mm 
 

 
 
 
 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 FROM THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 Henrg M. Sage . 
 
 1891 
 
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 K-:ifcuM»5> xIVyIix 
 
 
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Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 'f D h 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029887548 
 
The edition of this book is limited to 330 
 numbered and signed copies, of which 
 this is number 1 6 
 
 fti/Al44 fiJL.A/ji AA.. 
 
CONGO NATIVES 
 
 AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ALBUM 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERICK STARR 
 
 % 
 
 CHICAGO: MCMXII 
 
■ / 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1912 
 By FREDERICK STARR 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY THE LAKESIDE PRESS 
 
 ^. 
 
■ THIS ALBUM 
 ILLUSTRATING THE NATIVE PEOPLES OF 
 
 BELGIAN CONGO 
 
 IS DEDICATED TO HIS MAJESTY 
 
 ALBERT 
 
 KING OF THE BELGIANS 
 
 IN WHOSE HANDS AS RULER THEIR WELFARE 
 
 AND DESTINY LIE 
 
y 
 
 "V 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The material here presented forms part of the results of an expedition into The Congo 
 Free State, during the years 1905-1906. My attention was first especially turned to the 
 peoples of that region by contact with the group of nine individuals brought from there by 
 the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which formed a part of its outdoor ethnological exhibit. 
 This group came from Ndombe's town, near Wissmann Falls, and included examples of 
 Bakuba, Baluba and Batua. From the members of this group we learned that four different 
 populations live together under Ndombe's rule, each speaking its own language and pursuing 
 its independent mode of Ufe. We decided to make a study of these peoples, spending one 
 year among them. With that end in view we sailed from New York, September 23, 1905, 
 for Antwerp. Some days were spent in Belgium outfitting and making preparations for the 
 expedition. We finally sailed from Antwerp October 19th, and reached Boma November 8th, 
 and Matadi November loth. Up to the time of our arrival at Leopoldville, a few days later, 
 our plan remained unchanged. There, however, we decided to divide our time, spending 
 some months in Ndombe's coimtry, and the remainder on the Congo proper. This revised 
 plan we carried through. We first went by river-steamer up the Congo and its great tribu- 
 tary, the Kasai, to Wissmann Falls; striking inland, north from Djoko Punda factory, we 
 made headquarters at a point about twenty or twenty-five nules in; our establishment was 
 an hour's walk from Ndombe's town, and a little more than a half-hour from the town of the 
 Baluba chief, Chicoma. We spent more than three months there (December 29th to April 
 7th), and during that time were in constant relations with six peoples — Bakuba, Bakete, 
 Batua, Baluba, Bachoko and Baschilele. In our force of workmen there were also individuals 
 of the Batetela, Chichiri, Zappo-Zap, etc. Returning to Leopoldville, we arrived there on 
 May 3d and left twenty days later, by steamer up the Congo to Stanley Falls and by the 
 new railroad to PonthierviUe. We returned to Stanley Falls by canoe, and then went down 
 the great river by steamer to Leopoldville. On the up-trip we stopped at certain important 
 stations, which we made centres for study, and from which we made expeditions into the 
 surrounding country. We stopped at these centres for periods ranging from a week to seven- 
 teen or eighteen days. These centres were Bolobo, Irebu, Ikoko, Bolengi, NouveUe Anvers, 
 Upoto (Lisala), Basoko, Yakusu, Stanley Falls, and PonthierviUe. From Basoko we made 
 a trip up the Aruwimi River as far as Yambuya, stopping at various towns. For our final 
 descent of the River we left Stanleyville October 3d, and made the unbroken run to Leopold- 
 ville in twelve days. From the railroad station of Thysville, between Leopoldville and 
 Matadi, we walked to Wathen (Lutete), where we spent some days. We embarked from 
 
 7 
 
Matadi for Europe on November nth, passing Banana Point on November 13th. We 
 were thus one year and six days in the Congo Free State. 
 
 The whole time was fully occupied. An ethnographic collection was gathered, which 
 comprised more than three thousand five hundred specimens; this collection now belongs to 
 the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Villages of twenty-eight 
 different peoples were visited, and observations were made upon life and customs. Measure- 
 ments and personal observations (of cicatrization, tooth-chipping, hair-dressing, etc.) were 
 made upon ahnost one thousand men serving as soldiers in the Congo Free State service. 
 About seven hundred photographic negatives were taken, of which most are usable. Phono- 
 graphic records were made of both vocal and instrumental music. 
 
 Some of the material secured has already been given to the public. Many of the 
 negatives we made were stereoscopic views, the property of Underwood and Underwood. 
 A special series of one hundred views was selected for them, and an accompanying text was 
 written which has not yet been printed. Soon after our return, at the invitation of The 
 Chicago Tribune, a series of articles dealing with the pubKc and political questions of The 
 Congo Free State was prepared under the general title of The Truth about the Congo. These 
 articles were reprinted in book form. Considerable ethnographic material has been printed 
 as Ethnographic Notes of the Congo Free State; an African Miscellany. This appeared in the 
 Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, knd was also issued separately. A 
 Bibliography of Congo Languages has been printed as Bulletin V of the Department of Anthro- 
 pology of The University of Chicago. A carefully selected series of negatives illustrating 
 fashions and tribal-marks — cicatrization, tooth-chipping, head-bandaging, ear-piercing, 
 labretifery, hair-dressing — was used for making up a set of life-size portraits; the series was 
 exhibited at the Brussels International Exposition of 1910, where it was awarded a Grand Prix. 
 The original series is now in The Congo Museum at Terveuren-Brussels, and duplicates are in 
 the possession of The University of Chicago and The American Museum of Natural History, 
 
 We at first planned to print an illustrated catalogue of the collection of ethnographic 
 objects, and to prepare a student's handbook of Congo peoples. These have been abandoned. 
 The collection has been sold and is no longer under our control. The need of a handbook 
 has been largely met by the great series of ethnographic monographs of the region which is 
 being published in Belgium imder the editorial direction of Mr. Cyr. van Overbergh. Shoxild 
 a handbook stiU be desirable, it can best be prepared by a Belgian, by condensing and com- 
 bining material from these monographs. The abandonment of these two works ought not, 
 however, to involve the non-appearance of a mass of illustrative matter brought together 
 for them. We have therefore decided to print a part of that in this book, Congo Natives; an 
 Ethnographic Album, which in general plan is quite similar to The Indians of Southern Mexico, 
 pubUshed by us in 1899. Some other pictures made upon the expedition wiU be included in 
 the narrative of our journey, the pubUcation of which in the near future is probable. 
 
 8 
 
Our party throughout the expedition consisted of two persons only — Manuel Gon- 
 zales of the city of Mexico, who acted as my photographer, and myself. Most of the pictures 
 included in this album were made by Mr. Gonzales. Plates made from his negatives which 
 are now the property of Underwood and Underwood are marked with their copyright notice. 
 The following plates are from negatives by missionaries: — Plates LI, LII, LIII, LIV, LV, by 
 Joseph Clark (Ikoko); Plates LXII, LXIII, by R. H. Kirkland (Bolobo); Plates LXXIV, 
 LXXV, LXXVI, LXXVII, LXXVIII, LXXIX, by WiUiam L. Forfeitt (Upoto). We do 
 not know to what extent these have already been printed elsewhere, but as.they relate to 
 tribes we visited, they aid in presenting the facts of their life. 
 
 Even with the conveniences and improvements existing in 1905-1906, African travel 
 was not easy and without discomforts; everything, however, was done to assist our work. 
 The authorities at Brussels, especially the ChevaUer Cuvelier and the Prince de Ligne, made 
 such arrangements for us as were necessary; the resident officials of the Congo Free State 
 aided us in many ways; the Kasai Company, through its agents at various points, facilitated 
 our labors; missionaries, both CathoHc and Protestant, treated us with courtesy and were 
 generally ready to advance our investigations. It will not be discriminating unfairly to 
 express here our special obUgations to the Reverends John H. Weeks (Wathen), Joseph 
 Clark (Ikoko), William L. Forfeitt (Upoto), Sutton Smith (Yakusu) and Dr. Royal B. Dye 
 (Bolengi). In the preparation of the text we have made constant use of the writings of 
 Bentley, Bateman, Grenfell, Verner, without specific reference to those authors. In the 
 production of the book we are under personal obligations to Mr, William N. Selig and Mr. 
 Frederick W. Gookin, both of Chicago. 
 
 CfflCAGO, April 15, 1912. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES 
 
 In the text of this work the author makes no attempt to present a treatise upon Congo 
 ethnography; he only aims to make the pictures carry their full lesson. The subjoined 
 sketch-map will assist in the location of the peoples illustrated. The centres of study are 
 shown by their names as follows: 
 
 Wathen (Lutete). Irebu. Basoko. 
 
 Leopoldville. Ikoko. Yambuya. 
 
 Ndombe. Bolengi. Yakusu. 
 
 Djoko Punda. (Nouvelle An vers.) Stanley Falls (Stanleyville). 
 
 Bolobo. Upoto (Lisala). Ponthierville. 
 
V;-'- 
 
BAKONGO 
 
 The name Bakongo is quite generally applied to the populations lying between the 
 mouth of the Congo and the head of "the cataracts." The term includes a multitude of 
 small tribes and groups, each with its particular name. The Bakongo are for the most part 
 strong, well-built and industrious; during the period of porterage around the cataracts they 
 were the carriers. They have been more in contact with the white man than any other 
 Congo peoples, and among them European cloth and clothing, hats, guns, and even shoes 
 are not uncommon. They practice tooth-chipping locally, and have no general and char- 
 acteristic face-marking; fetichism is much in evidence; cannibalism not only had no hold, 
 but was repugnant to them. Their villages are small and frequently located on hilltops, 
 with neighboring groves. The language of the Bakongo is spoken far beyond the limits of 
 the people as one of the great trade languages of this part of Africa. 
 
 Plate I. — Musicians, near Wathen, Cataracts District. Wathen lies near the Congo 
 River, upon the actual line of the old porterage caravan route. It is to-day left to one side 
 by the Congo Railway, and Ues about thirty miles from its midway station, Thysville. It 
 is the seat of a great school conducted by the Baptist Missionary Society, and the bystanders 
 in the picture are mission-school boys. The performers are accustomed to play together; 
 the instnmients are seven ivory horns and a drum; the man leaning over is drumming, 
 although the instrument is hidden. 
 
 Plate II. — (a) Swamp, Ngongo. Alongside the trail from ThysviUe to Wathen. 
 Six native towns are passed in the course of the journey. Long, roUing ridges, sink holes, 
 groves — including pahn trees, swamps and sluggish streams are the features of the land- 
 scape. The scene is characteristic for the Cataracts District, (b) Grave, Kiakongo. On 
 the trail from Thysville to Wathen. Pots, bottles and other gifts are regularly placed upon 
 graves, but are often first rendered unserviceable. Notice in the background the women's 
 fields, a house and baobab trees. 
 
 Plate III. — (a) Bateke village, Kinshasa. Though close to one of the earliest of 
 the white man's stations, the village is typical. The great trees are baobabs; the cultivated 
 plants around the houses are plantains; fowls have long been raised by Congo natives, but 
 were for sacrifice, not for ordinary food. Notice the roof-ridge running lengthwise of the 
 house, the curved roof section, the mode of wall construction, the rectangular doorway, 
 with sill well above the ground, (b) Nsona market, near Ngungu. Bakongo; in the Cata- 
 racts District, not far from Wathen. Women bring their produce; the stuff offered, which 
 is most in evidence, is kwanga (or chikwanga), kassava bread, wrapped in leaves. Notice 
 
 13 
 
prevalence of European cloth; the well made carry-baskets with covers, coiled basketry; 
 the carrying of babies astride the hips; arm-bands of ivory, iron, brass, or copper. 
 
