Cllacnell HniuetBitg SItbtarg 
 
 Utirata, S^etn Qoctt 
 
 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 HENRY W. SAGE 
 
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The secret treaties of Austria-Hungary, 
 
 3 1924 007 439 171 
 
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 the Cornell University Library. 
 
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 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924007439171 
 
THE SECRET TREATIES OF 
 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 
 
 1879-1914 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. ALFRED FRANZIS PRIBRAM 
 
 PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA 
 ENGLISH EDITION BY 
 
 ARCHIBALD GARY COOLIDGE 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
 
 CAMBRIDGE 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD 
 
 OxpoKD University Press 
 
 1920 
 
THE SECRET TREATIES OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 
 VOLUME I 
 
 TEXTS OF THE TREATIES 
 AND AGREEMENTS 
 
 WITH TRANSLATIONS 
 
 BY 
 DENYS P. MYERS 
 
 AND 
 
 J. G. D'ARCY PAUL 
 
 CAMBRIDGE 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 LONDON: HUMPHREY MELFORD 
 
 Oxford Univeksity Press 
 
 1920 
 
 w 
 
 uwivt u!.-n Y 
 
COPYBIGRI, 1920 
 HAEVASD UNTVEKSIXY PSES8 
 
PREFACE BY THE AMERICAN 
 EDITOR 
 
 Soon after the overthrow of the imperial government of Austria 
 by the Revolution in November, 1918, Professor Franzis Pribram 
 of the University of Vienna, a historian of international reputa- 
 tion, was fortunate enough to obtain access to the secret papers 
 in the state archives. He has made use of the opportunities 
 granted to him to produce a work of lasting importance, which 
 is now in the process of completion and publication. Hence- 
 forth writers about the political history of Europe during the 
 last forty years will turn to his volumes for the new and valuable 
 information that he is offering us. He has not attempted a gen- 
 eral history of the period, and — as he himself says — he has not 
 consulted other archives than the Austrian ones, so that his re- 
 searches, even on his immediate subject, need to be supple- 
 mented elsewhere. But Austria took part in so much that re- 
 lated to the affairs of central and eastern Europe during that 
 time that her archives are extraordinarily rich in information 
 concerning them, and especially concerning the famous Triple 
 Alliance which so long held the centre of the stage. She was not, 
 it is true, the leading member of the partnership, but it was of 
 more vital importance to her than to the other two. All her 
 political questions, even her internal ones, were more affected 
 by it. She was more menaced by outside enemies, for she had 
 not only what seemed a likely foe in the ever growing Russian 
 Empire, but also a not unlikely one, as the event has proved, in 
 Italy, her own ally. For her part, though traditionally conserv- 
 ative and usually peaceful, she never renounced territorial am- 
 bitions, and as the years went on her foreign policy became more 
 and more interwoven with the hopelessly intricate questions of 
 her own nationalities. Under such conditions, her diplomats and 
 her Foreign Office had, at least, to be well informed. 
 
VI PREFACE BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR 
 
 Professor Pribram naturally writes from the Austrian point of 
 view, but with a dispassionateness that is extraordinary for one 
 who has just seen his country ruined by a disastrous war which 
 has left her but a fragment of her former self. We cannot but 
 admire the cahnness and moderation with which he writes of 
 things so near to him and so closely connected with the present 
 catastrophe. Even when his statements occasionally betray a not 
 unnatural bias, there has been little temptation to comment upon 
 or to modify them. 
 
 In the German edition, Professor Pribram's first volume con- 
 tains not only all his treaty texts, but also a second part with 
 his story of the negotiations that preceded the signatures of the 
 five treaties of the Triple Alliance. He promises that informa- 
 tion on his other treaties and agreements will soon follow. But 
 as the English edition comprises translations as well as texts, 
 thereby almost doubling the treaty matter, the negotiations that 
 led to the treaties of the Triple Alliance have been left till the 
 next volume. I have included., however, the introduction, 
 which comes just before the second part, and two supplementary 
 agreements which stand after it, instead of being put in with the 
 others in the first part — presumably because they do not be- 
 long to quite the same category. One of these is the so-called 
 ' Reinsurance Treaty,' in which Austria had no share; the other 
 is a naval convention between Germany, Austria, and Italy, con- 
 cluded only a year before the outbreak of the World War. It 
 seems best here to pubUsh them with the rest rather than have 
 them wait over till another volume. 
 
 Circumstances have interrupted all communication with Pro- 
 fessor Pribram during the time that this first part of the transla- 
 tion of his work has been put into print. Since receiving his 
 material, I have had to act without consultation with him. In 
 general, the original of his text has been followed as closely as 
 possible in the translation. I have only felt free to alter the 
 wording in such things as explanatory headings, footnotes, and 
 a portion of the preface which did not apply to the book as 
 brought out in English form. The translations of the treaty 
 texts and other matter have been made by Mr. Denys P. Myers 
 
PREFACE BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR VU 
 
 and Mr. J. G. D'Arcy Paul — Mr. Myers more particularly doing 
 the French, and Mr. Paul, the German — though they have had 
 the help of advice and suggestion from others. Owing to the 
 fact that it was desirable to bring out the translation at about 
 the same time as the original, the work has perforce been done 
 with more haste than one could have desired. 
 
 My thanks are due, not only to the translators, but to other 
 friends who have cooperated, and especially to Professor G. G. 
 Wilson, my colleague, and to Mr. G. W. Robinson, for his care 
 and patience in reading the proof. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Tms work, the first volume of which I am herewith giving to the 
 public, is intended as the preliminary to a history of the foreign 
 policy of Austria-Hungary for the period between the conclusion 
 of the (ierman-Austro-Hungarian Alliance of October 7, 1879, 
 and the outbreak of the World War in 1914. It contains the 
 secret treaties concluded with various European Powers during 
 these years by the cabinet of Vienna, and the history of the nego- 
 tiations which preceded their signature. I regard a knowledge 
 of these docimients as indispensable to a deeper insight into the 
 plans and actions of the leading statesmen of the Danubian 
 Monarchy. 
 
 Up to the outbreak of the World War the only one of all these 
 treaties to be known — and that only partially — was the one 
 concluded on October 7, 1879, between Germany and Austria- 
 Hungary. During the course of the war the two treaties con- 
 cluded between Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1900-01 and 1909 
 regarding the Balkans, and especially Albania, were published 
 in the Austro-Hxmgarian Red Book of 191 5, together with four 
 articles from one of the treaties of the Triple Alliance, while 
 Germany very recently made public the German-Austro- 
 Hungarian-Russian agreement of 1881, taken from the Russian 
 archives. All the other treaties given in this work were, as re- 
 gards their wording, unknown until now.^ 
 
 We possessed but one account based on reliable sources of the 
 negotiations preceding the conclusion of the various treaties — 
 E. von Wertheimer's Graf Jtdius Andrdssy, dealing with the 
 German-Austro-Hungarian Alliance of October 7, 1879. In the 
 present work light is thrown for the first time on all the other 
 treaty negotiations. It was not possible for me to offer an 
 iminterrupted account, for only the acts of the Vienna State 
 
 1 But see p. 275, note. A. C. C. 
 ix 
 
X PREFACE 
 
 Archives were at my disposal, and these, in spite of their rich- 
 ness, did not permit of a complete solution of all questions which 
 arose. In the interests of research it is therefore greatly to be 
 desired that the leading statesmen of the other countries signa- 
 tory to the treaties should open their state archives to serious 
 students for investigation as generously as the Austrian Republic 
 has done. 
 
 The printing of the treaty texts follows as a rule the original 
 document of Austria-Hungary or her cosignatories as found in 
 the Vienna Archives. When the original is not in the possession 
 of the Vienna Government, as in the case of an exchange of 
 notes, there is given in its place the certified copy of a draft, the 
 literal conformity of which with the original document destined 
 for exchange has been vouched for through an ofl&cial notation. 
 The orthography of the original — which, moreover, cannot 
 always be called correct, and certainly not consistent — has in 
 general been followed. Exception is made only with regard to 
 punctuation and in the use of large and small initial letters in 
 accordance with the present usage of the respective languages. 
 Repetitions of the wording of a treaty on the occasion of its re- 
 newal — as, for instance, in the case of the treaties of the Triple 
 Alliance themselves, and the treaties of the Triple Alliance 
 Powers with Rumania — may be recognized by the use of in- 
 verted commas.^ The reader is thus enabled to Judge at a glance 
 in what respects the new treaty differs from the treaty concluded 
 previously with regard to the same subject. 
 
 This repeated renewal of various agreements also led me to 
 depart from the chronological order in presenting the treaty 
 negotiations. A strict adherence to this order would have de- 
 stroyed the connection existing between many treaties. This is 
 primarily true of the five treaties of the Triple Alliance. They 
 will accordingly be taken up together in a later volume and then 
 followed successively by the negotiations which preceded the 
 conclusion of the agreements between Austria-Hungary on the 
 one hand and Russia, Serbia, Rumania, Germany, and Italy on 
 the other. The treaties concluded by Austria-Hungary with 
 
 ' It has not seemed necessary to repeat these for the translations. A. C. C. 
 
PREFACE XI 
 
 England and Spain are in such intimate relation to the Austro- 
 Hungarian-ItaUan treaties that they are dealt with together. 
 The work will be terminated by a condensed review of Austro- 
 Hungarian treaty policy in the years 1879-1914. 
 
 These studies have no relation to the present poUtical situa- 
 tion. Least of all are they intended to throw new hght on that 
 often mooted and, to my thinking, unprofitable question regard- 
 ing the amount of guilt to be apportioned to various persons or 
 various nations for the outbreak of the World War. On the 
 other hand, I shall be genuinely pleased if my work, after its 
 completion, should be regarded as a contribution — no matter 
 how modest — to the knowledge of the deep-lying causes which 
 led to the mighty struggles of these last years. 
 
 I take this occasion to offer my sincere thanks to former 
 Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs Dr. Otto Bauer, to the two 
 ofl&cials in charge of the Department of Archives, Hofrat Profes- 
 sor Dr. Oswald RedHch and Professor Dr. Ludo Moritz Hart- 
 mann, and in particular to Vice-Director Sektionsrat Professor 
 Dr. Ludwig Bittner, for the assistance they rendered me in my 
 task. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 TREATIES 18 
 
 1. The Austro-German Alliance of 1879 . , 18 
 
 (a) Protocol between the AustrOr-Hungarian and German Govern- 
 ments describing the preliminary steps towards an Alliance. 
 
 Vienna, September 24, 1879 18 
 
 (6) Joint Memorandum signed by the Austro-Hungarian and the 
 German Plenipotentiaries outlining the purposes of the Alli- 
 ance. Vienna, September 24, 1879 22 
 
 (c) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany. 
 
 October 7, 1879 24 
 
 2. Ministerial Declaration of policy in regard to the rela- 
 
 tion OF THE Austro-German Alliance to the League ' 
 OF THE Three Emperors. 1881 32 
 
 3. The League of the Three Emperors of 1881 36 
 
 (a) Convention between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, 
 
 and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1881 36 
 
 (b) Separate Protocol on the same date to the Convention of 
 Berlin. Jime 18, 1881 42 
 
 (c) Additional Protocol to the Convention of June 18, 1881. 
 Berlin, June 27, 1881 46 
 
 (d) Proces-verbal of the exchange of ratifications of the Conven- 
 tion of Jime 18, 1881. Berlin, June 27, 1881 48 
 
 4. The Austro-Serbian Alliance of 1881 50 
 
 (a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. 
 
 Belgrade, June 16/28, 1881 50 
 
 (6) Personal Declaration of Prince Milan that he would carry out 
 
 the Treaty without restrictions S^ 
 
 (c) Declaration of the Governments of Austria-Hungary and of 
 
 Serbia in regard to the meaning of Article IV 60 
 
 5. The Triple Alliance of 1882 64 
 
 (a) First Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Ger- 
 many, and Italy. Vienna, May 20, 1882 64 
 
 (6) Additional Declaration of Italy that the provisions of the 
 Alliance could not be regarded as directed against England. 
 Rome, May 22, 1882 68 
 
 xiii 
 
XIV CONTENTS 
 
 (c) Declaration of Austria-Hungary similar to the Italian one. 
 Vienna, May 28, 1882 70 
 
 (d) Declaration of Germany similar to the Italian one. Berlin, 
 May 28, 1882 70 
 
 6. Prolongation of the Austro-German Alliance. 1883 ... 74 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Germany in regard 
 to the prolongation of the Austro-German Alliance of 1879. 
 Vienna, March 22, 1883 74 
 
 7. Alliance of Rumania with Austria-Hungary and with Ger- 
 
 many AND with Italy. 1883 and 1888 78 
 
 (a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. 
 Vienna, October 30, 1883 78 
 
 (b) Treaty providing for the accession of Germany. Vienna, 
 October 30, 1883 82 
 
 (c) Treaty providing for the accession of Italy. Vienna, May 15, 
 1888 84 
 
 8. Prolongation of the League of the Three Emperors. 1884 90 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, con- 
 cerning the prolongation of their Treaty of 1881 go 
 
 9. Mediterranean Agreement of Great Britain, Italy, and 
 
 Austria-Hungary in 1887 94 
 
 (o) Italian Note to the British Government in regard to a Medi- 
 terranean Agreement. London, February 12, 1887 .... 94 
 
 (b) British Note to the Italian Government in regard to a Medi- 
 terranean Agreement. London, February 12, 1887 .... 96 
 
 (c) Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Agreement. London, 
 March 24, 1887 . 98 
 
 (d) Italian acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary. 
 London, March 24, 1887 100 
 
 (e) British acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary. 
 London, March 24, 1887 102 
 
 10. Second Treaty of the Triple Alliance. 1887 104 
 
 (a) The second Treaty of the Triple Alliance between Austria- 
 Hungary, the German Empire, and Italy. Berlin, February 
 
 20, 1887 . 104 
 
 (6) Separate Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Ber- 
 lin, February 20, 1887 106 
 
 (c) Separate Treaty between the German Empire and Italy. 
 Berlin, February 20, 1887 no 
 
 (d) Final Protocol between Austria-Hvmgary, the German Em- 
 pire, and Italy. February 20, 1887 114 
 
CONTENTS XV 
 
 11. Mediterranean Agreement BETWEEN Italy AND Spain. 1887 116 
 (o) Spanish Note to Italy proposing a Mediterranean Agreement. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1887 116 
 
 (b) Italian reply to Spanish Note. Madrid, May 4, 1887 . . . 118 
 
 (c) Accession of Austria-Hungary. May 21, 1887 120 
 
 12. Second Mediterranean Agreement between Great Brit- 
 
 ain, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. 1887 124 
 
 (a) Austrian Note to Great Britain proposing a further Agree- 
 ment in the Mediterranean. London, December 12, 1887 . 124 
 (6) British reply to Austrian Note. London, December 12, 1887 128 
 (c) Italian confirmation of the Agreement 130 
 
 13. Prolongation oe the Austro-Serbian Treaty. 1889 . . . 134 
 (o) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Serbia prolonging the 
 
 Treaty of 1881. Belgrade, January 28/February 9, 1889 . 134 
 (6) Declaration of the Serbian Regents recognizing the Treaties of 
 
 1881 and 1889. Belgrade, March 7/19, 1889 138 
 
 14. Prolongation of the Mediterranean Agreement between 
 
 Spain and Italy. 1891 142 
 
 (o) Italian-Spanish Protocol relating to the prolongation of the 
 
 Agreement. Madrid, May 4, 1891 142 
 
 (6) Spanish Note to Italy regarding Morocco. May 4, 1891 . . 144 
 (c) Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Protocol and Note. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1891 . . 146 
 
 15. Third Treaty or the Triple Alliance. 1891 150 
 
 (o) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 
 Empire, and Italy. Berlin, May 6, 1891 150 
 
 (J) Final Protocol to the Treaty 160 
 
 16. Second Treaty of Alliance of Rumania with Austria- 
 
 Hungary, Germany, and Italy. 1892 .... 164 
 
 (a) Treaty of AlUance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. 
 Sinaia, July 13/25, 1892 164 
 
 (b) Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Rumania 
 providing for the accession of Germany to the Alliance. 
 Bucharest, November 11/23, 1892 168 
 
 (c) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 accession of Italy to the Alliance. November 28, 1892 . . 170 
 
 17. Prolongation of the Alliance of Rumania with Austria- 
 
 Hungary, Germany, and Italy. 1896 . . ... 174 
 
 (o) Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Rumania regarding 
 
 the prolongation of the Alliance. Sinaia, September 30, 1896 174 
 (6) Accession of the German Empire to the Protocol. Berlin, 
 
 May 7, 1899 176 
 
XVI CONTENTS 
 
 (c) Acknowledgment by Austria-Hungary of the German acces- 
 sion to the Protocol. Berlin, May 15, 1899 178 
 
 (d) Accession of Italy to the Protocol. Rome, June 5, 1899 . . 180 
 
 18. AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT. 1897 184 
 
 (a) Despatch from the Austrian Government to the Ambassador 
 in St. Petersburg containing the Agreement reached between 
 Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to Balkan affairs. 
 Vieima, May 8, 1897 184 
 
 (ft) Note of the Russian Government to the Austrian Ambassador 
 
 in St. Petersburg in regard to the Balkan Agreement . . . 190 
 
 19. Austro-Italian Agreement concerotng Albania. 1900 . . 196 
 (a) Despatch of the Italian Government to the Ambassador in 
 
 Vienna containing the Agreement between Austria-Hungary 
 and Italy in regard to Albania. Rome, December 20, 1900 . 196 
 (6) Despatch in acknowledgment from the Austrian Government 
 
 to the Ambassador in Rome. Vienna, February 9, 1901 . . 198 
 
 20. Third Treaty of Alliance or Rumania with Austria- 
 
 Hungary, Germany, and Italy. 1902 202 
 
 (o) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing 
 
 the Alliances of 1892 and 1896. Bucharest, April 4/17, 1902 202 
 (6) Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the Alli- 
 ance. Sinaia, July 12/25, 1902 208 
 
 (c) Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 
 accession of Italy to the Alliance. December 12, 1902 . . . 210 
 
 21. Protocol prolonging the Austro-German Alliance. 1902 216 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire 
 concerning the continuation of the Treaty of 1879 and the 
 Protocol of 1883. Berlin, June i, 1902 216 
 
 22. Fourth Treaty of the Triple Alliance. 1902 220 
 
 (a) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 
 Empire, and Italy. Berlin, June 28, 1902 220 
 
 (6) Final Protocol to the Treaty. Berlin, June 28, 1902 . . . 230 
 
 (c) Austrian Declaration to Italy concerning Tripoli. Rome, 
 
 June 30, 1902 232 
 
 (ji) Note of the Italian Government acknowledging the Austrian 
 
 Declaration concerning Tripoli. Rome, June 30, 1902 . . 234 
 
 23. Austro-Russian promise of mutual neutrality. 1904 . . 236 
 
 Joint Declaration of Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to 
 the maintenance of neutrality by either if the other is at war. 
 St. Petersburg, October 2/15, 1904 236 
 
CONTENTS xvii 
 
 24. Austro-Italian Agreement concerning Article VII or the 
 
 Triple Alliance. 1909 240 
 
 Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy explaining 
 and supplementing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple 
 Alliance of 1887. Vienna, November 30; Rome, December 
 IS, 1909 240 
 
 25. Fifth Treaty of the Triple Alliance. 191 2 244 
 
 (o) Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 
 Empire, and Italy. Vienna, December 5, 191 2 244 
 
 (b) First Final Protocol concerning the mutual granting of com- 
 mercial advantages, and concerning means of bringing about 
 the accession of Great Britain to the Articles of the Treaty 
 relating to Mediterranean questions. Vienna, December 5, 
 1912 254 
 
 (c) Second Final Protocol concerning North Africa, Albania, and 
 Novi-Bazar. Vienna, December S, 1912 256 
 
 ^ Fourth Treaty of Alliance of Rumania with Austria- 
 Hungary, Germany, and Italy. 1913 260 
 
 (o) Treaty between Austria-Himgary and Rumania renewing the 
 Alliances of 1892, 1896, and 1903. Bucharest, February 5, 
 1913 260 
 
 (6) Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the Alli- 
 ance. Bucharest, February 13/26, 1913 266 
 
 (c) Treaty between Austria-Hxmgary and Italy providing for the 
 
 accession of Italy. Bucharest, March 5, 1913 268 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY 
 
 Sy.- The ' Reinsurance Treaty ' of 1887 274 
 
 (a) Treaty between Germany and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1887 274 
 
 (6) Additional Protocol. Berlin, June 18, 1887 278 
 
 28. Naval Agreement between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 
 Empire, and Italy 282 
 
 Naval Agreement prepared between the Naval Section of the 
 Austrian War Ministry, the Admiralty Stafif of the German 
 Navy, and the Admiralty Staff of the Italian Navy. Pre- 
 pared in draft, June 23, 1913. Revised, August 2, 1913. 
 Came into force, November i, 1913 282 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES 307 
 
TEXTS OF THE TREATIES AND 
 
 AGREEMENTS 
 
 WITH TRANSLATIONS 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 For a whole generation the Triple Alliance exerted a decisive 
 influence upon the politics of all Europe. It was the subject of 
 countless debates in the parliaments of the three allied states; 
 it has been an object of unceasing concern to public opinion the 
 world over. A series of voluminous works and many smaller 
 treatises have been devoted to it. Down to the present day, how- 
 ever, we have known neither the text of the treaties underljdng 
 the Triple Alliance nor the course of the negotiations which 
 resulted in its formation. 
 
 The leading statesmen of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and 
 Italy have often discussed the contents of the treaties, but al- 
 ways in the most general terms, limiting themselves to the state- 
 ment that the Triple AUiance had purely defensive aims: the 
 maintenance of peace on the territorial bases created by the 
 national tmification of Germany and of Italy, and by the recon- 
 struction of Austria-Hungary in the year 1867, followed by the 
 occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. " An insurance 
 company," as Prince Biilow characterized it in 1902, "not a com- 
 pany for profit." AU the other statements which occasionally 
 leaked into publicity concerning the contents and the duration of 
 the treaties were contradictory, and were more calculated to con- 
 fuse than to inform. Bismarck, it was reported, had declared 
 that the tenor of the treaties of the Triple Alliance would never 
 be made pubUc, even after the Alliance had ceased to have legal 
 force. Fostered by this assertion, fantastic rumors concerning 
 the stipulations made by the several aUies found wide circulation 
 and ready credence. Just before the outbreak of the World War, 
 several serious attempts were made accurately to determine the 
 contents of the several treaties, but, taken all in all, these at- 
 tempts came to nothing.^ Thus it came about, that on the dis- 
 
 ' Of the treatises whose authors undertook the laborious and thankless task of 
 determining accurately the contents of the treaties of the Triple Alliance, only the 
 
 3 
 
4 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ruption of the Triple Alliance by Italy in 1915, no one had an 
 accurate knowledge of the tenor of the treaties, aside from the 
 surviving statesmen and diplomats who had participated in 
 framing and executing them: certainly an honorable testimony 
 to the discretion of a class against which the reproach of indis- 
 cretion has so often, and not unjustly, been made. 
 
 Since then a period of more than four years has elapsed, and 
 still the veil of secrecy which surrounded the treaties of the Triple 
 Alliance has not been lifted. In the summer of 1915, to be sure, 
 the Austro-Hungarian government published four articles of one 
 of the treaties in question, thus furnishing the first authentic 
 contribution to the knowledge of their contents. It was learned 
 that the three powers had reciprocally promised friendship and 
 peace. They had also agreed to enter upon an exchange of views 
 upon political and economic questions of a general nature, and to 
 pledge their support to one another within the Umits of their par- 
 ticular interests (Article i). Reciprocal assistance backed by full 
 military strength was to be rendered whenever one or two of the 
 signatories were attacked by two or more of the Great Powers 
 without direct challenge on their part (Article 3). In case one of 
 them should, through the menaces of a Great Power not a party 
 to the treaty, become involved in a war with such a power, the 
 other two signatories were under all conditions to observe a 
 benevolent neutrality towards their ally. Furthermore, it was 
 left to the judgment of each of them, whether or not to participate 
 in such a passage at arms by the side of its ally (Article 4). The 
 last of the articles published (7) concerned Austria-Himgary and 
 Italy alone. It determined when, and under what conditions, 
 one of these powers was to enter upon temporary or permanent 
 occupation of territories in the Balkans or on the Ottoman 
 coasts of the Adriatic or the Aegean Sea. The presupposition 
 was that such occupation should take place only upon previous 
 agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Such an agree- 
 
 two most important need be cited here: H. Friedjung, " Der Inhalt des Drei- 
 bundes," in Der Greif, October, 1913; and H. F. Helmolt, " Der Inhalt des Drei- 
 bundes: Eine diplomatische Untersuchung," printed as an appendix to A. Singer's 
 Geschichie des Dreibundes (1914), pp. 249 S. 
 
INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 ment would be on the basis of reciprocal indemnification for 
 every territorial or other advantage over and beyond the existing 
 status quo. 
 
 Through these disclosures the darkness that had enshrouded 
 the purport of the treaties of the Triple Alliance was in part dis- 
 pelled. Perfect clearness, however, had not yet been attained. 
 The fragmentary nature of what had been made public became 
 clear merely through reference to the fact that Articles 2,5, and 
 6 were missing. That Article 7, the last of those published, was 
 followed by still others was to be assumed with considerable con- 
 fidence. Furthermore, no hint had been given as to which of the 
 treaties contained the four pubUshed articles. The contradic- 
 tions and obscurities to which any critical examination of the 
 published articles was bound to lead were also justly pointed 
 out.^ But once more, every attempt to penetrate the secret of 
 the treaties of the Triple Alliance was doomed to failure, " through 
 the very nature of the matter, which offers, as it were, a passive 
 resistance even to the most acute inferences," as one of the most 
 zealous critics put it. All the more insistently was the desire ex- 
 pressed finally to have access to the complete text of the treaties 
 of the Triple AUiance, and to know the course of the negotiations 
 which culminated in the formation of the Alliance. 
 
 To satisfy this wish is the aim of the present work. The text of 
 the several treaties now becomes available in its entirety, though 
 not the negotiations leading up to the treaties. Having access 
 only to the documents of the State Archive at Vienna, the author 
 is unable to give a consecutive account of the course of these 
 negotiations. This is true especially of those stipulations of the 
 treaties which exclusively concerned Germany and Italy. The 
 cabinet at Vienna, to be sure, was informed of these stipulations, 
 but it had no part in the negotiations, which were carried on 
 
 ' W. Frdknoi, Kritische Studien zur Geschichte des Dreibundes (1917), pp. 30 ff. 
 (previously published in the Deutsche Revue, January, 1916). H. F. Helmolt, 
 " Unser Wissen vom Dreibund," in ZeitsckriftfUr Volkerrecht, x (1917-18), pp. 20 ff.; 
 and " Dreibundliteratur," ibid., xi, pp. 282 ff. In this latter article Helmolt gives 
 a German translation of an attempted reconstruction undertaken by the anony- 
 mous author of " La Politica estera italiana, 1875-1911," in Bibl. di Politica estera, 
 1916, pp. 373 ff. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION 
 
 directly between Berlin and Rome; the Austro-Hungarian min- 
 isters learned only so much of the course of these negotiations as 
 seemed proper to the German and Italian statesmen. 
 
 The frequently expressed surmise that these negotiations prob- 
 ably had a long and stormy course is confirmed by the present 
 investigation. In order to limi t the scope of the work as much as 
 possible, the general political conditions under which the nego- 
 tiations were carried on have been discussed only in so far as is 
 necessary for a proper understanding. It is not the purpose 
 of this work to give the history of the Triple Alliance, but merely 
 that of the treaties on which this Alliance was founded. For the 
 same reason no attempt has been made to sketch the characters 
 of the leading persons involved, or to pass judgment upon what 
 they achieved. 
 
 However, it may not be out of place to sketch briefly in this 
 introductory chapter the most important results obtained by a 
 study of the documents. The reader will thus find it easier to 
 follow the course of the negotiations, which is often intricate 
 enough. 
 
 Let it be emphasized first of all that the Triple Alliance is by 
 no means to be regarded as supplanting the Austro-Hungarian- 
 German treaty of October 7, 1879. On the contrary, it did not 
 impair the validity of that treaty in any way. Independently 
 of the treaty which the Central Powers concluded with Italy in 
 1882 (a treaty four times renewed), the Austro-Hungarian- 
 German treaty, from October, 1879, to the outbreak of the World 
 War, constituted the basis of action of the Central Powers in all 
 questions of foreign pohcy, most especially as concerns their re- 
 lation to Russia. For in none of the treaties of the Triple Alliance 
 is Russia mentioned as that power, upon whose single and un- 
 provoked attack upon one of the aUies the casus foederis was to 
 be considered estabhshed for the other two. The duty of giving 
 aid ia this case devolved exclusively upon Germany and Austria- 
 Hungary, to the extent provided for in the treaty of October, 
 1879. 
 
 Furthermore, it may be pointed out, in this connection, that 
 the repeated assertion that the two powers had, as early as 1879, 
 
INTRODUCTION 7 
 
 agreed upon the automatic continuance of the treaty, is based on 
 error. The German-Austro-Hungarian treaty of October, 1879, 
 was concluded for five years, and was renewed in 1883 for a defi- 
 nitely limited period. Not until the year 1902 was the special 
 agreement made (see p. 216), whereby it was henceforth to be 
 automatically extended at the end of each three-year term, unless 
 one of the signatory powers availed itself of its privilege to give 
 two years' notice of its intention to abrogate the treaty. Hence- 
 forth the treaty between Germany and Austria-Hungary also 
 contained a formal statement of that prospective unlimited 
 duration which Bismarck had wished to give to it when it was 
 first concluded. 
 
 The first treaty of the Triple Alliance, with a five-year term, 
 was signed on May 20, 1882. It contained Articles i, 3, and 4, 
 pubKshed by the Austro-Hungarian government in 1915, the 
 contents of which have already been given. Of the remaining 
 articles of the treaty, the most important is the one binding 
 Austria-Hungary and Germany to aid Italy with their entire 
 military strength in case she should be attacked without provo- 
 cation by France (Article 2). Italy alone assumed a similar 
 obligation towards Germany; Austria-Hungary did not. The 
 latter was to aid the German Empire against France only in case 
 another Great Power aligned itself with France. Nor was Italy 
 bound to give armed assistance to Austria-Hungary in case the 
 latter should be attacked without provocation by Russia alone. 
 By the terms of the treaty, Italy was in this case bound merely to 
 observe a benevolent neutrality towards Austria-Hungary. For 
 Germany also, as has been already mentioned, the treaty of the 
 Triple Alliance contained no stipulation which would have com- 
 pelled her participation in a war provoked by an attack of 
 Russia upon Austria-Hungary. Germany was pledged to such 
 participation only through the treaty of October 7, 1879, of 
 which the Italian government had no knowledge in 1882. 
 
 A guaranty of the possessions of the three allies, especially of 
 Rome to Italy, which was repeatedly mentioned as an estab- 
 lished fact in the literature on the subject, was expressed neither 
 in the first nor in any of the subsequent treaties of the Triple 
 
8 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Alliance. To be sure, there was no lack of attempts in this 
 direction by the Italian statesmen during the negotiations which 
 preceded the conclusion of the first of the treaties of the Triple 
 Alliance; but their efforts were frustrated by the firm refusal 
 of the cabinet of Vieima to heed Italy's wishes. Nor was Italy 
 more successful in having inserted in the treaty stipulations con- 
 cerning the promotion of Italy's colonial plans or the combina- 
 tion of Austria's future territorial acquisitions in the Balkans 
 with Italian claims on the Trentino. 
 
 One of the new and important results of the present investi- 
 gation is doubtless the proof that Italy even at that time desired 
 to bring about England's entrance into the Triple Alliance. 
 Her aim was thus to protect herself by sea also against further 
 French plans of conquest in the territories bordering on the Medi- 
 terranean. These efforts were checkmated at the time by the 
 opposition of Bismarck; however, Italy so far succeeded in 
 carrying her point that a protocol was attached to the treaty ex- 
 pressly emphasizing the fact that the Triple Alliance pursued no 
 aims hostile to England. 
 
 This stipulation was quite in accordance with the strictly de- 
 fensive character of the treaty of 1882, which Italy's statesmen 
 at that time tried to emphasize as strongly as possible. While 
 the Central Powers, however, clung steadfastly to this idea down 
 to the dissolution of the alliance, Italy, as may be seen from the 
 following statements, had already abandoned it in the negotia- 
 tions which preceded the second treaty of the Triple Alliance. 
 This she did in order to satisfy her desire for an expansion of her 
 sphere of influence in the Balkans and in the territories bordering 
 on the Mediterranean. It is to be ascribed solely to Italy's 
 incessant urging that the second treaty of the Triple Alliance 
 concluded on February 20, 1887, for another term of five years 
 no longer exhibits the purely defensive nature characteristic of 
 the first treaty. Austria-Hungary and Germany were now 
 pledged to participate in wars which could no longer be regarded 
 as a defence against xmprovoked attacks of a hostile Great 
 Power. Italy, it is true, did not succeed in carrying her demands 
 to their full extent. The cabinet of Vienna refused most em- 
 
INTRODUCTION 9 
 
 phatically to enter upon engagements which might embroil 
 Austria-Hungary in a war with France for the sake of Italy's 
 Mediterranean programme. Prince Bismarck, on his part, was 
 most desirous of keeping Germany, so far as possible, aloof from 
 all active participation in Balkan wars — if only on account of 
 Russia. After protracted and heated negotiations, which several 
 times threatened to miscarry, a compromise was finally resorted 
 to in order to avoid a break. This compromise, presumably 
 adopted on Bismarck's initiative, provided for a division of the 
 obligations to be assumed by Germany and Austria. To this 
 end three treaties were concluded in 1887. 
 
 The first treaty, signed by the representatives of all three 
 powers, merely repeated the contents of the treaty of 1882. The 
 second, a separate treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy, 
 concerns the Balkan questions. Its stipulations agree exactly 
 with those which subsequently appeared as Article 7 in the treaty 
 of 1891 and the subsequent renewals. These stipulations, as has 
 already been said, were published in 191 5 by the Austro-Hun- 
 garian government. The third, a separate treaty between Ger- 
 many and Italy, contains among other provisions a stipulation 
 which has hitherto remained entirely unknown. This stipulation 
 bound Germany to aid Italy with all her military strength even 
 in case Italy, without being attacked by France, should consider 
 herself forced by the conduct of the latter power in Tripoli or 
 Morocco to attack either the African or the European posses- 
 sions of France (Article 3). Equally significant and completely 
 unknown imtil now are the contents of Article 4 of the German- 
 Italian separate treaty. In this article Germany expressed her 
 readiness to promote the extension of Italian territory at the 
 expense of the enemy, in case of the successful termination of such 
 a war waged in common against France. It may easily be seen 
 how little such stipulations agree with the constantly renewed 
 assurances of the Italian statesmen that the Triple Alliance had 
 no aggressive aims with respect to France. Subsequently Italy 
 concluded separate treaties with France concerning Tripoli, but 
 nevertheless renewed the Triple Alliance with its stipulations 
 against France. 
 
lO INTRODUCTION 
 
 Italy, in 1887, did not insist upon the renewal of the protocol of 
 1882, which had expressed the friendly attitude of the powers of 
 the Triple Alliance towards England. This was due to the fact 
 that Italy had shortly before, with the assistance of Germany, 
 made certain agreements with England, soon after concurred in 
 by Austria-Hungary, which excluded the idea of hostile inten- 
 tions on the part of the AlUes against England. 
 
 Four years later, in 189 1, the third treaty of the Triple Alliance 
 was concluded. By dint of incessant urging, Italy succeeded this 
 time in bringing about the union of the three treaties into one. 
 On the other hand, the efforts of the ItaUan statesmen to obtain 
 a material extension of the obligations of the Central Powers 
 were frustrated. Austria-Hungary declined all further inter- 
 vention in behalf of Italy's Mediterranean interests; Germany 
 took the same ground with respect to Italian plans in the Balkans. 
 Italy was again successful, however, in that Germany's willingness 
 to intervene in behalf of Italian interests in Northern Africa — 
 Tunis was now brought into the foreground, as well as TripoU — 
 was more definitely formulated, and the intention was expressed 
 to come to an agreement with England with reference to these 
 questions. 
 
 As far back as December, 1887, England had been in harmony 
 with Austria-Hungary and Italy concerning the maintenance of 
 the Turkish possessions in the Orient. Now a protocol attached 
 to the treaty gave consideration to Italy's desire to induce Eng- 
 land to approve and support certain stipulations in the treaty of 
 the Triple Alliance in as binding a form as possible, a desire 
 energetically seconded by Germany. These stipulations con- 
 cerned the North African territories bordering on the central and 
 western Mediterranean. This marks England's closest approach 
 to the Triple AUiance, as well as the cuLtnination of the import- 
 ance of the Triple Alliance in safeguarding the interests of the 
 allies and the peace of Europe. 
 
 The crucial test of the Triple AlUance began with the moment 
 in which the first serious differences between Germany and Eng- 
 land made their appearance. As far back as 1896, Italy, as the 
 present investigation shows, had notified the Central Powers 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 1 
 
 that she could not participate in a war in which England and 
 France should figure as the joint adversaries of the states in- 
 cluded in the Triple Alliance. The fact that Germany, and like- 
 wise Austria-Hungary under the influence of Germany, refused 
 to take cognizance of this declaration, which was incompatible 
 with the contents of the treaty, did not alter the fact that Italy 
 from that time on moved away from her allies and entered upon 
 a course which gradually led her into the camp of their enemies. 
 
 The treaty of the Triple Alliance was, indeed, twice renewed in 
 unchanged form, in 1902 and 191 2 ; likewise the protocol of 1891, 
 although the latter, in so far as it had reference to England, be- 
 came less and less in harmony with the actual facts through the 
 widening divergences between Germany and England. Further- 
 more, Italy succeeded in inducing Austria-Hungary to attach a 
 declaration to the treaty of 1902, in which Austria-Hungary ex- 
 pressed the willingness to give her aUy a free hand in Tripoli. 
 Moreover, in a second protocol to the treaty of 191 2, Austria- 
 Himgary recognized the sovereignty of Italy over Tripoli, and 
 confirmed the agreements made with Italy in 1901 and 1909 con- 
 cerning Balkan questions, and particularly concerning Albania. 
 AU other demands of the ally that had now become untrustworthy 
 were rejected by the Central Powers. 
 
 The assertion, often made, that the treaties of the Triple Alli- 
 ance also contained definite military stipulations, is incorrect. 
 Article 5 of the Treaty of 1882, which has hitherto remained un- 
 known, merely stated that the aUies, at the moment when danger 
 of war threatened, should agree in due season upon the military 
 measures necessary for joint operations. And it rested here; 
 no further dispositions are to be found in any of the later treaties 
 of the Triple Alliance. 
 
 However, as may be seen from the following statements, a 
 number of special military agreements were made in the course 
 of time. On February i, 1888, a military convention was con- 
 cluded between Italy and Germany, which contemplated the 
 emplo5Tnent of Italian troops against France to the west of the 
 Rhine. A similar agreement between Austria-Hungary and 
 Italy, with reference to the employment of Italian troops in the 
 
12 INTRODUCTION 
 
 East — against Russia — was projected, but never came into 
 effect. The Austro-Hungarian government, in accordance with 
 the treaty, merely bound itself to provide for the transportation 
 and feeding of the Italian troops destined for Germany. On the 
 other hand, agreements were made between all three states with 
 reference to the employment of their navies in time of war. The 
 first naval agreement, concluded on December 5,. 1900, contem- 
 plated independent operations. It was superseded in the year 
 1913 by another agreement, in which united action of the com- 
 bined naval forces was provided for. The chief aim of this was 
 the securing of naval supremacy in the Mediterranean and the 
 prevention of the transportation of French colonial troops from 
 Africa to the European theatre of war. 
 
 Italy derived the greatest advantages from the Triple Alhance: 
 protection against French attacks, support of her colonial plans 
 in Africa, recognition of the principle of her territorial aspira- 
 tions in the Balkans. Furthermore (and these were no less im- 
 portant), she secured commercial and political advantages, the 
 ordering of her shattered finances, the strengthening of her army 
 and navy, and, last but not least, a constantly growing import- 
 ance as a Great Power. These advantages she owed first of all 
 to the favor of circumstances. As a young, weak state, but 
 recently unified, and threatened by a stronger neighbor, Italy, in 
 the year 1882, had been received into an alliance with two of the 
 greatest military monarchies of Europe. She could not but re- 
 gard as a great success the fact that the support of the most 
 powerful army in the world was assured to her, while at the same 
 time the danger of being attacked by the superior forces of 
 Austria-Hungary, her former enemy, had been removed. In 
 return for all this she had no considerable sacrifices to make, for 
 at that time the suppliant did not have to pay the price. Duties 
 and privileges were allotted to the allies in approximately equal 
 proportion. Gradually, however, this relation was shifted more 
 and more in favor of Italy. Every step that brought France and 
 Russia nearer to each other increased the value to the Central 
 Powers of the alhance with Italy, threatened as they were both 
 to the east and to the west. Italy was therefore able consider- 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 3 
 
 ably to increase her demands, even as early as 1887. The defini- 
 tive binding together of France and Russia in 189 1 marked a 
 further strengthening of the position of Italy in the Triple Alli- 
 ance. And the more it became evident that England was gradu- 
 ally shifting her attitude towards the Triple Alliance — an atti- 
 tude that had been friendly up to the middle of the nineties — 
 the more vitally necessary did it become for the Central Powers 
 to prevent Italy's defection into the camp of the adversaries. 
 
 The Italian statesmen knew how to exploit this favorable state 
 of affairs cleverly. They were unscrupulous in the choice of their 
 means. Alternately making use of prayers, promises, flatteries, 
 threats, and lamentations, but keeping their goal constantly in 
 view, they succeeded in obtaining one advantage after another 
 from their connection with Germany and Austria-Hungary, 
 while at the same time they knew how to make their relations 
 with the adversaries of their allies more and more friendly. They 
 constantly made new demands upon the Central Powers, and 
 however much they obtained, they still asserted that they had 
 the disadvantage in the bargain. From their allies they demanded 
 the strictest observance of the obligations assumed; for their 
 own part, they constantly allowed themselves flirtations of the 
 most questionable character with all possible enemies of the 
 Central Powers. 
 
 The greatest benefit derived by Germany from the coimection 
 with Italy lay in the repressive influence exercised by the Triple 
 Alliance upon France's plans for revenge. It was this fact, too, 
 which Bismarck had above all in view, when he advocated an 
 alliance with the weak Italy. The assistance of Germany by 
 Italy, contemplated in the treaty of 1882 in the event of a war 
 between Germany and France, was acceptable to him; it was, 
 however, a matter of only secondary importance. To him it 
 sufficed that France should lose hope of winning Italy as an ally 
 in a conflict with the victor of 1870, and that Austria-Hungary, 
 in warding off a Russian onslaught, need not fear an attack from 
 the south. The thought that Italy could ever be induced to par- 
 ticipate in a war against England was not entertained by Bis- 
 marck. He knew that the very geographical position of the 
 
14 INTRODUCTION 
 
 country offered insuperable obstacles to such a plan. However, 
 as long as Bismarck guided the foreign policy of Germany, no 
 cogent reason existed for reckoning with this possibility. He 
 did not, it is true, advocate the formal entrance of England into 
 the Triple Alliance, chiefly on account of Russia, with whom he 
 sought to maintain friendly relations to the very end of his 
 official activity. But he did everything possible to win England 
 over to the pohtical situation created by the Powers of the Triple 
 AUiance, and he strove with all his influence to promote every 
 attempt intended to bind England by treaty to the special inter- 
 ests of Italy in the territories bordering on the Mediterranean. 
 How correctly he had judged the conditions became apparent as 
 early as 1896, when the danger of a conflict between England 
 and Germany loomed up for the first time. The declaration 
 which Italy then made in Berlin permitted no doubt as to the 
 fact that she would not fight against England. 
 
 At this point the alliance with Italy lost a considerable portion 
 of its value. This alliance had been entered into by Bismarck in 
 order to checkmate French plans of revenge, perhaps for a war 
 against the united forces of France and Russia. For such a war 
 this alliance would have sufficed. With this limitation Germany 
 could expect that Italy, in the case in question, would fulfil the 
 obUgations assumed, even subsequently to 1896, and especially 
 towards the end of the century, when Germany's relations to- 
 wards England assumed a more friendly character. But this hope 
 also vanished with the increasing success of England's policy of 
 hemming in the Central Powers. Years before the outbreak of 
 the World War, the leading German statesmen began to doubt 
 whether Italy would umnediately and fully meet her obUgations, 
 when put to the test. They always continued to hope, however, 
 that Italy, in a war of the Central Powers with France and Rus- 
 sia — England's immediate participation on the side of the latter 
 was not considered — would at first observe a benevolent neutral- 
 ity towards her allies, and, after the first of the expected decisive 
 victories of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, would 
 make common cause with them. Their assumption was in so far 
 correct, that Italy did in fact declare herself neutral when the 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 5 
 
 World War broke out. As for the rest, their presuppositions were 
 not correct. England, prepared for war, immediately took up 
 her position by the side of the enemies of Germany, and the 
 hoped-for decisive victories of the Central Powers did not ma- 
 terialize. Italy, nevertheless, maintained neutrality — though it 
 could scarcely be called benevolent — towards her allies for nine 
 months longer. This gave them advantages which are not to be 
 imderestimated. It is questionable whether the German armies 
 would have been able to attain their great initial successes if 
 Itahan troops had immediately appeared in the French ranks. 
 As for the campaign in the east, it might have been actually 
 fatal, if Austria-Hungary at the beginning of the war had been 
 compelled to withdraw a considerable portion of her troops from 
 the eastern theatre of war for the protection of the Austrian 
 frontier against Italy. 
 
 Of aU the Powers of the Triple Alliance, Austria-Hungary 
 doubtless got the worst bargain. For the numerous sacrifices 
 that she made, she attained nothing but a certain degree of as- 
 surance that her ally would not attack her in the rear in case 
 she should become involved in a war with Russia. Her attempts 
 to establish permanently friendly relations with Italy failed on 
 account of the immoderate demands which this ally made. 
 Austria-Hungary was ready to promote Italy's interests in the 
 Mediterranean, but demanded in return free play for her own 
 plans in the Balkans, and the definitive renunciation by Italy of 
 acquisitions in the region of the ' unredeemed provinces.' Italy, 
 however, showed not the slightest inclination to limit herself. 
 The Irredenta not only continued to exist, but even increased in 
 extent and vigor, often secretly stimulated by the Italian gov- 
 ernment. The never abandoned aspirations towards the mastery 
 of the Adriatic took a new lease of life in Italy after the middle 
 of the nineties, and furnished the battle cry for all the Austro- 
 phobe circles of Italy. In vain did Austria-Hungary recede step 
 by step under the continued strong pressure of Germany. She 
 granted the Italians a more and more important r61e in the Bal- 
 kans, where she renounced rights that had been conferred on her 
 by the Congress of Berlin; she tolerated the extension of the 
 
1 6 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Italian sphere of influence in Albania, and by all this endangered 
 her own interests in the Near East — the only interests through 
 whose advancement she could hope to expand her power and 
 increase the economic resources of her subjects. 
 
 Consideration for Italy also acted as a drag on the efforts that 
 were occasionally made by Vienna to arrive at an agreement with 
 Russia concerning their mutual interests in the Balkans; it 
 forced the Austro-Hungarian statesmen to take many a step that 
 was resented at Constantinople; it influenced the cabinet of 
 Vienna to forgo representation of the wishes of the Vatican at 
 the Quirinal. All in vain. Italy, though the ally of Austria- 
 Hungary, continued to be her outspoken adversary in all ques- 
 tions in which their interests clashed. Italy increased her de- 
 mands from year to year, and every success stimulated her to 
 make new claims. In Austria as well as in Hungary there was 
 no lack of influential men, with Conrad, Chief of the General 
 Staff, as their spokesman, who did not approve of the compliant 
 ways of the government of Vienna, advocating a break with 
 Italy, a settling of scores with the faithless ally. But the re- 
 sponsible pilots of the Austro-Hungarian ship of state felt that 
 they must continue in the course that had been laid out. They 
 regarded their yielding attitude, which tended to avoid every 
 serious conflict, as the only means of preventing the open defec- 
 tion of Italy into the camp of the enemy, a defection the conse- 
 quences of which would have been incalculable. It is not within 
 the province of this work to inquire how far their conclusions 
 were justified: Thetest of the-a«Guracy of the views of the ad- 
 vocates of an attack on Italy could not be made. No one will 
 therefore be able to decide with certainty whether the Western 
 Powers would have calmly looked on while Austria-Hungary 
 settled her score with Italy. There is just as httle possibility of 
 giving a definite answer to the question concerning the position 
 which would have been taken by the various nationalities em- 
 braced ia the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the case of a war 
 with Italy, considering the fact that they were at variance with 
 one another. It is undeniable, however, that even before the 
 outbreak of the World War, the cabinet of Vienna had lost much 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 7 
 
 of the prestige which it possessed both in Europe and in the world 
 at large in the days when Metternich directed the foreign policy 
 of Austria-Hungary, and even at the time of Andrissy. To this 
 descent from its former proud height the negotiations described 
 in the following pages bear a new and striking testimony. 
 
l8 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 
 
 I. 
 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Protocol between the Austro-Eungarian and German Governments 
 
 describing the preliminary steps towards an Alliance. Vienna, 
 
 September 24, 1879} 
 
 Protokoll. 
 
 Die Unterzeichneten, Graf Andrdssy, Minister des kaiserlichen 
 Hauses und der auswartigen Angelegenheiten von Oesterreich- 
 Ungarn, und Fiirst von Bismarck, Kanzler des Deutschen Reiches, 
 sind zu Wien am 24. September 1879 zu einer Berathung daruber 
 zusammengetreten, was ihrer gewissenhaf ten Ueberzeugung nach 
 unter den gegenwartigen Verhaltnissen Europas ihren hohen Sou- 
 veranen zur Sicherheit und Ruhe ihrer Volker und zur Erhaltung 
 und Consolidirung des europaischen Friedens vorzukehren imd 
 zu thun obliegen mochte. 
 
 Der Kanzler des Deutschen Reiches hat sich bei diesem An- 
 lasse seitens S. M. des deutschen Kaisers zu dem Vorschlag einer 
 Verabredung fiir ermachtigt erklart, vermoge deren beide Machte 
 sich gegenseitig versprechen, auch ferner fiir die Erhaltung des 
 Friedens und namentHch fiir die Pflege ihrer friedhchen Bezie- 
 hungen mit Russland einzutreten, in dem Falle aber, dass eine 
 von ihnen von einer oder mehreren Machten angegriffen werden 
 soUte, diesen Angriff gemeinsam abzuwehren. 
 
 Graf Andrassy hat sich mit dem diesem Vorschlage zu' Gnmde 
 liegenden Gedanken einverstanden erklart, dagegen wider den 
 Abschluss eines Uebereinkommens in der vom deutschen Reichs- 
 kanzler vorgeschlagenen Form und Ausdehnung Bedenken 
 geltend gemacht, iiber welche hinauszugehen ihm nicht mogUch 
 ware und die es ihm nicht gestatten wiirden, seinem allerhochsten 
 Souveran die Annahme des gemachten Vorschlages in der erwahn- 
 ten Fassung zu empfehlen. 
 
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 1 9 
 
 I. 
 
 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Protocol between the Austro-Hungarian and German Governments 
 describing the preliminary steps towards an Alliance. Vienna, 
 September 24, i8jg. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 The undersigned, Count Andr^ssy, Minister of the Imperial 
 Household and of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, and 
 Prince Bismarck, Chancellor of the German Empire, met at 
 Vieima on the 24th day of September, 1879, to take counsel to- 
 gether as to what, according to their conscientious conviction, it 
 might behoove their Exalted Sovereigns to devise and to do for 
 the security and tranquiUity of their peoples and for the preser- 
 vation and consolidation of the peace of Europe. 
 
 The Chancellor of the German Empire declared on this occa- 
 sion that he was empowered to present on behalf of His Majesty 
 the German Emperor the proposal for an agreement, accord- 
 ing to the terms of which both Powers should reciprocally 
 engage to take further steps for the maintenance of peace and 
 especially for the cultivation of their friendly relations with 
 Russia; but, in case one of them should be attacked by one or 
 more Powers, to repel this attack jointly. 
 
 Count Andrassy declared himself to be in agreement with the 
 ideas underlying this proposal; on the other hand, however, he 
 had serious doubts as to the conclusion of an agreement of such 
 form and scope as that proposed by the German Imperial Chan- 
 cellor: doubts which he was unable to repress, and which would 
 not permit him to recommend to his Most Exalted Sovereign the 
 acceptance of the proffered proposal in its abovementioned 
 wording. 
 
 ' Original : St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 7, 
 Geheimakten, II, 7b. 
 
20 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 
 
 Nachdem Graf AndrAssy seine Bedenken auch in Folge des 
 hieruber eingehend gepflogenen Meinungsaustausches nicht 
 iiberwinden zu konnen erklarte, hat er seinerseits einen Vorschlag 
 gemacht, welcher den Grundgedanken eines ebenfalls rein de- 
 fensiven Uebereinkommens in anderer Form pracisirte und fur 
 dessen Annahme und getreue Durchfiihrung einzutreten er sich 
 anheischig machte. 
 
 Fiirst von Bismarck erklarte nach reiflicher Priifung dieses 
 Vorschlages, dass ihn die Instruktionen, in deren Besitz er sich 
 befinde, zu dermaligem bindenden Abschluss eines Ueberein- 
 kommens auf dieser Basis nicht ermachtigen, dass er aber bereit 
 sei, auf der vom Graf en Andrdssy proponierten Grundlage weiter 
 zu verhandehi, um eine Fassung zu finden, welche den Grundge- 
 danken und die praktischen Zwecke seines urspriinglichen Vor- 
 schlages in einer fiir beide Theile annehmbaren Form verwirk- 
 Uchen wiirde. 
 
 Die Unterzeichneten sind hiernach im Verfolge eingehender 
 Unterhandlung in dem beigeschlossenen Entwurf e eines Ueberein- 
 kommens einig geworden,* welchen sie ihren hohen Souveranen zu 
 unterbreiten und allerhochstdenselben ihrer Ueberzeugung ge- 
 mass zur allergnadigsten Gutheissung zu empf ehlen iibernehmen. 
 
 Urkund dessen haben beide ihre Unterschrift diesem Proto- 
 kolle beigefugt. 
 
 Geschehen zu Wien, am 24. September 1879. 
 
 Andrassy. v. Bismarck. 
 
 L.S. . L. S. 
 
 Jenseitige' Worte wurden im Ubereinkommen der hohen Con- 
 trahenten gestrichen, um der allerhochsten Sanction der beiden 
 Souverane nicht vorzugreifen. 
 
 Andrassy. v. Bismarck. 
 
 2 Here were also originally found the words: "welchen sie fur ihre Person 
 unterschreiben haben und" ("which they for their part have signed and"). They 
 were, however, subsequently eliminated; cf. the Annex at the end of the Protocol. 
 
 ' Compare Note 2. 
 
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 21 
 
 When Count Andrassy, even after the exhaustive exchange of 
 opinions which was entered into concerning this matter, had 
 declared that he was unable to overcome his doubts, he made, 
 on his part, a proposal which defined in different form the funda- 
 mental ideas of an agreement equally of a purely defensive 
 nature, and pledged himself to answer for its acceptance and 
 faithful execution. 
 
 After mature consideration of this proposal. Prince Bismarck 
 declared that the instructions which were in his possession did 
 not empower him to proceed with the immediate binding con- 
 clusion of an agreement on this basis, but that he was ready to 
 negotiate further on the principles laid down by Count Andrassy, 
 in order that a wording might be found which would realize the 
 fundamental ideas and the practical purposes of his original 
 proposal in a form acceptable to both Parties. 
 
 As the result of exhaustive negotiations the undersigned later 
 imited on the appended draft of an Agreement,^ which they 
 undertake to submit to their Exalted Sovereigns, and, in con- 
 formity with their convictions, to recommend to those Most 
 Exalted Personages for Their most gracious approbation. 
 
 In witness whereof both have appended their signatures to this 
 Protocol. 
 
 Done at Vienna, the 24th day of September, 1879. 
 
 Andrassy. v. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 The words following ' should be stricken from the Agreement 
 of the High Contracting Parties, in order that the Most Exalted 
 sanction of the two Sovereigns be not anticipated. 
 
 Andrassy. v. Bismarck. 
 
22 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 
 
 (b) 
 Joint Memorandum signed by the Austro-Hungarian and the 
 German Plenipotentiaries outlining the purposes of the 
 Alliance. Vienna, September 24, i8^g.* 
 
 Memorandum. 
 
 Der osterreichisch-ungarische Minister der auswartigen Ange- 
 legenheiten und der Kanzler des Deutschen Reiches haben 
 anlasslich ihrer Zusammenkunft in Wien dariiber berathen, was 
 ihren hohen Souveranen unter den gegenwartigen europaischen 
 Verhaltnissen zum Besten ihrer Reiche und zur Consolidirung 
 des europaischen Friedens zu thun obliegen mochte. 
 
 Die beiden Regierungen halten f est an dem Gedanken, dass die 
 Erhaltung und Consolidirung des europaischen Friedens der 
 Hauptzweck ihrer Politik sein muss. 
 
 Sie sind entschlossen, sich durch ephemere Divergenzen mit 
 andern Machten hierin nicht beirren zu lassen und bleiben der 
 Ueberzeugung, dass auch etwa noch vorhandene Interessen- 
 Unterschiede den hoheren Riicksichten des Weltfriedens unter- 
 geordnet werden miissen. 
 
 Diesen Zweck glauben die Regierungen am besten zu erreichen, 
 wenn sie einander wiederholt versprechen, an den Abmachungen 
 des Berliner Congresses getreu festzuhalten. 
 
 Um jedoch jeder Complication in Ausfuhrung dieses Vertrages 
 vorzubeugen, werden die beiden Cabinete (!) betreffs aller noch 
 nicht ausgefiihrten Punkte des Berliner Vertrages sich ihre 
 freundschaftlichen Gesinnungen gegen Russland vor Augen 
 halten. Ohne auf die Selbstandigkeit ihres Vorgehens auf diplo- 
 matischem Felde zu verzichten oder Russland einen solchen 
 Verzicht zuzumuthenj werden die beiden Regierungen in jenen 
 Fragen des Berliner Friedens, in welchen bisher eine Verstandi- 
 gung zwischen Russland und den iibrigen Machten nicht hat 
 erzielt werden konnen, in versohnHchem Sinne wirken. 
 
 Beide Regierungen begegnen sich in der Anschauung ( — und 
 hoffen, dass dieselbe auch von Russland getheilt wird — ), dass 
 keine der noch unerledigten Fragen des Berliner Friedens wich- 
 
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 23 
 
 (b) 
 
 Joint Memorandum signed by the Austro-Hungarian and the 
 
 German Plenipotentiaries outlining the purposes of the 
 
 Alliance. Vienna, September 24, i8jg. 
 
 Memorandum. 
 
 The Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and the 
 Chancellor of the German Empire have, on the occasion of their 
 meeting in Vienna, taken counsel as to what actions, under the 
 present conditions in Europe, it might behoove their Exalted 
 Sovereigns to take for the benefit of Their Empires and for the 
 consoUdation of the peace of Europe. 
 
 Both Governments adhere firmly to the opinion that the 
 maintenance and consolidation of the peace of Europe must be 
 the main purpose of their poUcies. 
 
 They are resolved not to let themselves be diverted from this 
 purpose by passing divergences with other Powers, and they are 
 convinced that such differences of interest as may yet exist must 
 be subordinated to the higher considerations of the world's peace. 
 
 The Governments beheve that this purpose may be best at- 
 tained if they once again promise one another to remain true to 
 the settlements of the Congress of Berlin. 
 
 In order, however, to obviate every complication in the execu- 
 tion of this Treaty, both Cabinets shall, in regard to all provisions 
 of the Treaty of Berlin which have not yet been executed, keep 
 constantly before them their friendly attitude towards Russia. 
 Without renouncing their independence of action in the field of 
 diplomacy, or exacting such a renunciation from Russia, both 
 Governments shall use their influence in a conciUatory sense as 
 regards those questions of the Peace of Berlin concerning which 
 it has not been possible to reach an understanding between Rus- 
 sia and the remaining Powers. 
 
 Both Governments agree in the view (and hope that the same 
 view will be shared by Russia also) that none of the so far un- 
 settled questions of the Peace of Berlin appears to be of sufl&cient 
 
 * Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 7, Geheimakten, II, 8 a. 
 
24 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 
 
 tig genug erscheint, um zu einem gewaltsamen Vorgehen oder 
 casus belli zwischen einzelnen Machten Anlass zu geben. 
 
 Die beiden Regierungen ihrerseits bekunden es als ihren iiber- 
 einstimmenden Vorsatz, dass keine von beiden aus den iiber 
 einzelne Punkte des Berliner Vertrages noch schwebenden Diver- 
 genzen Anlass nehmen werde, um das russische Reich ihrerseits 
 oder in Verbindung mit anderen Machten anzugreifen oder zu 
 bedrohen. Beide Cabinete gehen hiebei von der Voraussetzung 
 aus, dass auch die russische Regierung sich von den gleichen 
 Absichten leiten lasse. 
 
 In Bethatigung ihrer gegenseitigen freundschaftlichen Gesin- 
 nungen beabsichtigen die beiden Cabinete ferner die wohlthatigen 
 Folgen ihrer innigen Beziehungen den Volkern der beiden Reiche 
 durch die besondere Pflege ihrer nachbarlichen Verkehrsverhalt- 
 nisse sowie durch den Abschluss neuer Handelsvertrage zu Gute 
 kommen zu lassen, indem sie, unabhangig davon ob der jetzt 
 zwischen ihnen bestehende Meistbegunstigungsvertrag verlangert 
 werden wird oder nicht, schon jetzt Verhandlungen iiber weitere 
 Tarifs- und Verkehrserleichterungen in Aussicht nehmen. 
 
 Sie beabsichtigen in diesem Sinne Bevollmachtigte zeitig ge- 
 nug zusammentreten zu lassen, damit das Ergebniss ihrer Ver- 
 handlungen den beiderseitigen Legislativen schon im nachsten 
 Jahre vorgelegt werden konne. 
 
 Geschehen zu Wien, am 24. September 1879. 
 
 Andr^ssy: v. Bismarck. 
 
 L.S. L. S. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany. 
 October 7, iS^g.^ 
 In Erwagung, dass I. I. Majestaten, der Kaiser von Oester- 
 reich, Konig von Ungarn, und der deutsche Kaiser, Konig von 
 Preussen, es als ihre unabweisliche Monarchenpflicht erachten 
 mii,ssen, f iir die Sicherheit ihrer Reiche und die Ruhe ihrer Volker 
 unter alien Umstanden Sorge zu tragen, 
 
 in Erwagung, dass beide Monarchen, ahnhch wie in dem 
 friiher bestandenen Bundesverhaltnisse, durch festes Zusammen- 
 
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 25 
 
 importance to give occasion for violent measures or for a casus 
 belli between the various Powers. 
 
 The two Governments for their part affirm it to be their com- 
 mon intention that neither of them shall take occasion, through 
 the differences stiU pending regarding certain points of the Treaty 
 of BerUn, to attack or to menace the Russian Empire, either by 
 themselves or in alliance with other Powers. In this matter both 
 Governments are acting on the presumption that the Russian 
 Government also wiU be guided by the same aims. 
 
