BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF flcnrg 131. Sage 1891 ^, 2. J jLif ts. a,.;, ..„^::: Cornell University Library arV 11429 A new method for Caesar 3 1924 031 244 100 olin,anx Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924031 2441 00 K\)t Stutrcnts' SrrifS of ILattn Classics A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR BY FRANKLIN HAZEN POTTER, A.M. PROFESSOR or LATIN IN THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA Oil TToXX' aWa ttoXv BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO. BOSTON, U.S.A. 1908 Copyright, 1907, Bv fi;asklin HAZEX POTTEE, J. 8. Cushini^- I'n — I'.iTui.k i*i SiMitb Ci >,\.i\vo«l, Ma>s., I'.S.A. PREFACE This book has grown out of the experimental work in Latin pedagogy whicli the author has carried on for several years at the State University of Iowa with the coop)eration of the Iowa City public schools. It is offered as a solution of the universally recognized difficulty in passing from the beginner's book to Caesar. The method followed is to give the particular prepara- tion for a given chapter before the pupil attempts to read it. This makes it possible for the pupil to begin his reading of Caesar immediately after fini.sliing the elementary book. The difficulties which the beginner in Caesar meets have been carefully studied and provided for with a view to his accumulating knowledge for future work as well as doing what is immediately before him. It is assumed that the pupil knows a vocabulary of about three hundred common words, which are found in most beginner's books. Additional words, as they occur, are given in the special vocabularies, and all may be found in the general vocabulary at the end of the book. Idiomatic expressions, which cause the pupil to blunder with the thought or with the English translation, have been treated with the special vocabularies, and it is hoped that this feature of the book will commend itself strongly to teachers. Hale and Buck's Latin Grammar has been taken as authority for the quantities of vowels. This has caused IV PREFACE some departure from the quantities with T\'hich many are familiar. Scientific investigations of tlie foremost American and European scholars have shown that the evidence does not justify the use of the macron over many vowels which have previously been believed to be long; the author has not de-emed it wise to perpetuate these erroneous quantities. Obvious etymologies, e.g. ahdaco, have been left for the pupil's own observation ; where phonetic changes have disguised the original elements of compjound verbs,, the parts are indicated in the general vocabulary. The intention has been to exclude everything that would not have a direct bearing on the chief end to be sought at this stage of the pupil's work. The subjects for study and review indicate some of the grammatical facts which the pupil must know in order to translate the given chapter. Thej- do not constitute a systematic review of the grammar, but are suggested by what actually occurs in the text of Caesar. When the pjupil knows the words, idioms, and syntax involved in a given chapter, there still remains the diffi- culty due to the pjeriodicity of Caesar's style. The short sentences given in the preliminary studies for each chap- ter furnish a variety of easy reading, which can be done rapidly, and which by presenting one difficulty at a time pjrepares the pupjil for the more complicated periods of Caesar, iloreover, they will enable the pupil to see more clearly the real nature of many of the constructions which he meets in the text. When the pupil has read the thirty chapters provided in this book, he should have enough mastery over Caesar's way of saying things to enable him to read with little PREFACE V difficulty the rest of the required Caesar from a regular edition. The author is under obligations to many teachers, whose criticism and encouragement have helped to make the book wliat it is. Professor E. M. Pease, the editor- in-chief of this series, has read the proof and made many helpful suggestions. Principal George E. Swain, of Bay City, j\lich., has kindly allowed the use of some of the photographs which he took wliile following Caesar's footsteps in Gaul. Miss Helen M. Eddy, of the Winona Park School for Young Women at Winona Lake, Ind., and Mr. H. H. Fitch, of the Seattle High Schools, have read all the proof. F. H. P. The State University of Iowa, August, 1907. CONTENTS PAGE List or Maps and Illustrations ix Suggestions to Teauhers ....... xi Inteoihction Caius .Julius Caesar xt Caesar's Provinces ........ xvi Prelijiinary Studies to Book I, Chapters I-XXX . 1 Text of the GALLIC WAR, Book I, Chapters I-XXX . 79 Vocaeulap.t 1 MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 10. 11. 12. 1.3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Caius Julius Caesar. British Museum JIap: Caisar's Trovini liS ..... The Rhone near (Geneva ..... The Arar at Trevoux ..... The Valley of the (Jl'drache .... Mont Beuvray, Site of Bibracte Down the Arkoux at Toulon .... MflNTMORT, VIEWED FROM C'aESAR's POSITION The Khine between Germany and Helvetia . Mae: Gaul in Caesar's Time. From Jdliitstun am StnifonVn Caesar Mar : Helvetia . Scene near the Sumjiit of the Jura Mountains Pas de L'Ecluse ....... Map : Helvetia on the \Vest .... Map: Caesar's Fortifications along the Rhone The Rhone above Chancy' ..... The Rhone below Chancy ..... Scene in a Roman Camp. From Johnston and San- ford's Caesar Plan: The Stratacem that Failed . 31ILITES Gallici. From Johnston and S'anford's Caesar Map: Central Gaul PAGE xiv xvii 19 31 43 63 6.3 07 75 79 80 81 84 85 86 87 88 96 99 101 102 MAI'S AND ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 22. View from near Croix de L'Arere .... 102 23. Pi.AX : BATTr.E WITH THE IIelvetii. Froi'ii .Tohnston (ni'l .SatiforiVs fargrir 10.3 24. Site of the HEi.vETrAX Camp, vieweii from Cae Position on the Hill of Ae.mecy 25. PJLCM. GLADirS 20. Hill to which the Helvetii Retreated . 27. Map: Central Gaul ..... >ar s . 103 . 104 . 10.5 . 106 28. Site of the Final Strfggle around the Baggage . 107 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS The material is presented in the order in which it should be taken up and learned. Have the vocabularies and idioms committed to memory as the first step in preparing for the Caesar to be imnrediately read. Take time in the recitation to drill the class on these word lists. In no other way can the pupil escape the " tyranny of the general vocabulary." When assigning the lesson, go- over the vocabulary with the class and call up related words in both Latin and English. Explain the literal meaning of the idioms. The subjects for study and review in each instance are suggested by the particular text and deal with graui- matical items which the ijupil must have m mind in or- der to read the Caesar intelligently. The pupil will need to look up only those which he does not thoroughly understand. Most of the terms are self-explanatory and will suggest to the pupil the necessary information with- out the use of a grammar ; but to what extent the pu- pil will need to use a grammar will depend on his previous preparation and the teacher's estimate of the importance of grammatical study at this stage. If any of the terms are unfamiliar, a reference to the grammar will make clear what is intended. The teacher may choose to designate four or five topics from each les- son for special study. Sometimes the reference will not seem to correspond to the subject for which it is xi Xll SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHEKS given ; tliis is due to the different ways in which the graniniuvs treat the constnictions. A\'heu hearing this part of tlie lesson, ash questions aliout each of the tojjics to make sure that the pupils understand them. Do not be too particular to have rules recited verbatim ; the pupil's own statement may Ije better; it is the content of the rule, not the form, that is wanted. Then pa.ss to the sentences. They are all very easy, and the pupils should be prepared to translate them readily. For the average high school class the vocabu- lary, idioms, subjects for studj- and review, and the easy sentences, together with a review of some Caesar text previously read, should constitute the lesson for one day, wliile the advance Caesar text is to be assigned for the following day. If the class can do more, assign, e.g. the translation of the last part of Cliapter II and the preliminary studies for the first part of Chap- ter III. Before having a given passage in Caesar translated, question the class on the sentence-structure and the construction of individual words to make sure that the pupils understand the thought and tlie relations of the parts. Remember that the periodic structure of Caesar's sentences is a feature which is new to the English- speaking pupils, and do not expect too much of them at first. Finally, make the translation serve as an exercise in correct English expression. Not all the grammars treat the same suliject with equal clearness. It is desirable to have copies of two or more different grammars accessible in the school library ; also the following books, which the pupils should be en- couraged to read : — SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHEKS XUl Caesar's Conquest of Gaul. By T. Rice Holmes. Macmillaii & Co. Caesar. By T. A. Dodge. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. If tlae school has a lantern, the "work can be made infinitely more interesting and profitable with a .series of slides from photographs of the regions where Caesar carried on his campaigns. Such a series can be obtained from Principal G. R. Swain, Bay City, Mich., who will send a catalog of slides on request. ^ '^^]£f^^m ^^^^^^^^^^^^^r "■^ ^^1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^Hfl^H ' %>,.»- ""^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 j||^^H -V .. __ i-iMiM^^^I ^IH Caius Julius Caesar. (British Museum.) CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR Caius Julius Caesar belonged to an ancient Roman family which had come to Rome from Alba Longa in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. He claimed King Ancus Marcius also among his ancestors. Caesar was born July 12, 102 b.c. (or perhaps 100 B.C.). He was not strong as a boy, but by judicious and per- sistent exercise, he rendered himself capable of the greatest endurance. Through a thorough education secured from the very best teachers, he became a brilliant orator and was regarded by his contemporaries as second to Cicero only. Though an aristocrat by birth, his sympathies were with the masses. He early identified himself with the cause of the party of Marius and openly defied the express orders of the dictator Sulla. With remarkable shrewdness and foresight he avoided compromising him- self with useless and hopeless political entanglements. When a mere youth, he saw military service in Asia and distinguished himself as a diplomat and soldier. At the earliest possible age for each he held the various important public offices : he was quaestor in Spain in 68 ; as aedile in 65 he had supervision of the great festivals and public games ; with reckless extravagance he sur- passed all his predecessors in magnificence. In 63 he was praetor-elect when Cicero the consul successfully combated the conspiracy of Catiline. Caesar tried in XV XVI CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR vain to dissuade the senate from inflicting the death penalty on the conspirators. In (31 Caesar as propraetor was governor of farther Spain. Tlie sovereignty of the Roman state over these wild peoples had been little more than nominal. Caesar set about to subject the province to his authority. Over- coming the greatest difficulties, he outgeno'alled the natives, who rose against him on every hand; and within his year of office he reduced the land to subjection. His soldiers hailed him as Imperator; and the senate, which was never friendly disjjosed to him, voted him the proud distinction of a triumph. This placed Caesar in a dilemma: he wanted the consulship; he could not enter Rome to sue for this office while he was in command of an army ; he could not celebrate the triumph if he dismissed his army in time to sue for the consulship. With characteristic promptness and decision he renounced the triumph and was elected consul for the year 59. As consul he thrust aside his colleague Bibulus ; and with the help of Pompey and Crassus, with whom he had previously formed a coalition, he enacted a series of much-needed laws in spite of the violent opposition of the aristocracy. He secured for himself nnusual ap- pointments ; at the end of his term of office he was to be governor of Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul, and niyria for five years. CAESAR'S PROVINCES About 225 b.c. the Romans began to plant colonies along the river Po. All of northern Italy east of the Alps was ultimately reduced to a province called Cisal- pine Gaul (Gaul this side of the Alps). The province extended as far south as the Rubicon and Arnus rivers CAESAR'S PROVINCES XVU and liad a standing army of three legions. Tliere were ordinarily about five thousand men in a Roman legion. The province of Gaul across the Alps (Transalpine Gaul) was organized in 121 b.c. It extended along the coast from the Alps to the Pyrenees. East of the Rhone, by the recent subjugation of the AUobroges, the Roman power had been extended as far north as Lake Geneva. One legion was stationed in this province. Migratory hordes of Gauls had from verj' early times been the terror of the Romans. Since the organization of the Gallic provinces several Roman armies had been annihilated there. Wars with the more settled tribes had brought many a disaster to the legions. These wild tribes were again getting restless when Caesar, in the year 58 b.c, became the governor of both Gallic provinces and Illyria. We shall read his own account of his fd ventures there. THE GALLIC WAE, BOOK I PRELIMINARY STUDIES CHAPTER I, FIRST PART VriCAIU'LARY Aquitani, Aquitaiioruiu, /» , the Aquitaiiiaiis, a jimji/r liv- ing ill. till' aijiilliij-i'sl purl of (inn!. Belgae, BoIgiSriim, m.. tlie Belgians, it prajilr liciinj in, the nurtliriiHt pnrt uf Gniil. Celtae, Celtarmn, )«., the Celts nr Gauls. coinmeo, ooiniiicare, coiiiine- avi, coiniiieatui'iis, gu to and fro, visit. coiitinentor, rule., coiitinu- laisly, continually. cultus, ciiltus, '/;(., cultivation, care, civilization. differo, differre, distidi, dilS- tiis. bear apart, defer, differ. divide, dividere, divisi, divi- siis, divide, separate. elTeiiiino, eft'eiriiiiai'c, effenii- iiavi, effeminatus, make effeminate, weaken, en- feeble. fiaruiiiiia, Gariininae, rii., the (larouiie, n rii-i-r nf liniil. huiiianitas, hninSnitatis, /., liumanily, reliiiemriit. iruporto, iinportare. iiiipor- tavi, iiiiportatus, import. Iiistitntuin, in.sfitnti. ii., habit, practice, custom, in.stitution. lingua, linguae, /. , tongue, language. .Jlatrona, Slatronao, )»., the Manie, a rivpr nf mitral (Iniil. niercator, nier<'atoris, iii.^ a trailer. (paruin, minus), minime, aiir., least; liy no means. portinco, pertinere, pertinui, extend, pertain to, tend. propterea, ml v., on tliis ac- count. proxinvus. proxiina, pro.xl- muiii, nearest, next, last. Seiiuana, Sequanae, «i., the Seine, u ricer nf Ganl. 1 A ^:e\v meth(ji> Fui: caksai: [b.g. IDiriM.S ad animos efTeminandos pertinere, tend to weaken the cour- age. inter se differre, differ from each other. iiiiniine saep<'. \'ery seUh^ni. propterea quod, because. A perfect participle may be u.sed as a predicate adjec- tive. Tlii.s u.se must not be confused with the use of participles in compound tenses of the passive voice. If (]lrisa est is regarded as a compjouiid tense, fTaUin dicJsa est means '-'Gaul has been divided.'' If dnrtsa is regarded as a predicate adjective, it means "Gaul is divided" (in a divided statej. SUB.JECTS FOi; STUDY AXD REVIEAT (1) Genitive of the Whole. (2) Dative with Proxl- mns. (3) Ablative of Specification. (4) Enclitic Use of C'lriH when used with Personal and Relative Pronouns. Note. "When .studying a reference in your grammar always examine carefully the examples used to illustrate the rale. Kefer- ences are to Allen and Greenough, Bennett. Gildersleeve, Hale and Buck, and Harkness. A. (1) ;]40; (2) 384; (3) 418 ; (4) 14:"!,/; l.jO, ,?. B. (1) 201 ; i3) Iflii ; (3) 220; (4) 142. 4. G. (1) :;i;7~^72 ; (2) 3.30 ; (3 I S'.IT ; ^4 ) 413. E. 1. HB. (1) 340; (2) 302, III; (3) 441 ; (4) 418. a. H- (1) 441-443 ; (2) 434. 2 ; 1^3) 480 ; ^4) IT-j, 7 ; 182. 2. Ti;.\xsL.\TE : Galliae finam partem incolunt Belgae; aliam (partem iucolunt) AipiIt;"inT; incolae tertiae partis ipsorum lingufi Celtae ap[iellautur, nustr;'! lingua Gall: 1, 1] PRELIMINARY STUDIES appellantur. Tertiam (partem incolunt il) qui ipsorum lingua Celtae appellantiir. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna fliiinen dividit. Gallos a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dlvidit.^ Minime ad Belgas mercatores saepe commeant. Translate Chapter I as far as continenter helium gerunt, page 79. CHAPTER I, LAST PART VOCABULARY Aquitania, AqiiUaniae, /., Aquitaiiia, the country of the Aq\dt(inians. attiiigo, attingere, attigi, at- tactiis, touch, reach, border upon, contineo, eontinere, coiitluui, contentus, keep together, re- strain, bound. cotidianus, cotldlana, coti- dianum, daily, customary. extremus, extrema, extre- miim, farthest, last, at the end. fere, adv., almost, nearly ; gen- erally. Hispania, Hispaniae,/., Spain. inferior, inferius, comparative adj., lower, lower part of, weaker. initiuin, initi, n., beginning, origin. obtiiieo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentus, hold, occupy, se- cure. occasiis, oocasHs, m., setting; ocoasus soils, .sunset, the west. Oceiinus, Oceani, in., the ocean. praeoedo, praecedere, prae- cessi, praecessiirus, go be- fore, surpass, excel. Pyrenaei (moiites), the Pyre- nees (Jlountaiiis). quoque, adv. , also, too. rellquus, reliqiia, reliquum, remaining, the rest, future. Rhodanus, Rhodani, m., the Rhone. 1 The Marne and Seine rivers together are thought of as one bound- ary ; hence the compound subject, Matrona et Sequana, has a singular verb. 4 A NK\\' MKTlKiD FDl! CAESAR [l'..(;. septenti-io. septontrionis. //(., specto. sppofare. spectSvi, the niirtli. spei-tiltus. I'H.k at. look Sequani, 8cijiianoi-mii, m.., toward, face. the Seiiuauiaii.<. " /.(•(.;,/<■ -j2, <•). N. G. (li ■■ji;:3, 1; (2) .■"iHd. 2 ; (3) .j28. 2. HB. (1) 344: !2) 4o8, 2 ; (3) -'iSO ; .:,o4, 1 ; .7.10, 1. a. H. (Ij 440. 1 ; (3j 404, 1 ; (3) 01.3; Oil, 2. Teaxsl.itk : Qua tie cansa Helvetii reliqtiris Gallos praecetlunt. Helvetii .suLs fltiilius (.ierinanus jn-oliibent, ant ip.si in Gefinannrum fTiiilius lielluin gerimt. Edrnni fininm uiuani partom (-lalll e>l:itini--nt. Pars rpiain Galll obtineiit initium eapit a flumine Ivhinlann. I'ntnn partem GallOs obtinere dixi. I'naiii partem (lallos nbtinere dic- tum est. I'ars cpiaui Gallds obtinere dictum est attingit ab Sr-(piaiiis flunirii Khenum. Aipntaina ad eani partem t )cei:n]i, tpiae est ad llisjianiaiu, }iertiuet. Ti;.\.\sL.\TE I'li.vrTEi; I, Last 1'.\i;t. I, 1--] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 6 CHAPTER II, FIRST PART VOCABULARY coniHratio. ooniuratloiiis, /., Leinannus (lacus), Leiiianni, ciiiispiracy. ,„., Lake Geneva. cupiditas, cupiditatis, /., Slessala, Messalae, m.. (Slar eaueriiess, desire. ens Valerius) Jlessala, con dives, Gen., divitis, «(?/., ricli ; snl in Gl B.C. ditissimiis, -a, -iiiii, .sH/xr- iiobilis, iiobile, ai1j., well lative iif ilivca. rkhi'Si. known, nolile, eminent. exeo, exire, exii, exiturus, nobililas, nobilitatis, /., no- go out, depart, bility, the noliles. Helvetiiis, Helvetia, Helve- Orgetoiix, Orgetoiigis, m., tiiim, Helvetian, of the Hel- (.)rgetorix, a Ildvi-Han no- vetii. bh-man. indueo. inducore, induxi, in- perfacllis. perfaeile, "f// , very ductus, lead on, induce; easy, draw on, cover. Piso, Pisonis, 7/1., (Marcu.s) lura. liirae, )/(., .T'ura, a rhuhi nf I'iso, consul in Gl B. (J. mountains in lostern Gaul. IDItJJIS una ex parte, on one side. ill lis persuasit, be persuaded them (to do) this. >I. 31essala et JI. Pisone oonsullbus. in (the year of) the consulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY' AND REVIEW (1) Subjective Genitive. (2) C)bjective Genitive. (3) Dative witli J^rsnOsit. (i) Dative ivitli Compounds. (0) Ablative vvitli (Jtor, etc. (G) Ablative of 'Jause. (7) Ablative of Specification. (8) Volitive ^ Sutjstantive t The use of the suhjuuetive A\"hich is seen in coniniamls. exhorta- tions, suggestions, and the corresponding subordinate clauses, is called colitlve in this book. 6 A NEW -^lETHOD FOE CAESAR [b.G. C'lause. (9j Causal C'/o/i-Clause. (lOj Infinitive as Sub- ject, fll; Indirect Discourse. (I2j Causal Use of the Particijile. A. (1; 343, N. 1; (2j Si>i ; (3) 307; (4; 370; (5) 410; (6) 404; (7) 418; (8; .:63 ; (9; .341 1 ; flO; 4.v2 ; (llj .380, a; (12) 406. B. (1) 109; (2) 200; (3) 187. II; (i) 187, III; (5) 218. 1; (6) 219; (7) 226; (8) 295; (9) 280, 2; (W) 327; ril) 314, 2; (12) .337, 2, /). G. (1) 303, 1 ; (2) 363, 2 ; (3j 346 ; (i) 347 ; (5j 407 ; (6) 408; (7) 397; (8) .540; (9; 586; (lOj 4-2; (llj .527; (12) 664 ; 606. HB. (1) .344; (2) 3-54; (3; 362, I; (i, 370; rs) 429; ^6) 444; (7) 441; (8) .502, 3, a; (9) 520; (10; .585; (llj .5.34, 1, a; (12) 604. 