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CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
arV14277 
 Outlines of etymoli 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 
 3 1924 031 257 714 
 olln.anx 
 

The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031257714 
 
OUTLINES 
 
 ETYMOLOGY 
 
 BY 
 
 S" S. HALDEMAN, LL.D., M.N.A.S. 
 
 FBOFESSOR OF COMFAHATIVB FHILOLOOT IN THE I7NIVEBSITT OF PENIT8TLVAHIA ; 
 PRESIDENT OF TUB AUEBICAM PniLOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION', 1S7&-7. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 LONDON : 16 SOUTHAMPTON ST., COVENT GARDEN. 
 1877 
 
 ALL BI0BT3 BESBBVSJ). 
 
 ® 
 
CORN 
 
 university; 
 
 \ LIBRARY ^- 
 
 Copyright, 1877, by J. B. Lippinoott & Co. 
 
 LlPPINCOTT'a 
 
 FMlada. 
 
OOI^TEISTTS. 
 
 PlOB 
 
 Peep ACE 5 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 Inteodtjction 9 
 
 Speech-words and Book-words; The Romans in Britain, 9; 
 Angles and Saxons; Danes and Norwegians; Normans, 
 10; Faotitiods Words, 11. 
 
 CHAPTER 2. 
 Phonologt 12 
 
 Vowels, 13; Consonants, 14; Etymologic Chart, 16. 
 
 CHAPTER 3. 
 Morphology 17 
 
 Intermdtation, 17; Permutation of Ladials, 17; Dentals, 
 SiGMALS, Gutturals, 18; Transmutation, 19; Formation 
 OP T-SH, 19 ; OF D-zH, 21 ; of sn, zh, 22 ; Imitatives, Re- 
 duplication, Alliteration, 23 ; Dimohpuism, 24. 
 
 CHAPTER 4. 
 Synthesis 26 
 
 Compound Words, 26; Development of Meanings, 27; IIi- 
 BRiDiTY, Eduction and Absorption; Epenthesis, 29 ; Meta- 
 thesis; Induction, Otosis, 30; Parasynesis; Analepsy, 
 31; Euphemism; Representation, 32 ; Parop'sis, 34. 
 
 CHAPTER 5. 
 Paeesis or Neglect 35 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE 6. pAoz 
 
 Grammar 39 
 
 CHAPTER 7. 
 Analysis 42 
 
 CHAPTEE 8. 
 Affixes 50 
 
 Prefixes, 65 ; Suffixes, 60. 
 
 CHAPTER 9. 
 Deuivation 70 
 
 'A' Ac. blow J breathe, live, 70^ AN breathe, bloro, live, 72; AL 
 grow, 73 J AL other, 73; ANG compreaB, 74; EC even, 74; 
 PA, FA shine, speak, 75 ; BAR bear, carry, produce, 75 ; 
 cLA, gLA shine, 76; LU (=loo) loosen, 77; LAG lay, 78; 
 TA (= tab) stretch, 81 ; TAG cover, 83 ; TRAC, DRAG draw, 
 83; RAG rcac7i, 85; CAP take, 86; CO, sCU (=80oo) cover, 
 86; GA, GAn produce, 87; CAL call, 89; GOL shine, 89. 
 
 CHAPTER 10. 
 
 Synontmy 91 
 
 English — Latin, 91; English — Fbench — Latin, 92; Eng- 
 lish — Latin — Greek, 94; English — French — Latin — 
 Greek, 94; Examples contrasted and defined, 97-102. 
 
 Appendix 103 
 
 Pronunciation op Latin, 103 ; Marks and Abbreviations, 104 ; 
 Selections of words contributed to English by Arabic, 
 Australian, Basque, Brasilian, Chinese, Cornish, Dutch, 
 French, German, 106 ; Greek, Hebrew (and Chaldee), 
 Hindoo, Irish, Italian, Latin, 107; Malay, Mexican, 
 North American (Algonkin), Norman, 108; Persian, 
 Peruvian, Polynesian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, 
 Turkish, Welsh, 109; Words from the Names of Per- 
 sons AND People, 109; of Places, 110; The -word 'Nor- 
 mal,' 111 i Examples op English, 113. 
 
PEEFAOE. 
 
 In the present volume an attempt is made to teach 
 etymology as other sciences are taught, and, as each 
 science has special names for special things, such names 
 will be found where the subject demands them. 
 
 The sounds of which English words are made, are 
 treated under the head of Phonology — a term employed 
 by Duponceau in 1818. The varying forms of words are 
 considered to have a slight analogy with the changes in 
 the organs" of plants, and on this account the name 
 Morphology has been adopted from botany ; and other 
 terms appear as they are required — the whole being less 
 numerous and less difficult than those of rhetoric* 
 
 The laws of etymology existed for ages before the art 
 of spelling was thought of, and they have as much influ- 
 ence in the unwritten words of savages as they have in 
 the literary languages of Europe.f Yet we find com- 
 pilers basing their attempts upon spelling, the variations 
 of which would give different etymologies at different 
 periods. Observing that the Teutonic words begg-ar and 
 doll-ar (formerly begg-er, doU-er) are now spelt with " ar,'' 
 this mere spelling of the proper suffix is referred to the 
 Latin -ar of globul-ar, but it agrees with that of digg-er 
 
 * Such as antonomasla, catachresis, hypotyposis, polysyndeton, synecdoche. 
 
 f For example, the savages of Brasil call a certain river quadruped capib&ra, 
 a name which has as definite an etymology as hippopotamus. See Hald. Af- 
 fixes, p. 264. 
 
 1* 5 
 
b PREFACE. 
 
 and deal-er. Nor are we told how it happened that a 
 native suffix should have been ready for digg-er, while 
 ' beg ' could not have a similar derivative noun until the 
 supposed Latin -ar came in. 
 
 Little would be thought of a treatise on arithmetic 
 from which the pupil could not learn to analyse and solve 
 problems outside of its pages, yet, through false expla- 
 nations, and the absence of explanation, much of the ety- 
 mology commonly offered, is of such a character that the 
 learner is likely to leave school with a smattering which 
 will not enable him to investigate the history of words 
 outside of his textbook, or to give a correct analysis of 
 many of its examples. This is due to the fact that atten- 
 tion is not directed to those laws of speech which form 
 the groundwork of scientific (as distinguished from em- 
 piric) etymology, and the neglect of which allows teachers 
 and pupils to commit many errors. They are told that 
 ' paci-fic-at-ion ' comes from the later ' pacify..,' which hag 
 lost a c, as ' decay..' has lost the d of its seeming deriva- 
 tive ' de-cad-ence.' They are told that con- becomes cog- 
 in ' cognate ' although this is due to Latin co-gnatus, 
 while ' connate ' is from a later and shorter form CON- 
 NATUS (see under CO-, CON-) ; and if the compilers are 
 pressed to explain why con- should become cog- before n, 
 they have ready their linguistic hospital for incurables 
 called Euphony, where such words are placed as will not 
 yield to their surgery. 
 
 While science simplifies by associating allied words 
 under a single head common to all, showing for example 
 that ignorant and unknowing are almost the same 
 word, the empiric does not generalise — on the contrary, 
 he separates such forms, and places rotund and its 
 derivative ro..untl under two " roots ;" and yolie, 
 conjugal, syzygy under three, notwithstanding a form 
 
PREFACE. 7 
 
 of yoke appears in all, with the common idea of junc- 
 tion and juxtaposition. If it is legitimate to go so far 
 astray, we may dispense with the study of etymology and 
 regard each word as primitive and independent. 
 
 Most of the phases of words which appear in passing 
 from language to language may be present in a single 
 language, and much of this home material will be found 
 in these Outlines. A few examples have been taken from 
 distant sources to show that these words are subject to the 
 general laws of etymology, and are not to be treated as 
 primitives when we have not the material for their inves- 
 tigation. 
 
 The object of these pages is to present the material 
 necessary to develop the subject, and it has been deemed 
 sufficient for this purpose, to limit the chapter on Deriva- 
 tion to about twenty heads, selected to exhibit the range 
 of form, and extension of idea to which derivative words 
 are subject. There are, however, many additional stems 
 and derivatives used in illustration, especially in the 
 chapter on Analysis. 
 
 TO THE TEACHER. 
 
 The pupil should be frequently examined in the tables contained in 
 this volume, as they illustrate etymologic laws, and contain useful in- 
 formation about words. They admit of several series of questions, in 
 one of which the words of the first column are intended to suggest 
 those of the second, and in the other, the latter must suggest the 
 former. Thus — 
 
 Q. What is the second form of Mater?' Ans. 'latter.* Q. What is 
 the shorter form of ' balsam ?' Ans. 'balm.' In what do they differ ? Ac. 
 In subsequent lessons this is to be reversed by asking for the other or 
 longer form of 'balm.' Sometimes questions may be taken at random 
 from etther column in the same lesson, or even from parts which have 
 not been studied. In pairs like ' flow-ing-flu-ent/ the pupil must be 
 able to distinguish the foreign suffix (-ent) from the indigenous one 
 (-ing) ; in triplets like ' ball-globe-sphere,' one word must suggest the 
 remaining two, and the forms must be distinguished as English, or as 
 based on, or derived from, Latin and Greek — because most of the words 
 
8 PREFACE. 
 
 from these languages do not appear under their original forms, but 
 have been adapted to French and English models. Thus the Latin 
 form of globe is GLOBUS, the Greek form of sphere sphaira (at in aiale). 
 The French forms are 'globe' and 'sphere' (S in there). 
 
 A false explanation must never be allowed, even when it is more 
 easily remembered than the true one. As -fy of beauti-fy (to give 
 beauty, make beautiful) may be preceded by several kinds of -i, this 
 vowel must not be got rid of by feigning that the -i of classis (class) 
 in class-i-fy, and the connective -i in person-i-fy, are parts of a pre- 
 tended suffix -ify, meaning to make. 
 
 Anglosaxon cannot properly be called either Old English, or Saxon. 
 
 In a word like 'suspend,' do not call bus a "form of auh" or a pupil 
 might (and should) ask if h can become «. 
 
 Speak of the primary meaning, not of the literal meaning of words. 
 
 Do not define 'ambition' as "literally, a going round to seek votes;" 
 or it will be the duty of the class to ask for the parts which literally 
 represent seek and vote. 
 
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Etymology treats of the derivation, structure, and 
 meaning of words. Words are signs of thought and 
 emotion, composed of vocal sounds used in the speech of 
 mankind. 
 
 English words are separable into the two classes of 
 speech-words and book-words. Speech-words are due to 
 the natural laws of speech and hearing. Book-words are 
 such as are judged by sight from their graphic substitutes 
 (their written or printed representatives), and as the 
 powers of the letters and combinations are in many cases 
 unknown, their forms are subject to perversion in at- 
 tempting to pronounce them. This often makes book- 
 words of speech-words, as in turning ' engine ' into ' en- 
 gine.' (See under Paropsis.) 
 
 Many words of a single syllable are derivatives, as 
 ' fife ' from ' pipe ;' ' gild ' from ' gold ;' ' yelp ' from ' yell ;' 
 'smelt' from 'melt;' 'use' from 'ut' of ut-il-it-y. Longer 
 words are built up of shorter parts, which, in most cases, 
 can be recognised and defined, and when we fail in our 
 attempts to analyse them, we have no right to conclude 
 that they are primitives, but on the contrary, we must 
 regard them as probable derivatives which may yield to 
 future analysis. This view includes words borrowed from 
 little-known tongues, such as ' ocelot ' from the Aztec of 
 Mexico; 'ipecacuanha' from Brasilian ; orang'ootau' 
 from Malay ; ' ginseng ' from Chinese. 
 
 The Romans invaded Britannia about the year 55 B.C. 
 and held it for nearly 500 years, or until about a.d. 420. 
 During this period, many Latin words were given to the 
 native British language, now known to us as Welsh. 
 
10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Roman troops having been withdrawn to defend 
 their own country, the next occupation was that of Low 
 German tribes, chiefly Angles and Saxons, dating from 
 about the year 450. The dialects of these tribes produced 
 a Teutonic language of the Low German stock, the 
 " seng-lisc " (Anglish) or Anglosaxon, from which English 
 is in part derived. But the two languages are more un- 
 like than Latin and Italian, or Swedish and Danish, and 
 an Anglosaxon book is more of a mystery to the average 
 Englishman than to a Hollander or a German. In fact, 
 we have reason to believe that an Anglosaxon could not 
 even pronounce such characteristic English words as ship, 
 chip, English, judge. 
 
 About 596, a number of ecclesiastics arrived under saint 
 Austin, giving a new impulse to a knowledge of Latin. 
 
 The Danes and Norwegians commenced their incursions 
 about the year 787, and were masters of England from 
 1013 to 1042. 
 
 In the year 1066 the Normans invaded and conquered 
 England, introducing Norman French, a language de- 
 rived from Latin, and having many affinities with lit- 
 erary French.* 
 
 Modern English is due to a fusion of Anglosaxon 
 (Anglish) and Norman, influenced by French, Latin, and 
 Greek, but many languages have contributed words to 
 make up its vocabulary. 
 
 In many cases when a word indicates a foreign object, 
 both belong to the same country, as the word and object 
 ' tea ' to China, and ' kangaroo ' to Australia ; but we 
 must be cautious in applying this fact, or we might sup- 
 pose 'teapoy' and 'mandarin' to be Chinese, but the 
 former is Hindoo, the latter is based on Portuguese, and 
 
 * Literary French is a later form than Norman, and dates from the fifteenth 
 century. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 ' pagoda ' on Persian. ' Sassafras ' and ' calumet ' are 
 French words indicating North American objects. In 
 a single science, besides the native word ' reckon,' Eng- 
 lish has gone to Arabic for ' cipher,' to Latin for ' cal- 
 culate,' ' compute ' or ' coun..t,' ' number ' or ' numerate,' 
 and to Greek for ' arithmetic' 
 
 Factitious words are such as ' vibgyor' — an acrostic 
 formed to indicate the order of the prismatic colors — 
 violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red. 
 Hebrew grammar has several factitious mnemonic words 
 formed out of letters which have certain qualities in com- 
 mon, and others are sometimes used in treatises on logic. 
 
 The names of the notes in music (such as sol, fa, mi) 
 are the initial syllables of words in a Latin hymn, and 
 singing with their aid is called solfaing, or s6l-mi-sation. 
 
 The names of the Greek letters give us "Alpha and 
 0-meg'a" beginning and end, from the first and last letter 
 of the Greek alphabet; alphabet is formed of the 
 first letter and the second, ' beta ;' gamut includes the 
 third letter ' gamma ' and the musical note ' ut ;' tlelta 
 and deltoid recal the Greek (a) triangular d; iota, 
 the smallest letter (/) of the Greek alphabet, corresponds 
 with Hebrew (') ' yod,' whence jot ; lambdoidal, 
 shaped like (a) Greek I; lainbdacism, improper use 
 of I, or its mispronunciation ; sigmoid, shaped like 
 the Greek small (f) sigma, or Roman ' S.' 
 
 A T-square ; an I-rail has the top and bottom alike ; a 
 U-magnet ; the ivyes (Y-shaped supports) of an engin- 
 eer's telescope. The A-level was known to the ancients. 
 
 Alchimists and early physicians invented factitious 
 words, often to keep their discoveries secret. Amalgam 
 is an anagram of the Greek mdlagma (a plaster). Para- 
 celsus (born about 1493) called mercury azoth, and con- 
 structed the word opodel'doc. 
 
12 
 
 CHAPTER 2. PHONOLOGY. 
 
 Phonology is the science of vocal ^unds as used in 
 speech. The same sounds do not occur in all languages. 
 German ^ is not present in French or English ; French 
 j {zh in ' azure ') is absent from German ; English th is 
 wanting in French and German, where it is commonly 
 pronounced t. 
 
 English and Greek have th in common, as heard in 
 ether, ethics, panther, theme, theory (which are slightly 
 varied from Greek originals ;) and the fact that we pro- 
 nounce Thomas, thyme, tunny, mint (the plant mentha), 
 tisic, guitar, acolyte, with t, indicates that we received 
 these words from speakers unacquainted with the proper th. 
 
 But asthma (= astma), isthmus, Esther (= ester), t'other 
 (the other), are due to the English dislike of two such 
 aspirates in the same syllable (causing dissimilation), and 
 for a like reason, ph has become p in ' diphthong ' — 
 
 My dolefuU dipthongs were my lifes* defpaires, Drayton, 1605. 
 
 In amaranth, hypothenuse, prothonotary, zgn'ith, th 
 stands for an earlier t, and ' Bosphorus ' is for ' Bosporus.' 
 
 Even when the same sounds are common to several 
 languages, they may occur in such positions in one of 
 them as to render the combinations unpronounceable in 
 another, as cl in ad, pt in apt, ps in lapse, which become 
 difficult to English organs when initial, as in the Greek 
 names — Ctesias, Ptolemy, Psyche. 
 
 • Observe that the later mode of writing ' life's ' with the mark indicating 
 an absent letter, was not in use in the older English. 
 
PHONOLOGY. 13 
 
 On account of such difficulties, borrowed words are 
 adapted to the speech habits of the borrowing nation ; 
 unusual combinations are modified ; difficult sounds are 
 replaced by such as the vocal organs are accustomed to 
 produce, or they cease to be used.* 
 
 The changes to which words are subject are sometimes 
 accidental, but in most cases they are due to definite laws 
 of speech, and when one sound takes the place of another, 
 the two are in many cases made with nearly the same 
 position of the organs, as d and t in bless-ed, bles-t ; t, d, 
 th, in gir-t, gir-d, gir-th ; /, v, in proof-prove ; or the slight 
 variation of vowel sounds in tale-tell ; seat-sit ; cag-keg. 
 We learn from such facts that 
 
 An acquaintance with the vocal sounds and with their 
 mutual relations, constitutes the first step in the study of 
 etymology. 
 
 The elements of speech are separable into vowels and 
 consonants, and when these names are mentioned, vocal 
 sounds are meant, and not alphabetic letters. 
 
 Vowels may be pronounced slowly or quickly, whence 
 they are styled long or short, as in the pairs arm art ; 
 naught not; owe o-bey; rule full; weigh (or way) 
 weight (or wait) ; marine (or seen) deceit ; there merry. 
 
 The vowels of * there' and 'ask' are not used in some places. The 
 short vowels heard in *it* and *fat' are never long in good English. 
 Long vowels are often indicated as in ' arm' and short ones in ' &rt.' 
 
 According to the Greeks and Komans, the most noble 
 of the vowels is that of 'Arm ' — Italian ' a ' — made with 
 the mouth well opened, as described by the ancient gram- 
 marians. Closing the mouth from this Ah towards the 
 
 * The broken English of a Frenchman is not that of a German, a Chinese, 
 or a Cherokee. In a book of " facts " (Cincinnati, 1874), the pretended broken 
 English of a Cherokee ghost appears, in which the Narragansett words squaw 
 and papoose are given without a balk, although 3q (sk) do not occur thus 
 together, nor does p or b exist in the language. 
 2 
 
14 PHONOIiOGY. 
 
 lips, we get the vowel O, ■ then oo in ' rlUe ;' closing 
 towards the throat, we get those of 'wEigh' and of 
 ' machine.' These constitute the five Latin vowels, and 
 when spoken of as I,atin (German, Spanish), these 
 powers constitute their names, namely — oo, o, ah, eigh, 
 ee, as in the following table of the affinities of the five 
 primary vowels, to which some languages are restricted. 
 
 A 
 
 O E 
 
 U I 
 
 00 ah ay ee. 
 
 This vowel scale should be run with the voice in both directions, 
 until it is thoroughly known. The place of French 'u' (German ' ii,' 
 Anglosaxon and Danish 'y,' Greek v) is between U (oo) and I (ee), and 
 German 'o* (French *eu') comes between and E (ay). 
 
 The English vowels are heard in pull, pool (French 
 ' ou,' German ' u '), ode, odd, aiFed (between ode and 
 arm), arm, up, ask, add, there, them, pity, field. 
 
 When the vowels of pull and of field are closed upon, 
 the former becomes the labial liquid consonant of Woo, 
 and the latter the guttural liquid of ye. They may be 
 closed so slightly as to be mistaken for vowels, as in oivl, 
 out ; boy, oil ; aisle ; buoy (properly boo-y), where they 
 are coalescents. They are joined to vowels, with which 
 they make single syllables. If they were themselves 
 vowels they would add a syllable, as in going from ' cloy' 
 with one vowel, to ' claw-y ' with two vowels. 
 
 What is commonly called a dipthong (or diphthong) is 
 a coalescent preceded by an added (an epenthetic) vowel 
 which is inserted to make it pronounceable, as in ' cow,' 
 which could not arise from Anglosaxon ' cu ' (pronounced 
 ' coo ') by closing its oo vowel towards w, without inter- 
 posing a vowel. 
 
PHONOLOGY. 15 
 
 In general, although dipthongs may turn to vowels by 
 losing an element, vowels are older than dipthongs ; hence, 
 the verb 'live' is older than the adjective 'live,' the 
 second o of ' ooronal ' is older than ow in ' crown,' and 
 ' genteel ' in its modern spelling, is older than ' gentile.' 
 
 Consonants are voiced (or sonant) ; and voiceless (or 
 surd) — 
 
 Voiced w, m,b, v;l,n,d,dh('then');r,z;zh;y,ng,ga7. 
 
 Voiceless wh, .. p,f;.. .. t, th ('thin'); .. s; sh; .. k; h. 
 
 The liquids — w, I, r, y, are made with the mouth 
 organs about half closed. 
 
 The mutes have the mouth organs nearly or entirely 
 
 closed. They include the spirants or voiced aspirates — 
 
 V, dli, z, zli, (and i in 'soldier' when not pronounced 
 
 •'soldjer') — and the aspirates or voiceless continuants — 
 
 irli, f, til, s, sh, h — the last being a laryngal. 
 
 The initial of 'hew' (yh-y-oo) belongs here, and also the sound fol- 
 lowing ( in 'courtier' when it is not pronounced with tah. 
 
 The nasals or nasal mutes are m, n, ng, — m being 
 a nasal b, n a, nasal d, eng a nasal gay. 
 
 The voiced abrupt mutes b, d, gay, can be sounded 
 alone. The voiceless abrupt mutes p, t. It, cannot be 
 sounded alone, as those pretend who, for detached p, t, k, 
 give p'h in ' haphazard,' t'h in ' at hand,' and k^h in ' pack- 
 horse.' 
 
 Voice Is due to the vocal ligaments, which are situated one on each 
 side of a narrow fissure. When at rest, as in breathing, or in making 
 voiceless consonants, these ligaments stand apart posteriorly, leaving a 
 somewhat triangular opening; but when voice is wanted, they are 
 brought nearly together in a parallel position, when the passing breath 
 causes them to sound, as the reed of a clarinet is sounded. The sing- 
 ing voice requires a narrower aperture than the speech voice. In a 
 succession like titltatl, the ligaments must separate for every t and close 
 for I and the vowels, and in rapid speech there may be sixteen motions 
 or changes in a second of time. 
 
16 PHONOLOGY. 
 
 In ' duty-duteous ' there is no change of ' y ' to ' e,' but 
 the reverse, the e {of they) in old English ' du'te' (=doo- 
 tay) having been preserved in spelling ' duteous,' and 
 replaced with the later 'y ' and ' i ' in spelling ' duty ' and 
 ' dutiful.' 
 
 There is no interchange of ' e ' and ' i ' in ' bile-bilious,' 
 the ' e ' being a inark to show that the word is no longer 
 ' bil ' but ' bile.' 
 
 In ' stable-stabir(ity),' there is no addition of i, because 
 the accent on bil' caused it to retain the vowel which 
 ' sta'ble ' has lost ; and ' tabulate ' preserves the u which 
 has disappeared from ' tab,.le,' 
 
 ETYMOLOGIC CHAET. 
 
 
 cA.r 
 aw earth 
 
 Ox 
 o 
 ooze 
 
 full 
 out 
 "Way 1 
 
 ax 
 
 ell 
 ale 
 
 eel, ill 
 aisle 
 r soldier yay 
 
 b,v d,dli 
 p,f t,tli 
 
 z zli gay 
 s sit k.cay. 
 
 m n 
 
 Labials, dentals, 
 
 eng 
 
 sigmals, palatals, gutturals. 
 
17 
 
 CHAPTER 3. MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 Morphology is the science of (Gr. mSrpb^') form, and 
 is here applied to the forms of words as developed by the 
 various kinds of mutation, and other causes to be ex- 
 plained as we proceed. Mutation is the replacement or 
 substitution of elements, and when the change occurs 
 between vowels, we may term it 
 
 INTERMUTATION. 
 
 We have examples of intermutation in the following 
 
 pairs of allied words — 
 
 cat kitten share shear sane sanity 
 
 clench clinch scum skim antique antiquity 
 
 literal letter mode mood gleam glimmer 
 
 they them flow fluid gold gild 
 
 PERMUTATION. 
 
 Permutation is the mutation or interchange of conso- 
 nants of the same contact, including allied vowels, as in 
 those of the lip contact, which produces the 
 
 Labials — b, v, p, f, pli, m, w, ivh — u, oo. 
 
 Jacobus Ja..mes 
 liberate de-liver 
 lieu leftenant* 
 lip labial [ous 
 
 mischief mischiev- 
 con-nubial nuptial 
 pauper poverty 
 dip dive 
 
 * In 'lieutenant' the old 'u' as v would become /before (, as in 'leave-left.* 
 Formerly ' bi leue ' represented both believe and belief. 
 
 Euen, neuly, neuer, feuer, relieu'd, yuel, were 
 read even, newly, never, fever, relieved, evil, 
 
 and eu of 'eupliony' became ev in 'evangelist.' Drayton (edition of 1613) 
 has 'unrelieved' in the line — 
 
 And V n r e 1 i e u*d njay >yander where fhe will. 
 
 2* B 
 
 ab-sorb ab-sorption 
 brevity briefness 
 bursar purser 
 cheapen chafTer 
 clavicle clef 
 crab crawf-ish 
 cupidity covetousness 
 de-clivity clilT 
 
 de-ceptive de-ceive 
 du-plic-ate dou-ble 
 febrile feverish 
 folk vulg-ar 
 half halve 
 imbibe beverage 
 in-cub-ate cov-ey 
 
18 
 
 MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 phantom fantasy 
 pick bicker 
 pipe fife 
 rabid ravo 
 rap-ine rav-age 
 recipient receiver 
 rob rove be-ref-t 
 
 revolve revolution 
 sapid savory 
 separate sever 
 serve serf 
 slobber slav'er 
 soluble solvable 
 stipe stub 
 
 stafT stave 
 sup-erior sove-ran 
 triple treble 
 verbena vervain 
 wine vinous 
 winnow fan 
 whiz f iz 
 
 cannab-ine can..v-as hemT> 
 drip dribble drivel 
 plate blade flat 
 probe prove proof 
 
 scurf scurvy scorbutic 
 scribe scrivener script 
 tripod trivet three-foot 
 web weave woof 
 
 Dentals — 19 d, t, dli, tli, n* 
 
 baluster banister faith fidelity mind mental 
 
 blessed bles..t father paternal node ^not 
 
 burden burthen float flood tenuity thinness 
 
 ed'ible eatable gird girth girt three trey 
 
 Sigmals — r, S, z, as in query quiz question — 
 
 cbair chaise Etrurian Etruscan sign resign 
 
 advice advise hurra huzza this these 
 
 Gutturals— y, gay, gli, Ic, cay, eh (= d) and k),.iig, 
 
 legal loyal aquil-ine eagle chol-er gall yell-ow (p. 90) 
 
 crypt grotto acrid eager lake lag-oon loc^ 
 
 dig dike sec-tion seg-ment ocul-ar og..le eye 
 
 trac-tion drag pig-ment pic-ture reg-nant roy-al rec-tor 
 
 click clang gar-den yard peg peck pique peak pick pike 
 
 In proo^proTe, and similar forms, a voiceless (surd) 
 consonant indicates a noun or adjective, and a voiced 
 (sonant) one a verb, as in — 
 
 abuse n- abuse v. descent descend 
 
 advice advise diffuse diffuse 
 
 belief believe excuse excuse 
 
 brass braze fros-t freeze 
 
 breath breathe gilt gild 
 
 choice choose glass glaze 
 
 close close grass graze 
 
 cloth clothe grease grease 
 
 grip grab 
 half halve 
 
 house house 
 life live 
 loath a. loathe 
 loss lose 
 mouth mouthe 
 peace ap-pease 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 19 
 
 portent portend 
 pur'pose propose' 
 refuse refuse' 
 relief relieve 
 rent n. rend 
 
 reproof reprove 
 safe save 
 sheaf sheave 
 shelf shelve 
 teeth teethe 
 
 tenth ti..the 
 thief thieve 
 troth betrothe 
 use use 
 wreath wreathe 
 
 TRANSMUTATION 
 
 is the passing of consonants from one contact to another. 
 The end and middle of the tongue being employed in 
 making the dentals, sigmals, and palatals, 
 
 Usli 
 
 t,th 
 1,11 
 d 
 
 r 
 
 z 
 
 Sll 
 
 zh 
 
 d-zh 
 
 these lingual elements are readily interchanged, as in 
 
 alkanet arkanet capital chapter has hath 
 
 wit wisdom 
 Shetland Zetland 
 pulse pu..sh 
 cartouch (sb) cartridge 
 
 peregrine piL.grim 
 gross great 
 rose rhodium 
 Nipon Japan 
 
 sloop shallop 
 zealous jealous 
 benzoin benjamin 
 zircon jargon 
 
 Formation of t-sh. 
 The base of the tongue is less flexible and has less 
 room than the outer portion, and being particularly 
 crowded by the narrow throat aperture required by the 
 vowels of thee, thin, egg, veil or vale (however written), 
 there is a tendency to force the gutturals toward the 
 middle mouth. This action turned ' cool ' into ' chill ' 
 when it took the narrow vowel ; old English ' yerk ' 
 became 'jerk;' Angl. 'cinn' (^kin) became 'chin;' old 
 French 'gay' (a bird) became English 'jay' — which has 
 the narrow vowel of they ; and the spelling of " gaol " 
 could not prevent it from becoming jail. 
 