 As a proof of their reciprocally friendly sentiments, the two 
 Cabinets intend to allow the beneficent effects of their close re- 
 lations to be of stiU further profit to the peoples of both Empires 
 through the especial cultivation of their neighborly trade rela- 
 tions as well as through the conclusion of new commercial treaties, 
 as is shown by the fact that, independently of whether the most- 
 favored-nation treaty now in existence between them shall be 
 prolonged or not, they are now already taking into considera- 
 tion negotiations concerning further alleviation of tariff and 
 trade difficulties. 
 
 It is their intention that Plenipotentiaries shall meet for this 
 purpose in time to permit the result of their negotiations to be 
 placed before the legislatures of both sides within the next year. 
 
 Done at Vienna, September 24, 1879. 
 
 Andrassy. v. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany. 
 
 October 7, i8^g. 
 
 Inasmuch as Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of 
 Hungary, and the German Emperor, King of Prussia, must con- 
 sider it Their imperative duty as Monarchs to provide for the 
 security of Their Empires and the peace of Their subjects, under 
 all circumstances; 
 
 inasmuch as the two Sovereigns, as was the case under the 
 former existing relations of alliance, will be enabled by the close 
 
 " Original: St. A., Polit. Archiv., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 9, Geheimakten, II, n. 12. 
 
26 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 
 
 halten beider Reiche im Stande sein werden, diese Pflicht leichter 
 
 und wirksamer zu erfuUen, 
 ih Erwagung schliesslich, dass ein inniges Zusammengehen von 
 
 /Deutschland und Oesterreich-Ungarn niemanden bedrohen kann, 
 / wohl aber geeignet ist, den durch die Berliner Stipulationen ge- 
 / schaffenen europaischen Frieden zu consolidiren, 
 ; haben 1. 1. Majestaten, der Kaiser von Oesterreich, Konig von 
 
 Ungarn, und der Kaiser von Deutschland, indem sie einander 
 
 feierlich versprechen, dass sie ihrem rein defensiven Abkommen 
 
 eine aggressive Tendenz nach keiner Richtung jemals beilegen 
 \ woUen, einen Bund des Friedens und der gegenseitigen Verthei- 
 
 <3igung zu kniipfen beschlossen. 
 Zu diesem Zwecke haben allerhochstdieselben zu ihren BevoU- 
 
 machtigten emannt: 
 
 S. M. der Kaiser von Oesterreich, Konig von Ungarn, aller- 
 
 hochst ihren wirkHch geheimen Rath, Minister des kaiserHchen 
 
 Hauses und des Aeussem, Feldmarschall-Lieutenant Julius 
 
 Grafen Andrassy von Csik-Szent-Kiraly und Kraszna-Horka etc. 
 
 etc., 
 S. M. der deutsche Kaiser allerhochst ihren ausserordenthchen 
 
 und bevollmachtigten Botschafter, General-Lieutenant Prinzen 
 
 Heinrich VII. Reuss etc. etc., 
 welche sich zu Wien am heutigen Tage vereiniget haben und 
 
 nach Austausch ihrer gut und geniigend befundenen VoUmachten 
 
 ubereingekommen sind, wie folgt: 
 
 Artikel I. 
 SoUte wider Verhoffen und gegen den aufrichtigen Wunsch 
 der beiden hohen Contrahenten eines der beiden Reiche von Seite 
 Russlands angegriffen werden, so sind die hohen Contrahenten 
 yerpflichtet, einander mit der gesanmiten Kriegsmacht ihrer 
 Reiche beizustehen und demgemass den Frieden nur gemeinsam 
 und iibereinstimmend zu schUessen. 
 
 Artikel II. 
 Wiirde einer der hohen contrahirenden Theile von einer an- 
 deren Macht angegriffen werden, so verpflichtet sich hiemit der 
 
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 27 
 
 union of the two Empires to fulfil this duty more easily and more 
 efficaciously; 
 
 inasmuch as, finally, an intimate cooperation of Germany and 
 ^ustria-Hungary can menace no one, but is rather calculated to 
 consolidate the peace of Europe as estabhshed by the stipula- 
 tions of Berlin; 
 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and' 
 the Emperor of Germany, while solemnly promising each other 
 never to allow Their purely defensive Agreement to develop an 
 aggressive tendency in any direction, have determined to con- 
 yclude an Alliance of peace and mutual defence. 
 ^ For this purpose Their Most Exalted Majesties have desig- 
 nated as Their Plenipotentiaries: 
 
 His Most Exalted Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of 
 Hungary, His Actual Privy Councillor, Minister of the Imperial 
 Household and of Foreign Affairs, Lieutenant-Pieldmarshal 
 Coimt JuHus Andrassy of Csik-Szent-Kiraly and Kraszna-Horka, 
 etc., etc.. 
 
 His Most Exalted Majesty the German Emperor, His Ambas- 
 sador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Lieutenant-General 
 Prince Henry VII of Reuss, etc., etc., 
 
 who have met this day at Vienna, and, after the exchange of 
 their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon 
 the following Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Should, contrary to their hope, and against the loyal desire of 
 the two High Contracting Parties, one of the two Empires be 
 attacked by Russia, the High Contracting Parties are bound to 
 come to the assistance one of the other with the whole war 
 strength of their Empires, and accordingly only to conclude peace 
 together and upon mutual agreement. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Should one of the High Contracting Parties be attacked by an- 
 other Power, the other High Contracting Party binds itself. 
 
28 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 
 
 andere hohe Contrahent, dem Angreifer gegen seinen hohen Ver- 
 biindeten nicht nur nicht beizustehen, sondem mindestens eine 
 wohlwoUende neutrale Haltung gegen den hohen Mitcontrahen- 
 ten zu beobachten. 
 
 Wenn jedoch in solchem Falle die angreifende Macht von Seite 
 Russlands, sei es in Form aktiver Cooperation, sei es durch 
 militarische Massnahmen, welche den Angegrififenen bedrohen, 
 unterstutzt werden soUte, so tritt die im Artikel I dieses Vertrages 
 stipuHrte Verpflichtung des gegenseitigen Beistandes mit voller 
 Heeresmacht auch in diesem Falle sofort in Kraft und die Krieg- 
 fiihrung der beiden hohen Contrahenten wird auch dann eine 
 gemeinsame bis zum gemeinsamen Friedensschluss. 
 
 Artikel III.* 
 
 Die Dauer dieses Vertrages wird vorlaufig auf funf Jahre vom 
 Tage der Ratifikation festgesetzt. Ein Jahr vor Ablauf dieses 
 Termines werden die beiden hohen Contrahenten iiber die Frage, 
 ob die dem Vertrage zur Grundlage dienenden Verhaltnisse noch 
 obwalten, in Verhandlung treten und iiber die weitere Dauer oder 
 eventuelle Abanderung einzelner Modalitaten iibereinkommen. 
 Wenn im Verlaufe des ersten Monates des letzten Vertragsjahres 
 die Einladung zur Eroffnung dieser Verhandlungen von keiner 
 Seite erfolgt ist, so gilt der Vertrag als fiir die weitere Dauer von 
 drei Jahren emeuert. 
 
 Artikel rv.' 
 
 Dieser Vertrag soil, in Gemassheit seines friedlichen Charakters 
 und um jede Missdeutung auszuschliessen, von beiden hohen 
 Contrahenten geheimgehalten und einer dritten Macht nur im 
 Einverstandnisse beider Theile und nach Massgabe specieller 
 Einigung mitgetheilt werden. 
 
 Beide hohe Contrahenten geben sich nach den bei der Begeg- 
 nung in Alexandrowo ausgesprochenen Gesinnungen des Kaisers 
 Alexander der Hoffnung hin, dass die Riistungen Russlands sich 
 als bedrohlich fiir sie in Wirklichkeit nicht erweisen werden, und 
 haben aus diesem Grunde zu einer Mittheilung fiir jetzt keinen 
 
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 29 
 
 hereby, not only not to support the aggressor against its high 
 Ally, but to observe at least a benevolent neutral attitude towards 
 its fellow Contracting Party. 
 
 Should, however, the attacking party in such a case be sup- 
 ported by Russia, either by an active cooperation or by military 
 measures which constitute a menace to the Party attacked, then 
 the obUgation stipulated in Article I of this Treaty, for reciprocal 
 assistance with the whole fighting force, becomes equally opera- 
 tive, and the conduct of the war by the two High Contracting 
 Parties shall in this case also be in common until the conclusion 
 of a common peace. 
 
 Article III.^ 
 
 The duration of this Treaty shall be provisionally fixed at five 
 years from the day of ratification. One year before the expira- 
 tion of this period the two High Contracting Parties shall consult 
 together concerning the question whether the conditions serving 
 as the basis of the Treaty still prevail, and reach an agreement in 
 regard to the further continuance or possible modification of 
 certain details. If in the course of the first month of the last 
 year of the Treaty no invitation has been received from either 
 side to open these negotiations, the Treaty shall be considered as 
 renewed for a further period of three years. 
 
 Article IV.' 
 
 This Treaty shall, in conformity with its peaceful character, 
 and to avoid any misinterpretation, be kept secret by the two 
 High Contracting Parties, and only communicated to a third 
 Power upon a joint understanding between the two Parties, and 
 according to the terms of a special Agreement. 
 
 The two High Contracting Parties venture to hope, after the 
 sentiments expressed by the Emperor Alexander at the meeting 
 at Alexandrovo, that the armaments of Russia will not in reality 
 
 ^ The text as heretofore made public (G. F. von Martens, Nouveau recueil 
 giniral des traites, 2d series, xv, p. 478; British and Foreign State Papers, Ixxiii, 
 p. 270) does not contain this Article. 
 
 ' This Article corresponds to Article III, as heretofore published. 
 
30 THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 
 
 Anlass; sollte sich aber diese Hoffnung wider Erwarten als eine 
 irrthiimliche erweisen, so wiirden die beiden hohen Contrahenten 
 es als eine Pflicht der Loyalitat erkennen, den Kaiser Alexander 
 mindestens vertraulich dariiber zu verstandigen, dass sie einen 
 Angriff auf einen von ihnen als gegen beide gerichtet betrachten 
 mxissten. 
 
 Aetikel v.* 
 
 Dieser Vertrag wird seine Giltigkeit durch die Genehmigung 
 der beiden hohen Souverane erhalten und nach erfolgter Geneh- 
 migung von allerhochstdenselben innerhalb vierzehn Tagen 
 ratifizirt werden.' 
 
 Urkund dessen haben die BevoUmachtigten diesen Vertrag 
 eigenhandig unterschrieben und ihre Wappen beigedriickt. 
 
 Geschehen zu Wien, am 7. October 1,879. 
 
 Andrassy. H. VII. v. Reuss. 
 
 L.S. L. S. 
 
 ' This Article is not found in the text heretofore published. 
 
 ° Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Godollo, October 17, 
 1879 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, II, n. 14); of Emperor William I, 
 Baden-Baden, October 16, 1879 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der 
 geheimen RatLfikationen) ; Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, October 
 21, 1879 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, II, n. 17). 
 
THE AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE OF 1879 3 1 
 
 prove to be menacing to them, and have on that account no 
 reason for making a coromunication at present; should, how- 
 ever, this hope, contrary to their expectations, prove to be errone- 
 ous, the two High Contracting Parties would consider it their 
 loyal obligation to let the Emperor Alexander know, at least 
 confidentially, that they must consider an attack on either of 
 them as directed against both. 
 
 Article V.' 
 
 This Treaty shall derive its validity from the approbation of 
 the two Exalted Sovereigns and shall be ratified within fourteen 
 days after this approbation has been granted by Their Most 
 Exalted Majesties. 
 
 In witness whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed this 
 Treaty with their own hands and aflSxed their arms. 
 
 Done at Vienna, October 7, 1879. 
 
 Andrdssy. H. VII v. Reuss. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
32 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881 
 
 2. 
 
 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF POLICY IN 
 
 REGARD TO THE RELATION OF THE AUSTRO- 
 
 GERMAN ALLIANCE TO THE LEAGUE OF THE 
 
 THREE EMPERORS. 1881.1 
 
 Ministerial-Erklarung. 
 
 Im Hinblick auf Verhandlungen, welche zwischen S. M. dem 
 deutschen Kaiser, Konige von Preussen, S. M. dem Kaiser von 
 Oesterreich, Konige von Ungarn, und S. M. dem Kaiser aller 
 Reussen iiber ein Abkommen zur Sicherung der Defensivstellung 
 ihrer Staaten gefiihrt werden, und zur Klarstellung des Verhalt- 
 nisses, welches zwischen dem bezeichneten Abkommen, wenn 
 dasselbe abgeschlossen ist, und dem zu Wien am 7. Oktober 1879 
 unterzeichneten und am 21. desselben Monats ratifizirten Defen- 
 sivbundniss zwischen 1. 1. Majestaten, dem deutschen Kaiser und 
 S. apostolischen M.,^ bestehen wird, haben die kaiserlich deutsche 
 und die kaiserliche und konigliche oesterreichisch-ungarische 
 Regierung die Uebereinstimmung ihrer Auffassung und Willens- 
 meinung dariiber constatirt, 
 
 dass das in Aussicht genommene Abkommen zu Drei ihrem 
 Allianzvertrage vom 7. Oktober 1879 in keinem Falle derogiren 
 kann; der letztere vielmehr, wie wenn das erstere nicht existirte, 
 gemass seinem Inhalte und den Intentionen der beiden vertrag- 
 schliessenden Machte bindend bleibt und erfiillt werden wird; 
 
 dass der Vertrag vom 7. Oktober 1879 daher massgebend bleibt 
 fiir das Verhalten beider Machte^ ohne durch den beabsichtigten 
 neuen Vertrag mit Russland in irgend einem Punkte eine Ein- 
 schrankung oder Aenderung zu erleiden. 
 
 Zur Urkund dessen ist gegenwartige Ministerial-Erklarung, 
 welche ebenso wie es in Artikel IV des Vertrages vom 7. Oktober 
 1879 vorgesehen ist, geheim gehalten werden soil, ausgefertigt 
 
 ' German Declaration: Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen 
 Vertragsurkunden, n. 10, Geheimakten, IV, 47; Austro-Hungarian Declaration: 
 Draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, IV, 47. 
 
MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881 33 
 
 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF POLICY IN 
 REGARD TO THE RELATION OF THE AUSTRO- 
 GERMAN ALLIANCE TO THE LEAGUE OF THE 
 THREE EMPERORS. 1881. 
 
 Ministerial Declaration. 
 
 With regard to the negotiations which are to take place between 
 His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia, His Majesty 
 the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and His Majesty the 
 Emperor of All the Russias concerning an Agreement for the 
 safeguarding of the defensive position of their States, and for 
 the elucidation of the relation which will exist between the afore- 
 mentioned Agreement, if it should be concluded, and the de- 
 fensive AUiance which was signed at Vienna on October 7, 1879, 
 and ratified on the 21st day of the same month, between Their 
 Majesties the German Emperor and His Apostohc Majesty, the 
 Imperial German Goverimient and the Imperial and Royal 
 Austro-Hungarian Government have in this matter recorded 
 the agreement of their conception and of their intention, 
 
 that the prospective Triple Agreement can under no circum- 
 stance prejudice their Treaty of Alliance of October 7, 1879; the 
 latter, on the contrary, remains binding, as if the former did not 
 exist, and shall be executed according to its contents and the in- 
 tentions of the two treaty-making Powers; 
 
 that the Treaty of October 7, 1879, therefore continues to 
 determine the relations of the two Powers without undergoing 
 limitation or alteration in any point whatsoever through the 
 prospective new Treaty with Russia, 
 
 In witness whereof the present Ministerial Declaration, which 
 in accordance with the stipulation in Article IV of the Treaty 
 
 With the exception of the altemat, both Declarations are the same. The German 
 Ministerial Declaration is printed here; the variations of the Austro-Hungarian 
 Declaration are added in the notes. 
 
 2 In the Austro-Hungarian Declaration the order is reversed. 
 
34 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881 
 
 worden, um gegen eine gleichlautende Erklaning des kaiserlichen 
 und koniglichen oesterreichisch-ungarischen Ministeriums des 
 Aeussern ' ausgewechselt zu werden. 
 
 Berlin, den i8*«° Mai 1881. 
 
 Der Reichskanzler* 
 L.S. V. Bismarck. 
 
 ' In the Austro-Hungarian Declaration thfe exchange of a corresponding German 
 Declaration is provided for. 
 
 * In the Austro-Hungarian Declaration the date and signature read: "Wien, 
 den 21. Mai i88r. Der Minister des kais. Hauses und des Aussem: Freiherr von 
 Haymerle." 
 
MINISTERIAL DECLARATION OF 1881 35 
 
 of October 7, 1879, shall be kept secret, has been prepared, to be 
 exchanged against a declaration of similar purport of the Imperial 
 and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Berlin, May 18, 1881. 
 
 L. S. The Imperial Chancellor 
 
 V. Bismarck. 
 
36 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 
 3- 
 
 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 OF 1881. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Convention between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, 
 and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1881} 
 
 Les cours d'Autriche-Hongrie, d'AUemagne et de Russie, ani- 
 mees d'un 6gal desir de consolider la paix generale par une entente 
 destinie a assurer la position defensive de leurs etats respectifs, 
 sent tombees d'accord sur certaines questions qui touchent plus 
 specialement a leurs inter^ts reciproques. 
 
 Dans ce but les trois cours ont nomme: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 Uque de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi, son ambassa- 
 deur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur 
 d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Othon 
 prince de Bismarck, son president du conseil des ministres de 
 Prusse, chancelier de I'empire, 
 
 S. M. I'empereur de toutes les Russies, le sieur Pierre de 
 Sabouroff, conseiller prive, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et 
 plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 lesquels munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont ete trouves en bonne 
 et due forme sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Dans le cas ou I'une des hautes parties contractantes se trou- 
 verait en guerre avec une quatrieme grande puissance, les deux 
 autres maintiendront a son 6gard une neutralite bienveillante et 
 voueront leurs soins a la localisation du conflit. 
 
 Cette stipulation s'appliquera egalement a une guerre entre 
 I'une des trois puissances et la Turquie, mais seulement dans le 
 
 ^ Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. II, Geheimakten, IV, 62. 
 
 Also printed in Dokumente aus dem russischen Geheimarchiv (Beriin, 1918), 
 pp. 7-1 1. 
 
THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 37 
 
 3- 
 
 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 OF 1881. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Convention between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, 
 and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1881. 
 
 The Courts of Austria-Hungary, of Germany, and of Russia, 
 animated by an equal desire to consolidate the general peace by 
 an understanding intended to assure the defensive position of 
 their respective States, have come into agreement on certain 
 questions which more especially concern their reciprocal in- 
 terests. 
 
 With this purpose the three Courts have appointed: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and ApostoUc King of Hungary, the Sieur Emeric Count Sze- 
 chenyi. His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the 
 Sieur Otto Prince Bismarck, His President of the Council of 
 Ministers of Prussia, Chancellor of the Empire, 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Sieur Peter 
 Sabouroff, Privy Councillor, His Ambassador Extraordinary and 
 Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King 
 of Prussia, 
 
 who, furnished with full powers, which have been found in 
 good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 In case one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself 
 at war with a fourth Great Power, the two others shall maintain 
 towards it a benevolent neutrality and shall devote their efforts 
 to the localization of the conflict. 
 
 This stipulation shall apply likewise to a war between one of 
 the three Powers and Turkey, but only in the case where a pre- 
 
38 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 
 cas ou un accord pr6alable aura ete etabli entre les trois cours sur 
 les r6sultats de cette guerre. 
 
 Pour le cas special ou I'une d'elles obtiendrait de I'un de ses 
 deux allies un concours plus positif , la valeur obligatoire du pre- 
 sent article restera dans toute sa vigueur pour la troisiSme. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 La Russie, d'accord avec I'Allemagne, d6clare sa ferme resolu- 
 tion de respecter les inter^ts qui decoulent de la nouvelle position 
 assuree k I'Autriche-Hongrie par le traite de Berlin. 
 
 Les trois cours, desireuses d'eviter tout desaccord entre elles, 
 s'engagent a tenir compte de leurs interets respectifs dans la 
 peninsule des Balcans. Elles se promettent de plus que de nou- 
 velles modifications dans le statu quo territorial de la Turquie 
 d'Europe ne pourront s'accomplir qu'eii vertu d'un commun ac- 
 cord entre eUes. 
 
 Afin de faciliter I'accord prevu par le present article, accord 
 dont il est impossible de prevoir d'avance toutes les modalites, les 
 trois cours constatent des a present dans le protocole annexe a ce 
 traite les points sur lesquels une entente a deja ete etablie en 
 principe. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Les trois cours reconnaissent le caractere europ6en et mutuelle- 
 ment obligatoire du principe de la fermeture des detroits du Bos- 
 phore et des Dardanelles, fonde sur le droit des gens, confirm^ par 
 les traites et resume par la declaration du second plenipotentiaire 
 de Russie a la seance du 12 juillet du congres de Berlin (proto- 
 cole 19). 
 
 Elles veilleront en commun a ce que la Turquie ne fasse pas 
 d'exception a cette regie en faveur des interets d'un gouverne- 
 ment quelconque, en pretant a des operations guerrieres d'une 
 puissance belligerante la partie de son empire que forment les 
 detroits. 
 
 En cas d'infraction, ou pour la prevenir si une pareille infrac- 
 tion etait h prevoir, les trois cours avertiront la Turquie qu'eUes 
 la considereraient, le cas 6cheant, comme s'etant mise en 6tat de 
 
THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 39 
 
 vious agreement shall have been reached between the three 
 Courts as to the results of this war. 
 
 In the special case where one of them should obtain a more 
 positive support from one of its two Allies, the obligatory value 
 of the present Article shall remain in all its force for the third. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Russia, in agreement with Germany, declares her firm reso- 
 lution to respect the interests arising from the new position as- 
 sured to Austria-Hungary by the Treaty of Berlin. 
 
 The three Courts, desirous of avoidihg aU discord between 
 them, engage to take account of their respective interests in the 
 Balkan Peninsula. They further promise one another that any 
 new modifications in the territorial status quo of Turkey in 
 Europe can be accomplished only in virtue of a conmion agree- 
 ment between them. 
 
 In order to facihtate the agreement contemplated by the pres- 
 ent Article, an agreement of which it is impossible to foresee all 
 the conditions, the three Courts from the present moment record 
 in the Protocol annexed to this Treaty the points on which an 
 understanding has already been established in principle. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 The three Courts recognize the European and mutually obli- 
 gatory character of the principle of the closing of the Straits of 
 the Bosphorus and of the Dardanelles, founded on international 
 law, confirmed by treaties, and siommed up in the declaration of. 
 the second Plenipotentiary of Russia at the session of July 12 of 
 the Congress of BerUn (Protocol 19). 
 
 They will take care in common that Turkey shall make no 
 exception to this rule in favor of the interests of any Government 
 whatsoever, by lending to warlike operations of a belligerent 
 Power the portion of its Empire constituted by the Straits. 
 
 In case of infringement, or to prevent it if such infringement 
 should be in prospect, the three Courts will inform Turkey that 
 they would regard her, in that event, as putting herself in a state 
 
40 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 
 guerre vis-a-vis de la partie les6e, et comme s'6tant privee des lors 
 des benefices de securit6, assures par le trait6 de Berlin k son 
 statu quo territorial. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Le present trait6 sera en vigueur pendant I'espace de trois 
 ans a dater du jour de I'echange des ratifications. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 le secret sur le contenu et sur I'existence du present traite aussi 
 bien que du protocole y annexe. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Les conventions secretes conclues entre rAutriche-Hongrie et 
 la Russie et entre I'AUemagne et la Russie en 1873 sont rempla- 
 c6es par le present trait6. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Les ratifications du present traite et du protocole y annexe 
 seront echang6es a Berlin dans I'espace de quinze jours ou plus 
 t6t si faire se peut.^ 
 
 En fois (!) de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont sign6 
 le present traite et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Berlin, le dix-huitieme jour du mois de juin mil huit cent 
 quatre-vingt et un. 
 L. S. Szechen3n[. 
 
 L. S. V. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. Sabouroff. 
 
 ^ Ratification of the Alliance and Separate Protocol (infra), by Emperor and 
 King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, June 23, 1881 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheim- 
 akten, IV, 64); by Emperor William I, Ems, June 23, 1881 (original: St. A., 
 Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; by Emperor Alexander III, 
 Peterhof, June 12/25, 1881 (original: ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications 
 (printed infra, (<?)), Berlin, June 27, 1881 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheim- 
 akten, IV, 64). 
 
THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 4I 
 
 of war towards the injured Party, and as having deprived her- 
 self thenceforth of the benefits of the security assured to her 
 territorial status quo by the Treaty of Berlin. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 The present Treaty shall be in force during a period of three 
 years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as 
 to the contents and the existence of the present Treaty, as well 
 as of the Protocol annexed thereto. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 The secret Conventions concluded between Austria-Hungary 
 and Russia and between Germany and Russia in 1873 are re- 
 placed by the present Treaty. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 The ratifications of the present Treaty and of the Protocol an- 
 nexed thereto shall be exchanged at Berlin within a fortnight, or 
 sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the presective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 the present Treaty and have aflSxed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at BerUn, the eighteenth day of the month of June, one 
 thousand eight hundred and eighty-one. 
 
 L. S. Szechen3ri. 
 
 L. S. V. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. Sabouroff. 
 
42 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 
 (b) 
 
 Separate Protocol on the same date to the Convention of Berlin. 
 June i8, 1 88 1? 
 
 Les soussignes pl6nipotentiaires de S. M. I'empereur d'Au- 
 triche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, et 
 
 S. M. I'empereur de toutes les Russies, 
 
 ayant constate conformement a I'article II du trait6 secret 
 conclu aujourd'hui les points touchant les inter^ts des trois cours 
 d'Autriche-Hongrie, d'AUemagne et de Russie dans la peninsule 
 des Balcans sur lesquels une entente a dej^ 6t6 etablie entre elles 
 sont convenus du protocole suivant: 
 
 I. BOSNIE ET HeRZEGOWINE. 
 
 L'Autriche-Hongrie se reserve de s'annexer ces deux provinces 
 au moment qu'elle jugera opportun. 
 
 2. Sandjak de Novibazar. 
 La declaration echangee entre les plenipotentiaires austro- 
 hongrois et les plenipotentiaires russes au congres de Berlin en 
 date du 13/1 juillet 1878 reste en vigueur. 
 
 3. ROXJMELIE OrIENTALE. 
 
 Les trois puissances sont d'accord pour envisager I'eventualite 
 d'une occupation soit de la Roumelie Orientale soit des Balcans 
 comme pleine de p6rils pour la paix generale. Le cas 6ch6ant elles 
 emploieront leurs efforts pour detourner la Porte d'une pareille 
 entreprise, bien entendu que la Bulgarie et la Roumelie Orientale 
 devront de leur c6te s'abstenir de provoquer la Porte par des 
 attaques partant de leurs territoires contre les autres provinces 
 de I'empire ottoman. 
 
 4. Bttlgarie. 
 
 Les trois puissances ne s'opposeront pas k la reunion 6ven- 
 tuelle de la Bulgarie et de la Roumelie Orientale dans les limites 
 territoriales qui leur sont assignees par le traits de Berlin, si cette 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. II, Geheimakten, IV, 62. 
 
THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 43 
 
 (b) 
 
 Separate Protocol on the same date to the Convention of Berlin. 
 
 June 18, 1 88 1. 
 
 The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of His Majesty the Emperor 
 of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and ApostoUc King of Hungary, 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, and 
 
 EKs Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, 
 
 having recorded in accordance with Article II of the secret 
 Treaty concluded today the points affecting the interests of the 
 three Courts of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in the 
 Balkan Peninsula upon which an understanding has already been 
 reached among them, have agreed to the following Protocol: 
 
 I. Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
 
 Austria-Hungary reserves the right to annex these provinces 
 at whatever moment she shall deem opportune. 
 
 2. Sanjak of Novibazar. 
 
 The Declaration exchanged between the Austro-Hungarian 
 Plenipotentiaries and the Russian Plenipotentiaries at the Con- 
 gress of Berlin under date of July 13/1, 1878, remains in force. 
 
 3. Eastern RtTMELiA. 
 
 The three Powers agree in regarding the eventuality of an 
 occupation either of Eastern RumeHa or of the Balkans as full 
 of perils for the general peace. In case this should occur, they 
 win employ their efforts to dissuade the Porte from such an 
 enterprise, it being well understood that Bulgaria and Eastern 
 Rumelia on their part are to abstain from provoking the Porte 
 by attacks emanating from their territories against the other 
 provinces of the Ottoman Empire. . 
 
 4. Bulgaria. 
 
 The three Powers will not oppose the eventual reunion of 
 Bulgaria and Eastern RumeUa within the territorial limits as- 
 signed to them by the Treaty of Berlin, if this question should 
 
44 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 
 question venait a surgir par la force des choses. Elles sont 
 d'accord pour d6toumer les Bulgares de toute agression centre les 
 provinces voisines, nommement la Mac6doine at pour leur de- 
 clarer qu'en pareil cas ils agiraient a leurs risques et perils. 
 
 5. Attitude des agents en Orient. 
 
 Afin d'6viter des froissements d'inter^ts dans les questions lo- 
 cales qui peuvent surgir, les trois cours muniront leurs represen- 
 tants et agents en Orient d'une instruction generale* pour leur 
 
 * The Circular Instruction of September 29, 1881, sent to the representatives 
 of Austria-Hungary in Constantinople, Bucharest, Athens, Belgrade, Cettinje, and 
 Sofia (draft corrected in Baron Haymerle's own handwriting, St. A., Polit. Arch., 
 Zirkulare Fasz. 90) reads as follows: 
 
 [Passages in square brackets were the original wording.] 
 
 "Die mit der Losung einiger brennender Fragen im Orient eingetretene Beruhi- 
 gung [originally : Die Beruhigung, welche nach Losung einiger brennenderer Fragen 
 im Orient eingetreten] ist hauptsachlich dem eintrachtigen Vorgehen der Signatar- 
 machte zu verdanken. Dieselben sind auch heute in dem Bestreben einig, den 
 Frieden auf der Balkanhalbinsel und die ruhige Entwicklung der dortigen Verhalt- 
 nisse zu fordern und alles zu vermeiden, was diese zu storen geeignet ware. 
 
 "In ganz besondrer Weise sind hieran die Regierungen von Oesterreich-Ungam, 
 Deutschland und Russland interessirt; denn diese Politik sichert nicht nur den 
 Frieden im Orient, sondern bringt auch die zwischen den Monarchen [ihnen] herr- 
 schenden freundschaftlichen Beziehungen [welche den Gesinnungen ihrer Mon- 
 archen entsprechen] zum richtigen Ausdruck. 
 
 "Um diese tJbereinstimmung gegen jeden Zwischenfall sicherzusteUen, bedarf 
 es eines vertrauensvoUen geschaf tUchen wie socialen Zusammengehens der betreffen- 
 den Vertreter im Orient. Hierin durf en sich dieselben weder durch Zeitungsf ehden, 
 ■wie sie in Folge entstellter Mittheilungen hie und da auf tauchen, noch durch etwaige 
 personliche Verstimmungen oder Rivalitaten, zu welchen die eigenthtimlichen Ver- 
 haltnisse der Levante Anlass geben mogen, beirren lassen. 
 
 "Ew. . . . woUen daher, indem Sie zugleich [originally: nicht aufhoren] die 
 guten Beziehungen zu den Vertretern aUer Machte nach wie vor auf's sorgfaltigste 
 pflegen, in wichtigen Fragen, welche an dem Orte Ihrer Wirksamkeit sich darbieten, 
 stets die freundschaftliche Verstandigung mit Ihren Collegen von Deutschland und 
 Russland anstreben und Meinungsverschiedenheiten, deren Beilegung an Ort und 
 Stelle nicht gelingt, der Regierung unterbreiten, damit durch directes Benehmen 
 zwischen den betheiligten Cabineten derartige Differenzen ausgeglichen werden, 
 bevor sich die Regierungen vor eine unerwiinschte Situation gestellt sehen. 
 
 "Angelegenheiten, die ausschliesslich osterreichisch-ungarische Interessen be- 
 treffen, der Schutz unsrer Staatsangehorigen, commercielle oder Rechtsfragen 
 [commercieUe Fragen oder solche] die aus den Vertragen fliessen u. s. f. bleiben 
 Ihrer selbstandigen Aktion vorbehalten. Es ist jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen und 
 entspricht ganz den gegenseitigen aufrichtigen Beziehungen, dass Sie auch in 
 
THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 45 
 
 come up by the force of circumstances. They agree to dissuade 
 the Bulgarians from all aggression against the neighboring prov- 
 inces, particularly Macedonia; and to inform them that in such 
 a case they would be acting at their own risk and peril. 
 
 5. Attitude of Agents in the East. 
 
 In order to avoid colUsions of interests in the local questions 
 which may arise, the three Courts will furnish their representa- 
 tives and agents in the Orient with a general instruction,* direct- 
 
 solchen Fallen die XJnterstutzung Ihrer Collegen anrufen oder die Ihrige, wenn sie 
 in Anspruch genommen wird, bereitwiUig gewahren. 
 
 "Diesen Eriass woUen Sie als vertraulichen ansehen und behandeln. 
 
 "Empfangen etc." 
 
 Translation. 
 [The corrected wording is followed.] 
 
 "The calm which has followed the solution of certain burning questions in the 
 Orient is chiefly due to the harmonious action of the signatory Powers. These are 
 today still united in their efEort to further peace and the tranquil development of 
 conditions in the Balkan Peninsula, and to avoid everything which might tend to 
 obstruct these aims. 
 
 "The Govenmients of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia are very par- 
 ticularly interested in this matter, for this policy not only insures peace in the Orient, 
 but gives suitable expression to the friendly relations prevailing between the 
 Monarchs. 
 
 "In order to insure this harmony against any mishap, an intimate cooperation 
 in business as well as social matters is incumbent on the respective representatives 
 in the Orient. They should not allow themselves to be diverted from this through 
 newspaper quarrels, which occasionally arise as the result of misrepresentations, nor 
 through any possible personal pique or rivalry, to which the peculiar conditions of 
 the Levant might give rise. 
 
 "Your Excellency will therefore, while continuing as before to exercise the great- 
 est care in cultivating good relations with the representatives of all Powers, strive 
 for friendly cooperation with your colleagues of Germany and Russia in the import- 
 ant questions which arise within the scene of your activities and communicate to 
 the Government any differences of opinion which cannot be settled on the spot, in 
 order that such divergences may be adjusted through direct action between the 
 respective Cabinets, before the Governments are confronted with an undesirable 
 situation. 
 
 "Matters exclusively affecting Austro-Hungarian interests, such as the protec- 
 tion of our nationals, questions of commerce or law arising from the treaties, shall 
 remain subject to your own independent action. It is not out of the question, how- 
 ever, and it is wholly in accordance with the reciprocally cordial relations, that you 
 should request the support of your colleagues even in such cases, or readily grant 
 your own support if it should be called for. 
 
46 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 
 prescrire de s'efforcer a aplanir leurs divergences par des explica- 
 tions amicales entre eux dans chaque cas special et pour les cas oA 
 ils n'y parviendraient pas d'en referer a leurs gouvernements. 
 
 6. 
 
 Le present protocole fait partie integrante du traite secret signe 
 en ce jour a Berlin et aura meme force et valeur. 
 En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont signe et y 
 ont appose le cachet de leurs armes. 
 Fait a Berlin, le 18 juin 1881. 
 
 L. S. Szechenyi. 
 
 L. S. V. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. Sabourofi. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Additional Protocol to the Convention of June 18, 1881. Berlin, 
 
 June 27, 1881.^ 
 
 Pour preciser davantage le paragraphe 5 du protocole* annexe 
 au traite secret du 18 juin 1881, les soussign^s plenipotentiaires de 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie et de S. M. I'empe- 
 reur de toutes les Russies declarent que les " questions locales " 
 mentionnees dans le dit paragraphe ne comprennent pas les 
 afEaires interessant specialement et exclusivement soit I'Autriche- 
 Hongrie soit la Russie^ telles que la protection des nationaux 
 respectifs, les questions conunerciales, reclamations, droits de- 
 coulant des traites etc. 
 
 II est entendu que le concours amical, sans etre obUgatoire, 
 pourra 6tre demande et accorde mutueUement par les agents des 
 deux etats aussi dans les questions qui ne tombent pas sous le 
 paragraphe 5 du protocole. 
 
 Berlin, le 27 juin 1881. 
 
 SzecMnyi. Sabouroff. 
 
 "You will regard and treat this Instruction as confidential. 
 
 "I have, etc." 
 
 According to a telegram from Berlin, dated September 8, 1881 (St. A. Polit. 
 Arch., Geheimakten, IV, 70), and a telegram from St. Petersburg, dated Septem- 
 ber 14, 1881 (ibid., IV, 73), this Austro-Hungarian draft was taken as the basis 
 
THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 47 
 
 ing them to endeavor to smooth out their divergences by friendly 
 explanations between themselves in each special case; and, in 
 the cases where they do not succeed in doing so, to refer the 
 matters to their Governments. 
 
 6. 
 
 The present Protocol forms an integral part of the secret 
 Treaty signed on this day at Berlin, and shall have the same 
 force and vaHdity. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Berlin, June 18, 1881. 
 
 L. S. Szechenyi. 
 
 L. S. V. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. Sabouroff. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Additional Protocol to the Convention of June 18, 1881. Berlin, 
 
 June 27, 1 88 1. 
 
 In order to define still more precisely Paragraph 5 of the Proto- 
 col* annexed to the secret Treaty of June 18, 1881, the under- 
 signed Plenipotentiaries of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, 
 King of Hungary, and of His Majesty the Emperor of All the 
 Russias declare that the ' local questions ' mentioned in the said 
 paragraph do not comprise affairs specially and exclusively in- 
 teresting either Austria-Hungary or Russia, such as the protec- 
 tion of the respective nationals, commercial questions, claims, 
 rights derived from treaties, etc. 
 
 It is understood that friendly cooperation, without being ob- 
 ligatory, may also be asked and accorded reciprocally by the 
 agents of the two States in questions which do not fall under Para- 
 graph 5 of the Protocol. 
 
 Berlin, June 27, 1881. 
 
 SzecMnyi. Sabouroff. 
 
 for similar instructions by the German Empire and by Russia. Compare also the 
 Protocol of June 27, 1881, printed herewith under (c). 
 
 5 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung dergeheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 
 II, Geheimakten, IV, 65. ' Compare page 44. 
 
48 THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 
 
 (d) 
 
 Proces-verbal of the exchange of ratifications of the Convention 
 
 of June i8, 1881. Berlin, June 27, 188 iJ 
 
 Proces-verbal. 
 Le 27 juin 1881 les soussign^s se sont reunis au ministSre des 
 affaires etrangeres a Berlin a I'effet de proceder a I'echange des 
 ratifications du traite secret et du protocole y annexe, signes a Ber- 
 lin le 18 jtiin 1 88 1 par les plenipotentiaires de S. M. Tempereur 
 d'Autriche, roi de Boheme et roi apostolique de Hongrie, de S. M. 
 I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, et de S. M. Tempereur des 
 toutes les Russies. Les six instruments ayant 6t6 produits, les 
 soussignes ont constate les errata suivants: 
 
 1. Dans I'exemplaire allemand destine a la Russie, I'alternat 
 n'a pas ete observe. 
 
 2. Dans I'exemplaire autrichien destine a I'Allemagne, le mot 
 " entre " a ete omis a la fin de la premiere ligne du second alinea 
 de I'article I du trait6. 
 
 3. Dans I'exemplaire allemand destine a la Russie, le mot 
 " divergence " dans I'article V du protocole est ecrit " diver- 
 geance." 
 
 4. Dans I'exemplaire autrichien destine a la Russie^ a la se- 
 conde ligne du preambule du traite, le mot " animees " est ecrit 
 au masculin. 
 
 Pour le reste les soussignes ont trouve, apres examen, les in- 
 struments en bonne et due forme et ont opere I'echange. 
 
 En foi de quoi les soussignes ont dresse le present proces- 
 verbal qu'ils ont revetu de leur signature et du sceau de leurs 
 armes. 
 
 Fait au ministere des affaires etrangeres a Berlin, le 27 juin 
 1881. 
 
 L.S. Szech6n3d. 
 
 L.S. Busch. 
 
 L.S. Sabouroff. 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sanunlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. II, Geheimakten, IV, 64. 
 
THE LEAGUE OF THE THREE EMPERORS 49 
 
 id) 
 
 Proces-verbal of the exchange of ratifications of the Convention 
 
 of June 18, 1 88 1. Berlin, June 27, 1881. 
 
 Proces-verbal. 
 On June 27, 1881, the undersigned met together at the Min- 
 istry of Foreign Affairs at Berlin for the purpose of proceeding 
 with the exchange of ratifications of the secret Treaty and of the 
 Protocol thereto annexed, signed at Berlin, June 18, 1881, by the 
 Plenipotentiaries of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King 
 of Bohemia, and Apostolic King of Hungary, of His Majesty 
 the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, and of His Majesty 
 the Emperor of All the Russias. The six instruments having 
 been produced, the undersigned have found the following 
 errata: 
 
 1. In the German copy intended for Russia, the altemat has 
 not been observed. 
 
 2. In the Austrian copy intended for Germany, the word 
 " between " has been omitted at the end of the first line of the 
 second paragraph of Article I of the Treaty. 
 
 3. In the German copy intended for Russia, the word "diver- 
 gence" in Article V of the Protocol is written " divergeance." 
 
 4. In the Austrian copy intended for Russia, in the second line 
 of the preamble of the Treaty, the word "animated" is written in 
 the masculine. 
 
 In other respects, the undersigned after examination have found 
 the instruments in good and due form and have effected the 
 exchange. 
 
 In witness whereof the undersigned have drawn up the present 
 Proces-verbal and have afced their signatures and the seal of 
 their arms. 
 
 Done at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Berlin, June 27, 
 1881. 
 
 L. S. Sz^chen3d.. 
 
 L. S. Busch.. 
 
 L. S. Sabouroff.. 
 
50 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 
 
 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Belgrade, 
 
 June 16/28, i88i} 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie, et 
 
 S. A. le prince de Serbie, amines du desir de maintenir la 
 paix en Orient et de garantir les relations de parf aite amitie qui 
 existent entre leurs gouvernements centre toutes les eventuaUtes, 
 ont resolu de conclure a cette fin un traite et ont nomme pour 
 leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. imperiale et royale apostolique: 
 
 le sieur Gabriel baron de Herbert-Rathkeal, son chambellan, 
 ministre-resident en Serbie etc., 
 
 S. A. le prince de Serbie: 
 
 le sieur Chedomille Mijatovich, son ministre des affaires 
 etrangeres etc. etc. 
 
 lesquels apres s'^tre communique leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trou- 
 ves en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles smvants: 
 
 Article I. 
 II y aura paix et amitie constantes entre I'Autriclie-Hongrie 
 et la Serbie. Les deux gouvernements s'engagent a suivre mu- 
 tuellement une politique amicale. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 La Serbie ne tolerera point des menees politiques, religieuses 
 ou autres qui, prenant son territoire pour point de depart, se diri- 
 geraient contre la monarchie austro-hongroise, y compris la 
 Bosnie, I'Herzegovine et le sandjak de Novibazar. 
 
 L'Autriche-Hongrie assume la m6me obligation a r6gard de 
 
 I Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Saimnlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 D. 12, Geheimakten, V, 2 b. 
 
 Expired January 13, 1895 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIII, 3). 
 
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 5 1 
 
 4- 
 
 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of A lliance between A ustria-Hungary and Serbia. Belgrade, 
 June 16/28, 1 88 1. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc, 
 and Apostolic Kiiig of Hungary, and 
 
 His Highness the Prince of Serbia, animated by the desire to 
 maintain peace in the Orient and to guarantee against all eventu- 
 alities the relations of perfect friendship which exist between 
 Their Governments, have resolved to conclude to this end a 
 Treaty and have appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty: 
 
 the Sieur Gabriel Baron von Herbert-Rathkeal, His Chamber- 
 lain, Minister Resident in Serbia, etc.. 
 
 His Highness the Prince of Serbia: 
 
 the Sieur Chedomille Mijatovich, His Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs, etc., etc., 
 
 who, after having communicated to one another their full 
 powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the fol- 
 lowing Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 There shall be stable peace and friendship between Austria- 
 Hungary and Serbia. The two Governments engage to follow 
 mutually a friendly pohcy. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Serbia will not tolerate poUtical, religious, or other intrigues, 
 which, taking her territory as a point of departure, might be 
 directed against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, including 
 therein Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of Novibazar. 
 
 Austria-Hungary assumes the same obligation with regard to 
 
52 THE AUSiTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 
 
 la Serbie et de sa dynastie dont elle appuiera le maintien et le 
 raffermissement par toute son influence. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Si le prince de Serbie jugeait n6cessaire, dans I'interfet de sa 
 dynastie et de son pays, de prendre pour sa personne et ses de- 
 scendants le titre de roi, I'Autriche-Hongrie reconnaitra ce titre 
 aussitdt que la proclamation en aura ete faite dans les formes 
 Ifigales, et usera de son influence pour en obtenir la reconnaissance 
 de la part des autres puissances. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 L'Autriche-Hbngrie s'emploiera pour seconder les interSts de 
 la Serbie aupr^s des autres cabinets europeens. 
 
 A moins d'une entente prealable avec I'Autriche-Hongrie la 
 Serbie ne n6gociera ni ne conclura de traite politique avec un 
 autre gouvemement et n'admettra pas sur son territoire une force 
 armee etrangere, soit reguliSre soit irreguliere, meme k titre de 
 volontaires. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Si I'Autriche-Hongrie etait menacee d'une guerre ou se trou- 
 vait en guerre avec une ou plusieurs autres puissances, la Serbie 
 observera vis-a-vis de la monarchic austro-hongroise, y compris 
 la Bosnie, I'Herz^govine et le sandjak de Novibazar, une neutra- 
 Ute amicale et lui accordera conformement k leur etroite amiti6 
 et k I'esprit de ce traite toutes les facilites possibles. 
 
 L'Autriche-Hongrie assmne la meme obhgation vis-a-vis de la 
 Serbie dans le cas oii celle-ci serait menac6e d'une guerre ou se 
 trouverait en guerre. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Pour le cas, oii une cooperation miUtaire serait consid^ree 
 necessaire par les deux parties contractantes, les questions 
 touchant cette coop6ration, notamment celles du commandement 
 superieur et du passage eventuel des troupes par les territoires 
 respectifs, seront reglees par une convention militaire. 
 
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 S3 
 
 Serbia and her dynasty, the maintenance and strengthening of 
 which she will support with all her influence. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 If the Prince of Serbia should deem it necessary, in the interest 
 of His djmasty and of His country, to take in behalf of Himself 
 and of His descendants the title of King, Austria-Hungary will 
 recognize this title as soon as its proclamation shall have been 
 made in legal form, and will use her influence to secure recogni- 
 tion for it on the part of the other Powers. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Austria-Hungary will use her influence with the other Euro- 
 pean Cabinets to second the interests of Serbia. 
 
 Without a previous understanding with Austria-Hungary, 
 Serbia wiU neither negotiate nor conclude any political treaty 
 with another Government, and will not admit to her territory 
 a foreign armed force, regular or irregular, even as volunteers. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 If Austria-Hungary should be threatened with war or find 
 herself at war with one or more other Powers, Serbia will observe 
 a friendly neutrality towards the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, 
 including therein Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi- 
 bazar, and will accord to it all possible faciUties, in conformity 
 with their close friendship and the spirit of this Treaty. 
 
 Austria-Hungary assumes the same obligation towards Serbia, 
 in case the latter should be threatened with war or find herself 
 at war. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 In any case where miUtary cooperation is considered necessary 
 by the two Contracting Parties, the questions touching this 
 cooperation, especially those of the superior command and of the 
 contingent passage of troops through the respective territories, 
 shall be regulated by a military convention. 
 
54 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Si, par suite d'un concours d'evenements dont le d6veloppe- 
 ment n'est pas k pr^voir aujourd'hui la Serbie etait en mesure de 
 faire des acquisitions territoriales dans la direction de ses fron- 
 tieres meridionales (a I'exception du sandjak de Novibazar) I'Au- 
 triche-Hongrie ne s'y opposera pas et s'emploiera aupres des 
 autres puissances afin de les gagner k une attitude favorable pour 
 la Serbie. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Le present traite restera en Adgueur pour la duree de dix ans 
 a partir du jour de I'^change des ratifications. Six mois avant son 
 expiration les parties contractantes se concerteront, s'il y a lieu, 
 sur sa prolongation ou sur les modifications que les circonstances 
 du moment pourraient rendre desirables. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 Les parties contractantes s'engagent a tenir secret le present 
 trait6 et a n'en communiquer, sans une entente pr6alable, a un 
 autre gouvernement ni I'existence ni la teneur. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees a Belgrade 
 dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus t6t si faire se peut.^ 
 
 En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont signe et I'ont 
 revetu du cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Belgrade, en double exp6dition, le vingt huit/seize juin 
 del'an 1881. 
 
 Baron de Herbert. Ch. Mijatovich. 
 
 L. S. L.S. 
 
 ^ Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Ischl, July 7, 1881 (draft '■ 
 St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, V, 2); of Prince Milan, Belgrade, June 22/ 
 July 4, 1881 (original: ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Belgrade, June 
 29/ July II, 1881 (original: ibid.). 
 
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 55 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 If, as a result of a combination of circumstances whose develop- 
 ment is not to be foreseen at present, Serbia were in a position 
 to make territorial acquisitions in the direction of her southern 
 frontiers (with the exception of the Sanjak of Novibazar), 
 Austria-Hungary will not oppose herself thereto, and will use 
 her influence with the other Powers for the purpose of winning 
 them over to an attitude favorable to Serbia. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of ten 
 years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. Six 
 months before its expiration the Contracting Parties shaU, if 
 there is occasion, take counsel together in regard to its prolonga- 
 tion or to the modifications which the circumstances of the mo- 
 ment may render desirable. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 The Contracting Parties undertake to keep the present Treaty 
 secret, and not to communicate either its existence or its tenor 
 to any other Government without a previous understanding. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at 
 Belgrade within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 it and have aflSxed to it the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Belgrade, in duplicate, the twenty-eighth/sixteenth of 
 June of the year 1881. 
 
 Baron de Herbert. Ch. Mijatovich. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
S6 THE AU^Rt>-SERBIAN AELIANCE OF 1881 
 
 (b) 
 
 Personal Declaration of Prince Milan that he would carry out the 
 
 Treaty without restrictions? 
 
 A S. Exc. le gerant du ministere imperial et royal des affaires 
 etrangeres, Benjamin de KaUay, k Vienne. 
 
 Excellence, 
 
 Je m'empresse d'accuser reception a Votre Excellence de la 
 lettre qu'elle a bien voulu m'adresser par I'entremise de la lega- 
 tion imperiale et royale a Belgrade, en date du 17 courant et en 
 reponse a celle que j'avais 6crite le 20 septembre/2 octobre au 
 ministre eclaire et si sympathique pour la Serbia, dont nous 
 avons deplore avec vous la perte. 
 
 C'est pour moi plus qu'un devoir, c'est une veritable dette de 
 coeur que de venir aujourd'hui exprimer h. Votre Excellence ma 
 plus sincere gratitude pour la preuve d'amiti^ qu'elle me temoigne 
 en se declarant, a titre de gerant du ministere imperial et royal 
 des affaires etrangeres, pr^te a accepter les propositions que 
 j'avais faites a feu le baron Haymerle. 
 
 Tout en lui ayant expose franchement et loyalement les motifs 
 de ma demarche, tout en tenant un langage que ne saurait avoir 
 que celui qui considere comme une question d'honneur de devel- 
 loper (!) les relations d'entente cordiale avec la monarchie voisine 
 qui a la ferme et inebranlable volonte de suivre systematique- 
 ment cette politique salutaire pour la Serbie, je me demandais si 
 mes explications etaient suffisament claires pour presenter a qui 
 de droit la situation sous son veritable jour pour f aire comprendre 
 les reelles difficultes que j'avais a surmonter et les raisons puis- 
 santes qui avaient dicte ma conduite. 
 
 Je me sentais d'autant plus embarrasse qu'il s'agissait d'un acte 
 qui avait regu une auguste sanction et qui a ce titre deja ne 
 pouvait fetre I'objet d'une discussion quelconque. Mes senti- 
 ments de profond respect et d'invariable attachement vis-a-vis 
 de la personne de S. M. I'empereur n'auraient pu me permettre 
 de tolerer un instant cette eventualite, de meme que le souci de 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, V, 25. 
 
THE AUSTRO-^RBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 57 
 
 (b) 
 
 Personal declaration of Prince Milan that he would carry out the 
 Treaty without restrictions. 
 
 To His Excellency Benjamin de Kallay, in charge of the Im- 
 perial and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at Vienna. 
 
 Excellency, 
 
 I hasten to acknowledge receipt from Your Excellency of the 
 letter which you have been good enough to address to Me 
 through the medium of the Imperial and Royal Legation at Bel- 
 grade under the date of the 17 th instant, in reply to that which 
 I had written on September 20/October 2 to the enlightened 
 Minister, so S3mipathetic to Serbia, whose loss we have joined 
 you in deploring. 
 
 For Me it is more than a duty, it is a veritable debt of the 
 heart, to express to Your Excellency today My most sincere 
 gratitude for the proof of friendship which you have shown Me in 
 declaring your readiness, as Ofl&cial in Charge of the Imperial 
 and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to accept the proposals 
 which I had made to the late Baron Haymerle. 
 
 While I frankly and loyally laid before him the motives for 
 My conduct, and at the same time employed such language as 
 could be used only by one who considers it a question of honor 
 to develop relations of cordial understanding with the neighbor- 
 ing Monarchy, and who has the firm and unshakable intention to 
 follow systematically this policy as salutary for Serbia, I won- 
 dered whether My explanations were sufficiently clear to present 
 the situation in its true light in proper quarters and to make 
 understood the real difficulties which I had to overcome and the 
 cogent reasons which had dictated My conduct. 
 
 I felt Myself all the more embarrassed by the fact that the 
 matter related to an act which had received an august sanction 
 and which therefore could no longer be the subject of any dis- 
 cussion. My sentiments of profound respect and of unchanging 
 affection for the person of His Majesty the Emperor could not 
 permit Me to tolerate this contingency for an instant; concern 
 
5 8 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 
 
 ma propre dignite me commandait imperieusement de bien 
 etablir d'un c6t6 que M. Pirotchianatz n'etait investi par moi 
 d'aucune mission officielle, que loin d'approuver je condamnais 
 ses scrupules, et de I'autre c6te que mes propositions avaient tout 
 au plus en vue de demander au gouvernement imperial et royal 
 un sacrifice dans la forme et nuUement dans le fond. 
 
 La r6ponse de Votre Excellence est a mes yeux une preuve 
 pr^cieuse de la confiance qu'elle a bien voulu placer en ce que 
 j'avais tach6 d'expliquer nettement et de declarer non moins 
 categoriquement. 
 
 Je ne saurais que Ten remercier de tout coeur et I'assurer en 
 meme temps que tous mes efforts a I'avenir tendront a donner k 
 I'Autriche-Hongrie des gages constants de la sincirite de ma poli- 
 tique a son 6gard ainsi que du prix enorme que j'attache a voir 
 nos deux pays qui ont tant d'interets communs etroitement lies 
 I'un* k I'autre. 
 
 Ce but sera d'autant plus facile a poursuivre pour moi, que 
 la solution que m'a si gracieusement offerte Votre Excellence 
 pour mettre fin aux difiicultes pendantes me permet de conserver 
 au pouvoir les hommes que je desirais y maintenir non seulement 
 k cause de leur programme politique interieur, mais surtout et 
 avant tout parcequ'ils pourront et — j'en suis convaincu — 
 voudront aussi etre pour moi des auxiliaires precieux dans la 
 politique que je tiens a observer scrupuleusement vis-a-vis de la 
 monarchic voisine et qui decoule des engagements solemnels que 
 j'ai contractes a son egard. 
 
 Ayant vivement a coeur de prouver des les premiers pas que je 
 fais dans la voie que j'ai de mon propre gre choisie combien je tiens 
 a la fidele execution de mes promesses, je viens, Excellence, par la 
 presente prendre I'engagement formel sur mon honneur et en ma 
 qualite de prince de Serbie, de ne point entrer dans quelque negociation 
 que ce soit relative a un traite politique quelconque entre la Serbie et 
 un Hers etat sans communication et consentement prealable de 
 I'Autriche-Hongrie. 
 
 Je prie Votre Excellence de considerer le present engagement 
 
 * In the original, "1' an." 
 
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 59 
 
 for My own dignity likewise imperiously commanded Me to 
 make clear, on the one hand, that M. Pirotchianatz was not in- 
 vested by Me with any official mission, and that, far from ap- 
 proving, I condemned his scruples, and, on the other hand, that 
 My proposals at most had in view asking the Imperial and 
 Royal Government for a sacrifice in form and not at all in 
 substance. 
 
 I regard the reply of Your Excellency as a precious proof of 
 the confidence which you have been good enough to repose in 
 what I had attempted to explain clearly and to state no less 
 categorically. 
 
 I can only thank you for it with all My heart and assure you 
 at the same time that all My efforts in the future will be directed 
 towards giving Austria-Hungary constant pledges of the sincerity 
 of My pohcy with regard to her, as well as of the enormous 
 value I attach to seeing our two countries, which have so many 
 common interests, closely bound to one another. 
 
 This aim will be the easier for Me to pursue, as the solution 
 which Your Excellency has so graciously offered Me for putting 
 an end to the difficulties now pending permits Me to keep in 
 power the men whom I desired to maintain there, not only on 
 account of their programme in internal politics, but especially 
 and above all because they can and — I am convinced — also 
 will be valuable aids to Me in the policy which I am anxious to 
 observe scrupulously in relations with the neighboring Monarchy 
 and which proceeds from solemn engagements which I have con- 
 tracted towards it. 
 
 Having it much at heart to prove with the very first steps 
 which I take in the path I have chosen of My own free will, how 
 I hold to the faithful executioii of My promises, / hereby, Excel- 
 lency, assume the formal engagement on My honor and in My 
 quality as Prince of Serbia, not to enter into any negotiation what- 
 soever relative to any kind of a political treaty between Serbia and a 
 third state without communication with and previous consent of 
 Austria-Hungary. 
 
 I beg Your Excellency to consider the present engagement as 
 
6o THE AUSVrO-SERBIAN alliance of 1881 
 
 comme ayant un caractere tout d fait officiel vis-d-vis du gouverne- 
 ment de S. M. imperiale et royale apostolique. 
 
 Je saisis avec plaisir cette occasion pour offrir h, Votre Excel- 
 lence les assurances de ma parf aite consideration et de ma sincere 
 reconnaissance. 
 Belgrad le 12/24 octobre 1881. 
 
 M. M. Obrenovitsch 
 prince de Serbie. 
 {c) 
 
 Declaration of the Governments of Austria-Hungary and of Serbia 
 in regard to the meaning of Article IV. ^ 
 
 DECLARATION. 
 
 Des doutes s'6tant eleves sur le sens et la port^e du passage 
 suivant de I'article IV du traite secret conclu entre I'Autriche- 
 Hongrie et la Serbie en date du 28/16 juin 1881, savoir: 
 
 " A moins d'une entente prealable avec I'Autriche-Hongrie la 
 Serbie ne n6gociera ni ne conclura de trait6 politique avec un 
 autre gouvemement," 
 
 les soussign^s sont tombes d'accord de preciser par la presente 
 declaration la port6e de la disposition precitee: 
 
 L'Autriche-Hongrie, d'une part, 6tant animee du desir de voir 
 sauvegardee I'ind^pendance de la Serbie et de favoriser son 
 d6veloppement ; 
 
 et la Serbie, d'autre part, etant fermement decidee de suivre 
 une politique franchement amicale a I'egard de I'Autriche-Hongrie 
 et d'eviter tout ce qui pourrait leser les int6rgts legitimes de cette 
 derniere piiissance; 
 
 les soussignes declarent par la presente que la disposition 
 susdite de I'article IV ne saurait porter atteinte au droit de la 
 Serbie de negocier et de conclure des traites, meme politiques, 
 avec un autre gouvernement. EUe n'implique pour la Serbie 
 d'autre engagement que celui de ne pas negocier et de ne pas 
 conclure de traite politique qui serait contraire a I'esprit et a la 
 teneur du dit traite secret. 
 
 » Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 12, Geheimakten, V, 25. 
 
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 61 
 
 having an entirely official character towards the Government oj His 
 Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty. 
 
 I am happy to avail myself of this occasion to offer to Your 
 Excellency the assurances of My perfect consideration and My 
 sincere gratitude. 
 
 Belgrade, October 12/24, 1881. 
 
 M. M. Obrenovitsch 
 Prince of Serbia. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Declaration of the Governments of Austria-Hungary and of Serbia 
 in regard to the meaning of Article IV. 
 
 Declaration. 
 
 Doubts having arisen as to the meaning and import of the fol- 
 lowing passage of Article IV of the secret Treaty concluded be- 
 tween Austria-Hungary and Serbia under date of June 28/16, 
 1881, to wit: 
 
 "Without a previous understanding with Austria-Hungary, 
 Serbia will neither negotiate nor conclude any political treaty with 
 another Govenmient," 
 
 the undersigned have agreed to specify by the present Declara- 
 tion the import of the above-quoted provision: 
 
 Austria-Hungary, on the one hand, being animated by the de- 
 sire to see the independence of Serbia safeguarded and to favor 
 her development; 
 
 and Serbia, on the other hand, being firmly decided to follow 
 a poHcy frankly friendly to Austria-Hungary and to avoid every- 
 thing which might injure the legitimate interests of this latter 
 Power; 
 
 the undersigned declare by this Act that the aforesaid provision 
 of Article IV cannot impair the right of Serbia to negotiate and 
 to conclude treaties, even of a political nature, with another 
 Govenmient. It implies for Serbia no other engagement than 
 that of not negotiating and of not concluding any political treaty 
 which would be contrary to the spirit and the tenor of the said 
 secret Treaty. 
 
62 THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 
 
 En foi de quoi la presente declaration a et6 d61ivree en double 
 exemplaire et sign6e a Vienne en date du 30/18 octobre 1881 par 
 le gerant du ministere imperial et royal des affaires etrangSres 
 pour I'Autriche-Hongrie, et a Belgrade le 25/13 octobre 1881 par 
 le ministre princier des affaires 6trangeres pour la Serbie. 
 
 Benjamin de Kallay. M. Pirotchanaz. 
 
 L.S. L. S. 
 
THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN ALLIANCE OF 1881 63 
 
 In witness whereof the present Declaration has been made out 
 in duplicate and signed at Vienna under date of October 30/18, 
 1881, by the Official in Charge of the Imperial and Royal Min- 
 istry of Foreign Affairs for Austria-Hungary, and at Belgrade 
 October 25/13, 1881, by the Prince's Minister of Foreign Affairs 
 for Serbia. 
 
 Benjamin de KaUay. M. Pirotchanaz. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
64 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 
 
 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882. 
 
