ll|l|!|ilikj{|!Jl{|illili1| I HE time when the business man cherished secrets, and carefully secluded and jealously guarded his process of production has passed. Cooperation has avoided the wastes of competition, and efficiency has been increased by the more confidential relation be- tween employer and employee. A nation is nothing less than a business or- ganization. Its prime obhgation is to so organize and relate its productive capacity as to insure to each individual a proper return for his effort. As the individual business enterprises have learned from experience the benefits of unselfish cooperation, so the nations of the world are beginning to reahze that industrial progress depends upon international cooperation. Their commercial rivalry in the world market must be as fair and open as the competition in the home market, and the same principles must be adopted to secure national efficiency as are employed by the individual. A new epoch is opening in the industrial history of the world, in which a better understanding among commercial nations and the desire to do away with national egotism are rapidly growing. Our invitation to see the industries of England and France showed one of the ways in which the English people were endeavoring to establish a means for the exchange of ideas on industrial conditions even in time of war. t Industry and War — The one purpose, to help win the war, was dominating every industry of England and France at this time. Whether it was the making of ammu- nition or garments, the same motif was behind every individual's work, "How does my work help defeat Germany.!^" England and France were submerged in the one thought "Victory," and were spurred on to the same effort "Work to win." They were fighting Germany not only with their armies and navies, but with their industries. A great army of industrial workers stood behind the men at the front, and it was their fight to "speed up," make more, increase production, that finally brought about the defeat 51 American Journalists in Europe of the foe. It was an industrial war from beginning to end. Without the second line of defense of food, supplies and ammunition, the armies in France would have been useless. The strategy that brought victory was as much that carried on in the shops as it was that on the field. Every plant that we visited, every man that we interviewed, gave evi- dence of this great purpose. Men and women worked as they had never worked before. The leaders of industry, spurred on by the same determina- tion to win, studied new methods, worked out new schemes and employed every available means for increasing production. The war spirit was everywhere, and tended to unite the great industries in the greatest enter- prise that has ever been undertaken. And, as a result of this mighty and united effort, as a reward for the unselfish endeavor of every man and woman in the industrial world, England and France found themselves, in 1918, producing more than they ever had before in spite of the handicaps of war. Production Increased — Many factories were doubled or tripled in their capacity. The Beard- more Plant, at Glasgow, running on war work, had been doubled in the last two years. The Hadfield Steel concern was greatly enlarged for the manu- facture of guns and shells. Automobile factories were expanded in order to produce aircraft, army trucks, munitions and war products. The Austin Motor Company, employing 22,000 people, was one of the largest that we saw. The old town of Gretna Green, in Scotland, sprang from a little village of romance into a great manufacturing center almost over night. In France also, production was being undertaken on a larger scale than it had ever been before. The great Andre citron plant employed 12,000 people. It was complete in its mechanical equipment, and had its own elaborate laboratories. Efficiency Increased — Efficiency was greatly increased by this large scale production. The latest labor and time-saving devices were in common use in England and France. They had learned the value of automatic assembly, moving plat- forms and all the American tricks for increasing production. The plants were running at top speed. There was a sufficient labor supply in spite of the great drain caused by the raising of armies. In some places, as in Coventry, motor lorries collected the people from the country and brought them to the factories. Women were employed in almost every line of industry. We saw women employed in munition plants, on the trains, 52 , Industbies in Time of War driving taxis. Two-thirds of the employees of the Andre citron plant were women. Their work was estimated in one place to be more efficient than the previous work of men in the same plant. Although the new methods of production were partially accountable for the increased productivity, the greater part was due to the effort of each man or woman to do his best to help win the war. Better Working Conditions — The working conditions of the laborer were receiving more attention than they ever had before. The problem of his welfare was not overlooked in the great rush to increase production ; on the contrary it was considered of the greatest importance not only for the increase of production, but for the realization of the ideals that the Allies were fighting for. Mr. Hall, Manager of the Austin Motor Company's plant, aptly expressed the chang- ing attitude of the English manufacturer toward labor when he said that he had faith in the Labor Party, believing that it is the day when the labor element of all countries will see better times, and that more attention must be given to them. They deserve better houses, he said, better food, better pay, educational advantages, for all these things tend to the uplifting of the Empire. He spoke very forcibly about the English institutions. He said, "In London they will show you the gilt and tinsel and frippery of royalty. They will talk of institutions, and their habits and customs, but you may be certain that the people have gotten beyond this, and the ancient and hon- ored institutions of England will be forced to give place to the practical development of the industries of the Empire." The munition plant in Gretna Green had a model community of concrete and plaster houses for the employees. A munition plant in Paris was running an up-to-date res- taurant where 4,000 people could be seated at once. In that city, also, one of the factories employing many women, was maintaining a nursery where mothers could nurse their infants during working hours. Children could be left here for care during the day, and if the parents desired, they could be continuously cared for until they were six years old. The great change that the war had brought about seemed in no way to daunt the eagerness and determination of the people of England and France to get back on a peace-time basis as soon as possible. The period of transition and reconstruction presents problems as difficult as those of waging war. Great Britain has remained a free trade country throughout her whole history. 53 American Journalists in Europe Coal and Iron — The principal natural products are coal, iron and tin. The English coal fields are scattered throughout the midland and northern portions. There are also extensive coal deposits in Scotland, and, owing to the configuration of the coast line they can supply ships directly with bunker coal, and their position has helped the great shipbuilding industries of the Clyde, Newcastle and Lancashire. There are extensive coal fields in Warwick, Stafi'ord, York, Derby and Northumberland, and they have contributed to make Birmingham the center of an immense iron manufacturing trade. In fact, the twelve-mile strip between Birmingham and Wolverhamp- ton is known as "The Black Country." Wales has extensive coal fields which are said to produce the best steam coal in the world. In normal times the navies of the world, with the possible exception of that of the United States, used Welsh coal exclusively when available . It is estimated that there are 1,000,000 workers employed in this industry; that the total production approximates 300,000,000 tons of coal per year, and that the total value is about $900,000,000. In 1914, Great Britain produced twenty- two per cent of the entire coal production of the world. In almost every case, the iron ore is mined in districts immediately adjoining the coal deposits, a fact which permits the smelting to be carried out with a minimum of transportation. It is estimated that there are 200,000 workers employed in this industry, the approximate annual output of which is about 8,000,000 tons of iron and steel valued at $150,000,000. Textile Industries — During the war the textile industries of England were running under Government control, and the output was reduced to fifty per cent of normal. The machinery needs renovation, the supply of coal is insufficient, and the supply of raw materials is still limited by the Government. Increased wages make the problem of reconstruction difficult in this trade as in others. The transition from Government to private control will cause a great dis- turbance in the industry, and the buying of raw materials is hampered by these uncertain conditions. Manchester and Lancashire are the centers of the cotton industry, the main source of supply of raw material being the United States. Belfast, Ireland, is the center of the linen industry, much of its wealth being derived from the growing of flax and the manufacture of the finished product. During the war it became necessary to commandeer the entire resources of the Knen mills, as it was for a time deemed impossible to use any fabric other .54 Industries in Time of War than linen for airplane wings. The industry was also seriously handicapped by the lack of flaxseed, which formerly had been imported from Russia. In Yorkshire, Leeds, Huddersfield and Halifax are the centers of the wool industry of England. There is also a large trade in re-manufactured wool usually known to the trade as shoddy. It is estimated that there are over 1,000,000 workers engaged in the textile industry of the United King- dom, two- thirds of whom are women. Shipping — In 1914, the mercantile marine of the United Kingdom consisted of 12,862 steamers, 19,145,140 gross tons; and 8,203 sailing vessels, 864,679 gross tons; a total of 21,065 vessels, 20,009,819 tons. In the same year, 281 saihng vessels of 29,107 net tons, and 858 steam vessels of 1,006,065 net tons, were built. In 1912 there were 286,806 seamen employed on British vessels. The total tonnage of British and foreign shipping entered at the various ports of the United Kingdom in 1914 was 71,126,462, and the total tonnage cleared from the same ports was 68,963,076. This was exclusive of vessels engaged in coasting trade or in connection with the war. It is interesting to note that during the period 1899-1913, the United Kingdom produced sixty per cent of the entire world's output of ships. The shipbuilding industry is hampered until the terms of peace are decid- ed upon, but the production of merchant ships will probably b| undertaken on a larger scale than ever before. The ships that are in use will need over- hauling and a great deal of repairing, for they have been kept running during the war at any cost. According to recent figures, the total number of mer- chant ships built in 1914 was 656, with a total tonnage of 1,683,553. Transportation — ■ In December, 1914, there were 23,701 miles of railway open for traffic in the United Kingdom, the capital of the various companies reaching a total of $7,109,240,000. The total receipts were $700,000,000. When Great Britain entered the WEir the wages the railways were paying amounted to about $250,000,000 a year. Various grants of "war bonuses" and "war wages" have been made with the result that the wages now being paid amount to about $525,000,000 a year. The advances in wages amount to more than the net earnings of the railway companies before the war, which were about $250,000,000. In addition to the advances in wages which already had been made, the principle of an eight-hour-day is to be put into efi'ect, which will increase the payroll another $125,000,000. In other words, the total increase in the cost of railway labor in Great Britain since the war began will soon be 150 per cent greater than the total 55 American Journalists in Europe net earnings of the companies were before the war. Passenger rates have been advanced fifty per cent, but no advance has been made in freight rates, and it is contended by the shippers of Great Britain that the freight rates ah-eady are so high that British industry could not bear a substantial advance in them. Therefore, the present administration in Great Britain seems to have concluded that there is nothing it can do but adopt govern- ment ownership. No economist or business man in Great Britain believes that the railways would be more efficiently or economically operated by the state than by private companies. Furthermore, there is a strong sentiment to the effect that even though the government buys the railways it should lease them to private companies for operation. The motor companies are turning their efforts toward producing com- mercial vehicles. The leading motor companies are looking to the American market for the sale of their surplus products and are planning large com- mercial aircraft capable of carrying forty or fifty passengers. They are continuing their production of steam lorries and trucks, and are expecting to begin at once the manufacture of automobiles of several sizes. The transition period in the munition plants will be facilitated by the work of rebuilding machinery for Belgium, France and England. Coal Fields of France — France, ht course, was the greatest sufferer from the vandahsm of the Germans. Her industries in the north of France were entirely destroyed. One-third of the coal fields of France were centered around Lens, and these were so completely ruined that reconstruction is almost impossible. All valuable mining machinery was stolen or destroyed ; the shafts were blasted and the mines flooded. There are no means of transporting or housing laborers left in this district. The total coal production of France in 1913 was 40,275,485 toils. The coal fields of France have a total area of nearly 1,200 square miles. Lens is the center of the great coal-producing region bearing that name. The territory in which Lens is located is from five to ten miles wide, and covers an area of more than 400 square miles. In this district, before the war, were numerous villages and towns, where the miners work- ing in the collieries were housed. Approximately 180,000 people lived in the region. In the pre-war period the district furnished approximately seventy per cent of the entire French production. The Lens region was also the chief by-product coking center. Nearly all of the coal produced in France is bituminous of a good quality. France has little anthracite, and is also short of coals for making gas and coke. The greater part of the coal was produced from beds that lie more than 1,000 feet below the surface. 