20 MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 Anglosaxon 'c' {cay) was h before all the vowels. It 
 remains in many English words, such as ' cetel ' kettle 
 
 baecere baker cancer canker macian make 
 
 oind kind, (sort) cing king sioel sickle 
 
 Anglosaxon cay became Norman tshay in some English 
 words, as in — 
 
 olio chalk cidan chide cist chest 
 
 ceaf chaff cild child hnc finch 
 
 The mutation of cay to an s-sound is due chiefly to 
 French, and is present in many book-words, as in the 
 second of the pairs — 
 
 critic criticise practic practice nocuous nocent 
 
 crocus croceous ranlt rancid deduct deduce 
 
 Cay may remain pure in words derived from Latin, or 
 it may be partially displaced by Norman ishay ; and as a 
 result, English has been enriched with double forms like — 
 
 arc arch captain chieftain canal' chan'nel 
 
 calyx chalice car-t chariot portico porch 
 
 Formerly (owing to Norman influence) this mutation 
 arose in English words, as in — 
 
 bank bench deck thatch hook hitch 
 
 cool chill flake flitch market merchant 
 
 Such pairs start as synonyms, but in time the forms acquire different 
 meanings, when it may happen that the older form does not retain the 
 older idea, as it does in ' bank-bench ' — banks as of earth being older 
 than benches made of wood. In 'book-beech,* although books are so 
 named because they were made of thin flakes of beech, the newer idea 
 of a book became associated with the older vocable, while the newer 
 word became the representative of the tree. In Angtosaxon, 'b<5c' was 
 both beech and hook, but, as a tree, there was a second form (b6ce) 
 which resulted in the modern 'beech.* 
 
 This mutation may indicate a change of verbs to nouns, 
 but some of both forms may be used in both senses, as in — 
 
 bake batch break breach speak speech 
 
 blank blanch take touch wake watch 
 
MOEPHOLOGY. 21 
 
 Latin 'c' {cay) became French 'ch' with the power of 
 tah as heard in — chaise, charade, charlatan, ch&teau, 
 machine (derived from Greek) — but the A-sound in 
 ' machinate ' points it out as a book-word. 
 
 We may have three such forms, according to their 
 source. The first preserves the Latin cay, the second has 
 Norman tsh&y (in chip), and the third and latest has 
 French ' ch ' (esA) in ' machine.' (See Norman and French 
 examples in the Appendix.) 
 
 h tah all h tali ah 
 
 Caroline Charles Charlotte capital chaplet chapeau 
 
 camp champion champaign cast-le Chest-er oh^..t-eau 
 
 candle chandler chandelier cavalier chivalry chevalier 
 
 Formation of d-zh. 
 As Uhay stands to cay, dzhay stands to gay, 
 and may arise from any of the guttural consonants, in- 
 cluding the allied vowels of ale, ill, eel, but these must 
 first pass through yay (English ' y,' Latin and German 
 ' J,' yota, yod,) which accounts for the letter ' J ' being an 
 English representative of dzhay. 
 
 extraneous strange hyacinth* Jacinth ex-coriate s-courge 
 gaflf javelin hang hinge mayor majot 
 
 gibberish jabber drag dredge target targe 
 
 In the following, d-zh arises from a A-sound, and t-sh 
 from a gay-sound — 
 
 bark barge bulk bulge Pergamus parchment 
 
 duke doge crook cringe rank range 
 
 Some nations find the concurrence of three vowels in- 
 convenient, and when such sounds are brought together 
 by the loss of an intermediate consonant, if the middle 
 vowel of the three happens to be ' i ' or ' e,' it passes 
 
 * Here, if by- bad been pronoanced high^ as in the modern word, the 
 change to jas'lnth could not have occurred. 
 
22 MOEPHOLOGY. 
 
 through the guttural semivowel yay to dzh&j. Thus in 
 dropping v from abbreviate we get (abbrciate, abrey- 
 ate,) abridge. The loss of v from diluvi(al) gave 
 delu..ge ; p dropped from sapi-ent (wise) left sa..ge ; Iv 
 from salvia (the plant) left a different sa..ge; the loss 
 of a j9 from old French pipion turned it into pigeon ; and 
 GOBi-o (genitive case gobion-is,) the Latin name of a 
 fish, has given both ' goby ' and ' gudgeon.' 
 Dzh may arise from dX through dy, as in — 
 
 diurnal journal vindicate venge-anoe Cambodia gamboge 
 
 Formation of esli and zhay. 
 
 English esh is mostly due to 8-h, the h being palatalised 
 (brought up to the arch of the palate) by the influence 
 of s. That is, aa esh \s formed with a part of the tongue 
 lying between the points where s and k are made [see the 
 chart], instead of taking them in succession, the tongue 
 falls between them, as in — 
 
 disc dish scale shale "I scuffle shuffle 
 
 fresco fresh skull shell J skiff ship 
 
 scatter shatter scoop shov-el skipper shipper 
 
 The eah sound is also due to yay (mostly from \, 2, 
 and the y of ' u ' or yod) drawn to the palatal position 
 by a i or an «-sound, as in notion, pension, vicious 
 (=vish-us), ocean (=6sh-an) where the esA-sound is due 
 to the ' e ' of oceanic (= o-se-an-ic). The y of yoo becomes 
 the esh heard in ' pressure ' (= presh-ur) and the zh in 
 ' casual ' (= cazh-oo-al).* 
 
 The neglect of the t in 'ostiar' (of ostiar-y) leaves 
 o8..iar, in which departing a draws forward and trans- 
 
 * In all these cases, it is improper to say that *c,' ' t,' ' s,' before 'i' or ' e,' 
 "and another vowel, have the powerof sh" for being themselves the repre- 
 sentatives of the i/i, ' i ' and ' e ' do uot represent vowels at the same time. 
 
MOEPHOLOGY. 23 
 
 mutes the vowel i into esh, leaving its place vacant before 
 a, so that a new form ' usher ' results, in this manner — 
 
 OST-IAEy 
 O S .. I A R 
 
 e r 
 
 As the i of Latin eXt-i-o reason (genitive case EATi5N-is) 
 is dvav/n forward to form esh in ' rational ' (= rash-onal), 
 and the t of the same word is drawn back to the s-position 
 in ' reason,' it is evident that there is no mutation here of 
 s in ' reason ' and esh in ' rational.' Their relation to the 
 Latin stem ration- (with true i) may be shown thus — 
 
 RA T — ION 
 
 r a .. .. sh.. n al 
 r ea .. s .. .. o n 
 
 where T falls back and becomes s, while 1 falls forward 
 to become esh. 
 
 Imitatives. 
 
 In general, imitative sounds are not intended to be 
 exact copies, but allied forms adapted to human speech, 
 as ' buzz,' in which b and a vowel are added to the z 
 which is imitated. We have examples in 
 
 click clack clock gag giggle hiss hush hum humble-bee (bumble-bee is 
 Scotch) boom hubbub bubble mumble mutter myow (Ger. miau) peewee 
 puff rattle rush tattoo tinkle whipperwill whisper whiz whistle toucan 
 
 Reduplication. 
 Reduplicate words are formed of repetitions of sound, 
 as in murmur, singsong, chitchat, hurdigurdy, teetotal. 
 
 Alliteration 
 is the repetition of an element, as r in 'trowsers' from 
 old English ' trouses,' the r of which suggested its repe- 
 tition. 
 
24 
 
 MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 Dimorphism. 
 
 In the course of time a word may appear under two 
 forms, a result which is on this account named di-morph- 
 ism, but the term is not necessary, because such forms 
 may be more than two, as metal-mettle-medal, and many 
 of them occur under other heads, such as Mutation (as 
 in sip-sup-sop-soup, peak-beak,) and Par'esis (as in his- 
 tory-story). We have examples of dimorphism in — 
 
 adamant diamond 
 admittible admissible 
 assay essay- 
 ballad ballet 
 base basis 
 beckon beacon 
 
 bom borne 
 calyx cbalice 
 canker cancer 
 card chart 
 carmine crimson 
 cave cove 
 
 chicory succory 
 
 clot clod 
 
 contagious contiguous 
 
 complement compliment 
 
 convey convoy 
 
 corsair courser 
 
 covered covert 
 crate grate 
 crocodile cockatrice 
 
 a large a Tabulous 
 reptile. beJDg. 
 
 cud quid 
 custom costume 
 
 devote devout 
 dilate delay 
 disk dish 
 drag'on dragoon' 
 dungeon donjon 
 ed'ible eatable 
 
 etiquette ticket 
 feeble foible 
 flee fly 
 font fount 
 freight fraught 
 genteel gentle 
 
 granite garnet 
 gullet gully 
 hale heal 
 hedge haw 
 "holyday holiday 
 huge high 
 
 hu'man humane' 
 incessant unceasing 
 infract infringe 
 later latter 
 legal loyal 
 levator lifter 
 
 lev'y lev'ee 
 liquor liqueur 
 mayor major 
 memory memoir 
 minute minuet 
 mode mood 
 
 obeisant obedient 
 off of 
 
 oration orison 
 patron pattern [ble 
 perceptible perceiva- 
 person parson 
 
 plan plain 
 pistil pestle 
 portico porch 
 potion poison 
 probable provable 
 prune plum 
 
 pungent poignant 
 rap'ine ravine 
 
 seizure ; a gorge formed 
 violence. by violence- 
 ratio ration 
 ration reason 
 rectangle rightangle 
 
 regal royal 
 remit remiss 
 rod rood 
 
 resin rosin 
 sane sound 
 Ecallion shallot 
 
 statue statute 
 suit suite 
 taste test 
 sequent second 
 then than 
 ti..ed ti^7;t 
 
 urban urbane 
 wake-ful watch-ful 
 walk waltz 
 ward guard 
 warden guardian 
 zealous jealous 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 25 
 
 Accent makes the difference between- 
 
 antio antique 
 critic critique 
 relic relfque 
 
 con'jure conjure' 
 
 des'ert desert' 
 differ defer' 
 
 di'vers diverse' 
 Latin lateen' 
 min'ute minute' 
 
 The same word has different spellings in- 
 
 bark barque 
 champagne champaign 
 draught draft 
 
 flour* flower 
 mantle mantel 
 metre meter 
 
 plane plain 
 rough ruff 
 sailor sailer 
 
 • Immortal Amarant, a Flour which once 
 In Paradife, faft by the Tree of Life 
 Began to bloom, Milton, Par. Loft ed. 1678, bk 3, 1. 353. 
 
26 
 
 CHAPTEE 4. SYNTHESIS. 
 
 The synthesis (Greek thesis a placing, syn together,) of 
 words, is a placing together and arrangement of the parts 
 which compose them. 
 
 Compound ■words are such as are made of two or 
 more integral* or entire words, but they are not always 
 separable from other derivatives. In most cases the final 
 portion is the principal word which the earlier part de- 
 fines. The parts of many compounds are easily recog- 
 nised, as in handloomweaver, welfare, farewell — 
 
 almshouse 
 
 hearsay 
 
 overhear 
 
 stronghold 
 
 waylay 
 
 barefoot 
 
 heartsease 
 
 rainbow 
 
 threadbare 
 
 welcome 
 
 blackbird 
 
 homespun 
 
 sandpaper 
 
 timepiece 
 
 wildgoose 
 
 carthorse 
 
 horseman 
 
 sandpiper 
 
 undercurrent 
 
 whirlwind 
 
 gadabout 
 
 hourglass 
 
 seagull 
 
 vineyard 
 
 woodcut 
 
 grapeshot 
 
 necklace 
 
 selfacting 
 
 warehouse 
 
 windmill 
 
 hailstorm 
 
 overboard 
 
 sideboard 
 
 waterproof 
 
 millwork 
 
 In other cases their composition and actual meaning 
 
 are less obvious, as in — 
 
 brimstone, from old English ' brinnen ' to burn. 
 
 blockhouse (Ger. 'block' a log,) a log fort. 
 
 eyesore something offensive to the sight. 
 
 furlong, originally, the length of a furrow. 
 
 quagmire an unsteady, quaking, miry bog. 
 
 gangway a passage way, — from Angl. 'gang' a going. 
 
 liartsliorn a preparation of ammonia, formerly pro- 
 cured from the horns of the hart or stag. 
 
 * Commonly called simple, but in 'grasshopper,' -while 'hopper' is an integ- 
 ral word, it is not simple. 
 
SYNTHESIS. 27 
 
 hawtliorit a liedge-thorn, — Angl. 'haga' hedge, haw. 
 lodestar (Angl. 'lad' a way, a voyage; 'ladman' a 
 
 leader, a pilot,) the polestar, from guiding. 
 redstart a bird with a red (Dut. staart) tail. 
 iiOstriLs old Eag. ' nose-thirles,' ' nosthrils,' from thirl, 
 
 thrill to bore. 
 stepson (Angl. ' st^pan ' to bereave,) a son who has 
 
 lost a parent and acquired another by the marriage of 
 
 the remaining parent. 
 ^valrus German ' walross ' whale-horse ; Anglosaxon 
 
 ' hors-hvotl ' (k in at, ' v ' as w) horse-whale. 
 windfall fruit or branches thrown down by the wind ; 
 
 hence, an unexpected advantage. 
 
 In a word like 'idolatry,' composed of 'idol,' and 
 '-latry ' (worship) — as speech is without hyphens, we can- 
 not indicate the parts on the blackboard either as ido-latry 
 or idol-atry, because the two I's of the Greek original 
 (6id6lolatr6fa) are represented by a single I to which 
 both parts have a claim, but as the accent of idol'atry 
 would tend to preserve the first I, it is rather the second 
 which has been neglected, and we may represent the word 
 by " idol-..atry," where the dots indicate the neglected I. 
 
 Development of Meanings. 
 
 As there are fewer words than ideas, they are often 
 used to represent wide ranges of meaning, both in their 
 iu'tegral and in their compound forms. If therefore we 
 limit the definition of a stem or a word to its primary 
 idea, its connection with its derivatives may seem doubt- 
 ful, and on this account a sufficient number of meanings 
 must be cited to show the successive steps. 
 
 Among the English derivatives of Latin put-aee we 
 find ' am-put-ate ' to cut (am-) around, to cut off; ' com- 
 
28 SYNTHESIS. 
 
 pute ' to count ; ' re-pute ' to think, to hold in the mind. 
 Eeferring to put-aee in the dictionary, we find that it 
 means to clean; to trim, prune, lop, as vines ; hence, (from 
 the idea of keeping vines in order) to arrange, adjust : to 
 adjust accounts, reckon, compute ; to thi^k over, suppose j to 
 judge, form an opinion. 
 
 By such extensions, pond-us (a weight, gen. pondeeis.) 
 gives PONDEE-AEE to Weigh ; to weigh in the mind, whence 
 ' ponder ;' and libea (a level, a pair of scales) suggested 
 the mental process of ' deliberatiori.' 
 
 Hence, to 'ponder' is to think over a subject without the test of a 
 proper experiment, while to ' deliberate ' implies an accuracy like that 
 which results from the use of a pair of scales. 
 
 An error is sometimes made in defining ' conspirators ' 
 as those who breathe (con-) together ; but spie-ake means 
 to blow as well as to breathe, and on taking the prefix, 
 CONSPIRAEE drops the idea of breathing, and means to 
 blow together, as a band of trumpeters ; next, in natural 
 order, to harmonise, to be in accord ; afterwards, to accord 
 in sentiment ; finally, to plot, conspire, form a conspiracy. 
 Spieare also means to exhale, whence ' perspire.' 
 
 Originally, when nerves and sinews were not distin- 
 guished, NEEV-us meant sinew, nerve, guitar-siring ; and 
 figuratively, force, vigor, energy, whence 'nervous' in 
 the sense of vigorous; but as the nerves (in their re- 
 stricted sense) are connected with sensation, timid people 
 are said to have "weak nerves," to be "nervous," and to 
 " lack nerve." A nervous man cannot make a nervous 
 speech. 
 
 Words like ' mythology ' (mythos fable, -log-Ja science,) 
 are often referred to 'logos' {word, speech, discourse,) 
 which leads the student to the false inference that -os of 
 'logos' became -y in ' mytholog-y,' and that this word is 
 • mythologos ' in Greek ; but when the two parts are thus 
 
SYNTHESIS. 29 
 
 conjoined, a new meaning results, in which -logos repre- 
 sents the person, for ' mythologos ' means mythologist, and 
 his study takes the form of 'mytholog^ia,' of which the 
 formative i readily falls into final English -y. 
 
 Hibridity. 
 
 Hibridity is the union in a single word, of parts taken 
 from more than one language. In most cultivated lan- 
 guages this is regarded as a fault, but from the mixed 
 nature of English, it cannot be entirely avoided. 
 
 ' Ail-ment,' ' talk-ative,' and ' whims-ic-al ' are English, 
 with Latin suffixes : ' companion-ship ' (for fellowship) 
 and ' venture-some ' (for adventurous) are varied from 
 Latin, and have English suffixes : ' pyro-lignic ' is Greek 
 and Latin : ' martyr-dom ' is Greek and English : ' scholar- 
 ship ' is Greek, Latin, and English. 
 
 Eduction and Absorption. 
 As m is a nasal b, if its nasality be stopped too soon, 
 mb will result, which accounts for the difierence between 
 ' numer-ous ' and 'number;' 'humility' and 'humble,' 
 where b is educed from m. ' Spin-er ' (spinner) acquired 
 an educed d from n, which was afterwards absorbed by 
 the d, leaving ' spi..der ' of which the first syllable was 
 lengthened as a compensation for the loss of n. 
 
 Bpenthesis 
 is the addition of elements, chiefly to facilitate pronuncia- 
 tion. It adds an element which turns ' special ' into 
 ' especial ' and ' coaler ' into ' collier.' Such epenthetic ad- 
 ditions are at first meaningless, but they may become 
 significant, as in marking the difference between the pairs 
 
 state e-state squire e-squire scutcheon e-scutoheon spy e-spy 
 3* 
 
30 ' SYNTHESIS. 
 
 Epenthetic connectives appear in petr-i-fy, myst- 
 i-fy, stell-i-form, ge-O-graphy, witti-C-ism, tobacco-n-ist, 
 ego-t-ist, black-»-moor, — there being no such words or 
 inflections as petri, mysti, stelli, geo, wittic, -ify, -iform. 
 
 Metath'esis 
 is a transpodiion or displacement of elements, as in put- 
 ting the r of ' three ' after the vowel in ' third.' In the 
 following examples, the lines of the mark X indicate the 
 transposed letters. 
 
 burn 
 
 curl 
 
 foliage 
 
 frith 
 
 granary 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ■ X 
 
 brand 
 
 cruller 
 
 foil 
 
 firth 
 
 garner 
 
 Induction 
 is the influence of classes of words, as when drift, gift, lift, 
 &c., indxice ' cliff"' to become ' clift.' Poland, for the Ger- 
 man name ' Polen,' is due to names like ' Scotland ' and 
 
 ' Finland.' 
 
 Oto'sis 
 
 is an error of ear, a mis-hearing, as in making ' sapsago ' 
 (a kind of cheese) out of the German ' schabzieger,' or 
 in turning the old English guttural gh into / in words 
 like ' rough ' and ' tough.' 
 
 William Caxton (who introduced printing into Eng- 
 land about the year 1474,) mentions an ancient Greek 
 philosopher as Peter Gower.* 
 
 Siradzhu-d-daula, viceroy of Bengal, who took Calcutta 
 in 1756, was mentioned in newspapers of the period as 
 Sir Roger Dowler. 
 
 A famous mountain pass in India named Sakrl-gali 
 (from sakrd narrow, gali a pass,) is known to the English 
 as Sickly-gully. 
 
 * By a farther perversion of the old French form Pytagore, of the book- 
 word Pythag'oras. 
 
SYNTHESIS. 31 
 
 Parasyn'esis 
 (Gr. syngsis comprehension ; para' aside, amiss,) a misun- 
 derstanding or misconception of a word all of which is 
 present, as when 'Chinese' is supposed to be a plural, 
 and capable of furnishing ' Chinee' in the singular num- 
 ber. By thus dropping a supposed plural -s or -es, we 
 have formed cyclop (but 'cyclops' is in use), efEgy, potato 
 (batatas), pirate, pyrite, satrap, specie (but ' species ' re- 
 mains), stalactite. 
 
 specie-bottle, a wide-mouthed bottle used for species of drugs. 
 molasses (properly melasse) is a plural form used as singular; so is 
 wages, but this was afterwards made plural, with 'wage' in the 
 
 singular. 
 riches is a singular (Fr. richesse) used as a plural. 
 
 French ficrevisse, old English cre'vis and cre'vish became English 
 crayf-ish and crawf-ish — the latter part of the word being mis- 
 taken for Jiah, 
 
 Partly by otosis and partly by parasynesis Fr. saliJre (a salt dish) 
 has become salt-oellar ; and 'asparagus' has been mistaken for 'spar- 
 rowgrass.' 
 
 Analepsy 
 is the reparation or amendment of words which have 
 become obscure from a real or supposed loss of parts or 
 meanings. 
 
 The suffix -ster formerly indicated females, as in spin-ster 
 (a female spinn-er,) song-ster (a female sing-er,) but when 
 -ster lost its force, the original meaning of ' songster ' was 
 restored by adding -ess, as in song-str-ess and seam-str-ess. 
 
 The expression " I 'd rather " is often amended with " I 
 had rather,'' where ' had ' is an error for ' would.' 
 
 The Greek words cyn-ic, niim-ic, mus-ic, log-ic, rhetor-ic, 
 started as adjectives, and when they became English nouns, 
 and an adjective form was required, -al was added, whence 
 not only cyn-ic-al, mus-ic-al, log-ic-al, rhetor-ic-al, but 
 also inductive (p. 30) forms like angel-ic-al, cou-ic-al. 
 
32 SYNTHESIS. 
 
 cub-ic-al, despot-ic-al," emphat-ic-al, method-ic-al, sym- 
 metr-ic-al, cylindr-ic-al, spher-ic-al, where -al is useless. 
 
 The formative U of con-tin-u-ous losing its force, the 
 word was patched with -al, forming con-tin-u-al, -ous 
 representing the Latin nominative sign -us. 
 
 "We have -ate and -ed (forms of the same suffix) in 
 dement-ate, dement-ed, dement-at-ed ; serr-at-ed ; lun-at-ed. 
 
 'Historian' started in Greek as 'histor' (a personal 
 noun in -tor, like sculp-tor), whence the secondary noun 
 'historia' (history), and this served as a base for the 
 English personal noun ' historian,' which contains the 
 personal idea twice. So 'augur' (a soothsayer) has a 
 second form ' augurer ;' and the Hebrew plural cherub-im 
 sometimes appears as cherub-im-s, 'lesser' and 'nearer' 
 ('near' being an old comparative of 'nigh') are partly 
 due to this head, and partly to the induction (p. 30) of 
 comparatives in -er. 
 
 Buphemism 
 sometimes affects the form of a word, as when the name 
 of a locality is changed from Hellgate to Hurlgate. An 
 attempt to anglicise the German name ' Kre'ty ' resulted 
 in the Irish form ' Grady,' and the Irish name ' Prunty ' 
 took the Greek form ' Bront6.' 
 
 Representation. 
 
 When shortened words are compared with their orig- 
 inals, care must be taken to determine the neglected 
 elements, or laws of speech and of etymology will be 
 perverted. At the first view, an interchange of m and 
 n seems to be present in 'name' and 'noun,' but the 
 base ' nomin ' of ' nomin-al ' gives n to nou..n and m to 
 name.., these two consonants being representatives and 
 not mutations of each other in these words. 
 
 The ai of ' rail ' has not become u in ' rule,' but the 
 
SYNTHESIS. 33 
 
 latter represents the former next the r of eegtjla, from 
 ■which ' rail ' retains the first, second, and fifth elements 
 (REguLa), while 'rule' retains the first, fourth, and 
 fifth (RegULa), when the neglect of 'eg' brings u to the 
 second place. 
 
 In going from ' pulver(ise) ' to ' powder,' v seems to 
 become d, or d seems a permutation of I, — but v was lost 
 from old English pould..er (= poolder), the oo of which 
 became ow in ' powder,' and d was educed from I before it 
 was neglected. 
 
 Care must be taken not to mistake examples of repre- 
 sentation for those of mutation, as in ' delu..ge ' from 
 DiLDviu" (p. 22), where 'ge' (=dzh) is a mutation of 
 the vowel, to which it has an etymologic relation, whilst 
 it has merely a representative relation to the lost v. 
 Similarly, an epenthetic e before bo, and the subsequent 
 loss of the s, seems to point to an affinity between e (6 in 
 they) and s in French and English, which does not exist — 
 
 scarlet stable spine scripture scum school 
 
 €..carlate €.. table €..pine 6..cri..ture €..cume €..cole 
 
 In Greek and Latin, ts, ds, are not sequents (t, d, are 
 not followed by «), consequently, if participial s is re- 
 quired after d ov t,as in pro-vide-pro-vid-s-ion ; re-mit- 
 re-mit-S-ion, the dental (t or d) is either dropped or 
 assimilated, forming pro-vi..s-ion (where the d is dropped) 
 and re-miss-ion (where t is assimilated, as shown by the 
 doubled s in Latin). This change makes s the represen- 
 tative of the nearly related t, d. The similar relation 
 with n, r, accounts for forms like ad-heire-ad-he..-s-ion ; 
 de-poi»-ent-de-po..-s-it; respond-response. But in these 
 examples of representation, a mutational influence is 
 present. 
 
 C 
 
34 SYNTHESIS. 
 
 Parop'sis 
 
 is (Gr. 6'psis) a looking (pftra') beyond or beside, imply- 
 ing a false view, such as an error in print, ■writing, or 
 reading. 
 
 As I and h may be written much alike, this may ac- 
 count for a former spelling of Babelmandeh as Babel- 
 mandel. 
 
 Paropsis includes such misread words as philology 
 for philology, engine for engine, eye-talian for It-alian, 
 pie-ano for pian'o, nigh-ther for neither (=nee'ther), 
 raillery for raillery (= rall'ery, corresponding with 
 ' rally,' not with ' rail '), wind for wind. 
 
 Initial 'ks being difficult in speech, the h would be likely to be 
 neglected, leaving a and turning 'kserkses' into 'serkses' — but the 
 letters * X * and * Z ' are somewhat alike and their confusion has given 
 the same initial sound to the names Xeno and Zeno in English. 
 
35 
 
 CHAPTER 5. PAEESIS, 
 
 Aftek words are built up by synthesis (p. 26), they 
 are subject to modification by par'Ssis or neglect, which 
 has turned (saxifrage) 
 
 8 a c s i f r a ge into 
 sa .. safr a s 
 
 by neglecting to pronounce the cay of x, and by allowing 
 the middle vowel and final consonant to be replaced by 
 others. Although such changes are due to carelessness, 
 inattention, and ignorance, they result in a multitude of 
 new and useful words. 
 
 In many cases, the longer word in the following ex- 
 amples is a book-word introduced after the shorter form 
 has been in use, consequently, the latter is not. a direct 
 derivative of the former, the two having entered the 
 language independently. 
 
 Paresis or neglect performs an important part in pro- 
 ducing derivative words. The loss of elements is often 
 followed by a change of meaning; and the new forms 
 are not usually such as result from removing affixes for 
 the purpose of restoring a previous condition. 
 
 Blackboard exercises should be written in the following manner — 
 movement manoeuvre hospital blaspheme 
 mo .. ment man ..u.. re ho.. ..tel bla me 
 
 Greek — p e^'troseMinon 
 p a .. r .. s .. 1 ey 
 
 c e 1 e ry 
 
 where -ry of ' oele-ry ' is set apart, being an independent suffix, perhaps 
 suggested by the r of ' parsley.' 
 
36 
 
 PAEESIS. 
 
 adjut-ant ai..d 
 ambul-ate amb..le 
 angul-ar ang.Je 
 aper-ient Ap..r-il 
 ap'plicable appli'..able 
 apprehend appre..nt-ice 
 
 aptitude a..ttitude 
 armature arm. .or 
 Armenian ermine.. 
 Augustin Au..stin 
 balsam htL.va. 
 benediction ben. .i.. son 
 
 benignity benig'n 
 Bethlehem bedl..am 
 blossom bloo..m 
 boroM^A bur..g 
 bowel b§.you.. 
 calc-areous cha?k-y 
 
 capital ca..tt..le 
 captive cai..tiff 
 castle ch&,..teau 
 cauda-1 cue., queue., 
 chirurgeon s..urgeon 
 cholera choler,. 
 
 cleric cler..k 
 collect' cull,, 
 "•"colone u..lown 
 column colcnnadet 
 compute coun..t 
 concept concei..t 
 
 conduct..er condui..t 
 con-fide de-fy.. 
 
 cover ke..r-chief 
 credent mis-cre.-ant 
 crisp cra..pe 
 crude cru..el 
 crypt gro..tt-o 
 cucurbit ..gour..d 
 
 damascene dam.. son 
 debt d..ue 
 decadence decay., 
 deception decei..t 
 decim-al d..ime 
 declination declen-sion 
 
 defect defea..t 
 de-grade ?'. de-gree,. n. 
 delectable deli^'At-ful 
 deposit depo..( 
 desider-ate desi.-re 
 designate desifj'n 
 
 de-spic-able ..spi..te 
 de-struct-ive de-stroy.. 
 dictate di..tt-y 
 dig-n-it-y dei^rn, dis- 
 
 dai..n condign 
 dilate delay., 
 
 diluvial delu..ge^. 22. 
 disport ..sport 
 distracted distrau^At 
 distress ..stress 
 dolphin dau..phin 
 dracAm dra..m 
 
 drag draw., dray., 
 draggle trai..l 
 
 con-fid-ence af-fi..ance dubious dou&-t 
 conven-t-ion co..ven-ant duplic-ate double., 
 eject je..t ju..t 
 elect 61i..te 
 
 cook cu..-linary 
 coppice cop..se 
 
 "•"corone crown 
 corpse cor..se corps 
 eortic-al cor..k 
 courtesy curt..sy 
 
 eleemos-ynary ^^..m..s 
 emend ..mend 
 emmet an..t^ 
 engine ..gin 
 
 eremite her..mit 
 estim-ate ai..m 
 evet ef..t 
 evid-ent view 
 evil i..ll 
 exemplar ..sampler 
 
 ex-cortic-ate ..s-corch 
 explicate exploi..t 
 extraneous ..strange 
 extra-vag-ant ..stray., 
 fact fea..t 
 factitious fe..tish 
 
 fantasy fan..cy 
 febrifuge feverfew*. 
 feroci-ous fier..ce 
 fidelity fe..al..ty 
 flagellate flai..l 
 foc-al fu..el cur-few.. 
 
 food fo..-ster 
 fragile frai..l 
 Frankish Fren..ch 
 frater-nal fri..ar 
 fric-ass-ee fry., 
 friction fray..fre.,t 
 
 fruct-i-fy frut..t 
 gander goo..se 
 genteel jaunty., 
 genteel gent..le 
 gigantic gi..ant 
 glyc(er-ine) ..lic-o(rice) 
 
 gust-o dis-gust gou..t 
 halser haw..ser 
 hedge haw. .(thorn) 
 Hieronymua ..Jero.,me 
 Hispania ..Spain 
 Hispaniola ..spaniel 
 
 history ..story 
 hyacinth ..jacinth p. 21. 
 hydropsy ..dropsy 
 insulate i..solate 
 
PARESIS. 
 