2. H. (1) 440, 1 ; (2) 440, 2 ; (3) 426 ; (4) 429 ; (5) 477 ; (6) 475; (7) 480; (8j .508, 2; (9) 598; (10) 615; (11) 042, 1; (12) 638, 1. Tkaxslate : OrgetoTix cIvitatT persuasit ut de finibus suls exirent. Perfacile est t(5tlus (ralliae imperio potlri. (Orgetorix dixit) perfacile esse totlus Galliae impernj po- tiii. Id facilius ils persuasit. Una ex parte tlumine Elieno Helvetii continentur. Translate Chaptee II as far as diridit. I, 2] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 7 CHAPTER 11, LAST PART VOCABULARY adficio, adficere, atlfeci, ad- dolor, dolorls, m. , pain, grief, fectus, affect, afilict, visit distress. witli. fortitudo, fortitudinis, /., arbitror, arbitrari, arbitrS- bravery. tus, judge, tliiiilv. late, adv.^ widely. autem, con}., but, moreover, latitiido, latUndiuis,/., width. on the other hand. longitude, longitudinls, /., bello, bellare, bellavi, bella- length. tus, fight, make war. pateo, patere, patui, be open, cupidus, cupida, cupidum, e.xtend. ad]., eager, fond of, ambi- vagor, vagari. vagatus, roam tious for. about, wander. IDIOMS in longitadineni, in length. his rebus fie bat ut, tlie result of these conditions was that . . . qua ex parte, in this respect, on this account. pro MiultltSdiue hoininuni, in proportion to the number of men. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY" AND REVIEW (1) Genitive witli Mllia. (2) Accusative of Extent. (3) Substantive W-Clause of Result or Actuality. (4) Genitive of the Gerund. A. (1) 134, d ; 13.5, c ; (2) 425 ; (3) 569, 2 ; (4) -504. B. (1) 80, 5 ; (3) 181 ; (3) 297, 2 ; (4) 3.38. 1, b). G. (1) 95, R. 3 ; (3) .335 ; (3) 553, 3 ; (4) 428. HB. (1) 131, 3 ; (2) .387, I ; (3) 521, 3, a) ; (4) 612, I. H. (1) 168; (2) 417 ; (3) 571 ; (4) 626. Translate : Minus late vagabantur. Fiebat ut minus late vagarentur. Helvetii bellandl cupidi erant. An- 8 A >:KW -METHdIi ]'iil! CAESAR [l!.G. gustos flnT's lialii'iiius. An;_;ustris si" fiiif's lialn'i-f ai'bitra- bantur. Fiiir's lullia. passiiuin ducfiita ijuailragiiita pa- tent. FiiiPs inllia passuiuii ceiitiun oi'togiutri patebaiit. Translate Ciiai'']i;i; II, Last Pai;t. CHAPTER III. FIRST PART VOCABULARY adrtnco, adducere, adduxi, inavi. confirinatus.strength- adductus. k'ud to, bring, en. establish, declare, as- induce. .'^ttre. aiiilcitia, aiiiicitlae./., friend- coiistituo, ooiistituere. c-on- sliip. stitui. constitutus. place. aiictoritas. auotoritatis, f., establisli. appoint, resc.ilve, authority, influence. determine, bienuium, biennl, »., two duoo. du-38, 3 (6) 339, 2. G. (1) 303, R. 1 ; (2) 545 ; (3) .508, 3 ; (4) 423, 2 ; (5) 4.32 (6) 4.32. HB. (1) 241, 4 ; (3) 502, 2 ; (3) 535. a ; (4) 580 ; (5) 012, III (6) 012. III. H. (1) 159, 2 ; (2) 508 ; (3) 052 ; (4) 007 ; (5) 028 ; (6) 028. TitANSLATK : Ea quae ad jjroficiscendnm pertinent cona- parant. Constituerunt ea quae ad profielscendum per- tinerent comp)arare. Constituerunt iumentorum quam maximum numerum coemere. Constituerunt sementes quam maxinuis facere. (_'onstituerunt cum proximis civitatibus pacem confirmare. Ad efis re.s cOnficiendas bienninm nobis satis est. Biennium sibi satis esse diixe- runt. Tkaxslate CHAPTEii III as far as cdnfinnant. CHAPTER III, SECOND PART VOCABUL.VRV acceptus. accepta, aceeptuni, taloedis, m., name of a Se- acct'ptable, likfd. qiifininn chief. Casticus, Castici, )/i. , nariif: r,f delijio. deligere, (lelegi, de- a Seqiianian rhief. lertus, choose, select. Catamantaloedes, Cataman- DiviciSoiis, Divloiaci, )»., 10 A XKW JIETHriD FOU CAESAK [B.G. Diviciacus. (( ////r(//(,7,) c//(>/, legatio, legationis, /., eiii- friendhj tn llir l!(n,iiiiis. lj;i-sy. Duninorix. Dimiiiorigis. //)., prirnipatus, principatus, i/< . Dmuiiorix. I.nnhn- nf Din- leadership, .supreiJiacy. rini'iia. Ijiit Hiifrlriii^hj tit thf. suscipio. suscipere, suscepi, EijiYinn.<. siisceptus, take up, uiider- Haeduus, Haeflu;i. Haeiluum, take, begin. of the Haediiajis. (/ tribe of renti'"J Go'oJ ; OS noitn^ a Haeditaii. IDIOMS plebi acoeptus. popidar with the common peopile. in niatrlmonluin dare, give in marriage. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AXD EEVIEW (Ij Nominative as Predicate. (2) Aectisative of Dura- tion. (3) Volitive Substantive Claase. (4; Dative witla Acceptus. (3) Ablative of Time. A. (I) 39.3. o ■ (2) 423 ; (3) 563 : (4) 383 ; (5) 423. B. fl; 177, 3; (2) 181; (3) 295, 1 ; (4i 192, 1; i5) 230. G. (1) 200; (2) 3.30: (3) -546; (i) 359; (5) 393. HB. (1) 392, b; (2) 387, II; I3) -502. 3; (4) 302. I; (5) 439. H. (1) 410, 1; (2) 417; (3j 508, 2 ; .505; (4; 434 ; ^5) 480. Tkaxslate : Catamantaloedes a seniitu popnlT Komani amicus appellatus erat. Orgetori.N; (.'astico persuadet ut re,L;uum in civitate sua oceuparet.' Duiunorix Haediuis eo tempore principatum in civitate olitinebat. Urijetorlx Dumnorigl ut rpgnum occupare eOnaretur persuadet. Traxslatk Ch.vi'Tei: III as far as ihit. t Thouc^li p/'r.^t/dil''t is jirespiit in fnnn, it narrates a past event; hence occi'pdiet is in tlie im[terrect tense. I, 3] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 11 CHAPTER in, LAST PART VOCABULARY c3natuin, conati, n., attempt, ius ii5randuni,i iuris iurandi, endeavor, undertaking. n., an oatli. concilio, concUlare, coiieili- oratio, oratioiiis, /. , speech, avi, coiioillatus, win over, words, argiunent. secure, procure. pei-fi) Substantive QiiJn-(_'la.i\s,e. (4) C'H9u-Clause of Situation. (5) Infinitive as Subject. (6j Conditional Participle. A. (1) 418, a; (2) .561, a; (3) r,.58, a; (4) 546; (5) 454; (6) 496. B. (1) 220, 3; (2) 294; ^3) 298; (4) 288, 1, B; (5) 330; (6) 337, 2, 6). G. (1) 397; (2) 546, N. 2; (3) 556, 2; (4) 585; (5) 635; (6) 667. HB. (1) 414; (3) .502, 3, «. N. ; (3) 521, 3, 6; (4; 524; (5) 686; (6) 604, 3. H. (1) 475, 3; (3) 564, III; (3) -595, 1; (4) 600, II, 1; (5) 615 ; (6) 638, 2. Tkaxslate : Si damniibitur, euni poena sequetuv. (Eum) danmatum poena sequetur, ut igni cremetnr. Damnatum poenam sequi opjortet. CJi-getorlx ad indicium omnem suani faniiliam coegit ; omnes clientes eodem conduxit. Ob earn rem civitas iucitata est. Civitas in- 14 A NEW MKTHOD TO It CAKSAK [B.G. citata armis ills suum exsequetur. Civitas ius suum exseqiu couabitur. Cum multitudiuem hominuin magi.s- ti-atfis c6,<;-<^i-ent, <')i-geturix mortuus est. Ipse sibi mortem conscivit. TkAXSLATE ClIAPTEi; IV. CHAPTER V VOCABULARY adscisco, adsclscere, adscivi, adscitus, attach, receive, admit. Boil, Boiorum, m., the Boii, a Ci;Uir tribe. cibarius, cibaria, cibarium, pertaining to fooil ; cibaria, cibarioruni, «., provi- sions. coinbaro, comburere, com- bussi, combustus, tr., burn, burn up. eflfero, efferre, extuli, elatus, carry out, puljlish, elale. e.xiiro. exiirere, exussi, e.xus- tus, tr., burn up, burn. Latobrigi, Jjatobrigoruin, m., a tribe fiKSOciatud i':itlt tite Ili'lvetiariji. molo, molere, inolui, niolitus, grind. nihiliirn. nfhili, »., nothing. Noreia, Norciae, /., a tuivii of the Noriri. Noricus, Norioa. Xoricum, Noric, of tlie Noiici. oppiigno, oppugnare, oppug- iiavi. oppuguatus, attack, lay siege to. quadringenti, quadringen- tae, quadrlngenta, four Inindred. Rauraci, Raiiraooruin, »i., a tribe near the liliine. redltio, reditionis, /, a re- turn, returning. subeo, subiie, subii, sub- iturus, come u}ider, come up, undergo. toUo, tollere, su.stiili, sub- latiis, lilt up, take, take away, destroy; elate. Tulingi, Tiilingoriiin, m., a (ririiiiiii trilie. iina, mh:,, together with, along with. utT, same as ut, that, so that, in order that. I, 4-5] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 15 IDIOMS ad duodeeim, about twelve. iiihilij minus, nevertheless. ad eain rem paratus, ready for tliis enterprise. omne praeter quod, all except that which. trium lueusium molita cibaria, meal enough for three months. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AKD REVIEW (1) Shortened Perfects. Pnrjiiarant = Puguaverant. (2) Descriptive Genitive. (3) Dative with Compounds. (4) Accusative of the Place Whither. (f>) Aljlative Abso- lute, ((i) Aljlative of the Measure of Difference. (7) Ab- lative of Respect. (8) Ablative of the Starting-point. (9) Object of Utoi; etc. (lOj Purpose Clauses, (llj Yoli- tive Substantive Clause. (12) Infinitive with laheo. (10) Accusative of the Gerundive. A. (1) 181, a; (2) 345, ?j ; (3) ?,7() ; (4) 427,2; (5) 419; (6) 414; (7) 418; (8) 427, 1; (9j 410; (10) 531; (11) 503; (12) 503, a; (13) .500. B. (1) 116; (2) 203, 2; (3) 187, III; (4) 182, 1, b ; (5) 227; (6) 223; (7) 226; (8) 22!), 1, h ; (9) 218, 1; (10)282; (11) 295, 1 ; (12) 331, II ; (13) 339, 2. G. (1) 131, 1; (2) 305, 2; (3) 347; (4) .337; (5) 410; (6) 403; (7) 397; (8) 390, 2; (9) 407; (10) 545; (11) 540; (12) 423, 6; (13) 432. HB. (1) 103; (2) 355; (3) .370; (4) 385, h; (5) 421; (6) 424; (7) 441 ; (8) 451, a; (9) 429 ; (10) 502, 2 ; (11) 502, 3 ; (12) 587 ; (13) 012, III. H. (1 ) 2.38 ; (2) 440, 3 ; (3) 429; (4) 419, 1 ; (5) 489 ; (6) 479; (7) 480; (8) 462, 4 ; (9) 477; (10) 508 ; (11) 505 ; (12) 614 ; (13) 628. Traxslatk : Helv(5tii ut e finibus suis exirent con- stituerant ; id facere conantur. Ad eani rem parati sunt. 10 A NEW METHOD FOR CAKSAR [b.G. Sese ad earn rem ]iai-at(3s esse ai-ljitvatl sunt. Helvetii vicos et i-eli(iiia aediticia inceiiduut. FL-riinentum secuui poi-tatui-i eraiit. Domiiin rediti(3iiis speni tolleiit. (.)mi]ia pericula sublbulit. Pai-atidres ad omnia pevlcula sub- eiiuda enint. Trinin mensinni nmlita cibaria sibi quisque eft'erat. Ivauraci, flnitiini Helvetulram, eodeiii ennsilio utentur. Eodeni usi consiliO cum Heh'etiis pvoticiscentur. Helvetii persuadent Tulin.tjis uti una cum lis proticTs- cantur. Boi(5s ad se receperunt. TRANSLATE ChAPTEE V. CHAPTER VI YOCARULARY AIlobi'oges,Allobrogiim,^l(C., fliio, fliiere, fliixi, flow. Allobrogas, m., a (Jdllii: tribe Geiiava, Geriavae, /.. a citu of near Lake Geneva; run- the AUnTiroijes. iiau: (ieneva. querecl hy the Romans in. 1,?1 impentleo, iiiipendere, over- B.C. Later reroited : fin fitly hang. sithdned in. 61 B.C. Kalenrt;ie, Kalendarum, /. , Aprilis, Aprile, nd}., of April. the Calends, the first da ij uf tlie A. Gubinius' A. Gabini, ni., Roman mmith. Aulas Gabinius, consul in .5$ imilto, adr.. much. B.<'. noncliini. adr., iii>t yet. ponvf'iiio, oonveiiire, coiiveni, iiiiper. adr., lately, recently. conventiis, Ciime together, perpaucf, pevpaucae. per- assemble, meet. paiiea. adj.. very few. •lilTicilis, dlfflcile, adj., not qua, ridatiri- adr., where, by easy, difHcult, hanl. wliirh way. cxistiiiio, pxistiinare, cxisti- qiiintiis. quinta, qiiintiim, inavi, oxistiiiiatus, jiiilne, liftli. thii\k, believe. siiigulf. sinnulao. siiigiibi, one cxpeditiis, expeflita, exporti- at a lime, mie by one. turn, adj., unrnciimbereil. vaduin. A'adi, »., aforil, a slial- easy, lighl-armcd (In.oiis). Inw place, shoal. I, 5-G] PKELIMINARY STUDIES 17 IDIOMS noil iiuUi, some. bono aiilnio in, woU disposed towards. diem diouiit, they appoint a day. a. d. V. Kal. Apr. (ante diem quintiim Kalendas Apriles), the titth day before the Calends of April, March 28. Li. Pisone A. Gabinio consulibus, in (the year of) the consul- ship of Lucius Piso and Aulus Gabinius, 58 li.c. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND EKVIEW (1) The Relative as Adjective. (2) Partitive Appo- sition. (3) Dative with Proximus. (-i) Ablative of Place. (5) Descriptive Ablative. (6) Place Whence. (7) Descriptive Clauses. (8) Volitive Subjunctive in a Relative C'lause. (9) Volitive Substantive Clause. (10) Result Clause. (11) Mood in Subordinate Clause of Indirect Discourse. (12) Object Infinitive. (13) Dates. A. (1) 307, b; (2) 282, a; (3) 432, a, N. ; (4) 429; (5) 415; (6) 427, 1; (7) 535; (8) 531,2; (9) 503; (10) 537; (11) 580; (12) 563, c; (13) 631. B. (1) 251, 3; (2) 169, 5; (3) 192, 1 ; (4) 228, 1, h ; (5) 224, 1 ; (6) 229, 1, /),• (7) 283; (8) 282, 2; (9) 295; (10) 284; (11) 314; (12) ,331, III; (13) 371. G. (1) 616 ; (2) 323 ; (3) .359 ; (4) .885, N. 1 ; (5) 400 ; (6) 390, 2; (7) 631, 2; (8) 630; (9) 546; 553, 2; (10) 5-52, 1 ; (11) 650 ; (12) 527 ; (13) p. 491. HB. (1) 284, 4 ; (2) 319, I, a ; (3) 302, III ; (4) 4.36 ; (5) 443 ; (6) 451 ; (7) 521, 1 ; 517, 2 ; (8) 502, 1 ; (9) 502, 3 ; (10) 521, 2 ; (11) 534, 2 ; 535, 2 ; (12) 587 ; (13) 661 ; 664 ; 605. H. (1) 399 ; (2) 393, 4 ; (3) 4:54 ; (4) 485, 2 ; (5) 473, 2 ; (6) 491, II, 2 ; (7) 591, 5 ; (8) 590 ; (9) 565 ; (10) 570 ; (11) 043 ; (12) 613 ; (13) 754. Translate : Erant duo itinera ; fmum iter per Se- quanos erat, alterum per provinciani nostram erat. Iter 18 A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR [e.g. per provinciain iiiulto faciliiis fuit. Allutaruges nuper pricati erant; nondum Ijoiio auimo in poj>uliiiii Komanum eraut. Noiuluin boiKj auiiuo in populuui ROruanum (esse) videbantur. Kliodanus iifm niillls locis transltur. Ex- trenuini oppidum Allobroguni est Genava. Allolirogibus Helvetil persuadebunt ut per suos fines eos Ire patiautur. Helvetii Allobrogas vi cogent ut per fines suos eos ire patiantar. Quiidain die ad ripam Ehodaiu onmes con- veniant. Translate Chapter VI. CHAPTER YU, FIRST PART VOCABULAUV certus, certa, certum, sure, certain. tru.stworthy. linpei'o, iinperare, iniperavi, iinperatus, command ; levy (sohlierti) . licet, llcere, licuit, impentoual verb, it Ls allowed, it i.s per- mitted. maleficiiini, inalefici, »., harm, mischief. niaturo, maturare, maturavi, iiiatQi-atiis, hasten, make haste. Nainnieius, Naniiiiei, /;!., a Helvetian. qiiain niaximis (potest) itinoribiis, by forced marches. provinciae niilites iinperare, levy on the province for soldiers. pervenio, pervenire, pervCQi, perventnrus, arrive at, reach, come to. princeps, (reii.. principis, adj., first, chief, foremost. reseindo, res<'indere, rescidi, rescissus, cut away, destroy. ulterior, iilterius. adj.. farther. Verucloetius, Verucloeti, ?)(., a. Helvi'tian. voluntas, voluntatis, /., will, good-will, consent. I, 6-7] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 19 euni certiorem facit, he informs him (makes liim more certain) Is certior fit, he is informed. iis est in aniiiio, they have it in mind, they intend. eius voluntate, witli his approval. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND REVIEAV (1) Qjtum with Superlative. (2) Ablative of Attend- ant Circumstances. (3) Eelative Clause of Purpose. (4) Cwm-Clause of Situation. (5) Infinitive as Subject. (6) Infinitive as Appositive. (7) Indirect Discourse. (8) Substantive Clause of Request. The Rhone near Geneva A. (1) 291, c; (2) 418, a ; (3) 581, 2; (4) 5-t6 ; (5) 452, 1 ; (6) 452, 2 ; (7) 580 ; (8) 50.3. B. (1) 240, 3; (2) 220, 2; (3) 282, 2; (4) 288, 1, B; (5) 327, 1 ; (6) 169, 1 ; (7) 314, 1; (8) 295, 1. 20 A XEW METHOD FOR CAESAR [e.g. G. (1) .303. "R.; (2) SO'.i, X. 1; (3) 030; (i) 585; (5) 422 (6) 4111; (7; ii4s ff. ; ,8) 540. HB. (1) 241. 4 ; (2) 422. I. -/ ; (3j 502. 2 ; d) 524 ; (b) 585 (6) 597, 1, ft ; (7) 534 ; f8) 530, 2. H. (1) 150, 2; (2) 473, 3; (3) 500; (i) GOO. II; (5) 015 (6; 010, 2 ; (7; 042 ; (8j 505. Traxsl.ite: Helvetii per prriviiiciain iter facere cOnantur. Provinciae maximum milituiu niiinerui]i im- perat. De eius adventil Helvetii certiore.s fact! sunt. Xobis est in animo iter per pr(jviiiciam facere. Eogamus ut tua voluntate iil nobis facere lieeat. Trax.slate (JiiAPTf;R YII as far as U.ceat. CHAPTER VII, LAST PART VOCABULARY delibero. deliberare, delibe- ravi, deliberatus, deliberate, consider. duni, corij., while, so long as, until. faeultas, facultatis. /., power, opportunity ; pL, means, re- sources. Idas. Iduuiii, ^'., the Ides, ISth or loth of lite month. interoedo, intercedere, inter- cessi, Interoessurus. go be- tween, intervene, exist be- tween. iiigiini, liigi. //., a yoke, riOL;e, crest. Ij. C'assius. L. Cassi. ;/(., Lucius Cassius, roiixiil ill III} Jl.C. niemorla. memoriae. /. , mem- ory. revertor, reverti (per/., re- vertij, reversus. return, come bacli. spatium. spati, n.. space, dis- tarice ; space o£ time. sub, prep, iritli (7M(ft-Glause of an Anticipated Act. (5) Subjunctive in Indirect Command. (G) Gerund. A. d) p. 89, footnote 1; (2) 415; (3) 420, 4; (4) 553 (5) 588; (6) 500. B. (1) 116, 2; (2) 224; (3) 227, 2, 6; (4) 203, III, 2 (5) 316; (6) 338, 3. G. (1) 130, 8; (2) 400; (3) 409; 667; (4) 572; (5) 652 (6) 432. HB. (1) 164, 2 ; (2) 443 ; (3) 421, 6 ; (4) 507, 5 ; (5) 538 (6) 012, III. H. (1) 243 ; (2) 473, 2 ; (3) 489, 1 ; (4) 603, II, 2 ; (5) 642 (6) 028. Translate : Caesar memoria tenebat L. Cassium con- sulem occlsuni (esse). Caesar memoria tenebat exercitum Cassi sub iugum missum esse. Concedendum non est. Coneedendum non (esse) putabat ; neque homines ini- mlco anim(5 temperabunt ab iniuria. Data faeultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, non temperabunt ab male- ficio. Diem ego ad deliberandum silmam. Si quid vultis, ad Idus Apriles revertimini. Tkanslate Chapter VII, Last Part. 22 A NEW METHOD Foil CAESAR [b.G. CHAPTER VIII, FIRST PART VOCAHrLAIiY altitudo, altitndinis, /., iiitorea, adi\, meanwhile, in lieight, deptli. tlie meantime. castclluin, castelli, «., fort, invitus, invita, invituni. (iilj.^ rciluubt, strongliuW. unwilling. commuriio. ooinniuriire, com- perduco. perdacere, perdBxJ, inuiiivi, oonimunitiis, fui- perdiictiis, bring, conduct, tify. prolong. dispono, disponere, disposui, quo, irith siihjiturtu-e. in order dlspositiis, place here and that. there, distriljute, station. undevigintl, nineteen. iufliio, influere, inflH.xi, in- flu.YDrus, flow into. iDio:\is milia passuuni, miles. muruiii perdiioere, construct a w;rll. se iuvito, (he Ijeing unwilling) without his consent, against his will. SUBJECTS roil STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Descriptive Genitive. (2) Accusative of Ex- tent. (3) Ablative Absolute, [-i) Ablative of ^Nleaus. (5) Purpose Clause with Qku. A. (1) 34-3; (2) 42.3; (3) 419; (4) 4(19; (5) .531, 2. «. B. (1) 203, 2; (3) 181 ; (3) 227; (4) 218. ID; ^5) 2.82, 1, a. G. (1) 30.5, 2; (3) 33.5; (3) 4(19 f. ; (4) 401 ; ^5) .54.5, 2. HB. (1) 35.5; (3) 387, I; (3) 421 ; (4) 423, <( ; (5) .502, 2, h. H. (1) 440,3; (2; 417; (3) 489; (4j 470; (5) .508. 7. Tk.\.xsl,vti.; : ]Militibus ;! lacii Lcuianno ad nirmtem luraiu niuruni peiddcit. ^Mllia passiiiun lunlevlginti fos- I, 8] rilELIMIXAIlY STUJJIES 23 sam perducit. Murus est in altitudiiiem pedum sedecini. Si Caesare invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. Translate Chaptee VIII as far as posset. CHAPTER VIII, LAST PART VOCABULARY compliires, complura and coiiipluria, many, several. coiiatus, eonatiis, )»., an at- tempt. concursus, concursBs, m., a running together, onset, charge. deicio, deicere, deleci, de- lectus, cast down, drive off, destroy. desisto, desistere, destiti, de- stitiii'iis. cease, desi.st. exempluin, exempli, n., ex- ample, practice, precedent. interdlB, adv., by day. iungo, luiigere, iiinxi, iiine- tiis, join. (parvus, minor), minimus, minima, minimum, least. miinitio, mnnitionis, /., forti- fication. uego, negiire, negavi, nega- tus, say no, say . . . not, deny. noctu, old ahl. used as adv., by night. numquam, adv., never. ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus, show, point out, declare. perrumpo, perrumpere, per- rBpi, perruptus, break through. ratis, ratis, /., raft. repello, repellere, reppuli, repulsus, drive back, re- pulse, repel. IDIOMS naves iunctae, a pontoon bridge, a bridge of boats joined to- gether. negat se posse, he says that he cannot. non numquam, sometimes. operis munitio, the construction of the works, fortifications. 24 A NEW JIETHOD FOIl CAESAR [B.G. vim faoere, use force, force a way through. oouantur si, they try to see if. SUB.JECTS EOIl STUDY AND ItEVIEW (1) Subjective Genitive. (2) Ablati\-e of Separation. (?<) Ablative of Accordance. (4) ,S7 introducing Indi- rect Question. (.")) Infinitive a.s <_)biect. A. (1) 34.3, N, 1 ; d) 400; (3) 418, a; (4; o7G, a; (5) 4.39. B. (1) r.iO; (3j il4 ; (3) 220, .3; (4j 300, .3 ; (5) 3.31. G. (1) 3(33.1; (2) 390,2; (3) 397; (4) 400, h; (b) 527; -530. HB. (1) 344; (2) 408,2; (3) 414; (i) .582,2.%; (b) 589. H. (1) 440, 1; (2) 462, 1; (3J 475, 3; (4; 649, II, 3; (5) 613. Translate : Diem coustituerat cum legatis. Ego more popull Eomanl non posstim iter ulli per pr(3vinciam dare. Si vim facere conabimini, prohibebo. Helvetii nflves iunxerunt ; alii vadis Ehodani trfmsire conati sunt. Si perrumpere possent conati sunt. Tkaxslate Chapter VIII, Last Pakt. CHAPTER IX VOCABrLAItY angustiae, angustianini, /. , iiupctro, iiiipetiare. Impe- nariownes.s, narrow pass, dif- travi. iiiipetratus. obtain a Acuities. reiiiiest. secure. boneflcium, benefici, »., ser- Itaqiie. wlr., and so, accord- vice, favor, kindness. inuiy. deprecHtor, deprecatoris, «!., largitio, largitlonis. f.. gener- mediator, intercessor. osity, bribing. gratia, gratiac, /., gratitude, obstringo. obstiiiigere, ob- goi)d-will, inlluence. striiixi, obstrictiis, bind. I, 8-9] PUELIMINAKY STUDIES 25 prof'tcr, rtrlv. nnrl pivp. vith tarily, by one's own influ- rtrc/(s., near l)y ; on accountof. ence. GeH., spoiitis, ^1/)?., sponte, ./., stiideo, stiidere, studiii, be of one's own accord, volun- eager for, be devoted to. IDIOMS Sequanis itivitis, without consent of the Sequani, if the Se- quani should be unwilling. eo depreoatore, (he being intercessor) by his intercession. in matrimonluiii ducere, marry {aaid of tlie man) ; cf. nubo. novae res, new conditions, a revolution. habere obstrictas, keep under obligations. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Objective Genitive. (2) Dative vvitli Amicus. (3) Dative with Studeo. (4) Accusative of Degree (5) Ablative of JNIanner. (6) Conclitional Aljlative Absolute. (7) Ablative of Cause. (8) Ablative of Separation. (9) C/?-C]ause of Purpose. (10) Snl> stantive f/i-Clause. (11) Causal C'UH-Clause. (12) Habere witli Participles. (13) Infinitive witli Patior. A. (1) 348 ; (2) 383 ; (3) 307 ; (4) 3!)0, c ; (5) 412, b ; (6) 420, 4; (7) 404; (8) 401; (9) 531, 1; (10) 508; (11) 549; (12) 497, b ; (13) 563, c. B. (1) 200; (2) 192, 1; (3) 187, II, «; (4) 176, 3, j-) 220. 3: (G^ 227. 2. b"): (7) 219; (8) 214. 2: (9^ 282. (1„, ...