PL5933 T23 I ASIA ELEMENTARY HAND-BOOK ^ir, OF THE BURMESE LANGUAGE BY TAW SEIN KO, M.R.A.S., f.a t., f.s.a., GOVEENMENT TKANSLATOR AND HONOKAIl¥ AHCHJJOLOQK'AI, OFFICEK, Bri:MA. RANGOON: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, HURMA. 1898. J^ -rc^-> [ Price,— Rs. 2-8-0. ] •^•1!?^ PL 3 f 33 r^3 hdf CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DATE DUE AUG-iHb ig?O^H ^'*'iiMliimiXii«»™°°'' °* "IS Burmese lana 3 1924 022 058 931 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022058931 ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK OF THE BURMESE LANGUAGE BY TAW SEIN KO, M.E.A.S., f.a.i., f.s.a., GOVEENMENT TEANSLATOB AND HONOEAKY AECHaJOLOGlCAIi OFFICER, BUEMA. RANGOON: printed by the superintendent, government printing, burma. i8q8. PEEFACE. Ars longa, vita hrevis. This book is divided into two parts : the first deals with the colloquial form of the Burmese lan- guage, and the second with the literary form. Both are in- tended for hard- worked officials and busy men engaged in mercantile and other professions, to whom an elementary knowledge of Burmese may be essential ; and it is for this reason that an attempt is made to make the compilation as practical as possible. There is, however, no royal road to learning : a certain amount of drudgery must be faced and undergone if it is desired to acquire any kind ot knowledge ; and an acquaintance with the Burmese language does not form an exception to the universal rule. The compilation of this work is due to a suggestion made by Mr. St. John, Burmese Lecturer, Oxford University, who represented to the Local Government the need of a practi- cal colloquial course in Burmese for the Indian Civil Service candidates undergoing their probationary training in Eng- land. The original scope has, however, been extended to meet the gro-wing requirements of foreign residents in Burma. In the preparation of this volume, my acknowledgments are due to Maung Tun Nyein, Extra Assistant Commissioner, who has often acted as Government Translator during my absence on leave or deputation, for the valuable assistance given by him. Burma Secretariat: 7 TAW SEIN KO. 1st October 1898. ) TABLE OP CONTENTS. Pages, Introduction ... ... ... ... ,.. ... i vi Part I — Colloquial — ... ... ... ... ... 1 — 56 Key to the pronunciation ... ... ... ... 1 — 3 Numerical Notation ... ... ... ... ... 4 Time ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 Days of the week ... ... ... ... ... 6 Names of the months ... ... ... ... ... ibid. The Heavens ... ... ... ... ... 6 — 7 Points of the Compass ... ... ... ... ... 7 Earth ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 — g Sea ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 Seasons, weather, &e. ... ... .., ... ... 9 — ^10 Persons, relationships, &e. ... ... ... ... 10 — 12 Members of the body ... ... ... .., ... 12 — 14 Movements of the body ... ... ... ... 14 — 16 Ailments ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 — 17 Wearing apparel ... ... ... ... ... 17 — 18 Professions, Trades, &c. ... ... ... ... 18 — 19 Servants ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 Animals ... ... ... ... ... ... 19—20 Beptiles ... ... ... ... ... ... 21 Fishes ... ... ... ... ... ... ibid. Birds ... ... ... ... ... ... 21—22 Insects ... ... ... ... ... ... 22—23 Articles of Commerce ... ... ... ... ... 23 — 24 Metals ... ... ... ... ... ... 24—25 Food ... ... ... ... ... ... 25—26 Fruits ... ... ... ... ... ... 26—27 Vegetables ... ... ... ... ... ... 27 Drink . ... - ... ••■ .■• •• ... 27—28 Furniture ... ... ... ... ... ... 28—29 Nationalities ... ... ... ... ... 29 Colours ,., ... ... ... ... ... 30 Money ... ... ... .•• ... ... 80—31 Precious stones ... ... ... ... ... 31 Weights and measures ... ... ... ... ... 31 — 32 Army and Navy ... ... ... ... ... 32 Weapons ... ... ... ... .■• ... 33 Eoad ... ... ... ... ... ... 33—34 Games, amusements, &o. ... ... ... ... 34 — 35 Words and phrases in constant use ,,. ... ... 35—36 ( ii ) Pages. Miscellaneous questions and answers ... ... „. 37—38 Weather ... ... ... ... ... ... 38 Time of day... ... ... ... ... ... 39 — 40 Salutations, &c. ... ... ... ... ... 40 — 42 Dining-room ... ... ... ... ... 42 — 43 Bed-room ... ... ... ... ... ... 43 — 44 Boat ... ... ... ... ... ... 44—46 Office ... ... ... ... ... ... 46—49 Health and sickness ... ... ... ... ... 49 — 50 Miscellaneous phrases ... ... ... ... ... 50 — 56 Part 11— Literary— ... ... ... ... ... 57—121 Chapter I. The Alphabet ... ... ... ... 57—60 Chapter II. Homonyms ... ... ... ... 60 — 62 Chapter III. The Noun ... ... ... ... 62—67 Chapter IV. The Pronoun ... ... ... ... 68—71 Chapter V. The Adjective ... ... ... ... 71—74 Chapter VI. The Verb ... ... ... ... 74—78 Chapter VII. The Adverb ... ... ... ... 78—79 Chapter VIII. The Preposition ... ... ... ... 79—80 Chapter IX. The Conjunction ... ... ... ... 80 Chapter X. The Interjection ... ... ... ... ibid. Chapter XI. Syntax ... ... ... ... 81 Appendices : — I. Extracts from J4takas ... ... ... ... 83 — 95 II. Petitions ... ... ... ... ... 97 — 107 III. Extracts from the " Selections from the Records of the Hhitdaw" 109 — 121 INTRODUCTION. It is generally admitted that the Burmese language is difficult to study, and when there are few suitahle text-books and very few competent teachers, the difficulty to be encountered and overcome appears to be considerably enhanced. The method of teaching Burmese has yet to be systematised, and Burmese literature l^as yet to be worked up with that critical spirit which has been suc- cessfully applied to some of the classical and vernacular languages of India. But before this consummation is brought about, one must try his best to study Burmese according to his own lights. The Burmese language can be made interesting by studying it from a philological stand- point. Philology means, of course, the science which traces the origin and development of a language, and indicates its relationship to others. Burmese is a Turanian language as contradistinguished from an Aryan language, and belongs to that family of languages which has been described as Thibeto-Burman. A language, like an organism, grows, and dur- ing its long career of development many accretions cling to it. Some of these accretions are thoroughly assimilated and become part and parcel of the organic growth, while others still retain their nature of foreign excrescences. The following examples will illustrate this remark. The expression gjal^s is made up of two words, gj = (Chinese lu) to give, and alh = (PMi or Sanskrit 3]^) giving or a gift. The expression means to give as a charitable offering or to exercise charity. Now the word al^s will ever re- main a foreign excrescence and refuse to get assimilated. Then take the common word 8|gQii This occurs as 8a5o in an old lithic inscription of the twelfth century A.P, It is made up of two ( ii ) words 8$? = 8cS (Shan g§) a wife, + q = (Thibetaa o) a mother. Thus, woman in Burmese is conceived first in her capacity as wife and then in her capacity as mother. Both the constituent parts composing the word 8$ so are Turanian in their naturfe and they get thoroughly assimilated. It may be said that these are tauto- logical, as each of the component parts generally expresses the one and the same idea. But in a state of society composed of difPerent tribes, such a stratification of language was inevitable. Each section or tribe must have its peculiar dialect, and their living together must have the same tendency as the formation of well defined strata in geology. Other instances, namely, a^cooaS (a Tavoy localism) to bring, ^=S£ to look, godSo to assist, oo@g3 fate, 33Gogcj>ig,D(yoco^D a question, all tend to cori'oborate the above view. Allusion has been made above to the existence of San skrit and Pali derivatives in the Burmose language. It is a moot qu estion whether priority should be accorded to one or the other. There is, however, reason to infer from the evidence available that San- skrit derivatives were introduced into the Burmese language long before Pali was known in Burma. This evidence also shows that the form of Buddhism first introduced into this country was that of the Northern School, which was subsequently absorbed and assimilated by the Southern School. Like the Chinese, Thibetan, and other languages, Burmese is a monosyllabic language, i.e., to say, every word in it is a root, and every root is a word, each word consisting of a single syllable or monosyllable to which a particle, and not an independent word may be prefixed as in oools a door ; oo^^s power or glory ; sood food. A sentence is but an allocation of words whose grammati- cal relationship is determined by their respective positions. ( iii ) The grammatical apparatus being thus deficient, the vocabulary of the Burmese language may be divided into three groups. The first group would include nouns and pronouns ; the second, verbs ; and the remaining parts of speech, including particles, would be placed in the third group. The words in the first two groups are like brick or stone, and those in the third are like mortar which cements the building materials together. It is apparent that most of the words in the third group were independent words at one time, and that they have been ground down to their present form through years of attrition. An instance may be cited, namely, that of goo 5, a Burmese honorific affix. This should be transcribed as tS. Owing to Bengali influence, the vowel a was changed to o, and thus this td was originally ta. In Chinese ta means great, and the affix may be taken to mean that any action done by a great. personage is necessaxily a great action, In studying Burmese, one of the best ways is to adopt the ana- lytical method. Each expression should be analysed into its com- ponent parts; the relationship between these words, whether that of allocation or agglutination, should be determined, and the ori- gin o£ each word should be traced as far back as possible ; and its phonetic changes and gradual development should also be noted. If this method is followed, we can make some of the words tell us i,'tteresting tales. Max Miiller has proved conclusively that the English word daughter assumes in Sanskrit the form duliitCi, a milkmaid. When this word came into use, the people who used it must have been in a pastoral condition. They had large herds of cows or goats, which it was the duty of the daughter of each family to milk every morning. Similarly the derivation of the word " Mranmd," the national appellation of the Burmese race, can be made to tell an interesting tale, Burma is known to the ( iv ) people of Bengal as Brahmodesh, which is th^" Bengali form of the Pali designation " Brahmadesa " or the region or country of Brahma, the Creator of the Hindu Triad. Now 6 and m are interchangeable in the Indo-Chinese languages, and Brahm&, became Mrahma ; and the letter h being, by assimilation, changed into m the word Mrahma assumed the form Mramma. Now, r and y are interchangeable, so we get the form Myammi. In the system of Chinese transliteration each word is cut up into mono- syllables to suit the genius of the language ; so we get the form Mien (= Myam) or myan + ma. In Burmese poetry Burma is always spoken of as (g|c^Ss = the couatry of the Myan, the national appellation by which the Burmese are known to their neighbours, the Chinese ; and in Burmese prose we get the f o rm g^oD = Mran-ma, while in works written in Pali the form @g C3CO = Mramma-desa invariably occurs. The derivation of the word g?oj is intimately connected with that of the word JProrne. This word should be spelt Prohm, because it is another form of the Talaing name Brohn. Again, Brohm is another form of Brahm {a and o being interchangeable). Therefore, Frome means the city of Brahma. The Burmese call it Pyi = g^ = pran = brail = Brahm. Both the Talaing and Burmese forms of the word are traceable to the same source ; and Burmese history tells VIS that at Prome a tribe called the Mranmds arose and attained political eminence. Prom the derivation of the above two words we may infer that Burma is the meeting-point of two civilizations, namely, that of India and of China ; that the Mongoloid tribes which were eventually amalgamated into a political society, Avere first brought under the influence of Hindu colonists who wor- shipped Brahma ; and that the centre of Brahmanical influence in Burma was Prome. ( V ) In stiidyinn,' a language, tlie system of translating it into an- other is a very good practice. It makes ns think in two languages, and as the results obtained have had to he achieved by much la- bour and racking of brains, words, phrases, idioms, and the nice- ties of language are retained in otir memory. The great thing, however, to be borne in mind in translation is that one should try and place himself as much as possible in the same position as the writer of the original. In this way, the spirit and energy of expression of the original would be retained in the translation. Most students do not, however, try to do so, and generally en- deavour to make the required rendering as literally as possible; and the result is that the translation is not only tame, but hardly conveys the thoughts and ideas of the writer in an intelligible and felicitous manner. At the present time, there are two kinds of Burmese. One may be called Lower- Burma Burmese, and the other Upper-Burma Bur- mese. The Burmese of Lower Burma, in some places, would be something like the Prenoh patois in Jersey and the Channel Islands : it is corrupt, and is almost a jargon. The pure Bur- mese, however, is still preserved in Upper Burma in the larger towns. The chief characteristics of Upper-Burmese style are its conciseness, the absence of dispensable particles and affixes, and its comprehensive expressiveness, grace, energy, and elegance. The Lower- Burmese style is very diffuse : it abounds in useless particles, and differs from the other style in its laboured simplicity and want of brevity. Any one with a tolerably good knowledge of Burmese can readily distinguish the marked difference be- tween the two styles. The popular impression amongst foreigners is that the Burmese language is devoid of literature. This is not true. It has an ex- ( vi ) icnsivc literature, and its poetry is exceedingly beautiful, and may be compared favourably with that of other nations. The cheerfulness of the people, their healthy and peaceful enjoyment of life, their loyalty to sovereign authority, their devotion to their religion and institutions, and the beautiful influence which Bud- dlii,sm has exercised over their mind and character, are faithfully pourtrayed in their literature, and especially in their poetry. And it is to be hoped that more prominence may' be given to Burmese literature in the curriculum of studies iii the province. To become a Burmese scholar, a knowledge of Pali is essential, for the connection between the literatures of these two languages is an intimate one. Burmese literature is to a large extent based on Pali literature, and, without an acquaintance with Pali, Bur- mese studies would not be of much interest. In fact, to study Burmese classics without a knowledge of Pali, wou.ld be like attempting to read and appreciate Milton without knowing much about the Bible and the mythology of Greece and Pome. PART I.-COLLOQUIAL. KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. Vowels. 33 a as in what. 333 a as in father. n i as in police. s i as in machine. 5 u as in recruit. A U as in rule. a e as in grei/. sS) i: as the first e in never. as(£ 1 as the first e in everlasting. @ aw as in law. G@5 aw as in dratvl. 33II33§ * an as un in dun. 33DI a: as in ah ! 3^ as in holy. 3^5ll3^cS ok as in yoke. 3^113^? on as in cowe. ,:£5ii33oB ei as a in ru/i;^, ra^e. 33?ii33S ei as in vein. oaS it' as in pit. 33S in as in ^m. 335ll33o5 at as in what. 33 o5 et as in jje^. 3^05 aik as ai in a^s^e. 3^5 aing as ine in Mhine. G33Da5 auk as o«* in o«if. G3336 aung as 0MJ^ in sound. /ci * This should be pronounced without letting the tip of the tongue touch the roof of the mouth. An Englishman would naturally ^ do so when pronouncing an as un in dnn ■ but it should be remembered that final consonaata are never articulated in Burmese ' ( 2 ) Consonants. oo k Tinaspirated. £> 'k aspirated. o -) ^ J g tard. c ng as in Za??^, English. o s unaspirated as in spirit. so 's aspirated as in saw, sea. )■ z as m zenith. go n as in semr, Corunha. 00 00 3 OD [ t unaspirated. [ 't aspirated. '■d as in dawn. (• n as in napkin. o p unaspirated. o 'p aspirated. > b as m SmZ^. o m as in mamma. oa y as in yes. Gi r as in rural. ^1 as m lovely. o w as in weather. OD th as in thaw. oo ^/i as in thee. CO h as in heaven. ( 3 ) Note. — There are no English equivalents for certain combinations in Burmese, They mayj however, be transliterated as follows : — rmesG. Enghsh. Burmese. English. ^ hna cq]ii@ , kya* 9 hma f^i'S kywa eg Ua 91"S hmya Tones. There are three tones in the Burmese language : — (1) the natural, (2) the abrupt, and (3) the heavy. The tones express difference in meaning, thus : aoS 'sin (pronounced with the natural tone) means an ele- phant. ooS 'sin (pronounced with the abrupt tone) means a step, a grade. oo8s 'sin: (pronounced with the heavy tone) means to descend. Correct intonation is essential, and the foreign student would do well to use the following table to accustom himself to the cor- rect utterance of the tonal inflections : oo OOD, OODS o8 eg St cq "I cq% ka ka ka: ki kl ki: ku ku ku: Goo GOO GOOS 00 oS ^, c^ GCX)5 Goio GOOD ke ke ke: CO kan ke kan 003 kan kaw • kaw kaw * In this combination the h should not be pronounced separately from the y, but both should be sounded together, care being taken that the h is not in the least aspirated. This may be accomplished by keeping the teeth together before attempting the pronunciation of the combination. Thus, the pronunciation of KyauJcse approximates more to Chauksfe than to K(a)-yaukse, which is generally heard amongst Europeans. ( 4 ) NUMERICAL NOTATION. Cardinal English, Burmese. Transliteration. One ... cx)8 or 00 ... Tit or ta Two ... J>5 ... Unit Three ... oqs ... Thon: Pour ... GCOS ... Le: Pive ... cls ... Nga: Sis ... cgDoS ... Chauk Seven ... s}?.S ... 'Kun-nit Eight ... gS ... Shit Nine ... c^s ... Ko: Ten ... aotS ... 'Se Eleven ... aoc^ooS ... 'S5-tit Twenty- ... J.830C35 ... Hna-se Thirty ... oqsaocS ... Th6n:ze One hundred ... oocp ... Ta-ya One thousand ... OOGOOOS ... Ta-'taung Ten thousand ... oogoodSs ... Ta-thaung: One hundred thou- ooo8?s ... Ta-thein: sand. One million ... CO00$S ... Ta-than: Ten millions or one cocqQ<^ ... Ta-ka-de crore. Ordinal. Eirst ... ogQ * ... Pa-'ta-ma Second ... J^c8oD * ... Du-ti-ya Third ... oooScx) * ... Ta-ti-ya Eourth ... OOCJ^* ... Sa-dok-'ta Eifth ... ogo* ... Pyin-sa-ma Sixth ... sog * ... 'Sa-'ta Seventh ... oo^o* ... That-ta-ma Eighth ... 33S" * ... A-'ta-ma Ninth ... ^OB * ... Na-wa-ma Tenth ,.. 300» * ... Da-^/ia-ma ♦These are, strictly speaking, Pali words, the pure Burmese equivalents being — O0:jg(§Do5ii j>5sjG(goo5ll &c., OoSmgioSlI ^5339)0611 &c. The PaU forms are, how- ever, more commonly used. ( s ) Time. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Day G% ... Ne Month CO ... La Year f^ ... Hnit Hour ^A ... Na-yi Now ooq ... Ya-'ku Then cocSibyl^ CO ... 'To-a-'ka When? ... Bfe-a-'ka Immediately JoSgSs ^ — ST^ < < 33g CL >vv y ... Chet-chin: Ever ... A-mye: Sometimes ' COG[00ol ... Ta-yan-ta-'ka Daily G^„og or G%c^Ss ... Ne-zin or Ne-daing: Dawn aa^oSoooS ... A-yon-det <^ Morning 4^o5 or o$o5 ... Nan- net or Ma-net Noon g|soD^ ... Mun:de hn^ y; ' Afternoon g^sc^ or qg^godSs ... Miin:lwe: or ]^a-ne zaung: Evening ©G* ... :^a-ne ^«^' Sunset G^o6 or ^8^S_ ^ ... Ne-win or Mo:ch6k Night eoor e|__ . . . Na or Nin — - Midnight OO^SGolS ... Tha-gaung .