 37 
 
 i-gno-ble ..noble 
 i-gnonmt un-^nowing 
 im-plic-ate imply., 
 invidious envi..ous 
 indiction indi..te 
 inimic-al enemy.. 
 
 inimic-al en..mi..ty 
 integer enti..re 
 invective invQigh 
 junction join..t jun..to 
 juniper gin.. 
 juvenile ju..nior 
 
 lad(-e8a) Ia..BS 
 latest la..st 
 lavender lau.,ndry 
 laverock la..r..k 
 layer lai..r 
 league al-li..ance 
 
 lection le..BBon 
 ligament 11. .en, al-ly., 
 lixivium lye.. 
 lobby lo..dge 
 loc-al lieu.. 
 long-evi-ty a..ge 
 
 Longobard Lom..bardi 
 macul-nte mo..]e(a spot) 
 magister-y ma..8ter-y 
 market mar..t 
 masculine ma..le 
 massive massy,. 
 
 mayhem mal..m 
 median mea..ii 
 ■^mediety m..oiety 
 +meik-ed ma.. -de 
 mensur-able mea..sure 
 might mai..-ii 
 
 minister min..st..r-el 
 mix-t me..8-t-tzo 
 model mo., Id 
 monastery min..ster.. 
 4 
 
 monster mu..8ter 
 muscul-ar muscle 
 native na..ive 
 naught no..t 
 navig-ation navvy,. 
 negation de-ni..-al 
 
 Higher ne..ar 
 nomin-al nou..ii 
 Norweg-ian Norway.. 
 +n-other n-o..i 
 noxious noi..-8ome 
 nutri-ment nou-r-ish 
 
 obedience obei..8ance 
 opt-u-ple eijM-fold 
 ordinance ord.. nance 
 or-pi-ment orpi..n 
 ossifrage 08..prey,. 
 ostiary u..8h..er 
 
 other u..r 
 pag-an pea..-s-ant 
 palmate paZm 
 parabola parab..le 
 parable par.. ley 
 paralysis pa..l..sy,. 
 
 particle par.. eel 
 pauper poo..r 
 pectoral poi..t..rel 
 penitence pen..ance 
 penit-ent re-pen. .t-ant 
 periculous peri..Iou8 
 
 per-secute 8..ue pur- 
 B..ue a..uit 6ns..ue 
 petr-i-fy pie..r 
 phantasm fant..om 
 phrenetic fran..tio 
 piety pi..ty 
 
 pigment pai..nt 
 plic-ate plea..t ply.. 
 Pontefract Pom..fre..t 
 ■•■positure p08,.tur© 
 
 plenit-ude plen..t-y 
 potent pow..-erful 
 pred-atory prey., 
 pre-dic-ate prea..ch 
 prehension pri..s..on 
 presbyter pries. .t.. 
 
 procuracy proc-cy 
 procurfi,tor proctor 
 provide purvey.. 
 pro-vid-ent pru..d~ent 
 pugnacious im-pu^n 
 pumice poun..cet 
 
 punct-ure poin..tl 
 RADIUS ray., 
 receive receijot 
 rectangle rii/^Atangle 
 redemption r..an..somt 
 re-duc-t-ion sub-due.. 
 
 regal r5..al-m 
 regn-ant reii/n-ing 
 regulator r..ul..er 
 remain rem..n-ant 
 re-mov-ed re-mo. .te 
 replication reply.. 
 
 respect' r6api..tc 
 retract retrea..t 
 rotund rou..nd 
 rup-t-ure rou..t 
 salv-age sa..ve sa..fe 
 sanct-i-ty sain-.ti 
 
 saxifrage 8a..ssafras 
 scandal s.. lander 
 secure H..ure 
 senior si. .re 8..i..r 
 shire-reeve sher..iff 
 sigil sea..l 
 
 signature sit/n 
 species spice 
 spelter (zinc) ,.pew,.ter 
 spirit sp..rite 
 
38 
 
 PAEESIS. 
 
 spons-or e-spou..s-aI 
 sprig spray., 
 straggle stray., 
 strict strai..t 
 subduce subdue., 
 super'ficies su..rface 
 
 super-viae Eu..r-v.ey.. 
 su-spec-t de-spi..te 
 sylv-an sa..v-age 
 tabul-ate tab..le 
 tegul-ar ti..le 
 tell ta?-k 
 
 tenth ti..the 
 think thou^'A-t 
 tinct-ure tin..t tain..t 
 trae-t trai..( trea..t 
 trac-t-ate trea..t-y, -ise 
 transpass tre-.s-pasa 
 
 trough tray 
 tug tow..v. 
 unc-t-ion oin-.t-ment 
 use u..tensll 
 van-it-y vaun..t 
 varlet va..let 
 
 vestiary vest-ry 
 vitul-ine vea..l 
 viv-id vi..t-al 
 vocal vow. .el 
 vote vow., 
 vulgar fo^k 
 
 wagon wai..n 
 wal-tz waZ-k 
 will wou?d 
 worth wor..ship 
 yell-ow yo?-k 
 young you..th 
 
 Observe, ihsLt it is not ad- of 'adjutant* that becomes 'aid/ but * of 
 the former becomes d of the latter. In cases like ambul-ate, angul-ar, 
 it is easy to see that the parts (-ate, -ar) set off by hyphens, have 
 nothing to do with amb..le, ang..le; and that the suf&x -il of Ap..r-il 
 is different from -ient of aper-ient. Bur..g has lost the second vowel 
 of burou^-A, but retains the final consonant wanting in the latter. 
 
S9 
 
 CHAPTEK 6. GEAMMAE. 
 
 In looking at the composition of words like 
 
 falsify to make false purify to make pure 
 
 justify to make just rectify to make right 
 
 classify to arrange in order versify to make verse 
 
 we must not suppose that ' -ify ' represents make, for in 
 these words, ' -fy ' alone has this meaning, and to include 
 the ■ -i- ' as part of it, would be like making ' iform ' the 
 latter part of uniform, multiform, cruciform, vermiform ; 
 or like dividing ' Scottstown ' into ' Scott ' and ' stown.' 
 
 This brings us to the grammatic inflections of such 
 words in Latin. The Latin verb fall-o (I miss, fail, 
 cheat,) has for its participle and adjective fal-s-us (Jake,) 
 where -us indicates the nominative case and masculine 
 gender, of which the genitive* case fal-s-i of false) is 
 used in fals-i-fy, and the same nominative -us has -I gen- 
 itive in just-i-fy, rect-i-fy, clar-i-fy, pur-i-fy, null-i-fy, where 
 ' -fy ' is a short form of -fie- (also -fee-, fac- make,) as in 
 ampl-i-fic-at-ion (a making wide or ample.) 
 
 The fact that words like pac:i-fic, spec»i-fic, terr»i-fic 
 end like poet-ic, caused them to be accepted as adjectives 
 in -ic ; but the adjective power of the Latin word belongs 
 to the lost suffix of TEER-i-Fic-tts. This affords an ex- 
 ample of parasynesis (p. 31). 
 
 'Amplification' is not derived from 'amplify,' nor satis-fao-t-ion 
 from 'satisfy,' because the original stems *fio' and 'fac' have a cay 
 which the remnant ' fy ' cannot give. Authors who follow this method 
 assign an older 'test-y ' (as if Aearf-y) to a newer French 'tS..te' head 
 (which cannot give the » of the old French 'teste'), — 'taste' to Fr. 
 't^..ter,' and others. Never cite a word as an original which cannot 
 account for a supposed derivative. 
 
 • Implying of, and constituting the ' possessive ' case of English Grammar. 
 
40 GEAMMAE. 
 
 HOET-tts (a garden), hoet-i (of a garden), hort-i-cul-ture 
 (culture of a garden.) ceux (a cross), CEUC-is (of a cross,) 
 cruc-i-form (having the form of a cross.) 
 
 VEE-us (true, gen. VEE-i) gives ver-i-ty ; but vae»i-us 
 (various, gen. vae-i-i) gives var-i-e-ty, to prevent the 
 repetition 'ii,' and pi-us (pious, gen. pi-i) gives pi-e-ty 
 for the same reason. 
 
 The nominative and genitive are alike in class-is (a 
 class,) whence class-i-fy which we may write with the 
 nominative mark (•), the genitive (:), or elass:i-fy with 
 both. 
 
 FOET-is (strong,) fort-i-fy (to make strong). 
 
 MOLL-is (soft), moll-i-fy (to make soft). 
 
 VEEM-is (a worm,) verm-i-form. 
 
 ENS-is (a sword,) ens-i-form, where the parts are adapted 
 by rejecting final -s. But the -s is retained in sat-is-fy (to 
 cause to have enough, to sate,) from sat-is (enough,) 
 which has adverbial -is. 
 
 PAX (peace) gen. pac-is, whence pac-i-fic. 
 
 Xpex (the top) gen. APic-is, whence apic-al. 
 
 MANUS (hand) gen. man-us, whence man-u-al. 
 
 MOBS (death) gen. moet-is, whence morti-fy, mort-al. 
 
 The genitive case of feuct-us (frui..t), vees-ijs (a 
 verse, a turn,) is feuct-us, veestjs, hence the -i- of 
 fruct-i-fy and vers-i-fy is not a genitive sign, but a con- 
 nective (p. 30) induced (p. 30) by the frequency of the 
 genitive -I. 
 
 6n-us (a burden) gen. on-ee-is, whence exon-er-ate. 
 
 The Latin coep-us (a body, whence corp..se and coTp..s), 
 has the genitive case coep-6e-is, whence corp'-or-al (re- 
 lating to the body), and corp-6r'.e-al (having a body), in 
 which au additional word is made by an -e- which is 
 formative, but not grammatic, although elements which 
 give grammatic forms and meanings, are formative also. 
 
GEAMMAE. 41 
 
 Formative 'e' and 'i' are present in Europ-e'-an, 
 Athe'n-i-an, gcn-i-us, re-me'd-i-al ; and a final ' y ' is 
 printed for ' i,' as in re-m'ed-y, master-y, mis'er-y, 
 mytholog-y. They are also present in stup-e-fy, liqu-e-fy, 
 terr-i-fy, fur-i-ous, gen-e-sis, id-e-a, Ind-i-a, Austral-i-a. 
 
 The ' e ' with which ' rose ' and ' line ' are written, has 
 nothing to do with the formative ' e ' of ros-e-ate and 
 lin-e-al, being added to secure the pronunciation of the 
 vowel. 
 
 Gender. French relinquished the Latin suffixes for 
 case and gender, as masc. -US, fem. -A, neut. U"", and 
 rejecting the neuter, was left with but two genders. De- 
 prived of their gender suffixes, Latin -iv-us, -iv-A would 
 become -iv which French took as -ive in the feminine 
 and -if in the masculine, so that Lat. captivus, capttva, 
 became French m. ' captif,' /. ' captive ' whence English 
 ' cai..tiff ' and ' captive' — 
 
 restiff restive brief breve blank blanch 
 
 4 » 
 
42 
 
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS. 
 
 English words present certain resemblances, as be- 
 tween • ulcerate ' (to become an ulcer,) and ' personate ' 
 (to imitate a person), where -ate not only extends tbe 
 meaning of ' ulcer ' and ' person,' but it turns these nouns 
 into verbs. In ' passionate,' -ate turns a noun into an 
 adjective, and in 'consulate' (the office of a consul,) it 
 gives a derivative noun. 
 
 In ' ulcerate,' -ate is an affix, and also a suffix — because 
 placed after the stem ' ulcer.' An af9.x is so named be- 
 cause it is fixed or joined (AF-' for ad) to, whether before 
 or after. A suffix is something joined (suf-' for stfB 
 ■ below, behind, or) after ; and prefixes are placed (pre-) 
 before their stems. A stem is the part to which an affix 
 is joined. In ' ulcer-at-ion,' 'ulcerat' is a stem to -ion, 
 and ' ulcer ' to -at-ion. 
 
 coiiglutinate to unite (con-) with glue or gluten ; 
 concentrate to bring (con-) together to a centre ; 
 conglobate brought together in the shape of a globe ; 
 consolidate to make solid. Here, in addition to the 
 suffix -ate, we have con-, which we judge to be a prefix, 
 because we observe that it stands before parts or stems 
 which we recognise as the separate words gluten, centre, 
 globe, solid. We observe farther, that several of these 
 stems are varied in form, to adapt them to their position, 
 in which they may be compared to timbers which require 
 to be trimmed into proper shape, before they can take 
 their place in a building. 
 
ANALYSIS. 43 
 
 Prefixes are often thus fitted to stems, as -nhen con- 
 becomes CO- in ' co-equal ' (equal with) ; or when its n is 
 assimilated to a lip consonant by becoming m, as in 
 ' commix ' (to mix together), ' compatriot ' (a fellow 
 countryman.) In the same manner, con- becomes col- by 
 assimilation before I, as in 'collocate' (to locate with, or 
 together ; to arrange) ; and it takes the form cor- before r, 
 as in ' correspond ' (to respond with ; to agree.) It is 
 clear that this assimilative change is due to the diffi- 
 culty of pronouncing words like con-mix, con-locate, 
 con-respond, con- motion. 
 
 Qii. How do we know that col- and cor- are forms of con-, and not 
 distinct prefixes? Ana, We know that col- and cor- stand for eon- in 
 such words, because ancient Latin inscriptions are in existence, which 
 give such double forms as collisio and conlisio (collision), corrector 
 
 and CONBECTOB. 
 
 In adapting the prefix ex (owi, out of,) it may become 
 EC- and E-, as in 
 
 e-nerv-ate to deprive of nerve or force; to un-nerve. 
 evaporate to go out or off in vapor. 
 ec-ccntr-'ic or excentric out of centre; odd; singular. 
 e-labor-ate to work out; spend labor on; worked out. 
 collaborate to labor with, or together. 
 
 In the next table, stems and derivatives are printed so 
 as to exhibit their mutual relations. 
 
 cave 
 
 a hollow place. 
 
 firm 
 
 
 strong. 
 
 excavate 
 
 to hollow out. 
 
 confirm 
 
 
 to make strong^ 
 
 oav:i-ty 
 
 a holloxoed place. 
 
 infirm 
 
 
 not strong ; feeble. 
 
 dense 
 
 close. 
 
 grave 
 
 
 weighty; solemn. 
 
 dens:i-ty 
 
 closeness. 
 
 grav.:i 
 
 -ty 
 
 weight; eeriousnes. 
 
 condense 
 
 to make close. 
 
 grievoi 
 
 us 
 
 hard to be borne. 
 
 fame 
 
 renown. 
 
 taste 
 
 
 one of the senses. 
 
 famous 
 
 renowned. 
 
 tasty 
 
 
 showing taste. 
 
 defame 
 
 to deprive of fame. 
 
 distaste 
 
 
 want of relish. 
 
44 ANALYSIS. 
 
 note to mark; to ohaerve. pure c^ean. 
 
 denote to mark specially. pur:i-ty cleannees. 
 
 notable worthy of note. pur:i-fy to make clean. 
 
 nail of no value. sole alone ; single. 
 
 annul to make void. solitude loneliness. 
 
 n\s.\\:i-i,j nothingness. de-sol-ate made lonely ; ruined. 
 
 press to crush ; to sgueeze. vile low, mean. 
 
 compress to press together. revile to reproach. 
 
 repression a pressing back. vil-i-fy to make (VIL-IS) vile. 
 
 Hundreds of words enable us to separate and to deter- 
 mine the force of their component parts ; but there are 
 many which differ from the preceding examples in the 
 fact that, although they are shown to be derivatives by 
 their known affixes, and by their meanings, their stems are 
 not in rise as English words. Nevertheless, such words 
 must be treated as derivatives, whether their stems are 
 known words or not.* 
 
 If ' press ' as a separate word had been lost from all 
 languages, such evident derivatives as depress, express, 
 impress, repress, suppress, would furnish it; and with 
 equal facility we get a stem ' pel ' and its meaning drive, 
 from expel to drive out ; impel to drive on ; repel 
 to drive back ; propel to drive forward ; dispel to 
 drive asunder, as clouds. 
 
 Qu. If English were the only known language, should ' propel ' and 
 ' repel ' be regarded as unconnected, and each assumed to be a primitive 
 word? Ans. They should not; because, if 'propel' means to drive 
 forward, and 'repel' means to drive back, — as 'pel' is a part of both 
 words, and drive a part of both definitions, 'pel' necessarily means 
 drive, 'pro' means /orwart^, and 're-' means back. 
 
 Qu. What do you make of 'redeem?' Ans, If it were not for one 
 thing, I would say that, as 'redeem' means to buy back, re- should 
 raean back, leaving ' deem ' to mean buy. 
 
 * In the following pairs, different words are built up in the same manner 
 from different stems — 
 
 veracity confidence congregate perforate collocate irritate social 
 sagacity confluence confiscate percolate colligate irrigate genial 
 
ANALYSIS. 45 
 
 Qu. But ' deem ' means to ihinkj to Judge, and locally, a judge is 
 called a * deemster.' Besides, rk- is Latin, and 'deem' is English, 
 making this supposed *nK-deem' a hibrid (p. 29), and analysis which 
 makes, a word a hibrid, is to bo treated with distrust. But what is the 
 **one thing" to which you alluded? Ana. It is, that while stems like 
 'per (drive) and *trac-t' (draw) afford several derivatives, such as 
 repel, propel, dispel; retract, extract, distract, contract, attract, the 
 supposed stem 'deem* of 'redeem' occurs with but one prefix, and 
 unless euch single examples exhibit their parts clearly, a supposed 
 composition like 're-deem' must be regarded as doubtful. 
 
 Obs. We have seen (p. 43) that ex has the forms e- and ec-j similarly, 
 RE- has the form tied- in the Latin word red-im-o {I re-purchaae, whence 
 red-eem^) from em-o / buy, obtain; emp-t-us hoiiglitf obtained; 
 EXEMPTUS taken (ex) out, released, whence cx-emp-t, where p is 
 educed from m. Consequently, there is no such word as re-deem in the 
 sense of a stem ' deem * with a prefix re-. 
 
 Qu. What do you make of ' icicle ' ? Au». It should not be assumed 
 to be u. hibrid by comparing it with 'particle' (a small part), but we 
 must trace its history, when we find it as Anglosaxon is-gicel {g in give, 
 c as /c) J Dutch ijskegel ice-cone {ij as y in mi/). 
 
 The stems of the following derivatives are recognisable, 
 notwithstanding their absence as separate English words. 
 
 agent (one) doing or acting. cap-t-ive Qne caught or held, 
 
 aC't (something) done. ca'p-&.G:i-ij power of holding, 
 
 exal't to viaJce high; e-lev-nte. proceed to go {vTXo) forward, 
 alt:i't-ude higkt/ e-lev-a-tion. recede to go (re-) back, 
 
 ann-u-al yearly. certain sure. 
 
 ann-u:i-ty yearly stipend. certes surely. 
 
 ardent burning ; zealous. exclude to shut (ex) out. 
 
 ardor warmth; zeal, seclude to shut (se-) apart. 
 
 aud*i-ble that may be heard. culpable worthy of blame, 
 
 aud:^i-t-or a hearer. exculpate to clear from blame. 
 
 "heW-xQ-Qn^ prone to war. recur to run back; return. 
 
 rebel' to ^oar (he-) back. concur to meet (or act) together. 
 
 imbibe to drink in. Accent proper, becoming, 
 
 bibulous drinking in ; spongy. Heciov-wm propriety. 
 
 canine pertaining to dogs, indicate to point out. 
 
 cynic (Gr.) doglike; surly. dic-'t-ion mode of speech. 
 
46 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 dol-or grief, 
 condole to grieve (cON-) with, 
 
 donate to give. 
 donor a giver. 
 
 endure to last; to bear. 
 durable lasting. 
 
 equal even ; Just, 
 eqn-A-tj justice. 
 
 defend to strike; to avert. 
 fender a protector. 
 
 refer to hear bade. 
 defer to put off. 
 
 fervor heat ; warmth; zeal, 
 fervent boiling ; zealoue, 
 
 confide to trust much. 
 diffidence \oant of trust, 
 
 figure a form, shape, outline, 
 effigi^y (e>i-Es) a likeness; image, 
 
 final at the end. 
 finish to end; the end. 
 
 focus meeting point of rays. 
 focal ^er(. to a focus or h'arth, 
 
 fragment bit broken off. 
 fragile easily hrok-en. 
 
 frx%ii\VQ fleeing; escaping. 
 fugacious ^eefi'ngf/ volatile, 
 
 fulgid bright; shining, 
 effulgent shining (ex) out. 
 
 congeal to freeze (cON-) together, 
 gelid very cold; frozen. 
 
 gerent hearing. 
 aligerous wing-bearing; winged. 
 
 glac.si-al relating to ice. 
 glac=i-er afield of ice. 
 
 grat=u-it-ous done out of favor. 
 grat:i-t-ude thankfulness. 
 
 exhale to breathe (ex; out, 
 inhal-at-ion a breathing in. 
 
 adhere to stick (ad) to. 
 
 cohere to stick (co-, con-) together, 
 
 horror a shuddering fear, 
 horrid exciting horror, 
 
 humid moist. 
 humor moisture. 
 
 image a likeness, 
 imitate to copy, 
 
 collide to strike together, 
 elide to strike out. 
 
 lift to raise up. 
 lever a raising bar, 
 
 local pertaining' to a place, 
 locate to put in place, 
 
 remain to stay (re-) back. 
 permanent staying (per) entirely, 
 
 malice ill-willf spite. 
 malig-n-ant spiteful, 
 
 command to order; authority. 
 mandate a command. 
 
 permeate to go or pass through. 
 immeable not allowing passage. 
 
 TemeA^y means of cure; to restore, 
 med-ic-ine the art of healing. 
 
 merital pertaining to the mind. 
 dementate deprived of mind. 
 
 minute' very small. 
 diminish to lessen. 
 
 admire to wonder (ad) at. 
 
 mirr-or object used in admiring. 
 
 admonish to wamj remind, 
 mon-it-or he who reminds. 
 mor;t-al subject to death. 
 mor:tc=u-ar-y a burial-place. 
 
ANALYSIS. 
 
 47 
 
 mural pertaining to a toall. 
 immured imprisoned. 
 
 mut-at-ion change. 
 immutable unchangeable. 
 
 naval pertaining to shipping. 
 nav-ig-ate to manage shipping. 
 
 noC'^u-ous producing harm. 
 
 pious devout. 
 piety devotion, 
 
 depic-t to paint. 
 
 piC't-ure a painting, 
 
 portable that may he carried. 
 porter a carrier. 
 
 private one'a own. 
 
 innocent not harming/ harmleas. deprive to tahe away what one hae. 
 renovate to make new (re-) again, penal relating to punishment. 
 
 nov-el-ty something new, 
 
 oonnu1)«=i-al pert, to marriage. 
 nup'til-als marriage rites, 
 
 num-er-oua being many. 
 ennm-er-ate to count (e-) oxU, 
 
 od=^i.um hatred. 
 od=^i-ous hateful. 
 
 adoring addreaaing^ beseeching, 
 or-at-ion a (formal) speech, 
 
 adorn to beautify; add beauty, 
 ornate decorated. 
 
 oval egg-shaped. 
 
 ovoid 8omeiohat egg-shaped. 
 
 penitentiary house of sorrow, 
 
 punish to cause pain. 
 impunity without punishment, 
 
 pudicity modesty, 
 impudent not modest, 
 
 deride to laugh at, 
 rid-ic-u-lous laughable. 
 
 rigid stiff, hard. 
 rigor stiffnesSf severity. 
 
 corrode to gnaio (coN-) much, 
 erode to eat (e~, ex) out, 
 
 rugose full of wHnkles. 
 corrugate to wrinkle together. 
 
 sals^u-brious health-bringing, 
 sal^u-tary healthful. 
 
 sepulchre a tomb. 
 sepul't-ure burial. 
 
 desist to stand {he) from; cease. 
 assist to stand (ad) at or by; aid. 
 
 compac-t driven (con-) together. 
 impac-t a driving (in) against. 
 
 patent open (to all) 
 patulous expanding. 
 
 pathos (Q-r.) emotion; feeling. 
 
 pathetic causing emotion. 
 
 pat^i-ent Silvering; enduring, console to cheer or comfort, 
 
 pat*i-ble sufferahle. solace comfort. 
 
 expel to drive out. so\a,T pertaining to the sun. 
 
 repel to drive back. solstice sun-standing, 
 
 peninsul-a almost an island. son-or-ous yielding sound. 
 
 penultimate almost the last. resonant soimrftnfj' (be-) bach 
 
 depend (oAan3(DE)/rom or rfoiun. speculum a looking-glass, 
 pendent hanging; sus-pend-ed. inspec-t to look into. 
 
48 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 assume to take (ad) to (one's self.) vanish to disappear, 
 resume to take hack. 
 
 retain to hold hade; keep. 
 abstain to hold from, 
 
 tenable that may he held. 
 tenant a holder, an occupier. ) 
 
 ted.:'i-uin wearineas. 
 tedious irksome. 
 
 terr-ene earthly; earthy. 
 inter to put in earth; bury. 
 
 terror fright. 
 terrible causing fright, 
 
 timid afraid. 
 titnoToas full of fear, 
 
 tum-or a swell-ing. 
 tum-ul'US a mound, 
 
 disturb to disquiet. 
 turbulent disorderly, 
 
 turgid swelled. 
 
 turgeseent beginning to eioell. 
 
 tutor a guardian; a teacher. 
 tuition wardship; instruction, 
 
 utility usefulness. 
 utensil an implement, 
 
 vaCsiU-um an empty space, 
 vacant being empty. 
 
 valid having force, 
 valor strength (of mind.) 
 
 evanescent ^a8»/»g' (b-) avsay. 
 
 vapor steam-like matter, 
 vapid stale; fiavorless, 
 
 convene to come together. 
 inven-t to come upon; find out. 
 
 ver:i-ty truth. 
 veracious truthful, 
 
 avert to turn from. 
 revert to turn back. 
 
 deviate to go from the way, 
 pervious having a way through. 
 
 vivid lively. 
 vivacity liveliness. 
 
 convocation a calling together, 
 revoking a calling back, 
 
 voluntary acting by choice. 
 volition the act of willing, 
 
 involve to roll in; entangle, 
 evolve to roll forth; develop. 
 
 voracity greed. 
 devour to eat up. 
 
 vulgar common. 
 divulge to make common. 
 
 beAvare to be cautious. 
 warn to caution. 
 
 cau-t-ion ioariness. 
 cav^e-at let him heioare. 
 
 The foregoing table gives us over one hundred stems 
 for which it is not necessary to go beyond the English 
 language. In many cases, however, we must study the 
 previous history of the words, or our conclusions will be 
 erroneous. For example, the same t does not occur in 
 * trans-it ' (teans-i-t-ijs a going over) and * ex-it * (ex-it 
 
ANALYSIS. 49 
 
 he goes o«0» the former -t being participial, while the 
 latter marks the third person singular, not only of this 
 verb, but of others. * Exit ' has been adopted from plays, 
 ■where it directs a character to leave the stage. The root 
 of these words is i (go) present in trans-i-ent across-going. 
 
 The prefix • a-' of a-part, a-sleep, is not present in * alone/ which is 
 not to bo divided as a^lone, but as al-one or all o7ie, with the old pro- 
 nunciation of one in on-ly, al-one and its short form ..1-one. The 
 IP-sound now heard in * one,' is an eduction (p. 29) from the true o of 
 old English one. 
 
 In *organ-ise* the suffix is -ise, but in ana-ly-se y belongs to the 
 stem. The verb 'analyse* is in this case due rather to the French noun 
 analyse (Gr. analysis) than to the French verb analyser. Analysis is 
 a solving (ana) hack; an unraveling. 
 
 Pupil. Why, in the case of sepul-chre, was not the stem made 
 shorter than sepul-? Ans. Probably because the author could not 
 determine whether to separate a prefix 'se-,' as in se-clude (p. 45), or 
 a suffix '-ul/ as in tum-ul-us (p. 48). 
 
 Allied forms like re-mit, re-miss; ad-mit, ad-missiblej re-cede, re-cess; 
 in-vert, inverse; mord-ant, re-morse — are explained under Representa- 
 tion, p. 33. 
 
 The foregoing examples present a preliminary view of the following 
 affixes. 
 
 Prefixes — a- ab abs, ad as-, be-, co- con- col- com- cor-, de, di- dis- 
 dif-, e- ex, in im-, in-, en-, per, pre-, pro, re-, se-. (15) 
 
 Suffixes — ■ -a, -able, -ace, -ac:i-ous, -ac:i-ty, -age, -ain (an), -al, -ant, 
 -ar, -ar-y, -ate, -at-ion, -ble, -bri-ous, -d, -dom, -ed, -el, -en v, -en a, 
 -ence, -ens-il, -ent, -er, -ern, -ess, -et a, -et-ic, -ful, -fy, ^i-, *^i-al, *i-ble, 
 -ic, -ice, -icity, -id, s=i-ent, -ig-ate, -ignant, -il, -ile, -il-it-y, -ine, -ing, 
 -ion, -ish, -it, -it-ate, -ite, -it-ion, -ive, -ix, -le, -n v. injin., -oid, -or, 
 -or-ous, -OS, -ose, -ous, -t, -t-ary, -t:i-al, -t-ion, -t-or, -t-ude, -t-um, -ty, 
 -u-(formative), -ude, -u-it-ous, -ul-ous, -ul-us, -ul-um, -um, -und, -untary, 
 -ute, -ure, -us, -y. (83) 
 
 6 D 
 
50 
 
 CHAPTER 8. AFFIXES. 
 
 Affixes are additions to roots, stems, and words, in- 
 tended to modify their meaning. 
 