 Plate IV.— Nsona market, near Ngungu. Bakongo. Same place and time as the 
 preceding. Men sell cloth and guns; fowls and eggs are offered. Umbrellas are popular, 
 not so much on account of utiUty as for show. The coiled-basketry baskets with covers 
 are regularly carried on the top of the head^ with or without a rest-ring. 
 
 Plate V. — (a) Bakongo village, near Cataracts, Leopoldville. Landscape and 
 vegetation are typical. The village consists of a few scattered houses. The oil-nut palm 
 is rarely found far from settlements, (b) Grave, Mpete. This village also is on the trail 
 from ThysArille to Wathen. Graves in this region are usually well shaped-up, and are out- 
 Uned by set stakes and laid poles. Graves are commonly near the houses and the women's 
 fields. Travel on the trail is always in single file; the Une of women is returning from 
 market. 
 
 BATEKE 
 
 The Bateke are notable trading folk; they are riverine people, and new-comers in the 
 region of Stanley Pool. They were middle men between the Bakongo and the peoples higher 
 up the river, who sent down ivory from the interior. They Uve at the head of the Cataracts, 
 occupy both shores of Stanley Pool and stretch out along the river almost or quite to Bolobo. 
 At Chumbiri they live inland, behind the Bobangi. They are frugal in the use of food; 
 spare to the degree that they have been called "living skeletons." In dress, use of cam- 
 wood powder, music, and fetiches, they retain far more of their native Ufe than the Bakongo. 
 They are resistant to white influence, suspicious, shrewd. Their faces are scarred with a 
 series of almost vertical, parallel lines scratched upon the cheek; their middle upper incisors 
 are chipped away on the inner side so as to leave only slender, sharp, outer spines. They 
 are skilled in working brass and iron, and their flat, brass neckrings are characteristic. They 
 make hairpin combs of ivory and bones — including fish-bones — which are decorated 
 with incised line patterns. 
 
 See Plate III.— (a). 
 
 Plate VI. — Pottery-making, Kinshasa. Bateke. Typical dress of both sexes. 
 The man is a fair type, in respect of spare and lean body, face form and expression, beard 
 and hair-dressing. The woman sits in a common position on a mat, as she works. Notice 
 her hair-dressing and the bone haurpin which is at once ornament, comb, and scratcher. 
 The vessels are water-coolers, for which she finds a ready market among the neighboring 
 whites; she is applying color to the already shaped and dried vessels. 
 
 Plate VII.— Bateke woman, near Leopoldville. The favorite wife of a petty chief; 
 her face is fairly typical. Notice the hair-dressing. 
 
 14 
 
Plate VIII. — Grinding redwood in oil. Bateke; Kinshasa. Camwood powder is 
 widely used throughout the Congo country, though some tribes are particularly addicted 
 to its use. It is bought from tribes within the area of its production in the form of cakes, 
 shaped in a small basket or a wooden mould; ground up in cocoanut oil, it is heavily smeared 
 over the body. The woman's position is that customary for such work. Notice the mat; 
 the characteristic pipe, with bowl of baked clay; the grinding-slab and hand-rubber; the 
 wrist and ankle rings; the good hair-dressing and the bone comb-pin. 
 
 See also Plate XXIX (a) and Plate XXXI. 
 
 BAKUBA 
 
 The Bakuba, Baschibushong, Bushongo, command the district between the Lulua, 
 Sankuru and Kasai. Their great chief bears the title of the Lukengu and lives at Mingenja 
 (see Torday and Joyce Les Bushongo). In the neighborhood of Wissmann Falls is the land 
 under control of Ndombe. His uncle and predecessor was Mai Munene. His Bakuba are 
 descendants from a group of dissatisfied, who split off from the main body and fled from the 
 old capital of the Lukengu, to find freedom and a new home elsewhere. The Bakuba are 
 reputed to have come from the northwest; they are intruders into the territory of the Bakete, 
 upon whom they look with contempt as inferior beings. They are powerful and conservative, 
 clinging tenaciously to their own customs; "they are brave, warlike, thieves, liars, but not 
 cannibals"; they are skilled iron-workers. Men wear a characteristic httle round cap of 
 braided fibre on the top of the head, held in place by a long and slender iron pin. In Ndombe's 
 realm the wearing of brass rings-on the legs and arms is restricted to the chief and his family. 
 Verner claims that Ndombe's actual control affects one hundred thousand persons spread 
 over an area the size of New Jersey and comprising Bakuba, Bakete, Batua,.Baluba, Biomba, 
 Baschilele and Bampende. His mother was Baschilele and he is recognized as paramoimt 
 chief by the lesser Baschilele chiefs of his area. 
 
 Plate IX. — Ndombe's family group. Bakuba. Bakuba houses are rectangular, 
 with walls of matting sheets and two-pitched roof descending from a ridgepole that runs 
 lengthwise from front to rear; light poles form the framework, the mats are of shredded 
 palm, the outside strengthening strips are midrib. Houses are grouped in clusters, and the 
 clusters are surrounded with walls, in which is a gate of entrance. The town has just been 
 moved, and the roof of the chief's reception house has not yet been mounted. Ndombe had 
 thirty-four wives. In the picture the chief stands with arms akimbo; at his side is his favorite 
 wife, and beyond her his favorite son. Several children and another wife are in the fore- 
 ground. Notice the characteristic Uttle braided cap; also the brass arm- and leg-rings; 
 On occasion his arms are sheathed with brass rings from wrist to elbow. 
 
 IS 
 
BAKETE 
 
 Bateman says that the Bakete have been displaced by the Baschilange, whose mass 
 divides them into two groups. The northern, larger, of these borders the Lulua and is 
 almost surrounded by Bakuba; the southern, lesser, lies south-southeast of the Baschilange 
 and is tributary to Matjambo. He states that they are subject to the Bakuba as a pro- 
 tection against the Batua; that they do not fish, will not work, but that they hunt and trap 
 small game; that they avoid water life; that the women are good agriculturists; that they are 
 physically inferior to the Baluba, though the features of both men and women are the most 
 regular and refined that he saw among Africans. Verner says that they have about twenty 
 towns with many thousands of population. He locates them southeast of the Lumi, north 
 of the Lulua, and west of 22° E. longitude, occupying an area of perhaps one thousand square 
 miles. He states that they are nominally subject to the Lukengu. The Bakete we met 
 live in vUlages on the outskirts of Ndombe's town. Houses and village arrangement are 
 characteristic. They are fair potters, though their wares are rather thick. 
 
 Plate X. — (a) Bakete town, Ndombe. The Bakete preceded the Bakuba in Ndombe's 
 country and are recognized as original occupants; they are, however, considered inferior and 
 are treated with little respect. They are large, well-built, darker than the Bakuba, and 
 are not lacking in intelligence. House construction and arrangement are characteristic; 
 small, weU-built, rectangular houses, with mat walls, two-pitched roof, small rectangular 
 entrance well above the ground level, — they are usually without enclosure and are arranged 
 along both sides of a straight, wide street, in the middle of which usually stands a fetich-tree. 
 The group shown in the picture consists chiefly of children as the hour is near midday and 
 few adults are around the village. Notice how naturally the hand goes to the face when 
 doubt or expectation are expressed, (b) Group; Batua village, Ndombe. The Batua are 
 usually considered true pygmies. They are found in small groups scattered over a large 
 area in the Congo valley; they are little people with almost no agriculture; they are quick, 
 active, and notable hunters; they make fire by friction, and live in small dome-shaped houses 
 which are arranged in a circle. The houses consist of a light framework of poles, a thick 
 covering of large leaves, and a binding of rattans to hold the covering firmly in place. They 
 appear to be the original inhabitants, preceding both the Bakuba and Bakete. They live 
 chiefly by the chase and by gathering wild food and natural products. They live in semi- 
 parasitic relations with their big neighbors, supplying them with wild produce in return for 
 field foodstuffs and other desiderata. They are peculiar in language, stature, face expression, 
 character and life, but considerable admixture has taken place between them and the larger 
 peoples around them. For further details and other illustrations see Starr, Ethnographic 
 Notes from the Congo Free State; an African Miscellany. 
 
 Plate XI.— (a) Bakete fetich, Ndombe. Beneficent and fertilizing fetiches are 
 
 16 
 
common in Baluba and Bakete towns; they are cut from a "tree of life," and may have one 
 or two faces cut at top; after being carved the stake is planted, and if it bursts into leaf and 
 develops a tree the omen is most favorable. Many trees in old villages, or on abandoned 
 village sites, began in such fetich stakes, (b) New fetich, Baluba. Expedition headquarters. 
 It consists of two parts — a carefuUy constructed heap of meal and other fetich material, 
 and a package of fetich objects wrapped in a furred skin, tied and with a wooden dog-bell 
 attached; for a time this bundle is set upon a stake, but it is eventually tied up under the roof 
 in any convenient place. 
 
 Plate XII. — (a) Bakete fetich, Ndombe. Tliis double-faced fetich-stake is of a 
 common type, though larger than is common; such are often painted in colors — black and 
 red. The fringe may be merely in the nature of dress or it may be an evidence of sacredness. 
 Such fetiches bring prosperity, particularly in the way of growth and reproduction, (b) 
 Bakete elephant-hunter's fetich; Ndombe. The lower jawbone of an elephant is here placed 
 upon a framework of sticks, and is expected to give success in elephant-hunting. Typical 
 Bakete house construction is here well shown. 
 
 BALUBA 
 
 The Baluba occupy a vast region between the Kasai and the Lomami Rivers and are 
 numerically the largest population of the Kasai. Their tribal name includes the BaschUange, 
 who appear to have but recently separated from them. The Baschilange, subjects of the 
 Kalamba were Wissmann's allies; he thought highly of them, and considered them richly 
 endowed by nature, "destined rapidly to approach the whites in social usages and culture." 
 The Baluba are no doubt numerous, industrious and expansive. They are believed to have 
 come to their present seats from the southeast and have crowded in upon the Bakete. As 
 we saw them they appeared cowardly and mean-spirited, and their populations have for a 
 long time furnished slaves to a large area of surrounding tribes; through this fact their 
 language is known aU over the Kasai-Sankuru-Lualaba region. There are many Baluba 
 towns in Ndombe's realm. The two we best knew were Chicoma's and Chicoma Pinda's, 
 Baluba houses are typical; the villages have no definite plan of arrangement; the presence 
 of fetiches is a marked feature, but they are distinctly individual and closely related to houses, 
 rather than public and in the village street as is common among Bakete. While tooth- 
 chipping is common it is variable; scarification occurs mostly among women and appears to 
 be chiefly decorative. No characteristic tribal mark affects the whole population. 
 
 Plate XIII. — Chicoma and his children, Baluba. Chicoma's town was less than 
 an hour's walk from our headquarters. Chicoma is tall and very dark, and his face mirrors 
 his every passion; his disposition is uncertain and crafty. He has fourteen wives and many 
 
 17 
 
children. He is here pulling at a calabash water-pipe. The man nearest him on his right is 
 a younger brother. The rest of the group are Chicoma's wives and children. Notice 
 variety in head-shaving; also houses of typical Baluba style — walls of posts and slabs 
 daubed with mud, four-pitched roof, straggling and imtrinmied grass thatch. 
 