- r Past midnight oo^sGolSccqjS ... Tha-gaung-gyaw Last night ©"= , ... ;Ka-ga n \t. Whole night oo^oqs ... Ta-na-16n: Yesterday 0G%C»--J1 /■ OOG^OD ... Ma-ne-ga Day before yesterday ... Ta-ne-ga Today COG% or OG% ... Ya-ne or Ga-ne Tomorrow ^oSo^al K_ - ... Net-'pan-ga ... Tha-het-'ka ^"^''^ Day after tomorrow o^cooSo] Second day after to- 8§s|ol ... 'Pein-nw^:ga morrow The other day OOG^^OO ... Ta-ne-ga Previously 33 00 o5 00 ... A-'tet-ka Often 3ag§@§ or oacociD A-kyein-gyein or 'Ka na-ka-na ( 6 ) Days of the Week. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Sunday ... OD^i^^Gg. r jx if ji ;■"... Ta-nin:ga-nwe Monday ... co^SshoD ^ ' ... Ta-nin:la Tuesday ... 3s5l KYI t be ... In-ga W ednesday - Thursday ih'«^ ft d. i\... Bok-da-hii: ... (cgDODOGOOS ^ ^' ' ... Kya-tha-pa-de: Priday ... good(^d •dao , ... Thauk-kya Saturday ... OG^ ... Sa-De Names op the Months. April* ... OO^Si^S ... Ta-gu: May ... coac^l ... Ka-'s6n June ... ^CXJ? ... Na-yon July ... ol^ ... Wa-zo August ... oIgoIS ... Wa-gaung September ... gcoSdtodSs ... 'l'aw-/Aa-lin: October ... GocoSsogoS ... Tha-din:gyut November ... co$Gao^6'.j|s ... Ta-zaung-mon: December ... ^oSgcoS ... Na-daw January ... 6==^^ ... Pya-tho February ... cc8(^ ... Ta-bo-dwe: March ... CCGolSs ... Ta-baung: The Heavens. Heaven ... goddSscoS ... Kaung:gin Sun ... G^ ... Ne Moon ... CO ... La Star ... @cS ... Kyfe Planet ... (5o5 or ^n^c& ... Gyo or Net-'kat Sky ...> ... Mo: Full moon ... ^M- ... La-byi W axing moon ... cocoas ... La-zan: Waning moon ... Cog^GCqS ■' ■ 1^ Y«.*.^ La-byi-gyaw * The Burmese year commences about the middle of April. ( 7 ) The Heavens — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteratioa. Dark moon ... cocgc^ ... La-gw6 Eclipse of the sun... G^goSgSg ... Ne-kyat-chin: Thunder ... ^sqi^sgSs ... Mo:ch6n:gyin: Lightning ... cg)5o8 ... Shat-sit Thunderholt ... m-'^^'- .., Mo:gyo:^^wa: Comet ... goSoSg? ... Kye-ta-gun Rainbow ... 03o5(XI^„ ... Thet-tan Cloud ... ^scfiS ... Mo:tein Meteor ... ool ... U-ba Hail ... ^sd8s ... Mo:^M: Snow ... 5>5sb ... Hnin:ge: Storm ... GODi^^C^Sg ... Le-mon-daing: Venus ... GODDg^gc^ ... Thauk-kya-gyo Pleiades ... gQdoSsSS ... 'Pyauk-'seik Milky-way ... ^olsGg, ... Na-ga-ngwe Points oe the Compass. East ... 33Ga ... A-she West ... 33G$0o5 ... A-nauk South ... goodS ... Taung North ... GgDoS ... Myauk North-east ... 33Gg[G(gDo5 ... A-she-myauk South-east ... 33G^GCOd6 ... A-she- taung South-west ... 33G^Do5g00dS ... A-nauk-taung North-west ... 33Gf.Do5GgDo5 Earth ... A-nauk-myauk Earth ... eggs ... Mye-gyi: World ... GODDoo or oo^o ... Law:ka or Ka-ba Continent ... c^c£ ... Talk Country ... ISc ... Naing-ngan Province ... o§S ... 'Ka-yaing Tract ... ^oSGg ... Nfe-mye Mountain ... goodS^s ... Taung-gyi: ( 8 ) Earth— concluded . English. Burmese. Transliteration. Hill ... gcodScc^ ... Taung-ngfe Valley ... CCX)d8(^DS ... Taung.gya: Plain ... G@@S ... Mye-hyin W atershed ... GqGOGCqD ... Ye-we-gyaw: Waterfall ... GQCOg? ... Ye-ta-gun River ... 6s ... Myit Defile ... GO^Do5o2Ss ... Kyauk-twin: Stream ... GqjoSs ... Chaung: Brook ... gQsSs ... Myaung: Source of river ... §§330 ... Myit-a-sa Mouth of river ... gSo ... Myit-wa Branch of river ... Q5oDoSooo5 ... Myit-let-tet Thalweg ... gSoDC^Gcq|3 ... Myit-le-gyaw: Mid-stream ... gSoDoS ... Myit-le Eiver channel ... gg^gQdSs ... Ye-gyaung: Canal ... O^JSGgoSs ... Tu:myaung: Lake ... saSs or 3^S ... In: or ain2: Tank ... QQ^CD% ... Ye-gan Weir ... £0^ ... 'Se Channel ... ce[G(^D8s ... Ye-myaung: Bock ... Gcq]Do5GaoD6 ... Kyauk-'saung Stone ... GCqjooSb ... Kyauk-'ke: Volcano ... §SG003S ... Mi:daung Sand ... =£> ... Th5: Gravel ... GCX:|)Do5oG[S ... Kyauk-sa-yit Clay ... G[gGOS ... Mye-zi: Tree , .. od8oS ... Thit-pin Grass ... gc^ ... Myet Grazing-ground ... ODSOJoScg ... Sa-gyet-mye Porest ... odSgodd ... Thit-taw: Forest reserve ... gs^SsGO^D ... Kyo:waing:daw: Field ... oDoSr^oS , f<' ■•• L6-gwet Garden ... e«^§ ... tr:Yin Plantation ... oopoSs ... Ya'-gin: ( 9 ) Sea. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Ocean ... cxj^gcp n - ... Tha-mok-da-ya Sea ... oScooS ... Pin-1& Bay ... oScooSgssS ' ... Pin-lfe-aw Gulf ... oScqcSgc^ ... Pin-le-gwe Strait ... o6c»c6cQo5Qos ... Pin-16-let-kya: Spring-tide ... GS^ODcS ... Ye-det Neap-tide ... Gqcq] ... Y"e-gya Light-house ... §sg ... Mi:bya Wave ...;#s ^ ... Hlaing: Sea- shore ... oScxJoSroSs^Ds ... Pin-le-kan:na: Ship ... g^o5oOGC^D ... Ywet-thin:baw: Steamer ... §8c»go5d ... Mi:thin:baw: Shoal ... o^s ... SI: Deep ... ^o5gcx)d ... Net-thaw: Shallow ... cSSgcxid ... Tein-^^aw Cargo -boat ... OqOO&8 ... Ton-kin: Man-of-war ... o^oScogoSd ... Taik-thin:baw: Mast ... fio5c§5 ... Ywet-taing Yard ... g^raSoDoS ... Ywet-let Rudder ... oooSo ... Tet-ma Anchor ... GcqDoSajs ... Kyauk-'su: Pilot ... ggigj^dSsQ ... Ye-gyaung:bya Deck ... o^^gocS ... K6n:bat Sails ... a"5 ... Ywet Oar ... oo5ooo5 ... 'Kat-tet Paddle ... Gcg5ooo5 ... Hlaw-det Seasons, Weatheb, &c. rG§e°^ ... Nwe-u-du Hot season } G§,Gpc8 ... Nwe-ya-#M (_G|33ol ... Nwe-a-:ka rqsgcq ... Mo:u-du Rainy season 3 8s^:^ ... Mo:ya-^M ( 8S330) ... Mo:a-'ka ( 10 ) Seasons, Weather, &c. — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration, fGaoDSsgcy^ ... 'Saung:u-dii Cold season } GOODSgCpdS ... 'Saung:ya-^M (_G30dS8 330"1 ... 'Saung:a-'ka Eain-fall ... ^sa^@^° ... Mo:ywa-gyin: Pirst showers ... §s3s ... Mo:u: Intermediate showers §8cx)c:5 ... Mode Closing showers ... ^sgj-dSs ... Mo:hnaung: Hot ... <^GO0D ... TA-tha.w: Cold ... GGODD or gSSGOOD ... 'E-.thaw or chan:^Aaw: Warm ... 3^o5g00D or (|^GCOD ... Aik-thaw: or pA-^^aw: Pog 1 Mist.) ... S'.^Bt ... Si:hnin: Dew ... j-Ss ... Hnin: Cloudy ... ^S3^oGODD ... Mo:6ri-^7jaw: Persons, Relationships, &c. Man ... GODDO^OS ... Yauk-kya: Woman ... 8?so ... Mein:ma Husband ... co5 ... Lin Wife ... OOODS ... Ma-ya: Boy ... GCODC^DSODGCOS ... Yauk;-lcya:ga-le: Girl ... S^sacoGcosor £ SJscoGoos Mein:ma-ga-le: or meii 'ka-le: Son ... ODDS ... Tha: Daughter ... co§s ... Tha-mi: Sister ... j>0 ... Hna-ma Child ... 0DGC08 ... Ka-le: Children ... COGC0S4]D? ... Ka-le-mya: Twins ... 33g3 ... A-hmwa Elder brother ... 3380^ ... A-ko Younger brother ... ^ ... Nyi Cousin ... ^3dSo^goo5 ... Nyi-a-ko-daw Son-in-law .,, CODSOoS ... Tha-met ( 11 ) Persons, Relationships, &c. — continued. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Daugliter-in-law ... cgjgo ... Chwe:ma Brother-in-law ... godooSoo ... Yauk-'pa^ (A woman's) brother gooS ... Maung (A woman's) elder 3380 ... A-ma sister. (A woman's) younger ^0 ... Nyi-ma sister. Elder sister-in-law... o^s ... Ma-yi: Younger sister-in- ooSo ... 'Kfe-ma law. (A woman's) elder SaE ... 'Kfe:o brother-in-law. (A woman's) young- 008 ... Mat er brother-in-law. (A woman's) sister- gcodc^o ... Yaung:ma in-law. Paternal uncle (elder) oogs ... Ba-gyi: Patern a 1 uncle coGcgs ... Ba-dwe: or Pa-'twe: (younger) or step- father. Mat ernal uncle §s@s ... tJ:gyi: (elder). Mate rnal uncle gscoos ... U:le: (younger). Aunt ■•• 33^2 or GscdT ... A-yi: or A-daw Step- mother ... Soogs ... Mi-dwe: Nephew ... cx^ ... Tu Niece ■•■ °tI« ... Tu-ma Grandfather ... sa^s ... A-'po: Grandmother .:. soc^ds ... A-'pwa: Grandchild ... cgs ... Myi: Great grandchild ... @S ... Myit Bride ••■ oScodgoosS cxjc^cx; iSs... Min-ga-M-zaung-tha do-tha-mi: ( 12 ) Persons, Eelationships, &c English. Burmese. Bridegroom ... BfioODGOODSoD( Bridesmaid ... 33c|gi Married person ... 3SSG00D5ODgS Bachelor - ^^1 Old bachelor ... 0^» Spinster ... 33C| Old maid ... OO'^^i Sweetheart ... OO^SOOg Spouse ... oSy^S •concluded. Transliteration. ^oDDs ... Min-ga-la-zaung-tha- do-tha: ... A-pyo-yan ... 'Ein-da.ung-thh ... Lu-byo ... Lu-byo-gyi: ... A-pyo ■•• A-pyo-gyi: ... Yi:za: ... 'Kin-bun: Members oe the Body. Member of the body c^c^saSl Head Eye Nose Mouth Ear Hand Thigh Leg Eoot Eingers Toes Hair Eorehead Temple Cheek Chin Neck Back of neck Shoulder ssolS? GolSs or j>DGol5s oo5 ^38 or *3SglOr5 ' ' 00 o5 GOI? gQgoddoS eg cooSg^dSs , s6o& . GQSGO . co^ or oD^oSs . cqB Ko-in-ga Gaung: or Ok-'kaung: Myet-si Na-'kaung: Pa-zat , Na: or na-ywet Let , Paung . Che-dauk or chi-dauk . Che or ohi . Let-chauns;: Che-gyaung: gyaimg: 'Sa-bin Na-'pu: Na-the Pa: Me:zi Le or le-bin: Gok Pa-'kon: or chl- ( 13 ) Members op the Body — continued. English. Burmese. Transliteration, Shoulder-blade ... coo5(y5 ... Let-pyin Spine ... Ga5]D§s ... Kyaw:yo: Hip ... ooSols ... Tin-ba: Chest ... G^S or G|6oo5 ... Yin or yin-bat Navel ... sjio5 ... Chet Wrist ... coo5goodo5oo5 ... Let-kauk-wut Ankle f cgoijgsooS 1 G§4io58 ... Chi-gyin:wut ... Chi-myet-si Instep ... G@^ ... Chi-g6n Palm ... COoScgDS ... Let-'pwa: Sole ... cgogDS ... Chi-bwa: Muscle ... goSoDDS ... Kywet-tha: Tendon ... 33g(^3 ... A-kyaw: Vein ... GOggG[^D ... Thwe:gyaw: Nostril ... ^3Go1o5 ... Hna-bauk Eyebrow ... 4lo5^s ... Myet-'kon: Eyelid ... ciJoSg ... Myet-'kun Eyelashes ... i;^o5goodS ... Myet-taung Lip ... jo8s5§s ... Na-'kan: Tooth ... OgDS ... Thwa: Tongue ... cgiD ' . ■> ... Sha Gums ... Og3S(^S ... Tha-'p6n: Adam's apple ... CO^GO ... Lfe-zi Moustache ... ^oSoSsGgg ... Na-'kan:mwe: Beard ... fejaScSG^s ... Mok-'seik-mwe Whiskers ... 04j|SGgS ... Pa-m6n:mwe: Jaws ... o1s§g ... Pa:yo: Heart ... ^o^s ... Hna-lon: Liver ... saoo^s ... A-thfe: Eiitrails ... Si ... tr Blood ... GC^8 ... Thwe: Tears ' ... 41"5ci^ ... Myet-ye Perspiration ... cgs ... Chwe: ( 14 ) Members op the Bodt -concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Joint ... 3O0o8 ... A-'sit Arm . .. coo5godSs ... Let-maun g: Arm (upper part) ... cooS^s ... Let-yon: Nails ... COo500^SG§OD^S ... Let-thfe:clii-^/te: Thumb ,.. cooSo ... Let-ma Index finger ., cooS^s ... Let-hnyo: Middle finger ... coo5coc5 ... Let-lfe Ring finger ... coo5aj(^o5 ... Let-tha-gywe Little finger ... cooSoo^s ... Let- than: Arm -pit -# ... Gyaing: Elbow ... cogcxddS ... Ta-daung Pist ... cooSoSs ... Let-thi: Knee ... ^s ... Du: Heel ... g§og4)dS ... Chi-ba-naung Abdomen ... oSs or oS§^c6 ... Wun: or wun:baik Breasts ... 1 or |d8s ... No or no-thi: Bone ... 33§8 ... A-yo: Marrow ... gSaS ... Chin-zi Movements op the Body. Sit ... c^5co^. ... 'Taing-^i Stand ... G[5oo^ or 00 co^ ... Yat-tbi or 'Ta-fM Lie down ... gojjdSsod^ or a^soqsG^ Lyaung:^/a or t6n:16n OD^n ne-thi Sleep ... oSSoo^ ... Eik-thi Wake ... %°^^ ... 'No-.thi Walk ... co6gGcg]Do5oo^ ... Lan:shauk-thi Run ... GgsOO^ ... Pye :^7u Kneel ... qsGOODoSoOgS ... Dri:'tauk-tlii Crawl ... OgDSOOcS ... Twa:^M Leap ... ^%^^ ... 'K6n-^M Get up ... 0000^ ... 'Ta-m Climb ... ODoScX)^ ... Tet-thi Dive ... qhco^ ... Ngok-thi ( 15 ) Movements of the Body — continued. English. Burmese. Swim ... GqojsoD^ Moat ... o^cSgoIod^ To shoulder ... oo§so3^ To carry in the arms ^o5oo^ or c^oOd^ To carry on the head gioSco^ To carry on the back §ioo^ or ocj^g^soo^ Ride ... §soo^ Drive ... godSsoo^ To strike with the ogoSoo^ elbows sideways. To strike with the goodSsco^ elbows downwards. To strike (with the o^soo^ fist). Transliteration. ... Ye-ku:^M ... Ko-'paw-^M ... 'Tan:^M ... Paik-thi or pwe-#M ... Ywet-thi ... Po:^M or g6n:po:^M ... Si:^M ... Maung:^M ... Twet-thi .. 'Taung:fM ... 'To:^ Slap ... CJoSco^ ... Pok-thi Push ... 02?SOD^ ... Tun:^M Box ... OToScg^c^oSoD^ ... Let-'pwe-taik-thi Eight ... cooScjoSoD^ ... That-pok-tht Scratch ... OCjSoD^ ... Kok-thi Bub ... g05DD^ ... Put-thi Peel ... oSsoaSco^ ... San:that-th] Lean ... §00^ ... Hmi-^M Breathe ... 3300o5jj^OD^ ... A-thet-shii-^M Snore ... GOTDo5cO^ ... Hauk-thi Sneeze ... G^jCO^ ... CM-m Cough ... Gq]DSs3^S00^ ... Chaung:'so:^M Belch ... G0Dg^C0o5oD^ ... L6-gyin-tet-thi Hiccough ... @.#OD^ ,.. Gyo-'to:^M Expectorate .... GCgSOD^ ... 'Twe:^M Swallow ... ^ODg ... Myo-^M Yawn ... ooSsoogS ... Than:^M Cry ... ?=»^ ... Ngo-thi Speak ... OOODSG(yDC»^ .., Sa-ga:pyaw:^M ( 16 ) Movements of the Body — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Blow ... 5^c8oDg ... Hmok-thi Eat ... ODSDO^ ... Sa:^//i Suck ... it^oSco^ ... Sok-thi Chew ... olsDD^ ... wk-.m Taste ... @80D^ ... Myi:^M Drink ... GOODoSoO^ ... Thauk-thi Write ... GG^SOO^ ... Ye:^7ii Paint ... gcSoD^ ... Ch^-^i Strike ... §o5oo^ ... Yaik-thi Stroke ... oooSco^ ... That-thi Lift ... oSoD^ Ailments. ... Tin-thi Illness ... ucqi^so^gSs ... Ma-kyan:ma-gyin: Disease ... 33^DG£pol ... A-na-yaw:ga Pever .... qi^s^o ... 'Pya:na Dysentery- ... o6sc^c5 ... VVun:gaik Diarrhoea ... oSscq] ... Wun:gya Smallpox ... GOJjDoSgs ... Kyauk-kyi: Measles ... oo5oDo5 ... Wet-thet Chicken-pox ... GCqjDoSg or G^GCtJ|D o5... Kyauk-'pyu 01^ Ye- gyauk Cholera ... ODDODoSs ... Ka-la-wun: Jungle fever ... go5(j|DS ... Hnget-'pya: Head-ache ... GolSiC^cS ... Gaung-.gaik Ear-ache ... $Dgo^o5 ... Na:gaik Tooth-ache ... OgDS^D ... Thwa:na Stomach-ache ... o6s|.D ... Wun:na Sore- eyes ... t^cSB^D ... Myet-si-na Dyspepsia ... G^ScOcS^D ... Yin-bat-na Asthma ... o^s^D or q5(^5 ... Pan:na or Yin-gyat Giddiness ... ^"gSs ... Mu:gyin: Eaintness ... o^sgSs or GQDJgSs ... Pan:gyin: orMaw:gyin ( 17 ) Ailments — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Sea-sielcness .. 0§S8^8§S8 ... Hlaing:mu:gyin: Lameness .. Gg^gSs ... Cbi-'sun-gyin: Blindness .. OOD^sgSi ... Kan:gyin: Deafness .. ^DSO^SsgSs ... .Na:'taing:gyin: Dumbness .. aagSs ... A-gyin: Hoarseness „ 33o5g3g5s or 33o5o5 A-than-pya-gyin: or A- gSi. than-win-gyin: Weakness .. asDg^^sgSs or 33D80:}? A:n5:gyin: or A:k6n- g58. gyin: Indisposition .. G^OGODoSggSs or oaSo Ne-ma-kaung:gyin: or ODD^gSs. Ma-i-ma - 1 h a - s h i - gyin: Cold (catarrh) .. j>0GO8gS8 ... llna-si:gyin: Cold (in the head) .. GolSsa^gSs ... Gaung:6n-gyin: Cough ... Gg^Ssa^s ... Obaung:zo: Dry cough ., cgoSssgDoS ... Cbaungrgyauk Paralysis ... GooooSq^s ... Le-thin-d6n: Wearing Appabel. Turban ... Gol68Go1Ss ... Gaung:baung: Jacket .. 33fi^ ... In:gyi Loin-cloth .. 9# ... Pa-'so: Shoes .. G$Do58o5c8$S ... Nauk-peik-'pa-nat Sandals .. 8§sco?s ... Peinrdan: Boots ... 2oSc£?5 ... But-'pa-nat Socks .. Ggg5 ... Cbi-zut Handkerchief .. coo5o^Soc)T ... Let-kaing-ba-wa Button .. goSoSs ... Kyfe-thi: Belt .. oTsooS ... 'Ka-bat Ring .. coo5g5 ... Let-sut Hat ., §socj5 ... Ck-'t6k Umbrella ... C88 ... 'Ti: Walking-stick .. coo5o^5qc5 ... Let-kaing-d6k Watch ' . .. 33oSgXioS^3§[ ... Eik-'saung-na-yl 3 ( 18 ) Weaking Apparel — concluded. Eii<;lish. Burmese. Transliteration. "Watch-cliain .. ^^S^^^ Na-yi-gyo: Watch-key .. .fiD^GODO 'Na-ji-thsiW Comb .. cSs . Bi:* Tooth-brush .. ogDsyoSoD Tha-but-tan Ear-knob .. ^DSGslSs . Na-daung: Necklace .. oc8s , Pa-di: Bracelet .. coo5gcodo5 . Let-kauk Pocket .. 33o5 . Eik Spectacles .. 4lo5y^ . Myet-hman Trousers ... Gao:>StS . Baung:bi Blanket ... godS . Saung Towel ... «^o5j.DoqoSoo1 . Myet-hna-th6k-pa-wa ]N"apkin .., o3o5cxjc^oo"| . Let-th6k-pa-wa Hair-pin (curved) ... ao^S . 'Sa-hnyat Hair-pin (single) ... 300^8 . 'Sa-do: Comforter ... co^oSso^s . Le-bin:zi: Shawl ... c^oSgodS or gjjdgodS Taik-saung or shaw zaung Pkopessions, Trades, &c. Merchant ... «??oo^@s . Kon-the-gyi: Trader ... cqlco^ .. K6n-tli& Broker ... ^ODS . Pwe:za: Contractor ... (^cS(yo55o:j^ .. Pok-pyat-'kan-thvi Architect ... SoOJOOD .. Peik-tha-ga Mason ... O^SG^ .. ?a-yan Carpenter ... ODoSoOQD? .. Let-tha-ma: Sculptor ... GCqiDoSooSoDODS .. Kyauk-'sit-tha-ma: Wood-carTer ... o?sc^ ,. Pa-bu Goldsmith ... G^o?sc8§ .. Shwe-pa-dein Silversmith ... Ggo§sc85 .. Ngwe-pa-dein Blacksmith ... o5s±) .. Pa-be: Tinsmith ... o?sco8s .. Pa-din: ( 19 ) Professions, Trades, &c.- —concluded. Euglish. Burmese. TraDsliteration. Lapidary . GCqjDoSGOgSODODS Kyauk- th we : if /za -ma : Shoe-maker . c8^5c^3O0ODS 'Pa-nat-'to:tha-ma: Painter .. o?s^ Pa-gyi Tailor .. 335q[5oDODS , AtTchok-tha-ma: Cultivator (rice) . . . oooSoooDs Servants. lie-tha-mk: Servant .. 33G0S) . A-se-gan Boy ., CXJCOS or CXjfCDGCOS .. . Tha-nge or Lii-ga-le: Cook .. ooqSs:5)o5 or a^scxjgs 'Ta-min:gyet or O-.tha, gyi: Coachman .. gjoj^sgodSs . Ya-'ta:maung: Groom .. @SsdB|8 . Myin:dein: Sweeper .. oogc75c9^8 . Ta-byet-hlfe: Companion .. c^sc^sgodS . To:do:baw Wet-nurse .. |o8$s . No-dein: Gate-keeper . . odoIsgodS Animals. . Ta-ga-zaung Animal •• c8Glg,3^ . Ta-yeik-'san Lion .. §£got . Chin-^Ae Tiger .. _oqiDS . Kjk: Elephant ., oo5 . 'Sin Pony .. @8s . Myin: Colt .. gSsoSsOOGCOS . Myin:di:ga-le: Mare .. (ySso Myin:ma Pilly .. (y6sOCX)GC08 . Myin:ma-ga-le: Bear .. oo56 . Wet-wun Camel .. cqoootsqo^ . Ka-la-6k Gelding ,. gSsixiSs Myin:thin: Deer .. 3G|o5 Da-ye Sambur .. ooo5 'Sat Barking deer .. ^ Gyi ( 20 ) Animals — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Pig ... Oo5 ... Wet Wild pig ... GCODOoS ... Taw: wet Sow ... oo5o ... Wet- ma BufEalo ... eg ... Kywe: ■ ' Cow ... gDSO ... Na-ma Bull ... JDSO^S ... Na-tho: Bullock ... jdsojSs ... Na-thin: Heifer ... gDSOCX)GCOS ... Na-ma-ga-le: Steer ... ^DScSsODGOQS ... Na-'tiiga-le: Calf ... §DSODGO02 ... Nwa:ga-le: Stallion ... (gSscODS ... My in :1a: Ass ." S^- ... Mjh: Mule ... CODS ... La: Sheep ... # ... Tho: Goat ... sSoS ... 'Seik Kid ... sSoSoDGCOS ... 'Seik-'ka-le: Dog ... '^y .., 'Kwe: Bitch ... GgSO ... 'Kwe:ma Pup ... Gg?COGODS ... 'Kwe:ga-le: Monkey ... G^jDoS ... Myauk Mongoose ... Ggol ... Mwe-ba Eat ... §o5 ... Kywet Mouse ... go5«i5 ... Kywet-s6k Cat ... g@dS ... Kyaung Kitten ... g(^3£oDGCOS ... Kyaung-ga-le: Squirrel .••5l§ ... Shin Babbit ... oq$ ... Yon Leopard ... ccjdscxdS ... Kya-thit Jackal ... GODDGgS ... Taw:gwe: Otter ... qi ... 'Pyan Ehinoceros .•• ... Kyan Orang-outang ... CJ5 ... Lu-wun Ape ... G(j)Oo5c^GOq|5 ... Myauk-hlw6:gyaw ( 21 ) Eeptiles. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Alligator ... Sgo^dSs ... Mi-gyaung: House lizard ... !£§Gi4]dS ... Ein-hmyaung Tree lizard ... tJcS ... 'Put Grass lizard ... ODSscSScqiD ... Kin:leik-chaw: Jungle lizard ... ooooS ... Pa-dat Chameleon ... qcBooB ... Pok-thin Snake ... <^g ... Mwe Cobra ... GJgSCXJDoS ... Mwe-hauk or Ma-hauk Boa- constrictor ... oolggs ... Sa-ba-gyi: Python ... oolss^i ... Sa-ba-6n: Scorpion ... C»5sgsGOD3o5 ... Ein:mi:gauk Centipede ... CX)SsGgcj|DS ... Kin:chi-mya: Turtle ... c85 ... Leik S' Dragon ... *ol3 Fishes. ... Na-ga: Perch ... ooooodS ... Ka-ka-dit Hilsa ... clsOOGCODoS ... Nga-tha-lauk Gudgeon ... clg^Ss ... Nga-gyin: Carp ... clso^Ss ... Nga-thaing: Murrel or snake-head cIsg^I ... Nga-yan Cat-fish ... cTs^I1c1sg(§8 ... Nga-'ku, nga-gyi: Walking-fish ... clsGgo ... Nga-bye-ma Eel ... cls5i6 ... Nga-shin Mango-fish ... c1sCi®2S ... Nga-p6n-n&: Shark ... clso^s Birds. ... Nga-man: * Bird ... gc6 ... Hnget I' Peacock ... G3168 ... Daung: Brahmin duck ... oooSd ... Hin:tha Eagle ... coSscjql, ... Lin:y6n Vulture ... ooSsoo ... La-da Goose ... c$s ... Ngan: Duck ... o§gc^ ... WuTi:b6: ( 22 ) Birds — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Fowl . (§c>5 ... Kyet Teal , o8oc8 ... Sit-sa-li Jay goSols ... Hnget-'ka: Turkey (^o5ao5 ... Kyet-'sin Pheasant . G|^S ... Yit Pi2;eon •? ... 'Ko Dove .# ... Gyo: Green pigeon • ? ... Nffti * • • o Parrot • @^°isa° ... Ivyet-tu-ywe: Swan • •< , GODDC?8 ... Taw:ngan: Crow • • 1 , C^SCO^S ... Kyi:gan: Owl .. . SiSC^oS ... Zi:gwet Sparrow • • . O3COGC0S ... Sa-ga-le: Mina • • ' . aDo5c[o5 ... Za-yet Raven , , . GCX)DO^SCX)?S ... Taw:kyi:gan: Hawk ^ , . o8Ss ... Thein: Kite . s? ... Sun Paddy-bird (egret) m ... Byaing: Bat .. ■ i^SsI ... Lin -.no Plying-fox , coSsag ... Linizwfe: .Adjutant . gc»5@gcqso5 ... IInget-kyi:d6n:zat Snipe .. . ^oSoDsgoS ... Bo-za:hnget Cormorant (long- coBo^z ... Din-gyi: necked). Cormorant ( short- GsaScsp ... Aw-yaw: necked). Wild duck . ccriDCX) ... Taw:bfe: Stork •• Insects. ... Gyo:gya Insect . {^sgoodS ... Po:gaung Ant .. og^o5s8cS ... Pa-ywet-'seik White- ant .. @ . ... Cha Ked-ant (small) . .. cX)[gSs| ... Ka-myin:ni ( 23 ) Insects— -concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Red-ant (jungle) ... olqg ... 'Ka-gyin Spider • •• "§^ ... Pin-gu Fly ... C^S ... Yin Cricket ... OoSsG^Sc^ ... Pa-zin:yin-gw6: Mosquito ... qS ... Chin Cockroach ... ^SODOS ... Po:hat Butterfly ... c55@D ... Leik-py4 Grass-hopper ... |.goddS ... Hnan-gaung Louse ... ca$s ... Than: Bug ... (§25^8 ... Kya-bo: Bee ... qiDS .. . Pya: Elea ... Ggscx)|s or G gsGODs ... 