56 Industries in Time of War A number of the shafts exceed 3,000 feet in depth. In many of the coUieries ten and sometimes twelve separate and distinct seams of coal were worked. One of the beds in the vicinity of Lens averaged twenty-three feet in thick- ness, while at a number of mines the seams were successfully worked at not to exceed eighteen to twenty inches thick. The output per individual em- ployee in the French mines was never equal to the large production of the individual American miner. In 1913, the average production of each French coal miner was slightly more than one ton per day. Many prob- lems occur in mining the French coal seams that are not common to American practice. Minerals of France — The Departments of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, Aisne, Nord, Ardennes and Meurthe-et-Moselle were, before the war, the principal centers of the pig- iron, steel, wrought steel, and copper industries. In France, there was a trend, before the war, towards concentration. This development peu-ticu- larly characterized the steel industry. The total production of iron ore, pig-iron, copper and other metals, including nickel, tin, lead, aluminum, antimony and zinc, in 1913, was 27,000,000 tons. The French steel mill s have made considerable progress in the manufacture of high grade tool steel, and it is probable that the industry will be fostered. Before the war, the invaded territory furnished France with ninety per cent of the iron ore, eighty-three per cent of the pig-iron, and seventy-five per cent of the steel. An estimate of the amount invested in the iron mines, blast furnaces and steel works of northern France before the war is given as $500,000,000. Textiles of France — The mill towns of France also centered largely in the area that was devas- tated by the Germans. Before the war, the cotton and woolen machinery of France was divided as follows: Cotton spindles 7,400,000 Worsted spinning spindles 2,500,000 Cotton looms 135,000 Wool spinning spindles 750,000 Wool cards and combs 2,500 Wool and worsted looms . ... 55,000 In 1912, France imported about $12,500,000 of cotton fabrics, and $6,000,000 of cotton yarn. The cotton machinery of France before the war was about one-quarter that of the United States, and its consumption of raw material was 1,200,000 bales as compared with the United States of 7,500,000 bales. The woolen and worsted spinning industry of France is about two-thirds that of the United States, which has 4,700,000 wool and worsted spindles, including both producing and twisting spindles, and 75,000 looms as compared with 55,000 in France. The Departments of 57 American Journalists in Europe Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing have been for 800 years the center of the textile industry in Europe. Reconstruction — In spite of the devastated industries of France, and the petralyzed indus- tries of both England and France, in spite of the problems of reconstruction and transition, the commercial outlook of these two countries is far from discouraging. The lessons of large-scale production and increased speed, taught by the war, will be brought to bear upon future undertakings. It is be- lieved that women will remain in industries, doing light mechanical and clerical work. Wages will remain higher, and labor conditions will not re- vert to the lower standeirds of the past. Although the labor problem is much the same there as it is here, its solution is helped in England by the fact that a labor party exists, and there is not the abuse of party "catering" to labor rates. America no longer has a monopoly of quantitative produc- tion, for England and France are both applying the most advanced methods of large scale production. The rebuilding of the ruined industries of France will probably be aided by the indemnity to be paid by Germany. These countries may have the advantages of shipping in competition with America. The cost of building ships is less there than here, and their merchant ships greatly outnumber ours. Now that they have adopted American ideas of production, their chance in the world market is equal to ours, for in this country wages are still higher than the increased wages of Europe, and our merchant marine is still in its babyhood of development. But never before in the history of the world has there been such an oppor- tunity for the industrial cooperation of nations. Of what benefit is an ex- pansion of international industrial information unless it exerts an influence to international industrial cooperation. The time was when each man manufactured his own clothing and everything else which he possessed. The experience of the ages has taught the wisdom of the exchange of com- modities, allowing the individual to speciaUze some one product which he exchanges for other specialized products. This practice secures to the in- dividual products of much higher quahty, and the higher efficiency of the specialized worker gives the individual a wider range of the world's products. So international industrial reconstruction must coordinate and regulate the industries of the nations. Each must specialize on its particular products, and these must be exchanged for other specialized products with the same confidence and fairness that has established the exchange between individuals. 58 IN THE WAKE OF WAR— IV HERE will be more wars!" Mr. Churchill said tome. If his prophecy comes true it would look as though the progress of man were downward, that the fruits of civilization were only the development of scientific means of destruction ; and it would seem that America had responded to a false call, and that the great victory was meaningless. It was not until we were taken to see the battle scenes of France that we could understand the barbarism implied in the world "war." No man, soldier or civilian, that has come back from the front has been able to describe its horrible scenes. He has seen it and felt it. He understands it, but words are too feeble to portray the things he has wit- nessed. Our trip gave us an unusual opportunity to get a glimpse of the great machinery of war, and to witness the havoc and devastation which followed its operation. The Great Fleet— The Great Fleet lay at Rosyth in the Firth of Forth at the time of the armistice, and the main object of our trip to Scotland was to see it. We motored down from Edinburgh to the harbor and embarked on a steam launch. It was a cold, foggy day, and not a sign of the great array of ships could be seen when we started out. But suddenly one great man-of-war loomed up before us, and then another and another in endless repetition. We passed hundreds of torpedo boats and destroyers, and then an endless line of large cruisers, battleships and dreadnaughts, and yet we were wit- nessing only a part of England's great naval reserve. We understood then England's right to the title "The mistress of the seas." It seemed impossible that such a monstrous fleet should be kept in trim, ready for action, and yet should lie, day in and day out, in idleness during the war. Yet the silent victory on the sea was as great in its way as that on the land. Without a dominant battle above water, the great fleet held its own because of its unrivaled strength. There was no direct conflict of the whole fleet on the sea. Admiral Sims had said, because no German man-of-war dared to venture from its harbor of safety. I couM picture the surrender of Germany's naval forces as we sailed past the great ships. "We 59 American Journalists in Europe couldn't trust them," Admiral Sims said, "They had to pass between two columns of our ships reaching out from the harbor into the North Sea. Every man was at his post. " Every gun was loaded. Every ship was ready for their treachery." But some one who knows should write the story of the British patrol, their constant devotion to duty under the most uncomfortable and dan- gerous conditions, their refusal to be intimidated or deterred from returning to sea even after they. had been torpedoed one or more times. About 5,000 small craft have been engaged in this work of coast patrol, mine sweeping and convoying, cruising at times a total of 6,000,000 miles in a single month, and providing throughout the war for the safe carriage from all ports and in all directions of a total of 15,000,000 men. We were received at the flagship and were taken aboard some of the other ships. On the Orion we were shown the operations of a battleship in a fight. We crawled under the turret where the two fifteen-inch guns were operated, and witnessed the loading and firing operation. We watched the operations of the ship and guns from the bridge, and went down into the engine room to see the two great steam turbines. We visited the mess where the men were eating, and the officers' quarters. At noon we divided into parties of four or five, each party going to a separate ship for luncheon. In the afternoon we were taken to see the American squadron. It was an inspiration to see that the great battleships, sailing under the Stars and Stripes, compared favorably with the EngUsh. They were seemingly as well equipped and as powerful as any of the Enghsh ships. Our squadron comprised battleships, cruisers and submarine chasers and destroyers. Devastation — The contrast between the two aspects of war, that on the sea and that on the land, was brought vividly before us when we arrived in battle-torn France. Here, with the Great Fleet, was the manifestation of power, might, and supremacy in war. There it was a struggle, destruction and suffering. During our trip through the devastated area we were constantly depressed by the indescribable pathos and horror of the scenes through which we passed. Every arrangement had been made for our party to make the trip from London to France in a large Handley-Page flying machine. This was one of the things that had been constructed for the especial purpose of bombing Berlin, and was capable of carrying, as far as weight is concerned, forty to fifty people. The machine was taken out and every preparation was made for the flight, but at the last moment the famous London fog deprived us 60 H K Q " Bolshevism, the expression of unrestrained desire and animalism, was made possible by Germany's conduct. This to me is Germany's greatest crime. Centuries upon centuries of work have been destroyed, and long after the property damage and damage to human life shall have been lost sight of, the moral fibre of civilization will still feel this terrible wrong. 76 H. E. TAYLOR Graduated from Amherst College in 1904. Memier of the City Club of New York. Entered the publishing business in 1906, and has been for a number of years secretary of the Textile Publishing Co., Eastern m.anager of the Root Newspaper Association, and Advertising Manager of the "Dry Goods Economist" JUSTICE TO CIVILIZATION By Harry E. Taylor As I now look back over those eventful months of our trip the details have pretty generally classified themselves, but the general impressions are so closely interwoven as to be segregated only with difficulty. It is more plain each day that the British Government was wise in not relying upon printed propaganda to have itself properly understood by the world, but that its plan of inviting men from every corner of the earth to come and see will have a more far-reaching effect than any printed program that might have been issued. I shall never forget the sense of unworthiness and yet pride with which I first heard the men of the United Kingdom praise the part played in the war by this country, and express their sincere thanks and appreciiation for having unquestionably thrown the balance against the Central Powers. I am constantly conscious of a sincere friendship towards this nation on the part of the Enghsh, the Scotch and the Irish, which friendship was to be found in all of the classes with which I came in contact. The extent of that feeling abroad is not known or realized in this country as it should be, but the knowledge of it is bound to spread by very reason of its existence. As things stand today I feel that Great Britain knows us better than our people know her. Before doing the battle area I was impressed with the fact that the British reserve had in it nothing of the phlegmatic. I was impressed with the almost inconceivable amount of effort expended in material accom- plishments; with the enormous drain on man power; with the stoic sacrifice of life, money and comfort ; and with the great solidity and earnestness and determination of the British people. Having seen what we did of the fighting area we can still better appreciate what was that wastage of men and material and human effort. Wastage, because it was all wasted beyond salvage for destructive purpose, or for defense against destruction. To me the one great thought as we saw the thousands of acres of barbed wire, the hundreds of miles of trench systems, the thousands of underground excavations, the hundreds of demoUshed tanks, and the evidence of infinite labor, and, as we easily imagined, millions of tons of steel manufactured and the extensive transport system required — seeing all this, it seemed a miracle of miracles that the Allies should have saved themselves from even the first rush of the Central Powers, so long 77 American Journalists in Europe prepared, so completely supplied and so carefully co-ordinated for this war. That the British people, with their enormous indebtedness, with the destruction of shipping, with their appalUng loss of human hfe, face a great financial, social and economic problem, is immediately apparent to anyone. Particularly, in that external commercial relationships have been changed during the same time that internal changes were going on. I feel that it would be a great mistake if the moment the one great danger to the world were removed, international martial cooperation were to give way immedi- ately to international commercial competition and thereby place the heavi- est economic burdens upon those who had made the greatest sacrifice for the world's safety and future happiness. There is another impression which I shall carry as long as I Hve, and I think we all will. It is that impression of Douai. We shall remember Ypres, Lens, Courcelette, and the hundreds of other cities and villages, worse than obliterated by the terrific fighting that swept back and forth through them, but we shall remember that that destruction was a part of modern warfeire. In contrast with them we shall remember Douai and that what we saw there is not the evidence of war but the unquestioned evidence of organized vandahsm and bestiahty for which those in authority were no more or less responsible than the individual private soldier. The wanton destruction, despoilment and defilement that was carried on in every room in every house in that town would have been impossible unless it were willingly and enthusiastically done by many thousands of individual Huns. And now that the war is over we are fully aware of what Germany intended to do to and with the nations she had planned to conquer, now that we have ourselves seen what she did to the inhgibitants caught behind her lines, now that we have read her own printed plans for exacting recompense for her own expenses, now that we have seen the sacrifice of life, wealth and happiness forced upon civilized nations and peaceful human beings, it is galUng to read peace plans and international pohcies that talk about "jus- tice" to Germany and Austria, and forget the justice due the inhabitants of Douai, or those farmers of Noyon, or the crucified Canadians, or the Httle French lieutenant so horribly burned with liquid fire, or the boys who were choked to death by gas, or those who died in agony from poisoned waters, despite the agreements of The Hague. I am in favor ot justice to Germany and Austria ; but justice to civilization deserves first consideration, and such iustice involves full and complete punishment for crimes committed and rendering of the criminal helpless to repeat. I feel that the great opportunity that was ours carried with it the per- petual obligation and privilege to promote truths and proper understandings. 