-. , V — y "— , -; -■ HB. (1) 354; (2) 362; (3) 302; (4) 387, III; (5)445,1, (6) 421,6; (7) 444; (8) 408,2; (9) 502,2; (10) 531, 2; (H) .525 ; (12) 605, 5 ; (13) 587. H. (1; 440, 2 ; (2)434; (3)426; (4)416,2; (5)473,3; 26 A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR [B.G. (6)489,1; (7)47.'-,; (8)402; (9)508; (10)560; (11)598; (12; 040, L' ; (U) 014. Traxslate : Est Cilia per S(5q\ianos via. St5quanls sua S[ioiite persnadere non poterant. Dumnorlge depre- catore a Sequanis impetrabunt. Duninovix largitioiie apud Sequanos plurimum potei-at. iJumnoiix Helvetils erat amicus. Duiunorix plurimas civitates sufj beneficid habuit obstrictas. Quain plurimas civitates habere ob- sti'ictas volebat. Helvetii et Sequanl obsides inter se dabuiit. iJumnorix uti obsides inter se dent periieit. Seijuani (obsides dant) ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant. TeAXSLATE CllAI'TEK IX. CHAPTER X YOnABFLAEY Aquileia. Aqulleiae, /., Aqui- scrip.si, oonscriptus, enroll, leia, a city "f Cisalpine GauJ enlist. on the Aitrintif Sfri. extra, ailr. nnil jrrrp. irith ac- bellloosus, bellicosa, belli- cim.. onLside of, lieyond. eosuni, warlike. frnmentariiis. frunientarla. Caturiges, CaturlKimi, «i,, nil frriiiKiitarium. iieilaining to jVpine triiie of Gmils. grain, iiroiliictire of grain. Ceiitrone,s, Ceutronuin, /((., OH Graloceli, Graioceloruin. //(., Alpiiii' Irilji' of l'-i,ni]s. ri (littlii- tril'i- in tin: Alps. ciroum. odn. anil prep, witli hibernus, Iiiberna. hibeinum. (-(('(■H.s-., around, about. ,/,(/., df winter; hibcrna, citerior, eiterliis, ronip. mlj., hiberiioriiin, «., winter nearer, bitlier ; nsnt of tlw i|U;irtei'.s. tlfillii- provinee nearer liione, IiieniO, hieiiiare, hieinavi, disalpine (,'aiil. Iiipiiiaturus, pass the winter, eoiiseribo, eonscribere, con- winter. r, 0-10] PEfiLIMlNAllY STUDIES 27 inaxirne, adv., especially, very, Oceluin, Oceli, it., a town nf the Graioceli on the western border of the province of Cis- alpine Gaul. praefloio, praeficere, prae- feci, praefoftus, place at the head, put in command. Santones, Santoniiin, Arc., Santonos, it tribe of inestern Gcnd north of the Garumna. Segusiavi, Seguslavorum, m., a tribe of centred Gaul. Septimus, septiiua, septimiiiii, seventh. superior, superius, coiiip. adj., higher, earlier, stronger. Tolosates, Tolosiitium, the inhabitants of Tolosa, Vocoritii, Vocontiorum, a Gallic tribe south of Allobroijes. rn.. m., the SUBJECTS FOE STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Dative of the Possessor. (2) Dative witli Fini- iima.s. (3) Dative with Compotiiid Verbs. (4) Ablative of Manner. (H) Ablative Absolute. (G) Ablative of Separation. (7) Ablative of Time. (S) Substantive Ut- Clause of Result or Actualitj'. (9) Infinitive as Subject. (10) Infinitive as Complement. (11) Infinitive as Ob- ject. A. (1) 373; (2) 384; (3) 370; (4) 412; (5) 419; (6) 401; (7) 423; (8) 500, a; (9) 4o2 ; (10) 450; (11) 459. B. (1) 190; (2) 192, 1 ; (3) 187, 111,2; (4) 220, 1 ; (5) 227 ; (6) 214, 2; (7) 230; (8) 297, 2; (9) 327; 3.30; (10) 328; (11) 331, 1. G. (1) 349; (2) 359; (3) 347; (4) 399; (5) 409; (6) 390, 2; (7) 393; (8) 553,3; (9) 535; (10) 423; (11) 527. HB. (1) 374 ; (2) 302, III ; (3) 370, a ; (4) 445 ; (5) 421 ; (6) 408, 2; (7) 439; (8) 521, 3; (9) 585; (lO) 580; (11) 589. H. (1) 430 ; (2) 434 ; (3) 429, 1 ; (4) 473, 3 ; (5) 489 ; (6) 402 ; (7) 480; (8) 571, 1; (9) 015; (10) 007; (11) 013. Traxslate : Helvetiisest in animo iter facere. Nun- tiatur Helvetiis esse in animo iter facere. Id si fiet, -^k A NEW MKTHOD FOK CAESAIl [B.G. provincia homines bellicOsos loeis ])ateritibus fmitirarjs habebit. ^MagiiO ciiiu iierirMilij jiroviuciae erit lit popull Eoinani iniinicos Liols patf-ntibus fliiitiinos habeat. jMunitiriiu Lablr-num jn-aeficit. Tm~s (legioiiPs) fx lii- Ijeniis T'dficit. ri'oxiuKun itnr m Galliaiu }ier Alpes ei-at. Ceuti'oiies loca superiova oecupaveruiit. Compluribus hi proeliis pulsi sunt. OceUun est oppidum citerioris pro- vineiae exti-Pmum. Tkaxslatf; Chaptei. X. CHAPTER XI A'OCABULAKY abdnco, abflncere, abduxi, abduotus, lead away, take away. Ambarri. Ainbarroruin, ra., a trijip iif (iaiils, rflni.ed to the Hiii>'j2 ; (4,, 4(;7 ; ■ 5; 131. 1. HB. (1) 386 ; (2) 443 ; i3i -'^il. 2 ; (4j 534. 2. Ill ; (b) 103. H. (1) 406 ; 413 ; (2, 473, 2 : ( 3) 57U ; (4, 040. II ; (b) 238. Tkax.slate : In utrani partem (ilrredion) fluit Arar ■? In. utram partem fluat iudicari n(5n potest. Tres iam partes Helvetii id flumen. tradiixerunt ; quarta fere pars citra flumen reliqua est. De tertia vigilia e castrls pro- fectus est. Tkaxslate Chapter XII as far as aMidervnt. CHAPTER XII, LAST PART VOrABULAEY calaniitas. calamitatis, /., dis- <»'?/.. of the people, of the state, aster, misfortune. pulilic. casus, casus, m.. accident, sive. ''o/y. , or if ; sire. . . sive, chance. forri'h:itii:e-<. either . . . or. iiniiiortalis. ininiortale. «<'./., sooer, soceri, m.. a father-in- imniortal. Uiw. inslgnis, insigne, f'l?/., marked, s<5Iuni. H'h-.. alone, only. notable, signal. Tigiirinus. Tigurina. Tigiiri- pagus, pagi, in., a district, num. O'li.. of tlie Tigurini, canton. mir nf Ihi: fmir cantons of thf persolvo. porsolvere. persoU i. llrh-^linn.i. persoliitus. pay. .-ulfir i ) ; (4) 211, 2 ; (5) 251, 4, a. G. (1) 347 ; (2) 399, N. 1 ; (3) 390, 2 ; (4) 32-5, ; (5) (HCi. HB. (1) 37G; (2) 44r, ; (3) 451, «; (4) 243; (5) 284, 0. H. (1) 429 ; (2) 473, 3 ; (3) 462, 4 ; (4) 497, 3 ; (5) 399, 3. Translate: Ea pats, quae calamitatem populO Ro- mano intulerat, princeps poenas persolvit. (^iiae pars calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea (pars) poenas p)ersolvit. Pisonem Tigurinl eodem proelio quo Cassium (interfecerunt) interfecerant. Tkanslate CiiAPTEit XII, Last Pakt. CHAPTER XIII, FIRST PART VOCABULARY aegre (aegruis, aogerrinie), coiiiinoveo, coiiiinovere, com- udo., feebly, with difficulty, movi, commotus, move, stir, hardly. disturb, alarm. Cassiaiiiis, Ctissiana, Cassia- eonscquor, conseqiii, conse- iiiiin, adj., of Cassias, with cutus, follow, overtake, se- Cassius. cure. 34 A NEAV METHOD F(_ill CAESAR [P..G. euro, curare, curavi, curatiis, take care, prnvide fi>r, cause. Divlco, Diviconis, ;/i.. IIcl- VfdUin Irnih-r. inconiinoduin, iucomiiiofli. )(., disadvantage, iiiisfortune, defeat, disaster. pcrsequor. perseqdi. perse- outus, follow up, pursue, at- tack. persevere, perseverare, per- severavi, perseveraturus, persist. pristiiius, pristina, pristi- iiuni. old, foniicr. reniiiiiscor, reniinisci, re- member. repentinus, repentina, repen- tinuin, sudden, hasty. sill, '■"/(,/., but if. vetus, ('tK)i,.. vetcrls,! «,'.?j. , old, former. IDIOMS hoc proelio facto, after this battle. ponteni facienrtiim carat, he has a bridge made. cum aliquo agere, treat with some one, plead with some one. SUBJECTS FOi; STUDY A>'D REVIEW (1) Ablative of Cause. (2) Ablative of Time. (3) Genitive with Verbs of Eemembering. (4 > t7-Clause of Purpose, (o) Substantive t7-Clause of Actuality. (<>) CV//i-C'lause of Situation and Cause. (7) Causal Parti- ciple. (Sj Gerundive. (9) Statements and Commands in Indirect Discourse. (10) Subordinate Clauses in In- direct Discourse. (11) Future Perfect cbansxed to Plu- perfect Sulijnnctive in Indirect Discourse. A. (1) 404 ; (2) 42:1 ; (3) S-'.O ; (4) 531 ; (5) -570 ; (6) 540. X, 2 ; (T) 400 ; (8) 500, 4 ; (9) 580 ; 588 ; (10) 580 ; (11 ) 484. r. B. (1) 210 ; (2) 230, 2 ; 231 ; (3) 200, 2 ; (4) 282, 1 ; (5) 207, 3 ; (6) 288, I, B ; (7) 337, 2./); (8) 337, 8, 6, 2 ; (9) 331, 1 ; 310 ; (10) 314, 1 ; (11) 310, (/. 1 Yetvs is one iif the few adjectives of the third declension which have a consonant stem tlirousliout ; Xom.-Acc. Neat. PI., cetera; Abl. Sing., vetere ; Gen. PI., reteruin. I, r?,] PKELIMINARY STUDIES 35 G. (1) 408; (2) 39.3; (3) 376; (i) 545; (5) 557; (6) 586; (7) 666 ; (8) 430 ; (9) 650 ; 652 ; (10) 650 ; (11) 510. HB. (1) 444; (2) 430; (3) 350; (4) 502, 2; (5) 521, 3, N. ; (6) (7) 004, (8) 612, III ; (9) 589 ; 533 ; 534 ; 538 ; (10) 534, 2 ; (11) p. 244, footnote. H. (1) 475; (2) 486; (3) 4.54; (4) .568; (5) .571, 4; (6) 600, II, 1 ; (7) 638, 1 ; (8) 622 ; (9) 642 ; (10) 643 ; (11) 644, 2. Tkanslate : Id (lit flumen trausiret) Caesar imo die fecerat. Id ilium uno die fecisse intellegebant. Si pacem popukis EOmauus cum Helvetils faciet, in eam partem Ibunt Helvetii ubi tii, Caesar, e5s esse volueris. Sin bello persequi perseverabis, reminlscere pristiuae virtutis Hel- vetiorum. Translate Chaptek XIII as far as virttiiis Ileloe- tidrum. CHAPTER XIII, LAST PART VOCABULARY adorior, adoriri, adortus, at- tack, assail. commltto, eoiiimittere, com- misi, coiiimissus, j'"'iii, trust, allow, coiiniiit. despioio, despicere, despexi, despectus, look down upon, despi.se. disco, discere, didlcS, learn. dolus, doU, ))»., deceit, tricks, stratagem. improvise, adv., unexpectedly. internecio, interneoionls, /., extermination, annihilation. magis, adv., more, ratlier. maiores, niaiorum, m., an- cestors. nJtor, niti, nisiis or nixus, struggle, strive, exert one's self. prodo, prodere, prodidi, pro- ditiis, give up, betray, hand down, transmit. tribxio, tribuere, tribuT, tri- butus, grant, render, attrib- ute, ascribe. 36 A NEW METHOD FOK CAESAR [B.G. iDro:M.s ne suae magiiopere virtuti trlbuat, let liim not give his own valor too much creilit. insidiis iiiti. rely on ambush. SUBJECTS FOK STUDY AXD r;EVIE\Y (1) Ablative of :\leans. (2 ) Ablative witli Xrtor. ( .'T; Ee- sult Clauses. (4) Substantive Clause of Conserit or Acqui- escence. (5) ^//^o'7-(Jlause of Respect. ('6) pL-ohibitions in Direct and Indirect Discourse. (T) Subordinate Clause in Indirect Discourse. {^S; Future Perfect in Indirect Dis- course. A. (1)409; (2j431; (3) 5.37; (4) -503; (5j 572. « ; (6) 4-50 588, N. 2 ; (7) 580; (8) 484, <■. B. (Ij L'18; (2) 218,3; (3) 284; (4) 295, 2; (5) 290.2 (6) 276, c ; 31(J ; (1 j 314, 1 ; (S) 319. B. «. G. (.1) 401; (2) 401, R. 6; (3) 6.52; (4j 5.>3, 2 ; (5; -525.2 (6) 271,2; 6.52 ; (7j 6.50; 654; (8) 510. HB. (1; 423 ; (3) 438, 1 ; (3) 521, 2 ; (4) 531. 2 ; rs) 552, 2 (6) 501, 3, ,1. 2 ; .534, 2 ; 538 ; (7) 5.34. 2 ; f8,i p. 244. footnote. H. (1) 476; (2) 476,3; (3) 570; (4) 565; (5) 588, 3, X. (6) 5(il ; 642, 4 ; (7j 643 ; (8; 644, 2. TitAXSLATE : (4uod iiuprOvisO finura pitgum adortus es, n.oli oli eani rem nos ipsos desjiicere. Il CjUi flfuiieii transierant suis auxiliuni forre n(5u jioterant. i^Hiod unuin p)ri;:Tuni adortus es cuni ii suis auxiliuni ferre uOn possent, nfill ob eani rem tuae ma,c;iiopere virtuti tribuere. X(5s ita fi maioribus nostrls didicimus ut magis virtfite con- tendfimus quam dolf) nitaniur. Xoli coiumittere ut is locus ex cabiiintrite populf Unm;lnT iiomen capiat. Tkaxslate CiiAi'TKi; XI II, Last TArtT. I, 13-14] PUBLIMINARY STUDIES 87 CHArXER XIV, FIRST PART VOCABULATtr caveo, cavero, cfivi, cautiis, deoipio, decipere, deoepi, de- be on one's guard, guard oeptus, deceive, against. dubltatio, dubltatioiiis, /., conimemoro, coninieiiiorare, doubt, hesitation. eommeinorav;, coiiimemo- merituin, merlti, «., desert, ratus, mention. service. cons<'ius. conscia, conscium, knowing, conscious, aware of. IDIOMS minus diibitationis, less hesitation. gravius ferre, be more indignant. eo gravhis fero qiiS, I am as mucli the more indignant as. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Forward-moving Use of the Eelative. (2) Parti- tive Genitive with Miims. (3) Objective Genitive witli Conscius. (4) Dative with COnscius. (5) Abkitive of the Measure of Difference. (G) Ablative of Manner. (7) Ab- lative of Canse. (8) (Uause introduced by Qudre. (9) Indirect Discourse. (lOj Condition Contrary to Fact, A. (1) 308,/; (2) U(i, 3; (3) -349, a; (4) 383; (5) 414 (6) 412 ; (7) 404 ; (8) 535, a ; (9) 580 ; 584 ; 585 ; 589 ; (10) 517 B. (1) 251,0; (2) 201, 2; (3) 204, 1; (4) 192; (5) 223 (6) 220, 3 ; (7) 219 ; (8) 295, 7 ; (9) 313 ; 314 ; 317 ; 318 ; (10) 304 G. (1) 010 ; (2) 309 ; (3) 374 ; (4) 3.52 ; (5) 403 ; (6) 399, N. 1 (7) 408 ; (8) 031, 2 ; (9) 649 ft.; (10) 597. HB. (1) 284, 8 ; (2) 340 ; (3) 354 ; (4) 303, 1, 6) ; (5) 424, a (6) 445 ; (7) 444 ; (8) 613, 2 ; (9) .533 ; .534 ; 635, 2; (10) 581. H. (1) 510 ; (2) 442 ; (3) 451, N. 2; (4) 434 ; (5) 479 ; (6) 473, 3 (7) 475 ; (8) 591, 4 ; (9) 042-045 ; 647 ; (10) 579. 38 A NEW METHOIJ FOR CAESAR [B.r Teaxslati-: : Eo milii minus dubitationis datur. Eas res, quas coiiiirieuioi-astis ( =commeiiioravistis), niemoria teiieo. XOn meritO populi KOiiirmi aceidHi-unt. Eo gra- vius fero quo minus meritO popull fioananl acciderunt. Populus Eoiiianus iilllus inifiriae silji C(j]iseius non fuit. SI alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, nou fuit difficile ravt're. Xihil fommissum a populo PiomanO erat quare timeret. Xon sine causa timendum est. Traxslate Chaptek XIV as far us putoret. CHAPTER XIV. SECOND PAKT VOCABULARY admiror. admirari, adnii- ratus. be suriji-ised, wonder at, admire. comniBtatlo, coniniutatlonis. /., a chance. consiiesco. oonsiiescere. con- suevi, consiietus. become accustomed ; p':rf., be accu.s- tomed, be wont. contunielia, oontunieliac. /. , an insult, indii_'nity. depono. deponere, deposui, depositiis. lay down, lay aside. diaturnus. diutiirua. diutiir- nuni, long (in ti/m-), loiig continued. doleo. dolere, doliii, doli- turus. feci pain, suffer, grieve. enini. coiij.. really, for. glorlor. gloriari. gloriatus, glory in. boast. iinpune, O'h-., with impitnity. impunitas. impunitatis. /., freedom fmni puni.sliment, impunity. insolenter. mlr.. insultingly. liiterduni. ci'c, for a time, sometimes. recens. ijf'n., reeentis. n) C7('-Claase of Purpose. (G) L7(-(_'lause of Result. (7) rVdversative C'-n/t-Claiise. A. (1) 348 ; (2) 308, 2 ; (3) 370 ; (4) 420, 1 ; (5) ry?A ; (6) 537 (7) 549. B. (1) 200 ; (2) 187, II ; (3j 187, III, 2 ; (4j 227, 2, a) ; (5) 282 (6j 284, ] ; (7) 300, 3, G, (1) 303, 2 ; (2) 340 ; (3) 347 ; (4) 409 ; (5) 54.-; ; (6) 552 (7) 587, HB. (1) 354 ; (2) 302, I ; (3) 370, l ; (9) 573 f. ; riOj 407. h ; fll) 280, r, ; 306, b. B. (1) 240; (2) 181 ; (3) 228, 1, h ; fi) 201, 1. r, ; f5) 217; (6)214,2; (7)282,2; ('8)284; (9j 300 ; aO; 337. 7 ; ai)2.50,4. G. (1)207,2; (2)336; (3j 38-5, X. 1 ; r4;372.R. 2; fS) .308 ; (6)300,2; (7j0.30; (8)552; (9)467; (10; 241, X. 2; (11)614, -i, o. HB. ri)241,2; (2)387.11; (3)4.30; (4)346.^; ('5)416,-7; (6) 408, 2 ; fl) 502, 2 ; (8) 521, 2 ; fS) .537, /,. r ; ('10) 605, 5 ; ai; .331. 1. H. (1)408; (2; 417; (3)485,2; (4)444; (5)471; (6)462; (7)590; (8; 570; (9)649,11; (10)640.2; (11)397. TiiAxsL-VTE : C)uas in partr-s hostes iter faciunt ? Equites videbunt quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Eijuitaturn omneui praemittit qui videant quas in jiartes hostes iter faciant. Eqiiitr-s cupidius novissimum agmen Tnsecutl sunt. AlienT) hjcO proelium eommittunt. Helve- til suljsistere nfm u(nnqiiam cnepprnnt. ( 'aesar satis habr-b;(t hostem rapTnLs proliibcre. Inter hostes et Ho- I, 15-10] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 43 manos noii anipliiis quiiique milibus passiuim iutererat. Dies qulndecini noti amplius qulnis milibus passuuiu iutererat. Translate Chaptel. XV. Through t]us valleij the JltlvciUni^ aiarcheO^ while Cae&ar fuUoioed five or six miles behind. CHAPTER XVI, FIRST PART VOCABULARY averts, avertere, averti, aver- sus, turn away, estrange. ooiTiporto, coniportare, coiii- portavi, coinportatus, col- lect, briug in. confero, conferre, oontuli, ooiilatus, bring together, collect, compare, a.scribe, defer. cotidle, adv., daily, every day. 44 A NEW jrETfll.lD FOR CAESAR [b.O. flngito, flagitSre, flagltavi, pabulum, pabiili, »., fodder, llaKitatus, deiiiiiiid. L;reeii fodder. frigus, fi-igoris, u.. cold, cold publice, ndn., publicly, as a weather; ji/., frosts. state. fruiuenta, fiii.i.entorum (jil. sub\ eho, subvehere. subve.xi, o/fiunientum), /( , standing subveetus, bring up. grain. maturus, niatura, luaturum, ripe, earlj'. IDIOMS ■ne. . . quidern, not even. The emphatic word comes between jie and quidem. minus potcrat, he could not. Minns is simply a milder nega- tive than iiuii. diem e.-v die ducuut, they put him off from day to day. SUB.IECTS FOE .STUDY AXD EEVIEW (1) T^vo Accusatives with Verbs of Asking. (2) Ab- lative with Utor. (3) Ablative of the Route. (4) Infor- mal Indirect Discourse. (5) Historical Infinitive (= Im- perfect Indicative). A. (1) 39(5 ; (2) 410 ; (3) 429, a ; (i) 592 ; (b) 4fi3. B. (1) 178, 1, ft ; (2) 218, 1 ; (3) 218, 9 ; (4) 323 ; (5) 33.5. G. (1) 339 ; (2) 407 ; (3) 401 ; (4) 508, 3 ; (5) 647. HB, (1) 393 ; (2) 429 ; (3; 420 ; (4) 535, 1. » ; (5) 595. H. (1) 411 ; (2) 477 ; (3) 47G ; (4) 649, I ; (5) 610. Ti;,axslate; Haedul fruineutum erant pftlilice polli- citi. Gallia sub septentriijnibus posita est. Propter frlgora frumenta in agrls miltura n(5n erant. Xe pabuli quidem copia suppetebat. Frumentum firnuine subvexe- rat. Ef) fruinent(5 uti niintis poterat. l)iein ex die dfi- cebaiit J [aedul. ( Frfinif ntuni ) crmferrl dii'ebant. TitANSLATE CiiArTEit XVI US far as dlcere. 1, 16] PUELIJIINAKY WTUDIES 45 CHAPTER XVI, LAST PART VOCABULARY accuso, accusare, aocnsavi, acoiisatiis, accuse, blame, tind fault with. anmius, annua, anniium, adj., for a year, auuual. eonvoco, convooare, convo- cavi, oonvocatus, call to- gether, sumioon. destituo, flestltuere, destltui, destitutus, abandon, desert. diutius {compar. of diii), longer, too long. eino, eniere, emi, emptiis, buy, purchase. iiisto, iiistare, institi, insta- tnrus, press- on, be at hand, threaten. IDK Ijiscus, Ijisci, ))». , Liscus, chiff magisirate of the Haeduans in 58 B. C. nietior. metiri, inensiis, meas- ure, deal out, distribute. nex, necis, /., death, violent death. preces,' preouni, /., prayers, entreaties. propinqiius, propinqiia, pro- pinqiiuin, near, related ; pi., relatives. sublevo, sublevare, suble- vavi, sublevatiis, lighten, raise up, assist. )MS niagistratui praeerat, held ofBce. tain necessario tempore, at so critical a time. magna ex parte, to a large extent. tarn propinquis hostibus, with the enemy so near. SUBJECTS FOE STUDY AND ltEV]E^V (1) Dative with Compounds. (2) Two Accusatives with Verbs of Calling. (3) Ablative of Attendant Cir- cumstances. (4) Causal C'««i-Clause. (5) Subjunctive in a Causal Quod-Clause. (G) Narrative Time Clause. (7) Infinitive as Subject of Oportet. (8) Imjierfect Snb- 1 The singular of this word is rare except the ablative, prec 46 A ^E\V METHOD FOK CAESAR [B.G. junctive, a ileaiis of expressing Past-future^ Ideas. (9j Subjunctive by Attraction. A. d) 370; (2) 003; (3) 410; (i) .",40; (5) 540. X. 2; (6) -343; (7) 4-34; (8; 511, X. 1; (9) 503. B. fl) 187, III; (2) 177. 1, 3; (3) 221 ; (4) 280, 2; (5) 28G, 1 ; (6) 287, 1 ; (7j 327, 1 ; (8) 260, 2 ; (9; 324, 1. G. (1) 347 ; (2) 340 ; (3) 400 ; (4; 586 ; (5) 541 ; 542 ; (6) 501; (7) .535; (8) 277,4; (9; 663. HB. (1) 376; (2) 392; (3) 422, I; (4) 526; (5) 535, «, X. 2; (6) 557 ; (7) 585 ; (8) 508 ; 500 ; (9; 539. H. (1) 429; (2) 410; (3) 489; (i) 598; (5) 588; (6; 602; (7) 615; (8) 541, 2; (9) 052. Tk.^xslate: Dies instat quo rlic frilmentum militibns metiii oportebit. Dies instabat quo die fruineiitum me- tlri oporteret. Lisciis summd) magistratui praeerat. Xe- que emi neque ex agris sum! potest frumentum. Graviter eOs accusat quod ab iis non sublevetur. ifagna ex parte eoruiu precibus adduetus bellum suscepit. Tkaxslate Chaftek XVI, Last Pakt. CHAPTER XVII VOCATiCLAi;!- antea, rnlv., lifforp, previously. deterritus. frighten off, pre- (■<>(*rceo, coercere. ooeroui, vent. ooercitus, contine, re.strain. iiiiprobiis. iniproba, liiipro- (leniiini. iidr., at last, atlenj;tli. bum, li;id, wieked. reckle.ss. fletprreo. deterrere. detoriui. perfoio. peiferrc. pertiili. per- 1 Futiii-c frniii a past puiiit of view ; c.y. liu said that lie would come to-inorrow. I, 16-17] PEELIMINAUY STUDIES 47 latiis, bear through, endure, great, how much, as great as, submit to. as. privatini, adv., privately, as seditiosus, seditiosa, sedltio- private persons. sum, seditious, factious. piopoiio, proponere, prCpo- taceo, tacere, taeui, be silent, siii, propositus, place be- keep secret, conceal. fore, .state, make known. turn, adv., then. quaiitus, quanta, quantum, rel. and inturrog. adj., how IDIOMS quam difi, as long as ; how long ? niin nuUi, some. praestat, it is better. quin etiam, nay even. pliirimum valere, avail very much, be very strong. plTis posse, avail more, have more influence, liave greater power. deterrere ne oonferant, prevent from furnisliing. una cum, along with. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Subjective Genitive. (2) Dative witli A'erbs of Taking Away. (3) Accusative of Degree. (4) Ablative of Attendant Circumstances. (5) Volitive Substantive Clause with Verljs of Hindrance. (G) Descriptive Clause. (7) Substantive Q(n/i-Claitse with Verljs of Doul)t. (8) Q((oc?-Clause of Eespect. (9) Infinitive as Stibject. (10) Causal Participle. A. (1) 343, N. ; (2) -381 ; (3) 390, c; (4) 412, a; (5) 558, h ; (6) 535, a ; (7) 558 ; (8) 572, a ; (9) 452, 1 ; (10) 496. B. (1) 199; (2) 188, 2, d ; (3) 170, 2, 6, 3 ; (4) 221 ; (5) 295, 3; (6) 283, 2; (7) 298; (8) 299, 2; (9) 330; (10) 337, 2,/. G. (1) 3(33, 1 ; (2) 345, R. 1 ; (3) 334 ; (4) 392 ; (5) 548 ; (6) 031, 2 ; (7) 5.55, 2 ; (8) .525, 2 ; (9) 422 ; (10) 000. HB. (1) 344 ; (2) 371 ; (3) 387, III ; (4J 422, II, 2 ; (5) 502, 48 A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAE [b.G. 3, b ; (6j 521, 1 ; (7) oil, 3, b ; 470, 4. o ; 'i) -j-jS, 2 ; (9; 585 ; (10) 604, 2. H. (1) 440, 1; (2) 427; r3j 410. 2; r4; 473. 