'Kwe:^^an: or 'kwe:le Earth-worm ... c8gcxo5 ... Ti-gaung Beetle ... oo^s ... Pa-don: Firefly ... ?S!j|sg ... Po:z6n:byu Maggot ... GCOOcS ... Lauk Moth ... QsooogoodS ... Po:'pa-lan-gaung Wasp ... ^o§go-jd5 ... Na-gyi-gaung Articles oe CoMMBrtCE. Paddy ... ooTs ... Sa-ba: Rice (uncleaned) ... aD^C^SOD^S ... 'SaTi-16n:di: Rice (cleaned) ... SD^g ... 'San-byn Broken rice ... ao?f^ ... 'Sa-gwe: Rice -meal - §f ... 'Pw6:nu Teak ... Og]$SOD5 ... Kyun:^7^it Ivory ... aaSgc^ ... 'Sin-zwe ,Silk ...^^ ... Po: Cotton (unprepared) ol ... Wa Cotton (prepared) ... 25. ... Gun: Tobacco ... caos ... 'Se: Cardamoms ... olcODGO ... 'Pa-la-zi Cloves ... GCCg^SggS ... Le:hnyin:bwin Nutmegs ... 3)D8§[cSd8s ... Za-deik-'po-^M: ( 24 ) Articles ov Commerce — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Cinnamon Od5(^5s^8 ... Tbit-kya-bo: Stick-lac qS ... Cheik Opium . o3^s ... Bein: Tilseed . |s ... Hnan: Tamarind , o?cq]^so8s ... Ma-gyi:^M: Ginger qjSs ... Gyin: Pepper c^SgoodSs ... Nga-yok-kaung Hide O03SGG| ... Tha-ye Chillies, or Cayenne cgSdSs ... Nga-yok-thi: pepper. Betel-nut cgSsoSs ... Kun:^M: Betel-leaf o2Ssa"5 ... Kunrywet Lime cqs ... 'Ton: Turmeric I^Ss ... 'Sa-nwin: Vermicelli (cgDco? ... Kya-zan Onion go5c^? ... Kyet-thun Garlic goSog^g ... Kyet-thun-byu Groundnuts . Ggd ... Mye-be: Peas ODiGOoSc) ... Sa-daw-bfe: Beans 6gs ... Pe:gyi: Cutch ^DSGOS ... Sha:zi: Sago ooDcq ... Tha-gu Salt , ODDS ... 'Sa: Saltpetre odSsSSs ... Yan:zein: Beeswax cogoddSs Metals. ... 'Pa-yaung; Iron o5 ... Than Brass cgso) ... Kyi:wa Tin ^»la ... 'K^:nga-'pyu Zinc ■ 02^ ... Thut Gold . SI ... Shwe Silver Gg ... Ngwe Copper Ggs| ... Kyi:ni ( 25 ) Metals— concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Lead ... 2> ... 'K5: Steel ... ODOCtS ... Tha-ma-ni Pinclibeck ... ^8@S Food. ... Mo:gyo: Cooked rice ... oooSs ... 'Ta-min: Bread ... GolStj^^ ... Paung-mon Curry ... ooSs ... Hin: Beef ... 33&ODDS ... A-m.h:thei: Mutton ... O^SODDS ... Tho:^^a: Pork ... Oo5cXD32 ... Wet-tha: Venison ... aooSoDDS ... 'Sat-tha: Fowl ... ^oSdods ... Kyet-tha: Fish ... els ... Nga: Dried flsb ... clsG§0o5 ... Nga-ehauk Boiled fish ... clsgoS ... Nga-byok Roast fish ... cIsodS ... Nga-gin Smoked fish ... clsQSooS ... Nga:kyat-tin Fried fish ... clSG(gS ... Nga-gyaw Salted fish ... c1s8gc»d5 ... Nga-pi-gaung Fish paste ... cl?8 ... Nga- pi Prawn ... c^gi^sBoS ... Pa-zun-zeik Lobster ... 9^?ajcS ... Pa-zun-dok Crab (sea) ... 00$^8 ... Ka-nau: Crab (field) ... cocScjg)?oqs ... Lfe-ba-zun-16n: Egg ... s ... U Milk ... p°l ... Na-no Condensed milk ... §so ... No-zi" Butter ... GOODOcS ... 'Taw:bat Cheese ... ap ... Dein-gfe: Slice of bread ... GolSt^|o05^5 ... Paung-m6n-ta-shat Toast ... GolS^^^OoS ... Paun£f-m6n-gin Jam ...^ ... Yo ( 26 ) Food — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Pickle ... 00^5 ... Tha-nat Glutinous rice ... GC7DDo5^6s ... Kauk-hnyin: Yinegar ... C^$SG|^ ... P6n:ye Sugar ... O0[^DI ... Tha-gya: Cane sugar (in cakes) {^odood ... Kyan-tha-ga lee ... tSG[2) ... Ye-gfe: Honey ... qosG^S ... Pya:ye Vegetables ... cr)6so88cx)Ssg[o5 ... Hin:thi:hin:ywet Treacle or molasses odood ... Tha-ga Jaggery ... oo^ScqoS Fbuit. ... 'Ta-nyet Eruit ... co5d8s or 33oSs ... Thit-thi: or a-thi: Durian ... qt^Bt ... Du:yin:* Mangosteen ... o5s<^5 ... Min:gut Mango ... cog^-cjS ... Tha-yet Jack ... S| ... Pein:nfe: Marian ... oe[?s ... Ma-yan: Orange ... cSSgoS ... Lein-maw Lime ... oo^cp ... Than-ba-ya Lemon ... G^^DoS ... Shauk Pommelo ... C^-.COD ... Eyvvfe:gaw: Oustard-apple ... @G>)D ... Aw:za Pine-apple ... ^o^o5 ... Na-nat Plantain ... goScc^D ... Nga-pyaw: Bael-fruit ... gjiS ... 6k-sbit Cocoanut ... 3^$S ... On: Guava ... ODDDCXID ... Ma-la- ka Papaya ... cxdgoSdoSi ... Thin:baw:^/a: Pomegranate ... CX)c£)oSs ... Tha-le:^M: Almond ... 0l3c8s ... Bi-dan-i^M: Plum ... s8sd8s ... Zi-.thi: 1= The names of fruit generally take the affix o3s tM: after them, ( 27 ) Fetjit — concluded . Jinghsh. Burmese. Transliteration, rig ... oogo5dodo$8oSs ... Thin:baw:tha-'pan:^M: Grapes ... ODgjSoSs ... Tha-byit-thi: Walnut ... OD5(gDS08s ... Thit-kya:^M: Chestnut ... CX)b33C^O§S ... Thit-e-tJii: Apple ... ooSgooSoSs ... Thit-taw-^i: Pear ... jisodSgodScSs ... Shan-thit-taw-^Ai: Cashew nut ... o8o^§ooc^o5dSs Vegetables, ... TM-ho-tha-yet-thi: Potato ... 33DOJS ... i-lu: Sweet-potato ... O0g>|8g ... Ka-zun:u Yam ... GC^DoSg ... Myauk-u Tomato ... OGi§sqi§o8s ... 'Kayan:gyin-^Ai: Brinjal ... oG|5sc8s ... 'Kayan-.^Ai: Radish ... tjScODg ... M6n-la-u Cabhage ... GooSSoqs ... Kaw-pi-16n: Indian-corn ... gQdSscjs ... Pyaung:bu: Jo war ... gQdSsoo? ... Pyaung:zan Cucumber ... ooglgcSs ... Tha-'kwa:^Ai: Water-melon ... o^o3s ... 'Ta-jh-.tM: Pumpkin v^ ^^^cqtSz ... Biv.thi: Gourd ^ "-'-7^ o^dSs ... 'Va-jon-thi: Snake gourd ... c)oo5sogaSs ... PMin:mwe-^Ai: Prencli beans ... ^cSoDS'b ... Bo-za:bfe: Mustard ... t^feSs . . Mon-nyin: Beet ... ^?O03fj| ... M6n-la-u-ni Carrot ... lijIcODgol ... M6u-la-u--wa Asparagus ... oo^oS ... Ka-nyut Mushroom Deink. ... Hmo Wine ... osqiSc)^ ... Tha-byit-ye Water ... GGl ... Ye Spirit ... qo533G[o5 ... Chct-a-yet ( 28 ) Drink —concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Fer mented-liquo r ... OOGo5e[^ ... Ka-zaw-ye Milk (cow's) ••• P'l ... Na-no •* Cocoanut milk ... 3^$5^ ... On:no A Cocoanut water ... S^l^G^^ ... On:ye Toddy ... cclss^gS ... 'Tan:ye or 'Ta-; Lime-juice ... OD^SpGltS ... Than-ba-ya-ye Crated- waters ... cSooSsq ... Bi-lat-ye Sherbet ... ^DS|OcSgG[ ... Sha-ra-bat-ye Tea ... coo5cxia5GG[ ... La-'pet-ye Coffee ... ODD§ ... Ka-'pi Beer ••• qi^cieS ... Byit-ye Tumbler ... o|gc6 ... 'Pan-gwet Goglet ... GG|OOGCX)25s ... Ye-da-gaung: Cork ... Gtf] ... 'Paw Cork-screw ... oo53^ ... Wet-u Bottle ... ocoSs ... Pa-lin: Medicine ..c GOOS ... 'Se: Castor-oil ... o§8^aSc8 ... AVun:hn6k-'si W arm- water ... GG|G§S ... Ye-nwe: Ice-cream ... GG^bt^l FrBNITUEE ... Te-ge:m6n Carpet ... godSgo>d ... Kaw-zaw: Table ... o3sa ... Sa-bwfe: Chair ... ajODDSO^S ... Ka-la-'taing Stool ... GgSsg ... 'Kwe:chi Bench ... q ... 'Kon Punkah ... ^od5 ... 'Swe:yat Tan ... cx)5good6 ... Yat-taung Door ... ooals ... Ta-ga: Window ... gcoSsGoloS ... Pa-din:bauk Table-cloth ... ODS^oSs ... Sa-bw6:gin: Knife ... 0038 ... Da: Fork ... OG^bi ... 'Ka-yin: ( 29 ) Ptjknititre — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Spoon ... <^h ... Zun: Tea-spoon .,, coo5ooo5'G[^g>§8 ... La-'pet-ye-zun: Table-spoon ... OOo8sODSg)§8 ... 'Ta-min:za:zun: Electroplated-spoon Ggei^yc^g^s ... Ngwe-ye-but-zun: Plate .., o$:oD§(y38 ... Pa-gati-bya: Cup ... o|;sco§oq8 ... Pa-gan-16n: Lamp ... §8335 ... Mi:ein Kocking-chair ... C^So^CODSC^S ... H16k-ka-la-'taing Long arm-chair ... oo5oDn5ccjcoDoC^S ... Pet-let-ka-la-'taing Nationalities. Nationality ... ^'^^ ... Lu-myo: Barman ... g?03 ... Mya-mS, Englishman ... 336c85 ... In:ga-leik Chinaman ... cx)^5 ... Ta-yok Native of India ... cqcooi ... Ka-la: Siamese ... C^S303DS ... Yo:da-ya: Shan ... SIS ... Shan: '^ ' American ... 33G0^c6 ... A-me-yi-kan German ... q|3S ... Gya-man Frenchman ... gSooS ... Pyin-thit ... Ru-sha K !■ Russian ... ?Sl Hindu ... c8§|[ ... H^ein-dti Mussulman ... 008 ... Pa-thi Parsee ... olsjcS ... Pa-ya-thi Japanese ... qi"? ... Gya-pan Turk ... cqs^S ... Tu-ra-ki African ... 00908 ... Kat-pa-li Andamanese ... ODyo8og)$SODOS ... Kat-pa-li-gyun:#M: Wild tribes ... 33§S2aj^8 ... A-yaing:lu-myo: Malay ... acgiis ... Pa-shii: Arakanese ... ^^s ... Ya-'kaing Jew ... GfqS .., Ya-hu-di ( 30 ) COLOUES. English. Burmese. Transliteiation. Colour . 33GGpS ... A-yaung White • ^S ... A-'pyu Black . GSa or 33$o5 ... A-me: or a-net Eed . 33? ... A-ni Blue . 33gD ... A-pya Yellow . 330l ... A-wa Green , 3385s ... A-sein: Light-green . 338§§^ ... A-sein:nu Emerald-green . g8SsGCp5 ... Mya-zein:yauDg Dark-green .. 3385sG[8 ... A-sein:yin Pink .. o|sGGpS ... Paniyaung Scarlet .. (§c:5Gogs ... Kyet-thwe: Burnt sienna .. GQiSBcGpS ... Zaw-gyi-yaung Grey . . Ss^SGCpS ... Mi:go:yaung Orange ., cBSGoScGpS ... Lein-maw-yaung Violet .. OG]^5sGSp6 ... 'Ka-yan:yaung Bay ..m ... Saing-nl . Light bay . ^Sol, ..„ Saiug-wa Chestnut .. g§>,GGpS ... Shwe-yaung Grey . GolSsocS ... 'Paung-.wut Cream . 3^h^ ... On:gun Brown .. ^5 or o^cxji^sGo ... Gyeik or ma-gyi:zi Mouse Money. ... Gyo:gya Money .. Gg ... Ngwe Coin .. ofils ... Din:ga: Sovereign •• s^i^si? ... Sliwe-din:ga: Dollar .. afilsgs ... Din:ga:gyi: Rupee •• f^5 ... Kyat Eight-anna bit . cls"lsc§ ... Na-ga-thwe Chalcedony ... ocqsp ... Ma-hu-ya Beryl ... Slo5^ ... Myet-yw6: Topaz ... gOODCSGpg ... Ok-tha-'pa-ya: Amethyst ... GoT8o5 ... Gaw-meik Weights and Measures. Weight ... 33GCOS^§ ... A-le:gyein Basket ... gcodSs ... Taung: Basket (standard) ... coSg ... Tiu: Half basket ... oog ... Ta-'kwfe: Quarter-basket ... od8oB ... Ta-zeik Sixteenth basket ... OD@^ ... Ta-byi ( 32 ) Weights and Mbasdiies — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Thii'ty-seeond basket cogo5 ... Ta-'kwet Sixty-fourth basket cooodc^ ... Ta-za-le Viss ... SccoD ... Peik-tha Tical ... cq(5 ... Kyat Ten viss ... go5coaDcS ... 'Kwet-ta-'s6 Cart-load ... oDog^?c^o5 ... Ta-hle:daik Male porter's load... coco 5s ... Ta-'tan: Female porter's load co§^o5 ... Ta-ywet Incli ... cocoo5o ... Ta-let-ma Poot ... CCG'J ... Ta-be Yard ... ooc^oS ... Ta-gaik Mile (about 2 Eng- odc^S ... Ta-daing lisb miles). Half mile ... cIscpcgSs ... Nga:ya-dwin: Ten miles ... o^scogcodSs ... 'Kayi:ta-thaung: , Army and Navt. Department of War ©8,^$ ... Sit-'ta-na Army ... g^sooS or 09$ sco5... Kyi:dat or k6n:dat Navy ... GsiooS ... Ye-dat Soldier ... o8oo^ ... Sit-thi Infantry ... G§oq]Sco8 ... Che-lyin-dat Cavalry ... gSscoS ... Myin:dat Elephanteers ... soSooS ... 'Sin-dat Charioteers ... gicodsooS ... Ya-'ta:dat Archers ... gcosc^S ... Le:gaing Lancers ... cgc^S ... Hlan-gaing Steersman or cox- o^5s ... Pe-nin: swain. Commander-in-Chief ^cSo][S ... Bo-gyok Commander ... gg^g^dSs^cS' ... Ye-gyaung:bo Minister of War ...-^oS^so^gs ... Bo-hmu-.wun-gyl: Officer ... oS^cS ... Sit-bo ( 33 ) Weapons English. Burmese, Transliteration. Weapon ... coo5$o5 ... Let-net Cannon ... QOG^OcS ... A- my auk Gun ... GOO^oB ... Thin-nat Shell ... oqs ... Bon: Muzzle-loader ... G§IC^? ... She-do: Breech-loader ... Gi^DoSc^s or ols^s ... Nauk-'to: or 'ka:gyo Rifle ... ^oSocSgod^oS ... Yaik-'pat-thin-nafc Pistol ... gSsGOO^cS ... Myin:thin-nat Eeyolver ... cgDoSo^slJjs ... Chauk-16n:byvi: Double -barrel ... i-Soq^S" ... H:na-16n:byu: Bullet ... egg ... Kyi Ball ... «3g» ... Kyi- ma Slugs ... c^so^soqjg ... Ko:16n:gyi Shot ... o^o5 ... Za-yeik Buck-shot ... GolSsO^cS ... Daung:za-yeik Cartridge ... ooSsgoodS ... Tan:daung Wad ... O53005 ... Ka-bat Sword ... oSoODSCgcS ... Sit-da-lw6 Sheath ... C30DSa8§ ... Da-ein Dagger ... qo^sgQdS ... Da-hmyaung Chopper ... ooDsa ... Da-ma Bow ... GCOS ... Le: Arrow ..- @38- ... Hmya: Lance ... C5 ROAT). ... Hlan Highway ... oSscoSso ... Min:lan:ma Route ... o^scoSso^ ... 'Ka-yi:lan:zin Main road ... ooSso ... Lan:ma Street ... CoSs'j^DI ... Lan:gya: Branch road ... coSsogcS ... han-.thwh Cross road ... QoScoSs ... 'Pyat-lan: Embankment ... OOOOOD^S ... Ta-man-ta-yo: ( 34 ) Road — concluded . English. Burmese. Transliteration. Bridge ... COCODS ... Ta-da: Culvert ... GGlC§g^ ... Ye-hlwfe:byun Railway ... §gG[Cr>D8C»S8 ... Mi:ya-'ta:lan: Lamp-post ... §s;£§o^5 ... Mi:ein-daing Telegrapli-post ... G^S^^SCD^S ... Kyi:nan:daing Telegraph-wire ... Ggs^^sgs ... Kyi:nan:gyo: Letter-Box ... OD^GCOgQD ... Sa-bo-thit-ta Rest-house ... 0G[5 ... Za-yat House ... 335 ... Ein Brick-house ... c^o5 ... Talk Godown ,.. cxj^gc^dS^ ... Kon-hlaung-yon Railway station ... §?e[cnDs|[ ... Mi:ya-'ta:y6n School ... GcqDSs .... Kyaung: Monastery ... c3q^s(^sGoq|DSg ... P6n:gyi:kyaung: Police station ... c^cSSgD^D ... Pa-leik-'ta-na Market place ... G4^S ... Ze: Boat ... Gcg ... Hie Bullock cart ... C^f^S ... mh: Dust ... t^oS or ^ *^ii ( 36 ) Words and Pheases in constant tse — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Nevermind ... cSgo^oqg • ■ ■ Keik-sa-ma-shi-bu: Give ... Gosol ■ • • Pe:ba Give some more ... gosoI^s * ■ • 1 . Pe:ba-6n: Do you understand ? ^dscc^ddcods * or *33 Na:le-/Z!a-la: or na:le- CO^I^ * CODSIl ye-la: Tell (him) that I am codoc^ * c^cg^c^oSdl La-me-lo-pTaAv:laik-pa coming. (I) understand ... $dsco^o1§| or ^dscx>^ Na:le-ba-ye orna-le-dfe (I) don't understand ^Dsoco^Oi^s ... Na:ma-R'-bu: (I) don't want any c»?j§iioc^^6o^s ... Tan-bi-ma-lo-gyin-bii: more — enough. What do you want ? ooDc^q8co(5» ... Ba-lo-gyin-;f7/a-lc: That will do ... cooSg or oo^gooo ... Taw-bi or tan-daw Call a carriage ... gioodsoo8sgdTc4o4 ... Ya-'ta:ta-zi:'kaAV-laik Drive on ... g^c§god8s3^s ... She-go-maung:6n: Stop for a moment octoG^Ssffs ... 'Ka-na-yat-6n: HoAv much is this ? 31oooSgcodo5c& ... Da-b5-lauk-15: What are (you) do- 0030^505.0360 ... Ba-16k-ne-i!//a-lc: ing ? Come sharp ... g^g^ooj ... Myan-myan-la Come back sharp ... 33g?g$5 ... A-myan-pyan-ge Where have (you) oooSo^dsg^odco ... Be-thwa:-ne-iJ/^a-le: been? Get up early ... GOOGOOOO ... Saw:zaw:'ta Let (me) see .., goSg ... Pya-zan: Why ... OODgSc^ ... Ba-'pyit-lo Come in ... oS5 ... Win-ge What do (you) call olooDGsToocb ... Da-b&-'kaw- this ? * Miuiy colloquial words are but modifications, generally in pronunciatiiin, of the writ- ten terms. Thus : OOOS = ODgS ; 03^ or S = oj ; cB =r c8 ; 338 =: Bg • 5) =r (^; O008 = good; odcSii odo^s =: oo^^s ; GoooiigG[o = gods; odd = "odoS £»cp ; on ac£ == 9^ ; c^ = cxj ; ^, — 5,5 ; ^d or "3! = cvD^aacp ; g^6 = (^5 ; G0006 = o^ScoaoS ; ro = oo^ii ( 37 ) Miscellaneous Questions and Answers. English. Burruese. Transliteration. Can (you) speak @?od ooods ooo5 cxdcq^s Mya-ma-sa-gaitat-t ha- Burmese ? or cxjodc^ cgDODcScx) la: or Ba-ma-lo-pyaw: coDsii dat-tha-la: Yes, a little ... ^'^oocSooc^ ... N5:nfe:tat-te What did he say ?... ajooDGgDcoco ... Thu-ha-pyaw:;(^a-lfe: (He) said (he) would cgDsac^db ... Thwa:me-de go. Do you understand ? ^dsoo^odcods ... Na:lfe-tha-la: (I) do, partly ... co^ooooS^dsod^oocS Ta-cho-ta-wet-na:-l^-d6 Did you not hear?... og^sOi^scoDg ... Ma-kya:hu:la: No, sir, (I) did not ogDso^o5oloSc}|Di ... Ma-kya:laik-pa-'kin- bya: What can (I) do for ooc^^oog|^ocx) ... Bfe-p6n-ma-za-y a - m a- (you) ? Ife: (I) wish to serve the Gs^sqM^^GooSooSsgS A-so:ya-a-hmu-daw- Government. olcx)o6ii 'tan:gyin-ba-d5 To whom does (this) cooSo^^Soocb .... Bfe-thu-paing-f/^a-lfe: belong ? Where are you go- ooc^ogDsoc^cx) ... B^-thwa:ma-lo-lfe: ing? (I) am going home gSSc^c^dsgoooocS ... Ein-go-thwaidaw-me now. How many times ooc^j>8£)lG(y3G|ocb ... Be-hna-'ka-pyaw:ya-ma must (I)tell (you)? \h: Don't be angry, sir, 8cSos^gol^^o6<5|Ds go Seik-ma-'so:-ba-ne-'kin- for I am forgetful. ooc^c^olii bya:-me-dat-lo-ba How far is he ojcooSaacS ogDso eg Thii-be-a-'ti-thwa:ma- going ? CO" \q-\h: As far as Mandalay o^gcos Gspo5 gs^dS Man:da-le:-yauk-aung- ogDsocgii thwa:ma-lo When did he arrive? cxjoooSccooGcpoSoDco Thu-be-daw-yauk-tha- 1^: (He) arrived just ^aSoocxjcspoScooS ... Gu-din-ga-bfe:yauk-t^ now. Who says so ? ... ac^ooajcgsoora ... Da-lo-ba-lu-pyaw:^Aa- ( 38 ) Miscellaneous Questions and Answers— concluded. English. They all say so How deep is it ? ... Eour fathoms Whose pony is this ? My pony, sir (It) is very warm.., (It) is very close .. (It) is very windy... (It) is very rainy .. (It) is cloudy (It) is raining hea- vily. (It) is drizzling Burmese. aj{c^33:)8oqs3C^G(yD[^ ODDCXJII C30GOODo5^ dScOCO GCOgCQ^oSoDcS c^^gcodQSsoIoScjIds ,, Weather. coc6gcx)c8o5odo5 cooSgcoc^o5cooS cooS^sg^DODc6 i^SCO^gG^COoS Transliteration. Tliu-do-a:16n:-da-lo- pyaw:gya-da-b^: Ba-lauk-net-tha-le: Le:lan-net-te Da-ba-lu-myin:le: Kyun-daw-m y i n : b a - 'kin-bya: Te-aik-te Te-le-teik-te Te-ie-taik-te Te-mo:ywa-de Mo:-6n-de Mo:the:ue-de oooSii (It) has stopped rain- ^sc8o5g or ^sbg (It) is cold A cold breeze is blowing. (It) is beginning to rain. The rains have com- menced. The rainy weather is over. (It) is hot today ... (It) thunders (It) hails (It) is foggy (It) was fair yester- day. ^s Gg3o5 G^orS 2.0Q^ Mo:'pyauk-'pyauk-ywa- ne-dh Mo:teik-pi o)' mo: si: bi Chan:de Le-e:taik-ne-de qSsoooS GODg33SC^o5g^00cS OG^„C|JO0cS ^goSs;(c200oS j>SgGOO0c5 Q G ^„OD G ^ CODCOt5 ^Io:ywa-za-pyu-bi Mo:kya-bi Mo:u-du-k6n-bi Ga-ne-pu-dfe Mo:ch6n:d5 Mo:tl)i:kyv,e-de IIuin:we-de Ma-ne-ga-ne-tha-de ( 39 ) English. The day is breaking Just at sunrise Early in the morning What time was it ? What o'clock is it ? It is eight o'clock ... It is half -past six ... It is early It is late (forenoon) It is late (afternoon) It is late (night) ... It is noon It is about midnight It is past midnight Come in the fore- noon. Is it in the forenoon ? It was only in the afternoon. Time oe Day. Bui'mese. ^scoSsogg O0oS33^$CXIcb coo5j>S^D^^ora G@0o5^D^§^@ GODOOCS G^gSg G^?.^g§ cx)5sg315gcodo5^§ ,,, oo^SGolScoqjSg g^gc^g §8cooS or ^G$ GODSsyjgScooS or §$s c8§gg^Socio5ii It has struck nine... c^s^o^c^sg It is nearly four ... Gco8->:D^c^soq(§ It is already dark,,, g^dSQ It will take half a c^oooo^gDcSSooS .. day. (I) will stay here the ooc^^oqsS^DG^o^ whole day. He will be back at o?.o5coqS?o3s^^o;j@$ breakfast time. G^poScSSocSn He is coming in time qod^g33d8 oijcoocSS for dinner. ocoii He was up at dawn aa^coS odoSoo oj cxjg^ cooSii Transliteration. Mo:lin:za-pyu-bi Ne-'twet-sa-ga Ma-net-saw:zaw: Bfe-a-chein-ga-lfe: Be-hna-na-yi-shi-ba-le: Shit-na-yi-shi-bi Chauk-na-yi-gwfe:shi-bi Saw:-d& Ne-myin-bi 'Ne-nh-.hi ;^in-net-pi Mun:te-bi Tha-gaung-lauk-shi-bi Tha-gaung-kyaw-bi Mun:ma-te-gin-la Mun:-ma-te-gin-la: Mun:lw5:hma-'pyit-te or na-ne-saung:hma- 'pyit-t5 or mun:tein: hma-'pyit-te Ko:na-yi-'to:bi Le:na-yi-'to:lu-bi Hmaung-bi Ne-ta-wet-kya-lein-me Ta-ne- 16n:di-ma-ne-m& Ma-net-'ta-min: sa: gyei n-thu-pyan- yauk-lein-m5 ]^a-za-hmi-aun g - 1 h u- la-lein-m5 A-yon-det-ka-t h ti - 'ta- ne-d5 ( 40 ) Time of Day— concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. He came before dawn 33^aS ococSaSzqoDD A-yon-ma-tet-'kin-tM- oocSii Irt-de Will he come again sj^g^cxjcod^socods ... Gu-iia-ne-th u - 1 a - 6 n : this evening ? ma-la: Did he say he was £;gG.?,a;[coDo6bco3s ... Gu-fia-ne-thu -la -ma - coming this even- de-la: ing ? He said he was com- g^oS^^ oodocSc^ ajj Ne-win-gyein-la-mfe-lo- ing at sunset. cgDcoc^ii thu-pyaw: de Age. What is (your) age ? 33odoSodoS GcoDo5^odb A-tliet-ba-lauk-shi-ba- le: When were you oooSo^sooGgsoora ... Be-don: ga-mwe: tha- born ? Ih: (I) shall be twenty G^g)$co oq)S|S33ooo5 She - zun-la-kya-yin-a- next June. j>5coo5g^ooSii thet-hna-'se-pye-mfe He is now but in the cxjsjgoag^cSGooDSso^s ... Thu - gu -ma- a-ywe- prime of life. kaung: d6n: How old is (your) ooDsoocSGcaDoSgsoc^ Tha:ba-lauk-kyi: ba-le: son ? , (He) is only ten ... ooc6|iScoDgcxiD ^gods 'Se-linit-tha:iM-shi-the: cooSii dh He appears young oj^co^cxxtS cc£(^ g[ Thii-//ii-det-n g fe-b 6 n- for his age. cooSii ya-dfe He has a very youth- cxjcooSa^g^oScoSoooS... Thu-te-a-ywe-tin-de ful appearance. Is your father very oSscracoos^cgooDDs ... Min-a-'pe-o-hla-ba-la: a2;ed ? (He ) is about seventy q^SaooSicoDnS^g ... 'Kun-hna-s5-lauk-s h i- bi The old man is still aac^slc^sooDcqi^so^i^soD A-'po:gyi:ha-kyan:gyan: very hale and odcSo^gcosooc^ii ma-ma-b5:shi-i/ie:dfe strong. Salutations, &o. Are you well? od&^co^s ... Ma-ye-la: Are you quite well sjgoodSs goodSs odo G u-ka ung:gaung:m4- now ? 