 In some cases an affix modifies only the form of a word, like the 
 e- of e-squire (for squire, p, 29) and connective -t- in ego-t-ist (p. 30). 
 
 Affixes (p. 42) are of two kinds of which the prefixes 
 are placed before, and the suffixes after the word-bases 
 they modify. 
 
 We have seen under Dimorphism (p. 24) that a word 
 may in time acquire several forms and meanings, as 
 ' corsair ' and ' courser,' and in many other cases, although 
 we may know the parts of which a word is composed, 
 their primary meaning will not give us the actual or the 
 figurative signification. For example — 
 
 A 'headstrong' (or self-willed) man may have a weak head. To 
 'reach over' is not to 'overreach,' to 'come over' is not to 'overcome,' 
 and a ' set up ' differs from an ' upset.' 
 
 In modern music, the longest note is named ' semibreve,' hecause it 
 was once half of a brief note called a breve. The next longest note is 
 named 'minim' (Lat. minimus leaet), because it indicated the shortest 
 note used when the term was adopted. 
 
 The month October, which we now make the tenth, was named when 
 it was counted as (ocTO eight) the eighth month of the Koman year. 
 
 In some words 'in-' means not, ^s in 'incorrect* and 'impossible;* 
 but instead oinoifamons — 'in'famous* means detestable, and 'im'pious* 
 means loicked. 
 
 The meaning of an affix may become obscured or lost, 
 as in the case of the Arabic article al- (or el-) the, which 
 distinguishes ' alchemy ' from ' chimistry ' only as a dif- 
 ferent word, and on this account such an affix becomes 
 verbal. 
 
AFFIXES. 51 
 
 Some stems take a suffix where others take a prefix, 
 as in — 
 
 author-ise, em-power life-less, in-animate sour-ish, sub-acid 
 vili-fy, de-fame heed-less, neg-lig-ent sinful, im-pious 
 
 rati-fy, con-firm faitli-less perfid-i-ous tum-ult, up-roar. 
 
 Affixes are absent from many English words, and 
 present in their Latin-English equivalents, as in — 
 
 dull, torp-id get, ob-tain guess, oon-jeo-t-ure 
 
 drive, im-pel go, pro-gross' rob, de-pred-ate 
 
 get, re-ceive raise, e-lev-ate choke, suf-foe-ate 
 
 In the first of the following columns the suffixes are 
 English, opposite to which stand words with suffixes of 
 about the same meaning, derived from Latin, as -ty of 
 liber-ty from -tas of Libee-t-as. They are mutually 
 explanatory and show the range of correspondence in 
 meaning, but they must not be regarded as exact equiv- 
 alents. 
 
 Live-ly and viv-id are equally adjectival ; flow-ing and 
 flu-ent are participial ; mov-er and mo-tor are nouns ; 
 mot-ive is primarily an adjective, as in " motive power," 
 but in the expression " a good motive," it becomes a 
 noun ; and a " preventive remedy " is sometimes called a 
 " preventive." 
 
 drunk-ard, inebri-ate thral-dom, serv:i-t-ude 
 
 nigg-ard, mis-er free-dom, ex-emp-t-ion 
 
 begg-ar-j, mendic-anoy free-dom, liber-ty 
 
 col^d a. gel-id king-dom, monarch-y (Gr.) 
 
 kin-d a. gen:t-le un-dou-fi-t-ed in-du-b-it-able 
 
 kin-d n. geud:er fix-ed, etation-ary 
 
 kin-d n, sor:t curv-ed ourv-ate 
 
 kin-d n, speckles parch-ed, ar-id 
 
 floo'd, in-und-at-ion crippl-ed, de-erep-it 
 
 Pope-dom Pap-aoy -atia un-de-fin-ed in-de-fin-ite 
 
 prinoe-dom prinoip-al-:i-ty ad-join-ed ad-juno-t 
 
 wis-dom, fiap^i-ence trav-el, itiner-ate 
 
52 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 
 kern-el, 
 
 nuo-le.us 
 
 gain-ful, 
 
 pro-fit-ahle 
 
 heath-en, 
 
 pag-an 
 
 law-ful. 
 
 leg-al 
 
 heath-en, 
 
 ethn-ic 
 
 wake-ful 
 
 vig-il-ant 
 
 warr-en. 
 
 viv-ar*i.um 
 
 need-ful, 
 
 ne-cess-ary 
 
 ■ffarr-en. 
 
 viv-ars^y 
 
 ire-ful 
 
 ir-ate 
 
 olov-en. 
 
 sulo-ate 
 
 neg-lec*t-ful 
 
 neg-lig-ent 
 
 leng-th-en 
 
 e-long-ate 
 
 mirth -ful, 
 
 com-ic 
 
 hidd-en. 
 
 secr-et 
 
 fear-ful. 
 
 tim-id 
 
 hidd-en, 
 
 lat-ent 
 
 frui...t-ful 
 
 fer-t-ile 
 
 hidd-en. 
 
 re-cond'-ite 
 
 un-law-ful. 
 
 il-lie-it 
 
 soft-en, 
 
 moll.:i-fy 
 
 de-cei..*t-ful i 
 
 Je-eep-t-ive 
 
 rott-en, 
 
 putr-id 
 
 fret-ful. 
 
 mor-ose 
 
 harr-en. 
 
 ster-ile 
 
 dou6't-ful 
 
 dub^i-ous 
 
 suU-en, 
 
 mor-ose' 
 
 fruit- ful. 
 
 fec-und 
 
 wood-en. 
 
 lign^e-ous 
 
 God-head, 
 
 De:i-ty 
 
 brok-en. 
 
 ab-rup'-t 
 
 neighbor-hood, 
 
 vioin-age 
 
 drunk-en. 
 
 tem-ul-ent 
 
 false-hood 
 
 fals:l-ty 
 
 areh-er. 
 
 sagitt-ar«i-u3 
 
 en-dur-ing 
 
 dur-able 
 
 begg-ar, 
 
 mendic-ant 
 
 pass-ing n 
 
 pass-age 
 
 fal-t-er, 
 
 hes-it-ate 
 
 sav-ing. 
 
 frug-al 
 
 mend-er 
 
 e-mend-at-or 
 
 watoh-ing 
 
 vig-il-anee 
 
 re-maind-er 
 
 re-man-ent 
 
 ab-ound-ing 
 
 ab-und-ant 
 
 re-maind-er 
 
 re-m..n-ant 
 
 leav-ing «, 
 
 , remn-ant 
 
 neith-er 
 
 neut-er 
 
 swell-ing Mj 
 
 , turg-esc-enoe 
 
 limb-er. 
 
 pli-ablo 
 
 flow-ing 
 
 flu-ent 
 
 limb-er. 
 
 pli-ant 
 
 snarl-ing. 
 
 cyn-ic 
 
 limb-er, 
 
 flex:i-ble 
 
 burn-ing. 
 
 torr-id 
 
 limb-er. 
 
 flex-ile 
 
 Tfhirl-ing n, 
 
 . ver-t-igo 
 
 limb-er. 
 
 flacc-id 
 
 ob-lig-ing. 
 
 civ-il 
 
 pound-er. 
 
 pist-il (pestle) 
 
 bear-ing 
 
 fer-t-ile 
 
 com-er. 
 
 ang-Ie 
 
 wast-ing 
 
 vast-at-ion 
 
 giv-er. 
 
 don-or 
 
 spread-ing. 
 
 expans-ive 
 
 low-er. 
 
 in-fer:i-or 
 
 manag-ing 
 
 manag-ment 
 
 point-er, 
 
 in-deo-s 
 
 tremb-1-ing 
 
 trem-or 
 
 lay-er. 
 
 stra^t-um 
 
 sound-ing 
 
 son-or-oua 
 
 re-maind-er. 
 
 re-sids^u-um 
 
 sav-ing fl. 
 
 frugal.:i-ty 
 
 re-maind-er. 
 
 re-sidsjue 
 
 ■will-ing 
 
 Tol-unt-ary 
 
 north-ern. 
 
 bor^e-al 
 
 hold-ing ji, 
 
 ten-ure 
 
 north-ern. 
 
 arct-io 
 
 brut-al-ise 
 
 brnt:i-fy 
 
 di-reo-t-r-esa 
 
 di-reo't-r-ix 
 
 peev-ish. 
 
 irrit-able 
 

 AFFIXES. 
 
 53 
 
 brut-ish 
 
 brut-al 
 
 war-like. 
 
 bell-ic-ose 
 
 huff-ish. 
 
 ar-rog-ant 
 
 un-Iike-Iy, ; 
 
 im-prob-able 
 
 woman-ish, 
 
 ef-femin-ate 
 
 live-Iy, 
 
 Tiv-ac:i-ous 
 
 em-bell-ish, 
 
 dec:or-ate 
 
 king-Iy, 
 
 reg-al 
 
 garn-ieh, 
 
 decor-at-ion 
 
 man-Iy, 
 
 hum-an(-AK-us) 
 
 whit-iah, 
 
 alb-esc-ent 
 
 world-Iy, 
 
 mund-ane " 
 
 olown-ish, 
 
 rust-io 
 
 neigbbor-ly, 
 
 famil*i-ar (-ab-is) 
 
 freak-ish, 
 
 oapr-ioioua 
 
 will-ing-Iy 
 
 vol-unt-ary 
 
 Blugg-ish, 
 
 torp-id 
 
 in-stant-ly 
 
 in-stant-er 
 
 fever-iah 
 
 febr-ile 
 
 live-Iy, 
 
 viv-id 
 
 pol-ish n, 
 
 pol-it-ure 
 
 wool-ly 
 
 vill-ose 
 
 child-ish, 
 
 infant-ine 
 
 coward-ly. 
 
 tim-or-ous 
 
 thiev-ish, 
 
 furt-ive 
 
 king-ly. 
 
 reg:i.u8 
 
 dogg-ish, 
 
 mor-ose (-os-us) 
 
 bri-m. 
 
 marg:in 
 
 vapor-ish 
 
 vapor-ous (-os-vs) 
 
 glea-m. 
 
 coruscat-ioa 
 
 rak-ish, 
 
 dis-sol-ute 
 
 6te-m, 
 
 cul-m 
 
 knav-ish, 
 
 fraud-ul-ent 
 
 baul-m 
 
 cala-mus 
 
 bul-k, 
 
 quant:i-ty 
 
 gloo-m, 
 
 obscuni-ty 
 
 grist-lo, 
 
 oartil-age (-ago) 
 
 sea-m 
 
 su't-ure 
 
 midd-lo 
 
 med'-i-al 
 
 in-bor^n, 
 
 in-na-te 
 
 wrink-le v. 
 
 cor-rag-ate 
 
 tough-ness, 
 
 ten-ao:i-ty 
 
 wrink-Ie n. 
 
 corrugat-ion 
 
 stubbom-ness. 
 
 obstin-acy 
 
 bund-Io, 
 
 fasc.i-ole 
 
 like-ness. 
 
 im-age (-ago) 
 
 bund-le, 
 
 fasc-is 
 
 leaf-i-ness. 
 
 foI4-age (-ATio) 
 
 bund-le^ 
 
 fasc-ine 
 
 watob-ful-ness 
 
 vig-il-ance 
 
 pest-Ie 
 
 pist-il 
 
 flesh-i-ness. 
 
 corp-ul-ence 
 
 nimb-le, 
 
 ag-ile (-iL-is) 
 
 mild-neas. 
 
 clem-ency 
 
 bust-le, 
 
 excite-ment 
 
 just-ness 
 
 just-ice (-itia) 
 
 buat-le, 
 
 aotiv:i-ty 
 
 giddi-ness. 
 
 vert-igo 
 
 bust-Ie, 
 
 tum-ult 
 
 like-ness, 
 
 sim-ile 
 
 pimp-le, 
 
 pust-ule 
 
 like-ness. 
 
 sim-il-ar.i-ty 
 
 tbrott-le, 
 
 suf-foo-ate 
 
 like-ness, 
 
 sim-il-it-ude 
 
 thrott-Ie, 
 
 Btrang-ul-ate 
 
 like-ness. 
 
 sim-ul'^at-ion 
 
 pebb-le, 
 
 calo-uLus 
 
 devout-ness 
 
 devot-ion 
 
 midd-le 
 
 med»i-am 
 
 sharp-ness. 
 
 acu'-men 
 
 gird-le, 
 
 oino't-ure 
 
 wit-ness, 
 
 test.:i-mony(-iu™ 
 
 litt-le, 
 
 min-ute 
 
 pale-ness 
 
 pall- or 
 
 spitt-Ie, 
 
 sali-va 
 
 poo..r-ness 
 
 pover-ty 
 
 moon-let, 
 
 lun-ule 
 
 up-righ-t-ness 
 
 reC'tn-t-ude 
 
 war-like. 
 
 mar:ti-al 
 
 weari-ness. 
 
 tsed*i-um 
 
 5* 
 
 
 
 
hill-ock. 
 
 tum-ul-us 
 
 stou-t. 
 
 rob-ust 
 
 fag-ot. 
 
 faac-ine 
 
 shel-ter 
 
 , seour:i-ty 
 
 shad-ow, 
 
 umbr-age 
 
 streng-th. 
 
 vig-or 
 
 hoU-ow, 
 
 caT:i-ty 
 
 tru-th. 
 
 Ter:i-ty 
 
 hat-red. 
 
 ab-horr-enoe 
 
 bread-th, 
 
 lat:i-t-ud9 
 
 hat-red, 
 
 ranc-or 
 
 gir-th. 
 
 cinc-t-ure 
 
 hat-red. 
 
 anim-os:i-ty 
 
 out-ward, ex-t-er-n-al 
 
 hat-red, 
 
 od^i-um 
 
 out- ward, ex-t-er:i-or 
 
 bishop-rio 
 
 episoop-ate 
 
 chalk-y. 
 
 cret-ac^e-ous 
 
 friend-ship 
 
 intim-acy 
 
 heart-y 
 
 cord:i-al 
 
 ward-ship. 
 
 pupil-age 
 
 wood-y. 
 
 silv-an (-anus) 
 
 doctor-ship. 
 
 doctor-ate 
 
 beggar-y. 
 
 mendic-ancy 
 
 horseman-ship, 
 
 equit-at-ion 
 
 empt-y. 
 
 vac-ant 
 
 chaplain-ship 
 
 chaplain-oy 
 
 starr-y 
 
 stell-ar (-Ibis) 
 
 fellow-ship, 
 
 commun-ion 
 
 lim-y. 
 
 calc-areous (-ar- 
 
 prentice-ship, 
 
 Berv:i-t-ude 
 
 blood-y, sanguin-ary [ins) 
 
 friend-ship. 
 
 ami..-ty 
 
 hurr-y, v acceler-ate 
 
 delight-some, 
 
 pleas-ant 
 
 angr-y a 
 
 !. ir-ate 
 
 lone-some. 
 
 solit-ary 
 
 fault-y, 
 
 oulp-a-ble 
 
 wholc-some- 
 
 ness, sal-u-br:i-ty 
 
 earth-y. 
 
 terr-ene 
 
 humor-some. 
 
 capr-icious 
 
 might-y. 
 
 pot-ent 
 
 burden-some. 
 
 oppress-ire 
 
 spring-y, 
 
 elast-io (Gr.) 
 
 irk-some. 
 
 tedi-ous 
 
 stick-y, 
 
 vise-id 
 
 lithe-Bome, 
 
 (see limb-er) 
 
 eas-y, 
 
 fao-Ile 
 
 gif-t, 
 
 don-at-ion 
 
 sugar-y 
 
 sacchar-ine 
 
 gif-t. 
 
 don-at-ive 
 
 steal-th-y, 
 
 fur-t-ive 
 
 clef-t. 
 
 crev-iee 
 
 drows-y. 
 
 somn-ol-ent 
 
 ligh-t 
 
 luo-id 
 
 knott-y 
 
 nod-ose (-osus) 
 
 weigh-t, 
 
 grav.:i-ty 
 
 hand-y. 
 
 dext..r-ou3 ' 
 
 thrif-t. 
 
 pars:i-mony («i- 
 
 ■I) Eturd-y, 
 
 rob-ust 
 
 high-t. 
 
 alt:i't-ude 
 
 read-y. 
 
 promp-t (-ids) 
 
 clef-t. 
 
 fiss-ure 
 
 begg-ar-y, 
 
 mendic:i-ty 
 
 stou-t. 
 
 corp-ul-ent 
 
 bair-y. 
 
 hirs-ute 
 
55 
 
 PKEFIXES* 
 
 That pure English and Latin English words are not constructed upon 
 exactly the same model, is shown in the following pairs, where the cor- 
 responding parts appear in supposable words — 
 
 in-de-pend-ent at-ten#u-ant magni-fic -ent in-antl - sta-nt 
 un-off-hang-ingf at-thinn-ing big-mak-ing not-with-stand-ingf 
 
 a- in, on, at, afield asliore astern a-firight 
 
 a-eknowledge 
 
 awake in a waking condition, aslant in a slant- 
 ing direction, afore in a {or-ward position. 
 
 aloud in a loud manner. It is verbal or redundant 
 in a-bide, a-rise. 
 AB, AB-S-, A-. a-vert to turn from or away. 
 
 abs-trac-t (teac-) to draw from ; an abridgment. 
 
 ab-origlnal from the beginning ; primitive. 
 AD. ad-Just to fit to, put in just position, ar-range. 
 
 admire (mie-oe I wonder,) to wonder at. 
 
 al-Iuv-i-al washed (al- for ad) against, or deposited 
 by water, attract to draw to ; allure ; entice. 
 
 a^scend (scand-o I climb,) to climb to, rise up. 
 
 as-sid-u-ous sitt-ing (as- for ad,) at, or by; dili- 
 gent. The d of AD has disappeared from a-scend, and 
 has been assimilated (p. 43) to the next consonant 
 in ac-count, af-fix, ag-glutinate, al-loc-ate, an-not-ate, 
 ap-portion, ar-range, as-simil-ate, at-tune. 
 
 • Latin affixes are printed like ' POST,' Greek like 'ANTI; while ' mis-' 
 represents English, and forms from other languages. '-AB-le * is partly Latin 
 and partly English, -le being for -llj, as in nob-le noblLily. The portion 
 of the definitions in italic, defines the atfix as in " postscript something 
 written a//er*' — where after defines ' post,' and 'script' takes the remainder of 
 the definition. Latin prefixes given with hyphens (such as CO-, CON-, DIS-) 
 are not used as separate words, hut unhyphened ones (such as de, kx, per) 
 are distinct words. 
 
 ■f German un-ab-hSng-ig ; Dutch on-af-hang-lijk ; Bohem. ne-za-wis-ly. 
 
 X ' With-staud* means to stand (with-) against. 
 
56 PREFIXES. 
 
 AM-, AMB- [AMBI, AMPHI'i around, on both sides. 
 amputate (p. 27) amb-i-ent. 
 
 ANTE before, antedate antediluvian 
 
 ANTI, ANT- against, opposite, antispasmodic 
 ant-arctic ant-acid antipodes 
 
 be-, beside by the side of. becalm to make or 
 came a calm, betliink to concentrate the thoughts, 
 think specially, be- is commonly restrictive, as in 
 bespatter to spatter a particular object. 
 bespeak to speak for a particular article. 
 belie to slander a particular person, besprinkle 
 becloud bedazzle bemoan belay 
 
 CIRCUM around, about, circumpolar 
 
 CO-, CON-, COM- &c. co-equal equal with. 
 co-operate to work or act with or together. 
 consume to take entirely, devour, waste, concave 
 quite, completely, or really hollow, col-laudation 
 mutual praise, com-miserate to sorrow with. 
 cor-re-spond to respond or agree mutually. 
 co-gnate and con-nate (oNi-T-tjs, ..natus bom, 
 CO- with,') related by birth ; allied ; similar. 
 corrode to gnaw much. 
 
 CONTRA, counter, contradiction a speaking 
 against, countermarcli a march in the opposite 
 direction, contr-ar-y opposite ; adverse. 
 
 DE. depress to press down, deflect to bend from 
 or aside, deject to cast down, deport to carry 
 away, devour (vOe-are) to swallow completely. 
 denounce to make known or announce specially. 
 It is causative in deprave to cause to be perverse. 
 It is restrictive in deride to laugh at a particular 
 object. In defraud it is verbial, turning the noun 
 ' fraud ' into a verb. It is verbal (p. 50) in defender 
 as compared with ' fender.' 
 
PREFIXES. 57 
 
 DIA. dia-meter measure through. 
 
 dia^logue discourse between (several speakers). 
 
 DIS-, DI-, DIF-.' disjoin to unpin, place apart or 
 amnder, se-parate. dis-locate to put out of place. 
 di-s'tant stand-ing from, off, or apart. 
 dif-fic-ult Mw-fac-ile, not' easy. 
 
 en, cm- [the French form of Lat. in], enfold to 
 fold in. endorse (to write) on the back (of a docu- 
 ment.) empoirer to put in the power of. 
 
 EX, EC-, E-, EF-.' [ex is both Latin and Greek.] 
 ex or ec-ccntric out of or from the centre. 
 e-dentate vnthout teeth. 
 ef-flnent flowing off, out, or away. 
 
 EXTRA beyond. ' extratropical extraordin- 
 ary extr-an«e-ous 
 
 for-, fore-, forewarn (Ger. ver-warn-en) to 
 6e-warn, warn against, forswear to swear against ; 
 renounce on oath; swear falsely, foredoom (old 
 Ger. far-tom-jan) to doom thoroughly, or entirely. 
 
 fore- before, in front, beforehand, foresee foresail 
 
 IN-, nn- not, without, contrary to, want of. i-gno-r-ant 
 (i- for IN- not, gno-sc-ere, ..noscere to know,) 
 unknowing, un- or in-constant il-legal 
 im-probable ir-religion innnmerable 
 
 IN. inclose to shut in, contain, ll-luminate to 
 throw light on or upon. 
 
 INTER between, interline intertropical 
 
 mis- wrongly, ill. misapply misfortune 
 
 N-, NE not. ne-uter not (ut-er) etth-er, n-ezther. 
 n-ullity n-anglit no-thing 
 
 OB. ob'ject something set 6e/ore, against, in the way. 
 op-press to press upon or against. 
 obliterate (litter! a pen mark,) to blot oui. 
 obconic conic inversely, or downwards. 
 
68 PEEFIXES. 
 
 PER, PEL-', per-foliate (as a stem passing) through 
 a leaf, pel-lucid shining through. 
 per-jure to swear through (and beyond) the truth. 
 perplex (plex-us tangled) to entangle thoroughly. 
 
 PERI around, about, periphrase circumlocution. 
 
 POLY- many, polysyllabic polypetalous 
 
 POST after. post-SCript written after. 
 
 PEE-, prc-cminciit eminent before all ; very em- 
 inent, prejudice judgment beforehand. 
 
 PRO. pro-mont-ory a mount-ain jutting forth. 
 pro-logue a speech before the main piece. 
 pro-sper (spes hope, spero I hope,) to be in ac- 
 cordance with hope. In pronoun, proconsul, 
 pro- means for, instead of. 
 
 EE-. rc-nov-ate or re-neiv to make new again. 
 resplendent shining back; shining much; very 
 splendid. 
 
 respire to breathe again and again, hence, con- 
 tinuously. 
 
 RETRO-, retroact to act backward, or in opposition. 
 
 S- intensive, sometimes strengthened with another con- 
 sonant. 
 
 scoop cup 
 
 smelt melt 
 
 snip nip 
 
 spread broad 
 
 slight light 
 
 scrub ruh 
 
 spike peg 
 
 swirl whirl 
 
 smash mash 
 
 st-roll roll 
 
 spine pin 
 
 sq-uirm worm 
 
 SE-. sc-lect (leg-eee) to lay aside or apart. 
 secure safe, free from, or without (cue!) care. 
 
 SEMI-, HEMI-. semitone or lieniitone half a 
 tone, semifluid somewhat fluid. 
 
 SUB, (and by assimilation — sue-, sup-, sug-, sum-, sup-, 
 sue-,) subs- or SU..S, where b is lost, as in su-. 
 sub-mar-ine under the sea. sup-port to carry 
 from beneath, hence, to bear up. subang'ular nearly, 
 or somewhat angular, suiflx to place after or under. 
 
PREFIXES. 59 
 
 snbdivide to divide farther, or into smaller parts. 
 
 su-spect, su..s-tain, suj'-gest, sum-mon (' mon ' of ad- 
 
 mon-ish), sur-rog-ate. 
 SXJBTER. subterflucnt flowing hehw, beneath, or 
 
 under. 
 SUPER, SUPRA [Gr. HYPER; Erig. over; Fr. su..r 
 
 for super], supernatural above or beyond nature. 
 
 supra^orbital above or over the orbit (of the eye). 
 hypercritical beyond (just) criticism ; over-critical. 
 su..r-plu8 overplus. 
 SYN. synthesis a placing with or together; union 
 
 of parts to form a whole. 
 TRANS, TRAN-, TRA-. trans-montane or 
 
 tra-niontane across, over, or beyond the mountains ; 
 
 north of the Alps ; not Italian. 
 
 tre..s-pass to pass beyond (the lawful limit) ; to 
 
 transgress. 
 
 tran-scribe to write over again, re-write. 
 ULTRA, ultramontane beyond the mountains; 
 
 south of the Alps ; Italian. 
 un- [a form of IN- nof]. unmerciful not merciful; 
 
 without vixQxcy ; merciless. un-(or im-'ipassable 
 UNI- one. unicorn an animal with one (cornij) horn. 
 ivith-. Yvithstand to stand agaimt. withhold 
 
 to hold from or back. 
 
60 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 -A. [A Gr. and Lat. noun-suffix of the nominative case, 
 often omitted in English, as in ruin-a, poem-a, epoch-a.] 
 area arena corolla larva drama 
 
 -A. [Lat. and Gr. plurals.] synonyma synonyms. 
 
 -AB-le, -IB-le. [-ab-il-is, -iB-iL-is. See -B-Le.] 
 movable that may he moved. 
 cred-iWe worthy oj credit or belief. 
 ed-ible fit to he eaten, forcible full of force. 
 
 -AC, -IC, -ique, -0C-. [Lat., Gr., see -IG-.] 
 
 di-daC't-ic (di- reduplicative) instructwe; employed 
 in or adapted to instruction, man^i-ac affected by 
 mania or madness, critique the act or work of a 
 critic, ferocious fier-ce, like (feea) a wild beast. 
 
 -ace, -ac-y [Lat. -at-], preface pe^se-fa-T'IO 
 (fa- EI to speak,) something said (pe^) before ; a 
 preliminary discourse, obstinacy OB-.STiN'AT=i-o a 
 (sTANs) standing (ob) against ; stubbornness. 
 
 -AG-y. [Lat, Gr.]. con-tum-acy (tum-eee to 
 swell, be tum-id,) a state of heing puffed up ; contempt 
 of lawful authority. 
 
 -AC*e-ous, -AC:i-ous. crustaceous having a crust; 
 crust-Kie. 
 
 cap-ac:i-Oiis having cap-ac:i-ty ; capaSZe of holding. 
 ver-ac:i-ons ohservant of ver-ac-i-ty or truthfulness. 
 
 -AC-Le, -IC-Le agent, place, oracle (oe-aee to speak, 
 pray,) the person who announces; a prophetic announce- 
 ment, and the place where it is made, or-ac-ul-ar 
 pertaining to an oracle. 
 
 -ad, -ade [see -ATe.J arc-ade something arch-ed 
 or arcu-ATe ; a row of arches. 
 
SUFFIXES. 61 
 
 -age n. collective. [French, due to several Latin forms.] 
 herbage herbs collectively, coinage coins in the 
 aggregate, wharfage charge for, or space on, a 
 ■wharf, parentage the condition of a parent. 
 
 -AL, -EL, -IL a. fluvial relating to or pertaining to 
 (flCviCs) a river. 
 doc-ilc that may he taught ; teach-a5fe. 
 
 -AN, -ANe -INe, a. n. [N particip.] African of Africa. 
 urban pertaining to (tjebs) a city. 
 urbane city-like; polite. 
 
 -ANce, -ANcy, -ENce -ENcy. [-ANT=i-A, -ent»i-a.] 
 providence the quality or the act of pro-vid-ing, 
 foreseeing, or of being pro-vid-ENT or pru..dent ; a fore- 
 seeing. !Siilence the result of or state of being silent. 
 
 -ANT, -ENT, pro-vid-ent, pru..dent providing; 
 having the quality of foreseeing; the being or existing 
 of foresight. as!$ailant one who assails. 
 absorbent that which absorbs. 
 
 -AR, -AE-y [-AE-IS, neut. -aee.] angular pertaining 
 to, or like, an angle. 
 luminary [-aee] that which gives light. 
 
 -ARy, -ORy [-ae-i-us, 6E-i-t)s.] testamentary 
 relating to a will or testament, honorary confer- 
 ring honor, illusory promoting illusion. 
 statuary (-aeius) a maker of statues. 
 commentary (-aeiu") a collection of comments. 
 observatory (oeitj") a place for observation. 
 
 -ATe, -AT-. [T participial preceded by a formative 
 vowel.] roseate having the quality of, or like a rose. 
 cert:i-flc-ate n. that which certifies or is certified. 
 regulate to make or catwe to be regular, or according 
 to rule. 
 
 -B, -F, -P, -V-, -U-, formative, [implying to produce, have, 
 get; also indicating nouns.] mor-b-id (moebus 
 
62 SUFFIXES. 
 
 disease, mSrior I die,) diseased, tending towards death. 
 
 e&flu-v-i-um, flu-v-i-al, from flu-eke to flow. 
 
 V and i formative, moc-u-ous (noc-bre to injure) 
 
 producing harm ; hurt/t*;. chir-p a chirr-ing sound. 
 -B..Le, -B-IL- [B formative, commonly with a preceding 
 
 vowel.] terr»i-ble causing terror, edible fi to 
 
 he eaten. 
 -C- genetic, fa^c-und (fa-bi to speak,) producing 
 
 speech; eloquent, rubi-c-und having redness; 
 
 reddening. 
 -C-le, -C-EL, -C-UL-. art-i-cle (i connective) a little 
 
 (ARTiJs) joint ; a clause ; an agreement. 
 
 particle {i genitive) a small part. 
 
 animal-cule a minute animal. 
 -d, -t [see -ATe.] drli-t that which drives, or is driven ; 
 
 the remit of driving, dee-d that which is do-ne. 
 -dom. dukedom the domain of a duke. 
 
 thraldom the condition of a thrall or slave. 
 
 martyrdom the act of a martyr. 
 -E-, -I-, -y formative, [sometimes confused with -I geni- 
 tive.] ros-e-ate having the quality of roses. 
 
 ign-e-oiis having the quality of, pertaining to, or 
 
 caused by (ignis) fire, lab-i-al pertaining to the lips. 
 
 reg:i-us pertaining to a king ; regal. 
 i-ed pp. a. [Norman -ed. See -ATe, -ad, -d, -t] 
 
 rounded made round, bearded furnished (or 
 
 provided) with a beard, pressed was under pressure. 
 -ee n. [A French form of -ATe, -ed.] grant>'ee one 
 
 to whom something has been granted. 
 
 ex:-pos-^ (Fr. 6 has the power in ' they ') that which 
 
 is exposecC, or made public. 
 