 (a) 
 
 First Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and 
 
 Italy. Vienna, May 20, 1882} 
 
 L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi 
 apostolique de Hongrie, Tempereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse 
 et le roi d'ltalie, animees du desir d'augmenter les garanties de la 
 paix ginlrale, de fortifier le principe monarchique et d'assurer 
 par cela-meme le maintien intact de Fordre social et politique dans 
 leurs 6tats respectifs, sont tombees d'accord de conclure un traite 
 qui, par sa nature essentiellement conservatrice et defensive, ne 
 poursuit que le but de les pr^munir contre les dangers qui pour- 
 raient menacer la s6curite de leurs etats et le repos de I'Europe. 
 
 A cet effet L. L. M. M. ont nomme, savoir S. M. I'empereur 
 d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostoHque de Hongrie 
 
 le comte Gustave Kalnoky, general, son ministre de la maison 
 imperiale et des affaires etrang^res; 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 le prince Henri VII de Reuss, aide-de-camp general, son am- 
 bassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. imperiale 
 et royale apostoHque, 
 
 S. M. le roi d'ltahe 
 
 le comte Charles Fehx Nicolis de Robilant, lieutenant-gene- 
 ral, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 
 imp6riale et royale apostolique, 
 
 lesquels, munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont et6 trouves en bonne 
 et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 paix et amitie et n'entreront dans aucune alUance ou engagement 
 dirige contre I'un de leurs etats. 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 13, Geheimakten, VII, 75. 
 
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 65 
 
 s- 
 
 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882. 
 
 (a) 
 First Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and 
 Italy. Vienna, May 20, 1882. 
 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, 
 etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, 
 King of Prussia, and the King of Italy, anipaated by the desire 
 to increase the guaranties of the general peace, to fortify the 
 monarchical principle and thereby to assure the unimpaired 
 maintenance of the social and political order in Their respective 
 States, have agreed to conclude a Treaty which, by its essentially 
 conservative and defensive nature, pursues only the aim of 
 forestalling the dangers which might threaten the security of 
 Their States and the peace of Europe. 
 
 To this end Their Majesties have appointed, to wit, His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and 
 Apostolic King of Hungary, 
 
 Count Gustavus Kalnoky, General, His Minister of the Im- 
 perial Household and of Foreign Affairs: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 Prince Henry VII of Reuss, Aide-de-Camp General, His Am- 
 bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Imperial and 
 Royal Apostolic Majesty, 
 
 His Majesty the King of Italy, 
 
 Count Charles Felix NicoMs de Robilant, Lieutenant-General, 
 His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Im- 
 perial and Royal ApostoUc Majesty, 
 
 who, furnished with full powers, which have been found in good 
 and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and 
 friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed 
 against any one of their States. 
 
66 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 
 
 EUes s'engagent a proceder a un echange d'id6es sur les ques- 
 tions politiques et 6conoimques d'une nature generale qui pour- 
 raient se presenter et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel 
 dans la limite de leurs propres interdts. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Dans le cas ou I'ltalie, sans provocation directe de sa part, 
 serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les 
 deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues a prater a la 
 partie attaquee secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces. 
 
 Cette meme obligation incombera a I'ltalie dans le cas d'une 
 agression non directement provoquee de la France contre I'Alle- 
 magne. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes, sans provo- 
 cation directe de leur part, venaient a 6tre attaquees et a se 
 trouver engagees dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes 
 puissances non-signataires du present traite, le " casus foederis " 
 se presentera simultanement pour toutes les hautes parties 
 contractantes. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Dans le cas oii une grande puissance non-signataire du pre- 
 sent traite menacerait la securite des etats de I'une des hautes par- 
 ties contractantes et la partie menacee se verrait par la forcee de 
 lui faire la guerre, les deux autres s'obUgent a observer a r6gard 
 de leur allie une neutrahte bienveillante. Chacune se reserve 
 dans ce cas la faculte de prendre part a la guerre, si elle le jugeait 
 a propos pour faire cause commune avec son allie. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Si la paix de I'une des hautes parties contractantes venait a 
 Stre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles prece- 
 dents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en temps 
 utile sur les mesures militaires k prendre en vue d'une cooperation 
 6ventuelle. 
 
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 67 
 
 They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on poUtical 
 and economic questions of a general nature which may arise, and 
 they further promise one another mutual support within the 
 limits of their own interests. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should 
 be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other 
 Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance 
 with aU their forces to the Party attacked. 
 
 This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any 
 aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct 
 provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to be 
 engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsignatory 
 to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simultaneously 
 for all the High Contracting Parties. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 In case a Great Power nonsignatory to the present Treaty 
 should threaten the security of the states of one of the High 
 Contracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself 
 forced on that account to make war against it, the two others 
 bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent 
 neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right 
 to take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make conmion 
 cause with its Ally. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 If the peace of any of the High Contracting Parties should 
 chance to be threatened under the circimistances foreseen by 
 the preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take: 
 counsel together in ample time as to the military measures to be. 
 taken with a view to eventual cooperation. 
 
68 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 
 
 EUes s'engagent d^s a present, dans tons les cas de partici- 
 pation commune k une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix, 
 ni traite que d'un commun accord entr'elles. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 le secret sur le contenu et sur I'existence du present traite. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Le present traite restera en vigueur durant I'espace de cinq 
 ans a partir du jour de I'echange des ratifications. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees a Vieime 
 dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si faire se peut.* 
 
 En f oi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectif s ont sign6 le pr6- 
 sent trait6 et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Vienne, le vingtieme jour du mois de mai de I'an mil 
 huit cent quatre-vingt deux. 
 
 Kalnoky. H. VII de Reuss. C. Robilant. 
 
 L.S. L.S. L.S. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Additional Declaration of Italy that the provisions of the Alliance 
 
 could not be regarded as directed against England. Rome, 
 
 May 22, 1882? 
 
 Declaration ministerielle. 
 
 Le gouvemement royal italien declare que les stipulations du 
 traite secret conclu le 20 mai 1882 entre I'ltalie, TAutriche- 
 Hongrie et I'Allemagne ne pourront, comme il I'a 6te prealable- 
 ment convenu, en aucun cas etre envisag6es comme etant diri- 
 gees contre I'Angleterre. 
 
 2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, May 27, 1882 
 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VII, n. 76); of Emperor William I, Ber- 
 lin, May 25, 1882 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika- 
 tionen); of King Humbert, Rome, May 22, 1882 (original: St. A., ibid.) ; Protocol 
 
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 69 
 
 . They engage henceforward, in all cases of common participa- 
 tion in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty, 
 except by conamon agreement among themselves. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents and existence of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force during the space of 
 five years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at 
 Vienna within three weeks, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 the present Treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Vieima, the twentieth day of the month of May of 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two. 
 
 Kdhioky. H. VII of Reuss. C. Robilant. 
 
 L. S. L. S. L. S. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Additional Declaration of Italy that the provisions of the Alliance 
 
 could not be regarded as directed against England. Rome, 
 
 May 22, 1882. 
 
 MnsrisTEEiAL Declaration. 
 
 The Royal Italian Goverimient declares that the provisions of 
 the secret Treaty concluded May 20, 1882, between Italy, 
 Austria-Hungary, and Germany, cannot, as has been previously 
 agreed, in any case be regarded as being directed against England. 
 
 of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, May 30, 1882 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., 
 Geheimakten, VII, n. 76). 
 
 s Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 13, Geheimakten, VII, 7S- 
 
yo THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 
 
 En foi de quoi la pr6sente declaration nunist^rielle qui devra 
 egalement rester secrete a 6te dress6e pour Stre echangee contra 
 des declarations identiques du gouvernement imperial et royal 
 d'Autriche-Hongrie et du gouvernement imperial d'Allemagne. 
 Rome, ce 22 mai 1882. 
 
 Le ministre royal des affaires etrangeres. 
 Mancini. 
 L.S. 
 
 (c) 
 Declaration of Austria-Hungary similar to the Italian one. 
 Vienna, May 28, 1882* 
 
 DECLARATION MINIST^RIELLE. 
 
 Le gouvernement I. et R. declare que les stipulations du traite 
 secret conclu le 20 mai 1882 entre TAutriche-Hongrie, I'Alle- 
 magne et I'ltalie ne pourront — comme il a 6te prealablement con- 
 venu ■ — en aucun cas ^tre envisagees comme etant dirigees contre 
 I'Angleterre. 
 
 En foi de quoi la pr6sente declaration ministerielle qui devra 
 6galement rester secrete a ete dressee pour Itre Echangee contre 
 des declarations identiques du gouvernement imperial d'Alle- 
 magne et du gouvernement royal d'ltaUe. 
 
 Le ministre I. et R. des affaires 6trangeres. 
 
 Vienne, le 28 mai 1882. 
 
 (d) 
 
 Declaration of Germany similar to the Italian one. Berlin, May 28, 
 
 1882.^ 
 
 DECLARATION MZNIStErIELLE. 
 
 Le gouvernement imperial declare que les stipulations du 
 traite secret conclu le 20 mai 1882 entre I'Allemagne, I'Autriche- 
 Hongrie et I'ltaUe ne pourront — comme il a ete prealablement 
 
 * Draft: Polit. Arch., Kopiensammlung, III. 
 
 Marginal note in Count Kllnoky's handwriting: "Definitiv angenommener 
 Text. 19./5." ("Definitively approved text. May 19.") 
 
 ■' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Samnilung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 13, Geheimakten, VII, 77. 
 
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 71 
 
 In witness whereof the present ministerial Declaration, which 
 equally must remain secret, has been drawn up to be exchanged 
 against identic Declarations of the Imperial and Royal Govern- 
 ment of Austria-Hungary and of the Imperial Government of 
 Germany. 
 
 Rome, May 22, 1882. 
 
 The Royal Minister of Foreign Affairs. 
 L. S. Mancini. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Declaration of Austria-Hungary similar to the Italian one. 
 Vienna, May 28, 1882* 
 
 Ministerial Declaration. 
 
 The Imperial and Royal Goverimient declares that the pro- 
 visions of the secret Treaty concluded May 20, 1882, between 
 Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, cannot, as has been pre- 
 viously agreed, in any case be regarded as being directed against 
 England. 
 
 In witness whereof the present ministerial Declaration, which 
 equally must remain secret, has been drawn up to be exchanged 
 against identic Declarations of the Imperial Gk)vemment of Ger- 
 many and of the Royal Government of Italy. 
 
 The Imperial and Royal Minister of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Vienna, May 28, 1882. 
 
 (d) 
 
 Declaration of Germany similar to the Italian one. Berlin, May 28, 
 
 1882. 
 
 MiNiSTEEiAL Declaration. 
 
 The Imperial Govenmaent declares that the provisions of the 
 secret Treaty concluded May 20, 1882, between Germany, 
 Austria-Hungary, and Italy, cannot, as has been previously 
 
72 THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 
 
 convenu — en aucun cas ^tre envisagees comme etant dirigees 
 centre I'Angleterre. 
 
 En foi de quoi la presente declaration ministerielle qui devra 
 egalement rester secrete a ete dressee pour etre echangde contre 
 des declarations identiques du gouvernement imperial et royal 
 d'Autriche-Hongrie et du gouvernement royal d'ltaUe. 
 
 Berlin, le 28 mai 1882. 
 
 Le chancelier de I'empire. 
 
 L. S. . V. Bismarck. 
 
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF 1882 73 
 
 agreed, in any case be regarded as being directed against 
 England. 
 
 In witness whereof the present ministerial Declaration, which 
 equally must remain secret, has been drawn up to be exchanged 
 against identic Declarations of the Imperial and Royal Govern- 
 ment of Austria-Hungary and of the Royal Government of 
 Italy. 
 
 Berlin, May 28, 1882. 
 
 The Chancellor of the Empire. 
 
 L. S. V. Bismarck. 
 
74 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-GERMAN 
 ALLIANCE. 1883. 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Germany in regard to the 
 
 prolongation of the Austro-German Alliance of iSjg. Vienna, 
 
 March 22, 1883} 
 
 Protokoll. 
 Die Unterzeichneten, Graf Kilnoky de Koros-Patak, Minister 
 des kaiserlichen Hauses und des Aeussern seiner kaiserlichen und 
 koniglich-apostolischen Majestat, und Prinz Heinrich VII. Reuss, 
 ausserordentlicher und bevollmachtigter Botschaf ter seiner Maje- 
 stat des deutschen Kaisers, sind auf Grund allerhochster Er- 
 machtigung am heutigen Tage in Wien zu einer Berathung iiber 
 Verlangerung des daselbst am 7. October 1879 unterzeichneten, 
 am 21. desselben Monats ratifizirten geheimen Vertrages z^schen 
 1. 1. Majestaten, dem Kaiser von Oesterreich, Konige von Ungarn 
 und dem deutschen Kaiser, Konige von Preussen, zusammenge- 
 treten und haben in Volhnacht I. I. Majestaten Folgendes 
 verabredet: 
 
 1. Der oben bezeichnete Vertrag wird auf fiinf Jahre, vom 
 21. October 1884 an gerechnet, also bis zum 21. October 1889, 
 verlangert. 
 
 2. Der Artikel III wird ausserdem dahin modifizirt, dass nicht 
 ein Jahr, sondern zwei Jahre vor dem 21. October 1889 die beiden 
 hohen Contrahenten iiber die Frage, ob die dem Vertrage zur 
 Grundlage dienenden Verhaltnisse noch obwalten, in Verhand- 
 lung treten, und dass, wenn im Verlaufe des ersten Monates des 
 vorletzten Vertragsjahres die Einladung zur Eroffnung dieser 
 Verhandlungen von keiner Seite erfolgt ist, der Vertrag als fiir 
 die weitere Dauer von drei Jahren erneuert gilt. 
 
 3. Dieses Protokoll wird den beiden hohen Souveranen zur 
 Ratifikation unterbreitet und empfohlen werden und soil der 
 
 * Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 14, Geheimakten, XI, 9. 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 75 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-GERMAN 
 ALLIANCE. 1883. 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Germany in regard to the 
 
 prolongation of the Austro-German Alliance of 18^9. 
 
 Vienna, March 22, 1883. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 The undersigned, Count Kalnoky of Koros-Patak, Minister of 
 the Imperial Household and of Foreign Affairs of His Imperial 
 and Royal Apostolic Majesty, and Prince Henry VII of Reuss, 
 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Majesty 
 the German Emperor, have, by virtue of Most Exalted authoriza- 
 tion, met this day in Vienna to take counsel concerning the 
 prolongation of the secret Treaty, signed in the same place on 
 October 7, 1879, and ratified on the 21st day of the same month, 
 between Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Hun- 
 gary, and the German Emperor, King of Prussia, and, by pleni- 
 potentiary authority from Their Majesties, have agreed upon 
 the following: 
 
 1. The Treaty designated above shall be prolonged for five 
 years, dating from October 21, 1884, to October 21, 1889. 
 
 2. Article III shall moreover be so modified that the two High 
 Contracting Parties are to enter into negotiations not one year, 
 but two years, before October 21, 1889, with regard to the ques- 
 tion whether the conditions serving as a basis to the Treaty still 
 prevail, and that the Treaty shall be considered as renewed for a 
 further period of three years if, in the course of the first month of 
 the next to last year of the Treaty, no invitation has been received 
 from either side to open these negotiations. 
 
 3. This Protocol shall be submitted and recommended to both 
 the Exalted Sovereigns for ratification, and the exchange of the 
 
76 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 
 
 Austausch der Ratifikations-Urkunden binnen drei Wochen hier 
 stattfinden.'^ 
 
 Zu Urkiuid dessen ist dieses Protokoll in zwei Exemplaren 
 aufgenommen, unterzeichnet und besiegelt worden. 
 
 Geschehen zu Wien, am zwei und zwanzigsten Marz, im Jahre 
 des Heils eintausend achthundert drei und achtzig. 
 
 Kalnoky. H. VII. Reuss. 
 
 L. S. L.S. 
 
 ' Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, March 31, 1883 
 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XI, 10); of Emperor William I, Berlin, 
 March 28, 1883 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika- 
 tionen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, April i, 1883 (original: St. 
 A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XI, 11). 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUSTRQ-GERMAN ALLIANCE 77 
 
 instruments of ratification shall take place here within three 
 weeks. 
 
 In witness whereof this Protocol has been drawn up in two 
 copies, signed, and sealed. 
 
 Done at Vienna, on the twenty-second day of March in the 
 year of grace one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three. 
 
 Kahioky. H. VII. Reuss. 
 
 L. S, L. S, 
 
78 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 7- 
 
 ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY AND WITH GERMANY AND 
 WITH ITALY, 1883 AND 1888. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. 
 Vienna, October 30, 1883} 
 
 S. M. Tempereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo- 
 stolique de Hongrie, et 
 
 S. M. le roi de Roumanie, animes d'un 6gal desir de main- 
 tenir la paix generale, conformement au but poursuivi par I'alli- 
 ance austro-hongroise et alleiftande, d'assurer I'ordre politique et 
 de garantir centre toutes les 6ventualites la parf aite amitid qui les 
 lie, ont resolu de conclure a cette fin un traite qui par sa nature 
 essentiellement conservatrice et defensive ne poursuit que le but 
 de les premunir centre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix 
 de leurs etats. 
 
 A cet effet leurs dites Majestes ont nonune pour leurs pl^ni- 
 potentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo- 
 stolique de Hongrie: le sieur Gustave Kalnoky de Koros-Patak, 
 chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ministre de la maison 
 imperiale et des affaires ^trangeres, g6neral dans ses armies, 
 
 S. M. le roi de Roumanie: le sieur D6metre A. Stourdza, son 
 ministre des affaires etranglres, lesquels, apres s'dtre communique 
 leurs pleins-pouvoirs trouves en bonne et due forme, sont con- 
 venus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amitie 
 et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement dirige contre 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. IS, Geheimakten, XIII a, 15 a. 
 
FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 79 
 
 ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY AND WITH GERMANY AND 
 WITH ITALY. 1883 AND 1888. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. 
 Vienna, October 30, 1883. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and 
 
 His Majesty the King of Rimiania, animated by an equal de- 
 sire to maintain the general peace, in conformity with the aim 
 pursued by the Austro-Hungarian and German Alliance, to as- 
 sure the political order, and to guarantee against aU eventualities 
 the perfect friendship which binds Them together, have deter- 
 mined to conclude to this end a Treaty which by its essentially 
 conservative and defensive nature pursues only the aim of fore- 
 stalling the dangers which might menace the peace of Their 
 States. 
 
 For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their 
 Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Gustavus Kalnoky of 
 Koros-Patak, Chamberlain and Actual Privy Councillor, His 
 Minister of the Imperial Household and of Foreign Affairs, Gen- 
 eral in His Armies, 
 
 His Majesty the King of Rumania: the Sieur Demetrius A. 
 Stourdza, His Minister of Foreign Affairs, who, after having 
 communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and 
 due form, have agreed upon the followmg Articles: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace and 
 friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed 
 against any one of their States. They engage to follow a friendly 
 
8o FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 I'un de leurs etats. Elles s'engagent a suivre une politique amicale 
 et a se prater un appui mutuel dans la limite de leurs inter^ts. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait k 
 gtre attaquee, i'Autriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en temps 
 utile secours et assistance contre I'agresseur. Si rAutriche- 
 Hongrie etait attaquee dans les memes circonstances dans une 
 partie de ses etats limitrophes a la Roumanie, le casus foederis se 
 pr6sentera aussit6t pour cette derniere. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee 
 d'une agression dans les conditions susmentionees les gouveme- 
 ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures k prendre en 
 vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions militaires, 
 notamment celle de I'unite des operations et du passage des terri- 
 toires respectifs, seront reglees par une convention militaire. 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 Si contrairement a leur desir et espoir les hautes parties con- 
 tractantes etaient forcees a une guerre commune dans les circon- 
 stances prevues par les articles precedents, elles s'engagent a ne 
 n6gocier ni conclure separement la paix. 
 
 Article 5. 
 
 Le present traite restera en vigueur pour la duree de cinq ans 
 a partir du jour de I'echange des ratifications. Si une ann6e avant 
 son expiration le present traits n'est pas denonce, ou si la revision 
 n'en est pas demandee par aucune des hautes parties contrac- 
 tantes, il sera considere comme prolonge pour la duree de trois 
 autres annees. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 le secret sur le contenu du present traite. 
 
FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 8 1 
 
 policy and to lend one another mutual support within the limits 
 of their interests. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 If Rumania, without any provocation on her part, should be 
 attacked, Austria-Himgary is bound to bring her in ample time 
 help and assistance against the aggressor. If Austria-Hungary 
 be attacked under the same circimistances in a portion of her 
 states bordering on Rumam'a, the casus foederis wiU immediately 
 arise for the latter. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 If one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself 
 threatened by an aggression imder the abovementioned condi- 
 tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree- 
 ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to cooperation of 
 their armies. These military questions, especially that of the 
 unity of operations and of passage through the respective terri- 
 tories, shall be regulated by a military convention. 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 If, contrary to their desire and hope, the High Contracting 
 Parties are forced into a common war under the circumstances 
 foreseen by the preceding Articles, they engage neither to nego- 
 tiate nor to conclude peace separately. 
 
 Article 5. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of five 
 years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. If 
 the present Treaty is not denounced one year before its expira- 
 tion, or if its revision is not demanded by either of the High Con- 
 tracting Parties, it shaU be regarded as prolonged for a period of 
 three years more. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
82 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 Article 7. 
 
 Le present traite sera ratifi6 et les ratifications seront echangees 
 dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si faire se peut.^ 
 
 En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs Font signfi et y 
 ont appos6 le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Vienne, le trentieme jour du mois d'octobre de I'an de 
 grace mil huit cent qiiatre-vingt-trois. 
 Kalnoky. 
 
 L. S. 
 D. Stourdza. 
 L. S. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty providing for the accession of Germany. 
 Vienna, October 30, 1883? 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, et 
 S. M. le roi de Rouinanie ayant conclu le traite d'amitie et 
 d'alliance suivant: 
 
 [Articles 1-7 of the Austro-Hungaridn-Rumanian Treaty follow] 
 
 ont invite S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, k 
 acc6der aux dispositions du susdit traite. 
 
 En cons6quence S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet effet son representant a Vieime, 
 le conseiller de legation comte Max de Berchem, pour adherer 
 formellement aux stipulations contenues dans le traite susmen- 
 tionn6. En vertu de cet acte d'accession S. M. I'empereur 
 d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, prend au nom de I'empire d'AUe- 
 magne envers L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique 
 de Hongrie et le roi de Roumanie, et en meme temps L. L. M. M. 
 I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi de 
 Roumanie prehnent envers S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi 
 de Prusse, les m^mes engagements auxquels les hautes parties 
 
 2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, November 12, 
 1883 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIII, 17); of King Charles, Pblace 
 of Cotroceni, November 6, 1883 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifi- 
 kationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, November 15, 1883 (origi- 
 nal: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIII, 17). 
 
FIRST RUMAJ^IAN TREATY 83 
 
 Article 7. 
 
 The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall 
 be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed it and have aflBxed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Vienna, the thirtieth day of the month of October in 
 the year of grace one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three. 
 
 Kilnoky. 
 L.S. 
 
 D. Stourdza. 
 L.S. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty providing for the Accession of Germany. 
 Vienna, October 30, 1883. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic Kiiig of Hun- 
 gary, and His Majesty the King of Rumania having concluded 
 the Treaty of friendship and alliance which follows: 
 [Articles j-7 of the Austro-Hungarian-Rumanian Treaty follow.] 
 
 have invited His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty. 
 
 Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His 
 Representative at Vienna, Counsellor of Legation Count Max 
 von Berchem, to adhere formally to the provisions contained in 
 the abovementioned Treaty. In virtue of this Act of Accession 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, takes in 
 the name of the German Empire towards Their Majesties the 
 Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King 
 of Rumania, and at the same time Their Majesties the Emperor 
 of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King of Rumania 
 take towards His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, the same engagements by which the High Contracting 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. IS, Geheimakten, XIII a, is-b. 
 
84 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 contractantes se sont mutuellement obligees par les stipulations 
 dudit trait6 ins6re ci-dessus. 
 
 Le present acte d'accession sera ratifie et les ratifications seront 
 6chang6es dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si faire se 
 peut.* En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont sign6 
 le present acte d'accession et y ont appos6 le sceau de leurs armes. 
 Fait k Vienne, le trentifeme jour du mois d'octobre de I'an mil 
 huit cent quatre-vingt-trois. 
 Kalnoky. 
 
 L.S. 
 Berchem. 
 
 L.S. 
 D. Stourdza. 
 L.S. 
 
 (c) 
 Treaty providing for the accession of Italy. Vienna, May 15, 1888.^ 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BohSme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie, et 
 
 S. M. le roi de Roumanie, ayant conclu le 30 octobre 1883 un 
 traite d'amitie et d'aUiance, actuellement en vigueur, traite dont 
 la teneur suit: 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows.] 
 
 Ce traite ayant regu a la meme date I'accession de S. M. 
 I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 et ayant ete ensuite communique par les hautes parties con- 
 tractantes susmentionnees ^ S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec I'invitation 
 k y acceder, 
 
 S. M. le roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce trait6 
 a ete conclu et qui est la conservation de la paix generale et de 
 I'ordre existant, a autorise le soussignS, sieur Constantin comte de 
 Nigra, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire auprSs 
 
 * Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, November 12, 
 1883 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIII, 17); of Emperor William I, 
 Berlin, November 11, 18S3 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsur- 
 kunden) ; of King Charles, Palace of Cotroceni, November 6, 1883 (ibid.) ; Protocol 
 of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 
FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 85 
 
 Parties have mutually bound themselves according to the stipu- 
 lations of the said Treaty inserted above. 
 
 The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica- 
 tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or 
 sooner if may be. In witness whereof the respective Plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the present Act of Accession and have aflSxed 
 thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Vienna, the thirtieth day of the month of October in 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three. 
 Kahioky. 
 
 L.S. 
 Berchem. 
 
 L.S. 
 D. Stourdza. 
 L.S. 
 
 (c) 
 Treaty providing for the accession of Italy. Vienna, May 15, 1888. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and 
 
 His Majesty the King of Rumania, having concluded on 
 October 30, 1883, a Treaty of friendship and alliance, now in 
 force, the tenor of which Treaty follows: 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows.] 
 
 This Treaty having received on the same date the Accession 
 of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 and having been then communicated by the abovementioned 
 High Contracting Parties to His Majesty the King of Italy, with 
 an invitation to accede thereto, 
 
 His Majesty the King of Italy, approving the purpose for 
 which this Treaty has been concluded, and which is the preserva- 
 tion of the general peace and of the existing order, has authorized 
 the undersigned, Sieur Constantine Count de Nigra, His Ambas- 
 
 Rumania, Vienna, November 19, 1883 (original: St. A., PoUt. Arch., Geheimakten, 
 XIII, 17). 
 
 » Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 22, Geheimakten, XIII b, 76. 
 
86 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 de S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, a 
 declarer en son nom qu'il accede au dit trait6 dans les limites 
 ci-apres indiquees en ce qui concerne les stipulations des articles 
 2 et 3, savoir: 
 
 Si les 6ventualit6s pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis, tel 
 qu'il est prevu dans les articles 2 et 3, venaient a se produire, 
 L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, 
 le roi d'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie prennent I'engagement 
 mutuel de se concerter en temps utile pour une action commune 
 dont les modalites seront regl6es par une convention speciale. 
 
 La presente accession sera en vigueur pour cinq ans a dater 
 du jour de la signature; mais si le traite principal du 30 octobre 
 1883 venait a expirer avant ce terme, elle sera consid6ree comme 
 expiree en m^me temps. 
 
 Le secret sera garde sur cet acte d'accession qui ne pourra 
 6tre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties 
 cpntractantes. 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boh^me etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie, a autorise de son cote le soussigne, sieur Gustave 
 comte Kalnoky de Koros-Patak, chambellan et conseiller intim^ 
 actuel, son ministre de la maison I.''' et des affaires etrangeres, 
 lieutenant-feldmar6chal dans ses armees, a declarer en son nom 
 qu'il accepte, dans les termes ci-dessus relates et avec les m^mes 
 obligations mutuelles, I'accession de S. M. le roi d'ltalie au trait6 
 du 30 octobre 1883. 
 
 Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratifie par 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique 
 de Hongrie, et par S. M. le roi d'ltalie, et les ratifications seront 
 6changees le plus tot possible.* 
 
 En foi de quoi les soussignes, 
 
 le sieur Gustave comte Kalnoky de Koros-Patak, chambellan 
 et conseiller intime actuel, ministre de la maison I.'^' et des affaires 
 
 " Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, May 26, 1888 
 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, Xlllb, n. 80); of King Humbert, Rome, 
 May 28, 1888 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; Proto- 
 col of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, June 2, 1888 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., 
 Geheimakten, XIII b, n. 83). 
 
FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 87 
 
 sador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the 
 Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, to declare in 
 His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within the limits 
 indicated below so far as concerns the provisions of Articles 2 
 and 3, to wit: 
 
 If eventuahties that could give rise to the casus foederis, as it 
 is foreseen in Articles 2 and 3, should chance to occur, Their 
 Majesties the Emperor of Austria, ApostoUc King of Hungary, 
 the King of Italy, and the King of Rumania assume a mutual 
 engagement to take counsel together in ample time as to common 
 action, the detailed procedure of which shall be regulated by a 
 special convention. 
 
 The present Accession shall be in force for five years, dating 
 from the day of signature; but if the principal Treaty of Octo- 
 ber 30, 1883, happen to expire before this period, it shall be con- 
 sidered as having expired at the same time. 
 
 This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re- 
 vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting 
 Parties. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary has for his part authorized the 
 imdersigned, Sieur Gustavus Count Kalnoky of Koros-Patak, 
 Chamberlain and Actual Privy Councillor, His Minister of the 
 Imperial Household and of Foreign Affairs, Lieutenant-Field- 
 marshal in His Armies, to declare in His name that He accepts in 
 the terms above stated, and with the same mutual obligations, 
 the Accession of His Majesty the King of Italy to the Treaty of 
 October 30, 1883. 
 
 The present Act of Accession and of acceptance shall be rati- 
 fied by His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, 
 etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and by His Majesty the 
 King of Italy, and the ratifications shall be exchanged as soon 
 as possible. 
 
 In witness whereof the undersigned, 
 
 the Sieur Gustavus Count Kalnoky of Koros-Patak, Chamber- 
 lain and Actual Privy Councillor, Minister of the Imperial 
 Household and of Foreign Affairs of His Majesty the Emperor 
 
88 FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 6trangeres de S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BoMme etc. et 
 roi apostolique de Hongrie, lieutenant-feldmarechal, et le sieur 
 Constantin comte de Nigra, ambassadeur extraordinaire et 
 plenipotentiaire de S. M. le roi d'ltalie aupres de S. M. I'empereur 
 d'Autriche, roi de Boh^me etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, 
 
 ont signe le present acte et y ont appose le cachet de leurs 
 armes. 
 
 Fait a Vienne, le quinzieme jour du mois de mai de I'an de 
 gr^ce mil huit cent quatre-vingt-huit. 
 
 Kdlnoky. Nigra. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
FIRST RUMANIAN TREATY 89 
 
 of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hun- 
 gary, Lieutenant-Fieldmarshal, and the Sieur Constantine Count 
 de Nigra, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His 
 Majesty the King of Italy to His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, 
 King of Bohemia, etc., and ApostoHc King of Hungary, 
 
 have signed the present Act and have aflSxed thereto the seal 
 of their arms. 
 
 Done at Vienna, the fifteenth day of the month of May in the 
 year of grace one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight. 
 
 Kalnoky. Nigra. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
90 PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS 
 
 8. 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE LEAGUE OF 
 THE THREE EMPERORS. 1884. 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, concerning 
 the prolongation of their Treaty of 1881} 
 
 L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, 
 I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, I'empereur de toutes les 
 Russies ayant r6solu de prolonger de trois ans la duree du traits 
 conclu entre elles le 18 juin 1881, ont nomme a cet efEet: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi, son ambassa- 
 deur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur 
 d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Othon 
 prince de Bismarck, son president du conseil des ministres, chan- 
 celier de I'empire, 
 
 S. M. I'empereur de toutes les Russies, le sieur Nicolas prince 
 Orloff, son aide-de-camp general, general de cavalerie, son am- 
 bassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'em- 
 pereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse. 
 
 Les dits plenipotentiaires reunis aujourd'hui au ministere des 
 affaires 6trangeres a BerUn, apres avoir produit et verifie leurs 
 pleins-pouvoirs, declarent au nom de leurs augustes souverains, 
 que L. L. M. M. sont convenues de prolonger de trois ans a partir 
 du 18 juin de I'annee courante la duree du traite secret conclu 
 entre elles le 18 juin 1881 et dont le texte se trouve aimex6 a ce 
 profocole,^ apres avoir subi les deux modifications suivantes sur 
 lesquelles les soussignes au nom de leurs souverains sont tombes 
 d'accord. 
 
 I. Le troisieme alinea du premier article, congu en ces termes: 
 
 " Pour le cas special ou I'une d'eUes obtiendrait de I'un de 
 ses deux allies un concours plus positif, la valeur obligatoire du 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 17, Geheimakten, XII, 46. 
 
 '^ In the original draft of this document there also follows a repetition of the 
 
PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS 91 
 
 8. 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE LEAGUE OF 
 THE THREE EMPERORS. 1884. 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, concerning 
 the prolongation of their Treaty of 1881. 
 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of 
 Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the Em- 
 peror of All the Russias, having resolved to prolong for three 
 years the duration of the Treaty concluded between Them June 
 18, 1881, have appointed for this purpose: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc. 
 and ApostoUc ELing of Hungary, the Sieur Emeric Count Sze- 
 chenjd. His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the 
 Sieur Otto Prince Bismarck, His President of the Council of 
 Ministers, Chancellor of the Empire, 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Sieur Nicholas 
 Prince Orloff, His Aide-de-Camp General, General of Cavalry, 
 His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia. 
 
 The said Plenipotentiaries, assembled together this day at the 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Berlin, after having produced and 
 verified their fuU powers, declare, in the name of their August 
 Sovereigns, that Their Majesties are agreed upon prolonging for 
 three years, dating from June 18 of the current year, the duration 
 of the secret Treaty concluded between them, June 18, 1881, the 
 text of which is to be found aflSxed to this Protocol,* after it has 
 undergone the two following modifications, upon which the under- 
 signed, in the name of their Sovereigns, have come to an agree- 
 ment. 
 
 I. The third paragraph of the first Article, worded in these 
 
 terms: 
 
 "In the special case where one of them should obtain a more 
 
 Treaty of June 18, 1881, including the changes agreed upon, and the Separate Pro- 
 tocol of June 18, 1 881. 
 
92 PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS 
 
 pr6seiit article restera dans toute sa vigueur pour la troisi^me." 
 est supprime. 
 
 2. Dans la second alinea du second article les mots: 
 
 " de la Turquie d'Europe " sont remplaces par les mots: 
 
 " de la dite peninsule." 
 
 Les ratifications du present protocole seront 6changees k Ber- 
 lin dans I'espace de trois semaines ou plus t6t si faire se peut.' 
 
 En foi de quoi les soussignes ont dresse le present protocole 
 expedie en trois exemplaires qu'ils ont rev^tus de leurs signatures 
 et des cachets de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Berlin, le vingt-septieme jour du mois de mars mil huit 
 cent quatre-vingt et quatre. 
 
 Szlchenjd. 
 L. S. 
 
 V. Bismarck. 
 L. S. 
 
 Orloff. 
 L. S. 
 
 ' Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in a copy each for the 
 German Empire and Russia, Vienna, April 6, 1884 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., 
 Geheimakten, XII, 47); of Emperor William I, Berlin, April 14, 1884 (original: 
 St. A., Polit. Arch., Sanmilung der geheimen Ratifikationen); of Emperor Alexan- 
 der III, Gatschina, March 27/April 8, 1884 (original: ihid.); Protocol of exchange 
 of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and Russia, Berlin, 
 April IS, 1884 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XII, 49). 
 
PROLONGATION OF LEAGUE OF THREE EMPERORS 93 
 
 positive support from one of its two Allies, the obligatory value 
 of the present Article shall remain in all its force for the third." 
 is suppressed. 
 
 2. Jn the second paragraph of the second Article the words: 
 
 "of Turkey in Europe" are replaced by the words: 
 
 "of the said peninsula." 
 
 The ratifications of the present Protocol shall be exchanged at 
 Berlin within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the undersigned have drawn up the present 
 Protocol, prepared in three copies, to which they have aflSxed 
 their signatures and the seals of their arms. 
 
 Done at Berlin, the twenty-seventh day of the month of 
 March, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four. 
 Szechenyi. 
 
 L.S. 
 V. Bismarck. 
 
 L.S. 
 Orloff. 
 
 L.S. 
 
94 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT OF GREAT 
 BRITAIN, ITALY, AND AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY IN 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Italian Note to the British Government in regard to a Mediterranean 
 Agreement. London, February 12, 1887} 
 
 DiSPACCIO DEL CONTE CORTI A LOED SALISBURY.^ 
 
 12. Februar 1887.* 
 
 Le soussigne ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire 
 de S. M. le roi d'ltalie a regu de son gouvernement I'ordre de 
 porter a la connaissance de S. E. le marquis de Salisbury, princi- 
 pal secretaire d'etat de S. M. britannique pour les affaires 
 etrangeres, ce qui suit: 
 
 Le gouvernement de S. M. le roi, anime du desir d'etablir avec 
 celm de S. M. la reine une entente sur diverses questions concern- 
 ant leurs interets, est d'avis que ce but pourrait ^tre atteint par 
 I'adoption des bases suivantes: 
 
 P- On maintiendra autant que possible le statu quo dans la 
 Mediterannee (!) ainsi que dans I'Adriatique, la mer Egee et la 
 mer Noire. On aura par consequent soin de surveiller et au besoin 
 d'empecher tout changement qui, sous la forme d'annexion, occu- 
 pation, protectorat ou d'une toute autre maniere quelconque, por- 
 terait atteinte a la situation actuelle au detriment des deux 
 puissances. 
 
 IP Si le maintien du statu quo devient impossible, on fera en 
 sorte qu'il ne se produise une modification quelconque qu'a la suite 
 d'un accord prealable entre les deux puissances. 
 
 IIP L'ltalie est toute prete a appuyer Toeuvre de la Grande- 
 Bretagne en Egypte. La Grande-Bretagne a son tour est dis- 
 
 ' Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 20, 
 Geheimakten, XIV, 4. 
 
 ^ There is added in Count Kilnoky's handwriting : " Abschrift mitgetheilt 
 
FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 95 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT OF GREAT 
 BRITAIN, ITALY, AND AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY IN 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Italian Note to the British Government in regard to a Mediterranean 
 
 Agreement. London, February 12, i88y. 
 
 Despatch of Count Corti to Lord Salisbury.^ 
 
 February 12, 1887.' 
 
 The undersigned, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipo- 
 tentiary of His Majesty the King of Italy, has received from his 
 Government instructions to bring to the atteiition of His Excel- 
 lency the Marquess of Sahsbury, Principal Secretary of State ot 
 Her Britannic Majesty for Foreign Affairs, the following: 
 
 The Government of His Majesty the King, animated by the 
 desire of estabUshing with that of Her Majesty the Queen an 
 understanding upon various questions concerning their interests, 
 is of the opinion that this object could be attained by the adop- 
 tion of the following bases: 
 
 I. The status quo in the Mediterranean as well as in the Adri- 
 atic, the Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea shall be maintained so 
 far as possible. Care must be taken in consequence to watch, 
 and, if need be, to prevent any change, which, under form of 
 annexation, occupation, protectorate, or in any other manner 
 whatsoever, would affect the present situation to the detriment of 
 the two Powers. 
 
 II. If the maintenance of the status quo becomes impossible, 
 they shall so act that no modification whatsoever shall occur 
 except after a previous agreement between the two Powers. 
 
 III. Italy is entirely ready to support the work of Great 
 Britain in Egypt. Great Britain in her turn is disposed, in case 
 
 durch Graf Nigra. 19./2. 1887." ("Copy communicated through Count Nigra. 
 February 19, 1887.") 
 
 ' Added in Count K^lnoky's handwriting. 
 
g6 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 posee a appuyer, en cas d'envahissements de la part d'une tierce 
 puissance, Taction de I'ltalie sur tout autre point quelconque du 
 littoral nord d'Afrique et notamment dans la Tripolitaine et la 
 Cyrenaique. 
 
 IV° En general et pour autant que les circonstances le com- 
 porteront, I'ltalie et TAngleterre se promettent appui mutuel 
 dans la M6diterranee pour tout differend qui surgirait entre I'une 
 d'elles et une tierce puissance. 
 
 En exprimant la confiance que ces bases recevront I'assentiment 
 du gouvernement de S. M. la reine, le soussign6 saisit etc. 
 
 (b) 
 
 British Note to the Italian Government in regard to a Mediterranean 
 Agreement. London, February 12, i88y* 
 
 Antwort des Lord Salisbury an Grafen Corti.* 
 
 Secret. 
 
 The statement of Italian policy which is contained in your 
 Exc.'' dispatch of the i2"'- of February^ has been received by 
 H. M.'= Government with great satisfaction, as it enables them 
 to reciprocate cordially Count Robilant's friendly sentiments and 
 to express their own desire to cooperate generally with the 
 Government of Italy in matters of common interest to the two 
 countries. The character of that cooperation must be decided 
 by them, when the occasion for it arises, according to the cir- 
 cumstances of the case. 
 
 In the interest of peace and of the independence of the terri- 
 tories adjacent to the Mediterranean sea. Her Majesty's Govern- 
 
 ' Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 20, 
 Geheimakten, XIV, 5 a. 
 
 ^ Added to the manuscript by Count Kdlnoky: "Abschrift, mitgetheilt durch 
 Graf Nigra, 19./2. 1887." (" Copy, communicated through Count Nigra, February 
 19, 1887.") 
 
 " "I2"'- of February" inserted by Count Kdlnoky. 
 
FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 97 
 
 of encroachments on the part of a third Power, to support the 
 action of Italy at every other point whatsoever of the North 
 African coast districts, and especially in Tripolitania and Cy- 
 renaica. 
 
 IV. In general, and to the extent that circumstances shall per- 
 mit, Italy and England promise one another mutual support in 
 the Mediterranean in every difference which may arise between 
 one of them and a third Power. 
 
 In expressing the confidence that these bases wiU receive the 
 assent of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty the Queen, 
 the undersigned avails himself, etc. 
 
 ment wish to act in the closest concert and agreement with that 
 of Italy. Both powers desire that the shores of the Euxine, the 
 Aegean, the Adriatic and the northern coast of Africa shall re- 
 main in the same hands as now. If, owing to some calamitous 
 events, it becomes impossible to maintain the absolute status 
 quo, both powers desire that there shall be no extension of the 
 domination of any other Great Power over any portion of those 
 coasts. It will be the earnest desire of H. M.'» Government to 
 give their best cooperation, as hereinbefore expressed, to the 
 Government of Italy in maintaining these cardinal principles of 
 policy. 
 
98 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 ic) 
 
 Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Agreement. London, 
 
 March 24, 1887.'' 
 
 Note * du comte KArolyi au marquis de Salisbury. 
 
 24 mars 1887. 
 
 J'ai I'honneur, d'ordre de mon gouvernement, d'adresser 5, 
 Votre Excellence la communication suivante: 
 
 C'est avec une Vive satisfaction que le cabinet de Vienne a pris 
 connaissance de I'entente intervenue entre le cabinet britannique 
 et celui d'ltalie sur les bases d'une politique commune a suivre 
 dans les questions de la Mediterranee et des mers adjacentes. 
 
 Je suis charge d'exprimer a Votre Excellence tous les remerci- 
 ments du gouvernement I. et R. d'avoir Ite initie sans perte de 
 temps dans cet accord important et eminemment conservateur. 
 
 Anime, avant tout, du desir de contribuer autant que possible 
 au maintien du droit public europeen et de la paix, le gouverne- 
 ment austro-hongrois est heureux de pouvoir constater que les 
 principes fondamentaux et les buts poUtiques qui se trouvent 
 etablis par cette entente sont conformes k ceux qui guident la 
 politique de rAutriche-Hongrie. 
 
 Mu par la conviction que ces buts seraient mieux assures par 
 notre concours, le gouvernement de S. M. I. et R. apostolique 
 est pr6t a adli6rer aux declarations d'amitie et d'identite de vues 
 politiques telles qu'elles sont consignees dans les notes echangees 
 entre Votre Excellence et M. le comte Corti sous la date du 12 
 fevrier a. c; 
 
 En prononf ant cette adhesion, le gouvernement austro-hongrois 
 se fehcite particuherement du rapprochement politique entre 
 I'Angleterre et I'Autriche-Hongrie et de la consoUdatiori des 
 rapports reciproques qui en resulte. Ces rapports se trouveront 
 par la distinctement' plac6s sur une base commune visant la 
 poursuite de buts identiques et la defense d'interSts communs. 
 
 ' Draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XIV, n. 31. 
 
 ' "Note" in the title originally read "Projet de note.'' "Projet de" was eli- 
 minated. On the margin Count Kilnoky added in his own handwriting: "Defi- 
 nitiver Text." 
 
FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 99 
 
 (c) 
 
 Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Agreement. London, 
 March 24, 1887. 
 
 Note of Count KXrolyi to the Marquess of Salisbury. 
 
 March 24, 1887. 
 
 I have the honor, by order of my Government, to address to 
 Your Excellency the following communication: 
 
 It is with a lively satisfaction that the Cabinet of Vienna has 
 taken cognizance of the understanding reached between the 
 British Cabinet and that of Italy on the bases of a common poUcy 
 to be followed in the questions of the Mediterranean and of the 
 adjacent seas. 
 
 I am charged with expressing to Your Excellency the deepest 
 thanks of the Imperial and Royal Government for having been 
 apprised without loss of time of this important and eminently 
 conservative agreement. 
 
 Animated, above all things, by the desire to contribute so far 
 as possible to the maintenance of European public law and of 
 peace, the Austro-Hungarian Government is happy to be able to 
 note that the fundamental principles and the poHtical objects 
 which are established by this understanding <;onform to those 
 which guide the policy of Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Moved by the conviction that these objects would best be as- 
 sured by our cooperation, the Government of His Imperial and 
 Royal Apostolic Majesty is ready to adhere to the declarations of 
 friendship and of identity of poUtical views such as are recorded 
 in the notes exchanged between Your Excellency and Count Corti 
 under date of February 12 of the current year. 
 
 In announcing this adhesion, the Austro-Hungarian Govern- 
 ment congratulates itself particularly on the poUtical rapproche- 
 ment between England and Austria-Hungary and on the result- 
 ing consolidation of reciprocal relations. These relations will 
 thereby be distinctly placed on a common basis looking to the- 
 pursuit of identical aims and the defence of common interests. 
 
lOO FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 Bien que les questions de la Mediterranee en general ne tou- 
 chent pas en premiere ligne les interSts de I'Autriche-Hongrie, 
 mon gouvernement a la conviction que I'Angleterre et TAutriche- 
 Hongrie ont les m6mes interets en ce qui concerne I'ensemble de la 
 question d'Orient et des lors le mSme besoin d'y maintenir autant 
 que possible le status quo, d'emp^cher I'extension d'une puissance 
 au detriment des autres et par consequent d'agir de concert pour 
 faire valoir ces principes cardinaux de leur politque. 
 
 En exprimant la confiance que ces declarations recevront 
 I'assentiment cordial du gouvernement de S. M. la reine, Je saisis 
 etc. 
 
 (d) 
 
 I Mian acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary. 
 
 London, March 24, i88y? 
 A S. E. le comte Karolyi, ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie, 
 
 Londres. 
 
 Londres, le 24 mars 1887. 
 Monsieur I'ambassadeur, 
 
 J'ai eu I'honneur de recevoir la communication de V. E. de ce 
 jour par laquelle elle veut bien me faire connaitre que le gouverne- 
 ment de S. M. I'empereur, anime du desir de contribuer au main- 
 tien du droit public europeen et de la paix, et estimant que 
 I'entente intervenue entre les gouvernements d'ltalie et d'Angle- 
 terre, et formulee par les notes echangees le 12 fevrier dernier 
 entre Mr. le marquis de Salisbury et moi, est conforme a la poli- 
 tique de I'Autriche-Hongrie, y faisait adhesion. 
 
 Conformement aux ordres que j'ai regus de mon gouverne- 
 ment j'ai I'honneur d'exprimer a V. E. la sincere satisfaction que 
 le gouvernement de S. M. le roi a eprouve en apprenant que celui 
 de S. M. I. et R. A. etait anime de ces dispositions lesquelles ne 
 pouvaient que raffermir toujours plus les r61ations de bonne amitie 
 existant entre les deux 6tats, et je m'empresse d'accepter au nom 
 du gouvernement de S. M. le roi radh6sion de celui de S. M. 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 20, Geheimakten, XIV, n. 31. 
 
FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT lOI 
 
 Although the questions of the Mediterranean in general do not 
 primarily affect the interests of Austria-Hungary, my Govern- 
 ment has the conviction that England and Austria-Hungary 
 have the same interests so far as concerns the Eastern Question 
 as a whole, and therefore the same need of maintaining the status 
 quo in the Orient, so far as possible, of preventing the aggrandize- 
 ment of one Power to the detriment of others, and consequently 
 of acting in concert in order to insure these cardinal principles 
 of their policy. 
 
 In expressing the confidence that these declarations will re- 
 ceive the cordial assent of the Government of Her Majesty the 
 Queen, I avail myself, etc. 
 
 id) 
 
 Italian acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary. 
 London, March 24, 1887. 
 
 To His Excellency Count Karolyi, Ambassador of Austria- 
 Hungary, London. 
 
 London, March 24, 1887. 
 Mr. Ambassador, 
 
 I have had the honor to receive the communication of Your 
 Excellency of today by which you have been good enough to 
 inform me that the Government of His Majesty the Emperor, 
 animated by the desire to contribute to the maintenance of Euro- 
 pean pubUc law and of peace, and beheving that the understand- 
 ing reached between the Governments of Italy and of England, 
 and formulated in the notes exchanged February 12 last between 
 the Marquess of Salisbury and myself, conforms to the policy of 
 Austria-Hungary, adheres thereto. 
 
 In conformity with the orders which I have received from my 
 Government I have the honor to express to Your Excellency the 
 sincere satisfaction which the Government of His Majesty the 
 King has shown on learning that the Government of His Imperial 
 and Royal Apostolic Majesty was animated by these intentions, 
 which can only make ever firmer the relations of good friendship 
 existing between the two States; and I hasten to accept in the 
 
I02 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 I'empereur a I'entente italo-anglaise, ainsi que cette adhesion a 
 ^te formul6e par la communication precitee de V. E. 
 
 Je saisis cette occasion pour vous offrir, Mr. I'ambassadeurj 
 I'assurance de ma plus haute consideration. 
 
 L. Corti 
 ambassadeur d'ltalie. 
 
 (e) 
 
 British acknowledgment of the accession of Austria-Hungary. 
 London, March 24, 1887}° 
 
 His Excellency the Count Karolyi, etc. etc. etc. 
 
 Foreign Office, March 24, 1887. 
 Monsieur I'ambassadeur, 
 
 It is a matter of the liveliest satisfaction to H. M^'^ Govern- 
 ment that the exchange of views which has passed between 
 England and Italy, and which has been communicated to the 
 Cabinet of Vienna, has met with their approbation, and has been 
 recognized by them as tending to the preservation of European 
 peace and the maintenance of public right. 
 
 H. M'''^ Government received with no less gratification the 
 intimation that the Austro-Hungarian Government are prepared 
 to adhere to those declarations of friendship and of identity in 
 poMtical views which are embodied in the communications be- 
 tween England and Italy; and they concur in the belief that the 
 cordial relations, based on a similarity of interests and policy, 
 which have long subsisted between the two countries, will be 
 strengthened and established by the present proceeding. 
 
 They are fully convinced that, in respect to the political future 
 of the territories which are washed by the Mediterranean and the 
 adjacent seas, the interests of Austria-Hungary are closely related 
 to those of Great Britain and Italy. It is rather, however, with 
 
 '° Original: ibid. 
 
FIRST MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT I03 
 
 name of the Government of His Majesty the King the adhesion 
 of that of His Majesty the Emperor to the Italo-EngUsh under- 
 standing, as this adhesion has been formulated in the above- 
 mentioned communication of Your Excellency. 
 
 I avail myself of this occasion to tender you, Mr. Ambassador, 
 the assurance of my highest consideration. 
 
 L. Corti 
 Ambassador of Italy, 
 
 the Euxine and the Aegean than with the western portion of the 
 Mediterranean that the poHcy of Austria is engaged. 
 
 But in respect to the territories bordering on those seas whose 
 political status more specially affects the interests of the Austro- 
 Hungarian Empire, the objects of English and Austrian pohcy 
 are the same, and the principles which ought to guide it are clearly 
 indicated in the communications to which Count Kalnoky has 
 expressed his willingness to adhere. 
 
 Without determining beforehand the character which the co- 
 operation of the two Powers ought in any particular contingency 
 to take, the efforts of H. M^'^ Government in harmony with those 
 of the Austro-Hungarian Government will be constantly directed 
 to secure in these regions the maintenance, so long as it shall be 
 possible, of the status quo, and, should that unhappily cease to 
 be possible, the prevention of the growth of any novel domination 
 hostile to the interests of the two countries. 
 
 I have the honour to be, with the highest consideration, Mr. 
 I'ambassadeur, your Exc. most obedient, humble servant 
 
 Salisbury. 
 
I04 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 lO. 
 
 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 The second Treaty of the Triple Alliance between Austria-Hungary, 
 the German Empire, and Italy. Berlin, February 20, 1887} 
 
 L. L. M. M. 
 
 I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boh^me etc. et roi apostolique 
 de Hongrie, 
 
 I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 et le roi d'ltalie 
 animes du desir de maintenir les liens etablis entre leurs 6tats et 
 leurs gouvernements par le trait6 conclu S, Vienne le 20 mai 1882, 
 ont resolu d'en prolonger la duree au moyen d'un trait6 addition- 
 nel et ont, k cet effet, nomme pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boh6me etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi de S^rv&ri 
 Felso-Videk, chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ambas- 
 sadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur 
 d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Othon 
 prince de Bismarck, son president du conseil des ministres de 
 Prusse, chancelier de I'empire, 
 
 S. M. le roi d'ltalie, le sieur Edouard comte de Launay, son 
 ambassadeur extraordinaire et pl6nipotentiaire pres S. M. I'em- 
 pereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 lesquels, munis de pleins-pouvoirs, qui ont et6 trouves en bonne 
 et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Le traite d'aUiance conclu a Vienne le 20 mai 1882 entre les 
 puissances signataires du present traite additionnel, est confirm^ et 
 conserve en vigueur dans toute son 6tendue jusqu'au 30 mai 1892. 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 18, Geheimakten, XV, 85. 
 
SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE I05 
 
 10. 
 
 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE, 
 
 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 
 The Second Treaty of the Triple Alliance between Austria-Hungary, 
 
 the German Empire, and Italy. Berlin, February 20, 1887. 
 
 Their Majesties 
 
 the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic 
 King of Hungary, 
 
 the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 and the King of Italy, 
 animated by the desire of maintaining the bonds estabhshed be- 
 tween Their States and Their Governments by the Treaty con- 
 cluded at Vienna on May 20, 1882, have resolved to prolong its 
 duration by means of an Additional Treaty, and for this pur- 
 pose have appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and ApostoUc King of Hungary, the Sieur Emeric Count Sze- 
 chenyi of Sarvari Felso-Videk, Chamberlain and Actual Privy 
 Councillor, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 
 to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the 
 Sieur Otto Prince Bismarck, His President of the Council of 
 Ministers of Prussia, Chancellor of the Empire, 
 
 His Majesty the King of Italy, the Sieur Edward Count de 
 Launay, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 who, furnished with full powers, which have been found in 
 good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 The Treaty of Alliance concluded at Vienna on May 20, 1882, 
 between the Powers signatory to the present Additional Treaty, 
 is confirmed and kept in force in its whole extent until May 30, 
 1892. 
 
I06 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Le present traite sera ratifie et les ratifications en seront 
 6changees a Berlin dans le d^lai de quinze jours, ou plus t6t si 
 faire se peut.^ 
 
 En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont sign6 le 
 present traite additionnel et y ont appose leur cachet. 
 
 Fait a Berlin le vingtiSme jour du mois de fevrier mil huit cent 
 quatre-vingt-sept. 
 
 L. S. Szeclien)d. 
 
 L. S. V. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. Launay. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Separate Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Berlin, 
 February 20, i88y.^ 
 
 L. L. M. M. 
 
 I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BoMme etc. et roi apostolique de 
 Hongrie, 
 
 et le roi d'ltalie, 
 
 jugeant opportun de donner quelque developpement au traite 
 d'alliance signe a Vienne le 20 mai 1882 et dont la prolongation 
 a 6te stipulee aujourd'hui par un acte additioimel, ont resolu de 
 conclure un traite separe qui tienne toujours mieux compte des 
 int^rSts r^ciproques de leurs etats et de leurs gouvernements, et 
 ont a cet effet nomme pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BohSme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie, le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi de Sirviri 
 Felso-Videk, chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ambassa- 
 deur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur 
 d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 ' Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, February 27, 
 1887 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 87); of Emperor William I, 
 Berlin, February 27, 1887 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen 
 Ratifikationen); of King Humbert, Rome, March 6, 1887 (ibid.); Protocol of ex- 
 
SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 10/ 
 
 Article II. 
 
 The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall 
 be exchanged at BerUn within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if 
 may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 the present Additional Treaty and have affixed thereto their seal. 
 
 Done at Berlin, the twentieth day of the month of February, 
 one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven. 
 
 L. S. Szech^njd. 
 
 L. S. V. Bismarck. 
 
 L. S. Launay. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Separate Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Berlin, 
 February 20, 1887. 
 
 Their Majesties 
 
 the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic 
 King of Hungary, 
 
 and the King of Italy, 
 
 deeming it opportune to give some development to the Treaty 
 of Alliance signed at Vieima on May 20, 1882, the prolongation 
 of which has been stipulated today by an Additional Act, have 
 resolved to conclude a Separate Treaty which shall take ever 
 better account ^f the reciprocal interests of Their States and of 
 Their Governments, and have for this purpose appointed as 
 Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Sieur Emeric Count Sze- 
 chenja of Sarvari Felso-Videk, Chamberlain and Actual Privy 
 Councillor, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 
 to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 change of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and Italy, 
 Berlin, March 10, 1887 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 91). 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 18, Geheimakten, XV, 85. 
 
I08 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 S. M. le roi d'ltalie, le sieur Edouard comte de Launay, son 
 ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. 
 I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 lesquels, munis de pleins-pouvoirs trouves en bonne et due 
 forme, sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes, n'ayant en vue que le main- 
 tien, autant que possible, du status quo territorial en Orient, 
 s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modi- 
 fication territoriale qui porterait donunage k I'une ou a I'autre 
 des puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communi- 
 queront tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer mutuelle- 
 ment sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles d'autres 
 puissances. 
 
 Toutefois dans le cas ou, par suite des evenements, le maintien 
 du status quo dans les r6gions des Balkans ou des c6tes et lies 
 ottomanes dans I'Adriatique et dans la mer Eg6e deviendrait im- 
 possible, et que, soit en consequence de Paction d'une puissance 
 tierce, soit autrement, I'Autriche-Hongrie ou I'ltalie se verraient 
 dans la necessite de le modifier par une occupation temporaire ou 
 permanente de leur part, cette occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un 
 accord prealable entre les deux susdites pmssances, base sur le 
 principe d'une compensation r6ciproque pour tout avantage terri- 
 torial ou autre que chacune d'elles obtiendrait en sus du statu quo 
 actuel, et donnant satisfaction aux interets et aux pretentions bien 
 fondees des deux parties. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement le 
 secret sur le contenu du pr6sent trait6. , 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Le present trait6 entrera en vigueur dSs le jour de I'echange 
 des ratifications et le restera jusqu'au 30 mai 1892. 
 
SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE IO9 
 
 His Majesty the King of Italy, the Sieur Edward Count de 
 Launay, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 who, furnished with full powers found in good and due form, 
 have agreed upon the following Articles : 
 
 Article I. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties, having in mind only the main- 
 tenance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the 
 Orient, engage to use their influence to forestall any territorial 
 modification which might be injurious to one or the other of the 
 Powers signatory to the present Treaty. They shall communi- 
 cate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten each 
 other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well as 
 those of other Powers. 
 
 However, if, in the course of events, the maintenance of the 
 status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts 
 and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become 
 impossible, and if, whether in consequence of the action of a 
 third Power or otherwise, Austria-Hungary or Italy should find 
 themselves imder the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or 
 permanent occupation on their part, this occupation shall take 
 place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers 
 aforesaid, based upon the principle of a reciprocal compensation 
 for every advantage, territorial or other, which each of them might 
 obtain beyond the present status quo, and giving satisfaction to 
 the interests and well founded claims of the two Parties. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 The present Treaty shall enter into force from the day of the 
 exchange of ratifications and shall remain so until May 30, 1892. 
 
no SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Les ratifications en seront echangees k Berlin dans un delai 
 de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire se peut.* 
 
 En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le 
 present traite et y ont appose leur cachet. 
 
 Fait a Berlin le vingtieme jour du mois de fevrier mil huit cent 
 quatre-vingt-sept. 
 
 L.S. Szechenyi. 
 
 L.S. Launay. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Separate Treaty between the German Empire and Italy. Berlin, 
 February 20, i88y.^ 
 
 L. L. M. M. le roi d'ltalie et I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de 
 Prusse voulant, dans un esprit de bonne entente mutuelle, res- 
 serrer de plus en plus les liens deja etablis entre leurs etats et 
 leurs gouvernements par le traite d'alliance conclu h, Vienne le 
 20 naai 1882 et dont la prolongation vient d'etre signee au- 
 jourd'hui, ont resolu de stipuler un traite separe qui reponde 
 toujours davantage aux circonstances presentes, et ont, a cet 
 effet, nomme pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir: . . . lesquels, 
 munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont ete trouves en bonne et due 
 forme, sont convenus des articles suivants. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes, n'ayant en vue que le main- 
 tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, 
 s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir, sur les cotes et 
 iles ottomanes dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee, toute 
 modification territoriale qui porterait dommage a I'une ou a 
 
 ^ Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, February 27, 
 1887 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 87); of King Humbert, Rome, 
 March 6, 1887 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika- 
 tionen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, March 10, 1887 (original: 
 St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, gi). 
 
SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE III 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 The ratifications shall be exchanged at Berlin within a period 
 of a fortnight, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 the present Treaty and have aflSxed thereto their seal. 
 
 Done at Berlin, the twentieth day of the month of February, 
 one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven. 
 
 L. S. Sz6chenyi. 
 
 L. S. Launay. 
 
 (.c) 
 
 Separate Treaty between the German Empire and Italy. Berlin, 
 February 20, 1887.^ 
 
 Their Majesties the King of Italy and the Emperor of Ger- 
 many, King of Prussia, wishing, in a spirit of mutual good under- 
 standing, to strengthen more and more the bonds already estab- 
 lished between Their States and Their Governments by the Treaty 
 of Alliance concluded at Vienna on May 20, 1882, the prolonga- 
 tion of which has just been signed today, have resolved to enact 
 a Separate Treaty which shall be more and more in keeping with 
 the present circumstances, and have for this purpose appointed 
 as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: . . . who, furnished with full 
 powers, which have been found in good and due form, have 
 agreed upon the following Articles. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties, having in mind only the main- 
 tenance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the 
 Orient, engage to use their influence to forestall, on the Ottoman 
 coasts and islands in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas, any terri- 
 
 ' Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, n. 85. 
 