78 ALLEN W. CLARK He entered the publishing business in 1888, and since 1908 has been president of the American Paint Journal Co, of St. Louis, publishers of the "American Paint and Oil Dealer" and the "American Paint Journal". He is president of the Southwestern , Trade Press Association and was one of the founders of the Associated Business Papers, Inc. He was state chairman of the Com.mittee on War Camp Activities of Missouri and was a member of the Export Bureau of the War Trade "Board during the war. Mr. Clark was on leave of absence by courtesy of the War Trade Board while in Europe THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING DEMOCRACY By Allen W. Clark The common democracy that pervades the EngUsh-speaking world and that made us feel at home among Britishers of all degrees was most strik- ingly exemphfied to me in the character of Bailhe Muir, shoemaker, the official host who presided and spoke with such rare grace and wit and wisdom at the dinner given us by the corporation of Glasgow. When I told him of our St. Louis shoemakers and their great plants, he said, "But I'm a cob- bler and work at my bench," — which reminded me of the Mayor of St. Louis, who had said to me a few months before, at a Liberty Loan meeting in a high school building, "Eight years ago I was laying bricks in that south wall, and mashed my finger." It was an incident, of an instant, that most enlightened me, and removed my one prejudice against the English, whose native reserve I had considered an indifference or incapacity for feeling. It was on a crowded London street, when a bomb bursted in midair, then another, and I felt the instant tension of the crowd. Everyone had stopped in his tracks as if paralyzed. A third bomb exploded and though all knew its message the tenseness did not relax — until, after several seconds, a woman rushed into the street, with her arms opened toward the skies, and cried, "Thank God, it's over." Then and there the men and women and children, who a few hours later and for a week after, made pandemonium on the Strand, fell to weeping and sob- bing, some upon their knees — ^and were unashamed. Then I knew that the English are very human and very lovable and quite understandable. Perhaps the British characteristic most important for Americans to realize and appreciate was impressed upon me by almost daily demonstra- tions — but one incident illustrating it constantly recurs to me. In a little suburban settlement a small cottage was being torn down. It was said to have been built about 150 years ago — ^not old, for England. Every bit of wood in that cottage had been painted or varnished all over, on all sides and ends, the surfaces that were hidden as well as the surfaces that were shown ; and all this wood was practically intact. British thoroughness is a trait, a quality, an asset, of which the world will know more, if British manufac- turers continue their current emulation of American organization and quan- tity production and scientific advertising. Another incident comes to my mind when I am asked, "If the war devastation is as bad as it has been described," and I know that it never 79 American Journalists in Europe has been described and never can be described satisfactorily by or to one who has not seen it. We were in a ruined and razed city in the midst of that vast devastated area through which we had motored for hours until its tragic monotony overwhelmed us into a sickness of heart that was silent in the futility of speech. The. quiet of the grave covered the ruined city as a pall, and we seemed curious and alien intruders in this cemetery of homes and hopes, of industries and work, of churches and schools and hospitals and reverence and culture and charity. Here, and for miles around, was no habitation for man nor beast. Even the birds seem to shun its desolation and solitude. But up the narrow roadway that had been cleared through the debris for the Allies' last advance came a woman and four small chil- dren — one in her arms. She had eluded or cajoled countless military police and dragged herself and her children for miles through that zone of desola- tion, in her woman's and mother's insatiable hunger for the home that she must have known was but a shapeless mass of brick and timbers. But what impressed me most deeply of all was the idea and spirit and work of the English-Speaking Union, and I also am reminded of that by another incident. "Do any of you want to see anybody or any city in Ireland.!^" Major Evelyn Wrench, our official host, asked us. "Because we want you to go everywhere and to visit everybody that you have even the slightest inclination to see, and we can arrange that any such visit or interview can be secured without any embarrassment to anybody." Major Wrench was the prime factor in the conception and organization of the English-Speaking Union, of which he recently said, in a dinner to a distinguished American, Hon. James M. Beck: "Mr. Beck has referred to the Arthurian Legend as one of the greatest possessions we English-speaking people have in common. Why should not we create a Round Table to which we could call the Knights from all the far corners of the world, all the men who do things that are worth while in the English-speaking world? I should hke to see this Parliament, this Conference, this Moot or Council, whatever you like to call it, meet one year in Washington to discuss common problems, and another year in London, subsequently at Melbourne or Sydney, at Ottawa and Cape Town, and let it perambulate around the English-speaking world. And if we could have such a common council as this, with representatives from all the Eng- lish-speaking world, it would have a tremendous influence, and would make us all understand the problems we have to face, and would be the means of teaching us a great deal. We of the English-speaking world have much to learn from one another. America has her tremendous lessons to teach us, and I venture to say that this old country has something to teach also." 80 H. C. ESTEP Attained the title M. E. from the University of Minnesota in 1908. Is a member of the American Iron and Steel Institute, British Iron and Steel Institute, American Foundrymen's Asso- ciation and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He entered the publishing business in 1908. Has been Directing Editor for the Penton Publishing Co., publishers of the "Iron Trade Review", "Daily Iron Trade", "The Foundry", "The Marine Review" and "Power Boating" for 4 years. He is the author of "How Wooden Ships Are Built", was Secretary of the Semisteel Shell Committee, Ordnance Department, in 1918, and is at present Chairman and Secretary of the Comm.ittee on Papers tor the American Foundrymen's Association IMPRESSIONS OF GREAT RRITAIN AND FRANCE AT THE END OF THE WAR By H. Cole Estep The period immediately following the signing of the armistice was described by A. J. Balfour, the great foreign secretary of Britain, as "the most dramatic moment in the history of recorded civilization." A jour- ney through western Europe at such a time could not help but bring to one's mind a multitude of tremendous and vivid impressions, only a few of which I shall endeavor to set down. On every hand in Europe, I am glad to say, there is the most generous disposition to give the United States credit, perhaps more than we deserve, for our part in the war. And it is particulEU-ly gratifying to know that this credit extends especially to the American private soldier — to our doughboys whom everyone freely admits were among the finest fighting men who ever appeared in battle in the world's history. The second great impression which I received is that Germany is utterly, completely and finally defeated in a decisive military way. And further- more the Germans know it regardless of any camouflage they may put up from time to time. Just before he depeu'ted for the safe security of Holland, the Crown Prince issued one of his characteristic flamboyant manifestoes to "my glorious, loyal and steadfast troops." With that curious inconsistency which is characteristic of the Germans, the Crown Prince in this document compliments his army on its victorious career and then points out how many of his divisions have been reduced to a strength of less than 1,000 rifles. If anything could add to Germany's military defeat you have only to consider the condition of her industries. The basis of all war today is steel. And Germany's source of steel is gone through the loss of the great Briey iron ore fields. These fields are the second most important in the world and the only ones in Europe where iron ore can be mined on a basis com- parable in cost and efficiency with our own Lake Superior ranges. Without this Briey ore the great German blast furnaces and steel works in the lower Rhine valley must remain black and deserted. And hereafter, let us not forget, Germany cannot obtain this essential raw material which lies at the root of her entire industrial and military power except on terms dictated by France and the League of Nations. My third impression of Europe concerns the great debt which we owe to our older AlKes abroad, which we can never repay, owing, to their terrific and terrible losses. 81 American Journalists in Europe In spite of this, however, I was amazed at the evidence on every hand, especially in Great Britain, of tremendous reservoirs of industrial and com- mercial power. The war has awakened the British people to new hfe and energy such as they have never exhibited before in all their great history. And as a result, I beheve that England has come out of the war more power- ful in an industrial and business sense by far than she went into it. To make this dejfinite, permit me to present a few figures regarding the British foundry industry with which I happen to be familiar. In Great Britain, that little country no larger hardly than the State of Wisconsin, there are 3,000 gray iron foundries, or about two-thirds as many as there are in all of the United States of America. These foundries have a capacity at present of about 2,000,000 tons of castings per year. In addition, there are about 100 steel foundries in Great Britain, with a capacity of 160,000 tons per year, or double that which was available prior to the war. Finally, there are an equal number of malleable iron foundries with a capacity of over 50,000 tons per year. And Great Britain's iron and steel industry as a whole has increased its capacity some fifty per cent in the last four years, or from 8,000,000 to 12,000,000 tons per annum. Of course, back of all this evidence of power and prosperity stands labor, the great question-mark of the day in Great Britain. There are fav- orable factors, however, even in the British labor situation. Particularly one is impressed in going through British shops with the great advantage they have in the fact that their workmen come from a single national stock and all speak the same language. The practical importance of this is incal- culable and I have been vividly impressed with the fact that no movement among our industries today is more important than the plans which are going forward in many industrial centers for Americanizing our great un- digested mass of foreign-born workmen and teaching them the Enghsh language, so we will have a common bond of speech through the medium of which we can deal with these men. Stretching down across the fair land of France from the North Sea to the Swiss border is the great red line of battle now happily quiet, peaceful and all but deserted by fighting men. Nevertheless, you cannot take even one glance at a battlefield, viewing that vast welter of destruction, with here and there those lonely little crosses, without being filled with the determina- tion that somehow in a practical way — and it must be practical — a plan must be worked out which will prevent the world from ever again going through the scourge of the past four years. 82 HERBERT LINCOLN ALDRICH Was educated at Cornell University. Is a member of the En- gineers' Club, New York; Automobile Club of America, Loyal Legion, Army and Na/vy Club. Member of the Council Ameri- can Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers; member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In 1897 he wrote a book, "Arctic Alaska and Siberia". Assisted in the founding of Marine Engineering, and is President and Treasurer of the Aldrioh Publishing Co., which publishes "Marine En- gineering", "The Boiler Maker" and technical books IMPRESSIONS FROM THE TRIP By H. L.Aldrich The trip was full of impressions — important and unimportant — but the important ones were so great in themselves that they make the unimportemt ones seem trivial. Because of this I shall devote myself entirely to the important ones. Nothing impressed me more than the apparent change in sentiment of the people of England toward Americans. On my many previous trips to England (and this was the twenty-third time I have crossed the Atlantic), I have been impressed with the consciousness that although some of the Britishers were friendly to Americans, many of them were not. This time, however, all the weeks we spent there, so beautifully entertained by the nation, I do not recall meeting a man who did not seem Euixious to be friendly with Americans and eager to have his country and ours in perfect accord. The feeling seemed to be universal that the future safety of the English- speaking peoples depended upon a spirit and bond of friendship that no German propaganda, nor other maligned influence, could break. In previous years I have visited English industrial establishments where I was entertained in the office with the greatest of courtesy and given good cigars to smoke, but was apparently dehberately kept away from the shops where work was carried on. This time where we were received in industrial establishments there seemed to be a desire to make us feel as though we were welcome, not only to enjoy the cigars and the wines in the ofiices, but to inspect the manner in which the work in the shops was being carried on. I expected to find in London many wrecked buildings and other evidences of destruction wrought by bombs dropped from German aeroplanes, and the surprise was great to find no such traces of demolition. It showed a wise forethought on the part of the English authorities, to have at once the damaged buildings restored, to efface all oppressing and disheartening signs of wreckage. I had the good fortune (if it could be called good) to be in London when the war started. It was wonderful to see the valiant way in which the young men, with such unhesitating and intrepid courage, rushed to enhst, and it was inspiring to witness the enthusiastic and indomitable spirit with which the people showed their determination to win the war into which they had been so unexpectedly plunged. Napoleon recognized this characteristic 83 American Journalists in Europe tenacity when someone said to him, "The British seldom win battles." He answered, "But they always win the last one." The terrible price that the Enghsh and Scotch have paid to win the victory is more appalhng than human