 In comparing the following derivative nouns, it will be 
 observed that in but one case does it happen that the 
 derivative forms are diiferent and at the same time de- 
 
SUFFIXES. 
 
 63 
 
 Verb, 
 
 active n, 
 
 object -edf 
 
 passive rt, 
 
 act of -ing, 
 
 pay V. 
 
 payer 
 
 pay n. 
 
 payee 
 
 payment 
 
 give 
 
 giver 
 
 gift 
 
 receiver 
 
 presentation 
 
 thieve 
 
 thief 
 
 (theft) 
 
 receiver 
 
 stealth 
 
 donate 
 
 donor 
 
 donative 
 
 donee 
 
 donation 
 
 bind 
 
 binder 
 
 bond 
 
 victim 
 
 bondage 
 
 Bell 
 
 seller 
 
 goods 
 
 buyer 
 
 sale 
 
 vend 
 
 vender 
 
 merchandise 
 
 vendee 
 
 vendue 
 
 deal 
 
 dealer 
 
 vpare 
 
 purchaser 
 
 traffic 
 
 lend 
 
 lender 
 
 loan 
 
 debtor 
 
 credit 
 
 work 
 
 worker 
 
 work, labor 
 
 employer 
 
 employment 
 
 rived from the verb in the first column. From 'pay' 
 are derived ' payer ' and ' payee,' while ' pay ' is repeated 
 for the (wages, earnings, cash,) object pai-d. Under 
 'give' the thing giv-en is a 'gif-t,' but Latin supplies 
 ' receiver ' and ' presentation,' and in the next example 
 the object given is commonly called a ' donation.' 
 
 place. 
 
 market 
 magazine 
 emporium 
 shop 
 
 -ccr, -ier, n. [-ARy.] chandelier a support for 
 caudles, engineer a contriver and adapter of en- 
 gines. An engine-driver is not an engineer, and an 
 organ-blower is not an organist. 
 
 -EL, see -AL and -L. 
 
 -en, a. [see -ANe.] golden made of, or like gold. 
 leatlier-n terr-ene 
 
 -en V. deafen to make, or to become deaf, da'w-n 
 to become day. 
 
 -ENT, -ENce, -ENcy, see ANT, &c. 
 
 -er, V. frequentative, chatter to chat much, or con- 
 tinuously. 
 
 -EE, adjectival. ne-ut»ier or n-eith-er 
 in-teg-er or en-ti..re in-teg-r:i-ty 
 
 -er, -OR, a. more, larger more large. 
 inferior low-er. 
 
 -ER, -R, -OR, &c., n. agential, feeder robber 
 fig-ure mart-yr doll-ar beggar donor 
 
64 SUFFIXES. 
 
 -EE- [E and R formative.] cavern (civ-E-i, 
 
 cav-er-na) a placed cav-ed or ex-cav-atred. 
 
 iiuiii-ei*-ous consisting of many. 
 -cr-n, a. morthem toward, in, or at the north. 
 -ESCe, V. deliquesce to become liquid, a. -esc-ent 
 
 n. esc-eiice 
 -ess, n. fern, [-ix, Fr. -esse.] heiress priestess 
 
 lioness 
 -ess, n. [-itIa, Fr. esse, see -ice.J fortress finesse 
 
 promise 
 -est a. most soonest Tridest mo-st 
 -EST a. [=8, -T.] modest according to mode or pro- 
 priety. 
 -et, -ette, -I-et, n. dim. [Fr.J eagl-et ros-ette 
 
 eye-I-et 
 -FIG a. [fac»x-o I make.] terri-fic causing terror. 
 -FIGe, n. [-Fic=i-u°.] arti-fice something made or 
 
 done with art. 
 -Fy V. [fac»I-o.] pnr:i-fy to make or cause to he pure. 
 -liood n. condition. [Gothic ' haidus ' kind, mode.] 
 
 manhood Oodhead 
 -I genitive, ret-i-form having the form (eet-S;, gen. 
 
 eet-is) of a net. liorticulture p. 40. 
 -I n. pi. radi-i pi. of radius, foci pi. of focus. 
 -I formative [see E formative.] compare gen^i-us with 
 
 ' genus ' and f un=e-real with ' funeral.' 
 -I- connective [p. 30.] stell-i-ferous bearing (stellI. 
 
 a star, Stella) stars, al-i-ger-ous p. 46. 
 -IG a. [-AG.] metall-ic like, made of, or due to metal. 
 
 ined-ic, med-ic-al related or adapted to healing. 
 
 -IG is common in words derived from Greek, as in 
 
 the following pairs, where it is represented by several 
 
 forms — 
 
SUFFIXES. 65 
 
 oentr-io centr-al epher-io, glob-ul-ar ethn-ic, heath-en 
 
 ohron-io, dur-able en-erg-et-io, strenxu-ous satan-ic, devil-ish 
 
 com-ic, mirth-ful metaphor-io, figur-at-ive rhetor-ic, orator^y 
 
 cyn-ic, snarl-lng ocean-ic, mar-ine 8typt-ic^ a-string-ent 
 
 -ice n. service (siEviTru" n. neut.) the condition of 
 
 one who serves, justice (justMa n. fern.) the 
 
 quality of being just. 
 -ID a. [akin to -ATe.] flu-id having the quality of 
 
 flow-ing. Some of these adjectives have, corresponding 
 
 nouns in -OE, and adjectives in -nt, as — 
 
 alg-or algid langu-or langu-id oand-or -id -ent 
 
 hum-or hum-id rig-or rig-id epiend-or -id -ent 
 
 Btup-or stup-id liqu-or liqu-id flu-or -id -ent 
 
 torp-or torp-id liv-or liv-id ferv-or -id -ent 
 
 tum-or turn-id pall-or pall-id horr-or -id -ent 
 
 tep-or tep-id 6ap-or sap-id val-or -id -iant 
 
 equal-or squal-id ard-or ard-ent fulg-or -id -ent 
 
 -IG- [see -AC. Akin to ag-eee to do, ac-t, conduct.] 
 nav-ig-ate to conduct (nav-is) a ship. 
 f um-ig-ate to imbue with (fum-us) smoke. 
 pur-ge to make (pue-us) pure. 
 
 -IL, -ILe [-iL-is.J fissile that may be (fIsstJs) split ; 
 readily split, fossil that is or may be (f6ss-us) dug, 
 as fossil or mineral coal. 
 
 -INe, -IN-, [see -ANe.] viperine pertaining to, or 
 like a viper. 
 
 -ing n. [Angl. -ung, -ing ; akin to -IG.] reckoning 
 that which we reckon ; a calculafo'ow ; the act of or result 
 of a calculation, bagg-ing material for bags. 
 
 -ing participial [Angl. -ende, Ger. -end.] living con- 
 tinuing to live. This -ing is unconnected with the 
 noun-suffix -ing, for which it was mistaken. 
 
 -ION n. opinion that which we believe, or suppose. 
 union oneness; a being (un-us, gen. raius,) pne. 
 
66 SUFFIXES. 
 
 vi-s-ion (viD-ERE, vis-u" to see,) the power of 
 
 seeing ; perception by the eye. 
 
 The suffix -ion is in most cases preceded by participial 
 -T or -S, as in ' salvATion,' which, in being referred to 
 SALV-ARE (to save, make safe,) must not be assumed to 
 mean " a state of being safe " — but the force of the T should 
 be included, and the word defined as " a state of being 
 saved." Similarly, when 'vision ' is defined as "the act 
 of seeing," ac-t is rather a definition of -S-ion than of -ion. 
 -ise, -izc V. [Fr. -iser.] apologise to offer (give, 
 
 make) an apology, tyraiaiiise to practice tyranny, 
 
 imitate a tyrant, poetise to versify. 
 -ish V. [Fr. fin-iss-ant, Eng. fin-ish-ing.J di-min-isli 
 
 to make (min-iis) less, by (di-) separation. 
 
 iiiiisli to bring to (fin-is) an end. 
 -ish a. [-isc-, Angl. -isc] irliitisli somewhat white. 
 
 irolfisli like a wolf tliievisli addicted to thieving. 
 -ISK n. dimin. [-isc-ijs.j asterisk a little (aster) 
 
 star ; a star-shaped mark of reference. 
 -ISM, -ASM n. [-S, -M.] barbarism the condition, 
 
 act, or idiom of a barbarian. 
 -1ST, -AST n. [»S, -T.] theorist one who theorises. 
 -ITe, -IT- [see -ATe.] granite a grain-ed rock. 
 
 gran-it-oid like granite. aiiii-u:i-t-y pay by 
 
 the (ann-us) year. 
 -IVe a., n. [akin to B formative.] delusive having 
 
 the quality of deluding; tending to, or having the 
 
 power to delude, captive (cap-t-iv-us) he who is 
 
 captured. captiv:i-ty the condition of a captive. 
 -IX, -ess n. fern, directrix, directress she who 
 
 directs. 
 -It n. a. talk tell plan-k plain yol-k yell-ow 
 
 lan-k lean hark hear 
 kin n. dim. napkin a small (Fr. nappe) tablecloth. 
 
SUFFIXES. 67 
 
 -L, -EL, -le, &c., n. dim. kernel a small corn. 
 
 -L frequentative, nibble to nip often, or continuously. 
 
 -L n. agent, implement, lad-le an implement for lading. 
 
 B®° L of various powers is common to Greek, Latin, 
 
 and Teutonic. 
 -less a. endless without end, wfinite. 
 
 lieedless itjiheeding, not heeding, nej'ligent. 
 
 tootliless e-dentate. nameless an-onym-ous. 
 -ling n. underling one who is under authority. 
 -ly, like a. friendly like (in the manner of) a 
 
 friend, heartily in a hearty manner. 
 -M participial, and noun, glea-m that which glows. 
 -MEN, -MENT [-M.] specimen a sample for 
 
 in-spec-tion. 
 
 judgment the power or the result of judging. 
 -N participial and adjectival [see -AN.] doetrinc 
 
 that which is (authoritatively) taught, (doc-eee to 
 
 teach ; doctSr a teacher.) 
 -ness n. goodness the quality of being good. 
 -O- connective, plan-o-convex ge-o-graphy 
 -0- genitive, plirase-o-logy aer-o-naut 
 -ock n. dim. hillock hill hummock hump 
 - OID a. n. spheroid (a mass) somewhat like a sphere. 
 -on, -oon large, button bud balloon ball 
 -oon small, cocoon a small (Fr. coque) shell. 
 -OK n. error an erring or wandermg'. favor kindness. 
 -OSe, -OuS a. [-6S-US.J acetose, acetous full of acid. 
 -oUS a. [-us.] odorous (Odoeus) having odor. 
 -R formative, i-gno-r-ant un-know-ing. 
 -Ry, -ERy n. [-ARy.] soldiery the aggregate of 
 
 soldiers, thievery the practice of thieving, 
 -s, -es pi. boxes honors pence beaux these 
 
 The plural ladi-es adds -es to old English ladi. 
 -S particip. fal-sc fail, repul-se repel. 
 
68 SUFFIXES. 
 
 -some a. [Goth, sama like; Eng. same, similar, semi-] 
 
 meddlesome addicted to meddling. 
 
 ivholesome causing, or consistent with health. 
 
 mettlesome having mettle. 
 -T, 'D, participial, indic-at-ing completeness; an act 
 
 finished; the act-or, quality (as acute or acid,) 
 
 fitness, attribute. 
 
 bla-s-t blow gol-d yellow lost lose 
 
 cleft cleave gilt gild seed sow 
 
 deed do guilt guile theft thief 
 
 fault fail hilt hold weight weigh 
 
 'T-ER,-T-R-, -T-OR, -S-OR n. [fem. -teix, neut. -teum.] 
 
 obstructor or obstructer he who, or that which 
 
 obstructs. 
 
 -th n. [akin to -T.] Iiealth hale gron^th grow 
 
 -T-UDe n. plen:i-tude the quality of being fall. In 
 
 meaning, -tude, -ty, and -ness nearly agree. Compare — 
 
 incertitude, 
 
 dubiety 
 
 doubtfulness 
 
 infinitude 
 
 infinity, 
 
 boundlessness 
 
 parvitude 
 
 parvity. 
 
 littleness 
 
 plenitude 
 
 plenty 
 
 fullness 
 
 serenitude 
 
 serenity. 
 
 calmness 
 
 -Ty n. [-T, -T-AS ; Fr. -t^, -t^e ; old Eng. -te, -tee (=tay), 
 whence 'te' has remained in plen-te-ous, boun-te-ous, 
 beau-te-ous.J liberty the state of being (liber) free. 
 mendac:i-ty false/wod, lying. mendie:i-ty the 
 condition of a (mendicus) beggar ; beggary, indigerace. 
 lucidity splendor, sodality fellowship, com- 
 munion, timidity cowardice, fearfulnes*. In mean- 
 ing, -Ty and -ness agree closely, as in — 
 
 acidity, sourness ferocity fierceness opacity opaqueness 
 
 aridity, dryness fertility frnitfulness paucity fewness 
 
 audacity, boldness frigidity, coldness velocity, swiftness 
 
 celerity, swiftness lenity, mildness vicinity, nearness 
 
 felicity, happiness lucidity, brightness vivacity, liveliness 
 
SUFFIXES. 69 
 
 -U- formative [see B.] con-tig-u-ons vac-u-uin 
 resid-u-nm ann-u-al 
 
 -ULe, UL- n. adj. dim. [masc. -ul-us, fem. -ul-a, neut. 
 -t)L-DM.] nodule a little knot or node, nebula 
 a small (nub-es) cloud. r..ule (eeg-ul-a) an imple- 
 ment witli which to rule or reg-ul-ate. 
 
 -UL-. virulent full of (vie-us) poison, rid-ic- 
 ul-ous causing (eid-eee) to laugh ; laughable. 
 
 -UM 91. [Latin neuters.] add-end-uni that which 
 (-end) t« to ie added. PL addend-a or addenduni.s 
 
 -UNT- [akin to -ANT.] vol-nnt-ar-y (v6l-o I will,) 
 acting from choice. 
 
 -URe n. tenure (teneo I hold,) a holding'; the con- 
 dition by which a tenant holds. The suffix -ure is 
 commonly enforced by -T or -S, as in su-t-ure a 
 a state of being sew-ed; a sea-m. 
 
 -US, -OS n. [mostly masc] circus genus chaos 
 
 -UTe [akin to -ATe, with U formative.] acute pointed, 
 sharp, minute small, (min-u-o I make small, 
 di-min-ish.) 
 
 -ward a. adv. rearivard in the direction of the rear. 
 
 -ways, -wise adv. manner, direction, crossways 
 or crosswise 
 
 -y n. diminutival, baby ducky birdie 
 
 -y n. a. [for I formative.] honorary (see -ARy.) 
 
 -y a. [Angl. -ig ; Lat. -ic] bloody imbued with or 
 covered with blood. 
 
70 
 
 CHAPTER 9. DERIVATION. 
 
 The tables given in the seventh chapter will have 
 taught the learner that 'fame' (p. 43) is the stem of 
 fam-ous, and ' fend ' the stem of de-fend and of-fend, and 
 if it were possible to find simpler forms behind these, we 
 might consider such forms to be roots. But if the d of 
 ' fend ' is educed (p. 29) from the n, it is no part of a root. 
 
 In the case of fa-me, the m is a suffix (as in bloo-m 
 from ' blow,') and the stem takes participial t in fa-te (a 
 spoken inevitable decree). Here the stem FA (fah as in 
 farm) is so simple that we might call it a root, but as our 
 knowledge is the same whether we name it a stem or a 
 root, and as we should soon get into difficulty in trying 
 to separate these foundations of words by calling some of 
 them stems, and others roots, it is best not to make the 
 attempt in an elementary work. 
 
 In the following examples, the stems are not to be con- 
 sidered as verbs or nouns, although it is sometimes con- 
 venient to give them definitions which seem to make them 
 verbs. 
 
 A, AV, VA, blow, breathe, live. 
 
 = ah ow wah 
 
 [Gr. t-^r' (gen. ^-er'-os), Lat. a'-er (gen. a'-eb-is) air; vent-us 
 (gen. I,) loind.l 
 
 ai-r (see -ee n.) is the material blown and breathed, 
 which constitutes the atmosphere, or sphere of air 
 and (Gr. a-t-mos) vapor, around the solid earth. 
 
 aeronau-t he who nav-ig-ates in the air. a^s^tli-ma 
 difficulty of breathing. 
 
DERIVATION. 71 
 
 a-er-O-lite a (Gr. lith'-6s) stone of the air ; a meteoric 
 stone, a-er-i-form having the form or nature of air ; 
 gaseous. 
 
 Qu. Why has 'aerolite' an o, and 'aeriform' an i in the correspond- 
 ing place ? Ana. Eecaaee the Greek form has o and the Latin has t in 
 the genitive case. 
 
 wi-nd (nd participial) is air in motion, and we move or 
 ■winnow it with a fan. We ventilate rooms 
 when we give vent to impure air and replace it with 
 that which is fresh, weatlier originally meant the 
 condition of the air in regard to the wind. 
 
 Qh. Why is the initial sound different in 'wind' and ' vent-ilate,' 
 'wine' and ' vinous'? Ans. The way-sound came from Latin through 
 Anglosaxon : the vee-sound is due to Norman. 
 
 ['A' blow. Xv-i8 a bird, (probably so named because it moves in the 
 air.) AV-G-UR a diviner; IN-AVGUR-AHE to conauU the divining birdaj 
 to initiate; AV-SPEX (SPEC-EBE to look at) a soothsayer who divined from 
 birds.] 
 
 An aviary is a house for birds. 
 
 An auguir was one who pretended to foretell events 
 and to determine what were supposed to be lucky days, 
 from the flight, the chirping, or the feeding of birds; 
 afterwards, a general fortune-teller. The auspex (gen. 
 Av'sPiC-is) restricted his in«^ection to birds. If the 
 auspices or bird-signs were deemed favorable, it was 
 expected that the event would be auspicious, or turn 
 out well. 
 
 As the augurs observed the signs at the commence- 
 ment of important affairs, such as an induction to a high 
 office, or the dedication of a temple, such an act of 
 augury was named an inauguration, and in the 
 course of time this word acquired the secondary meaning 
 of a formal beginning. The fbllowing sentence illustrates 
 
72 DERIVATION. 
 
 the influence of fortune-telling and astrology upon lan- 
 guage— 
 
 Un/oriunately (fors chance, gen. fort-is,) the signs were inauspic- 
 ious and the inauguration was an abominable (one of which the omen 
 was to be put ab off or away,) disasier. 
 
 Although the words abominate, inaugurate, auspices, disaster, fate, 
 fortune, luck, panic, are connected with false opinions, we use them 
 independently of such opinions, like hermeneutics (interpretation) from 
 Hermes (the Greek Mercury) the interpreter in the mythology, whose 
 name gave ' hermeneia ' (interpretation) to Saint Paul. So we have the 
 name of the moon-goddess Phoebe, the feminine form of Phoebus 
 (Apollo). 
 
 AN breathe, How, live. 
 
 [A strengthened form of 'A' blow. Gr. an'-e-mos wind. Lat. an'i-mX 
 air, breath, life; an'imus mind, aoul, will, feeling .1 
 
 animal a breathing creature, animate to infuse 
 breath and life. Ignorant of the fact that plants breathe, 
 the ancients did not include them with animals or 
 breathers ; and being without microscopes, they were 
 unacquainted with animal' cules. 
 
 A person who has not sufficient life is said to be 
 manimate, or to want animation. If we do not control 
 the animus with which we regard others, it may 
 change to animosity or active hatred. 
 
 To anim-ad-vert is (veetere) to turn the mind 
 (Ad) to something ; to observe ; and at length, by observ- 
 ing too closely, to censure. 
 
 To be unanimous is to be of (unijs) one mind, 
 and equ-animity is (.siqvus) ewwmindedness. 
 anemometer a (meter) measurer of the force of the 
 
 wind, anem'one the wind-flower. 
 
DERIVATION. 73 
 
 AL grow. 
 
 [Xl-o (partioip. Xlitus, infin. Xlere) to cause to grow, to nonrigh, to 
 aiistain. AL-M-us adj. (fem. alma) nouriahing, kind. AL--T-US (gen. -i) 
 groton, lofty, loud. Eng. ol-d of full growth, agcd.l 
 
 Things that unite, or (AL) grow (co-) together, are 
 said to co-al-esce. Parts of plants which unite in 
 growth, are co-al-ite. 
 
 When people of different parties or interests unite 
 for a temporary object, they may form a disreputable 
 coalition. 
 
 When a person is (-ESCent) becoming, or approaching 
 (ad) to the ad-ul-t state, he is adolescent. 
 
 The young man who has graduated as an al^'U^mn-ns. 
 and the young woman who is an alumna, should honor 
 the institution which, as an alma mates — a nourishing 
 (by extension kind) mother, has furnished their minds with 
 al-i-ment from the el-e-ments or growth- materials 
 of useful knowledge. 
 
 When a thing grows, so to speak, (ob, obs-) against the 
 proper direction, as in decaying or in wearing out, it 
 becomes ol-d and otos-ol-ete, and is put (ab) away 
 or ab-ol-ished. 
 
 AL other. 
 
 [IhA-VS Other, another; al'-i-AS othenoise; ALIBI elsewhere; AL'T-ER 
 the other; AL-i-EN-us not related, foreign. Angl. ell-es otherwise, el-se.^ 
 
 An altei'-C-at-ion is a dispute of one person with 
 another. 
 
 An ad-nl-ter-ation is made when another oil 
 (such as lard-oil) is added to olive-oil. 
 
 A man who assumes the name of another takes an 
 alias and is open to suspicion. 
 7 
 
74 DEEITATION. 
 
 ANG compress. 
 
 [ang-o (infin, ang-ere) to draw tight, compreasj tTtrotthj tormentj 
 ttraiten. ASGINA the quinsy. ANxius troubled.'] 
 
 To be anxious, or in a state of anxiety, is to 
 
 have mental pressure in regard to an uncertainty; 
 anguish is mental or bodily distress ; aiid anger is 
 named from the sensation of choking which accompanies 
 rage, whence — " to choke with anger." 
 
 EC even. 
 
 [^Q-T-ijs (gen. -i) even, level, equal, in-iqtus (where the older i 
 remains through the influence of i of in-) uneven, not level, unjust. 
 AG-ER (gen. AQRi) a Jield, a plain. Angl. ac-er afield, an acre^ 
 
 equal corresponding in extent, size, value, or other 
 qualities. equ:i-ty fairness, justice, equitable 
 fair, just. 
 
 An equable temper is uniform. An equable 
 temperature is one which is not subject to variations from 
 heat and cold, iniquity is (moral) un-even-ness. 
 
 A judge who hates iniquity will dispense even- 
 handed justice by making all equal before the law. 
 
 In plain dealing we give an equi-val-ent, that is, an 
 equ-al or even val-ue. 
 
 Equi-voc-al (or equal voic-ed) expressions are such as 
 admit of two meanings of equal force. 
 
 agrarian pertaining to the public lands (of the 
 Romans.) 
 
 acre has three stages of meaning — a level field; a 
 field adapted to cultivation ; and a measure of land. _ 
 
DERIVATION. 75 
 
 PA, FA shine, speak. 
 
 [Fi-RI to speak, narrate. FA-MA a saying, a rumor, fame. FA*B-UL-A 
 a narrative, a tale, a fable* FA'T-tF"" the thing upoken, destiny, fate. 
 pnjE-FA'T*i-o a saying (PB^) beforehand, a preface, vates (gen. 
 VATis) a prophet. VE-TO I forbid. fa-t-e5b / co7?/e«ff. cSn-fiteor 
 (C0NFE..SSUS) J confess, acknotoledge {con-) fully.'] 
 
 The pha-s-cs (appearances) of the moon are astro- 
 nomic plic-iio-men-a. 
 
 epipha-ny a showing {epi) forth; a church festival, 
 photograph a picture obtained by means of (Gr. phos, 
 
 gen. photSs') light. 
 
 A pro-plie-t is one -who speaks (^pro) for another, 
 especially for a divinity. 
 
 A propliecy is a prediction or an announcement 
 (under divine authority.) 
 
 An aftable person is one that may be spoken (af- 
 for ad) to ; one who is friendly and easy of access. 
 
 ineffable (in-) not to be spoken (ef- for ex) out ; 
 not to be mentioned ; unutterable. 
 
 To con-fe-ss is to acknowledge (con-) fully (and 
 voluntarily). A forced acknowledgment is noj a con- 
 fession. 
 
 BAR bear, carry, produce. 
 
 [fer-O, to hear, carry, endure, produce, bring, fioto, rush, carry off by 
 force. FBR-ox impetuous, wild, fier..ce. feR'T-il is fertile, farina 
 flour. BAR-B-A beard. FORS (gen. FO^Tls) what brings itself, chance. 
 portcItus by chance, fortuitous. fOrtSna fortune. fSr-t-Is 
 (capable of enduring, hence) strong, firm, stedfast, for..cefuI. por-t-o 
 (inf. -are) fo carry, bear, convey, con'fer-0, bring (cox-) together, collect, 
 compare, consult, confer^ contribute, serve. PRjE'fer-o, to bear (pRjE) 
 before, carry in front, place a person or thing before another in esteem, 
 prefer. Persian burdan to bear; bar a load, a region; hence Zanga- 
 bar (Zanguebar) from zangi a negro. Scotch bair-n a child.] 
 
 confer to bring together (for consultation ;) to grant 
 
76 DEKIVATION. 
 
 or bestow, conference a bringing together (for con- 
 sultation.) 
 
 defer to bear or bring (de) away, to put off, postpone, 
 lay before, yield to authority. 
 
 refer to bear or send (ee-) back, put in charge, 
 assign, suffer to support (sub) from below, to bear, 
 to endure. 
 
 stelliferoiis (i connective) bearing (stella, gen. 
 STELLiE) a star, or (sTELLiE) stars. 
 
 ov:i-par-ous creatures are such as bear (ov-u" an 
 egg, gen. 6v-r, pi. ov-i) eggs. 
 
 sopor-i-f'er-ons bringing or causing (s6p6e, gen. 
 sfiPOEis) sleep or drowsiness. 
 
 peri'plier-y is the Greek equivalent of circum'- 
 fer-encc. bur-d-en (far-d-el) is from ' bear,' like 
 grow-th from ' grow,' with -en diminutival. 
 
 The burdens of fortune should be borne with 
 for-t-it-ude and for-bear-ance. 
 
 META]fliOT phos-phor-us pre-, in, of-, dif-, suf-, re-, transfer 
 referee metalliferous fartna fierce ferocity force for- 
 tuitous fortune fer-t-ility com-, de, dis-, ex, im-, re-, sup-, 
 tr.ans-port porterage portfolio bear bier (wheel-, hand-)barrow 
 bir-th bor-n bor-ne par-ent burden beard bar-b-er wear 
 
 c-LA, G-LA shine. 
 
 [Welsh gLA hrighinega. glan pure, clea-n. Lat. CLA-n-US (gen. -l) 
 clear lou-d, bright. Ger. klar, Fr. olair, Eng. clear. GLA-o»i-ES 
 ice (whence glacier), glo-h-i-a glory, favie, renown. Irish clu 
 report, fame. Scotch glai-k a gla-n-ce, a rai/,'\ 
 
 A word which was first applied to a sensation received 
 through the eye, may, by a metaphor or transfer, be ex- 
 tended to things which aiFect the ear, the body, or even 
 the mind. Hence, we speak of a clear sky-voice- 
 
DERIVATION. 77 
 
 passage-idea ; — a clean conscience ; — a glowing de- 
 scription ; — a glaring inconsistency. 
 
 Stars glisten, jewels glitter, heat-lightnings 
 glimmer. A bright object may emit an agreeable 
 glow, an unpleasant glare, or a faint gleam. The 
 glair or clear part of an egg is sometimes used to 
 clar:i-fy liquids. The glow of evening passes into 
 gloom. In Scotland, gloam is twilight, and Venus 
 is the gloamin-star. A glade is an open passage-way 
 in a wood. 
 
 glow glory glitter gloss glass glaze glair glare clear 
 clean gleen glance glimpse gleam glimmer gloom gleed 
 
 [Welsh llan a clear place ; llanercli a clear area, a lawn, a g-la-dej] 
 
 lane a narrow road or street, lawn a grassy space 
 between woods, or about a house, land soil ; ground ; 
 the earth as distinguished from the water. 
 
 LU' loo-s-en. 
 
 ana-ly-s-is a loosing (^jw) back, or separating 
 something into its component parts; so-lution of a 
 problem. 
 
 paralyse to loosen (paba) aside, amiss, or at the 
 side ; to make useless, unnerve, paralysis or pa..l-sy 
 may affect but one side of the body, whence the term. 
 
 [lu-ere to looaen, make void, pay. so-lt-o (so- for SE-, influenced 
 by V,) to loosen apart, solve, sever, relax, unravel, explain, melt, 
 destroy, diacharge an obligation, DIS-SO-LU-T-US adj. lax, remiss, reck- 
 less, licentious, dissolute.] 
 
 solve to separate component parts ; explain (as a 
 problem,) unravel (a difficulty,) dissipate (a doubt.) 
 
 solution the act or result of solving ; a liquid or 
 solvent containing a soluble njaterial, 
 
 1* 
 
78 DEEIVATION. 
 
 resolve to loosen, disperse (a tumor,) analyse, decide, 
 determine, be determined, be re-so-lu-te. 
 
 resolution a state of being resolved ; decision ; 
 determination. 
 
 ab-solve to loosen from (a condition, an obligation, 
 a penalty ;) to acquit. 
 
 absolution acquittal ; the act of absolving. 
 
 absolute unconditional; independent; unmixed. 
 