 The following observation in Kilnoky's handwriting is in the margin of the 
 original: "Streng vertraulich vom Ffirsten Reuss mitgetheilt, der nur emjachtig 
 war, mich den Vertrag lesen zu lassen. Kdlnoky." ("Communicated in strictest 
 confidence by Prince Reuss, who was only authorized to allow me to read the 
 Treaty. Kdlnoky.") 
 
112 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 I'autre des puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se 
 conamuniqueront a cat effet tous les renseignements de nature k 
 s'6clairer mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que 
 sur celles d'autres puissances. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Les stipulations de I'article I ne s'appliquent d'aucune maniere 
 a la question 6gyptienne, au sujet de laquelle les hautes parties 
 contractantes conservent respectivement leur liberty d'action, eu 
 egard toujours aux principes sur lesquels reposent le present 
 traite et celui du 20 mai 1882. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 S'il arrivait que la France fit acte d'etendre son occupation 
 ou bien son protectorat ou sa souverainete, sous une forme quel- 
 conque, sur les territoires nord-africains, soit du villayet de 
 Tripoli, soit de I'empire Marocain, et qu'en consequence de ce 
 fait ritalie crut devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans la 
 Mediterran^e, entreprendre elle-m6me une action sur lesdits 
 territoires nord-africains, ou bien recourir, sur le territoire 
 frangais en Europe, aux mesures extremes, I'etat de guerre qui 
 s'en suivrait entre I'ltalie et la France constituerait ipsd facto,^ 
 sur la demande de I'ltalie et a la charge commune des deux allies, 
 le casus foederis avec tous les efEets prevus par les articles II et 
 V du susdit traite du 20 mai 1882, comme si pareille eventuality 
 y etait expressement visee. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun contre la 
 France amenaient I'ltalie a rechercher des garanties territoriales 
 a I'egard de la France pour la securite des frontieres du royaume 
 et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en vue de la stabilite de la 
 paix, I'Allemagne n'y mettra aucun obstacle et, au besoin et dans 
 une mesure compatible avec les circonstances, s'appliquera a 
 faciliter les moyens d'atteindre un semblable but. 
 
 " Underlined in the present copy. 
 
SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE II 3 
 
 tonal modification which might be injurious to one or the other 
 of the Powers signatory to the present Treaty. To this end they 
 shall communicate to one another all information Of a nature to 
 enlighten each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, 
 as well as those of other Powers. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 The stipulations of Article I apply in no way to the Eg3TJtian 
 question, with regard to which the High Contracting Parties 
 preserve respectively their freedom of action, regard being always 
 paid to the principles upon which rest the presept Treaty and 
 that of May 20, 1882. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 If it were to happen that France should make a move to ex- 
 tend her occupation, or even her protectorate or her sovereignty, 
 under any form whatsoever, in the North African territories, 
 whether of the Vilayet of Tripoli or of the Moroccan Empire, 
 and that in consequence thereof Italy, in order to safeguard 
 her position in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must her- 
 self undertake action in the said North African territories, or 
 even have recourse to extreme measures in French territory in 
 Europe, the state of war which would thereby ensue between 
 Italy and France would constitute ipso facto,^ on the demand of 
 Italy and at the common charge of the two Allies, the casus 
 foederis with all the effects foreseen by Articles II and V of the 
 aforesaid Treaty of May 20, 1882, as if such an eventuality were 
 expressly contemplated therein. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against 
 France should lead Italy to seek for territorial guaranties with 
 respect to France for the security of the frontiers of the Kingdom 
 and of her maritime position, as well as with a view to the stabil- 
 ity of peace, Germany will present no obstacle thereto; and, if 
 need be, and in a measure compatible with circumstances, will 
 apply herself to facilitating the means of attaining such a purpose. 
 
114 SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 \p secret sur le contenu du present traite. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Le present traite entrera en vigueur des le jour de I'echange 
 des ratifications et le restera jusqu'au 30 mai 1892. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Les ratifications en seront echang6es a Berlin dans un delai 
 de quinze Jours ou plus t6t si faire se peut.^ 
 En foi de quoi etc. [Berlin 20 Febr. 1887.] ' 
 
 id) 
 
 Final Protocol between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 Italy. February 20, 1887? 
 
 Les soussignes viennent de proceder a la signature d'un traite 
 additionnel prolongeant la duree du traite d'alliance conclu a 
 Vienne le 20 mai 1882. 
 
 II a ete signe en m6me temps un traite separe entre I'Autriclie- 
 Hongrie et I'ltalie et un traite separ6 entre I'AUemagne et I'ltalie. 
 Ces deux demiers actes, quoique distincts, ne repondent pas 
 moins h. I'esprit general de I'accord precite de 1882, car aujourd'hui 
 comme alors les trois monarchies visent essentiellement au main- 
 tien de la paix. 
 
 La sunultan6ite des signatures apposees aux trait6s en date de 
 ce jour d6montre cette entente d'ensemble entre les gouverne- 
 ments respectifs, et les soussignes se plaisent a le constater en 
 signant le present et unique proces-verbal. 
 
 Fait a Berlin le 20 fevrier 1887. 
 
 Sz6chenyi. 
 
 V. Bismarck. 
 
 Launay. 
 
 ' Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, March lo, 1887 (original: St. 
 A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XV, 91). 
 
SECOND TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE US 
 
 Article V. 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as 
 to the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article VI. 
 The present Treaty shall enter into force from the day of the 
 exchange of ratifications and shall remain in force until May 30, 
 1892. 
 
 Article VII. 
 The ratifications shall be exchanged at Berlin within a period 
 of a fortnight, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof, etc. [Berlin, February 20, 1887.] ' 
 
 id) 
 
 Final Protocol between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 
 Italy. February 20, 1887. 
 
 The undersigned have just proceeded to the signing of an Addi- 
 tional Treaty prolonging the duration of the Treaty of Alliance 
 concluded at Vienna, May 20, 1882. 
 
 There has been signed at the same time a Separate Treaty be- 
 tween Austria-Hungary and Italy and a Separate Treaty between 
 Germany and Italy. These last two Acts, although distinct, re- 
 spond none the less to the general spirit of the aforementioned 
 agreement of 1882 ; because today, as then, the three Monarchies 
 are aiming essentially at the maintenance of peace. 
 
 The simultaneity of the signatures af&xed to the Treaties under 
 date of this day demonstrates this uniformity of understanding 
 between the respective Governments, and the undersigned are 
 pleased to testify thereto by signing the present and single 
 Proces-verbal. 
 
 Done at Berlin, February 20, 1887. 
 
 Szechenyi. 
 
 V. Bismarck. 
 
 Launay. 
 
 ' Added in Count Kdlnoky's handwriting. 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 18, Geheinjakten, XV, 8$. 
 
1 1 6 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 II. 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT BETWEEN 
 ITALY AND SPAIN. 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Spanish Note to Italy proposing a Mediterranean Agreement. 
 Madrid, May 4, 1887} 
 
 Ministerio de estado. 
 
 Madrid, le 4 mai 1887. 
 
 Le soussigne, ministre des affaires 6trang^res d'Espagne, a 
 I'honneur de porter ce qui suit a la connaissance de Mr. le mar- 
 quis Maffei, envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire 
 de S. M. le roi d'ltalie: 
 
 Le gouvernement de S. M. la reine regente, anim6 du desir de 
 rechercher une entente avec le gouvernement de S. M. le roi 
 d'ltalie, a I'effet de fortifier toujours plus le principe monarchique 
 et de contribuer au raffermissement de la paix, se prononce des-a- 
 present pour I'acceptation des dispositions suivantes: 
 
 i"- L'Espagne ne se pr^tera envers la France, en ce qui con- 
 cerne entre autres les territoires nord-africains, a aucun traite 
 ou arrangement politique quelconque qui serait directement ou 
 indirectement dirige contre I'ltalie, I'AUemagne et I'Autriche, ou 
 contre I'une ou I'autre de ces puissances. 
 
 2°- Abstention de toute attaque non provoquee, ainsi que de 
 toute provocation. 
 
 3°- En vue des inter6ts engages dans la Mediterranee et dans 
 le but principal d'y maintenir le statu quo actual, I'Espagne et 
 I'ltalie se tiendront sur ce sujet en communication, en se faisant 
 part de tout renseignement propre a s'eclairer sur leurs disposi- 
 tions respectives, ainsi que sur celles des autres puissances. 
 
 En exprimant I'espoir que ces presentes et secretes propositions 
 ob tiendront I'assentiment du gouvernement de S. M. le roi 
 
 ' Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 19, 
 Geheimakten, XVI a, 29. 
 
ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT II7 
 
 II. 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT BETWEEN 
 ITALY AND SPAIN. 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Spanish Note to Italy proposing a Mediterranean Agreement. 
 Madrid, May 4, 1887. 
 
 Ministry of State. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1887. 
 
 The undersigned, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain, has the 
 honor to bring the following to the knowledge of Marquis 
 Maffei, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of 
 His Majesty the King of Italy: 
 
 The Government of Her Majesty the Queen Regent, animated 
 by the desire to seek an understanding with the Government of 
 His Majesty the King of Italy for the purpose of fortifying more 
 and more the monarchical principle and of contributing to the 
 strengthening of the peace, declares itself from the present time 
 in favor of the acceptance of the following provisions: 
 
 1. Spain will not lend herself as regards France, in so far as 
 the North African territories among others are concerned, to any 
 treaty or political arrangement whatsoever which would be 
 aimed directly or indirectly against Italy, Germany, and Austria, 
 or against any one of these Powers. 
 
 2. Abstention from all unprovoked attack, as well as from all 
 provocation. 
 
 3. In view of the interests involved in the Mediterranean, 
 and for the principal purpose of maintaining there the present 
 status quo, Spain and Italy will keep in communication with one 
 another on this subject, by conve3dng to each other all informa- 
 tion of a kind to enlighten each other concerning their respective 
 dispositions, as well as those of other Powers. 
 
 In expressing the hope that these present and secret proposals 
 will obtain the assent of the Government of His Majesty the 
 
Il8 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 d'ltalie, le soussign6 saisit cette occasion pour renouveler a Mr. 
 le marquis Maffei les assurances de sa consideration la plus 
 distingu6e. 
 
 Madrid, le quatre mai mil huit cent quatre vingt sept. 
 
 (Sign6) Moret. 
 
 Pour copie confonne a I'original 
 
 Madrid, le 8 mai 1887. 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 Italian reply to Spanish Note. Madrid, May 4, 1887? 
 R. legazione d'ltalia. 
 
 Madrid, le 4 mai 1887. 
 
 Le soussigne envoy6 extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire 
 de S. M. le roi d'ltalie a regu la note que S. E. le ministre des 
 affaires etrangeres d'Espagne lui a fait I'hoimeur de lui adresser 
 en date d'aujourd'hui, et il est autorise a y r6pondre dans les 
 termes suivants: 
 
 Le gouvernement du roi donne son assentiment aux dispositions 
 enoncees dans la note susdite et s'engage a la reciprocite. 
 
 II se reserve, en meme temps, d'examiner, en plein accord avec 
 les gouvernements de L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de 
 Prusse, et I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie, si et dans quelle 
 mesure il y aurait lieu, selon les circonstances, de se concerter 
 ulterieurement avec le cabinet de Madrid pour mieux assurer 
 encore le but que lui aussi se propose. 
 
 En attendant, le gouvernement de S. M. prend acte de la com- 
 munication susmentionn6e et considere comme entrant des 
 aujourd'hui en vigueur, et pour une duree de quatre ans, I'accord 
 secret etabli par le present echange de notes. 
 
 Le soussign6 saisit cette occasion pour renouveler a S. E. le 
 
 ^ Copy: St. A., ibid. 
 
ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT II9 
 
 King of Italy, the undersigned avails himself of this occasion to 
 renew to Marquis Maffei the assurances of his most distinguishecj 
 consideration. 
 
 Madrid, the fourth of May, one thousand eight hundred and 
 eighty-seven. 
 
 (Signed) Moret. 
 For copy true to the original: 
 
 Madrid, May 8, 1887. 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 (b) 
 Italian reply to Spanish Note. Madrid, May 4, 1887. 
 
 Royal Legation of Italy. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1887. 
 
 The undersigned. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- 
 potentiary of His Majesty the King of Italy, has received the 
 Note which His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs of 
 Spain has done him the honor to address to him under today's 
 date, and he is authorized to respond thereto in the following 
 terms: 
 
 The Government of the King gives its assent to the provisions 
 enunciated in the aforesaid Note and pledges itself to reciprocity. 
 
 At the same time, it reserves to itself to examine, in full agree- 
 ment with the Governments of Their Majesties the Emperor of 
 Germany, King of Prussia, and the Emperor of Austria, King of 
 Hungary, whether and to what extent there may be need, accord- 
 ing to circumstances, to enter into further concert with the Cab- 
 inet of Madrid in order the better to assure the purpose which it 
 too has in view. 
 
 In the meantime, the Government of His Majesty takes note 
 of the abovementioned communication and regards the secret 
 agreement established by the present exchange of Notes as enter- 
 ing into force from today, and for a period of four years. 
 
 The undersigned avails himself of this occasion to renew to 
 
I20 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 ininistre des affaires etrangeres d'Espagne les assurances de sa 
 consideration la plus distingu6e. 
 
 Madrid, le quatre mai mil huit cent quatre-vingt-sept. 
 
 (sign6) Maffei. 
 
 Pour copie conforme k I'original 
 
 Madrid, le 8 mai 1887. 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 Per copia certificata conforme alia copia autentica delle due 
 note, esistente nell'archivio des R. ministero degli affari esteri. 
 Roma, 16 maggio 1887. 
 
 II presidente del consiglio e ministro segretario di stato per 
 gli affari esteri. 
 
 L. S. Depretis. 
 
 Per certificazione della firma di S. E. il Sign. Depretis, presi- 
 dente del consiglio e ministro segretario di stato per gli affari 
 esteri di S. M. il re d'ltalie, 
 
 I'ambasciatore di S. M. il re d'ltalia a Vienna. 
 
 L. S. Nigra. 
 
 Vienna 20 maggio 1887. 
 
 (c) 
 Accession of Austria-Hungary. May 21, 1887? 
 
 An Graf Nigra.* 
 
 Vienne, 21 Mai 1887.* 
 Le soussigne a regu la note que S. E. I'ambassadeur d'ltalie 
 lui a fait I'honneur de lui adresser en date du 21 courant ^ ainsi 
 
 " Draft: St. A., ibid. 
 
 According to a note from the Italian Government of May 4, 1891 (St. A., Polit. 
 Arch., Geheimakten, XVI, 58), the German Empire also acceded to this Treaty. 
 
 ' These words were added in Kdlnoky's handwriting, as well as the following 
 comment: "Gegen die italienische Note ausgewechselt und dem italienischen 
 Botschafter eingehandigt am 21./5. 1887. KAlnoky." ("Exchanged against the 
 Italian Note and presented to the Italian Ambassador, May 21, 1887. Kilnoky.") 
 
 ' "21 courant" inserted by Kdlnoky. Nigra's communication (original: St. 
 A.), dated Vienna, May 21, 1887, reads as follows: 
 
 "Le dfisir exprim6 par le gouvernement espagnol de contribuer pour sa part aussi 
 a la realisation d'un programme, servant a la fois les intferets de la monarchic et du 
 
ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 121 
 
 His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain the as- 
 surances of his most distinguished consideration. 
 
 Madrid, the fourth of May, one thousand eight hundred and 
 eighty-seven. 
 
 (signed) Maffei. 
 For copy true to the original: 
 Madrid, May 8, 1887. 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 For certified copy true to the authentic copy of the two Notes 
 filed in the Archive of the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 
 Rome, May 16, 1887. 
 
 The President of the Council and Minister Secretary of State 
 for Foreign Affairs. 
 
 L. S. Depretis. 
 
 For certification of the signature of His Excellency Signor 
 Depretis, President of the Council and Minister Secretary of 
 State for Foreign Affairs of His Majesty the King of Italy. 
 
 The Ambassador of His Majesty the King of Italy at Vienna. 
 
 L. S. Nigra. 
 
 Vienna, May 20, 1887. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Accession of Austria-Hungary. May 21, 1887? 
 
 To Count Nigra.* 
 
 Vienna, May 21, 1887.* 
 The undersigned has received the Note which His Excellency 
 the Ambassador of Italy has done him the honor to address to 
 him under date of the 21st instant ^ as well as the two annexes, 
 
 maintien de la paix, a donne lieu k des pourparlers entre las cabinets de Rome, de 
 Vienne et de Berlin. II en est results une entente par un projet de notes £l echanger 
 entre I'ltalie et I'Espagne, arrangement auquel les deux empires se sont d6clar6s 
 prets i donner leur adhesion. Le gouvernement de la reine-rggente ayant £nonc6 
 son acceptation, il a ete procSd^ 5, Madrid en date du 4 mai courant 3, 1'echange des 
 notes prdcitees entre le representant de S. M. le roi d'ltalie et S. E. le ministre d'fitat. 
 D'ordre de son gouvernement, le soussigne a I'honneur d'en joindre ici les copies 
 certifiees et de prier S. E. M'' le comte Kdlnoky, ministre des affaires ^trang^res 
 
122 ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 que les deux annexes, et s'empresse de notifier I'accession du 
 gouvemement imperial aux notes 6chang6es a Madrid le 4 du 
 meme mois entre le representant de S. M. le roi d'ltalie et S. E. 
 le ministre d'etat de S. M. la reine-regente. 
 
 Le soussigne temoigne sa satisfaction que les negociations aient 
 abouti a un resultat de nature a assurer le concours de I'Espagne 
 k la realisation du programme de paix et de conservation dont 
 s'inspirent les gouvernements d'Autriche-Hongrie* et d'ltalie. 
 
 II saisit en m^me temps cette occasion etc. etc. 
 
 sig. Kalnoky.' 
 
 d'Autriche-Hongrie, de le mettre si mfeme de notifier k Rome Taccession d^ja con- 
 venue du gouvemement imperial. Une d-marche analogue est faite aupres du 
 cabinet de Berlin. Le soussign^ etc." 
 
 Translation. 
 "The desire expressed by the Spanish Government to contribute for its part also 
 to the realization of a programme, serving at once the interests of the Monarchy 
 and of the maintenance of peace, has been the subject of conferences between the 
 Cabinets of Rome, of Vienna, and of Berlin. There has resulted thence an under- 
 standing by a plan of exchange of Notes between Italy and Spain, an arrangement 
 to which the two Empires have declared themselves ready to give their adhesion. 
 The Government of the Queen Regent having announced its acceptance, the 
 exchange of the aforesaid Notes was proceeded with at Madrid under date of 
 May 4 instant, between the Representative of His Majesty the King of Italy and 
 His Excellency the Minister of State. By order of his Government, the undersigned 
 has the honor to append hereto certified copies thereof and to request His Excel- 
 lency Count Kdlnoky, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, to enable 
 him to notify to Rome the accession of the Imperial Government, as already agreed 
 upon. A similar overture is made to the Cabinet of Berlin. The undersigned, etc." 
 ' "Hongrie" inserted by Kdlnoky. 
 ' "sig. Kdlnoky" inserted in Kdlnoky's handwriting. 
 
ITALO-SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 1 23 
 
 and hastens to notify the accession of the Imperial Government 
 to the Notes exchanged at Madrid the 4th of the same month 
 between the Representative of His Majesty the King of Italy 
 and His Excellency the Minister of State of Her Majesty the 
 Queen Regent. 
 
 The undersigned expresses his satisfaction that the negotia- 
 tions have led to a result of a nature to assure the cooperation of 
 Spain in the realization of the programme of peace and of con- 
 servation with which the Governments of Austria-Hungary and 
 of Italy are inspired. 
 
 At the same time he avails himself of this occasion, etc., etc. 
 
 (signed) Kilnoky. 
 
124 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 12. 
 
 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN, AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY, AND ITALY. 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Austrian Note to Great Britain proposing a further Agreement in 
 the Mediterranean. London, December 12, i88^} 
 
 Son Excellence Monsieur le marquis de Salisbury. 
 
 Londres, le 12 d^cembre 1887. 
 
 A la suite de I'entente etablie entre les gouvernements de S. M. 
 I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie et de L. L. M. M. la reine 
 du royaume uni de la Grande Bretagne et d'Irlande et le roi 
 d'ltalie par I'echange de notes opere a Londres le mois de mars 
 1887, le gouvernement de S. M. I. et R. A. est tomb# d'accord 
 avec le gouvernement d'ltaKe de proposer au gouvernement de la 
 Grande Bretagne I'adoption des points suivants, destines a con- 
 firmer les principes etablis par r6change de notes pr^cite, et a 
 preciser I'attitude commune des trois puissances en prevision des 
 eventualites qui pourraient se produire en Orient. 
 
 1° Maintien de la paix et exclusion de toute politique agres- 
 sive. 
 
 2°- Maintien du status quo en Orient fonde sur les traites k 
 I'exclusion de toute politique de compensations. 
 
 3°- Maintien des autonomies locales etablies par ces memes 
 trait6s. 
 
 4°- Independance de la Turquie gardienne d'inter^ts europ^ens 
 importants (independance du chalifat, liberte des detroits etc.) de 
 toute influence etrangere preponderante. 
 
 5°- Par consequent la Turquie ne pent ni ceder, ni deleguer ses 
 droits suzerains sur la Bulgarie a une autre puissance, ni inter- 
 venir pour y etablir une administration etrangere, ni tol^rer des 
 
 ' Copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VIII b, n. 148. 
 
SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 1 25 
 
 12. 
 
 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN, AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY, AND ITALY. 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Austrian Note to Great Britain proposing a further Agreement in 
 the Mediterranean. London, December 12, 188^. 
 
 His Excellency the Marquess of Salisbury. 
 
 London, December 12, 1887. 
 
 As a result of the imderstanding reached between the Govern- 
 ments of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, 
 and of Their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of 
 Great Britain and Ireland and the King of Italy by the exchange 
 of Notes effected at London in the month of March, 1887, the 
 Government of His Imperial and Royal ApostoUc Majesty has 
 come to an agreement with the Government of Italy to propose 
 to the Government of Great Britain the adoption of the follow- 
 ing points, intended to confirm the principles established by the 
 aforementioned exchange of Notes and to define the common 
 attitude of the three Powers in prospect of the eventualities 
 which might occur in the Orient. 
 
 1. The maintenance of peace and the exclusion of aU policy of 
 aggression. 
 
 2. The maintenance of the status quo in the Orient, based on 
 the treaties, to the exclusion of all policy of compensation. 
 
 3. The maintenance of the local autonomies estabHshed by 
 these same treaties. 
 
 4. The independence of Turkey, as guardian of important 
 European interests (independence of the CaUphate, the freedom 
 of the Straits, etc.), of all foreign preponderating influence. 
 
 5. Consequently, Turkey can neither cede nor delegate her 
 suzerain rights over Bulgaria to any other Power, nor intervene 
 in order to establish a foreign administration there, nor tolerate 
 
126 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 actes de coercition entrepris dans ce dernier but, sous forme soit 
 d'occupation militaire soit d'envoi de volontaires. De mSme la 
 Turquie, constitute par les trait^s gardienne des detroits, ne 
 pourrait non plus c^der aucune portion de ses droits souverains, 
 ni deleguer ses pouvoirs a une autre puissance en Asie Mineure. 
 
 6°' Desir des trois puissances de s'associer la Turquie pour la 
 defense commune de ces pruicipes. 
 
 7"- En cas de resistance de la Turquie a des entreprises illegales, 
 telles qu'elles se trouvent indiquees dans I'article 5, les trois 
 puissances se mettront aussitot d'accord sur les mesures k prendre 
 pour faire respecter I'independance de I'erapire ottoman et 
 I'integrite de son territoire, telles qu'elles sont consacrees par les 
 traites anterieurs. 
 
 8°- Si cependant la conduite de la Porte de I'avis des trois 
 puissances prenait le caract^re de complicit6 ou de connivence 
 avec une pareille entreprise illegale, les trois puissances se con- 
 sid6reront comme justifiees par les trait6s existants a proc6der, 
 soit conjointement, soit s6par6ment k I'occupation provisoire par 
 leurs forces de terre ou de mer de tels points du territoire ottoman 
 qu'elles reconnaltront d'accord n6cessaire d'occuper a I'effet 
 d'assurer les buts determines par les traites anterieurs. 
 
 9°- L'existence et le contenu du present accord entre les trois 
 puissances ne devront fetre revelds a la Turquie ni k d'autres puis- 
 sances qui n'en auraient pas deji ete inform^es sans le consente- 
 ment anterieur de toutes et de chacune des trois puissaiices 
 susdites. 
 
 Le soussign^ ambassadeur extraordinaire et ministre pMni- 
 potentiaire de S. M. I. et R. A. a ete charge par son gouverne- 
 ment de signer la pr6sente note et de I'echanger contre une note 
 analogue du gouvemement de S. M. britannique. 
 
 Le soussign^ saisit cette occasion pour renouveler k S. Exc. 
 monsieur le marquis de Salisbury, principal secretaire d'etat 
 pour les affaires ^trang^res de S. M. la reine, I'expression de sa 
 plus haute consideration. 
 
 Sign6: Kirolyi. 
 
SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 12/ 
 
 acts of coercion undertaken with this latter object, under the 
 form either of a military occupation or of the despatch of volun- 
 teers. Likewise Turkey, constituted by the treaties guardian of 
 the Straits, can neither cede any portion of her sovereign rights, 
 nor delegate her authority to any other Power in Asia Minor. 
 
 6. The desire of the three Powers to be associated with Turkey 
 for the common defence of these principles. 
 
 7. In case of Turkey resisting any illegal enterprises such 
 as are indicated in Article 5, the three Powers will immediately 
 come to an agreement as to the measures to be taken for causing 
 to be respected the independence of the Ottoman Empire and 
 the integrity of its territory, as secured by previous treaties. 
 
 8. Should the conduct of the Porte, however, in the opinion 
 of the three Powers, assume the character of complicity with or 
 connivance at any such illegal enterprise, the three Powers will 
 consider themselves justified by existing treaties in proceeding, 
 either jointly or separately, to the provisional occupation by 
 their forces, mihtary or naval, of such points of Ottoman terri- 
 tory as they may agree to consider it necessary to occupy in order 
 to secure the objects determined by previous treaties. 
 
 9. The existence and the contents of the present Agreement 
 between the three Powers shall not be revealed, either to Turkey 
 or to any other Powers who have not yet been informed of it, 
 without the previous consent of all and each of the three Powers 
 aforesaid. 
 
 The undersigned Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister 
 Plenipotentiary of His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty 
 has been instructed by his Government to sign the present Note 
 and to exchange it against a similar Note of the Government of 
 Her Britannic Majesty. 
 
 The undersigned takes this occasion to renew to His Excellency 
 the Marquess of Salisbury, Principal Secretary of State for 
 Foreign Affairs of Her Majesty the Queen, the expression of his 
 highest consideration. 
 
 Signed: Kdrolyi. 
 
128 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 ib) 
 British reply to Austrian Note. London, December 12, 1887} 
 
 H. M^'^ Government have considered the points commended 
 to their acceptance by the identic note of the Austro-Hungarian 
 and ItaUan Governments. 
 
 The three Powers have already communicated to each other 
 their conviction that it is their common interest to uphold the 
 existing state of things upon the shores of the Mediterranean and 
 the adjoining seas. The four first points recited in the note are 
 in strict conformity with this understanding, as well as with the 
 policy which has always been pursued by the Government of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The fifth, sixth, and seventh points refer to certain special 
 dangers by which the state of things established by treaties and 
 the interests of the three Powers in the East may be menaced, 
 and to the course which should be pursued if those dangers should 
 arise. The illegal enterprises anticipated by the fifth article 
 would affect especially the preservation of the Straits from the 
 domination of any other Power but Turkey and the independent 
 liberties of the Christian communities on the northern border of 
 the Turkish Empire established by the Treaty of Berlin. H. M^'* 
 Government recognise that the protection of the Straits and the 
 liberties of these communities are objects of supreme importance 
 and are to Europe among the most valuable results of the treaty; 
 and they cordially concur with the Austro-Hungarian and Italian 
 Governments in taking special precautions to secure them. 
 
 The eighth point provides against a contingency which, with- 
 out technical illegaUty, may frustrate the object of the treaties 
 altogether. It is necessary, however, to avoid a premature pub- 
 hcity which might precipitate the lapse of Turkey into that state 
 of vassalage from which it is the aim of the three Powers to pro- 
 tect her. In view of these considerations, the undersigned, H. 
 M^'^ Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, is charged by H. M^'^ 
 Government to communicate to the Austro-Hungarian Govern- 
 
 2 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 21, Geheimakten,'_VIII b, n. 143. 
 
SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 1 29 
 
 ment their entire adhesion to the nine points recited in the identic 
 note of the two powers, that is to say: 
 
 1. The maintenance of peace to the exclusion of all policy of 
 aggression. 
 
 2. The maintenance of the status quo in the East, based on 
 the treaties, to the exclusion of all policy of compensation. 
 
 3. The maintenance of the local autonomies established by 
 these same treaties. 
 
 4. The independence of Turkey as guardian of important 
 European interests (the Caliphate, the freedom of the Straits, etc.) 
 to be independent (sic) of all foreign preponderating influence. 
 
 5. Consequently, Turkey can neither cede nor delegate her 
 rights over Bulgaria to any other Power, nor intervene in order 
 to estabUsh a foreign administration there, nor tolerate acts of 
 coercion imdertaken with this latter object, under the form either 
 of a military occupation or of the despatch of volunteers; neither 
 will Turkey, who has by the treaties been constituted guardian 
 of the Straits, be able to cede any portion of her sovereign rights, 
 nor delegate her authority to any other power in Asia Minor. 
 
 6. The desire of the three Powers to be associated with Turkey 
 for the common defence of these principles. 
 
 7. In case of Turkey resisting any illegal enterprises such as 
 are indicated in Article 5, the three Powers will immediately come 
 to an agreement as to the measures to be taken for causing to be 
 respected the independence of the Ottoman Empire and the in- 
 tegrity of its territory as secured by previous treaties. 
 
 8. Should the conduct of the Porte, however, in the opinion of 
 the three Powers, assume the character of complicity with or 
 connivance at any such illegal enterprise, the three Powers will 
 consider themselves justified by existing treaties in proceeding 
 either jointly or separately to the provisional occupation by their 
 forces, mihtary or naval, of such points of Ottoman territory as 
 they may agree to consider it necessary to occupy in order to 
 secure the objects determined by previous treaties. 
 
I30 SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 9. The existence and the contents of the present agreement 
 between the three Powers shall not be revealed either to Turkey 
 or to any other Powers who have not yet been informed of it with- 
 out the previous consent of all and each of the three Powers 
 aforesaid. 
 
 Foreign Office. December 12, 1887. 
 
 Salisbury. 
 
 (c) 
 Italian confirmation of the Agreement.^ 
 
 A la suite de I'entente etabhe entre les gouvernements de S. M. 
 le roi d'ltaUe et de LL. MM. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hon- 
 grie et la reine du royaume uni de la Grande Bretagne et d'lrlande, 
 par I'echange de notes opere k Londres le mois de mars 1887, le 
 gouvemement de S. M. le roi d'ltalie est tomb6 d'accord avec les 
 gouvernements d'Autriche-Hongrie et de la Grande Bretagne sur 
 I'adoption des points suivants, destines a confirmer les principes 
 etablis par I'echange de notes pr6cite, et a preciser I'attitude com- 
 mune des trois puissances en prevision des eventualites qui 
 pourraient se produire en Orient. 
 
 i"- Maintien de la paix et exclusion de toute poUtique agres- 
 sive. 
 
 2" Maintien du status quo en Orient fonde sur les trait6s a 
 I'exclusion de toute politique de compensation. 
 
 S"- Maintien des autonomies locales etablies par ces mSmes 
 traites. 
 
 4°- Independance de la Turquie gardierme d'interets euro- 
 p^ens importants (independance du califat, liberie des detroits 
 etc.) de toute influence 6trangere preponderante. 
 
 5° Par consequent la Turquie ne pent ni ceder ni deleguer des 
 droits suzerains sur la Bulgarie a une autre puissance, ni inter- 
 venir pour y etablir une administration etrangere, ni tolerer des 
 actes de coercition entrepris dans ce dernier but, sous forme soit 
 d'occupation militaire soit d'envoi de volontaires. De mSme la 
 
 ' OriginaJ: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 21, Geheim- 
 akten, VIII b, n. 145. 
 
SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT I3I 
 
 w 
 
 Italian confirmation of the Agreement. 
 
 As a result of the understanding reached between the Govern- 
 ments of His Majesty the King of Italy and of Their Majesties 
 the Emperor of Austria, Eong of Hungary, and the Queen of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by the exchange of 
 Notes effected at London in the month of March, 1887, the Gov- 
 ernment of His Majesty the King of Italy has come to an agree- 
 ment with the Governments of Austria-Hungary and Great 
 Britain as to the adoption of the following points, intended to 
 confirm the principles established by the aforementioned ex- 
 change of Notes, and to define the common attitude of the three 
 Powers in prospect of the eventualities which might occur in the 
 Orient. 
 
 1. The maintenance of peace and the exclusion of all policy of 
 aggression. 
 
 2. The maintenance of the status quo in the Orient, based on 
 the treaties, to the exclusion of all policy of compensation. 
 
 3. The maintenance of the local autonomies established by 
 these same treaties. 
 
 4. The independence of Turkey, as guardian of important 
 European interests (independence of the Caliphate, the freedom 
 of the Straits, etc.), of all foreign preponderating influence. 
 
 5 . Consequently, Turkey can neither cede nor delegate suzerain 
 rights over Bulgaria to any other Power, nor intervene in order 
 to establish a foreign administration there, nor tolerate acts of 
 coercion imdertaken with this latter object, imder the form 
 either of a military occupation or of the despatch of volunteers. 
 
Ii32 SfiCOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 
 
 Turquie, constitu6e par les traites gardienne des detroits, ne 
 pourrait non plus ceder aucune portion de ses droits souverains, 
 ni d61eguer ses pouvoirs h une autre puissance en Asie Mineure. 
 
 6° Desir des trois puissances de s'associer la Turquie pour la 
 defense commune de ces principes. 
 
 7° En cas de resistance de la Turquie a des entreprises illegales 
 telles qu'elles se trouvent indiquees dans Tarticle 5, les trois puis- 
 sances se mettront aussit6t d'accord sur les mesures a prendre 
 pour faire respecter I'independance de I'empire ottoman et 
 I'integrite de son territoire, telles qu'elles sont consacrees par les 
 traites anterieurs. 
 
 8°- Si cependant la conduite de la Porte, de I'avis des trois 
 puissances, prenait le caractere de complicite ou de connivence 
 avec une pareille entreprise illegale, les trois puissances se con- 
 sidereront comme justifiees par les traites existants a proceder, 
 soit conjointement soit separement, a I'occupation provisoire par 
 leurs forces de terre ou de mer de tels points du territoire otto- 
 man qu'elles reconnaitront d'accord necessaire d'occuper a I'eflet 
 d'assurer les buts determines par les traites anterieurs. 
 
 9° L'existence et le contenu du present accord entre les trois 
 puissances ne devront ^tre revel6s a la Turquie ni a d'autres puis- 
 sances qui n'en auraient pas deja ete informees sans le consente- 
 ment anterieur de toutes et de chacune des trois puissaiices 
 susdites. 
 
 Le soussigne ambassadeur de S. M. le roi d'ltalie a et6 charg6 
 par son gouvemement de signer la presente note et de I'echanger 
 contre une note identique du gouvemement de S. M. I'empereur 
 d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie. 
 
 Vienne, le 16 decembre 1887. 
 
 Nigra. 
 
SECOND MEDITERRANEAN AGREEMENT 1 33 
 
 Likewise Turkey, constituted by the treaties guardian of the 
 Straits, can neither cede any portion of her sovereign rights, nor 
 delegate her authority to any other Power in Asia Minor. 
 
 6. The desire of the three Powers to be associated with Turkey 
 for the common defence of these principles. 
 
 7. In case of Turkey resisting any illegal enterprises such 
 as are indicated in Article 5, the three Powers will immedi- 
 ately come to an agreement as to the measures to be taken for 
 causing to be respected the independence of the Ottoman Em- 
 pire and the integrity of its territory as secured by previous 
 treaties. 
 
 8. Should the conduct of the Porte, however, in the opinion 
 of the three Powers, assume the character of complicity with or 
 connivance at any such illegal enterprise, the three Powers will 
 consider themselves justified by existing treaties in proceeding, 
 either jointly or separately, to the provisional occupation by their 
 forces, military or naval, of such points of Ottoman territory as 
 they may agree to consider it necessary to occupy in order to 
 secure the objects determined by previous treaties. 
 
 9. The existence and the contents of the present Agreement 
 between the three Powers shall not be revealed, either to Turkey 
 or to any other Powers who have not yet been informed of it, 
 without the previous consent of all and each of the three Powers 
 aforesaid. 
 
 The imdersigned Ambassador of His Majesty the King of 
 Italy has been instructed to sign the present Note and to ex- 
 change it against an identic Note of the Government of His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary. 
 
 Vienna, December 16, 1887. 
 
 Nigra. 
 
134 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 
 
 13- 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN 
 TREATY. 1889. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Serbia prolonging the Treaty 
 of 1881. Belgrade, January 28 /February g, 1889} 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie, et 
 
 S. M. le roi de Serbie, 
 
 animes du desir, non seulement de maintenir, mais de develop- 
 per et de consolider les relations de parfaite amitie qui exi- 
 stent entre leurs gouvernements et de les garantir contra toute 
 eventualite, ont r6solu de prolonger le traite conclu entre eux le 
 23 juin 1881 et de preciser la portee de quelques uns de ses articles. 
 A cet effet, ils ont nomrn^ pour leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I. et R. A. : le sieur Ladislas Hengehniiller de Hengervar, 
 son envoy6 extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire prfe S. M. 
 le roi de Serbie, etc. 
 
 S. M. le roi de Serbie: le sieur Chedomille Mijatovich, son 
 ministre des affaires etrangeres etc. etc. 
 
 lesquels, apr^s s'^tre communique leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves 
 en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles additionnels 
 suivants : 
 
 Article i. 
 
 Le traite du 23 juin 1881 avec la declaration y annexee restera 
 en vigueur jusqu'au 1/13 Janvier 1895. Trois mois avant son 
 expiration les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront, s'il y 
 a lieu, sur sa prolongation ou sur les modifications que les cir- 
 constances pourraient rendre d6sirables. 
 
 Par I'article present les dispositions de I'article VIII du trait6 
 du 23 juin 1881 sont aboUes. 
 
 1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 23, Geheimakten, VI/II, 41. 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY I35 
 13- 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE AUSTRO-SERBIAN 
 TREATY. 1889. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Serbia prolonging the Treaty 
 of 1881. Belgrade, January 28 /February g, i88g. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and 
 
 His Majesty the King of Serbia, 
 
 animated by the desire, not only to maintain, but to develop 
 and to consolidate the relations of perfect friendship which exist 
 between Their Governments and to guarantee them against 
 every eventuality, have resolved to prolong the Treaty concluded 
 between them on June 23, 1881, and to define the meaning of 
 some of its Articles. For this purpose, They have appointed as 
 Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Imperial and Royal ApostoHc Majesty: the Sieur Ladislas 
 Hengelmiiller of Hengervar, His Envoy Extraordinary and Min- 
 ister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Serbia, etc.. 
 
 His Majesty the King of Serbia: the Sieur Chedomille Mijato- 
 vich. His Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., etc., 
 
 who, after having communicated to each other their full pow- 
 ers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following 
 Additional Articles: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 The Treaty of June 23, 1881, with the Declaration annexed 
 thereto, shall remain in force until January 1/13, 1895. Three 
 months before its expiration the High Contracting Parties shall, 
 if there is cause therefor, take counsel together as to its prolonga- 
 tion or as to the modifications which circumstances might render 
 desirable. 
 
 By the present Article the provisions of Article VIII of the 
 Treaty of June 23, 1881, are abohshed. 
 
136 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 En vue de mieux preciser la portee de Particle II du trait6 du 
 23 juin 1 88 1, par lequel les deux hautes parties contractantes 
 s'engagent reciproquement a ne point tolerer chez eux de menees 
 politiques, religieuses ou autres dirigees centre I'un d'eux, et par 
 lequel I'Autriche-Hongrie prend I'engagement d'appuyer le main- 
 tien et le raffermissement de la dynastie des Obrenovitch, le gou- 
 vernement I. declare qu'il prendra, le cas ^ch6ant, toutes les 
 mesures pour empecher par tous les moyens, et meme de main 
 armee, toute incursion hostile qui serait dirigee du Montenegro 
 centre la Serbie et sa dynastie royale par le territoire place sous 
 Tadministration des autorites I. et R. 
 
 L'Autriche-Hongrie emploiera en outre, s'il y a lieu, ses bons- 
 ofl&ces aupres de la Sublime Porte, afin que les autorites otto- 
 manes observent sur leur territoire une attitude analogue a I'egard 
 d'incursions montenegrines dirigees centre la Serbie et la dynastie 
 des Obrenovitch. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 Les pr6visions de I'article VI du traite du 23 juin 1881 ne 
 pourront etre mises en vigueur qu'en conformite aux dispositions 
 de la constitution du royaume de Serbie en date du 22 d6cembre 
 1888/3 Janvier 1889 (article 52 et 200). 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 Si les circonstances prevues par I'article VII du traite du 23 
 juin 1 88 1 venaient a se produire tant que ce traite reste en 
 vigueur et que la Serbie en ait fidelement observe les stipulations, 
 il est entendu que I'Autriche-Hongrie reconnaitra et appuiera 
 aupres des autres puissances la reconnaissance de I'extension 
 territoriale en faveur du royaume de Serbie, prevue par I'article 
 VII ci-dessus cite, laquelle extension pourra se porter dans la 
 direction de la vaUee du Wardar aussi loin que les circonstances 
 le permettront. 
 
 Article 5. 
 
 Pour repondre a un desir exprime par S. M. le roi Milan I et 
 en conformite avec I'esprit de parfaite amitie dans lequel le traite 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 1 37 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 With a view to better defining the meaning of Article II of the 
 Treaty of June 23, 1881, by which the two High Contracting 
 Parties reciprocally engage not to tolerate in their countries poUt- 
 ical, religious, or other intrigues directed against either of them, 
 and by which Austria-Hungary assumes the engagement to sup- 
 port the maintenance and the strengthening of the Obrenovitch 
 djnaasty, the Imperial Government declares that, should the oc- 
 casion arise, it will take all measures to prevent by every means, 
 and even by armed force, every hostile incursion which might be 
 directed from Montenegro against Serbia and her royal dynasty 
 through the territory placed under the administration of the 
 Imperial and Royal authorities. 
 
 Austria-Hungary will also, if need be, exercise her good ofl&ces 
 with the Sublime Porte, to the end that the Ottoman authori- 
 ties observe on their territory an analogous attitude with regard 
 to Montenegrin incursions directed against Serbia and the 
 d3masty of Obrenovitch. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 The contingencies of Article VI of the Treaty of June 23, 1881, 
 shall not be put in force except in conformity with the provisions 
 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia dated December 
 22, 1888/January 3, 1889 (Articles 52 and 200). 
 
 Article 4. 
 If the circumstances foreseen by Article VII of the Treaty of 
 June 23, 1881, should chance to occur while this Treaty remains 
 in force and while Serbia has faithfully observed its stipulations, 
 it is understood that Austria-Hungary will recognize, and sup- 
 port with other Powers, the recognition in favor of the Kingdom 
 of Serbia of the territorial extension foreseen by Article VII above- 
 mentioned, which extension may be carried in the direction of 
 the valley of the Vardar as far as the circumstances will permit. 
 
 Article 5. 
 In order to respond to a desire expressed by His Majesty 
 King Milan I and in conformity with the spirit of perfect friend- 
 
138 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 
 
 du 23 juin 1 88 1 et I'acte additionnel present ont ete conclus, le 
 gouvernement I. et R. declare vouloir aider, autant que possible, 
 k la consolidation de I'etat ^conomique et financier du royaume de 
 Serbie et s'engage, a cet efifet, a entrer en n^gociations avec le 
 gouvernement Serbe, des que la demande lui en aura ete faite, sur 
 certaines modifications du traite de commerce en vigueur entre 
 I'Autriche-Hongrie et la Serbie ayant trait aux droits et imp6ts 
 sur les objets de consommation. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 Le present acte additionnel que les hautes parties s'engagent 
 6galement a tenir secret, fera partie int6grante du traite du 23 
 juin 1881 ; il sera ratifie et les ratifications en seront 6chang6es a 
 Belgrade dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus t6t si f aire se pent.* 
 
 En foi de quoi, les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont signe et 
 I'ont revetu du cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Belgrade, en double expedition, le 9 fevrier/28 Janvier 
 de I'an 1889. 
 
 L. S. V. Hengehnuller. L. S. Ch. Mijatovich. 
 
 (6) 
 
 Declaration of the Serbian Regents recognizing the Treaties of 1881 
 
 and i88g. Belgrade, March 7/ig, 1889? 
 
 A S. Exc. Mr. Hengelmiiller, envoye extraordinaire et ministre 
 pl6nipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie a Belgrade. 
 
 Tres confidentielle. Belgrade ce 7/19 mars 1889. 
 
 Monsieur l'envoy6. 
 Nous avons regu la note que V. E., d'ordre de son gouverne- 
 ment, nous a fait I'honneur de nous adresser pour appeler notre 
 
 ' Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Budapest, February 15, 
 1889 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VI/II, 36) ; of King Milan, Belgrade, 
 February 5/17, 1889 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Rati^Ocationen); 
 Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Belgrade, February s/17, 1889 (original: St. 
 A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VI/II, 41). 
 
 The date of the Austro-Hungarian ratification is not given in the draft docu- 
 ment. It appears, however, from the Instruction to Belgrade of February 15, i?89 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUgXRO-SERBIAN TREATY 139 
 
 ship in which the Treaty of June 23, 1881, and the present 
 Additional Act have been concluded, the Imperial and Royal 
 Government declares its wiUingness to aid, so far as possible, in 
 the consolidation of the economic and financial condition of the 
 Kingdom of Serbia, and engages, with that in view, as soon as 
 the request shall have been made to it, to enter into negotiations 
 with the Serbian Government in regard to certain modifications 
 of the Treaty of Commerce in force between Austria-Hungary 
 and Serbia relative to duties and imposts on foodstuffs. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 The present Additional Act, which the High Parties equally 
 engage to keep secret, shall form an integral part of the Treaty 
 of Jime 23j 1881 ; it shall be ratified and the ratifications shall 
 be exchanged at Belgrade within a period of a fortnight, or sooner 
 if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 it and aflSxed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Belgrade, in dupUcate, February 9/January 28 of the 
 year 1889. 
 
 L. S. V. Hengehniiller. L. S. Ch. Mijatovich. 
 
 (b) 
 Declaration of the Serbian Regents recognizing the Treaties of 1881 
 and i88g. Belgrade, March 7/19, 1889. 
 
 To His Excellency Mr. HengehniiUer, Envoy Extraordinary 
 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary of Austria-Hungary 
 
 at Belgrade. 
 
 Very Confidential. Belgrade, March 7/19, 1889. 
 
 Mr. Minister, 
 We have received the Note which Your Excellency, by order 
 of your (Jovemlnent, has done us the honor to address to us in 
 
 (St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VI/II, 38) that the ratification was signed on 
 February 15. 
 
 This Treaty expired on January 13, 1895 (Instruction to Belgrade, February 22, 
 1896, Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIII, 3.) 
 
 2 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, VI/II, 49. 
 
140 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY 
 
 attention sur le traite secret conclu entre la Serbie et I'Autriche- 
 Hongrie le 28 juin 1881 et Facte additionnel en faisant partie en 
 diate du 9 fevrier de I'annee courante. 
 
 Bien que le gouvernement imperial et royal ne doute point de 
 la fidelite avec laquelle la regence royale remplira les obligations 
 Internationales de la Serbie contractees en bonne et due forme 
 sous le regne precedent, ni des soins qu'elle mettra a veiller a leur 
 scrupuleuse observation, il desire n^anmoins, vu la haute import- 
 ance des actes susmentionnes, obtenir des informations oflScielles 
 et explicites sur le point de vue auquel la regence royale compte se 
 placer k leur egard. 
 
 Ayant pris connaissance des traites susmentionnes et examine 
 avec soin leur contenu, nous nous empressons d'informer V. E. 
 que nous les avons trouves conclus en boime et due forme et en 
 pleine et entiere conformite avec les droits souveraines accordes 
 au roi de Serbie par I'ancienne constitution de 1869 et la nouvelle 
 constitution du royaume promulguee le 22 decembre 1888. 
 
 La valeur legale du traite secret du 28 juin 1881 ainsi que de 
 son acte additionnel du 9 fevrier de I'annee courante ne pouvant, 
 par consequent, 6tre contestee un seul instant, nous n'hesitons 
 pas a vous declarer. Monsieur I'envoye, que la regence royale n'a 
 aucun scrupule de se placer au point de vue de la stricte et fidele 
 observation de ces stipulations Internationales. 
 
 Cette tache nous sera d'autant plus facile que nous memes nous 
 attachons le plus grand prix a chercher tous les moyens propres a 
 assurer le developpement des bonnes et cordiales relations qui 
 existent si heureusement entre la Serbie et la puissante monarchie 
 voisine. 
 
 Nous aimons a esperer que V. E. voudra bien nous accorder 
 son appui bienveillant pour atteindre ce but et nous vous prions, 
 Mr. I'envoye, d'agreer les assurances de notre plus haute consi- 
 deration. 
 
 Les regents du royaume: 
 
 Dr. J. Ristitch. 
 General K. S. Protitch. 
 General Belimarkowic. 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-SERBIAN TREATY I4I 
 
 order to call our attention to the secret Treaty concluded between 
 Serbia and Austria-Hungary June 28 (sic), 1881, and the Addi- 
 tional Act constituting a part thereof dated February 9 of the 
 current year. 
 
 Although the Imperial and Royal Government does not doubt 
 the fidehty with which the Royal Regency will fulfil the inter- 
 national obUgations of Serbia contracted in good and due form 
 under the preceding reign, or the care that it will take to see to 
 their scrupulous observance, it desires nevertheless, in view of 
 the high importance of the abovementioned Acts, to obtain 
 official and explicit information as to the point of view which the 
 Royal Regency intends to adopt with regard to them. 
 
 Having taken cognizance of the abovementioned Treaties and 
 examined their contents with care, we hasten to inform Your 
 Excellency that we have found them concluded in good and due 
 form and in fuU and entire conformity with the sovereign rights 
 granted to the King of Serbia by the old Constitution of 1869 
 and the new Constitution of the Kingdom promulgated on De- 
 cember 22, 1888. 
 
 The legal validity of the secret Treaty of June 28 (sic), 188 1, 
 as well as of its Additional Act of February 9 of the current year 
 consequently not being contestable for a single instant, we do not 
 hesitate to declare to you, Mr. Minister, that the Royal Regency 
 has no scruples in adopting the point of view of strict and faithful 
 observance of these international stipulations. 
 
 This task will be the easier for us since we ourselves attach th§ 
 greatest value to seeking all the means suitable to assure the 
 development of the good and cordial relations which so happily 
 exist between Serbia and the powerful neighboring Monarchy. 
 
 We like to hope that Your Excellency will be good enough to 
 lend his friendly support to the attainment of this purpose; and 
 we pray you, Mr. Minister, to accept the assurances of our 
 highest consideration. 
 
 The Regents of the Kingdom: 
 
 Dr. J. Ristitch. 
 
 General K. S. Protitch. 
 
 General Belimarkovic. 
 
142 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT 
 
 14. 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN 
 
 AGREEMENT BETWEEN SPAIN 
 
 AND ITALY. 1891. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Italian-Spanisk Protocol relating to the prolongation of the 
 
 Agreement. Madrid, May 4, i8gi} 
 
 Protocole. 
 
 Le gouvemement de S. M. le roi d'ltalie et le gouvernement de 
 S. M. la reine regente d'Espagne, animus du d6sir de fortifier tou- 
 jours davantage le principe monarchique et de contribuer au 
 raffermissement de la paix, ont decide de renouveler I'accord 
 secret de 1887 et dans les memes termes qui avaient et6 stipules 
 entre les devix gouvernements par rechange de notes du 4 mai 
 de la dite annee, a savoir: ' 
 
 Article I. 
 
 L'ltalie et TEspagne ne se' preteront 'envers la France, en ce 
 'qui conceme entre autres les territoires nord-africains, a aucun 
 'traite ou arrangement politique quelconque qui serait directe- 
 'ment ou indirectement dirige contre l'ltalie,' I'Espagne, 'I'Alle- 
 'magne et I'Autriche-Hongrie, ou contre I'une ou I'autre de ces 
 'puissances. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 'Abstention de toute attaque non provoquee, ainsi que de 
 ' toute provocation. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 'En vue des interSts engages dans la M6diterran6e, et dans le 
 'but principal d'y maintenir le statu quo actuel, l'ltalie et I'Es- 
 
 ' Certified copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsur- 
 kunden, n. 24, Geheimakten, XVI b, n. 61. 
 
 A further prolongation took place in May, 1895 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, 
 
 XXVI). 
 
PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT I43 
 
 14. 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN 
 
 AGREEMENT BETWEEN SPAIN 
 
 AND ITALY. 1891. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Italian-Spanish Protocol relating to the prolongation of the 
 Agreement. Madrid, May 4, i8gi. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 The Government of His Majesty the King of Italy and the 
 Government of Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, ani- 
 mated by the desire to fortify the monarchical principle ever 
 further and to contribute to the strengthening of peace, have 
 decided to renew the secret Agreement of 1887 and in the same 
 terms which were drawn up between the two Governments by 
 the exchange of Notes of May 4 of the said year, to wit: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Italy and Spain will not lend themselves as regards France, 
 in so far as the North African territories among others are con- 
 cerned, to any treaty or political arrangement whatsoever which 
 should be aimed directly or indirectly against Italy, Spain, Ger- 
 many, and Austria-Hungary, or against any one of these Powers. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Abstention from all unprovoked attack, as well as from all 
 provocation. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 In view of the interests involved in the Mediterranean, and for 
 the principal purpose of maintaining there the present status quo, 
 Italy and Spain will keep in communication with one another on 
 this subject, by conveying to one another all information of a 
 
144 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT 
 
 'pagne se tiendront sur ce sujet en conmiunication, en se faisant 
 'part de tout renseignement propre a s'eclairer sur leurs disposi- 
 'tions respectives, ainsi que sur celles des autres puissances. 
 
 Les dispositions qui precedent, lesquelles constituent la repro- 
 duction de I'accord de 1887, entrent nouvellement en vigueur a 
 partir d'aujourd'hui pour une duree de quatre ans, et continue- 
 ront a 6tre tenues secretes. 
 
 Le gouvernement Italien s'engage conime en 1887 k presenter 
 les clauses sus6noncees k l'adh6sion des gouvernements de S. M. 
 I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et de S. M. Tempereur 
 d'Autriche, roi de Hongrie. 
 
 En foi de quoi leurs excellences le marquis Maffei, ambassadeur 
 extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire de S. M. le roi d'ltalie, et le 
 due de Tetuan, ministre des affaires etrangeres d'Espagne, du- 
 ment autorises, ont sign6 ce protocole en double original. 
 
 Fait a Madrid le quatre mai mil huit cent quatre-vingt-onze. 
 
 (Signe) Maffei. (Signe) Le due de Tetuan. 
 
 Pour copie confonne a I'original: 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 Madrid 4 mai 1891. 
 
 (6) 
 Spanish Note to Italy regarding Morocco. May 4, 1891? 
 Regia ambasciata d'ltalia. 
 Copie de la note adressee par S. E. le due de Tetuan, ministre des 
 affaires etrangeres d'Espagne a S. E. le marquis Maffei, ambas- 
 sadeur d'ltalie. 
 
 Madrid, le 4 mai 1891. 
 Monsieur I'ambassadeur: Me referant a I'accord secret que 
 j'ai eu I'honneur de signer aujourd'hui avec V. E. au nom de nos 
 gouvernements respectifs, je crois mon devoir de formuler au 
 sujet de la clause 3 dudit accord, la reserve suivante pour ce qui 
 concerne le Maroc: Le gouvernement de S. M. la reine r6gente 
 
 ^ Certified copy: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsur- 
 kunden, n. 24, Geheimakten, XVI b, n. 61. 
 
PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT I45 
 
 kind to enlighten each other concerning their respective disposi- 
 tions, as well as those of other Powers. 
 
 The preceding provisions, which are the reproduction of the 
 Agreement of 1887, enter into force anew, dating from today, 
 for a period of four years, and shall continue to be kept secret. 
 
 The Italian Government engages as in 1887 to present the 
 above stated clauses for the adhesion of the Governments of His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, and of His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary. 
 
 In witness whereof Their Excellencies the Marquis Maffei, 
 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of His Majesty 
 the King of Italy, and the Duke of Tetuan, Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs of Spain, duly authorized, have signed this Protocol in 
 duplicate originals. 
 
 Done at Madrid, the fourth of May, one thousand eight 
 hundred and ninety-one. 
 
 (Signed) Maffei. (Signed) The Duke of Tetuan. 
 
 For copy true to the original: 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1891. 
 
 (jb) 
 Spanish Note to Italy regarding Morocco. May 4, i8gi. 
 
 Royal Embassy of Italy. 
 
 Copy of the Note addressed by His Excellency the Dxxke of 
 
 Tetuan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain, to His Excellency 
 
 the Marquis Maffei, Ambassador of Italy. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1891. 
 Mr. Ambassador: Referring to the secret Agreement which I 
 have today had the honor of signing with Your Excellency in the 
 name of our respective Govenmaents, I deem it my duty to formu- 
 late the following reserve on the subject matter of clause 3 of the 
 said Agreement so far as it concerns Morocco : The Govenmient 
 
146 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT 
 
 declare que le statu quo a la conservation duquel vise I'accord 
 doit etre considere non seulement en relation avec I'^tat de fait 
 existant au Maroc, mais aussi en relation avec I'etat des droits 
 de I'Espagne d'apres le traite de Wad Ras et sans que cela affai- 
 blisse sa liberte d'action pour maintenir la slirete de la ligne de 
 fronti^re des possessions espagnoles sur le territoire du Maroc. 
 En portant ce qui precede a la connaissance de V. E., je la prie 
 de vouloir bien m'en donner acte au nom de son gouvernement et 
 d'en faire 6galement notification k leurs excellences les ambassa- 
 deurs d'AUemagne et d'Autriche-Hongrie en les invitant k en 
 prendre acte au nom de leurs gouvemements respectifs. Veuillez 
 agreer I'assurance de ma haute consideration. (Sign6) Due de 
 Tetuan. 
 
 A S. E. le marquis Maffei, ambassadeur de S. M. le roi d'ltalie. 
 
 Pour copie conforme k I'original: 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 Madrid 4 mai 1891. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Protocol and Note} 
 Madrid, May 4, i8gi. 
 
 Madrid, le 4 mai 1891. 
 
 Par sa note d'aujourd'hui S. E. I'ambassadeur de S. M. le roi 
 d'ltalie a bien voulu envoyer au soussigne copie certifiee conforme 
 du protocole quelle a signe ce matin avec S. E. Mr. le due de 
 Tetuan, ministre d'6tat, pour le renouvellement de I'accord secret 
 du 4 mai 1887, ainsi que la copie certifiee conforme des notes 
 relatives aux reserves formulees par le gouvernement espagnol 
 au sujet du Maroc. 
 
 3 Copy: St. A., ibid. 
 
 This Declaration of Accession bears in lead pencil the notation: "Comte 
 Dubsky k I'ambassadeur d'ltalie k Madrid, Maffei." The Declaration of Acces- 
 sion of the German Empire is not available, but according to a note of the Duke of 
 
PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT I47 
 
 of Her Majesty the Queen Regent declares that the status quo to 
 the preservation of which the Agreement looks must be consid- 
 ered not only in relation to the de facto situation existing in 
 Morocco, but also in relation to the de jure situation of Spain 
 according to the Treaty of Wad Ras and without impairing her 
 freedom of action for maintaining the security of the frontier line 
 of the Spanish possessions in the territory of Morocco. • In bring- 
 ing the preceding to the knowledge of Your Excellency, I beg you 
 to be kind enough to acknowledge receipt thereof in the name of 
 your Government and to give notice of it as well to Their Excel- 
 lencies the Ambassadors of Germany and of Austria-Hungary, 
 inviting them to take note thereof in the name of their respective 
 Governments. Pray accept the assurance of my high considera- 
 tion. (Signed) The Duke of Tetuan. 
 
 To His Excellency Marquis Maffei, Ambassador of His 
 Majesty the King of Italy. 
 
 For copy true to the original: 
 
 L. S. Maffei. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1891. 
 
 Accession of Austria-Hungary to the Protocol and Note. 
 Madrid, May 4, i8gi. 
 
 Madrid, May 4, 1891. 
 By his Note of today His Excellency the Ambassador of His 
 Majesty the King of Italy has been good enough to send to the 
 undersigned a certified true copy of the Protocol which he signed 
 this morning with His Excellency the Duke of Tetuan, Minister 
 of State, for the renewal of the secret Agreement of May 4, 1887, 
 as well as the certified true copy of the Notes relative to the re- 
 serves formulated by the Spanish Government on the subject 
 of Morocco. 
 
 Tetuan of May s, 1891 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XVI, 58) it was likewise pre- 
 sented on May 4. 
 
148 PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT 
 
 Le soussigne s'empresse d'ordre de son gouvernement de 
 notifier I'accession de ce dernier au dit protocole et aux notes 
 echangees a Madrid aujourd'hui 4 ct. entre le repr^sentant de 
 S. M. le roi d'ltalie et S. E. le ministre d'etat de S. M. la reine 
 rdgente. 
 
 Le soussign6 profite de cette occasion pour reit6rer k S. E. Mr. 
 le marquis Maffei I'assurance de sa haute consideration. 
 
 L'ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie. 
 
 (Signe) Dubsky. 
 
PROLONGATION OF ITALO-SPANISH AGREEMENT I49 
 
 The undersigned hastens, by order of his Government, to an- 
 nounce the accession of the latter to the said Protocol and to the 
 Notes exchanged at Madrid today, the 4th instant, between the 
 Representative of His Majesty the King of Italy and His Excel- 
 lency the Minister of State of Her Majesty the Queen Regent. 
 
 The undersigned avails himself of this occasion to renew to 
 His Excellency the Marquis Maffei the assurance of his high 
 consideration. 
 
 The Ambassador of Austria-Hungary. 
 
 (Signed) Dubsky. 
 