02^211 ba-la: ( 41 ) Salutation, &o. — continued. English. Burmese. How is your family ? oDD8aooDsaD§[co3s (They) are all well 333soqsoD@ol|^ Has your younger oSg^cqjDr^ocooi brother recovered ? (He) is improving... c»nSoDDo1g What ailment is it ? oooScepolcS (He) had fever after cSic^ijiasoooS a fall. (He) is suffe ring pGoicpSsd^s @8g$ from cold and cooSn cough. It is a long time since oGcgqoobgDcgg I have seen (you). I saw (him) in good oDODgjDqDocgbooc^i .. health. Sit down ... o^Sol My compliments to aSsScoi^Dgc^ ^cBso::^ your parents. c^o5o| ii Have you breakfast- o^o5odods§8oco3s ed? Not yet ... ooDsqGcxDgoqs (You) have arrived ^odcds^^j-SosgooSc^ just in time for GGpoSoDDcocSn dinner. What will (you) cododsoco take ? Transliteration. Tha:ma-ya:ma-ye-la: A:16n:ma-gya-ba-ye Min-ni-pyauk -pa-la: Thet-tha-ba-bi B6-yaw:ga-lfe: L5:lo-'pya:dfe Hna-zi:chaung:zo:'pyit- ne-d^ Ma-twe-ya-da-kya-hla- bi Ma-ma-cha-gyk-t w e- ge-de 'Taing-ba M i n - m i - b a-mya:go- hn6k-'set-laik-pa Ma-net- sa-sa:pi:ba-la: Ma-sa:ya-if^e:bu: ]!? a - z a-s a: gyein-ne-a- taw-b^: yauk-la-d^" Ba-sa:ma-15: 'Se:leik-thauk-pa Have a cigar .... gso%S8goooc56\ Will you take tea ? coo5ooo5q^GcoDo5oo3D! La-'pet-ye-thauk-ma-la: Have some more oogDso^ol^gooDS ... Tha-gya:yu-ba-6n:la: sugar. I don't like my tea oooSoooS g^^^ ^4 "®^ I'a-'pet-ye-cho-gyo-ma- sweet. =q° kyaik-'pu: This tea is very SodcS ooo5 g^^ cocS cq Di-la-'pet-ye-te-kya-de strong. cooS It is late (forenoon), G^gScgguogDjcia^socS Ne-myin-hla-bi-tliwa: I must take leave ya-6n:me of you. 6 ( 42 ) Salutation, &c. — concluded. English. Burmese. Go (as a polite reply ogDSola^sGooo to foregoing). P lease send for a car- Gfo:> % oa g oI^ S s c^o5o S 8 riage. oln (I) wish daily for qjSscxo oIgoc^g^c^Si (your) prosperity. go^d^oIoocSii (I) shall come again G^DoSooolcoDsfjsQcS .. DiNING-BOOM. Transliteration. Thwa:ba-6n:daw Y a - 't a: a -'iaw-kaing: laik-san:ba Chan: tha-ba-ze-lo-ne- daing: myit-ta-po-ba- de Nauk-ta-'ka-la-6n:me Set the table ODS^gSc^o5 X. ... Sa-bwe: pyin-laik Is dinner ready ? QOD(yS(§SOCOD8 ..> Na-z^-pyin-pyi:ba-la: Pull the punkah ... ooSog ... Yat-'swe: Bring some bread ... GolStjI'^^ajfb ... Paung-m6n-nfe: ne: yu This bread is n o t 8g618«j|goodSsgood8so properly baked. ^Scqsw Di-paung-mon-kaung: gaung: ma-nat-'pu: How many loaves are G6lS^|^ooc^j;.8oqi^oocx) Paung-m6n-be-hna-16n: there ? Give (me) some rice oooSi^^gosoSs Who cooked (it) this SojoSooajqioScaca morning .'' Where is the curry ? odSsooc^qoo Hand me the spoon g>?soo§sc^o5o§sol please Are there no prawns? cjgi^sSoBo^ojs cxjog What kind of fish is 8c1scodc1si^8c5 this? This fish is fresh ... ScIscocSodoS That fish is bad ... c^clsooooSotjjs Is this ch i c k e n 31(§o5oodsooSscod; curry ? Who broke the plate ? o^soo^gosc^cocxjgoSoo Pa-gan-bya:go-ba-lu- 'kwe:pyit-tha-le: shi-^Aa-le: 'Ta-min: ne: n6:pe: zan: Di-ma-net-ba-lu-chet- tha-le: Hin: be-ma-lfe: Zun: kan: laik san: ba Pa-zun-zeik-ma-shi-bu: la: Di-nga: ba-nga: mvo: Ik Di-nga: lat-te Ho-nga: ma-lat-'pu: Da-kyet-tha: hin: la: C^ll English, ( 43 ) Dining -eoom — concluded Burmese. Transliteration, Pour (me) a cup of cooSoooSq^cogoSoo^ La-'pet-ye-ta-'kwet-'t§ tea c^oSoSsii laik-san: Bring me a boiled egg goSggoSooo^soqb ... Kyet-u-by6k-ta-16n:yu- Take this egg away SgoSgojogDs ... Di-kyet-u-yu-thwa: Where is the salt- ooosgoSoooSara ... 'Sa:gwet-b5-ma-16: cellar ? Change this plate ... 8o§8co?(g3scSc^o5 ... Di-pa-gan-bya:le:laik Bring another plate olgoa^gDsooqSooSoflb Pa-gan-bya: t a - c h a t - 'tat-yu-ge Bring a fork and oG[S§).ooD8o;;[b knife 'Ka-yin:ne-da:yu-ge This cup is not clean So?8od|o^;cx3dooSo38,.. Di-pa-gan-16n:ha-ma- sin-bu: Wash it properly ... gcodSsgcodSsgoosc^oS Kaung:gaung:'se:laik This table-cloth is Soos^oSsgoSg ... Di-sa-bw&:gin:nit-pi soiled Take out that bottle c^c^asSsojoScQoS Bring (me) a cigar G3osc8Sooc8Sa;|b Where is the match- ^§8q]ScxioSocx) box ? Strike a match , .. SsqSo^oSoSs Bed- ROOM. Ho-pa-lin:'t6k-laik 'Se:leik-ta-leik-yu-ge Ml:gyit-b5-ma-15: Mi:chit-laik-san: Where is the blanket? godSodcSscS This bedroom is not S^Ss^soojioScgojs very roomy Take off (my shoes) c84,5gjo5c^o5o'Ss Put the footstool G@cx35qc§oo5c^o5 aside Hang up tjiis coat... Ssaf^c^^coDsc^oS Saung-be-ma-16: Di-eik-' kan:ma-kyfe-hla bu: 'Pa-nat-chut-laik-san: Chi-din-gon-go-'pfe-laik Di-in:gyi-go- 'sw^:'ta: laik Put it in the drawer tsagdb^D og5scoDsc§o5 An-zwe: d5:ma-thwin: 'ta:laik Take out a clean ^joSj-DoqcSoolsaccScxjcS Myet-hna-thok-pa-wa- towel a-thit-'tok ( U ) Bed-room — con eluded. English. Hang it out to dry Open the door Shut the door Leave (it) a jar ... Open the window ... Keep the Venetians shut Light the candle . . . Light the lamps ... Trim the wick Turn up the light... Turn the light down a little. Where is the chim- ney ? The chimney is smoking Extinguish the light Put down the mos- quito curtain (I) am going to bed Wake (me) early to- morrow. Where do (you)sleep? Are you a light sleeper ? Do you snore ? Let (him) come in... Let us go by boat... Get the oar-boat ready Burmese. a^o5cg5scQr>5 coolgcgSo^oS c6o1s8oSc^o5 ODoooso^oS (yooSgcoloScgS CD^5oo58o5oODS Transliteration. 'T6k-hlan:laik Ta-ga:'pwin-laik Ta-ga:peik-laik Ha-'ta:laik Pa-din:bauk-'pwin Ta-yok-kat-peik-'ta: ooGooD6sc^6cg$8o^o5... 'Pa-yaung:daing-'tun: laik GQo5scx)o5oro Mi:ein-mya:go-'tun:laik Mi:za-hnyat-laik Mi:hmyin-laik Mi:ne:n6:hmein-laik Pvaun£;:be-ma-le: ■:;(yDSsoo8g^gcgo5G|,cooS PYaung:ga-mi:go:'twet ue-de §s§58c§o5 or SsgoSc^oS Mi: nein: laik or mi: hmok-laik gScooDSqc^oS ... Chin-daung-cha-laik aSScpoScoooQcS ... Eik-ya-win-daw-me 4>o5cs^cilGO3G0D003|sra. Net-'pan-gH" saw:zaw:la hno:hle cx3oSyD335oDcb ... Pe-ma-eik-tha-lfe: oSso85coo5c^coDg ... Min:eik-'sat-ke-la: eSsGcoDoScocScocoDS .. oScODoGCOGO Boat. Gcg^.CgD|(^§ soSccyc^gSc^oS Min:hauk-tat-tha-la: Win-la-ba-le-zi H]e-ue-thAva:gya-zo 'Kat-]ile-go-pyin-laik English. . Where is the paddle- boat ? Have (you) brought the oars ? Can (you) sail the boat? Bring the steering paddle Have you brought a rudder ? Let us start Get on the bow ... Put it on the stern Go up the river . . . Go down the river... Cross to the other bank Stop at this landing Row hard Paddle fast Enter this creek ... There is a sandbank ahead Is the tide running up or down ? Get alongside the bank Is this boat steady ? (It) is leaky What wood is this boat made of ? Can you go out to sea? Will it not sink? ... Can you sv\rira ? ... ( 45 ) Boat — continued . Burmese. GC^SgoJCO oSgDtX) OcSoOo5(^ DSO^OjjSloCODS Gojc^ §^o5c^o5ooc8cocoDS oooo5a^5> O3o5»olc300DDS • ogoSgg SsGoTc^oooS OGoTyOODDSC^oS g^g^GogS Sg^dSsc^oS Gg^^DGOODSgSoOSJ^OOoS §GQODo5 G^OOCOOSII CqjG^ ODCOD8II GG^C^CXlcS SccgcoscoDScx) GC[og5o:||?CX)D8 GC|«jsooo5o:coDS Transliteration. Hlaw-hle-b5-ma-lo: 'Kat-tet-mya:go-yu-ge ba-la: Hle-go -ywet-taik- tat-tha-la: Pe-det-yu-ge Tet- mSb-fa-tha-lk: 'Twet-kya-zo C:baw-go-tet Pe-baw-ma-'ta:laik Myit-ko-'san-thwa: Myit-ko-s6n-laik Ho-bet-kan:go-ku: Di-'seik-ma-'saik Kyat-kyat-'kat Myan-myan-hlaw Di- chaung : go- win Sbe-ma-thaung- b y i n - ta-'ku-shi-dS Di-ye-te fc-ne-^fe-la :kya- ne-^Aa-la: - Kan:na:kat Di-hle-nein-ye-M : Ye-yo-d6 Di-hle-ba-tha:le: Pin-lfe-go-'twet-hnaing tha-la: Ye-ma-my6k-'pu:la: Ye-ku:dat-tha-la: ( 46 ) B OAT — concluded . English. Burmese. Transliteration, Unfurl tlie sail ... §|o5g|c^o5 ... Ywet-'pyan-laik Sail along midstream g:;ioooSc^o2Sc^o5 ... Te-le-go-'pwin-taik Have yoti brought ccgDoSajsols^ccDs ... Kyauk-'su:pa-ye-la: an anchor ? I have brought two, j^SraoSololaoSaScjjDs... Hna-let-pa-ba-de-'kin- sir by a: Is that rope strong c^(^scod^Sooo3ds ... Ho-kyo: ha-'kaing-ba- enough ? ma-la: When shall we get §i3c^ oooSgcoo GcpoSoo Ywa-go-b^-daw-yauk to the village ? con pa-ma-lfe: Ophce. Bring a lead pencil S)c6ajS> ... 'Kfe:dan-yii-ge Sharpen this quill... §go5GoDD5g|^c^o5 ... Di-hnget-taung-chun- laik Where is my pen- c1odgcod5c6ooc5qco ... Nga-ka-laung-dan- b fe- holder ? ma-le: Bring a pen also ... oDGODDSoo^sc^b ... Ka-laung-lfe:yu-ge This pen is too blunt, §oDGoo36o^scg?gcooSg)$ Di-ka-laung-t6n:lun:de change it for a sharp gi$oDsj33oDsa^&ii Chun-gyun-ta-'ku-asa: pointed one yu-ge Sharpen the desk- ^soo^sooGcosGogsc^oS Y6n:da:ga-le:thwe:laik knife rill these ink bottles 8o£ qooSs <^ otc^ «S@f^ Di-hmin-ba-lintmya-.o-o- •-^-"j5!i hmin-'pye-laik Put ink in both the oSo^s fh oqs ooqic^ oS I[min-o:-hna-16n: za- pots co^ii 16n:go-hmin-'te Is there no red ink ? oS?a^o:;j2coDs ... Hmin-ni-ma-shi-buda: The black ink is bad o6^o5o3Do^o5oqs ... H mi n-n e t- h a - m a- net-'pu: Bring a sheet of blot- o6|oo^[[OD9]5a^S> ... Hmin-hneik-set-ku-ta- ting paper chat-yu-ge Wash this inkpot §q63^so^ oS gssdS goos Di-hmin-o:go-sin-aunff- clean c^o5 'se:laik Take out the ruler ... tjjgsooa^cxc^oS ... Myin:dan-'t6k-laik English. Who has taken (it) away ? Go and search for (it) Put (it) near that book Take it away now..j» Put it down on the floor Copy this letter ... Give him a copy of the letter Did he apply for it ? "Where is the appli- cation ? Draft a reply ileject this applica- tion Who is the appli- cant? Did he ever apply before ? Would he be suit- able? Does he know the work ? Where did he serve previously ? Why did he leave ? What pay did (he) get? Post this letter Put a stamp on it... Go and buy two re- ceipt stamps ( 4.7 ) Ofpicb — continued. Burmese. ododoSdoogodSocJoO^gos ajGcgDoSc OOOS S0DC03 s QcgpcSi^DcocSocx) f^§OD33(^5sGG1^80^o5 ... §GC^Do5c5DO^OC^O^o5 Gc^Do5a;jooojci) CODS O^GOoScJOOODS CODS 33oocSco oooSyaJogooSs ooD(^Sc^ogo5oora O0OO0GOD0o5£|O0d& §ooc^oo^o^o5cbgD °°^ oosBSgoISsooSc^oS ... GQoDooaSScol&SjtScjcgos OC^G^II Transliteration. Ba-lu-yu-thwa:^Aa-lfe: Thwa:sha-gyi Ho-sa-6k-na:hma-'ta: laik Yu-thwa:daw Kyan:baw-hma-cha-'ta: laik Di-sa-go-kii:laik Sa-let-'kan-ta- z a u n g- thu-go-pe:laik Thu-shauk-taung: tha- la: Shauk-hlwa-bfe-ma'l^: Pyan-za-a-kyan:ye:laik Di-shauk-hlwa-go - pfe laik Shauk-thu-ba-lu-le: Thu-a-yin-ga- s h a u k - 'pu:^Aa-la: Thu-taw-ba-ma-la: Di-a-16k-ko-thu- n a : 1 6 ^7?a-la: A-'tet-ka-be-m&-a-hmu- 'tan:^Aa-lfe: Ba-'pyit-lo-'twet-tha-15: La-ga-ba-lauk-y a - # A a le: Dl-sa-go- sa-bo-daik-'t6- hma-'te-laik Ta-zeik-gaung:kat-laik Pye-za-ta-zeik-gaung: hna-'ku-thwa:w6-gyi ( ^8 ) Oppicb — continued . Burmese. TraDsliteration. ^•SJ5dsoo?od§c6q85gs)16s Hna-pya:dan-s;i-b o - ta GgooSsjoo^sooS^ii zeik-gaung:cliauk-'ku lc:\vc-ge Gq]ooDKgDgGGpc6coDocx3D§ Chaw :za-mya:yauk-la- ba-la: oD§c^o5c^:^Ds ... Sa-bo-daik-ko-thwa: (^DBG^Go^o ... Kya-ma-ne-zi-ne g^ODGODSc* ... Pyan-za-saung-ne oD§x)Gc5Doo'^Gcooago5 Sa-bo-thin:baw:be-daw- ocxiii 'twet-ma-le: ogDSGosG^ ... Th\va:me:gyi cgs^^s^c^c^Ds ... Kyi:rian:y6n-go-tliwa: English. Buy six lialf-anna postage stamps also Has the mail arriv- ed? Go to the post office Don't be away long AVait for an answer When does the mail- steamer leave ? Go and enquire Go to the telegraph office Read that telegram c^gQs^^sodc^odoSoSs Ho-kyi:nan:za-go-'pat Has the Deputy Commissioner left office? When is (he) com- ing back ? Why are you so slow ? Go to the treasury and cash this note Put this money into the bag Count it before do- ing so How much is it ? ... How many bad ru- pees are there ? What do you want ? (I) am very busy ... (I) have no leisure Who is there ? san: 33GG|gL^So68(g§ao6sogDSo A-ye: baing-min: yon: coD% 'sin:thwa:ba-la: ooc5Goo?g§coDocb ... Be-daw-pyan-l^-ma-le: ODD G[cgDS QGODDoS GODS Ba-gyauug-da-lauk - le: OD^ODC^II gan-ya-^/?a-le: §Ggogg|[c^G5c^o5gDDgDs Di-uwge- s e t - k u - g 0- cS^ii ngwe-daik-hma-thwa: le:ge Scgc^^Sc^c&gDca^c^oS Di-ngwe-go - e i k - 't e: ma-'te-laik oc»^35gg|o^o5.3^? ... Ma-'te-giu-yi-laik-6n: o3GooDo5cx) ... Ba-lauk-le: Gg33coo5GcoD^^olcoco Ng we-a-ba-lauk-pa-^/(a le: CODC^9)ScOCb OD o5 33 0:^5 1^ D S OD c6 033D8aj?. Ba-lo-gyin-^7«a-le: T5-a-16k-mya:de Ma-a:bu: Ba-lu-16: ( 49 ) Oppice — concluded, , English. Burmese. Transliteration. Sign here ... SG^spoacooS^cSo^s ... Di-no-ya-ma-let-hmat- 'to: Don't come and SoG^kcln^ooDQcpScgoS Di-ga-ne-nga-go-la-ma- botlier me to-day >. Imaung-shet-ne Bring the office-box ^8GcoggD9o^a;{5 ... Y6n:tit-t'a-di-go-yn-ge here Is there no empty ccogRDc^oSy^cxjjscoDs... Tit-ta-lut-ma-shi-bu:la: box ? Gather up these pa- §ojg|[4jDsc^o8S8c^o5 ... Dl-set -ku- my a -.g o pers thein:laik Bring an envelope... od33o5coc8c5oC|}^ ... Sa-eik-ta-eik-yii-ge Let (him) come to- ^oSo^oIcxjdogcogos^s Net-'pan-ga-la-ba-le-zi- morrow on: (I) shall reply in due 33^^cq]GC!oooI oDg^c^oS A-chein-kya-da w - g a - course ocS sa-pyan-laik-mfe Health and Sickness. I am not very well... cq\8 gx-dSsgcodSs obd Kya-n6k-kaung:gaung: cqs raa-ma-bu: Go and call a doctor gsos socp oogoddc5 ogDs 'Se:'sa-ya- 1 a - y a u k - GoTS> thwa:'kaw-ge Take this letter to §oD3ospo$o8c^a;[ogDs... Di-sa-'sa-ya--wun-'si-go- the Civil Surgeon yii-thwa: What did the Assist- aoGpo$ cogcoico ol g^d 'Sa-ya-wun-ga-le:ga-ba- ant Surgeon say ? c§o5c»co pyaw:laik-tha-lfe: Did you get to the oj$Doo|so^G3po55i|[coDs Lu-na-dan:go-yauk-'ke hospital? ye-la: Show (me) the pre- caosoDgoSs ... 'Se:za-pya-zan: scription Where is the com- goosgooSosodsooc^oc^ 'Se;'paw-tha-ma:bfe-ma- pounder ? Ih: Ask for a renewal of §G308Gi^t|soo5GOODSs^ Di-'se: y e - m y o : 't a t- this mixture ta.ung:ge You are very pale .. . oSascoosaaQGi^cooSGcjio Min-a -tha: a -y e-tfe- oooS 'pyaw-d6 What is the matter ? ooD@5ood& ... Ba-'pyit-tha-16: 7 ( 50 ) Health and Sickness — concluded. English, Burmese. Transliteration. Are (you) taking any goosodsg^ooodds ... 'Se:sa:ne-tha-la: medicine ? Are (you) all right sjGqiDo5ooD3s ... Gu-pyauk-pa-la: now ? « I am a little better og^, gooSgcoS oooSodd Ga-ne-taw-da w - thet to-day oooSii tlia-de Is your house well oSsSSood GcooSccccgoS Min-ein-ha-le-win-le- ventilated ? Goo^SsS^coDgu dwet-kaung:ye-la: Is (it) in a sanitary oo^^ooljiSs^Ss^s^coos... Than-^/iari-shin:shin: condition ? shi-ye-la: Is this quarter §30G^5^fDGcpolooSs|[raDs Di-a-yat-ma-yaw: - ga - healthy ? kin:ye-la: I am suffering from g.->5q|Ds cjjosg^cocS ... B[nget-'pya:'pya:ne-de an attack of jun- gle fever Is it intermittent ? 33Qoo533cq]^cx)coDs ... A-tet-a-kya-shi-^^a-la: Take this febrifuge §33(j|3§go5G^osc^Gcx)Do5 Di-a-'pya:byat-'se:go- thauk Is your appetite im- oogSsqioSoooDDs or 33 'Ka-dwin:pyet-tha-la: paired ? oD?q|o5cooDDg or a-sa:pyet-tha-la: Try this tonic ... 8 oaDsc^s goos c^ goodoS Di-a:do:ze:go-thauk- (ggSoSs kyi-zan: These pills do not SGaosoqs^.oco^o^s ... Di-'se:-16n:ne-ma-te-bu: agree with (me) (I) am troubled with goc^Ssc^:^ ciSgS^D 00 ^a-daing:lo-b5:yin- asthma almost odoS gyat-na-'ta-de every night Why don't (you) go oddg^dS godg@d6s gco Ba-gyaung-le-byaung: somewhere for a c^GaciSoDoliaog^sraii le-hlwfe:a-yat-ta-ba: cliange. ma-thwa:15: MlCELLANEOTJS PhEASES. What is the market oolsccys oogcodoS go1o5 Sa-ba:ze:ba-lauk-pauk- price of paddy ? oocou tha-15: The prices run very Sj.SoooSG'qjSGooDSsoooS Di-hnit-t5-ze:kaung:d5 high this year He trades in paddy ojoolsajsoooS ... Thu-sa-b4:ku:d6 ( 51 ) MiscELLAKBOus Phrasbs — Continued. English. Burmesfi. Transliteration. I Is that man a tim- c^c^oodooSgsISscods ... Ho-lti-ha-thit-gaung: ber-trader ? te: (I) do not know for oaoooSocSo^s ... A-tat-ma-thi-bii: a certainty (I) am not sure ... og@ococ5o:;^s ... Ma-pyaw:dat-'pu: (I) cannot say ... os^^Sojs ... . Ma-'so-hnaing-bti: Looks like an as- GcoSsoGp^ojjoocS .., Be-din-'sa-y4-ne-tu-d^ trologer Have you a horo- oS^ocaoood^s^odds ... Min-ma-za-da-sbi-ye- scope ? la: Wby don't (you) cx3Dg8c^O)DcoD«^ooc2) Ba-'pyit-lo-za-da-ma- bave one cast ? 'pwe-^Aa-16: ' Tbis fruit is poison- Ssa c8s cod goodoS odcjS Di-a-tbi:lia-tauk-tat-t5 ous oocS Tbis is not poison ... GloasBcSaocfcSoqs ... Da-a-'seik-ma-bok-'pti: Durians are cbeap Sj.6g2G|£s^sGoloooS ... Di-bnit-du:yin:!^^i: paw: tbis year de He bad (it) cheap... cxjjgoIgoIsiscS ... Tb1i-paw:baw:ya-de He arrived while odg[o5o8§ c§6o^so:jGGpo5 Tba-yet-tlii:blaing-d6n: mangoes were ab- cooS thu-yauk-t5 undant Mangosteens are oSgcgoSoSs^^Dsooc^ ... Min:gut-tbi:sba:d5 scarce and dear Bring that water- c^^sooDssfi^ajjb ... Ho-mo:ga-in:gyi-yu-ge proof coat Does it rain daily ? G?.c§Ssq8aDa>oDDs ... Ne-daing:mo:ywa-^Aa- la: When will they start oogSgooooI ooc^oog^^ Be-daw-ga-15-sa-'tun- ploughing ? «^ gya-ma-le: How many pairs of ajg^ ccoSog^DS ooo5j.5 Thu-ma-16-dun-nwa: plough oxen has cggs^oora be-hna-shm:sbi-if/^a- be ? ' ^^'■ Look out for a milch .^ods^dsq oogodoS ^looSs No-za:na-ma-ta-gaung- co^ ol sba-zan:ba This pony is very Sg5§c»oSco5ooo5 ... Di-myin:t^-nge-d5 small ( 52 ) Miscellaneous Phrases — continued. Englisb, Burmese. Trausliteratiou. Does he trot well ? gcos odoS gcodSs goddSs Le:bet-kaung:gaung: ogDsli^coDg thwa:ye-la: (His) head is mean go16s as cocS ... Ga\ing:a-d5 The ears are inclined ^oscgD^^GoqjooocS ... Na-gya\v:ne:nfe:yaw-de to droop The eyes are fairly 4]o5o^sgco5gc»5^|[ .., Myet-16n:taw-da\v-shi- good ° ye Does he shy ? ... cogcocSoocoD; ... Thwe-dat-tha-la: His quarters are cc&cqGcooB%aD(£ ... Tin-gya-kaung-.de good He is also thick-set ocjoocSco^sgcwoSsodgS Du-de-le:kaung:de Has he been raced ? [^Soj^sodcods ... Pyaing-bd:^/ta-la: He doesn't look a (§5gSs^,oa|jcz^s ... Pyaing-myin:ne-ma-tu- racer bu: What paces does he oooSsacgDs^scooBoDoi Ee-a-th\va:myo:tat-tha- know ? le: Swinging walk, trot, |co§sq^3ii gcososoSii cqt Hnwc: Ian: do:, le: bet, canter, ambling, Gq]DSsGooDo5ii33 0Doq|ii thon: gyaung: dauk, gallop ccj^gii a-tha-gya, don: What will you sell coGcoDo5^.GGp68ocx) ... Ba-lauk-ne-yaung:ma- (him) for ? 1^: Has he a high action? coo5good6sg|otds ... Let-kaung:ye-la: Of what breed is this olooDGgstHsco ... Da-ba-'k\ve:myo:16: dog? ^He) is a cross be- GgscSojs^. 5^s osoc^oS 'Kwe:ba-lu:ne-pa-go:-a- tweeu ahull and GgsoSoqiooDobii me:laik- ' k we : s a t- a Pegu hound kya-d-i-be Kill that pariah dog c^ GgsoS odsc^ odo5 66 Ho-'kwe: win - z a : g o - c^o5 that-pyit-laik Are (you) a dog- Ggsoloo^D^cocoDt ... 'Kwe:wa-t]ia-na-slii-^/?a fancier ? la: You can liave that c^GgsooGcosoj^Gcoo ... Ho-'kwe: ga-le : yu-daw pup It has good points... cgsoGoooSscooS ... 'K\ve:za-kaung:de A.re big game abnud- §GcoDgD33&@8Gc"| snoods Di-taw: ma-a-me: gyi: ant in this jungle ? paw:ye-la: ( 63 ) Miscellaneous Phrases — continued. English. Burmese. Translitevation. How many beaters 33£> g^doSoood? cooSjjiS A-mfe: cliauk- tha-ma: are there ? gc»do5§c»cSii bfe-hna-yauk-slii-^Aa- Let the men on the ooo5$dsto oj ^ds goodSs Let-na : ga -lu-mya: outskirts beat well GooaSssqiDoScpGon kaung: gaung: chauk pe-zi Are you not tired oSsoGODcc»so:;j?coDg ... Min: nia-maw: the: bu: yet ? la: He is tired and pant- cxjGODc§c^o5G^g ... Thu-maw: lo-haik-ne-bi mg (I) am feeling very GcicoSogg ... Ye-ngat-hla-bi thirsty. Let us rest a little oaD^Ds|§i o^,coc^od ods 'Ka-na-na: pi: n^-15-z&,- and take tiffin (33^°§ sa: gya-6n: zo Is'nt there a well SsoIsos^ds^d Gq<^Sso^ Di-a-ni: a-na: ma-ye- somewhere near ? ccjjsco^g dwin: ma-shi-bu: la: This is a very shady §odSo5 ooo53o^5goodSs D i - 1 h it-pin-te-a-yeik- tree oocS kaung: dh Are there any jungle 8yDGooD(a9o5^|[coDS ... Di-ma-taw: gyet-shi-ye- fowl here ? la: What foot-print is alcoDcgspcS ... Da-ba-chi-ya-lfe: this? To whom does this ScgcgoSc^cxioj^ScDora Di-mye-gwet-ko-ba-lu- ■ piece of land be- paing-^Aa-15: Ions'? ^o Can (you) show (me) Gg^c£?3o5ci]3Sc^ g^6| Mye-ne-na-meik-mya: its boundaries ? ooos go-pya-hnaing-ye-la: Is the landholder a Ggj^SoDDoocSooaDscoDs Mye-shin-ba-l^-^/jd-ma: cultivator? 1^- Has he sublet it ? cgc^cMsoSgl sodsodoods My e-go-ta-'sin - h n g a: sa: fha-la,: What is the outturn ScooSoo ool? ca gcodoS Di-lfe-ga-sa-ba: ba-lauk- of this paddy field ? cgoSoocg) 'twet-tha-le: What is (its) sowing i^sools odo5j^5cq5s gc^ Myo: sa-ba: be-hna-tin: capacity ? ^d^ kyi: ya-i^^a-lfe: Go and call the gSscS^sc^ogDscoTt" ... Myin: dein: go-thwa: groom 'kaw-ge ( 54 ) Miscellaneous Phrases— continued. English. Get the carriage ready Is tliere room in the stable ? Has the pony been given his feed ? Do not water him yet Harness him now ... Drive to the post office Turn to the right ... Turn to the left ... Drive straight on ... Put out the saddle in the sun Bring the reins and girths also Burnish the stirrups Where is the mart- ingale ? The tail strap (crup- per) has snapped. Put the bridle on ... B/emove the head- stall Do not go to law merely for this (I) shall sue him in court (I) shall prosecute him What is the charge ? Who is the complain- ant? Burmese. G[CODS[y8c^o5 CODS gSsC^330DG^s(§SOCODS GqOC^o5^o3^S OD^gaD^SOODSoScOOO odi^cSoSc^godSs OD o5 b 00 06 c^ c» 0^ ooj^oq^godSs ocj§s|sc^G^cg§gc^o5 ... 