K-fflSiri^'Jl^j'^^VjfejijLywAws^^^ M!e^*n*f!s-^ ■^'.-'Hi g p i Tf^ f TH i ir- 1 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS ONE OF A COLLECTION MADE BY BENNO LOEWY 1854-1919 AND BEQUEATHED TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY The date shows when this volume was talced. JUfJ I'/'jasB HOME USE RULES All book^ subject to recall All borrowers must regis- ter in the library to borrow books for home use. AH books must be r^ turned at end of college year for inspection and •repairs. Limited books must be returned within the four week limit and not renewed. Students must return all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes of periodicals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- - poses they are given out for a limited time. Borrowers should not use their library privileges for the benefit of other persons. Books of special value an(^ gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. WW \4 Cornell University SB hj Library The original of tliis bool< is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924071176949 CHAPTERS III the History OF OLD S. PAUL'S W. SPARROW SIMPSON, D.D., F.S.A., MINOR CANON, LIBRARIAN, SUCCENTOR, ANU JUNIOR CARDINAL IN S. 1'AUL's CATHEDRAL ; ONE OP THE HONORAKV LIBRARIANS OF HIS GRACE THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXXXI. Aip^Ce/'/^ PREFACE. T^OR fome time paji my hours of lei/ure, which have been only too few and far between, have been devoted to refearches in the Hiflory of the Cathedral of S. Paul. I have enjoyid for twenty years the great honour of being a. Member of the Cathedral Body and Keeper of its Records, and each fuc- ceeding year has but increafed my love for the flately San6luary and its folemn Services, and augmented my interefl in its venerable Archives. In the prefent volume I have endeavoured to embody in a popular form fome of the refults of my fludies, in the hope that many who are repelled by Original Documents expreffed in medicsval Latin, may read thefe defultory Chapters in the Hiftory of Old S. Paul's, and fhare with me in the abforbing interefl which gathers round the fubj'eft. vi Preface. Where T could tell the Story of S. Paul's in the words of fome old Chronicler, I have always preferred his quaint phrafes to any fentences of my own : at the fame time I have freely ufed the documents and other materials gathered together in my previous books upon the Hifiory of S. Pauls,* and I have done fo with the lefs hefitation becaufe the firfl of thefe was privately printed, and the fecond was iffued only to the Members of a learned Society. I mufl afk indulgence for the familiar cicerone fiyle of Chapters IV. and V. : it feemed likely to make the flroll about the re- nowned Cathedral " With glijlening fpires and pinnacles adorn' d"\ lefs tedious if the Reader and the Author walked arm in arm together. * Regijlrum Statutorum et Confuetudinum Ecdeftce CatJu- dralis Sancti Pauli Londinenfis, 4to., London, 1873, privately- printed for the Dean and Chapter ; and Documents illujlrating the Hiftory of S. Paul's Cathedral, 4to., London, 1880, iffued by the Camden Society. t Paradife Lo/l, Book iii. v. 550. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE THE EARLY HISTORY OF RELIGION IN LONDON . . 3 CHAPTER II. THE PERSONAL STAFF OF THE CATHEDRAL IN 1450 . 25 CHAPTER III. THE RITUAL AND RELIGIOUS SERVICES OF THE CATHE- DRAL 41 CHAPTER IV. A WALK ROUND OLD S. PAUL'S: THE EXTERIOR . 6 1 CHAPTER V. A WALK ROUND OLD S. PAUL's : THE INTERIOR. . ^^ CHAPTER VI. wyclif in s. Paul's 97 viii Contents. CHAPTER VII. PAGE LOLLARDS' TOWER 113 CHAPTER VIII. THE GREAT FIRE OF 1561 I29 CHAPTER IX. Paul's cross : its early history .... 149 CHAPTER X. LATIMER AT PAUL's CROSS 175 CHAPTER XL THOMAS LEVER AT PAUL'S CROSS . . . ■ ipi CHAPTER XII. Paul's cross: its later history . . . .211 CHAPTER XIII. Paul's walk 235 CHAPTER XIV. s. Paul's during the interregnum . . .253 NOTES 285 index 295 ILLUSTRATIONS. bird's-eye view of old s. Paul's, showing the surrounding wall, gates, and neighbouring STREETS (compiled BY F. WATKINS, FROM DRAWINGS BY E. B. FERREY, ARCHITECT) . . . tO fcce Title FAC-SIMILE FROM A MANUSCRIPT OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY WRITTEN IN THE SCRIPTORIUM OF S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL to foce page 49 s. Paul's cross "as it appeared on sunday, 26th OF march, 1620:" part OF AN ORIGINAL PICTURE IN THE POSSESSION OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTI- QUARIES /«!§■« 157 " But let my due feet never fail To walk the ftudious cloyflers pale, And love the high-embowed roof, With antick pillars maffy proof. And ftoried windows richly dight. Calling a dim religious light : There let the pealing organ blow. To the fuU-voic'd quire below. In fervice high and anthems clear, As may with fweetnefs, through mine ear, Diffolve me into ecftafies. And bring all heaven before mine eyes." Milton, II Pen/erofo, 155 — 166. THE EARLY HISTORY OF RELIGION IN LONDON. CHAPTER I. THE EARLY HISTORY OF RELIGION IN LONDON. PON the fummit of a hill, Hoping gently on its fouthern fide to the broad waters of the Thames, and on its weftern to the rapid llream of the Fleet, ftands, and has ftood for many centuries, a church dedicated to the great Apoftle of the Gentiles. When was it firft founded ? Whofe voice firft proclaimed the Holy Name of JESUS to the pagan inhabitants of ancient London ? Who was the firft Apoftle of this, the very heart of England ? The compilers of the Statute Book of S. Paul's Cathedral were not troubled with any doubts about the matter. They reply, with great definitenefs of language, on this wife : " In the year from the Incar- nation of the Lord one hundred and eighty-five, at the requeft of Lucius the King of Greater Britain, which now is called England, there were fent from Eleutherius the Pope to the aforefaid King two illuf- trious doftors, Fagnus and Dumanus, who fhould in- I — 2 4 Hijlory of Old Saint PatiVs. dine the heart of the King and of his fubjefl-people to the unity of the Chriftian Faith, and fhould confecrate to the honour of the one true and fupreme God the temples which had been dedicated to various and falfe deities."* The Chronicler proceeds to record that thefe holy men, taught by the Spirit of God, founded three metropolitical fees, and that the firft of thefe was London. But, alas, the exaft ftudy of hiftory remits thefe pofitive ftatements to the land of fable. " King Lucius and the miffionaries of his Court have quietly withdrawn into the dim region of Chriftian myth- ology."t Almoft the only relic flill furviving which throws any light upon the religion of early London is the little Altar of Diana found on the fite of Gold- fmiths' Hall, and flill preferved as the choiceft orna- ment of the Court Room of that wealthy Guild. Clouds and mift hang over the early hiftory of the Chriftianifing of the capital. Auguft forms float acrofs the haze, but we cannot name them nor difcern their features. It muft be remembered that we are not now con- fidering the larger queftion of the Chriftianifing of England, but are limiting ourfelves to that of the evangelifation of London. If, as Dean Milman fays, " the converfion of King Lucius is a legend," we muft not forget that he adds alfo thefe memorable words, * Statuta S. Pauli, p. lo. t Dean Milman's Annals of S. Paul's, p. 3. See alfo the firft chapter of Canon Bright's Chapters on EngUJh Church Hiftory. The Early Hiftory of Religion in London. 