 Plate XIV. — (a) Group of Chicoma's sons, Baluba. Children all of Chicoma, but 
 by various mothers. The two to the left in front are fuU brothers; the third one, in color, 
 temper and expression is the image of his father. Notice variety in head-shaving, the 
 patterns of which are sometimes suggested by dreams; also the flower worn in the hair by 
 the one on the left; also protective fetiches worn at the neck, (b) Formal visit by Chicoma's 
 sons. Baluba. It is customary for the oldest and most experienced of a party to act as 
 spokesman and to seat himself upon the ground facing the host; the others, however numerous, 
 seat themselves in order of age in a line behind him. 
 
 Plate XV. — (a) Goat sacrifice, Baluba. The sacrifice was made on the occasion of 
 setting up a new house fetich; the ceremony was conducted- by Chicoma; after he had killed 
 the animal, his sons carried it behind the house, where they skinned and quartered it. (b) 
 Baluba grave, near Chicoma. A space is cleared around the grave, a little shelter erected 
 above it, a mat spread before it, and gifts of baskets and pots placed behind it. 
 
 Plate XVI. — Baluba, Chicoma Pinda. Boy of about seventeen years, well-grown 
 and developed. Notice the general impression of femininity, an impression almost char- 
 acteristic of the whole Bantu population; the head has been partially shaved at three different 
 times, producing three levels of growth. Small objects are often carried in the ear perfora- 
 tion; in this case it is a snuflEbox that is so carried. 
 
 Plate XVII. — (a) Baluba, Chicoma. A son of Chicoma, about fourteen years of 
 age. Notice the impression of femininity, shaved eyebrows, plucked out eyelashes, head- 
 shaving, and the flower in the hair. 
 
 Plate XVIII. — (a) Musical bow, Baluba. The musical bow is widely used, and 
 varies from tribe to tribe. That of the Baluba, Bena Kanoska, etc., is a simple bow, the cord 
 of which near one end is caught down tautly by a short cord, tied to the bow itself; the 
 length of the vibrating cord is varied by sKpping the finger along it, and the vibrations are 
 produced by strikmg the cord with a slender stick of midrib. This type is often suppUed 
 with a small gourd or calabash to serve as a resonator, (b) Musical bow, Zappo Zap. Made 
 of a relatively thick and heavy stick bent mto a U, the cord being rendered taut by the 
 natural spring of the wood; the cord is struck with a short, thick stick; the instrument is so 
 held that the mouth cavity of the performers serves as a resonator behind the vibrating 
 cord. 
 
 Plate XIX.— (a) Musical bow, Batua, Ndombe. This is at once the simplest and 
 the best musical bow noticed; the bow is carefully cut and smoothed from a strip of bambu; 
 it is of even breadth for about two thirds of its length, where it is abruptly cut away to about 
 
 i8 
 
one half its previous breadth; the deUcate string, a single vegetable filament, is stretched 
 upon this bow; the bow, not the string, is placed at the lips and the mouth cavity serves as a 
 resonator. The player, named Bomashuba, is an excellent Batua type. The fetich ring 
 about his arm, iron wrapped with snakeskin, is to protect agamst snake bite, (b) Batua 
 drilling fire. Batua regvdarly carry fire-sticks ready for use; one is laid upon a knife or other 
 piece of metal to give firmness and to catch the dust ground out by rotation; the other stick 
 is set upright, into a cavity in the lower one, and is rapidly whirled between the palms, with 
 a downward pressure; a half-minute suffices for the production of the spark. 
 
 Plate XX.— (a) Baluba house, Chicoma Pinda. The typical Baluba house here- 
 abouts is rectangular, with walls of upright posts and slabs daubed with mud, with four- 
 pitched roof, and thatched with a grass-Hke material which projects and hangs down all 
 aroimd. (b) Batua house, Ndombe. Notice construction already described. The small 
 doorway during absence of the owner of the house is closed against intrusion by leaning 
 something against it. 
 
 Plate XXI. — (a) Bakete child, Ndombe. She has just taken part in a woman's 
 dance. Notice head-shaving, ankle-rings, waist-string of beads, and the metal ring pendant 
 therefrom. Such rings of copper or iron are regularly worn, singly or in number, in this 
 fashion by women in dances, (b) Baluba woman, Luebo. Notice bead neck-ring and 
 body-scarring. The designs appear to be individual and ornamental. 
 
 Plate XXII. — Bakuba street scenes, Ndombe. The enclosed house groups of the 
 Bakuba are so placed as to leave narrow waUed streets through the town. The views here 
 shown were made on the very day when the town was removed to a new site. It had oc- 
 cupied its- location for years and the houses were embowered in plantains and other culti- 
 vated plants. Standing with arms akimbo is common and the positions here seen were all 
 naturally assumed. 
 
 Plate XXIII. — (a) Bakuba moving, Ndombe. Reasons for moving towns are many 
 — dreams, bad luck, advice of fetich-men. This removal was sudden and unannounced. 
 The whole town was in movement. The ends, sides, double roof, of the houses are all de- 
 tachable and easily transported. The place was taken down, moved, and set up again in 
 the period of two days, (b) Bachoko bringing rubber, Djoko Punda. Maiila's town hes 
 at a little distance behind the Kasai Company's trading-post of Djoko Punda, which is 
 on the Kasai River, just below Wissmann Falls. Some of his people are here bringing their 
 carry-baskets fidl of balls of rubber to trade for European stuffs. The background is the 
 river forest. 
 
 BACHOKO 
 
 The Bachoko, Kloko, Tchiboko, are the dominant people in the southwest region of 
 the Kasai River system. Reclus says that they are enterprising and destined to take a 
 
 19 
 
leading part among the tribes dwelling south of the Congo. They came from the south, 
 where they long occupied the uplands about the sources of the Cuanza and Cuando, one of 
 the aflBiuents of the Zambesi, where they dwelled by the Ganguellas, whom they resemble in 
 speech and customs, although also betraying afl&nities with the Lunda, whom they surpass in 
 enterprise and inteUigence. They are great hunters, wickerworkers, and smiths. The 
 Bachoko we encountered were Maiila's people, living near Djoko Punda. They lived in 
 good relations with the white trader, and readily brought in rubber for trade goods. They 
 are reputed to conduct extensive outside commerce, to have many guns, secured from the 
 Portuguese, and to have been actively engaged in the slave trade. 
 
 Plate XXIV. — (a) Bachoko house and group, Maiila. The house happens to be 
 Maiila's own, but is typical. The roof is supported on posts independently of the house walls; 
 the thatching is grass-like, with trimmed edge; the space cut out from the middle of the ridge 
 crest is a common feature; walls are of stripped palm matted and held in place by midribs 
 lashed on. (b) Ceremonial house; Bakete, Ndombe. The house is of the length of five or 
 six ordinary dwellings; it is rudely constructed for temporary use. Men here go into retreat, 
 and during the period of their "medicine" labors the place is crowded with them. 
 
 Plate XXV. — (a) Bachoko group, Djoko Punda trading-post, (b) Bachoko dance, 
 Djoko Punda trading-post. Maiila's people have flocked in to dance. Notice postures — 
 arms akimbo, hands to face, and the crossing of arms over the chest. Also the characteristic 
 forehead band and hair-dressing of women. Three drummers supply the music; the dancers 
 form in two curved lines facing, men on one side and women on the other. 
 
 Plate XXVI. — (a) Chichiri boy, from behind Bassongo. Named Otabenga. He 
 was a slave boy, captured in a fight and taken down to Bassongo, where he was bought by 
 the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as a member of their "Pygmy" group. Quick, lively, 
 inteUigent and brave; he deUghts to hunt and trap birds and small animals. The type of 
 tooth-chipping is common to many tribes, (b) Baluba, at Djoko Punda trading-post. He 
 shows a rather frequent form of ornamentation; the body of the ear is pierced and a string 
 of beads is passed through and through, around and around the border, and fastened. 
 
 Plate XXVII. — Farewell visit from Chicoma's people. Baluba. Before we left 
 Chicoma's people came to dance in our honor; the group was in two bands, one of which is 
 here shown. AU are clean, with newly shaved heads, freshly smeared bodies, beads, orna- 
 ments and their best cloths. They brought two drums with them, one of which is shown 
 in the foreground. 
 
 BASCHILELE 
 
 The Baschilele are among the least known tribes of this area; they have Uttle to do 
 with the white authorities, and bring in no rubber; only the towns near the rivers are known 
 to outsiders. They make the finest arrow-points and do the best wood-carving — their 
 
carved cups and tukola boxes are known to collectors; their bows are splendid, and bows and 
 arrows are regularly carried. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. — (a) Town of Djoko Punda. Baschilele. Djoko Punda's town is 
 near the Kasai Company's post, to which it gives name. Notice the characteristic features 
 — the curious form of the roof-ridge, the arrangement of the houses around an open court, 
 and the construction of a village wall around all. (b) Group of Baschilele, Djoko Punda 
 trading-post. Notice bows, with end buttons of woven rattan and strings of vegetable 
 fibre; arrows with fine iron tips; gourds of palm wine and fowls, presents for the Company's 
 agent. The man next to the end of the line stands in a common position of rest. 
 
 Plate XXIX. — (a) Bateke market place, BrazzaAolle, Stanley Pool, French Congo. 
 The shelter was erected by the government, (b) Baboma net-sellers, at Chumbiri. Notice 
 the characteristic male hair-dressing; also the weU-made nets, for which these inlanders 
 find a ready market among the riverine Bobangi. 
 
 BOBANGI, MOIE AND BABOMA 
 
 The Bobangi, also called Bayansi, differ notably from the Bateke. In physique they 
 are less spare; with them begins the forehead crest, produced by the irritation of a series 
 of little horizontal cuts one above another, commencing at the nose root and extending to 
 the hair — a face-marking which continues with sUght modification up the river among Moie, 
 Irebu, Ntumba, Nkundu, Ileku, quite to the Equator. They are riverine colonists, who 
 came perhaps from the region of the lower Mobangi River; they extend for three hundred 
 miles, occupying the river banks, and are more or less at feud with the inland original pos- 
 sessors. Notable traders, they used to trade up river for ivory^ slaves, camwood, fish and 
 pottery, and down stream for cloth, brass wire, guns, powder, salt and crockery. Their 
 glory was during the days of slave trade and ivory. They are reputed to be grossly immoral, 
 and their towns are remarkable for paucity of children. Bolobo station marks the limit 
 where Bobangi and Moie touch. The Moie, or Banunu, differ strikingly in language from 
 the Bobangi, and are said to have originated about a creek some thirty miles north of Bolobo. 
 In their towns children swarm, and Bentley says there are one hundred children in a Moie 
 town for one in a Bobangi town of the same size. Moie are cleaner than Bobangi; their 
 appearance gives the impression of greater frankness and vigor. The houses of the two 
 peoples are of the same general style, but those of Moie are somewhat longer, better con- 
 structed, and better kept up. Moie are great hippopotamus hunters. Bobangi and Moie 
 are both riverine populations, recent colonists; behind them, at Chumbiri, live Bateke, and 
 behind these and the riverine dwellers; at and above Bolobo live the original owners of the 
 land who have been crowded back. Among these inlanders are Baboma behind Chumbiri, 
 and Basengele behind Bolobo. 
 
Plate XXX.— Baboma, behind Chumbiri. Characteristic hair-dressing. 
 