 06s. The presence of a prefix in so-lve being overlooked, Dis- was 
 added in ' dissolve ' and its derivatives, to secure the separative idea. 
 
 LAG lay. 
 
 [Goth, l^g-jan, Angl. lecgan to lay, put, place. Goth, lig-an, Angl. 
 ligg-an to lie down, to extend.'] 
 
 To lie down is to rest in a flat or low position. The 
 verb to lay is the transitive form of lie. We lay a 
 
 book on the table and it lies there. 
 
 A laiv is something laid down as a rule of action. 
 Common law is based upon common experience ; statute 
 law is due to the people through their representatives. 
 
 A ledge is an extended shelf; a kind of molding; a 
 ridge of rock. A ledger is a book in which accounts 
 are spread under appropriate heads. 
 
 layer that which is lai-d ; a bed or stratum. lai..r 
 a lying or resting place, especially of a wild beast. 
 
 f-lag a flat stone. 
 
 [leg-ere to lay together, collect, survey (lay eyes on), observe, read. 
 LEX {gen, LEG-is) a law, a decree. E-LIG-ERE to pick up, weed out, 
 choose, se-lec-t, e-lec~t,] 
 
 To be diligent is to persevere in a pursuit which 
 has been chosen (di-) apart. To be neg-lig-ent or 
 
 neg-lec-t-ful is (nec) not to have things disposed in 
 proper order ; to be inattentive ; to disregard. 
 
DERIVATION. 79 
 
 To be intelligent (to possess intellect) is to 
 
 have the power of choosing (intel*- for intee) between ; 
 hence, to be able to perceive, discern, and distinguish. 
 
 To eol-lec-t is to bring objects (con-) together. 
 
 To select is to lay something (se-) apart, or by itself 
 
 To elect is to choose (e-, ex) out of, or from among, 
 others ; to make a choice ; to choose, as by vote. An 
 eligible candidate is one who is legally qualified 
 for election. A man is loyal when he obeys the 
 laws. An alloy is a mixture of metals made (ad) 
 according to law ; any mixture of metals. 
 
 A colleague is one chosen (con-) with another; a 
 partner in ofiice. 
 
 A college is a col-lcc-t-ion of persons for a special 
 purpose, also a college building. 
 
 [p-LTC-ARB to lay or place togetJter, fold, coil, ply.., plea..t. PLEX-US 
 a,, tangled, interwoven; u, a plea..t~ing, a braid. du-plic-it-AS double- 
 nesB, doubt/ulneea, whence duplicity. cohplexio (gen.-ONis) a 
 com~bination, natural con-atitution. supplex (a folding SUB under, u 
 kneeling,) aub-miaaive, sup'>pli..-ailt9 entreating.l 
 
 ply., to stick at ; be employ..ed in ; urge ; fold ; 
 bend, pliers nippers for bending, pliable easily 
 bent, apply., to put one thing to another ; to put to a 
 purpose; to solicit, applicable fit to be appli..ed; 
 suitable, display., to spread apart ; unfold ; exhibit. 
 
 plication a fold; a doubling up. explication 
 a spreading (ex) out, or unfolding, for the purpose of 
 ex-planation. 
 
 complex, complicate (woven together) en- 
 tangled ; composed of several parts ; difficult, com- 
 plexity entanglement; intricacy, complexion 
 connection of related parts ; aspect ; color and texture of 
 the skin, accomplice (one entangled with another,) 
 an as-sociate or ac-cessory in crime. 
 
80 DERIVATION. 
 
 implicate to (enfold, entangle,) connect ■with some- 
 thing, as a crime, perplex (see pee,) to make intri- 
 cate ; to puzzle ; to keep in suspense, dii-plic-ate a. 
 twofold ; n. a copy ; v. to make a doii-ble.. or a copy 
 of. duplicity double dealing ; deceit. 
 
 triple threefold, threeply.. . tri-pl-et three of a 
 kind, treble threefold ; a term in music. 
 
 sim-plic-ity (sine) without duplicity ; naturalness. 
 
 snp-ple bending down ; flexible ; nimble. 
 
 flax a plant the fibre of which is spun and woven. 
 
 [p-LEC-T-BRE to hend, curve, turn,'] 
 
 deflect to turn or bend (de) from, away, aside. 
 reflect to bend or turn (ee-) back, as light from a 
 reflector ; to turn the mind back or upon ; to cast 
 censure, flexible that may be bent. Lead is flexible ; 
 baleen (whalebone) is both flexible and elastic. 
 
 [lio-are to hindf tie, fasten, join, ob-lig-are to bind round; put in 
 bonds; bind, oblige^ make li..able.] 
 
 league a bond of union ; an al-li..'ance. liege 
 a. bound, as a vassal to his lord ; n. he who owes 
 allegiance. li..en a legal hold on property. 
 ligament a band or tie, especially between bones. 
 ligature a cord or thread for tying, esp. in surgery. 
 link a component part of a chain. 
 lictor he who binds (rods and culprits,) a Roman 
 
 ofiicer who bore a bundle of rods from which an axe 
 
 projected, and who bound, scourged, and beheaded 
 
 criminals. 
 oblige to bind or constrain as by a sense of duty ; to 
 
 bind as by a friendly act ; to accommodate. 
 li..able bound or accountable ; responsible ; subject. 
 
DERIVATION. 81 
 
 TA' Stretch. 
 
 [Gr. tSno'o, io brace up (aa we talk of tonics to give tone to the 
 system); to accentuate. Qv. tUn'oa a cordj ainew; ten^s-ioHf in-teu-s-it-T/j 
 strain; tone. Lat. TENd-ERE to atretcJt out; pitch a teu-t ^ ex-tend; 
 dis-tend; tend-er (offer); proceed; otn'ite, con-tend. In-tend-eke 
 to stretch forth; exert; be intent; put one's energies (in) vpon ; 
 intend, tenuis thin, tenuitas ten-u-it-y. Sanscrit tan to draw; 
 stretch; sound, stan to sound; to thunder, tana thin.'\ 
 
 tension a strained, stretched or tense condition. 
 intense strained in a high degree (in intensive) ; 
 extreme, tend to have a course, direction, aim, or 
 tendency, contend to strive with. 
 
 distend to stretch apart, as in opening the jaws ; to 
 swell out, as a balloon. 
 
 extend to stretch out, prolong, spread, diffuse. 
 ostentation a spreading (o..s- for obs-) before ; a 
 showing out; vain display; self-praise, ostensible 
 (that may be) shown forth; apparent; put forth as a 
 pretense. pretend (to hold forward or place 
 PEjE before,) to offer for an ostensible purpose ; to feign. 
 portend to stretch (for-, akin to pro) forward, or 
 into the future ; to betoken, portent an (evil) omen, 
 tenterhooks are used in stretching cloth. 
 
 thin tendon extent extens -ion, -ibie, -ive, in-ten -d, -t, -se, 
 -s-ity superinteudencr* 
 
 [ton-ake to thunder ; make a din. at-tSn-are to terrify; stupefy; 
 s-tun ; as-ton-ish — where s-, as- are due to es- for ex, in old French 
 e..s-ton-er.] 
 
 astonish, astound, stun, to surprise and con- 
 found, as if with the din of thunder. 
 
 tone tonic tune din thunder tin-tinn-ah-ul-at-ion 
 
 Obs. SON-US « eoun-d (whence sound, sonant, consonant, re-sound, 
 sonorous, sonnet, sonata,) belongs to the Sanscrit root svan (=swan) to 
 sound. 
 
 F 
 
82 DERIVATION. 
 
 [ten"-eee to hold, have, occwpy, re-tain ; defend, maintain^ hold 
 on a course, con-tin-ue; reach, at-tain ; hold hack, de-tain* 
 CON-TiN^ij.us joining (con-) with; uninterrupted, continuous*] 
 
 tenon the end of a timber fitted to hold in a mortise. 
 tenor an even, continuous course; purport; a 
 quality of musical tone. 
 
 a1>S-tain to hold from ; forbear ; refrain ; practice 
 abstinence, contain to hold or keep (con-) together ; 
 comprise, content a. held within bounds ; satisfied. 
 con-ten-t-ment the state of being content, con- 
 tents parts contained ; the heads of subjects in a book. 
 detain to keep or withhold anything (de) from; to 
 delay ; keep in custody, obtain (ob verbal) to get ; 
 procure ; be in use. retain to hold back ; keep, 
 sustain to hold up, or (sub) from beneath ; keep up ; 
 support ; aid ; endure ; sufier. maintain (to hold by 
 Fr. main the hand,) to support ; uphold ; deTend. 
 
 A person may maintain a right, a doctrine, a prin- 
 ciple, and sustain it by argument ; he may sustain 
 a weight, a defeat, an injury — sustain and maintain 
 a family — and he may sustain the credit of another 
 while he maintains his own. 
 
 In a continent, many regions of the earth occur 
 or are held (con-) together, or in a continuous mass; 
 and the characteristic human features are contained 
 in the countenance. 
 
 entertain (see the meanings of tenere,) as if, to 
 hold a course, or have something going on (inter) between 
 (the entertainer and the entertained,) hence, to amuse ; to 
 treat hospitably ; to hold opinions. 
 
 tenant tenure tenet continue detention tenacity 
 
DEKIVATION. 83 
 
 TAG cover. 
 
 [teq-ebS to coveVf hide, gJielter, defend, TOGA a Roman cloak, 
 TEG-UL-A a ti..le. German deck-en to cover; da(^ a roof; deck-el a 
 lid; tu(^ cloth, linen, duck ; zieg-el (= tsigl) a li..le. Hindoo d"hak-na 
 to cover, conceal; a lid. Bengalee d*hak-an to cover. The last exam- 
 ples show the original vowel whence the e and o of teg-ere and tog-a.] 
 
 de-tec-t to find out, discover, as if by taking a cover 
 (de) from, or away, protect to cover (pro) before, 
 or in front, as a hen protects her young ; hence, to guard ; 
 to defend, deck v. to cover, clothe, adorn, bedeck 
 
 The cover or deck of a ship is made of planks ; 
 ti..les are made of clay ; tliatcli is a roofing of straw. 
 
 The ease of a bed or mattress is called a tick, and it 
 may be made of duck or of ticking. 
 
 A shaii-ty is a temporary hut or cabin — primarily, 
 a shed for protecting cattle. Irish and Gaelic ' sioa ' (si 
 as sh) weather, storm ; tigh {gh silent) house. 
 
 TRAC, DRAG draw. 
 
 [thah-o, TRAC-T-ii", TRAHinE to 4rag, trai..I, draw., along or 
 
 after; have a trai..n (as of followers); to prolong; delay; endure. 
 
 DETRAHERE to pull (db) down, take aioay; remove (as by a purgative); 
 
 lower (in estimation); disparage; detract* stjbtrahere to draw 
 from beneath; subtract, tractare (T intensive) to draw with energy; 
 
 take in hand; arrange; trea..t. G-othio drag-an to drag, dra w, choose, 
 ' Angl. drag-an to drag, draw, bear, go. Islandic raka to rake.^ 
 
 abs-trac-t v. to draw (abs-) from ; separate ; pur- 
 loin ; a. drawn away from ; separate. An abstract 
 (as from a book or a law,) should give a general idea of 
 the original, while an extract may be any portion taken 
 (ex) out. An abstract may be composed of extracts. 
 
 Primarily, a track is a mark or trace left by an 
 object dragged, drawn, or moving along ; but we 
 speak of the track of a ship or of a planet. 
 
84 DERIVATION. 
 
 A tract is something extended, as a region — or drawn 
 out, as a short essay or trea..tise drawn from its subject. 
 A trai..t is a mark ; a feature ; a characteristic. To 
 trea..t is to use (well or ill) ; manage ; discuss ; nego- 
 tiate ; entertain. 
 
 A dredge is a drag or rake with a pouch, used 
 to collect oysters. A traw..l is a kind of bag-net drawn 
 by a fishing-boat. 
 
 A man who draws plans is a drauglitsman ; he 
 who draws business orders is a drawer — this being an 
 active noun, but when ' drawer' is applied to a piece of 
 furniture, it is a passive noun. 
 
 As the guttural formerly in draught was becoming 
 rare in English, it struck the ears of the young generation 
 as / (see Otosis, p. 30,) and gave us draft, a word of 
 many meanings, all of which we can traoh or trace to the 
 primary idea, as when it is applied to a current of air 
 drawn to (and passing from) a fire — to a plan — an outline 
 of an agreement, a law, a trea..t-y — a money order 
 drawn on a banker — the act of drawing a load — the 
 depth of a ship in the water. 
 
 In at^trali-ent (drawing' to, sXiraating), and in 
 snb-trah-end (something to he subtracted), a non- 
 radical h replaces the cay-sound of the Latin stem teac, 
 which, with its derivatives must not be referred to teaho. 
 
 abs-, at-, eon-, de, dis-, ex, pro, re-, sub, trac-t -ion trac-t -able, 
 -ile track trace -able trea..t treaty treatise treatment 
 tra..de dredge drag draggle draw..l drai..l trai..l trai..n 
 draw.. draw..er draw..ee 
 
DEEIVATION. 85 
 
 RAG reach. 
 
 [tieg-eue to keep gt-raigh-t, aet righ-t; rule, govern, di-rec-t. RECTUS 
 8t-raigh-t; st-reich-ed out or up, e-rec-t, up-rtgh-t; cor-rec-t, proper, just. 
 RECTITUDO atraightnese; directiieaa; uprighineaa; rectitude. REGIO 
 (gen. -ONIS) direction; line; limit; tract; region. REGIHEN guidance; 
 government; command, whence regimen^ regiment, e-rig-ere (to 
 make straight ex out of a place,) to raiae or aet up, erect, cor-rig-ere 
 (to straighten in accordance con- with something,) to make better, 
 correct, di-rig-ere (to straighten or arrange Di- apart, or hy itself,) 
 to arrange; guide; regulate ; direct. SDR-RiG-ERB, siJR..G-ERB to 
 viae (suRt- for sub from heloio, hence) up; apring up, whence surge^ 
 and source a spring of water. regulX a straight aticic, lath, rat.. I, 
 r..Til-cr; a r..ule, pattern, model, rex (gen. reg-is) o A-iji^. rector a 
 guider. Angl. reht a. right \ n. plumb-line; carpenter'a rule; riht n. 
 right; juatice; duty; truth; reaaon.'] 
 
 regulate vt. to keep (or cause to be) rigli-t, 
 
 st-raigh-t, cor-rec-t, reg-ul-ar, or according to a 
 r..ule. A regulation is a rule made by competent 
 authority. 
 
 region a st-retch (of country) ; a portion of space 
 having some characteristic, aa. the region of the trade- 
 winds, — of the Caspian, — of the heart, regiineu 
 rule, esp. in regard to diet, regal, royal kingly. 
 
 reach v. to extend, st-retch out ; attain ; n. st-retch, 
 extension. 
 
 direct a. straight ; straightforward ; unswerving. 
 Fr. d..roi..t (right, straight ; n. right ; claim ; law ; tax ; 
 fee,) whence, with a- for AD (as if to the right,) 
 a-cl..roi-t dextrous. He is adroit who goes to or at a 
 work in a direct manner, and as if with (Fr. droite) the 
 right hand. 
 
 On account of its superior usefulness, the angle which 
 is most employed in masonry and carpentry is named a 
 right angle, and a four-sided figure with four such 
 angles is a rectangle. 
 
86 DEEIVATION. 
 
 An in-sur-rec-tpion is a rising (sur'- for sub) 
 up (in-) against; a revolt against lawful authority by 
 in-su..-r..g-ent-s. 
 
 CAP take. 
 
 [CAP-ERE (-CEP-, -CIP-, -CUP-) io take, seize, cap-t-ure, get, hold, 
 oc-cup-y. DE-cip-ERE to take in (de) much, practice de-cep-t-ion, 
 de-ceive, cheat.'\ 
 
 perception is (pee) thorough compreliension. 
 
 A principle is something which takes or oc-cup-ies 
 the (prin- for prim- before ' c ') pri-m-a,Tj place. 
 
 A capable man of clear perception, and who 
 is neither captions nor con-cei..-ted, has the 
 cap-acity to re-ceive, and to oc-cup-y himself 
 with ac-cep-table prin-cip-les and pre-cep-ts. 
 
 On its passage (intee) between the armies, the corre- 
 spondence was intercepted; in other words — the 
 letters were seized between the armies. 
 
 A person who gets (ee-) back his health, is said to 
 recnpcrate or recover. 
 
 exceptions are out-takings, or parts which are 
 taken (ex) out. They do not prove the accuracy of a rule. 
 
 capacious capture captor or ca..tcher keep captive or 
 cai..tiff ca..tch* ch..ase* purchase* ac-cep-t de-cep-t-iou 
 deceive receive recipient occupy receipt decei..t concei..t 
 
 CO, s-CU cover. 
 
 [Welsll CO concavity, cen a a~ki-n, cin what extenda over. Lat. 
 cu-T-is the skin. SCDTU™ (gen. scuTi) a shield (scnicheon). scd'tula a 
 dish, oe-scc'r-us covererf (on) o!)er; dusky; indistinct; unintelligible. 
 Angl. Bo4-d (c as k, e in they) a sha-de. Scotch sky shadow, skul, skol 
 a drinking citp.'] 
 
 scutiforni having the form (scuT:i) of a shield. 
 
 * Ital. cacciare (= cattsh-SrS) for a supposable CApTIdrS. 
 
DERIVATION. 87 
 
 sciitellate (-el dimin.) shaped like a little shield, 
 or like a dish. scii..llery (as if ' scutellary ') a plage 
 for dishes. 
 
 squ..i..re (as if 'scuti-ger,' from ger-eee to bear, 
 carry,) the bearer (scuTi) of a shield ; the armor-bearer 
 of a knight; a justice of the peace, esqnirc (e pros- 
 thetic) a title used after names. 
 
 cii"ti-cle the outer, thin, delicate s-Iii-n which 
 covers the true (cCTia) skin. 
 
 The scalp (p noun suffix, see -B) covers the skull, 
 which is a kind of scale, shell, shield, sheath, 
 shutter, or shelter for the brain. A scull is an 
 oar, a scale-like implement, also a kind of boat. 
 
 A shelf (see -B) of shaly rock may cause a shoal 
 or shallow. 
 
 scallops (= scollops) are shellfish; many of them 
 have both valves ribbed, which gives the edge a 
 scolloped appearance. 
 
 shuck a husk or hull, shude rice husks, shoddy 
 woollen offal re-spun and woven into 'shoddy' cloth. 
 shoe a cover for the foot. 
 
 shade shedn. shadow coat cot cottage hod hood hat 
 
 hide n. hut hose house husk cask casque casket shield 
 
 shilling cuticle sky scute scutellate scullery scutcheon 
 
 escutcheon obscure scum skimmer skin scow shallop 
 
 Shed (to cast off); aJioat, aheet, shuttle, belong to shoot, 
 
 GA, GAn produce. 
 
 [QI-G..N-0 (si reduplicative) GEN-iT-ij", oi-O-.n-ebe to beget, pro- 
 duce. GENS (gen. GENT-ls) clun, family, tribe, gentilis of the same 
 family or nation ; foreign ; heathen; gentile. GENUlNUS na(/ue, na(- 
 ura/, genuine, genus (gen. GEtfERis, pi. genera,) race, family, iiin, 
 kind, genus, gender, genitiv&s a. belonging to birth, or descent; n. 
 the genitive case, genius (pi. genii,) a protecting spirit; talent, 
 genius, inobniu'^ innate quality; an invention."] 
 
 general a. relating to all of a kin-d ; common. 
 
88 DERIVATION. 
 
 n. a commander with a general supervision, en-gine 
 (and ..gin) an ingenious machine, congener a 
 plant or animal of the same genus with another. 
 indi'genous born or produced (indi-) in a country; ■ 
 native, gender (in grammar) kind in regard to sex. 
 
 A congenital disease or deformity is one which a 
 person is (genitus) born (con-) with. 
 
 A family, a flock, or a crop, is a production which 
 requires care in the rearing, that it may be genuine, 
 or true to its liind. 
 
 When certain seeds are sown together, the resulting 
 plants will be degenerate, or removed (de) Jrom 
 their kind. 
 
 Well-bred persons are such as have been carefully 
 brought up, and who should be genial, congenial, 
 ingenuous, generous, gentle, and genteel. 
 But when a generation includes a ..nation, the 
 general ..nature and genius (or inborn character) 
 may degenerate and the ..natives become gentiles 
 requiring regeneration. 
 
 [G..NASCOB, ..NiscoR (v. deponcnt,) to he horn, spring from, grow. ■ 
 GNATUS, NATUS born, produced, natuba essential quality; character; 
 disposition; producing cause; the universe; nature. NATIVTJS inborn; 
 due to birth; due to nature; native; not artijicial ; NATI-O (gen. -ON-is) 
 birth; race; nation.] 
 
 nation a body of people living under the same 
 government, nascent beginning to exist or to form". 
 connate growing together as two leaves frorn one base. 
 co-gnate connected by birth or descent ; allied ; akin 
 on the mother's side. a>g'n-ate (a- for ad) akin 
 through the father, natal relating to one's birth. 
 innate inborn. 
 
 preternatural (pejstee) beyond (or, in addition 
 
DERIVATION. 89 
 
 to) nature; inexplicable, supernatural above na- 
 ture ; spiritual ; miraculous, renaissance (Fr. nais- 
 sance birth,) the renewal or revival of the fine arts, chiefly 
 by Rafaele (or Raphael, b. 1483, d. 1520.) 
 
 na-lf TO., na-ive fern, (short forms of Fr. m. nJltif, 
 /. native,) natural ; unaffected, n^e (=nay, Fr. fern, 
 participle,) born (with the name of,) as in Madame 
 d'Arblay, n6e Burney. 
 
 CAL call. 
 
 [cXl-o, cla-u-o / calL "Welsh gal what is uttered; spread out; a 
 plain ; a fair spot, a goal, galw to calL Irish and Gaelic sgal a yell.^ 
 
 A clai-m is (-m) something, such as a right, for which 
 a demand or call may be made by the claimant. 
 
 A claim may be cried (pbo) forth or pro-clainted 
 ■with S-coI-ding and clamor ; or it may be disowned 
 and disclaimed with (db much) declamation. 
 
 The cal-cnd-ar (-and, -end, particip.) or register 
 of days, and the calends or first day of the months, 
 were thus named because the principal days were origin- 
 ally called out, or proclaimed on the calends. 
 
 We may call or hail a man with a halloo, but 
 we should not yell (utter a yel-p), yowl, nor howl. 
 
 As cay and h do not belong to the same contact (see the Chart p. 16), 
 the former being a guttural formed by the base of the tongue, and the 
 A a laryngal made farther back at the larynx, their interchange con- 
 stitutes a transmutation (p. 19), as in call and hail, sub-trac-t and 
 sub-trah-end (p. 84), gard-en and hortt-culture (p. 40), calam-us and 
 hauL.m, guano from Peruvian huano, Noah and Noachian. 
 8* 
 
90 DERIVATION. 
 
 GOL shine. 
 
 [■Welsh gol-e splendor. Irish and Gaelic geal (=gyal) white, bright. 
 Gr. xoA-^ (=^ole) gall. x'S'^-oi g'oH; anger. Lat. BiLis and FEL (both 
 as if from a stem gval = gwal), Angl. gealla gall, bile. Angl. geol-ca 
 yol-lc. Swed. gul yell-ow; gul-a yol-k; gul-d gol-d. Lat. gil-t-usj 
 Ger. gel-bj Eng. yell-ow. Lat. col-or color, hue, appearance, luatre.l 
 
 gall or bile and the yolk of eggs are yellow; 
 
 gold has the same prominent color, and so has a 
 burning coal. 
 
 In the early days of scientific inqui'ry, mental depres- 
 sion -was attributed to [jiiXas, gen. ^a^Aav-oy = mSranOs) 
 hlach bile or melanelioly; and atrabilious (melan- 
 cholic) is based on Latin atee, fern, atea block, and the 
 feminine noun bilis hile, anger, wrath. 
 
 Black bile was supposed to be formed by the spleen, a 
 belief which gave to this word the secondary meanings 
 of spite and ill-humor, and caused splen'etic to mean 
 peevish and spiteful. 
 
 cholera is a disease connected with bile, and as bile 
 was supposed to cause anger, clioler has come to mean 
 wrath, and we apply the term choleric to a person 
 easily moved to anger. 
 
 As a good carver seldom fails to hit the joint, so an etymologist is 
 expected to hit the joints of words. (See 'redeem' and 'icicle/ p. 45.) 
 He must know how to separate, not only ' ex ' from ' express * and 
 * explain,' but he must he able to dissect ' ec-' from words which seem 
 to have the same prefix, such as 'expire' (ec-spire to breathe out; die), 
 and 'extant' (ec-sta-nt eta-nd~ing out; in being.) Akin to ec-sta-nt is 
 ec-sta-sy (Gr. Sk'stSsis a standing out or aside ; distraction ; entranee- 
 ment,) spelled in the Greek mode, in which the letter for x was not used 
 for ks when they were thus divided between a prefix and a stem. 
 
91 
 
 CHAPTER 10. SYNONYMY. 
 
 Words which have the same, or nearly the same 
 meaning, are named synonyms. They may be as 
 near to each other as ' dale ' and ' dell ;' they may be 
 the result of paresis (neglect), as in ' coun..t ' from ' com- 
 pute ; ' or they may be distinct words, as in ' count ' and 
 ' reckon.' In the following pairs, a word of English or 
 Teutonic origin is followed by its synonym derived from 
 Latin. 
 
 English^ 
 
 , Latin, 
 
 Englishf 
 
 Latin. 
 
 English, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 cheat V, 
 
 defraud 
 
 help. 
 
 assist 
 
 shining, 
 
 splendent 
 
 cheat n, 
 
 deception 
 
 hinder. 
 
 obstruct 
 
 shrink. 
 
 contract' 
 
 corner. 
 
 angle 
 
 hinder. 
 
 prevent 
 
 shun. 
 
 avoid 
 
 dale, 
 
 vale 
 
 hold, 
 
 contain 
 
 shut V, 
 
 close 
 
 dwk,dim; 
 
 obscure 
 
 hold bad 
 
 :, retain 
 
 sink. 
 
 descend 
 
 ditch, 
 
 fosse 
 
 hold in. 
 
 restrain 
 
 sink. 
 
 plunge 
 
 dregs, 
 
 sediment 
 
 hold on. 
 
 detain 
 
 skill. 
 
 dexterity 
 
 drink. 
 
 Imbibe 
 
 hold out, 
 
 persevere 
 
 skilful. 
 
 expert 
 
 dull, 
 
 stupid 
 
 hold up. 
 
 sustain 
 
 stop, 
 
 cease 
 
 dull, 
 
 languid 
 
 last V, 
 
 endure 
 
 smooth. 
 
 plane 
 
 dumb. 
 
 mute 
 
 last a. 
 
 ultimate 
 
 smooth. 
 
 glabrous 
 
 enough. 
 
 sufficient 
 
 lessen. 
 
 diminish 
 
 sorrow. 
 
 grief 
 
 fear. 
 
 terror 
 
 looking-glass, mirror 
 
 sourness. 
 
 acidity 
 
 fearful, 
 
 timorous 
 
 mad. 
 
 rabid 
 
 spear. 
 
 lance 
 
 fearless, 
 
 intrepid 
 
 needy. 
 
 indigent 
 
 sticky, 
 
 adhesive 
 
 food. 
 
 viotual-s 
 
 pride. 
 
 vanity 
 
 sticky. 
 
 viscous 
 
 forbid. 
 
 prohibit 
 
 proud, 
 
 arrogant 
 
 storm. 
 
 tempest 
 
 guide V, 
 
 conduct 
 
 raise. 
 
 elevate 
 
 stout. 
 
 robust 
 
 guile, 
 
 fraud 
 
 rise. 
 
 ascend 
 
 stubborn. 
 
 , obstinate 
 
 handle, 
 
 manipulate 
 
 rise out. 
 
 emerge 
 
 surly. 
 
 morose 
 
 hang. 
 
 suspend 
 
 seaman, 
 
 mariner 
 
 thick. 
 
 dense 
 
 liarliiir, haven ; port 
 
 shepherd, pastor 
 
 uproar. 
 
 tumult 
 
 hearth. 
 
 focus 
 
 shine n, 
 
 splendor 
 
 wages. 
 
 salary 
 
 heavenly, celestial 
 
 shiny. 
 
 splendid 
 
 wail. 
 
 lament 
 
92 
 
 SYNONYMY, 
 
 Engliehf Latin. 
 
 wane, decrease 
 
 want, penury 
 
 wary, cautious 
 
 waste n, des'ert 
 
 English, Latin. 
 wayward, perverse 
 weak, feeble 
 
 weighty, ponderous 
 wicked, vicious 
 
 Engliehf Latin. 
 worth, value 
 yearly, annual 
 yield, concede 
 youthful, juvenile 
 
 English presents the curious feature of having numer- 
 ous native words without native derivatives, instead of 
 which, modifications of foreign forms (chiefly Latin) are 
 used, as in — •■ 
 
 ;. Engliak, Latin, 
 
 fusible 
 mental 
 lunar 
 oral 
 legible 
 marine 
 
 In the next examples the words of the second column 
 are based on French and the third on Latin. Most of 
 the French forms are based on Latin, and many of those 
 due to Latin entered English through some form or 
 dialect of French. 
 
 Englishj Latin. 
 