5 " There can be no doubt that conquered and half- civilifed Britain, like the reft of the Roman Empire, gradually received, during the fecond and third centu- ries, the faith of Chrift. S. Helena, the mother of Conftantine, probably imbibed the firft fervour of thofe Chriftian feelings which wrought fo powerfully in the Chriftianity of her age in her native Britain." * And certainly, at the great Council of Aries, held in the year 314, Reftitutus, Bilhop of London, appears amongft the lift of prelates who were prefent : he was fucceeded, many years afterwards, by a certain Fafti- dius, Bifhop of Britain in 431. Jocelin of Furnefs, a monk of the twelfth century, has indeed compiled a lift of fourteen, metropolitans of London. But upon this catalogue, Canon Stubbs-|- obferves that " it is a moft uncritical performance ;" adding, however, that " the compiler evidently adled in good faith, and put down no more than he found in his authorities." Of the lateft of thefe prelates, Geoffrey the Chro- nicler relates that when the Saxons drove the Britifh fugitives into Wales and Cornwall, Theon, Bifhop of London, and Thadioc, of York, fled into Wales with the Archbiftiop of Caerleon and their furviving clergy.J The traditional date of this flight is 586. With the clofe of the fixth century we reach the 3era, memorable for ever in the hiftory of our country, the JEra of the great revival of religion wrought by the * Latin Chriftianity, ii. 226. t Canon Stubbs' Regijlrum Sacrum Anglicanum, p. 152, where the catalogue may be feen. t Canon Bright, p. 33, citing Geoffrey, viii. 2. 6 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. band of Chriftian miflionaries headed by the Apoftle of England. Soon after Eafter, 597, Auguftine and his com- panions croffed the Channel. They landed at Ebbs- fleet, near the grand Roman caftle at Richborough, which crowns a flight eminence between Sandwich and Pegwell Bay. The little army of forty men advanced, bearing a filver crofs and a painted panel upon which was depifted the Crucified Jefus.* Ethelbert, thefincereand noble-hearted King, receives them generoufly and hofpitably ; he finds that he has entertained angels unawares ; he obtains a rich re- ward, for he is converted ; and on Whitfun Eve, according to the Canterbury tradition, he is baptifed. In due time he becomes the founder of the Cathedral Church of S. Paul. The Manor of Tillingham, one of thofe with which the royal bounty enriched the church, fliill remains in the poffeflion of the Dean and Chapter. S. Gregory had defired that London fliould beome an archiepifcopal fee, Auguftine thought other- wife, and referved the primatial dignity for Canter- bury. In the year 604, fays Ralph de Diceto, the hiftorian and Dean of S. Paul'sjf " Ethelbert the King built the Church of S. Paul, London," and he goes on to record that Auguftine himfelf confecrated Mellitus as Biftiop of the fee. And where in ancient London did Mellitus call together the affembly of the faithful ? Did he find a * See Bright, pp. 45, 50, and Dean Stanley's admirable effay in his Hijlorical Memorials of Canterbury. t Whofe Hijlorical Works have recently been edited by Profeffor Stubbs. The Early Hijlory of Religion in London. 7 heathen fanftuary where S. Paul's nowftands, fur- rounded with umbrageous trees ; and did he, in the Ihadowing wood, iind a meet (hrine for God's true wor- fliip? " The groves were God's firft temples. Ere man learned To hew the fhaft, and lay the architrave, And fpread the roof above them — ere he framed The lofty vault, to gather and roll back The found of anthems ; in the darkling wood, Amidft the cool and filence, he knelt down, And offered to the Mightieft folemn thanks And fupplication. For his fimple heart Might not refill the facred influences Which, from the ftilly twilight of the place. And from the gray old trunks that high in heaven Mingled their moffy boughs, and from the found Of the invifible breath that fwayed at once All their green tops, ftole over him, and bowed His fpirit with the thought of boundlefs power And inaccelTIble majefty."* "The firft cathedral of this fee," fays Maitland, " was built in the pretorian camp of the Romans, and destroyed under Diocletian," There are many examples in England of churches ftanding in the midft of ancient earthworks. " This cathedral," he continues, " was rebuilt under Conftantine, and again deftroyed by the Saxons in their times of Paganifm ; after which it was reftored by Ethelbert." No records remain which can give us any certain information as to the earlieft fandluary which crowned the Pauline Hill. Perhaps it was but a very fimple ftru6ture of rough trees, hardly ftiaped by the axe, * W. C. Bryant, A Fore/i Hymn. 8 Hiftory of Old Saint Pauls. like that ftrange method of conftruftion of which an example ftill remains at Greenftead, near Epping. The woods and forefts near to London would have fupplied abundant material for fuch a purpofe. Per- haps it was a humble chapel built of ftone, fcarcely more elaborate than the rude cells at Ripon and at Hexham, No tradition, however, remains, which can fupply us with a (ketch of the earlieft fabric. We do not even know the form and extent of Ethelbert's Cathedral, Bede, and Ralph de Diceto* following him, confine themfelves to the feweft poffible words : " Ethelbert the King built the Church of S. Paul in London." Dean Milmanf applies to it a fingle epithet : it was " magnificent." Profeffor Owen built up the Dinornis from a fingle bone, but the moft fkilful architect could fcarcely reconftrufl Ethelbert's Cathedral from a fingle epithet. Nor would it help him much were we to add another brief ftatement, that Bifliop Erkenwald, of whom more will be faid prefently, " beftowed great coft on the fabric thereof."t Fire, always the bitter foe of S. Paul's, would not fpare the work of the royal founder ; for in 961, the Saxon Chronicle relates, "The monaftery of S. Paul's was* burnt, and in the fame year refl:ored."§ And again, in 1087 or 1088, for the authorities are not agreed, the City of London and its cathedral were * Hijiorkal Works, i. 107. t Milman, Annals of S. Paul's, p. 9. X Dugdale, S. Paul's, p. 3. § Newcourt, Repertorimn, i. 2. The Early Hijiory of Religion in London. 9 both confumed by the flames. The Chroniculi S. Pauli* fay that the great conflagration happened on the feventh day of July in the year 1087. But although little or nothing is known as to the form and extent of the primitive fanftuary of the firft Chriflian inhabitants of London, and although the later church of the generous Ethelbert has found no accurate and minute hiftorian, Mellitus, the firfl: bifhop of London after the arrival of S. Auguftine, Hands out as a very real perfon, and as one who made his mark upon the hiftory of the church. He appears confpicuoufly upon the broad canvas of the venerable Bede. Mellitus was confecrated by Auguftine himfelf in the year 604, and filled fucceffively the fees of London and of Canterbury. He feems to have arrived in England about the clofe of the year 6oi.t Few letters of the period are more interefting than that which Gregory wrote to Mellitus to inftrudl him in his dealing with the Chriftian converts. { They were to be dealt with very tenderly. Heathen temples were not neceffarily to be deftroyed ; they might be purged and hallowed for the true worfhip. " You cannot cut off everything at once from rough natures. He who would climb to a height muft afcend ftep by ftep; he cannot jump the whole way." Outward enjoyments, and even feafts kept within due bounds, were by no means to be dif- * Printed in Documents, etc., p. 58. t This hiftory is excellently told in Bright's Early Englijli Church Hi/lory, pp. 70 et seq. X Bede, Book i. § 31. Xo Hiftory of Old Saint Paul's. \ couraged. Humble country folk were not to be deprived of their fimple pleafures, but rather taught to ufe them moderately. The letter teems with good fenfe, and with abundant evidences of a kind and liberal heart. Mellitus had converted