Merula inigratoria (Lawrence, Kansas). It belongs to Piaget's group interrufttofasciati, with antennal bands interrupted, with temples tending to become angular, and with the body blotches indistinctly colored. Description of female. Body, length 1.77 mm., width .62 mm. ; very pale yellowish brown, with darker but inconspicuous markings. Head, length .53 mm., width .50 mm.; bluntly trian- gular, the rather narrow clypeal front truncate or very weakly concave ; a single short hair in -anterior angles and two other shorter ones on lateral margins; trabeculse small, acute; eye flat, with a prickle in posterior edge; temporal margins flatly convex, with a single long hair and two prickles just in front of it; occipital margin straight, bare; signature indistinctly colored, broad, emarginate in front and truncate behind; antennal bands distinct, narrow and finely crenate on inner margin ; oc- cipital bands indistinct, narrow, extending to posterior rami of mandibles ; temporal margins for a little distance behind eye narrowly bordered; antennae uncolored, fifth segment longer than third or fourth. Prothorax short, broad, with lateral margins converg- ing anteriorly; a single strong hair in posterior angles; posterior margin flatly convex ; rather broad lateral bor- ders, which extend inward along the posterior margin. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 493 Metathorax broad, short, obtusely angled on the abdomen, with a series of non-pustulated hairs along posterior margin ; a lateral marginal blotch with a part extending inward. Legs concolorous with body, with only faintly indicated marginal markings. Abdomen bluntly elliptical, one-fifth wider than the head; with one to two or three weak hairs in posterior angles of segments, and a single transverse series of short weak hairs along the posterior margin of each seg- ment; translucent, smoky brown lateral bands, and pale brown, broad, transverse blotches entirely across all seg- ments; distinct uncolored stigmatal spots; segment 9 uncolored, with two small pale brown lateral blotches, slightly emarginated behind, and with a few longish hairs. Nirmus eustigmus n. sp. (Plate lxvii, fig. 3.) A single female of this well marked form from an Anna's Hummingbird, Trochilus anna (Palo Alto, California). The species belong to Piaget's group interruftofasciati. It is a much broader and much more robust form than N. vulgatus, the Nirmus of this group common among pas- serine birds, and the lateral bands of the abdomen are broad and pronounced. Description of the female. Body, length 1.84 mm., width .62 mm. ; pale yellowish white, with narrow black- ish brown head borders, and broad, blackish lateral ab- dominal bands; indications of pale brown abdominal blotches. Head, length .42 mm., width .45 mm.; broadly trian- gular, narrowly truncate in front; a few short weak hairs along margins of forehead, the longest being a pair con- siderably in front of the trabecules; trabeculae small and uncolored but distinct; antennae short, segment 2 most 494 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. colored,, segment 3 next; eye with a prickle; temporal margins with a single long hair and some fine prickles ; occipital margin straight, bare; antennal bands blackish brown, not quite meeting in front, leaving a small uncol- ored space on frontal margin, and bending angularly in at posterior ends; narrow blackish brown ocular and. temporal margins, paling gradually inward from margin, of head. Prothorax short, rectangular, with a single hair in pos- terior angles; blackish brown lateral borders. Meta- thorax trapezoidal, posterior margin very flatly convex on abdomen, with an angular indication at middle; six pus- tulated hairs on each outer third of the posterior margin ; broad, ill-defined lateral border, with transversal lateral' blotch extending from each side. Legs pale, with black- ish brown dorsal marginal markings. Sternum with in- ter coxal lines but no median blotches. Abdomen, elliptical; broad for this group of Nirmi, with posterior angles of segments, uncolored, blunt, pro- jecting slightly; two or three hairs in posterior angles, and a series of four longish hairs on the posterior margin of each of segments 2-7 ; segment 1 without hairs and segment 8 with more than four hairs; whitish, with dis- tinct broad, blackish lateral bands, and pale brownish median blotches; segment 8 without lateral bands, but with narrow transversal median blotch reaching almost entirely across segment; segment 9 uncolored, slightly angularly emarginated behind. Nirmus illustris n. sp. (Plate lxvii, fig. 4.) Found on a Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius -phmniceus (Lawrence, Kansas). This small but striking Nirmus does not show special resemblance to any previously described species. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 495 Description of male. Body, length 1.56 mm., width .52 mm. ; whitish, with brown median blotches and black marginal bands. Head, length .37 mm., width 37 mm. ; truncate or very slightly convex in front, with two or three very short in- distinct marginal hairs; trabecule small and weak, reach- ing half way to segment 1 of antennas; eye indistinct, with a fine prickle ; temporal margins with two prickles and a weak hair; occipital margin straight, bare; an- tenna? with segment 1 uncolored; other segments dark brown, with wide uncolored sutures; antennal bands narrow, black, angulated almost at right angles and with the black color interrupted just in front of the angulation ; bases of antennal bands meeting the inner ends of dis- tinct, narrow, ocular bands whose outer ends meet anterior ends of narrow black temporal borders, with inner mar- gins slightly crenate; short black internal bands parallel with anterior marginal parts of antennal bands ; a shield- shaped occipital signature and oblong blotches at its sides showing through from under side. Prothorax with flatly rounded sides and rounded pos- terior angles, each angle bearing one small hair ; anterior angles containing a large dark brown blotch, and inter- coxal lines of sternum showing through as black diagonal lines in posterior angles. Metathorax with rounding margins, rounded on abdomen, with five weak hairs in each lateral fourth of the posterior margin ; small black linear blotches in anterior angles, and large irregular black lateral blotches not contiguous to the lateral mar- gins, the sternal markings showing through dark chestnut brown. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines and a median blotch on metasternum. Legs, femora and tibise with dorsal marginal black markings and a blackish brown annulation near distal extremity; tarsi paler brown. 496 . CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Abdomen elongate, subparallel- sided, with posterior angles of segments projecting slightly, pointing backward and each bearing two weak hairs; dorsal surface of seg- ments naked; last segment projecting, parabolic behind, with two pairs of long weak hairs and one pair of shorter ones; lateral bands narrow, distinct, black, interrupted, the anterior end of each segmental portion projecting beyond the suture and slightly inward; large median chestnut brown blotches on segments 1-7, each of these blotches (except that on segment 1) nearly crossed by a transverse linear uncolored space; on segments 6-7 the uncolored space is divided into two portions; in addition there are on segments 3—7 a pair of transversal dark brown lines, one on each side of the median line and lying superposed on median blotch, but extending a little farther laterally than the lateral margin of the blotch; some of these markings are on the ventral surface, but show through distinctly; segment 8 has a median blotch and two lateral markings composed of a brown line de- fining an elongate curving triangle, uncolored within; segment 9 has a median blotch and from its posterior margin two anteriorly projecting lines; distinct, slender, curving side pieces of genitalia limited to segment 8. Nirmus vulgatus n. sp. (Plate lxvii, fig, 5.) This small Nirmus of Piaget's group mterruptofasciati is rather common on Passerine birds. I have taken it from the California Purple Finch, Carfodacus furpureus calif ornicus; the House Finch, Carfodacus mexicanus frontalis; the Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata; Gambel's Sparrow, Zonotrichia gambeli; the Spurred Towhee, Pifilo maculatus megalonyx ; the Cali- fornia Towhee, Pifilo fuscus crissalis; all from Palo Alto, California; and from the Slate-colored Junco, Junco NEW MALLOPHAGA. 497 hyemalis, and the Robin, Merula migratoria, from Law- rence, Kansas. It is allied to Nitzsch's densilimbus ( Fringilla cardu- elis) (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 138), Piaget's deficiens (Les Pediculines, Supplement, p. 23, pi. iii, fig. 3) from Cyanapolius cooki, and other similar forms. Description of female. Body, length 1.62 mm., width .41 mm. ; pale, with distinct narrow blackish brown lateral bands and marginal head markings, and pale chestnut median abdominal blotches. Head, length .37 mm., width .29 mm.; conical, with narrow parabolic front, without hairs; trabeculee very- small and uncolored but distinct; eye flat, with a fine prickle, and another just at its posterior margin ; temporal margins with one longish hair and two prickles ; occipital margin straight, bare; no signature; a longitudinal oral fossa expanded laterally behind; whole head narrowly bordered along lateral margins with blackish brown, the border turning angularly inward at antennal fossae ; a pale shield-shaped occipital signature showing through from below. Prothorax narrow, quadrangular, with a single hair in posterior angles; narrow lateral blackish brown border, most strongly colored in anterior and posterior angles. Metathorax almost as wide as head, with flatly rounding posterior margin, with six hairs along each lateral third of this margin, a small transversal linear blackish blotch in anterior angle, and a larger lateral irregular curving blackish blotch in middle of lateral regions of segment. Legs- with pale brown ground color, mostly tinged with translucent smoky brown and with darker marginal and annular markings. Abdomen elongate, slender, subparallel- sided, not tapering posteriorly until segment 8 is reached ; with short 498 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. * weak single hairs in posterior angles of segments and naked dorsal surface; pale ground color, with narrow,, distinct, dark brown lateral bands and paler broad, rect- angular transverse blptches, darker on posterior seg- ments; a rather broad uncolored median longitudinal line; segment 1 with transverse blotch entirely across segment; segment 9 uncolored, * narrowly notched, and with few long but weak hairs. Male. .Body, length 1.47 mm., width .4 mm.; head, length .33 mm., width .28 mm.; last abdominal segment protruding, narrowly rounded, with a pair of hairs (one longish, one short) on each side of the middle of the posterior margin; genitalia composed of narrow bars, and showing through in segments 8 and 9. Nirmus discocephalus Nitzsch. (Plate lxvii, fig. 6.) Germar's Mag.Entomol., 1S18, vol. iii, p. 291. Nirmus discocephalus Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbnch d. Eat., 1835,. vol. ii, p. 430; Denny, Monograph. Auoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 113, pi. ix, fig. 10; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 127, pi. vii, fig. 10; Piaget, Les Pediculined, 1880, p. 129, Supplement, 1885, p. 18, pi. ii, fig. 7. My specimens, taken from a Bald Eagle, Haliaetus leu- cocefthalus (Lawrence, Kansas), may be referred to this characteristic Nirmus species of the eagles, found by Nitzsch, Denny and Piaget on the European Gray Sea Eagle, Haliceetus albicilla; but the variations in number of metathoracic hairs and in -other particulars make it desirable to distinguish the forms from the American bird by a varietal name. The descriptions and figures of Nitzsh, Denny and Piaget differ from one another with , regard to the shape of the head, number of metathoracic hairs, etc., to a surprising degree, in view of the fact that all the specimens examined were from the same bird, species. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 499 Var. amblys Kellogg. Males, females, and young from the Bald Eagle, HalicBetus leucocefhalus (Lawrence, Kansas). Male, body, length 1.56 mm., width .60 mm.;, head, length .47 mm., width .46 mm. Female, body, length 2 mm., width .75 mm.; head, length .52 mm., width .53 mm. Characters of the species as described by Piaget (Supplement, 1885, p. 18, pi. ii, fig. 7), but with head not longer than wide, eyes with a hair, pro- thorax with a long hair in each posterior angle, metatho- rax with a spine in each lateral angle and six long hairs on each lateral fourth of the posterior margin. Nirmus fuscus Nitzsch. (Plate Ixvii, fig. 7.) Zeitschr. f . ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel) 1861, vol. xvii, pp. 523-525. Nirmus fuscus N., Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 118, pi. ix, fig. 8; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 123, pi. viii, fig. 1- r Piaget, Les Pedieulines, 1880, p. 130, pi. x, fig. 9. Specimens of a large variety of this Nirmus of the Eagles and Hawks from Swainson's Hawk, Buteo swain- soni; from the Marsh Hawk, Circus hudsonius ; and from the American Roughlegged Hawk, Archibuteo lagofus sancti-johannis — all from Lawrence, Kansas. The Amer- ican form of fuscus (if it be not a new species, indeed) differs markedly from the European type or any of its rather many varieties by being much larger, my speci- mens being fully one-third larger than, the fuscus speci- mens taken from Buteo vulgaris by Nitzsch and Piaget. If the various species of Giebel, fuscus, stenorhynchus and leucofileurus (Insecta Epizoa, pp. 124, 129), be , only varieties of fuscus as Piaget believes (Les Pedieulines, p. 131), then fuscus has been taken from Buteo vulgaris, Milvus cetolius, Falco brachydactylus, Parus coerulens!, Aquila nmvia, Circus rufus, Milvus ictinus, Ardea gularisl (Piaget), Archibuteo lagofus, Circus cyaneus, Circus ceruginosus and Milvus regalis. If in addition 500 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rufus N. with its numerous varieties belongs to the same species, nine or ten more hawk hosts should be enu- merated. Without doubt this Nirmus type (elongate, with circumfasciate head, broad transverse median ab- dominal blotches, and distinct lateral bands with the seg- mental parts passing the sutures) is not yet at all under- stood. My specimens show the sharp, narrow emargina- tion of the anterior margins of the first and second me- dian abdominal blotches, which has been given as charac- teristic of rufus N. In size, however, the American specimens are distinct from any of the Old World mem- bers of the fuscous group. The female specimen I figure is from a Marsh Hawk, Circus hudsonius, and measures: Body, length 2.4 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .5 mm. Lipeurus. Lipeurus introductus n. sp. (Plate lxviii, figs. 1 and 5.) Six females, two males, and an immature specimen from a Silver Pheasant, Phasianus nycthemerus, received by the Department of Zoology of this University from Mr. A. C. Robison of San Francisco. This Old World pheasant was introduced into America some years ago and it is now breeding wild in parts of the country. This I^ifeurus species is of the type of variabilis N. (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 219, pi. xvi, fig. 3; Piaget, Les Pedi- culines, p. 364, pi. xxix, fig. 4; Denny, p. 164, pi. xv, fig. 6), showing the characteristic median abdominal blotches with concave sides and the striking sexual dif- ferences ; but despite the fact that Piaget finds variabilis an extremely variable form and common to several pheas- ant hosts, I cannot fairly refer my specimens to this spe- cies, because of the much greater size, my specimens being one-third longer than the type forms of variabilis, NEW MALLOPHAGA. 