0)o5(c^so68ccSc^DSol (X^ ^5s C^DSC^ gQdS G33d5 gqsodoocSqcx) §sci^5sgcSogD8(§ 335oo5oo^ olsq8c^g)c^c^o5 3lGCODo5^og80COc5^o ... / cxjcO^cocpsgoc^ cx^oO^sa^joqSooS or aj- o8Gp(>iOcSooocS ^sjjoScxioSc^ CO COGpJO^OOCCjJCX) Transliteration. la-'ta: pyin-laik Myin:zaung: ma-ne-ya- shi-the:ye-la: Myin: go-a-sa-kywe:pi: ba-la: Ye-ma-taik-ne-6n: Ka-gyo: ta-za-sin-daw Sa-bo-daik-ko-maung: Let-ya-bet-ko-hle Let-we: bet-ko-hle Te-de-maung: Kou: hni: go-ne-hlan: laik Zet-kyo: wun: bat-mya: ba-yu-ge Nin: mya: go-pyaung- aung- talk -laik Me: dwa-be-ma-le: Mi: ifAaing: pyat-thwa: bi 6k-'ket-'te Pa-chat-ko-chut-laik Da-lauk-ne-yon: ma- tet-ne Thu-go-ta-ya: swe: me T h u -go-a-hmu-lok-m^ or thu-go-ya-za-wut- hmu-sw6: me S\Ye:gyet-be-lo-le: Ta-ya-lo-ba-lu-le: ( 55 ) Miscellaneous Phrases — continued. English. Burmese. Transliteration. The accused has ab- coGpsSogoScgs^ ... Ta-ya-'kan-'twet-pye: sconded M Attach his property cxj.og^?c^ole|§soo5 ... Thu-pyit-si: go-wa-yan: kat Issue a warrant for oqoC§oo§sc^olG[S8cxjcS Thu- go - 'pan: ho-wa- his arrest yan: 'tok Issue a summons for ^st^^cxjo cspoSsj^ o^oooS Yon: go-la-yauk- y a n - the attendance of cooc^oogD^oDg ho-thet-the-go-tha'n - that witness han,-za-cha Is this man a revenue ScxjcoDsag^cooS og^odS Di-lu-ha-a-'kun- d a w- defaulter ? qjoSogcSojcoDg ma-'saung-pyet-kwet- thu-la: Show me the tax re- sag^cooScgoDc^goSg A-'kun-daw^-pye-za -go ceipt pya-zan: He has come to apply 33g|Gcx)S ogcS g&g qjSs A-'kun-daw-lut-n e i n : for a remission of coDgScajDoSc^ cxjood chan:tha-g win- revenue cocS shauk-'po-thu-la-d5 On what grounds ooi^sagr^Syjasc^ 33G§g Be-a-c h e t-mya-go- a - does he apply ? Gcg]3o5cocd che-pyu-shauk-tha-lfe: What evidence is c»c5c^oon5GOD^coc2) ... B6-lo-thet-the-shi-^ ^ a - there ? 16: The evidence is in- oDo5GOD5q]o5 oo^goodoS Thet-the-'kan-gyet-ma- sufficient oqs lon-lauk-'pti: (He) will be brought (^oodsodoSgosq^^'^o sago Hmu-^Aa-thet-the-'kan- up for perjury e^cSSaoS hmu-ne-a-swe: 'k a n- ya-lein-m6 Is not this dacoited alcxjDsgc^oSGpol og^so Da-da-mya-taik-ya,-b a - property ? ot^oSo^scods pyit-si: ma-hok-'pu: la: Were the dacoits ooDsgc^osgooooS^oSoloo Da-mya-mya-m a - 1 e t - armed ? °=>^' ' net-pa-^Aa-la This opium-eater is §c8|soDsooD^s£pologgS5 Di-bein: za: ha-'ko: jk- a receiver of stolen coo55cx;}@8cooS ha-pyit-si: let-'kan- property thu-'pyit-t6 Is he a bad eharac- cxjcxjs^scods ... Thu-lu-zo: la: ter? ( 56 ) Miscellaneous Phrases — concluded. English. Burmese. Transliteration. Hand liim over to aj.c^c^cSS odoh^ds coo5 TLu-go-pa- lei k-th ii: tbe police saSd^oS raya: let-at-laik Do you know the G§£p!, gooac^ ^dsco^Ii Chi-ya-gan-u-pa-de- go- track law ? CODS na: le-ye-la: ^V ho is the headman S§[Dcogi3ocjgsoDc(;{c& ... Di-ywa-^a-ywa-tha-gyi: of this village ? ba-lii-16: PART II -LITERARY. CHAPTER I. The Alphabet. The following are the letters in the Burmese alphabet : Vowels. Short : — 33 a g^ * g u ^ . ^ _ Long : — 333 6t ^ I g zt c e 33 e: ^ or gi^d aw: g[^5 aw (long) 3^ iV.5. — 33DS (with the heavy accent) is but a modified form of 33D ; and 33, being a niggaliita or nasal breathing is, strictly speak- ing, not a vowel. The symbols of the vowels are- Short ' I Long .. .3 or G....3 ...y Gutturals : — 00 o o Palatals : k c — 'k 30 9 S 's z Cerebrals . t S 't d Dentals :— - OCI 00 3 .S or G....T...°....3s or ....1 Consonants. Labials : — ■ H d o 'd o 'd c ng G9 n CIO n n, Liquids : — Semi-vowel Sibilant : — O C3 O 00 O p 'p b 'b m OD G^ OD g y r I I -o w oo (pronounced as til in thirst). Aspirate :- CO h Note. — It will be noticed that, of the classified consonants, the second is the aspirated form of the first, the fourth that of the third, and that the fifth is the na^al of each class. As a matter of fact, the third and fourth consonants of each class, — with the ex- * This symbol is used with the following letters : O II O to prevent their assuming the form of other letters. C II 3 II o II O II in order CO ( 68 ) ception of 3 in gcolSsii a peacock, of od which has superseded o in most eases, of o. in ooicS {cassia floridci) and of «jj used in g«^s * a bazaar, as well as the cerehral letters and the liquid g — are not used in words of purely Burmese origin. The pronunciation of the classified consonants needs some explanation. When a word is preceded hy another which ends with the first letter of any of the classes of classified consonants, that word retains its normal pronunciation, f Examples. ( (go5ooos kyet tha : (. 33£)CX)Ds ame : thk : rj^Ss} shit 'ku (c^ss{ ko : gu r oooBoof^ tat thi ( oSoD^ 'kin thi rs^Bq^B 6k chok l^qiS myo gyok {normal.) [abnormal.) [normal.) [abnormal. ) (normal.) [abnormal). [normal.) [abnormal.) The following tables show the combination of consonants with vowels, and of consonants with consonants : — Consonant with Vowel. Consonant. Combining vowel. Combination. How pronounced. CO 33 CO ka CO 333 ODD ka 00 ^ cfi ki 00 S eg ki 00 s 09 ku CO "5 ku CO c GOO ke 00 £& cb kk CO @ or G(gD GCOD kaw: oo cgS GOOS kaw (long) oo At ^t ko * Pronounoed correctly GCOS by the people of Tavoy and Mergui, who speak a peculiar dialect of their own. t The exchange of tenuis and media letters is a noticeable feature in most languages. Cp. ' Grot ' in old" High German and ' God ' in English. t These are found written 3^5 and C^O respectively in ancient native works. ( 69 ) The combinations with 36 and coot are formed as follows : — 00 + 33 = GO kan 00 + 33Dg = cooi ka: The forms oo 08 cxj good may take consonantal finals : — oDo5 ket c85 keik ocj5 k6k goo^S kaung When 3^ is combined with any consonant it is pronounced ai. 3^o5 = aik. 3^5 = aing. Consonant with Consonant. Consonant. Oombining consonant. Combination. How fironouneed. 00 oo^ 00 o5 ket* 00 c ooS kin oo 008 kit CO CO 00 co^ 00 c8 ti tat 00 * f^ OD$ kan oo oo5 kat OD oo5 kan OD °^^ oooS kfe 00 OO 00 00"^ «3 "2 kya kya (pronounced kra Arakanese). kwa by the 00 CO 1— 1 eg hla Compound Consonants. These can easily be resolved into their component parts. The word g is made up of 00+ G^+o;c^ofoo + oo + o;ogofoo + oD + 0; 9]ofo + oo + cx);gofo + o + co;gofo + Gi + o+oo Note — Burmese spelling is considered by foreigners as well as by some natives to be most arbitrary in its nature. The final con- sonants being silent and the letters ya and ra being pronounced alike, except by the Arakanese who accord the normal pronun- * The final consonants are not pronounced in Burmese. ( 60 ) ciation to them, the difficulty in understanding Burmese or- thography is greatly enhanced. The words, whose spelling is con- sidered doubtful, are those having for their final consonants oo 4. o o. An intelligible differentiation can, however, be made by bearing in mind that the idea of contact or contiguity runs through all Bur- mese verhs ending in 5 and S,* and that the rest of the verhs in which this idea is not involved take the final o5 or ?. CHAPTER II. Homonyms. The borrowed alphabet of Aryan origin is inadequate to repre- sent phonetically the sounds of a tonal non- Aryan tongue and has probably reduced the number of tones in the Burmese language. This reduction mu.st have affected the homonyms which are com- mon to the Indo-Chinese family. ooSs =: A small unripe fruit. ooSs = A scorpion. coSs = To be free. 0%% = A flower. o^s = To be fatigued. Phonetic Changes. The literary form of the Burmese language is slightly different from the colloquial. Certain words are not pronounced as they are written, and there are laws which regulate such phonetic changes. ("aj When a final consonant is followed by a nasal it is nasal- ized by assimilation : 335qo5 = gBSooS ... To di^eam. G330pS(2a = G330SSGO .... To lOUO foV. $S*3 = ^S^D ... To be aiigrkccd. * o5 to join. OdSs or og6? to stretch out (so as to be in close contact). ( 61 ) (b) Somet-imes the inherent vowel u or u is elided— c^G^^oS = oG[^o5 ...A native book. o:jC[6 = ooG^S ...A king. Scqcps = Scoqps ...A queen. cjd^g = oc^s ...A pagoda, cx^ = o3§i ...A soldier. ajsc^ =: coc^ ...A ferry. (c) The aspirate in g) sha is omitted and the letter is pronounced as G| ya. 38SGg\oSg= ^Scs^oSs ... A cr 01071 prince. 33Gp^ = s3GpS[ ... An official. (d) The letters co ba ot o pa and o* ma are interchangeable — cncS = 008 (pronounced oo8§)... 4 sA;«'W. ooDsg = QODsg ... ^ dacoit. (e) The initial consonants are aspirated — 8 = § ... before. ^c6 = 3^o5 ...To draw. ^S = |5 ... To 6e able. oB = 5S ... Ink. (/) cg)(=cQ + oo + c»)is pronounced jis/ia. Gcg|Do5 = GjjDoS ... To petition. c^go5 =: ^go5 ... To conceal. oac^Ss = 33^Ss ... ^< all. (g) In words beginning with u or ii the initial vowel takes for its final the initial consonant of the following syllable and u is changed into u : — go8 — g^S = g^S ...A cave. SsGSDoS = B<2|3o5 ... The brain. gsGolSs = gGcgoSs t ... The head. * In the dialect of the people of Tavoy and Mersui O is invariably changed into e ^Bs = igSi A pony. @5 = @5 Tosee. t In the case of gGC^oSsil the final consonant of g is the unaspirated form of o i. e., 0011 ( 62 ) (h) The initial consonant is sometimes softened — 08 = gS ... To throio. Qcq<^% = Gc^g? ... To he thorough, {i) The inherent nasal of an initial syllable is dropped— 0606 = aoo5 = sooS ... Hair. cools = oddTs = cools ... A door. o?sco$(g3s = ooo§@D8 =: oo>^(§?s ... A plate. {j ) Various phonetic values are assigned to ^. ^ = / as Gi^ yi ... To allude to. ^ = ^>^ as q^pyiii •■• A plank. ^ = e as 30^ se ... A weir. Punctuation. Three marks are used in Burmese punctuation, namely, — I , II and II II . The first corresponds to the English comma, the second to the period at the end of a sentence, and the third to the period at the end of a paragraph. A paragraph may also begin with 11 " . The first mark is falling out of use, the seccnd being substituted for it. In separating the constituent elements of a compound, however, the mark 1 is still used. CHAPTER III. The Noun. Nouns may be divided into abstract and concrete, according to their meauing, or into simple and compound, according to their form. Abstract nouns are formed by prefixing aa or affixing q|o5 or gSs to a verb : g to do, becomes sag or (3§Ss or §^o5 deed, action, e.g., — o:S(^33gj.533Gg30DgSo^ = His dccd and word do not correspond. =»^^=§§@Ss o^ogSsaa^js = If there were no such action, ^o^oojoSu there would be no results. d°§§^"^^^'^^§" — Such an action is improper. ( 63 ) The prefix 3d does not always convey an abstract idea, as for instance : 33god833(^5 = a watchman. Nouns are simple, ascqa man, oSS a house. Compound nouns may he formed — (a) by uniting t-wo nouns : §[D a village -\- oods a son = A villager. O0D3 a sword + aSS a house = A scabbard, e.g., — • g]^Dap^§I^DooDgc^c^o5coD@co^ii= The villagers came out. oDDSsSSgoS^cqioD^ii = The scabbard slipped down. (6) by uniting a noun and a verb : od6s a road -j- (q to show = A guide. [§ a debt + ods to eat = A debtor. G^ the sun + oS to enter = Sunset, e.g., — coSsgooGcaDoSglgGjo^ii = (You) must engage a guide. (§5y6j>S(§oDgc:^ooG(x>Dooj = The creditor and the |5^ii debtor cannot come to an agreement. G^oS^^ocjGGpoSoDDoo^ii = He arrived at sunset. (SllgSll33D5§SllGQDSll O25ii§iigoiioc5ii EEMARKS ON THE CASE AFFIXES. The Nominative Case. The affixes of the Nominative Case are sometimes dispensed, with, 9.lid the Case itself is determined by the context, oo^ is the true 9 ( 66 ) affix of the nominative case : godSgodSoo^codoo^h Maung Maung comes. The affix may he omitted : god6god6coooo^ii OD is also one of the affixes of the Ablative Case. It denotes that an action issues from an agent and also indicates narration. aj(X)S§DODf5ii ... Se speahs. ojcocoDolccjiGoTco^ii ... He calls : "please come." ^D is generally used in an explanatory sense, and should he dis- tinguished from the Locative affix yon cxjjgDogDSG^o^ii As regards him, he must go. cogD HOODS II (^ooD 811 dcuotc contradistlnction. {OD^DII ") COD8II > CODC^O^u (j^CODSII J As regards Maung Maimg, he must come. The Accusative Case. c^ needs no explanation : c]c§Gosolii ... Give (it) to me. The natural tone of a noun or pronoixn which takes this affix is always changed to an abrupt one. The Genitive Case. (^ the affix of the Genitive Case may sometimes be dispensed with, and the noun or pronoun standing in that case is always pro- nounced with an abrupt tone : oSscogt^Dii ... Hoy al property, clog^sii ... My property, ajj.0D3;j5ii ... Sis book. The Dative Case. Of the affixes of the Dative Case 332? is generally used to express the Pali dative. ajo33DSG08olii ... Give (it) to him. The natural tone of a noun or pronoun which takes the affixes of the genitive case is always changed to an abrupt one. But this ( 67 ) change as well as the other in the case of the accusative affix c^ is not generally indicated in the literary form of the language. o§ signifies motion towards a place ; @^§^c^DsoogSii ... [Se) goes to Prome. CO signifies motion towards si, person : 33GG[S^5Q0335qo^ii ... Must be delivered to the Deputy Commissioner. The Ablative Case. 0011 5 indicate motion from a place, person or object : G|$a:|$^ooooDoo^ii ... (Se) comes from Rangoon. ^33G|5gogDSG[o^ii ... Must go from here. The Instrumentative Case. j>S or §8 denotes an instrument with which an action is per- formed : CXDDS 1 pc [• ODOSOO^II (Se) kills ivith a sword. 39D8gSii g(§35 denote the cause of an effect : Maung Pyu dies on account of him. The tone of a noun or pronoun which takes gQdS as its affix is changed to an abrupt one in the colloquial form of the language : ocjJoG^dS ... By him. The Locative Case. "t Strictly speaking, the affixes of the Locative Case are Prepositions of place. -ojS j^S -l ° I' in a house. ( 68 ) CHAPTER IV. The Pronoun. Personal Pronouns. The Burmese language is prolific iu Personal Pronouns ; but they are generally dispensed with in polite speech and official writ- ings. In writing or conversation they vary according to the social or official status of the addressee. Personal Pronouns of the First Person. cl is the primitive foi'm. It is used by superiors to inferiors. It frequently occurs in royal orders and religious works. og]|^5 or o^ll^ means a little slave. This form may be con- tracted into cq]^5ii The modern tendency being to hide the origin of the word, Upper Burmans now write cq]^5 (masculine) and cq)o (feminine) for ogj|5 and ogjio respectively. og$Gco5 means the slave of a Mgh personage, not necessarily royal ; and ogj^cooSt^s means of the family of such slates. oqcpsii * the word used in addressing a high personage may be prefixed to o^jfccoS or cg?GooSi^sii cg§Gco5c^3s in the singular is intermediate between ogj^cxS and og]^Gco5<^8ii 33og]^ J, both in the masculine and feminine, is in use in Arakan and some of the rural parts of Burma Proper. c^cSn meaning " self," is used for " 7 " in both genders, c^ii a contrac- tion of clc§ we, is sometimes used both in tlio colloquial and literary forms of the language. Personal Pronouns of the Second Person. odS is the general form in use. ^5 is used to children or to inferiors who are low in the social scale. o5s or godSoSs is a polite form of ^Sii n g^§ and ac^aSs are the feminine forms of * This is a degeneratecl form of q|oi top, pinnacle. A Buddha (oqepg) is the highe.st of all sentient beings; a king (oaj^ScqGps) and queen (osj^SSoCjGps) are the highest male and female personages rtspeetively in a kingdom ; oSo^Gpgll which is tlie shortened form of CXDoSoqGpSU (written oS(yos and pron.mnced oScjjDs) is UM/d to an addressee, placed in a higher position I'.y the rui|uiremeuts of etiquette and convention- ality. ( 69 ) oSs and god6o6s respectively. In the colloquial form of the language c^oSii with the plural ogoSc^ii (also pronounced ro^J, and cocSii with its plural c»c6c§ii (also pronounced os^o), are used in both genders : the first to denote familiarity with, and the second inferiority of, the addressee. c^oSii with its plural c^oScg or c^o5,§oii is used colloquially mostly among women. 5[5 a novice, with the prefix god6 or c^ii according to the senior- ity or otherwise of the speaker, is used by women in addressing men. (^f^S (pronounced '^<^) is used colloquially among men without any distinction as to the age of the speakers. 5^8 or godS'I * a lord, master, owner, is used as a polite form of address by women to men as well as among themselves, while gS a is used only by husbands to wives. gooS is, however, now con- sidered to be inferior to <^W "cljiSii is used as a literary form of address among monks. oocoDii contracted from qIodcod a giver, with its feminine form oocoDoii is used by p6ngyis in addressing the laity. In addressing superiors or equals oS(yDs=:oSciqqps (masculine), and 5^5 (feminine), f are used. c^gSgcoSsd^iSii c^oScooSssj^SgoSii os 5^So::^spsii 335|5gcSoqGpsii are reserved for pongyis, members of royal families, and officials of high rank. Personal Pronouns of the Third Person. (xi is used either in the masculine or feminine. Eor ocjc^ they, qSscg and ooSsc^ may be used when a deprecatory meaning is in- tended to be conveyed. The enemy in the field is always spoken of as ooSscgii 88 is used in the Possessive Case Eor ccjc^ii There is no Pronoun in Burmese to express the Neuter Pronoun it, which is always indicated by the repetition of the noun with the word qSsii prefixed to it. Pronouns op Cotjiitest. Burmans address people of oflBcial or social standing by the name of the trade or profession followed by them. They seldom use * A Burmese kiog would sign himself as GCoS or GOoS^SII t 335[S4]DSll in the singular, is higher than SSj^Sll A minister of high standing is always addressed as GCq|8-:^oS myself ; s^.c^cS himself. The Interrogative Pronoun. ooc^o^jii o^o^ wliO ; oocS or o^od^ which or what. The following pailicles are used in connection with Interro- gative Pronouns as well as Verbs : — GODD or ODGODDii ...In written language. ODDS or ojoDDSii ... In spoken, language. ^^s or oD^^sii ...In written language. CO or oDC&ii o^s or oDo^s The use of ccds or ododdsn and cb or oocoii may be differentiated thus : the former is used when the reply is a simple affirmation or negation, and the latter when it is otherwise : „^ i ... 