 Plate XXXI.— (a) Bateke basket-maker, near Chumbiri. In essential features the 
 house construction is as at Kinshasa — form and holding of roof, matting walls, mode of 
 binding down the matting — but more carefully carried out. The baskets are coiled-bas- 
 ketry trays, the coil being of grass, the wrapping of vegetable fibres dyed in various colors, 
 (b) Beer press, near Chumbiri; Bateke. Cane juice is fermented; the crushed canes are 
 twisted, and the sap falls upon a sloping board which conducts it to a trough. 
 
 Plate XXXII. — (a) Pottery-burning; Moie, Bolobo. Crude, open-air firing; the 
 few vessels to be fired are laid upon the ground with fuel between and over them and broken 
 pots around the heap to hold the whole together, (b) War head-dress; Moie, Bolobo. 
 Such head-dresses, of haired skins, are passing out of use. Notice the forehead marking, 
 which is much the same among Bobangi, Moie, Irebu, Lusakani, etc. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. — Hippopotamus hunter and trophy; Moie, Bolobo. The Moie are 
 vigorous, vital, industrious. Their houses are long and well constructed; the type of con- 
 struction runs with little variation from Bobangi to Lusakani. The hippopotamus hunter 
 uses a true harpoon with separable point, connected to the long shaft by a cord wrapped 
 many times around it. Successful hunters construct a trophy of hippopotamus skiiUs near 
 their houses, the heap being almost circular and rising somewhat at the middle. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. — (a) Fetich post in grave-shelter; Moie, Bolobo. This fetich post, 
 well carved and painted in bold colors, with the upper end representing the opened mouth of 
 the crocodile, and its surface bearing serpentine and knife forms, was the most interesting 
 wood-carving observed. It is now in the American Museum of Natural History, (b) 
 String-figure; Ntumba, Ikoko. The girl, daubed with white, as a mother of twins, is making 
 one of many string-figures known to her people. See Starr, Ethnographic Notes from the 
 Congo Free State; an African Miscellany. 
 
 Plate XXXV. — Basengele, from behind Bolobo. The Basengele, who come down 
 to the river at Bolobo to trade, are timid and shy; they are most characterized by their tower- 
 ing hair-dressing, only a part of which is actually hair. The individual represented is the 
 only one of three who could remain quiet enough for photographing, and he moved. Notice 
 the expression of timidity; also the large neck-beads, (b) Bakongo woman, Irebu. She was 
 a hanger-on at the Irebu camp, and came from up the Ubangi-Uele River. The name is 
 as she gave it. Her back is a mass of elaborate designs in high relief, produced by cutting 
 and irritation. 
 
 IREBU, LUSAKANI, NTUMBA, NKUNDU, ILEKU 
 
 These populations, extending from Irebu to Coquilhatville and occupying the' country 
 around Lake Mantumba, present a general similarity, but all have their own languages and 
 present details of difference. The Irebu are much like the Bobangi. Behind them are 
 
villages of Lusakani, whose language according to Stapleton is a dialect of Lolo. The Ntumba 
 live around Lake Mantumba. The Nkundu and Ileku hve close to the Equator, around 
 and back from Bolengi and Coquilhatville. All of these perhaps, after the Irebu and the 
 results of Bobangi admixture are eliminated, may be considered as Lolo tribes. The area 
 of the Balolo (Mongo) lies chiefly up the great rivers Ruki, Busira, and Lulongo. With 
 these populations the fine shields of wickerwork and wood begin to appear. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. — (a) Moie village, Bolobo. Notice the long houses, with several 
 doorways, rectangular and at some height above the ground; such houses shelter a con- 
 siderable number, and while they may be open within for their fuU length, are occupied by 
 different groups of persons, each with its own entrance, (b) Women working field, Irebu. 
 These women, most of whom have come with the soldiers, are in the employ of the State; 
 they take readily to such work, as the native agriculture is in the hands of women; they 
 work under direction of head-women, who are responsible to the white ofl&cer in charge. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. — Ubangi. This type of cicatrization, consisting of three, four, or 
 five large-spaced swellings, is found among various tribes or sub-tribes of the Ubangi region. 
 This man, a soldier at Nouvelle Anvers, said he was a Bumbape; others gave such tribal 
 names as Yakoma, Mokula, Zali — but aU were of Ubangi provenance. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. — Lusakani hair-dressing, Wangi. House construction is well 
 shown; notice thatching, walls of upright posts, sheets of shredded palm, horizontally lashed 
 midribs to hold all together; also details of doorway construction. Strips of midrib ready 
 for use lean against the house, and strips of palm mounted on transverse sticks ready for 
 wall-making lie in a heap upon the ground behind the seated girl. Notice the tobacco-pipe 
 of horn, the simple block stool, and the characteristic bed made of bambu. Notice also the 
 body-marking on the subject whose hair is being dressed, and the face-painting of the two 
 girls, which has just been appUed and indicates that twins have been born into their family. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. — Lusakani, Wangi. The hair-dressing of the preceding picture. 
 Notice the face-painting, and beneath it the characteristic vertical line of forehead scarifica- 
 tion, which is almost the same for Bobangi, Moie, Irebu and Lusakani. Notice, too, the 
 cicatrization welts upon her shoulder. 
 
 Plate XL. — Lusakani, Wangi. Female type, older than the preceding. The fully 
 developed forehead crest is here weU shown, as also characteristic hair-dressing. Here, as 
 to a much greater degree among tribes farther up the river, the hair is built up with a filling 
 to an almost solid mass. Notice the Uttle twist before each ear. 
 
 Plate XLI. — (a) Hair-dressing; Lusakanij Wangi. When we were at Wangi, every- 
 one was having hair done up. Notice comb-pins, hair-massing, and ankle-rings; also the 
 large and heavy neck-ring of the youngest girl. Heavy neck-rings are less striking here 
 than among the Bobangi, where a woman sometimes wears a brass neck-ring weighing from 
 twenty to thirty pounds, (b) Dancer from near Ikoko. Notice hair-dressing, bow, and arrows. 
 
 23 
 
Plate XLII.— (a) Hair-dressing; Lusakani, Wangi. Here is seen the use of the pin- 
 comb in separating and handling hair in dressing; such pins are of wide distribution, but 
 differ with locahty and tribe; both the hair-dresser and the girl seated next to the subject 
 have such pin-combs stuck into their hair. Besides house construction details, notice 
 sitting positions, mats and pottery, (b) Music and dance, Ikoko. Probably Ntumba. 
 Strolling players, well gotten up; hair recently and finely dressed; feather decoration, skin 
 pendent from the girdle, beads and cloth are all deserving of attention. Notice also the 
 bows and arrows. The accompaniment for the dancer was the notched-rattle of bambu, 
 across which a slender stick is rubbed. 
 
 Plate XLIH.— (a) Pottery-making; Ntumba, Ikoko. House-buUding is much as 
 before. The Ntumba are notable potters; vessels are shaped by pounding and present 
 a great variety in size and form, each type having a special name. The potter here, though 
 young, is skillful; she wears the mission dress. Notice a piece of an old canoe in which the 
 clay is prepared and kept moist. The sitting on the ground with legs extended straight 
 forward is common, (b) Drummers, at Ikoko. Three kinds of drums are shown: (i) the 
 long, slightly tapering, hollow body with two membranes stretched across the ends and 
 laced tightly, held by a boy and struck with one stick by a standing player; (2) the hori- 
 zontal gong-drum, made by hollowing a block of wood through a long and narrow slit, 
 played by beating upon the thin lips with two sticks; (3) a small hand-drum, made by 
 stretching a membrane over the top of a little pot, played by striking it with the ball of 
 the palm. 
 
 Plate XLIV. — (a) Mode of execution, Ikoko. A composition for photographing, but 
 the executioner and the knife are both said to have seen actual service. The victim, usually 
 a slave, was fastened as here shown to prevent movement; a sapling stuck into the ground 
 was bent over and attached to a sort of cage made of withes around the head — by its tension 
 it rendered the neck rigid for the blow. When the knife fell, severing the head, the sapling 
 flew up, carrying the head high into the air and sprinkling the blood around. Execution was 
 less judicial than reUgious. (b) Woman making pottery, Ikoko. The method of shaping 
 by pounding is fairly shown. 
 
 Plate XLV. — (a) Ntumba chief, near Ikoko. The palm pattern on the temples, 
 extending from the outer angle of the eye to the ear, begins hereabouts and becomes con- 
 spicuous farther up the river. The carefully woven, flat-topped, cylindrical chief's hat is 
 characteristic, (b) Scars of valor; Ntumba, Ikoko. Two men of ten try a test of endurance; 
 taking knives, such as is here shown in the right hand, they place themselves in the 
 attitude of embrace and strike each other in the back, endeavoring to inflict serious and 
 painful wounds; the man who receives the most gashes before giving up is the best man. 
 Men are proud of such gash-scars as proof of their endurance. 
 
 Plate XLVI.— (a) Dancers of the fish-dance, Ikoko. The group pictured consists 
 
 24 
 
only of boys; adults had also participated in the dance. Notice garments of leaves, feathers 
 in the hair, and the two kinds of drums. One of these is the standing drum, a hollowed 
 cylinder upon three feet, with a membrane stretched across the top; the other is the hori- 
 zontal block, hollowed out through the narrow longitudinal slit at top. (b) Fetich; Ntumba, 
 Ikoko. A little heap under a shelter. 
 
 Plate XL VII. — (a) Mother of twins; Ntumba, Ikoko. When a Ntumba woman bears 
 twins she discards her ordinary dress and clothes herself in leaves; she also smears white, 
 after a definite pattern and in splashings, over her face and upper body. (This was a com- 
 position; the girl is not actually a mother.) (b) Yaws; Nkundu, Bolengi. Yaws is a com- 
 mon disease among Africans. The case shown is well developed; as an after-effect the disease 
 frequently leaves the nose characteristically flattened. 
 
 Plate XL VIII. — (a) Notched-rattle player; at Ikoko. See also Plates XLI and XLII. 
 Shows the notched-rattle in detail; it is made of bambu, with a narrow slit lengthwise along 
 the crest; this is repeatedly notched across and a slender stick rasped across the notching 
 produces a not unmusical accompaniment for the dance. The wearing of a feather is com- 
 mon in this region, (b) Grave; Ntumba, Ikoko. The grave is simple and inconspicuous 
 save for the offerings; whether its position at the base of an eroded termite hill is significant 
 is uncertain. 
 
 Plate XLIX. — Ntumba chief, Bokote. Bokote is located at some distance up a stream, 
 which enters Lake Mantumba near Ikoko. The fringe hanging before the house is char- 
 acteristic. The great lyre is a musical instrument which occurs, with local variations, through 
 a large part of central Africa. Notice the calabash pipe, bow and arrows, chief's stool and 
 hat; also the studding of knife handle, and wooden sheath with brass-headed tacks. The 
 white wrist-bands are made of cowry shells ground across and strung. 
 
 Plate L. — (a) Fish-stockade, creek near Ikoko. Passage is left for canoes; when this 
 is closed fishes brought down by the current are stopped from further descent and are easily 
 captured. Such stockades are common; this one is a little below Bokote village, (b) Ileku 
 smith's place, below Coquilhatville. Brass, particularly, is worked; it is run in moulds into 
 long slender rods, which are afterward wound into great spiral rings for the legs and arms. 
 Notice the male type, cushion hair-dressing, and the Une of scar-beading from temple to 
 temple over the eyes; also the use of spiral arm-bands. 
 