I50 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 15- 
 
 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1 891. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, 
 
 and Italy. Berlin, May 6, i8gi} 
 
 L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi 
 apostolique de Hongrie, I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 et le roi d'ltalie fennement resolus d'assurer a leurs etats la con- 
 tinuation des bienfaits que leur garantit, au point de vue politique 
 aussi bien qu'au point de vue monarchique et social, le maintien 
 de la Triple Alliance, et voulant dans ce but prolonger la duree de 
 cette alliance conclue le 20 mai 1882 et renouvelee, une premiere 
 fois deja, par les traites du 20 fevrier 1887 dont I'echeance etait 
 fix6e au 30 mai 1892 ont, a cet effet, nomme comme leurs pleni- 
 potentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie: le sieur Emeric comte Szechenyi de Sarvari 
 Felso-Videk, chambellan et conseiller intime actuel, son ambas- 
 sadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur 
 d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse: le sieur Leon de 
 Caprivi, general d'infanterie, chancelier de I'empire, son president 
 du conseil des ministres de Prusse, 
 
 S. M. le roi d'ltaUe: le sieur Edouard comte de Launay, son 
 ambassadeur extraordinaire et plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'em- 
 pereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 
 'lesquels, apres 6change de leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves en 
 'bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I.^ 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutueUement 
 'paix et amitie et n'entreront dans aucune aUiance ou engage- 
 'ment dirig6 contre I'un de leurs etats. 
 
 • Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 25, Geheimakten, XXVIII, 26. 
 
THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 151 
 
 IS- 
 
 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1891. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, 
 
 and Italy. Berlin, May 6, 1891. 
 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, 
 etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, 
 King of Prussia, and the King of Italy, firmly resolved to assure 
 to Their States the continuation of the benefits which the 
 maintenance of the Triple AUiance guarantees to them, from the 
 political point of view as well as from the monarchical and social 
 point of view, and wishing with this purpose to prolong the dura- 
 tion of this AUiance, concluded on May 20, 1882, and already 
 renewed a first time by the Treaties of February 20, 1887, whose 
 expiration was fixed for May 30, 1892, have, for this purpose, 
 appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Emeric Count Sze- 
 chenyi of Sarvari Felso-Videk, Chamberlain and Actual Privy 
 Councillor, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 
 to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia: the 
 Sieur Leo von Caprivi, General of Infantry, Chancellor of the 
 Empire, His President of the Council of Ministers of Prussia, 
 
 His Majesty the King of Italy: the Sieur Edward Count de 
 Launay, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 
 who, after exchange of their full powers, found in good and 
 due form, have agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Article I.^ 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and 
 friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed 
 against any one of their States. 
 
 ' Articles I-V are identic with Articles I-V of the Treaty of May 20, 1882. 
 Cf. p. 64. 
 
152 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 ' Elles s'engagent a proceder a un echange d'idees sur les ques- 
 ' tions politiques et economiques d'une nature generale qui pour- 
 'raient se presenter, et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel 
 'dans la limite de leurs propres interSts. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 'Dans le cas ou I'ltalie, sans provocation directe de sa part) 
 'serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les 
 'deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues a prater a la 
 'partie attaquee secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces. 
 
 ' Cette mfeme obligation incombera a I'ltaUe dans le cas d'une 
 'agression non directement provoquee de la France contre I'Alle- 
 'magne. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 ' Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes, sans provo- 
 ' cation directe de leur part, venaient a ^tre attaquees et k se 
 'trouver engag^es dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes 
 'puissances non signataires du present traite, le "casus foederis" 
 'se presentera simultandment pour toutes les hautes parties con- 
 'tractantes. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 'Dans le cas oil une grande puissance non signataire du present 
 
 * traite menacerait la securite des etats de Tune des hautes parties 
 ' contractantes, et la partie menacee se verrait par Ik f orcee de 
 'lui faire la guerre^ les deux autres s'obligent a observer, k I'^gard 
 *de leur allie, une neutralite bienveiUante. Chacune se reserve, 
 'dans ce cas, la faculte de prendre part k la guerre, si elle le jugeait 
 'a propos, pour faire cause commune avec son allie. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 ' Si la paix de I'une des hautes parties contractantes venait a 
 'etre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles pr6- 
 ' cedents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en 
 ' temps utile sur les mesures militaires k prendre en vue d'une co- 
 
 * operation eventuelle. 
 
THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE I S3 
 
 They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on political 
 and economic questions of a general nature which may arise, and 
 they further promise one another mutual support within the 
 limits of their own interests. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should 
 be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other 
 Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance 
 with all their forces to the Party attacked. 
 
 This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any 
 aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct 
 provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to 
 be engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsigna- 
 tory to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simul- 
 taneously for all the High Contracting Parties. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 In case a Great Power nonsignatory to the present Treaty 
 should threaten the security of the states of one of the High 
 Contracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself 
 forced on that account to make war against it, the two others 
 bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent 
 neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right 
 to take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common 
 cause with its Ally. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 If the peace of one of the High Contracting Parties should 
 chance to be threatened under the circumstances foreseen by 
 the preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take 
 counsel together in ample time as to the military measures to be 
 taken with a view to eventual cooperation. 
 
154 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'EUes s'engagent, des-a-present, dans tous les cas de participa- 
 ' tion commune a une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix, 
 *ni traite, que d'un commun accord entre elles. 
 
 Article VI.' 
 
 L'Allemagne et I'ltalie, 'n'ayant en vue que le maintien, 
 ' autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, s'engagent 
 'a user de leur influence pour prevenir, sur les cotes et iles otto- 
 ' manes dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee, toute modifi- 
 ' cation territoriale qui porterait dommage a I'une ou k I'autre des 
 'puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se conamunique- 
 'ront, k cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer 
 'mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles 
 'd'autres puissances. 
 
 Article VII.^ 
 
 L'Autriche-Hongrie et I'ltalie, 'n'ayant en vue que le main- 
 'tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, 
 ' s'engagent k user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modifica- 
 'tion territoriale qui porterait dommage a I'une ou a I'autre des 
 'puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communique- 
 'ront, a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer 
 'mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles 
 'd'autres puissances. 
 
 'Toutefois dans le cas, ou, par suite des evenements, le main- 
 'tien du statu quo dans les regions des Balcans ou des c6tes et iles 
 'ottomanes dans I'Adriatique et dans la mer Egee deviendrait 
 'impossible, et que, soit en consequence de Faction d'une puis- 
 'sance tierce soit autrement, I'Autriche-Hongrie ou I'ltalie se 
 'verraient dans la necessite de le modifier par une occupation 
 'temporaire ou permanente de leur part, cette occupation n'aura 
 'lieu qu'apres un accord prealable entre les deux puissances, bas6 
 'sur le principe d'une compensation reciproque pour tout avan- 
 ' tage, territorial ou autre que chacune d'elles obtiendrait en sus 
 
 ' Identic with the first Article of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of 
 February 20, 1887. Cf. p. no. 
 
THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1 55 
 
 They engage henceforward, in all cases of common participa- 
 tion in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty, 
 except by common agreement among themselves. 
 
 Article VI.' 
 
 Germany and Italy, having in mind only the maintenajice, 
 so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, en- 
 gage to use their influence to forestall, on the Ottoman coasts and 
 islands in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas, any territorial modi- 
 fication which might be injurious to one or the other of the 
 Powers signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they will 
 communicate to one another all information of a nature to en- 
 lighten each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, 
 as well as those of other Powers. 
 
 Article VII.* 
 
 Austria-Hxmgary and Italy, having in mind only the mainten- 
 ance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, 
 engage to use their influence to forestall any territorial modifica- 
 tion which might be injurious to one or the other of the Powers 
 signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they shall com- 
 municate to one another all information of a nature to enhghten 
 each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well as 
 those of other Powers. 
 
 However, if, in the course of events, the maintenance of the 
 status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts 
 and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become 
 impossible, and if, whether in consequence of the action of a third 
 Power or otherwise, Austria-Himgary or Italy should find them- 
 selves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or 
 permanent occupation on their part, this occupation shall take 
 place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers, 
 based upon the principle of a reciprocal compensation for every 
 advantage, territorial or other, which each of them might obtain 
 
 * Identic with Article I of the Austro-Hungarian-Italian Separate Treaty of 
 February 20, 1887. Cf. p. 108. 
 
156 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'du statu quo actuel, et donnant satisfaction aux int6rSts et aux 
 'pretentions bien fondees des deux parties. 
 
 Article VIII.^ 
 
 'Les stipulations des' articles VI et VII 'ne s'appliqueront 
 'd'aucune maniere a la question egyptienne au sujet de laquelle 
 'les hautes parties contractantes conservent respectivement leur 
 'liberte d'action, eu 6gard tou jours aux principes sur lesquels 
 repose le present traits. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 L'AUemagne et I'ltalie s'engagent a s'employer pour le main- 
 tien du statu quo territorial dans les regions nord-africaines sur la 
 Mediterranee a savoir la Cyrenaique, la Tripolitaine et la Tunisie. 
 Les representants des deux puissances dans ces regions auront 
 pour instruction de se tenir dans la plus 6troite intimity de com- 
 munications et assistance mutuelles. 
 
 Si malheureusement, en suite d'un mfir examen de la situation 
 I'Allemagne et I'ltalie reconnaissaient I'une et I'autre que le 
 maintien du statu quo devenait impossible, I'Allemagne s'engage, 
 apres un accord formel et prealable, k appuyer I'ltalie en toute 
 action sous la forme d'occupation ou autre prise de garantie que 
 cette derniere devrait entreprendre dans ces memes regions en 
 vue d'un interet d'^quilibre et de 16gitune compensation. 
 
 II est entendu que pour pareille eventualite les deux puissances 
 chercheraient a se mettre ^galement d'accord avec I'Angleterre. 
 
 Article X.* 
 
 'S'il arrivait que la France fit acte d'6tendre son occupation ou 
 'bien son protectorat ou sa souverainete, sous une forme quel- 
 'conque, sur les territoires nord-africains/ et qu'en consequence 
 'de ce fait I'ltalie crut devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans 
 'la Mediterranee, entreprendre elle-meme une action sur les dits 
 
 * Identic with Article II of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of February 20, 
 1887. Cf. p. 112. Austria now accedes to this provision. 
 
 « Identic with Article III of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of February 
 20, 1887. Cf. p. 112. 
 
THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1 57 
 
 beyond the present status quo, and giving satisfaction to the 
 interests and well founded claims of the two Parties. 
 
 Article VIII.' 
 
 The stipulations of Articles VI and VII shall apply in no way 
 to the Egyptian question, with regard to which the High Con- 
 tracting Parties preserve respectively their freedom of action, re- 
 gard being always paid to the principles upon which the present 
 Treaty rests. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 Germany and Italy engage to exert themselves for the main- 
 tenance of the territorial status quo in the North African regions 
 on the Mediterranean, to wit, Cjnrenaica, Tripolitania, and 
 Tunisia. The Representatives of the two Powers in these regions 
 shall be instructed to put themselves into the closest intimacy 
 of mutual conununication and assistance. 
 
 If imfortunately, as a result of a mature examination of the 
 situation, Germany and Italy should both recognize that the 
 maintenance of the status quo has become impossible, Germany 
 engages, after a formal and previous agreement, to support 
 Italy in any action in the form of occupation or other taking of 
 guaranty which the latter should undertake in these same regions 
 with a view to an interest of equihbrium and of legitimate com- 
 pensation. 
 
 It is understood that in such an eventuality the two Powers 
 would seek to place themselves likewise in agreement with 
 England. 
 
 Article X.* 
 
 If it were to happen that France should make a move to ex- 
 tend her occupation, or even her protectorate or her sovereignty, 
 under any form whatsoever, in the North African territories, 
 and that in consequence thereof Italy, in order to safeguard her 
 position in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must her 
 self undertake action in the said North African territories, or 
 
 ' The words "soit du villayet de Tripoli, soit de I'empire Marocain" of Article 
 III of the German-Italian Treaty of 1887 are here omitted. Cf. p. 112. 
 
158 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 ' territoires nord-af ricains ou bien recourir sur le territoire fran^ais 
 ' en Europe aux mesures extremes, r6tat de guerre qui s'ensuivrait 
 'entre I'ltalie et la France constituerait ipso facto, sur la demande 
 'de ritalie, et h, la charge commune' de I'Allemagne et de I'ltalie, 
 'le casus foederis prevu par les articles II et V du present traite, 
 ' comme si pareille eventualite y etait expressement visee. 
 
 Article XI.' 
 
 ' Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun contre la 
 ' France ' par les deux puissances ' amenaient I'ltalie h, rechercher 
 ' des garanties territoriales a I'egard de la France, pour la securit6 
 'des frontieres du royaume et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en 
 'vue de la stabihte de la paix, I'Allemagne n'y mettra aucun 
 ' obstacle, et au besoin, et dans une mesure compatible avec les 
 ' circonstances, s'appUquera a faciliter les moyens d'atteindre un 
 ' semblable but. 
 
 Article XII.' 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 'le secret sur le contenu du present traite. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 Les puissances signataires se reservent d'y introduire ulterieure- 
 ment sous forme de protocole et d'un conamun accord, les modi- 
 fications dont I'utilite serait demontree par les circonstances. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 Le present traite restera en vigueur pour I'espace de six ans 
 a partir de I'echange des ratifications ;i'* mais s'il n'avait pas 6t6 
 denonce un an a I'avance par I'une ou I'autre des hautes parties 
 contractantes, il restera en vigueur pour la m6me duree de six 
 autres annees. 
 
 ' Identic with Article IV of the German-Italian Separate Treaty of February 
 20, 1887. Cf. p. 112. 
 
 ' Identic with Article VI of the Treaty of May 20, 1882, and Articles II and V 
 of the Separate Treaties of Italyswith Austria-Hungary and with Germany, re- 
 spectively, of February 20, 1887. Cf. pp. 68, 108, 114. 
 
THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1 59 
 
 even have recourse to extreme measures in French territory in 
 Europe, the state of war which would thereby ensue between 
 Italy and France would constitute ipso facto, on the demand of 
 Italy, and at the common charge of Germany and Italy, the 
 casus foederis foreseen by Articles II and V of the present Treaty, 
 as if such an eventuality were expressly contemplated therein. 
 
 Article XI.* 
 
 If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against 
 France by the two Powers should lead Italy to seek for territorial 
 guaranties with respect to France for the security of the frontiers 
 of the Kingdom and of her maritime position, as weU as with a 
 view to the stability of peace, Germany will present no obstacle 
 thereto, and, if need be, and in a measure compatible with cir- 
 cumstances, will apply herself to facilitating the means of attain- 
 ing such a purpose. 
 
 Article XII.' 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 The Signatory Powers reserve the right of subsequently in- 
 troducing, in the form of a protocol and of a common agreement, 
 the modifications of which the utility should be demonstrated 
 by circumstances. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force for the space of six 
 years, dating from the exchange of ratifications; but if it has not 
 been denounced one year in advance by one or another of the 
 High Contracting Parties, it shall remain in force for the same 
 duration of six more years. 
 
 " Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, May 16, 1891 
 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXVIII, 32); of Emperor William 11, 
 New Palace, Potsdam, May 16, 1891 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen 
 Ratifikationen); of King Humbert, Rome, May 12, 1891 (original, ibid.); Protocol 
 of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, May 17, 1891 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., 
 Geheimakten, XXVIII, 34). 
 
l6o THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Les ratifications du present trait6 seront echangees a Berlin, 
 dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus t6t si faire se peut. 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont sign6 le 
 'present traite, et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Berlin, en triple exemplaire, le sixieme jour du mois de 
 mai mil huit cent quatre-vingt-onze. 
 
 L. S. Szechenyi. 
 
 L. S. V. Caprivi. 
 
 L. S. Launay. 
 
 (b) 
 Final Protocol to the Treaty}^ 
 
 Protocole. 
 
 Au moment de proceder a la signature du traite de ce jour entre 
 rAutriche-Hongrie, I'Allemagne et I'ltalie, les plenipotentiaires 
 soussign^s de ces trois puissances, a ce dument autorises, se 
 declarent mutuellement ce qui suit: 
 
 i°- Sauf reserve d'approbation parlementaire pour les stipula- 
 tions effectives qui d6couleraient de la presente declaration de 
 principe les hautes parties contractantes se promettent, des ce 
 moment, en matiere economique (finances, douanes, chemins de 
 fer) en sus du traitement de la nation la plus favorisee, toutes les 
 facilites et tous les avantages particuliers qui seraient compatibles 
 avec les exigences de chacun des trois etats et avec leurs engage- 
 ments respectifs avec les tierces puissances. 
 
 2°- L'accession de I'Angleterre etant deja acquise, en principe, 
 aux stipulations du trait6 de ce jour qui concernent I'Orient, 
 proprement dit, a savoir les territoires de I'empire ottoman, les 
 hautes parties contractantes s'emploieront au moment opportun, 
 et pour autant que les circonstances le comporteraient, a provo- 
 quer une accession analogue a I'egard des territoires nord-africains 
 
 " Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 25, Geheimakten, XXVIII, 26. 
 
THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE l6l 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at 
 BerUn within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Treaty and have affixed thereto the seal of 
 their arms. 
 
 Done at Berlin, in triplicate, the sixth day of the month of 
 May, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one. 
 
 L. S. Szechenyi. 
 
 L. S. v. Caprivi. 
 
 L. S. Launay. 
 
 Final Protocol to the Treaty. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the Treaty of 
 this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, the 
 undersigned Plenipotentiaries of these three Powers, thereto 
 duly authorized, mutually declare themselves as follows: 
 
 1. Under reserve of parliamentary approval for the executory 
 stipulations proceeding from the present declaration of principle, 
 the High Contracting Parties promise each other, from this mo- 
 ment, in economic matters (finances, customs, railroads), in addi- 
 tion to most-favored-nation treatment, all of the facihties and 
 special advantages which would be compatible with the re- 
 quirements of each of the three States and with their respective 
 engagements with third Powers. 
 
 2. The accession of England being already acquired, in prin- 
 ciple, to the stipulations of the Treaty of this day which concern 
 the Orient, properly so-called, to wit, the territories of the Otto- 
 man Empire, the High Contracting Parties shall exert themselves 
 at the opportune moment, and to the extent that circumstances 
 may permit it, to bring about an analogous accession with regard 
 to the North African territories of the central and western part of 
 
l62 THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 de la partie centrale et occidentale de la Mediterran6e, le Maroc 
 compris. Cette accession pourrait se realiser moyennant accep- 
 tatibn, de la part de I'Angleterre, du programme 6tabli aux 
 articles IX et X du traite de ce jour. 
 
 En fbi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont signe, en triple 
 exemplaire, le present protocole. 
 
 Fait a Berlin, le sixi^me jour du mois de mai mil huit cent 
 quatre-vingt-onze. 
 
 Szechenyi. 
 
 V. Caprivi. 
 
 Launay. 
 
THIRD TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1 63 
 
 the Mediterranean, including Morocco. This accession might be 
 realized by an acceptance, on the part of England, of the pro- 
 gramme established by Articles IX and X of the Treaty of this, 
 day. 
 
 In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the 
 present Protocol in triplicate. 
 
 Done at Berlin, the sixth day of the month of May, one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and ninety-one. 
 
 Sz6ch6n3d. 
 
 V. Caprivi. 
 
 Launay. 
 
164 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 16. 
 
 SECOND TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA 
 WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, , 
 AND ITALY. 1892. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. Sinaia, 
 July 13/25, 1892} 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme, etc. et roi apo- 
 ' stolique de Hongrie, et 
 
 'S. M. le roi de Roumanie, 
 ' animSs d'un egal desir de maintenir la paix generale, conforme- 
 'ment au but poursuivi par Talliance austro-hongroise et alle- 
 'mande, d'assurer I'ordre politique et de garantir contre toutes 
 'les eventualites la parfaite amitie qui les lie, ont resolu de con- 
 ' dure a cette fin un traite qui par sa nature essentiellement con- 
 'servatrice et defensive ne poursuit que le but de les premunir 
 'contre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix de leurs 6tats. 
 
 'A cet effet L. L. dites M. M. ont nomme pour leurs pMnipo- 
 'tentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie: le sieur Agenor comte Goluchowski, chambel- 
 lan imperial et royal, son envoye extraordinaire et ministre pl6ni- 
 potentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, 
 
 S. M. le roi de Roimianie: le sieur Alexandre N. Lahovary, 
 son ministre, secretaire d'etat aux affaires etrangeres, 
 'lesquels, apres s'^tre communiques leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves 
 'en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amiti6 
 ' et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement dirig6 contre 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 26, Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 45. 
 
SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 1 65 
 
 16: 
 
 SECOND TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA 
 
 WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, 
 
 AND ITALY. 1892. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary and Rumania. Sinaia, 
 July 13/25, 1892. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and 
 
 His Majesty the King of Rumania, 
 
 animated by an equal desire to maintain the general peace, in 
 conformity with the purpose pursued by the Austro-Hungarian 
 and German Alliance, to assure the pohtical order, and to guar- 
 antee against all eventualities the perfect friendship which binds 
 Them together, have resolved to conclude to this end a Treaty 
 which by its essentially conservative and defensive nature pur- 
 sues only the aim of forestalling the dangers which might menace 
 the peace of Their States. 
 
 For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their 
 Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Agenor Count 
 Gohichowski, Imperial and Royal Chamberlain, His Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the 
 King of Rtunania, 
 
 His Majesty the King of Rumania: the Sieur Alexander N. 
 Lahovary, His Minister, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
 
 who, after having communicated to each other their full pow- 
 ers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following 
 Articles: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace aild 
 friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed 
 
1 66 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 'I'un de leurs €tats. Elles s'engagent a suivre une politique 
 'amicale et a se prater un appui mutuel dans la limite de leurs 
 'inter^ts. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 'Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait 
 'k dtre attaquee, I'Autriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en 
 'temps utile secours et assistance contre I'agresseur. Si I'Au- 
 ' triche-Hongrie etait attaquee dans les memes circonstances dans 
 'une partie de ses etats limitrophe k la Roumanie, le casus foederis 
 'se presentera aussitdt pour cette derniere. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 'Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee 
 'd'une agression dans les conditions susmentionnees les gouverne- 
 'ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures a prendre 
 ' en vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions mili- 
 'taires, notamment celle de I'unite des operations et du passage 
 'des territoires respectifs, seront reglees par une convention 
 'militaire. 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 ' Si contrairement a leur d6sir et espoir les hautes parties con- 
 'tractantes €taient forcees a une guerre commune dans les cir- 
 ' Constances pr^vues par les articles precedents, elles s'engagent a 
 'ne negocier ni conclure s^parement la paix. 
 
 Article 5. 
 
 'Le present trait6 restera en vigueur pour la duree de' quatre 
 ' ans a partir du jour de I'^change des ratifications. Si une annee 
 'avant son expiration le present traite n'est pas denonce, ou si la 
 'revision n'en est pas demandee par aucune des hautes parties 
 'contractantes, il sera considere comme prolong6 pour la duree de 
 ' trois autres annees. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 ' le secret sur le contenu du pr6sent traite. 
 
StCOND RUMANIAN TREATY 1 67 
 
 against any one of their States. They engage to follow a friendly 
 policy, and to lend one another mutual support within the limits 
 of their interests. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 If Rumania, without any provocation on her part, should be 
 attacked, Austria-Hungary is bound to bring her in ample time 
 help and assistance against the aggressor. If Austria-Hungary 
 be attacked under the same circumstances in a portion of her 
 states bordering on Rumania, the casus foederis will immediately 
 arise for the latter. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 If one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself 
 threatened by an aggression under the abovementioned condi- 
 tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree- 
 ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to cooperation 
 of their armies. These miUtary questions, especially that of the 
 unity of operations and of passage through the respective ter- 
 ritories, shall be regulated by a military convention. 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 If, contrary to their desire and hope, the High Contracting 
 Parties be forced into a common war under the circumstances 
 foreseen by the preceding Articles, they engage neither to nego- 
 tiate nor to conclude peace separately. 
 
 Article 5. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of four 
 years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. If the 
 present Treaty is not denounced one year before its expiration, 
 or if its revision is not demanded by either of the High Contract- 
 ing Parties, it shall be regarded as prolonged for a period of three 
 more years. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
1 68 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 Article 7. 
 'Le present traite sera ratifie et les ratifications seront echan- 
 'gees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si faire se peut.* 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont signe et y 
 ' ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Sinaia le vingt-cinquieme/treizieme jour du mois de 
 juillet de I'an de grS.ce mil huit cent quatre-vingt-douze. 
 Agenor comte Goluchowski. Al. Lahovari. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Rumania 
 
 providing for the accession of Germany to the Alliance. 
 
 Bucharest, November 11/2J, 1892? 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo- 
 ' stolique de Hongrie, et 
 
 'S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu a' Sinaia le 25/13 
 juillet de I'annee courante 'le traite d'amitie et d'alliance suivant: 
 [Articles i-y of the Treaty of July 25, i8g2, follow.] 
 
 'ont invite S. M. Tempereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, a 
 ' acceder aux dispositions du susdit traite. 
 
 'En consequence S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 'a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet effet son representant' a 
 Bucarest, le conseiUer de legation Bernard de Bulow, 'pour 
 'adherer formellement aux stipulations contenues dans le traite 
 ' susmentionne. En vertu de cet acte d'accession S. M. I'empereur 
 'd'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, prend au nom de I'empire d'Alle- 
 'magne envers L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme 
 ' etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi de Roumanie, et en 
 'm6me temps L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme 
 ' etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi de Roumanie, pren- 
 
 2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Ischl, July 30, 1892 
 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 46); of King Charles, Sinaia, 
 July 25/ August 4, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Rati- 
 fikationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Sinaia, July 25/ August 4, 1892 
 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, 51). 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimer Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 27, Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 92. 
 
SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 1 69 
 
 Article 7. 
 
 The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall 
 be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 it and have afl5xed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Sinaia, the twenty-fifth/thirteenth day of the month 
 of July of the year of grace one thousand eight hundred and 
 ninety-two. 
 
 Agenor Count Goluchowski. Al. Lahovari. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Rumania 
 
 providing for the accession of Germany to the Alliance. 
 
 Bucharest, November 11/23, iSg2. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and 
 
 His Majesty the King of Rumania, having concluded at Sinaia 
 on July 25/13 of the current year the Treaty of friendship and 
 alliance which follows: 
 
 [Articles i-y of the Treaty of July 25, i8g2, follow.] 
 
 have invited His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty. 
 
 Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His 
 Representative at Bucharest, Counsellor of Legation Bemhard 
 von Biilow, to adhere formally to the provisions contained in the 
 abovementioned Treaty. In virtue of this Act of Accession His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, takes in the 
 name of the German Empire towards Their Majesties the Em- 
 peror of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of 
 Hungary, and the King of Rumania, and at the same time Their 
 Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and 
 Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King of Rumania take 
 towards His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 the same engagements by which the High Contracting Parties 
 
I70 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 'nent envers S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, les 
 'm^mes engagements auxquels les hautes parties contractantes,se 
 'sont mutuellement obligees par les stipulations du dit trait6 
 'insere ci-dessus. 
 
 *Le present acte d'accession sera rati&e et les ratifications 
 'seront 6chang6es dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si 
 'faire se peut.^ 
 
 'En foi de quoi les pMnipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le 
 'present acte d'accession et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Bucarest, le 23^/1 1^ jour du mois de novembre de I'an 
 de gr§,ce mil huit cent quatre-vingt-douze. 
 
 L. S. A. Goluchowski. 
 
 L. S. Al. Lahovari. 
 
 L. S. Bern. Bulow. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 
 accession of Italy to the Alliance. November 28, 1892.^ 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, et 
 'S. M. le roi de Roumanie, ayant conclu' le 25/13 Juillet 1892 
 'un traite d'amiti6 et d'alliance, actuellement en vigueur, traits 
 'dont la teneur suit: 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows.] 
 
 'Ce traite ayant regu' le 23 novembre 1892 'I'accession de 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et ayant ete en- 
 ' suite communique par les hautes parties contractantes susmen- 
 ' tionnees a S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec I'invitation a y acc^der, S. M. 
 'le roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce traite a ^t6 conclu, 
 'et qui est la conservation de la paix gen6rale et de I'ordre exist- 
 'ant, a autorise le soussigne' sieur Frangois des marquis Curto- 
 passi, son envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire 
 
 * Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each for the 
 German Empire and Rumania, Vienna, December 5, 1892 (draft: St. A., Polit. 
 Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 99) ; of Emperor William II, Berlin, December s, 
 1892 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen); of King Charles, 
 Bucharest, November 30/December 11, 1892 (original, ibid.); Protocol of exchange 
 of ratifications between Austria-Hungary and Rumania, Bucharest, December 
 1/13, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 103); between 
 
SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 17I 
 
 have mutually bound themselves according to the stipulations of 
 the said Treaty inserted above. 
 
 The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica- 
 tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner 
 if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Act of Accession and have affixed thereto the 
 seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Bucharest, the twenty-third/eleventh day of the month 
 of November of the year of grace one thousand eight hundifed 
 and ninety-two. 
 
 L S. A. Gohichowski. 
 
 L. S. Al. Lahovari. 
 
 L. S. Bern. Biilow. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 
 accession of Italy to the Alliance. November 28, i8g2.^ 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hun- 
 gary, and His Majesty the King of Rumania, having concluded 
 on July 25/13, 1892, a Treaty of friendship and alUance, now in 
 force, the tenor of which Treaty follows: 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows] 
 
 This Treaty having received on November 23, 1892, the Ac- 
 cession of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prus- 
 sia, and having been then communicated by the High Contract- 
 ing Parties abovementioned to His Majesty the King of Italy 
 with an invitation to accede thereto. His Majesty the King of 
 Italy, approving the purpose for which this Treaty has been con- 
 cluded, and which is the preservation of the general peace and 
 of the existing order, has authorized the undersigned Sieur 
 
 the German Empire and Rumania, Bucharest, December 14, 1892 (according to 
 advice from Bucharest on December 15: ibid., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 105). 
 
 ' Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 28, Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 92. 
 
 A similar Treaty was concluded and ratified between Rumania and Italy. Des- 
 patch from Bucharest dated December 30, 1892, and Instruction to Rome dated 
 January 5, 1893 (St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, nn. 113 and 115). 
 
172 SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 aupr^s de S. M. le roi de Roumanie, 'a declarer en son nom qu'il 
 ' accede au dit traite dans les limites ci-apres indiqu6es en ce qui 
 'concerne les stipulations des articles 2 et 3, savoir: 
 
 ' Si les eventualit^s, pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis tel qu'il 
 'est prevu dans les articles 2 et 3, venaient a se produire, L. L. 
 'M. M., I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, le roi 
 'd'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie prennent I'engagement mutuel 
 'de se concerter en temps utile pour una action commune dont les 
 'modalites seront reglees par une convention speciale. 
 
 'La presente accession sera en vigueur h dater du jour de la 
 'signature' pour toute la dur^e du traite principal du 25/13 Juillet 
 1892. 
 
 'Le secret sera garde sur eet acte d'accession qui ne pourra 
 '6tre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties 
 'contractantes. 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostoliqie de Hongrie a au- 
 ' torise de son cote le soussigne sieur ' Agenor comte Gohichowski, 
 chambellan I. et R., son envoye extraordinaire et ministre ple- 
 nipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, 'a declarer en son 
 'nom qu'il accepte dans- les termes ci-dessus relates et avec les 
 'mSmes obligations mutueUes I'accession de S. M. le roi d'ltalie 
 'au traite' du 25/13 juillet 1892. 
 
 'Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratifie par S. 
 'M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi apostohque de Hongrie et par 
 'S. M. le roi d'ltalie, et les ratifications seront echangees le plus 
 ' t6t possible.' 
 
 'En foi de quoi les' plenipotentiaires respectifs 'ont signe le 
 'present acte d'accession et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Bucharest, le vingt-huitieme jour du mois de novembre 
 mille huit cent quatre-vingt-douze. 
 
 Agenor comte Goluchowski. Francesco Curtopassi. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 * Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, December 15, 
 i8g2 (draft: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX a, n. 104); of King Humbert, 
 Rome, December 18, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen 
 Ratifikationen) ; Protocol of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary and 
 Italy, Vienna, December 24, 1892 (original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, 
 XXX a, n. 109). 
 
SECOND RUMANIAN TREATY 1 73 
 
 Francis dei marchesi Curtopassi, His Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, 
 to declare in His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within 
 the limits indicated below, so far as concerns the stipulations of 
 Articles 2 and 3, to wit: 
 
 If eventualities that could give rise to the casus foederis as it is 
 foreseen in Articles 2 and 3 should chance to occur, Their Maj- 
 esties the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, the 
 King of Italy, and the King of Rumania assume a mutual en- 
 gagement to take counsel together in ample time as to common 
 action, the detailed procedure of which shall be regulated by a 
 special convention. 
 
 The present Accession shall be in force, dating from the day of 
 signature, for the whole duration of the principal Treaty of 
 July 25/13, 1892. 
 
 This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re- 
 vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting 
 Parties. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hun- 
 gary, has for his part authorized the undersigned Sieur Agenor 
 Count Goluchowski, Imperial and Royal Chamberlain, His 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Maj- 
 esty the King of Rumania, to declare in His name that He 
 accepts in the terms above stated, and with the same mutual 
 obligations, the Accession of His Majesty the King of Italy to 
 the Treaty of July 25/13, 1892. 
 
 The present Act of Accession and of acceptance shall be 
 ratified by His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King 
 of Hungary, and by His Majesty the King of Italy, and the rati- 
 fications shall be exchanged as soon as possible. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Act of Accession and have affixed thereto the 
 seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Bucharest, the twenty-eighth day of the month of 
 November, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two. 
 
 Agenor Count Goluchowski. Francesco Curtopassi. 
 
 L.S. L. S. 
 
174 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 
 
 17- 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE ALLIANCE OF 
 
 RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 
 
 GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1896. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Rumania regarding the 
 prolongation oj the Alliance. Sinaia, September 30, i8g6} 
 
 Les soussignes, munis des pleins-pouvoirs de leurs souverains, 
 trouves en bonne et due forme, prenant en consideration les stip- 
 ulations du traitd d'alliance, signe le 25 juillet 1892, entre la 
 Rovmianie et I'Autriche-Hongrie, et desireux de constater una 
 fois de plus I'entente intime etablie en prevision de certaines 
 eventualit6s, mentionn6es dans ce trait6, sont tombes d'accord 
 sur ce qui suit: 
 
 Bien que le trait6 dont la dur6e a d'abord ete fixee pour quatre 
 ans, continue en vertu de I'Article 5, d'une maniere tacite, de 
 garder sa valeur jusqu'au 25 juillet 1899, les soussignes tiennent 
 a declarer d'une maniere formelle que les engagements pris de 
 part et d'autre resteront pleinement et entierement en vigueur 
 durant I'entiere periode de sept ans prevue par le dit traits. 
 
 Convaincus des bons resultats obtenus par cette entente pour 
 les interets des deux parties contractantes et voulant en assurer 
 les bienfaits pour une p6riode prolongee, les soussignes prennent 
 I'engagement que le traite en question restera en vigueur dans 
 toutes ses parties et dans toute sa teneur jusqu'au 25 juillet 1903. 
 
 II est bien entendu que le present protocole, redigl conforme- 
 ment aux pleins-pouvoirs donne6s par L. L. M. M. le roi de Rou- 
 
 1 Original: St. A., Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, 
 n. 30, Geheimakten, XXX b, 5. 
 
 The prolongation of the Treaty legally came into effect by the signing of this 
 Protocol. The negotiators were authorized to proceed to the ratification by full 
 powers from the Chiefs of State, as in the case of ministerial declarations. 
 
 Full power of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, September 19, 1896 
 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX b, n. 6); of King Charles of Rumania, 
 
PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 1 75 
 
 17- 
 
 PROLONGATION OF THE ALLIANCE OF 
 
 RUMANIA WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 
 
 GERMANY, AND ITALY. 1896. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Rumania regarding the 
 prolongation of the Alliance. Sinaia, September 30, 1896. 
 
 The undersigned, furnished with full powers by their Sover- 
 reigns, found in good and due form, taking into consideration the 
 stipulations of the Treaty of Alliance, signed on July 25, 1892, 
 between Rumania and Austria-Hungary, and desirous to record 
 once more the intimate understanding estabUshed in prospect 
 of certain eventuaUties mentioned in this Treaty, have come into 
 agreement upon the following: 
 
 Although the Treaty, of which the duration had first been 
 fixed for four years, continues, in virtue of Article 5, tacitly to 
 keep its validity until July 25, 1899, the undersigned have to 
 declare in a formal manner that the engagements assumed on 
 bbth sides shall remain fully and entirely in force during the en- 
 tire period of seven years foreseen by the said Treaty. 
 
 Convinced of the good results obtained by this understanding 
 for the interests of the two Contracting Parties, and wishing to 
 make sure of its benefits for a prolonged period, the undersigned 
 assume the engagement that the Treaty in question shall re- 
 main in force in aU its parts and in all its tenor until July 25, 
 1903. 
 
 It is weU understood that the present Protocol, drawn up in 
 conformity with the fuU powers granted by Their Majesties the 
 King of Rumania and the Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King 
 
 Pelesch Palace, September 12/24, 1896 (original attached to the Protocol: St. A., 
 Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 30, Geheimakten, 
 XXXb, n. s). 
 
 Corresponding ratifications are lacking. 
 
176 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 
 
 manie et Tempereur d'Autriche, roi apostolique de Hongrie, fait 
 partie int^grante du traite d'alliance du 25 juillet 1892. 
 
 Fait a Sinaia, le dixhuitieme/trentieme jour du mois de septem- 
 bre de I'an de grace mil huit cent quatre-vingt-seize. 
 
 D. Sturdza. Goluchowski. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 Q>) 
 
 Accession of the German Empire to the Protocol. Berlin, May 7, 
 
 1899.^ 
 
 Verbal-Note. 
 
 Die Dauer des zwischen Oesterreich-tJngarn und Rumanien im 
 Jahre 1892 abgeschlossenen und im Jahre 1896 verlangerten Ge- 
 heimvertrags wird im Artikel 5 dieses Vertrags geregelt. Der 
 letzte Absatz dieses Artikels lautet: 
 
 "Si une annee avant son expiration le present traite n'est pas 
 denonce ou si la revision n'en est pas demandee par aucune des 
 hautes parties contractantes, il sera considere comme prolonge 
 pour la duree de trois autres annees." 
 
 Auf Grund dieser Fassung des Artikels und folgend den all- 
 gemein ublichen Grundsatzen bei Interpretation von Vertragen 
 geht die kaiserliche Regierung, welche dem Geheimvertrage im 
 November 1892 beigetreten ist, von der Auffassung aus, dass der 
 Vertrag fiir jeden vertragschliessenden Theil, welcher nicht ein 
 Jahr vor Ablauf desselben seinen Riicktritt erklart hat, still- 
 schweigend weiterlauft. Da eine Kiindigung seitens der Regie- 
 rung S. M. im Laufe dieses Jahres nicht erfolgt ist, so erachtet 
 dieselbe sich mithin nach wie vor an die Bestimmungen des 
 Vertrages fiir gebunden. 
 
 Bereits im Dezember v. J. war die kaiserliche Regierung in der 
 Lage, dem rumanischen Gesandten in Berlin auf seine Anfrage die 
 vorstehende Auffassung iiber die Dauer ihrer Vertragspflichten 
 schriftlich mitzutheilen und ist mit ihrer Darlegung dem Ein- 
 
 2 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 31, 
 Geheimakten, XXX c, 13. 
 
PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 1 77 
 
 of Hungary, forms an integral part of the Treaty of Alliance of 
 July 25, 1892. 
 
 Done at Sinaia, the eighteenth/thirtieth day of the month of 
 September of the year of grace one thousand eight hundred and 
 ninety-six. 
 
 D. Sturdza. Gohichowski. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Accession of the German Empire to the Protocol. Berlin, May 7, 
 
 1899. 
 
 Note Verb ale. 
 
 The duration of the secret Treaty concluded between Austria- 
 Hungary and Rumania in the year 1892 and prolonged in the 
 year 1896 is determined in Article 5 of this Treaty. The last 
 paragraph of this Article reads: 
 
 "If the present Treaty is not denounced one year before its 
 expiration, or if its revision is not demanded by either of the High 
 Contracting Parties, it shall be considered as prolonged for a 
 period of three more years." 
 
 On the basis of this wording of the Article, and in conformity 
 with the generally accepted principles of the interpretation of 
 treaties, the Imperial Government, which adhered to the secret 
 Treaty in November, 1892, is of the opinion that the Treaty 
 automatically continues as regards every Signatory Party which 
 has not given notice of its withdrawal one year before the ex- 
 piration of the said Treaty. Since no notice was given by the 
 Government of His Majesty in the course of this year, the said 
 Government considers itself bound, as previously, by the stipu- 
 lations of the Treaty. 
 
 The Imperial Government, in reply to an inquiry of the Ru- 
 manian Minister in Berlin, was as early as December of last year 
 in a position to inform him in writing concerning the above- 
 mentioned conception of the duration of the Treaty, and in this 
 
1/8 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 
 
 verstandniss und dem voUen Geniigen S. M. des Konigs Carl 
 begegnet. 
 
 Berlin, den 7. Mai 1899. 
 
 Acknowledgment by Austria-Hungary of the German accession to 
 the Protocol. Berlin, May 15, i8gg? 
 Geheim.^ 
 
 Euer Excellenz! 
 
 Die Verbal-Note, welche E. E. mit der geheimen Zuschrift vom 
 7. Mai 1. J. mir zu iibermitteln die Giite batten, babe icb mit ver- 
 bindlichstem Danke zu erhalten die Ehre gebabt. 
 
 In diesen Scbrif tstiicken, welche ich nicht verfehlt babe meiner 
 Regierung vorzulegen, ist seitens E. E. der Standpunkt niederge- 
 legt, welcben die kaiserlicb deutsche Regierung binsicbtlicb der 
 Dauer der Verbindlicbkeiten einnimmt, die ibr aus ibrem seiner 
 Zeit erfolgten Beitritt zu dem zwiscben Osterreicb-Ungam und 
 Rumanien abgeschlossenen Vertrage obliegen. 
 
 E. E. baben die diesbeziiglicbe Auffassung der kaiserlicb 
 deutscben Regierung dabin formulirt, dass auf Grund der Fas- 
 sung des Artikel 5 des im Jabre 1892 mit Rumanien abgescblos- 
 senen und 1896 verlangerten gebeimen Vertrages, und nacb den 
 allgemein iiblicben Grundsatzen bei Interpretation von Vertra- 
 gen, der in Rede stehende Vertrag fiir jeden vertragscbliessenden 
 Tbeil, welcber nicbt ein Jabr vor Ablauf desselben seinen Riick- 
 tritt erklart bat, stiUscbweigend weiterlauft und dass somit, 
 nacbdem eine Kiindigung seitens der Regierung S. M. des 
 deutscben Kaisers im Lauf e dieses Jabres nicbt erf olgt ist, dieselbe 
 sicb nacb wie vor an die Bestimmungen des Vertrages fiir gebun- 
 den eracbtet. 
 
 Femer batten E. E. die Giite mitzutbeilen, dass die kaiserbch 
 deutscbe Regierung bereits im Dezember vorigen Jabres in der 
 Lage war, dem riimaniscben Gesandten in Berlin auf seine An- 
 
 ' Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX c, n. 17. 
 
 * The superscription reads: "Abschrift einer amtlichen Zuschrift des Bot- 
 schafters von Szogyfiny an den Staatssekret^r von Biilow, d. d. Berlin, den 15. 
 
PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 1 79 
 
 statement met with the approval and the complete satisfaction 
 of His Majesty King Charles. 
 Berlin, May 7, 1899. 
 
 Acknowledgment by Austria-Hungary of the German accession to 
 the Protocol. Berlin, May 15, 1899. 
 
 Secret* 
 
 Excellency: 
 
 It is with the most sincere thanks that I have had the honor 
 to receive the Note Verbale which Your Excellency was good 
 enough to transmit to me, together with the secret Memorandum 
 of May 7 last. 
 
 in these docimients, which I have not failed to lay before my 
 Government, Your Excellency defines the position which the 
 Imperial German Government takes with regard to the duration 
 of the obligations which are incimibent on it through its partici- 
 pation in the Treaty concluded between Austria-Hungary and 
 Rimiania. 
 
 Your Excellency has formulated the opinion of the In^erial 
 German Government in this matter, that by virtue of the word- 
 ing of Article 5 of the secret Treaty which was concluded with 
 Rumania in 1892 and prolonged in 1896, and in conformity with 
 the generally accepted principles of the interpretation of treaties, 
 the Treaty in question is automatically prolonged as regards 
 each Signatory Party which has not given notice of its with- 
 drawal one year before the expiration of the said Treaty; and 
 that therefore, as no notice was given by the Government of His 
 Majesty the German Emperor in the course of this year, the said 
 Govenmient considers itself bound, as previously, by the stipu- 
 lations of the Treaty. 
 
 Your Excellency had the further kindness to state that the 
 Imperial German Government, in reply to an inquiry of the 
 Rimianian Minister in Berlin, was as early as December of the 
 
 Mai 1899, Nr. 22." (" Copy of an official note from Ambassador von SzSgyfiny to 
 Secretary of State von Bulow, dated Berlin, May 15, 1899, No. 22.") 
 
l8o PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 
 
 frage die vorstehende AufEassung iiber die Dauer ihrer Vertrags- 
 pflichten schriftlich bekannt zu geben, und dass sie mit ihrer 
 Darlegung dem Einverstandnis und voUen Geniigen S. M. des 
 Konigs Carol begegnet ist. 
 
 Im Auftrage und im Namen der k. u. k. Regierung habe ich die 
 Ehre, E. E. ganz ergebenst bekannt zu geben, dass dieselbe in 
 vorstehenden Erklarungen E. E. die seitens der kaiserlich deut- 
 schen Regierung bereits im November 1896 in Aussicht gestellte 
 seinerzeitige schrif tliche Adhasion zu der im September desselben 
 Jahres zwischen Osterreich-Ungam und Rumanien stipulirten 
 Vertragsverlangerung erblickt. 
 
 Ferner bin ich beauftragt, zu E. E. geneigten Kenntnis zu 
 bringen, dass die k. u. k. Regierung von den eben erwahnten Mit- 
 theUungen der kaiserlich deutschen Regierung Akt nimmt imd 
 nunmehr beabsichtigt, dieselben der koniglich italienischen Regie- 
 rung mitzutheilen, damit diese in der Lage sei, auch ihrerseits 
 die deutsche Auffassung zur Kenntnis zu nehmen und sich ihr 
 durch eine analoge Declaration anzuschliessen. 
 
 Gleichzeitig beniitze ich diesen Anlass, um E. E. die Versiche- 
 rung meiner ausgezeichneten Hochachtung zu erneuern. 
 
 von Szogyeny m. p. 
 
 id) 
 Accession of Italy to the Protocol. Rome, June 5, i8gg.^ 
 
 Ministero degli afifari esteri. 
 
 Rome, ce 5 juin 1899. 
 Monsieur I'ambassadeur, 
 V. E. m'a fait I'honneur de m'informerj d'ordre de son gou- 
 vernement, d'un echange de notes intervenu, les 7 et 15 mai 
 dernier, entre le secretaire d'etat de I'empire allemand pour les 
 affaires etrangeres et I'ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie a Berlin 
 au sujet du traite secret entre I'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie. 
 
 * Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 32, 
 Geheimakten, XXX c, n. 23. 
 
 This Declaration of Accession was accepted by Austria-Hungary. (Despatch- 
 from Rome of July 3, 1899: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXX c, 26.) 
 
PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE l8l 
 
 previous year in a position to inform him in writing concerning 
 the abovementioned opinion of the duration of its treaty obliga- 
 tions, and that in this statement it met with the approval and 
 complete satisfaction of His Majesty King Charles. 
 
 By the direction and in the name of the Imperial and Royal 
 Government I have the honor to make known most respectfully 
 to Your Excellency that it sees in the above declaration of Your 
 Excellency the written adhesion on its part foreshadowed already 
 in November, 1896, by the Imperial German Government, to the 
 Treaty prolongation stipulated between Austria-Hungary and 
 Rumania in September of that year. 
 
 I am further charged to bring to Your Excellency's gracious 
 attention that the Imperial and Royal Government takes note 
 of the communication of the Imperial German Government just 
 referred to, and intends forthwith to impart it to the Royal 
 Italian Government, so that the latter may be in a position to 
 become acquainted on its part with the German interpretation, 
 and to adhere to it through a similar declaration. 
 
 I avail myseK at the same time of this occasion to renew to 
 Your Excellency the assurance of my distinguished consideration; 
 
 von Szogyeny, m. p. 
 
 (d) 
 Accession of Italy to the Protocol. Rome, June 5, iSgg. 
 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Rome, June 5, 1899. 
 Mr. Ambassador, 
 
 By order of your (Government, Your Excellency has done me 
 the honor to inform me of an exchange of Notes which took place, 
 on May 7 and 15 last, between the Secretary of State of the Ger- 
 man Empire for Foreign Affairs and the Ambassador of Austria- 
 Himgary at Berlin on the subject of the secret Treaty between 
 Austria-Hungary and Rumania. It is evident from these docu- 
 ments that the German Government regards itseK, in virtue of 
 Article 5 of this Treaty, and in conformity with the generally 
 
1 82 PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 
 
 II resulte de ces pieces que le gouvernement allemand se considere, 
 en vertu de I'art. 5 de ce traite, et conformement aux regies g6n- 
 eralement admises pour I'interpretation des traites, coinine etant 
 encore et ulterieurement engage par son accession au dit traite 
 jusqu' a I'expiration d'une nouvelle p6riode triennale. 
 
 Le gouvernement du roi n'hisite pas a s'associer, pour ce qui 
 le concerne, a I'opinion emise par le gouvernement imperial 
 d'Allemagne. L'accession de I'ltalie et de I'Allemagne au traits 
 secret entre I'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie visant I'art. 5 
 aussi bien que tous les autres articles, il n'est pas douteux que le 
 traite secret, par le fait de n'avoir ete d6nonce en temps utile par 
 aucune des parties interessees, se trouve de plein droit prolonge 
 pour une duree ulterieure de trois ans, et que les obligations con- 
 tractees par les deux puissances qui y ont accede demeurent 
 igalement en vigueur pour la meme periode. 
 
 En priant V. E. de vouloir bien porter ce qui precede a la con- 
 naissance du gouvernement I. et R., en reponse a I'interpellation 
 qu'il nous a adress6e par son obligeante entremise, je saisis I'oc- 
 casion pour lui renouveler I'assurance de ma tres haute considera- 
 tion. 
 
 Visconti Venosta. 
 
 A S. E. M. le baron Pasetti, ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie, 
 Rome. 
 
PROLONGATION OF THE RUMANIAN ALLIANCE 1 83 
 
 admitted rules of the interpretation of treaties, as engaged still 
 and for the future by its accession to the said Treaty until the 
 expiration of a new triennial period. 
 
 The Government of the King, so far as it is concerned, does not 
 hesitate to associate itself with the opinion expressed by the Im- 
 perial Government of Germany. The accession of Italy and of 
 Germany to the secret Treaty between Austria-Hungary and 
 Riimania appljong to Article 5 as well as to all the other Articles, 
 it is not doubtful that the secret Treaty, by the fact that it was 
 not denounced in sufficient time by any of the interested Parties, 
 is found prolonged in fuU force for a further period of three years, 
 and that the obligations contracted by the two Powers which 
 have acceded thereto remain likewise in force for the same period. 
 
 In begging Your Excellency to be good enough to bring the 
 above to the notice of the Imperial and Royal Government, in 
 reply to the query which it has addressed to us through your 
 kind services, I avail myself of the occasion to renew to you the 
 assurance of my very high consideration. 
 
 Visconti Venosta. 
 
 To His Excellency Baron Pasetti, Ambassador of Austria- 
 Hungary, Rome. 
 
1 84 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 
 
 l8. 
 
 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT. 
 
 1897. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Despatch from the Austrian Government to the Ambassador in 
 
 St. Petersburg containing the Agreement reached between 
 
 Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to Balkan affairs. 
 
 Vienna, May 8, iSgj.^ 
 
 Copie 
 d'une dep^che secrete au prince Liechtenstein ^ St. Petersbourg, 
 en date de Vienne, le 8 mai 1897. 
 
 A mon retour de St. Petersbourg il me semble utile de consigner 
 dans un resume succinct les points cardinaux de I'entente si 
 heureusement issue de I'echange de vues et d'idees que j'ai eu 
 avec le comte Mourawieff et dont les conclusions ont 6t6 ratifiees 
 par L. L. M. M. I'empereur et roi, notre auguste maitre, et 
 I'empereur Nicolas. 
 
 La conference que les deux souverains, assistes de leurs minis- 
 tres des affaires 6trangeres, ont tenue au palais d'hiver a eu en 
 eff et pour resultat d'etabUr une ligne de conduite conunune dans 
 les affaires d'Orient qui, en tenant compte de la securite et des 
 interets vitaux des deux empires et en ecartant le danger d'une 
 concurrence funeste pour la paix de I'Europe sur le terrain 
 brulant de la presqu'ile des Balkans, nous permet d'ores et deja 
 d'envisager avec plus de calme et de quietude les complications 
 politiques qui, a un moment donne, pourraient se presenter dans 
 notre proche voisinage. 
 
 Bas6e sur un principe de confiance et de loyaute reciproques, 
 cette entente rent erme tous les elements necessaires a une coopera- 
 tion efficace et ainsi comprise, comme j'ai tout lieu de le croire, 
 par les deux cabinets, elle offre en m6me temps de solides gar- 
 anties pour la solution pacifique du probleme oriental. 
 
 1 Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXII c, 10. 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 1 85 
 
 18. 
 
 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT. 
 
 1897. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Despatch from the Austrian Government to the Ambassador in 
 
 St. Petersburg containing the Agreement reached between 
 
 Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to Balkan affairs. 
 
 Vienna, May 8, iSgf. 
 
 Copy 
 
 of a secret despatch to Prince Liechtenstein at St. Petersburg, 
 dated Vienna, May 8, 1897. 
 
 On my return from St. Petersburg it seems to me useful to set 
 down in a short summary the cardinal points of the understanding 
 which has so happily resulted from the exchange of views and 
 ideas which I have had with Count Mouravieff and of which the 
 conclusions have been ratified by Their Majesties the Emperor 
 and King, our August Master, and the Emperor Nicholas. 
 
 The conference which the two Sovereigns, accompanied by 
 Their Ministers of Foreign Affairs, held at the Winter Palace has 
 had for its practical result the estabUshment of a common Une 
 of conduct in the affairs of the Orient, which, while taking ac- 
 count of the security and of the vital interests of the two Em- 
 pires, and while eliminating the danger of a rivalry disastrous 
 to the peace of Europe on the seething soil of the Balkan Penin- 
 sula, permits us now and henceforward to view with more calm 
 and quiet the political complications which, at a given moment, 
 may present themselves in our immediate neighborhood. 
 
 Based on a principle of reciprocal confidence and loyalty, this 
 understanding includes all the elements necessary to an efficacious 
 cooperation; and thus understood, as I have every reason to 
 believe it is, by the two Cabinets, it offers at the same time solid 
 guaranties for the pacific solution of the Oriental problem. 
 
1 86 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 
 
 Ceci etabli, je tiens a faire observer en premier lieu qu'etant 
 tomb6s d'accord sur la necessite de maintenir le statu quo actual 
 aussi longtemps que les circonstances le permettront, nous nous 
 sommes plus, le comte Mourawieff et moi, a constater qu'il 
 n'existait entre rAutriche-Hongrie et la Russia aucuna diver- 
 gence de principe de nature a ^carter la possibility d'une entente 
 entre nos deux pays pour parer aux ^vantualites qui, dans un 
 avenir peut-gtra prochain pourraient, bien contra notre gre, 
 surgir sur la presqu'ila balcanique. Tout au contraira. Apres 
 avoir murement examine la question dans tous ses details, nous 
 n'avons pas eu de peine a nous convaincre qu'il serait aise de 
 concilier les interSts des deux grands empires, a la condition 
 toutefois da dissiper tout esprit de mefiance dans nos rapports 
 et de nous axpliquer en parfaite franchise at loyaute sur las 
 principas qui davront dorenavant r6gler notre conduita. 
 
 P6n€tr€s da cas sentiments nous nous sommes des lors attaches 
 a jatar les bases d'un accord entre les cabinets de Vienna et de St. 
 P6tersbourg, lequel approuv6 sans restriction par nos augustes 
 souverains, se trouve resume dans les points suivants: 
 
 i"- II a ate convenu que pour le cas ou le maintien du statu 
 quo actuel deviendrait impossible, I'Autriche-Hongrie aussi bien 
 qua la Russie ecartent d'avance tout esprit de conquSte sur la 
 presqu'ila des Balkans, et qu'elles sont d6cidees a faire respecter 
 ce principe par touta autre puissance qui manifesterait des visees 
 sur le territoire susmantionn^. 
 
 2°- II a et6 egalament reconnu que la question de Constanti- 
 nople at du territoire adjacent ainsi que celle des detroits (Dar- 
 danelles et Bosphore), ayant un caractere eminamment auropeen, 
 ne sont pas da nature a faire I'objet d'une entente separ^a antra 
 TAutriche-Hongria et la Russie. 
 
 La comte Mourawieff n'h^sita pas de declarer a ce propos que, 
 loin de tendre k une modification quelconque de I'etat de choses 
 present sanctionn€ par le traite de Paris et la convention da 
 Londres, le gouvernement imp6rial tenait au contraire au main- 
 tien integral des dispositions y relatives qui doimaiant pleine et 
 entiera satisfaction a la Russie en intardisant, par la farmetura 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 1 87 
 
 This established, I wish to bring to notice^ in the first place, 
 that, having come to an agreement as to the necessity of maintain- 
 ing the present status quo as long as circimistances will permit, 
 we, Count Mouravieff and I, were pleased to record that there 
 existed between Austria-Hungary and Russia no divergence of 
 principle of a nature to preclude the possibility of an under- 
 standing between our two countries to guard against eventuali- 
 ties which, in a perhaps near future, might, even against our 
 inclination, occur in the Balkan Peninsula. Quite the contrary. 
 After having maturely examined the question in all its details, 
 we had no difficulty in convincing ourselves that it would be easy 
 to reconcile the interests of the two great Empires, on the condi- 
 tion, however, of dissipating all spirit of mistrust in our relations 
 and of explaining to one another in perfect frankness and loyalty 
 the principles which are to regulate our conduct henceforth. 
 
 Imbued with these sentiments, we thenceforth applied our- 
 selves to establishing the bases of an agreement between the 
 Cabinets of Vienna and of St. Petersburg, which, approved with- 
 out restriction by our August Sovereigns, is found in summary 
 in the following points: 
 
 1 . It was agreed that, in case the maintenance of the present 
 status quo becomes impossible, Austria-Hungary and Russia 
 discard in advance all idea of conquest in the Balkan Peninsula, 
 and that they are decided to make this principle respected by 
 every other Power which might manifest designs on the above- 
 mentioned territory. 
 
 2. It was equally recognized that the question of Constanti- 
 nople and of the adjacent territory as well as that of the Straits 
 (Dardanelles and Bosphorus), having an eminently European 
 character, is not of a nature to be made the object of a separate 
 understanding between Austria-Hungary and Russia. 
 
 Count Mouravieff did not hesitate to declare in this connection 
 that, far from striving for any modification of the present state 
 of things, sanctioned by the Treaty of Paris and the Convention 
 of London, the Imperial Government held, on the contrary, to 
 the complete maintenance of the provisions relative thereto, 
 
1 88 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 
 
 des d6troits, I'acces de la mer Noire aux Mtiments de guerre 
 Strangers. 
 
 En ne pouvant admettre de concession sur ce point, le cabinet 
 de St. P6tersbourg ne faisait que ceder a un principe de legitime 
 securite, principe dont la reconnaissance de notre part lui fiit 
 acquise de prime abord. 
 
 3°- L'etablissement, par contre, d'un nouvel ordre de choses sur 
 la presqu'ile des Balkans, en dehors de Constantinople et des 
 d6troits, donnerait lieu, le cas ecMant, k une stipulation sp6ciale 
 entre TAutriche-Hongrie et la Russia qui, principalement int^res- 
 sees au reglement de cette question, se declarent dispos6es a agir 
 d'un conmiun accord en fixant des maintenant les bases de leur 
 entente, a savoir: 
 
 a.) Les avantages territoriaiix, reconnus a I'Autriche-Hongrie 
 par le traite de Berlin, lui sont et demeurent acquis. Par conse- 
 quent, la possession de la Bosnie, de I'Hercegovine et du sandjak 
 de Novibazar ne pourra faire I'objet d'une discussion quelconque, 
 le gouvernement de S. M. I. et R. A. se reservant la faculte de 
 substituer, le moment venu, au titre actuel d'occupation et de 
 droit de garnison celui d'annexion. 
 
 b.) La partie comprise entre Janina au midi et le lac de Scutari 
 au nord avec un developpement suffisant du c6te de Test, formera 
 un 6tat inddpendant sous le nom de principaute d'Albanie, k 
 I'exclusion de toute domination etrangere. 
 
 c.) Le reste du territoire disponible fera I'objet d'un partage 
 equitable entre les differents petits etats balcaniques existants, 
 partage au sujet duquel I'Autriclie-Hongrie et la Russie se reser- 
 vent de s'entendre en temps utile. Disposees k prendre en con- 
 sideration dans la mesure du possible les int6r6ts legitimes des 
 participants, elles sont decid6es d'autre part a sauvegarder le 
 principe de I'equilibre actuel et d'ecarter^ serait-ce au moyen de 
 rectifications de frontieres, toute combinaison qui favoriserait 
 l'etablissement d'une preponderance marquee de telle principaute 
 balcanique au detriment des autres. 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 1 89 
 
 which gave full and entire satisfaction to Russia in prohibiting, 
 by the closing of the Straits, access to the Black Sea to foreign 
 war vessels. 
 
 In its inability to admit of concession on this point, the Cabinet 
 of St. Petersburg was only guided by a principle of legitimate 
 security, a principle the recognition of which was accorded by 
 us from the outset. 
 
 3. On the other hand, the establishment of a new order of 
 things in the Balkan Peninsula, outside Constantinople and the 
 Straits, would, in case it should occur, give rise to a special stipu- 
 lation between Austria-Hungary and Russia, who, being chiefly 
 interested in the settlement of this question, declare themselves 
 disposed to act in common accord in fixing henceforth the bases 
 of their understanding, to wit: 
 
 a. The territorial advantages, accorded to Austria-Hungary 
 by the Treaty of Berlin, are and remain acquired by her. In con- 
 sequence, the possession of Bosnia, of Herzegovina, and of the 
 Sanjak of Novibazar may not be made the object of any discus- 
 sion whatsoever, the Govenmaent of His Imperial and Royal 
 Apostolic Majesty reserving to itself the right of substituting, 
 when the moment arrives, for the present status of occupation 
 and of right of garrisoning that of annexation. 
 
 h. The part comprised between Janina to the south and the 
 Lake of Scutari to the north, with a sufl&cient extension on the 
 east side, shall form an independent state under the name of the 
 prmcipaHty of Albania, to the exclusion of every foreign domi- 
 nation. 
 
 c. The rest of the territory to be disposed of shall be the ob^ 
 ject of an equitable partition between the different small existing, 
 Balkan States, a .partition on the subject of which Austria- 
 Hungary and Russia reserve the right of being heard in good 
 time. While inclined to take into consideration as far as possible 
 the legitimate interests of the participants, they are resolved, on 
 the other hand, to safeguard the principle of the present equilib- 
 rium, and, if need be by means of rectifications of frontiers, ta 
 exclude every combination which would favor the establishment 
 
I90 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 
 
 d.) Ayant enfin constate que nos deux cabinets n'ont d'autre 
 objectif sur la presqu'ile des Balkans que le maintien, la consolida- 
 tion et le developpement pacifique des petits 6tats qui s'y trouvent 
 6tablis, nous sommes convenus de poursuivre dorenavant sur ce 
 terrain une politique de parfaite harmonie et d'eviter par con- 
 sequent tout ce qui pourrait engendrer parmi nous des elements 
 de froissement ou de m^fiance. 
 