 English 
 
 book, library 
 
 melt, 
 
 guess, conjectural 
 
 mind 
 
 guest, hospitable 
 
 moon, 
 
 hand, manual, 
 
 mouth, 
 
 hear, audible 
 
 read, 
 
 island, insular 
 
 sea, 
 
 English 
 
 , Latin. 
 
 see, 
 
 visible 
 
 ship, 
 
 navigate 
 
 spittle. 
 
 salivate 
 
 tooth 
 
 dental 
 
 wine 
 
 vinous 
 
 work. 
 
 laborious 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin, 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 answer. 
 
 repartee, 
 
 retort 
 
 enlist. 
 
 enrol, 
 
 register 
 
 banter. 
 
 rally. 
 
 deride 
 
 evening. 
 
 soirge. 
 
 vesper 
 
 banter, 
 
 badinage 
 
 1, derision 
 
 farewell, 
 
 adieu. 
 
 valedictory 
 
 big, 
 
 large. 
 
 ample 
 
 fellow, 
 
 comrade. 
 
 associate 
 
 blunt, 
 
 brusque. 
 
 abrupt 
 
 fit out. 
 
 accoutre. 
 
 supply 
 
 bravery. 
 
 courage, 
 
 valor 
 
 flag. 
 
 banner. 
 
 ensign 
 
 brittle. 
 
 frail 
 
 fragile 
 
 fodder, 
 
 forage. 
 
 pabulum 
 
 burg. 
 
 fortress, 
 
 castle 
 
 forgive, 
 
 pardon. 
 
 remit 
 
 business. 
 
 affair, occupation 
 
 forsake. 
 
 abandon. 
 
 desert 
 
 ehide. 
 
 blame, i 
 
 objurgate 
 
 free «, 
 
 rescue. 
 
 deliver 
 
 cleft. 
 
 crevice. 
 
 fissure 
 
 gain n, 
 
 profit. 
 
 lucre 
 
 clothing. 
 
 attire, 
 
 vesture 
 
 gift. 
 
 present. 
 
 donation 
 
 countryman, peasant. 
 
 rustic 
 
 glitter. 
 
 brilliance 
 
 , radiance 
 
 ditch, 
 
 trench. 
 
 canal 
 
 grudge. 
 
 pique. 
 
 rancor 
 
 dwell. 
 
 sojourn. 
 
 reside 
 
 handy. 
 
 adroit. 
 
 dexterous 
 
 empty, 
 
 void. 
 
 vacant 
 
 hate. 
 
 malice. 
 
 malignity 
 
SYNONYMY. 
 
 93 
 
 Englikhf Frenchf Latin. 
 
 beed, regard, observe 
 
 help, aid, Bucoor; assist 
 
 hinder, embarrass, obstruct 
 ImabuDdman, farmer, agriciiltur(iat) 
 
 income, revenue, product 
 
 keepsake, souvenir, remembrancer 
 
 last, dernier, iinal 
 
 lawyer, attorney, advocate 
 lead, guide, direct 
 
 leaning n, bias, inclination 
 likeness, semblance similitude 
 luck, chance, fortune 
 
 lying down, couohant, reclining 
 mar, damage, vitiate 
 
 mishap, mischance, misfortune 
 niggardly, covetous, penurious 
 outbreak, gmeute, sedition 
 overcome, vanquish, subjugate 
 
 overthrow, rout, 
 
 plague V, pester, 
 
 plague n 
 
 plunder, 
 
 prayer, 
 
 prop, 
 
 ramble. 
 
 rank 
 
 defea..t 
 
 vex 
 chagrin, vexation 
 pillage, depredation 
 orison, supplication 
 stanchion, fulorum 
 tour, excursion 
 
 range, series 
 
 Engliahy French^ Latin. 
 
 reckon, count, calculate 
 
 regain, recruit, recover 
 
 robber, brigand, deprodator 
 
 rush out, sally, exit 
 
 scar, cicatrice cicatrix 
 
 seek, search, inquire 
 
 sharp, pierc(ing), acute 
 
 sha^rp, piquant pungent 
 
 shining, brilliant, effulgent 
 slaughter, massacre, carnage 
 
 slow, tardy, dilatory 
 
 small, petty, minute 
 
 smell, scent, odor 
 
 speech, harangue, oration 
 
 spell, charm, incantation 
 stingy, covetous, parsimonious 
 
 tease, annoy, disturb 
 
 trim, garnish, adorn 
 
 walk, alley, avenue 
 
 watch bivouac vigil 
 
 watchful, alert, vigilant 
 
 weak, feeble, in5rm 
 weariness, fatigue, lassitude 
 
 wedlock, marriage, matrimony 
 
 wile, finesse, fraud 
 
 yielding, supple flexible 
 
 In some cases all of the synonyms may be derived from 
 French, as in danger, hazard, jeopardy, peri..l, risk ; — 
 attack, assail, assault ; — or they may be chiefly Latin, as 
 in (harsh), austere, severe, cruel, rigorous; — (dull), obtuse, 
 obscure, languid, torpid, stupid, stolid, inert ; — calculate, 
 compute, enumerate ; — charm, incantation, fascination ; — 
 animal, beast, brute, creature. 
 
 In the next table, the first column is English, the 
 second is derived from Latin, and the third from Greek. 
 
94 
 
 
 SYNONYMY. 
 
 
 
 English, 
 
 Latin, 
 
 Greek. 
 
 English, 
 
 Latin, 
 
 Greek. 
 
 ball, 
 
 globe, 
 
 sphere 
 
 likeness. 
 
 image ; 
 
 icon, idol 
 
 beginning, 
 
 , origin. 
 
 genesis 
 
 madman, 
 
 lunatic. 
 
 maniac 
 
 dislike, 
 
 aversion. 
 
 antipathy 
 
 puke, 
 
 vomit, 
 
 emetic 
 
 hatred, iU-will 
 loatbing, 
 
 : repuguflnce 
 detestation, 
 
 
 ring. 
 
 circle, 
 
 cycle 
 
 droll, 
 
 ludicrous, comic 
 
 round n. 
 
 circuit. 
 
 period 
 
 dullness, 
 
 stupor. 
 
 lethargy 
 
 saying. 
 
 proverb. 
 
 axiom 
 
 earnest, 
 
 ardent. 
 
 zealous 
 
 sea. 
 
 marine. 
 
 oceanic 
 
 feeling. 
 
 emotion, 
 
 pathos 
 
 snake. 
 
 serpent. 
 
 ophio(logy) 
 
 fitn. 
 
 convulsion, spasm 
 
 song. 
 
 canticle. 
 
 hymn, 
 
 fleeting, 
 
 fugitive. 
 
 ephemeral 
 
 speech, 
 
 diction, 
 
 rhetoric 
 
 food, 
 
 aliment. 
 
 diet 
 
 struggle, 
 
 contest, 
 
 agony 
 
 forebode, 
 
 presage. 
 
 prognostic 
 
 taper n, 
 
 candle, 
 
 lamp 
 
 foretell. 
 
 predict. 
 
 prophesy 
 
 thought. 
 
 notion. 
 
 idea 
 
 gap 
 
 hi-atus 
 
 -cha-am 
 
 token. 
 
 sign. 
 
 symptom 
 
 guile. 
 
 deceit. 
 
 hypocrisy 
 
 top; apex, summit; acme 
 
 likeness, 
 
 simile. 
 
 metaphor 
 
 warm. 
 
 tepid. 
 
 thermal 
 
 likeness, 
 
 similitude, parable 
 
 witness, 
 
 attestor. 
 
 martyr 
 
 likeness, 
 
 model, 
 
 archetype 
 
 wreath, 
 
 crown. 
 
 diadem 
 
 The next table differs from the preceding one in having 
 a French (including Norman) column after the English 
 one. Most of the French words are varied from Latin. 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin, 
 
 Greek. 
 
 anger (see wrath), rage. 
 
 indignation, 
 
 , frenzy 
 
 belt, girdle; 
 
 surcingle 
 
 cincture. 
 
 zone 
 
 bowman. 
 
 archer. 
 
 Sagittarius, 
 
 toxophilite 
 
 cup 
 
 gob-let. 
 
 crater. 
 
 calyx 
 
 daybook, 
 
 journal 
 
 diary. 
 
 ephemeris 
 
 den, 
 
 cave. 
 
 cavern. 
 
 crypt 
 
 din, 
 
 fracas. 
 
 clamor. 
 
 clang 
 
 evening. 
 
 soiree. 
 
 vesper 
 
 Hesperus 
 
 fat (see salve). 
 
 grease. 
 
 lard. 
 
 stearine 
 
 tallow. 
 
 oialmeat 
 
 uDgueat, 
 
 clir[sm 
 
 fellow-feeling. 
 
 pity, mercy 
 
 ; compassion. 
 
 sympathy 
 
 foe. 
 
 enemy. 
 
 adversary. 
 
 antagonist 
 
 forbear. 
 
 cease. 
 
 desist. 
 
 pause 
 
 forebode. 
 
 presage. 
 
 predict. 
 
 prophesy 
 
 forgiveness, 
 
 pardon. 
 
 remission, 
 
 amnesty 
 
 girdle. 
 
 bandage. 
 
 cincture. 
 
 zone, oestus 
 
BYNONTMY. 
 
 95 
 
 Entflishj Frenchf 
 
 glad, blithe; gay, 
 grave, tomb, 
 
 groundw^orkj foundation, 
 half, demi, 
 
 head chief, 
 
 heathen, gentile, 
 
 Latin J 
 jocund, 
 sepulchre, -v 
 substruction, 
 semi- 
 principal, 
 pagan, 
 
 Oreele. 
 
 hilari(oas) 
 
 (epi)tapli 
 
 basis 
 
 hemi- 
 
 arch 
 
 ethnio 
 
 hue, dye ; 
 
 huge, 
 
 husbandry, 
 
 kingly, 
 
 leader, 
 
 likeness, 
 
 tin..t, 
 
 largo, vast; 
 farm ( in g), 
 royal 
 guide, 
 portrait, 
 
 color, 
 
 grand, 
 
 agriculture, 
 
 regal, 
 
 conductor. 
 
 chrome 
 
 gigantic 
 
 geoponics 
 
 monarchic 
 
 coryphssus 
 
 icon 
 
 list, roll, register, 
 
 look, glance; survey, inspection, 
 
 madness, folly, ra..ge ; insanity, 
 meeting, assembly, convention. 
 
 schedule, catalogue 
 
 scope 
 
 mania 
 
 synod 
 
 merry, 
 
 joyous. 
 
 jocund, jovial, 
 
 , Euphrosyne 
 
 moonlet, 
 
 lunette, 
 
 lunule. 
 
 meniscus 
 
 odd, queer; 
 
 bizarre. 
 
 peculiar. 
 
 idiosyncratic 
 
 old. 
 
 ancient 
 
 antiquated. 
 
 archaio 
 
 outlaw V, 
 
 banish. 
 
 proscribe. 
 
 ostracise 
 
 pang, 
 
 anguish. 
 
 dolor, 
 
 ache 
 
 peevish, 
 
 testy, 
 
 irritable. 
 
 choleric 
 
 pipe, 
 
 conduit. 
 
 tube. 
 
 siphon, syringe 
 
 plague. 
 
 pest 
 
 pestilence. 
 
 epidemic 
 
 quack. 
 
 charlatan, 
 
 (circulator*). 
 
 empiric 
 
 quibble. 
 
 chicane. 
 
 cavil. 
 
 sophism 
 
 reckoning, 
 
 coun..t. 
 
 calculation. 
 
 arithmetic 
 
 riddle. 
 
 charade. 
 
 rebus, 
 
 enigma 
 
 sad. 
 
 trist. 
 
 dejected. 
 
 melancholy 
 
 salve, 
 
 ointment 
 
 unguent, . 
 
 plaster 
 
 saw, 
 
 adage. 
 
 maxim, 
 
 aphorism 
 
 scoff, jeer; 
 
 gibe, 
 
 derision. 
 
 sarcasm, irony 
 
 * It is a characteristic of quacks to circulate^ and to draw attention from 
 some such elevation as a bench (whence 'mountebank'), or by means of 
 pretentious advertisements. 
 
96 
 
 
 SYNONYMY. 
 
 
 English, 
 
 French, 
 
 Latin, 
 
 Greek. 
 
 scorn. 
 
 reproach, 
 
 opprobrium. 
 
 slander 
 
 seer, 
 
 clairvoyant. 
 
 augur. 
 
 prophet 
 
 Shelter, 
 
 retreat. 
 
 refuge. 
 
 asylum 
 
 shield. 
 
 guard. 
 
 protection, 
 
 phylactery 
 
 short. 
 
 brief. 
 
 concise, 
 
 laconic 
 
 shorten, 
 
 abridge 
 
 abbreviate. 
 
 epi-tom-ise 
 
 eight. 
 
 view, 
 
 aspect, 
 
 scene 
 
 song, lay; 
 
 chant 
 
 canticle. 
 
 hymn, anthem 
 
 soothsaying 
 
 , sorcery. 
 
 augury. 
 
 necromancy 
 
 speech. 
 
 language, 
 
 diction. 
 
 rhetoric 
 
 spell, 
 
 charm. 
 
 incantation, 
 
 philtre 
 
 split, rent; 
 
 creTasse, 
 
 iissure. 
 
 schism 
 
 stamp, 
 
 punch. 
 
 impression. 
 
 type 
 
 standard. 
 
 model, 
 
 exemplar. 
 
 criterion 
 
 steal. 
 
 pillage. 
 
 depredate. 
 
 klepto(mania) 
 
 stool, bench 
 
 ; chair. 
 
 seat, 
 
 throne 
 
 strong, 
 
 puissant. 
 
 vigorous. 
 
 en-erg-et'ic 
 
 stout, 
 
 sturdy. 
 
 robust 
 
 
 strength; 
 
 force, power 
 
 potency. 
 
 dynam'ic a. 
 
 struggle. 
 
 effort, 
 
 contest. 
 
 agony 
 
 tail. 
 
 queue. 
 
 oaud(al), 
 
 (cyn:os)ure 
 
 tale. 
 
 novel. 
 
 narrative, fable ; 
 
 ; myth, history 
 
 talk. 
 
 parley. 
 
 colloquy. 
 
 dialogue 
 
 taper. 
 
 flambeau. 
 
 candle. 
 
 lamp 
 
 thought, 
 
 reverie. 
 
 notion. 
 
 idea 
 
 throat. 
 
 gorge> 
 
 guttur(al). 
 
 oesophagus 
 
 token. 
 
 gage, 
 
 sign. 
 
 symptom 
 
 touching. 
 
 tender. 
 
 affecting, 
 
 path-et'io 
 
 trick. 
 
 ruse, 
 
 artifice. 
 
 stratagem 
 
 . . . . 
 
 turn, veer; 
 
 revolve, 
 
 gyrate 
 
 waterfall. 
 
 chute, cascade 
 
 ; rapid. 
 
 cataract 
 
 wedding. 
 
 espousal. 
 
 nuptials, 
 
 (mono)gamy 
 
 whim, 
 
 caprice. 
 
 conceit. 
 
 fantasy 
 
 wizard. 
 
 sorcerer. 
 
 conjurer, 
 
 magic(iAN) 
 
 wordiness. 
 
 verbiage 
 
 verbosity. 
 
 poly'logy 
 
 wrath, 
 
 ire, rage, 
 
 fury, 
 
 choler 
 
 wreath. 
 
 chaplet. 
 
 crown. 
 
 diadem 
 
SYKONTMY. 97 
 
 The following adjectives and the nouns they describe, 
 are derived from Latin — 
 
 false accusations ; fallacious tests ; counterfeit 
 coin ; artificial flowers ; factitious gems ; fictitious 
 narratives ; spurious citations ; fraudful arts ; fraud- 
 ulent transactions; delusive conceits; deceptive in- 
 ferences ; deceitful practices. 
 
 Make, shape, build, are English: create, pro- 
 duce, form, fashion, model, construct, are based 
 on Latin. 
 
 Epic, hymn, ode, poem, poesy, psalm, rhap- 
 sody, are based on Greek. 
 
 Mad, crazy, moonstruck, are English : delirium, 
 insanity, lunacy, are derived from Latin: frenzy, 
 idiocy, mania, are based on Greek. 
 
 Having the synonyms yearly and annual, the latter 
 has been extended to the plants called annuals, while 
 animals fully a year old are known as yearlings. 
 
 Some nations compute* their time by moons or 
 lunations. 
 
 Silence may be casual: taciturnity is a habit: 
 reticence is due to caution. The silent man does not 
 wish to speak : the taciturn man speaks but little : the 
 reticent man restrains his speech. Jurymen are silent — 
 they listen to the pleadings : the judge is taciturn — he 
 must see that the case is properly conducted : the prisoner 
 is reticent — his lawyer speaks for him, because his own 
 speech might betray him. 
 
 * Here ' compute ' is a better terra than its shorter form * count ' would he. 
 9 G 
 
98 SYNONYMY. 
 
 Linen is bleached by exposing it to the light : celery- 
 is blanched by preventing the access of light. 
 
 Sailors manage a ship, the captain navigates it. 
 
 Skilful (Angl. scylan to dis-tinguish,) implies discern- 
 ment added to the power of doing : dexterity (dextea 
 the right hand,) is righthandeduess as distinguished from 
 awkwardness : adroitness (p. 85) is directness or straight- 
 forwardness, a going at once to the object, but often im- 
 plying unscrupulousness, as in speaking of a person as a 
 skilful lawyer and an adroit politician. To be ex-per-t is 
 to act from ex-per-'i-ence, therefore like one who has mas- 
 tered his art. 
 
 When a man's speech is not as rapid as his ideas, he 
 hesitates : when he speaks disjointedly from not know- 
 ing what to say, he stammers : when, on account of 
 spasm, there is a want of proper control over the speech 
 organs, he stutters. 
 
 When a person does not care to be understood, he 
 mumbles : when he does not care to be heard by an- 
 other person, he mutters : when his suppressed words 
 are complaints, he murmurs ; and when they are due to 
 a fault-finding disposition, he grumbles. 
 
 A rook is a large mass of stone: a cliff is a high 
 precipitous front of rock : a peak is a pointed mountain, 
 such as Pike's Peak, or the Peak of Tenerifie : a bluff 
 is a high steep bank, as at Memphis, Tennessee. 
 
 When a man's wages are due for his earnings, "he 
 should get his pay in cash. 
 
SYNONYMY. 99 
 
 The sed-ulous or as-sid-uous man sits (or continues) 
 at an employment without permitting himself to be drawn 
 aside by distractions. To be di-lig-ent (see p. 78) is to 
 attend to a special matter. To be industrious is to 
 be free from idleness, and generally active. To be 
 expeditious (ex-ped-ire to free the ped-es feet ex 
 from, i. e. a snare,) is to move without im-ped-iment — 
 un-im-ped-ed, or primarily, with the feet free, and 
 implying rapid work with a matter in hand. A man is 
 laborious when his task is difficult ; he may be diligent, 
 and do his work with laborious minuteness. 
 
 An im-age is an im-itation, s-im-ilitude, figure, effigy 
 or likeness, generally a small statue or bust representing 
 a real or an ideal object. An ef-flg-y (FInGeee to 
 shape, model,) is a fig-ure shaped or modeled, a copy, a 
 likeness. A statue (statu' eke to cause to stand, to set 
 up,) is a likenass or ornamental figure, frequently carved 
 in marble, and intended to be set up. A picture is the 
 work of a (pic-t-oe) painter, done with pig-ments. An 
 idol (Gr. W-6in to see; fii'dolon image, phantom, fancy, 
 id-e'a; in church Greek, an idol,) hence idolatry idol- 
 worship ; but ' icon ' (Gr. Sicon figure, image, likeness,) 
 gives ioon:o-clast an image-breaker. A child may be 
 called — the ' image ' of his father and the ' idol ' of his 
 mother. To ' idolise ' is to love to excess. 
 
 An excuse is an apology for what is admitted to be 
 wrong : a pretext is a false reason for a voluntary act 
 pretended to be right. Excuses are for explanation, pre- 
 texts for deception. 
 
 The pretext of Frederick II., when he was meditating some act of 
 rapine, generally was that he believed some hostile combination had 
 been formed against him, which it was wise to anticipate. Encyc. 
 Britannioa, Tol. 3, 1876. 
 
100 SYNONYMY. 
 
 In the U, S., balance is used incorrectly for re- 
 mainder, of which it is not a synonym. It can be used 
 for things that are (or were formerly) weighed, as money, 
 and by extension, money accounts. 
 
 Deplore differs from lament in having a particular 
 object in view, like bewail in comparison with wail. 
 (See the prefixes DE and be-.) A man laments his mis- 
 fortunes and deplores his consequent misery. 
 
 Lively and vivid (viv-o I live,') imply life and its 
 effects. A lively wit — dance — tune ; a vivid flash — pic- 
 ture — imagination ; a lively or vivid description. 
 
 To obstruct is to block up or place- obstacles in a 
 passage-way. To impede is to retard progression. Ice 
 may obstruct a river and impede ships in their passage. 
 An obstruction in the throat may cause an impedi- 
 ment of speech. 
 
 To read (German ' reden ' to speak,) is to recite audibly 
 or observe mentally, words and characters as represented 
 to the eye; and by extension, to read the thoughts — the 
 mind — the signs of the times. To peruse is to read 
 attentively; also, to examine carefully from point to 
 point, as in scanning the features. 
 
 My felf I then perus'd, and Limb by Limb 
 Survey' d,..,MziUn, Par. Lost, ed. 1678, bk 8, 1, 267. 
 
 A despot (originally a master of slaves,) is an absolute 
 ruler. A tyrant is an absolute ruler who rules with 
 cruelty. Both words are derived from Greek, and imply 
 rulers who are not subject to the restraints of laws or, 
 constitutions. 
 
 Salubrious health-bringing ; salutary promotive of 
 health and of wholesome influences. A salubrious 
 climate ; a salutary example. 
 
SYNONYMY. 101 
 
 Windowglaas is said to be trans-par-ent, because 
 objects appear (teAns) beyond it: ground glass is trans- 
 lucent, it allows the light but not the sight to extend 
 beyond it : a clear fragment of glass is pellucid in 
 allowing light to pass (pel- for pee) through it, but its 
 shape may be such as to prevent the recognition of objects 
 beyond. 
 
 To ad-ore (oe-o I pray, ad to,) is to address in prayer. 
 To in-voke (v6c-o I call, in upon,) is to call upon in 
 words. To ■wor..-ship (for worth-ship,) is to yield due 
 worth (honor, dignity, veneration,) especially divine honor. 
 We may ' adore ' in private, we ' worship ' in public, and 
 in either case we ' invoke ' divine aid. 'Adore ' and 
 'worship' are often confounded, nor are they properly 
 discriminated from ' venerate ' and ' revere.' 
 
 A clammy sweat: a sticky surface : viscous (gluey 
 and ropy,) sap : an adhesive plaster : a tenacious 
 hold : a retentive memory. 
 
 A post (something posited, set, placed,) is an upright of 
 wood, stone, or metal, as a door-post, gate-post, guide-post, 
 hitching-post, fence-post ; a military post, or station for 
 soldiers. A buttress is a high support projecting from 
 a wall, sometimes ornamental in its character, as in Gothic 
 architecture. A column is a cylindric or tapering pillar 
 adapted for architectural purposes, and having definite 
 proportions. The use of the word extends to columns of 
 print, of soldiers, of figures. A pilaster is a square 
 architectural column. A pillar is a detached upright 
 without claims to architectural proportion ; nevertheless, 
 the so-called Pompey's Pillar (Diocletian's) is a column, 
 but without being part of a building. An obelisk is a 
 four-sided, tapering pillar ending in a small pyramid. A 
 
 9 » 
 
102 SYNONYMY. 
 
 mole or seawall protecting a port, is sometimes called a 
 pier. When a bridge is too long to be supported by its 
 abutments, it requires intermediate piers. Portions 
 of wall between windows, &c., are called piers, hence, a 
 pier-table, a pier-glass. 
 
 Bindweed is so called from its winding stem, its 
 botanic name convolvulus is due to its blossom, which 
 is roUed together before opening. 
 
 jewel (connected with 'joy') is an ornament of stone, 
 glass, shell, pearl, or other showy material, adapted for 
 wearing: a gem is a precious stone either rough or 
 polished, set or unset. A glazier's diamond is a gem, it 
 is not a jewel. Jet (a kind of coal) is not a gem, but it 
 may be worked into jewelry. 
 
103 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN, 
 
 It is important to pronounce Latin aB directed by the ancient gram- 
 marians, or about as follows — 
 
 A long in arm, short in art, never as in at. 
 
 E 
 
 t( 
 
 they, 
 
 it 
 
 eight,- 
 
 tt 
 
 ebb. 
 
 I 
 
 it 
 
 field. 
 
 (t 
 
 -deceit. 
 
 '• 
 
 it. 
 
 6 
 
 ft 
 
 oh. 
 
 U 
 
 S-bey, 
 
 it 
 
 ox. 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 fool, 
 
 it 
 
 full. 
 
 " 
 
 up. 
 
 AE or M liko 9-i in * aisle j' OE or (E nearly like o-y in ' showy j* 
 AV or AU liko-ou in 'house/ or German *haus/ TJI like oo-y, not 
 like wee, 
 
 " Thus if you to the first this rule apply 
 My rhyme will aid you to pronounce it M"„ 
 
 "Living Latin," London, 1847, 
 
 C, Q (named cay and gay by the Romans) are always pure as in car, 
 sceptic, scheme, get, give — their Anglosaxon, Irish and "Welsh powers as 
 taken early from Latin. Hence (with each 'c' as i) Lat. cancer en- 
 tered Anglosaxon and became English ' canker/ while the book-word 
 'cancer' entered after 'c' had borrowed its s-power from French. 
 
 J as in German and Polish, or English *y* in year, or 'j' in halle- 
 lujah, fjord, majolica — sometimes spelled 'maioHca.' 
 
 M as in English, except that when final it only nasalises the preced- 
 ing vowel, as in Portuguese bom {= bo™ good) or French bon (= bo"). 
 Doubled consonant letters are to be distinctly doubled in sound, the 
 'mm' in iumortalis as in drum-major. N as in no, and (before C, G, 
 X, Q) in angle, anchor. Q shows that the following V (oo) or U has 
 the power of '"W in well. 
 
 R requires to be trilled. S as in hiss (its Spanish power,) never as 
 in miser, mission. 
 
 T always as in tea, na-tio =na,-tee-o {nation). V (oo) like 'wMn 
 well or 'u' in quart. Hence it was easy to have the two forms sil-va 
 
104 APPENDIX. 
 
 = seel-wa (a wood) and sil-u-a = seel-oo-a ; mil-tus = meel-woos (a 
 hawk) and mil-ii-us = meel-oo-oos. The confusion in English dialects 
 between Eng. w and v may be attributed to the fact that the former was 
 a stranger to the Normans and the latter to the Anglosaxons. Hence 
 Latin V^ (w«y) remained in vinu"^, Angl. Tfn = ween, Eng. *wine/ 
 while the Normans transmitted the later V in 'vin-egar' — eager (or 
 sharp) wine. 
 
 MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 "Words hyphened like di-stant, brut-al-ise, to indicate their etymology, 
 are not intended to be thus pronounced. 
 
 J Assimilation, as when ad- becomes af-, in af-fect^. 
 
 + Obsolete, disused, or supposed forms. 
 
 Educed elements are represented as in number, numer-ous, where h is 
 educed from m, 
 
 .. Indicate (with italics) neglected or "silent" elements, as in ooun- 
 terfei..t, which has lost the c of counterfict j may.., laight, Ac. 
 
 = Pronunciation, as as-sagay' ('gay' =gui/.) 
 
 A single dot (•) marks «. nominative case sign, (as -or in don-or, or 
 what is left of it, as in ann.u-al, where « is part of the nominative case 
 sign -us in Lat. ann-us (year.) 
 
 Two dots (:) indicate a genitive case sign or a fragment of it, as in 
 pur:i-fy. See under Grammar. A sloped hyphen (') indicates a par- 
 ticipial element, as t in di-rec-tor and « in * fal-sii-fy.' 
 
 The German hyphen («=) indicates formative elements, as i in 
 *med=»i.um.* 
 
 Ajxgi. Anglieh or Angloaaxon / Qer. German/ Gr, Greek; "Et. French j 
 Nrm. Norman J Lat. Latin. 
 
 V. verb ; u. noun; a. (or adj.) adjective; nom. nominative; gen. geni- 
 tive; "pl. plural; dim. diminutival; fTe(l. frequentative ; -pBxt. participle ; 
 pert, pertaining. 
 
 The small numbers added to letters (as a^, a^,) indicate the pronunci- 
 ation in the presumed historic order of their powers. 
 
 The first number marks the supposed earliest power (as o'^ in bo^ld), 
 and the power which each letter thus marked should have in all lan- 
 guages where the Roman alphabet is used. This would be an aid in 
 etymology, and would be a step in the right direction towards a uni- 
 versal alphabet. The higher the number the farther is the letter froi^ 
 its proper power. 
 
 a^ in ' arm,' 'father,' (for which French t is often used). It is short 
 in §.-'-rt. 
 
 a^ in 'all' {& of some philologists), short and closer in 'wha^t* (for 
 which 5 has been proposed), a* in *fat.' 
 
APPENDIX. 105 
 
 el in 'vein/ Latin v^o'na; e^ in *met' (Greek «), lengthened and 
 open in *the*re' (Greek ij), French 6; e* f or the coalesoent i^ in Latin 
 ' ae ' or 80 (a*i' ) ; e* in ' me.' 
 
 i^ in 'mari'ne,' for which French 1 is often used; i® for the coalescent 
 1 in 'oil/ 'aisle.' i* in 'it/ i* in *ice.' 
 
 0^ in 'old/ for which some philologists use 6; the same sound is pro- 
 nounced quickly in ' 6^-bey / o^ like a' in out (= o^u') j o* in ' on.' 
 
 u^ (oo) in 'rule/ 'ooze/ short and closer in 'fu^U; u' for the coa- 
 lesoent in 'out.* u* (yoo) in 'use/ u* in 'up.' 
 
 y' in ' year ' — (y^ being the Greek, Banish, Anglish vowel ' y/ French 
 'u/ German 'ii.') 
 
 v^ in * vine ' — (v*^ being Lat. and Angl. ' v ' which are Eng. * w^ * in 
 •we/ *w^' having been made for its German sound, f^ in 'fife/ f^ 
 in ' of.' 
 
 j2, g^, in 'judge/ *gem'— (j^, g" being French, like 'zh' heard in 
 'azure/ j^ as Latin and German j, u sound for which 'J* was made,) 
 g^ in * give,' 
 
 c' (as k) in 'sceptic/ o^ in 'chip/ c' in 'ocean/ c* in 'cell.* 
 
 s^ in ' hiss / s^ in ' miser / s" like ' ssi * in ' mission.* 
 
 In all the tables, allied words are not separated by "■ point as — 
 " half halve/* but unconnected words have a comma or semicolon in- 
 terposed, as in separating the synonyms "hue, dye; tin..t, color, 
 chrome " into the four classes of English, French, Latin, Greek, p. 95. 
 
 In the headings of the chapter on Derivation, definitions are some- 
 times given in heavy type, thus — "clar-tis clear, bright." This is 
 to call attention to the fact that the defining word clear is a form of 
 CLARDS, of which both clear and 'bright are definitions. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF WORDS CONTRIBUTED TO ENGLISH BY 
 VARIOUS LANGUAGES. 
 