 Plate LI. — (a) Case of yaws (Cf. Plate XL VII). (b) Body-marking; the line of 
 beading from temple to temple of the eyes is found alone, or in combination with other 
 designs, in a considerable list of tribes; notice the delicate work on the chin, forehead, and 
 lip border; also the band of beading upon shoulders and across the chest; lastly, the elaborate 
 lozenge designs on the lower chest. All of this is scarification, produced by cutting, (c) 
 Ntumba chief (same as in Plate XLV). (d) Typical hair-dressing of Ntumba women; notice 
 also the feather, two brass neck-rings, strings of beads, and spiral arm-rings, (e) Body-mark- 
 
 25 
 
ing; sharply defined lines of fine beading, produced by cutting. All from negatives by 
 Joseph Clark, Ikoko. 
 
 Plate LII.— (a) Woman with neck-ring"; Ntumba, hear Ikoko. The hair-dressing, 
 cheek and abdominal marking are all of the best; the heavy neck-ring differs in details from 
 those of the Bobangi and Moie. Notice the chief's brush and the stool, (b) Chief of Yembe. 
 The splendid hat, with metal disk in front, is put on above a cap of animal skin with long 
 pendents of haired skin. Notice the face-painting, abundant use of cowries ground down, 
 the neck-beads and the chief's brush. From negatives by Joseph Clark, Ikoko. 
 
 Plate LIII. — (a) Chief prepared for burial. Notice the face-painting and the metal 
 disk from the top of his hat. (b) Girl in gala attire; she is the official wife at the "hatting" 
 of a chief, (c) Ntumba (?) woman. Notice hair-dressing, forehead-marking, spiral arm- 
 and leg-rings, body-scarring and the wearing of bells. From negatives by Joseph Clark, 
 Ikoko. 
 
 Plate LIV. — (a) Ntumba chief with hat; notice also the knife with handle studded 
 with brass-headed tacks, heavy beads, and wristlet of cowry shells, (b) Ntumba, climbing 
 the palm tree; the method is used throughout the Congo country, (c) Ntumba girls; notice 
 two styles of hair-dressing, the forehead crest, and the stringing of hair with cowries (beads 
 are strung upon hair in the same way among various tribes), (d) Ntumba hair-dressing. 
 From negatives by Joseph Clark, Ikoko. 
 
 Plate LV. — (a) Corpse prepared for burial (same as Plate LIII (a) ). (b) Ntumba 
 woman, characteristic hair-dressing; notice also the palm pattern on the temples, (c) Women 
 with artificially deformed heads; probably located at Irebu and coming from the Uele region, 
 (d) Chief's grave, Bolengi. (e) Soldier; notice forehead-marking and ear-slitting; Ubangi (?) 
 region, (f) Ntumba woman. Notice hair-dressing, the strands being strung with beads; 
 the neck-ring is of ground cowry shells strung. From negatives by Joseph Clark, Ikoko. 
 Uncertainty exists regarding some of Mr. Clark's subjects. Most of them are Ntumba; 
 some made at Irebu probably represent subjects from the Ubangi and the Uele; the dead 
 chief is probably Nkundu; some of the subjects may be Lusakani, or even Ileku. 
 
 Plate LVI. — Ileku women, below Coquilhatville. From Irebu, up through the 
 Bangala region, mud becomes a more conspicuous material in house construction. Notice 
 the heavy spiral coiled brass leg-rings, the sitting with legs extended straight ahead, the 
 comb-pin, and the style of hair-dressing. 
 
 Plate LVII. — Ileku, Coquilhatville. The forehead crest is gaining in height and the 
 closeness of the individual horizontal cuts; the palm pattern at the temples is regular and 
 well developed. Notice the heavy welts on the shoulder, and the cicatrization on the chest 
 and abdomen; the hair is done up with a filling of camwood dust to give solidity. 
 
 Plate LVIII.— (a) Busira. The scarification consists of a forehead crest of short 
 horizontal cuts, of several short verticals at the glabella, of a fine fine of beading across the 
 
 26 
 
cheeks under the eyes and running down to a point at the nose tip, and of dehcate cutting 
 at the lip margin. Notice also the broad vertical bands with bipinnate striation on the chest, 
 (b) Azaijdeh; Upper Uele River. Show varied and delicate body-marking. 
 
 Plate LIX. — Head deformation, seen at Nouvelle Anvers. The girls were in charge 
 of the Mission, and were said to come from up the Uele River. 
 
 BANGALA 
 
 The Bangala are the best known of the tribes of the Upper Congo. Their language 
 has given rise to one of the three great trade languages, which in this latitude stretch across 
 the African continent — Bakongo, Bangala, SwahUi. The Bangala were long the terror 
 of the river; Bentley says "the Bopoto are 'fishermen,' the Bobangi 'traders,' the Bangala 
 * cannibals.' " They are energetic, vigorous and enterprising; they have manned the steamers, 
 suppUed labor at the camps, accompanied the white man in his work of penetration and ' 
 occupation. The Bangala proper have the heaviest and most striking cicatrization of 
 central Africa. They were bold fighters, and made the most vigorous resistance of any 
 people to Stanley's famous voyage down the Congo River. They were inveterately addicted 
 to flagrant cannibalism, which is no doubt still practiced in their remoter towns. 
 
 Plate LX. — Bangala vUlage, across from Nouvelle Anvers. The long houses of but 
 moderate workmanship have mud-fiUed walls. Notice the framework for supporting beer- 
 pots when not in use. Fires are usually outside the hoiise, and consist of three logs converging 
 to the point where the fire is; as the exposed ends burn away the logs are pushed in toward 
 one another, 
 
 Plate LXI. — (a) Drumming, Bangala village. Same town as preceding; the drum is 
 of moderate size, cut from a solid log of wood; it is hollowed out through the long and nar- 
 row sUt, the edges of which are thinned to rather dehcate lips, which are struck with a pair 
 of sticks. From here up the River to Stanley Falls the large drum for sending messages 
 is ever in evidence, (b) House group, Upoto. Bopoto villages are always at the river-side; 
 they consist of a succession of house groups such as are here shown. The houses are arranged 
 around three sides of a square open toward the water; the middle house, facing the river 
 and farthest from it, may be the man's house, while the others are those of his different 
 women. 
 
 Plate LXII. — (a) Pottery-making; Bangala, Libinza. Besides the great bowls and 
 beer-jars, one sees here the characteristic three-pointed fire-pots; in these fires are kept, 
 especially on canoe voyages, and food is cooked in pots which are supported on the three 
 projections. Notice to the right, under leafy shelter, the great packing-basket, or crate, 
 in which pottery or produce, such as rubber or copal, may be safely shipped, (b) Salt 
 
 27 
 
burning; Bangala, Libinza. Certain water plants are burned, the ashes are leached, and 
 the brine is evaporated. From negatives by R. H. Kirkland. 
 
 Plate LXIII.— (a) Graves; Bangala, Libinza. (b) Lifonga's grave; Bangala, Libinza. 
 From negatives by R. H. Kirkland. 
 
 Plate LXIV. — (a) Chief's grave; Bangala village, across from Nouvelle Anvers. A 
 shelter of matting, etc., under which is a low bed platform; the grave proper is beneath this; 
 three boards with designs painted in black and round-spotted with yellow are set up against 
 the rear wall, (b) Fetich-shelter; Bangala village, across from Nouvelle Anvers. A stake 
 painted red below, green above, and round-spotted with yellow, with feathers tied at top; 
 a second stake, quite similar but without feathers; a crotched stake with pot containing 
 twigs, etc.; earthen pots streaked and spotted with yellow; all under a shelter. 
 
 Plate LXV. — Bangala, Nouvelle Anvers. Typical for forehead crest and the palm 
 patterns at the sides of the face. Notice the large moustache and the hairy chest. 
 
 Plate LXVI. — (a) Bangala, Nouvelle Anvers. A sub-chief, who shows good fore- 
 head crest, side face-marking, and the considerable moustache, (b) Tribal mark above 
 Nouvelle Anvers. These girls, who were Uving at Nouvelle Anvers, came from farther up 
 the river but short of Upoto. Their face-marking suggests the Bopoto and Ngombe scarifi- 
 cation. 
 
 Plate LXVII. — Tribal mark. Front and side view of one of the two first figured 
 subjects, for comparison with the fully developed Bopoto and Ngombe face-marking. Notice 
 also the heavy welts upon the shoulder. 
 
 Plate LXVIII. — (a) Bangala, below Nouvelle Anvers. A young man in whom the 
 pahn pattern on the sides of the face has swollen coarsely in the healing, (b) Bopoto girl. 
 The disfiguring swellings are said to be due to bad healing after scarification. 
 
 Plate LXIX. — (a) Bangala women, at Nouvelle Anvers. They have come in from 
 the country with food supplies for workmen. Notice the double line of cord-pattern on the 
 chest and abdomen of the standing woman. All four wear the characteristic fringed apron 
 made of a grass-like material dyed. Notice the head-shaving and thumb-ring of one of the 
 seated women; also the sitting position of the other two. The packets done up in leaves 
 and laid out in Unes upon the ground are kassava bread, (b) Fish-trap, Upoto. The 
 Bopoto are famous fishermen, and have many kinds of nets and traps for taking fish; this is 
 the largest we saw. Notice the framework of house construction.' 
 
 Plate LXX. — (a) Bangala woman. Typical for grass-dress; these aprons consist 
 of fringes ki^otted to and hanging from a girdle-string; they are made in lengths a little more 
 than to go around the body, and the fringe material is dyed gray, greenish, black or yellow- 
 red; one is not worn alone, but one after another is wound around the body, one over another, 
 until a considerable mass of them is produced as here shown, (b) Stripping bark for cloth; 
 at Upoto. The peoples living behind Upoto beat a cloth or felt from the bark of a species 
 
 28 
 
of fig; the bark, stripped from the trunk or branch, is macerated and then beaten upon a 
 firm surface with a special beating club, the pounding face of which is furrowed by crossing 
 grooves. 
 
 BOPOTO, NGOMBE, BOLONGO 
 
 Bapoto, Bopoto, Foto are the riverine population at Upoto and its vicinity. They 
 appear to be colonizing invaders who have secured and maintain a precarious foothold. 
 They are famous fishermen. The original occupants of the region are the Ngombe, or 
 Moya (Bentley says Ngombe is the name of the country, Moya the name of the people), 
 whose villages He directly back of the Bopoto settlements. The Bopoto are said to be 
 related to the Bangala, but the face-marking of Bopoto and Ngombe is practically the 
 same and quite characteristic. The Bopoto catch and dry fish, which they sell or trade to 
 the agricultural Ngombe. The Bopoto make good pottery, which is smeared while hot with 
 copal for glazing; Bopoto women formerly made necklaces by stringing half-inch sections 
 of fowl's bones; these have now been replaced by white men's pipe-beads, which are used in 
 profusion in the making of caps, anklets, bracelets, and heavy neck-rings. The Ngombe 
 practice binding children's heads to modify the skull form. Both Bopoto and Ngombe were 
 cannibals. The houses and village arrangement of Bopoto and Ngombe are distinctly unlike. 
 Behind the Ngombe towns Hes the village of Bolongo. In houses, house arrangement, face- 
 and body-marking (unimportant there), and hair-dressing the people of Bolongo are strikingly 
 unlike either Ngombe or Bopoto. In language they are probably Bantu Hke these and most 
 of the Congo tribes, but the boundary between Bantu and non-Bantu speech hes not far 
 away. Thonner has contributed most to the exact location of this line of Hnguistic demarca- 
 tion. Bentley speaks of the Moya as consisting of two tribes, and says "a second Moya 
 language is heard at no great distance from the river." It is possible that the people of 
 Bolongo are those here meant. 
 