5<3I and because of numerous minor differences, such as the definite and characteristic number and arrangement of the long hairs of the metathorax, the presence of a hair on the temporal margins of the head, and the character of the genital blotch of the female. Description of the female. Body, length 2.8 mm., width .66 mm. ; colored and marked like variabilis ; whitish, with distinct black lateral borders and chestnut median .abdominal blotches concave on the sides. Head, length .66 mm., width .5 mm.; in general like variabilis, but without ocular bands, or rather with large, subcircular ocular blotches in place of ocular bands (Giebel found merely " ein schwarzer Punkt" in varia- bilis); temporal margins not bare as in variabilis, but with a prickle behind the prominent eye, and a distinct hair and a prickle at the posterior angle. Metathorax with a single long hair in the apex of the posterior angle, and just inside of this a white space with four long hairs (two in variabilis). Abdomen not wholly bare except in angles, as Piaget's description of variabilis says, but with two longitudinal submedian rows of weak hairs, each in a small but dis- tinct clear spot; the characteristic small triangular gen- ital blotch of the female of variabilis is wanting, being replaced by a snort, broad, Qblong blotch which is united to the ventral segmental blotch preceding it, this seg- mental blotch being united also with the one preceding it. Male. Body, length 2.5 mm., width .5 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .4 mm.,' with the strangely shaped head of variabilis, wider in front of the antennae than across the temples; distinct black antennal bands, ocular blotches, and borders of posterior angles of temples run- ning along posterior margin and terminating in a subcir- cular head; trabeculge (wanting in female) peculiarly 502 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. slender, finger-like ; the great antennae with large first seg- ment with slender blunt horn-like appendage nearer the base than tip ; third segment also appendaged. Metathorax with an additional long pustulated hair on posterior mar- gin on each side, just inside of white space bearing four long hairs. Brown median abdominal blotches broader than in female, separated from the black lateral bands by a narrow whitish space ; the strongly chitinized genitalia extending through segments 5—8; broadest in segment 5, tapering in segments 6-7, and uniform, narrow, two- pointed in segment 8. Lipeurus snodgrassi n. sp. (Plate lxviii, fig. 2.) A single female specimen of this strongly characterized Lifeurus from the Red-backed Rufous Hummingbird, Trochilus rufous (Palo Alto, California). This species resembles no other Lifeurus at all closely, though in the shape of the head and its peculiar length of forehead, in the- short metathorax and heavy abdomen, there is sug- gested an affinity with Lifeurus macro ce-phalus Kellogg, taken from the Western Nighthawk, Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Palo Alto, California). See plate lxviii, fig. 3. Description of female. Body, length 2.2 mm., width .56 mm. ; whitish with»sharp, black, rather broad lateral margins on head, thorax, and abdomen; abdomen with oblong, transverse, median, smoky brown blotches. Head, length .55 mm., width .37 mm.; very long but not slender, and tapering but little ; the forehead excep- tionally long compared with hind head, the distance from antennae to frontal margin being greater than from an- tennae to occipital margin; front rounded, with lateral margins nearly parallel; suture obsolete; four short hairs on each side on the front or anterior part of lateral mar- gin, and two short hairs in front of the short but' distinct NEW - MALLOPHAGA . 503 uncolored trabecule; antennae rather long, slender; seg- ment 2 longest and very slender, especially at base, seg- ment 3 slightly longer than segment 4, and segment 5 slightly longer than segment 3, segments 3-5 colored, with uncolored distal extremities; eyes small, but slightly produced, and with a hair; temporal margins very slightly convex, with two long hairs; occipital margin straight, bare ; lateral margins of forehead and hind head' bordered with black, widest on temples, and with uneven inner margin on forehead; the lateral borders of forehead pass the anterior lateral angles but do not run clear across the front, although a clear, slightly colored, even chitin band borders the entire clypeal front; mandibles and oesopha- geal sclerite distinct, dark brown, and an occipital signa- ture acutely pointed anteriorly showing through from under side. ' Prothorox short, quadrangular (that part not covered by the head), with rounding posterior angles and straight posterior margin ; without hairs ; whitish, with broad black lateral borders. Metathorax short, but little longer than prothorax, broader than long, with diverging sides which are slightly concave anteriorly, and straight, bare, pos- terior margin ; the posterior angles with five long hairs in two groups of two and three, rising from white spaces, the group of two hairs really situated on the outer part of posterior margin; segment white, with broad lateral borders which are widest in posterior angles and extend inward,' tapering along the posterior margin, not reaching the middle of the segment; metasternum with a brown median blotch; legs whitish, with distinct blackish bor- der on femora and tibiae, and annulations on femora; coxa? almost wholly colored, and tarsi brown. Abdomen elongate, subparallel-sided, with a few long- ish hairs on dorsal surface; whitish, with sharply marked 504 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lateral bands with short sharp irregular inward projecting processes; segment 3-6 with oblong, median, brown blotches, darker on segments 5-6 and not reaching the lateral bands; segment 8 with a narrow angulated or curving transversal black line connecting the lateral bands ; segment 9 uncolored or whitish, angularly but not deeply emarginated. Lipeurus macrocephalus n. sp. (Plate lxviii, fig. 3). Many specimens taken from a Western Night Hawk, Chordeiles virginianus henry i (Palo Alto, Calif.). This species shows an affinity with Lipeurus hypoleucus N. (taken by Nitzsch in 18 14 from Caprimulgus europaeus, and first called by him JVirmus concolor, and then N. hypoleucus, under which name Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 146, pi. viii, fig. 5, and Denny, Monograph. Anoplur, Brit., p. 141, pi. vi, fig. 8, refer to it; and finally cor- rectly removed by Piaget, Supplement, p. 66, pi. vii, fig. 3, to Lipeurus) by the general outline, the hairs of the head, and the character of the thoracic segments. The new species differ from hypoleucus distinctly, especially in the shape of the head and the /character of the signa- ture. Oddly enough Piaget was unable to find a male among his specimens, and among the twenty-seven speci- mens of the new species taken from the single individual of Chordeiles examined there is no male. Description of female. Body, length 3 mm., width .66 mm. ; fuscous, with dark rusty brown lateral bands on abomen and thorax, and distinct occipital and antennal bands of head. Head, length .65 mm., width .5 mm. ; forehead as long as hind head, tapering but little and flatly convex, almost truncate in front; suture distinct, both at margins and behind signature; four short hairs in front of suture, the NEW MALLOPHAGA. 505 one next to the most anterior being the longest; behind the suture two longer hairs ; and rising from the base of the trabeculae a long hair from the prominent eye, and two very long hairs and two prickles on the temporal margin; occipital margin flatly concave, nearly straight, bare; antenna? slender, all segments weakly colored, with uncolored tips; trabecular small but distinct, uncol- ored; brownish white, with signature and temples brown, and distinct occipital and interrupted antennal bands blackish brown ; the signature is broad and short, obtusely angled behind, and shows a number of small whitish subcircular spots; internal bands (7. e. margins of the ventral furrow running anteriorly from the mouth) show- ing through faintly. Prothorax quadrangular, a little broader than long, with slightly diverging sides, and straight, bare, posterior margin; no hair in posterior angles; ground color. that of the head, with narrow uncolored median longitudinal line forking at anterior end; broad dark rusty brown lateral borders. Metathorax but little longer than pro- thorax, with diverging sides; lateral margins with a slight but distinct rounding concavity near anterior end; pos- terior margin straight; posterior angles with three long- ish hairs, and a group of two on posterior margin near the angle; these two and two of the three in angle pus- tulated; ground color of segment same as or slightly darker than prothorax, with uncolored median longitud- inal line, and lateral irregular dark brown lateral borders, narrower than those of prothorax. Legs long, coxa? elongate, brown, with whitish distal ends; femora and •tibiae concolorous with pale ground color of thorax, with rusty brown marginal markings. Sternal markings com- posed of rather short, broad intercoxal lines between pro- and meso-legs, connecting with a short, narrow Pboo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb.. Vol. VI. ( 35) November 10, 1896. 506 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. transverse median blotch; on metasternum oblong inter- coxal blotches, and a large median blotch longer than wide and pointed posteriorly. Abdomen elongate, subparallel-sided; segments i, ( 7 and 8 short; segment 9 very short; posterior angles of segments with a series of five longish fine hairs arising from very small but distinct pustulations near the posterior margin of each segment; beyond this series at each end and near the posterior margin a longer, stronger hair on larger pustulation ; all segments except segment 9 with a broad chestnut brown transverse blotch covering all of the segment; stigmatal spots clear; narrow dark rusty brown lateral bands; sutures uncolored; segment 9 un- colored, with two faint brownish lateral blotches, weakly angularly concave behind, without hairs, except two very short prickles, one on each half of posterior margin, Lipenrus baculus Nitzsch. (Plate lxviii, figs. 4 and 6.) Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 293. Pulex columbos majoris Redi, Opusculorum pars I, sive experimenta circa generationem Insectorum, 1686, pi. ii; Albin, Nat. Hist. Spiders and Other Curious Insects, 1736, pi. xliii.; Schrauk, Enumeratio Insectorum Austrise, 1781; Geoffrey, Hist, abregee des Insectes, 1762, vol. ii, p. 599. Pediculus columbce Linne, Systema Natura, 1767; Pabricius, Systema Entomologise, 1775. • Nirmus filiformis Olfers, De Veg. et Anim. Corp., 1817, p. 90; Lyon- net, Kech. s. l'anat. et les met. d. diff. esp. d. insectes, 1832, p. 273, pi. xiii, fig. 10. Lipeurus baculus Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie, 1832, vol. ii, p. 434; Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 172, pi. xiv, fig. 3; Gurlt, in Mag. f. d. ges. Thierheilk, vol. viii, p. 424, pi. viii, fig.; Nitzsch (ed. Giebel) Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss, 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 379; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 216; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 303, pi. xxv, fig. 2; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 123; Giraud, Bull, de la Soc. Ent., 1859. p. 140; Osborn, the Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting man and the lower animals, Bull. No. 7, Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agric, 1891, p. 38, with fig. • NEW MALLOPHAGA. 507 Lipeicrus bacillus Nitzsch (ed. Giebel) 'Zeit. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1861, vol. xviii, p. 305; Giebel, Inseota Epizoa, 1874, p. 215, pi. xvi, figs. 8, 9; pi. xx, fig. 3. Lipeurus anlennatus Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 213. Lipeurus angustus Budow, Zeitsohr. f. ges. Naturwiss,, 1870, vol. xxxvi, p. 137. Specimens of this long known parasite of doves and pigeons taken from a domestic pigeon,. Columba livia. I follow Piaget and Taschenberg in their refusal to recog- nize as species the numerous variants observed. The definition of this species presents a case similar to that presented by Lipeurus squalidus (see, discussion of squalidus). I figure the female and head of male, not alone for the convenience of American students, but because the pre- viously published figures of this species are faulty. Piaget figures the male. Osborn's figure, undoubtedly well drawn, is spoiled in the printing. Piaget is in error in attempting to correct Giebel's. statement that there are four small clavate -appendages on the frontal part of the clypeus. Piaget declares there are but two such append- ages; in my specimens there are distinctly four. The female specimen figured by me measures: body, length 2.5 mm., width .37 mm.; head, length .42 mm., width .28 mm. Lipeurus dissimilis Piaget. (Plate lxviii, fig. 7.) Les Pedioulines, 1880, p. 359, pi. xxix, fig. 1. Two specimens, one. immature, from a Bob-white Colinus virginianus (Lawrence, Kansas). Piaget de- scribed the species from specimens taken from the same bird species in the Zoological Garden of Rotterdam. My specimens differ from Piaget's description in some particulars. Piaget says, " l'ceil nu;" my specimens have a distinct longish hair in the eye; the lateral bands S08 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of the abdomen distinctly pass the suture in my mature specimen; Piaget says that the bands do not pass the sutures. The species may be recognized by its general similarity in form and appearance to Lipeurus docophoroides Piaget, of the California Quail (see pi. lxviii, fig. 8) . Dissimilis differs from docophoroides in having the head more rounded in front, the abdomen longer and broader, and in the ab- sence of pustulations at the bases of the hairs. My specimen (mature) measures: Body, length 2.4 mm., width 1.03 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .53 mm. Lipeurus docophoroides Piaget. (Plate 4xviii, fig. 8.) Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 357, pi. xxviii, fig. 9. Two female specimens of this striking Lipeurus, taken from a California Partridge, Callipepla califomica (Moun- tain View, California). Piaget found his specimens on individuals of the same bird species in the Zoological Garden of Rotterdam. The species is a transition form between Docophorus and Lipeurus. Piaget says of it: " La forme du thorax, des pattes en general et de l'abdo- men, la presence des trabecules indiquent une transition au genre Docopkorus ; l'antenne, la fossette, l'implanta- tiondu coxis au bord du thorax, l'etranglement du meta- thorax, la forme du dernier segment $ attachent cette espece aux jLipeuri." The species may be recognized by its pointed conical head, with black and dark brown bands and markings, by its Docophoroid body, with distinct black lateral bands on thorax and abdomen, and by its whitish ground color and dark chestnut brown transverse lateral blotches, with pustulated hairs and large uncolored stigmatal areas. The specimen figured by me measures: Body, length 1.93 mm., width .78 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .51 mm. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 509 GONIODES . Goniodes cervinicornis Giebel. (Plate lxix, fig. i.) Inseeta Epizoa, 1874, p. 199. Goniodes cervinicornis G., Piaget, Les Pedioulines, 1880, p. 272, pi. v xxii, fig. 6. Numerous specimens from a Silver Pheasant, Phasianus nycthemerus, sent to the Department of Zoology of this University by Mr. A. C. Robison of San , Francisco, Calif. This large and striking Goniodes of the pheasants (Giebel's specimens were found by Kollar on Phasianus nycthemerus, and Piaget has found it abundantly on Tragofan satyrus) is characterized by the peculiar bi- partite appendage on the first segment of the antenna of the male. It may be readily recognized by comparison witji the figure of the female which I give. My speci- mens measure; Male: Body, length 3.34 mm., width 2 mm.; head, length .9 mm., width 1.32 mm. Female: Body, length 3.75 mm., width 2. mm.; head, length 1.03 mm., width 1.34 mm. These measurements are markedly greater than those given by Piaget; his male specimens averaging 2.75 mm. long, and the females 3.1 mm. long. Goniodes mammillatus Rudow. (Plate lxix, fig. 2.) Zeitsch. f. d. ges. Naturwiss., 1870, vol. xxxv, p. 483. Goniodes mammillatus Rudow, Tasohenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 25, pi. i, figs. 1, la, lb. Two females from a California Partridge, Callifefla californica (Mountain View, California). This striking species was first described by Rudow from a specimen taken from Pelecanus ruficollis! (a dried skin in some museum). Taschenberg, who collected a number of specimens from Callifiefila californica (skins?), says: " Wenn die Art wirklick wie Rudow angiebt, auf Pele- canus ruficollis angetroffen ist, so ist es in Folge zufalliger 5IO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Uebertragung geschehen." The species may be recog- nized by the broad abdomen and the striking angulated lateral bands of the abdomen, each segmental portion projecting diagonally forward and inward and ending in an indistinctly limited paling brown blotch. Taschenberg says that the head of the male is a little longer than broad, with deep emarginations at the bases of the antennas, and with strongly angulated temporal margins between which the head is a little narrower than it is just in front of the antennas. The female figured by me measures as follows : Body, length 2.25 mm., width 1.16 mm.; head, len'gth .62 mm., width .72 mm. G oniocotes . Goniocbtes creber n. sp. (Plate lxix, fig. 3.) An extraordinary number of specimens on a Silver Pheasant, Phasianus nycthemerus, presented to the De- partment of Zoology of this University, by Mr. A. C. Robison of San Francisco. In addition to the great number of individuals of this Goniocotes on the bird, there were present in more than ordinary numbers the giant Goniodes cervinicornis, Lifieurus introductus n. sp. and Menopon monostcechum n. sp. The short feathers of the neck, especially t>f the throat, were literally cov- ered with the 'eggs of some one of these species. This Goniocotes resembles in general characters Giebel's species chrysocephalus (Insecta Epizoa, p. 189), a com- mon Goniocotes of Pheasants, found so far on Phasianus colchicus, nycthemerus, sommeringii, -pictus, and Euplo- camus ignitus, but is a markedly larger species. Description of the female. Body, length 1.6 mm., width .87 mm.; pale yellowish brown, with darker head and with dark brown head markings, and lighter lateral bands which are peculiarly curved so as to enclose a less . chitinized space. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 51I Head, length .44 mm., width .6 mm.; front broad, convex, with ten short prickles; antennas in a shallow emargination with second segment longest and the fifth longer than third or fourth, which are about equal; eye prominent, with a prickle; the slightly protruding, rounded temporal margins with a prickle and two strong hairs; posterior margin concave in middle, with obtuse angles at each end of the concavity; head brownish, with, darker narrow marginal frontal bands ending posteriorly on each side in an expanded darker spot inside of an- tennal emargination; mandibles and oesophageal sclerite dark brown; an irregular brown ocular blotch and a sin- uous dark brown occipital border along the concave curve of the occipital margin. Prothorax very narrow, short, trapezodial, with lateral margins converging anteriorly, and posterior margins flatly convex; the latero-posterior angles are slightly produced and acute, and each bears a strong hair; indis- tinct brownish lateral borders. Metathorax with blunt lateral angles, each with two strong hairs; posterior margin obtusely angled on abdomen, and bare except for two hairs near the lateral angles. Legs concolorous with body, with dorsal marginal markings and some scattered spines. Abdomen broadly elliptical; posterior angles of seg- ments projecting and bearing, except on segment 1, one to three rather short, strong, finely pointed hairs ; segment 1 longest at sides but short in middle because of the backward projecting angulated thorax ; middle region of abdomen pale to uncolored, faint lateral transverse blotches and conspicuous lateral bands, which on all segments except segment 1 are curved so as to enclose a small uncolored space; the curved band projects in- ward and forward, passing the suture; the last segment 512 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. flatly rounded behind, with a slight angular emargination , the margin bordered by a narrow uncolored space. Male. Body, length 1.15 mm.; width .7 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width .47 mm.: abdomen as wide as long, suborbicular ; median, uncolored region of abdomen relatively larger than in female ; lateral transverse blotches no more distinct than in female, but lateral bands more strongly chitinized; posterior margin of abdomen broad, straight, with projecting rounded ninth segment in the middle ; posterior border of ninth segment colored, the margin with a few short strong .hairs; genitalia extending far forward. Goniocotes compar Nitzsch. (Plate lxix, fig. 4.) Gerinar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 294. Pediculus bidentatus (?) Scopoli, Ent. Cam., 1763, p. 385. Philoplerus compar Nitzsch, Walckenjer, Hist. Nat. Ins. Apt., 1844, vol. iii, p. 358. Goniocotes compar Nitzsch, Burmeister, Handbuch d. Ent., 1835, p. 431; Gurlt, Mag. f. d. ges. Thier., 1842, vol. viii, p. 117, pi. iv, fig. 2; Denny, Monograph. Anophir. Brit., 1842, p. 151, pi. xiii, fig. 2; Giebel, Zeitsch. f. ges. Nat., 1861, vol. xviii, p. 305; 1. v., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 389; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 183, pi. xii, fig. 8; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 284, pi. xix, fig. 10; Taschenberg, Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 69; Osborn, The Pediculi and Mallophaga Affecting Man and the Lower Animals, 1891, Bulf. 7, Div. of Ent.,fJ. S. Dept. Agri., p. 33, fig. 19. Specimens taken from a Domestic Pigeon, Columba livia (Lawrence, Kansas). This well known Goniocotes of the Domestic Pigeon has been found by Piaget on Columba -palumbus and C. -phasianella , and by Denny on Columbus cenas, C. -palumba and (a variety, Denny thinks) on C. turtur, as well as on the various races of the do- mestic pigeon. It is a small form, only about i mm. long, whitish, with a pale brownish border along the lateral margins of the abdomen and thorax; the temples are angled and bear two very long backward-projecting NEW MALLOPHAGA. •SIS hairs. The posterior margin of the metathorax is angu- lated and the angle projects so far backward that it nearly cuts the first abdominal segment in two. Pro- fessor Osborn's figure is faulty in representing the meta- thorax with straight posterior margin. The male figured by me measures : Body, length 1.06 mm., width .48 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width .37 mm. Physostomum. Physostomum microcephalum n. sp. (Plate Ixx, fig. 1.) A single female from the House Finch, Carfodacus mcxicanus frontalis (Palo Alto, California). Not com- mon on its host, as I have a record of twelve other indi- viduals of Car-podacus from which Mallophaga were taken, but on none of them was this Physostomum again found. The new species approaches the general type of P. agonum N. (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 255), from Sylvia rubecula and S. suecia more nearly than it ap- proaches any other of the Old World species. Description of female. Body, length 3.6 mm., width 1.25 mm.; head small; abdomen large and exceptionally "broad; head markings pale, ill-defined; distinct brown lateral bands; paler colored large median transverse ab- dominal blotches. Head, length .66 mm;, width .72 mm.', thus being wider then long, which is exceptional in Physostomum, and being especially small in proportion to the size of the whole body; front flatly rounded, and sides of forehead weakly concave ; prickles on front, one hair on margin at extrem- ity of transverse clypeal suture, and a few very short hairs and two longer ones along margin before the eye; eye distinct, with a black fleck; palpi passing the margins of head ; the blunt lateral flaps slightly passing the margin ; temples not produced very far backward, with a little 514. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. narrowed tip at the apex of the posterior angle ; temporal margins with three longish hairs and a few short ones ; markings weakly colored, a pale chestnut brown. Prothorax, with distinct lateral angles, in apex of which a spine and a long hair; another long hair near rounded posterior angle, and two spines on margin in front of lateral angle ; segment whitish, with faint brownish tinges on lateral borders and elsewhere. Metathorax with weak concavity on lateral margins in front of the middle; two hairs in the posterior angles, and some scattered short, spines on margin and dorsal surface of anterior half (meso thorax) of segment; color of prothorax, with brown lateral borders narrowing anteriorly. Legs concolorous with thorax, with narrow darker marginal color. Abdomen large, expanding in the middle half, and! broad and bluntly rounded behind; not very long single hairs in the posterior angles, and on the dorsal surface just inside of the colored lateral bands a double longi- tudinal row of weak hairs; whitish, with distinct brown lateral bands and large oblong median abdominal blotches,, darkest on segments 5 and 6. Physostomum sucinaceum n. sp. (Plate lxx, fig. 2.) ' Three females from a, Western Flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (Palo Alto, California). .A small Physostomum r the smallest I have taken. Description of female. Body, length 2.84 mm., width .81 mm.; ground color pale amber instead of whitish, as is usual with Physostomutn ; brownish lateral bands, and head ma'rkings not strongly colored. Head, length .53 mm., width .5 mm.; front rounded, with usual few hairs ; palpi short, barely passing the mar- gins of head; temples produced backwards and acutely angled with three longish hairs and some short ones; NEW MALLOPHAGA. 5 1 5, clypeus clear, almost uncolored; head markings dark brown, but not very sharp; eye with black fleck. Prothorax with almost no lateral angles, the angles being very obtuse and flattened ; two spines and a long hair in the angles and another long hair near the posterior angle ;. posterior margin of segment concave; a brownish sub- marginal lateral border. Metathorax with a few small spines along lateral margins, and a longish hair near pos- terior angles. Legs whitish, paler than body color. Abdomen with sides only flatly convex, subparallel; single hairs on posterior angles of segments and a longi- tudinal row of small hairs, one on each segment, on each side inside of the lateral band; lateral bands pale amber brown, not much darker than ground color of body; faint median transverse blotches, apparently nearly square, Physostomum angulatum n. sp. (Plate lxx, fig. 5.) Two females taken from a Kingbird, Tyr.annus tyran- nies (Lawrence, Kansas), and one female from a Fox Sparrow, Passerella iliaca (Lawrence, Kansas). Description of female. Body, length 5. mm., width 1.3 mm.; pale golden, with narrow dark brown lateral bands on abdomen and thorax, and few dark brown head markings; the largest Physostomum yet found. Head, length 1 mm., width .94 mm.; front flatly con- vex, without marginal hairs, sides with two short hairs on dorsal surface near and projecting over the margin even with base of antennas, and at same place two similar sub- marginal ventral hairs, and two shorter hairs on margin in the very slight ocular emargination ; occipital angles acute and much produced posteriorly (extending nearly to middle of prothorax) , bearing three long hairs ; occi- pital margin is thus very concave and is without hairs ; palpi projecting beyond margin by half of last segment \ 5l6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. labral lobes inconspicuous, not projecting beyond margin of head; a distinct, curved, dark brown blotch bounding inner margin of antennal fossa; in front of it two paler blotches, the anterior being the larger, and a narrow dark brown occipital border; the rest of head concolorous with the body or paler. Prothorax hexagonal, the angles rounded, the lateral angles with a longish weak hair and a spine ; a distinct, brown, submarginal border laterally, which turns inward at its anterior end and is looped. Metathorax longer than prothorax, with gently sinuous sides, without distinct marginal hairs (a short projecting hair or spine near the posterior angle is not strictly marginal) ; posterior margin straight; anterior angles with irregular brown blotch, a linear, diagonal blotch on each side near middle, and sub- marginal lateral bands continuous with those of the ab- domen. Legs long, slender, concolorous with the body. Abdomen elongate-elliptical, truncate anteriorly, with sharply marked dark brown to black submarginal lateral bands. composed of segmental parts separated by diagonal sutures and slightly laterally displaced; posterior angles of segments with one or two weak hairs; vulva convex. Physostomum australg n. sp. (Plate lxx, fig. 4.) One female from a Western Nonpareil, Passerina ver- sicolor ('Cameron County, Texas), resembling angula- tum in marking but smaller and head comparatively shorter and narrower anteriorly, hence more tapering; with abdomen with median blotches which are wanting in angulatum. Description of female. Body, length 4 mm., width 1.06 mm.; almost uncolored, with yellowish. tinge strong- est on head and thorax; with sharp black lateral mark ings and pale brown median abdominal blotches. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 5 1 7 Head, length .68 mm., width .7 mm.; front narrow, flatly convex, without hairs; sides with a distinct round- ing emargination even with the mouth parts; ocular emargination filled by the conspicuous eye; occipital angles not so acute as in angulatum, but projecting backwards nearly to lateral angles of prothorax, and with three longish hairs., Markings similar in position to those of angulatum but more pronounced; antennal fossa en- tirely rimmed and connected with occipital border by a short occipital band; in front of the antennal fossa three blotches (instead of two as in angulatum'), the most anterior being . a short band projecting inward from the lateral margin. Prothorax with the constriction in front of lateral angles especially marked and the angles with one or two spines but no hair; general color of the segment golden brown, with black submarginal lateral bands. Metathorax with a rounded swelling on anterior third of sides, without marginal hairs and with markings resembling those of angulatum, viz., irregular black blotches in anterior angles, submarginal lateral bands continuous with those of abdomen, and two short linear blotches lying inside of the lateral bands which are in this species entirely dis- 1 connected from the bands and are but slightly diagonal. Legs pale with distinct narrow black margins on femora and indistinct narrower tibial margins. Abdomen; segments with one long hair. on lateral mar- gin near posterior angle; posterior margin of last seg- ment with hairs composing the delicate fringe unusually long; uncolored to pale golden, with uniform submar- ginal lateral black bands (more nearly continuous than in angulatum, the diagonal sutures and lateral ddplacement of the various segmental portions being less marked) ; 5l8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ■on segments 1-7 a pale brown median blotch, the blotches on segments 4-5 being larger; vulva convex. Physostomum diffusum n. sp. (Plate Ixx, fig. 3.) One female taken on the Sandwich Sparrow, Passer- culus sandvicensis, and several males and females taken on the Golden Crown Sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata (near Stanford University, Calif.) ; also two females and a young specimen (variety pallidum Kellogg) from a Junco sp. (Lawrence, Kansas). This species differs from the preceding two species described in having the lateral abdominal bands distinctly marginal (as is the case with the species of Piaget, Nitzsch, and Denny), and in this it resembles the European species. It has the very long, backward-projecting, occipital angles, as in angu- latum and australe, which is a character shown by but few of the European forms. Description of female. Body, length 4 mm., width 1.09 mm.; white, with dark brown to black marginal lateral bands on abdomen and thorax, and few black head-markings ; the labral lobes large and projecting. Head, length .8 mm., width .7 mm.; front rather broad, flatly convex, without marginal hairs, sides nearly straight but slightly constricted even with the projecting labral ' lobes ; a single projecting submarginal hair near middle of head, with a very short hair barely reaching margin close to it; in the small ocular emargination several short hairs; occipital angles acute, with two long hairs; the palpi barely project beyond the lateral margin of the head but the labral lobes are large and project conspicuously beyond the margin; markings consisting of a small black ocular fleck, a dark brown blotch on inner margin of antennal fossa, and in front of it two smaller blotches, the anterior the least distinct; a narrow, interrupted, NEW MALLOPHAGA. 519 smoky, occipital margin, indications of occipital bands, and a narrow, indistinct smoky margining of the tem- ples. ' Prothorax hexagonal, with anterior and posterior mar- gins weakly concave ; in the obtuse lateral angles a hair and two spines ; segment white with a narrow submarginal black band, the margin outside of it being more or less suffused with smoky brown. Metathorax with a slight lateral swelling on the lateral margin near the anterior •end, bearing a few short pale brown spines; in the poste- rior angles a single, longish, weak hair; segment white, with a narrow, submarginal, lateral band, outside of which on posterior half of segment the margin is smoky brown. Sternal markings consisting of an intercoxal line, long and curving forward, on metasternum, and two faint median lines on presternum. Legs, white. Abdomen. Posterior angles with a single longish hair and a shorter weaker one on lateral margin of each seg- ment of segments 5—8; last segment flatly rounded with two pairs of hairs, and the posterior fringe distinct; •dorsal surface without hairs, or with very few; segments white, with broad, black, marginal, lateral bands fading out on eighth segment; indications of narrow, transverse, linear, median blotches at the sutures; under side of abdomen with pale brown, median blotches on segments 5-6. Var. pallidum Kellogg. Two* females and a young specimen taken from a "Junco sp. (Lawrence, Kansas) may be referred to this species but they show varietal differences. The body color is pale golden, the mark- ings are brown, not black, and the middle region of the whole abdomen is pale brownish; of the head markings only the ocular fleck and the bounding blotch on inner rim of the antennal fossa are distinct. 520 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. CoLPOCEPHALUM. Colpocephalum chrysophaeum n. sp. (Plate Ixxi, fig. i.) Found on three out of seven specimens of Samuels' Long Sparrow, Melosfiza fasciata samuelis (Palo Alto, California) . Description of female. Body, length 1.35 mm., width .7 mm.; golden brown with blackish brown bands and margins, and rusty brown transverse blotches. Head, length .28 mm., width .5 mm:; broadly para- bolic in front; one short hair on each side of the middle, then a longer one, then a short one, then a very long one, then two longish ones ; the palpi project by at least the last two segments ; the ocular emargination is distinct but not acute inwardly; the eye is large, emarginate, and with a distinct black fleck; ocular fringe distinct; temples projecting, rounded, rather narrow, with several long hairs of different lengths, of which two are very long and equal; on the occipital margin of the temples another very long hair and two or three shorter ones ; middle part of occipital margin with a. few long hairs; head tinged with fuscus with black, curving, broadly linear, ocular blotch and narrow curving transversal black line sub- parallel with frontal margin of clypeus; occipital and inner bands forming a brownish H in middle of head, the lines being broad and slightly curving; in the anterior part of the H a brown blotch, and a tapering brown triangle projecting backward from the cross bar of the H; four small pale to uncolored circular spots, one at each end of the cross bar of the H, and the two others outside of but contiguous to the anterior legs of the H. Prothorax broad, short, with a strong hair in the lateral angles and two spines, and ten longish hairs ranged along the posterior margin; the transverse chitinized bar is NEW MALLOPHAGA. 521 especially narrow and distinct, and the curving longitudi- nal lines beyond the ends are sharply defined and black. Metathorax with posterior margin straight and with about ten longish weak hairs ranged along it; darkest along the short anterior margin and in the latero-posterior angles. Legs pale, with sharply defined marginal markings, espe- cially on the coxae and on the long slender tibiae of middle and hind legs. Sternal markings consisting of a small median triangle with linear wings on prothorax, and of black, distinct, angulated, intercoxal lines between meso- and meta-coxas. Abdomen ovate, broad at both ends; long hairs in posterior angles of segments, and short hairs, not numer- ous, on dorsal surface; all segments with a broad, brown, transverse blotch extending entirely across segment, cov- ering almost the whole surface; the sutures, however, are broad and uncolored; lateral bands narrow, black, fading inwardly into the transverse blotches ; last segment broad, flatly convex behind, with a fringe of short hairs. Male. Body, length 1.09 mm., width .5 mm.; head, length .25 mm., width .4 mm.; conspicuously smaller than the female; genitalia extending through segments 5—9, in shape a heavy two-pronged fork. Colpocephalum osborni n. sp. (Plate lxxi, figs. 2 and 3). Many specimens, males, females and young, from a White-tailed Kite, Elanus glaucus (Palo Alto, California), resembling C. dissimile Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 520, pi. xliii, fig. 4), taken from Milvus cegy-ptius (Museum of Leyden), and C. tricinctum Nitzsch (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 263), taken from Milvus ater. Named for Prof. Herbert Osborn of Iowa, who has contributed to the knowledge of American Mallophaga. Description of male. Body, length 1.31 mm., width Pboc. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d Seb., Vol. VI. ( 36 ) November 12, 1896. 522 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. .5 mm.; golden brown, with distinct, broad, black, oc- cipital bands with expanded extremities, and dark brown, transverse, abdominal blotches with black lateral ends. Head, length .31 mm., width .5 mm.; rather large compared with whole body, just as wide as widest part of abdomen; front broad, flatly rounded, with seven hairs on each side of the median line, four of which are grouped together in front of the ocular emargination; last segment of antenna broad, with slightly concave terminal margin projecting beyond margin of head; ocular emargination pronounced, the deepest point being acutely angled; an ocular fringe; swelling rounded temporal margins, with several hairs of different lengths, three being about equal and longest; occipital margin concave, with four hairs; golden brown, with large black subcircular ocular blotches and triangular occipital blotches connected by the broad, paler (reddish brown) occipital bands; the occipital blotches connected by an even, strongly colored, broad, occipital border; clypeus with two blackish brown blotches connected with the ocular blotches and man- dibles by colored areas but little darker than the ground color of head. Prothorax short, extending laterally even with the outer margin of the occipital*blotches of the head, with a hair and spine in each lateral angle, and eight hairs along the flatly convex posterior margin; concolorous with ground color of head. Metathorax short, with flatly convex pos- terior margin, bearing a series of short, weak hairs; a transverse chestnut-brown blotch across posterior half of segment, expanding and darker at lateral ends. Legs with distinct dark brown markings. Abdomen bluntly elliptical, third segment widest, with segments projecting but little laterally; many short hairs along sides and on dorsal surface; segments 1-8 with NEW MALLOPHAGA. 523 broad, transverse, dark chestnut-brown blotch entirely across segment, darkest laterally, with sharp black angu- lated lateral bands, especially noticeable on segments 3— 8; last segment without noticeable blotch, bluntly rounded behind, without numerous hairs. Female. Body, length 1.47 mm., width .63 mm. ; head, length .3 mm., width .5 mm.; with abdomen obovate, tapering posteriorly; abdominal blotches darker laterally but paler in the middle; lateral bands not angulated and wider; last abdominal segment elongate, tapering, with narrow flatly convex posterior margin ; segment 8 with a group of seven strong curving hooklike hairs, the poste- rior ones longest, situated on posterior part of lateral margin of segments; posterior margin of this segment with a series of closely set hairs. Colpocephalum fumidum n. sp. (Plate lxxi, fig. 5.) A single specimen from a Least Bushtit, Psaltri-parus minimus (Palo Alto, California). A strikingly dark Col- ■pocej)halum showing resemblance to some of the Col-po- cephali of the water birds, such as uniseriatim Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 562, pi. xlvii, fig. 2), from an Avocet, Recurvirostra avocetta, rather than to any of the few Colfocefhali hitherto described from passerine birds. Description of female. Body, length 2.75 mm., width 1.1 mm.; very dark, smoky, with black occipital margin, ocular blotches, and blackish lateral abdominal bands. Head, length .5 mm., width .75 mm.; forehead large, flatly rounded in front, with numerous short hairs ; two longer hairs in angle in front of ocular emargination ; the ocular emargination pronounced, angulated, with the an- terior margin of the produced temples almost at right an- gles to the long axis of the head; the eye prominent, almost if not quite divided, the anterior and larger part 524 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lying in the angle of the emargi-nation, the smaller and posterior part lying apparently on the dorsal surface of the temple; ocular fringe distinct, composed of longish hairs: temporal margins with slightly rounded anterior and posterior angles, and slightly convex lateral margin which bears five longish hairs; occipital margin weakly sinuous and concave, with four hairs; fuliginous with black uneven occipital border; small black ocular blotches, and four small circular uncolored spots on forehead, from each of which arise one or more hairs. Prothorax with bluntly rounded lateral angles, slightly concave latero-posterior margins, and convex posterior margin, the segment produced backward so as to very materially narrow the median part of the mesothorax, with a spine and a long hair in the lateral angles and two separated hairs on the concave lateral margins, the ante- rior hair being short and weak. Mesothorax separated from metathorax by an uncolored suture, but with ex- tremely slight lateral emargination ; no hairs. Metatho- rax larger than mesothorax, with straight posterior mar- gin, a spine, a weak hair and a strong hair in posterior angles, and posterior margin not with a marginal series of hairs; all the thoracic segments very dark, the ground color same as that of htad and darker than that of abdo- men; the lateral borders darkest. Legs concolorous with body, robust. Abdomen long-ovate, segments of equal lengths, a few long hairs in posterior angles, and dorsal surface with posterior margins of segments with single series of hairs set in faint pustulations; ventral surface with series of short fine hairs in small but distinct pustulations; last segment narrowly, flatly convex, with a fringe of fine un- colored hairs; whole abdomen smoky but lighter than head and thorax; black lateral bands paling inwardly. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 525 Colpocephalum flavescens Nitzsch. (Plate lxxi, fig. 4.) Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 298. Colpocephalum flavescens N., Nitzsch (ed. Giebel) Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss, 1861, vol. xvii, p. 522; Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 438; Denny, Monograph., Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 206, pi. xviii, tig. 2; Giebel, Inseota Epizoa, 1874, p. 262, pi. xiii, fig. .10; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 515, pi. xiii, fig. 10. Specimens which should probably he referred to this species from two Bald Eagles, Halimetus leucocefhalus, and an American-Rough-legged Hawk, Archibuteo lagofus sancti-johannis (Lawrence, Kansas). The male figured by me measures: Body, length, 1.5 mm., width,' .6 mm.; head, length .31 mm., width .53 mm. The species may be recognized by the strong distinct blotches and occipital bands and border of the head, and the transversal ab- dominal blotches. Colpocephalum subaequale Nitzsch. (Plate lxxii, fig. i.) Germar's Mag. Entomol., .1818, vol. iii, p. 299. ' Oplpocephalum subaequale N., Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 438; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 265, pi. xiii, figs. 13 and 14, Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 527. Two females from an American Crow, Corvus ameri- canus (Palo Alto, California). I did not find this species represented on several other crows shot at Palo Alto and at Lawrence, Kansas, although all of the individuals were infested by other parasites, such as Docophorus atratus or Menopon mesoleucum. My specimens do not have the dorsal surface of the thoracic segments with scattered long hairs, nor the surface of the abdomen thickly beset with hairs, as Giebel's description (Insecta Epizoa, p. 265) records; but neither are these hairs shown in Nitzsch's figure. Nitzsch's specimens were found on Corvus corax and C. frugilegiis. My specimens do not have the first two segments of the abdomen especially lengthened as in Rudow's semicinctum (Zeitschr. f. 526 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ges. Naturwiss., 1869, vol. xxxiv, p. 394), from Corvus scapulatus. The species may be recognized by the broad black occipital border and occipital bands, ocular and frontal blotches of the head, and by the transverse ab- dominal blotches of the abdomen, much narrowed in the middle in the male, and divided in the female into a median and two lateral parts. The female figured by me measures: Body, length 1.53 mm., width .63 mm. ; head, length .31 mm., width .5 mm. Menopon decoratum n. sp. (Plate lxxii, fig. 2.) One male, one female, and a young specimen from a White-tailed Kite, E 'lanus leucurus (Palo Alto, California). A finely marked species not resembling especially any other Menopon hitherto taken from birds of prey. No Menopon has heretofore been taken from a Kite. Description of male. Body, length 1.53 mm., width 72 mm.; pale yellowish brown, with dark rusty brown to' black markings; distinct transverse- bars on abdominal segments, the one on segment 2 especially strongly de- fined. Head, length .31 mm., width .66 mm.; robust, more than twice as wide as long; front broad, flatly rounded, with a few short weak hairs, and on the weak swelling in front of the shallow ocular emargination two strong hairs, of which one rises from the dorsal surface ; temples ex- panded, with two longish hairs and three very long ones; occipital margin concave, straight in the middle, with four long hairs; large black ocular fleck; an irregular black- ish brown ocular blotch (on base of antennal band), the two connected by a paler curving transverse band, and also connected with the occipital margin by pale, broad, ill- defined occipital bands, the bases of the bands being blackish brown; on the forehead in front of mandibles a pale, short, curving band on each side. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 52.7 Prothorax irregularly hexagonal, with obtuse lateral angles, and posterior margin flatly convex, with a very obtuse median angle; lateral angles with one very long hair and one shorter one, and a series of eight strong hairs along posterior margin, the terminal hair at each end of the series being exactly in the latero-posterior angle ; chitinized tranverse bar in anterior part of seg- ment is weakly colored, and the longitudinal bars at its end are indistinct. Metathorax as short as or slightly shorter than prothorax, wider, with posterior margin straight; two long hairs in posterior angles, and a series of shorter weak ones along posterior margin; anterior angles with strongly colored blotch; an ill-defined, short longitudinal blotch projecting back from converging lateral margins. Legs palely colored. Abdomen broadly ovate, wide and flat behind; posterior angles of segments with two usually long hairs and several short ones; single series of hairs not numerous on dorsal surface ; lateral bands blackish brown, broad, interrupted, the segmental portions projecting inward; dark chestnut brown transverse blotches across the segments, with the pale or uncolored sutural bands broad ; the colored trans- verse band of segment 2 is specially strongly marked, and is rather sinuous; last segment with broad, uncol- ored, posterior border, and with posterior margin straight, with a slight median emargination, and a sparse fringe of hairs of different lengths. Female. Body, length 2. mm., width .94 mm.; head, length .4 mm., width .7 mm.; perhaps a little darker; the transverse blotches of abdomen better defined; last abdominal segment narrower than in male, and the pos- terior margin broadly parabolic, with few long, and nu- merous short hairs. 528 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Menopon robustum n. sp. (Plate lxxii, fig. 3.) A single specimen found on a Least Bush Tit, Psaltri- parus minimus (Palo Alto, Calif.). No other specimens of this strange species were found on five other individ- uals of the same bird species examined. I refer the species to the genus Menopon, for it is evidently more closely allied to this genus than to any other one so far established. But it presents a mingling of characters of Menopon, Ancistrona and Eureum; a short broad head with strongly chitinized backward-projecting processes on the ventral surface like Ancistrona; a thorax like Eureum, and the habitus and general body characters of Menopon. If it is to be referred to Menopon it ranks with titan and tridens as anomalous members of the genus, which should be distinguished by subgeneric names, or which should be the provocation for breaking i up the already unwieldy genus into several genera. In general shape it resembles M. subrotundum, Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 453, pi. xxxv, fig. 2), from Gracula sul- cirostris. Description of the female. Body, length 1.43 mm., width .85 mm. ; being thus very'broad and short; smoky translucent brown, with broad, transverse, abdominal bands, darker on the lateral margins; head with no well defined bands or blotches except the small ocular flecks ; labial projections of under side showing through; head with very long hairs. Head, length .25 mm., width .6 mm.; very broad and short, crescentic, with narrow rounded ends; front with one very short hair on each side of middle, then two short ones and then three long hairs, the hindmost two being in the lateral angle just in front of the ocular emargination; palpi short, not reaching the margin; the emargination small but distinct, with the eye large, nearly NEW MALLOPHAGA. 529 divided, and with a distinct fleck; the narrow produced temples with five long hairs of which the hindmost three are -very long; occipital margin with six hairs, the two outer ones arising submarginally, no distinct head bands or blotches; the occipital margin narrowly bordered with black; on the under side of the head there are two strongly chitinized, backward-projecting, pointed pro- cesses arising from the labium (resembling those, but not bipartite, of Ancistrona) ; these processes show through above and give an appearance of faint occipital bands. Prothorax very large, as long as the head, and three- fourths as broad, with strong, produced, obtuse, lateral angles ; posterior margin obtusely angled on the meta- thorax; a strong spine and a long hair in each lateral angle, and a not well filled series of weak hairs along posterior margin ; the transverse chitin bar distinct, black- ish brown, and the curving longitudinal chitin bars at its ends distinct, blackish; no well defined blotches. Meta- thorax with a few small spines along lateral margins and two longish hairs in posterior angles; posterior margin with marginal series of short hairs (like those of ab- domen) ; regions of latero-posterior angles dark brown, the color extending forward narrowly along the lateral margins. Sternal markings composed of a small median blotch on prothorax, with posterior produced point and lateral linear processes; curving intercoxal lines on meso- thorax and short straight ones on metathorax, with a broad pale colored median blotch. Legs concolorous with head and thorax, with coxa? distinctly margined with blackish brown; anterior coxa? with blunt processes about as long as but narrower than the coxae themselves. Abdomen more golden or yellowish brown than head and thorax; very broadly elliptical; but slightly tur- binated; with two or three rather short hairs in posterior 53° CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. angles; a single transverse series of short hairs along posterior margin of each segment; broad, transverse- bands entirely covering each segment; darker at lateral margin, especially on anterior segments; last segment flatly rounded, with fringe of short hairs. Menopon monostcechum n. sp. (Plate lxxii, fig. 4.) Specimens from a Silver Pheasant, Phasianus nycthe- merits, received by the zoological department of this University from Mr. A. C. Robison of San Francisco,. California. The species is like subcequaie, Piaget (Les Pediculines,- p . 463 , pi. xxxvii, fig. 5 ) , from Euflocamus ignitus in shape of thorax and body, but has only single series of hairs- on the abdominal segments (subcequalce has two series on each segment) ; in the matter of the hairs of the body the new species is like uniseriatim, Piaget (Les Pedicu- lines, p. 464, pi. xxxviii, fig. 4) from Phasianus -prcelatus, but differs from this species in not having the posterior margin or prothorax projecting backward and angulated; in both subcequalce and uniseriatim the females are smaller than the males (according to Piaget), which unusual con- dition does not obtain in the new species. Description of the #iale. Body, length 2.06 mm., width .9 mm.; whitish, with faint brownish tinge; with inconspicuous but distinct markings of blackish brown and chestnut; with numerous long hairs. Head, length .41 mm., width .7 mm.; front rounded, with indication of median angulation; with about ten marginal hairs of different lengths in front of the ocular emarginations, which are shallow but distinct; palpi pro- jecting; the projecting temporal margins with several long hairs, of which two are very long; occipital margin concave, with eight long hairs; a black ocular fleck and NEW MALLOPHAGA. 531' brown ocular blotch; occipital margin narrowly edged with brown; mandibles and adjacent lateral regions dark chestnut brown. Prothorax with lateral angles narrowly rounded, and with a longish spine; posterior margin curving at sides, but nearly straight on metathorax, and with a marginal series of strong, long hairs; transverse chitin bar pale to uncolored, but distinct, as also the longitudinal bar at its- ends. Metathorax of about same length as prothorax, and but very little if at all wider ; with five strong, short spines along each lateral margin, and a series of hairs along the straight posterior margin; lateral margins nar- rowly bordered with blackish brown,, and linear brown blotches projecting backward from anterior angles, and tapering and fading out posteriorly. Legs pale,' con- colorous with body. Abdomen elliptical, with segments projecting but little laterally; posterior angles with several hairs of different lengths, the hairs longer on posterior segments until on segments 8-9 some of them are very long; lateral bands with short processes projecting inward, one in middle of lateral margin of each segment and one along each suture; no transverse blotches, or only faint indications of brown- ish color; last segment broad, rounded behind, with numerous long hairs. Female. Body, length 2.3 mm., width .9 mm. ; head, length .4 mm., width .72 mm. ; last segment of abdomen more flatly rounded, with a tuft of hair at each posterior angle and a fringe of hairs of equal size along the pos- terior margin, giving the tip of abdomen a truncate ap- pearance. 