3; (6) 500; (6) 591, 1 ; (7j 595, 1 ; (8j 5»h. 3. X. ; ^9j 015 : (10; 038, 1. Traxsl.vtk : Liscns riJj (juod tacuerat proponit. Auc- toritas non nulloruni plunniiuo valet. Sunt non nuUi quorum auctorita.s apud pleljem pltirimum valeat. Sou nulli piivfitiui plus possuut quam ipsi inayistratus. Hi multituflineui deterrent ne frunientura conferant. Frii- mentuni conferre deijent. lam principatnm Galliae obtiuere n(5)i possunt. Praestat (Tallorum quani Roma- nrirum imperia peiferre. Xun duljitare debemus quin EonuinI Haedul.3 libertatem sint erepturi. (Eai quae in castrls geruntur bostibus enuntiantur. Hi a me coerceri non possunt. Quanto id cum perlculo feci ■? lutellego quantd id cum perlculo fecerim. Quam diu potul taeui. Teaxslate Chaftek XVII. CHAPTER XVIII. FIRST PART VOCABULAllY audacia, audaciae, ./"., bold- dimissus. send away, let go, ness, daring. dismiss. conoiliuni. concili, )/,, meet- iaeto. iactare. iaotavi. iacta- iiig, fx.uncil. tiis. t"ss. toss about, .liscuss. conventus. convcntBs. ?/i., as- liberalitas, liberalitatis. f.. seinbly. couit. crenerosity. designo, designare, desi.2;- liceor, liceri, licitus, bid {at navi. designatus. indicate. ) Eelative Clause of Purpose. A. d) 293 ; (2) .349. a ; (3) 425 ; (4) 429, a ; (5) 423 (6) 531, 2. B. (1) 241,1; (2)204,1; (3)181; (4)218,9; (5) 2.30 (6) 282, 2. G. (1)291, R. 2; (2)374,4; (3)335; (4)401; (5) 393 (6) 630. HB. (1) 244 ; (2) 354 ; (3) 387, I ; (4) 420 ; (5) 4.39 (6) 502, 2. H. (1) 497,4; (2) 450; 451; (3) 417; (4) 470; (5) 486 (6) 590. Trax.slate : Hostes sub monte consedenint. Conse- derunt milia ]jassuum ab ipslus castris octo. Qiialis est natura mentis ? Qualis est in circuitu ascensus '.' (Ex- ploratores) qualis sit natilra montis cognoscent. Facilis est ascensus. Renuntiiltum est facilem esse (ascensum). Labienum siimmum iugum monti.s ascendere iubet. P. Coiisidius rei mllitaris peritissimus habebatur. In exercitfl L. Sullae fuerat. Translate Chaptek XXL 60 A NEW METHOD ¥(>R CAESAE [B.G. CHAPTER XXII VOCABULAIIY abstineo, abstinere, abstiiuii, Inslgne, insignis, n., sign, abstentus, hold back, refrain. badge, decoration. acourro, accurrere, aecurri intervallum, intervalli, n., and accucurri, accursui-iis, interval, distance, space. run up to, hasten to. praecipio, praeoipere, prae- adinitto, admittcre, admisi, cepi, praeccptus, anticipate, adniisBus, let go, commit, command, instruct. allow. subduco, subdueere, subdH.vi, comperio, comperire, com- subductus, draw up, with- peri, comportus, learn, dis- draw. cover. timor, tiinoris, ra., fear, alarm. denique, aih)., at last, finally. Gallicus, (iallica, Gallicum, adj., of the Gauls, Gallic. IDIOMS prima IBce, at daybreak. equo admisso, riding at full speed. inulto die, late in the day. pro viso, as seen, as a thing seen. timore perterritus, panic-stricken. summus mons, the top of the mountain. quo consiierat iutervallo, at the itsual distance. SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Dative with Compounds. (2) Ablative of Separa- tion. (3) Ablative of jMeasure of Ditfereiice with ^16- ■rum. Loiifjiiis = Longius quam. (4) Ablative Absolute. (5) Ablative of Attendant Circumstances. (6) Al)lative of Time. (7) Volitive Substantive Clause. (8) Adversa- tive C'lMJi-Clause of Situation. (9) Cbject Infinitive. I, 22-23] PEELIMEXARY STUDIES 61 A. (1) 370; (2) 402; (3) 425, ft; 407, c. ; (4) 420, 5; (5) 412; (6) 423; (7) '.00; (8) 540, N. 2 ; (9) 450. B. (1) 1S7, III ; (2) 214, 2 ; (3) 223 ; 217, 3 ; (4) 227, 2, e) ; (5) 221; (6) 230; (7) 295, 1; (8) 288, 1, B ; 809,3; (9) 331, I, IV. G. (1) 347 ; (2) 390, 2 ; (3) 403, N. 1 ; 296, E. 4 ; (4) 410 ; (5) 399 ; (6) 393 ; (7) 546, 2 ; (8) 587 ; (9) 530 ; 532. HB. (1) 376; (2) 408, 3; (3) 424; 410, d ; (4) 421, 8; (5) 422,1; (6) 439; (7) 502, 3, a ; (8) 525; (9) 587; 589. H. (1) 429 ; (2) 464 ; (3) 479, 3 ; 471, 4 ; (4) 489 ; (5) 473, 3; (6) 486; (7) 564,11; (8), 598; (9) 613. Translate : Siimmus mons a Labieiio tenebatur. Ipse mille et qulngentis passibus aberat ; neque ipsius ad- ventus coguitus erat. Considius eqiio admisso ad Cae- sarem accurrit ; dicit luonteui ab liostibus teDeri. Caesar montem a Labieno occupari voluit. Id ego a Gallicis armis cognovi. Caesar Labieno praecepit ne proeliuin committeret. A Caesare erat Labieno praeceptum ne proelium committeret. Si Caesaris copiae prope hostium castra visae erunt, undique in liostes impetus fiet. Multo die Caesar cognovit montem a suis teneri. Helvetii castra mdvenmt. Considius (id) quod nou viderat pro viso renuntiavit. Teanslate Chapter XXII. CHAPTER XXIII VOCABULAEY L. Aemilius, L. AeniUi, m., Haeduans, modern Mont Lucius Aemilius, one of Beuvra3'. Caesar's minor officers. biduum, bidui. n., a period of Bibracte. Bibractis, »., Bi- two days, two days. bracte, cliief town of the coininuto, conimutare, com- 62 A NKW METHOD FOU CAESAR [e.g. iniitavT, foniinutatus, change, excbaiisi'- confido, confidere, confisiis, sfini-Oepnaent verh, trust, rely on, believe. converto, convertere, con- vert!, conversiis, turn around, change. copiosiis, copiosii, copiosum, full of supplies, wealthy, plen- tiful. decurio, decurionis, ))*., de- curion, commander of a .squad of ten horsemen. duodeviginti, imli'dincMR nu- meriil, eighteen. fugitivus, fugitiva, fugi- tiviim, adj., runaway ; ^)Z. as iiiDiii, runaways. intcrcindo. Interoliidere, in- tercliisi, interclusus, shut off, hinder. posti-idie, adv., on the follow- ing day. pridie. adv., on the day before. prospitio, prospiiere, pro- spe-xl, prospectus, look for- ward, provide for. sen. ^amp as sive, or ; seu . . . sen, ri/rrdotives, either . . . or. supersuni, siiperesse, super- fui, be left over, remain, sur- vive. IDIOMS postridie ehis diei, on the day after this Tday). rei frOmentariae prospicere, provide for the grain supply. eo iiiagis, all the more ("more on account of this). a novissiino agiiiine. from the rear. itinere converse, changing the direction of their march. SUB.TECTS FOR STUDY AND REV1E^V (1) Genitive with PostrHlir. (2) Aecitsative of Place to Which. (.3) Dative of Eeferenee. (4) Alilative of Se[)aration. (•">) Adversative Abhttive Aljsolute. (6) Ab- lative of Degree with Absum. (7) Imperfect Subjunctive as a Past-future. (S) Subjunctive in a Causal Quod- (Jlause. A. d) .050, h ; (2) 427 ; (3) 37(1 ; (4) 401 ; (5) 420, 3 ; (6) 425, /- ; (7) 511, footnote 1 ; (8) 540. I, 23] PRELIMlXAllY STUDIES 63 ^Mi^i^iS>iiilt7iif'iii^SJHf^^BMBS^S 55 >': Jlst^^^^^^^^^^^^^l v^% Mont Beuvrat Bibracte W'As situated on the sutninit of t/tis Jiill. B. (1) 201, 3, a ; (2) 182 ; (3) 188 ; (4) 2U, 1 ; (5) 227. 2, c) ; (6) 223 ; (7) 269, 1, 2 ; (8) 286, 1, a. G. (1) 362 ; (2) 337 ; (3) 350, 2 ; (4j 390, 2 ; (5) 667 ; (6) 403, N. 1 ; (7) 277, 4; (S) 541, 3, HB. (1) 380, c; (2) 450; (3) 367; (4) 408, 2; (5) 421, 5; (6) 424 ; (7) 508 ; 509 ; (8) 535, 2, b. N. H. (1) 440, 5; (2) 418; (3) 425, 2; (4) 462; (5J 489, 1; (S) 479. 3 ; (7J 541, 2 ; 545, II, 3 ; (8J 588, II, 1. Translate : Exercitui frumentuni metlrl oportehit. OmninO biduum suiiei'est cum frumentum metii-ioportebit. Biduum supererat cum frumentum metiri oporteret. A Bibracte non aniplius milibus passuum duoclevigiuti ab- erat. Kei frunientariae prospiciam. Eel fnlmeiitariae pi'ospiciendum milii est. liei fi-fimentiiriae prospiicien- 64 A NEW METHOD FOE CAESAR [b.g. dum (sibi essej existimavit. Tiinore pertei-riti Eoniani discedunt ab Helvetils. lioinanl piidie, superioribus locis occupatis, proelium nOn foiuniisC-runt. Eomani re frfunentai'ia intei-cluduntur. Fioinaui rH frumentaria intercludi possunt. Eo, fjuod ve fi-Qnientavia CKomanfj.s^ intercludi posse cOnfiderent, cominutaverunt consilium. Tkaxslate Chapter XXIII. CHAPTER XXIV VOCABULARY adverts, advertere, adverti, adversus, turn towards, turn against, turn. compleo, complere, com- plevi, coinpletus, fill, fill up. confertus, conferta, con- fertuni, crowded, dense. Impedimentuin, iinpedi- menti, /;., hindrance ; j;?., (/teary) baggage. phalanx, phalangis, /. , a Ijhalaux, array (of troOps). pro-xlme, a'Ju., (xnperL of prope;, lately, last, recently. reicio, reicere, reieci, reiectus. throw back, hurl back, drive back. sarcina, sarcinae, /.. pack, baggage carried by soldiers. succedo, succedere, success!, siiecessnrus, come up, take the place of ; prosper. sustineo, sustinere. sustinui, sustentus, withstand, endure, sustain, stopj. triple.^. Gen., trlplicis. adj., threefold, triple. veteranus, veterana, vete- ranum, o.iJj., veteran. IDIOMS aniinuni adverto, notice, take notice of. in coUe medio, halfway up the hill. I, 23-24] PKELIMINARY STUDIES 65 SDBJECTS FOR STUDY AND IlEVIEW (1) Idiomatic Use of Adjectives. (2) Subjective Genitive. (3j Genitive of Material. (4) Relative Clause of Purpose. (5) Narrative Time Clause. (6j Infinitive as Object. (.'aesar encairip'^d liere the virjht before the b(il/le. A. (1) 293 ; (2) :-!43 ; (3) 344 ; (i) 531, 2 ; (5) .543 ; (6) r,r,Z, a. B. (1) 241, 1; (2) 199; (3) 197; (4) 282, 2; (5) 287, 1; (6) .331, II. G. (1) 291, R. 2; (2) .363,1; (3) .3(31; (4) 030; (5) 561; (6) 423, N. 6. HB. (1) 244; (2) 344 ; (3) .349; (4) .502, 2; (5) 557 ; (6) 587. H. (1) 497 , 4 ; (2) 440, 1 ; (3) 440, 4 ; (4J 590 ; (5J 602 ; (6) 614. Translate : Equitatum qui sustineret hostium im- petum misit. In summo iugo collis duas legiones con- 66 A NEW METHOD FOR OAESAR [b.g locaii iussit. Totuiii iiioiiteiii lioininibus compleri iussit. 8ai'cina,s in unum locum conferri et euiii (locumj munlrl iussit. Tkanslate Chai'Tek XXIV. CHAPTER XXV, FIRST PART VOCABULAIIV aequo, aequare, aeqiiavi, ae- quiitus, make equal, equalize. bracchium, bracchi, «., an arm. cohortor, cohortari, cohorta- tus, encourage, exhort. ooinniode, adv., advanta- geously, conveniently, readily. conligo, conligare, conligavi, coiiligatus, bind together, fasten together. destringo, destilngere, de- strinxi, destrictus, strip off, draw (a siuord). disicio, disioere, disieci, dis- ieotus, hurl apart, scatter. rout. evello, evellerp, evelli and evulsi. evulsiis, pull out. ictus, lotus, m. , a stroke. inflocto, Tnflectere. inflexi, inflexus, bend, bend down. nudus, nuda, nudum, adj., naked, uuijrotected. perfringo, perfringere, per- fregi, perfractus, break through. piluin, pill, «. , a javelin, thedis- tinctivc iiyapoit of the Human legion. praeopto, praeoptare, prae- optavi, praeoptatus, prefer. prinium, adr.. first, at first. sinister, sinistra, sinistruin, adj., \eit(not ri(jhl); sinistra, /., the left hand. traiisfigo. triinsfigere, trans- fix!, trausflxus, pierce througli. IDIOMS se infloctere, become lient. ad pugnam impediinentiiin, a hindrance in fighting. (Jallis iinpedimento erat, it was a hindrance to the Gauls. I, 24-2.3] PRELOIINAKY STUDIES 67 SUBJECTS FOE STUDY AND EEVIE^V (1) Dative of Eeference used witli a Dative of Pur- pose. (2) Ablative of Separation. (3) Ablative Abso- lute. (4) Ablative of Manner. (5) Purpose Clauses. (6) Pv,esult Clauses. (7) Causal CV/h -Clause. (8) Sub- stantive Q»o(?-Clause. (9) Complementary Infinitive. '4m^it4-^ ^0^' ^^'' s^ iluXTMOKT From Caexar's position on the Hill of Armecy. A. (1) 382, 1 ; (2) 401 ; (3) 420 ; (4) 412 ; (5) .531, 1 ; (6) .537 (7) 549 ; (8) 572 ; (9) 4-56. B. (l)liU, 2, «); (3)214,2: (3) 227 entire ; (4)220; (5)282 (6) 284 ; (7) 286, 2 ; (8) 299 ; (9) ,328. G. (1) 3.56 ; (2) 390 ; (3) 410 ; (4) 399 ; (5) 545 ; (6) 5-52 (^^ .586 ; (8) 525 ; (9) 423. HB. (1) 300, h : (2) 408 ; (3) 421 entire ; (4) 445, 2 ; (5) 502 2 ; (6) 521, 2 ; (7) 520 ; (8) 552, 1 ; (9) .586. H. (1) 433 ; (2) 464 ; (3) 489 ; (4) 473, 3 ; (5) 568 ; (6) 570 ; (7) .598 ; (8) 588, 3 ; (9) 607, 1. 68 A XEW .^n-:THOD FOK CAESAI! [n.G. TuAxsLATE : Caesar priinum snum equum reinovit; deinde omniuiu equns removit. Aequatuin est oinniuin })erlculuiii. Aeqiiatn oiniiium jiericulo spem fiigae toilet. < 'aesar coliorta.tiis suOs (ijiilites) jn-oeliuin eoinmisit. ]\[ilites e su[)eriOre locO plla inlsei-unt. ]"'liii-a scuta uno ictu pilonun traiisflxa sunt. Scuta (.iallorum uii(3 ictu piloruni conligata sunt, cum ferrum se iiitlexisset. Xeque evellere neque satis commode pugnare poterant. Gallls magno ad pugnam impedimento erat quod pila e scfitTs evellere non poterant. ]\[ulti praeoptabant sciitum manu eniittere. Teaxslate Chapter XXV as far as corjjore p'/f/'Mre. CHAPTER XXV, LAST PART YOCABrLAIlY apertus, aperta, apertuin, adj., open, exposed, unpro- tected. bipertito or bipartito, aih'., m two divisions. eircunivenio, e ire iinv venire, circimiveiii, cimiinventus. surround. eonspicor. <'onspieai'i. ooii- spieatiis. catcli sic^ht of, sei'. (lefetisoor, ) Dative with Reahtn. (4) Accusa- tive of Extent. (5) Ablative Aljsolute of .Situation aud Time. A. (1) 317, 6 ; (2) 382, 1; (3) 367 ; (4) 42.5 ; (5) 420, .''). B. (1) 2.55, 3 ; (3) 1111, 2, a; (3J 187, II, a ; (4) 181 ; (5) 227. G. (1) 211, R. 1 ; (Z) 350 ; (3) 34rt ; (4) 335; (5) 0(15. HB. (1) 331, 3 ; (3) .360, h ; (3) .362; (4) 387, I ; (5) 421. H. (1)392,4; (2)433; (3J 420, 1 ; (4)417; (5)480. Translate: Tandem hostes pedem referre coeperunt. Boil agmen hostium claudebant ; iiovissimis prae.sidio erant. Ex itinere nostros adgressi .sunt ; nostr(j.s ab latere apert(3 adgressi circumvenire coeperimt. Helvetil rursus instfire coeperunt. Eomani converteruut signa. Conversa signa bipertlto intulerunt. Prima et secunda acies signa intulit ut victis resisteret. Translate Chapter XXV, Last Part. 70 A NEW METHOD FOK CAESAR [b.g. CHAPTER XXVI VOCABrLARY obicio, obicere, obieii, ob- iectus, tlirriw in the way of, present, expose. raeda (or reda), raedae, /., a wagon. sepultura, sepiilturae, f"., bnrial. siibicio, siibkerc, subicci, subieetus. throw under, throw from under, subject, place near. tragula, tragulae, f., a {GoJlir) javelin. triduuin. tridui. ».. a period of three days, three day.s. vailuin. valli. II., palisade, rampart, wall, vesper, vesperi, m.. evening. anceps, Gi'ii., anolpitis, mtj., twofold, doubtful. centum (C), iniJerlinnhle nn- iiii-niJ, one hundred. hoi-a. liorae, /., hour. interinitto. intermittere, in- terinisi, iiiteriiiissiis, inter- rupt, stop. omit, let pass. iuvo, iiivare, iiivi, iiitiis, help, aid. Liiigones, Ijingonuin, Acr., Ijingonas,' n GdJIic nation northu:e.it of tlw S'lqiiani. niatara, matarae, /. , spear, pike (nseiJ t>y llie Gunls). nioror, niorari, moratus, lin- ger, delay, detain. neve, contiiiuimj iit o)' ne, or not, and not, nor. IDIOMS alteri . . . alteri, the one party . . . the other party. pro vallo, as a rampart, as a l.iarricade. bora septiina, the seventh hour (olii'iit nne o'rlocl' P.?I.). aversuin hosteni, the back of an enemy, an enemy tttrued in flight. eodeni loco habere quo, treat the same as art niultani iioctoni, till late at night, trirtuo interiuisso, after an Interval of three days. pugiiiituni est, the lighting wa.s. carried on. the battle raged, they fought, qui si, if they. iThis foreign word does not have quite the same endings as a pure Latin wurd would. I, 26] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 71 SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND KEVIE^Y (1) Partitive Ablative. (2) Subjective Genitive. (3) Objective Genitive. (4) Object of Utor, etc. (5) Ablative of Place. (6) Ablative of Time. (7) Ab- lative of Manner. (8) CV»i-Clause of Situation and Cause. (9) Adversative C((Hi-Clause. (10) Volitive Substantive Clause. (11) Hours of the Eoman Day. A. (1) 340, c ; (2) .343, N. 1 ; (3) 348 ; (4) 410 ; (5) 429, 1, 2 ; (6) 423 ; (7) 412 ; (8) 549, N. 2 ; (9) 549 ; (10) 503. B. (1) 201, 1, n ; (2) 199 ; (3) 200 ; (4) 218, 1 ; (5) 228, 1, h ; (6) 231, 1; (7) 220, 1; (8) 280, 2, (9) .309, 3; (10) 295, 1. G. (1) 372, R. 2; (2) .363, 1 ; (3) 363, 2; (4) 407; (5) 385, N. 1 ; (6) 393 ; (7) 399 ; (8) 586 ; (9) 587 ; (10) 540. HB. (1) 340, e ; (2) .344 ; (3) 3.54 ; (4) 429 ; (5) 436 ; (6) 439; 440 ; (7) 445 ; (8) 525 ; (9) 526 ; (10) 502, 3 ; (11) 670. H. (1) 444; (2) 440, 1; (3) 440, 2; (4) 477; (5) 485, 1, 2; (6) 487 ; (7) 473, 3 ; (8) 600, II, 1 ; (9) 598 ; (10) 565 ; (11) 7.56, 2. Translate : Alter! se in montem receperunt, alter! ad carros suos se eontulerunt. Ab liora septima ad vesperum pugnatum est. TotO proelio aversum hostem vidit nemo. Ad multam noctem pugnatum est. Pro vfillo carros obiecerant. Ex e(5 proeli(3 bominum milia centum tr!- ginta superf uerunt. Propter sepulturam occisorum nostri eos sequi non potuerunt. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras misit ne eos friiniento iuvarent. S! eos iuveritis, ego vos eodem loco quo Helvi5tios (liabeo) habebo. Tkaxslate Chaptek XXVI. 72 A NEW METHOD hOli CAESAK [b.g. CHAPTER XXVri VOCABULARY conquiro, conqiiircre, ooii- qiiisivi, conquisitus, search for, liunt up. deditu'ius, decHticia dedi- tit-iuin, i'"lf., .surrendered. deditio, deditionis, /. , sur- render. egredior, egrcdi, egressus, go out. ignoro, igiiorare, ignoravi, igiioratus, fail to notice, not to know. inopia, iiiopiae, /., want, lack. occnlto, oocidtaro, oocultavi, oooultatus. conceal, hide. perfiigio. perfugcre, perfngi, perfugiturus, run away, flee. po.sco, poscere, poposci, de- mand, clai)n. proicio, prolcere, proieoi prolectus, tlimw forward, cast down, abandon. suppliciter, adi}., as a suppli- ant, as sni)pliants. Verbigeniis, Verbigeni, m., a canton of the Hdvatii. IDIOMS flcntes, in tears. siipplicio adficere, punish Qinith death). pi'Inia nocte, in the flrst part of the night. qui <'um, when these. ad pedes, at (his) feet. SUBJECTS FftR STUDY AND REVIEW (V) Agreement according to Sense instead of Gram- matical Gender. (2) Substantive Clause of Eear. (.'-)) C'(/)i-Clause of Situation. (4) Informal Indirect Dis- course. (r>) Irregular Subjunctive in a Causal QikkI- (Jlause. ((i) Narrative Time Cdause. (7) I>iiiit-Chn\se ot Contemporaneous Act. (8) Use of l'articii)les. A. d) 2S(i, t,; (2) r,(U; (3) 540, N. 1 •■;!, N. ; 16) rA:i ; (7) o5(j ; (8j VM. (4) 592, 2; (5) 592, I, >8J PRELIMINAKY STUDIES 73 (5)2 (5J 41, B. (1) '23.5, B, c ; (2) 2110, 2 ; (3) 288, 1, B ; (i) 32:-) 1, « ; (6) 287, 1 ; (7) 293, I ; (8) 337, 2, c) ; 337, 2, /). G. (1) 211, R. 1. b ; (2) 550, 2 ; (3) 585 ; (4) 508, 3 N. 3 ; (6) 561 ; (7) 570 ; (8) 064, R. 1 ; 600. HB. (1) 323, 2; 325. (2j 502, 4; (3) 524; (4) 535, a; (5) 535, 2, h, N. ; (6) 557 ; (7) 55!) ; (8) 004, 2 ; 004, 5. H. (1) 389, 2 ; (2) 567. (3) 000, II ; (4) 049, I ; (5) 588, II, 1 ; (6) 602 ; (7) 604, 1 ; (8) G38. Tkaxslate : Legati Caesarem in itinere convenerunt. Se ad pedes proiecerunt. Suppliciter locilti paoeiii peti- erunt. Eos exspectare adventum suum iussit. Dura ea conqiui'untur, hominum milia sex timore perten-iti ad Rhenmii coiitenderunt ; timent ne armis trilditls sup- plicio adficiantur. In tanta multitudine eorum fuga aut oceultari aut ignorarl pjotest. Spe salutis inducti ad finis Germanonun contenderunt. Translate Chapter XXVII. CHAPTER XXVIII VOCABULARY atque, conj., and, and espe- cially ; aftei' expres>:ions of likeness and comparison^ as, than. boiiitSs, bonitatis, /., good- ness, excellence, fertility {of soil). condicio, condicionis, /., agreement, condition, state. fames, fainis. /., hunger, star- vation. frnx, friigis. /. , fruit, produce ; pi., crops. perfuga, perftigae, //(., de- serter, fugitive. purgo, piirgare, pnrgavi, purgiStus. make clean, free from blame. 74 A JJEW METHOD FOIi CAESAR [B.G. ratio, rationls, /. , reckoning, account, reason, plan. reduoo, reducere, rcduxi, re- duotus, lead back, bring back. resoisoo. resoiscere, rescivl, rescitus, discover, learn. tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratus, bear, endure, hold out. unde, rd. and interrarj. adv., whence, from which. vaco, vacare, vaoavi. vacatus, be unoccupied, lie wa.ste. IDKJMS In hostiuin niimeio habere, treat as enemies. sibi pjirgati. free fnnn Ijlanie in his sight. in deditioiicm aocipere. receive their surrender. par inris condicio atqiie ipsi erant, a state of civil rights like that which they themselves enjoyed, SUBJECTS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Eelative at the Beginning of a Sentence. (2) Da- tive with Fhiitiiiu. (.'jj Dative of Reference. (4) De- scriptive Aljlative. (5) Locative. (G) rotential Descriptive Clause of Availability. (7) Substantive Clause of Consent. (8) Xarrative Time Clause. (9) In- formal Indirect Discourse. A. (1) 308,/; (2) .S8t ; (3) 378; (4) 41.j; (5) 427,3; (6) 53.5 a; CI) 563; (8) .'43; (9) .V.i2, 1. B. (1) 2.31,0; (2) 102; (Z) 188; (4) 224; (5) 2-32,2; (6) 283 (7) 20.5, 2 ; (8) 287, 1 ; (9) 323. G. (1)012; (2)3.50; (3)3-52; (4)400; (5)411, E. 2 (6) 031 ; (7) 5-53, 2 ; (8) -501 ; (9) 508, 3. HB. (1)284,8; (2) .302, III; (3)370; (4)443; (5W40, a. (6) 517, 2 ; (7) 531, 2 ; (8) 557 ; (9) 535. 1, -/. H. (1) 510 ; (2) 434, 2 ; (3) 425. 4 ; (4) 473, 2 ; (5) 484, 2 ; (6) 501, 1 ; (7) 504 ; (8j 002 ; (9) 040, I. Tkaxslate : Eos reilQcite, sT milii purgati esse vultis. CJudrum per fines ierant, his uti (eos) redficerent impera- 1, 28] PRELIMIXARY STL' DIES vit. Eeliquos omuls, obsidibus traditis, in deditiOiiem accepit. Domi nihil erat quG faiaem tolerfii-eut. ]S'oluit euni locum vacare. German! e suis finibus in Heh'etio- The Rhine betaveen Germany and Helvetia rum fines transibunt. FinitimI Allobrogibus erunt. Boil egregia virtute erant cognitl. Haednl Boi(5s in suTs fini- bus conlocabunt. Caesar Haednis ut Boios in snis fini- bus conlocarent concessit. lUl Boios in parem luris libertatisque condicifjnem atque ipsT erant receperunt. Translate fjHAPTER XXVIII. A NEW METHOD FOE, CAESAli [b.G. CIIAl'TER XXIX VOCABULAUY ad, prep, with ace, to, up to, quot, indeclinable rel. and in- fer, near ; ivith nniiii'rnla fre- tcrnni. adj., as many, as many quentlt/ an adi\, almut. as; luiw many ? Oraecus, Graet'a, Graeciim, sexagiiita, indrcAinahle num- Greek, Grecian. era!, sixty. uouiinatiiii, ado., by name, in- suiiiiua, suniinae, /., total, tlividually, expre.ssly. sum, whole. nonaginta, indeclinable nxi- tabula, tabulae. /., board, ineral, ninety. writing tablet, list, record. quattuorflei'ini, indeclinable trecenti, trcoentae, trecenta, numeral, fourteen. three hundred. Sl'B.JECTS FOK STUDY AND REVIEW (1) Interrogative Adjective. (2) Agreement of a Verb with tlie I'l-eclicate. (.