imagination can picture, but the undaunted spirit with which they are greeting peace is as admirable as their irrepressible valor in tackling the war at its inception. France does not seem at all hke her old self. Our lack of knowledge of the French language and of the French character made it difficult for us to comprehend all that the people are feehng about the terrible ordeal through which they have passed. But the same quahty of mind and spirit which enabled them to meet so heroically privations, danger and death will carry them on progressively through the reconstruction period to the triumph of eventual prosperity. Naturally, as an American, I was deeply impressed by the evidences on all sides of the excellent work done by my fellow-Americans and in talking to scores of people I learned to reahze how feairlessly our soldiers faced the fight and how brilhantly their final effort helped to bring about the armistice. Equally well did our doctors distinguish themselves in the work that they did. It especially touched my pride in engineering to see the work that our American engineers did in all branches of their work in France, and although I undoubtedly missed a great deal by not visiting Metz, Verdun, Rheims and other places, I would not for anything have missed the very remarkable experience I had in going to St. Nazaire, and seeing with my own eyes what our American engineers did to back up the work of the soldiers who did the fighting, and the doctors who were on the battle-front and who managed our hospitals so splendidly. St. Nazaire is a full day's ride from Paris and there was a constant changing of passengers so that I had opportunity to talk with something like seventy-five to 100 men closely associated with the work done by our engineers. In this way I was able to get an unusually intimate grasp of what these engineers had done. The work would make any American proud of the fact that he was an American citizen, and especially make a man associated with engineering proud of his associates. SAMUEL O. DUNN He is a memher of the Illinois Bar, American Economic Asso- ciation and the National Institute of Social Sciences. He en- tered the puhllsliing business in 1S90, and has been the Editor of ^'Railway Age" since 1911. He is the author of "The Ame)-ican Transportation Question", "Government Oivnership of Rail- ways" and '^'Regulation of Raihoays". He is a noted ivriter for popular publications on railway subjects, and is on the lecture staff of the North Wester^i University of Illinois, Howard Uni- versity and the University of California WAR AND OPPORTUNITY By Samuel 0. Dunn I think the deepest impression made on my mind by what I saw in Europe was made by the evidence we saw on every hand of the destructive- ness of modern warfare. In all the regions where there had been prolonged hard fighting the ruin was complete. While we were passing through the devastated areas the question constantly arose in my mind as to where all the civilian population which had inhabited some of the fairest parts of Bel- gium and France had gone. The fact of its absence indicated more for- cibly than anything else could the terrible sufferings which the survivors had endured and to which many thousands of persons had succumbed. The ruin wrought by the war was not, however, confined to the devas- tated areas. It had extended throughout the world, because the entire population of the world had been put under tribute, not merely tribute in money, but tribute in labor, suffering, property and lives to produce the results of which the desolation which we saw was merely the most concrete evidence. The ruin wrought by this war argues overwhelmingly, to my mind, for new constructive efforts being made to render war, if not impossible, at least far more improbable in the future than it has been in the past. Mea- sures are being proposed to make future wars less destructive and more humane. These are but palliatives, and may prove to be not even pallia- tives. I fear that any war which may occur when there are available such instruments of destruction as modern science has made available will have effects as bad, or worse, as this war, and that unless mankind can devise means of preventing wars civilization will be destroyed by the very science which it has regarded as one of its most glorious and beneficent products. Another impression made on my mind was as to how much more the peoples of Europe h&d done and suffered than had the people of the United States. We did our part during the short time we were in the war, but they did their part much longer and at much more frightful cost than we did. Those who held back the Germans during the two and a half years before we entered were defending us as much as themselves, although we did not then recognize it. In our future relations with them we should recognize this fact and deal with them accordingly. With respect to the American industries which the papers with which I am connected especially represent, I gained the impression that the outcome 85 Ameeican Journalists in Europe of the war has opened to them an enormous opportunity. The industries in large parts of Europe have been destroyed. The industries of Europe which have not been destroyed have greatly deteriorated, and the same thing is true of the industries of other countries throughout the world. The material welfare of mankind demands that industries which have deteriorat- ed shall be rehabihtated and that those that have been destroyed shall be reconstructed. It demands also that vast resources of the earth which heretofore have remained almost untouched shall be developed. Before these vast untouched resources can be developed or industries which have deteriorated can be rehabilitated, or industries which have been destroyed can be reconstructed, there must be carried out all over the world a vast program of rehabihtating and reconstructing old railroad systems and of building new ones. Production can not be maintained and enlarged under modern conditions without good and adequate railroad service to transport raw materials to the places of production and to carry the finished products away. Now, the one country which today possesses a large surplus capacity for the production of railway equipment and supplies is the United States. Furthermore, it is the one country which has large amounts of capital which can be devoted to the rehabihtation, reconstruction and construction of rail- roads. I feel sure, therefore, that the world war has made available large markets for the railway equipment and supply manufacturers of the United States. Before the opportunity presented can be grasped, two things must be done : First, the countries which need railway equipment and supphes from the United States must be provided means for buying it. This presents a problem of international finance of the first importance and magnitude. Second, the railway equipment and supply manufacturers of the United States must thoroughly investigate foreign markets and adapt their mani>- facturing methods, their practice in giving credit, and so on, to the require- ments of foreign governments and foreign railway companies. I am confident from developments which already have occurred that these things are going to be done, and that during the period of recon- struction there will be vast exports of railway equipment and supplies from the United States. 86 ROGER W. ALLEN Is a graduate of the New York Public Schools. He entered the publishing business in ]892, and has been Treasurer of the Allen-Nugent Company, the Hat Trade Publishing Co. and the Millinery Trade Publishing Co. for 17 years. He is at present President of the New York Business Publishers' Association. He organised and was Executive Secretary of the great Pre- paredness Parade in New York City in 1916. This was the first of similar parades in Q2 other cities. He is active in numerous civic and national patriotic movements GERMAN CRIMES By Roger W. Allen I received certain very distinct impressions as the result of the oppor- tunity afforded our party through the courtesy of the British Ministry of Information and I think not the least important of the impressions with its consequent lesson, was that the British Government had acted most wisely in taking absolutely into its confidence representative citizens of the United States, selecting those who, by reason of their particular vocation, were in a position to influence public opinion and in an open and above-board man- ner put their cards on the table face up and had, at the outset, translated their invitation briefly as follows: — ^"Come visit us; see what we have done and are doing ; get all the information you wish, go anywhere you care to in our own country, or in the battle areas ; make your own observations, form your own opinions and when you go back home, tell the truth." The striking difference between this manner of getting facts before the people and the underhanded, sneaky form of German propaganda is worth remembering. I think I voice the sentiments of the entire party when I say that at no time were we denied any information that we sought, we went everywhere and anywhere we cared to and there was not a single in- stance where any undue influence was brought to bear upon us that might have an after effect on our opinions and actions. We received our first vivid impressions of the efficiency of the great British Navy as we zigzagged across the Atlantic. The impression of admi- ration for its efficiency was increased after we had sighted the northern coast of Ireland and when we reviewed the Grand Fleet in the Firth of Forth three days before the German submarines surrendered en masse, the impres- sion on me found voice in the exclamation, "The civilized people of the world may well thank God that there was a British Grand Fleet." I was impressed by the fact that the British man and British woman stood shoulder to shoulder in the great fight for the very existence of Civi- lization on earth. Never did they flinch, never did they complain and with what I believe is characteristic British reticence, never did they boast of what they had done; in fact I was impressed by the fact that in many instances they almost refused to admit that they had done anything. The whole world, however, knows what the British Empire did in this war. The comprehensive trip over practically the entire devastated portions of northern France and parts of Belgium impressed me most profoundly 87 American Journalists in Europe with the heinousness of the great German crime. These impressions will never be obliterated from my memory and that the entire blood-guilty nation, from its former Kaiser to the lowliest peasant, should escape even- tually punishment, seems unthinkable. They will not escape punishment if there is a God above and a place of future punishment, I believe there is the first — and hope there is a second — for Germany. Having been in England before the armistice, and after, and having learned at first hand of the completion of all aerial and military equipment necessary to thoroughly thrash the German nation into a realizing sense that they were beaten hopelessly in a material and military sense, I am personally impressed with the fact that in asking for the armistice and its granting, Germany and Austria simply cheated justice. I am, further, thoroughly convinced that Germany still remains a menace to the happi- ness and peace of the entire world. I am convinced of her arrogance and absolute lack of repentance for the milUon and one crimes committed in her name, and I am convinced that her nearest neighbor, the French nation, is right in asking that through concerted action of the Allies, Germany be made absolutely impotent for any further aggressions. I am certain that German propaganda today is more generally rife and more thoroughly dangerous than it ever was before and I think I see in the all too numerous attempts to create discord between the AlKed nations and America, the stealthy, cowardly hand of the German propagandist. Of poor bleeding France, what can be said.^ Nearly 2,000,000 of her inhabitants lie buried in her blood-stained soil. Her children are fatherless and her wives are widows, and can we blame them if they insist that full precaution be taken that this world-wide offense against life and hberty and civilization shall never happen again? To one who has seen the battlefields of Verdun and other historic spots, it would seem as though every French poilu must have been entitled to the Croix de Guerre. I am deeply impressed with the fact, and fact it is, that the great United States of America must, and will want to, aid and succor the stricken peo- ples of Europe in their endeavor to rally from the awful blow that has fallen upon them. As to the peoples of Germany and Austria, for economic rea- sons only, they must be helped to rehabilitate themselves. They must be made strong to work. It must be made possible for them to earn money. Their country must produce, but every effort and every last mark that the people of Germany earn and every ounce of merchandise or foodstuffs pro- duced over and above the absolute necessities of her people for existence, should belong to the AlUed nations for as many generations as is necessary for complete restitution and reparation. 88 W. W. MACON Graduate of Sibley College, Cornell University. Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Heating it Ventilating Engineers, Engineers' Club of New. York, Brooklyn Engineers' Club, Cornell University Club, American Association for Labor Legislation, National Safety Council. He entered the publishing business in 1898, and has been Managing Editor of "The Iron Age" for several years. He is the author of several engineering society papers OPPORTUNITY FOR CO-OPERATION By W. W. Macon British regard for Americans is genuine. Whatever may have been the attitude of self-sufficiency and superiority of the Briton in the past, he is now desirous of having closest possible relations with the United States. A vision of larger things than national self-interest has been given to those who have long carried the heavy burden. National safeguards are, to be sure, not lost sight of by the British, but the welfare of the world is also re- garded as an obligation. Americans do not fully comprehend the opportunity now held out for full co-operation. We are not a unit as admirers of the British, because of our cosmopolitan derivation ; we have been too far from the conffict to appreci- ate its overshadowing humanizing effect. Nor does every hearthstone here as there bring its flood of vibrant memories of the ravages of war. A public sentiment has been evident abroad since Armistice Day that is bound to temper acts in international, commercial and political relations. Thus briefly outhned the foregoing covers one of the outstanding im- pressions received during the sojourn in England and Scotland last Novem- ber and December. The one indehble impression is, of course, that of the fighting areas, which we visited in Belgium and France, but of which I am assuming others are writing. But the spirit of co-operation which the war has engendered should be emphasized. Specific instances of aggressive hunting in England for export business do not disprove the existence of the idealistic strain. Behind it, in fact, is a very practical idea. This is that there should be no destructive or ruin- ous competition to place business in neutral nations or those not relatively highly developed. With the great increases in industrial capacity, here and abroad, resulting from weu" demands, the old plan of maintaining full activ- ity by so-called dumping is a Hkely outcome without the rule of reason. There is some question that the non-industrial or undeveloped country should get its supplies at levels far below those of the home market. Let the wish for co-operation become fully mutual, and a practical way out ought to be found, even without special legislation. •The labor situation at the time of our visit was naturally a topic of a major consideration. The signing of the armistice brought to the front matters of reconstruction, industrial readjustment and demobilization. The uninformed might well think it strange that the entire wage earner 89 American Journalists in Europe class speaking the same language as the employer class did not appear to comprehend the problems facing industry. Great volumes of literature had been printed by the Government and by private sources, and the newspapers are much given to essays on topics of the day. The brief observation possible between the periods of entertsiinment provided by the Ministry of Information left the conclusion that the wage earner counted more on discussions in the tap room and grog shops than he did on reading for himself. In spite of the absence of the language barrier, the war period conditions had not ironed out the labor-capital diflferences. The Briton, with his emphasis on the freedom of the individual, seems to be educated even more than he is in this country to accept the idea that he is rightfully a peer with any of the nation's leaders, not paying much atten- tion to the necessary preparation before he may become a Lloyd George. What results are likely from the great amount of governmental and other documents printed in the war period was not at all clear, but in December it was usual to find references to the higher efficiency of the worker in the United States, or, as it is more commonly expressed, the higher output per individual, due in part, of course, to the greater vogue of labor-saving ma- chinery in this country. A review in one's mind of the remarkable visit recalls interesting inci- dents almost without number but they must go undescribed. Like all our countrymen, we had come to regard England as one gigantic arsenal but we had heu-dly visuaUzed the scale of operations. We hardly expected to find recently erected shops of immense proportions no longer necessary for Britain's own needs but lately given over to manufacture for United States' forces. It was thrilHng to see numberless howitzers at the Beardmore shipyards near Glasgow ready for shipment to the American Expeditionary Forces. It was bewildering to discover the character of castings and inci- dentally the scope and problems of design which had been met in making tanks as exhibited in a visit to the steel works of Hadfield's at Sheffield. It Eifforded a convincing proof of the destructiveness of war to witness the manufacture, as at the British Westinghouse plant at Trafford Park, Man- chester, of beautiful examples of multiple cylinder internal combustion engines — also for the tanks. 90 HENRY G. LORD He is a memier of the Philadelphia Textile Institute and Na- tional Cotton Manufacturers' Association. He entered the puh- lishing business in 1884, and has been Treasurer and President of the Bragdon, Lord rf Nagle Co. and its predecessors^ publish- ers of the "Textile World Journal", "Textile News" and other technical puhlicaiions for 24 years. He was for several years President of the New England Business Papers' Association, and is Past President of the Associated Business Papers, Inc. He is Councilor of the United States Chamber of Commerce RECONSTRUCTION By H. G. Lord The first impression I received at the very beginning of our trip was the truth of that statement that every returning visitor from Europe makes "that we in America do not know what is really meant to be at war." Apart from the awful horror and massacre of those who were actually Uving in the battle area, one got a realization of the fearful sacrifice that the war brought directly to every man, woman and child in England and France, and with that reafization came admiration for their splendid courage and endurance. I was tremendously impressed with the achievements of the British Em- pire on land and sea not reaUzed in the United States. Her great reserve power was brought out by the crisis. The immense number of volunteers who enrolled before conscription showed the completeness with which the whole nation was given up to the work of winning the war. There was a large increase in the productive power of all industries in spite of the decrease in the labor supply. I was deeply interested in the changed feefing for America from that which existed before the war. The Enghsh are far more cordial and sym- pathetic and apparently very desirous for our friendship. There was general appreciation of our share in winning the war, and every disposition to give us what seemed more than our share of credit. One striking evidence of the feehng of the people toward the United States occurred on Lord Mayor's Day when the great parade took place, in which were represented all branches of the British army, the naval forces, and the Allied troops. The immense crowd gave the American boys by far the most enthusiastic welcome. The visit to the Grand Fleet and the remembrance of the faithful work of our escorting destroyers gave some idea of the hardships and dangers to which British seamen were always exposed in their never-ending patrol of the sea. The visit to the battlefields of France impressed me with the frightful horror and destruction of modern warfare. The ruin and devastation of the war zone is beyond behef until seen, and the courage and endurance of the troops who fought under such conditions seems more than human. Perhaps the strongest impression was of the brutahty and joy of de- struction and cruelty of the Germans who had occupied northern France. Before making this trip I had lurking doubts of the accuracy of the awful 91 American Journalists in Europe tales of horror we had heard in the United States. I have no doubts now of the truthfulness of any story of German atrocity, having seen the evi- dences of what they are capable of doing. Their devihsh deeds were done by all classes of Germans in the occupied territory. With that feeUng comes the conviction that the criminals responsible must be punished and terms of peace must be imposed on Germany as to make it impossible for such things ever to happen again. The problems of reconstruction impress one with their tremendous difiQculties and vastness, but I am convinced that the faith, determination and courage that enabled us to win the war will be successful in meeting the problems of peace. The French look to the Allies to help them and they wiU not look in vain and they will also help themselves as they did in 1871. The splendid achievements of the Americans both on the battle-front and behind the hues are impressive and inspiring. They carried convic- tion of tremendous power and determined effort to win at any cost. It gave new courage to our AlUes and corresponding discouragement to the enemy. I was impressed with the feeling in England and France that the United States must be the big factor in bringing about such a settlement at the Peace Conference that will prevent future wars. They know our motives are unselfish and look hopefully to us to play the leading part in making an effective World's Peace. I was impressed with their high expectations of good that would come from President Wilson's visit. The Peace Con- ference is of vast importance to them. They look for it to settle many old problems and point out the way for reconstruction. I hope we shall not disappoint them. I am impressed with the importance of a good understanding between the English-speaking peoples. We not only speak the same language, but we have the same ideas of decency, fair play, honor and justice and we believe in the greatest freedom and opportunity for the individual. Upon our close co-operation depends the peace of the world for the future. Faith, sacrifice, determination! These three words sum up briefly the strongest impressions I brought from my visit to England and France. Faith in the justice of their cause and its ultimate triumph, a faith that sustained them through the darkest hours and the conviction that right must triumph over might; the spirit of cheerful sacrifice — private interests put in the background — service, property and fife offered freely to the cause; the grim determination to see it through at any and all costs, the absolute will to victory — with no acknowledgment of the possibiUty of defeat. 92 EDWARD H. DARVILLE Entered the publishing business in 1892, and has been o« the editorial staff of "Iron Age" and Associate Editor of "Hardware Age" for 10 years. He assisted Secretary Baker to recruit mechanicians for airplanes, and Chairman Hurley of the Ship- ping Board to get workers. Assisted General Sherrill to organize a trade paper luncheon and conference with Governor Whitman A BETTER UNDERSTANDING By E. H. Darville The trip of the American Trade Journahsts' European party, New York to New York, October 25- January 1, last, was undertaken for the study of economic and social questions growing out of four years of war and to more intelhgently comprehend them. Such a visit in conjunction with the British authorities was imperative, because of limited'transportation and passport obstacles, coupled with food and lodging shortage. There was, too, a laudable incentive for closer inter- relations on vital subjects of mutual interest between Enghsh-speaking people, having a common heritage in history, literature and aspirations. British officials arranged travel accommodations, because of war-worn and widely devastated areas, furnishing a thoroughly competent escort from army, navy and civil sources. So with an admirable itinerary the travelers knew actual primary conditions at the source, covering considerable territory in least time at the close of hostilities. It is plain that the two English-speaking nations have learned to under- stand each other better, regardless of formal treaties, during the most gigantic struggle of all time and in the interest of universal freedom; treaty obligations between them whenever and however made, unquestionably, will never become "scraps of paper". But Prussia's solemn bond appar- ently made to be broken, in the crisis was ruthlessly broken, and genera- tions of national good behavior will be necessary to regain the confidence and respect of honorable statesmen. So far there is no evidence of regret or repentance nor indication of desire to make restitution; nothing but a persistent chorus of groveling whines for undeserved liberahty in peace terms. Like their Faust, they want to welch, and, with a cringing snivel, evade responsibihty after proclaiming that they were for world domination or ruin. What German greed and arrogance did accomplish was to array solidly against them 14,000,000,000 of the 17,000,000,000 world population. Also, for the first time in history, to consohdate and turn against them people of nearly all religions to crush an insolent, domineering autocracy; notably the Shintoists of Japan, Confucianists and Taoists of China, Jews, Moham- medans, Buddhists, Animists and Hindus, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and even people of no religion. For ten weeks the travelers were painstaking inquisitors, working over- time. They were quizzing sailors, enlisted men, non-coms and auxiliaries, 93 American Joubnalists in Europe in quarters afloat and ashore, below and above decks, the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Salvation Army and W. A. A. C.'s. Likewise meeting socially or on duty. Admirals, first lords of the Admiralty, Generals, Premiers, Chancellors, Judges, Dukes, Viscounts, Lords, Barons, Knights, Lord Mayors and Lord Provosts and other personages of rank and influence in the several countries; not mere possessors of honorary titles, but capable men in cheirge of great undertakings. There were conversa- tions aboard battleships, destroyers, transports, trains and camions, in depots, hotels, clubs and restaurants, forts, hospitals, dugouts, trenches, castles and chateaux ; aboard vessels of the Grand Fleet, in famous cathedrals and even in a giant Handley-Page airplane. Nevertheless the sovereignty of each individual was always under his own hat and all reached their own conclusions founded on close personal observation and facts. Such an opportunity has perhaps never come to but few persons, chiefly because never before was there occasion or reason for a journey of like character. The members of the party were from New York, Boston, Cleve- land, Chicago and St. Louis. Originally the invitations to broaden the delegation geographically, included representatives from the South and Pa- cific Coast which, regretfully, could not be accepted. A partial list of the industries covered included iron, steel and non-ferrous metals, hardware, transportation, metallurgy and chemistry, machinery, automotive industries, electrical hnes, fuel, textiles, shipping and meirine engineering, foundries, wearables, leather and footwear, paints and oils, and other commodities, representing manufacturers, merchants and other businesses. . 