 Tel est, mon prince, le resume des pourparlers de St. Peters- 
 bourg que je crois avoir reproduits aussi fidelement que possible. 
 
 Je ne doute pas un moment que le comte Mourawieff vous en 
 confirmera I'exactitude et c'est k cet efifet que je vous invite, k 
 lui donner lecture de ma presente dep^che dont vous Im laisserez 
 une copie entre les mains avec priere de vous en accuser reception. 
 
 Recevez etc. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Note of the Russian Government to the Austrian Ambassador in 
 St. Petersburg in regard to the Balkan Agreement.'^ 
 
 St. Petersbourg, le 5 (17) mai 1897. 
 Monsieur I'ambassadeur, 
 
 La d^peche secrete que Mr. le comte Goluchowski a adresse a 
 V. A. en date de Vienne le 8 mai courant, et dont vous avez bien 
 voulu me faire parvenir une copie, resimie en traits generaux 
 I'echange de vues et d'idees auquel a doime lieu le recent sejour en 
 Russie de S. M. I'empereur-roi Frangois- Joseph et de son ministre 
 des affaires etrangeres. 
 
 Je crois devoir repondre k cette obligeante communication par 
 un expose succinct des impressions que j'en ai recueillies, afin 
 d'ecarter toute possibilite d'un malentendu dans nos apprecia- 
 tions. 
 
 Ainsi que le constate Mr. le comte Goluchowski, nous sommes 
 "tomb6s d'accord sur la necessite de maintenir " dans la presqu'ile 
 balcanique "le statu quo actuel, aussi longtemps que les circon- 
 
 ' Original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIIc, n. 26. 
 The quotations in this despatch do not correspond verbatim to the similar pass- 
 ages in the preceding despatch. 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT I9I 
 
 of a marked preponderance of any particular Balkan principality 
 to the detriment of the others. 
 
 d. Having finally recorded that our two Cabinets have no 
 other objective in the Balkan Peninsula than the maintenance, 
 the consolidation, and the pacific development of the small 
 States established there, we agreed to pursue in future in this 
 field a policy of perfect harmony, and to avoid in consequence 
 everything which might engender between us the elements of 
 conflict or of mistrust. 
 
 Such is, Prince, the sxmimary of the conferences of St. Peters- 
 burg, which I believe I have reproduced as faithfully as possible. 
 
 I do not doubt for a moment that Count Mouravieff will con- 
 firm its exactness to you; and it is for that reason that I ask you 
 to let him read my present despatch, a copy of which you should 
 leave in his hands with the request that he acknowledge its 
 receipt. 
 
 Accept, etc. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Note of the Russian Government to the Austrian Ambassador in 
 St. Petersburg in regard to the Balkan Agreement. 
 
 St. Petersburg, May 5 (17), 1897. 
 Mr. Ambassador, 
 
 The secret despatch which Count Goluchowski addressed to 
 Your Highness under date of Vienna, May 8 instant, and a copy 
 of which you have been kind enough to send me, summarizes, in 
 general terms, the exchange of views and of ideas to which the 
 recent stay in Russia of His Majesty the Emperor-King Francis 
 Joseph and of his Minister of Foreign Affairs gave rise. 
 
 I feel that I ought to reply to this kind communication by a 
 succinct statement of the impressions which I received from it, 
 in order to eliminate any possibility of a misunderstanding in our 
 conceptions. 
 
 As Count Goluchowski states, we "came to an agreement as 
 to the necessity of maintaining the present status quo in the Bal- 
 kan Peninsula, as long as circumstances will permit," and we 
 
192 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 
 
 stances. le permettront," et nous avons reconnu qu'il n'existait 
 entre la Russie et I'Autriche-Hongrie aucune divergence de prin- 
 cipe, ni le moindre motif de defiance. Des lors, il nous a paru 
 evident "que les inter^ts des deux empires pourraient tou jours 
 ^tre concili6s au moyen de franches et loyales explications." 
 
 II a ete convenu que, pour le cas ou, malgre tous nos efforts, 
 le statu quo actuel de la presqu'ile balcanique ne pourrait plus 
 etre maintenu, "la Russie aussi bien que I'Autriche-Hongrie 
 ecartent d'avance tout esprit de conquete et qu'elles sont decidees 
 a faire respecter ce principe par toute autre puissance qui mani- 
 festerait des visees contraires." 
 
 La Russie ne pouvant admettre la moindre atteinte aux dis- 
 positions relatives a la fermeture des detroits du Bosphore et des 
 Dardanelles, consacree par les trait6s existants, rAutriche- 
 Hongrie "reconnait de prime abord la parfaite legitimite de ce 
 principe." 
 
 Par centre, "I'etablissement d'un nouvel ordre de choses sur la 
 presqu'ile des Balkans donnerait lieu, le cas echeant, a une 
 stipulation speciale entre I'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie." 
 
 Le comte Goluchowski, dans sa note du 8 mai, fixe, des k 
 present, comme base d'une pareille entente les quatre points 
 suivants: 
 
 a) "Les avantages reconnus a I'Autriche-Hongrie par le traite 
 de Berlin, lui sont et demeurent acquis." 
 
 En souscrivant a ce principe, nous croyons devoir observer, que 
 le trait6 de Berlin assure k I'Autriche-Hongrie le droit d'occuper 
 militairement la Bosnie et I'Herzegovine. L'annexion de ces deux 
 provinces souleverait une question plus etendue qui exigerait un 
 examen special en temps et lieux. Quant au sandjak de Novi- 
 bazar, il y aurait de plus a en preciser les limites qui, de fait, 
 n'ont jamais et6 suffisamment definies. 
 
 II nous semble, que les points b. et c, ayant trait a la formation 
 eventuelle d'une principaute d'Albanie et au partage equitable 
 de tout le territoire disponible entre les diff6rents petits etats bal- 
 caniques, touchent k des questions d'avenir sur lesquelles il serait 
 premature et bien difl[icile de statuer actuellement. 
 
 Quant au point d., portant: "ayant enfin constate que nos 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT tgs 
 
 recognized that there exists between Russia and Austria-Hungary 
 no divergence of principle, nor the least reason for distrust. 
 Therefore, it seemed evident to us "that the interests of the two 
 Empires could always be reconciled by means of frank and loyal 
 explanations." 
 
 It was agreed that, in case, in spite of all ou,r efforts, the present 
 status quo of the Balkan Peninsula can no longer be maintained, 
 "Russia and Austria-Hungary discard in advance all idea of 
 conquest; and they are decided to make this principle respected 
 by every other Power which should manifest contrary designs." 
 
 As Russia is unable to admit the least infringement of the pro- 
 visions relative to the closing of the Straits of the Bosphorus and 
 of the Dardanelles, as sanctioned by existing treaties, Austria- 
 Hungary "recognizes from the outset the perfect legitimacy of 
 this principle." 
 
 On the other hand, "the establishment of a new order of things 
 in the Balkan Peninsula, in case it should occur, would give rise 
 to a special stipulation between Austria-Hungary and Russia." 
 
 Count Goluchowski, in his note of May 8, fixed, henceforth, as 
 a basis of such an understanding, the four following points: 
 
 a. "The advantages accorded to Austria-Hungary by the 
 Treaty of Berlin are and remain acquired by her." 
 
 In subscribing to this principle, we deem it necessary to ob- 
 serve that the Treaty of Berlin assures to Austria-Hungary the 
 right of military occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 
 annexation of these two provinces would raise a more extensive 
 question, which would require special scrutiny at the proper 
 times and places. As to the Sanjak of Novibazar, there would 
 also be the necessity to specify its boundaries, which, indeed, have 
 never been sufficiently defined. 
 
 It seems to us that points b and c, having regard to the eventual 
 formation of a principality of Albania and to the equitable par- 
 tition of all the territory to be disposed of between the different 
 small Balkan States, touch upon questions of the future which 
 it would be premature and very difl&cult to decide at present. 
 
 As to point d, providing: "having finally recorded that our 
 two Cabinets have no other objective in the Balkan Peninsula 
 
194 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 
 
 deux cabinets n'ont d'autre objectif sur la presqu'ile des Balkans 
 que le maintien, la consolidation at le developpement pacifique 
 des petits etats qui s'y trouvent etablis, nous sommes convenus de 
 poursuivre dor6navant, sur ce terrain, une politique de parfaite 
 harmonie et d'eviter, par consequent, tout ce qui pourrait en- 
 gendrer parmi nous des Elements de froissement ou de m^fiance" 
 — ce point repond entierement aux vues de I'empereur mon au- 
 guste maitre. 
 
 Je prie V. A. de vouloir bien porter tout ce qui precMe a la 
 connaissance de Mr. le comte Goluchowski, qui relevera, je 
 I'espere, malgre les quelques nuances d'interpretation que je me 
 suis fait un devoir de vous signaler, la parfaite conformite de 
 notre mani^re de voir quant aux grandes lignes politiques si 
 heureusement etablies lors de notre recente entrevue. 
 
 Veuillez agreer, Mr. I'ambassadeur, I'assurance de ma haute 
 consideration. 
 
 Comte Mouravieff. 
 
 S. A. S. le prince de Liechtenstein etc. etc. etc. 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN BALKAN AGREEMENT 1 95 
 
 than the maintenance, the consolidation, and the pacific develop- 
 ment of the small States established there, we agreed to pursue 
 in future in this field a policy of perfect harmony, and to avoid 
 in consequence everything which might engender between us 
 elements of conflict or of mistrust" — this point answers entirely 
 to the views of the Emperor, my August Master. 
 
 I beg Your Highness to be kind enough to bring all the above 
 to the knowledge of Coimt Goluchowski; who, I trust, will re- 
 mark, in spite of some slight differences of interpretation which 
 I have felt it my duty to call to your attention, the perfect con- 
 formity in our way of looking at things, so far as regards the 
 broad political lines so happily laid down during our recent 
 interview. 
 
 Accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my high considera- 
 tion. 
 
 Count Mouravieff. 
 
 His Most Serene Highness the Prince of Liechtenstein, etc., 
 etc., etc. 
 
ig6, AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 
 
 19. 
 
 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING 
 ALBANIA. 1900. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Despatch of the Italian Government to the Ambassador in Vienna 
 
 containing the Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy 
 
 in regard to Albania. Rome, December 20, igoo} 
 
 S. E. Mr. le comte Nigra, ambassadeur d'ltalie, Vienne. 
 
 Copie. 
 
 Roma, addi 20 decembre 1900. 
 Monsieur I'ambassadeur, 
 
 J'appelle I'attention de V. E. sur ma reponse a I'interpellation 
 qui m'a ete recemment adressee, a la chambre des deputes, au 
 sujet de TAlbanie. Void le texte de cette reponse: 
 
 "Je puis assurer que le gouvernement italien et le gouveme- 
 ment austro-hongrois ont eu I'occasion de considerer leurs interets 
 sur les c6tes ottomanes de I'Adriatique et de reconaitre que ces 
 interets trouvent leur sauvegarde dans le respect, dans le maintien 
 du status quo." 
 
 Je crois utile que vous portiez mes declarations a la connais- 
 sance de S. E. Mr. le comte Goluchowski. Je ne doute pas que le 
 ministre I. et R. des affaires etrangeres les trouvera conformes a 
 I'entente qui s'etait 6tablie entre lui et moi, sur ce sujet, a I'oc- 
 casion de la visite a Monza en 1897. Dans I'echange de vues qui 
 eut lieu dans nos entretiens par rapport a cette question, nous 
 nous sommes trouv6s d'accord sur les points suivants: 
 
 i"- Maintenir le status quo aussi longtemps que les circon- 
 stances le permettraient; 
 
 a"- employer nos efforts, au cas ou I'^tat de choses actuel ne 
 pourrait etre conserv6, et 06 des changements s'imposeraient, 
 afin que les modifications y relatives se realisent dans le sens de 
 I'autonomie; 
 
 ' Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXV, 1. 
 
AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 197 
 
 19. 
 
 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING 
 ALBANIA. 1900. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Despatch of the Italian Government to the Ambassador in Vienna 
 
 containing the Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy 
 
 in regard to Albania. Rome, December 20, igoo. 
 
 His Excellency Count Nigra, Ambassador of Italy, Vienna. 
 
 Copy. 
 
 Rome, December 20, 1900. 
 Mr. Ambassador, 
 
 I call the attention of Your Excellency to my reply to an in- 
 terpellation recently addressed to me in the Chamber of Depu- 
 ties on the subject of Albania. Here is the text of that reply: 
 
 "I am able to give the assurance that the Italian Gk)vernment 
 and the Austro-Hungarian Government have had occasion to 
 consider their interests on the Ottoman coasts of the Adriatic 
 and to recognize that these interests find their safeguard in re- 
 spect for, and in the maintenance of, the status quo." 
 
 I think it would be useful for you to bring my declarations to 
 the knowledge of His Excellency Count Goluchowski. I have no 
 doubt that the Imperial and Royal Minister of Foreign Affairs 
 will find them in conformity with the understanding which was 
 established between him and me on this subject on the occasion 
 of the visit at Monza in 1897. In the exchange of views which 
 took place during our conversations in respect to this question, 
 we found ourselves agreed upon the following points: 
 
 1. To maintain the status quo as long as circumstances per- 
 mitted; 
 
 2. In case the present state of affairs could not be preserved, 
 or in case changes should be imperative, to use our efforts to the 
 end that the modifications relative thereto should be made in the 
 direction of autonomy; 
 
198 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 
 
 3°- en general, et comme disposition mutuelle de part et 
 d'autre, rechercher en commun, et toutes les fois qu'il y aurait 
 lieu, les voies et moyens les plus propres a concilier et a sauve- 
 garder nos int6r^ts reciproques. 
 
 J'attacherais du prix a ^tre assure que le comte Goluchowski 
 voit, comme moi, dans ce qui precede, le resume fidele de la sub- 
 stance de ce qui a et^ convenu entre nous a ce sujet. J'autorise, 
 en consequence, V. E. a lui communiquer cette depSche. 
 
 Veuillez agreer, Mr. I'ambassadeur, I'assurance de ma haute 
 consideration. 
 
 (signe) Visconti Venosta. 
 
 Q>) 
 
 Despatch in acknowledgment from the Austrian Governm£nt to the 
 Ambassador in Rome. Vienna, February g, igoi? 
 
 Seiner Majestat unterbreitetes ' 
 
 Projet 
 d'une dep^che strictement confidentielle au baron Pasetti 4 Rome. 
 
 A son retour de Rome, le comte Nigra a attire mon attention 
 sur la reponse doimee par S. E. le ministre des affaires etrangeres 
 du royaume d'ltalie a I'interpellation qui lui a ete recenunent 
 adressee a la chambre des deputes au sujet de I'Albanie et a 
 exprime en meme temps I'espoir que je trouverai les declarations 
 qu'elle renferme conforriies aux principes sur lesquels nous sommes 
 tombes d'accord en 1897 lors de mon entrevue avec le marquis 
 Visconti- Venosta au cMteau de Monza. 
 
 Dans I'echange de vues strictement confidentiel qui eut lieu 
 dans nos entretiens par rapport a cette question nous avons 
 reconnu en effet la necessite 
 
 i°- de maintenir le statu quo aussi longtemps que les circon- 
 stances le permettraient, 
 
 2»- d'employer nos efforts, au cas ou I'etat de choses actuel 
 ne pourrait etre conserve, et oi des changements s'imposeraient, 
 
 •' Copy: ibid. 
 
 ' These words are added as a note by the Keeper of the Archives, Ministerialrat 
 
AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA I99 
 
 3. In general, and as a mutual disposition on both sides, to seek 
 in common, and as often as there is a reason for it, the most ap- 
 propriate ways and means to reconcile and to safeguard our 
 reciprocal interests. 
 
 I should appreciate being assured that Count Goluchowski, 
 like myself, sees in the preceding the faithful summary of the 
 substance of what was agreed between us upon this subject. In 
 consequence, I authorize Your Excellency to communicate this 
 despatch to him. 
 
 Accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my high considera- 
 tion. 
 
 (signed) Visconti Venosta. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Despatch in acknowledgment from the Austrian Government to the 
 
 Ambassador in Roms. Vienna, February g, igoi. 
 
 Submitted to His Majesty* 
 
 Draft 
 
 of a strictly confidential despatch to Baron Pasetti at Rome. 
 
 On his return from Rome, Count Nigra directed my attention 
 to the reply given by His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs of the Kingdom of Italy to the interpellation recently ad- 
 dressed to him in the Chamber of Deputies on the subject of 
 Albania; and at the same time expressed the hope that I might 
 find the declarations which it contains in conformity with the 
 principles upon which we came to an agreement in 1897 at the 
 time of my interview with Marquis Visconti- Venosta at the 
 Castle of Monza. 
 
 In the strictly confidential exchange of views which took 
 place in our conversations in respect to that question, we recog- 
 nized in effect the necessity 
 
 1. Of maintaining the status quo as long as circumstances 
 permitted; 
 
 2. In case the present state of affairs could not be preserved, 
 or in case changes should be imperative, of using our efforts to the 
 
 Baron von Pirquet, with the remark: "An Freih. v. Pasetti nach Rom ergangen sub 
 g. 2. 1901, Nr. 78" ("Sent to Rome to Baron Pasetti, Feljjruary 9, 1901, No. 78".) 
 
200 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 
 
 a ce que les modifications y relatives se realisent dans le sens de 
 I'autonomie, tout comme nous avons constate; en general, 
 
 3" la disposition de part et d'autre de rechercher en commun, 
 et toutes les fois qu'il y aurait lieu, les voies et moyens les plus 
 propres a concilier et k sauvegarder nos inter^ts reciproques, 
 
 Etant donne ce qui precede, je me plais done a etablir que 
 I'enonciation du marquis Visconti-Venosta a ete accueillie avec 
 une vive satisfaction par le cabinet I. et R. et en vous priant, Mt. 
 le baron, d'en faire part a S. E. le ministre des affaires etrangere^ 
 je saisis cette occasion etc. 
 
AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT AS TO ALBANIA 20I 
 
 end that the modifications relative thereto should be made in the 
 direction of autonomy, just as we have decided; in general, 
 
 3. The disposition on both sides to seek in common, and as 
 often as there is a reason for it, the most appropriate ways and 
 means to reconcile and to safeguard our reciprocal interests. 
 
 Such being the case, I am pleased to state that the pronounce- 
 ment of Marquis Visconti-Venosta has been received with b'vely 
 satisfaction by the Imperial and Royal Cabinet; and requesting 
 you, my dear Baron, to inform his Excellency the Minister of 
 Foreign Affairs of this, I avail myself of this occasion, etc. 
 
202 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 20. 
 
 THIRD TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUmAnIA 
 
 WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, 
 
 AND ITALY. 1902. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the 
 Alliances of i8g2 and 1896. Bucharest, April 4/17, 1902} 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 'lique de Hongrie, et S. M. le roi de Roumanie, animes d'un egal 
 'desir de maintenir la paix generale confonnement au but pour- 
 'suivi par I'alliance austro-hongroise-allemande, d'assurer I'ordre 
 'politique et de garantir contre toutes les eventualites la parfaite 
 'amiti^ qui les lie,' ayant pris en consideration les stipulations du 
 traitd signe a cette fin le 25 juillet 1892 entre TAutriclie-Hongrie 
 et la Roumanie, 'traite qui par sa nature essentiellement con- 
 'servatrice et defensive ne poursuit que le but de les premunir 
 'contre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix de leurs etats; 
 et desirant constater une fois de plus I'entente 4tablie entre L. L. 
 M. M, en prevision de certaines eventualites mentionnees dans 
 le traite du 25 juillet 1892 dont la duree a ete prolongee jusqu'au 
 25 juillet 1903 par le protocole signe k Sinaia le 30 septembre 
 1896, ont resolu de renouveler et de confirmer par un nouvel 
 accord les engagements contenus dans le susdit traite. 
 
 'A cet efifet L. L. dites M. M. ont nomme pour leurs plenipo- 
 'tentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie: 
 
 le sieur Jean marqilis PaUavidni, son chambellan, envoyfe 
 extraordinaire et mirdstre pMnipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de 
 Roumanie, commandeur de I'ordre imperial autrichien de 
 Franfois Joseph avec plaque, chevalier de I'ordre autrichien 
 imperial de Leopold, 
 
 ' Original : Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 33, 
 Geheimakten, XXXIVa. 
 
THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 203 
 
 20. 
 
 THIRD TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA 
 
 WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, 
 
 AND ITALY. 1902. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the 
 Alliances oj i8g2 and i8g6. Bucharest, April 4/17, IQ02. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and ApostoUc King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of 
 Rumania, animated by an equal desire to maintain the general 
 peace, in conformity with the purpose pursued by the Austro- 
 Hungarian and German Alliance, to assure the political order, 
 and to guarantee against all eventualities the perfect friendship 
 which binds Them together, having taken into consideration the 
 stipulations of the Treaty signed to this end on July 25, 1892, be- 
 tween Austria^Hungary and Rumania, a Treaty which by its 
 essentially conservative and defensive nature pursues only the 
 aim of forestalling the dangers which might menace the peace of 
 their States, and desiring to record once more the understanding 
 established between Their Majesties in prospect of certain 
 eventualities mentioned in the Treaty of July 25, 1892, the dura- 
 tion of which has been prolonged until July 25, 1903, by the 
 Protocol signed at Sinaia on September 30, 1896, have resolved 
 to renew and to confirm by a new agreement the engagements 
 contained in the aforesaid Treaty. 
 
 For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their 
 Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary: 
 
 the Sieur John Marquis PaUavicini, His Chamberlain, Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the 
 King of Rumania, Commander of the Imperial Austrian Order of 
 Francis Joseph with medal, Chevalier of the Imperial Austrian 
 Order of Leopold, 
 
204 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 S. M. le roi de Roumanie : 
 
 le sieur Demetre A. Sturdza, president du conseil des ministres, 
 son ministre des finances et ad interim a la guerre, grand-croix 
 des ordres de I'etoile de Roumanie, de la couronne de Roumanie 
 et de I'ordre autrichien imperial de Leopold en brillants, chevalier 
 de I*" classe de i'ordre autrichien imperial de la couronne de fer, 
 'lesquels apres s'etre communiques leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouves 
 'en bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Sont renouvelees et confirmees de commun accord les stipula- 
 tions contenues dans les articles i, 2, 3, 4, et 6 du traite sign^ le 
 25 juiUet 1892 entre I'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, et dont 
 le texte suit ci-apres: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amitie 
 'et n'entreront dans aucune alhance ou engagement dirige contre 
 'I'un de leurs etats. EUes s'engagent a suivre une politique 
 'amicale et a se preter un appui mutuel dans la limite de leurs 
 'int^rets. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 ' Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait a 
 ' etre attaquee, I'Autriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en temps 
 'utile secours et assistance contre I'agresseur. Si I'Autriche- 
 'Hongrie etait attaquee dans les m^mes circonstances dans une 
 'partie de ses etats limitrophe a la Roumanie, le casus foederis se 
 fpr6sentera aussit6t pour cette derniere. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 'Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee 
 'd'une agression dans les conditions susmentionnees, les gouverne- 
 'ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures k prendre 
 ' en vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions mili- 
 ' taires, notamment celle de I'unite des operations et du passage 
 'des territoires respectifs, seront reglees par une convention 
 'militaire. 
 
THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 205 
 
 His Majesty the King of Rumania: 
 
 the Sieur Demetrius A. Sturdza, President of the Council of 
 Ministers, His Minister of Finance and ad interim for War, 
 Grand Cross of the Orders of the Star of Rumania, of the Crown 
 of Rumania, and of the Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold in 
 brilliants. Chevalier of the First Class of the Imperial Austrian 
 Order of the Iron Crown, who, after having communicated to 
 each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have 
 agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 Renewed and confirmed by common agreement are the stipu- 
 lations contained in Articles i, 2, 3, 4, and 6 of the Treaty signed 
 on July 25, 1892, between Austria-Hungary and Rumania, and 
 the text of which follows below: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace and 
 friendship, and wiU enter into no alliance or engagement directed 
 against any one of their States. They engage to follow a friendly 
 policy, and to lend one another mutual support within the limits 
 of their interests. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 If Rumania, without any provocation on her part, should be 
 attacked, Austria-Hungary is bound to bring her in ample time 
 help and assistance against the aggressor. If Austria-Hungary 
 be attacked under the same circumstances in a portion of her 
 states bordering on Rumania, the casus foederis will immediately 
 arise for the latter. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 If one of the High Contracting Parties should fijid itself 
 threatened by an aggression under the abovementioiied condi- 
 tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree- 
 ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to a cooperation 
 of their armies. These military questions, especially that of the 
 unity of operations and of passage through the respective terri- 
 tories, shall be regulated by a military convention. 
 
206 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 ' Si contrairement a leur d^sir et espoir les hautes parties con- 
 ' tractantes etaient f orcees a une guerre commune dans les circon- 
 ' stances prevues par les articles precedents, elles s'engagent k 
 *ne n6gocier ni conclure separement la paix. 
 
 Article 6.^ 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutueUement 
 'le secret sur le contenu du present traite. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Les articles ci-dessus reproduits resteront en vigueur pour une 
 nouvelle piriode de cinq ans a partir du 25 juillet 1903 c'est-3.-dire 
 jusqu'au 25 juillet 1908. Si une annee avant son expiration le 
 present traite n'est pas denonce, ou si la revision n'en est pas 
 demandee par aucune des hautes parties contractantes, il sera 
 consider6 comme prolong^ pour la duree de trois autres ann^es 
 et ainsi de suite de trois ans en trois ans k defaut de denonciation. 
 
 Article III.^ 
 
 'Le present traite sera ratifie et les ratifications seront echan- 
 'gees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si faire se peut.* 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont signe et y 
 'ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Bucarest le dis-septieme/quatrieme jour du mois d'avril 
 de I'an de grS,ce mil neuf cent deux. 
 
 Pallavicini. D. Sturdza. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 ^ Article 5 of the Treaty of 1892 fixed the duration. Cf. p. 166. 
 ' Identic with Article 7 of the Treaty of July 13/25, 1892. Cf . p. 168. 
 * Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, April 23, 1902 
 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 49); of King Charles, Bucharest, 
 
THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 20/ 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 If, contrary to their desire and hope, the High Contracting 
 Parties be forced into a common war under the circumstances 
 foreseen by the preceding Articles, they engage neither to nego- 
 tiate nor to conclude peace separately. 
 
 Article 6.* 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article H. 
 
 The Articles reproduced above shall remain in force for a new 
 period of five years dating from July 25, 1903, that is to say, 
 until July 25, 1908. If the present Treaty is not denounced one 
 year before its expiration, or if its revision is not demanded by 
 either of the High Contracting Parties, it shall be regarded as 
 prolonged for a period of three years more ; and so on from three 
 years to three years in default of denunciation. 
 
 Article III.^ 
 
 The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall 
 be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed 
 it and have aflBxed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Bucharest, the seventeenth/fourth day of the month 
 of April in the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and two. 
 
 Pallavicini. D. Sturdza. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 April 13/26, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen RatLfikationen); 
 Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Bucharest, April 13/26, 1902 (original: Polit. 
 Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 57)- 
 
208 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 
 Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the 
 
 Alliance. Sinaia, July 12/23, igo2.^ 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 'lique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu' a 
 Bucarest le 17 avril de I'annee courante 'le traite d'amitie et 
 'd'alliance suivant: 
 
 [Articles I-III of the Treaty of April ly, igo2, follow] 
 'ont invite S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, a acceder 
 'aux dispositions du susdit traite. 
 
 'En consequence S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 ' a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet eff et son representant a Buca- 
 'rest le* soussigne sieur Alfred de Kiderlen-Waechter, son con- 
 seiller intime de legation, envoye extraordinaire et ministre 
 plenipotentiaire, 'pour adherer formellement aux stipulations 
 'contenues dans le trait6 susmentionne. En vertii de cet acte 
 'd'accession S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, prend 
 'au nom de I'empire d'AUemagne envers L. L. M. M. I'empereur 
 ' d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostoUque de Hongrie, et 
 'le roi de Roumanie, et en meme temps L. L. M. M. I'empereur 
 'd'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostoUque de Hongrie 
 'et le roi de Roumanie' par les soussignes, le sieur Jean marquis 
 PaUavicini, son chambeUan, envoye extraordinaire et ministre 
 plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, et le sieur DImetre 
 A. Sturdza, pr6sident du conseU des ministres, son ministre des 
 finances et ad interim S. la guerre dument autoris^s a cet effet, 
 'prennent envers S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 'les m6mes engagements aiixquels les hautes parties contractantes 
 'se sont mutueUement obUgees par les stipulations du dit traite 
 'insere ci-dessus. 
 
 ' Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 36, 
 Geheimakten, XXXIV a. 
 
THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 209 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty ietween Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 
 Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the 
 
 Alliance. Sinaia, July 12/2^, 1Q02. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of 
 Rumania having concluded at Bucharest on April 17 of the cur- 
 rent year the following Treaty of friendship and alliance: 
 
 [Articles I-III of the Treaty of April 77, 1002, follow.] 
 
 have invited His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty. 
 
 Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His 
 Representative at Bucharest, the undersigned Sieur Alfred von 
 Kiderlen-Waechter, His Privy Counsellor of Legation, Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, to adhere form- 
 ally to the provisions contained in the abovementioned Treaty. 
 In virtue of this Act of Accession His Majesty the Emperor of 
 Germany, King of Prussia, takes in the name of the German 
 Empire towards Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King 
 of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King 
 of Rvmiania, and at the same time Their Majesties the Emperor 
 of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, 
 and the King of Rumania, by the undersigned, the Sieur John 
 Marquis Pallavicini, His Chamberlain, Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Ru- 
 mania, and the Sieur Demetrius A. Sturdza, President of the 
 Council of Ministers, His Minister of Finance and ad interim for 
 War, duly authorized for this purpose, take towards His Majesty 
 the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the same engagements 
 by which the High Contracting Parties have mutually bound 
 themselves according to the stipulations of the said Treaty in- 
 serted above. 
 
2IO THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 'Le present acte d'accession sera ratifie et las ratifications 
 'seront echang6es dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si 
 'faire se pent.* 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont signe et y 
 'ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait k Sinaia le vingt-cinqui^me/douzieme jour du mois de 
 juillet de I'an de grice mil neuf cent deux. 
 
 L. S. Pallavicini. 
 
 L. S. Kiderlen. 
 
 L. S. D. Sturdza. 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 accession of Italy to the Alliance. December 12, 1902.'' 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BoMme etc. et roi aposto- 
 'Uque de Hongrie, et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu' le 
 17/4 avril 1902 'un traite d'amitie et d'alliance dont la teneur 
 'suit: 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows.] 
 
 'Ce traite ayant refu' le 25/12 juillet 1902 'I'accession de S. 
 * M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et ayant ete ensuite 
 'communique par les hautes parties contractantes susmention- 
 'nees a S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec I'invitation a y acceder, S. M. le 
 'roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce traite a 6te conclu 
 'et qui est la conservation de la paix generale et de I'ordre ex- 
 'istant, a autorise le soussigne sieur' Emmanuel marquis Beccar 
 ria-Incisa, 'son envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire 
 
 • Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each for the 
 German Empire and Rumania, Ischl, July 27, 1902 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimak- 
 ten, XXXrV a, n. 86, with the erroneous date of July 13. The decision on the re- 
 port of the Minister of Foreign Affairs moving the ratification, and the instruction 
 to Sinaia with which the instrument of ratification was forwarded, are dated July 27, 
 so that the signing of the ratification must have followed on that day); of Emperor 
 WiUiam II, on board yacht HohenzoUern, July 27, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., 
 Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen); of King Charles, Sinaia, July 13/26, 
 
THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 211 
 
 The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica- 
 tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner 
 if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed it and have aflSxed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Sinaia, the twenty-fifth/twelfth day of the month of 
 July of the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and two. 
 L. S. Pallavicini. 
 
 L. S. Kiderlen. 
 
 L. S. D. Sturdza. 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 accession of Italy to the Alliance. December 12, igo2. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of 
 Rumania having concluded on April 17/4, 1902, a Treaty of 
 friendship and alliance, the tenor of which follows: 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows] 
 This Treaty having received on July 25/12, 1902, the acces- 
 sion of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, 
 and having been then communicated by the High Contracting 
 Parties abovementioned to His Majesty the King of Italy, with 
 an invitation to accede thereto. His Majesty the King of Italy, 
 approving the purpose for which this Treaty has been concluded, 
 and which is the preservation of the general peace and of the ex- 
 isting order, has authorized the undersigned Sieur Emmanuel 
 Marquis Beccaria-Incisa, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 
 1902 (original: ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications between Austria- 
 Hungary, the German Empire, and Rumania, Bucharest, July 22/ August 4, 1902 
 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 94). 
 
 ' Original: PoUt. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 37, 
 Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 130. 
 
 An identic Treaty was signed between Italy and Rumania on the same day (In- 
 structions to Bucharest of January 6, 1903; Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, 
 n- 139)- 
 
212 TfflRD RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie a declarer en son nom qu'il accede 
 'au dit traite dans les limites ci-apres indiquees en ce qui con- 
 'cerne les stipulations des articles 2 et 3' du traite signe le 25 
 juillet 1892 entre rAutriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, articles 
 qui sont reproduits dans I'article I du traite ci-dessus insere, 
 'savoir: 
 
 ' Si les eventualites, pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis tel 
 'qu'il est prevu dans les dits articles 2 et 3, venaient a se produire, 
 'LL. MM. I'empereur d'Autriche,' roi de Boheme etc. 'et roi 
 'apostolique de Hongrie, le roi d'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie 
 'prennent I'engagement mutuel de se concerter en temps utile 
 'pour une action commune dont les modalites seront reglees par 
 'une convention speciale. 
 
 'La presente accession sera en vigueur a dater' du 25/12 
 juillet 1903 'pour toute la duree du traite principal' du 17/4 
 avril 1902, a moins qu'elle ne soit denoncee par une des hautes 
 parties contractantes en temps utile conformement aux disposi- 
 tions de I'article II du dit traits principal. 
 
 'Le secret sera gard6 sur cet acte d'accession qui ne pourra 
 'etre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties 
 ' contractantes. 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 'lique de Hongrie a autorise de son c6te le soussigne sieur' Jean 
 marquis Pallavicini, son chambellan, 'envoye extraordinaire et 
 'ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie k de- 
 'clarer en son nom qu'il accepte, dans les termes ci-dessus relates 
 'et avec les m^mes obligations mutuelles, I'accession de S. M. le 
 'roi d'ltalie au traite du' 17/4 avril 1902. 
 
 'Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratifie * par 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 'lique de Hongrie et par S. M. le roi d'ltalie et les ratifications 
 'seront echangees le plus t6t possible. 
 
 ' Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, December 27, 
 
 1902 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 135); of King Victor Em- 
 manuel III, Rome, December 27, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der 
 geheimen Ratifikationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, April 4, 
 
 1903 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV a, n. 138. 
 
THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 21 3 
 
 Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to declare 
 in His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within the limits 
 indicated below, so far as concerns the stipulations of Articles 2 
 and 3 of the Treaty signed on July 25, 1892, between Austria- 
 Hungary and Rimiania, Articles which are reproduced in Article I 
 of the Treaty inserted above, to wit: 
 
 If eventuaUties that could give rise to the casus foederis as it 
 is foreseen in the said Articles 2 and 3 should chance to occur. 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostohc King of Hungary, the King of Italy, and the King 
 of Rumania assume a mutual engagement to take counsel to- 
 gether in ample time as to common action, the detailed procedure 
 of which shall be regulated by a special convention. 
 
 The present Accession shall be ia force, dating from July 
 25/12, 1903, for the whole duration of the principal Treaty 
 of April 17/4, 1902, imless it be denounced by one of the High 
 Contracting Parties at the proper time in conformity with the 
 provisions of Article II of the said principal Treaty. 
 
 This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re- 
 vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting 
 Parties. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary has for his part authorized the 
 undersigned Sieur John Marquis Pallavicini, His Chamberlain, 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Maj- 
 esty the King of Rumania, to declare in His name that He 
 accepts in the terms above stated, and with the same mutual 
 obligations, the Accession of His Majesty the King of Italy to 
 the Treaty of April 17/4, 1902. 
 
 The present Act of Accession and of acceptance shall be rati- 
 fied by His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, 
 etc., and Apostohc King of Hungary, and by His Majesty the 
 King of Italy, and the ratifications shall be exchanged as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 The exchange of ratifications of the Italo-Rumanian Treaty took place on Janu- 
 ary 10, 1903. (Despatch from Bucharest of January 14, 1903: Polit. Arch., Geheim- 
 akten, XXXIV a, n. 143.) 
 
214 THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont sigii6 le 
 'present acte d'accession et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Bucarest le douzi^me jour du mois de dficembre de I'an 
 de grace mil neuf cent deux. 
 
 Pallavicini. E. di Beccaria-Incisa. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
THIRD RUMANIAN TREATY 21 5 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Act of Accession and have aflSxed thereto the 
 seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Bucharest, the twelfth day df the month of December 
 of the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and two. 
 
 Pallavicini. E. di Beccaria-Incisa. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
2l6 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 
 
 21. 
 
 PROTOCOL PROLONGING THE AUSTRO-GERMAN 
 ALLIANCE. 1902. 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire 
 concerning the continuation of the Treaty of 1879 and the 
 Protocol of 1883. Berlin, June i, 1902} 
 
 Protokoll. 
 
 Die Unterzeichneten, Ladislaus Szogyeny-Marich von Magyar- 
 Szogyen und Szolgaegyhaza, ausserordentlicher und bevollmach- 
 tigter Botschafter S. M. des Kaisers von Oesterreich, Konigs von 
 Bohmen u. s. w. und apostolischen Konigs von Ungam, und 
 Graf Bernhard von Billow, Kanzler des Deutschen Reichs, sind 
 auf Grund allerhochster Ermachtigung ihrer Souverane am 
 heutigen Tage in Berlin zu einer Berathung iiber die femere 
 Aufrechterhaltung des zu Wien am 7. Oktober 1879 unterzeich- 
 neten, am 21. desselben Monats ratifizirten und durch das zu 
 Wien, am 22. Marz 1883 vollzogene, am i. April desselben Jahres 
 ratifizirte Protokoll bereits einmal ausdriicklich verlangerten 
 geheimen Vertrages zwischen S. M., dem Kaiser von Oesterreich 
 Konig von Bohmen u. s. w. und apostolischen Konig von Ungam, 
 und S. M., dem deutschen Kaiser, Konige von Preussen, zusam- 
 mengetreten und habeu' in VoUmacht II. MM. folgende Erkla- 
 rung abgegeben: 
 
 Die Bestimmungen des Artikels III des am 7. October 1879 
 unterzeichneten und am 21. desselben Monats ratifizirten gehei- 
 men Vertrages zwischen 1. 1. M. M., dem Kaiser von Oesterreich, 
 apostolischen Konig von Ungarn und dem deutschen Kaiser, 
 Konig von Preussen, sowie auch die Bestimmungen der Punkte 
 I und 2 des den Vertrag erneuernden Protokolles vom 22. Marz 
 1883 sind, gemass den Intentionen, welche diesbeziiglich bei 
 Abschluss des Vertrages obwalteten, dahin zu verstehen, dass 
 die Dauer des Vertrages sich immer wieder von selbst von drei 
 
 1 Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 34, 
 Geheimakten, XXXIV c. 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 21 7 
 
 21. 
 
 PROTOCOL PROLONGING THE AUSTRO-GERMAN 
 ALLIANCE. 1902. 
 
 Protocol between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire 
 
 concerning the continuation of the Treaty of 18'^g and the 
 
 Protocol of 1883. Berlin, June i, igo2. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 The undersigned, Ladislas Szogyeny-Marich of Magyar- 
 Szogyen and Szolgaegyhaza, Ambassador Extraordinary and 
 Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of 
 Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and Count 
 Bemhard von Biilow, Chancellor of the German Empire, have, 
 by reason of the Most Exalted authorization of their Sovereigns, 
 met together on this day in Berlin for deliberation concerning 
 the further maintenance of the secret Treaty signed at Vienna 
 on October 7, 1879, ratified on the twenty-first of the same month, 
 and already once expressly prolonged through the Protocol 
 executed at Vienna on March 22, 1883, ratified on April i of the 
 same year, between His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King 
 of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His 
 Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia, and they have, 
 with full power from Their Majesties, made the following decla- 
 ration: 
 
 The provisions of Article III of the secret Treaty signed on 
 October 7, 1879, and ratified on the twenty-first of the same 
 month, between Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, Apos- 
 tolic King of Hungary, and the German Emperor, King of Prussia, 
 as well as the provisions of Sections i and 2 of the Protocol of 
 March 22, 1883, renewing the Treaty, are, according to the in- 
 tentions which prevailed in this respect at the conclusion of the 
 Treaty, to be so understood that the duration of the Treaty shall 
 automatically be prolonged from three to three years for so long 
 
21 8 PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 
 
 zu drei Jahren verlangert, insolange die beiden Contrahenten 
 nicht innerhalb der im Punkte 2 des Protokolles vom 22. Marz 
 1883 vereinbarten Frist vor Ablauf einer dieser dreijahrigen 
 Perioden iiber die Frage, ob die dem Vertrage zur Grundlage 
 dienenden Verhaltnisse noch obwalten, in Verhandlung treten. 
 
 Das gegenwartige Protokoll wird den beiden hohen Souveranen 
 zur Ratification unterbreitet und empfohlen werden und soil der 
 Austausch der Ratificationsurkunden binnen drei Wochen in 
 Berlin erfolgen.^ 
 
 Zu Urkund dessen ist dieses Protokoll in zwei Exemplaren auf- 
 genonmien, unterzeichnet und bfesiegelt worden. 
 
 Geschehen zu Berlin, am ersten Juni eintausendneunhundert- 
 zwei. 
 
 Szogy^ny. Biilow. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
 * Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, June 13, 1902 
 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV c, nn. 18, 20); of Emperor William II, 
 New Palace, June 12, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifi- 
 kationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Berlin, June 21, 1902 (original: 
 Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV c, u. 24). 
 
PROLONGATION OF AUSTRO-GERMAN ALLIANCE 219 
 
 as the two Contracting Parties do not, within the interval agreed 
 upon in Section 2 of the Protocol of March 22, 1883, before the 
 expiration of one of these three-year periods, enter into negotia- 
 tions over the question whether the conditions serving as the 
 basis for the Treaty still prevail. 
 
 The present Protocol will be submitted and recommended for 
 ratification to the two Exalted Sovereigns, and the exchange of 
 docxunents of ratification shall take place within three weeks in 
 Berlin. 
 
 In witness whereof this Protocol has been executed, signed, 
 and sealed in dupUcate. 
 
 Done at Berlin, on the first of Jime, one thousand nine hun- 
 dred and two. 
 
 Szogyeny. Biilow. 
 
 L. S. L. S. 
 
220 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 22. 
 
 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 igo2. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance^ between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 Empire, and Italy. Berlin, June 28, igo2} 
 
 'L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi 
 'apostolique de Hongrie, I'empereur d'Allemaghe, roi de Prusse, 
 'et le roi d'ltalie, fermement resolus d'assurer a leurs etats la con- 
 'tinuation des bienfaits que leur garantit, au point de vue poli- 
 'tique aussi bien qu'au point de vue monarchique et social, le 
 'maintien de la Triple Alliance, et voulant dans ce but prolonger la 
 'duree de cette alliance conclue le 20 mai 1882, renouvelee une 
 'premiere fois par les traites du 20 fevrier 1887,' et une seconde 
 fois par le traite du 6 mai 1891, 'ont, a cet effet, nomme comme 
 'leurs plenipotentiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie: le sieur Ladislas Szogyeny-Marich de Magyar- 
 Szogyen et Szolgaegyhaza, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et 
 pl6nipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse; 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse: le comte Bernard 
 de Biilow, chanceUer de I'empire, son president du conseil des 
 minis tres de Prusse; et 
 
 S. M. le roi d'ltalie: le comte Carlo Lanza di Busca, lieute- 
 nant-general, senateur, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et pleni- 
 potentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse 
 'lesquels, apres echange de leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouv6s en 
 'bonne et due forme, sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuelle- 
 'ment paix et amitie, et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou en- 
 'gagement dirige contre I'un de leurs etats. 
 
 ' Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 35, 
 Geheimakten, XXXIV b. 
 
FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 221 
 22. 
 
 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1902. 
 
 {a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 Empire, and Italy. Berlin, June 28, igo2. 
 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and ApostoKc King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, King 
 of Prussia, and the King of Italy, firmly resolved to assure to 
 Their States the continuation of the benefits which the mainten- 
 ance of the Triple Alliance guarantees to them, from the political 
 point of view as well as from the monarchical and social point of 
 view, and wishing with this object to prolong the duration of this 
 AUiance, concluded on May 20, 1882, renewed a first time by the 
 Treaties of February 20, 1887, and a second time by the Treaty 
 of May 6, 1891, have for this purpose appointed as Their Pleni- 
 potentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and ApostoHc King of Hungary: the Sieur Ladislas Szogyeny- 
 Marich of Magyar-Szogy^n and Szolgaegyhaza, His Ambassador 
 Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor 
 of Germany^ King of Prussia; 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia: 
 Count Bemhard von Biilow, Chancellor of the Empire, His 
 President of the Council of Ministers of Prussia; and 
 
 His Majesty the King of Italy: Count Carlo Lanza di Busca, 
 Lieutenant-General, Senator, His Ambassador Extraordinary 
 and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, 
 King of Prussia, who, after exchange of their full powers, found 
 in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and 
 friendship, and wiU enter into no aUiance or engagement directed 
 against any one of their States. 
 
222 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'Elles s'engagent k proceder k un echange d'idees sur les ques- 
 tions politiques et economiques d'une nature generale qui pour- 
 'raient se presenter, et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel 
 'dans la limite de leurs propres interSts. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 'Dans le cas ou I'ltalie, sans provocation directe de sa part, 
 ' serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les 
 'deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues k preter k la 
 'parties attaqu6e secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces. 
 
 ' Cette meme obligation incombera k I'ltalie dans le cas d'une 
 'agression non directement provoquee de la France contre I'Alle- 
 'magne. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 'Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes, sans pro- 
 ' vocation directe de leur part, venaient a Stre attaquees et a se 
 ' trouver engagees dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes 
 'puissances non signataires du present traite, le "casus foederis" 
 ' se pr^sentera simultaneraent pour toutes les hautes parties con- 
 'tractantes. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 'Dans le cas ou une grande puissance non signataire du present 
 , ' traite menacerait la securite des etats de I'une des hautes parties 
 'contractantes, et la partie menacee se verrait par \k forc^e de 
 'lui faire la guerre, les deux autres s'obligent k observer, a I'egard 
 'de leur allie, une neutralite bienveillante. Chacune se reserve, 
 'dans ce cas, la faculte de prendre part k la guerre, si elle le jugeait 
 'a propos, pour faire cause commune avec son allie. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 'Si la paix de I'une des hautes parties contractantes venait k 
 'Stre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles pre- 
 ' cedents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en 
 'temps utile sur les mesures militaires k prendre en vue d'une 
 'cooperation eventuelle. 
 
FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 223 
 
 They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on political and 
 economic questions of a general nature which may arise, and 
 they further promise one another mutual support within the 
 limits of their own interests. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should 
 be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other 
 Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance 
 with aU their forces to the Party attacked. 
 
 This same obUgation shall devolve upon Italy in case of an 
 aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct 
 provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to 
 be engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsigna- 
 tory to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simul- 
 taneously for all the High Contracting Parties. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 In case a Great Power nonsignatory to the present Treaty 
 should threaten the security of the states of one of the High 
 Contracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself 
 forced on that account to make war against it, the two others 
 bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent 
 neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the 
 |ight to take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common 
 cause with its AUy. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 If the peace of one of the High Contracting Parties should 
 chance to be threatened under the circumstances foreseen by 
 the preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take 
 counsel together in ample time as to the military measures to be 
 taken with a view to eventual cooperation. 
 
224 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'EUes s'engagent, des-S,-present, dans tous les cas de partici- 
 'pation commune a une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix^ 
 ' ni trait6, que d'un commun accord entre elles. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 'L'Allemagne et I'ltalie n'ayant en vue que le maintien, autant 
 que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, s'engagent k 
 user de leur influence pour prevenir sur les c6tes et iles ottomanes 
 dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee toute modification 
 territoriale qui porterait dommage ^ I'une ou k I'autre des puis- 
 sances signataires du present traite. Elles se communiqueront, 
 a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'6clairer mutuel- 
 lement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles d'autres 
 puissances. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 'L'Autriche-Hongrie et I'ltalie, n'ayant en vue que le main- 
 'tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, 
 * s'engagent k user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modifica- 
 ' tion territoriale qui porterait dommage a I'une ou a I'autre des 
 'puissances signataires du present traiti. Elles se communique- 
 'ront, a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature k s'eclairer 
 'mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles 
 'd'autres puissances. Toutefois dans le cas ou, par suite des 
 'evenements, le maintien du statu quo dans les regions des Bal- 
 ' cans ou des c6tes et iles ottomanes dans I'Adriatique et dans la 
 'mer Egee deviendrait impossible, et que, soit en consequence de 
 'Taction d'une puissance tierce soit autrement. I'Autriclie- 
 'Hongrie ou I'ltalie se verraient dans la necessite de le modifier 
 'par une occupation temporaire ou permanente de leur part, cette 
 'occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un accord prealable entre les 
 'deux puissances, base sur le principe d'une compensation reci- 
 'proque pour tout avantage, territorial ou autre, que chacune 
 'd'elles obtiendrait en sus du statu quo actuel et donnant satis- 
 'faction aux interets et aux pretentions bien fondees des deux 
 'parties. 
 
FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 225 
 
 They engage, henceforth, in all cases of common participation 
 in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty, 
 except by common agreement among themselves. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Germany and Italy, having in mind only the maintenance, so 
 far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, engage 
 to use their influence ta forestall oh the Ottoman coasts and 
 islands in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas any territorial modi- 
 fication which might be injurious to one or the other of the Powcts 
 signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they will com- 
 municate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten 
 each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well 
 as those of other Powers. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Austria-Hungary and Italy, having in mind only the main- 
 tenance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the 
 Orient, engage to use their influence to forestall any territorial 
 modification which might be injurious to one or the other of the 
 Powers signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they shall 
 communicate to one another all information of a nature to en- 
 lighten each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, 
 as weU as those of other Powers. Howeverj if, in the course of 
 events, the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the 
 Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and 
 in the Aegean Sea should become impossible, and if, whether in 
 consequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise, Austria- 
 Himgary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of 
 modif3ang it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their 
 part, this occupation shall take place only after a previous agree- 
 ment between the two Powers^ based upon the principle of a recip- 
 rocal compensation for every advantage, territorial or other, 
 which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo, 
 and giving satisfaction to the interests and well founded claims 
 of the two Parties. 
 
^26 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 'Les stipulations des articles VI et VII ne s'appliqueront 
 'd'aucune manifere k la question ^gyptienne au sujet de laquelle 
 *les hautes parties contractantes conservent respectivement leur 
 'liberte d'action, eu egard toujours aux principes sur lesquels 
 'repose le present traite. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 'L'Allemagne et I'ltalie s'engagent a s'employer pour le main- 
 'tien du statu quo territorial dans les regions nord-africaines sur 
 'la Mediterrdnee a savoir la Cyrenaique, la Tripolitaine et la 
 'Tunisie. Les repr6sentants des deux puissances dans ces regions 
 'auront pour instruction de se tenir dans la plus etroite intimite 
 'de communications et assistance mutuelles. 
 
 'Si maUieureusement, en suite d'un mur examen de la situa- 
 'tion, I'AUemagne et I'ltalie reconnaissaient I'une et I'autre que 
 'le maintien du statu quo devenait impossible, I'AUemagne 
 's'engage, apres un accord formel et prealable, a appuyer I'ltaUe 
 'en toute action sous la forme d'occupation ou autre prise de 
 'garantie que cette derni^re devrait entreprendre dans ces memes 
 'regions en vue d'un inter^t d'equilibre et de legitime compensa- 
 ' tion. 
 
 ' II est entendu que pour pareille eventualite les deux puissances 
 'chercheraient l.se mettre 6galement d'accord avec I'Angleterre. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 'S'U arrivait que la France fit acte d'etendre son occupation 
 'ou bien son protectorat ou sa souverainete, sous une forme quel- 
 'conque, sur les territoires nord-africains, et qu'en consequence 
 'de ce fait I'ltaUe crut devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans 
 'la Mediterranee, entreprendre eUe-meme une action sur les dits 
 'territoires nord-africains, ou bien recourir sur le territoire fran- 
 'gais en Europe aux mesures extremes, I'etat de guerre qui 
 ' s'ensuivrait entre I'ltalie et la France constituerait ipso facto, 
 'sur la demande de I'ltalie, et a la charge commune de I'AUemagne 
 ' et de I'ltalie le casus foederis prevu par les articles II et V du 
 
FOITRTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 227^ 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 The stipulations of Articles VI and VII apply in no way to the 
 Egyptian question, with regard to which the High Contracting 
 Parties preserve respectively their freedom of action, regard 
 being always paid to the principles upon which the present Treaty 
 rests. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 Germany and Italy engage to exert themselves for the main-) 
 tenance of the territorial status quo in the North African regions 
 on the Mediterranean, to wit, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and 
 Tunisia. The Representatives of the two Powers in these regions 
 shall be instructed to put themselves into the closest intimacy of 
 mutual communication and assistance. 
 
 If unfortunately, as a result of a mature examination of the^ 
 situation, Germany and Italy should both recognize that the 
 maintenance of the status quo has become impossible, Germany 
 engages, after a formal and previous agreement, to support Italy 
 in any action in the form of occupation or other taking of guar- 
 anty which the latter should imdertake in these same regions 
 with a view to an interest of equilibrium and of legitimate 
 compensation. 
 
 It is understood that in such an eventuality the two Powers 
 would seek to place themselves likewise in agreement with 
 England. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 If it were to happen that France should make a move to extend 
 her occupation, or even her protectorate or her sovereignty, under 
 any form whatsoever, in the North African territories, and that 
 in consequence thereof Italy, in order to safeguard her position 
 in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must herself under- 
 take action in the said North African territories, or even have 
 recourse to extreme measures in French territory in Europe, the 
 state of war which would thereby ensue between Italy and France 
 would constitute ipso facto, on the demand of Italy, and at the 
 common charge of Germany and Italy, the casus foederis fore- 
 
22.8 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'present traite, comme si pareille eventualite y etait expresse- 
 'ment visee. 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 'Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun centre 
 'la France par les deux puissances amenaient I'ltalie a rechercher 
 ' des garanties territoriales a I'^gard de la France, pour la securite 
 ' des frontidres du royaume et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en 
 'vue de la stabilite' et 'de la paix, I'AUemagne n'y mettra 
 'aucun obstacle, et, au besoin, et dans une mesure compatible 
 'avec les circonstances, s'appliquera a faciliter les moyens d'at- 
 ' teindre un semblable but. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 'le secret sur le contenu du pr6sent traite. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 'Les puissances signataires se reservent d'y introduire ulteri- 
 'eurementj sous forme de protocole et d'une commun accord, les 
 'modifications dont I'utilite serait demontree par les circon- 
 ' stances. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 'Le present traite restera en vigueur pour I'espace de six ans 
 'a partir de I'echange des ratifications; mais s'il n'avait pas ete 
 'denonce un an a I'avance par I'une ou I'autre des hautes parties 
 'contractantes, il restera en vigueur pour la mSme duree de six 
 ' autres ann6es. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 'Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees a Berlin, 
 'dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus t6t si faire se peut.^ 
 
 2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each for the 
 German Empire and Italy, Vienna, July i, 1902 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, 
 XXXIV b, nn. 188, 189, 194); of Emperor William II, Kiel, on board the yacht 
 HohenzoUern, July 2, 1902 (original: St. A., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika- 
 tionen); of King Victor Emmanuel III, Rome, July 3, 1902 (original: ibid.); 
 Protocol of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Em- 
 
FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 229 
 
 seen by Articles 11 and V of the present Treaty, as if such an 
 eventuality were expressly contemplated therein. 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against 
 France by the two Powers should lead Italy to seek for territorial 
 guaranties with respect to France, for the security of the fron- 
 tiers of the Kingdom and of her maritime position, as well as 
 with a view to stability and to peace, Germany will present no 
 obstacle thereto, and, if need be, and in a measure compatible 
 with circumstances, will apply herself to facilitating the means 
 of attaining such a purpose. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 The Signatory Powers reserve the right of subsequently in- 
 troducing, in the form of a Protocol and of a common agreement, 
 the modifications of which the utility should be demonstrated by 
 circumstances. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force for the space of six 
 years, dating from the exchange of ratifications; but if it has not 
 been denounced one year in advance by one or another of the 
 High Contracting Parties, it shall remain in force for the same 
 duration of six more years. 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at 
 Berlin within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be. 
 
 pire, and Italy, Berlin, July 8, 1902 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV b, 
 n. 196). 
 
 The Treaty was automatically renewed on July 8, 1907, through the expiration 
 of the period allowed for denunciation (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV b). 
 
230 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 .'En foi de quoi les pl6nipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le pr6- 
 'sent traite et y ont appos^ le cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 'Fait a Berlin, en triple exemplaire, le' vingt-huiti^me jour 
 du mois de juin mil neuf cent deux. 
 
 L. S. Szogyeny. 
 
 L. S. Biilow. 
 
 L. S. C. Lanza. 
 
 (b) 
 Final Protocol to the Treaty. Berlin, June 28, igoz? 
 
 PROTOfcOLE. 
 
 'Au moment de proc6der a la signature du traite de ce jour 
 'entre I'Autriche-Hongrie, I'Allemagne et I'ltalie, les plenipo- 
 ' tentiaires soussignes de ces trois puissances, a ce diiment autori- 
 'ses, se declarent mutuellement ce qui suit: 
 
 'i°- Sauf reserve d'approbation parlementaire pour les stipu- 
 'lations effectives qui decouleraient de la presente declaration de 
 'principe, les hautes parties contractantes se promettent, des ce 
 'moment, en mati^re economique (finances, douanes, chemins de 
 'fer) en sus du traitement de la nation la plus favorisee, toutes les 
 'facilites et tous les avantages particuliers qui seraient compati- 
 'bles avec les exigences de chacun des trois etats et avec leurs 
 ' engagements respectifs avec les tierces puissances. 
 
 '2°- L'accession de I'Angleterre etant deja acquise, en prin- 
 ' cipe, aux stipulations du traite de ce jour qui concernent I'Orient, 
 'proprement dit, S, savoir les territoires de I'empire ottoman, les 
 'hautes parties contractantes s'emploieront au moment opportun, 
 'et pour autant que les circonstances le comporteraient, a pro- 
 'voquer une accession analogue a I'egard des territoires nord- 
 ' af ricains de la partie centrale et occidentale de la M6diterran6e,. 
 'le Maroc compris. Cette accession pourrait se reahser moyen- 
 'nant acceptation, de la part de I'Angleterre, du programme etabli 
 'aux articles IX et X du trait6 de ce jour. 
 
 2 Original; Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 35, 
 Geheimakten, XXXIV b. 
 
 This Final Protocol is not inserted in the three instruments of ratification. 
 
FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 23 1 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Treaty, and have affixed thereto the seal of 
 their arms. 
 
 Done at Berlin, in triplicate, the twenty-eighth day of the 
 month of June, one thousand nine hundred and two. 
 L. S. Szogyeny. 
 
 L. S. Biilow. 
 
 L. S. C. Lanza. 
 
 (b) 
 Final Protocol to the Treaty. Berlin, June 28, igo2. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the Treaty of 
 this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, the 
 undersigned Plenipotentiaries of these three Powers, thereto 
 duly authorized, mutually declare themselves as follows: 
 
 i. Under reserve of parliamentary approval for the executory 
 stipulations proceeding from the present declaration of principle, 
 the High Contracting Parties promise each other, from this 
 moment, in economic matters (finances, customs, railroads), in 
 addition to most-favored-nation treatment, all of the facilities 
 and special advantages which would be compatible with the 
 requirements of each of the three States and with their respective 
 engagements with third Powers. 
 
 2. The accession of England being already acquired, in princi- 
 ple, to the stipulations of the Treaty of this day which concern 
 the Orient, properly so-called, to wit, the territories of the Otto- 
 man Empire, the High Contracting Parties shall exert themselves 
 at the opportune moment, and to the extent that circumstances 
 may permit it, to bring about an analogous accession with regard 
 to the North African territories of the central and western part of 
 the Mediterranean, including Morotco. This accession might 
 be realized by an acceptance, on the part of England, of the 
 programme established by Articles EX and X of the Treaty of 
 this day. 
 
232 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'En foi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont sign6, en triple 
 ' exemplaire, le present protocole. 
 
 ' Fait a Berlin, le ' vingt-huiti^me jour du mois de juin mil neuf 
 cent deux. 
 
 Szogyeny. 
 
 Biilow. 
 
 C. Lanza. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Austrian Declaration to Italy concerning Tripoli. Rome, 
 June 30, 1902* 
 Secrete. 
 
 Declaration. 
 
 Je soussigne, ambassadeur de S. M. I. et R. A., ai ete autoris6 
 de declarer au gouvemement de S. M. le roi d'ltalie, que tout en 
 desirant le maintien du statu quo territorial en Orient, le gou- 
 vemement austro-hongrois, n'ayant pas d'interSt special a sauve- 
 garder dans la Tripolitaine et la Cirenaique, est decide a ne rien 
 entreprendre de ce qui pourrait contrecarrer I'action de I'ltalie 
 au cas oil, par suite de circonstances fortuites, I'etat des choses 
 actuel etabli dans ces regions subirait une alteration quelconque 
 et forcerait le gouvernement royal a recourir a des mesures qui 
 lui seraient dictees par ses propres inter^ts. 
 
 II est entendu que la presente declaration restera secrete et 
 qu'elle ne pourra gtre produite qu'en vertu d'un accord prealable 
 entre les deux gouvemements. 
 
 Rome, 30 juin 1902. 
 M. baron Pasetti m. p. 
 
 * Copy: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXIV b, n. 192. 
 
 Annotation of the Chancellery, in the hand of the copyist: "Beilage zum gehei- 
 men Bericht N"' 49B, de dato Rom, x. Juli 1902. Abschrift der der koniglich- 
 itaUenischen Regierung bezuglich Tripolis abgegebenen Deklaration." ("Supple- 
 ment to Secret Dispatch No. 49B, dated Rome, July i, rgoz. Copy of the declara- 
 tion transmitted to the Royal Italian Government with regard to Tripoli.") 
 
FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 233 
 
 In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the 
 present Protocol in triplicate. 
 
 Done at Berlin, the twenty-eighth day of the month of June, 
 one thousand nine hundred and two. 
 
 Szogyeny. 
 
 Billow. 
 
 C. Lanza. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Austrian Declaration to Italy concerning Tripoli. Rome, 
 June 30, IQ02.* 
 Secret. 
 