■-») Ir'redicate Genitive of Descrip- tion. (4) Ablative of tlie Starting-point. (5) Descrip- tive Clause of Actuality. (6) Iiulirect Question. A. (1)148, 6; (2) 31(1, b; (3) :!45 ; (4) 427, 1; (5) 535 (6) 573. B. (1 ) 90, 2 ; (2) 254, 3 ; (3) 108, 3 ; (4) 220, :,h; (5) 283, 1 (6) 300, 1. G. (1) 100 ; (2) 211, R. 1 ((•); (3) .30(1 ; (4) 390, 2 ; (5) 031, 1 (6) 467. HB. (1) 275, 4; (2) 332; (3) 3.55; (4) 451; (5) .521, 1 (6) 537, ti. H. d) 511; (2) 390; (3) 447; (4) 402, 4; (5) 591, 1 (6) 049, II. Tit.vxsLATE : Tabulae Helvetirivnm litterTs Graecis con- feotae sunt. Tabulae ad < l;iesareui relatae sunt. Qui numerus domo exiit? Ratio cunfecta erat qui nunienis 1, 29-30] PRELIMINARY STUDIES 77 domo exisset. Erant cajntum Helvetiorum mllia ducenta sexaginta tria. Erant Tuliugoruiu mllia triginta sex, Latolirigonim unlia quattuordecim, Eaui-acfiruia mllia vlginti tria, ISoiorum mllia triginta duo. Ad milia nOnagiiita duo arma ferre jjoterant. Suinma fuf-runt ad milia trecenta sexaginta oct(j. ]Milia centum et decern doniTun redierunt. Translate Ciiafxer XXIX CHAPTER XXX VOCABULARY communis, commune, «'?/•, conimon, general, puljlic. consensus, consensus, )»,, agreement, consent, doiniciliuin, domicili, «., dwelling, abode. florens, Ge>i,., florentis, aOj., flourishing, prosperous, in- fluential, fructuosiis, fructuosa, fruc- tuosum, fertile, fruitful, gratulor. giatulari, gratulS- tus, congratulate. Dative. opportunus, opportuna, op- portunum, favorable, ad- vantageous. IDIOMS ab aliquo poenas rcpetere, inflict punishment on some one. ex usn alicuius, to the advantage of some one. florentissimae res, the height of prosperity. permitto, permittere, per- mlsi, perriiissus, intrust, permit, allow. sancio, sancire, sanxi, saiic- tus, make sacred, make bind- ing, ordain. stipendlarius, stipendiaria, stipendlarium, tributarj', de- pendent, tametsi, coiij., altiiough. terra, terrae, /. , land, usus, nsus, )/(., use, practice, experience, advantage. 78 A NEW METHOD FOTl CAESAIt [B.G. SUTiJECTS FOE STUDY AND KEVIEW (1) Subjective Genitive. (2) Objective Genitive. (;>) Dative of the (Joucrete Object for Wliich. (4) Da- tive with (Jompounds. (5) Object of Utor, etc. (6) Ab- lative of Attendant Circumstances. (7) Volitive Substantive Clause. (8) Adversative Clauses. (9j Sub- junctive by Attraction. (lOj The Accusative Supine. A. fl) 34:3, 1 ; (2) 848 ; (3) 882, 2 ; (4) 370 ; CS) 410 ; ("6) 410 (7j 5(J3 ; (8) 527, c ; (9) 503 ; (10) 500. B. (1) 100; (2) 200; (3) 101, 1; (4) 187,111; (5) 218, 1 (6) 221 ; (7) 205, 1 ; (8) 300, 2 ; (9) 324 ; (10) 34-0, 1. G. (1) 3(13, 1 ; (2) 303, 2 ; (3) 356 ; (4; 347 ; (5) 407 ; (6j 410 (7) 546, 2 ; (8) 604 ; (9) 663 ; (10) 435. HB. (Ij 344; (2) 354; (3)301; (4) 370; (5) 420; (6) 422 (7) 502, 3 ; (8) -582, 8 ; (9) 530 ; (10) 618. H. (1) 440, 1 ; (2) 440, 2 ; (3) 425, 3 ; (4) 429 ; (5) 477 (6) 473, 3 ; (7) 565 ; (8) 586 ; (9) 052 ; (lOj 633. Translate: Ea res ex usu populi Eoniani accidit. Tanietsi ab Helvetils poenas rejjetlstl, tanien ea res ex usu terrae Galliae accidit. Intellegimus earn rem ex usu terrae Galliae accidisse. LegatI Caesarl gratulantes dixe- runt intellegere sese eam rem ex usu popidi EonianI ac- cidisse. Eo consilio domos suas Helvetil rellquerunt, uti toti Galliae bellum Inferrent. Domos suas reli(juerunt uti imperiO potirentur. Locum domicilio ueligent quern fructuosissimum iudicaveriut. Dcniios relujueruut, uti domicilio locum deligerent quern fructuosissimum iudi- cassent. (lalll pietierunt nti sibi concilium indicere lice- ret. Hal)emus qufisdam res, quas ab te petere volumus. Nil (|uis eiiuntiaret inter se sfiuxerunt. TUANSLATK ClIArTEB XXX. I GrePDwlch 10 J C. lULI CAESARIS BELLI GALLICI LIBER PPJMUS i^ote to the Student. — Eead cai'efulSy the Summary in English each time before atteini)ting to translate the Latin. Cap^ar names the miiin ilivisifnis of " (hiul r^s■ a rnjiole." The bravest are the BelgUoiti, ivha are least siOtjeet to the relhrin;/ inflaences of civilizatioti and are in, constant touc/i. loit/i tJteJierce Germans, their neighhors on the east. I. Gallta est omnis divlsa in partes tres ; quarum uiiam incolmit l>elgae, aliaiii Acjuitani, tet'tiam qui ip- sonim lingiifi Celtae, nostra (lalll appellantur. Hi oiunes lingua, iiistitutis, legibns inter se differimt. Galkjs ab Aquitanis Garunma tlunien, a Belgis jNIatrona et Sequanas dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atqne liumanitate provinciae. longissiiue absunt minimeque ad efis mercatores saepe commeant atque ea, quae ad effeminand(5s animos pertinent, important ; lo proximique sunt Germauis, qui trans Elienum incolunt, quibuscum contiuenter bellum gerunt. The Helvetians are hraver tha)t the other Gauls and eamj on constant loarfare, both offensive and defensive, with the Germans. The boundaries of the tliree main divisions of " Gaul as a u'hole,'^ — Gaul, Belgium, Aquitania. Qua de causa Helvetii quoqne reliqu(5s Gallos virtute. praecedmit, quod fere cotidiauis proelils cum Germanis 70 80 A NE\\' MKTHOD FOi: CAK.SAl! [■ = coiitenduiit, cum aiit suis fiiiilius e(js prohiljent aut ipsl ill eui'iun fiiiil)iis bellniii gi;mnt. Eoruiii iiiui ]iars, qiiani (jallOs oljtinei-e dictuin est, iiiitiiiiii capit a fluiuine IMiodaiio; coiitinr'tiu- (Tarumna n flriiniiie, Oceaiid, finibus iJelganuii ; attiugit etiam ab Sequaias et Helvetils flumen Ehenum; vergit ad sep- teiitiiOnes. lielgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oiiaiitur; pertinent ad inferiOreni partem fifiniinis KlienI; speetant in septentrionem et orientem solein. Aquitaiiia a Ga- lorumnil flumine ad Pyri^iis-fO'^ moutes et eam jiartem Oeeani, rpiae est ad Hisijaniam, pertinet ; spectat inter oecasum S(3lis et septentri(3nes. The Helret'nn>^ ireri' peri^uu.drd hii a:> lUnhi'lons nohlpfnan to raiqrote fi-uin ,^ti-itzp>iitii'l arijl seek irhhn- fi-hh in utlirr fmrts of liaul, v:here tlieij iroiild hiire better ii[)iiirliniilii-x to ieo,je iror v:Uh otTn-r Irilies. Tlius theij heVieved the;t cooht ei^t'ihl',^}, their rule over all Govl. 11. Apnd Helve- tic s loiige nolji- 1 1 s s i m u s f u i t e t ditissirnus Orgeto- rix. Is, ^r. ]\ressala et ;M. Piscine ccnsuli- iius, regiii cujiiditate inductus roniura- tioueni iidljilitatis fecit, et civitatl persuasit, ut de fini- bus suls cum iiiiini- lius copils exireiit : perfacile esse, cum virtute Dinnilius ;rfcALLI/»"cJS^LP(IVA Ili';i.\' I'.t I A praestarent, tOtius Galliae impcriO potlri I. 1-2] TEXT 81 MijrxT Jura xear thk Summit Id hoc facilius ils persnasit quod imdiqne loci natura Helvetii coutinentur : una ex parte flumine Elieno latis- simo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte monte luia altissinio, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine; Ehodaiio, qui provinciam nostrara ab Helvetiis dividit. Extent nf the Ileli-etinn territonj. His rebus fiebat, ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum Inferre possent ; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dohjre adficiebantur. Fro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloila belli atque lo fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudineni milia passuum ccxl, in latitudinem CLXxx patebant. S2 A NEW JCETHOD FOR CAESAE [b.G. The Ilelvi'iiruis determine to 'procure wagons and, xaiiplies for their journey. It trill take them two years to get readij. III. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Ovgetorlgis pei- moti coustituenint ea, quae ad proficiscendum pertine- rent, comparare, iuuientorum et earrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam uiaximas fac?re, ut in 5 itinera copia fi-umenti suppeteret, cum proximis cTvitati- bus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res eonfici- endas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt ; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. They send Ore/etorix on an embassy to establish friendly relations with the neighboring states. On this embassy he forms a plot loith two other chieftains to secure for themselves the )iiastery over all Gaul. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix dux deligitur. Is 10 sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. In eo itinere per- suadet Castico, Catamantaloedis fllio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatil popnll Roman! amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in cTvitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit ; 15 itemque Dumnorlgl Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatnm in civitate obtineliat ac maxinie plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, elque filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illls probat conata periieere, prop- 20terea quod ipse suae elvitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent ; se suis copiis suoque exereitii illls regna con- ciliatiirum eonfirmat. Ilac oratiOue adducti inter se fidem et ius iuraudum daut, et reguo occupato per tres 25 potentissimos ac firmissimos populos tdtlus Galliae sese potiri posse speraut. I, 3-5] ■ TEXT 83 Orgctorlx is brought to trial for treason, the penalty heinr/ flenth by Jire. He escapes from the trial by unlawful means. Tlie magis- trates set about to enforce the hiw, and Or. a-^lU'-'-- ■'lyy-ri-! Hklvkiia ox the West 86 A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR [b.g. Ubi de eius adventfi Helvetil certiores facti sunt, legates ad euin luittuiit iKjbilissimos eivitatis, cuius lega- tiOnis Xanimeiiis et A'erucloetius piincipHm locum obtine- baut, qui dicerent sibi esse in auimo sine idlo nialeficio 5 iter per provineiani facere, propterea quod aliud iter liaberent nullum ; rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Cafierficit : Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios proliibeant; Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et initiria transeant. Caesar's spies bring information concerning theseplans. Such a migra- tion ivould be dangerous to the Roman interests in Gaul. Realizing that the forces at hand are too small to cope witli such a horde of bar- barians, Caesar leaves his most able officer in charge and hurries into Cisalpine Gaul, calls out the seventh, eighth, and ninth legions from ivinter quarters, enrolls additional legions, and v)ith these troops rushes back to farther Gaul, repelling numerous attacks of the mountaineers on the ivay. X. Caesari nuntiatur Helvetiis esse in aninio per 15 agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in proviucia. Id si fieret, intellegebat luaguo cum periculo provinciae futurum ut homines bellicosos, 90 A KE\V METHOD FOH CAESAR [B.G. populi lldmaul inimlcos, locis patentibus maxinieque frumentarils fiuitimOs liaberet. Ob eas caiisas ei mruntioin, quain feeerat, T. Labienum legatum praeticit ; ipse in Italiaiu inagnls itineribus con- 5 teiidit duasque ibi legiones rMjnsciibit, et tres, quae eircum Aqvuleiaiu liiemabaiit, ex liiberuis edueit et, qua proximum iter iu ulteiiorem (Jalliam per Alpes erat, cum his quuique legionibus Ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graiocell et (.'aturiges loels superi- 10 oribus oecupatis itinere exereitum prohibere cOnantar. Complurilnis his proelils pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est op- pidum eiterioris proviuciae extremuni, in. flues Yoeon- tiorum ulterioris prOvinciae die septinio pierveuit ; inde in Allobroguiu fines, ab Alhjbrogibus in .Segusiavos exer- 13 eitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provineiain traus Ehodauum priml. The Helvetians had ulreodij passed into central Gaul and icere malinr/ havoc of the fields of the Haeduans, le/iu icere the most loyal allies of the Romans in Gaul. On hearing their complaints, Caesar re- solves to take prompt actio}t. XI. Helvetil iaui jjer augustias et fines Sequanorum suas eopias trilduxerant, et in Haeduoruui fines perveiie- rant eorumque agros populabantur. Haedul, cum se 20 suaque ab iis defeudere n5u posseut, legates ad Caesareni mittunt rogatuiu auxilium : Ita se omul tempore de po- pulo Romano meritosesse, ut paeiie in eonsiieetu exercitus uostri agri vaslarl, llberl eOrum in servitiitem abduci, oi^pida expugnarl nou debueriut. 25 Eodem tempore AmbarrI, necessaril et consanguine! Haeduoruui, (Jaesarem certiorem faciiuit sese depopulfitis agris ndn faeihi ab oppidls vim liostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, (pil trilns Kliodanuiu vIcOs possessiOuesque I, 10-12] TEXT 91 habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demiiinstrant sibi praeter agii solum nihil esse reliqul. Quibiis rebus adductus Caesar noii exspectanduin sibi statuit, duiii om- nibus fortiinls sociorum consumptis in Santonos Helvetil pjervenirent. 5 After getting information about the movemeitts of the Ilelvetiaiix, C'aexar leaves camp soon after midnight with a suittiljle force and surprises au isolated division of the enemy. XII. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et SequanOrum in Eliodaiium Influit, incredibili lenitate, ita nt oculis, in utram piavtem fluat iildicarl non possit. Id Helvetil ratibus ac lintribus iunctis trausibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres iam partes copi- 10 arum HelvetiOs id flumen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem per- veiiit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes adgressus magnam pjartem eorum coneidit; 15 reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. This very clan, lo/iich he surprised, had vanquished a Bomati army in 207 B.C. and infiicted great huniiliation on it. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus ; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos dJvIsa est. Hie pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium 20 consulem interfecerat et eius exereitum sub iugum mise- rat. Ita sive casii sive consilio deorum immortalium, quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem po- pulo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum piiblicas, sed etiam privatas 25 iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, 92 A NEW METHOD FOE CAESAR [B.G. L. Pisonem legatuin, Tigurlni eOdem proelio, quo Cas- sium, interfecerant. After this battle Caesar bridges the Arar in order to overtake the rest of the Helvetians. Startled by his rapid movements, they send am- bassadors to treat with him. They are ready for peace or loar, but prefer peace and express a viillingness to go and settle wherever Caesar wishes. XIII. Hoc pi'oelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut coiiseqiu posset, pontem in Arari faciendum curat atque 5 ita exereituni traducit. Helvetii repeutino eius adveiitu coinmoti, cum id, quod ipsi diebus xx aegeriinie confece- rant, ut flumen transirent, ilium uno die fecisse intellege- rent, legates ad eum mittunt ; cuius legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helveti(5rnm fuerat. 10 Is ita cum (_'aesare egit : Si paceni populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in earn partem ituros atque ibi futures Helvetios, ubi eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset ; sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminlsceretur et veteris inconimodi populi ROmani et pristinae vir- 15 tutis Helvetiorum. "Don't have too much confidence in your protcess just because you attacked a helpless part of our people. The Helvetian v:uy is to depend on valor, not trickery. Beware / In after years the place ivhere vie shall hare taken a stand against ym may '>e famous as the place where a Roman army teas destroyed." Quod iinproviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii, qui flumen translssent, suls auxilium ferre non posseut, ne ob earn rem aut suae magnopere virtilti tribueret ant ipsos despiceret ; se ita a patribus maioribusipie suis didieisse, 20 ut magis virtute contenderent, quam dolo aut insidiis niterentur. (]uare ne committeret ut is locus, ubi consti- I, 12-14] TEXT 93 tissent, ex calamitate populi Eomani et internecione exercittis iiomen caperet aut memoriam proderet. Caesar's reply to the ambassadors : "I remember those misfortunes of the Jtoman people ; and lam as much the more indignant as they were the less deserved. The state was taken off its guard ; for it had wronged no one and had no grounds to fear hostilities.'' XIV. His Caesar ita respondit: Eo sibi minus dubita- tionis dari, quod eas res, quas legati Helvetii eonimemo- rassent, menioria teiieret, atque eo gravius ferre, quo 5 minus merito populi Eomaiu accidissent; qui si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius f uisset, non fuisse difficile cavere ; sed eo deceptnm, quod neque commissum a se intellegeret, quare timeret, ueque sine causa timeudum putaret. " Your recent lorongdoings deserve punishment even if I could forget the former ones. Your insolent boasting does not make me more kindly disposed to you. The gods sometimes grant a limited pros- perity to wicked men whom they intend to punish." Quod SI veteris contunieliae obllvisci vellet, num etiam 10 recentium iniuriarum, quod eo invito iter per provinciam per vim temptassent, quod Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse ? Quod sua victoria tam Insolenter gloriarentur, quodque tam diu se impune initirias intulisse admiraventur, eodem 1.5 pertinere. Consuesse euim deos immortales, quo gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulelsel velint, lils secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. The conditions of peace are hostages and apologies. Divico's answer : The Helvetians are not in the habit of giving hostages. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, uti 20 ea, quae poUiceantur, facturos intellegat, et si Haeduls de 94 A NEW METirOD FiHl CAESAR [B.G. inifuiis, ij^uas ipsTs socilsque eOriini intulerint, item si Allo- bro,L;ibu.s satisfaciant, sesi^ cum iis pacem esse factuniin. Divico respomlit : Ita HelvPtio.s a inaionbus 5uis institutes esse, uti obside.s accipere, non dare consuerint; j eius rel pojjuluin Kuniaiiuiri esse te.^ttin. Hoe responsrj date diseessit. 77i^ Il'-Irfitiant? ,ytor'^. C'''es';ir /oUou's fhptn, u^xnq his rro-alry to k'if'/p trn_rk of tltPin. Thii rear ijaar'l of thinis. pabulationi- bus populati(5nibusque prohibjere. Ita dies eirciter quln- 2odecim iter fecerant, utI inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non ainplius quinis aut senis nnlibus passuuin interesset. CaPHnr has tr'OiJA" in i/i-'tfiar, xapplirH. Tlie Ilnerlaans hn,l ,-jxl;<;tl him to aid Iheai agaiuxt thf Heli'-iianx and /md prouiistd sapplies in the nanii' of the stale. But theij l-ppt rjiriag prcuses instead, of grain. XYI. Interim cotldie Caesar HaMduos frumentuni, quod essent pfiblice pjoUiciti, flagitare, Xam propter I, 14-17] TEXT 95 frigora quod Gallia sulj septentrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo fruuienta in agvls matura non erant, sed ne pabull quidem satis magna copia suppetebat; eo autem frumento, quod fltimine Araii navibus sub- vexerat, propterea uti minus potevat, quod iter ab Araris Helvetil averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die diicere Haedul ; conferri, comportarl, adesse dicere. Finally Caesar summons the chiefs and chides them for their indif- ference and treachery. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare, quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum lo prineipibus, quorum niagnam copiam in castrls habebat, in his Dlviciaco et Lisc(5, qui summo magistratui praeerat, quem vergobretum appellant Haedui, qui creatur aunnus et vltae necisque in suos habet potestatem, graviter eos acctisat, quod, cum neque emi neque ex agrls suuii possit, ir> tarn necessario tempore, tam propinquls liostibus, ab iis non sublevetur; praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit, inulto etiam gravius, quod sit destitutiis, queritur. The leaders of the anti-Roman party among the Haeduans are doing all that is possible to prevent Caesar from getting supplies. The chief magistrate confesses his innljility to suppress their activities. XVII. Tum denuim Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, 20 quod antea tacuerat, proponit : Esse non nullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem plurimum valeat, qui privatim plus possint quam ipsi magistratus. Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne frumentum conferant, quod debeant : praestare, si iam principatum 25 96 A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR [B.G. Galliae obtineve non possiut, Gallorum qiiam Eomanonim impeiia perferre; nei]ue duliitilre debere ijuin, si Helve- tios superaveiiiit Eoiiiani, una eum reliqua Gallia llaeduls libertatein sint erepturi. Ab Isdeni nostra eOnsilia quae- 5 que in castiis gerantur liostibiis eiiuntiaii; hOs a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod necessariam rem coaetus Caesaii enuntiaiit, intellegere sese quanto id cum periculo feeerit, et ob earn causam, quam diu potueiit, tacuisse. Caexar priva'elij inquire.^ about the behavior of DumnorLe and learns that he has great influence and farms the revenw'S. {Among the Haeduans the revenues, together with the privilege of collecting them, were sold to the highest bidder; these "farmers of the revenue" made great pro/its by collecting much more from the people than they had paid to the state.) 10 XVIII. Caesar hac oratioue Lisci Dumnorigem, Divi- ciacl fratrem, designari sentiebat ; sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res iaetari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex solo ea, quae in conveutu dixerat. Dicit llberius atque audacius. 15 Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit; reperit esse vera: Ip- sum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum no- varum. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Haeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, 20propterea quod illo lieeiite contra lieeri audeat nemo. The sources of Dumniii-ii-'s great power: ircnlth. a large body of retainers, personal allittnces with poirrrfnl mm in ot/ier states. Ills relius et suam rem i'auiiliarem auxisse et facul- tates ad largienduui magnas comjiarasse; magnum nu- meruiii equitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se I, 17-19] TEXT 97 habere, neque sciliini domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civi- tates lavgiter posse, atque huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus liomini illlc nobilissiiuo ac potentissiinO conlocasse ; ipsimi ex Helvetiis uxorein habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas nuptuin in alias clvitates 5 conlocasse. Dumnorix favors the Helvetians and is treacherous to the Suinc.ns. He has good reason for this. Favere et cupere Helvetiis propter earn adfinitatem, odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Eoiuanos, quod eorum adventu potentia eius deminiita et Diviciacus f rater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitiltus. 10 Si quid accidat Komanis, suniinam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire ; imperio populi lUjraani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam liabeat, gratia desperare. Eeperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium is equestre adversum paucis ante diebus asset factum, in- itium eius fugae factum a Damnorige atque eius equi- tibus — nam equitatui, cpiem auxilio Caesarl Haedul miserant, Dumnorix praeerat; — eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. 20 Xotwithstandiuy these treasonable acts of Dumnorix, Caesar hesitated to punish him for fear of hurting the feelings of Dumnorix' s brother Diviciacus, whose fidelity to Caesar and the Roman cause in Gaul could not be doubted. Caesar confers with Diviciacus through a trusted interpreter. XIX. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios tradfixisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos ctirasset, quod ea omnia non modo iniussu suo et civitatis. 98 A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR [b.(^. sell etiaiu inscientibus ipsis fi'cisset, quod a magistratu Haeduoi'um accrisaretuv, satis esse causae ai-bitrabatur, quave in eum aut ipse auimadverteret aut civitateui aui- madveL'tere iuberet. 5 His omnibus relius iinum repugnabat, quod Diviciael frfitris suiumuiu in populum EOuifinnm stadium, sum- mam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam, tem- perantiam cogn(5vei'at; nam, ne eius supplicio Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur. Itaque priusquam quic- 10 quam coniii'etur, Diviciaeum ad se vocarl iubet et, cotidianis interpretibus remOtls, jier C. Valerium Troa- cillum, pi'Ineipem Galliae provinciae, familiarera suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, eum eo con- loquitur; simul commonefacit quae ipso praesente in i:)ConeiliO Gallovum de Dumnoiige sint dicta, et ostendit Cjuae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. Petit atcpie liortrdur nt sine eius offensioue animi vel ipise de eo causa cognita statuat vel civitatem statuere iulieat. IJ'riclaci'-^ cunfe>'S''S th((t his brother iiV'l'PS him bifs nf trouhJe on his ovMi nc!:uin:t 'is n'eff os nn nrruinit nf tjip Riiiiiiins. But he fears to hare him jiiinished and her/s (^'aesar ant tn do so. XX. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimis C'aesarem com- 20 plexus oliseci-ave coepit ne quid gra\'ius in fratrem statueret: Scire se ilia esse vera, nee (|uemquam ex eo plus quani se doloris capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua (Tallia. ille miiii- mum piropter adulescentiani jiossi't, jier se crevisset ; 2.-, quiljus opibus ac nervis nnn solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed jiaene ad porniciem suam uteretnr. Sese taracn et aniOi-e frrd'ernd et cxistim;ltione vulgl com- moverl. (^uod si (juid el a Oaesare gravius accidisset I, iy-21] TEXT 99 cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, nemi- iiem existimatui'um non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futfu-um uti totlus Galliae aniiui a se avei-tereiitur. Caexar is moved Ijij Diririanif:'.'; tears. (Perhaps, too, he tliour/ht it unwise at this criiiral time to arouse t/ie resentment af tlie Hia'dueinn lii/ intlietini/ punislimi'nt on Hieir favorite leailer.) lie forgiijes haninorix's past as a farnr to liis brother. Nevertlieless Caesar intends to loateh Dumimri.t elnselij. Haec ciun plurilius verlus flens a Caesare peteret, Caesav eias dextium pveiidit; consolatus vogat fine m 5 orandi faciat ; tauti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti et r-el publicae iuiuviaiu et suum dolorem eius vo- luntati ac precibus coudonet. Dumuorlgem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet ; quae in e(5 repreliendat ostendit ; quae ipse iutellegat, quae civitas queratur, proponit ; monet lo ut in reliquura temj)us omnes susplciones vitet; prae- terita se Diviciacd fratri condonave dicit. Diimnovigi custodes ponit, ut quae agat, quibuseum loquatur, scire possit. ^■^ IZAEIEitiU^ -^' By means of seouting parties Caesar ohtains information about the enemij and the .surroun,dinr/ country. Ih' arranges apian of battle and hastens toward tlie enenry. XXI. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus 15 bostes sub monte con- sedisse milia pjassuum ab ipsius castrls octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in f ,■'■..■', ;;"^a;'',>,-.^... 20 circuitu ascensus, cjui cognoscerent, misit. Eenuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. La- 100 A NEW METHOD FOIl CAESAR [B.G. bieniim, legatmn pro pi-aetore, cum duabus legionibus et iis clucibus, qiil iter cognoverant, sunimum iugum iiiontis asceiKlere iubet ; quid sul cousili sit ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, .5 ad e(5s contendit equitatuinque oraiiem ante se rnittit. P. C'onsidius, qui rel mllitaris peritissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et postea in jM. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. Caesar's plan was loorkitig well, when a timorous officer brought him unreliable information about the movements of the enemy, which led Caesar to believe that his plans had failed. Caesar assumes the defensive. Through scouts he discovers the error. XXII. Prima luce, cum summus moiis a Labieno 10 tenertStur, ipse ab hostium castris nrjn lougius mille et quingentis passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex captlvis comperit, aut ipslus adventus aut Labieni cognitus esset, Considins equo admisso ad euiu accurrit, dicit montem, quern a Labieuo occupari voluerit, ab hostibus teiieri ; 15 id se a Gallicis armis atc^ue lusigiiibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare ne proelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope liostium castra 'jovisae essent, ut undicjue uuo tempore in liostes impetus fieret, inonte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. Multo deniipe die per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suis teneri et Helvetios castra movisse et Considium timore perterritum, quod non 25 vidisset, piro vTso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo die, quo C(5n- suerat iutervallo, hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra pouit. I, 21-23] TEXT 101 Gallic Soldier, Standakd-eeat,er, and Officer Lark of supplies compels Caesar to change his plans. The enemy takes the offensive. XXIII. Postrldie eius diel, quod omnlno biduuni siipererat, cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Haeduorum louge maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus passuum xviii aberat, rei frumeutariae prospiciendum existimavit; itaque iters ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte ire conteudit. Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemill, decuri(5nis equitum Gallorum, hostibus iiuntiatur. Helvetil, seu quod timure 102 A NEW METHOD FOI: CAESAR [e.g. Cextkal LtAUL 1,-, aguiine inseqni ac lacessere coeperunt ijiTtenitos Eoma- uOs discedere a se e xisti m ai'f lit, eri iiiagis quod piidie superiOribas locis uecupatis proeliuiu iidii couiniisissent, sive eO, quod re fruiuentaria iuter- cludi posse confl- derent, coiiimutato eOnsilio atque iti- nere com'erso nos- trds a novissimo Milia passuum The Battlk with the Helvetii. A. Helvetian camp on morning of battle. B. Roman catnp on morning of battle. 8. Sutnmit of hill of Ai'Tnecy. (J. Intrenchment made by reeruits. ItR. Four veteran legions in line of battle. HH. Helvetii in first attack. H'H', Helvetii in retreat. TT. Boii and Tulingi. r'. Roman 1st and 'M lines facing Helvetii. rr. Roman 3d line Aioing Boii and Tulingi. hb. Helvetii renewing attack. K. Helvetian baggage in park. Helvetian liiie of niai-ch. I, 23-^24] TEXT 10.3 Cuesicr nrrmitjes his forces for battle. He occupies an advantageous piisiliuii, nevertheless the Helvetians uilvance to the attack. XXIV. Postquain id aniimim advertit, crjpias suas Caesar in proximum coUeui subduxit eqiiitatumque, qui sustineret l^iostium inipetum, niisit. Ipse iiiterini in colle medio tripiliceni acicni instiTixit legiduum qnattuor veteranaruni ; sed in sunimO iugo duiis legiones qiias ins Gallia citeriore proxinie conscvipserat et omnia auxilia conlocavl, ae tOtum munteni lioniinibus coniplerJ, et intei'ea sarcinas in linnni loeuni cOnferri, et enm ab iis qui in superiore acie constiterant muniri iussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suis cariis secuti impedimenta in unum locum lo contuleiamt ; ipsi, confevtissima acie reiecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta sub primam nostram acieni successerunt. Vleiv from Caesar's position on the hill, .choiring the ground oar which the Helvetians passed in making the attack. 104 A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR [B.O. Cof:sar coinpp!s all Jiis ujlicpr.'^ hi 'J/^n}ouitJ. Jlis men jiippI tlip charrje of the en.ennj in Ike fi^intlim.ij hf/ /nf/ll/if/ thrir jaoellns awl then chnrr/iia/ villi ilrair,, siriirilf. Tlf line af the Gauls was so dense that their yhirhl.^ lire rlojijt^il ninl leere in inonij instances fastened together hij thi- jareUiis of Ihi' Itonmns. XXV. (.'aesav, piiiiium suO, deiiide oiiiniiim ex coii- spectu reniotis eijuls, ut aequat(5 onmiuin periculo spem fugae toUeret, coliortatus suOs proelium coiamlsit. IsVili- tes e loco superi(5i'e pills missis faoile liostinm plialan- .5 gem pei'fregenuit. Ea disieeta, gladils destrictis in eos impetum fHcerunt. JAVELin (PILUn) SWORD (&LADIU5) -*^I1I1 5WOR0 IN SHCATH (rallls magiio ad pugnara erat impedlmentc5 quod, plfu'ibus eOnui] scutis fiiio ictu pllorum transflxls et conligatls, cum ferrum se Inliexisset, neque evellere lOnecjue sinistra im}iedlta satis commode pugnai-e pote- rant, multi ut did iaetato bracchio praeoptarent. scutum manu emittere et nfido coi-pore pugnare. The Gauls retreat to a mountain. As the lionians follow, the Boii and Tiilinr/i attempt a flank movement, and the Helrelians reneio the Ottnrk. Tandem vulnerilms defessi et pedem referre et, quod mdns aljerat circiter mllle passils, eo se recipere coepe- ifj runt. Ca]itri moute et succedeutilnis nostrls, Iuiil et Tiilingl qui liomnnim mllilius circiter xv agmen Imstium claude- bant et nuvissimis praesidiO eraut, ex itiuere nostros ab I, 25-2(3] TEXT 105 latere aperto adgressi circumveinre, et id eonspicatl Hel- vetii, qui in moiitem sese reeeperant, rursus instrire et pi-oelium redintegrare eoeperunt. Komaiii conversa sigiia bipertito intulerunt; prima et seeimda acies, ut victis ac submotls resisteret, tertia, ut venientes sustineret. 5 After a desperate battle the Humans are successful, Tlie fir/Iit nf /he eiienuj continues nigld and day. Caesar icarns tin' neii/liljuring tribes that lie will treat them as enemies, if the;/ give aid to t/ie Helvetians. Hill to ayhich the Helvetians retreated From tlie position of Ckiesar's right wing. XXVI. Ita ancipiti proelio did atque acriter pugnatum est. Diiitius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus nun possent, alter! se, ut coeperant, in montem recepevunt, alter! ad imped!menta et carr(3s suos se contulerunt. Xam hoc toto proelio, cum ab liora septima ad vesperum lu lOG A NEW METHOD FOR CAESAR E.G. pugnatum sit, aversum hostera videre nemo potuit. Ad niultam noctem etiam ad iinpedliiiPiita pugnatuiii est, propterea cpiod iir(5 vallO cari'Os obiece- r a n t e t 6 loco superiore in nostros venientes tela con- icieljant, et non niilli inter carixlis raedasipie niataras ac tragulas subicie- baut nostrosque vul- nerabant. Diu cum e 8 s e t p u g n a t u m , impedlmentis cas- trisque nostvi potitl sunt. Ibi Orgeto- rlgis filia atque finns e f Iliis captus est. l']x eo pi'oelio cii'citer homiuum milia cxxx superfu- 20 ei'unt eiique tota uocte continenter ierunt; nfiUam partem noctis itineve intermisso, in fines Lingonum die quarto perveneruiit, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter se[)ulturam occisorum nostri triduum morati eos sequl non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nilntiosque 25 misit, ne e(5s frfmient(5 neve alia re iuvarent ; qui si iuvissent, se eodem locO, quo Helvetios, habiturum. Ipse triduo intermisso cum omniluis cdpiTs eos sequi coepit. CENTKAL (tAUL Thr llfh:etiii)ix in ijrcil ih'slil itl imi li iniihhi siihmil to C'aesur. While till- (li'liiils n/ III,' stinrixliT iitr hri)),, r.irririj 'ii(l. smne of I hi' Ilel- rrlioiix ollniijil lo vsroiic iiilo t iiriiiaiiij . XXVll. Helvctii omnium verum inopia addncti lega- tds ^ put to Oeoth or xu/ri ,„/., !ih,rc.Tij. Til" r^m ,,i il,» /Iplretiaiis n„jl thiii.r aUif.^ he orders to return to SuUier/on'l nnil r'builrl ll,fir toirns ond vH- lo.ges. But he permits tlie B'jll to renioui v:iili t}i" Hoe'Iuoos. XXVIII. Quod ubi Caesar re^ciit. qnriruiLi per fines ierant, las uti eoiiqulrereut et reducerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, imperavit ; reductos in hostium nuvnero habuit: reliqiios oinvies obsidibus, arrnis, perfagis traditis 5 in deditionem aceepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrlgos in fines snos, unde erant pr(jfectl. reverti iussit ; et. quod omnibus frugiVius annssis domi nihil erat, quo famein tolerarent, AUobrogibus iniperavit ut ils friimentl eo- piam facerent ; ipsos ojjpida vleosque, quos ineenderant, 10 restituere iussit. Id ea maxirne ratione fecit, quod noluit eum loeum, unde Helvetil disce,sserant, vaeare, ne propter bouitateni agrrjrurn GermanI, qui trans Elienum incolunt, ex suis finibus in Helvetiorum fines translrent et flnitimi Galliae i.5provinr-iae Allobrogibusque esseut. Boios petentibus Haeduls, quod egregia virtute erant eowniti, ut in finibus suls conlocarent, concessit ; quibus illl agros dederunt, qurjsque postea in parem iuris llbertatiscpie condicionem, atqiie ipsi erant. receperunt. The census be/ore and otter fhr- utternpted rnir/ro_fio-n . 20 XXIX. In castrls Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litterls Graecis confectae et ad . adfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, bring, render. .">4. adficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus (ad- facio), affect, afflict, visit with. G. 2. adfiaitas, -tatis, /., relationship, alliance. G. IS. adgredior, -i, -gressus (ad-gra- dior), go towards, march against, attack. G. 12. adhibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitus (ad-habeo), call in, apply, use. G. 20. admiror, -ari, -atus, be surprised, Wfjnder at, admire. G. 14. admitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, let go, commit, al]ow^ G. 22. adorior, -iri, -ortus, attack, as- sail. G. 13. 1 VOCABTTLAEY adscisco, -ere, -scivi. -scitus, nt- tUL'lj, ri'i'ei\r. ;(iliiiit. ii. .'. adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be present, stand by, sai)i)i>rt. ";;. adulescentia, -ae,/'., youtb. G. L'. an. cr,,,/, nsed In e^msflnus. or. 6.'.. anceps. Gen., ancipitis. twofold, doubtful, (i. 26i. Ancus Marcius, fnnrth king of U'On". .511. angustiae. -arum. /'., narrowness, narrow pass, ditlieulties. G. 0. augustus, -a, -um, narrow. 3. VOCABULARY animadverts, -ere, -verti, -versus, attend to, notice, punish. G. 19. animus, -i, hi., mind, courage. 16. Auio, Anieuis, m., a river flowing into t/ie Tiber a few miles north of Borne. 54. annus, -i, m., a year. 16. annuus, -a, -um, for a year, an- nual. G. 16. anser, -eris, m., a goose, 78. ante, ditv. and prep, with ace, be- fore. 41. antea, adv., before, preyiously. G. 17. antiquus, -a, -um, old, ancient. G. IS. apertus, -a, -um, open, exposed, unprotected. G. 25. appello, -are, -avi, -atus, call, name. .34. Appius, -i, m.,name of a Roman. 09. Aprilis, -e, adj., of April. G. C, apud, prep, loith ace., with, in the presence of, among, at, near, 69. aqua, -ae,/., water, ."i. Aquileia, -ae, /., a city of Cisal- pine Gaul on the Adriatic Sea. G. 10. Aquitaui, -orum, m., the Aquita- nians, a people livinfj in. the southwest part of Gaul. G. 1. Aquitania, -ae, /., t/ie country of the Aquitanians. G. 1. Arar, -aris, m., a river flowini/ into the Rhone at Lyons ; mod- er)i Saone. G, 12, arbitror, -ari, -atus, judge, think. G, 2. arceo, -ere, arcui, trans., keep off, keep a'n'ay. IfJ. Ardea, -ae, /., a city of ancient Italy, twenty miles south of Rome. 7S. Ariovistus,-!, m., a German, king. 2,S. arma, -orum, n., implements, arms, weapons. 42. armo, -are, -avi, -atus, arm, equip. Vi. Arriins, -untis, m., given name of one of the Tarquins. 64. ars, artis,/,, art. skill. 33. arx, arcis, /., a citadel ; at Rome it icas one of tiie summits of tlie Capitoline hill. 77. ascendo, -ere, ascendi, ascensua, climb up, motnit, ascend. G. 21. ascensus, -Ss, m., ascent, acclivity. G. 21. atque or ac, coitj., and also, and ; as, than. 10. attingo, -ere, attigi, attactus (ad- tango), touch, reach, border upon. G. 1. auctoritas, -tatis, /., authority, influence. G. 3. audacia, -ae,/., boldness, daring. G. LS. audacter, culv., boldly. 29. audax. Gen., audacis, bold, dar- ing. 30. audeo, -ere, ausus, semi-dep., dare. 69. audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear. 30. augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, trans., increase, enlarge, 25. aut, conj., or; either '. . . or. 13. autem, conj., but, moreover, on the other baud. G. 2. auxilium, -i, /;., aid, help, re- inforcements; pi., auxiliary forces. 29. VOCABULARY Aventinus, -i, m., one. of the hills of Rome. 55. averts, -ere, averti, aversus, turn a^^'ay, estraiisi*. O. lU. avus, -i, m., grauiU'ather, 11. Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgians, a 'people livtng in, the nortlienst part eif Qaul. (\. 1. bellicSsus, -a, -um, warlike. G. in. bello, -are, -avi, -atus, figlit, make war. (i. 2. tellum, -i, H., -war. 24. tene, nrlv., well. .3. beneficium, -i. n., service, favor, kindness. G. 9. Bibracte, -tis, n., chief town of the Ilaeduans, modern Mont Ben- vray. G. 23. biduum, -i, »., a period of two days, t\^"f> days. G. 2.3. biennium. -i, //., two years. G. 3. bipertito (nr bipartito), adi.'., iu two divisions. G. 25. Bituriges, -um, m., a tribe of Gauls toest of t/ie Haednans. G. 18. Boil, -orum, in., a Celtic tribe. G. 5. bonitas, -tatis, /'. , goodness, ex- cellence, fertility {of t/ie soil). G. 28. bonus, -a, -um, goml. 2. bracchium, -i, /;., arm. G. 25. brevis, -e, short. 27. Brutus, -i, in., a Roman. 5'.l C, nhhreviation for Caius (Ga- ius),a Roman praeiiomen. 21. cado, -ere, cecidi, casiirus, fall. 28. caedes, -is,/., a killing, slaughter, carnage. 51. Caesar, -aris, m,, a Roman name. 24. calamitas, -tatis,/., disaster, mis- forlinie. G. 12. Camillus, -i, in., n Roman general. 78. canis, -is, in. and /., a dog, watcli-d(.g. 78. capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take, seize, cateh. :'.l. Capitolium, -i, //.. one of the hills of Rnme, the (.'apitoline. 55. captivus, -i, in., captive, prisoner. 7. caput, capitis, »., liead. 20. career, -eris, m., prison. 51. carrus, -i, m., cart, wagon. G. 3. carus, -a, -um, dear, ptrecious, valuahle. 71. Cassianus, -a, -um. of Cassius, with Cassius. G. 1.'!. Cassius, -i. in., Lucius Cassius, eoiisal 107 li.C. G. 7. castellum. -i. n., fort, redoubt, stronghold. G. 8. Casticus, -I, ?»., (( chief of the Seqaaiil. G. 3. Castor, -oris, m., a hero of the ohieii times; he and his tirin- brafher Polln.r irere irnrshiped as r/ods at aneient Riane. Li8. castra. -orum. »., camp. 21. casus, -us. in., accident, chance. G. 12. Catamantaloedes, -is, in., a chief of till- Sniiiani. (-i. 3. Caturiges. -um, an Alpine tribe of (Jaiils. G. 1(1. causa, -ae. /'.. cause, reason, pre- text, case (at law) ; abl., causa. VOCABULARY preceded by a gen., for the sake of. 73. caveo, -ere, cavl, cautus, be on one's guard, guard against, ii. 14. celer, celeris, celere, swift. 27. celeritas, -tatis,/., speed. 21. celeriter, adv., quickly. 14. Celtae. -arum, m., tlie Celts or Gauls. G. 1. censeo, -ere, -sui, -sub, estimate, give one's opini(ju, decree, deter- mine, think, fjo. census, -us, m., counting, number- ing, census. 57. centum, indecl. num., one hun- dred. G. 20. certus, -a, -um, sure, cert.ain, trustworthy. Certiorem facere, to inform. G. 7. Ceutrones, -um, m,., an Alpine tribe of Gauls. G. 10. cibaxius, -a, -um, pertaining to food. Cibaria, provisions. 6.5. cibus, -i, )»., food. 5. circiter, adv. and prep, vjith ace., around, about, near. G. 15. circuitus, -us, in., roundabout way, circuit. G. 21. circum, adv. and prep, with ace, around, about. G. 10. circumdo, -are, -dedi, -datus, set around, surround. 57. circumvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, suj-round. G. 25. circus, -i, m., circus, a place for celebrating ga}aes and holding contest.':. 55. citerior, -ius, comp. adj., nearer, hither; n.sed of the Gallic prov- ince nearer Rome, Cisalpine Gaul. G. 10. citra, adv. and prep, with aec, this side, on this side of. G. 12. civis, -is, ni. and /., a citizen. 