0^ 94 DAVID BEECROFT Graduate of Ontario Normal College. Entered the publishing btfsiness some 15 years ago^ when he became assistant editor of "Motor Age". In 1911 he was promoted to directing editor of The Class Journal Company publications — "Automotive Indus- tries", "Motor Age", "Motor World", "Commercial Vehicle", "Motor Boat", "Transfer & Storage", and "El Automovil Americano" EUROPEAN VISIT By David Beecroft The internationalizing of industries as proven necessary during the war, and the possibihties for continuing this process in peace impressed itself upon me more than anything else. It has been considered good business policy for concerns in an industry in any country to form organizations where interchanges of views are possible, and where poHcies for the betterment of the individuals as well as the industry are discussed. This is considered good business for domestic trade but heretofore we have stopped here. What has been good for domestic trade has not been good for foreijgn trade. We seem to have held the idea that what could be done among domestic manufacturers to advantage of all could not be done among manufacturers of different coun- tries. The political division of the world among different nations seems to have been father of the thought that the manufacturers of different nations could not possibly co-operate internationally. In the past we have been glad to get what we could by way of design Euid other industrial lessons from European countries, but positive efforts for periodic getting together of leaders in these industries have never been made. The industry in one nation has looked upon the industry in other nations as competition. Political barriers of international character seem to stand in the way of all organized getting together. It never was deemed desirable that the industries of different nations could get togther with regEird to foreign trade in the same sense that domes- tic industries operated together with regard to domestic trade. If the get- together movement was good for the industries of one country with regard to its domestic trade, then the get-together movement of different nations for world trade should also prove beneficial. Heretofore the view of diflfer- ent nations with regard to world trade seems to have been based on the thought that there was a very limited amount of world trade, not enough for all the nations, and that secrecy and individual effort nationally were the best methods for securing such trade. The war has proved the greatest tutor of internationalism. All forms of automotive apparatus built in different countries were brought together in Europe and had to operate in a common organization and to a common end. This was imperative if efficiency were to be obtained. It was early discovered that international standardization of aircraft parts was 95 American Journalists in Europe imperative if speedy production were to be accomplished. This inter- national standardization was also necessary if speedy and reasonably cheap maintenance were to be possible. This international standardization was necessary if successful operation were to be possible. The personal acquaintances made will prove of greatest enduring value. It is personality that binds nations and industries together. Through closer personahty hes the pathway to greater industrial efficiency, closer industrial co-operation, and the ehmination of industrial abuses. After a visit such as ours you cannot but conclude that what is good for the mem- bers of an industry in one nation in a national sense is very largely equally good among the members of like industries in different nations. The European industries suffered a great deal more because of the war than corresponding industries in America. European industries suffered a loss of their designing organization; their financing organization; and their merchandising organization. During the war their sole problem was pro- duction. This continued for three, and in some cases, four years. The personnel was in many cases lost. Past experience was to a large extent lost. Rebuilding is going to be very slow. Their delay is greater because of the reaction of the workers. Workers in factories during the war were as devoted to their work as those at the front. It was a constant grind with wEir the only business of the nations, whether at home, in the factory, or in the shop. This concentration con- tinued until November 11. The reaction immediately set in but no one was able to gauge its extent. Instead of coming to a peak in a week or two months have been required. It will be months before the new post-war normal level has been reached. It will be well on in 1920 before production is at anything like normal. At that time manufacturers will not have com- pleted the formation of their permanent poHcies. Europe has a better physical equipment for industry than she had before the war. Her new factories are from two to ten times the capacity of the old ones. They are equipped with more modern machinery than Europe ever had before. The old prejudice of workers agednst production machin- ery has largely ceased. Modern working conditions among laborers have been installed. The worker has progressed several generations in the last five years. The European worker has rubbed elbows with the American worker. They have interchanged views on standards of home life; stand- ards of recompense; standards of hours of labor per day; standards of work- ing conditions; standards of social life; and standards of production. These have had a far-reaching effect. 96 FREDERIC F. CUTLER 7s a graduate of the Boston Latin Schoolj member of the Atneri- can Leather Chemists^ Association and the Society of Leather Trade Chemists of England. Be entered the publishing business in 1889, and has been President and Treasurer of the Shoe d Leather Reporter Co. and the Shoe Retailer Co. for IS years A BETTER UNDERSTANDING By F. F. Cutler I could not help but be impressed that it was a happy idea when the British Ministry of Information invited American publishers and editors to come across and see England and France at war. The trip surely gave us a diflferent angle of vision as to the EngHsh people and their way of doing things. I was impressed with the great hospitality extended to us and the fine sentiments which were expressed on every hand. I was particularly im- pressed with the luncheon given to us by Lord NorthclifFe at the Times Building in Printing House Square. I think it was most complimentary to the business paper publishers of America, not only to give us the excellent luncheon, but to take such an interest in us as to invite the British captains of industry to talk to us. I was impressed with the manner and spirit with which everybody in England and France did his or her bit toward the successful conclusion of the war, the sacrifices made and the determination which everybody seemed to have to see it through. The women in particular impressed me fully as much as did the men. I was impressed with the wonderful work of the Enghsh Fleet and the men who manned the different ships, both the navy vessels and the mer- chant marine. Then when you consider the great army that England developed — over 5,000,000 men out of England, Scotland and Wales alone — surely it was wonderful. I was also tremendously impressed with the wonderful spirit of the French people. They lost so much, not only in the sacrifices of lives of husbands, brothers, fathers, etc., but in material things through the de- vastation of their cities and towns and the destruction of the productivity of their soil. I was tremendously impressed with the loyalty of the English colonies, how they stuck to her. Surely it was conclusive proof that England is a good ruler. I was also impressed with the soundness of the idea of an Alliance of the English-speaking peoples of the world. Such an alliance, I feel confident, will be the greatest possible aid to permanent peace ; it will be the strongest possible aid in forming and maintaining a League of Nations. I was particularly impressed with the thought that if all the editors and publishers who made that wonderful trip abroad would do their part in 97 American Journalists in Europe propaganda work, toward creating a clearer understanding between the people of America, France and Great Britain, it would be for the benefit of mankind. We can do such propaganda work through our pubMcations and by reciting our experiences and impressions verbally, through our trade associations, clubs and other meetings, and I hope all of us are doing this very thing. 98 H. C. PARMELEE In the University of Nebraska he attained the degree of B. Sc. 1897, A. M. 1899. Is a member of the American Chemical So- ciety, American Electrochemical Society and the American In- stitute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. He has been in editorial work for the last 14 years, progressing from the edi- torship of the "Mining Reporter" to that of the "Western Chem- ist (6 Metallurgist". He is at present editor of the "Chem.ical <£■ Metallurgical Engineering". He has just concluded a term of the Presidency of the Colorado School of Mines INHUMAN WARFARE By H. C. Parmelee After a lapse of six months my mind seems to have retained most tena- ciously two impressions out of the kaleidoscopic view we had of Europe in the last days of 1918. The first is the unfeigned sincerity of the British people in their desire for closer and more amicable relations with the people of the United States ; and the second is the pitiable plight of the people of France whose homes were devastated by something worse than pestilence and whose industries were systematically laid waste and ruined. Of both these general impressions there Eire many examples. As evidence of the first I have but to recall the hospitality shown us by people of high and low degree; the courtesy extended to us on the day after our arrival, at the Lord Mayor's Show, where practically the only demon- stration made by the people was the applause accorded a unit of United States Infantry; the simple and sincere reception given us at the historic home of the Duke of Sutherland; the frank expressions of friendship spoken on every occasion by British citizens of all classes ; and the almost embar- rassing recognition and acknowledgment of the important part played by the United States in ending the great struggle. A typical instsince was the arrangement made for the entertainment of American soldiers on leave in London, by the "Ministry of Information, Department of Hospitahty to American Forces." No evidence could be more convincing of the British- er's desire to join forces with the United States for something more than the defeat of a common enemy! There was recognition of the fact that the English-speaking peoples of the world can and must control its destinies if humanity is to rise to its highest development. A volume might be written of the visit to the Grand Fleet ; of the tradi- tional discipline of the British navy, and the dogged perseverance with which it watched in the North Sea for four long years; of its satisfaction at the final abject surrender of the enemy — a sentiment not unmixed, however, with regret that a direct encounter was never afforded. Nothing can ever efface the memory of our reception on a few of the great battleships of the British navy, and the terms of high regard and warm appreciation in which British officers spoke of our own navy and its participation in the war. Of the other group of impressions — ^those of France in ruins — I cannot grow so enthusiastic, for obvious reasons, although the most depressing scenes usually were lightened by some new evidence of fortitude on the part 99 American Journalists in Europe of the people, or relieved by stories of bravery eind heroic action by the sol- diery. Of Douai, however, I cannot think with composure. The system- atic destruction by the Germans of the homes of that defenceless city, the violation of the sanctity of its churches and the wanton vandalism displayed on every hand cry aloud for justice, if not vengeance, and rouse the passions of anger and hatred. I can still see the pathetic figure of Dr. Paul Robaut, Red Cross secretary, as he stood in despair amid the ruins of his home where he had housed the German Red Cross for many months. No earth- quake or tornado or other convulsion of nature could have done the dsunage and destruction that German hands had wrought before they left the place that had been their home during the war. Of Ypres, Arras, Lens, Albert, Rapaume, Noyon and Rheims, the recollections are mainly a succession of surprises at the completeness of the destruction by hunnish hands. Cathedrals seemed to be objects of par- ticulEU" displeasure to the Germans, and systematic efforts were made to reduce them to ruins. It seemed as though we could always find more fragments of shrapnel and high-explosive shells in cathedrals than elsewhere. In France, as in England, there was ample evidence of full appreciation of America's part in the war, and the most effusive welcome on the part of citizens of all classes. Witness the demonstration of that little baker and his family at Noyon, who welcomed us to his reconstructed home and workshop as though we were long-lost relatives, and who finally insisted on giving us — ^Americans from the land of plenty — a loaf of fresh bread when we departed. It was a simple but genuine evidence of gratitude and appre- ciation, such as was accorded us in a variety of ways wherever we went! Of London on armistice day and of Paris on the day of President Wilson's arrival — two of the most notable popular demonstrations in con- nection with the war — ^volumes might be written. Roth were spontaneous expressions in the mass such as will not soon be witnessed in the world's history. The former manifested great rehef from danger that had threatened a nation for over four yeeu-s, and the latter expressed the hope of a people that a day had dawned that promised peace. With both of these sentiments we Americans were sympathetic in the highest degree, because we could realize in a measure what the war had meant to those who were close to it. 100 FLOYD> W. PARSONS Graduated from Lehigh University in 1902. Memier of American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; The Mining and Metallurgical Society of America; various coal mining institutes; Academy of Political Science and the American Academy of political and Social Science. Has been chief engineer of the Victor American Fuel Co. and the Colorado & Southeastern Railroad. Entered the publishing business in 1906. Was associate editor of the "Engineering and Mining Journal;" editor of "Coal Age," and now is editor of "Everybody's Btisiness," a department in the "Saturday Evening Post" SEVERAL IMPORTED IMPRESSIONS By Floyd W. Parsons In the matter of the visit of business pubhshers and editors to Europe, I am unable to feel like a full-fledged member of the party. Due to illness my stay was the shortest of all, and for the same reason, my observations were less than any of the others who made the journey. As to my impressions, they were twofold: First, were those obtained in the capacity of an American citizen; second, were the ones I gathered acting in the role of an engineer and coal-mining editor. Concerning number one, I reaUzed as never before that the difference between the Rritisher and the American is the result of environment and inherited tradition, not a variation or unlikeness of physical and mental composition. Caste and class in Great Britain £U"e more deep-rooted, more intense than is snobbery, their equivalent, in the United States. It is for this reason that I object to the thought that the British industrial problems, especially relating to labor, are similar to our own. For the same reason, I reject the thought that the remedial measures of the British government are policies that we may well pattern after. The conditions of labor and commerce in the two nations are radically different, and I returned to America possessed of the idea that it is an error to assume that the factors creating unrest in Europe are the same as those that exist in the United States. If this is a fact, then it follows that we must apply American methods to the treat- ment of American problems. Only confusion and failure will result from any imitation of Em-opean methods in solving the vital questions that now confront us. Diu-ing the war, we were wise to profit by the experience of others, but we are now entering an era of peace and greater independence. As a coal-mining engineer, my first observation was the lack of heated houses, hotels and pubhc buildings in Great Britain. The fact that the war was on, had little bearing on the matter, for the reason that the average British building is wholly without a heating plant. Of all methods of burn- ing coal, the British open grate is the least economical. The overseas answer to this criticism is that the heated house is hurtful to health, but to the American, it appears that the dearth of heating plants in Great Britain is due to transmitted custom rather than any idea of benefiting the race. The Britisher, as well as all other foreigners, has gained a new concep- tion of the United States and its people. We went into the war clean and we have come out that way. We are no longer a nation with nothing but 101 American Journalists in Europe dollar ideals. America was always puzzled by the fact that in trading abroad, something