2n spoken language. ( 71 )- ■ OD^33G(^DS8y$ODCOD8 ... Is tMs tvue? cxio5ooco3cx)OT ... Where do you come from ? The Demonstrative Pbonoun. The Demonstrative Pronouns are — oD^ii^iiqSs this, and o^ (Coll. c^)ii odSs that. The Compound Relative Peonoun. Compound Relative Pronouns are formed by preiixing o^ to a Pronoun and adding «3^ not say, to the combination thus farmed : B^cx^os^ ... whosoever. o^oD^33Gpo3^ ... whatsoever. The Distribtitive Pronoun. The Distributive Pronouns are — cf^Ss every, c^o5§iic^oScii33o8s3oo8s each. The Indeeinitb Pronoun. The Indefinite Pronouns are — dSoSSsH OoSsiI 330qgll 330^8^ H pOO^U 333618sil ODOODII OOC^DS all; 33^ some ; 33(93511 co§dsii oo61§ h odojs other ; 3d(^S whatever ; c^o^GcDD this, such ; g^fc^cooD of this sort ; o^cx^good of that sort ; o^c^goodii ssc^goodii 33cx)c^c§goo3ii oooSo^good of what sort; co^^w coi^coQ^ anything ; odi^cogoddoSii cogoo3o5 GCJODoSlI cogsgsil OoJlSoTsil 03gs03GC»3o5ll 33[gScCj^ ally OUC. CHAPTER V. The Adjective. The sign of the Adjective is co^ or gcodh as goddSs godo good. Comparison denotes the gradation of increase or decrease to be observed in the employment of the Adjective. The degrees of comparison are expressed by — Comparative — o:>o§ surpassing or excelling, as, ood^'goodSsgood better ; Superlative — aqs extremity, as sogc^dSss^s best. Sometimes to denote the comparative degree, 33ooo5 over, above, or 933?o5 below, m&j be used according as the standard of com- ( 72 ) parison is lesser or greater in quantity or quality tlian the thing eompared with : aDo5qn5ooo5t^GO(^o^ shall be more than ten days ; ooc6g[o5g330o5go5]ogog[q^ shall he less than ten days. The suffix — isli in English, as in yellowish or reddish, is ex- pressed in Burmese by the particle oo oo Avhose vocalic component is assimilated to that of the word to which it is attached : ol -|- coco ^ olcoDooD ... Yellowish. ^ + coco =: |c8cB ... Reddish. ^ + coco = |5|o:jcq ... Whitish. & + coco = iobcb ... SlacTiish. The particle o5ii is of the same signification ; but its mode of coalescence with a word is different. When o5 is prefixed to a word the latter is reduplicated as ^5^^ sweetish. These two particles are used in the colloquial form of the language only. Quantitative Adjectives. The Quantitatives Adjectives are — 33cqs tohole, all; ss^^snsa^^scoSii S^so^Jn feio, little; ssq^dsh many ; oa^ssooSii some. Ntjmeeatives. In the use of Cardinal Numeral Adjectives one peculiarity is to be noticed. When the number expresses twenty or more the Adjective is preceded by the noun, and the ])article 33 is inserted before the numerative of the class to which the noun belongs. qco$s3Dolsj.Ssoc6 ... Tioenty pongyis. Sometimes the particle sd is omitted and the word gg| inimber, is placed after the numerative : cjgsGG[ JO or 5.80^5* ... Tioenty men. gSs 8sGS| JO ... Twenty ponies. Sometimes goISs or {^'E^go'ISs is used to denote the aggregate number — ojcolSg |.8cooS ... Twenty men. c(jjgsGC|{j«^Gol5s JO ... Total number of men : 20. * ODO^S = Ten. ( 73 ) In expressing Ordinal Numbers, Pali words are generally used, as — og» ... First. qc8oo ... Second. ooc8oo ... Third, 8fG.,8i-c. Sometimes cgDoS may be used to express an Ordinal Number : ^8s{G(gDo5 ... Second. In connection with Numeral Adjectives the nature of what has been conveniently termed numeratives may be explained. These numeratives are a peculiar feature of the Chinese and Indo-Chinese languages. They express the nature of the object denoted and connote its physical attributes. The following numeratives are in common use : — §8 head : cxjcgsooSs... A rich man. GooDoSu in speaking of human beings— GooDoSoqjos jGooDoS ... Two men. 8^so 9 Gcx)Do5 ... Three women. olsii In speaking of rulers, pongyis, and persons of high social or official rank, this particle is used : oSsoools ...A ruler. G|co^soools ... A pongyi. aospoools ...A teacher. ^ is used in speaking of inaaimate objects which, have no other numerative : oDs^clssj ... Five tables. §s to ride. Vehicles and riding animals take this numerative : G^ooDSj§s ... Two carriages. gSscnSs ... One pony. 3CJI1 Buddhas, pagodas, images, and parahaihs (native books) take tbis numerative : ajsps 9acj ... Four Buddhas, pagodas, or images. c{G|^o5jaj ... Two parahaihs . Numeratives explain the physical attributes of the objects they qualify : 10 ( 74 ) a i§oi flat ; ^o5a6oD(yDg one pice. q^flrit and thin; tjgcoqS one plank ; o^\[coqS one sheet of p)cip)er. o^s round or cylindrical; t^s^'H' five pots ; ^%c\icxi% five ]}ipes. o5§ elongated ; coyoooSs a hoat- cjoDScooSs » sword ; c^odoSs a spear. g^dSs long and stiff; afGSoocqDSs « s^^'c^. g30d8 building; gSSoogcodS a house; gojidSsoogoodS a oS ft ^r^e or any tiling long, as thread, hair, &c. co^sdsoS five palmyra trees; cooS')oE: five hairs; qi^ goS ^»e threads. In the absence of specific numeratives the noun itself is used as such : gjDo^sQD ... Three villages. [go^sg . . . Three towns. CHAPTER VI. The Verb. The Verb is modified by mood, tense, and voice. There are two moods : the Indicative and the Imperative ; and three tenses : the Present, the Past, and the Future. THE INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. Plural. cqj^SogDSco^ ... I go. ooSogDjoo^. ... You go. cQDg^soo^ ... Se goes. cgs^Scgc^DggoD^ ... TFe go. coScgogDsgoD^ ... You go. ^^W°®^^ ...They go. Note.— C^ is the plural affix of the Pronoun, and g is that of the Verb. ( 75 ) The Past tense is expressed by §ii* ^iif o^sii and the Future by o^ii oSSa^ii 3311 G033II or 8Sll COgg.ll The bare Verb without any affix is used to indicate the Imper- ative Mood, as coSogDs you go ; or godo (Coll. godo) maybe affixed to the Verb, as coSogDsccoo or ooSogDSGooon The other moods are expressed by affixes signifying power, permission, conditionality, &c. The Potential Mood is expressed by |8 denoting power or ability, and the Conditional by cgjS if. There is no difference between a Substantive and a Substantive Infinitive. Bathing (or to bathe) is good ... GG|^s(gSsGoo3S8oo^ii Voice. Strictly speaking, there is no Passive Voice in the Burmese language. The particles 5ii c^ii og^h however, express passivity and may be construed as signs of the Passive Voice. 'J he absence of this Voice is compensated by the peculiar way of forming Active Verbs from Passive and vice versa. The Active form of a Verb is expressed by the aspirated initial consonant; and this form may be modified into a Passive one by dropping the aspirate — thus, q| to let fall (Active) ; og to he fallen (Passive). This rule holds good throughout the whole range of the Burmese languao'e, except in the single instance of ^cS to draw out, which retains the same form both in the Active and Passive. There are two other words in which usage has permitted some deviation from the general rule, in that the conjunct consonant ya {oo) in the Active form is changed into ra (g[) in the Passive. cqooS I cgooS To frighten. To be frightened. To crush or pulverise. To be crushed or pulverised. * The Past tense is sometimes expressed by CX)^ and (^ which may l,e called the signs of the " aorist " or-" historical teuse." t Or strictly speaking, 2) and cq% express the Pluperfect Tense and ^sf§ the Perfect tense. These lenses, however, are not recognized by the Bvirmese These two Verbs are pronounced by the Arakanese with the sound of Gl (ra). ( 76 ) Verbal Appixes. §s (pronounced 3^s in the colloquial) signifies repetition : cqj |5ogDsgso^ii I shall go again ; otherwise, it is a/orm of entreaty : ooDol§sii please come. ooo c^ Gp ooS GOOoSs Cp oo5 GcooBs J ' Signify suitability or expediency. Should not be killed. oq?n (^11 «j5(^ii cocogSgii oq?cx!co^sii goii goc^ii oo^ are all assertive afl&xes denoting the conclusion of a sentence. Gqjii GC0911 gsGoooii Gcoii Gcooii coS signify a command : jSc^o L Gq) GODO BsGCXJO _, o GCO GODO coS ^ ■ You go. j>S signifies prohibition or priority : oaps^S ... Do not go. ooBapt^B ... J)o you go before. oil) 08 signify an entreaty or command couched in polite lan- guage : Gos < ^ [ Give or please give. GO is the sign of causation, and is used in official orders : GoiGoii Give, or l6t (him) be given. bii c^oSii GODO or GG|o are used colloquially in an imperative sense ; as oDob ... Come. cqcS^cS ... Take. ;^osGco3 or GS|o ... Go, ( 77 ) ttjjoJii G^oa^ii ogii 'o^sii (Coll.) abu cod signify the continuance of an act, and are the signs of the Progressive tense : r OgDS ^ CCJjoS 3b 003 J Going. G[ signifies obligation : ogosqo^ must go. cx) is always used in a negative sense : o3S5a)ogD2oDgS ... {Se) goes without sleeping. 8 signifies that a fault or offence is admitted or implied : o3oS8c»^ ... (J) killed. §1D denotes commiseration, : o^ajo3GoogGco^3(§ ... That poor boy is dead. @8 denotes ^^a^ a /ac^ ^as passed from a state of contingency to that of reality : cgDsgSoo^ ... (2) did go. coc6 or oojoSii signifies ^^/Jess, suitability : oDsogoS ... datable. oDs^SocgoS ... Tempting food. ro)5ii godS^i GpDGooSii coo5god5 are gerundial affixes : as — GCX)5ll gcogodSii r, o5s@s^o5(y^6Goo5ijj or C53o5gOd5|1 After the king had died. |5 can: c^ds^Sco^u oooS (1) habit: odsodoSco^ ... (2) natural propensity : goSqjcocSoD^ (3) ndtural q^uality : 8§GCODo5o5cX)^ ... (iZe) Congo. (Se) eats. (A) bird flies. Arsenic is poisonous. ( 78 ) GOGODD or oIgogodd (also written gcsodS or gocdddSh to indicate prolonged articulation) olcocoos and goxicd^sh are imprecative affixes expressing a desire for an event to happen, and are used at the end of oaths, introductions, prefaces, &c. — goooIgogodd or gcxioIgocxjds .., May (i) die ! Vehbs op Courtsey. The polite nature of the Burmese language admits of the use of a variety of expressions to denote the same act done by persons of different social or ofQcial rank, as — ODSOD^ ... To eat. ^6oqG^5-^Gcx3Soo^GooSijji-oo^ ... A Mng eats. qaD$s-o:j[^sGosGoo5«i^-cx)^ ... A pongyi eats. Gcocx)^ ... To die — 5|Sa:^cS-^cSgiDCGoo5i^-oD^... A king dies : (literally — enjoys the pleasures of the nat country.) G[oD$s-cjj*Gco5(^-OD^ ... A 2)d'iigi/i dies : (literally flies away.) gc6gDorjGp8-o^§gD|oa:j ...A BtiddJia dies (enters nir- GcoSi^-oD^ii H^ana.) cgDScx)^ ... Togo — 5[6o:^si6-s§,oo5Goo5g^^^Gco5(;j^- A king goes (moves tlie oD^ii golden feet.) qcx)^s-(§Gco5i^-0D^ ... A pdiui'ji goes. gcSg^oqeps-GaoDODlJcxji^cog ,4 BiiddJia goes (on. a mis- GcoS^-oD^ii sionary tour.) aSSoo^ ... To sleep — 5[6QrjG[8-or£GcoBGoT-oo^ ...A Icliig sleeps. g^cx)$s-c8$§god5i^-co^ ... Apxjngyi sleeps. When the three classes of personages, namely, the king or anv member of his family, the monk and the Buddlia are spoken of, the honorific affix qco%<^ must be invariably used. CHAPTEll VII. The Adverb. §3 is the Adverbial affix. Sometimes an Adjective or a Verb may be changed into an Adverb by reduplication : * ^^.iw -enerally wiiltbi. [q| tu return. ( 79 ) Adjectiv e. Adverb. goddSsgodd .. . Good. goddSsgcodSs .. M/ell. Verb. GOD^DOO^ ., . To be careful. GOOGODqjDSJD .. Carefully G>8DD^ . To be slow. Gj>§Gj.S .. Slowly. Sometimes, that a word or phrase is used adverbially has to be determined from the context : ogj$Goo5oo6spGcogDao8 ... I do not hnow exactly. The Adverb of Time is expressed by codoo or oaol ... when : GSpoSocDooii Gepc5oD^33Dl or GcpoSGooDsaol . . . When arrived. The Adverbs of Time in common use are — ooG% today ; coo$G% yesterday ; ^oSg$ to-morrow ; 33(§? quickly ; sDoqjS before ; oo^ now ; o§ while ; og^G^ooS ago; oogScgooS once ; j.6g§G@Do5 twice. qo5§Ss immediately ; G^ocS^after ; The Adverb of Degree is formed by affixing gD to the sign of adjectival comparison : cg^gD or sscgl very. \ i^^ggD or os^^ds much. Phonetic couplets of onomatopoetic origin are also used in an adverbial sense : 3:jo53^oScq|o5cqjo5 ... TP'ith Commotion. goddSs GooDS§dbd5ii 3:j$s 3^^s or ojcS ... Noisily. The particle od is sometimes placed before each of tlie couplets. co3;;o53;jo5 oooq|o5o:j]o5ii oogoodSsgcodSs oD;S)cbii CHAPTER VIII. The Preposition. The Prepositions of direction are — ooii yii ooojii gSscxD^g3^o5oo^ ... The good Nga Me beats the bad Nga Fyu severely. Adverbial clauses may be further added : Cl^C^3^(§S0g)Sll GCX)3SsG00DC&a>^a^gGCX)DC^0^ CoS8COoSog5o^SG|>O^QSs oolgo^oSoo^ii After having said so, the good Nga Me beats the bad Nga Pyu severely, while seated in the middle of the road. The following rales of Syntax may be deduced from the above arrangement of words — (i) The adverbial clause of time is placed at the head of a sentence, (ii) The subject or object (as stated above) precedes the predicate, (iii) The nominal or verbal adjunct immediately precedes the noun or verb to which it relates, (iv) The adverb precedes the verb or another adverb, (v) The verb or predicate comes last. Additional examples : — o^oo^saolgi c^c(j j.Sgoodo5 (^DgSgD §§ ' ^gogSoG^ii Ever that man two long apart this town in not live. Those two men never reside long apart in this town. , G$Do5oOG%OD3^ GCOdSsS^^ OjjocBSsgSs J GCOdS Cq) ^5g^G08C^o5oD^II Subsequent ask only bim riding pony my presence give. day come two It was only on a subsequent day that, at his request, two riding ponies were given him in my presence. 11 APPENDIX I. The grammatical principles explained in the foregoing chapters will be best illustrated by the analyses of passages taken from some of the o=3c5 (Jatakas) which are widely read by the Burmese peo- ple. I. G5|8Cg|GCo(§8GOOD333lllODGpCtDo8g^^li [g0g3c8oSsODgSoSs§00O3o5ll C^tOjTIll O0DSGCo533@§33DS33§G^33GpO^GOSGO0S(jj^ll 0^£;8SGg[oSs(^33g33I^O^§8591§8 OOD QlylsOO^C^il qSs^J (g8&OD5<^C5)Sll o8s^§l(^ 33^^GpoSo^ ^§^§GCo5 (jJGODD GQD6i:q|SoO?SIIOoSoO^(y^50go5^ j>5oOo5Gp3SG[5§G^GCOGOOOIlclog^4J|i33'^8<^ ggDII cl(^^33Gg§SGODDCg|o8sG§)^|sC^ ^sg^SG^ScXJ Q38|GCo5^cgSlloSs0038CO^g as8^,Gco5gc5c^g8c8S goS^ii (y^yoDGcxjDoSoo^sogoSGCOGOoSiisao^aac^Ssiioosj ^D[3ScDOl^gGpc8<^3S)COoSil ODSJGO03GCODS(^D8|llG^GpO05§88G[6^llG^G0Li33m6@6 GC03CX)&d8§ooScjc^a^GcoD5aja^8G£D3Sajjo5 G^GCoc^u ii(ajj^3o5 aocSGOoS^i 1. Ggs = Old, ancient. 2. cg^Gcoggn cg^ = To pass ; ccogs = sign of the past tense. (Cp. Pali: 33cgGoo). 3. Goooii Sign of the Adjective. 4. 3so\ = Time ; used also as the sign of the Adverb. Op. ODD CO II In times past. 5. oDGpcoDcS = Baranasi, Benares. 6. §^ = The capital of a kingdom. Isia.i 7 ill Sio'n of the Locative Case. 8. (gcgaoB = Brahmadat (Pali: Brahmadatta.) 9. oSs = A ruler, king. 10. oD^ = Sign of the Nominative Case. 11. 6 = To make ; o6«g" to rule. Cp. Pali : G[^ oddgg^cSh 12. oDODoSii This form is obsolete. It is the equivalent of oooD^sii which is the same as cS" an assertive affix denoting the conclusion of a sentence, ( 84 ) King Brahmadat ruled the kingdom of Benares. 13. c^ = Demonstrative Pronoun that. 14. 33ol =: Time. See 4. 15. CODS = A child, son. 16. GooSii An honorific afl&x used in speaking of Buddhas, saints, royal, and other personages of high rank. oddsgcoB = A king's son. 17. 3s(§8 — ao is the nominal particle, by prefixing which, an adjective is changed into a noun. 33 + @8 (good) = Big, great, eldest. Op. 33goodSs = sa + goodSs (good) good. 18. 33Di:i Sign of the Dative Case. 19. 33§G^=literally means the " house -front ; " an heir-appa- rent, erown prince, stib-king. 20. 33Gp ^= An appointment. 21. c^ii Sign of the Accusative Case. 22. Gos = To give. 23. Goo5(j{i; An honorific afiix always affixed to verbs denoting the action of those described in 16. 24. ^11 An abbreviation of q,^\ a connective particle corre- sponding to the Copulative Conjunction «kc? in English. Sometimes it has an illative force. At that time, (he) conferred tlie appointment of heir-apparent on his eldest son. 25. c^ii See 13. 26. ^Sg^:i See 19. 27. oSs = See 9. aSScgj and aSs are to be construed as one word meaning an heir-apparent. q6s implies the exer- cise of delegated sovereign authority. 28. (^ji Sign of the Genitive Case. 29. 33@t33G^ = 33g + 33G|ii Hcre 33 excrclses a function simi- lar to that descrbed in 17, i.e., to say, by its being pre- fixed to a verb, that verb is changed into a noun. @ cx)^ or G^oD^ means to surround ; s3@33G| means a retinue, following. 30. o^s8S = Enjoyment, ( 85 ) 31. qSsoDD = Happiness ; o^sSSqSsooo means, in the present story, the prosperity derived from one's position. 32. §^.gl3 is made up of two vevhal roots : (y^„ = to be scatter- ed, and yls = to increase. QIgTs means, therefore; an increase of a pervading nature. 33. oo^ii A verbal sign denoting the present or the past tense. 34. 0^11 See 21. 35. oSsgs = The king. See 9 and 17. (Pali: ocoDGpO)D). 36. @6 = To see, notice, observe. 37. GooS^ii See 23. 38. cgjSii The gerundial sign, having an adverbial force ; it should be distinguished from ogiSii a sign of condition- ality. When the king observed the increasing influence and prosperity enjoyed by the heir-apparent. 39. c6s$?gii literally o8§ = an umbrella, Sf%% = a throne; S%Sf%% = kingship. A white umbrella is here referred to. It is one of the regalia of Burmese royalty. 40. c^ji See 28. 41. cra^cpoS = danger (Pali: aa^cpco). 42. d^ii See 21. 43. ^8S|5 — to be apprehensive of. 44. GQoSij^ii See 23. 45. GooDGg^S = a Telic Conjunction denoting a cause. He became anxious about the security of his kingship. 46. qSooDs = ^i8 (to love) -f odds (a child, son) : Beloved son ! Note that besides 3^ there is no special sign of the Vocative Case. The bare form of the noun, if it is in the singular, or with the plural sign, c^n if it is in the plural, is used to express this Case. 47. 035 = Thou, you. 48. oo^ii See 10. 49. g^ii See 6. 50. 9" Sign of the Ablative Case. 51. ooo5 = To go out of, leave, depart from, ( 86 ) 52. |ii See 24. 53. j.8coo5 = To be pleased. 54. Gp = A place; here used in the sense of a E,elative Pro- noun : ^5ooo5Gp33G^5 = j>8cco5oDgS33G[5ii Gp has the force of indefiniteness. 55. 33G|5 = A place. 56. §11 See 7. 57. G^ = To live, reside, remain. 58. GcoGODo — GOD + GODoii Either of these particles has the force of an order or command. My beloved son ! do you leave the kingdom and reside at any place with which you may be pleased. 59. c\ = First Personal Pronoun I. 60. cglii See 2. cg$ also means to die, i.e., to pass from one form of existence to another ; to pass away. 61. 911 This particle has the same force as cgSn co^oodco or oD^saol when ; but it is more intensive than either of these. 62. 33^ J = Pamily, race. 63. ^\ See 28. 64. ggo = Property. 65. chi See 59. 66. (^ji See 28. 67. 33Gg = Patrimony, inheritance. 68. @S = The verb to be ; is. 69. GODDii See 3. 70. ^c8s^,v?§ — Ggi means gold. See 39. Cp. ^pocScocB dur- ing the reign of a king. 71. c^ii See 21, 72. %(g^§ = To govern, rule. The root g?3 occurs also in c8S§@?sii and conveys the idea of permanency. 73. G^Sii This particle denotes that an action is to be per- formed in the absence of the speaker. When I am dead, take possession of the kingship, which is the patrimony (left to you) by me and your ancestors. ( 87 ) 74. cq denotes the conclusion of a direct narration, and cor- responds to the last set of inverted commas in English. 75. 338| = order 1 76. GooSa See 16 j A royal order or rescript. 77. ^ = To exist. 338|goo5^oo^ = (a king) speaks. 78. cgiSii See 38. 79. oSsoDDs = A prince. See 9 and 15. Note the absence of the Genitive sign in oSsoodsh the son of a king. 80. oD^s = The Copulative Conjunction and. This word is used after the second of the two persons mentioned especially in judicial writings. 81. 338|god5ii See 75 and 76. 82. (gc5 = excellent. This word is always used to qualify an sn8|Goo5ii 83. 0^11 See 21. 84. gsc85g^o5 — §2 the head; o85 the top; g^o5 to carry on the head. To bear a royal mandate on the head means to obey it. The modern form of the expression is gso85 00 o53o6§\o5c»^:i "When (the king) spoke thus, the prince bearing the royal mandate on his head. 85. §1! See 24. 86. gggii See 49 and 50. 87. coGcxiDoS — 00 is equivalent to ooS one ; goodoS is the numer- ative always used when human beings are spoken of. 88. oo^s = alone, solitary. 89. ogcSii See 51. 90. GODGooSii The gerundial sign used in an Adverbial sense. Departed from the kingdom alone. 91. 33og33C^5sii See 29 for the force of the particle saii ogoD^ = To arrange, to put in order; c^Ssoo^ = to measure. 33o5'33c^5sii in due course. Pali; sa^c^Gg^iiaaamgo^i 92. ootj^D = The river Jamna (Pali.) 93. @S = A river. ( 88 ) 94. oD(^g£p=rAn ocean, sea, river ; Pali : oDt^gu Sanskrit : oot^gii Tlie Burmese form of the word is derived directly from the Sanskrit. 95. c^ii Sign of the Plural number. 96. <^ji See 28. 97. 33cocS= middle. The sign of the Locative Case |ii ogSii ^dh or ooS is omitted after sacocSii 98. oDii See 87. 99. sjii A numerative used when no specific attribute is indi- cated. 100. Gcoou See 3. 101. gcod6(^ds- gcodS motmtain or hill ; ^:)S space between : gcx)d6(^di a valley. ogccpoSJ' (after reaching) is omit- ted after goddS^dsii 102. §11 See 7. 103. G$sp2o55s — G^Gp a place ; od&Ss a dwelling. 104. 8g^8=To prepare, make, form, construct. 105. f II See 24. In due course, (he arrived) at a valley surrounded by the Jam- na and other rivers, and having prepared a dwelling-place. 106. cjGOD=A hermit, anchorite, rishi. Pali: moSii Sanskrit: qc^ii 107. 33og5 = Appearance, condition, estate. 108. §6ii Sign of the Instrumentative Case. 109. GooD=A forest; here used in an adjectival sense. 110. co8o8s=: A fruit : co8 a tree ; o8s a fruit. 111. cd6cj — c^ means a swelling ; odSi^ denotes the tuberous roots of certain herbs. 112. c^i" See 95- 118. c^ii See 21. 114. gsodSc^^To carry; procure. goodSo^ is a phonetic coup- let in which gsodS is an obsolete member. gsodS how- ever, in the sense of to bring is still used in Arakan, Tavoy, and Mergui. 115. a^sG30DS=to eat; to subsist, d^i to use; goddS to carry. 116. cqjoSii Sign of the Progressive Tense. ( 89 ) 117. G§" See 57. 