32. civitas, -tatis, /'., citizenship, a state. 33. clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, shout. 11. clamor, -oris, ///., a shout. 2(). clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright, il- lustritnis, faunuis. IfJ. claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, shut, close, shut up. 77. cliens, -entis, m., a dependant, vassal. G, 4. Clusinus,-a,-um, of Clusium. 65. Codes, -itis. m., cognomen of a lioinau. 05. coemo, -ere, coemi,coemptus,buy ti]), purcliase. G. 3. coepi, coepisse, coeptus {no pres.), began, have Ijegnn. 05. coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, confine, restrain, (^i. 17. cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cogni- tus, learn, ascertain, recognize; pert"., know. 39. cogo, -ere, coegi, coactus, collect, force, compel. 22. cohortor, -ari, -atus, encourage, exhort. G. 25. Collatinus, -i, m., a Roman. 61. collis, -is, )((., hill. 26. colo, -ere, colui, cultus, till, culti- vate, honor, worship. 76. comburo, -ere, -bussi, -bustus, burn, burn up. G. 5. commemoro, -are, -avi, -atus, mention. G. 14. commeo, -are, -avi, -atiirus, go to and fro, visit. G. 1. committo, -ere, -misi, -missus, join, trust, allow, commit. G. 13. VOCABULARY commode, a^/r., advantageously, conveniently, readily. G. !.'.">. commonefacio, -ere, -feci, -factus. remind, aduionisli. *.t. V.i. commoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus, move, stir, disturb, alarm. !'•. 13. communio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, fortify. G. .S. commiiiiis, -e, ailj., common, gen- eral, puijlie. G. 30. commutatio, -onis, /., a change. 6. U. commute, -are, -ayi, -atus. cljange, exchange. G. 23. comparo, -are, -avi, -atus, pre- pare, get ready, procure. G. 3. comperio, -ire, comperi, comper- tua. learn, discover. G. L'-J. complector, complecti, com- plexua, clasp, emljrace. G. -!0. compleo, -ere. -evi, -etus, fill, fill up. G. 24. compliires. compliira, anf1 com- pliiria, many, .several. G. 8. comporto, -are, -avi, -atus, collect, hring in. G. V>. conatum, -i. n., an attempt, under- taking. G. 3. conatus, -iis, m., an attempt. G. S. concede, -ere, -cessi. -cessus, intr. i':i(/i dat., retire, witltdraw from, yield to; trrxns., concede, allo^^■. give up. 76. concido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus (con- caedo), cut uj). cut down, kill. G. 12. concilio. -are, -avi, -atus, win over, si.-curi-, jjrociire. G. 3. concilium, -i, n.^ a meeting, coun- cil. G, 18. concursus. -us, m., a running to- getljer. onset, charge. G. 8. condicio, onis,/., agreement, con- dition, state, ("j. 28. condono, -are. -avi, -atus, pardon, for-ive. G. 20. condSco, -ere, -dSxi, -ductus, bring together, collect, hire. Cr. ir. confers, -ferre, contuli. -latus, bring together, collect, compare, ascribe, defer. G. 16. confertus. -a, -um, crowded, dense. G. 24. conficio. -ere, -feci, -fectus. com- jjlete, acc'.implish, prepare, make. G. 3. cSnfido. -ere, confisus. semi-dfp., trust, rely on, believe. G. 23. confirmo, -are, -avi. -atus, strengthen, establish, declare. assure. G. 3. conflagro, -are. -avi. -atiirus, burn, be consumed liv lire. 43. conicio or coicio, -ere. conieci. -ieotus, icon-iacio:, throw, cast, hurl. 66. conitmgo, -ere. -iiinxi. -iiinctus, join, crinnect. unite. .51. coniuratio. -onis, /'. , conspiracy. G. 2. conligo, -are, -avi. -atus, bind t..- trethcr, fasten to^'-pther. G. 2.j. conloco. -are. -avi. -atus. plaice, arrange, give. G. IS. conloquor, -loqui. -lociitus. talk, cr.nfer, hidd a conversation. Conor, -ari, -atus, try, attempt. 48. conquiro, -ere, -quisivi -quisitus VOCABULARY (con-quaero) , search for, hunt up. U. 27. consanguineus, -a, -um, akin ; as luiiin, kin.sman. (i. 11. conscisco, -ere, -scivi, -scitus, re- .solve, take niiou one'.s self ; mortem sibi consciscere, eom- niit suieide. G. 4. conscius, -a, -um, knowing, oon- seious, aware of. G. 14. conscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptus, enroll, enlist, (i. 10. consensus, -us, m., agreement, eonsent. G. ;^>0. consequor, -sequi, -secutus, fol- low, overtake, secure. G. 13. Considius, -i, in., one of Caesar's officers. G. 21. consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessurus, sit (lo\\'n, halt, encamp. G. 21. consilium, -i, n., council, counsel, plan, stratagem. .39. consisto, -ere, -stiti. gain a foot- ing, stand, halt, consist of. 7S. consoler, -ari, -atus, comfort, con- sole. G. 20. conspectus, -us, m., sight. G. 11. conspicor, -ari, -atus, catch sight of, see. G. 25. constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitiitus, place, establish, aiipoint, resolve, determine. G. 3. consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus, become accustomed; per/., be accustomed, be wont. G. 14. consul, -ulis, m., a consul, tSie chief Roman rHUf/iffrate. 20. consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump- tus, waste, consume, destroy. G. 11. contends, -ere, -tendi, -tentus, strive, hasten, contend. 35. continenter, adv., continuously, coTitiniially. G. 1. contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus (con- teneo), keep togetlier, restrahi, bound. G. 1. contra, adr. and prep, tcith ace, opposite, against, on the other hand. 72. contumelia, -ae, /., insult, indig- nity. G. 14. conveuio, -ire, -veui, -ventus, come together, assendjle ; trans., meet. G. (J. conventus, -iis, m., as.sembly, court. G. 18. converto, -ere, -verti, -versus, tui'n around, change. G. 23. convoco, -are, -avi, -atus, call to- gether, summon. G. 16. copia. -ae, /"., a supply, plenty; pL. supplies, troops, forces. 9. copiosus, -a, -um, full of supplies, wealthy, plentiful. 6. 23. corpus, -ports, n., body. 19. cotidianus, -a, -um, daily, custom- ary. G. 1. cotidie, adv., daily, every day. G. Hi. Crassus, -i, m., Marcus Crassus, a iceaHJnj polilicUin and gene- ral. G. 21. credo, -ere, credidi, creditus, lend, intrust; ir'dh dai.., trust, believe; suppose. 39. cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, bum, con- sume. G. 4. creo, -are, -avi, -atus, create, elect, choose, make. ?A. cresco, -ere, crevi, cretus, grow, increase, become strong. G. 20. criidelis, -e, adj., cruel. 27. VOCABULARY culpo, -are, -avi, -atus, reprove, blame. 18. cultus, -U3, 111., cultivation, care, civilizatiuii. G. 1. cum, pre}). t'}lth ahl., with; cum ciSra, carefully. '21. cum, '-fjiij. with indie, when, wlieii- ever, at the time when ; inlh subjiiitc, when, while, although, since, because. 57. Cumae, -arum,/., u Greek city on the inpst coast of ItaJii. G9. cupide, ailp., eagerly. G. 1.5. cupiditas, -tatis,/., eagerness, de- sire. G. -!. cupidus, -a, -um, eager, fond of, ambitious for. G. 2. cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itus, desire, be eager for, wish well for. G. 18. cur, rel. and interrofj. adv., why, (52. cura, -ae,/., care. 7i. Curiatius, -i, m., an Alban. 45. euro, -are, -avi, -atus, take care, provide for, cause. G. 1.3. curro, -ere, cucurri, cursurus, run. 21. custos, -todis, m. and/., guard, watch, keei^er. T7. damno, -are, -avi, -S,tus, find guilty, condemn. G. 4. de, prep, zulth ahl., from, about, concerning, of. 21. debeo, -ere, debui, debitus, owe, ought, must. G. 11. decem, indeel. num., ten. 12. decerno, -ere, decrevi, decretus, ^s. dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, say, spealv. 57. dictator, -oris, »)., a dictator, a chi^f magistrate vnth untiniited power, who with his lieutenant, "the master of the hor.te," was appointed for a limited time to stipersede the ordinary magis- trates ill great emergencies. 08. dictio, -onis,/., a speaking, plead- ing. G. i. dies, diei, m. andf., day, time. 34. differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatus (dis-fero), bear apart, defer, differ. G. 1. diffioilis, -e, not easy, diiificult, liard. G. 0. dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missus (dis- mitto), send away, let go, dis- miss. G. 18. diripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus, (dis- rapio), plnnder, pillage. .30. discedo, -ere, -cessi -cessurus, go apart, retire, depart. G-. 14. disco, -ere, didici, learn. G. 13. disicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus (dia- iacio), hurl apart, scatter, rout. G. 2.j. dispone, -ere, -posui, -positus, place here and tliere, distribute, station. G. 8. diu, adv., for a long time. 10. diutius, eoinp. of diu, for a longer time, longer, too long. G. 16. diuturnus, -a, -um, long (in time), long continuetl. G. 14. dives. Gen., divitis, rich ; superL, ditissimus, ricliest. G. 2. Diviciacus, -i, m., an Haeduan eliief, friendly to Vie Romans. G. 3. Divico, -onis, m., an Helvetian leader. G. 13. divido, -ere, divisi, divisus, di- vide, separate. G. 1. do, dare, dedi, datus, give. 7. doleo, -ere, -ui, -itUrus, feel pain, suffer, grieve. G. 14. dolor, -oris, m., pain, grief, dis- tress. G. 2. doliis, -1, ///., deceit, tricks, strata- gem. G. 13. domicilium,-!, /(., dwelling, abode. G. .30. dominus. -i, in., master. 7. domus, -lis,/., house, home 32. donum, -i, n., gift. 10. dubitatio , -onis , /. , doubt, hesita- tion. G. 14. 10 VOCABULARY dubito. -are, -avi, -atums, ddubt. hesitate. TO. dubiua -a, -um, duiibtful. uiirer- tiiin. (i. o. ducenti, -ae, -a, twn hunilied. M. duco, -ere. duxi, ductus, lead. conduct, take, tbiuk. -1. dum, CO///., while, iiutil, so long as, G. 7. Dumnorix, -rigis, ///..//// H'lediwn, brother of iJiriri'irns. but un- frieridli/ to tlie Roiiiann. G. 3. duo. duae, duo. two, 3.S. duodecim. twelve. 12. duodevigiuti. Indect., eighteen. G. 2.:. dux, ducis, m., leader, guide. 19. e. prep. v:lth aid. See ex, educo, -ere, eduxi, eductus, lead out, bring out, take out. ."-ll-f. effemino. -are, -avi, -atus, make effeminate, weaken, enfeelde. G. 1. effero, -ferre, extuli. elatus (ex- fero), carrj- out, publish, elate. G. .5. egeo, -ere, egui, want, need, lack, with obi. 7i;. ego, mei, per.-s. pron.. I. til. egredior, egredi, egressus (ex- gradiori, go out. G. 27. egregius. -a, -um, excellent, l.s. emitto, -ere. emisi, emissus, send forth, let go. burl. .XL emo, -ere, emi, emptus, liuy, pur- chase. G. lb. enim. cohj., for. G. U. enuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, make kuo^A'n, report. G. 4. eo, ./''/■., thither, to that place, .s. eo. ire. ii (ivii . iturus. go. .'W. 41. eodem, /////■., to the same place, to the same end. G. 4. eques. -itis, ///., horseman, cav- alryman, knight. 24. equester. -tris. -tre, of the cavalry. (j. l.s. equitatus. -us. ///., cavalry. 52. equus.-i ///.. horse, ."i. eripio. -ere, eripui, ereptus lex- rapioi, snatch away, take from, rescue. G. 4. ! et. cniij., miA : bcith . . . and. 1. etiam. eonj., also. even. 21. Etiusci. -orum, ///.. the pe"i'le in- habiting ancient Italy from the Tiber northxrard. 7h. evado.-ere. evasi. -surus. c'o forth, escape, climli. m-uint. 7'S. evello. -ere. evelli "//'-' evulsi, evulsus. pull nut, ire. 43. impero, -are, -avi, -aturus, com- niand, order, levy (.^nfldiers) . 38. impetro, -are, -avi, -atus, obtain a I'equest, secure. G. 9. impetus, -us, m., attack, assault, fury, violence. 39. importo, -are, -avi, -atus (in- porto), import. G. 1. improbus, -a, -um, bad, wicked, reckless. G. 17. improvise, adv., unexpectedly. G. 13. impiine, adv., with impunity. G. 14. impiinitas, -atis./., freedom from punishment, impunity. G. 14. in, prep, v.nth abl., in, on, among, within; viith ace, into, on, to, against. 11. incendo, -ere, -udi, -ensus, burn, set fire to, inflame, e.'icite. 39. incite, -are, -avi, -atus, set in mo- tion, impel, rouse. G. 4. incola, -ae, m., inhabitant. 9. 14 VOCABCLAEY inoolo, -ere, -colui, inhabit, lire, dwell. Tii. incommodum, -i, »., disailvantage, defeat, disa.ster, misfortune. G. 13. incredibilis, -e, ijicredilde, ruar- veloLis. G. I'J. inde, uilr., tlience, frnm that plaee, h'nm that time. 67. indicium, -i, n., information, -evi- dence, an informer. G. i. indico, -ere, -dixi, -diotus, pro- claim, declare, appoint. 43. indiico, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, lead on, induce; draw on, cover. G. 2. industria, -ae, ,/'., industrj-, ac- tivity. 17. inferior, -ius. lower, lower part of, weaker, (j. 1. infero, -ferre, intuli, -latus, bring, bring in, Ijring against. 6,5. inflecto. -ere, -flexi, -inflexus, bend, bend (htwn. G. -.o. influo, -ere, -fliixi, -iliixurus, How into. G. .S. ingenium. -i, //., disposition, char- acter, abilities. 17. ingredior, -gredi, -gressus (in- gradiorj, advance, go in, enter. 0.5. inimicus. -a, -um, hostile, un- friendly; I'uuit, a personal enemy. 18. tnitium. -i, //., beginning, origin. G. 1. iniuria, -ae, /., injury, i^rong, in- sult. 31. iniussu, /»., onhi in iihl. , witliout orders, without command, O. V.I. inopia, -ae, / , want. lack. G. 27. inopinans, Gpn., inopinantis , adj., not suspecting, off one's guard, unaware. G. 12. inquit, be fshe, it) says. 41. insciens, Gfn., -entis, oc/;., not kno\\-ing, unaware. G. V.K insequor. -sequi, -secutus, follow after, pni-sne. G. 1.5. insidiae, -arum, /., snare, trap, andmsli. 77. insigne, -is, //., sign, badge, deco- ratio)!. G. 22. insignis, -e, «('j., marked, notable, sign.al. G. 12. insolenter, oOc, insultingly. G. 14. instituo. -ere. -ui, -utus, establish, a}'i)oint. teach, begin. 3;i institiitum, -i. «., habit, practice, custom, institution. G. 1. insto, -are, -stiti, -statiirus, press on, be at hand, threaten, (.t. 16. instruo. -ere, -uxi, -iictus, ar- rauL^n-, draw up. 72. intellego, -ere. -lexi, -lectus, learn, know, understand. 72. inter, prep, u-ifh ace, between, among. 1(>. intercedo. -ere, -cessi, -cessiinis, go between, inter\ene, e.xist be- tween. G. 7. intercliido. -ere, -cliisi, -elusus (inter-claudo), shut off, hinder. (i. 2.;, interdiii, "(/'., by day. G. 8. interdum, '"/'■., for a time, some- times, i;. 14. interea. c/r., meanwhile, in the mi'antiiiie. It. .s. interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus (in- ter-facioi. kill, put to deatli. 4'.i. VOCABULARY 15 interim, ndiK, meanwhile, in the mesntlinie. (Jl. intermitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, interrupt, stop, omit, let pass. G. 2(>. interneoio, -onis, /., extermina- tion, annihilation, (t. 13. interpres, -etis, m., interpreter. G. 19. intersum, -esse, -fui, he hetween, take part in. ( I. 15. intervallum, -i, n., interval, dis- tance, space. G. 22. invitus, -a, -um, nnwilling. G. S. ipse, -a, -um, himself, he himself, in person, the very. 60. ire. See eo, go. is, ea, id, this, that, he, she, it. .35. ita, urh:., so, in such a way, thus, G. 11. Italia, -ae, /., Italy. 31. itaque, adv.^ and so, accordingly. G. 9. item, adv., likewise, also. 35. iter, itineris, n., march, journey, way, path, road. 77. iterum, o2. iiis iiirandum, iiiris iurandi, n., oath. G. d. iiistitia, -ae, /., justice, upright- ness. G. 19. iuvenis, -e, young; noun, a youth, ytnmg man. 42. iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutus, help, aid. G. 20. Kalendae, -arum,/., the Calends, Jirst day of the Roman, month. G. 6. 1., abbreviation fur Liioius, a Roman praenomen. 59. Labienus, -i, in., an officer in, Caesar's army. 24. laboro, -are, -avi, -aturus, labor, t.jil, suffer. 12. lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, harass, attack, provoke. G. 15. lacrima, -ae,/., a tear. G. 20. lacus, -lis, in., lake. 08. laetus, -a, -um, glad, happy. 5. lapis, -idis, m., stone. 19. largior, -iri, -itus, give freely, brihe. G. 18. largiter, adv., abundantly. G. 18. 16 VOCABCLAEY largitio. -onia, /., generosity, Iji'iljiiii;, G. '.>. ■ late, rirlr. widely. G. 2. Latinus, -a, -uin, Latin; a Latin. .50. latitude, -inis. r'. ividtli. G. :;. ^ 'yo/?;^ nntlorj riorthir^st of tl": .SVr/.„7„;. G. i'i. lingua, -ae. /'., tongae, language, G. L linter. -tris, G^ri. />'., lintrium, ; ikiff, b'.ar. G. 12. Latobrigi, -orum. ,-( tribe as- ! Liscus, -i. dijef mog. nijitrote 'jt I the HnAihijtii!-: .;.* B/:. G. 10. littera, -ae, /. , a letter 'of (/i« latus, -eris, a., side, flank. G, ' o.lph/ih'\i , \ p/., a letter, epistle. soeiotfd irith the HehietMnn G. .5. latus. -a, -uin, wide, broad, li, locus, -i, //>,. p'^''-'^- -pot ; ne'it. pL, laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, praise. 6.' loca, -orum, plates, locality, legatio, -onis,/'., ernliassy. G. ■?. ,' region, -j^. legatus, -i. ;//., lieutenant, ambas- , longe. ntV,: ., far, far away, distant. sador. .5. ' 47. legio, -onis, /'., legion. 20. Lemaunus, -i, ., lion, l^i, leviter, nrfr,, lightly, slightly, easily. 4T. lex, legis,/,, law, 33, liber, -bri, /,(,, hook, 11, liber, -era, -erum, free, 14, liberalitas, -atis, /, , generosity, G, 18, libere, odi-., freely, openly, with- G, 13, ludus, -i, //■,, game, spf^rt. school; th'- Ludi Eoinaiii 'cere pahlle e?- hih''io'i'-^ of vorlous kin/Js giren nnrrnnlhj x,\ Septeii'her. .!».!». lux. lucis,/'., light, 72, M,, ohhreriaiiori for Marcus, a ' l/roenoirten. ib. magls, co'i'p. '/'./*■,, more, rather. out hindrance, ,51, liberi, -orum, wo, children, 7.S. libero, -are, -avi, -atus, free, : free. 17, magister, -tri, //>,, master, teacher. . U. et magistratus, -us, /)!,, rnaudstracy, nia^:~tra;,-. 74, libertas, -atis, /,, liljerty, free- 1 magnitude, -inis, /,, greatness, d ro , j rria^iitnde liceor, -eri, -itus, hid (at ni, nyr. magnopere, •"7,.. greatly, 49. magnus, -a, -um, large, great, 2. maior, mains, co////., of magnus, larger, greater: ph, elders, an- cestnrs. :;2. Lingones, -um, Aeo , Lingonas, o \ male, ojlr.. hadly, ill, .59, f,o„). G, 1^, licet, -ere,licuit, iinperxoool rrrh, it is allc>wed, it is permitted, G 7. VOCABULARY 17 maleficium, -i, ?!., liarm, mischief. G. 7. malo, malle, malul, prefer. 72. malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wieltcd. 10. mandS, -are, -avi. -atus, intru.st, eoniinit, order. G. lH. maneo, -ere, mansi, mansurus, remain, await. 13. Manlius, -i, m., a Roman. 78. manus, -us, /., Laud; baud {of soldirr.'^) , force, oil. matara, -ae,/., spear, pike (used by the Gaah). G. 20. mater, -tris,/., mother. .3.5. matrimonium, -I, ».., marriage, matrimony. 57. Matrona, -ae, in., the Marne, a riv'T of cpntrol GaixL G. 1. maturo, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten, make j.aste. G. 7. matiirus, -a, -xun, ripe, early. G. 10. maxime, adv., especially, very. G. 10. maximus, -a, -um, largest, great- est, very great. 52. medium, -i, »., the middle, center, intervening space. 45. medius, -a, -um, middle, in the middle, tl)e middle of. 45. melior, melius, camp, adj., better. 20. melius, camp, adv., better. 71. membrum, -i, n., a part of the body, limlj. 74. memini, memiuisse, perf. form with pr'■ nit fid sfr'tenas, nnt; 0/- iritih'J fi,-/ri,} . 30. '<'! ru'^u.r'uj'i sahordu'Ote clua-^e molo, -ere, -ui, -itus, i;rinil. G. J. that ri"t. lest. :is. moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, Mam, ad- necessarius, -a. -um. necessary, \ise. tl. critiral. iin^siii'i : noun, rela- mons. montis, /;!.. a raoiiiitaiD. 23. ■ tive. kiiismau. close friend. G. mora. -ae. f., delav. 11. morior. mori. mortuus (un] mori- necne, conj., or not: uifd in i'ndi- turus, ilie rf'-t q'i>:.-;t' moror, -ari, -atus, linger, delay, nego, -are. -avi. -atus. say no. say detain. G. 2ii. mors, mortis./'., death. .33. mos, moris, w.., manner, cnstoni; pL, eustoins, ivhara^ter. .'1. not. deny. G. ■^. nemo, /^'^. nemini, .Ic.. nemi- nem, m. o)fd/., no man, no one, nolj.idv. 01. moveo. -ere. movi. motus, move, neque or nee. conj.. and not. nor: intlQeuce. break \.\p toojnp). G. rion-pj... neither . . , nor. tj4. I.J. nervus, -i, sinew ; pi., force. power. mox, oflr ., presently, soon. 9. ; G. 20. Mucins, -i. m., a yonnr) Ruman neve. co/!?('//)/!,>i.7 ut or ne. or not, v:ho nttfynpfed to slay kin.g For- and not, nr.r. G. 2o. Sena. Wj. ' nex. necis./.. death, violent death. mulier. -eris, f.. wcjman. 10. multitiido. -inis, /., multitude, crowd, thron;;. 2.5. multo. o,lr. much. G. 6. multus. -a. -um. much, manv. 3. G. 10. nihil or nil. /.., noni. and ace. .v//,./. onh/. nothing. 74. nihilum. -i />., nothing. G. 5. nimium. o./c. too much. too. O.S. miirus. -i. ,n., wall. 19. miinio. -ire. -ivi, -itus. fortify. :Vi, , nisi. co.o.. if not. unless, except, miiiiitio, -onis, /., fortific.ation. | 77. nitor, niti, nisus .o,./ nixus. strug- gle. ^tri\"c.. exert one's self, rely upon. It. 13. no'bilis. -e. well kni'wn, nolde, emi- nent. I~T. 2. nobilitas. -atis, / , nobility, the nobles. G. 2. nobis. 'i,ii. ,nj'i nh], I r'nos. nam, r:onj., for. .52. Nammeius, -i, ni., an Helvetian G. 7. narro. -are. -avi. -atus, tell, re. bite. 0. natiira, -ae,/'.. nature, cbar;icter. nolo, nolle, nolui. be unwillin \\i.-h not. 07. nauta. -ae, ..... saib.r. 1. navis. -is,/'., sbip. bo.'it. 2: -ne irli/ir ,(.v, ,/ /., ,..,o7,- li,e Xr,,- tence as laterroyatn-e. 02. nomen. -mis. n., name. 19. nominatim, ...'.■.. by name, indi- vidu:[Uy. expre-i>ly. G. 29. non, arh:., n. it. i. VOCABULARY 19 nonaginta, indecl. num. ninety. G, -IW. nondum, adi'., Dot yet. (i. 6. nonne, uiyfd to mark a qtirstloii lohen the answer "yes" is ex- pected. (12. Noreia, -ae, /., a town of the Norici. G. 5. Noricus, -a, -um, of the Noriei, Noric. G. .5. nos, we, us. 42. noster, -tra, -trum, our. 13. novem, indecl. num., nine. novus, -a, -utn, new, recent, la.st. 73. nox, noctis /., niglit. 35. noctu, irreg. abl., by ni.u'lit. G. 8. nubo, -ere, nupsi, nupta, veil one'.s self, marry (of the hride). G. 18. nudus, -a, -um, naked, unpro- tected. G. 25. nullus, -a, -um, not any, none, no. 57. num, used in direct questions when the answer " no " is expected ; in indirect questions, whether. 62. Numa, -ae, m., second Icing of Rome, o?j. numerus, -i, m., number. 18. numquam, adv., never. G. 8. nunc, adv., now. 52. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, announce, report. 39. nuntius, -i, m., messenger, mes- sage. 7. nuper, adv., lately, recently. G. 6. ob, prep, with ace, on account of, for. 49. obaeratus, -i, m.. debtor. G. 4. obicio, -ere, -ieci, -ieotus (ob- iacio), throw in the way of, present, expose. G. 2(i. obliviscor, -i, oblltus, forget. 72. obseoro, -are, -avi, -atus, implore, entre:it. G. 20. obses, -idis, m. and /., hostage. 20. obstringo, -ere, -inxi, -ictus, bind. G. 9. obiineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus (ob- teneo), hold, occupy, secure. G. 1. occasus, -lis, m., setting; occasuB solis, sunset, the west. G. 1. occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus (ob- caedo), kill. 2.t. ooculto, -are, -avi, -atus, conceal, hide. G. 27. oocupo, -are, -avi, -atus, seize, occupy. 20. oocurro, -ere, -curri, -cursiirus (ob-curro), run to meet, oppose, resist, meet. 68. Oceanus, -i, m., the ocean. G. 1. Ocelum, -1, n., a town of the Grai- ocell on the western harder of the province of Cisalpine Gaul. G. 10. octo, indecl. num., eight. 24. octoginta. i}idecl. num., eighty. 56. oculus, -i, 7)1., eye. G. 12. odi, odisse, osiirus.per/'./orj?! with pres. meaning, hate. G. 18. odium, -i, n., hatred. 71. offendo, -ere, -ndi, -ensus, strike agH,ii]st, hurt. G. 19. offensio.-onis,/., offense, hurting. G. 19. olim, adv., once, once upon a time. 19. omnino, adv., altogether, at all, in all. 60. 20 VOCABULARY omnis, -e, all, evf-ry. 25 vrh, it repents lone) : me paeni- oportet.-ere.-uit. (//i/iTso/ii!? i-r//.. paris. a'1j., equal. 51. lay sie^e to. G. 5. paratus. -a, -um, ready, prepared. ops, opis,/', aid, help, protection : i;:;. pf, res'jttrces, ijn^-er, wealth, pareo, -ere. -tii. oliey , ?'-7VA ^/'.'.f, 41. means. 74. pars, partis. /'.. part. 2o. optimus. -a, -um. .suj.er/. o/bonus, parvus, -a, -um. little, small. 2. passus, -us. pac e ' lire Roiiuin opus, -eris, «., wnrk, labor, ai t'l-efi: mille passus, a mile, 58. work. 55, pastor, -oris, in., shepherd. 19. oratio, -onis, /,, speech, "words, pateo, -ere, -ui, be open, eitend; ar;iament. G, .'.5. patens, -ntis- acl/.. open. G. 2. orator, -oris. /n.. speaker, orator, pater, -tris. ,.... lather. tV). arabassadnr. 74. patior. patl, passus. suffer, bear, Orgetorix. -igis, m., an Helvetiuji . all.iw, permit, ijl. nubleiiinn. (i. 2. ! patria. -ae./., native land, father- orior, -iri, ortus, arise. Apart' land, country. 12. from present inftnitive this v:orO pauci. -ae. -a. few. a few. 41. is of the thirfJ conjiirjation. 71. paulatim. oOr.. gradually, little omo. -are. -avi. -atus. adorn. 10. liT little paulo. ."'(■.. a little, somewhat. 70. pax. pacis.r'., peace. 20. oro -are -avi, -atus, speak, beg entreat. G. 20. ostendo -ere. -ndi, -utus, show, pecunia. -ae,/'., money. 3. point out, declare. G. ,S, pecus, -oris, /i,, cattle, herd, tlock. I'.i. P.. ahhrerintion fnr Piiblius. a pedes, -itis. m.. foot-soldier. 24. praej.orne,^ G.-l. pabulatio. -onis,/',, foraging, pro- curing foildcr, ("t, 15 pabulum, -i, //.. fodder, green fod- drr. (';. 111. pello, -ere. pepuli. pulsus, stiike, impel. dri\"e out. del'-at. 2t;l. per. rrr-p. tritJ, ./.•.■., through, by, (Ui ,account of. 50. perdiico. -ere. -diixi. -ductus . bring, G. .s. paco, -are. -avi, -atus. subdue. CMinIuct, pndi pacify. 24. perfacilis. -e. \ rry easy. It. 2. Padus, -i. hi., tlie rivrr Po. 7il. perfero, -ferre. -tuli. -latus. bear paene, mlr.. alucvt. nrarly. HO. tlinuigh, endure, submit to. paenitet, -ere, -uit, ij/qjersoaul . G. 17. VOCABULARY 21 perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus (per- facio), accomplish, Jiuisli, make, bring aljout. G. 3. perfringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractus (per-f rango) , breali tlirougli. G. 25. perfuga, -ae, m., deserter, fugi- tive. G. 28. perfugio, -ere, -fugi, run away, tlee. G. 27. periculosus, -a, -um, dangerous, perilous. Gl. periculum, -i, n., peril, danger. 26. peritus, -a, -um, experienced, skill- ful. G. 21. permitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, in- trust, permit, allow. G. oO. permoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus, move, influence, arouse, alarm. G. 3. pernicies, -ei,/'., ruin. G. 20. perpauci, -ae, -a, very few. G. li. perrumpo, -ere, -riipi, -ruptus break through. G. 8. persequor, -sequi, -secutus, follow up, pursue, attack. (4. 13. persevero, -are, -avi, -atiirus, persist. G. 13. persolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutus, pay, suffer (a penulti/). G. 12. persuadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasiirus, persuade. 38. perterreo, -ere. -terrui, -territus, frighten, terrify, alarm. G. 18. pertineo, -ere, -tinui (per-teneo), extend, pertain to, tend. G. 1. pervenio, -ire, -veni, -venturus, arrive at, reach, come to. G. 7. pes, pedis, m., foot. 21. peto, -ere, -ivi and -ii, -itus, seek, ask. 32. phalanx, -angis, /., a phalanx, array of troops. G. 24. pilum, -i, II., javelin, t/ie distinc- tive ioeupo)i of the Roman legion. G. 2.'j. Piso, -onis, m., Marcus Piso, con- sul in til B.C. G. 2. placeo, -ere, -ui, -itiirus, please, suit, .satisfy, i':ith (tut. 41. plebs, plebis,/'., no pi., the com- mon people, commons, plebeians. 71. plerumque, adv., for the most part, mostly, generally. 73. pliirimum, siipeti. odi\, very much; pliirimum posse, be most powerful. G. 3. plurimus, -a, -um, very much, very many. 28. pliis, pluris, neut. nonn and. adv., more ; pi., adj., more, many. 49. poena, -ae, /., penalty, punish- ment, a. 4. polliceor, -eri, -itus, promise, offer. G. 14. Polliix, -ucis, ))j., nan)eof Castor's twi)i-brother. 70. pono, -ere, posul, -itus, put down, set, place; castra ponere, pitch a camp. 58. pons, pontis, /»., bridge. 51. populatio, -onis, /., plundering, liillagiiig. G. 15. populor, -ari, -atus, ravage, dev- astate. G. n. populus, -i, //(., people. 24. Porsinna, -ae, ni., a poirerful king of t'lusium. 65. porta, -ae. /'.. city-gate, gate. 77. ports, -are, -avi, -atus, carry. .5. portorium, -i. )(., toll, customs, duty. G. 18. 22 VOCABCLAEr posco, -ere, poposci, demand, claim. G. 27. possessio. -oais, /., posse.ssion. G. 11. poasum, posse, potui, he able, can. i8. post, adv., and pr<^p. u:ifh (""/c, afterwards, after, behind, lb. postea, ode. afterwards. 22. postera, -um, o. praesertim. "dr., especially. 73. praesidium, -i. n., guard, aid, garri-'iHi, po~t. i'.!i. praesto, -are, -stiti, -stilus and -status, excel, (ndtli dat.); tra/i.s., perform, exhibit. 70. praesum, -esse, -fui, be at the head, be in comrciaiid of. 48. praeter, adv. and prep, ivith ace, beyond, past, besides, except. (i8. praeteritus, -a, -um. past, bygone. (t. 20. praetor, -oris, //<., general: a praetor, a Raman nxagl.'it-rate next hehytr rani^ad in rank. G. 21. preces, -um. .^ing. rare eveept ahl., prece. /'., prayers, entreaties. G. 16. precor. -ari. -atus, pray, entreat. 1)6. premo, -ere. pressi. pressus. pre^s, oppress, burden, press ufion. attaek. 73. prendo, -ere. -ndi. -nsus. seize, take, L'ra-p. Lt, 20, pretium, -i. n., price, value, re- ward. 17. pridie. adv., on the day before. G. 23. primum, adv., first, at first. i.T, 2.5. primus, -a. -um, first. 31. princeps. iji-ji.. principis, adj., first, chief, foremost : noun, chief, foremost man. (4, 7. principatus. -its, ai., leadership, ^uprenlary, G. :-;. prior, prius, cnnp. adj., former, pre\ious, prior. 51, VOCABULAKY 23 pristinus, -a, -um, old, former. G. 13. priusquam, conj., before, sooner than. Hi. privatim, cuh'., privately, as pri- vate persons, (i. 17. privatus, -a, -um, personal, pri- vate, out of otfiee ; itna)i, a citizen in private life. (jl. pro, prep, with abl., before, in belralf of, for. in.stead of, in pro- portion to. 43. probo, -are, -avi, -atus, approve, prove, sliow. G. 3. proditor, -oris, in., traitor, be- trayer. 39. prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, ^ive up, betray, hand do^ii, transmit. G. 13. proelium, -i, »., battle. 13. profectio, -onis, /., departure. G. :!. proficiscor, -i, -feotus, start, set out, go, march. 51. prohibeo, -ere. -ui, -itus (pro- habeo), restrain, keep off, pre- vent. 70. proicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus (pro- iacio), throw forward, cast down, abandon. G. 27. prope (comp., propius; .luperl., proximo), adv., near; alio prep, with ace, near. 56. propello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive back, repel, rout. G. 15. propero, -are, -avi, -atus, hurry, hasten. 8. propinquus, -a, -um, near, re- lated ; i')l., relatives. G. 16. propono, -ere, -posui, -positus, place before, state, makekuowu. G. 17. propter, adv. and prep, with are., near by, on accouut of. G. i). propterea, adv., on this account, (i. 1. prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, look forward, provide for. G. 'Si. provincia, -ae,/., province. 13. proxime, svi)erl. adv., lately, last, recently. G. 24. proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next, last. G. 1. piiblice, adv., publicly, as a state. G. 16. publicus, -a, -um, of the people, of the stati', public. G. 12. puella, -ae,/., girl. 1. puer, -erl, m., boy, child. 12. pugua, -ae, /'., flight, battle. 18. pugno, -are, -avi, -atiirus, fight. 7. pulcher, -cbra, -chrum, beautiful, fine. 13. ptinio, -ire, -ivi and -ii, -itus, pun- ish. .52. piirgo, -are, -avi, -atus, make clean, free from blanie. G. 28. puto. -are, -avi, -atus, think. 45. Pyrenaei (montesj, vu., the Pyre- nees. G. 1. qua, reh adv., where, by which way. G. 6. quadraginta, indecl. num., forty. .5(1. quadringenti, -ae, -a, four hun- dred. G. 0. quaero, -ere, quaesivi, -itus, seek, ask, incptire. 64. qualis, -e, rel. and interrog. adj., of what sort. G. 21. quam, adv. and conj., than, how; 24 VOCABrLAKY quam diu. as long as. With quo. Kith suhj.. in order that. supiirl., as much as po5.->ible. 2'.i, liG. quantus, -a, -um, rf/. and, i,>tt:r- rog. o.'tj ,^ how great, how mach, as great as, as. G. 17. quare, on account of which thing, wiierefore. ol. quartua, -a, -um, fourth. .56. quattuor. ifO-rl. nuw., four. 2H. quoque. '/'/'■., also, too. G. 1 quattuordecim, /'/K/ec/. nu/zt., four- quot. i,"Je':l. ril. ori'l intfrrorj. G. 8. quod, ^onj., hecause. that, the fact tliat : quod si. but if. 71. quominus or quo minus, cooj., that not, in or^ler that not, from. 71. quomodo or quo modo, in what manner, how, as. 'j7. teen. (i. 29. -que. fiijili.i.. CO,,]., and. i. o/Jj.. as many, as niariy as, how manv. <.t. 2'.'. queror, -i, questus. complain, la- quotannis. o'lc., yearly, every meiit. 71. j year. .50. qui. quae, quod, r<=/. proa., who. which, that, whose, whom, atr. raeda O;/.*., reda., -ae, /., wagon. quidam. quaedam, quiddam, a rapina, -ae. /'., plunder, plunder- certain one, a certain thing. 69. I ing. G. 1.5. quidem. rub:., certainly, indeed, at , ratio. -onis,/'., reckoning, account, least ; ne ... quidem, not even : j reason, plan. G. 28. emphuiic irord coums 6eficee/i ■ ratis. -is./'. . raft. G. 8. ne and quidem. Eauraci, -orum. 01. tr''h^- n'tO-r quin, r.onj.. but, that : quin etiam. | tlio li!,:,,^. i.t. nay even. 70. quindecim, iudocl.. ni .56. recens, 'r^n.. -entis, adj.. new. fifteen. , fre~h. l:if»-. G. 14. recipio. -ere. -cepi -ceptus »., the Ehone. (i. 1. ripa, -ae, /., bank (of a stream). 11. rogo, -are, -avi. -atus, ask. 29. Roma, -ae,/., Rome. 31. RSmanus, -a, -um, of Rome, Ro- man : iioifii, a Roman. 20. Komulus, -i, »)., founder and first kin:) iif Rome. 31. rosa, -ae,/., rose. 1. rursus. adtK, again, back again. G. 25. rus, riiris, ?)., the country (as oppos'd to the city). 34. Sabinus, -a, -um, Sabine; noun, a 26 "S'OCABCLAliY Sabine. Th' Sahine." Uved in sacer, -era, -crum, sacre'l. 74. sacrum, -i, /<., a huly thing or place: a reliLrious rite. .j->. saepe, mh-., Miten. 12. salus. -utis,/'., .safety. •'i2. sancio, -ire, sauxi, sanctus, make sacred, make Ijio'liuir, '-'r'lain. G. •?*). Santones, -um, Acr., Santouos, ni.. a tribe of n:rstern Linal north of the Garnriuni. !>. in, sapientia, -ae, /'., good sense, dis- cretion, wisdom. ,j2, sarcina, -ae,/"., pack, baggage car- ried by soldiers. G. 24. satis, iaOec! . enij. awladr., enough, .sufficiently. (1.^. satisfacio. -ere, -feci, -factus. satisly.make ameni.ls, apologize. G. 14. scelus, -eria, /)., crime, wicked- ness. -34. scio. -ire. -ivi, -itus, kmiw. G. 20. scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptus. write. 22. scutum, -i, //., shield. 10. seceio, -ere. secessi. secessurus. withdraw, retire, go away. 74. secreto, ode., privately. G. 18. secundus, -a -um, following, sec- ond, favorable. 33. G. 14. sed, coiij., but. bS. sedecim, inrler!. num., sixteen. Hi. sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessurus, sit, sit still, remain .seated. 7S. seditio. -onis./"., se(.-ession, mutiny, insiuTectinn. 74. seditiosus, -a, -um, seditious, fac- tious. 14. 17. Segusiavi. -orum, /«., n ti-ihe rjf <:efi'rnl (i nil. (.. In. sementis, -is, /., a .-owing {of rjmiin. (.i. '.'t. semper, ndr.. always. G. 18. S3natU3. -U3. )/).. tlie senate. 01. senex. seals, //<., an oM man. 78. seni. -ae, -a, six each, six apiece. G. 1.".. sentio. -ire, seasi, sensus, per- cei\"e, know, t.iink. Ot. 18. separatim, a''.-., separately, pri- vately. G. r.i. septem. in.deel. rnrm., seven. 56. septentrlo, -oais. ///., the north; pi. n:tlh ^nm." inennjnq. G. 1. Septimus, -a. -um, seventh. G. 10. septuagiata. i.i'leol. nnm., seventy. 'A i. sepultiira. -ae. /'.. burial. G. 20. Sequana. -ae. ;/)., the Seine, a rirer or i.T'inl. G. 1. Sequani, -orum. m., a people of en.^tern Gmil. I4. ]. sequor. sequi. seciitus, follow, pursue. >eek. 40. Servilius. -i, m., a B'onnn. 09. servitiis. -litis. /'.. slavery, servi- tude. It. 11. Servius, -i. )/!.. Servius Tullius, .s/.i7/( linr/ of Rrrn". .''7. servo, -are, -aTi, -atus. save. 8. servus. -i. m.. ^lavc. servant. 5. seu. some OS sive. or: seu . . . seu. correl., either ... or. G. sex. indf-rJ. nnrrt., six. 06. sexaginta. i/ide-!. num., sixty. G. 20. sextus, -a, -um, -.ixtb. 50. si. rniij.. if. 41. sic. ode, so, thu.s. 41. VOCABULARY 27 signum, -i, n., sign, signal, mili- tary standard, image. 45. silentium, -i, ?i., silence, quiet. 78. silva, -ae,/., forest. 3. simul, or//'., at tlie same time ; simul atque, conj., as soon as. 61. sin, coiij., but if. G. i:>. sine, p7-ep. wilh abl., without, oo singuli, -ae, -a, one at a time, one by one. G. 6. sinister, -tra, -trum, left (not right); sinistra, /. left hand. G. 25. sive, conj., or if; sive . . . sive, correl., either . . . or. G. 12. socer, -eri, in., father-in-law. G. 12. sooius, -i, in,, ally, associate. 32. sol, -is, in ., the sun. G. 1. solum, -i, u,, soil, ground, bottom. G. 11. solum, adv,, alone, only. G. 12. solus, -a, -um, alone. 66. solvo, -ere, -Ivi, -utus, loosen, release, fulfil, pay. 71. soror, -oris,/., sister. G. 18. spatium, -i, ?i., space, distance, space of time. G. 7. Sp., abbreviation for Spurius, a Rninan praeiioinea, 6C>, specto, -are, -avi, -atus, look at, look toward, face. G. 1. spero, -are, -avi, -atus, hope, ex- pect. 46. spes, spei, /., hope. 45. spontis, f/en, of defective noun, abl,, sponte, /., of one's ow]\ accord, voluntarily, by one's own influence. G. 9. statim, adv., immediately, at once. 30. statuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, set up, think, decide, pass judgment. G. 11. statiira, -ae, /., height, size, stature. IS. stipendiarius, -a, -um, trilmtary, dependent, (i. 30. strepitus, -us, ni., noise, din. 78. studeo. -ere, -ui, lie eager for, be devoted to. l.i. !l. studium, -1, n., zeal, eagerness, study. 70. sub, prep, v^lth arc,, under, towards; wilh abl., under, at the foot of. G. 7. subduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, draw uj), withdraw. (4. 22. subeo, -ire, -ivi and -ii, -itiirus, come under, come up, undergo. G. 5. subicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, throw under, throw from under, sub- ject, place near. G. 26. sublatus. See tollo. sublevo, -are, -avi, -atus, lighten, raise up, assist. G. 16. submoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus, push back, dislodge, repulse. G. 25. subsidium, -i, n., reserve, help, reinforcement. 70. subsisto, -ere, -stiti, make a stand, halt. G. 15. subveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus, bring up. G. 16. succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus, corae up, take the place of, prosper. G. 24. sui, sibi, se, refl. pron. of the 3d piers., him, himself, etc. 54. 28 VOCABULARY Sulla, -ae, m., Lucius Corntlius ' tamen, odv., neYerthelfrSs, yet, ^ulla, a greo.t R-, ■iiid stiitesiiiiin. It y i,.eral still. 4J. tametsi. cO"j., altliou^li. G. '■^). sum, esse, fui, futurus, Ije. 14:. tandem, o.'Jr., at leDgth, finally. summa, -ae,/., t'jtal, ^um, wkule. lu. G, 29. I tantus, -a, -um, so srreat. so much, summus, -a. -um, hlKljcst, su- : u.j. preme. lut;hest part of, top of : tardus, -a. -um, >low, if summum, -i, //., the top, 78, Tarquinius, -i sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus take. G, 7, nnu'.^ of the hist Vinii.l f'J.ii.'fhj at P,/n:\f.. .53. telum, -i, /(-, a i./d'.v.Si'e^ weapon, sumptus, -us, //),, expense, G. 18, i dart, missile, 10, superior, -ius, cmcp. o.Oj., hi,^her, ' temperantia, -ae, /,, self-control. earlier, stronger, i_4. 10, discreetness, <>. 10, supero, -are, -avi, -atus, orer- tempero, -are, -afi, -atus, control. come, surptass. lUtrcd on. supersum, -esse, -fu!,he leftover, templum, -i. Self, refrain, G , a temple, ."'2, tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, trj-, at- tempt. It. li. remain. survi\'e. i.t. 2,'1, suppeto, -ere, -ii, -itus I'sub- petOi, he on hand, hold out, tempus, -oris, r/., time, -31, G, 3, suppliciter, o'lv., as a suppliant as suppliants, G, 27, supplicium, -i, n , punLshment terra, -ae,/'., land, i {hy dP,ah_). G, 10. suscipio, -ere, -cepi. -ceptus S. (subs-oapiO) , take up, under- , terror, -oris take, begin, G, 3. teneo, -ere, -ul, hold, have, keep, ter, o/tr., three times. ."-O. terra, -ae,/'. , land, i't, ::0, terreo, -ere, terrui, -itus, frighten. terror, panic, j alarm. ■:.". suspicio. -onis,/'., suspicion. G.l. tertius. -a. -um. third. 47. Bustineo, -ere, -tinul, -tentus testis, -is, n\. and /., witness. (subs teneOi, withstand, endure, It. 14. sustain, stop. G. 24, Tihermus, -i, /,),, the Tiber. 6i5. suus, -a, -um, r<=r?, /;o,s,se.?.s'r":' adj., Ti'beris, -is, m., the Tiber. 23. his, her, its, their own, ,54. Tigurinus, -a,-um, of the Tigurini. I o(/e at' ih» f.njr canfons of the T,, nhhrfriafarn far TitUS, a' TP Irel ; ms. I,. 12, Rvaia/i. praeno timeo, -ere, timui, fear. 6. tabula, -ae, /',, hr.ard, writing timidus, -a, -um, tirnid, 9, tablet, list, record, G, 29, timor, -oris, ta.. fear, alarm. taceo, -ere, tacui, be silent, keep : G, 22, secret, conceal. G. 17. i tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, hear, en- tam, ralr., So, So much, 47. ! Jure, hold out, G. 28. VOCABULARY 29 toUo, -ere, sustuli, sutlatus, lift up, elate, take, take a\yay, de- stroy. G. 5. Tolosates, -um, m. , the inhabitants of Tidosa. G. 10. totus, -a, -um, all, the whole, total. 41. trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus, hand over, surrender, relate. 43. traduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus (trans-duoo), lead acros.s, trans- fer. 49. tragula, -ae, /., a Gallic javelin. G. 2(;. trano, -are, -avi, swim acros.s, swim over. GO. trans, prep, ivilh ace., across, on the other side of. 20. transeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go across, cross, go over. .54. transfigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus, pierce through. G. 25. treoeuti, -ae, -a, three hundred. G. 21). tres, tria, three. 38. tribunus, -i, m., a trihune, a magix- trate eleeted by the pleh>i to watch over the interests of the common people. 74. tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, grant, render, attribute, ascrilje. G. 13. triduum, -i, n., a period of three days, three days. G. 26. triginta, indecl. n?)?))., thirty. 26. triplex, (?e?i,., tripliois, «i. wall, G, 26, ' victoria, -ae, f.. victory, 10. vasto, -are, -avi, -atus, ravage, vicus, -i, m.. village. 13. devastatr. (t. 11. vectigal. -alis, />., ta.v, tribute, re\"eDlle. '.T. l.S. veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, carry ; ]>fls.5., ride. To. Veil, -orum. ni., a citij of ancient Ituli/. 4.S. video, -ere. vidi. visus, see ; pa.s.s., lie seen. seem. 6. I vigilia, -ae, /.. a watch. The E'j- nuins diiided the night intejfrjur iratches frrjm sunset to .sunrise. ' G. 12, j viginti, ind-cl. ntin-i.. twenty. .51, vel, conj. nnd cidc, or, or even, viuco, -ere. vici, victus. conr^uer, even; vel , , . vel, correl..\ 46. either r.r. 66. vinculum, -i. //.. chain, bond, Ti veuio, -ire. veni. venturus. come. vir. -i, m.. man, hero. 12. 3U. Verbigenus. -i. Il'Irelii. G. 27. verbum. -i. //.. word. .Vi. j virtiis, -iitis, /'., manliness, brav- a Clinton I'f the ] ery, valur, virtue, 42. vis, vis, /'., strength, force, vio- l.-ii.-e. .'.1, vereor, -eri, -itus, fear, respect, vita, -ae,/'., lifi- drrad. 16 vito, -are, -avi, -atus. shun, avoid. vergo. -ere. slupe, lie, be situated. ^ li 2n G, 1. vergobretus, -i, m.. vcrgobret. vivo. -ere. vixi, victurus, live, be alive, 46, VOCABULAllY 31 vix, ckJv.^ hardly, scarcely, with difficulty. 77. vobis, thii . and nhl. ofvos. voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call. 6. Vocoutii, -orum, m,., a, Gallic tribe saatli of the Allobrages. G. 10. volo, velle, volui, will, wish, be williiii;'. 5.1. Volsci, -orum, m. a powerful race akin to the Latins. 69. voluntas, -atis,/., will, gond-will, consent. (_T. 7. vos, jterv. pro)i., you, yourselves. W. voveo, -ere, vovi. votus. vow. 68. vulgus (ill- volgus), -i, n., crowd, mass, common peojile. G. 20. vulnero, -are, avi, -atus, wound. 10. vulnus (or volnus), -eris, n., wound. 47.