King Sigebert I., or Sabert, who was Ethelbert's nephew, and Sabert took part with Ethelbert in the ereftion of S. Paul's. Some fay that a Temple of Diana had once flood upon the fummit of the hill : but the ftory is doubtful, and the evidence brought forward as to the bones of deer and cattle found in deep excavations here, and as to a building called Camera Diance or Diana's Chamber at no great diftance, does not really throw light upon the queftion. The good Bifhop Mellitus did not always bafk in the funfliine of royal favour ; for in due time, one- and-twenty years after his converfion, the noble Ethelbert died,* and was buried in S. Martin's porch within the Church of the Bleffed Apoftles Peter and Paul, befide the body of Bertha his Queen. Eadbald, his fon, did not walk in his father's fteps ; he refufed to embrace the faith of Chrift, and Bede goes fo far as to fay that there were times when he gave way to fits of madnefs, and was oppreffed with an unclean fpirit, Sabert alfo died, and left his three fons, ftill pagans, to inherit his throne. They had fomewhat diffembled during their father's life- time, and kept their attachment to heathenifm in the background ; but now, left to themfelves, they openly * Bede, ii. 5. The Early Hi/iory of Religion in London. 1 1 profeffed idolatry, and encouraged the people to ferve idols. Bede tells us a charafteriftic ftory :* One day thefe impious fons of a godly father came to S. Paul's Church during the celebration of the Holy Eucharift. They faw the Bifliop giving the Sacra- ment to the affembled people. " Puffed up with their barbarous folly, they faid to him, ' Why do you not give to us alfo that white bread, as you ufed to do to our father Saba ' (for fo they were accuftomed to call him), 'and as you ftill give it to the people in the church.' To whom the Bifhop anfwered, ' If ye will be waflied in that life-giving fount in which your father was wafhed, then ye may become partakers ot that holy bread of which he was wont to be a partaker. But if ye defpife the laver of life, ye are by no means able to receive the bread of life.' ' But,' faid they, ' we will not enter that fount, for we do not know that we have need of it, but neverthelefs we wifh to be re- frefhed with that bread.' And when oftentimes and diligently they were admonifhed by him that no one might by any means partake of the moft holy Obla- tion without the moft holy purging [of baptifm], they were moved to fury and faid, ' If you will not confent to us in this fo fmall a matter which we defire, you ihall not remain in our province.' And accordingly they compelled him and his followers to depart from their kingdom." Mellitus being driven away from London, took counfel with his fellow-bifhops Lauren- tius and Juftus as to the courfe which ftiould be adopted in this emergency. They decided that, for a * Bede, ii. 5. 1 2 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. time at leaft, "until this tyranny was overpaft," it would be wife to withdraw from England. Mellitus and Juflus retreated to France. But Bede is careful to relate that the wicked kings did not go unpunifhed, for marching out to battle againft the nation of the Weft Saxons they were all flain and their army routed. The people, however, had relapfed into idolatry, and for forty years London was again plunged into heathen darknefs. Mellitus is fent for, and returns : but the people of London would not receive him, ncr could King Ead- bald reftore to him his church. Idolatry was once more triumphant. On the 2nd of February, 619, Archbifhop Laurence died, and Mellitus fucceeded him in the Archiepifcopal throne of Canterbury. And here we ought to leave him, as he no longer ruled over the See of London. A brief fpace, however, muft be devoted to the con- cluding chapter of his life, in which, once more, we will follow the guidance of the Venerable Bede.* Mellitus laboured under a phyfical infirmity ; in fa£t, he was afflifted with the gout : but though his malady forely hindered his bodily activity, "his mind, with vigorous fteps, joyful leapt over worldly things, and flew to love, to feek celeftial things." There was a terrible conflagration in Canterbury ; the whole city was in danger of being confumed by fire ; water was thrown upon the flames, but all in vain ; they con- tinued to fpread with terrific power; the Church of the Four Crowned Martyrs, martyrs who had fallen * Bede, Book ii. 7. The Early Hijiory of Religion in London. o in the perfecution of Diocletian, flood in the place where the fire raged moft fiercely : thither the Prelate, though weighed down by his infirmities and the pains of ficknefs, bade his fervants to carry him. Strong men had laboured to no purpofe, to put out the flames — he would fhow them the efficacy of prayer. He prayed fervently, and the wind which had been blowing from the fouth now turned to the north ; the flames were beaten back, and prefently, the wind ceafing altogether, were entirely extinguiflied, and the city was faved. This is the laft recorded act of Mellitus. He ruled over the Church of Canterbury for five years, and departed to his reft on the 24th day of April, 624 : a day long obferved with honour in the Church of London, as may be feen in its ancient Calendar. Foremofl: amongft the early Bifhops of London, and towering above them both in hiftory and legend ftands the fainted Prelate Erkenwald. Mellitus had been gathered to his fathers ; Cedda, brother of S. Chad of Lichfield, had fucceeded him ; he, in his turn, had been followed by Wina. Fourth in fuc- ceffion,* Theodore, Archbifhop of Canterbury, con- fecrated S. Erkenwald. He is faid to have been of royal defcent, his father, Offa, being King of Eaft England. When but a boy he had heard Mellitus preach in London, and, if the words of the Golden Legend are to be taken literally, had even liftened to the preaching of S. Auguftine himfelf. Before he was * The dates of confecration are : Mellitus, 604 ; Cedda, 654 ; Wina, 662 ; Erkenwald, 675. Canon Stubbs' Regijlrum Sacrum. 14 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. raifed to the epifcopate, he had founded two famous monafteries : one for himfelf, at Chertfey in Surrey ; the other for his fifber Ethelburga, at Barking in Effex. Chertfey became one of the mitred abbeys, but its abbots, though regarded as fpiritual barons, did not fit in Parliament. The Regifter of the Abbey is ftill preferved in the Britifh Mufeum, and contains a charter of privileges granted by Pope Agatho, which was brought from Rome by Erkenwald himfelf During the Danifh wars in the latter part of the ninth century, the abbot, Beocca, a prieft named Ethor, and ninety monks were flain, the church and monaftery burnt, and the furrounding poffefTions laid wafte. It was reftored by Ethelwald, Bifhop of Winchefler. Many pages of Dugdale's MonaJIicon* are filled with a record of the abbots of the houfe and with its char- ters. It fhared the fate of other religious houfes, was diffolved (at that time its grofs rental was valued at £744. 1 8s. 6fd.), and its fite was granted to Sir William FitzWilliam. In 1673, when Aubrey wrote, fcarcely any of the old buildings of Chertfey Abbey remained. A iew walls only were to be feen, and the ftreets of the town, he fays, were raifed by the ruins of the abbey. Even the Abbey Houfe, eredled with part of its materials, has been demolifhed. The walls of a large barn, an arched gateway, and a wall nearly oppofite to it, are figured in the new editi6n of Brayley's Surrey (edited by Mr. Edward Walford), and in Mr. and Mrs. * MonaJIicon, i, 422-435. The Early Hijlory of Religion in London. 