 Plate LXXI. — Bopoto group, Upoto. The group is typical for face-marking and 
 variety in hair-dressing; beads are worn by both sexes, and arm- and leg-rings are used; 
 men wear scant clothing, women go nearly or quite naked. Notice sitting position with legs 
 extended; also body-marking as shown in four men and one woman; the shaving of the fore- 
 head is customary. The third man from the right in the rear standing line has his beard 
 strung with beads — an individual but not rare practice. 
 
 Plate LXXII. — (a) Foto smithy, Upoto. Under the shelter are his bellows and 
 simple outfit — a block of iron or steel set in the ground for an anvil, hammer, etc. He is 
 beating a knife, while his boy puffs the bellows. The bellows consists of a wooden block 
 cut to form two wooden air bowls and a tube; the air bowls are covered with skins, to the 
 middle of which are attached the lower ends of two sticks; the wooden tube from the air 
 
 29 
 
bowls is covered at the end with a pottery tube which carries the blast of air to the fire, 
 (b) Net-making, Upoto. An exceUent cord is made by the peoples behind Upoto. This 
 is made up by the Bopoto into exceUent nets; these have a square mesh. Stools such as the 
 net-maker occupies are cut from a soUd wooden block, and are often studded with brass- 
 headed tacks. 
 
 Plate LXXIII.— Foto house and group, Upoto. The dandy of the village and part 
 of his household are shown. His hair has just been done up, and he views hhnself with 
 satisfaction in a white man's looking-glass. House construction, screen construction, and 
 house entrance are well shown. Notice the stools; also methods of baby-holding, the one 
 to the right being usual. 
 
 Plate LXXIV.— (a) Group of women, Upoto. Notice the heavy masses of white 
 beads worn at the neck; such are characteristic from here up to Bumba. (b) Girls' festival, 
 Upoto. Again profusion of bead ornament, especially on festal occasions; not only massive 
 neck-rings, but heavy caps, waist-wrappings and leg-wrappings. From negatives by William 
 L. Forfeitt, Upoto. 
 
 Plate LXXV.— (a) Boy with house model; Upoto. In several tribes boys make 
 miniature houses, steamboats, etc. This was particularly observed among the Moie at 
 Bolobo, and the Bopoto at Upoto. While this boy is a mission boy it is probable that the 
 idea of making this model originated with himself, (b) Fishing; Upoto. Notice the great 
 net. From negatives by WUliam L. Forfeitt, Upoto. 
 
 Plate LXXVL— (a) Funeral dance, Upoto. Notice wrist-rings and the leafy head- 
 dress. The using of leaf garments in various places on ceremonial occasions raises interesting 
 questions. Cf. Plates XLVI a, and XLVII a. (b) Coronation of chiefs, Upoto. Notice 
 spear practice, woven shields, and long drums. From negatives by WUUam L. Forfeitt, 
 Upoto. 
 
 Plate LXXVII. — (a) Pottery-drying, Upoto. Notice the varied forms, neat finish, 
 and smooth rims of the vessels. House construction, entrance, etc., are well shown. The 
 movement of the woman in the background, to the right, with basket carried on the head, is 
 characteristic, (b) Hunter, with hippopotamus harpoon and float, Upoto. The weapon 
 is a true harpoon, with enormously long shaft, detachable point connected with the shaft 
 by a cord, and a great float of extremely light and porous wood. Notice drying pottery, 
 palm-nuts spread out on a mat, other harpoons leaning against the house, the chair cut 
 from a soUd block and studded with brass-headed tacks. From negatives by WiUiam L. 
 Forfeitt. 
 
 Plate LXXVIII. — (a) Bringing canes for building purposes; Upoto. No nails are 
 used in house construction, but flexible vines, rattans and canes are used for lashing and 
 binding. As always and everywhere, people on the trail go in single file; as usual, the smaller 
 and weaker individuals carry the heavier loads, (b) WrestUng, Upoto. Through the Upper 
 
 30 
 
Congo region, wrestling is the "national sport" ; it is subject to fixed rules. From negatives 
 by William L. Forfeitt. . 
 
 Plate LXXIX. — (a) Corpse of a chUd; TJpbto. The body is decked with its choicest 
 ornaments. Notice the typical mode in which the woman near by holds the sucking child, 
 (b) Grave, Upoto. The grave is neatly formed of firmly packed clay and will long retain 
 its sharp outhnes. Notice the white Une decoration. In such firmly packed clay the people 
 at Bolongo and some Ngombe towns make not only graves, but house foundations, bench- 
 platforms, and beds. From negatives by WiUiam L. Forfeitt, Upoto. 
 
 Plate LXXX. — Foto woman, Upoto. Showing characteristic face-marking. Notice 
 also the taste in beads, the body-scarring, and the wearing in ear perforation of a cord doubly 
 tipped with large beads. The latter idea in ornament reaches fuller development higher 
 up the river. 
 
 Plate LXXXI. — Foto, Upoto. Characteristic face-marking arid bead neck-ring; 
 a Une of beads is strung upon the beard. 
 
 Plate LXXXII. — Ngombe town, behind Upoto. Ngombe villages consist of two 
 long, shghtly curved Unes of houses with an elliptical open space between them. Notice 
 the wall platform of packed clay that serves as a sort of foundation, the projecting roof 
 with upright stake supports at intervals, the marginal poles strung along and lashed to these, 
 and the sliding doors "fitting over the entrance-holes. Notice also the outdoor fire of three 
 converging logs, already described in connection with the Bangala. 
 
 Plate LXXXIII. — Ngombe women, behind Upoto. Ngombe women commonly 
 go without dress, but rarely without one or more strings of beads; usually one or two bead 
 waist-strings are worn, and often neck-strings. Notice the carrjdng-strap passing over the 
 forehead and the burden-frame; also the shoulder-scarring on the second woman, the wearing 
 of ankle-rings, and the already mentioned features of house construction. The difference 
 between the plump, round breasts of the yoimg woman and the pendent, flabby breasts of 
 women who have had children is well shown. 
 
 Plate LXXXIV. — (a) Ngombe village, behind Upoto. The village arrangement 
 is fairly shown, with two curved lines of houses facing and enclosing an elliptical open space, 
 (b) Bolongo; village behind Upoto, but different from the Ngombe towns. The picture is 
 poor, but constructional differences are striking. The houses are not curved; the roofs fail 
 to match; noticeable are the open spaces, unwaUed but under roof, which serve as gathering- 
 places. The clay foundation-platform is Hke the Ngombe, but in the Bolongo houses there 
 are carefully made clay benches and beds. 
 
 Plate LXXXV. — (a) Child with artificially modified head; Upper Uele River. See 
 Plate LIX. (b) Ngombe woman with bandaged child; behind Upoto. Artificial head 
 modification is common among Ngombe; the shape sought appears to be quite different from 
 that of the Uele region. The baby's head is wrapped around and around tightly with a 
 
 31 
 
long and narrow strip of stuff made for the purpose; notice beads at wrists and ankles of the 
 baby. The mother shows typical face-marking, bead neck-ring, body-scarring, and ankle- 
 rings. ., . 1 
 
 Plate LXXXVI.— (a) Same mother and babe; to show greater detail m her face- 
 marking, ear ornaments, beads, and body cutting; also in the mode of wrapping the baby's 
 head, (b) Ngombe boy; in mission at Upoto. To show head shape resulting from bandaging. 
 
 Plate LXXXVIL— Group of men to show hair-dressing; Bolongo. The garments 
 are of bark cloth, which is considerably manufactured by both Ngombe and the people 
 of Bolongo. The hair-dressing is altogether pecuUar, being made up into cushions or mats 
 which are strung solidly with dark red beads. 
 
 Plate LXXXVIIL— Baby-carrying, Bolongo. To a peculiar extent, the men of 
 Bolongo play the part of nurses; we nowhere else saw this so marked; in the group here 
 shown, taken quite without selection, only one woman baby-carrier occurs to three men. 
 Note the common use of a strap passing over the right shoulder for the support of the baby. 
 Notice house construction details, and the open gathering-place to the left. 
 
 Plate LXXXIX. — Bolongo. Male type to show hair-dressing, stringing the hair 
 with beads, and body-marking. 
 
 Plate XC. — (a) Mongo; at Bodo. Male, (b) Mongo, at Bodo. Female. Photo- 
 graphed to show typical Mongo head-deformation. Notice head-shaving in both cases, 
 and the ear ornaments in the female. 
 
 BASOKO 
 
 The term Basoko is of general application to a mass of tribes Uving at and around 
 Basoko, and extending up the Aruwimi River. They present considerable uniformity in 
 general appearance, in face-marking, in ornaments, and in the general mode of life. The 
 Basoko are especially addicted to the use of camwood powder, smearing the body thickly 
 with it, and then scraping out through it designs as zigzags and hne combinations, the dark 
 skin showing these patterns in the red ground. Many of these tribes were cannibals. While 
 the large horizontal drums appeared as far down as among the Bangala, they here become 
 conspicuous, and from here to Stanley Falls the traveler is never out of sound of their boom- 
 ing. The so called "conical," pointed, hut appears between Basoko and Yambuya, and 
 becomes the prevalent form thereafter up the Aruwimi-Ituri River. 
 
 Plate XCI. — (a) Natives before the Commissaire's, Basoko. The daily attendance 
 of natives at the government headquarters, to present "palavers"; groups sit together await- 
 ing their turn for a hearing; the next one due to be called moves up to the foot of the stairs; 
 as soon as those in consultation leave, this group will go into the ofl&ce and another group will 
 take its place at the foot of the stairs, (b) Building the new houses, Basoko. Our visit 
 
 32 
 
followed shortly upon an official tour of the governor-general; everywhere were signs of 
 ordered improvement. Here the natives had orders to construct themselves new houses; 
 they were in general of the native type, but were more airy and hygienic than before. 
 
 Plate XCII. — (a) Women at work, Basoko. As throughout the Congo country, 
 the women are the agriculturists. The fields here are on the river bank in front of the 
 houses now under construction, (b) Group of women and children, Basoko. 
 
 Plate XCIII. — Pottery-making, Basoko. The entire outfit of the potter is here 
 seen — board, pounder, scrapers, polishers; the wares here are often smeared, while hot, 
 with copal to give them lustre; the woman is now smoothing a bowl. Near the board is 
 seen a characteristic little oil jar, made of pottery and encased in a pretty close-fitting basketry 
 covering. Notice the method of carr3dng children, positions of arm-rest, and the squat 
 position of the paddler; also ankle- and wrist-rings and the paddle. 
 
 Plate XCIV. — (a) Spearing fish from canoe, Basoko. (b) Under sentence of death, 
 Basoko. These five men had difficulty with white agents at a lonely post; they killed and 
 ate them, rifled and burned the factory, and took to the bush. They were captured, tried 
 and sentenced; they appealed their case to Boma and were waiting the result of their appeal. 
 
 Plate XCV. — (a) Drum, Basoko. At Basoko we heard drums day and night. Notice 
 hair-dressing; wrist-ring, probably of ivory, (b) Landing scene; Yakoje, Aruwimi River. 
 The town is a wood-post; when the steamer arrives, a pile of fire-wood is ready at the terrace 
 edge; this is at once tossed down and carried onto the steamer; the workers are the boys of 
 the village, the men standing by and looking on; having finished their work, the boys are 
 reclimbing the slope to watch the steamer leave. 
 