besides quality and price seemed to govern sales. Now we are aware that the something we lacked was background, and we have come to know that the chief thing we gained during the war is this same valuable background. We are now given credit for being something rather than simply a people who has done something. As a final observation, let me say that we are the only nation that pokes fun at our own tourists. The average American is none too proud of his fellow citizens who visits foreign lands. The truth is, the American tourist is not nearly as comical as many other nationals who travel. The war has given the United States the full respect of other peoples; it has given us the greatest opportunity in our history. If we do not rise to the occasion, we will surely deserve the scorn of the generations of Americans that are to come. 0^ 102 HORACE M. SWETLAND Entered the publishing business in 1882, and has been continu- ously asssociated with industrial publications since that time. Founded "Power" in 1884, and later "Marine Engineering." In 1901 he organized The Class Journal Company, for the purpose of publishing industrial papers in the automotive field. This com- pany and its publications were merged with the United Pub- lishers Corporation in 1911. He became President of the latter corporation in 1912, which position he has held continuously SUMMARY By H. M. Swetland The impressions of the writer have been very generously stated in the eariier pages, but it is perhaps allowable to emphasize those most important. Immensity of War Enterprises Nothing less than personal contact with the great war achievements could have established a lasting impression of the immensity of war pro- gramme in this country and on the Continent. While we had felt the impression of American activities, we were wholly unprepared for the strenuous development of English and French endeavor. England and France had concentrated every available force to one end, and this immense undertaking superseded every other line of endeavor. The Great Men of England Again we have learned that nothing short of personal contact gives the correct impression. The efforts of the great leaders of the Empire were familiar to us in a general way from the records of their great achievements; but a closer contact gave a stronger impression of their ability to con- duct the affairs of the Empire under any possible emergency. It is reassur- ing to feel that the civilization of the world is in safe hands as long as the burden rests mainly with these great men. Hereditary Customs and Institutions — It was our previous thought that many of the hereditary customs and formalities of the English people were more a tribute to their historic signifi- cance than of any consequence to the maintenance of an empire. A closer contact with many of these ancient customs has given us a different idea of their significance and the power and influence which they perpetuate among these people. We came to respect the institutional basis of a great nation when we found that these things had a far-reaching influence on the estab- lishment and perpetuation of individual ideals and ambitions. We recog- nized their importance in English affairs; and we admit at once that the institutional process is a curb on the selfishness of the individual. America, without adopting the ancient rites and ceremonies of England, can profit generously by adopting the English idea of institutional organization. 103 American Journalists in Europe The British Fleet- That overwhelming spectacle, — the concentration of the naval power of the Empire, — created a lasting impression. Formerly, the immensity of this aggregation of fighting machinery seemed an unnecessary and some- what spectacular exhibition of power. But when we reflect that the civili- zation of the world has been saved through this factor of British fore- thought, we are ready to accept the English control of the seas with the full belief that it will be used in the future as it has in the past — "Solely for the protection of civihzation." Industries of England and France — We were wholly unprepared for the great development of the industries of England and France, and we were surprised to find how quickly they had developed the most modern practices, and to observe the efficiency of every enterprise. We were prepared for the part played by women in this development, but had no conception of the extent and the efficiency of their efforts. It was also pleasing to note that a habit of quality production, which has for centuries dominated the major products of England and France, was not lost sight of in the immensity of the undertakings; in fact, the war materials were produced with greater care, for the services of these materials and machines were essential to winning the war. Devastation of the War — Our brief story of what we saw in the devastated areas is a weak attempt to portray the most stupendous destruction that has visited the world since the beginning of time. No previous war existed at a period of such potent development of the inventive genius and capacity of humanity. It follows that when this development was therefore directed exclusively to the crea- tion of machines of destruction, an unparalleled result followed. The de- vastated area of France will remain for many years an object lesson to the world of the danger of modern human warfare. In Conclusion — May we here finally commend the inspiration which has assisted in a better understanding between the two great EngUsh-speaking nations, and endorse from personal experience the necessity for a more intimate relationship .3 104 INTRODUCTION TO APPENDIX IN indicating with some detail the various pubhcations represented in the party, and the character and size of the industries which these pubhcations serve, some general statis- tics on each class of industry have been given. These general statistics have been taken from the various sources of information and the sources noted in most cases. It has been impossible to compile them for one year so that they would be compareible from the basis of a given period. The methods of classification of the industries veiry according to the sources of information and the general totals are affected by these methods of classification. It is probable that there is some overlapping as between the various classifications which affects the general totals. All such general statistics are estimated to some extent and there is considerable varia- tion in the estimated figures from various sources. They are presented as indications, gathered with care, from the recog- nized authorities and checked as definitely as possible. To that extent they are accurate. 105 APPENDIX HE industrial press of the United States carries specialization to a degree not practiced by publishers in any other country. The growth of the industrial press in the United States has been greater than in any other country and, perhaps, the specialization of this press, so that it can deal more intimately with a given set of problems, has a logical relation to the larger growth. The general practice in other countries is to cover all phases of an industry, including the production, merchandising and utility, in one publication. This obtains in all industries with the exception of speciahzed journals devoting themselves to engineering. In this country the leading industries are served by periodicals devoted exclusively to each of the important branches. The most important difference between the industrial press in this country and the corresponding press in other industrial countries is the difference in the scope and authority of the pubhcations individually. The industrial press in the United States has not only grown to very much larger dimensions, but it has acquired an authority in the important fields of industry that marks it out more definitely than the greater physical growth. The specialization which has occurred has made it possible to devote the energy of a publication to a much more definite field and permitted it to record the practice, the markets and the use of products, to forecast and to summarize the developments in a much more effective way for its subscribers. The publications represented in the party serve the following industries: Railways, transportation and warehousing. Iron, steel and metal, production and sale. Textile manufacturing and merchandising. Automotive industries, manufacturing and merchandising of automobiles, trucks, tractors and aircraft. Shipbuilding and shipping. Building and lumber. Mining and metallurgy. Electricity, production, sale and operation of electrical machinery and apparatus. Boot, shoe and leather industry, manufacturing and merchandising. Engineering. Industrial chemistry. Export trade. Railroads — Railways, transportation and warehousing were represented by the Railway Age, Electric Railway Journal, Railway Electrical Engineer, Railway Mechanical Engineer, Railway Maintenance Engineer, Railway Signal Engineer and Transfer and Storage. In the various branches of the transportation business these publications are recog- nized as current authorities in their various specialized fields. The railway papers have 107 American Journalists in Europe developed along with the development of the industry and have exercised a strong influ- ence in the remarkable growth of that field in this country and its position as the most efiicient railway system in the world. The records of the report of the Administrator-General of Railroads give the following information: (Taken From Secretary McAdoo's Report, September 3, 1918) Mileage in operation 266,031 Employed 1,700,814 Companies 2,905 Bonds $10,875,206,565 Stocks $8,755,403,517 Freight cars 2,326,987 Passenger cars 54,664 2,381,651 Locomotives 62,603 (Figures for 1918 From Railway Age) Wages $2,593,085,502 Gross earnings 4,913,319,604 Expenses 4,006,894,762 (Taken From Secretary McAdoo's Report, Febrtjaby i, 1919) 1918 Equipment authorized $658,893,761 Additions and betterments 573,150,159 Construction 46,771,078 Total $1,278,814,998 That part of transporting and distributing covered in the warehousing business has not been classified separately through any of the regular sources. It represented a large field even before the war, and during the war the necessities involving new distribution and warehousing of many millions of dollars of material of all kinds resulted in the rapid growth and consolidation of this business, so that it is now developing into a well-defined, special group. Iron and Steel — The general iron and steel and various metal industries were represented in the party by The Iron Age, Iron Trade Review, Iron Trade and Metal Market Report and Foundry, to which may be added the American Machinist and the Hardware Age. All of the papers which have been indicated are strong pubfications, with a very close and influential contact with the executives in this important group of industries. As their names imply, The Iron Age and the Iron Trade Review devote themselves to the production of iron and steel tuid their products; the Iron Trade and Metal Market Report and Foundry occupying itself exclusively with the market, and The American Machinist and Hardware Age, as indicated, specializing upon definite trade developments in this field. The importance of the iron and steel industries, with its ramifications, perhaps, can be better understood from the following analysis. 108 Appendix (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production Aggregate 17,719 1,061,058 $4,281,998,000 $3,223,144,000 Foundry and machine shops 10,640 362,471 1,246,034,000 866,545,000 Machine shops 9,340 285,654 1,065,420,000 712,976,000 Hardware 539 41,213 92,302,000 73,320,000 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills. 587 278,072 1,720,653,000 1,236,319,000 Steel ingot production, 1918, 43,027,000 gross tons, estimate (American Institute Steel and Iron). Pig iron production, 1917, 39,051,991 gross tons, actual (American Institute Steel and Iron). In general, the processes of conversion and rolling are grouped under the heading "Blast Furnaces, etc." More highly elaborated products are grouped under "Foundry and machine shops." The "Foundry and machine shop" industry does not cover, however, those cases where the establishments make exclusively some specific articles or class of machinery or tools. Such estabhshments have been put in the special industries. Since the figures have been compiled in 1914, which was a dull steel year, the iron and steel industry has greatly increased in size on account of the demand created by the war. As the 1918 wholesale prices for steel were more than double those of 1914, the valuation of the production shows a big increase. There is considerable overlapping of the groups, but The Iron Age states the iron and steel industry, including only the establishments, which under strict interpretation may be classified here, employ approximately 600,000 persons, have an annual payroll of approxi- mately $1,000,000,000 and an investment of $3,000,000,000. According to the same authority there are now 5,898 foundries in the United States employing 250,000, with a capital investment of $400,000,000. The production of these foundries is approximately 1,375,000 tons of steel castings, 800,000 of malleable iron castings, and 150,000 tons of brass and non-ferrous castings. Further figures from The Iron Age show there are 10,000 firms engaged in the production of machinery, employing 320,000 men, having an investment of about $1,000,000,000 and an annual production of approximately $860,000,000. The Hardware Age estimates there are 2,804 firms manufacturing hardware, employing 156,898, paying $91,000,000 in wages, having invested $424,302,000, and producing approximately $369,191,000. Textile — The textile and allied industries ramify into so many special fines, covering as they do thousands of items, that it was appropriate the members of the party should include rep- resentatives of a number of journals in this field. These representatives included Textile World Journal, the leading paper in this country devoted to the manufacture of textiles; Dry Goods Economist, Dry Goods Reporter, Drygoodsman, and the Pacific Coast Merchant, the leading papers devoted to the merchandising of textiles and textile products; American Hatter, specializing exclusively on the manufacture and merchandising of hats; Nugent' s Garment Weekly, devoted to the manufacture and sale of garments, and the Millinery Trade Review, covering the manufacture and sale of miUinery. 