118. Goo(^ii (i and ccoci are assertive affixes denoting the con- clusion of a sentence as well as the past tense. Eemained there as a hermit, procuring forest fruit and herbs and subsisting on them. {Translation of the above passage.) In times past, King Brahmadat ruled the kingdom of Benares. At the time, (he) conferred the appointment of heir-apparent on his eldest son. When the king observed the increasing influence and prosperity enjoyed by the heir -apparent, he became anxious about the security of his kingship, and said : " My beloved son ! do you leave the kingdom and reside wherever you please ; but, when I have passed away, take possession of the kingship, which is the patrimony (left to you) by me and your ancestors." When the king had spoken thus, the prince, in obedience to the royal behest, departed from the kingdom alone. In due course, (he arrived) at a valley surrounded by the Jamna and other rivers ; and having prepared a dwelling-place remained there as a, hermit, procuring forest fruit and herbs and subsisting on them. II. d^ocoDsc^ii o3oc8G38oSsco8s@DscgSii gJoSgooDSGcooc^DsgcSc^t^ j.oqscgSs (g5s^Sg^iqGC(^c^(§oqio5ii cocc§c^q5ssj|Ssc^oSii GoTcsnggc^Goc^oSglc^ii ^c§ (SOOD^^SfSSlI cqgj^§C^5G33D8G0^il OCODOo5gCo5«^o53COOSI1 330g|c)q|s^GODO GCOdo5|DJGOOQ^81I clcS^OjJOcSSsil 0:joS6gyclolGlG;j]O^OOCX)DSa^330C|{^GOO(illO:j GpSGCODSg OCX)DC3)^ODq6sCX)^iI ^SQo5o£|aODo5c^^S OOODSG(yDGCX33^§8G„gGCoSi^ G(X)D33oloil33c8GO0533GCq]3o5ll[3o0GCOGCODO2Dg(gSs(gSl|£^CJ0c8oScODGa3DQGoSo ySsra:^" coo5(^^s|G[6gSs5>6(^^gDii Gccjj3SsGco5§sgii o5soo§s^gp$§iqgsodS C§CX)o5(§G00Sl^G O0(^ll (OO0DO)^C»O)Dc5gCo5QsO^[) 1. o^=that. See I, 13. 2. oco3s=a word ; also used in the plural number. 3. 0^11 See I, 21. 4. ;^oc8g98 = Sivalidevi. 5. Gcs=A ruler, king. See I, 79. 12 ( 90 ) 6. co8s = A daughter; also written c§siioSsc»as a Princess. See 1,79. 7. @Dg=To hear. 8. cgiSii See I, 38. When Princess Sivalidevi heard those words. 9. ^11 Demonstrative Pronoun this. See I, 85. 10. oSsii See I, 5. 11. ODDS — coDSii oD^oDDgii i^coDSii co^p are all contradistmctive affixes. 12. GCX)DO§)DS=:GODDo5cq|DSII a UiaU. 13. go5=Superior, excellent. See I, 82. 14. c^u Sign of the Nominative Plural. 15. i See I, 118. 16. 5.cqgog6?gSs = ^.oqs (the heart) + ogSs (to put inside) + §6gii (sign of the Verbal substantive) ; character, dis- position. 17. 5.5= Sign of the Instrumentative loith. 18. %^\ — (gG§ (to ^6 filled) + ({ (to be in pair, complete) ; re- plete with, endowed with, possessed of. 19. Goii Affix denoting the admission of, or the acquiescence in, a statement. 20. 411 See I, 118. 21. ojii See I, 74. This affix also denotes the self- communing of a person as in this case. (Pali : gJcBii) "This king is endowed with the disposition of excellent men." 22. (^=To intend ; to bear in mind. 23. ccjjoSii See I, 116. Bearing (this) in mind. 24. oooo§= Again. 25. c^=that. See I, 13. 26. oSsqjSs= An attendant on a royal personage ; a page. 27. 0^11 Sign of the Accusative Case. See I, 21. 28. o5=Even, very, same. c^oSscgSsoSu that very page. 29. GoT=To call. The object of the verb is understood. 30. cqgs— GqiiiGcoDiiggu are signs of order or command ; §s in this instance signifies repetition. ( 91 ) 31. aji. See I, 24. 32. Go=:To send, commission, depute. 33. o^o5u Signifies an action whose object is projected as it were, from the actor. Cp. odgos c^oSoo^ii to send a letter. 84. (q§ii When used as a verb means to return ; and when used as an affix means to repeat. 35. (^ji See I, 118. The same attendant was again sent (with the order) " call him agam. 36. ^c§GooD — ^ this ; o§ like ; godd adjectival sign ; like this, such. 37. *^s=:Means, way, manner. 38. g8» See 1, 108. 89. oDs= three ■) Ar\ roc i.- t three times. Three is a sacred number. 40. (cgS=time ) 41. c^6G33DS=:till (Preposition). 42. Goii See II, 32. 43. §11 See I, 24. 44. o=Sign of negation or prohibition. Op. Pali : odii 45. coD=To come. 46. cooSgodS.) same as ^ooSn godgod5ii See I, 90. When he did not come, though sent for, in this manner, for the third time. 47. ^i: See II, 36. 48. oSs,! See II, 5. 49. ooDsii See II, 11. 50. sscgl — 3311 a particle ; og^ to pass,, exceed, surpass : very, exceedingly. 51. a^§s— Glory, power. 52. ^11 See I, 77. 53. GC30DII See II, 3. 54. GcoDo^^sii See II, 12. 55. Goii See II, 19. 56. oD^sii This particle is assertive and denotes the conclusion of a sentence. It differs from (iiiGco^" ^<^, or gcocx^^c^h ( 92 ) in that the idea of a sudden emotion, wish, or acquies- cence is involved in it. 57. cl = I. 58. cS = sg to draw. 59. ^11 See I, 24. The particle here has an illative force. 60. cq\\ Third Personal rronoun; may be used either in the Masculine or Peminine gender. 61. oil See II, 44. 62. c8Ss = To incline. 63. a;{ii See II, 60. 64. o8Ss = To take possession of. Cp. c8s^5so8Ssg$sii 65. 5 = When. See I, 61. It has the force of contradis- tinction also and may he construed as the adversative conjunction hut. 66. cl = I. 67. "1 = To go with, to be drawn towards. 68. -G[ii Literally means to obtain ; sign of obligation, compul- sion. 69. Gqjii Euphonic particle having the same force as goh See II, 19. 70. o^ii Sign of the Euture Tense. 71. coodds = Indeed. 72. a^ii See 11, 21. 73. 330^ = 33 (nominal particle) -j- cx^j (to take) ; belief, view, opinion. 74. ^11 See I, 77. 75. Goac^ii See I, 118. (The princess) was of opinion (and said to herself) : " This king is indeed possessed of great glory. When I (tried to) draw him, he would not be drawn ; but if he takes possession of me, I shall have to go -with (him)." 76. c^cpjGcoDSs = o^sps a Buddha; gcosSs an embryo : a Bo- dhisatta. Cp. oSsgcodSs =^ A pretender. oSsocjjD =z A claimant to a throne. 4.§8cxj|D = An heir to a throne. ( 93 ) 77. ooDDOi^oo = Mahajanaka. 78. oSsii See II, 5. 79. 00^11 See I, 10. 80. j^8«c^ — <^i (as in gsoD^ii j^sod^i or gs^googS to control, supervise) ; oo5 (from Pali : ?»»© or sawg a noble, minister) ; a hybrid denoting a minister. 81. o£|c»Do5 = An assembly. Pali: o£|oodi Sanskrit: o^cgSii As the word is derived directly from the Sanskrit its etymological form should be o^ooSii 82. c^ii See II, 14. 83. ^-S — Copulative Conjunction with. 84. oooDSu See II, 2. 85. gQd = To speak, converse. 86. GcoD = To speak in a formal manner as in delivering a dis- course, sermon, or lecture. 87. f " See I, 24. 88. (§SG§ = To be tired of or cloyed with. 89. GooS/j^ii See I, 23. 90. GooDii See I, 3. 91. S3sl II See I, 4. It was only when the embryo Buddha, King Mahajanaka, had tired of conversing with the ministers and the assembly (of people). 92. 03 c^ = Wish, desire, free-will. 93. GooSii See I, 16. 94. 33GC(5i3o5 = According to ; uninfluenced by any external agency. Cp. sdgcxjjdoSoddoodii of one's own will or accord. That he, according to his own will. 95. gcoGco = natural. Pali : ooo^n Sanskrit : goD^ii The vo- calic element in goo is an instance of gunation. 96. GODDii See I, 3. 97. ogDsgSs = apt (to go) + §Ss (sign of the Verbal sub- stantive) ; gait, manner of walking. 98. gSn ;S'eeI, 108. and, with his own natural gait. 99. Ggi = Gold. See II, 70. ( 94. ) 100. 9 = a cave. Pali : c^codh The word is pronounced cq and is apparently of purely Burmese origin ; but in order to impart to it a classic appearance this form has been adopted by the Burmans. Cp. 33c^§ top, from QC9q;ii cjs a gourd, from sscoDtjn 101. o = Entrance. 102. o§ = To, towards ; Preposition of direction. 103. o6 = To enter. 104. COD = To come. 105. GooDii Adjectival sign. See I, 3. 106. §Gc^= = A lion. Pali : oScxdii Sanskrit : Sinha. 107. oSs = A king. See II, 5. 108. c^o§ = Like, as. 109. oo^(og^ =: Pirm, steadfast. 110. §iG|8 = Brave, courageous. 111. gSsii Sign of the Verbal substantive. 112. j>5ii Sign of the Instrumentative Case. 113. 4^§3 == 4 (^0 b® i^ pair, complete) + ^ (to be even) + g3ii (adverbial sign) ; replete or endowed with ; pos- sessed of. 114. Go^DSsGooSgs r= gccjjdSs (to rccline) + gcoS (honorific affix) + §s (first, foremost) : the audience-hall in an oriental palace, which occupies the foremost and most prominent position. 115. 911 Sign of the Ablative Case ; from. 116. o5soo8s = A princess. 117. ^ = To be, to exist, to be present. See II, 52. 118. Gp = A place. See I, 54. 119. ^^sogoodS = Sf^t (a palace) + o (main, chief, central) -f gsodS (a building, apartment) ; the main or central apartment of a palace. 120. c§ii See II, 103. 121. oooSg = ooo5 (to go up, ascend) + g (to lift up) ; to ascend. 122. GcoS^ii See II, 89. 123. ocDciii See I, 118. ( 95 ) Like a lion-king entering tlie entrance of its golden cave, he was possessed of firmness and courage in going from the audience- hall to the central apartment of the palace, where the Princess was. {Translation of above passage). When Princess Sivalidevi heard those words, she surmised that the king, was endowed with the disposition of an excellent man, and again sent the same attendant for him. When he did not come, though sent for three times in this manner, the Princess said to herself : " This king is, indeed, a prince of great might and power. When I tried to draw him, he would not be drawn ; but if he takes possession of me, I shall have to submit to him." It was only when the embryo Buddha, King Mahajanaka, had tired of conversing with the ministers and the assembly (of people) that he, of his own free will, and with the firmness and courage of a lion-king entering its golden cave, left the audience-hall and went to the central apartment of the palace, where the Princess was. APPENDIX II. PETITIONS. Petition (i). 33GG|SGCo5^Soa3DO$5[SG(X)So6«§SOgc5GOo53300$Ds5ogD|lS • coGpso c(y|ii 0qGpSC^|GCoBcOSpg3cQ$ODll0g)?GCX>5l^S33GoTc^SGp0-COo5c{59-9O0-33G[ll G(gcb|§ ^c5^6o|g0ODo5oSs ^SGCoSoO g|GOSGCX5D 8G[6g[o5o^ OOGOODOOJ^II oSs °tI°I1 o^j^SccoSoSs^t ^SGooS^oSaoajjoGpii qSsOODOqolGCODG^DSlI G33Do5ol 33q|o5^DS33G[ll33(ySgq]§8O0DC|533O0$D3O05GGpo5dlcO^0:{GpSII Oil l|Ogj$GODS(^SCOo5ooSG02^GCOD |D20O^|l CO^gll C^SC^OOIISSO^SGg 98 j;>6oo5o^G[Gcx)D |3s(g5dloD^ii ^so^GcpSsoDSoD^ ooGpgc^^S g^DigSoo^ c^oo8 GODOG(^DSllgJDO;j(^SGgj^ll0^o5cD^GODD330^SjSooSa;[OloO^II J II n^saj^G^DSs oS^qjoSjiSii ogj|Gco5oo5a^oD^ajj^ii cocpso^cwcxj^so G^DoaS^Sdlii oo8^oo58^^|.Sii ODSjq]GOSGooDGcoDS 30600^11 gSscx)|cgolGOOD G^DSliq]§8C03G^$33D3?iDSDoSGGpo5oloO^CCqi8(JiSGCo55[ScX)3So^€pSll g^oD = Burma. |6c = A pronnce. 33gg[sgodS^Socodo$5)Sgco5oSs(^s = The Chief Commissioner; 33gg^s = affairs (political) ; gtoSii an honorific affix ; QS = to possess, to be empowered ; oood = Pali maha = great ; o§ = a bur- den ; 5^5 = a possessor ; oSs = an administrator, a ruler, a king; gs = great; o^ScooSoSsgi =; a Commissioner., (^(£god5 =: The Supreme Court. 33oo^D85ii — oo^Ds§5? = Pity, compassion ; hence sacxa^DsS = pray- ing for clemency. (^3 or aac^D = a paper, petition. ooGpsc^ = a plaintiff, complainant ; oocps = justice, oQ = to de- mand. 13 ( 98 ) cDqDjS = A defendant ; cocpg = justice ; 5 = to suffer, to receive. co3^ = Feminine of cooepS) (Pali ekaraja) = an empress. oc^'^^Sa =z Feminine of cxjsiS = a queen. c^cpj = An honorific a&x used in addressing high personages. cg^ =z Name of a man. fg? = A slave. og^GcoS^s (<^) = My. 33GoTcg5 = On. GpQjooc^ = The Penal Code. c^So = A section (of the Code). 33G| = Under, according to. • cgobii Name of a town in the Thayetmyo district. ^ = A town, ^c^ii A territorial division. Q5 = Having jurisdiction. o$GCD3o5oSs = Assistant Commissioner ; o$ := a burden, gosdoS = to support, to assist, oSs = an administrator. ^oS^So^GooDoSoSs 1= A Subdivisional Officer. ^s = A Court. CO = From. q]G08 = Given, passed ; g = down, go§ = to give. GOOD = 00^ = The relative pronoun which. Sg^S^oS = A decision, judgment, c^ = To (sign of the accusative case). ooGODDocxj = To disagree, to disapprove, to be dissatisfied with ; oDGooo = Wish, will, o = a negative prefix, cxj = to be equal to. ^11 The causative as. oSsoj^sii The headquarters of the Minbu district or division. |d5 = In. saojjo = To appeal. Gp = When ; an adverb of place used as an adverb of time. qSsooD = Happiness, redress. (^ = To obtain. ol 11 An affix of courtesy or of polite request. cc»oG(raD§ = Because. ( 99 ) 633DoS = Below. 61 = To be mentioned, written, included. 309jo5 = Point. cj]3Sii Plural affix. oagSii Here stands for QSacoSu punishment. 9 = Prom. ql = In order to. oS = To enter. GGpoS = To arriye. oooS = The hand. otS = In. Gcg = To meet, to find. ^ = To exist. §.D8 = A bullock. cG^siic^sii Names of men. c^ii Plural affix. 0011 A preposition of direction. 33o^s = Price, value. eg = Silver. Gg 98 = 40 rupees. J.S = With. oc5 = To buy- a;} = To obtain. ooScx^ = To buy. Gi = To obtain (here by purchase). §8 = To steal. GcpSi = To sell. CDS = To eat. GGpSsoDg = To sell (and enjoy the proceeds of the sale). 08 = To know. g^Docj^gs = Village headman : a^ = village, oj = 03 = man, = great. Ggi = Before. o^c5oo?GooD = Adequate. m<^ = crjii Denotes the termination of an oratio obliqua. • co^8 = Also. ( 100 ) cgDd^ = Say. 8 = A verbal affix implying inadvertence, misadventure, or the admission of a fault or crime. ^g = Merely. oDJ} = Now. GOODSaoS = Prison punishment = imprisonment. gSioo^ = Severe, eg = Very. Gaj]scj>iSGODS5i5 = JSenef actor. oDoS = Lord. Translation of Petition (i). To The Chief Commissioner or Burma. The humble petition of Nga Pyan. Being dissatisfied Tvith the judgment passed on him under sec- tion 411 of the Indian Penal Code, by the Subdivisional Magistrate, Myedfe, he preferred an appeal in the Court of the Commissioner of Minbu, but failed to obtain any redress. Petitioner, therefore, approaches the Chief Commissioner for clemency. The bullock found in petitioner's possession was purchased by him from Nga Po and Nga Mo for Rs. 40. Not knowing that it was stolen property he bought the animal in the presence of the village headman giving an adequate price for it. The complainant could not say that, petitioner purchased the animal with the knowledge that it was stolen property. Petitioner submits that for merely buying it unwittingly the present sentence of imprisonment passed on him is very severe. Petitioner, where- fore, prays for clemency. (Signed) Nga Pyan. ( 101 ) Petition (2). GgD5g@g^c6^So§GOODo5GOo5«6s^8GOD5coglDo5c2Dll OOgSs}ll i^OOOOGpi^|,olo5 gll coGpsa co^sgodS cgoSsgl^ qSiii Oq^O^SGg J908 C^G^C^J^Il oqcpsogj^GODScjoSSj^G^cxj^cxj^co^SoqcS^^saaSi^SGooB 60I cx>^a:jGpsii on ii33ooo5330^olooGpgo cc^sgodSod^ii o jgSqu^cx^^cooo^g 2 '°l"^s% Og8llOgj?GOQ5o6llc8llOgSsoSg||G008CXj5(^DSC^IIGg OOoSo^g Oo5aj^gsG$3o5ll^|sG[oS cqjGGpoScxD^saoliiog ao8 GosGqii Gg 908 a5j.|l^o|GQD5sii qSsG^DoS clsGJqDoS clso^8sa^$4jDS|>5 qj[oo"lsm3Sc^Gg joo8 G^gooSoooSo^g^Gpii qSsCXJ^C^SGgODS joo8^6« 330oo5oq?c^s cq^cg ;5o8ol(i j>SG|5Gg j?o8 c^oocolSsoo^s ^oqSii GCOdSsS^00^3331iI GOSGq)&^§ll OCJ^GGpSg g(§59o6 ODSJ[533GOO 33Sj)0 q^Ss^OOoS yoSGqgc^sSo^olGf^DSsu Jll llCjSsG43o5G|o5o033GOD5(^3(gSll 023gGGpo5GODDSsG[5sGpllOG080Gq]c8§S G^jdS 8g^o1oO^J>S|I OOS^ OJ^OKJll ola^CO CqjGGpCTSgil C33[^533CO^g O^DgGGpoS G0035sq§gepliq5gOq$0^gGg(^DgC^OGOSOGg^£3^gjll33CX)£g^OGgDd^olG(^D6fll c^(c^Sol^ii 330oo533s^o1cc^sgod6c^ii ooSGoToBcaog gcdSijjoI^n a^^oSgGg J9o8(jjDgC^G|^olG33D5ll 3o8^„9cO^ OOoSoCO^DSGOoSl^olo^ 33g(^dSs^^S338g|S GooS 6oloogSoqep8ii gbdSc^sojoSii GgDSsgll The headquarters of the Myaungmya district, ^00 = Original (Palij. COGpS^ = A civil suit. 09? = Goods. ^ = To obtain,' to recover. ^ = To wish. OjloDgS = A trader. co^sajc8ii Name of a person. §i^^ = To worship. ( 102 ) 3d8(^SgO0Bo = To receive a decision. ^oq^ii Name of a montli corresponding to June. ODOO^S = Waxing moon. S = Oil. ogSsoSs = An areca or betel-nut. Gajs = Tobacco. (XfS = A bundle. G^DoS = After. q^iGfS — An appointed day. cqjGGpoS = To arrive, to fall. 330l = When. eg = To settle, to satisfy a demand. cq]^ = To remain. C1SC§DC£ — Dried fish. clso^Ss = A species of carp (here smoked fish of that va riety is meant). m. = Wheat. ools = Grain ; paddy, unhusked rice. ooSo := In addition to ; again. §^ = A verbal aflEix denoting repetition. cp = When. qSs or co^! sgoddSs = This. GgOoS = Amount of money due. ol = Including. ciS = Item. j.Sg|5 = Two items. CDGolSsOD^S = Together. goqS = To make. goddSss^ = To ask, to demand. gQSSoS" Transliteration of " On demand." oDq|[S = A deed, instrument. G(35SoSoDg|^5 = A promissory note. 33GOD33qD = Duly, propcrly, in order. q||5a^ = To execute (a document). C006505 = A signature. Gqsc^s = To sign. ( 103 ) po$ = To undertake. 33GooS = Considerable. (33@S = Lapse of time. GcosSsG^Ss = To demand. c8§8G5^d8 = To shun, avoid. j.6 = odQS = goodg^dS = As. 33(cg533oo^i= Stringently. saooSj = Wilfully, forcibly, sjs) = To resist. c§@8ol§ = Therefore. sx)6goT = To summon. oSgsos = To examine. g33dS = In order to. 33% = Order. §00^11 Transliteration of "decree." oDoSo = To help, to assist. oo^DS = To pity. Translation of Petition (2); IN THE COUET OP THE SUBDIVISIONAL OEEIOER, MYAUNGMYA. Civil ■R^bgtjlab No. 9 op 1896. Nga Po Tok, trader, Bassein . . . Plaintiff. Nga Po Maung, trader, Myaungmya ... Defendant. Suit for the recovery of Es. 2,800, being the amount dae for the value of goods sold. The humble petition of Nga Po T6kj trader, Bassein. Respectptjllt showeth — 1. That on the 7th waxing of Nayon 1256, B.E., the above- mentioned Nga Po Maung bought of petitioner oil, betel-nut, and bundles of tobacco to the value of Rs. 1,000, but paid Ss. 700 only on the day appointed for payment. Subsequently he further pur- chased Rs. 2,000 worth of dried-fish, smoked-fish, and wheat, and when petitioner demanded payment of this sum and the balance ( 104 ) of Es. 300 preyioTisly remaining, or a total of E-s. 2,300 in all, he duly executed a promissory note undertaking to pay the amount on demand. 2. After the lapse of a considerable time, payment was demand- ed, when the said Nga Po Maung avoided meeting the demand, and on making a stringent demand last Wazo, he stubbornly re- fused to pay the money. Petitioner, wherefore, humbly prays that Nga Po Maung may be summoned and examined, and that a decree for the said Es. 2,300 may be passed in petitioner's favour. (Signed) Maung Po T6k. Petition (3). g50D^ScGCo5c^3:j5^s8G[SG00S^GC0DOC0DO^5jSGCo5QSs@S COoS(XjSpS^5GODS^o5GCq|3o6aDD3Q^|l r GQdB'TicS ^g50^SoDODo333G^c:^68G^ll GCgJDoScXiJ ...jOCDoS CjSsil {_co55^5coo8Q6g(go5[^ta:^epsii ='J33^il'S,^^Ssii t^ggo^Sii ooJ^Sg^OG^ ocjoDDSa;;i=gg goToSodqoSooii c-o's 90011 33C§SC»S Gg 903 J.S GqsGg §11 Jf^Gg 908 C^ £)C^GgD6? J.61I COGpSC^ ^^Gp GolSga^jSoSs^SGOoSogSoosps^Gpii qSscoGpsd|^qo533qii ooli ^ooc^ gosgo8gjS qjo6o:5oloD^ii O9]gsG^3o502]?GC05c^SCOII 33o8c833g§g§§G|6q]c6cq) Oolsi^DEC^ GOS335GpllCDGp?C^COOa^oll'qS'03Gpgc^oa^C0^33C^o5i!|g3;^So88C^ jgSc^5c^8 rg^GcoSc^s GcgDoScoDSSpii q5?cocpg gc»;^ j>8yDu8ii ^oq^ ODao^g 7 sjoSc^m ^^ocqcgjSii ogo§G|8qc6,o (§g[§SgG0G|Of£ii (^a^SoSgoo 338?,GQS§gG^Do5ii 9 03 GCO0cS\^0<^\\ (§3q533Co8co|"ll qSg33^ci^33^Coijgo:j5coepS§a^g^Gpil GOgGO§£]8 g^olcx:^!! 8Gi8[§gG§Do5 cg$G00Sc^gaD0o|S§)ll Go5oDg8[§33GqS^8o6s^«„GOD5 O2833a;]G00S5Gpil (§3^8088 §£l8qo533C^SgGOgG0338|qG08GODDG(o}DSll 33m| ^S^DCgOD^gSol^ll 33518 C038@S OCJ^^pSCX)!! G33Da5^5Q8g 33^C^ ®?g|l'^St^DSC^ GCODSsOjg^glGCoSi^ggajjSli 00GpgC^y^OD^Qp§L,olGlG33DS C§SC^oSGp33g)8c038 §5o'l§ll33X)^DSGCoS3GC51Do5qg3GGlSODDSCOo5og68olc0^llGoqig(fS5^SoOo8QSs(So5 (^SOqGpSlI Sll ( 105 ) Translation of Petition (3). To The Chief Commissioner of Burma. The humble petition of Maung Pet, Ma Thet, and Nga San Hla, of Kamathi-ashe kioin village, Martaban (Amherst district). Respectftjllt showeth — That in 1255 B.E., Goolam Mahomed, a native of India, resid- ing in Kadaing village, Martaban, sued petitioners for the re- covery of 300 baskets of paddy, valued at E.s. 405, and a debt of E,s. 5, or a total of Rs, 410, in the Court of the Myook, Paung. The Myook accordingly ordered the delivery of the 300 baskets, and, in compliance therewith, petitioners repeatedly offered to deliver the paddy in instalments. The plaintiff, however, refused to take delivery, and petitioners twice represented his conduct to the Township Officer. The Township Officer thereupon passed orders to the effect that, if the plaintiff failed to take delivery of the paddy by the 7th waxing of Nayon of the same year, the decree should be deemed to have become null and void. About four months after this, on the arrival of a new Township Officer, the plaintiff sued petitioners de novo and obtained a similar decree. Being thus aggrieved petitioners preferred an appeal in the Court of the Deputy Commissioner, Moulmein, but the Deputy Commissioner confirmed the Township Officer's judgment. Petitioners, wherefore, pray that the proceedings of the lower Courts may be called for and perused, and that justice may be shown to them. Petition (4). 