 Declaration. 
 
 I the undersigned, Ambassador of His Imperial and Royal 
 Apostolic Majesty, have been authorized to declare to the Gov- 
 ernment of His Majesty the King of Italy, that, while desiring 
 the maintenance of the territorial status quo in the Orient, the 
 Austro-Hungarian Government, having no special interest to 
 safeguard in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, has decided to under- 
 take nothing which might interfere with the action of Italy, in 
 case, as a result of fortuitous circumstances, the state of things 
 now prevailing in those regions should undergo any change 
 whatsoever and should oblige the Royal Government to have 
 recourse to measures which would be dictated to it by its own 
 interests. 
 
 It is understood that the present Declaration shall remain 
 secret; and that it may be produced only in virtue of a previous 
 agreement between the two Governments. 
 
 Rome, June 30, 1902. 
 
 Baron Pasetti, m. p. 
 
234 FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 id) 
 
 Note of the Italian Government acknowledging the Austrian 
 Declaration concerning Tripoli. Rome, June 30, igo2.^ 
 
 Ministero degli affari esteri. 
 Secrete. 
 AS. E. 
 
 Monsieur le baron Pasetti, 
 
 ambassadeur I. et R. d'autriche-Hongrie, 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Rome, le 30 juin 1902. 
 Monsieur I'ambassadeur, 
 Conformement au desir que V. E. a bien voulu m'en exprimer 
 par sa note secrete en date d'aujourd'hui, N. 27, j'ai I'honneur de 
 lui accuser reception de la declaration concernant la Tripolitaine- 
 Cyrenaique que V. E. m'a transmise avec sa note pr^citee d'apr&: 
 les instructions de son gouvemement. 
 
 Veuillez agr^er, Mr. I'ambassadeur, I'assurance de ma tres- 
 haute consid6ration. 
 
 Prinetti. 
 
 ' Original: ibid. 
 
FOURTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 235 
 
 id) 
 
 Note of the Italian Government acknowledging the Austrian 
 Declaration concerning Tripoli. Rome, June 30, 1902. 
 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 
 Secret. 
 To His Excellency- 
 Baron Pasetti, 
 Imperial and Royal Ambassador of Austria-Hungary, 
 Rome. 
 
 Rome, June 30, 1902. 
 Mr. Ambassador, 
 In conformity with the desire which Your Excellency has been 
 kind enough to express to me in your secret Note dated today, 
 No. 27, 1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the Decla- 
 ration concerning Tripolitania-Cyrenaica which Your Excellency 
 has transmitted to me with your abovementioned Note in ac- 
 cordance with the instructions of your Government. 
 
 Pray accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my very high 
 consideration. 
 
 Prinetti. ' 
 
236 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY 
 
 23. 
 
 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF MUTUAL 
 NEUTRALITY. 1904. 
 
 Joint Declaration of Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to the 
 
 maintenance of neutrality by either if the other is at war. 
 
 St. Petersburg, October 2/1 j, 1904.^ 
 
 Les soussignes dument autorises par leurs augustes souverains 
 se sont r^unis aujourd'hui au ministere imperial des affaires 
 etrangeres pour signer la declaration suivante: 
 
 L'Autriche-Hongrie et la Russie, unies par des vues identiques 
 sur la politique conservatrice a suivre dans les pays balcaniques 
 et tres satisfaites du r6sultat obtenu jusqu'ici de leur etroite col- 
 laboration, sont fermement decid6es a perseverer dans cette 
 voie. Heureux de constater une fois de plus cette entente, les 
 cabinets de Vienne et de S* Petersbourg attachent un grand prix 
 a se donner en due forme un temoignage d'amitie et de confiance 
 reciproque. 
 
 C'est dans ce but que les deux puissances sont tombees d'ac- 
 cord d'observer une neutralite loyale et absolue dans le cas ou 
 I'une des deux parties signataires de cette declaration se trou- 
 verait seule et sans provocation de sa part en etat de guerre avec 
 une troisieme puissance qui chercherait a porter atteinte a sa 
 securite ou au statu quo dont le maintien constitue la base de 
 leur entente aussi pacifique que conservatrice. 
 
 L'engagement stipule par ce qui precede entre I'Autriche- 
 Hongrie et la Russie ne s'applique naturellement pas aux pays 
 balc&.niques dont les destinees se rattachent evidemment a I'ac- 
 cord etabli entre les deux empires voisins. Le dit engagement 
 est entendu rester valable aussi longtemps que ces deux grandes 
 
 • Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 38, 
 Geheimakten, XXXII b. 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY 237 
 
 23- 
 
 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF MUTUAL 
 NEUTRALITY. 1904. 
 
 Joint Declaration of Austria-Hungary and Russia in regard to the 
 
 maintenance of neutrality by either if the other is at war. 
 
 St. Petersburg, October 2 1 15, igo4. 
 
 The undersigned, duly authorized by their August Sovereigns, 
 have met together today at the Imperial Ministry of Foreign 
 Affairs to sign the following Declaration : 
 
 Austria-Hungary and Russia, united by identical views as to 
 the conservative policy to be followed in the Balkan countries, 
 and much satisfied with the result obtained so far by their close 
 collaboration, are firmly decided to persevere in this course. 
 Happy to record once more this understanding, the Cabinets of 
 Vienna and of St. Petersburg attach great importance to offering 
 each other in due form a mark of friendship and reciprocal 
 confidence. 
 
 It is with this purpose that the two Powers have come to an 
 agreement to observe a loyal and absolute neutrality in case one 
 of the two Parties signatory to this Declaration should find it- 
 self, alone and without provocation on its part, in a state of war 
 with a third Power which sought to endanger its security or the 
 status quo; the maintenance of which constitutes the basis of 
 their understanding, as pacific as it is conservative. 
 
 The engagement between Austria-Hungary and Russia stipu- 
 lated in the above naturally does not apply to the Balkan coun- 
 tries, whose destinies are obviously closely attached'to the agree- 
 ment established between the two neighboring Empires. The 
 said engagement is understood to remain valid so long as these 
 two great Powers shall pursue their policy of an understandmg 
 
 The ratification is lacking, since the Treaty was rendered valid by this declara- 
 ion with the authority of both Chiefs of State. 
 
238 AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY 
 
 puissances poursuivront leur politique d'entente dans les affaires 
 de la Turquie^ il sera tenu secret et ne pourra 6tre communique 
 a un autre gouvernement qu'aprSs entente pr6alable entre les 
 cabinets de Vienne et de S* Petersbourg. 
 
 Fait en double k S* Petersboiurg le 2/15 October 1904. 
 
 L. Aehrenthal. C*» Lamsdorff. 
 
AUSTRO-RUSSIAN PROMISE OF NEUTRALITY 239 
 
 in the affairs of Turkey; it shall be kept secret, and cannot be 
 conununicated to any other Government, except after a previous 
 understanding between the Cabinets of Vienna and of St. Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 Done in duplicate at St. Petersburg, October 2/15, 1904. 
 
 L. Aehrenthal. Count Lamsdorff. 
 
240 AUSTRtJ-ITALIAN AGREEMENT 
 
 24. 
 
 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING 
 ARTICLE VII OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1909. 
 
 Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy explaining and 
 
 supplementing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance 
 
 of 1887. Vienna, November 30; Rome, December 15, igog} 
 
 Secret. 
 
 Dans les pourparlers que j'ai [vous avez] eus ces derniers temps 
 avec le due Avama [comte d'Aehrenthal] en vue de preciser et de 
 completer I'article VII du traite de la Triple-Alliance, nous 
 sonmies [vous 6tes] d'abord tombes d'accord que, rAutriche- 
 Hongrie ayant renonce aux droits que le traite de Berlin lui avait 
 conferes par rapport au sandjak de Novibazar, les dispositions 
 de I'article pr6dte de la Triple-AUiance s'appliquent au sandjak 
 aussi bien qu'aux autres parties de I'empire ottoman. Si done 
 par suite de Timpossibilite du maintien du statu quo dans les 
 Balcans I'Autriche-Hongrie etait amenee par la force des evene- 
 ments a** proc^der S. une occupation temporaire ou permanente du 
 sandjak de Novibazar, cette occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un 
 accord predlable avec I'ltalie, base sur le principe d'une compen- 
 sation. 
 
 » Draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXV s, n. 27. 
 
 The Note of the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Italian Ambassador 
 at Vienna is a copy (Polit. Arch., Samrolung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 39, 
 Geheimakten, XXXV s, n. 35). 
 
 The Notes are identic, mutatis mutandis. The Austro-Hungarian Note forms 
 the basis of the printed text. The alternats of the Italian Note are inserted in 
 brackets. 
 
 The Austro-Hungarian Note bears the superscription: "Pro jet dgfinitif d'une 
 dfipfiche au comte Lutzow a Rome." The word "dfifinitif" was added in Baron 
 Aehrenthal's handwriting, as well as the alterations given in the footnote to the 
 text. The present draft of the Austro-Hungarian Note is undated. The date of 
 November 30 can, however, be gathered from the acts of negotiation. The copy of 
 the Italian Note bears the stamp: " Ambasciata d'ltalia a Vienna,"; the address: 
 "A S. E. le due Avarna, ambassadeur de S. M. Vienne,"; the date: "Rome, le 15 
 
AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT 24I 
 
 24. 
 
 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING 
 ARTICLE VII OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1909. 
 
 Agreement between Austria-Hungary and Italy explaining and 
 
 supplementing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance 
 
 of 1887. Vienna, November 30; Rome, December 15, igog. 
 
 Secret. 
 
 In the conferences which I [you] have lately had with Duke 
 Avama [Count Aehrenthal] with a view to defining and perfect- 
 ing Article VII of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, we [you] 
 have agreed, to begin with, that, Austria-Hungary having re- 
 nounced the rights which the Treaty of Berlin had conferred 
 upon her in respect to the Sanjak of Novibazar, the provisions 
 of the aforesaid Article of the Triple Alliance apply to the Sanjak 
 as well as to the other parts of the Ottoman Empire. If, then, 
 in consequence of the impossibility of maintaining the status quo 
 in the Balkans, Austria-Hungary shoxild be compelled by the 
 force of circumstances to proceed to a temporary or permanent 
 occupation of the Sanjak of Novibazar, that occupation shall be 
 effected only after a previous agreement with Italy, based on the 
 principle of compensation. 
 
 d&embre 1909"; and the beginning: "Monsieur I'ambassadeur." Baron Aehren- 
 thal added in his own handwriting: "Vom italienischen Botschafter ubergeben. 
 1g.XII.1909. Aehrenthal." ("Transmitted by the Italian Ambassador. Decem- 
 ber 19, 1909. Aehrenthal.") 
 
 The Italian Note is printed in Diplomatische Aktenstiicke betreffend die Bezie- 
 hungen Osterreich-Ungarns zu Italien in der Zeit vom 20. Juli IQ14 bis zum 23. Mai 
 ^QiSi P- 199; and, in translation, in Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Min- 
 istry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Documents concerning the Relations of Austria- 
 Hungary with Italy from July 20th, 1914, to May 23i, ipiSi P- 180. 
 
 The exchange of copies of these Notes occurred at Rome and Vienna on Decem- 
 ber 19, 1909 (Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XXXV s, n. 38). 
 
 Compare Section 3, Second Final Protocol of December 5, 191 2, page 256' 
 
 ' In the Austro-Hungarian Note this originally read: "L'Autriche-Hongiie se 
 voyait dans la rUcessitS de procfider . . ." The new wording was inserted by 
 Baron Aehrenthal in his own handwriting. 
 
242 AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT 
 
 Fideles a I'esprit qui a inspire le traite de la Triple-Alliance et 
 en vue de fixer d'une maniere precise et d'un commun accord le 
 precede que les deux cabinets allies comptent adopter dans cer- 
 taines eventualites nous sommes [vous etes] convenus, en outre, 
 le due Avarna et moi, [avec le comte d'Aehrenthal] de ce qui suit: 
 
 Chacun des deux cabinets s'engage a ne pas contracter un ac- 
 cord quelconque avec une tierce puissance concernant les ques- 
 tions balcaniques sans que I'autre cabinet y participe sur un pied 
 d'egalite absolue; de ni6me, les deux cabinets s'engagent a se com- 
 muiiiquer toute proposition qui serait faite a I'un ou k I'autre par 
 une tierce puissance, allant a I'encontre du principe de non- 
 intervention et se rapportant a une modification du statu quo 
 dans les regions des Balcans ou des cotes et des iles ottomanes 
 dans I'Adriatique et de la mer Egee. 
 
 II va sans dire que I'article VII du traite de la Triple-Alliance, 
 que les dispositions qui precedent ne font que preciser et com- 
 pleter, reste integralement en vigueur. 
 
 Quant k la duree de I'engagement que les deux cabinets assu- 
 ment en vertu de ce qui precede, il est entendu qu'elle doit 
 coincider avec celle du traite de la Triple-Alliance, de sorte que 
 I'engagement m^me serait implicitement renouvele avec le re- 
 nouvellement de la Triple-Alliance. 
 
 Conform^ment aux dispositions analogues de ce trait6 les deux 
 cabinets se promettent mutuellement lie Secret sur I'engagement 
 qu'ils viennent de prendre; seul le cabinet de Berlin, a titre 
 d'allie, en sera informe sans delai par les deux gouvernements. 
 
 Afin d'etablir exactement ce qui a 6te convenu dans les pour- 
 parlers que j'ai eus avec le cabinet royal [imperial et royal] par 
 I'entremise du due Avarna [par vbtre entremise], je vous engage, 
 monsieur I'ambassadeur, a communiquer cette depeche a mon- 
 sieur le ministre des affaires etrang^res et a lui en laisser copie. 
 
 Agreez etc. [Veuillez agreer, monsieur I'ambassadeur, les 
 assurances de ma haute consideration. Signe: Guicciardini.] 
 
AUSTRO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT 243 
 
 Faithful to the spirit which has inspired the Treaty of the 
 Triple Alliance, and with a view to defining exactly and by mutual 
 agreement the procedure which the two Allied Cabinets intend 
 to adopt in certain eventualities, we, Duke Avama and I, [you, 
 with Count Aehrenthal,] have also agreed upon the following: 
 
 Each of the two Cabinets binds itself not to conclude with a 
 third Power any agreement whatsoever concerning Balkan 
 questions without the participation of the other Cabinet on a 
 footing of absolute equahty; likewise, the two Cabinets bind 
 themselves to communicate to each other every proposition 
 which may be made to the one or to the other by a third Power, 
 running contrary to the principle of non-intervention and tending 
 to a modification of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans 
 or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and of the 
 Aegean Sea. 
 
 It goes without saying that Article VII of the Treaty of the 
 Triple Alliance, which the above provisions only render more 
 specific and complete, remains in force in its entirety. 
 
 As to the duration of the engagement which the two Cabinets 
 assume in virtue of the above, it is understood that it shall coin- 
 cide with that of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, so that the 
 engagement itself will be implicitly renewed with the renewal of 
 the Triple Alliance. 
 
 In conformity with analogous provisions of that Treaty, the 
 two Cabinets mutually promise secrecy as to the engagement they 
 have just entered into ; only the Cabinet of Berlin^ in its capacity 
 as an Ally, shall be informed thereof by the two Governments 
 without delay. 
 
 In order to fix exactly what has been agreed upon in the con- 
 ferences I have conducted through Duke Avama [through you] 
 with the Royal [Imperial and Royal] Cabinet, I request you, Mr. 
 Ambassador, to communicate this despatch to the Minister of 
 Foreign Affairs and to leave with him a copy thereof. 
 
 Accept, etc. [Accept, Mr. Ambassador, the assurance of my 
 high consideration. Signed: Guicciardini.] 
 
244 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 25. 
 
 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1912. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 Empire, and Italy. Vienna, December 5, igi2} 
 
 'L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BohSme etc. et roi 
 ' apostolique de Hongrie, I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse et 
 'le roi d'ltaKe, fermement resolus d'assurer a leurs etats la con- 
 ' tinuation des bienf aits que leur garantit, au point de vue poli- 
 ' tique aussi bien qu'au point de vue monarchique et social, le 
 'maintien de la Triple Alliance, et voulant dans ce but prolonger 
 'la duree de cette alliance, conclue le 20 mai 1882, renouvelee une 
 'premiere fois par les traites du 20 fevrier 1887, une seconde fois 
 'par le traite du 6 mai 1891 ' et une troisi^me fois par le traite du 
 28 juin 1902, 'ont, a cat effet, nomme comme leurs plenipoten- 
 'tiaires, savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie: le comte Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungar- 
 schitz, son ministre de la maison imperiale et royale et des affaires 
 etrang^res, pr&ident du conseU commun des ministres; S. M. 
 I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse: le sieur Heinrich von 
 Tschirschky und Bogendorff, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et 
 plenipotentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme 
 etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie; et S. M. le roi d'ltalie: le due 
 Giuseppe d'Avarna, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et pleni- 
 potentiaire pres S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. 
 et roi apostohque de Hongrie, 'lesquels, apres echange de leurs 
 'pleins-pouvoirs, trouves en bonne et due forme, sont convenus 
 'des articles suivants: 
 
 * Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 40, 
 Geheimakten, XLIIIa. 
 
 The Alliance was denounced by Italy on May 4, 1915. Diplomatische Akten- 
 stilcke betrefend die Beziehungen Osterreich-Ungarns zu Italien in der Zdt vom so. 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 245 
 
 25- 
 
 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 
 
 1912. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hungary, the German 
 Empire, and Italy. Vienna, December 5, 191 2. 
 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, the Emperor of Germany, King 
 of Prussia, and the King of Italy, firmly resolved to assure to 
 Their States the continuation of the benefits which the mainten- 
 ance of the Triple Alliance guarantees to them, from the political 
 point of view as weU as from the monarchical and social point of 
 view, and wishing with this object to prolong the duration of this 
 Alliance, concluded on May 20, 1882, renewed a first time by the 
 Treaties of February 20, 1887, a second time by the Treaty of 
 May 6, 1891, and a third time by the Treaty of June 28, 1902, 
 have, for this purpose, appointed as Their Plenipotentiaries, to 
 wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary: Count Leopold Berchtold von 
 und zu Ungarschitz, His Minister of the Imperial and Royal 
 Household and of Foreign Affairs, President of the Common 
 Coimcil of Ministers; His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King 
 of Prussia: the Sieur Heinrich von Tschirschky und Bogendorff, 
 His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and 
 Apostolic King of Hungary; and His Majesty the King of Italy: 
 Duke Giuseppe d'Avama, His Ambassador Extraordinary and 
 Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of 
 Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, who, after ex- 
 change of their full powers, found in good and due form, have 
 agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Juli igi4 bis zum 23. Mai igis, page i6i; translation, op. tit., no. clxx, pp. 143- 
 I4S- 
 
246 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article I. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 'paix et amitie et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engage- 
 'ment dirige centre I'un de leurs etats. 
 
 'Elles s'engagent a proceder a un echange d'idees sur les ques- 
 ' tions politiques et economiques d'une nature generale qui pour- 
 'raient se presenter, et se promettent en outre leur appui mutuel 
 'dans la limite de leurs propres interdts. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 'Dans le cas ou I'ltalie, sans provocation directe de sa part, 
 'serait attaquee par la France pour quelque motif que ce soit, les 
 'deux autres parties contractantes seront tenues a prater a la 
 'partie attaquee secours et assistance avec toutes leurs forces. 
 
 ' Cette mSme obligation incombera a I'ltalie dans le cas d'une 
 ' agression non directement provoquee de la France contre I'Alle- 
 
 'magne. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 'Si une ou deux des hautes parties contractantes sans provo- 
 ' cation directe de leur part venaient a 6tre attaquees et a se 
 * trouver engagees dans une guerre avec deux ou plusieurs grandes 
 'puissances non signataires du present traite, le "casus foederis" 
 'se presentera simultanement pour toutes les hautes parties 
 ' contractantes. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 'Dans le cas ou une grande puissance non signataire du present 
 'traite menacerait la securite des etats de I'une des hautes parties 
 'contractantes et la partie menac6e se verrait par la forcee de lui 
 'faire la guerre, les deux autres s'obligent a observer, a I'^gard de 
 'leur allie, une neutraUte bienveiUante. Chacune se reserve, dans 
 ' ce cas, la faculty de prendre part a la guerre, si elle le jugeait a 
 'propos, pour faire cause commune avec son allie. 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 247 
 
 Article I. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and 
 friendship, and wUl enter into no alliance or engagement directed 
 against any one of their States. 
 
 They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on political 
 and economic questions of a general nature which may arise, and 
 they further promise one another mutual support within the 
 limits of their own interests. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should 
 be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other 
 Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance 
 with all their forces to the Party attacked. 
 
 This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any 
 aggression without direct provocation by France against Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct 
 provocation on their part, should chance to be attacked and to 
 be engaged in a war with two or more Great Powers nonsigna- 
 tory to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will arise simul- 
 taneously for aU the High Contracting Parties. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 In case a Great Power nonsignatory to the present Treaty 
 should threaten the security of the states of one of the High Con- 
 tracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself 
 forced on that accoimt to make war against it, the two others 
 bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent neu- 
 trality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right to 
 take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make conmion cause 
 with its Ally. 
 
248 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article V. 
 
 'Si la paix de I'une des hautes parties contractantes venait a 
 '^tre menacee dans les circonstances prevues par les articles 
 'precedents, les hautes parties contractantes se concerteront en 
 
 * temps utile sur les mesures militaires a prendre en vue d'une 
 
 * cooperation eventuelle. 
 
 'Elles s'engagent, des a present, dans tous les cas de participa- 
 
 * tion conunune a une guerre, a ne conclure ni armistice, ni paix, 
 'ni traite, que d'un commun accord entre eUes. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 'L'Allemagne et I'ltalie n'ayant en vue que le maintien, autant 
 
 * que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, s'engagent a user 
 'de leur influence pour pr6venir sur les c6tes et iles ottomanes 
 'dans la mer Adriatique et dans la mer Egee toute modification 
 ' territoriale qui porterait dommage a I'une ou a I'autre des puis- 
 ' sances signataires du present traite. Elles se communiqueront, 
 
 * h cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer mutuelle- 
 'ment sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles d'autres 
 'puissances. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 'L'Autriche-Hongrie et I'ltalie, n'ayant en vue que le main- 
 'tien, autant que possible, du statu quo territorial en Orient, 
 ' s'engagent a user de leur influence pour prevenir toute modifica- 
 ' tion territoriale qui porterait dommage a I'une ou a I'autre des 
 'puissances signataires du present traite. Elles se communi- 
 ' queront, a cet effet, tous les renseignements de nature a s'eclairer 
 'mutuellement sur leurs propres dispositions, ainsi que sur celles 
 'd'autres puissances. Toutefois dans le cas ou, par suite des 
 'evenements, le maintien du statu quo dans les regions des Bal- 
 ' cans ou des c6tes et iles ottomanes dans I'Adriatique et dans la 
 'mer Egee deviendrait impossible et que, soit en cons6quence de 
 Taction d'une puissance tierce soit autrement, I'Autriche- 
 'Hongrie ou I'ltalie se verraient dans la necessit6 de le modifier 
 'par une occupation temporaire ou permanente de leur part, cette 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 249 
 
 Article V. 
 
 If the peace of one of the High Contracting Parties should 
 chance to be threatened under the circumstances foreseen by the 
 preceding Articles, the High Contracting Parties shall take 
 counsel together in ample time as to the military measures to 
 be taken with a view to eventual cooperation. 
 
 They engage, henceforth, in all cases of common participation 
 in a war, to conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty, 
 except by common agreement among themselves. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Germany and Italy, having in mind only the maintenance, so 
 far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, engage 
 to use their influence to forestall on the Ottoman coasts and islands 
 in the Adriatic and the Aegean Seas any territorial modifica- 
 tion which might be injurious to one or the other of the Powers 
 signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they will communi- 
 cate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten each 
 other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well as those 
 of other Powers. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 Austria-Hungary and Italy, having in mind only the mainten- 
 ance, so far as possible, of the territorial status quo in the Orient, 
 engage to use their influence to forestall any territorial modifica- 
 tion which might be injurious to one or the other of the Powers 
 signatory to the present Treaty. To this end, they shall com- 
 municate to one another all information of a nature to enlighten 
 each other mutually concerning their own dispositions, as well 
 as those of other Powers. However, if, in the course of events, 
 the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans 
 or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and in the 
 Aegean Sea should become impossible, and if, whether in con- 
 sequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise, Austria- 
 Hungary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of 
 modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupa,tion on their 
 
250 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'occupation n'aura lieu qu'apres un accord prealable entre les 
 'deux puissances, base sur le principe d'une compensation reci- 
 'proque pour tout avantage, territorial ou autre, que chacune 
 'd'elles obtiendrait en sus du statu quo actuel et donnant satis- 
 ' faction aux inter^ts et aux pretentions bien fondees des deux 
 'parties. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 'Les stipulations des articles VI et VII ne s'appliqueront 
 'd'aucune maniere a la question egyptienne au sujet de laquelle 
 'les hautes parties contractantes conservent respectivement leur 
 'liberte d'action, eu 6gard tou jours aux principes sur lesquels 
 ' repose le present traite. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 'L'AUemagne et I'ltalie s'engagent a s'employer pour le main- 
 'tien du statu quo territorial dans .les regions nord-a!fricaines sur 
 'la M6diterranee a savoir la Cyrenaique, la Tripolitaine et la 
 'Tunisie. Les representants des deux puissances dans ces regions 
 ' auront pour instruction de se tenir dans la plus etroite intimite 
 ' de communications et assistance mutuelles. 
 
 'Si malheureusement, en suite d'un mur examen de la situa- 
 'tion, I'AUemagne et I'ltalie reconnaissaient I'une et I'autre que 
 ' le maintien du statu quo devenait impossible, I'Allemagne s'en- 
 'gage, apres un accord formel et prealable, a appuyer I'ltalie en 
 ' toute action sous la forme d'occupation ou autre prise de garan- 
 'tie que cette derhiere devrait entreprendre dans ces m^mes 
 'r6gions en vue d'un inter^t d'equilibre et de 16gitime compen- 
 ' sation. 
 
 'II est entendu que pour pareille eventualite les deux puis- 
 'sances chercheraient a se mettre egalement d'accord avec 
 'I'Angleterre. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 ' S'il arrivait que la France fit acte d'etendre son occupation ou 
 'bien son protectorat ou sa souverainet6, sous une forme quel- 
 'conque, sur les territoires nord-africains, et qu'en consequence 
 'de ce fait I'ltalie crut devoir, pour sauvegarder sa position dans 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 25 1 
 
 part, this occupation shall take place only after a previous agree- 
 ment between the two Powers, based upon the principle of a 
 reciprocal compensation for every advantage, territorial or other, 
 which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo, 
 and giving satisfaction to the interests and well founded claims 
 of the two Parties. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 The stipulations of Articles VI and VII shall apply in no way to 
 the Egyptian question, with regard to which the High Contract- 
 ing Parties preserve respectively their freedom of action, regard 
 being always paid to the principles upon which the present Treaty 
 rests. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 Germany and Italy engage to exert themselves for the main- 
 tenance of the territorial status quo in the North African regions 
 on the Mediterranean, to wit, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and 
 Tunisia. The Representatives of the two Powers in these regions 
 shall be instructed to put themselves into the closest intimacy 
 of mutual communication and assistance. 
 
 If unfortunately, as a result of a mature examination of the 
 situation, Germany and Italy should both recognize that the 
 maintenance of the status quo has become impossible, Germany 
 engages, after a formal and previous agreement, to support 
 Italy in any action in the form of occupation or other taking of 
 guaranty which the latter should undertake in these same 
 regions with a view to an interest of equiUbrium and of legitimate 
 compensation. 
 
 It is understood that in such an eventuality the two Powers 
 would seek to place themselves likewise in agreement with 
 England. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 If it were to happen that France should make a move to extend 
 her occupation, or even her protectorate or her sovereignty, 
 under any form whatsoever, in the North African territories, 
 and that in consequence thereof Italy, in order to safeguard her 
 
252 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'la Mediterran6e, entreprendre elle-meme une action sur les dits 
 ' tef ritoires nord-africains, ou bien recourir sur le territoire fran- 
 *Sais en Europe aux mesures extremes, I'etat de guerre qui 
 's'ensuivrait entre I'ltalie et la France constituerait ipso facto, 
 'sur la demande de I'ltalie, et a la charge commune de I'Alle- 
 'magne et de I'ltalie, le casus foederis pr6vu par les articles II et 
 'V du present traits, comme si pareille eventuaUte y etait ex- 
 'pressement visee. 
 
 Article XI; 
 
 'Si les chances de toute guerre entreprise en commun contre la 
 'France par les deux puissances amenaient I'ltalie a rechercher 
 'des garanties territoriales a I'lgard de la France pour la securite 
 'des frontiSres du royaume et de sa position maritime, ainsi qu'en 
 'vue de la stabUite et de la paix, I'Allemagne n'y mettra aucun 
 'obstacle, et au besoin, et dans une mesure compatible avec les 
 'circonstances, s'appliquera S, faciliter les moyens d'atteindre un 
 'semblable but. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 'le secret sur le contenu du present traite. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 'Les puissances signataires se reservent d'y introduire ulteri- 
 'eurement, sous forme de protocole et d'un commun accord, les 
 'modifications dont I'utilite serait demontreeparles circonstances. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 'Le present traite restera en vigueur pour I'espace de six ans 
 'a partir de' I'expiration du traite actuel; 'mais s'il n'avait pas 
 'et6 d^nonce un an h. I'avance par I'une ou I'autre des hautes 
 'parties contractantes, il restera en vigueur pour la mtoe duree 
 'de six autres anndes. 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 253 
 
 position in the Mediterranean, should feel that she must herself 
 undertake action in the said North African territories, or 
 even have recourse to extreme measures in French territory in 
 Europe, the state of war which would thereby ensue between 
 Italy and France would constitute ipso facto, on the demand of 
 Italy, and at the common charge of G^ermany and Italy, the 
 casus foederis foreseen by Articles II and V of the present Treaty, 
 as if such an eventuality were expressly contemplated therein. 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 If the fortunes of any war undertaken in common against 
 France by the two Powers should lead Italy to seek for territorial 
 guaranties with respect to France for the security of the fron- 
 tiers of the Kingdom and of her maritime position, as well as 
 with a view to stability and to peace, Germany will present no 
 obstacle thereto, and, if need be, and in a measure compatible 
 with circumstances, will apply herself to facilitating the means of 
 attaining such a purpose. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as 
 to the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article XIII. 
 
 The Signatory Powers reserve the right of subsequently in- 
 troducing, in the form of a Protocol and of a common agreement, 
 the modifications of which the utility should be demonstrated 
 by circumstances. 
 
 Article XIV. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force for the space of six 
 years, dating from the expiration of the Treaty now in force; but 
 if it has not been denounced one year in advance by one or an- 
 other of the High Contracting Parties, it shall remain in force 
 for the same duration of six more years. 
 
254 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 'Les ratifications du present traite seront echangees' a Vienne, 
 'dans un delai de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire se peut.* 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le 
 'present traite et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Vienne, en triple exemplaire, le cinquieme jour du mois 
 de decembre mil neuf cent douze. 
 
 L. S. Berchtold. 
 
 L. S. von Tschirschky. 
 
 L. S. Avama. 
 
 (b) 
 
 First Final Protocol concerning the mutual granting of commercial 
 
 advantages, and concerning means of bringing about the accession of 
 
 Great Britain to the Articles of the Treaty relating to Mediterranean 
 
 questions. Vienna, December 5, igi2? 
 
 Protocole. 
 
 'Au moment de proceder a la signature du traite de ce jour 
 'entre I'Autriche-Hongrie, I'Allemagne et I'ltalie, les plenipo- 
 'tentiaires soussignes de ces trois puissances, a ce dument auto- 
 ' rises, se declarent mutuellement ce qui suit: 
 
 'i) Sauf reserve d'approbation parlementaire pour les stipu- 
 'lations effectives qui decouleraient de la presente declaration de 
 'principe les hautes parties contractantes se promettent, des ce 
 'moment, en matiere economique (finances, douanes, chemins de 
 'fer) en sus du traitement de la nation la plus favoris6e, toutes les 
 'facilites et tous les avantages particuliers qui seraient compati- 
 'bles avec les exigences de chacun des trois etats et avec leurs en- 
 ' gagements respectifs avec les tierces puissances. 
 
 '2) L'accession de I'Angleterre etant deja acquise, en prin- 
 'cipe^ aux stipulations du traite de ce jour qui concernent I'Orient, 
 
 2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, December 10, 
 1912 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIa, n. 138); of Emperor William II, 
 New Palace, December 12, 1912 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen 
 Ratifikationen) ; of King Victor Emmanuel III, Rome, December 16, 191 2 (original: 
 ibid.); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, December 19, 1912 (original: 
 Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIa, n. 140). 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 255 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at 
 Vieima within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Treaty and have aflOxed thereto the seal of 
 their arms. 
 
 Done at Vienna, in triplicate, the fifth day of the month of 
 December, one thousand nine hundred and twelve. 
 
 L. S. Berchtold. 
 
 L. S. von Tschirschky. 
 
 L. S. Avama. 
 
 (b) 
 
 First Final Protocol concerning the mutual granting of commercial 
 
 advantages, and concerning means of bringing about the accession of 
 
 Great Britain to the Articles of the Treaty relating to Mediterranean 
 
 questions. Vienna, December 5, igi2. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the Treaty of 
 this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, the 
 undersigned Plenipotentiaries of these three Powers, thereto 
 duly authorized, mutually declare themselves as follows : 
 
 1. Under reserve of parliamentary approval for the executory 
 stipulations proceeding from the present declaration of principle, 
 the High Contracting Parties promise each other^ from this mo- 
 ment, in economic matters (finances, customs, railroads), in 
 addition to most-favored-nation treatment, all of the facilities 
 and special advantages which would be compatible with the 
 requirements of each of the three States and with their respective 
 engagements with third Powers. 
 
 2. The accession of England being already acquired, in prin- 
 ciple, to the stipulations of the Treaty of this day which concern 
 
 " Original: PoUt. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 40, 
 Geheimakten, XLIII a. 
 
 This Final Protocol is inserted only in the Italian ratification. 
 
256 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 'proprement dit, a savoir les territoires de I'empire ottoman, les 
 'hautes parties contractahtes s'emploieront au moment opportun, 
 'et pour autant que les circonstances le comporteraient, a provo- 
 'quer une accession analogue a I'egard des territoires nord- 
 'africains de la partie centrale et occidentale de la Mediterranee, 
 'le Maroc compris. Cette accession pourrait se realiser moyen- 
 'nant acceptation, de la part de I'Angleterre, du programme eta- 
 'bli aux articles IX et X du traite de ce jour. 
 
 'En foi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont signe, en triple 
 ' exemplaire, le present protocole. • 
 
 Fait a Vienne, le cinquieme jour du mois de d6cembre mil neuf 
 cent douze. 
 
 Berchtold. 
 
 von Tschirschky. 
 
 Avarna. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Second Final Protocol concerning North Africa, Albania, and Novi- 
 
 Bazar. Vienna, December 5, igi2^ 
 
 Protocole. 
 
 Au moment de proceder a la signature du traite de ce jour entre 
 I'Autriche-Hongrie, I'Allemagne et I'ltalie, les plenipotentiaires 
 soussignes de ces trois puissances, a ce diiment autorises, se 
 declarent mutuellement ce qui suit: 
 
 (i) II est entendu que le statu quo territorial dans les regions 
 nord-africaines sur la Mediterranee mentionne dans I'article IX 
 du traite du 28 juin 1902 implique la souverainete de I'ltalie sur 
 la Tripolitaine et la Cyrenaique. 
 
 (2) II est ^galement entendu que I'article X du meme trait6 a 
 pour base le statu quo territorial existant dans les regions nord- 
 africaines au moment de la signature du traits. 
 
 (3) II est entendu que les arrangements sp^daux concernant 
 I'Albanie et le sandjak de Novi-Bazar convenus entre TAutriche- 
 Hongrie et I'ltalie le 20 decembre 1900^/9 f6vrier 1901 et le 20 
 
 * Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 40, 
 Geheimakten, XLIII a. 
 
 Tliis Final Protocol is inserted in aU the ratifications. 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 257 
 
 the Orient, properly so-called, to wit, the territories of the Otto- 
 man Empire, the High Contracting Parties shall exert themselves 
 at the opportune moment, and to the extent that circumstances 
 may permit it, to bring about an analogous accession with regard 
 to the North African territories of the central and western part 
 of the Mediterranean, including Morocco. This accession xnight 
 be realized by an acceptance, on the part of England, of the 
 programme established by Articles IX and X of the Treaty of 
 this day. 
 
 In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the 
 present Protocol in triplicate. 
 
 Done at Vienna, the fifth day of the month of December, one 
 thousand nine hundred and twelve. 
 
 Berchtold. 
 von Tschirschky. 
 Avama. 
 (c) 
 Second Final Protocol concerning North Africa, Albania, and Novi- 
 Bazar. Vienna, December 5, igi2. 
 
 Protocol. 
 
 At the moment of proceeding to the signing of the Treaty of 
 this day between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy, the 
 undersigned Plenipotentiaries of these three Powers, thereto duly 
 authorized, mutually declare themselves as follows: 
 
 1. It is understood that the territorial status quo in the North 
 African regions on the Mediterranean mentioned in Article IX 
 of the Treaty of June 28, 1902, implies the sovereignty of Italy 
 over Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. 
 
 2. It is likewise understood that Article X of the same Treaty 
 l^as for its basis the existing territorial status quo in the North 
 African regions at the moment of the signing of the Treaty. 
 
 3. It is understood that the special arrangements concerning 
 Albania and the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar agreed upon between 
 Austria-Hungary and Italy on December 20, 1900/February 9, 
 
 * See pp. 196, 198. 
 
25 8 FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 novembre/15 d^cembre 1909' ne sont pas modifies par le re- 
 nouvellement du traite d'alliance entre I'Autriche-Hongrie, I'Alle- 
 magne et I'ltalie. 
 
 En foi de quoi les trois plenipotentiaires ont signe, en triple 
 exemplaire, le present protocole. 
 
 Fait k Vienne, le cinquieme jour du mois de decembre mil neuf 
 cent douze. 
 
 L. S. Berchtold. 
 
 L. S. von Tschirschky. 
 
 L. S. Avama. 
 
 » See pp. 240, 242. 
 
FIFTH TREATY OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 259 
 
 1901, and on November 20/December 15, 1909, are not modified 
 by the renewal of the Treaty of Alliance between Austria-Hun- 
 gary, Germany, and Italy. 
 
 In witness whereof the three Plenipotentiaries have signed the 
 present Protocol in triplicate. 
 
 Done at Vienna, the fifth day of the month of December, one 
 thousand nine hundred and twelve. 
 
 L. S. Berchtold. 
 
 L. S. von Tschirschky. 
 
 L. S. Avarna. 
 
26o FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 26. 
 
 FOURTH TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA 
 
 WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, 
 
 And ITALY. 1913. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the 
 
 Alliances of 1892, 1896, and 1903. Bucharest, 
 
 February 5, 1913.^ 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apo- 
 'stolique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Rovimanie, animes d'un 
 'egal desir de maintenir la paix generale conformement au but 
 'poursviivi par" Talliance austro-hongroise-allemande, d'assurer 
 'I'ordre politique et de garantir contre toutes les eventuaHtes la 
 'parfaite amitie qui les lie, ayant pris en consideration les stipu- 
 'lations du trait6 signe a cette fin le 25 juillet 1892 entre I'Au- 
 ' triche-Hongrie et la Roxunanie, traite qui par sa nature essentiel- 
 'lement conservatrice et defensive ne poursuit que le but de les 
 'premunir contre les dangers qui pourraient menacer la paix de 
 'leurs etats, et desirant constater une fois de plus I'entente 
 'etablie entre L. L. M. M. en prevision de certaines eventualites 
 'mentionnees dans le traite du 25 Juillet 1892 dont la duree a 6te 
 'prolongSe jusqu'au 25 juillet 1903 par le protocole signe a Sinaia 
 'le 30 septembre 1896,' fet qui a 6te renouvel6 par le traite signe a 
 Bucarest le 17 avril 1902, 'ont r^solu de renouveler et de con- 
 ' firmer par un nouvel accord les engagements contenus dans le 
 'susdit traite. 
 
 'A cet effet L. L. dites M. M. ont nomme pour leurs plenipo- 
 'tentiaires savoir: 
 
 S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 lique de Hongrie: le sieur Charles Enule prince de Furstenberg, 
 son chambellan, envoye extraordinaire et ministre plenipoten- 
 
 ' Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 41, 
 Geheimakten, XLIIIb, 34, 3s- 
 
 This Alliance was terminated by the Declaration of War of August 27, 1916. 
 
FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 26 1 
 
 26. 
 
 FOURTH TREATY OF ALLIANCE OF RUMANIA 
 
 WITH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, 
 
 AND ITALY. 1913. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Rumania renewing the 
 
 Alliances of 1892, i8g6, and 1903. Bucharest, 
 
 February 5, ipzj. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc.,, 
 and Apostolic Kiag of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of 
 Rtmiania, animated by an equal desire to maintain the general 
 peace, in conformity with the purpose pursued by the Austro- 
 Hungarian-German AUiance, to assure the poUtical order, and 
 to guarantee against all eventualities the perfect friendship which 
 binds Them together, having taken into consideration the stipu- 
 lations of the Treaty signed to this end on July 25, 1892, between 
 Austria-Himgary and Rumania, a Treaty which by its essen- 
 tially conservative and defensive nature pursues only the aim 
 of forestalling the dangers which might menace the peace of Their 
 States, and desiring to record once more the understanding 
 established between Their Majesties in prospect of certain 
 eventualities mentioned in the Treaty of July 25, 1892, the dura- 
 tion of which was prolonged until July 25, 1903, by the Protocol 
 signed at Sinaia on September 30, 1896, and which was renewed 
 by the Treaty signed at Bucharest on April 17, 1902, have re- 
 solved to renew and to confirm by a new agreement the engage- 
 ments contained in the aforesaid Treaty. 
 
 For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as Their 
 Plenipotentiaries, to wit: 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary: the Sieur Charles Emil Prince 
 von Furstenberg, His Chamberlain, Envoy Extraordinary and. 
 Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Riunania,. 
 
262 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 tiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, chevalier des ordres autri- 
 chiens imperiaux de Leopold et de la couronne de fer III. classe, 
 S. M. le roi de Roumanie: le sieur Titus Majoresco, president 
 du conseil des ministres, son ministre des affaires etrangeres, 
 grand croix de I'ordre de I'etoile de Roumanie et de I'ordre autri- 
 chien imperial de Leopold, 'lesquels, apres s'^tre comm.uniques 
 'leurs pleins-pouvoirs, trouv6s en bonne et due forme, sont con- 
 'venus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 'Sont renouvelees et confirmees de commun accord les stipu- 
 'lations contenues dans les articles i, 2, 3, 4, et 6 du traite signe 
 'le 25 juillet 1892 entre rAutriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, et 
 'dont le texte suit ci-apres: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent paix et amitie 
 ' et n'entreront dans aucune alliance ou engagement diriges centre 
 Tun de leurs etats. 
 
 'EUes s'engagent a suivre une politique amicale et a se preter 
 'un appui mutuel dans la limite de leurs inter^ts. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 'Si la Roumanie, sans provocation aucune de sa part, venait 
 'h etre attaquee, I'Autriche-Hongrie est tenue a lui porter en 
 'temps utile secours et assistance centre I'agresseur. Si I'Au- 
 ' triche-Hongrie ^tait attaquee dans les m6mes circonstances dans 
 'une partie de ses 6tats limitrophe a la Roumanie le casus foederis 
 'se presentera aussitfit pour cette derniere. 
 
 Article 3. 
 
 'Si une des hautes parties contractantes se trouvait menacee 
 ' d'une agression dans les conditions susmentionnees, les gouverne- 
 'ments respectifs se mettront d'accord sur les mesures a prendre 
 'en vue d'une cooperation de leurs armees. Ces questions mili- 
 ' taires, notamment celles de I'unite des operations et du passage 
 'des territoires respectfis, seront r^glees par une convention 
 'militaire. 
 
FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 263 
 
 Chevalier of the Imperial Austrian Orders of Leopold and of the 
 Iron Crown, Third Class; His Majesty the King of Rumania: 
 the Sieur Titus Majoresco, President of the Council of Ministers, 
 His Minister of Foreign Affairs, Grand Cross of the Order of the 
 Star of Rumania and of the Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold, 
 who, after having communicated to each other their full powers, 
 found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following 
 Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Renewed and confirmed by common agreement are the stipu- 
 lations contained in Articles i, 2, 3, 4, and 6 of the Treaty signed 
 on July 25, 1892, between Austria-Hungary and Rumania, and 
 the text of which follows below: 
 
 Article i. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties promise one another peace and 
 friendship, and will enter into no alliance or engagement directed 
 against any one of their States. 
 
 They engage to follow a friendly pohcy, and to lend one another 
 mutual support within the limits of their interests. 
 
 Article 2. 
 
 If Rmnania, without any provocation oh her part, should be 
 attacked, Austria-Hungary is bound to bring her in ample time 
 help and assistance against the aggressor. If Austria-Hungary 
 be attacked under the same circumstances in a portion of her 
 states bordering on Rumania, the casus foederis will immediately 
 arise for the latter. 
 
 Article 3. . 
 
 If one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself 
 threatened by an aggression imder the abovementioned condi- 
 tions, the respective Governments shall put themselves in agree- 
 ment as to the measures to be taken with a view to cooperation 
 of their armies. These military questions, especially those of 
 the unity of operations and of passage through the respective 
 territories, shall be regulated by a military convention. 
 
264 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 ' Si contrairement a leur desir et espoir les hautes parties con- 
 'tractantes etaient forcees a une guerre commune dans les cir- 
 * Constances prevues par les articles precedents, elles s'engagent a 
 'ne negocier ni conclure separement la paix. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 •^le secret sur le contenu du present traite. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 'Les articles ci-dessus reproduits resteront en vigueur* jusqu'au 
 8 juillet 1920. 'Si une ann^e avant son expiration le present 
 'traite n'est pas denonc^ ou si la revision n'en est pas demandee 
 'par aucune des hautes parties contractantes il sera considefe 
 'comme prolonge pour la duree' de six annees 'et ainsi de suite 
 *de' six ans a six ans 'a defaut de denonciation. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 'Le present traite sera ratifie et les ratifications seront 6chan- 
 'gees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus tot si faire se peut.^ 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont sign^ et y 
 'ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Buearest le cinquieme jour du mois de fevrier de I'an de 
 grS.ce mil neuf cent treize. 
 
 L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Furstenberg. 
 
 L. S. T. Maioresco. 
 
 2 Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, February 9, 
 1913 (draft: Polit. Atch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 36); of King Charles, Bucha^ 
 rest, January 30/February 12, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung dergeheimen 
 
FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 265 
 
 Article 4. 
 
 If, contrary to their desire and hope, the High Contracting 
 Parties are forced into a common war under the circumstances 
 foreseen by the preceding Articles, they engage neithfer to negoti- 
 ate nor to conclude peace separately. 
 
 Article 6. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents of the present Treaty. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 The Articles reproduced above shall remain in force until July 
 8, 1920. If the present Treaty is not denounced one year before 
 its expiration, or if its revision is not demanded by either of the 
 High Contracting Parties, it shall be regarded as prolonged for 
 a period of six years, and so on from six years to six years in de- 
 fault of denunciation. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 The present Treaty shall be rati&ed and the ratifications shall 
 be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed it and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Bucharest, the fifth day of the month of February in 
 the year of grace one thousand nine hundred and thirteen. 
 
 L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg. 
 
 L. S. T. Maioresco. 
 
 Ratifikationen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Bucharest, January 30/ 
 February 12, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 63). 
 
266 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 
 Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the 
 
 Alliance. Bucharest, February 13/26, igi^? 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BohSme etc. et roi apo- 
 'stolique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu a 
 'Bucarest' le 5 fevrier 'de I'annee courante le traite d'amitie et 
 'd'alliance suivaht: 
 
 \Ar tides I-III of the Treaty of February 5, 191 3, follow] 
 'ont invite S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse a 
 'acceder aux dispositions du susdit traite. 
 
 *En consequence S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 'a muni de ses pleins-pouvoirs a cet effet son representant a 
 'Bucarest le soussigne sieur' Jules de Waldthausen, son 'envoye 
 'extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire ' pres S. M. le roi de 
 Roumanie, 'pour adherer formellement aux stipulations con- 
 ' tenues dans le traite susmentionn6. En vertu de cet acte d'acces- 
 'sion S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, prend au nom 
 'de I'empire d'Allemagne envers L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Au- 
 ' triche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostolique de Hongrie, et le roi 
 'de Roumanie, et en mSme temps L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Au- 
 ' triche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostoUque de Hongrie, et le roi 
 'de Roumanie par les soussignes,' le sieur Charles Emile prince 
 de Furstenberg, son chambellan, envoy6 extraordinaire et 
 ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de Roumanie, et le 
 sieur Titus Majoresco, president du conseil des ministres, son 
 ministre des affaires etrangeres, 'dument autorises a cet effet, 
 'prennent envers S. M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 ' les mSmes engagements auxquels les hautes parties contractantes 
 'se sont mutuellement obhgles par les stipulations du dit traite 
 'insere ci-dessus. 
 
 ' Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 42, 
 Geheimakten, XLIII b, nn. 60, 67. 
 
FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 267 
 
 (b) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 
 Rumania providing for the accession of Germany to the 
 
 Alliance. Bucharest, February 13/26, igij. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of 
 Rimiania having concluded at Bucharest on February 5 of the 
 current year the following Treaty of friendship and alliance : 
 
 [Articles I-III of the Treaty of February 5, 191 3, follow] 
 
 have invited His Maj6sty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, to accede to the provisions of the aforesaid Treaty. 
 
 Consequently His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, has furnished with His full powers for this purpose His 
 Representative at Bucharest, the undersigned Sieur Julius von 
 Waldthausen, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- 
 potentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to adhere form- 
 ally to the provisions contained in the abovementioned Treaty. 
 In virtue of this Act of Accession His Majesty the Emperor of 
 Germany, King of Prussia, takes in the name of the German 
 Empire towards Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King 
 of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and the King 
 of Rumania, and at the same time Their Majesties the Emperor 
 of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., and Apostolic King of Hun- 
 gary, and the King of Rumania by the undersigned, the Sieur 
 Charles Emil Prince von Fiirstenberg, His Chamberlain, Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the 
 King of Rumania, and the Sieur Titus Majoresco, President of 
 the Council of Ministers, His Minister of Foreign Affairs, duly 
 authorized for this purpose, take towards His Majesty the Em- 
 peror of Germany, King of Prussia, the same engagements by 
 which the High Contracting Parties have mutually bound them- 
 selves according to the stipulations of the said Treaty inserted 
 above. 
 
268 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 'Le present acte d'accession sera ratifie et les ratifications 
 'seront echangees dans un delai de trois semaines ou plus t6t si 
 'faire se peut.* 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont sign6 et y 
 'ont appos6 le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Bucarest le vingt-sixieme/treizieme jour du mois de 
 Kvrier de I'an de grace mil neuf cent treize. 
 
 L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Furstenberg, 
 
 L. S. Waldthausen. 
 
 L. S. T. Maioresco. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 accession of Italy. Bucharest, March 5, 1913.^ 
 
 'S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de BohSme etc. et roi aposto- 
 'lique de Hongrie et S. M. le roi de Roumanie ayant conclu' h 
 Bucarest le 5 fevrier de I'annee courante le traite d'amiti6 et 
 d'alliance suivant: 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows] 
 
 'Ce traite ayant refu [le 13/26 fevrier 1913] I'accession de S. 
 'M. I'empereur d'Allemagne, roi de Prusse, et ayant 6te ensuite 
 'communique par les hautes parties contractantes susmention- 
 'nees a S. M. le roi d'ltalie avec I'invitation a y acceder, S. M. le 
 'roi d'ltalie, approuvant le but pour lequel ce traite a ete conclu 
 ' et qui est la conservation de la paix generale et de I'ordre exis- 
 'tant, a autoris^ le soussigne sieur' Ch. baron Fasciotti, 'son 
 
 ' Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, in one copy each ex- 
 changed with the German Empire and Rumania, Vienna, March s, 1913 (draft: 
 Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 69); of Emperor William II, Berlin, Feb- 
 ruary 27, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifikationen) ; of 
 King Charles, Bucharest, February 23/March 8, 1913 (original: ibid.); Protocol 
 of exchange of ratifications between Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and 
 Rumania, Bucharest, February 23/March 8, 1913 (original:' Polit. Arch., Geheim- 
 akten, XLIIIb, n. 77). 
 
FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 269 
 
 The present Act of Accession shall be ratified and the ratifica- 
 tions shall be exchanged within a period of three weeks, or sooner 
 if may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed it and have aflBxed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Bucharest, the twenty-sixth/thirteenth day of the 
 month of February of the year of grace one thousand nine hun- 
 dred and thirteen. 
 
 L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Furstenberg. 
 
 L. S. Waldthausen. 
 
 L. S. T. Maioresco. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Treaty between Austria-Hungary and Italy providing for the 
 accession of Italy. Bucharest, March 5, IQ13. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, and His Majesty the King of 
 Rimiania, having concluded on February 5 of the current year 
 the following Treaty of friendship and alliance : 
 
 [The text of the Treaty as above follows^ 
 
 This Treaty having received [on February 13/26, 1913] the 
 accession of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of 
 Prussia, and having been then communicated by the High Con- 
 tracting Parties abovementioned to His Majesty the King of 
 Italy with an invitation to accede thereto, His Majesty the King 
 of Italy, approving the purpose for which this Treaty has been 
 concluded, and which is the preservation of the general peace 
 and of the existing order, has authorized the undersigned Sieur 
 Ch. Baron Fasciotti, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 
 
 ' Original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Vertragsurkunden, n. 43, 
 Geheimakten, XLIII b, n. 75. 
 
 An identic Treaty between Italy and Rumania was signed on February 27, 1913, 
 according to a despatch of February 28, 1913 from the Austro-Hungarian Minister. 
 The exchange of ratifications ensued on March 13/26, 1913 (Rumanian Note of 
 April 5/18, 1913: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIII b, nn. 62, 82). 
 
270 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 'envoy6 extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le 
 'roi de Roiimanie, a declarer en son nom qu'il accede au dit 
 'traite dans les limites ci-apres indiquees en ce qui concerne les 
 'stipulations des articles 2 et 3 du traite de 25 juillet 1892 entre 
 'I'Autriche et la Roumanie, articles qui sent reproduits dans 
 'I'article I du traite ci-dessus insere, savoir: 
 
 ' Si les eventualites, pouvant donner lieu au casus foederis, tel 
 'qu'il est pr^vu dans les' dits 'articles 2 et 3, venaient k se pro- 
 'duire, L. L. M. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et 
 ' roi apostolique de Hongrie, le roi d'ltalie et le roi de Roumanie 
 'prennent I'engagement mutuel de se concerter en temps utile 
 'pour une action commune dont les modalites seront reglees par 
 'une convention speciale. 
 
 'La presente accession sera en vigueur a dater du' 8 juillet 
 1914 'pour toute la duree du traite principal du' 5 fevrier 1913 
 ' a moins qu'elle ne soit denonce par une des hautes parties con- 
 'tractantes en temps utile conformement aux dispositions de 
 'I'article II du dit traite principal. 
 
 'Le secret sera garde sur cet acte d'accession qui ne pourra 
 '6tre revele sans le consentement de chacune des hautes parties 
 'contractantes. 
 
 'S. M. I'eanpereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi aposto- 
 'lique de Hongrie a autoris6 de son cote le soussigne' sieur 
 Charles Emile prince de Fiirstenberg, son chambellan, envoye 
 extraordinaire et ministre plenipotentiaire pres S. M. le roi de 
 Roumanie, ' a declarer en son nom qu'il accepte, dans les termes 
 'ci-dessus relates et avec les memes obUgations mutuelles, I'ac- 
 'cession de S. M. le roi d'ltalie au traite' du 5 fevrier 1913. 
 
 'Le present acte d'accession et d'acceptation sera ratifie par 
 ' S. M. I'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Boheme etc. et roi apostoUque 
 'de Hongrie, et par S. M. le roi d'ltalie etles ratifications seront 
 'echangees le plus t6t possible.* 
 
 " Ratification of Emperor and King Francis Joseph I, Vienna, March 14, 1913 
 (draft: Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 78); of King Victor Emmanuel, 
 Rome, March 18, 1913 (original: Polit. Arch., Sammlung der geheimen Ratifika- 
 
FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 27I 
 
 Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to declare 
 in His name that He accedes to the said Treaty within the limits 
 indicated below, so far as concerns the stipulations of Articles 2 
 and 3 of the Treaty of July 25, 1892, between Austria-Hungary 
 and Rumania, Articles which are reproduced in Article I of the 
 Treaty inserted above, to wit: 
 
 If eventualities that could give rise to the casus foederis as 
 it is foreseen in the said Articles 2 and 3 should chance to occur. 
 Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and Apostolic King of Hungary, the E[ing of Italy, and the King 
 of Rumania assume a mutual engagement to take counsel to- 
 gether in ample time as to common action, the detailed procedure 
 of which shall be regulated by a special convention. 
 
 The present Accession shall be in force, dating from July 8, 
 1914, for the whole duration of the principal Treaty of February 
 S, 1913, unless it be denounced by one of the High Contracting 
 Parties in the proper time in conformity with the provisions of 
 Article II of the said principal Treaty. 
 
 This Act of Accession shall be kept secret, and cannot be re- 
 vealed without the consent of each of the High Contracting 
 Parties. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc., 
 and ApostoUc King of Hungary has for his part authorized the 
 undersigned Sieur Charles Erml Prince von Fiirstenberg, His 
 Chamberlain, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary to His Majesty the King of Rumania, to declare in His 
 name that He accepts in the terms above stated, and with the 
 same mutual obligations, the Accession of His Majesty the King 
 of Italy to the Treaty of February 5, 1913. 
 
 The present Act of Accession and of acceptance shall be rati- 
 fied by His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, 
 etc., and Apostolic King of Hungary, and by His Majesty the 
 King of Italy, and the ratifications shall be exchanged as soon 
 as possible. 
 
 tionen); Protocol of exchange of ratifications, Vienna, March 31, 1913 (draft: 
 Polit. Arch., Geheimakten, XLIIIb, n. 80). 
 
272 FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 
 
 'En foi de quoi les plenipotentiaires respectifs ont sign6 le 
 'pr6sent acte et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Bucarest, le cinquieme jour du mois de mars de I'an 
 de grS.ce mil neuf cent treize. 
 
 L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg. 
 
 L. S. Fasciotti. 
 
FOURTH RUMANIAN TREATY 273 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Act and have aflSxed thereto the seal of their 
 arms. 
 
 Done at Bucharest, the fifth day of the month of March of the 
 year of grace one thousand nine hundred and thirteen. 
 
 L. S. Prince Charles Emile de Fiirstenberg. 
 
 L. S. Fasciotti. 
 
274 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 
 
 27. 
 
 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' OF 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 Treaty between Germany and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1887} 
 
 Les cours implriales d'AUemagne et de Russie, animees d'un 
 egal desir de consolider la paix generale par une entente destinee 
 a assurer la position defensive de leurs etats respectifs, ont resolu 
 de consacrer par un arrangement special I'accord 6tabli entre elles 
 en vue de I'expiration, a la date du 15/27 Juin 1887, de la validitS 
 du traits et du protocole secrets, signes en 1881 et renouveles en 
 1884 par les trois cours d^AUemagne, de Russie et d'Autriche- 
 Hongrie. 
 
 A cet effet les deux cours ont nomm6 comme plenipotentiaires: 
 S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, le sieur Herbert 
 
 comte de Bismarck-Schoenhausen, son secretaire d'etat au 
 
 departement des affaires etrangeres; 
 S. M. I'empereur de toutes les Russies le sieur Paul comte 
 
 Schouvaloff, son ambassadeur extraordinaire et pl^nipoten- 
 
 tiaire pres S. M. I'empereur d'AUemagne, roi de Prusse, 
 lesquels munis de pleins-pouvoirs qui ont ete trouv6s en bonne 
 et due forme sont convenus des articles suivants: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 'Dans le cas otl I'une des hautes parties contractantes se trou- 
 'verait en guerre avec une' troisieme 'grande puissance,' I'autre 
 maintiendrait 'a son egard une neutraUte bienveUlante et' 
 vouerait ses 'soins a la locaUsation du conflit.' Cette disposition 
 ne s'appliquerait pas a une guerre contre I'Autriche ou la France 
 dans le cas oii cette guerre resulterait d'une attaque dirigee contre 
 
 ' Copy of the original, which is in the possession of Germany. This copy was 
 put at the disposal of the Editor at the beginning of September, 1919, on condition 
 that he should not give it out until it had been published from Berlin. As this has 
 since happened (Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, September 12, 1919), I give here the 
 text according to the copy that was furnished me. 
 
THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 2/5 
 
 27. 
 
 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' OF 1887. 
 
 (a) 
 Treaty between Germany and Russia. Berlin, June 18, 1887. 
 
 The Imperial Courts of Germany and of Russia, animated 
 by an equal desire to strengthen the general peace by an under- 
 standing destined to assure the defensive position of their re- 
 spective States, have resolved to confirm the agreement estab- 
 lished between them by a special arrangement, in view of the 
 expiration on June 15/27, 1887, of the validity of the secret 
 Treaty and Protocol, signed in 1881 and renewed in 1884 by the 
 three Courts of Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. 
 To this end the two Courts have named as Plenipotentiaries: 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, the 
 Sieur Herbert Count of Bismarck-Schoenhausen, His Secre- 
 tary of State in the Department of Foreign Affairs; 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Sieur Paul 
 
 Count Schouvaloff, His Ambassador Extraordinary and 
 
 Plenipotentiary to his Majesty the Emperor of Germany, 
 
 King of Prussia, 
 
 who, being furnished with full powers, which have been found in 
 
 good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles: 
 
 Article I. 
 
 In case one of the High Contracting Parties should find itself 
 at war with a third great Power, the other would maintain a 
 benevolent neutrality towards it, and would devote its efforts to 
 the localization of the conflict. This provision would not apply 
 to a war against Austria or France in case this war should result 
 
 [The essential Articles of the 'Reinsurance Treaty,' as copied from the Russian 
 archives, were published in an English translation by Professor Serge Goriainov in 
 his article, "The End of the Alliance of the Emperors," in the American Historical 
 Review, January, 1918, pp. 324-349. This article, which is of great interest, appears 
 not yet to have attracted the attention of European scholars. A. C. C] 
 
276 THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 
 
 I'une de ces deux derniferes puissances par I'une des hautes parties 
 contractantes. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 L'Allemagne reconnait les droits historiquement acquis k la 
 Russie dans la presqu'ile balcanique et particuli^rement la legiti- 
 mite de son influence preponderante et decisive en Bulgarie et en 
 Roum61ie Orientale. Les deux cours s'engagent a n'admettre 
 aucune modification du statu quo territorial de la dite peninsule 
 sans un accord prealable entre eUes, et a s'opposer eventuellement 
 a toute tentative de porter atteinte a ce statu quo ou de la modi- 
 fier sans leur* consentement. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 'Les' deux 'cours reconnaissent le caractere europeen et mu- 
 'tuellement obligatoire du principe de la fermeture des detroits 
 'du Bosphore et des Dardanelles, fonde sur le droit des gens, 
 ' confirme par les traites et resume ' dans 'la declaration du second 
 'pl6nipotentiaire de Russie a la seance du 12 juillet du congres de 
 'Berlin (protocole 19). 
 