53 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Menopon melanorum n. sp. (Plate lxxiii, fig. i.) Taken' on a Towhee, Pifilo erythrophthalmus (Law- rence, Kansas). Description of female. Body, length 1.37 mm., width .56 mm. ; pale golden brown, with black occipital margin of head, blackish brown ocular blotches and mandibles, and brown transverse abdominal blotches distinct only laterally. Head, length .31 mm., width .47 mm., rather long in comparison with its width for Menopon; front rounded, with usual few short hairs in front of barely projecting palpi, and two longish ones in front of ocular emargina- tions; the emargination distinct, shallow, and with ocular fringe; temples broad, rounded, with a few hairs of dif- ferent lengths, including at least one very long hair; occipital margin concave, straight in middle, with two longish and two short hairs; occipital margin narrowly but conspicuously bordered with black; indications of widely separated, translucent, occipital bands, convex outwardly; ocular blotches small, narrow, linear, curv- ing, blackish in middle, paling at each end; a small black ocular fleck; a brown spot on margin outside of each mandible, and connected with mandibles by indistinct brownish bands. • Prothorax with slightly produced blunt lateral angles bearing three spines; nearly straight posterior margin with four longish hairs; the chitin bars indistinct, no blotches. Metathorax with slight lateral emargination, and indications of suture between meso- and metathorax; metathorax with a spine and very long hair in posterior angles, and eight weak hairs along the posterior margin, four on each side of the bare middle part; anterior angles of mesothorax dark brown; otherwise both seg- ments unicolorous, concolorous with pale ground color NEW MALLOPHAGA. 533 of body. Legs concolorous with thorax, with darker in- distinct marginal and terminal margins. Abdomen short, broad, ovate, not turbinated; a single very long hair and a spine in posterior angles of seg- ments; broad, pale brown, transverse bands across all segments but the last, these bands, however, hardly ap- parent on the middle region of the body, but distinct laterally, the lines of demarcation between pale and darker parts of band rather sharply defined; last seg- ment broad, flatly rounded, uncolored, with a fine fringe of short, uncolored hairs. Menopon incertum n. sp. (Plate lxxiii, fig. 2.) Specimens from an American Gold Finch, Spinus tristis, and from a Russet-backed Thrush, Turcius ustu- latus (Palo Alto, California) . This is one of these species which might be referred almost indifferently to Menopon or to C olpocephalum . Because Giebel has referred to a somewhat similar form, thoracicum (Insecta Epizoa p. 287) from Turdus viscivorous, to Menopon, I assign this species to the same genus. The new species differs from thoracicum in the hairs of the prothorax, in the straight, not angulated, posterior margin of the mesothorax, in lacking a complete series of hairs along the posterior margin of the metathorax, in the presence of the char- acteristic spines of the posterior angles of the abdominal segments, and in other particulars. The ocular emargi- nations of the head are distinct, " fast colpocephalisch," as Giebel says of thoracicum. Description of the male. Body, length 1.16 mm., width .48 mm. ; pale brown, with distinct, broad, dark brown, transverse, abdominal bands, and blackish lateral bands; head two-thirds as long as wide. Head, length .28 mm., width .44 mm.; rather elongate for Menopon, with distinct ocular emarginations; rounded 534 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. in front, with a few short hairs; two longer hairs (one longer than the other) in front of emargination; ocular fringe distinct; temporal margin with four long hairs, of which two are very long, and a few shorter hairs; occi- pital margin concave, straight in the middle ; palpi project- ing slightly; occipital margin narrowly bordered with black; temples clouded; a curving, blackish brown, ocu- lar blotch, and in front of its anterior end a small, blackish brown, submarginal blotch. Prothorax short, broad, the lateral angle being but little produced, with two short strong spines and no hair, and the posterior angles very obtuse, hardly apparent; the posterior margins flatly convex, with six short strong hairs; segment without distinct colored blotches or bor- der; the transverse chitin bar slender, inconspicuous. Metathorax with fine but distinct suture, separating meso- thorax; just behind the suture a transverse series of a few very small spines; posterior angles of metathorax with three spines and a hair, two of the spines projecting laterally, the other spine and hair projecting posteriorly; posterior margin straight, with a marginal series of hairs ; the posterior angles of the segment are obtuse and pro- ject laterally conspicuously beyond the abdomen. Legs concolorous with body, with ill-defined marginal markings. Abdomen short, elliptical, lateral margins projecting but little; posterior angles with two short, strong, distinct spines; and usually with a long hair; a broad transverse brown band entirely across each segment, paler in middle, darker at lateral extremities so as to form broad, dark, lateral bands; the sutures broad, uncolored; last segment with uncolored posterior border, flatly convex or almost straight, with a few short hairs, and at each side a long, .strong, prominent hair. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 535 Female. Body, length 1.34 mm., width .5 mm. ; head, length .31 mm., width .44 mm.; thus being little larger than the male; the posterior margin of last abdominal segment is uncolored, more convex than in the male, and bears a fringe of short, fine, transparent hairs. Menopon longicephalum n. sp. (Plate lxxiii, fig. 4.) One male and one female taken from a domestic Pigeon, Columba livia (Lawrence, Kansas). Not at all like the uncommon but long known Menopon of the Pigeon, giganteum, Denny (Anoplur. Brit., p. 225, pi. xxi, fig. 2), or latum, Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 457, pi. xxxvii, fig. 1), but an elongate slender form with head nearly two thirds as long as wide, much like brev- ipes, Piaget (Supplement, 1885, p. no, pi. xii, fig. 1), from Crossoptilon mantschuricum , or triseriatim , Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 460, pi. xxxvii, fig. 3), from Gal- lus bahkiva. Description of male. Body, length 1.5 mm., width .66 mm.; elongate, with narrow tapering head and nar- row tapering posterior region of abdomen; whitish, with translucent lateral bands and with inconspicuous head markings. Head, length .31 mm., width .47 mm. ; thus being elon- gate and narrow for Menopon; front parabolic, with one .short hair on each side in front of slightly projecting palpi, and one long hair and two short in front of the shallow oqular signature; emargination with ocular fringe running slightly on temporal margin ; temples pro- truding but little laterally, and with one long hair and three short ones; occipital margin weakly concave, with a few hairs of different lengths; small, black, ocular fleck and pale, clear, brownish coloration at side of and behind .mandibles. 53^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Prothorax short, broad, with produced lateral angles with a spine in each angle, and a series of fourteen strong, sharply pointed hairs along the convex posterior margin; no blotches. Metathorax short, broad; lateral margin with two or three spines, angles with a hair and nearly straight posterior margin with a series of hairs weaker than those of the prothorax. Legs pale, con- colorous with body, with short stiff hairs on femora and tibiae. Abdomen elliptical, narrow at both ends, with numerous strong hairs in posterior angles of segments and on lateral margins; numerous hairs on dorsal surface; whole ab- domen whitish, with narrow, clear, lateral bands, with lateral processes projecting inward from anterior angles of each segment; last segment uncolored, parabolic, with four hairs on posterior margin, two near each end and none in the middle. Female. Body, length 1.6 mm., width .69 mm. ; head, length .31 mm., width .47 mm.; abdomen elongate-ovate, tapering at posterior end, the last segment uncolored, narrowly rounded behind, with a fringe of fine uncol- ored hairs along posterior margin. Menopon dissimile n. sp. (Plate lxxiii, fig. 5.) One male, one female, and one immature specimen, from the Purple Martin, Progne s?^z's(Lawrence, Kansas) , resembling somewhat M. rusticum, Giebel (Insecta Epizoa, p. 288), from Hirundo rustica and H. rijxzria, but more than a third larger, without the well marked antennas and ocular bands of rusticum, and with spines and hairs on the prothorax, which is bare in rusticum. This species and rusticum present a Menofon type which in the shape and character of the head and thorax and in the sternal markings approaches Nitzschia. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 537 Description of the male. Body, length 1.8 mm., width .62 mm. ; pale, clear, yellowish brown, with small black ocular flecks, slightly darker thorax, indistinctly indicated lateral bands, parallel inner logitudinal bands, and numerous short, stiff, spiny hairs on dorsal surface of abdomen. Head, length .35 mm., width .55 mm.; not so much wider than long as usual in Menopon; forehead or region in front of ocular emargination long; front flatly rounded, with a few short hairs and two longish ones, one longer than the other on a slight swelling in front of the ocular emargination; the ocular fringe distinct, composed of curving, stiff hairs; temples with anterior angles some- what produced, and four long and two or three short hairs on the margin; small black ocular flecks ; weakly colored, translucent, narrow, curving, ocular blotches, and a weakly colored region outside of each mandible ; occipital margin medially, narrowly, weakly colored, translucent, with two short median hairs and a shorter one at each side of these two. Prothorax hexagonal, almost as long as broad, the lateral anterior sides short, the lateral angles obtuse, but little produced, with two spines and a short, stiff hair; posterior margin slightly angulated in the middle, and with six longish hairs, the terminal one being in the posterior angles of the segment; whole segment slightly darker than the head, with short, transverse, uncolored, chitin bar. Metathorax with lateral emargination and faint sutural line between meso- and metasegments ; lateral margins bare; posterior angles with two spines and the terminal one of a series of submarginal hairs which are ranged along the straight or very weakly convex posterior margin; an- terior angles and lateral margin slightly darker, but otherwise the whole segment concolorous with prothorax. Peoo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d See.. Vol. VI. ( 37 ) November 13. 1890, 538 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Legs with weakly colored, translucent, dorsal margins on femora and tibiae; anterior coxa? with bluntly conical processes. Sternal markings ill-defined but apparently composed of longitudinal and transversal narrow bands without median blotches. Abdomen elongate-elliptical, slightly turbinated, with a strong hair in each posterior angle and a few short hairs along the lateral margins of the segments; dorsal surface with a regular row of short, sharp, spiny hairs on the pqsterior margin of each segment; on segment 1 no other dorsal hairs; on segment 2 an additional single irregular row across the segment, and on segments 3—8 two additional irregular rows ; last segment without rows of short spiny hairs, rounded behind, with four long hairs in lateral groups of two each, and posterior margin with four short, fine hairs; segment 8 has two- long conspicuous hairs rising one in the middle of each lateral half of the posterior margin ; genitalia of the usual Menopon type, an unpaired, long, strong, longitudinal bar with two strong, diverging prongs at posterior angle ; ventral sur- face of abdomen possesses, in addition to transverse rows, groups of short spiny hairs near each lateral mar- gin; on the posterior margin of segment 2 there are a few, four to six, very strong spines in two lateral groups; color of abdomen same as that of head and legs, with narrow, translucent, lateral bands, having two short, rounded, inward-projecting processes in [each segment; in addition there is a second inner, narrow, regular, lateral band parallel with the outer margin. Female. Body, length 2.16 mm., width .81 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width .56 mm.; darker, without second inner lateral band, and with the inward-projecting process of the outer or true lateral band shorter, but the band distinctly darker colored than rest of body, although NEW MALLOPHAGA. 539 subtranslucent ; metathprax also with distinct dark sub- transhicent lateral bands; dorsal surface of abdomen without short spiny hairs, and with a few longer weak hairs arranged in complete transverse rows on segments 1-3, but decreasing in number on posterior segments; last segment with posterior margin rounded about as in male, but with fringe of closely set, short, weak, finely pointed hairs; ventral surface of abdomen with the lateral groups of short spiny hairs as in male. Menopon mesoleucum Nitzch. (Plate lxxiii, fig. 3.) Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 300. Ricinus cornicis De Geer, Mem. Ins., 1778, vol. vii, pi. 4, fig. 11. Menopon mesoleucum N., Burmeister, Handb. f. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 439; Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss, 1866, vol. xxvii, p. 119; ibid, Inseota Epizoa, 1874, p. 281, pi. xiv, figs. 11, 12; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 426, pi. xxxiv, p. 7. A large variety of this species from the American Crow, Corvus americanus (specimens from Lawrence, Kansas, and Palo Alto, California). Nitzsch's type- specimens were taken from Corvus comix and C. corone. The American specimens are uniformly larger than the type-form (length of mesoleucum, male 1.4 mm., female 1.8 mm.; length of var. americanum, male 1.7 mm., female 2.12 mm.), and vary from the descriptions of Giebel and Piaget in various particulars. Var. americanum Kellogg. Males, females and young from the American Crow, Corvus americanus (Lawrence, Kansas, and Palo Alto, California). Male. Body, length 1.7 mm., width .7 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width .6 mm. Female. Body, length 2.12 mm., width .75 mm.; head, length .37 mm., width .69 mm. The species may be readily recognized by the marked difference in the sexes, the female having the metathorax produced backward and angulated on the abdomen 5-p CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (straight in the male), and with the transverse abdominal blotches of the first three or four segments broken in the middle and the, lateral parts projecting diagonally inward and backward ; in the male the blotches run evenly across the segments. I figure the male. Nitzschia dubius n. sp. (Plate lxxiii, fig. 6.) A few specimens from the Chimney Swift, Chatura felasgica (Lawrence, Kansas). Much like Nitzschia fulicaris, Nitzsch, from the European Swift, Cypselus aflus, but differs in lacking the pustulated hairs of temples and abdomen, and in the shape of the metathorax. The specimens are in poor condition and permit of only an unsatisfactory description. Body, length 2.22 mm., width .88 mm. ; elongate, with narrow neck-like prothorax; expanded posterior portion of abdomen with numerous very long hairs; head, thorax and legs pale, abdomen much darker. Head, length .41 mm., width .72 mm.; shape of head of pulicaris, that is, triangular, with rounded front, a shallow concavity of the margin where the palpi project, .a shallow ocular emargination, with conspicuous ocular fringe and expanded temples, the margins angulated in front and behind; the ^margin of forehead with six hairs on each side, the third and sixth being long; the temporal margins with four long hairs weakly pustulated, and a few very short ^airs or spines; occipital margin concave, straight in middle, with four longish hairs; ground color pale tawny, with very small, black, ocular flecks, weakly colored, small, brownish, ocular blotches, strongly colored mandibles, and a weakly colored region outside of each mandible. Prothorax subquadrangular, with shortly produced rec- tangular angles in lateral margins before the middle, each NEW MALLOPHAGA. 541 angle with two spines and a hair ; posterior angles rounded and the nearly straight, slightly sinuous, posterior margin with six weak hairs ; a weakly indicated, uncolored, trans- verse, chitin bar about even with lateral angles ; no distinct blotches . Meso- and metathorax fused, although the line of fusion is marked by a lateral emargination and by an indi- cated transverse suture ; posterior angles of metathorax with two spines and a hair ; the straight posterior margin with a submarginal series of short and longer hairs interrupted at the middle ; on the dorsal surface of the metasegment six short spines arranged in two diagonal series of three each. Legs long, slender, concolorous with thorax, with fringes of short hairs along dorsal margins of femora and tibiae. Sternal markings weakly indicated but of the type described as characteristic of Nitzschia, consisting essentially of an open quadrilateral without median blotches. Abdomen widening posteriorly to segment 6; segment 7 a little narrower than segment 6, and segments 8 and 9 narrowing more rapidly ; all segments with two to three spines in posterior angles and long hairs, increasing in length and number on posterior segments, those on seg- ments 6-9 being especially long, numerous, and hence conspicuous; segment 9 short, flatly convex behind, 'with two very long hairs at each end of posterior margin and a sparse fringe of five uncolored hairs along the margin ; narrow, translucent, brownish, lateral bands, and the whole abdomen dark, because crossed by broad transverse bands, almost completely covering the surface: posterior margin of each segment with a series of weak hairs. 542 california academy of sciences. Distribution. Concerning the distribution of the Mallophaga, I have little to add to the remarks made in my previous paper. Among the land birds of America there are very few which are identical with the Old World species. On those are found parasites identical, or nearly so, with the Old World Mallophaga of the same hosts. On the do- mestic pigeon, Columba livia, I find Lifeurus baculus and Goniocotes . comfiar, both common on the European indi- viduals of the same host species. In addition, I find a Menofon on the pigeon not met with by the European authors. On the Snow Owl, Nycte.a nyctea, I find Doco- fhoros ceblebrackys, described by Nitzsch from the same host. And there are a few other similar examples. As among the water birds, where I have found pre- viously described Mallophaga on American birds not identical with Old World species, these parasites have been found, almost always, on American birds very closely related to the European hosts. For example, the char- acteristic Docofihorus rostratus Nitzsch, of the European Barn Owl, Strix flammed, I have found on the American Barn Owl, Strix pratincola. It is of interest to note that the American owl has been until recently ranked as a variety simply of the European species. The striking Meno^pon mesoleucum of the various Old World crows (Cdrvus corone, frugilegus, et al.J, is found on the Amer- ican Crow, Corvus atnericanus, though showing such con- stant differences as to compel me to give it a varietal name. There are several other examples of this condi- tion presented in this paper. Apparent exceptions to the general statement that Amer- ican Mallophaga identical with Old World species are found on American hosts identical with or very nearly NEW MALLOPHAGA. 543 related to Old World hosts, are presented by Docophorus communis and Nirmus fuscus. These two parasite species are found, common, in one case, to many passerine birds, and in the other, to several raptorial birds, which differ generically from the Old World hosts. It will be noted, however, that both of these species have a wide range of hosts in both Europe and America. The fact is that we have to do here, in each case, with a group of closely allied, insensibly gradating forms, rather than with a single well marked Mallophagous species. That this condition has been recognized by the European authors is shown in the cases of both Docophorus communis and Nirmus fuscus, by the attempts which have been made by Giebel and Piaget to break up these species into several distinct species (Giebel), or into subspecies (Piaget). Finally with regard to the constant or occasional ap- pearance of the parasites on the hosts, I can add also but little. In the preparation of this paper I have had no such long series of specimens of one bird species as it was my privilege to have of certain species of maritime birds. As an illustration of the varying degrees of pre- valence of different parasite species infesting a single bird species, the parasites of Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis, the House Finch, may be referred to. Of nine specimens of this bird species examined, six were infested ■ by Docophorus communis, four by Nirmus vulgatus, and one by Physostomum microcephalum. Of three specimens examined of the closely related Carpodacus fur-pur eus, calif ornicus, the California Purple Finch, Docophorus communis was found on each, but no Nirmus nor Phy- sostomum on any. Physostomum as a parasite, however, is not always uncommon on its host, as the case of Phy- sostomum diffusum, found on five out out of seven speci- mens of Melospiza fasciata samuelis, attests. 544 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Comparing the land birds with the water birds as hosts for Mallophaga, I find that many more individuals among land birds than among water birds are free from parasites, and that among the infested birds the number of indi- viduals of Mallophaga on a single bird individual is much greater among the water bird species than among the land bird species. It is noticeable that the larger land birds such as hawks and grouse show many more para- sites than the smaller birds ; and to some extent the greater abundance of parasites on water birds may be due to their distinctly larger average size as compared with land birds. LIST OF HOSTS AND PARASITES. Colinus virginanns. Haliaeetns leucoeephalus. Lipeurus dissimilis. Nirmus disoocephalus var. am- Callipepla californica. blys. Lipeurus docophoroides. Colpocephalum flavescens. Goniodes mammillatus. Bubo virginianus. Phasianus nycthemerus. Docophorus cursor. Lipeurus introductus. . Nyctea nyctea. Goniodes cervinicornis. Docophorus ceblebrachys . Goniocotes creber. ' Strix pratincola. Menopon monostoechum. Docophorus rostratus. Columba livia. Dryobates pubescens. Lipeurus baculus. Docophorus evagans. Goniocotes compar. Melanerpes formicivorus.bairdi. Menopon longicephalum. Docophorus calif orniensis. Elanus leucurus. Colaptes auratus. Colpocephalum osborni. Docophorus alienus. Menopon decoratum. jungens. Circus hudsonius. Chordeiles virginianus henryi. Nirmus fuscus. Lipeurus macrocephalus. Buteo swainsoni. Chsetura pelagica. Nirmus fuscus. Nitzschia dubius. Archibuteo lagopus saucti-johannis. Trochilus anna. Docophorus taurocephalus. Nirmus eustigmus. Nirmus fuscus. Trochilus rufus. Colpocephalum flavescens. Nirmus snodgrassi. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 545 Tyrannus tyrannus. Physostomum angulatum. Empidonax difficilis.- Physostomum sucinaceum. Otocoris alpestris. Docophorus communis. Corvus corax sinuatus. Docophorus distinotus. Corvus americanus. Docophorus atratus. Menopon'mesoleucum var. amer- icanum. Colpocephalum subaequale. Molothrus ater. Docophorus transpositus. Agelaius phceniceus. Docophorus communis. Nirmus illustris. Sturnella magna neglecta. Docophorus communis. Icterus bullocki. Docophorus communis. Carpodacus purpureus calif ornicus . Docophorus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Docophorus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Physostomum microcephalum. Spinus tristis. Menopon incertum. Spinus psaltria. Docophorus communis. Spinus pinus. Docophorus communis. Calcarius lapponicus. Docophorus communis. Ammodramus sandwichensis. Docophorus communis. Physostomum diffusum. Zouotrichia coronata. Nirmus vulgatus. Physostomum diffusum. Zonotrichia gambeli. Nirmus vulgatus. Junco hyemalis. Docophorus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Physostomum diffusum var. pallidum. Melospiza fasciata samuelis. Physostomum diffusum. Colpocephalum chrysophaeum. Fasserella iliaca. Physostomum angulatum. / Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Menopon melanorum. Pipilo fuscus crissalis. Nirmus vulgatus. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. Nirmus vulgatus. Cardinalis cardinalis. Docophorus communis. Passerina versicolor. Physostomum australe. Progne subis. Docophorus domesticus. Menopon dissimile. Petrochilidon lunifrons. Docophorus excisus var. major. Nirmus longus. Tachycineta bicolor. Docophorus excisus var. major. Nirmus longus. Ampelis garrulus. Docophorus communis. Ampelis cedrorum. Docophorus incisus. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. Docophorus communis. Harporhynchus rufus. Docophorus communis. Psaltriparu s minimus. Colpocephalum fumidum. Menopon robustum. 54^ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Turdus ustulatus. Sialia sialis. Menopon incertum. Docophor'us inoisus. Merula migratoria. Docophorus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. simplex. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE LX. — Fig. 1, Head of Golpocephalum flavescens, under side; a labrum, 6 labial palpi, c maxillary palpi, d antennae (after Nitzsch). Fig. 2, Maxilla of Trinotum conspurcatum (after Nitzsch). Fig. 3, Labium of Trinotum conspurcatum (after Nitzsch): Fig. 4, Labium of Tetropthal- mus chilensis [Menopon titan]; m mentum, p I labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa, hy hypopharynx (after Grosse). Fig. 5, Labium of a Nirmus; g glossa, pg paraglossa (after Grosse). Fig. 6, Head, ventral aspect, with median part of labium cut away, of Ancistrona gigas; lb labrum, md man- dible, Ip labial palpus, hy hypopharynx, fJc labial fork, af antennary fossa. Fig. 7, Labium, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; sm submentum, m mentum, p r labial prong, p palpifer, Ip labial palpus, lig ligula, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 8, Maxilla of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 9, Eight mandible, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; ten tendon, mus muscle, vchr ventral chitinous rod, dchr dorsal chitinous rod. Fig. 10, Mandi- bles, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; c condyles, r right mandible, l left mandible. Fig. 11, Hypopharynx of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 12, Left labial fork, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas; mus muscle. PLATE LXI. — Fig. 1, Head, ventral aspect, of Lcemobothrium sp.; sm submentum, m mentum, ant antenna, clyp clypeus, lb labrum, md' mandible, mx maxilla, g glossa, pg paraglossa, Ip labial palpus. Fig. 2, Mandibles, ventral aspect, of Lcemobothrium Sp. ; c condyles, r right man- dible, I left mandible. Fig. 3, Eight maxilla, ventral aspect, of Lctmo- bothrium sp. Fig. 4, Labium, ventral aspect, of Lcemobothrium sp,; sm submentum, m mentum, g glossa, pg paraglossa, pf palpifer, Ip labial palpus. Fig. 5, Labial glands of Lcemobothrium sp. Fig. 6, Left maxilla, ventral aspect, of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 7, Labium,' ventral aspect, of Goniodes cervinicornis; g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 8, Mandibles, posterior aspect,- of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 9, Right mandible, poste- rior aspect, of Goniodes cervinicornis; c condyle, ch pis chitinous plates. PLATE LXII.— Fig. 1, Head, ventral aspect, with labium represented as transparent, of Eurymetopus taurus; ant antenna, tr trabecula, md mandible, clyp clypeus, g glossa, pg paraglossa, ce s oesophageal sclerite, ig "lingual gland." Fig. 2, (Esophageal sclerite, dorsal aspect, of Eury- metopus taurus; d duct, do opening of duct, m g middle groove, ant h anterior horn, 6 s " bonnet string." Fig. 3, (Esophageal sclerite, lateral NEW MALLOPHAGA. 