 Plate XCVI. — Chief of Yakoje; Aruwimi River. To show characteristic face- 
 marking and the wearing of bead-tipped cords in ear perforations. This practice reaches 
 fxill development at Basoko and on the Aruwimi. Notice the fetich-cord carrying two 
 small blocks of wood at the neck. 
 
 Plate XCVII. — Mogandja, Aruwimi River. With these Aruwimi towns we. come 
 to the sharply pointed, "extinguisher-shaped," leaf -covered huts. The town of Mogandja 
 had just been reconstructed under the new orders — the streets had been widened and 
 straightened. 
 
 Plate XCVIII. — (a) Kwond6, Aruwimi River, simple yard scene, showing carry- 
 basket, stone on which to bruise palm-nuts with palm-nuts laid out, pot supported over 
 the fire on three pottery rests, high jars, etc. (b) Treatment of palm-nuts; Kwond6. 
 Crushing bin, oil nm, etc. 
 
 Plate XCIX. — Group of children, Yambuya. The governor-general's order for 
 house reconstruction had not yet been put into practice at Yambuya and the narrow, crooked 
 street still remained. Notice the rectangular shelters with "ordinary two-pitched roof — 
 gathering-places — which occur scattered among the pointed huts in all these towns. 
 
 33 
 
Plate C. — (a) Trail near Yambuya, Aruwimi River. Yambuya was the camp of the 
 rear-guard of Stanley's Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. The trail is through grass and forest. 
 The native town, with its pointed huts can be seen in the distance, (b) Paddlers from 
 up river, at Yambuya. Notice the going in single file. Paddles are now things of beauty; 
 from Basoko up, both on the Congo and its tributary rivers, they are more and more 
 carefully made, and deserve attention both for their varied and graceful forms and for 
 their carved decoration. 
 
 Plate CI. — (a) Pointed hut, Yambuya. Showing constructional details; while 
 generally called "conical," or "extinguisher-shaped," these huts are regularly angular and 
 present a quadrangular horizontal section. The pole framework is covered with a thick 
 sheeting of overlapping leaves arranged as a thatch; the extreme point is finished with 
 more or less care, varying with villages; at Yambuya it is carefully done and a collar comes 
 down over it; the doorways are low and small and the huts give but little space to the occu- 
 pants, (b) Woman with babe; Yambuya. Notice the mode of holding the child and the 
 carry-strap; also the plaited neck-rmg and girdle cord of both mother and child. The face- 
 marking and body-scarring upon the woman are delicate and well done. 
 
 Plate CII.— Group of children; Mogandja, Aruwimi River. 
 
 Plate CIII. — Yambuya, Aruwimi River. Good male type in respect of head-shaving, 
 hair-dressing and filling, forehead- and lip-scarrmg, and body-marking. Notice neck-chain 
 of native manufacture. 
 
 Plate CIV.— Yankote. Man from Yankote village; one of the condemned of Plate 
 XCIV (b). Shows neglected face-marking, and dressing of hair into horns. 
 
 Plate CV.— Topoke, Yaboyila. Another of the condemned, but with face-marking 
 well kept up. Notice the treatment of the deKcate membrane of the lips; also the distribu- 
 tion of body-scarring. 
 
 Plate CVI.— Mopandu, Basoko. The face-marking is of a type usual to the district; 
 the pictures were taken principally for the heavy and conspicuous body-scarring, both front 
 and back. 
 
 Plate CVII.— (a) Bobai. Probably from Province Oriental, (b) Wangata. Ruki 
 River district. To show types of face-marking and body-scarring. Both were soldiers 
 serving at Lisala station. 
 
 Plate CVIII.— (a) Bakele, Rubi River, (b) Tamoa, Stanley FaUs. Types of body- 
 scarring. Both were soldiers serving at Lisala station. 
 
 Plate CIX.— (a) Nets and canoes, Isangi. (b) Beach scene, Isangi. Canoes differ 
 in size, form, quality of workmanship, and decoration from place to place. Notice the 
 practice of sinking them under water to prevent sun-spUtting; also the awnmg over the 
 middle section. Nets are large and weU made; they are weighted with cyUndrical weights 
 of baked clay, and a line of wooden floats is attached to the upper edge. 
 
 34 
 
Plate CX. — Landing scene, La Romee. The landing of the steamer is awaited by 
 crowds in all these up-river towns. The black crew always brings up cloth and other trade- 
 stuffs — trinkets, accordeons, etc., — and while the steamer remains there is active trading, 
 (b) Market at Yakusu. The Yakusu market is held on the river bank at the upper end of 
 the town, near the B. M. S. mission. Those in the picture who are most clad are from the 
 mission. Notice the location of the town, the men's club-houses (set out from the line 
 of ordinary dwelling-houses and at the very edge of the terrace), and details of house con- 
 struction. 
 
 LOKELE, TURUMBU, BAKUMU, TOFOKE 
 
 Yakusu, near Stanley Falls, is a centre of various interesting peoples. Those at 
 Yakusu itself are Lokele, notable ironsmiths whose products, especially razors and spear- 
 points, go far in trade. Their area centres around the Lomami River. They are fisher- 
 folk, spending much of their time in canoes; their houses are of poor construction and are 
 usually arranged in parallel lines, transverse to the river bank; men's club-houses, with 
 drums sheltered in them, are conspicuous near the bank. These people wear labrets in 
 the upper lip — usually quartz pebbles taken from the terrace. Turumbu Uve behind 
 the Lokele settlements, in forest clearings, pursuing agriculture and trading bread-stuffs 
 with their riverine neighbors. The two people are sharply distinguished in physique, feature, 
 face-marking, dress, and decoration. Few people in the whole Congo area present as varied 
 and attractive features of decoration and decorative dress as the Lokele. Across the river, 
 near the 'mouth of the Lindi, begins the country of the Bakumu, a great group of tribes 
 which extend from below Stanley Falls almost to Nyangwe. They are forest-dwellers. 
 The village of Yakake is inland about forty minutes' walk from the river bank opposite 
 Yakusu. It is of the Foma, Bafoma, Tofoke. The tribe is important upon the Lomami 
 River. The Foma present much of interest in architecture, decoration, arts, and life, and 
 deserve a careful study. They are hunters, selling antelope flesh to the riverine people. 
 
 Plate CXI. — (a) The beach, Yakusu. The canoes are long and slender as compared 
 with those of Isangi. (b) Palaver group, Yakusu. Men taking part in "palavers" (formal 
 discussions upon disputed or public business) appear in fine array. Notice hair-dressing 
 and filling, head-dresses, fetich neck-cords, bandoliers of haired skin, and stools — each 
 man has his own brought with him. 
 
 Plate CXII. — Men's club-house; Lokele, Yakusu. There are several of these gather- 
 ing-places in town. Notice the drum in the hinder-part of the sheltered space, a section 
 cut squarely out of a great tree trunk; also the heavy wooden pipe with the stem decorated 
 with lines of brass-headed tacks, (b) Circumcision; Lokele, Yakusu. The operator still 
 
 35 
 
holds the severed foreskin in his fingers, and the baby's position has not yet been changed; 
 a little stick fastened transversely keeps the cut penis from contact with the scrotum or the 
 legs. Notice the stools, occupied and unoccupied; one of the latter has line ornamentation 
 in brass-headed tacks. 
 
 Plate CXIII. — (a) Women's enclosure, Yakusu. Girls preparing for marriage are 
 here secluded; gifts made to them are hung upon the enclosure stakes, (b) Clay supports 
 for vessels; Yakusu. Notice the incised ornamentation. 
 
 Plate CXIV. — (a) Pottery for firing; Yakusu. The vessels and fuel are built up 
 with some care, (b) Women's enclosure, Yakusu. The best constructed and most con- 
 spicuous ia town. Notice the hung gifts. 
 
 Plate CXV. — (a) Lokele, Yakusu. He is in fine array; the hair is carefully dressed 
 and filled; a buffalo tooth is inserted in his upper lip; the packet attached to the bead neck- 
 lace may suggest Mohammedan influence, but the fetich blocks and whistles are original 
 African, (b) Lokele, at Yakusu. A visitor from outside; as carefully arrayed as the pre- 
 ceding. Notice the narrow, tight arm-bands, elaborate hair-dressing, forehead-band, and 
 walking staff. 
 
 Plate CXVI. — (a)Lokele women, Yakusu. To show deKcate and widely applied 
 body-scarring; also the neatly woven, narrow, tight arm- and leg-bands, the neck-rings, 
 the apron, and the ear-ornaments, (b) Lokele woman, Yakusu. Remarkable body- 
 scarring. 
 
 Plate CXVII. — (a) Women's enclosure, Yakusu. (b) Turumbu village, behind 
 Yakusu. It is being erected in a new clearing in the forest; thus constructional details are 
 well shown. 
 
 Plate CXVIII. — (a) Dance of greeting, Turumbu. The women and children, warned 
 of visitors by the drum, have come to the bank of the brook near the village to greet and 
 welcome them — the welcome being sung to the accompaniment of hand-clapping, (b) 
 Dance, at Bamanga. The dancers are traveling "Arabs" and local women. The town 
 is on the Congo River between Stanlejrville and Ponthierville. 
 
 Plate CXIX. — Turumbu warriors; behind Yakusu. All show the characteristic 
 face-marking and hair-mass which are detailed in the following plate. Notice two t3^es 
 of spears and the long, slender, curved-blade knife — perhaps none of them Turumbu work; 
 also the mode of carrying the sheathed knife. 
 
 Plate CXX.— Turumbu, behmd Yakusu. Typical for general appearance and for 
 face-marking — the elements of which are Uttle teat-like projections. Notice body-marking; 
 also the pin-comb stuck into the characteristic hair-mass. 
 
 Plate CXXL— (a) Bakumu smoking; opposite Yakusu. House construction and 
 arrangement are shown; the chairs, of native manufacture, are imitated from the white 
 man's steamer chair; the pipe-bowls are baked clay, the long stems are midribs, (b) Bakumu 
 
 36 
 
dance, opposite Yakusu. Notice the special dancing head-dress and the drums, typical 
 now over a large region. Some of the dancers were streaked with color. These dancers 
 sh6wed a keen sense of humor and jocularity. 
 
 Plate CXXII. — (a) House construction; Foma, opposite Yakusu. The interesting 
 coloring of walls is only suggested by the picture; notice position of the entrance, (b) 
 Leafy screen, women's enclosure; Foma, opposite Yakusu. 
 
 Plate CXXIII, — Women and child; Bafoma, opposite Yakusu. The mortar is of 
 wood, the pestle of ivory; the material to be crushed is sections of kassava tuber. Notice 
 the men's club-house; also the forehead marking and arm spirals of the kneeling woman. 
 Children like this one are always trying to imitate the mother's work, and show much better 
 muscular co-ordination than children of the same age among us. 
 
 Plate CXXIV. — Bafoma group; opposite Yakusu. The men are typical for physique, 
 face-marking and hair-dressing. The characteristic house construction and decoration 
 are suggested. 
 
 Plate CXXV. — (a) Forest trail to Chopo Falls, near Stanleyville, (b) Stanley 
 Falls. At the foot of the final descent. The poles, framework, etc., are constructed by the 
 natives of the immediate neighborhood for taking fish; men walk out upon the framework 
 to set and remove fish-baskets. 
 