 'Elles veilleront en commun a ce que la Turquie ne fasse pas 
 'd'exception a cette regie en faveur des inter^ts d'un gouverne- 
 'ment quelconque, en pretant a des operations guerrieres d'une 
 'puissance belligerante la partie de son empire que forment les 
 'd6troits. En cas d'infraction ou pour la prevenir, si une pareille 
 'infraction 6tait k prevoir, les' deux 'cours avertiront la Turquie 
 'qu'eUes la considereraient, le cas 6cheant, comme s'etant mise 
 'en etat de guerre vis-a-vis de la partie lesee et comme s'etant 
 'privee d^s lors des benefices de securite assures par le traite de 
 'Berlin a son statu quo territorial. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 'Le present traite sera en vigueur pendant I'espace de trois ans 
 'a dater du jour de I'echange des ratifications. 
 
 ' In the original, "leurs." 
 
THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 2/7 
 
 from an attack directed against one of these two latter Powers by 
 one of the High Contracting Parties. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Grermany recognizes the rights historically acquired by Russia 
 in the Balkan Peninsula, and particularly the legitimacy of her 
 preponderant and decisive influence in Bulgaria and in Eastern 
 Rumelia. The two Courts engage to admit no modification of 
 the territorial status quo of the said peninsula without a previous 
 agreement between them, and to oppose, as occasion arises, 
 every attempt to disturb this status quo or to modify it without 
 their consent. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 The two Courts recognize the European and mutually obliga- 
 tory character of the principle of the closing of the Straits of the 
 Bosphorus and of the Dardanelles, founded on international law, 
 confirmed by treaties, and siimmed up in the declaration of the 
 second Plenipotentiary of Russia at the session of July 12 of the 
 Congress of Berlin (Protocol 19). 
 
 They wiU take care in common that Turkey shall make no 
 exception to this rule in favor of the interests of any Government 
 whatsoever, by lending to warlike operations of a belligerent 
 power the portion of its Empire constituted by the Straits. In 
 case of infringement, or to prevent it if such infringement should 
 be in prospect, the two Courts wiU inform Turkey that they 
 would regard her, in that event, as putting herself in a state of 
 war towards the injured Party, and as depriving herself thence- 
 forth of the benefits of the security assured to her territorial 
 status quo by the Treaty of Berlin. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 The present Treaty shall remain in force for the space of three 
 years, dating from the day of the exchange of ratifications. 
 
278 THE ' REINSURANCE TREATY ' 
 
 Article V. 
 
 'Les hautes parties contractantes se promettent mutuellement 
 'le secret sur le contenu et sur I'existence du present trait6' et 'du 
 'protocole y annexe. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Le present traite sera ratifie et les ratifications en seront 
 ^changees k Berlin dans I'espace de quinze jours ou plus tot si faire 
 se pent. 
 
 En foi de quoi, les pl^nipotentiaires respectifs ont signe le 
 present traite et y ont appose le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Berlin, le dix-huitieme jour du mois de juin mil huit 
 cent quatre-vingt-sept. 
 
 (L. S.) Comte Bismarck. 
 
 (L. S.) Comte Paul Schouvaloff. 
 
 (b) 
 Additional Protocol. Berlin, June 18, 1887. 
 
 Protocole additionnel et tres secret. 
 
 Afin de completer les stipulations des articles II et III du 
 traite secret conclu a cette meme date, les deux cours sont tom- 
 b6es d'accord sur les points suivants: 
 
 L'Allemagne pretera, comme par le passe, son concours a la 
 Russie afin de retabUr en Bulgaria un gouvernement regulier et 
 legal. EUe promet de ne donner en aucun cas son consentement 
 a la restauration du prince de Battenberg. 
 
 2. 
 
 Dans le cas ou S. M. I'empereur de Russie se verrait dans la 
 necessite d'assumer lui-m6me la t§,che de defendre I'entree de la 
 mer Noire pour sauvegarder les inter^ts de la Russie, I'AUemagne 
 s'engage a accorder sa neutrality bienveillante et son appui moral 
 
THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 279 
 
 Artcle V. 
 
 The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to 
 the contents and the existence of the present Treaty and of the 
 Protocol annexed thereto. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 The present Treaty shall be ratified and ratifications shall be 
 exchanged at Berlin within a period of a fortnight, or sooner if 
 may be. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the present Treaty and have aflSxed thereto the seal of 
 their arms. 
 
 Done at Berlin, the eighteenth day of the month of June, 
 one thousand eight hvmdred and eighty-seven. 
 
 (L. S.) Count Bismarck. 
 
 (L. S.) Count Paul Schouvaloff. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Additional Protocol. Berlin, June 18, 1887. 
 
 Additional and very secret Protocol. 
 
 In order to complete the stipulations of Articles II and III of 
 the secret Treaty concluded on this same date, the two Courts 
 have come to an agreement upon the following points : 
 
 I. 
 Germany, as in the past, will lend her assistance to Russia in 
 order to reestablish a regular and legal government in Bulgaria. 
 She promises in no case to give her consent to the restoration of 
 the Prince of Battenberg. 
 
 2. 
 In case His Majesty the Emperor of Russia should find himself 
 under the necessity of assuming the task of defending the en- 
 trance of the Black Sea in order to safeguard the interests of 
 Russia, (Jermany engages to accord her benevolent neutrality 
 and her moral and diplomatic support to the measures which 
 
28o THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 
 
 et diplomatique aux mesures que S. M. jugerait n6cessaire de 
 prendre pour garder la clef de son empire. 
 
 3- 
 Le pr6sent protocole fait partie int6grante du traite secret 
 signe en ce jour k Berlin et aura mSme force et valeur. 
 
 En foi de quoi, les plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont sign6 et y 
 ont appos6 le sceau de leurs armes. 
 
 Fait a Berlin, le dix-huitieme jour du mois de juin mil huit 
 cent quatre-vingt-sept. 
 
 Comte Bismarck. 
 Comte Paul Schouvaloff. 
 
THE 'REINSURANCE TREATY' 28 1 
 
 His Majesty may deem it necessary to take to guard the key of 
 His Empire. 
 
 3- 
 The present Protocol forms an integral part of the secret 
 Treaty signed on this day at Berlin, and shall have the same force 
 and validity. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
 signed it and have aflSxed thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at Berlin, the eighteenth day of the month of June, one 
 thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven. 
 
 Count Bismarck. 
 Count Paul Schouvaloff. 
 
282 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 28. 
 
 NAVAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY, THE GERMAN EMPIRE, 
 AND ITALY. 
 
 Naval Agreement prepared between the Naval Section of the Austrian 
 War Ministry, the Admiralty Staff of the German Navy, 
 
 and the Admiralty Staff of the Italian Navy. 
 
 Prepared in draft, June 23, igij. Revised, August 2, IQ13. 
 
 Came into force, November i, 1913.^ 
 
 Mit allerhochster Genehmigung der Souverane des Dreibundes 
 wird zwischen dem k. u. k. osterreichisch-ungarischen Kriegsmini- 
 sterium, Marinesektion, dem Admiralstabe der kaiserlich deut- 
 schen Marine und dem koniglich italienischen Marineministeriima 
 (Admiralstab) das nachstehende Marineiibereinkommen fiir den 
 Fall eines gemeinsamen Dreibundkrieges geschlossen. 
 
 Das in Berlin am 5. Dezember 1900 abgeschlossene tJber- 
 einkommen tritt hiemit ausser Kraft. 
 
 I. Verwendung der Seestreitkrafte des Dreibundes 
 na Kriege. 
 
 a) Im Mittelmeer. 
 
 Die im Mittelmeer befindlichen Seestreitkrafte des Dreibundes 
 vereinigen sich behufs Erringung der Seeherrschaft im Mittel- 
 meer durch Niederkampfung der feindlichen Flotten. 
 
 Der Operationsplan fiir das Zusammenwirken im Mittelmeer 
 wird in seinen Grundlinien von den Admiralstaben, beziehungs- 
 weise dem k. u. k. Kriegsministerimn, Marinesektion, der Drei- 
 bundmachte bereits im Frieden in Form eines Zusatziiberein- 
 
 ' Certified copy: St. A., Geheimakten, XLIIIa. 
 
 In a "Supplement of August 2, 1913, to the Naval Agreement and Additional 
 Agreement, prepared in first draft on June 23, 1913, at Vienna," certain changes 
 were made in the text of the first draft. As the wording of the Agreement of 
 August 2, 1913, is the definitive one, it is reproduced here in the text, and the pro- 
 visions of the first draft of June 23 which were reversed are put in the notes. The 
 remarks which appear as footnotes in the first draft and in the text of August are 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 283 
 
 28. 
 
 NAVAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY, THE GERMAN EMPIRE, 
 AND ITALY. 
 
 Naval Agreement prepared between the Naval Section of the Austrian 
 
 War Ministry, the Admiralty Staff of the German Navy, 
 
 and the Admiralty Staff of the Italian Navy. 
 
 Prepared in draft, June 23, 1913. Revised, August 2, 1913. 
 
 Came into force, November i, 191 3. 
 
 With the Most Exalted approbation of the Sovereigns of the 
 Triple Alliance, the following Naval Agreement has been con- 
 cluded between the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal 
 Austro-Hungarian Ministry of War, the Admiralty Staff of the 
 Imperial German Navy, and the Royal Italian Ministry of 
 Marine (Admiralty Staff), in the contingency of a war involving 
 the members of the Triple Alliance in common. 
 
 The Agreement concluded in Berlin on December 5, 1900, 
 hereby ceases to be ia force. 
 
 I. Employment of the Naval Forces of the Triple 
 Alllance in War. 
 
 (a) In the Mediterranean. 
 
 The Naval forces of the Triple Alliance which may be in the 
 Mediterranean shall unite for the purpose of gaining naval con- 
 trol of the Mediterranean by defeating the enemy fleets. 
 
 The basic outlines of the plan of operations for joint action in 
 the Mediterranean shall be prepared in time of peace by the 
 Admiralty Staffs, and correspondingly by the Naval Section of 
 the Imperial and Royal Ministry of War, of the Triple Alliance 
 
 given as such in this copy. According to a communication from the Imperial and 
 Royal Marine Section to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Berchtold, on 
 October 14, 1913, this Agreement came into force, "da die allerhochste Genehmi- 
 gung und die der Souverane Deutschlands und Italiens erfolgt sei," on November i, 
 1913- 
 
284 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 koimnens aufgestellt und bedarf der grundsatzlichen Genehmi- 
 gung der drei Souverane. Einzelheiten konnen fallweise von den 
 Admiralstaben, beziehungsweise dem k. u. k. Kriegsministerium, 
 Marinesektion, im gegenseitigen Einvemehmen geandert werden, 
 
 b) Ausserhalb des MUtelmeeres} 
 
 Schiffsdivisionen, die sich auf derselben Auslandstation oder 
 in erreichbarer Nahe von einander befinden, suchen, soweit sie 
 nicht andere Befehle haben, Anschluss an einander, xun gemein- 
 sam im Interesse des Dreibundes zu handeln. 
 
 Kommandanten einzelner Schiffe der Dreibundstaaten, welche 
 sich im Auslande im gleichen Gebiete aufhalten, werden, falls die 
 allgemeine politische Lage die Moglichkeit eines Krieges zwischen 
 dem Dreibunde und der Tripleentente annehmen lasst, von ihrer 
 vorgesetzten Behorde auf Grund gegenseitigen Einvemehmens 
 zwischen den Admiralstaben und dem k. u. k. Kriegsministerium, 
 Marinesektion, von dem Bestehen eines Marineubereinkommens 
 in Kenntnis gesetzt werden konnen. In diesem Falle haben die 
 betreffenden Schiffskommandanten die Pflicht, sich iiber die bei 
 Ausbruch der Feindseligkeiten zu ergreifenden Massnahmen 
 gegenseitig zu verstandigen, wobei sie die besonderen Instruk- 
 tionen, die sie etwa von ihrer vorgesetzten Behorde erhalten 
 haben, beriicksichtigen werden. 
 
 2. Oberbefehl. 
 
 a) Der Oberbefehl iiber die Seestreitkrafte des Dreibundes im 
 Mittehneer kann einem osterreichisch-ungarischen oder italieni- 
 schen Flaggenoffizier iibertragen werden, dessen Emennung im 
 gegenseitigen Einvemehmen der Dreibundstaaten schon im 
 Frieden erfolgt. 
 
 Sollte wahrend der gemeinsamen Operationen der Ober- 
 befehlshaber dienstunfahig werden oder sonst zeitweilig ersetzt • 
 
 ' In the draft of June 23, it ran: 
 
 " b) ausserhalb des Mittehneeres. 
 "Schiffe, die sich auf derselben Auslandstation oder in erreichbarer Nahe von 
 einander befinden, suchen, soweit sie nicht andere Befehle haben, Anschluss an 
 einander, um gemeinsam im Interesse des Dreibundes zu handeln. 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 285 
 
 Powers, in the form of a Supplementary Agreement, and must 
 receive in principle the approbation of the three Sovereigns. Ac- 
 cording to the circumstances, details may be changed by the 
 Admiralty Staffs and the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal 
 Ministry of War, acting in mutual understanding. 
 
 (b) Outside the Mediterranean. 
 
 Naval units which may be lying in the same foreign port or 
 within reach of one another shall attempt to join forces^ provided 
 they have not received other orders, with a view to cooperating 
 in the interests of the Triple Alliance. 
 
 In case it may be assimied from the general political situation 
 that war will probably break out between the Triple Alliance 
 and the Triple Entente, the commanders of such vessels of the 
 Triple AUiance Powers as may find themselves in foreign waters 
 in the same region shall be informed by their superior authorities, 
 acting in accordance with a mutual understanding between the 
 Admiralty Staffs and the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal 
 Ministry of War, of the existence of a Naval Agreement. In this 
 case it shall be the duty of the respective commanders of vessels 
 to come to a reciprocal imderstanding regarding the measures to 
 be taken on the outbreak of hostiUties, keeping before them the 
 special instructions which they shall have received from their 
 superior authorities. 
 
 2. The Supreme Command. 
 
 (a) The Supreme Command of the Naval Forces of the Triple 
 Alliance in the Mediterranean may be intrusted to an Austro- 
 Hungarian or to an Italian Flag-Officer, whose nomination shall 
 have been decided on in time of peace by reciprocal agreement of 
 the States of the Triple Alliance. 
 
 If, during the course of the joint operations, the Commander- 
 in-Chief shall become incapacitated for service or for other reasons 
 
 "Befehlshaber von Schiflfen des Dreibundes, welche auf einer Auslandstation 
 zusammentrefien und im Kriege gemeinsam operieren konnten, werden sich iiber 
 die im Elriegsfalle zu ergreifenden Massnahmen schon im Frieden verstandigen." 
 
286 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 werden mussen, so hat der ihm im Range Zunachststehende, be- 
 ziehungsweise im Falle gleicher Charge der Befehlshaber der 
 grosseren Streitmacht, solange den Oberbefehl zu fuhren, bis der 
 Oberbefehlshaber seinen Dienst wieder ubernimmt, oder bis die 
 Ernennung eines neuen gemeinsamen Oberbefehlshabers in Sinne 
 des vorhergehenden Absatzes erfolgt. 
 
 b) Fiir die itri Punkte i b genannten Schiffe und Befehls- 
 haber ist hinsichtlich des Oberbefehles iiber die gemeinsamen 
 Operationen das Rangverhaltnis massgebend. Bei gleicher 
 Charge fallt der Oberbefehl dem Befehlshaber der grosseren 
 Streitmacht' zu. 
 
 3. Verkehr zwischen den Verbxjndeten. 
 
 a) Vorbereiiung von Operationen und Nachrichtenaustausch. 
 
 So oft es zur Vorbereitung der Operationen der verbiindeten 
 Flotten zweckmassig erscheint, treten die eingangs genannten Be- 
 horden entweder unmittelbar oder durch entsandte Offiziere mit 
 einander in Verkehr. 
 
 Desgleichen findet unter ihnen ein fallweiser Austausch der 
 uber die Seestreitkrafte der voraussichtlichen Gegner erlangten 
 Nachrichten und der auf die Entwicklung der eigenen Flotten 
 beziiglichen Angaben statt. 
 
 b) Gegenseitige Kommandierung von Seeoffizieren in die 
 allerhochsten Hauptquartiere. 
 
 Die schnelle und sichere Verstandigung und Nachrichten- 
 iibermittlung von Hauptquartier zu Hauptquartier liegt in mari- 
 timen Angelegenheiten den von jeder verbiindeten Macht in die 
 beiden anderen allerhochsten Hauptquartiere entsandten Seeoffi- 
 zieren ob.* Soweit angangig, wird ihnen der Geheimverkehr mit 
 dem eigenen allerhochsten Hauptquartier gestattet und erleich- 
 tert werden. 
 
 Fur diesen Dienst sind die Marineattaches in Aussicht genom- 
 
 ' "In zweifelhaften Fallen ist der Gesamttonnengehalt der Streitmacht bestim- 
 mend." Footnote in the first draft of June 23 and in the corrected form of August 
 2, 1913. 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 287 
 
 shall have to be temporarily replaced, it shall be the duty of the 
 officer next to him in rank, or, in the case of two officers of equal 
 dignity, of the commander of the larger force, to assume the 
 Supreme Command until the Commander-in-Chief resumes his 
 duties, or until the appointment of a new joint Commander-in- 
 Chief in accordance with the preceding paragraph. 
 
 (b) As regards the ships and commanders indicated under Sec- 
 tion I (b), the Supreme Conunand of joint operations shall be 
 determined by rank. In the case of two officers of equal dignity, 
 the Supreme Command shall faU to the commander of the larger 
 force. 
 
 3. Communication between the Allies. 
 (a) Preparation of Operations and Exchange of Intelligence. 
 
 As often as it shall seem advantageous for the preparation of 
 the operations of the United Fleet, the abovementioned authori- 
 ties shaU get in touch with one another, either directly or through 
 specially assigned officers. 
 
 In the same way, when the occasion arises, there shall be an 
 exchange of such news as has been obtained concerning the naval 
 forces of the probable enemy, as well as information bearing on 
 the development of their own fleets. 
 
 (&) Reciprocal Assignment of Naval Officers to Supreme 
 Headquarters. 
 
 The swift and trustworthy collection of intelligence and trans- 
 mission of information from Headquarters to Headquarters in 
 matters concerning the Navy shall devolve upon the Naval 
 Officers assigned by each Allied Power to the Supreme Head- 
 quarters of the other two Powers. As far as possible, secret com- 
 munication with their own Supreme Headquarters shall be per- 
 mitted and facilitated. 
 
 For this service the Naval Attaches are indicated, as they ap- 
 
 ' In the draft of June 23, 1913, there came after this: "Dieselben miissen von 
 den getroffenen Vereinbarungen Kenntnis haben." Then follows: "Soweit," etc., 
 as in the text. 
 
288 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 men, da sie durch ihre personlichen Beziehungen zu den ver- 
 bundeten Marinen hiezu besonders befahigt erscheinen. 
 
 Die Marineattachfe werden von dem Bestehen eines geheimen 
 Marineubereinkonomens in Kenntnis gesetzt und konnen f allweise, 
 wenn sich die Notwendigkeit ergibt, auch mit jenen Stellen des 
 tJbereinkommens bekannt gemacht werden, welche auf Grand 
 neuer Verhaltnisse einer Anderang durch gegenseitiges Einver- 
 nehmen zwischen den Admiralstaben und dem k. u. k. Kriegs- 
 ministerium, Marinesektion, zu unterziehen waren.^ 
 
 c) Kommandierung von Seeoffizierm zum Stabe des 
 Oberbefehlshabers im Mittelmeer. 
 Fiir den Stab des Oberbefehlshabers im Mittehneer werden 
 bereits im Frieden ernannt: Je ein Chef des Stabes in der Charge 
 eines Linienschiffskapitans von Osterreich-Ungam und ItaUen; 
 je ein Admiralstabsoffizier mit dem notigen Hilfspersonal von 
 Osterreich-Ungarn, Deutschland und Itahen. 
 
 4. Verstandigxingsmittel. 
 
 Fur die Ubermittlung von Befehlen und den Nachrichten- 
 austausch zwischen den Schiffen (Signalstationen) der verbiinde- 
 ten Marinen dient das gemeinsame Signalbuch (Triplecodex), das 
 auch Bestimmungen iiber geheime Erkennungssignale und den 
 Chiffrierverkehr enthalt. 
 
 Das gemeinsame Signalbuch ist als streng geheim zu behandeln. 
 
 5. GeGENSEITIGE tJBEELASSUNG VON HaNDELSEAHRZEUGEN 
 
 rtJR Kriegszwecke. 
 
 a) Handelsfahrzeuge konnen im Kriegsfalle einer verbiindeten 
 Macht zur Verfiigung gestellt werden. tJber die Regeln fiir die 
 Requisition von Handelsschiffen der verbiindeten Staaten werden 
 sich die eingangs genannten Behorden schon im Frieden verstan- 
 digen. Sie werden auch bestrebt sein, die Verwendbarkeit der 
 Schifie fiir besondere Zwecke nach Moglichkeit zu erleichtern. 
 
 b) Will eine Marine fiir bestimmte Handelsfahrzeuge der 
 verbiindeten Staaten schon im Frieden Kriegsvorbereitungen 
 
 5 This whole paragraph is lacking in the draft of June 23, 1913. 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 289 
 
 pear to be specially suited thereto through their personal relations 
 with the Navies of their Allies. 
 
 The Naval Attaches shall be informed of the existence of a 
 secret Naval Agreement, and, should the occasion arise, they 
 may be acquainted with those provisions of the Agreement 
 which, by reason of new circumstances, may undergo an altera- 
 tion by reciprocal agreement between the Admiralty Staffs and 
 the Naval Section of the Imperial and Royal Ministry of War.* 
 
 (c) Assignment of Naval Officers to the Staffi of the Commander-in- 
 Chief in the Mediterranean. 
 
 In time of peace there shall be assigned to the Staff of the 
 Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean: a Chief of Staff 
 with the rank of Captain of a Ship of the Line by Austria- 
 Hungary and Italy respectively, and an officer of the Admiralty 
 Staff with the necessary staff by Austria-Hungary, Germany, 
 and Italy respectively. 
 
 4. Means of Communication. 
 
 For the transmission of orders and the exchange of intelli- 
 gence between the vessels (signal stations) of the Allied Navies, 
 the joint Signal Book (Triple Code) shall be employed. This 
 also contains provisions concerning secret signals of recognition 
 and communication by cipher. 
 
 The joint Signal Book is to be regarded as highly confidential 
 
 5. Reciprocal Contribution of Merchant Vessels for 
 Purposes of War. 
 
 (a) Merchant vessels may, in case of war, be placed at the 
 disposal of an Allied Power. The abovementioned authorities 
 shall reach an agreement in time of peace concerning the rules for 
 requisitioning merchant vessels of the Allied States. They shall 
 also endeavor to facilitate as far as possible the availability of 
 the vessels for special purposes. 
 
 (J) If in time of peace a Navy shall make preparations for war 
 involving the use of particular merchant vessels of the Allied 
 
290 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 treffen, so werden ihr die Plane und Beschreibungen dieser Fahr- 
 zeuge durch Vermittlung der eingangs genannten Behorden zum 
 voriibergehenden Gebrauch zur Verfugung gestellt werden. 
 
 6. Gegenseitige Benutzung von Hafen. 
 Im eingangs genannten Kriegsfalle konnen die Hafen einer 
 der verbiindeten Machte auch« von den Seestreitkraften und 
 Handelsfahrzeugen der anderen verbiindeten Machte in gleicher 
 Weise wie von den eigenen SchifiEen benutzt werden. 
 Wien, am 23. Juni 1913. 
 
 Im Entwurfe gezeichnet: 
 Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p. 
 
 Fiir die richtige Abschrift: 
 A. Suchomel. 
 
 ZUSATziJBEREINKOMMEN FUR DAS MiTTELMEER. 
 
 (Punkt I a, Absatz 2, des Marineiibereinkommens.) 
 
 1. Oberbefehl. Im Sinne des Punktes 2a des Marineiiberein- 
 kommens wird der Oberbefehl iiber die Seestreitkrafte des 
 Dreibundes un Mittelmeer dem k. u. k. osterreichisch-ungarischen 
 Admiral Anton Haus iibertragen. 
 
 2. Zusammensetzung des Stabes des OberbefeMshabers. Der 
 Stab des Oberbefehlshabers setzt sich nach Punkt 3 c des Marine- 
 iibereinkommens wie folgt zusammen: 
 
 I osterreichisch-ungarischer Chef des Stabes im Range eines 
 Linienschififskapitans, i italienischer Chef des Stabes im Range 
 eines Linienschiffskapitans, je i AdmiralstabsoflSzier der oster- 
 reichisch-ungarischen, deutschen und italienischen Marine. 
 
 Die beiden Chefs des Stabes und der deutsche Admiralstabs- 
 offizier sind dem Oberbefehlshaber direkt unterstellt. 
 
 Als Hilfskrafte sind nach Bedarf noch zuzuteilen: Signal-, 
 Funkentelegraphen- und Bureaupersonal. 
 
 Es ist wiinschenswert, dass der Oberbefehlshaber schon im 
 Frieden mit den OflSzieren seines Stabes in personliche Fiihlung 
 tritt. 
 
 « In the draft of June 23, 1913, it ran: "Die Hafen einer der verbundeten 
 Machte konnen auch. . . ." 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 29I 
 
 States, plans and descriptions of these vessels shall be placed at 
 its disposal for temporary use through the agency of the above- 
 mentioned authorities. 
 
 6. Reciprocal Use of Harbors. 
 
 In the abovementioned event of war, the harbors of one of the 
 Allied Powers may also be used by the naval forces and merchant 
 vessels of the other Allied Powers in the same manner as by its 
 own vessels. 
 Vienna, June 23, 1913. 
 
 Signed in draft: 
 
 Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p. 
 
 For the true copy: 
 
 A. Suchomel. 
 
 Supplementary Agreement for the Mediterranean. 
 {Section i (a). Paragraph 2 of the Naval Agreement.) 
 
 1. Supreme Command. In accordance with Section 2 (a) of 
 the Naval Agreement, the Supreme Command of the Naval forces 
 of the Triple Alliance in the Mediterranean shall be conferred on 
 the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Admiral Anton Haus. 
 
 2. Composition of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief. The 
 Staff of the Commander-in-Chief shaU be composed, in accord- 
 ance with Section 3 (c) of the Naval Agreement, as follows: 
 
 I Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff with rank of Captain of 
 a Ship of the Line, i Italian Chief of Staff with rank of Captain 
 of a Ship of the Line, and i OflScer each of the Admiralty Staffs 
 of the Austro-Hungarian, the German, and the Italian Navies. 
 
 The two Chiefs of Staff and the German Officer of the Ad- 
 miralty Staff are directly subordinate to the Commander-in- 
 Chief. 
 
 Signal, wireless, and office personnel shall be assigned as as- 
 sistants when requisite. 
 
 It is desirable that the Commander-in-Chief establish personal 
 relations with the officers of his Staff in time of peace. 
 
292 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 3. KriegseinteUung der verbUndeten Streitkrdfte. Als Grund- 
 satze fiir die Kriegseinteilung haben zu gelten: 
 
 a) Die einzelnen Unterverbande sollen aus Schiffen derselben 
 Nationalitat zusammengesetzt sein. 
 
 b) Ein Geschwader soil moglichst aus nicht mehr als acht 
 Kampfschiffen bestehen. 
 
 Die Kriegseinteilung ist dem Zusatziibereinkommen als An- 
 lage I beigefiigt luid wird der Oberbefehlshaber fiir deren standige 
 Kurrenthaltung Sorge tragen. 
 
 4. Vereinigung der verbUndeten Streitkrdfte. Die osterreichisch- 
 ungarische und die italienische Flotte vereinigen sich sobald als 
 moglich im Raume um Messina und erganzen ihre Vorrate. Die 
 italienische Flotte wird hiezu die Ankerplatze zwischen Milazzo 
 und Messina, die osterreichisch-ungarische den Hafen von Au- 
 gusta aufsuchen. Italien wird eventuell die Division fiir beson- 
 dere Zwecke im Norden des tyrrhenischen Meeres zuriickbehalten 
 und einen Teil seiner in der Anlage I unter A angefiihrten Tor- 
 pedoflottillen und Minenleger nach Cagliari und Trapani diri- 
 gieren, woriiber es den Oberbefehlshaber rechtzeitig unterrichten 
 wird. 
 
 Die deutschen Schiffe werden anstreben, sich in Gaeta (bei 
 ungiinstigen Seeverhaltnissen bei Neapel) zu vereinigen, um dort 
 ihre Vorrate zu erganzen. SoUten besondere Verhaltnisse das Er- 
 reichen von Gaeta (Neapel) nicht mehr zulassen, so vereinigen 
 sich auch die deutschen Seestreitkxaf te mit dem Oberbefehlshaber 
 im Raume mn Messina. 
 
 Bei der ersten Vereinigung der Flotten haben alle Schiffe und 
 Torpedoboote die im Triplecodex gegebenen Bestimmungen iiber 
 geheime Erkennungssignale besonders sorgfaltig zu beobachten. 
 
 Alleinf ahrende Torpedoboote und Torpedobootsverbande miis- 
 sen des Nachts grundsatzlich jede Annaherung an Schiffe und 
 Ankerplatze der verbiindeten Flotten vermeiden, da jedes nicht 
 mit vollster Sicherheit als Freund erkannte Torpedoboot unter 
 Feuer genommen wird. 
 
 5. Operationsplan. Als Hauptziel hat fiir den Oberbefehlsha- 
 ber die Erringung der Seeherrschaft im Mittelmeer durch ra- 
 scheste Niederkampfung der feindlichen Flotten zu gelten. 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 293 
 
 3. War-Time Distribution of the Allied Forces. The following 
 shall be accepted as the principles for distribution in time of war: 
 
 (a) The various subordinate units shall be constituted from 
 ships of the same nationality. 
 
 (6) A squadron shall, so far as possible, contain not more than 
 eight battleships. 
 
 The war-time distribution is appended to the Supplementary- 
 Agreement as Annex I. The Commander-in-Chief shall be re- 
 sponsible for keeping it constantly up to date. 
 
 4. Union of the Allied Naval Forces. The Austro-Hungarian 
 and the Italian fleets shall assemble as soon as possible in the 
 neighborhood of Messina and complete their supplies. The 
 Italian fleet shall then proceed to its anchoring place between 
 Milazzo and Messina, the Austro-Hungarian fleet to the harbor 
 of Augusta. If need be, Italy shaU retain a division for special 
 duty in the north of the Tyrrhenian Sea and despatch a part of 
 her torpedo flotillas mentioned in Annex I, heading A, together 
 with mine layers, to Cagliari and Trapani. The Commander-in- 
 Chief shall be notified of this in due season. 
 
 The German vessels shall endeavor to unite at Gaeta (or in the 
 event of unfavorable conditions at sea, at Naples) in order to 
 complete their supplies. Should special circumstances render it 
 impossible to reach Gaeta (Naples), the German naval forces 
 also shall join the Commander-in-Chief in the neighborhood of 
 Messina. 
 
 On the occasion of their first meeting all ships and torpedo 
 boats must with particular care observe the provisions laid down 
 in the Triple Code for secret signals of recognition. 
 
 Torpedo boats proceeding alone and groups of torpedo boats 
 must as a fundamental principle avoid approaching vessels and 
 anchoring places of the Allied Fleets after nightfall, as every 
 torpedo boat not recognized with complete certainty as friendly 
 will be fired upon. 
 
 5. Scheme of Operations. The chief objective of the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief shall be the securing of naval control in the Medi- 
 terranean through the swiftest possible defeat of the enemy 
 fleets. 
 
294 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 SoUte ein Teil der franzosischen Flotte in Bizerta stehen, so 
 wird der Oberbefehlshaber trachten, die getrennten Teile dieser 
 Flotte einzeln zu schlagen. Fiir ein Festhalten feindlicher Flot- 
 tenteile in Bizerta kommen Minen- und Torpedobootsuntemeh- 
 mungen von Trapani und Cagliari, fiir Untemehmungen gegen 
 die etwa von Toulon aus ostlich vorgehende franzosische Flotte 
 die leichten Streitkrafte der lokalen Kustenverteidigung von der 
 westlichen Ugurischen Kiiste aus ^ in Betracht. 
 
 Die Hauptaktion ist so rasch durchzufiihren, dass die Ent- 
 scheidung noch vor einem Eingreifen russischer Streitkrafte des 
 Schwarzen Meeres erfolgt. 
 
 Es bleibt dem Oberbefehlshaber iiberlassen, neben der Haupt- 
 operation gegen die feindliche Flotte gleichzeitig Teilaktionen 
 gegen etwaige franzosische Truppentransporte aus Nordafrika 
 Oder gegen feindliche Kiistenteile anzuordnen. 
 
 6. Versorgung der Flatten und StiUzpunkte. Italien macht sich 
 erbotig, fiir die in diesem Punkte genannten Stiitzpunkte die hier 
 angegebenen Vorbereitungen auf eigene Rechnung schon im 
 Frieden zu treffen. Die von den osterreichisch-ungarischen und 
 deutschen Schiffen iibemommenen Ausriistungsmengen werden 
 der koniglich itaUenischen Marine zu vergiiten sein. 
 
 a) Stiitzpunkte bei der Vereinigung. Mit Beziag auf Punkt 4 
 des Zusatziibereinkommens werden als Stiitzpunkte bei der 
 Vereinigung vorbereitet: 
 
 a) Hafen Augusta fiir die osterreichisch-ungarischen, 
 
 j8) Gaeta (Neapel) fiir die deutschen und 
 
 7) Messina fiir die italienischen Seestreitkrafte. 
 
 Die in Augusta und Gaeta (Neapel) zu lagemden Ausriistungs- 
 mengen sind unter Beriicksichtigung der notigen Reserve derart 
 bemessen, dass die Schiflfe bei der ersten Vereinigung ihre Vorrate 
 auf den vollen Bestand aufifiiUen konnen. 
 
 Nach dieser Ausriistungserganzung, beziehungsweise dem 
 endgiiltigen Auslaufen der osterreichisch-ungarischen Seestreit- 
 krafte von Augusta, werden samtliche Vorrate in dem dortigen 
 Hafen entfernt oder vemichtet, um sie einer Wegnahme durch 
 den Feind zu entziehen. 
 
 ' In the draft of June 23, 1913, it ran: "von Vado aus.'' 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 295 
 
 Should a portion of the French fleet lie at Bizerta, the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief shall attempt to deal separately with the scat- 
 tered portions of this fleet. For the purpose of holding the por- 
 tion of the enemy fleet at Bizerta, operations with mine layers 
 and torpedo boats from Trapani and Cagliari are in contempla- 
 tion; for action against a French fleet possibly proceeding east- 
 ward from Toulon, the light units of the local coast defence of the 
 Western Ligurian coast are in contemplation. 
 
 The main action is to be carried out so swiftly that the decision 
 shall be reached before the Russian forces in the Black Sea can 
 interfere. 
 
 It shall remain with the Commander-in-Chief to decide 
 whether, in addition to the main operations against the enemy 
 fleets, simultaneous secondary actions shall be directed against 
 possible French troop transports from North Africa or against 
 sections of the enemy coasts. 
 
 6. Provisioning of the Fleet and Bases. Italy makes herself 
 responsible for the preparations in time of peace specified here- 
 with for the bases enumerated in this section, at her own expense. 
 The Royal Italian Navy shall receive compensation for the sup- 
 plies appropriated by the Austro-Hungarian and German vessels. 
 
 (a) Bases for Assembling. With reference to Section 4 of the 
 Supplementary Agreement, the following places shall be pre- 
 pared as bases for assembling: 
 
 (a) The harbor of Augusta for the Austro-Hungarian, 
 08) Gaeta (Naples) for the German, and 
 (7) Messina for the Italian Naval forces. 
 
 The stocks of supplies to be accumulated at Augusta and Gaeta 
 (Naples) shall, while providing for a necessary reserve, be ap- 
 portioned in such a manner that the vessels on the occasion of 
 their first meeting may be certain of completing their stores. 
 
 After this last fitting out and after the final departure of the 
 Austro-Hungarian Naval forces from Augusta, all stores remain- 
 ing in the harbor there shall be removed or destroyed, in order to 
 forestall any capture by the enemy. 
 
296 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 Sollte die Ausriistung der deutschen Schiffe in Gaeta (Neapel) 
 nicht mehr moglich sein, so werden sie ihre Ausriistung in Mes- 
 sina erganzen. 
 
 b) Stiitzpunkte bei den wdteren Operationen. Mit Bezug auf 
 Punkt 5 des Zusatziibereinkommens werden als Hauptstiitz- 
 punkte bei den weiteren Operationen in Aussicht genonunen und 
 vorbereitet: 
 
 a) Maddalena fiir die osterreichisch-ungarischen und deut- 
 schen, 
 
 j8) Spezia fiir die italienischen Seestreitkrafte, 
 
 7) Trapani, Cagliari und die westliche ligurische Kiiste * fur 
 leichtere Verbande. 
 
 Maddalena wird nait Lebensmitteln fiir die osterreichisch- 
 ungarische Flotte fiir einen Monat versorgt; ein entsprechender 
 Ausriistungsbedarf an Heiz- und Maschinenbetriebsmaterial ist 
 dort standig vorhanden. 
 
 Anlage II ' enthalt die Zusammenstellung des gesamten im 
 Sinne des Punktes 6 erforderlichen Ausriistungsbedarfes. 
 
 7. Verteidigung der Adria. Zur Verteidigung der Adria dienen 
 die hiefiir in der Anlage I unter B des Zusatziibereinkommens 
 angegebenen Seestreitkrafte, sowie die normal vorgesehenen 
 Streitkrafte fiir die lokale Verteidigung der Kiisten. 
 
 Die in der Anlage I unter B genaimten Streitkrafte versam- 
 meln sich sobald als moglich, und zwar: 
 
 Die osterreichisch-ungarischen und deutschen im Gofl von 
 Cattaro, 
 
 die italienischen in Brindisi. 
 
 Die Operationen in der Adria werden vom rangaltesten Be- 
 fehlshaber der verbiindeten Seestreitkrafte i" nach Angaben des 
 Oberbefehlshabers durchgefiihrt, welch letzterem es auch iiber- 
 lassen bleibt, je nach der Kriegslage Verstarkungen oder Ab- 
 detachierungen der dortigen Seestreitkrafte anzuordnen. 
 
 8. Angriffe auf franzosische Truppeniransporte aus Nordafrika. 
 Da die ersten franzosischen Truppentransporte aus Nordafrika 
 nach dem Norden aus den HaupteinschifEimgszentren Bona- 
 
 8 In the draft of June 23, 1913, it ran: "und Vado.'' 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 297 
 
 Should the fitting out of the German vessels at Gaeta (Naples) 
 be no longer possible, they shall complete their fitting out at 
 Messina. 
 
 (6) Bases for Further Operations. With reference to Section 5 
 of the Supplementary Agreement, the following places shall be 
 selected and prepared as the main bases for further operations : 
 
 (a) Maddalena for the Austro-Hungarian and German, 
 (/3) Spezia for the Italian Naval forces, 
 
 (7) Trapani, Cagliari, and the western coast of Liguria for 
 lighter units. 
 
 Maddalena shall be supplied with rations for one month for 
 the Austro-Hungarian fleet; a corresponding stock of fuel and 
 machinery supplies shall be kept there permanently. 
 
 Annex 11° contains the list of the total amount of supplies re- 
 quisite in accordance with Section 6. 
 
 7. Defence of the Adriatic. For the defence of the Adriatic 
 there shall be employed the naval forces enumerated in Annex I, 
 heading B, to the Supplementary Agreement, as well as the 
 naval forces normally provided for the local defence of the coasts. 
 
 The naval forces enumerated in Annex I, heading B, shall 
 assemble as rapidly as possible, as follows: 
 
 The Austro-Hungarian and German vessels in the Gulf of 
 Cattaro, 
 
 The Italian vessels at Brindisi. 
 
 The operations in the Adriatic shall be conducted by the high- 
 est ranking oflScer of the Allied Naval forces, according to in- 
 structions from the Commander-in-Chief, who shall be empow- 
 ered to reenforce, or to withdraw vessels from, the Naval forces 
 in that region, according to the war situation. 
 
 8. Attacks on French Troop Transports from North Africa. 
 Since the first French troop transports from North Africa may 
 be expected to proceed northward from the main embarkation 
 
 ° Is not at hand. 
 
 " "In zweifelhaften Fallen ist der Gesamttonnengehalt der Streitmacht bestim- 
 mend (vergleiche Punkt 2 a des Marineubereinkommens)." Footnote in the draft 
 of June 23 and in the text of August 2, 1913. 
 
298 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 Philippeville, Algier, Oran-Mostaganem und Casablanca-Moga- 
 dor innerhalb der drei ersten Mobilmachungstage zu erwarten 
 sind, wird Italien sofort eine Beobachtung der nordafrikanischen 
 Kuste durch schnelle Hilfskreuzer einrichten. Fiir die weitere 
 Stoning der Truppennachschube kommen Unternehmungen 
 leichter Streitkrafte von Cagliari (vergleiche Punkt 4, i. Absatz 
 des Zusatziibereinkommens) und in zweiter Linie von Maddalena 
 aus in Betracht. 
 
 Die gemeinsame Leitung dieser Unternehmungen erfolgt von 
 Cagliari aus durch einen von Italien zu bestimmenden Befehlsha- 
 ber, der fiir diesen Dienst dem Oberbefehlshaber direkt unterstellt 
 ist. Eventuell wird der Oberbefehlshaber auch schnelle Kreuzer 
 fiir die Storung der Truppentransporte heranziehen (vergleiche 
 Punkt 5, letzter Absatz, des Zusatzubereinkommens). 
 
 9. Unterbindung des feindlichen Handels int Mittelmeere. Zur 
 Unterbindung des feindlichen Handels im Mittelmeere sind 
 zunachst Hilfskreuzer in Aussicht zu nehmen. 
 
 Abgesehen von den Massnahmen, die voraussichtlich erst in 
 der 2. Phase des Krieges zur Storung des feindlichen Handels zu 
 ergreifen sind, erscheint eine sofortige Bewachung des Suezkanals 
 und der Dardanellen schon bei Kjiegsausbruch vorteilhaft. 
 
 Die fiir den Handelskrieg notwendigen Vorarbeiten wird der 
 Oberbefehlshaber schon im Frieden einleiten. 
 
 Die Schiffe, die als Hilfskreuzer fiir den Handelskrieg in erster 
 Linie in Betracht kommen, sind aus der Anlage HI " des Zusatz- 
 iibereinkommens ersichtlich. 
 
 Als Stiitzpunkte fiir solche Unternehmungen kommen im ost- 
 lichen Mittelmeere Tarent, der Raum um Messina, die libysche 
 Kuste (TripoUs, Tobruk), fiir das westliche Mittelmeer alle im 
 Punkt 6 des Zusatziibereinkommens genarmten Stiitzpunkte in 
 Betracht. 
 
 10. Heranziehung von Handelsfahrzeugen der verbiindeten 
 Staaten fur besondere Verwendungen im Kriege. Die fiir Kriegs- 
 zwecke heranzuziehenden Handelsfahrzeuge werden unterschie- 
 denin: 
 
 " Is not at hand. 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 299 
 
 centres of Bona-Philippeville, Algiers, Oran-Mostagenem, and 
 Casablanca-Mogador within the first three days of the mobiliza- 
 tion, Italy shall immediately establish a patrol off the North 
 African coast with fast auxiliary cruisers. For the further ob- 
 struction of the sending forward of troops the operations of light 
 warships from Cagliari (cf . Section 4, Paragraph i of the Supple- 
 mentary Agreement), and secondarily from Maddalena, are in 
 contemplation. 
 
 The joint carrying out of this undertaking shall be directed 
 from Cagliari by a commander to be appointed by Italy, who 
 shall be directly subordinate in this service to the Commander-in- 
 Chief. The Commander-in-Chief also shaU in case of necessity 
 despatch fast cruisers for the interruption of the troop transports 
 (cf. Section 5, last paragraph, of the Supplementary Agreement) . 
 
 9. Cutting off Enemy Commerce in the Mediterranean. For 
 cutting off enemy commerce in the Mediterranean Auxiliary 
 Cruisers shall first be employed. 
 
 Apart from the measures which will probably be first taken in 
 the second phase of the war for the obstruction of enemy com- 
 merce, it would appear advantageous to establish a patrol of the 
 Suez Canal and the Dardanelles immediately on the outbreak 
 of hostilities. 
 
 The necessary preparations for commerce destroying shall 
 be made in time of peace by the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 The vessels which shall primarily be available as auxiliary 
 cruisers for commerce destroying are enumerated in Annex III" 
 to the Supplementary Agreement. 
 
 As bases for operations of this nature Taranto, the neighbor- 
 hood of Messina, and the Libyan coast (Tripoli, Tobruk) are in 
 contemplation in the Eastern Mediterranean; for the Western 
 Mediterranean, all the bases enimierated in Section 6 of the 
 Supplementary Agreement. 
 
 10. Utilization of Merchant Vessels of the Allied States for Special 
 War Purposes. The Merchant vessels available for purposes of 
 war shall be divided into: 
 
300 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 a) Hilfskreuzer (Hilfskriegsschifife), 
 
 b) Fahrzeuge fiir Trosszwecke und Truppentransporte, 
 
 c) Hospitalschiffe. 
 
 Die eingangs genannten Behorden werden Nachweisungen 
 iiber die in Frage kommenden Handelsf ahrzeuge austauschen und 
 die naheren Vereinbarungen beziiglich des Benutzungsrechtes 
 und ihrer Verwendung im direkten Einvemehmen festsetzen. 
 Diese Nachweisungen und Vereinbarungen werden dena Zusatz- 
 iibereinkommen als Anlage III beigefiigt, und wird der Ober- 
 befehlshaber fiir deren standige Kurrenthaltung Sorge tragen. 
 
 Die unter militarischem Konimando stehenden Hilfskriegs- 
 schiffe treten unter den Befehl des altesten Befehlshabers der 
 Seestreitkrafte ihrer Nation im Mittelmeer. 
 
 Fiir den zur osterreichisch-ungarischen Flotte gehorigen Train 
 sind Messina und Maddalena als geeignete Stiitzpunkte anzu- 
 sehen. 
 
 Als Hauptstiitzpunkte fiir die Hospitalschiffe der verbiindeten 
 Nationen dienen je nach der Lage des Kriegsschauplatzes Spezia, 
 Neapel oder Tarent. 
 
 Die deutschen Rhedereien werden anzuweisen sein, ihre im 
 Mittelmeer befindlichen Schiffe bei Kriegsausbruch nach italieni- 
 schen Hafen zu leiten, und zwar die Postdampfer womoglich nach 
 Spezia, die iibrigen Handelsfahrzeuge nach Tarent, beziehungs- 
 weise anderen italienischen Hafen ausschliesslich Genua. 
 
 Wien, am 23. Juni 1913. 
 
 Im Entwurfe gezeichnet: 
 Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p. 
 
 Fiir die richtige Abschrift: 
 A. Suchomel. 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 3OI 
 
 (a) Auxiliary cruisers (auxiliary warships), 
 
 (6) Vessels for transporting supplies and troops, 
 
 (c) Hospital ships. 
 
 The abovementioned authorities shall exchange indications re- 
 garding the merchant vessels which may come in question, and 
 shall reach more precise agreements by direct negotiation with 
 regard to the right of utilizing and disposing of them. These in- 
 dications and agreements shall be appended to the Supplemen- 
 tary Agreement as Annex III. The Commander-in-Chief shall 
 be responsible for keeping it constantly up to date. 
 
 Such auxiliary warships as are under military command shaU 
 be under the orders of the senior commander of warships of their 
 nationaUty in the Mediterranean. 
 
 For the supply ships belonging to the Austro-Hungarian fleet, 
 Messina and Maddalena shall be regarded as the proper bases. 
 
 Spezia, Naples, or Taranto, according to the location of the 
 seat of war, shaU serve as the main bases for the hospital ships of 
 the Allied Nations. 
 
 The (jerman shipowners shall be instructed to bring such of 
 their vessels as may be in the Mediterranean at the outbreak of 
 war to Italian ports: mail boats to Spezia whenever possible, the 
 remaining merchant vessels to Taranto or other Italian harbors 
 exclusive of Genoa. 
 
 Vienna, June 23, 19 13. 
 
 Signed in draft: 
 Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p. 
 
 For the true copy: 
 A. Suchomel. 
 
302 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 Anlage I. 
 
 KRIEGSEINTEILUNG DER SEESTREITKRXFTE DES 
 DREIBUNDES FUR GEMEINSAME OPERATIONEN. 
 
 (Giiltig fiir das Jahr 1914.) 
 
 ObERBEFEHLSHABER DER VERBUNDETEN SeESTREITKELAFTE : 
 
 K. u. k. osterreichisch-ungarischer Admiral Anton Haus. 
 
 A. Im Mittelmeer. 
 
 /. Italien. 
 
 I. Geschwader: 
 
 1. Division: Dante Alighieri, Giulio Cesare, Leonardo da Vinci. 
 Aufklarungskreuzer: Quarto. 
 
 2. Division: Vittorio Emanuele, Regina Elena, Roma, NapoU. 
 Aufklarungskreuzer: Nino Bixio. 
 
 II. Geschwader: 
 
 1. Division: San Giorgio, San Marco, Pisa, Amalfi. 
 Aufklarungskreuzer: Marsala. 
 
 2. Division: Garibaldi, Varese, Ferruccio. 
 Aufklarungskreuzer: Agordat. 
 
 Division fiir besondere Zwecke: Benedetto Brin, Regina Mar- 
 gherita, Emanuele Filiberto, Ammiraglio di St. Bon. 
 Aufklarungskreuzer: Coatit. 
 
 Torpedoflottillen : 
 16 Torpedobootszerstorer (6 a 1000 t, 10 a 700 t, Typ Indo- 
 mito-Ardente) ; 
 
 10 Torpedobootszerstorer zu 450 t, Typ Bersagliere; 
 24 Torpedoboote zu 250 t, Typ Saffo, Cigno; 
 30 Torpedoboote zu 33 Sm. 
 
 //. Osterreich-Ungarn. 
 I. Geschwader: 
 
 1. Division: Viribus unitis, Tegetthoff, Prinz Eugen. 
 
 2. Division: Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Radetzky, Zrinyi. 
 I. Kreuzerdivision: St. Georg, Kaiser Karl VI. 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 303 
 
 Annex I. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION IN TIME OF WAR OF THE NAVAL 
 
 FORCES OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE 
 
 FOR JOINT OPERATIONS. 
 
 (Valid for 1914.) 
 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Naval Forces: 
 
 The Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Admiral Anton Haus. 
 
 A. In the Mediterranean. 
 
 /. Italy. 
 
 ist Squadron: 
 
 ist Division: Dante Alighieri, Giulio Cesare, Leonardo da Vinci. 
 
 Scout Cruiser: Quarto. 
 2d Division: Vittorio Emanuele, Regirig. Elena, Roma, Napoli. 
 Scout Cruiser: Nino Bixio. 
 
 2d Squadron: 
 ist Division: San Giorgio, San Marco, Pisa, Amalfi. 
 
 Scout Cruiser: Marsala. 
 2d Division: Garibaldi, Varese, Ferruccio. 
 
 Scout Cruiser: Agordat. 
 Division for Special Purposes: Benedetto Brin, Regina Marghe- 
 rita, Emanuele FUiberto, Ammiraglio di St. Bon. 
 Scout Cruiser: Coatit. 
 
 Torpedo Flotillas: 
 16 Torpedo boat destroyers (6 of 1000 tons, 10 of 700 tons, 
 
 Indomito-Ardente type) ; 
 10 Toipedo boat destroyers of 450 tons, Bersagliere type; 
 24 Torpedo boats of 250 tons, Saffo-Cigno tj^e; 
 30 Torpedo boats of 33 sea miles. 
 
 77. Austria-Hungary. 
 ist Squadron: 
 ist Division: Viribus Unitis, Tegetthoff, Prinz Eugen. 
 2d Division: Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Radetzky, Zrinyi. 
 ist Cruiser Division: St. Georg, Kaiser Karl VI. 
 
304 NAVAL AGREEMENT 
 
 II. Geschwader: 
 
 3. Division: Erzherzog Karl, Erzherzog Friedrich, Erzherzog 
 Ferdinand Max. 
 
 4. Division: Habsburg, Arpad, Babenberg. 
 
 2. Kreuzerdivision: Spaun, Helgoland, Saida, Novara. 
 
 Torpedoflottillen : 
 6 Torpedobootszerstorer zu 800 t, T}^ Tatra; 
 12 Torpedobootzerstorer zu 400 t, Typ HuszS,r; 
 12 Torpedoboote zu 200 t, T)^ Kaiman. 
 
 III. DeutschlandP 
 Kreuzerdivision (dem Oberbefehlshaber direkt unterstellt) : 
 Goeben, Strassburg, Breslau, Dresden. 
 
 B. In der Adria. 
 
 /. Italien. 
 Vettor Pisani, Carlo Alberto, Marco Polo, Dandolo. 
 Aufklarungskreuzer: Piemonte, Libia. 
 6 Torpedobootszerstorer und einige Torpedodivisionen. 
 
 //. Osierreich-Ungarn. 
 Monarch, Wien, Budapest. 
 Maria Theresia, Kaiser Franz Joseph I. 
 Zenta, Aspem, Szigetvar. 
 
 12 Torpedoboote zu 200 t, Typ Kaiman, einige Torpedo- 
 divisionen aus alteren Einheiten. 
 
 ///. Deutschland. 
 Schulschiffe und altere Kreuzer, die sich im Mittelmeer auf- 
 halten sollten. 
 Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p. 
 
 Fiir die richtige Abschrift: 
 A. Suchomel. 
 
 " Here there stands as a footnote in the draft of June 23 and the text of August 
 2, 1913: "Fur die Seestreitkrafte Deutschlands wurde deren Verteilung im Mittel- 
 meer Mitte 1913 aufgenommen, da jene fiir 1914 noch nicht bekannt ist." 
 
NAVAL AGREEMENT 305 
 
 2d Squadron: 
 
 3d Division: Erzherzog Karl, Erzherzog Friedrich, Erzherzog 
 
 Ferdinand Max. 
 4th Division: Habsburg, Arpad, Babenberg. 
 2d Cruiser Division: Spaun, Helgoland, Saida, Novara. 
 
 Torpedo Flotillas: 
 6 Torpedo boat destroyers of 800 tons, Tatra t3^e; 
 12 Torpedo boat destroyers of 400 tons, Huszar type; 
 12 Torpedo boats of 200 tons, Kaiman tj^e. 
 
 ///. Germany. 
 Cruiser Division (directly subordinate to the Commander-in- 
 Chief): Goeben, Strassburg, Breslau, Dresden. 
 
 B. In the Adriatic. 
 
 /. Italy. 
 Vettor Pisani, Carlo Alberto, Marco Polo, Dandolo. 
 Scout Cruisers: Piemonte, Libia. 
 6 Torpedo boat destroyers and several Torpedo Divisions. 
 
 II. Austria-Hungary. 
 Monarch, Wien, Budapest. 
 Maria Theresia, Kaiser Franz Joseph I. 
 Zenta, Aspem, Szigetvar. 
 
 12 Torpedo boats of 200 tons, Kaiman tj^e, and several Torpedo 
 Divisions of older units. 
 
 ///. Germany. 
 
 School ships and older cruisers which may be stationed in the 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Kohler m. p. Cicoli m. p. Conz m. p. 
 
 For the true copy: 
 
 A. Suchomel. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES 
 
 This Index applies primarily to the translations. References in the text may 
 be found by comparison with the translations. 
 
 For the treaty-making powers, see Contents, pp. xiii-xvii. But references to 
 England and Russia in treaties between other powers are indexed below. 
 
 Names of ports and ships comprised in the Naval Agreement of 1913 (pp. 282- 
 305) are not indexed. 
 
 Adriatic Sea, 95, 109, iii, 155, i97, 225, 
 
 243, 249. 
 Aegean Sea, 95, 103, 109, in, 155, 225, 
 
 243, 249. 
 Aehrenthal, 239, 241, 243. 
 Albania, 189, 193, 197, 199, 257. 
 Alexander II, 29, 31. 
 Alexandrovo, 29. 
 Andrissy, 19, 21, 25, 27, 31. 
 Asia Minor, 127, 129, 133. 
 Athens, 44, note. 
 Avama, 241, 243, 245, 255, 257, 259. 
 
 Balkan Peninsula, 39, 43, 109, 155, 185, 
 187, 189, 191, 193, 225, 237, 241, 249, 
 277. 
 
 Beccaria-Incisa, 213, 215. 
 
 Belgrade, 44, note. 
 
 Belimarkowid, 141. 
 
 Berchem, 83, 85. 
 
 Berchtold, 245, 255, 257, 259. 
 
 Berlin, Congress (Peace, Treaty) of, 23, 
 39, 41, 43. 128, 189, 193, 241, 277. 
 
 Bismarck, Count Herbert, 275, 279, 281. 
 
 Bismarck, Prince Otto, 19, 21, 25, 35, 37, 
 
 41, 47, 73, 91, 93, lOS, i07, "S- 
 Black Sea, 95, 103, 189, 279. 
 Bosnia, 43, 51, S3, 189, 193. 
 Bosphorus, 39, 187, 193, 277. 
 Bucharest, 44, note. 
 Bulow, 169, 171, 217, 221, 231, 233. 
 Bulgaria, 43, 45, 125, 129, 131, 277, 279. 
 Busch, 49. 
 
 Caliphate, the, 125, 129, 131. 
 Caprivi, 151, 161, 163. 
 Cettinje, 44, note. 
 
 Charles I of Rumania, 179, 181. 
 
 Cicoli, 291, 301,, 305. 
 
 Constantinople,, 44, note, 187, i8g. 
 
 Conz, 291, 301, 305. 
 
 Corti, 9S, 96, 99, i03- 
 
 Curtopassi, 173. 
 
 Cyrenaica, 97, 157, 227, 233, 257. 
 
 Dardanelles, 39, 187, 193, 277. 
 Depretis, 121. 
 Dubsky, 149. 
 
 East, the, 129. See Orient. 
 
 Eastern Rumelia, 43, 277. 
 
 Egypt, 95, 113, IS7, 227- 
 
 England, 69, 71, 73, 157, 161, 163, 227, 
 
 231, 2SS, 2S7- 
 Euxine Sea, see Black Sea. 
 
 Fasciotti, 269, 273. 
 
 France, 67, 113, 117, 143, iS3, i57, iS9, 
 
 223, 227, 229, 247, 251, 253, 275. 
 Francis Joseph, 185, 191. 
 Fiirstenberg, 261, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273. 
 
 Gohichowski, 165, 169, 171, 173, 177. 
 
 191, 193, 19s, 197, 199- 
 Goriainov, 275, note. 
 Guicciardini, 243. 
 
 Haus, Anton, 291, 303. 
 Haymerle, 34, note, 44, note, 57. 
 HengelmuUer, 135, 139. 
 Herbert-Rathkeal, 51, SS- 
 Herzegovina, 43, 51, S3, 189, 193. 
 
 Janina, 189. 
 
 307 
 
3o8 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES 
 
 K411ay, S7, 63- 
 
 Kilnoky, 65, 69, 75, 77, 79, 85, 87, 89, 
 
 103, 123. 
 Kiroljd, 99, loi, 102, 127. 
 Kiderlen-Waechter, 209, 211. 
 Kohler, 291, 301, 305. 
 
 Lahovary, 165, 169, i7i- 
 
 Lamsdorft, 239. 
 
 Lanza, 221, 231, 233. 
 
 Laxinay, ios, 107, 109, iii, 115, iS^, 
 
 161, 163. 
 Liechtenstein, Prince, 185, 195. 
 London, Convention of, 187. 
 
 Macedonia, 45. 
 
 Maffei, 117, 119, 121, 145, 147, 149. 
 
 Majoresco, 263, 265, 267, 269. 
 
 Mancini, 71. 
 
 Mediterranean Sea, 95, 96, 97, 99, loi, 
 102, 103, 113, 117, 128, 143, IS7, 163, 
 227, 231, 251, 253, 2S7, 283-305. 
 
 Mijatovich, 51, SS> ^35, i39- 
 
 Milan I of Serbia, 57-61, 137. 
 
 Montenegro, 137. 
 
 Monza, 197, 199. 
 
 Moret, ng. 
 
 Morocco, 113, 147, 163, 231, 257. 
 
 Muravieff, 185, 187, 191, 195. 
 
 Nicholas II, 185. 
 
 Nigra, 85, 89, 121, 133, 197, 199. 
 
 North Africa, 97, 113, 117, 143, 157, 161, 
 
 227, 231, 251, 253, 257. 
 Novibazar, 43, 51, 53, 55, 189, 193, 241, 
 
 257- 
 
 Obrenovitch dynasty, 137. 
 
 Orient, the, 45, loi, iii, 125, 131, 155, 
 
 161, 185, 225, 231, 233, 249, 257. 
 Orloff, 91, 93. 
 Ottoman Empire, see Turkey. 
 
 Pallavicini, 203, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215 
 Paris, Treaty of, 187. 
 Pasetti, 183, 199, 233, 235. 
 Pirotchanaz, 59, 63. 
 Prinetti, 235. 
 Protitch, 141. 
 
 Reuss, Prince, 27, 31, 65, 69, 75, 77, m, 
 
 note. 
 Ristitch, 141. 
 Robilant, 65, 69, 96. 
 Russia, 23, 25, 27, 29, 33. 
 
 Sabouroff, 37, 41, 47, 49- 
 
 Salisbury, 95, 96, 99, loi, 103, 125, 127. 
 
 Schouvaloff, 27s, 279, 281. 
 
 Scutari, Lake of, 189. 
 
 Sofia, 44, note. 
 
 Straits, the, 39, 125, 127, 128, 129, 131, 
 
 133, 187, 189, 193, 277. See Bos- 
 
 phorus, Dardanelles. 
 Sturdza, 79, 85, 177, 205, 207, 209, 211. 
 Suchomel, 291, 301, 305. 
 Szech&yi, 37, 41, 47, 49, 91, 93, 105, 107, 
 
 III, 115, 151, 161, 163. 
 Szogydny, 181, 217, 219, 221, 231, 233. 
 
 Tetuan, Duke of, 145, 147. 
 
 Tripoli, Tripolitania, 97, 113, 157, 227, 
 
 233, 2.';i, 257- 
 
 Tschirschky, 245, 255, 257, 259. 
 
 Tunisia, 157, 227, 251. 
 
 Turkey, 37, 39, 43, 93, in, 125, 127- 
 131, 133, 137, ^S5, 161, 197, 225, 231, 
 239, 241, 243, 249, 257, 277. . 
 
 Vardar, the, 137. 
 Visconti-Venosta, 183, 199, 201. 
 
 Wad Ras, Treaty of, 147. 
 Waldthausen, 267, 269. 
 Winter Palace, the, 185. 
 
FKINTED AT 
 
 THE HARVASS UHIVERSITY PKESS 
 
 CAHBSIBGE, UASS., V. S. A.