33O^GD^gH5o|^800oSoqop8g?G0o5ll0GgSqil33g^G00ScOo5 GODG^D^IolcS gll 33^0g5ll ||oSc^5sO$5^8G005o5s@S^grDII OOgS^II GOD3^D5J^o1c6 9 J.Sq] 14 GC ( 106 ) 5CoSo8s^Sqyc8GODD338|j>8ll G33Do5^So5s338|8G[Sqo£ll ?.C^3C^o"l^llGO0DSgCXj) ^^£Oc5i5)o5QS3o5g|^II 33OD^3SQO060O05d1OD^il GGqjSlJSGOoS J^SoooSoSsgoS j^gocjopsii (g6?C^GOOD33qjo5ll Oil llgJsa^JOgSlI 33gSsQ8 C^8sg[^OD^ 33^SG[^£ y|oD^ 33C:^8glICn|bGODD «) j,5gco3o5oOo^ii oj5Gqj>8o^8ii c^^goo5<^s coo5^ cxjSc^Sii sag^coSs good8q GOODG(gOD4)DSOo85JDS^^II CO^} j>830o5cOo5aq5c^5GCX)D OoScj]DSGolo5GCpo5glg8s gilC|Ss33oS(^D8j.ScOCgll SsgoSOjJC^C^ GSaDoS^jSC^DSOOgGO ^c8o85sG02(g8s00^1l 33 g§GC05 9 |olc8 gCIG0C,i5o J 3 5.S1I 4,^SgOG3330^S Jll C^Sq 90 33G| OC^oS 0$D OD^3302o5ll^S$DOG|oloD^ll jii ii33oooS^§GO Gosc^cr5oD^co8g8olcgi6ii o^o5o(^8§oo8ajs^ OcS5[D8 ^oScBSsgSsc^ cogSsogOTii ^8o§ coglGcoS cgcgGGaDS oo5sg^o5cxjjc^ii gjracg a^8JjSG'33DSocq5c^o5G(g3Ssg8l C^olcNqjoSll G33Do5^S38l(^ 03(^03 SJGODD^oSsgS G@d8sCX)^ 33Gqs0a;{gcO^3302O?ll OoSqioSoDSoloO^II ogegoS G33Do5i^S33Q (^(^D8C^GD|olcS 9011 OOGp§GpO)Oc5^4]DSC^oSQa088G[SoD^OIOc8c33Sp^C^ GODSo8^8GOq§g003ll OgOII IICOGpS£pO)Oc8^(jjDSC^ oSg30s8g[cGOO^II GpOCj^SJ.6 OCJGCOdSs QgcoS^ OD^II5flOo533Gp^C^33$o5lia3Gp8^|>Sd^5o0^33Sp^C^^D»oSGOs8Sj5GO<^^nQgD?8 ^5s§:)SOD^gD^(^3sg8ll33gDSgD^i^DSyDll^o5;ooep8000DS(^D8C^o8GOs8G[8o^ll 33^ OO^Sg^GOOdSc^ OODGGpo5G(yD3^GCglDo5o038 CX)gSc^DS0^C0^8 O0o5oOGOG[ll GOoS o8S8GOO^II llGpO)OoS5^jS3^SoD^335p^C^g3lia^sgo58q5G[|ggD$8^5sg3SOO^ gD$(^Ds(ySin3(gDsg3^(^os^Dii cpO)Oo5^c^8^5a^sQo5o^ii GpaooB^gScc^saoSSsii GC^3o5 0038^3^ OO^C^ CO o56^ll33^J|^58O0£8C^gDSG33D8o0§sd88oSGOSGOQ^II qcSxiU iiC^cSgOoSi: ^8GODSl^3SOg8llgGcglDo5|Jo0^33^oQsoQo5§330g8sil330 C»^:^q8§0^II CXDSpSGpthOcS o6gX)s8g[8oD^ JJSaoSsaSp^C^ 33 0gD833GGpC^II ou 33G033C2cSo8|IGOdSc8$8GOO^iI ODo8cX)a IIGpO^SjiS 0:jG00D8s(yG005i^^ ODGp8GpO)Oo5^C^D8C^ oSgS0s8g|Sod^ 33O2S8ll33^OD^C§0OGO80D^3g)Gg33CX)^33cS5oOo5^COo5oOa^SCOo5Ga0064)D8C^ 33038330^0811003808^8000^11 ooj^u iiooGpsqpO)OcS^i;jl3Sc§ a^sgcSSqS aoSa^eioo^ j^socS 33Gp^c§53ii 335^O3^C§052^Gg 8?OCqi3c5 33do^33c85g8scg)|3SCOo5^03o5ogg30g^2t^380^ 33GGpS8330o533Gq|S33gls0^llG038d8^8GOO^Il ogoH iic^oSgcoS ^sgcoS (;^3g(^8ii (y^cxjfc^ 03epscpQ)Oo5^tj|3sc^ raGogjsoS GOSl^:i 3D8|GO0Sgo5^S S§003SO3^ 338|GajSG^C^gSll Ggl^GODDSg CXJ'SojC^^Dll sSSspgD^^Sj^sGOoSocSGCoSc^ooii COGp8©gCOo5cgS8Cq)8^3SCO^O;|^C^G^SqoSll o5 385cOo55c£G08335cOGcg3o5Gg3£^GS036g^o5GOO^II COQII I13384gOd5g|C^J>S|I o5s85cOC^go5G^aj G^GSX)3Sc§y31l ODOOoSsS^OO^ C^CDII3D^Gg33^Ga338g[o5GOi^|G[6gg8g$£^03o55@Sgil CQOOo5G§a;^SGg3Ss33G§D 333^330033833 g^o5a|^llG03So8§8GOO^II oomoit iioDCps cpo)OoS^(^38c:^ aoSs^oSsojGG^sgoB gG0TG|C0^ 03GG[80qSc8 53ll^o'8833Gajj3oSc(g8GgG003689G[| ^OD^(^32C^ll §g3|8^SsgDSOODSOO^ gOGs ( 110 ) (a) CHAPTER II, 7, page 40. Mules for the guidance of Ministers and other Officials acting as Judges. 1. No Judge appointed for tlie administration of civil or criminal justice shall take cognizance of, or deal with, any case not belonging to the department under his control. 2. While a case is pending in the Hlutdaw or Yondaws, the Judge shall not visit or send men to the houses of the parties. 3. The Judge shall not, during his incumbency, receive bribes from litigants, in the shape of gold, silver, cloth, or other property animate or inanimate. 4. The Judge shall have no business transactions with litigants {lit. buy and sell, lend and borrow gold, silver, precious stones, cloth, horses, cattle, and other property animate and inanimate). 5. Besides the duly licensed advocates, only such law-agents shall be allowed to practise in the Courts as are conversant with the Dhammathats, and are selected and appointed by the Heads of departments. 6. The licensed advocates and law-agents shall not, when en- gaged by one party, act for the other party. 7. The Judge shall see that the clerks and peons receive no more than the fees prescribed in the table of costs. (Chap. II, 5.) (b) ocqggD$sii(oo) o ycSiii^o5j.D|,olo5 gjii 5?i§^'=l|s332S03G^D050Do5ll(yS0gG0l6sil8^O?8llC0^8llGgsC»$ g^DGgsCcSs@SC^^^8o3GO0Sg§Co£c^D|| on iioqepsrg^GcxjS q^^^^g^^qssoS sog^ocSoocSw @SogGol5sii8|o?siico?8ii Ggsoo^goGgscoSsgs ccooSn cgcoGc^sn ca^SGOii coodg^ii cqSog^SGaGolSsol ( 111 ) G(§SOD|§^Daj|^SC^GoTll CX;{GOODS8(^GC»B(^OD^GOq]S(j^SCOgDGO05[^c8c^aC003o5n G(§S§[3C^S^o5c^Gg3Sls 900 GCqiSj>SG616|>G£pS80D?ll aoSSGiOODS02J?COD5^SC§ OaGoTogSllGgoSls 0008 GO^S^^ gGOOsSsODSO^Il GCqS g^DJiSQa^SajjCOJ^loOII CXjJ d^^Sso^s^5oo5iio5oG|5^6G33D6(ycq5ii 33Sg§o;j}g$oo§co^o5o§ clyoSsG^ogoS 03D811GCqiS§^Dqio5^3S^S^Do5o^Sll 330^SGCo5oqo5GCqj0^olG030G^jSll 338|gOoB gOGS^DSC^ Cq||[?Cll G^SGg^^^GODDSsODSaj^ll CXJC^^SgO^S S5oo6(ycC|5cXJ C^GoTll C^oS^oSc^GOGolSocXj^ COo|c^j>8ll g^Gpj^SsCoSgolcjO^ 33G^3Ssll5§jODolgGCo5^o5G30Do5^^So5GCoSgscoSoloO^OqGpSII g§Og^G0811 o J 93^11 olGo1SoD(y^Gcq)5 1 g[o5g%,|o5^cx)doooS§ii c^oSgooSgGdoS^d GGpSu^OgSlI O^J^SgOoS OOoSc^Ss^038 GOD^CjSo? oSs^SU GCODSgS^ ODSQ5g^8Jols8|qio5llO$GOODo5GOo5^800D8§OD8o6s^o5ll G^(q^G|^G33DSQS80§GOSqjr>5ll ODjgGpS) OJ93SJI100$SCSODSt}|8COSO^S 2G[o5g%I) £g§^G|$G33DS[gSs0^oS8gs OODDoSsOD5o8§i^gg001iqc75ll G@scn?g^DG^ii Gg8CoSs@Scgo5GG[gll COOC^ilCsS? GOIIC£ll QSso|oDGl^S COcB ooSn ( 112 ) (b) CHAPTER TVfaJ, 1, page 92. Petition of Nga Myat Yo, Nga So Pe, Nga Ta Yb, and Nga Chit Tun, Kyedangyis * of the Pyinzigaung, Seinban, Kanzi, and Kyegan villages, respectively, of the Shwe- pyiyanaung,t Anauklet township, — E,ESPECTPTJLLY SHOWliXH — That Nga Nyan Baw, the Kyegan Ywathugyi,* has abused his position, and, in violation of his oath of allegiance to His IMajesty, has mortgaged his thugyiship for a sum of Pts. 300 odd, levied over Es. 1,000 in excess of the laAvful demands ; and that Xga. Than, the mortgagee, who is an outsider, has oppressed the people. Petitioners, therefore, pray that the said Nga- Nyan Baw and Nga Than may be legally proceeded against. Order recorded by the Moda Wundauk. Institute an enquiry. (Sd.) KiNWUN MiNGYI. Taunggwin Mingyi. Hlttdaw : A The 7th loanl'tifj Wagaunrj 1345. > (25th August 1883.) J Deposition of Theikdi Ponnaka, the Shwepyiyanaung Myin- w^un, dated 9th Avaning Tazaungni6n 1245 (25th Novem- ber 1883). With reference to the above petition, I sent for the Thugyi as directed by the Hlutdaw. I find that he has absconded. Nga Than, the mortgagee, who has taken the Thugyi's place, is not ap- proved by the people. They are insubordinate to him and do not perform their duties satisfactorily. The thathameda and other matters connected with Kyega,n village ^vill, therefore, be placed in the hands of the Kyedan^^yi and Ywathugyis. The village elders recommend for the appointment one Nga Thaw, who is re- * The Kyedangyi is the headman of a village. The Ywathugyi is the headman of an important Tillage or a group. of villages. f Name of a cavalry regiment. ( 113 ) presented as a true hereditary claimaBt and a Shwepyiyanaung abmudan. ogoo^sn 9gc)5iii^o5^D|olc5 03911 Gg^SCO 0^333 l!^IIG308c8s33OQ0§SII cG|$cx>Ssiioc5«8so5c^GcgiDo5^o5ii 9^c8ll IIG§|S03C^3 GSOIO^S33^ CX>§SCG[$CoSsil OoSo8oo5c^ll q|o5ll Ogj^GOoSo CX)Scg^8O0o53G3OSC^833^0oS5ll Cj^jOS^SCX)^!! 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Petition of ahmudan Nga Yan Lin, of the Yweletya regiment, and his sister-in-law Mi Ket. States on oath that Nga Shwe Bein, of the said regiment, and hushand of Mi Ket, served with the Monfe column under Nga Set, ea-'-Myook oE Tantahin. While so serving the ea;-Myo6k seized Nga Shwe Bein's property and murdered him. Petitioners, where- fore, pray that the said e.i-Myook Nga Set may he legally pro- ceeded against in the Hlutdaw. Examination of accused, dated 11th waning 1st Wazo 1245 (20th June 1883). I DO not know whether the man, Nga Shwe Bein, mentioned in the petition of Nga Yan Lin and Mi Ket was a Yweletya ahmu- dan or not. When I was ordered to serve with the Mone column, ( 116 ) I bought Mm for Rs. 70 as a personal slave under a bond and took him away with me to Mone. Arrived there, Nga Yan, a Natsuletwfe ahmudan, who Avas in charge of the transport bul- locks, complained to me that Nga Shwe Bein had stolen some of the animals. Nga Shwe Bein was accordingly sent for and ex- amined. He admitted the complaint and added that he had sold them. Over 10 bullocks were stolen and a few had already been recovered, when, while demanding * the recovery of the re- mainder, Nga Shwe Bein unfortunately succumbed. I did not take any property belonging to him. Okdbr eecobded by the Nyatjngwun Wtjndal'e:. In order to ascertain whether the deceased Nga Shwe Bein met his death at the hands of the e^-Myo6k while he was forcibly demanding the recovery of the bullocks stolen from the hands of Nga Yan, the Natsuletwe ahmudan, let Nga Yan and the Thenat Saye, who was with the Mone column, be summoned and examined, and resubmit with their depositions. (Sd.) KiNWUN MiNGTI. Taunggwin Mingyi. Taingda Mingyi. Hlutdaw : -N Dated 4ih waning 1st Wazo 1345. > C23rd June 1883.) J Deposition of Nemyothurakyawthu, Natsuletwe Thenat Saye, dated 12th waning 1st Wazo 1245 (1st July 1883). The Shwehlan Bo, who was commanded to march against the ex-^ionh Sawbwa, ordered that each amhudan should be supplied with three baskets of rice, and that each thwethauk should have a bullock to carry the rice. The c.i--Myo6k of Tan- tabin, who was the Tatbo, supplied the bullocks and gave them in charge of Nga Yan. When the e^^-Myook's man Nga Bein sold some of the animals, Nga Yan came and made a report to me first, and, because Nga Bein was not an ahmudan, I directed Nga * Accompanied of course with blows. ( 117 ) Yan to go and complain to the ex-Mjook, his master. I heard from the ahmudans afterwards that when Nga Yan made his com- plaint, the ex-Mjo6k punished his man with death. Deposition of Nga Yan, Natsuletwfe ahmudan (same date). I WAS entrusted by the Tatbo, Thenat Saye, Tathmu, and thwe- thauks, with the keeping of 10 bullocks. Eight of these were taken and sold by Nga Bein and I reported the matter to the Thenat Saye. I was directed to complain to Nga Bein's master and I did so. Bond executed by Nga Bein and Mi Ket, produced by the eo^-Myook of Tantabin. On the 3rd waxing day of Tliadingyut 1244 (14th September 1882), Nga Bein and his wife Mi Ket came and offered to become the slaves of the Tantabin Myook and his wife for Us. 70, as they wanted to pay two debts of Es. 35 each, which they owed to Me Unit, wife of the Theinni Sitkfe. The Tantabin Myook and his wife accordingly paid Es. 70 and kept Nga Bein and his wife Mi Ket as their personal slaves. Witnesses — ^ Writer (Sd.) Mating Saw. I Nga Po Thin. (Sd.) Nga Shwe At. ) Judgment recorded by the Bind alb Wtjndatjk. In this case, it is clear that the deceased died of the injuries he received at the hands of the ex-M.jobk, who had occasion to punish his slave while on duty with the Eoyal troops. Mi Ket, one of the complainants, states that her husband, the deceased, served with the troops of his own accord and that he was not the ea?-Myo6k's slave. But the bond produced by the e^-Myo6k is sufficient documentary evidence against her. We, however, consider that no master has the right to cause the death of a slave. The ex- Myook shall forego the sum of Es. 70 mentioned in the said bond which shall be cancelled, and he shall pay to the complainant, ( 118 ) Mi Ket, the sum of Rs. 160 as compensation * for the death of her husband, Nga Bein. (Sd.) KiNWUN MiNGTI. Taunggwin Mingyi. Taingba Mingyi. Hlutdaw : ~j Bated 9th waning Wazo 1246. C fl6th Julij 1884.J ) (d) COggSpS) OJ^Sail CO^SGOODSo^gODG^GcqS S|o5c%'l «csg? 9§^ CC^80rjOoSllOCg§ 9 ^o^GcgiDoScgDii 03506,1 IICqGpSOgj'iGODSQC^^ 9^0$o8gcg oSsOo5o3Ii033^^S338g[Sgod5dc1 OO^OqCpSH ll^6eG005330g£s[^g|DG^£o6sG|ODDS'^|G005l^SC^q§8CX)DC^gCOo5G[$ J2goigOG3(Qg3^S^£s§D8GoS3D6o8$So8SsOoS2g^o5(c^GOGpllO^{J3^5S33g3ll O^UJol GOq|8§|3«^38C2£GpOiOo5GCoSGqsOD6scgo5oq^ll §Ga5J8g|DODDODD(§5o6ll CXJ^gOJS^g c§^sa;jo^o5^o5 ;^soD$80g);cx)3 o5ogo5a^c[G33D6ii goodgco3Sgg|o5soo§8ii ooSs Golo5 od6so4)d«^3ii G^^gOQ[yc5oo£so5 rcSsoobcg^^DQ GOd8c8|s^G|Q^II §go G*oo6s^ooD8C^^c;co55^Sc^o^co^«ii oojoSooqjDs ^oSsj^dI^ GgG(og80D8a^^5ooS QgSso$8 o[yoa:j5Goe|ii (^Gcqisg)^DO0G%cogD8 c^gylsQSc^^SGSaDSu a35s£^00D8ng^ GOoS^Scgc^ [§^a ©H^^" i^©" a3=^@8ll ^oSj^SIl CXJigscgc^ QoSs^ ol G^dSsII Og!$GOo5<^8j>So1oD^ODGG[SCX:j8c^yDII GOS335GOo5;i^CX)^ODG[58pOG3G<:o5 O gcS33go500 g yoSoagaSc^Sll (^ gDG4.0(;}C§ (^ajG0g)JG^8 gosod58CO^ g(^8 eg 0|DODo5GaDD6oODSOajJII CXJDSOCODSOJI^DOO^oIgI^dSsii 388 0g§80Q80iJc8o8cO^S cooSoGgscODSo^ii oIssSojjgoddSs QgodBi^od^ (§ajj(^Sll ojiJ^sc^asQSii 3DC8S33 [g-)8O^,0OD8O^ii O^^CODSOoSs^q^ ^OC^CJOS^DB ^ODGG^SOqSc^ 33C^33Goq]3o5£D6a8 GoTcSy^GOG^ii ^gooo5yo5qo55.59 GoTgoSGoscpii coGpso£[cScooo8soq$ 8oo^c8 ''' Lit. price of life. ( 119 ) 09o5@^GO05(ijoD^guG3330^5sGO0D5s5olG(§DSsii oS c^oSoi oo goSoBii SD^joSol °°§i'§ OD|§GO0058S^Gl$^cgiSll oS goSaaqoS O^ yC^33q|o5 J ^2038 OD(^S^So1 oS^GOSOsSgoOdSsOII GO036s6G[S8C^a^ OC0^0335^6cg)5ll 33gs333;{5:gc^ 00^ saSj^SsccSgolGooD^ii 33orjj^2q|ooD8cx)Soo^ a;jc^o§co^8ii o§6o$a5 d^SoD^sgs 9gicoDsolGgjS8ii oo'^cSsaqioSco J 5 905c^8gOG3GO0S33C^5silgajgsil0^o55^Sll cxjg8cgc^ii g^sc^56o?qo5qigc8Go§ii 6o$q|o5coo56j.8ooog oDSgccgDoSoODSol cgDSsii o|«jol (§Goq|S^04]D8yDOD^8ii a^Gpg5g|o:^$2Gc«5go5G[o3DS oddo3d[§5o5ii ^o58GOOG@DSg? ODC^O0DG8s|gSc^$S§ll SoSs^CJODS CQ^GOdSi^SC^O^C^SoS Jols q§SODDCX)gSlI33D8(^oS§COD OgDSOODGGpSsOoS ODSGOOaofgolcgDSsil OOSGOODoS goo^c9|o^Gcj|S^$st^DS5Dii oolsooSs ooo cgS 00811 sc^odSs ooocgiS jgSn ooq]DsooSs 000 ogjS o^Su s8 000 cgS -^811 jjds 000 cgjS 9811 oT ooocgiS 0811 1365 ooocQjS J)8iiq]°[ oooccgS 0S811 c)gg 000038 o58ii|.80o8s ooocgS jo8ii ojoooscSooSs 000 cgjS 09811 oo$sd:jjo5 000 tgjS o^J^ii c1s8300o880ods 000 cgjS 0^11 aODS 000 CgjS @ll clsG[^„ 000 cgS S8ll 33C^S2t))8ff^54]DSJ.8 0!;j83D$8GSp6s Oa6oDSGOODo5(^olc(gDSill 00^0^1^8830^ cg^Ss 33G^dSs^3II ^gl^ JtS^^Sc^C^ ^o^oog|8sgood8so;^^ii ssGoossqo oasjSs-soooSsocjj ggjsxios oo8§ Gcgi3o5ooDso] o^33s[^3S5^^S338g|Sgco5s)o1oo^o::jgp8ii (d) CHAPTER VII, 15, page 179. From the Malunlemyo Wun, dated 1st waning Tazaungm6n 1246 (19th Octoher 1884), presented by Myogan Nga Po Tu. In compliance with the instructions issued by Government, I beg to report that I have issued orders to the myothugyis, ywa- thugyis, and taikbmus within my wunship, direetinL,"- them to pre- serve the peace vA'ithin their respecti^'e jurisdictions, to establish patrols night and day along the trade routes, to prevent bribery and corruption, and generally to see to the welfare and prosperity of the people. My clerks and myself conform to the first 9 para- graphs of the instructions, and do not receive any illegal gratifi- cation from the people. We do not harbour bad characters and have not appointed any thugyi other than those duly appointed by Government. The clerks are not jiermitted to issue summons at will. These documents are formally drawn up in open Court ( 120 ) and served. Court-fees are demanded according to the provisions of paragraphs 16, 17, and 18. Prisoners are committed to jail always with the previous sanction of the Kayaing Wun. Under paragraphs 10 to 25, the thugyis and taikhmus are always direct- ed to execute their bonds at the Myoyon and copies of these are always submitted. By virtue of His Majesty's power and glory, there is peace and prosperity throughout my jurisdiction. The price of paddy is Rs. 110 per hundred baskets, rice Rs. 250 per hundred baskets, fegya beans Es. 130 per hundred baskets, oil Rs. 70 per hundred viss, cutch Rs. 30 per hundred viss, crude cot- ton Rs. 10 per hundred viss, prepared cotton Rs. 50 per hundred viss, wheat Rs. 160 per hundi'ed baskets, pegyi beans Rs. 150 per hundred baskets, sessamuta Rs. 280 per hundred baskets, gram Rs. 130 per hundred baskets, jaggery Rs. 17 per hundred viss, pounded ngapi (fish-paste) Rs. 13 per hundred viss, salt Rs. 6 per hundred viss, and dried murrel or snakehead (fish) Rs. 60 per hundred viss. A list of irrigation works within my jurisdiction is being prepared and will be submitted when ready. (e) oD^oo^sii joycf5iK^o5j>D|olo5 00911 oDfgGpS) oj9Sqiioooo5sf^c5coi-o$s oog[o5g^ji gQcx^jSgcoS c^S cgoScooS ooSiiaaogSgo^^Ss^Sij^oDSoSjGcgiDoSc^Dii JOgoSlI IIOqGpSOg]^GCo533Cg6so?"33Cgj5v$SOGCo5 SoqepSGolS^S OqGp80$ll 33goq3^o8c^S80^So|ii ^Ss^Ss^oDSoSsQs oco3o3S[gO)CX)o:;{ ^^ssoS^SccoSaol OO^OqCpSII cSo^SgO^So^t^ol^g^DC^DSODII O0ggGpS>Oj ^SsjjiSlI COoSooSoOGDDSQO QOa^GCoSc^ll 030CX)£s|§ll GG|^SO:j|sOOo5g\^DCg8c^o5c^5G[SG^l§SC2]5ll §§^DG^0o6s^ O0D8cSy3IIG^SGgf^ylsO^GOGJIIgOG3SCo533C^SsilOgQ qoSoD J GlSS|o£Oo6(^G[a^ll fq^s^SsooDooo ooS-.j^soojo53^ii ci^(^siigDGQ"l£sii c(^scoSg(^SCcSc^ oE[o[gSii J G|8sOo5oD£33g^GOD5GgC^II 00^ScO^Sj>6 33jgGaOD8 g|o5o^G(^38sGC21Dc6oODS fcgGOODcJra^SlI 3D(j^^GpGO035^c6so^ll G00Do50G|00O30GOG33O$G0c5gCc8|| CpO) oo5goo5g^s coSscgcSo^§G3336ii cooddSs|^ii GG||;a^5°^^"5 gj^OGODoS dSsodcSS C^DIICX)S|o5gCX)^026a^ ^Oll GODJ^oS DJII CODSCJ 0311 33G^Dn5a^SCOC^6cg3|| ooScS GoqjS33G|5-^3o:j 9011 GOD$o5 oy cooic^ oy\ glDogDCT? o^§coc^So^„cgDii ^cScq oo^oo^ScgSoj (^oiiGoo^oS ogiiooDscy 034jDjj.Sii 33c8s33oSsoo5icyD^caDOo5oq5ii ( 121 ) G^^^GOd8g$II GOODoScgS; GogscgiSlI GOrjSglDOODls 9 G[533ol^ CDq^SGOoScQs OS^J^ CoS833Ga03Sc^6c^C^II GgoooSsa^S G^gOGODSG^GogscgjSlI ooooS8j.6oDcoSgQgc5 ocoSii oo^oosj^SGGpSooSgS^o^c^Dsd^ocxJDS^^sqoJii cooSaooSoDSgcgSgo^sl^S GOdSg^GOOD^QSiI 33£p^0DGG|SC^C^II OJ 90II GC04.o5 002Sc6gO8335|I G%g O^^ CQ^@sg5|3G305 QlGCc(gDSjll ODCXJoSsgcX) |§ 3^@8II GOgogsil OCJ^SU G|cg! QO§g(^8Ca6c^33C^^Gpll J GiSgOODoSooDoSc^SsOoSg gGOoSc^ll O0q5oD^833GQ^^ GaoDS(goD^33o^Sgii Go]icq]o co8co5o^ii o^oSc^S @5(§5 ao5a^ gcojcSo o8$« o8§8(§Scgi|Sll GOODoSo G^GgGooS OOOOOO Gaj|Sc^ll COOo8s?gc5oO 330jS?ll 33Q\q 30o6og5lolo^33G^o£g|ICCOa5Ss(§$oS 95^5 OG|5oDo5^j5o0^33025s00^8IIOODgg C^o5^o5Q^II^GOq|Sg^DODDOOD(§SoSil ^oS8GG|GgDSy$ll COC^COD33jj33(cj080q5GSOD£ G^ol GgDS8C^08GQo5(jfO33G33D5& ^gaaSc^SGOoScol CO^CX^GpSII (e) CHAPTER VII, 21, page ISi. Erom the Sagaing Kayaing Wun, Maingkaing Myoza, dated 10th waxing Thadingyut 1216 (29th September 1884), submitted by Royal Messenger, Nga Kaing. In order to properly assess and collect the thathameda-tax, I went personally to Konbet village, Ye-u township, Tabayin district, and, to avoid causing hardship, issued orders directing the people to pay in the tax in two instalments. The people, however, pre- ferred to pay it in full at once, and I acceded to their request. I have accordingly been collecting the tax, and, to ensure the safe arrival of remittances, have appointad a guard consisting of 30 armed men at the mango-grove, a mile south of my camp, another of the same strength at Wettogyaw, a mile to the west of it, and a third consisting of the same number of men at Natyegan-sakan a mile north of it. The collections in camp are guarded by a body of P6ndawdo ahmudans, and sentries are placed at each guard night and day. Besides these, my subordinates have with them 40 armed men to act as guards and sentries. I have now collected over a lakh of rupees and shall remit all collections in full within the month of Thadingyut (October). There are no cases of da- coity within the Tabayin district. The people enjoy peace, the rainfall is good, and the agricultural operations are extensive. G. B. C. P. O.— No. 3018, B. S., 29-9-98—2,000. 16 PARAGON ^ jm GALLERY {"The Ofitntal Boehslon] of Amtrica" ||14I) CAST 5»tli SmCETl NEW YORK 23, H. V. mfm ■'^' ELEMENTARY HANDBOOK ^^ OF THE BURMESE LANGUAGE BY TAW SEIN KO, M.R.V.S., f.a.i., f.s.a., (iOVEBNMENT T]lANSLAT(jn A.;D HONOKAUY AKCHAJOLOGICAJ^ OFFICE!,, BURMA. n^ U- RANGOON: PRINTKD BY THE SUPKRI JTENUENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA. 1898. -a I Price,— Rs. 2-8-0. ] >»&H.