15 S. C. Hall's Book of the Thames as "The Remains of Chertfey Abbey ;" and thefe authorities add that the graveyard is now a rich garden, and that the old fifh- ponds, once fo important an appendage to a religious houfe, are even now not without water. In Stukeley's time, among the garden-ftuff one might "pick up handfuls of bits of bone at a time "-^bones of abbots, great perfonages and monks, buried in numbers in the once famous church and cloifters of Chertfey. Parts of the foundations of the old abbey church, which was about 270 feet in length, are yet to be feen, and there is a fmall fragment of pavement ftill injitu. The teffelated pavements of Chertfey were of rare beauty, reprefenting fcenes in the life of Richard Coeur de Lion, paffages in the Story of Sir Triftram, the zodiacal figns, and the feafons or months. Por- tions of thefe are ftill preferved in private poffefllon. A fmall relic from its treafury alfo remains, for the Britifh Mufeum contains an example of an offertory- difh of Northern manufa6lure, once belonging to the abbey, and dug up in its ruins at the beginning of this century. This veffel is a flat circular difh of nearly pure copper, with a very wide rim, bearing an infcription, which Mr. J. M. Kemble has rendered, " Offer, finner." A difcuffion as to the exafl: age of the alms-difh is epitomifed in the Dictionary of Chriftian Antiquities (Art, Offertory Plates). The dates affigned to it vary from the ninth to the eleventh century. Barking Monaftery* is faid by fome writers to have * Dugdale, Monajlicon, i. 436-446. 1 6 Hijlory of Old Saint PatcVs. been the earlieft and the richeft nunnery in England, but it can hardly maintain its claim to either of thefe defignations, as Folkeftone Nunnery was founded many years before it, and Shaftefbury and Sion were both wealthier. "It was a double foundation, like Whitby and others, having a feparate area for the monks apart from the nuns' building, and even a fepa- rate chapel or oratory for each order."* The habit of the fifters, that of the Benediftines generally, is fhown in a plate in Dugdale ;t Lyfons engraves the feal of the monaftery and the ground-plan of the church. The nunnery was diffolved in 1539, and the fite with its buildings was granted by Edward VI. to Edward Lord Clinton. A mutilated flab at the eafb end of the north aifle of Barking Church commemo- rating the names of .(Elfgiva, abbefs in the time of Edward the Confeflbr, and of Maurice, Bifhop of London, was ftill extant in 1809, when an etching of it was publifhed. It cannot now be difcovered.J An ancient gateway, forming the principal entrance to the churchyard, ftill remains as a relic of the departed grandeur of this once ftately abbey. The chamber over the gateway was the Chapel of the Holy Rood : a very interefting carving reprefenting the Rood ftill, though it is much defaced, adorns the eaftern wall of the chapel, on the north fide of the fite of the altar. Some recent excavations in the garden of the adjacent * Canon Bright, p. 257. f Monajlicon, i. 443. X I have fearched carefully for it in the church, and have made many enquiries at Barking. Archdeacon Blomfield has moft kindly joined in the fearch ; but, as yet, without fuccefs. The Early Hijlory of Religion in London. 17 fchool-houfe* have brought to light the foundations of the Lady Chapel of the ancient church. The graves of two abbefles have been difcovered, together with fome fragments of carved ftone (retaining traces of the original colouring), which may probably have formed part of a fhrine of S. Erkenwald once adorn- ing the fanftuary. Not far from Barking, at Ilford, was a lepers' hofpital governed by the fociety at Barking. A certain Mr. Agard gives a fomewhat remarkable account of the mode of expulfion from this hofpital. " It was my happe," he fays, " to fee once an abftradle out of the lygyar-book of Barking Nonnery, in Effex, in a gen- tleman's hande, now dead, and who fhewed me, that the abbeffe beinge accompanyed with the Bufhop of London, the Abbot of Stratford, the Deane of Paule's, and other great spyrytuall perfonnes, went to Ilforde to vifit the hofpytall theere founded for leepers . . . The manner of his difgradinge was thus, as I re- member : he came attyred in his lyvery, but " bare- footed and bareheaded, tenA defqfitd, that is, without a nightcap, and was fet on his knees uppon the ftayres, benethe the altar, where he remained during all the time of mafs. When mafs was ended, the priefte difgraded him of orders, fcraped his hands and his crown with a knife, took his booke from him, gave him a boxe on the chiek with the end of his fingers, and then thruft him out of the churche, where the officers * Mr. King, the fchoolmafter of Barking, has taken a moil intelligent intereft in thefe excavations, great part of which he has made with his own hands. 2 1 8 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. and people leceyved him, and putt him into a carte, cryinge Ha rou ! Ha rou ! Ha rou ! after him."* There is a letter extantf addreffed by Sir Thomas Audley (afterwards Baron Audley of Walden in Effex, Lord Chancellor of England), to Secretary Cromwell, begging him to defer the vifitation of Barking till they fliould meet and talk the matter over ; " trufting," Sir Thomas fays, that " for my fake, and at my contemplation, ye will ufe the more favour to the houfe." Sir Henry Spelman, in his Hijlory and Fate of Sacrikge,X is careful to fhow that it fared ill with the early intruders into the Abbey lands. He fays that the property of Barking abbey, after the Diffolution, had no lefs than fix succefllve poffeffors, belonging to four different families, in the fhortfpace of seventy-eight years, and that the barony of Edward Lord Clinton became extinct in the direct male line in 1692 ; and further, that when the abeyance of the barony was determined in favour of Hugh Fortefcue, Efq., he died without iffue. Nor were the intruded owners of Chertfey more fortunate. Dugdale prints a curious document which throws fome light upon the dietary of the convent. On " Seynt Alburgh's daye," the Cellareffe of the House " muft purvey for a pece of whete and iij gallons milke for frimete," that is for Frumenty, a dainty * Thomas Hearne, A ColUaion of Curious Difcourfes on Antiquities, vol. i. pp. 249, 250 : edit. 1771. t Letters relating to the Suffreffwn of Monajleries, No. 32. X Edition 1853, pp. 67, 319, 324, and pp. 265, 297. The Early Hijlory of Religion in London. 19 difh which HalHwell fays was made of hulled wheat boiled in milk, and feafoned with cinnamon and fugar. At Shrovetide my lady Abbefs was to be fupplied with " viij chekenes," and the convent was regaled with " bonnes " and '■ crum-cakes," that is pancakes. Some other little delicacies were provided at divers feafons, fuch as a " hoole hogg fowfe " which " do ferve four ladyes." Left this difh over-exercife the reader's ingenuity, let him be told that a fouce confifts of the head, feet, and ears of fwine boiled and pickled for eating ; a toothfome meal it may be fuppofed, accord- ing to the taile of thofe days. It was in Bifliop Erkenwald's houfe in London that Archbifhop Theodore was reconciled to Bifhop Wilfrid, after their long eftrangement From this meeting may be dated the long feries of negotiations which ended in Wilfrid's reftoration to his cathedral church and to his minfter.