109 American Journalists in Europe (Fkom Bureau of Census, 1914, Department op Commerce) Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production Aggregate 22,995 1,498,664 $2,810,848,000 $3,414,615,000 Textile fabrics and materials 5,942 950,880 2,122,828,000 1,935,344,000 Artides from textile fabrics for personal wear 14,953 510,595 571,866,000 1,297,273,000 Other textile products 2,100 37,189 116,134,000 181,798,000 Millinery and lace 2,079 45,274 53,101,000 114,160.000 Hats and caps 1,715 65,891 85,539,806 138,622,200 Clothing (men's and women's) 11,186 394,626 428,543,000 1,027,914,000 This group is broadly divided here into three divisions, namely, those engaged in the manufacture of the fabric, those converting fabric into articles of personal wear and those making other textile products. Since these figures were compiled in 1914 the industry has greatly grown in size and the wholesale prices of the commodities involved have practically doubled. Wages have increased to a great extent also. The Textile World Journal states the following figures are approximately correct for the present conditions in plants where raw material is converted into yarn, cloth or knit goods: Number of establishments 6,000 Number of employees 1,000,000 Capital $2,500,000,000 Value of materials used $2,000,000,000 Materials used: Cotton (pounds) 3,840,000,000 Wool (pounds, grease) 740,000,000 Silk (pounds) 50,000,000 Cotton products $1,250,000,000 Wool products 750,000,000 Silk products 500,000,000 Knit goods 500,000,000 Value of products $3,000,000,000 From difi'erent estimates made by Dry Goods Economist, Dry Goods Reporter, The Drygoodsman and the Pacific Coast Merchant, American Hatter, Nugent's Garment Weekly, and the Millinery Trade Review, the following facts and figures have been taken. The total number of estabhshments in the textile industry, including not only the manufac- ture of the fabric, but those which convert the fabric into articles of personal wear, number 23,000, with a capital investment of $4,000,000,000. The merchandising pubUcations reach approximately 25,000 individuals and department dry goods stores, and approxi- mately 1,000 wholesalers. These stores have an approximate capitalization of $500,000,000. Automotive — • The automotive field, which has risen to a position of such importance in a compara- tively few years in the United States and presenting in its short history so many interesting developments, was represented by Automotive Industries, Motor World, Motor Age and Commercial Vehicle. Automotive Industries, as its name imphes, specializes upon the manufacture of auto- motive equipment and parts. Motor Age and Motor World reach the distributing field, going to the wholesale and retail establishments concerned with the sale and maintenance of this equipment, Motor 110 Appendix Age specializing largely upon the maintenance and Motor World upon merchandising. Com- mercial Vehicle is looked upon as authority among owners of fleets of commercial automo- tive apparatus. (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) (Automobile Classification) Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production Aggregate 1,271 145,951 $407,730,000 $632,831,000 It is estimated by the Automotive Industries that in 1919 the value of cars, trucks, tractors, motorcycles and accessories will be over $3,000,000,000. This is an increase of fifty per cent over the 1914 figures. In 1918, cars, motor trucks and motorcycles con- sumed, according to an estimate by the National Petroleum News, over 2,320,000,000 gallons of gasoline. This represents a total value of more than $500,000,000. Motor World and Motor Age estimate there are over 47,000 dealers and garages for automotive products, with a capital investment of more than $200,000,000. Shipping — Shipbuilding and shipping were represented by Marine Engineering, Marine Review, to which might be added Motor Boat and Power Boat. Shipbuilding and shipping, as important developments of the United States' industrial expansion, date from the beginning of the war. In this expansion the papers dealing with that field have played a notable part. That the United States must continue to develop its facilities for shipbuilding and its ownership of ships for overseas trade is admitted on all sides, and it is evident that this branch of industrial endeavor will exert a powerful influence upon the position of this country in world affairs. (From United States Shipping Board Report, September 1, 1918) (For Ships of 2,500 Tons or Over) 203 shipyards, 1,020 ways. 1,952,675 dead weight tons produced between August 20, 1917, and August 30, 1918. 386,000 employed in manufacturing these. $10,500,000 weekly payroll. The figures above do not cover any estabhshments building boats of less than 2,500 tonnage. It is estimated by Marine Engineering that the investment in ships and shipyards is ^4,500,000,000. The Commissioner of Navigation states there are in the neighborhood of 220,000 men employed on the 27,000 vessels documented by the United States Govern- ment. Marine Engineering also estimates there are about 1,000 steamship and steam- boat companies in the United States. According to Marine Engineering, there are 1,000 concerns dealing in marine supplies and fittings. Motor Boat states there are 110 companies manufacturing marine engines, 100 firms building power boats, and employing 7,000 people. Building — • The building industry was represented by the American Architect, a technical pubh- «ation devoted to architecture and reaching the 4,500 architects in the United States; the 111 American Journalists in Europe Building Age, serving 312,000 builders, employing 1,550,000 men, with an investment of $10,000,000,000, and producing a normal annual capacity of $3,700,000,000; Meia/ Worker, devoted to domestic engineering, plumbing, heating and metal work; American Paint and Oil Dealer, representing the paint and varnish industry, comprising about 700 manufac- turing concerns that manufacture for general distribution, while there are perhaps 1,000 smaller ones with a local trade, or specializing on a few products. Mining — The mining industry was represented by Engineering and Mining Journal and Coal Age. The mining industry is, perhaps, the most important single industry outside of food pro- duction, including as it does the extraction of the raw material for a host of other industrial requirements, and the fuel for a large percentage. The statistics on this field are not by any means complete. There are estimated 24,000 concerns engaged in mining, employing about 1,000,000 workers and requiring nearly $4,000,000,000 of invested capital. (From Bueeati op Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) Employed, 1910 963,760 Value of metals, 1914 $2,115,000,000 Value of metals, 1915 2,397,000,000 Value of metals, 1916 3,315,000,000 Lumber — The Imnber industry was represented by Lumber, a pubhcation of two sections, one section for the lumber manufacturer, of which there are probably 50,000, ranging in size from small portable plants to mills having a capacity of 1,000,000 feet per day. Lumber played an important part in our activities and consequently the industry developed greatly. Complete figures showing this increase are not available. The fol- lowing figures must be considered as materially less than present-day output and capacity. (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production Aggregate 42,036 833,529 $1,723,456,000 $1,599,710,000 Lumber and timber products 27,229 479,786 916,574,000 715,310,000 Lumber mills products, not connected with saw mills. 5,841 96,214 266,805,000 307,673,000 As lumber has advanced at least fifty per cent in price since 1914 and wages have in- creased, these figures are larger for the present. It is estimated by Lumber there are at present approximately 27,000 lumber merchants in the United States. Eleven thousand of these yards have an approximate investment of $300,000,000. Electrical — The electric industry was represented by Electrical World, serving the manufacturer and operator of electrical apparatus, and Electrical Merchandising, specializing upon the retail trade, including the new business department of the electric light and power plants, and the Electrical Dealer and Contractor. 112 Appendix The only figures given by the-^ensus Bureau in this industry are: Production of electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies.. . . $335,170,194 Electrical World estimates that $3,000,000,000 are invested in electric light and power systems in this country, and $750,000,000 invested in the manufacture of electrical apparatus. Leather — The boot, shoe and leather industry was represented by the Boot and Shoe Recorder, New York Daily Hide Report, Chicago Daily Hide Report, Shoe and Leather Reporter and the Shoe Retailer. (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department or Commbkce) Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production Aggregate 6,758 307,060 $743,347,000 $1,104,594,000 Boots and shoes 1,355 210,348 254,590,000 501,560,000 Exports in 1917 reached the total of $153,700,573. It is estimated by the papers in this field that there are about 30,000 retail stores. Since 1914 all figures have been increased to a great extent. Engineering and Contracting Industry — This industrial activity was represented by Engineering News-Record and Power. This industry is so closely identified with every other industry that it is almost impos- sible to make any classification without duplicating the records in other industries. What is correctly considered construction work here may be treated as capital in another indus- try. The field covered is broad and cannot be exactly measured, but the Engineering News-Record estimates it embraces 300,000 different organizations in all the branches where engineering and contracting is done, employs approximately 7,000,000, produces annually $24,000,000,000, and has an investment of $22,000,000,000. The production in this field includes a great many items finished and included in the production of other fields. The net total, excluding those, would be $12,000,000,000. Chemicals — The chemical industry was represented by Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. This industry is another of the industrial activities in the United States fimdamentally affected by the war. The demands of the conflict resulted in a voluminous growth and the extension of this business into fields not previously of importance to this country. (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production Aggregate 12,374 299,569 $3,034,200,000 $2,001,634,000 Chemicals 395 32,311 224,346,000 158,053,000 Paints and varnishes 800 16,083 129,534,000 145.624,000 The group includes not only the industries whose products are chemical in the ordinary sense of that term, but also the industries which employ to a large extent chemical processes in manufacture. Like other industries the value of its products, investment and wages advanced rapidly during the war. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering estimates there 113 American Journalists in Europe are 1,500 firms in the strictly interpreted chemical field, employing over 200,000 men, with an invested capital of $224,000,000 and having a volume of business approaching $1,000,000,000. Exports — Two publications represented among the party are devoted to export trade in Ameri- can products: El Reporter Latino-Americano and El Automovil Americano. The growth of exports is shown graphically in the following figures: (Bulletin, Department op Commerce, Mat 17, 1919) (Year Runs From May to April) 1915 $2,544,628,445 1916 3,936,758,850 1917 6,106,396,653 1918 6,739,643,968 Exports of Cars and Trucks (N. A. A. C. Figures) 1918 $77,205,825 The Bankers' Trust Company estimates that the manufacturing capital of 300,000 plants early in 1917 was $25,000,000,000, and that the total production of manufactured products in the United States was $64,000,000,000. If we add to that the $5,000,000,000 produced in railroads from the investment of nearly $20,000,000,000, and also add the farm productions of 1917 as $21,000,000,000, we will have the approximate production of the country as $90,000,000,000. From the following table it will be seen that the publications represented by the party serve a large percentage of this entire productive capacity, and whatever extension of information is received as a restdt of this opportunity will have a far-reaching influence with the leading and most important industries of America. The following tables give approximate figures of investment and production, and the second tables show the personnel of the representation of the party by pubhcations and industries. INDUSTRIES REPRESENTED BY THE PARTY 1914 No. Industry Firms Railways 3,000 Iron, steel, metal, machinery, hardware 40,542 Textile 80,418 Automotive 54,000 Shipping 1,960 Building 212,000 Mining 29,500 Electricity 1,355 Boots, shoes and leather . . 37,000 Engineering 275,000 Chemistry 1,500 Export, all industries Total 734,920 Volume of Employees Investment Production 1,700,000 $19,000,000,000 $4,900,000,000 1,800,000 6,720,630,000 7,724,705,000 1,136,000 4,500,000,000 4,836,172,000 800,000 1,250,000,000 3,000,000,000 502,000 4,500,000,000 500,000,000 1,550,000 10,275,000,000 3,700,000,000 1,714,000 4,460,000,000 3,255,000,000 191,555 10,750,000,000 105,695,404 370,000 753,000,000 1,105,000,000 7,000,000 22,000,000,000 12,000,000,000 202,000 224,000,000 992,000,000 6,700,000,000 16,774,000 $84,432,630,000 $48,712,877,000 114 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES American Architect . American Hatter American Machinist American Paint 4 Oil Dealer . Automotive Industries . Boiler Maker Boot 4 Shoe Recorder Building Age Chemical 4 Metallurgical Engineering Chicago Daily Hide Report Coal Age Commercial Vehicle .... Iron Trade 4 Metal Market Report Dry Goods Economist . Dry Goods Reporter .... Drygoodsman El Automovil Americano El Reporter Latino-Americano Electrical Merchandising Electric Railway Journal . Electrical World .... Engineering 4 Mining Journal Engineering News-Record . Foundry . . . . Garment Weekly, The, Nugent's Hardware Age . The Iron Age Iron Trade Review . Lumber ... Marine Engineering Marine Review . Millinery Trade Review Metal Worker . . Motor Age . . Motor Boat ... Motor World .... New York Daily Hide Report Pacific Coast Merchant . Power Power Boating .... Railway Age .... Railway Electrical Engineer Railway Maintenance Engineer Railway Mechanical Engineer Railway Signal Engineer Shoe 4 Leather Reporter Shoe Retailer Textile World Journal . Transfer 4 Storage . New York . . . . H. M. Swetland New York R. W. AUen New York . A. J. Baldwin St. Louis, Mo Allen W. Clark New York . D. Beecroft, Directing Editor New York H. L. Aldrich Boston, Mass. . H. E. Taylor, Representative New York . .... H. M. Swetland New York . . . . H. C. Parmelee, Editor Boston, Mass F. F. Cutler New York .... F. W. Parsons, Editor New York . . D. Beecroft, Directing Editor Cleveland, Ohio. H. C. Estep, Editorial Director New York . Chicago, 111. St. Louis, Mo. . New York . Boston, Mass. . New York . New York . New York . New York . New York . Cleveland, Ohio. New York . New York . New York . Cleveland, Ohio St. Louis, Mo. New York . Cleveland, Ohio New York . New York . Chicago, 111. New York . New York . Boston, Mass. San Francisco, Cal New York . Cleveland, Ohio New York . New York . New York . New York . New York . Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. New York . New York . 115 H. W H H H. E. Taylor, Representative H. E. Taylor, Representative H. E. Taylor, Representative D. Beecroft, Directing Editor .... F. F. Cutler A. J. Baldwin A. J. Baldwin A. J. Baldwin A. J. Baldwin A. J. Baldwin C. Estep, Editorial Director .... R.W.Allen E. H. Darville, Editor . W. Macon, Managing Editor C. Estep, Editorial Director . . . H. M. Swetland .... H.L. Aldrich C. Estep, Editorial Director . R. W. Allen H. M. Swetland D. Beecroft, Directing Editor D. Beecroft, Directing Editor D. Beecroft, Directing Editor F. F. Cutler H. E. Taylor, Representative . A. J. Baldwin H. C. Estep, Editorial Director S. 0. Dunn, Editor S. 0. Dunn, Editor S. 0. Dunn, Editor S. 0. Dunn, Editor S. 0. Dunn, Editor . . F. F. Cutler .... F. F. Cutler H. G. Lord D. Beecroft, Directing Editor Il I I I IS ifi I I t, irii