 ARAB POPULATION 
 
 The Arab influence is felt almost or quite down to Basoko; it is conspicuous at La 
 Romee and Stanleyville. From there on up the river all the tribes are more or less afifected. 
 "Arab" villages and settlements occur near Ponthierville. Solamu's town is opposite 
 that station. 
 
 Plate CXXVI. — (a) Arab paddlers in front of Ponthierville. These paddlers have 
 just brought their master, Solamu, back from Ponthierville. 
 
 Plate CXXVII. — Minstrel greeting; Solamu's town, opposite Ponthierville. When 
 guests arrive, the minstrel with his wooden gong-drum goes to meet them, singing welcome. 
 The wooden gong-drum here is longest at the upper, thin, sUt part; that of Bachoko and 
 other populations of the Kasai region is largest at bottom; cf. with these a third form, found 
 locally from Upoto to Mirambo and illustrated in Plate CXVIII (b). 
 
 Plate CXXVIII. — (a) The State Canoe, Ponthierville. The dug-out canoe attains 
 its greatest size and development in the great river above Stanley Falls. The one here 
 shown is large, but not of the largest. Such great canoes have been used by white men for 
 the extensive transportation of freight. Important chiefs from Basoko up have splendid 
 canoes with large bodies of fine paddlers. (b) Women's caravan below Ponthierville. As 
 
 37 
 
men are often away at other employment, there is an organized women's caravan service 
 in the region of the upper cataracts, for the transportation of freight and travelers' luggage 
 around rapids. 
 
 Plate CXXIX.— (a) Grave; Yakoje, Aruwimi River. This belongs with Plates XCV, 
 XCVI. Shelter and platform with gifts; the gifts are largely put out of use. (b) Fetich 
 figures and circumcision house, Mirambo. The fetich figures are male and female and are 
 painted yellow; circumcision is here practiced on weU-grown boys. 
 
 Plate CXXX. — (a) Fetich houses at Solamu's town, (b) Grave; at Mirambo, 
 between PonthierviUe and Stanleyville. Carefully constructed shelter over the grave; a 
 fire is kept burning before it and a vessel containing liquid is set in the ground before it. 
 
 Tribal names have intentionally been used in simple form in referring to individuals, 
 whether these were one or several; also in referring to languages. To attempt to employ 
 singular and plural forms, and to use words definitely indicating languages would only 
 confuse, unless full explanation could be given. 
 
 38 
 
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PLATE— III. 
 
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 BATEKE VILLAGE. KINSHASA. 
 
 Copyright, 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 NSONA MARKET, NEAR NGUNGU. 
 
Copyright. 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 NSONA MARKET, NEAR NGUNGU. 
 
PLATE— IV. 
 
 Copyright. 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 NSONA MARKET, NEAR NGUNGU. 
 
PLATE— V. 
 
 BAKONGO VILLAGE, NEAR CATARACTS, LEOPOLDVILLE. 
 
 Copyright, 130 7, Underwood & Underwood, 
 
 GRAVE, MPETE. 
 
PLATE— VI. 
 
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 Copyrljiht, 1307, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 POTTERY M.\KING, BATEKE, KINSHASA. 
 
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PLATE— VIII. 
 
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 Copyrieht, 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 5ATEKE, KINSHASA. 
 
PLATE— IX. 
 
 Copyright. 1907. Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 NDOMBE'S FAMILY GROUP, BAKUBA. 
 

 
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PLATE— XI 11. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CopyrlBht, 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 CHICOMA AND HIS CHILDREN, BALUBA. 
 
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PLATE— XV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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PLATE— XXIII. 
 
 BAKUBA MOVING, NDOMBE. 
 
 -'^9^'Ml^iiirJ' '.fcM ■ 
 
 Copyriffht, 1^07, Underwood & Underwood, 
 
 BACHOKO, BRIt^ING RUBBER, DJOKO PUNDA. 
 
PLATE— XXIV. 
 
 BACHOKO HOUSE AND GROUP. IMAIILA'S TOWN. 
 
 CEREMONIAL HOUSE; BAKETE, NDOMBE. 
 
PLATE— XXV, 
 
 BACHOKO GROUP, DJOKO PUNDA, FACTORY. 
 
 Copyright, 1907, Underwood & Undeiwood. 
 
 BACHOKO DANCE, DJOKO PUNDA FACTORY. 
 
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PLATE-XXVII. 
 
 Copyright, 1007, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 FAREWELL VISIT; BALUBA, CH1C0^L^. 
 
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PLATE— XXIX. 
 
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 BATEKE MARKET, BRAZZAVILLE. 
 
 Copyright. 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 BABOMA NET-SELLERS, AT CHUMBIRI. 
 
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PLATE— XXXIII. 
 
 
 
 HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNTER AND TROPHY: MOIE, BOLOBO. 
 
PLATE-XXXIV. 
 
 
 FETICH POST IN GRAVE SHELTER; MOTE, BOLOBO. 
 
 STRING FIGURE: NTUMBA, IKOKO. 
 
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 -USAJvANf HA 
 
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Pf.ATE— Xf.Iir. 
 
 ^p?#^.■• 
 
 I'OTTERV MAKING, NTUMBA, IKOKO. 
 
 
 
 DRUMMERS, AT IKOKO. 
 
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PLATE— XLVI. 
 
 
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 DANCERS OF FISH DANCE, IKOKO. 
 
 FETICH: NTUMBA, IKOKO. 
 
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PLATE— XLIX 
 
 (■o,\ri"lit, 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 XTUMBA CHIEF, BOKOTE. 
 
PLATE-L. 
 
 FJSH STOCKADE, CREEK NEAR IKOKO. 
 
 Copyrli^ht. 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 n.EKU BLACKSMITH'S PLACE. 
 
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PLATE— Llir. 
 
 CHIEF PREPARED FOR BURIAL. 
 
 ^^J- ■>> ■ ,'■ 
 
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 GIRL, OFFICIAL WIFE AT "HATTING/ 
 
 NTUMBA WOAIAN. 
 
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PLATE^LXI. 
 
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 Copyright, 1907. UndoT-u'ond .':; I'nilei-wuml 
 
 ILEKU WOMEN, BELOW COQUILHATVILLE. 
 
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PL \TE— LX, 
 
 Copyright, 1907, Underwood & UndPr\A-oud, 
 
 BANGALA VILLAGE, ACROSS FROM NOUVELLE ANVERS. 
 
PLATE— LXi.- 
 
 
 
 -•3^ 
 
 DRUM.MIN'G, RAXGA-l.A \\I:I,T;AGE.: 
 
 Copyright, 1907, Underwood & Underivuod. 
 
 HOUSE GROUP, UPOTO. 
 
PLATE— LXII. 
 
 m0'-' 
 
 POTTERY MAKING, LIBTNZA. 
 
 
 SALT BURNING, LIBINZA. 
 
 -^i^^te"-. ?B^ ■ . _ l-io»;<* ■ 
 
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PLATE— LXl 11. 
 
 
 GRAVES, LIBINZA. 
 
 
 
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 LIFOKGA'S GRAVE, ElBINZA. 
 
PLATE— LXIV. 
 
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 CHIEF'S GRAVE, BANGALA. 
 
 
 
 
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 •.TTCH SHELTER, BANGALA. 
 
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 BANGALA WOMEN; AT NOUVELLE ANVERS. 
 
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 FOTO GROUP, UPOTO. 
 
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 FOTO HOUSE AND GROUP, UPOTO. 
 
PLATE— LXX IV. 
 
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 GIRL'S FESTIVAL, UPOTO. 
 
PLATE— LXXV. 
 
 BOY WITH HOUSE MODEL, UPOTO. 
 
 FLSHLXG, UPOTO. 
 
PLATE— LXXVI. 
 
 FUNERAL DANCE, UPOTO. 
 
 CORONATION OF CHIEFS, UPOTO. 
 
PLATE- LXXX'Jl 
 
 POTTERY DRYING, UPOTO. 
 
 
 
 
 HUNTER WITH HIPPO SPEAR AND FLOAT; UPOTO. 
 
PLATE— LXXVIII. 
 
 BRINGING CANE EOR BUILDING, UPOTO. 
 
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 WRESTLING CONTEST,UPOTO. 
 
PLATE— LXXIX. 
 
 CORPSE OF CHILD, UPOTO. 
 
 GRAVE, UPOTO. 
 
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 NGOMBE TOWN, BEHIND UFOTO. 
 
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PLATE— LXXXIII. 
 
 
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 Copyright, 1907, Underwood .% Underwood. 
 
 NGOMBE WOAfEN, BEHIND UPOTO. 
 
PLATE j:\XIV. 
 
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 XGOMBE VILLAGE, BEHIND UPOTO. 
 
 ;;aptrui- ! '.n I'lKlerwood * Dnderwood. 
 
 BOi.ONGO. 
 
PLATE— LXXXIV. 
 
 ^.'f< 
 
 NGOMBE ATLLAGE, BEHIND UPOTO. 
 
 Copyright, 1907, Underwood ^ Underwood. 
 
 BOLONGO. 
 
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 Copyright. 190 7, Underwood & Underwood 
 
 KABY-CARRYIXC;. BOLONGO. 
 
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PLATE— XCII. 
 
 
 WOMEN AT WORK, BASOKO. 
 
 Copyright, 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 GROUP, BASOKO. 
 
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 c«rr-u- 
 
PLATE— XCTII. 
 
 Copyright, 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 POTTERY MAKING, BASOKO. 
 
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 OIL NUT TREATMENT, KWONDE. 
 
PLATE— xrrx. 
 
 
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 Copyright, 1007, Underwood & Underwood 
 
 GROUP OF CHILDREN, YAMBUYA. 
 
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 CHILDREN, MOGANDJA. 
 
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J'LATE— CIX, 
 
 BEACH SCENE, ISANGL 
 
 
 Copyright. 1J07, Underwood & Undorwood, 
 
 NETS AND CANOES, ISANGL 
 

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 THE BEACH, YAKUSU. 
 
 Copyright, 1!)07, Underwood & Undeiwood. 
 
 PALAVER GROUP, YAKUSU. 
 
PLATE— CXI 1. 
 
 MEX'S CLUBHOUSE: LOKELE, YAKUSU. 
 
 CIRCUMCISION; LOKELE, YAKUSU. 
 
 
PLATE— ex HI. 
 
 WOMAN'S EXXLOSURE. YAKUSU. 
 
 CLAY SUPPORTS; LOKELE, YAKUSU. 
 
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 DANCE OE GREETIX'G. TURUMBU. 
 
 C(i|jy)i;;ht. 1:M|7, Unfleiwooil iV (' rider wr,M,l 
 
 DANCE; BAMANGA. 
 
PLATE— CXIX. 
 
 Copyright, 190r, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 ri:RU:vIBU WARRIORS, BEHIND YAKUSU. 
 
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PLATE— CXXIII. 
 
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 ;-ops.|lsht, 1007, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 WO.MEN AND CHILP, BAFOAfA. 
 
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 Copyright. 1007, Underwood & Underwood, ^-^,-.VT OF POX^THT FR SVILLF 
 
 MINSTREL GREETLNG, IN FRONT OF POM HI tKb V I LLf,. 
 
PLATE— CXXVlir. 
 
 ■< ~ i^ 
 
 THE STATE CANOE, PONTHIERVILLE. 
 
 Copyrl-ht 1907, Underwood & Underwood. 
 
 WOMAN'S CARAVAN, BELOW PONTHIERVILLE. 
 
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PLATE— CXXX. 
 
 ftj:^^J^ .. 
 
 FETICH HOUSES, KAKOLI. 
 
 
 
 
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