* The faintly Erkenwald held the See of London from the year 675 to 693. He was canonifed in due courfe. A cloud of legends furround him. Holy days were fet apart in his honour ; fpecial religious ofifices were compiled to commemorate him ;t prayers were faid and hymns were fung at his fhrine ;J and thither flowed large crowds of pilgrims from all parts of the Diocefe, and, indeed, from yet more diflant places, to kneel before the bones of the fainted prelate. * Canon Bright, p. 351. t I have printed fome of thefe Offices in my Documents Ulujirating the Hijlory ofH. Paul's Cathedral. X See infra, Chapter V. 2—2 20 Hijlory of Old Saint Patd's. The day of his death, April 30, and the day of his tranflation, November 14, were long obferved as feftival days in his own Cathedral of S. Paul. Thofe who are curious in legendary lore will find the ftory of S. Erkenwald well told in Caxton's Golden Legend* The clofing fcene of his life— "Laftfceneofall, That ends this ftrange eventful hiftory" — may beft be related in verfe.-f- THE DEATH OF ERKENWALD. And Erkenwald lay dying in his cell : Afar the filver Thames, mift-robed and ftill, Hufhed into filence at his paffing hour, Stole on through emerald reaches toward the fea. The waning Day moved by, and as he moved Drew his dark cloak around, yet, ere he fled, Turned one bright glance from out his golden eye To that ftill cloifter-cell, and paufed awhile And lit thofe noble features which in eve Lay with a faintly glory moft divine ; Thofe heavenward eyes, inftinfl of deepeft love, Were eloquent with prayer, and while the light Grew brighter ere it faded, lo ! he flept. Then, ftealing through the air in that deep hufh Came rofeal perfume, foft as laden breezes Pour out the golden gates of Paradife : And long it lingered where the faint lay dead : It feemed like the rich odour of good deeds Wafted upon the mighty wings of Time. * Reprinted in my Documents, pp. 1 86-1 go. + The lines are by my fon, W. J. Sparrow Simpfon, Trinity College, Cambridge. The Early Hi/lory of Religion in London. 21 But deep gloom hung around the capital, And chiefly through the arching nave of Paul ; Then one faid weeping, " Erkenwald is dead ;" And man to man remurmured, " He-is dead ;" And earth and air throbbed fighing, " He is dead.'' Wherefore the priefts came forth from nave and aifle, Came forth enrobed to bear the body thence. Frail habitation that did erft contain The pricelefs jewel of a faintly foul : So, through the years, to lie in holy foil Enfhrined amid a nation's reverence. But Chertfey alfo claimed him for their own : Then while they marked the long proceffion wind Befide the rolling Lee, to bear away That vacant temple of a faintly foul. The monks wept bitter tears and fmote the gates Of heaven with piteous prayer and lamentation, Befeeching he might ever reft with them, Praifed by their fong and bleffing all their need. So they .implored befide the rolling Lee. And lo ! the ftream grew ftrong and terrible, And whirled and fwelled in eddying fitfulnefs, And black ftorms hung about the arching (ky, The torrent waters, and dark forefts deep. And awful hands of might invifible And wings of power feemed ever circling round : Then ftood the priefts confounded, all the air Seemed fraught with vivid energy and life. And inftindl with ineffable Deity, Moft dread and wonderful : and thence divining The everlafting arm of Majefty O'erfhadowing all, they ceafed in trembling fear. Then rofe to God a mournful Litany Upraifed of prieftly voices — grand and wild, A De Profundis out of forrowing hearts. And lo ! the lempeft ftayed, and wave on wave « 2 2 Hi/lory of Old Saint Paul's. Foamed backward and uprofe on either hand : Then joyoufly the priefts arifing moved And bore through floodlefs fpace their burden on To fleep beneath the noble towers of Paul. So there did they confign to wakelefs reft Their well-beloved, their niafter Erkenwald, Their God-fent light, their friend Saint Erkenwald, And builded him anon a worthy fhrine, Where lamps might burn for ever, and adorned it With coftlieft gifts and nobleft offerings. And lowly thoufands ofttimes knelt before it, Befeeching him to bear their fervent prayers Beyond the ftars of God, where feraphim Bow down their radiant faces and adore. And thus they chanted in the voice of prayer : " O golden Lamp of Chrift, O Erkenwald, Give prayer for us before the awful Throne, Until we join with thee the joyous throng In Heaven's high courts and ftarry palaces :' Where with the fong of feraphs may we fing In jubilant praife to Chrift the Eternal King ! Alleluia."* * The laft fix lines are a tranflation of the fequence in the Office of S. Erkenwald, printed in my Documents, etc., p. 23. THE PERSONAL STAFF OF THE CATHEDRAL IN 1450. ^^^H CHAPTER II. THE PERSONAL STAFF OF THE CATHEDRAL IN I4SO. JHE Statutes of the Cathedral, which were printed a few years ago, enable us to obtain a clear view of the inner conftitu- tion and government of this grand foun- dation. Let us take our ftarid at about the year 1450, the period at which Dean Lifieux compiled an im- portant coUeftion of ftatutes, many of which, how- ever, had been gathered together by Dean Ralph de Baldock before the year 1305, and fome of which belong to a period far antecedent even to this. In 1450, then, the Cathedral body confifted of the following perfons : The Bifhop, the Dean, the four Archdeacons, the Treafurer, the Precentor, and the Chancellor. To thefe we mUft add a body of thirty Greater Canons, twelve Leffer Canons, a confiderable number of Chaplains, and thirty Vicars. A few words may be faid of thefe feveral perfons or claffes of perfons. The Subdean, Sacrift, Succentor, and many 26 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. other officials, chiefly taken from the ranks of fome of the feparate bodies already enumerated, will alfo require independent notice. Whoever will take the pains to remember the diftribution of rank and office here fet forth will have a fairly accurate view of the inner organifation of aCathedral of the Old Foundation. It may be well to fay in paffing that the Cathedrals of the Old Foundation in England are nine in number. Thefe are Chichefter, Exeter, Hereford, Lichfield, Lincoln, London, Salifbury, Wells,* and York. There are eight Cathedrals of what is called the New Foundation, and thefe are Canterbury, Car- lifle, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochefter, Winchefter, and Worcefter. Five Cathedrals were founded by Henry VHI., namely, Briftol, Chefter, Glouqefter, ^ Oxford, and Peterborough. Two Cathedrals, Man- chefter and Ripon, were tranfformed from Collegiate into Cathedral Churches in 1847 and 1836 refpeftively ; whilft the Sees of Truro and of Liverpool are of flill more recent foundation. The churches of the Old Foundation were churches of Secular Canons, the churches of the New Founda- tion were churches of Regular Canons. The Regular or Conventual churches were occupied by a religious community living under a certain rule (reguld), gene- rally the Benedifline Rule,- though at Carlifle there were Canons of the Rule of S. Auguftine. Of thefe churches the Abbot was the head, as in the churches * The student of Cathedral Hiftory ftiould read Mr. Freeman's admirable book on Wells Cathedral : a book whofe value is not to be meafured by its fize. Perfonal Staff of the Cathedral in 1450. 