547" aspect, of Eurymetopus laurus; ant h anterior horn, bs "bonnet string."" Fig. 4, Eight maxilla, ventral aspect, of Eurymetopus taurus. Pig. 5, Man- dibles, ventral aspect of Eurymetopus taurus; c condyles, r right mandible, I left mandible. Pig. 6, Labium, ventral v aspect, of Eurymetopus taurus; sm submentum, m mentum, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 7, "Lingual gland," ventral aspect, of Eurymetopus taurus; d duct, as s oesophageal sclerite, ch ped chitinous pedicle. Fig. 8, Left " lingual gland, " ventral aspect, of Eurymetopus taurus; d duct, ch ped chitinous pedicle, mus muscle, I g the gland. PLATE LXIII. — Fig. 1, Labium of Oolpocephalum sp.; sm sub- mentum, m mentum, pf palpifer, Ip labial palpus, g glossa, pg para- glossa. Fig. 2, Labium of Trinoton luridum; sm submentum, m mentum, pf palpifer, Ip labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig- 3, Labium of" Nirmus sp. ; sm submentum, m mentum, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 4, Mandibles, ventral aspect, of Menopon titan; c condyles, r right mandible, I left mandible. Fig. 5, Labium of Physostomum angulatum; sm sub- mentum, m mentum, pf palpifer, Ip labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 6, Labium oiNitzschia dubius; sm submentum, m mentum, pf palpifer, Ip labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. PLATE LXIV. — Fig. 1, Labium of Termop&is anguslicollis; sm sub- mentum, m mentum, Ip labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 2, Maxilla of Termopsis anguslicollis; cd cardo, st stipes, pf palpifer, lac lacinia, gal galea, mx p maxillary palpus. Fig '3, Labium of nymph of Perla; sm submentum, m mentum, 2^) labial palpus, g glossa, pg para- glossa. Fig. 4, Maxilla' of nymph of Perla; cd cardo, st stipes, lac- lacinia, gal galea, mx p maxillary palpus. Fig. 5, Head, ventral aspect, of Alropos sp.; sm submentum, m mentum, mx maxilla, mx p maxillary palpus, md mandible, clyp clypeus, lb labrum, g glossa, pg paraglossa, fh fork. Fig. 6, Mandibles of Alropos sp.; c condyles, r right mandible, I left mandible. Fig. 7, Head, dorsal aspect, of Atropos sp.; clyp clypeus, ant antenna, ots oesophageal sclerite. Fig. 8, Mandible and mandibular muscles of Psocus sp.;/»re flexor muscle, em extensor muscle, m molar face of mandible (after Burgess). Fig. 9, Longitudinal section through middle of head of Psocus sp.; " cl clypeus, I labrum, mand mandible, the dotted line ending on the ribbed molar, surface which tapers beneath into the sharp cutting edge; mx maxilla, t tongue, / fork, lb labium and Ip its palpus, m mentum, I g lingual gland and g m its suspensory muscle, ce oasophagus opening below into the oral cavity at the base of which is the oesophageal bone, ce b; fm flexor muscle of the mandible and Im the muscle of the labrum, c m muscles of the clypeus, gl supra-oesophageal ganglion" (after Burgess). Fig. 10, Labium, posterior aspect, of Psocus sp.; " m mentum, lb labium, Ip one-jointed labial palpus, behind which one sees the tip of the fork, /; c cardo, p stipes having the four-jointed. 548 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. maxillary palpus, mx lobe; through the mentuin can be seen the lingual glands, Ig, with their duct, Id" (after Burgess). Fig. 11, (Esophageal sclerite (" suboesophageal bone"), frontal aspect, of Psocus sp.; Z . Fig. 4, C.fiavescens N., 4. Fig. 5, G.fumidum Kellogg, $. PLATE LXXII.— Fig. 1, Golpocephalum subcequale N., 9. Fig. 2, Menopon decoralum Kellogg, S . Fig. 3, if. robustum Kellogg, $ . Fig. •4, ifef. monoslcechum Kellogg, 3 . PLATE LXXIII.— Fig. 1, Menopon melanorum Kellogg, ? . Fig. 2, M . -incertum Kellogg, $ . Fig. 3, M. mesoleucum N., & . Fig. 4, ilf. longice- phalum Kellogg, $ . Fig. 5, ikT. dissimile Kellogg, ? . Fig. 6, Nitzschia, dubius Kellogg, £ or $ ? Pbdc.[alAcad.5ci.[2]VdlV1. PLATE LX. z/M.Jzmn^v>! tv&JX fi.C SuanalvJis.nzL. F.j-JmxJ- Prdc.CalAcad.5l.i.i2]VdlVI. PLATE LXL R C. Snobbrasb, Bel . L7IM BRrrrOA-qner.AF Prdc. CaiAca3.5ci.i 2]VaiM. PLATE LX1L . F C- SuoaGEASS.BEL. um. B/vTya/irqj&y.S' Prdc. CalAcah.5ci.[2. ]VnLVI. PLATE LXIII. R C. Svobgras^, Bel. um.£aV7Tcw$BEy;£F. Prdc,CalAcah.5ci.[2]VdlVI. PLATE LXJV. 3. €. Snodbsass, Bel . F.J.Jahk.Bel . W//, tmajw &-jgw,£R Prdc.CalAcad.5i:i.[2]VdlVI PLATE LXV F.i£JAnKj}£L. JJTJf.&R?7TO/YfJ2£>y.SJ?. Prqc. CalAcad.'Sci.[2]VdlVI PLATE LXVI. FJ.JackJ&l. j,im,&mr7afrq-REr,& ! : Prdc. LALAcAD.5ci.L2]VnLVl. PLATE LXVIH. bmj.SJfrrrQN $ ?&?yjip Prdc.CalAcah.5ci.[2]VdlV1. PLATE LXIX. EJ.Jmx.-Dh-- L1W. BmTTQr*$REy-!V- Prdc. CALAc/ffl.5ci.[2]VnLVl. PLATE LXX. F.JJ/UXjlSL. urH.BRjrrotfq/zsy.sj 7 . Prdc. CalAcad.5ci.[2]VdlVI. PLATE LXXI. /y \\ JLmi.&IV7TCW4-B£y'£F- Erdc. CalAcad.5ci.[2]VdlVI. PLATE LXXII. 3 if F.J.Jmx,I1bl. £JTH-BRI27Qff^^Sy.SF. i"RDC.[ALAEHi.5m.[2]VfflM PLATE LXVII. >.f ' IV. F,J.J&nK,I}EL. UTir.B&f7TQrfq-fi£y.£K Prdc. CALAcAn.5ci.[2]VnL\/I. PLATE LXXIII. F.J. Jens flEL. z,fiH.#njTTQ/f9 HEr.SP: University Publications. The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789- 1 833. With a Summary oi the Period before the Adop- tion of the Constitution. By Orrin Leslie Elliott, Ph. D. pp. 272. Price, $1.00. Observations on the Conductivity of a Copper Wire in Various Dielectrics. 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Notes on Fishes, Little Known or New to Science By David Starr Jordan, pp. 48. Price, 50 cents. Notes on Fresh Water Fishes of the Pacific Slope of North America. By Cloudsley Rutter. With De- scription of a New Species of Pipe-Fish (Siphostoma Sinaloaj) from Mazatlan. By David S. Jordan and Edwin C. Stark. And Notes on Deltistes, a New Genus of Catostomoid Fishes. By Alvin Seale. pp. 29. Price, 25 cents. New Mallophaga, II, from Land Birds, together with an account of the Mallophagous Mouth-Parts. By Vernon L. Kellogg, pp. 118. Price, 50 cents. Address, THE REGISTRAR, Stanford University, California. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY. VIII LIST OF FISHES COLLECTED AT PORT LUDLOW, WASH. BY EDWIN CHAPIN STABKS. Leland Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, California, 1896. LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIOLOGY FROM THE HOPKINS SEASIDE LABORATORY. VIII LIST OF FISHES COLLECTED AT PORT LUDLOW, WASH. EDWIN GHAPIN STAKES. (Reprint from the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, Vol. VI.) LELAtfn Stanford Je. University, Palo Alto, California, 1896. PREFATORY NOTE. This memoir is the eighth of a series designed to illus- trate the investigations and explorations of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, an adjunct of the biological labora- tories of the Leland Stanford Junior University. The series is issued under the patronage of Timothy Hopkins , Esq., of Menlo Park, California. The present paper is published with the co-operation of the California Academy of Sciences, appearing simultaneously in its present form and as part of the Proceedings of the Academy. Charles H. Gilbert, Oliver P. Jenkins, Editors. Date of publication, December 3, 1896. LIST OF FISHES COLLECTED AT PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON.* BY EDWIN CHAPIN STARKS. (With Plates lxxiv and lxxv.) This paper records the ichthyological results of the last annual dredging expedition made by the Young Naturalists' Association of Seattle, Washington, and the second in which the author, as an honorary member, has taken part. A camp was established this year near Port Ludlow, on Puget Sound, and all the dredging and other collecting was done in that vicinity. The report of last yearf recorded 141 species known from that region. Five new species and four others hitherto unrecorded are listed in the present paper. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, whose interest and aid made his work possible. The following species are described here as new to science. The number after each is the number of the type on the register of the Leland Stanford Jr. Univer- sity Museum. The new genus is indicated by full face type- Neoliparis fissuratus. No. 5044. Artedius asperulus. No. 5046. Axyrias harringtoni. No. 5047. Icelinus strabo. No. 5045. Pallasina aix. No. 5040. Family SQUALID^. 1. Squalus sucklii (Girard). ^Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory of the Leiand Stanford Jr. University, No. 8. t"The Pishes of Puget Sound," Jordan & Starks, Proo. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser., Vol. v, 1895. Pboc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Sbb., Vol. VI. December 1, 1896. 5SO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Family RAJID^. 2. Raja binoculata (Girard). Family AMMODYTID^E. 3. Ammodytes personatus (Girard). Hundreds of this species were found on the beach one morning at low tide. Family SPHYR^ENID^. 4. Sphyraena argentea (Girard). Rather rare this far north, but not infrequently taken by the fishermen. Specimens are in the collections of the Young Naturalists that were taken in the vicinity of Seattle. Family AULORHYNCHID^E. 5. Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill. Very common. Several specimens taken with the seine from among the " eel grass." Family GASTEROSTEID^E. 6. Gasterosteus cat%phractus Pallas. A few specimens seined on sandy beaches. Family SYNGNATHID^E. 7. Siphostoma griseolineatum (Ayres). Rather common. A dozen or so specimens taken in the seine. Family STROMATEID^E. 8. Rhombus simillimus (Ayres). One specimen seen. FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 55 1 Family EMBIOTOCID^. 9. Cymatogaster aggregates Gibbons. Family SCORP^NID^E. 10. Sebastodes caurinus (Richardson). Family HEXAGRAMMID^). 11. Hexagrammus asper S teller. 12. Ophiodon elongatus Girard. Family COTTID^. 13. Chitonotus pugettensis (Steindachner). One specimen dredged. 14. Icelinus strabo Starks n. sp. Head 2^ in body; depth 4; D. IX-15; anal 13; eye .4 in head; maxillary 2|; snout 4. Body robust at shoulders, tapering into a rather slender caudal peduncle; upper profile of head evenly curved from snout to dorsal, the snout rather steep ; mouth hori- zontal and placed at the extreme lower aspect of head; upper jaw projecting slightly beyond the lower; narrow bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; maxillary reaching about to posterior margin of eye. Nasal spines prominent; upper spine of preopercle longer than eye, extending upward and backward, and bearing on its inner edge one or two antler-like processes; below it on edge of preopercle are two small spines, the upper rather blunt and not conspicuous, the lower longer and sharp, pointing downward and somewhat forward; on each side of occiput is a small blunt tubercle, a short dermal flap behind each eye, and one sometimes present behind each occipital tubercle. 552 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Head naked; a band of scales along back, following- dorsal outline, composed of two rows of scales for most of its length, but the posterior five or six scales are in a single row ; the outer and anterior edge of each scale is embedded, the inner and posterior edge is strongly ctenoid, so the opposing edges of the rows are ctenoid edges; a single row of 37 scales along lateral line, the anterior ones rougher than the others. Dorsal spines slender, the fins not connected; front of anal slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; pectorals rather wide, reaching a little past front of soft dorsal. Color olive-gray, with faint irregular darker cross-bars on back, the first under middle of spinous dorsal, the second under first fourth of soft dorsal, the third under last fourth of soft dorsal, indications of one on caudal peduncle, and a dark streak at base of caudal fin; sides and back mottled, under parts white; ventrals and anal white, other fins crossed with dark wavy lines, This species is closely related to Icelinus borealis, dif- fering from it in having a smaller eye, a stouter caudal peduncle, a slightly wider interorbital space, shorter bar- bels behind eye, the barbels at occiput not so constant in their presence, and in having the end of maxillary in a different relation to the eye. The eye of Icelinus borealis is contained only three times in the length of the head in specimens of the same size as Icelinus microns, and the maxillary scarcely reaches past pupil. This comparison is based on specimens of /. borealis taken by the " Albatross " in the Straits of Fuca and in Bristol Bay, Alaska. About twenty-five specimens taken near Port Ludlow with the dredge, the largest an inch and a half in length. The types are in the collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University, bearing the number 5045. FISHES FROM PORT LUDLOW, WASHINGTON. 553 15- Triglops beani Gilbert. One specimen dredged. 16. Artedius asperulus Starks n. sp. Head 2^ in body; depth 4; D. IX-16; A. 12; eye 4 in head; maxillary 2^ ; snout 4. Profile of head broadly rounded from tip of snout to occiput, the snout very steep; lower outline of head nearly horizontal, mouth at lower aspect of head little if any oblique ; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye ; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; nasal spines prominent, preopercular process short, bifurcate, the en- tire spine covered with skin ; three small spines developed on edge of preopercle below it ; top of head naked, with many mucous pores; interorbital space narrow, concave, its width about half eye. A wide band of strongly ctenoid scales along back, starting opposite front of spinous dorsal, and below it a distance equal to pupil, gradually running upward and nearly touching the base of soft dorsal, joining its fellow of the opposite side behind dorsal, and continuing on caudal peduncle to midway between last ray of dorsal and base of caudal; at its widest part, under front of soft dorsal, it is 9 scales wide in an oblique series; 33 oblique series in its length; lateral line armed with 35 ctenoid scales in a single series; all the scales are imbedded on their lower ante- rior edges and ctenoid on their upper posterior edges; naked area between lateral line and band of scales, at its widest part narrower than band of scales. Spinuous dorsal rounded in outline, not joined to soft dorsal; pec- toral reaching to base of seventh or eighth ray of soft dorsal; ventrals reaching vent. Color olive-brown, with four or five dark, irregular cross-bars on back, which break up and form reticula- Pkoo. Cal. Acad. Sol, 2d See., Vol. VI. ( 38 ) December 2, 1896. 554 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. tions around white spots on sides; the lower of these spots form semicircles only where they run into* the white of the belly. The first cross-bar is under front of' spinous dorsal, the second is under front of soft dorsal, the third under posterior third of soft dorsal, the fourth indicated by a blotch on caudal peduncle ; a dark streak at base of caudal fin; under parts white ; ventrals and anal white, other fins crossed with undulating lines; lips dusky. This species differs from Artedius lateralis, with which it seems to be most closely related, in having a wider and longer band of scales, and in other less important char- acters. The types are three specimens about an inch and a half in length, which were dredged in the vicinity of Port Ludlow. They are in the museum of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, No. 5046. Axyrias n. gen. Top of head with patches of ctenoid scales and cirri. A band of very small scales below dorsals, and a single row of larger ones following the lateral line. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer,, and palatines. Preopercular spine short, very narrowly forked. Dorsals not connected. Gill-membranes united^ free from the isthmus. No slit behind last gill. Ventrals 1,3. This genus seems to be related to Artedius, Chitonotus and Astrolytus. It differs from Artedius in the rough head and smaller scales, and from Astrolytes and Chito- notus in the single fork to the preopercular spine, and in the smaller scales. (a%up(a.