 Arabic — al-kali (al, el the), al-cohol, al-gebra, al-manac, amber, amir, 
 as-sagay' (' gay ' = guy)j azimuth^ borax, burnoose, caliph, carat, carob, 
 cipher, cofiee, cotton, dragoman, el-ixir, fakir, gazelle, gir3,fi"e, hakim, 
 henna, hidj'ra (formerly heg'ira), jerboa, Korsln, mameluke, monsoon, 
 muezzin, natron, razzia (with English z), saffron, sa'h3,ra (a desert), 
 s&,hib, s3,lep, simoom, sirocco, sultS,n, su^mac, talc, tamarind, tare, tarif, 
 tsetse, tutty, usnea (a genus of plants), wJLdy (a valley with a stream), 
 aen'ith, zero, zimb, zouS>ve, — zumboor'ak a small cannon fired from 
 a camel, Arab, zambur' a hornet,^ (52 examples.) 
 
 * English formerly had such metaphoric names for cannon as culver, cul- 
 verin, Fr. couleuvre a snake; drake (for dragon); fawkon, fawconet (falcon), 
 Baker, sakeret (kinds of hawk.) 
 
106 APPENDIX. 
 
 Australian — boomerang, dingo (wild dog), kadjo (a very adhesive 
 gum), kangaroo, West Australian * kang-arang-a,' applied to the 
 mother animal, who carries her young in a pouch; — 'gang-ow' (but 
 gay, k, are freely interchanged,) to carry; South Australian 'kang- 
 arendi' to bring forth ^ 'kangariburka* a bearer; a prolific woman. 
 
 Basque — anchovy, bizarre, chapparal, bayonet (from Bayonne). 
 
 Brasilian — (Tupt = too-pee', of Brasil) — agouti, capib^ra, cavy, 
 coati, jaguar, manioc, pyranga, tanager, tapir, tapioca, cashew 
 (acajfi,, from aca branch, ju berry.) 
 
 Chinese — kaolin porcelain clayj Ch. kaulin, from kau (=eow) 
 high, lin Hdge, pek'oe a kind of tea; Ch. pak-ho, from pak whitCf 
 ho down (of plants), swanpan (sw^n to reckon, pwS,n a plate or 
 board,) a reckoning instrument consisting of a frame with beads 
 moving on rods, tanka (tan eggy kay house,) a kind of boat. 
 ginseng^ (dzhin man, se^ng form,) — when the root of this medicinal 
 plant has two branches it is compared to the form of a man. honghd, 
 *htjig' yellow, hfi' river, commonly spelt *Hoang-ho' or 'Whang-ho.* 
 
 Cornish mining terms — attle, gossan (= gozn), growan, killas, 
 prian, stull, wheal, Cornish is akin to Welsh, and was formerly 
 spoken in the celebrated mining region of Cornwall. 
 
 Dutch — boom, boor (farmer, colonist), daalder (= dS,lder dollar)^ 
 dam, eland, g^emsbok, luff, lugger, kraal (=: kr^l), scoop, sloop, sloat, 
 slobber, sluice, yacht, yaw, 
 
 French — adieu, amateur, avalanche, barricade, b^you, belles-lettres, 
 brigade, burlesque, cache, cadet, cajole, chagrin, chaise, chamois, chan- 
 delier, charade, charlatan, chenille, chevalier, chicane ('ch'=*sh'in 
 all these), concert, coquette, courier (Fr. courrier), crevasse, cuirassier, 
 dandelion, debris, d^bui, d€p6i!, Echelon, encore, environ, fapade, leger- 
 demain, mirage, palette, parapet, parasol, parterre, patrol, personnel, 
 pivot, prairie, ravelin, reservoir, ruse, soiree, sortie, tambourine, toil- 
 ette, trousseau, vignette, ^ville. (52) At least five hundred words suffi- 
 ciently alike to be recognisable, are common to French and English, 
 which makes the acquisition of French to one who knows English, a 
 matter of less difl&culty than that of any other language of civilisation. 
 
 German — The Germans were early students of mineralogy, and 
 have given us the terms bismuth, blende, cobalt, feldspar, (or felspar), 
 gneiss, nickel, quartz, schorl, sinter, wolfram, zink. 
 
APPENDIX, 107 
 
 Greek — acme, aloe, ambrosia, analysis, anemone, antithesis, apocope, 
 arSma, asthma, basis, calyx, canon, canthar'ides (pi. of eantharis), 
 castor, catastrophe, chaos, clem'atis, colon, cotyledon, crater, crisis, 
 criterion, diapason, dogma, echo, emphasis, epidermis, epitome, epocha, 
 genesis, glottis, hyscna, hypcr'bole, hyphen, hypothesis, ichneumon, 
 idea, iris, lexicon, martyr, myrmidon, naphtha, nectar, onyx, orchestra, 
 ox'Srlis, panora,ma, panther, path'os, pelecan, phalanx, phlox, pyri'tea, 
 rhinoceros, sard'onyx, scoria, sepia, skeleton, stigma, synthesis, synop- 
 sis, thorax. (62) Greek nouns in -on, as tympanon, commonly take 
 -um in Latin, as in tymp'anum, and -os usually becomes Latin -us, as 
 in asbestos, asbestus, 
 
 Hebrew — amen, behemoth, bethel, cabal', cab'ala, camel, cassia, 
 cherub, eorban, hosanna, leviathan, manna, pas'Gh(al), rabbi, sab'a-oth, 
 shek'el and sic'le. Chaldee gives abbot, mammon, talmud, targum. 
 
 Hindoo — bhang, bangle, cockatoo, cowry, gunny, jingal (a kind of 
 gun), jungle, pundit, r&.ja, rupee, t'hug (assassin), bandan'a, a col- 
 ored handkerchief with undyed spots. Hind. bS^nd'huS. to tie, whence 
 b3,nd'hnu indicates a mode of dyeing in which the material is tied vp 
 at various points to exclude the color, thus producing a spotted texture. 
 chints {spotted cotton cloth) is akin to a verb moaning to sprinkle. 
 
 Irish — booty, bullock, carrageen, shamrock, shanty, pilcher or 
 pilchard (Ir. pilseir) a kind of herring, "sprats and pilohers." 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, (Welsh 'pile' that whisks about.) pilser a 
 moth or fly that whi»ka about a flame. 
 
 Italian— brSLvo, canto, cupola, doge, gondola, gusto, macaroni, 
 studio, and many musical terms, such as fort-e, piano, solo, sonata, 
 Bopr5.no; and the geologic terms solfat3,ra, travertin, tu^fa, lS,va. 
 
 Latin — acu'men, addendum, Ellas, 5>1ibi, aliquot, alumnus, animal, 
 animus, apparatus, appendix, arbiter, arbitrator, ar'biitus,* arcanum, 
 arena, augur, axis, bitu'men, circus, compendium, consul, convolvulus, 
 decorum, delirium, detritus, doctor, dolor, effluvium, erratum, error, 
 exit, extemp'ore (4 syllab.), fartna, farr&,go, focus, folio, forum, fulcrum, 
 galena, genius, genus, gratis, honor, impetus, impromptu, inertia, 
 interior, item, labor, lamina, larva, lens, major, maximum, medium, 
 memorandum, minor, minus, nebula, neuter, nucleus, octavo, odium, 
 odor, pendulum, plumbago, prospectus, quietus, quondam, quorum, 
 quota, radius, ratio, requiem, residuum, rostrum, rumor, senior, series, 
 simile, solus, species, specimen, speculator, speculum, stimulus, stratum, 
 (pi. strata), superficies, superior, terminus, terror, toga, torpedo, tumu- 
 lus, varix, verbatim, vertigo, vesper, veto, virago. (100) 
 * With ornus now, the pitch-tree next, takes root, 
 And arbutus adorn'd with blushing fruit : Ccmgreve. 
 
108 APPENDIX. 
 
 Malay — atoll, babyroussa, bamboo, cajcput, gambier, gutta-percha, 
 krls or creese, orang-ootan (orang man, ootan wild), pangolin, prS,hu (a 
 kind of ship), ratan (rotan a etick), sago, tombac, sampan (a kind of 
 boat), upas (=oopa8 jjoisoh, a half-fabulous poisonous tree). 
 
 Mexican — ocelot (ocelotl, from 05a, to paint,) a species of spotted 
 cat. coyo-te (coyotl, from coyo-nya, to dig,) the prairie wolf, which 
 digs holes; hence 'to coyo-te,' 'coyo-te-ing' — applied in California to 
 underground mining in narrow holes. 
 
 North American (of the Algonkin stock) — hackee, hickory, 
 hominy, manito, moccasin, moose, musquash, pemmican, persimmon, 
 possum, powwow, skunk, samp, squaw, terrapin, tomahawk, totSm. (17) 
 
 Norman (as used in old English) — abate, abridgement, abstinence, 
 affray, age, amend, amendment, amiable (Fr. aimable), annoy, +ant6 
 (aunt), +apparence (appearance), +armure (armor), array, art, "•"aven- 
 ture, +bachilere (bachelor), benevolence, +be^8te (beast), bible, blame, 
 +bo' ^-te (whence boun-te-ous), tboussel (bushel, Nrm. boscl, Fr. bois- 
 seau), +buzard, cage, chase, chain, chair, chalice, tchambre, +ehampion, 
 chance, change, channel, chant, +chapelle, charge, charnel, chief, 
 +chivalrie ('ch' ='tsh' in all these), clerk, comfort, conquest, corporal, 
 corse, covenant, +corone (a crown or garland), +croun (crown of the 
 head), +crede (creed), cruel, +culur (color), tcurtesie, damage, +damosel, 
 danger, +defens, +demande, deny, +dette, +dettur, disease, +embe8ile 
 (embezzle), embrace, enclose (Fr.» enclore), enhance, +envie, false, 
 familiar, tfaucon (fa?con), felon, felonie, font and fount, +forain, force, 
 forfeit, fortune, franchise, fosse, +garnement (garment), garrison, 
 +genti^l (whence gentil-ity), '+glorie (Fr, gloire), +glorius, grace, grant, 
 guise, +hardi (whence hardi-hood), +historie (Fr. histoire), honest, 
 +honure (honor 1550, Nrm. honur, oner, Fr. honneur), hospital, ire, 
 jewel, ■♦■jurie, +justise, lampe, lance, language (Nrm., Fr. langage), 
 +leysir (leisure), +maladie (accounting for the pi. maladies), medicine, 
 +merci (1270, compare merciful), +mercie (1303), mercy (1330), miracle, 
 minstrel, obligation, oblivion, paramount, parlance, parole, pasture, 
 place, pledge, +plen-te, +plen-te-us, poise, tpovere (poor), +prelat, 
 prison, +purpre (purple), quart, rage, rancor, refuse, regard, +re^son 
 (reason, Fr. raison), +richesBe, riot, +robb6rie, sac'rament, tsacrifise, 
 +6alm (psalm), sergeant (Nrm. serjant), +servise, siege, simple, tsquier, 
 +stanche, station, statute, suborn, sue, +Buffre, +Buretie and +suretee, 
 tempest, temple, ttestimonie, +trecherie, tremor (Nrm. tremor and 
 tremur), +trespas, trouble, rarlet, +veri-te, +verray (very), vesture, 
 tvirtu (compare virtu-ous), vice, +vitailes (victuals), voice (Nrm. vois, 
 voce), warrant, +ymage. (162) 
 
APPENDIX. 109 
 
 Persian — azure, bazar, bezoar, caravan, civet, darwesh (Arab, fakir), 
 divan, julep, kermea, khedtv (title of the sovereign of Egypt), lazuli, 
 pagoda,* paradise, scarlet, sepoy, 8ha.h, shawl^ tulip, turban, turpeth. 
 
 Peruvian — eondor, gulLno, alpaca, pa,co, lUma, pampas, pu^ma. 
 
 Polynesian — pah (a New Zealand fort), cSlva, tabu*, t^pa, t^ro, 
 tJltoo' (t% to ntrike, t^tJL a mallet,) to ornament the skin by color driven 
 in with a kind of comb struck with a stick. 
 
 Portuguese — caste, fetish, mandarin, paia,ver, pimenta, tank, 
 tomato (properly tomS-te), yam, Port, inhame (=int^ame, *nh'='ni' in 
 onion,) from a native name. 
 
 Russian — barometz, beMga, britzska, cossack (= kozak), kabitka, 
 knout (= knoot), kopeck, kremlin, mammoth, morse, rooble, steppe, 
 tsar, tsaritsa (empress), ukase (= ookaz), vaivode ('ai' as in aiale), 
 verst. 
 
 Spanish — alligator (Sp. aligadfir), armada, armadillo, barilla, 
 bonito, calaboose, canon (= canyon), cascarilla, cigar, fandango, fane^ga, 
 garr6te (Marryatt, 1835), hacienda, indigo, lagoon (Sp. lagfina), lasso 
 (Sp. lazo), mosq?(ito, mustang (Sp. mest^no), mestizo, palaver, pl3,cer, 
 rancho, saraband, sierra, tornado, vanilla. 
 
 Swedish — trap (a mineral), tungsten (tung Aeavy, sten etonejf 
 vik-ing. 
 
 Turkish — be^y or be^g (fern, be'gum), caftan, clique, caviar, kiosk, 
 
 yatag6S,n. 
 
 Welsh — aspen, bard, basket, bran, brawl, carol, c^oot, coracle, crom- 
 lech, dock (to cut off), druid, flannel, glen, groan, grumble, gull (the 
 bird), hoiden, holly, hopper (the Bwallower of a mill), kiln, lawn, league 
 (3 miles), maggot, marl, mattock, mesh or mash (of a net), mop, mor- 
 tise, rim, scut, tall, truant, widgeon, yew. 
 
 "Words from the names of persons or people, real or fabulous— 
 
 aristarch, athenseum, atlas, Atlantic, bacchic, bacchanal, cereal, 
 Crispin, dahlia (from D&.M a Swede), dalea (a plant named after Dale 
 an Englishman), derrick, epicure, frank, galvanise, gwillotine, hector, 
 herculean, hermetic, jack, jovial, kyanise (to preserve wood by Kyan's 
 process), lazaretto, macadamise, martial, maudlin, mausoleum, mentor, 
 mercury, mithridate, napoleon (a gold coin), obsidian, orrery, panic, 
 
 * "From the Persian word Poutgk^da," Account of Siam, 1685-8. Harris's 
 Voyages 2, 482. 
 10 
 
no 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 petrel, philippic, pinchbeck, quasBia, quixotic, rodomontade, eatumian, 
 shaddock, shadrach, shrapnel, silhouette, simony, tantalise, valentine, 
 vernier, vestal, volcano (Vulcan) — and various minerals and plants. 
 
 Geographic words are due to the names of places. 
 river Achates gives ' agate ' — 
 
 The name of the 
 
 Armenia ermine 
 Artois artesian 
 Ascalon scallion 
 Ascalon shallot 
 Bethlehem bedlam 
 Calicut calico 
 
 Cambodia gamboge 
 Cambray cambric 
 Carron carronade 
 Cbalcedon caloed'ony 
 Chalons shalloon 
 Cordova oordwainer 
 
 Croatia cravat 
 Corinth currants 
 C^ydonia quince 
 
 C^yprus copper 
 
 Damascus damson 
 Delft delf 
 Egypt gypsy 
 Florence florin 
 Frisia frieze 
 Gagaa jet 
 
 Milan' milliner 
 Moussul muslin 
 Nankin nankeen 
 Oporto port(wine) 
 Pergamos parchment 
 Persia pea..ch 
 
 Gascony gasconade Phasis pheasant 
 Geneva gin Sardes sard sard'onyx 
 
 Hochheim hock (wine) Sardinia sardine 
 India indigo Sinope sinople 
 
 Kashmir cashmere - Spain spaniel 
 Kashmir cassimere 'Syene syenite 
 
 Kashmir kerseymere Tarentum tarantola 
 
 Labrador labradorite Turkey turquoise 
 
 Laconia laconic Turkey turkey 
 
 Magnesia magnet Xalapa jalap 
 
 C^yprus gopher(-wood) Magnesia manganese Xeres sherry 
 
 Damascus damask Majorca maj^olica Ttterby yttria 
 
 Some retain the original forms, as — canary, china, cremona, galloway, 
 guinea, made^lra, magnesia, morocco, sienna, tripoli, worsted. 
 
 Made^ira took its name from the (Portuguese 'madeMra') (im&er or 
 wood with which the isle was covered at the period of its discovery 
 (1419-20). The word is derived from Lat materia, meaning not only 
 matter and material, but building materials, ^tarticularly timber. 
 
APPENDIX. Ill 
 
 THE WORD * NORMAL. 
 
 At the inauguration of the Normal School at Millersville, Pa. (Dec. 
 2, 1859), as a State institution — Prof. S. S. Haldeman, A. M., of Colum- 
 bia, Pa., in response to an invitation to address the meeting, said: — 
 
 The inauguration of the first State Normal School of Pennsylvania 
 seems to present a proper occasion for an etymologic elucidation of the 
 word Normal, chiefly for the benefit of the several hundred pupils here 
 present, that they may have a. general idea of a word so intimately 
 connected with their present studies, and their future career in the 
 honorable vocation of instructors (primarily builders or edifyers) of 
 the youthful mind; and as ideas of instruction are associated with 
 those of visible operations, we may say that faulty M(struction (like 
 negligent architecture) is likely to result in rffstruction. 
 
 This consociation of primary and metaphoric meanings with the 
 modifications of a single word, is present in Normal, Latin NORMA 
 (with in ore) a square used by builders, a rule, norm, pattern, model; 
 NORMALis made by the square, right by the rule; — (rigA-t (rec-tus) 
 rec-titude, r — ule (ueg-ula) and st-raig-At, being cognates.) It may 
 bo stated that the ancient Romans made constant use of the square, 
 rule, plummet, and the level now in use, shaped like the capital letter 
 A, and figures of them are still to be seen upon monuments in Home. 
 
 The word NO-R-M-AL is composed of four portions, a stem followed 
 by three suffixes, of which the first is R formative; that is, used to 
 make forms from roots or stems. It is the R of cle-r-k, fea-r, au-e-t-ere, 
 which is not present in mo-r-al, lib-r-ary, ove-r. The next is the noun 
 suffix M or MA, present in dra-m, regi-m-en, and AL is the adjective 
 suffix. The initial NO- is strictly the English kNO-w, so that normal 
 has something to do with knowledge. But it has lost initial g- {gay in 
 get,) present in the Greek GNOrizdo' (I make known,) to search into, 
 to acquire the knowledge of; GI-GNO'eko, to know, to learn; early 
 Latin GNOsoo, afterwards NOsoo to know, get a knowledge of; Greek 
 GNOmon a rule, square, Ac, also (German kenn-ung) the tooth by 
 which It horse's age is made kno-wn; Persian kun-da learned, wise; 
 German kun-de knowledge; kenn-t-nua science; kun-at art, Ac. Irish 
 conn reason, sense, intellect, prudence ; Welsh ceiu-ad circumspection. 
 English kno-w, ken, can, couthe (affable, kind), cunning (formerly in a 
 good sense), cann-y (cautious, &c.), and by dropping the initial — no-ble, 
 no-table; but as this no- was originally gno-, and as n of the prefix in- 
 (not) was lost, the negative form of no-ble became i-gno-ble. 
 
 Now if, instead of becoming a norm and gnomon to youth by the 
 acquisition of this ken-ing can-ing faculty of co-gni-tion — this no-ble 
 Do-rmal kno-wledge, with its implied (conn) sense, intellect, reason, 
 
112 APPENDIX. 
 
 prudence and (cein-ad) circumspection, and its (couthe) affable, kind, 
 (cann-y), cautious, prudent, and gentle (kun-st) art, skill, profession, 
 (kun-de) knowledge, and (kenn-t-niss) science — if, instead of this, an 
 unfortunate student should fall upon the reverse or negative side of our 
 word-picture, he will become an i-gno-ble, i-gno-rant, i-gno-min-ious 
 and un-couth e-norm-ity, for (couthe being also the old past participle 
 of can,) un-couth-ness is un-can-ness, or inability, i.e. to follow the 
 square and rule of rectitude in personal matters. 
 
 The prospective teacher has a theme for deep reflection In the con- 
 stellation of ideas which the word normal suggests, and it is to be hoped 
 that all will work for and enter the sphere of their duties with courage, 
 hope, and reverence, as they are likely to do when they re-co-gni-se 
 the nature of their responsibilities. 
 
 But we will carry our metaphoric language and its moral a little 
 farther. There exists a certain analogy between seeing and knowing, so 
 that we often say "I see (or know) how to account for it." In fact, the 
 Greek word 'idea' and the English *wit* and ' wis-dom' are but cog- 
 nates of what Latin has given us in 'vis-ion' and in *e-vid-ent.' The 
 Welsh cein-ad (circumspection) has a root can (sight, brightness I, 
 Latin CANdeo (to shine, to burn), whence candle, kindle, candor, can- 
 did. Now, to borrow a. scriptural figure, the light of our instruction 
 must be such as to aid every one within its reach, beyond, as well as 
 inside of the school house ; but where there are combustible materials, 
 the light must be guarded with ' caution * and ' circumspection,' or the 
 un-cand-id watchman may become an in-cend-iary. 
 
 Nor must our light be allowed to cause darkness by the production 
 of smoke and soot, but the poisonous exhalations inseparable from the 
 process must be withdrawn by proper ventilation ; and altho' the hurt- 
 ful gas increases with the increasing light and may threaten asphyxia, 
 yet the power of removal increases with the heat, which causes the 
 exhalation to dissipate and seek an exit, as in a mine from which the 
 noxious gases are removed by a fire (sometimes called a lamp), that 
 should apparently increase them, but which, by a skilful arrangement, 
 is made to start a current to carry them off. So it is in education. A 
 madman is dangerous in proportion to his strength j and knowledge, to 
 be a blessing to the individual and the state, should be developed in, 
 and tend to produce, "■ pure intellectual atmosphere, in the Koi'mal 
 mode. 
 
APPENDIX. 113 
 
 EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH. 
 
 In the following examples^ an asterisk marks words derired from 
 Latin. 
 
 1380. Lo hou good [00 as in _^aor] and hou myrie [merry] it is that brethren 
 dwelle to gidere. ...for there the lord fente blefeyng and lijf into the world. Wicli/. 
 
 (Here ij' — y in by, as in modern Dutch.) 
 
 1534. Behold how honed* and ioyoufe* a thinge it is, brethern to dwel togither 
 being of one mynde. ...For there hath the Lorde promifed* aboundaiince,* and 
 long lyfe to continewe.* %ytf. 
 
 1571. Behold how good and comly a thing it is for brethren to dwell euen [even] 
 togither. ...for there hathe the Lorde commaunded* blifsing, and life for euer 
 [ever]. Golding, 
 
 1639. Behold how good and how pleafant* it is, for brethren to dwell even 
 together I ...for there Jehovah hath commanded* the blefeing, life unto etemitie.* 
 Ainsworth. 
 
 Dr. Philemon Holland (b. 1551) translated the Natural History of 
 Pliny (b. about A. u. 23), which was published in 1635. The following 
 extract is from chapter 8 of the 2d book, and exhibits many words 
 derived from Latin, as might be expected in a translation from that 
 language. 
 
 1635. The flats which we faid were fixed in heauen, are not (as the common 
 fort thinketh) afTigned to euery one of vs ; and appointed to men refpectiuely ; 
 namely, the bright & faire for the rich ; the lefTe for the poore : the dim for the 
 weak, the aged and feeble : neither fhine they out more or leffe, according to the 
 lot and fortune of euery one, nor arife they each one together with that perfon 
 vnto whom they are appropriate ; and die likewife with the fame : ne [nor] yet as 
 they set and fall, do they fignifie that any bodie is dead. There is not ywis, [cer- 
 tainly] fo great focietie betweene heauen and vs, as that together with the fatall 
 nece0itie of our death, the fhining light of the ilarres fhould in token of forrow go 
 out and become mortall. 
 
 In the next short extract, nine words are due to Latin and one 
 (method) to Greek. The former number would have heen ten, if 'indi- 
 cates' had replaced 'shows.' 
 
 1872. Science (Lat. scire, to know) is knowledge set in order; 
 knowledge disposed after the rational method that best shows, or tends 
 to show, the mutual relations of observed facts. J?. Couea, Key to 
 Korth American Birds. 
 
 10* H 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Affixes to English Words, 
 
 The only educational work on the Analysis of English Words. 
 Price, ;S!2.oo. By Mail, $2.24. Philadelphia: E. H. Butler 
 & Co. New Edition, 292 pages. 
 
 {From the Contemporary Review: London, y-uly, 1867,/. 288.] 
 Mr, Haldeman has compressed in an elegantly printed octavo volume ... a 
 collection more rational, complete, and exhaustive of the component parts of our 
 language than we have had any good right to hope for within the present century : 
 ... he has produced, with great labour and with great success . . . not only a 
 most practical, useful work, hut one absolutely indispensable to systematic and 
 thorough students of language, — as calculated, on grounds of scholarship, to fix 
 the true meaning of multitudinous forms, to shorten labour, and to save the student 
 from innumerable conjectural errors, as well as from the disappointment which 
 follows on the discovery of their erroneousness. 
 
 {From the Atkenaurn : London, March 4, 1871,] 
 Prof. Haldeman has just Issued a new and revised edition of his excellent 
 'Affixes.' It is the most thorough book on its. subject, 
 
 {From the Southern Magazine : Balthnore, April, 1871.] 
 . . . It is a perfect storehouse of linguistic knowledge, full of curious informa- 
 tion and illustration of the origin, history, and uses of words ; so that we never 
 open it without lighting on something new or interesting. 
 
 {From a letter by Prof. IV. E. Griffis, formerly of yapan.'\ 
 . . . While engaged in the Imperial College of Tokio (Yedo) I had occasion to 
 instruct several classes in the analysis and derivation of English words. . . . 
 Among the numerous works on etymology, of which I had choice, I very soon 
 recognized the value of your work, and the experience of a year's daily use of it 
 in the class-room only served to confirm my estimate of its value as a practical 
 text-book. I found that my students acquired a taste for analysis that enabled 
 them to discriminate with great nicety the relative value of words. ... It was 
 more than once remarked by the gentlemen present as examiners, that the know- 
 ledge of, and facility of using so many pure English idioms, and the clear appre- 
 hension of the various shades of meaning of words, was astonishing in Japanese 
 youth who had never been in England or America. ... In these days of multi- 
 plied writing and speaking, a thorough study of roots, affixes and synonyms is 
 most important ... to preserve the purity of the language. 1 should be glad to 
 see your work widely used, and made a drill-book by thoroughly competent and 
 earnest teachers. (Nov. 3, 1874.) 
 
 Analytic Orthography : 
 
 an Investigation of the Sounds of the Voice, including the 
 Mechanism of Speech, and its bearing upon Etymology. 
 By S. S. Haldeman, A.M. [ Trevelyan Prize Essay.'\ Phil- 
 adelphia : J. B. Lippincott & Co., i860. 148 pages, 4to. In 
 Paper, $1.50. By Mail, $1.82. 
 
 {From Pitman's Phonetic JournaLI 
 Prof. Haldeman's Essay contains a valuable outline of the theory of ety- 
 mology embracing a critical inquiry into the value of the Roman and Saxon 
 alphabe'ts, and many bits of word-history, which are treated with much subtlety 
 and originality; and above all, with a rare degree of method and precLsion in 
 tracing, step by step, the corruptions of oral language. 
 
 1 
 
^ ADVERTISEMENTS- 
 
 Elements of Latin Pronunciation, 
 
 By S. S. Haldeman, A.m. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & 
 Co., 1851. 76 pages, 12100. Price, 64 Cents. By Mail, 70 Cts. 
 
 \From the Mercersburg Revieiv, March, 1852,/. 190.] 
 . . . No student in the Latin can be thorough without a knowledge of its ancient 
 pronunciation. Only in this way can he arrive at an apprehension of its ety- 
 mology, which is so essential to the proper understanding of a language. We 
 trust this little work of Prof. Haldeman may serve to awaken a deeper interest in 
 the subject. That philosophical talent and tact so essential for investigations in 
 natural science, which he is well known eminently to possess, he has here brought 
 to bear on the elements of the Latin Language with peculiar success. His con- 
 clusions, we fancy, are generally, if not always, correct, as they are founded on 
 philosophical principles, having been drawn from various reliable materials, both 
 ancient and modern, in a manner almost as satisfactory and as safely to be trusted 
 as the deductions of mathematics. 
 
 {From the Avierican yournal of Science , Septetither, 1851,/. 303.] 
 Prof. Haldeman, through extensive intercourse with the Indians of this con- 
 tinent and the natives of many other regions, has studied with great success the 
 science of phonetics, and has thus prepared himself for his researches into the 
 true pronunciation of the Latin language. The work, therefore, commends itself 
 to scholars not only as a treatise on this particular language, but also for its classi- 
 fication of sounds, and for general views on their force, modes of combinations 
 and relations. 
 
 \Frotn the Methodist Quarterly Review, October, 1851.] 
 His procedure is eminently original, and is precisely the one to lead to results 
 that may be relied on. 
 
 Pennsylvania Dutch : 
 
 a dialect of South German with an infusion of English. By 
 S. S. Haldeman, A.M. London: Trubner & Co., 1872. 
 77 pages, 8vo. Philadelphia: Refonned Church Publication 
 Board, 907 Arch Street. Price, $1.2^. 
 
 Rhymes of the Poets. 
 
 By Felix Ago. Philadelphia: J. H. Butler & Co., 1868. 56 
 pages, i2mo, fine paper, gilt. Price, $i.2<f. By Mail, ^1.33. 
 
 [A. y. Ellis, F. R.S.,on Early English Pronunciation : London, 1869,/. 866.] 
 Those who wish to see the ludicrous and consequently undesirable effect whiuh 
 is often produced by such false rhymes, should consult a very amusing book called 
 Rhymes of the Poets. . . These rhymes are selected from one hundred and 
 fourteen writers, chiefly of the xviith and xviiith centuries, and were often cor- 
 rect, according to pronunciations then current. 
 
 Tours of a Chess Knight, 
 
 By S. S. Haldeman. Philadelphia: J, H. Butler & Co., 
 1864. l6mo. One hundred and fourteen figures of the 
 Knight's move. Edition limited to 250 copies. Price, ;^2,oo. 
 By Mail, ^2.06.