27 of the Old Foundation the Dean prefidcd over the Chapter. The Welfh Cathedrals were of the Old Foundation. At S. Paul's, then, the Bishop held the moft honourable place. The ftatutes fupply very minute direftlons as to the manner in which he was to be re- ceived on the occafion of his firft vifit to the church after his confecration. It was the duty of the Dean, accompanied by the whole choir, wearing filken copes, to meet the Prelate at the weftern door and to lead him in proceffion to the high altar, the bells being rung and a fuitable office faid. On the occafion of ordi- nary vifits the bells were to be rung, but there was to be no proceffion. It was the Bifhop's duty to be pre- fent in the Cathedral on the greater feafts, on Chrift- mas Day, Eafter Day, Afcenfion Day, Whitfunday, the Feftivals of S. Paul and of S. Erkenwald, and alfo on Maundy Thurfday and Afli Wednefday. On thefe greater Feafts the Bifhop faid Mafs, the Dean and the Sublimior Perfona affifting, if they were prefent ; in their abfence, two of the Greater Perfons {Majores Perfonei) attended in their ftead. Thefe Greater Perfoits were the Archdeacons, the Treafurer, Precen- tor, and Chancellor. When the Bifhop fat in his own ftall or in that of the Dean, the Dean himfelf and all other members of the church reverently bowed to the Prelate as they entered the choir. The Chan- cellor held before him with his own hands the book from which the chapter was to be read. In his gift were all the Prebendal Stalls, as indeed they ftill are, and the greater dignities except the Deanery, The 28 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. Epifcopal Palace ftood clofe to the Cathedral, at the weftern end of it, on the northern fide. The Dean was next in office to the Bifliop. When a vacancy occurred in the Deanery, the Chapter met together, and elected one of their own number to fill the vacancy ; and, if there were no canonical im- pediment, the Bifhop confirmed their appointment. At his inftallation, he was received at the weftern door with the fame honours as thofe accorded to the Bifhop himfelf. The Dean's authority was very great. He invefted the prebendaries, and he corrected all offenders of higher rank ; thofe of the lower grade he remitted for correftion to the Chancellor. On the greater feafts he intoned the folemn antiphons. Bene- fices were to be conferred by the Dean and Chapter jointly: but in cafes where there were urgent reafons why a benefice fhould be at once conferred, left the King or feme other powerful pcrfon Ihould afk that it might be beftowed upon a nominee of his own, then the Refidentiaries, with the Dean, or even, in the Dean's abfence, the Refidentiaries alone, were com- petent to fill the vacancy. A weekly Saturday Chapter was held, at which the fhortcomings of the week were reported and correfted : this excellent cuftom has been recently reftored. Once in three years the Dean made a vifitation of the Manors of the Chapter, and of the Houfes of the Canons in the City of London, carefully reporting their condition to the Chapter on his return, and eft! mating the outlay required for repairs and dilapidations. The Manors belonging to the Dean were, in like manner, visited Perfonal Staff of the Cathedralin 1450. 29 triennially by two of the Canons, appointed by the Chapter for that purpofe. During vacancies of the See of London the Dean and Chapter became guardians of the temporalities of the Bifhopric. Unlefs the Dean were alfo a Prebendary, he had no fhare in the Obits, nor in the Pittances, nor in the Common Fund. In the Dean's abfence the SUBDEAN (then, as now, always one of the Minor Canons) fulfilled his duties in Choir, and exercifed fuch difcipline as belonged in right to the Dean over the Minor Canons, Chaplains, Vicars, and other minifters ; but he did not occupy the Dean's ftall. For his labours he received daily, befide his emoluments as a Minor Canon, a loaf of white bread fuch as was diftributed to the Canons, and a gallon of ale of a better quality than that which was fupplied to the inferior clergy.. The Church of S. Giles, Cripplegate, was alfo granted to him in .1295. Next in dignity to the Dean were the four ARCH- DEACONS, London, Effex, Middlefex, and Colchefter, who took precedence in the order in which their names have been enumerated. The Dean, of courfe, occupied the firft ftall on the fouth fide at the entrance of the choir ; the Archdeacon of London fat in the firft ftall on the north fide. The Archdeacon of St. Alban's was added to the number in the time of Henry VIII., but he had no ftall nor place in the Chapter. To the Treasurer belonged the cuftody of all the goods of the church, such as the relics, books, facred veffels, veftments, altar-cloths, hangings, and the like. Twenty-fix folio pages, each page with two columns and a very moderate-sized type, in Dugdale's Hijlory 30 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. of S. Paul's, are filled with an inventory of thefe precious things, taken in the year 1295. They were certainly of very great value. Rich floras of veft- ments are there— copes, chafubles, tunics, dalmatics ; altar-plate in great abundance, croffes, chalices, patens ; proceflional croffes, reliquaries, cenfers. Still more precious than all thefe, great numbers of manufcripts, early Texts of the Gofpels ; service-books of all kinds, miffals, antiphonals, manuals, legends ; hiftorical books, and chronicles: all lost, alas! with very few exceptions. The maker of the inventory gives us occafional glimpfes of the illuminated pages, and tells us in a few pregnant words of the gorgeous binding, in gold and filver, enamel and precious ftones. The care of all thefe treafures would, of courfe, be far too onerous for one man ; the Treafurer, therefore, appointed the SACRIST as his deputy, and, under the Sacrift, three VERGERS. The Sacrift's duties were very multifarious. He muft fee that the elements for the Eucharifl: were duly fupplied ; that the linen and veftments required in the Divine Offices were pure, found and clean; that they were replaced, without injury, when fervice was ended ; that the fervice- books were well bound, with competent clafps ; that no one pradlifed finging in the veftibule ; that the doors of the veftibule were opened at the firft bell at matins, fo that the rulers of the choir might enter in due time. In fliort, his duties were fo numerous, that they may be more " eafily imagined than defcribed." The Precentor was the director of the mufic of the Cathedral ; and he, too, had his deputy, the Suc- Perfonal Staff of the Catkedralia 1450. 31 CENTOR, whom he appointed. He alfo nominated the Master of the Singing School. The Chancellor, or Magifler Scholarum, was the perfon from whom the schoolmafters of the metropolis received their licence to teach. He compofed the letters and deeds of the Chapter, and whatever was read aloud in Chapter was read by him. The feal was in his cuftody, and for fealing any deed he received one pound of pepper as his fee.* He ap- pointed the Master of the Grammar School of the Cathedral, and repaired the houfe belonging to the fchool at his own charges. He prepared the Table in which were fet down the names of the Prieft, Deacon, and Subdeacon, who were to afiTift at High Mafs, and, in general, he drew up what we fliould now call the Rota of duty. The punifhment of Clerks of the lower grade was committed to him. The Canons or Prebendaries were thirty in num- ber, and, with the Bifhop at their head, conftituted the Chapter. The Canons elected both the Bifhop and the Dean. Each Canon had an endowment or corps attached to his ftall ; the names of the manors form- ing thefe endowments may flill be read over the ftalls of the Prebendaries in S. Paul's. Of thefe eftates, eight only were at fome diftance from the Cathedral, two in Bedfordfhire, five in Effex, one in Middlefex, Of the other twdnty-two, nine were in Willefden ; the reft were in the immediate neighbour- hood of London. One of the ftalls ftill bears the name of Confumpta per Mare ; the eftate was in * Pepper probably (lands for any kind of fpice. 32 Hijlory of Old Saint Patil's. Walton-on-the-Naze, and the inundation which the name commemorates feems to have occurred about the time of the Conqueft. Befide this feparate ftall property, a confiderable number of manors fupplied what was called the Com- muna, or Common Fitnd of the Chapter, and this was, for the moft part, allotted to the Residentiaries, of whom fomething will be faid by and by. It was the duty of each Canon to recite daily, whether prefent in church or abfent, a portion of the Pfalter. The firft words of the feftion to be recited by each ftill ftand, as of old they fliood, over the ftall of each of the Prebendaries. As there are thirty Prebendaries and one hundred and fifty Pfalms, the portion which each was bound to repeat was about five Pfalms. Dean Donne, when Prebendary of Chifwick, preached a feries of five fermons on " the Prebend of Chefwick's five Pfalms :" and in one of thefe fermons he fays, quaintly enough, " The Pfalmes are the manna of the Church. As the whole Book is manna, fo thefe five Pfalmes are my Gomer,* which I am to fill and empty every day of this manna." And in another place he fays, "Every day God receives from us [the Prebendaries], howfoever we be divided from one another in place, the Sacrifice of Praife in the whole Booke of Pfalmes. And though we may be abfent from this Quire, yet wherefoever difperfed, we make up a Quire in this fervice of faying over all the Pfalmes every day." * Gomer, or Omer, as in our prefent Englifli verfion, in allu- fion to Exodus xvi. 32-36. P erf onal Staff of the Cathedralin 1450. 33 Of thefe thirty Canons a varying number, aftually refident on the fpot, and taking their part in the daily offices, were called Refidentiaries. So clofely was he kept to his duties, that a Refidentiary in his firft year might not refide fo far from the Cathedral as Hereford Houfe in Old Dean's Lane, nov/ called Warwick Lane ; nor yet in the houfe called Domus Diance or Rofa- mundce on Paul's Wharf Hill ; thefe houfes were con- fidered too far diftant from the Cathedral, although either muft have been within four minutes' leifurely walk. He was to be prefent at all the Canonical Hours ; to fhow large and coflly hofpitality, daily entertaining fome of the clergy, and from time to time inviting the Bifhop, and the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, and Aldermen, for it was defirable to maintain kindly relations with the City. So late as 1843 the fhadow of the old hofpitality remained, for the Canon-in- refidence, up to the clofe of that year, ftill continued to entertain at dinner on Sundays the Clergy and Vicars-Choral of the Church who had attended the morning fervice. At that time the Sunday dinners were abandoned, and a money payment fubftituted in their ftead. This is not the place in which to fpeak at length of the prolonged difputes about refidence ; thofe who defire full information will find it in . Dean Milman's Annals. Suffice it to fay that when the Common Fund was low, it was very difficult to find Resi- dentiaries, ftatutes were paffed to compel the Pre- bendaries to refide : when the Fund was large, the fame authority found it neceffary to limit the number. 3 34 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Some Canons preferred to live upon their own eftates; others held their ftalls as one of many pluralities, for they were fometimes beftowed upon Bilhops, digni- taries, foreigners, and, it muft be added, even upon children. As the Canons were bound to keep the Canonical Hours, and to ferve fucceffively at the High Altar, and as many were non-refident, each Canon had his Vicar. The thirty ViCARS had their Common Hall. They took rank after the Chaplains, who, in their turn, were inferior to the Minor Canons. In Dean Colet's time the number of Vicars had dwindled down to fix, and that is the number of the Vicars-Choral at the prefent day. Twelve Affiftant- Vicars-Choral have recently been appointed to augment the ftrength of the Choir. The Minor Canons, twelve in number, are a body as old as the Cathedral itfelf. They were incorporated as a College by Richard II. in 1394, and they ftill poffefs the Royal Charter granted to them by the King. A Statute iffued by the Dean and Chapter in 1 364 ftates that they excel in honour and dignity all Chaplains in the Cathedral, that they officiate at the High Altar in the ftead of the Greater Canons, and that they are to wear almuces of fur after the manner of the Greater Canons, infbead of almuces of black cloth fuch as Chaplains wore. They poffefTed eftates of their own, and had a common feal. When a vacancy occurred in their body, they nominated ta the Dean and Chapter two candidates, of whom the Dean and Chapter elefted one. One of their own number was appointed by themfelves as Cujios or Perfonal Staff of the Cathedral in 1450. 35, Warden ; two were called Cardinals, Cardinales Chori, an office not found in any other church in England • another was called the Ptiantiary, and it was his duty to collect and to diftribute the pittances and other payments due to the body. Their drefs confifted of a white furplice, black copes with cowls, and almuces of black fur. The Chantry Priests, a large body of men, were bound not only to fay mafs at the fpecial Altars to which they were attached, but alfo to attend in Choir; and there to perform fuch duties as were afligned to them. Chaucer alludes to the eagernefs with which fome of the country clergy, to the negleft of their own benefices, fought for Chantries in S. Paul's. He con- trafts with them his model Parifh Prieft : " He fette not his benefice to hire, And lette his fliepe accombred in the mire And ran unto London, unto S. Poules, To feken him a chanterie for foules. Or with a Brotherhede to be withold ; But dwelt at home, and kepte well his folde. So that the wolf ne made it not mifcarry. He was a ftiepherd, and no mercenary." The paffage will be found in. the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, vv. 509-516. In the Canon's Yeoman's Tale Chaucer refers to another fomewhat fimilar office, that of the Annuallere or Prieft who fang Annuals or Anniverfary Maffes for the dead : " In London was a Prieft, an Annuallere, That therein dwelled hadde many a year." — Vv. i6,' 480-1. The time would fail to enumerate the leffer officers, 3—2 36 Hijiory of Old Satnt Paul's. fuch as the Almoner, the four Vergers and their Gar- ciones or Servitors, the Surveyor, the twelve Scribes or Writers who fat at certain places in the nave of the Cathedral for the fervice of the public, the Book Tranfcriber, the Book Binder, the Chamberlain, the Rent Collector, the Baker, the Brewer, and the hofts of minor perfons who followed in their train. It would be very interefting, were it poflible, to form fome accurate idea of the number of perfons who lived within the Cathedral Clofe or near at hand, and who derived their fuftenance from the Cathedral revenues. But the tafk is too difficult. The Bifhop, with his Chaplains and houfehold ; the Dean, with his houfe- hold ; the Refidentiaries, varying probably from two to eleven ; the twelve Minor Canons ; the thirty Vicars ; the crowd of Chantry Priefts (in the firfi: year of Edward VI. there would appear to have been not lefs than fifty-two) ; the Choir boys, and the boys of the Grammar School ; the Minor Officials ; thefe muft reprefent a very large number of perfons aftually refi- dent under the fliadow of the Cathedral. To thefe muft be added the Bedefmen and poor folk who came hither for relief The care, labour, and forethought required to feed this multitude muft have been very great and con- ftant. Archdeacon Hale, in his Dome/day of. S. Paul's, has treated this fubje6l very fully and minutely. Certainly the Brewer had no finecure. The brewings for the ufe of the Cathedral took place nearly twice a week. " In 1286 there were one hundred brewings in the year. The quantity of grain confumed confifted Perfonal Staff of the Cathedralin 1450. 37 of 17s quarters of barley, 175 quarters of wheat, 720 quarters of oats. We learn from the compotus (or account) of 1 286 that the whole number of boUae (or gallons) brewed was 67,814."* If the Brewer's labours were fo heavy, the Baker alfo was not idle ; Archdeacon Hale calculates, that the yearly iffue of bread amounted to no lefs than forty thoufand loaves. The weight and quality of the loaves, varying according to the rank of the perfons fupplied, were matters of fufficient importance to be regulated by flatute. To convey from the manors of the Cathedral the food furnifhed by the tenants, and to prepare and dif- tribute this food to the appointed recipients, muft have been a work requiring in itfelf no little organifation and the aid of a very confiderable flaff. Roads were not always eafily paffable, ruts were deep, robberies were frequent ; in times of fcarcity or of tumult a well- laden waggon on its way to the Cathedral muft have prefented a tempting bait to the fparfe population which occupied the fuburbs of the City. A ftrong efcort muft often have been neceffary to enfure that the food fhould reach the hungry mouths which eagerly expefted it. * Dome/day of S. Paul's, p. 1. THE RITUAL AND RELIGIOUS SERVICES OF THE CATHEDRAL. CHAPTER III. THE RITUAL AND RELIGIOUS SERVICES OF THE CATHEDRAL. I HE previous chapter has exhibited the Cathedral only fo far as its ftafif was con- cerned. We have feen the Bifhop, Dean, Canons Refidentiary, Minor Canons, Vicars, and Chantry Priefts, a large army, with the fubordinate officers who were affociated with them. Let us now endeavour to obtain a glimpfe of the Religious Life of the Cathedral. The Statutes of S. Paul's are exceedingly full of matter illufhrating the ancient Ritual. Seven times a day the bells of the Cathedral founded for the Canonical Hours.: Matins and Lauds, Prime, Tierce, Sexts, Npnes, Vefpers, Compline. Various reafons have been affigned for the number of thefe Hours. Some fee the original of the number in David's words, " Seven times a day do I praife Thee, becaufe of Thy righteous judgments."* Others fay that the Hours are a thankf- " Pfalm cxix. 164. 42 Hi/lory of Old Saint Paul's. giving for the completion of the Creation on the feventh day. Another theory connefts them, and the idea is a very reverent one, with the A6ls of our Lord in His Paffion. "Evenfong with His infhitution of the Eucharift, and wafhing the difciples' feet, and the going out to Gethfemane ; Compline with His Agony and Bloody Sweat ; Matins with His appearance before Caiaphas ; Prime and Tierce with that in the prefence of Pilate ; Tierce with His Scourging, Crown of thorns, and Prefentation to the people ; Sext with His bearing the Crofs, the Seven Words, and Cruci- fixion ; Nones with His difmiffion of His fpirit, and defcent into hell ; Vefpers with the Depofition from the Crofs, and Entombment; Compline with the fetting of the Watch ; Matins with His Refurrec- tion."* A brief but excellent analyfis of the feveral offices faid at thefe Canonical Hours will be found in the recently publilhed DiSlionary of Ecclejiajlical Antiquities. f NoSlurns or Matins was a fervice before daybreak ; Lauds, a fervice at daybreak, quickly following, or even joining Matins ; Prime, a late morning fervice, about fix o'clock ; Tierce, at nine o'clock ; Sexts, at noon ; Nones, at three o'clock in the afternoon ; Vefpers, an evening fervice; Comfline,.2i late evening fervice at bed-time.J In 1263 it was ordered that Vefpers and Compline fliould be faid together. ** Mackenzie Walcott, Sacred Archaology, p. 317. t Under the words, Office, the Divine, and Hours of Prayer. J. H. Blunt, Annotated Book of Common Prayer, p. xxviii. Religious Services of the Cathedral. 43 The Apofties' Mafs was faid at S. Paul's very early in the morning, " in prima pulfatlone," by one of the Minor Canons. The Mafs of the Bleffed Virgin followed. The Cardinals celebrated the Capitular Mafs, at which the Minor Canons and Vicars attended, unlefs hindered by reafonable caufe. Very many Mafses were faid by the Chantry Priefts, daily. In 1456-7, Bifhop Kempe promulgated an impor- tant Statute.* He had obferved, he fays, at his vifitation of the Cathedral, that the Copes and Veft- ments ufed in the Divine fervice were worn and well- nigh deitroyed with age. Inflead of being an orna- ment and a glory to the Church, they were, in truth, a deformity and a difgrace. He ordains that, in future, every Bifhop of the See fhould, within three years from the time of his confecration, prefent a filken Cope of not lefs value than twenty marks fterling, and he himfelf fets an excellent example by prefenting a Cope of that value. Each Dean fhould prefent a Cope worth ten marks : and the Major Perfons and Canons were directed to pay to the Sacrifl, within a year of their inflallation, fums varying in amount according to the value of their preferment, to be applied to the fame purpofe. Thus a provifion was made for the conflant renewal of the Veflments. Dugdale prints a very important document, a Vifi- tation of the Cathedral in I295,t made by the Dean, Ralph de Baldock, which exhibits a minute and care- ful catalogue of the Veftments, facred veffels, relics, ornaments, and books belonging to S. Paul's. Thofe " Statutes, p. 204. t Dugdale, pp. 310-335. 44 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. who defire to underftand this fubjeft thoroughly, fliould carefully ftudy fuch a lift as this. At prefent, we will fpeak only of the books. The greateft trea- fures were, probably, the Textus, or manufcripts of the Gofpels. Of thefe there were no lefs than ^leVen, remarkable for their handwriting, fome written in very large letters, others in what was, even in 1295, an ancient charafler, and all bound with great care with filver covers richly fculptured and enamelled. As all the copies enumerated in this inventory are gorgeoufly bound, there were no doubt many other plainer copies, intended for everyday use. Of ritual books there was a rich ftore. There were four Pfalters, eight Antiphonals ; of Books of Homilies (including under this head Legenda, Martyrologies, and Paflionals) there were no lefs than twenty ; of Miffals there were eleven, befide fix others always kept in the Church ; of Manuals, Graduals, Troperia, Organ-books, Epiftle-books, Gofpel-books, Collectaria and Capitularia, an ample ftore ; whilft Pontificals and Benediftionals were not wanting. Under the head of Cronica are inferted fome Bibles and portions of the Holy Scriptures, with gloffes, and a Chronicle by the hiftorian Ralph de Diceto. Other books were found at the feveral altars. It cannot be faid, with abfolute certainty, that any one of thefe books is now in exiftence, except the grand Chronicle of Ralph de Diceto, which has found its way to the Archbifhop's Library at Lambeth ; and a manufcript colle6lion of the Miracles of the Bleffed Virgin, which has ftrayed to King's College, Aberdeen- Religious Services of the Cathedral. 45 The plate, jewels.ornaments, and veftments, not already feized by Henry VIII., were furrendered to the King's Commiffioners in 7 Edward VI., the Dean and Chapter requeuing that (of, all the magnificent treafures, in- valuable to the hiftory of art) they might be allowed to retain three chalices, " two pair of Bafyns for to bring the Communion Bread, and to receive the offer- ings for the poor, whereof one pair fylver for every day, the other for Feftivals, gilt ; a fylver Pot to put the wine in for the Communion Table, weighing xl. ounces ;" and the written Texts of the Gofpels and Epiftles ; together with a few linen cloths, feme Albs to be made into furplices, upholftery-work, and a Paftoral Staff for the Bifhop. The faid Dean and Chapter alfo afked an allowance of ;^i8 6s. 3d. " towards the charges of taking down the fteps and place of the High Altar," and for providing fome neceffaries.* There is an exceedingly chara6leriftic letter extant, written by Dr. John Smythe, Canon Refidentiary of S. Paul's, to Sir Edward Baynton, Knight, Vice- Chamberlain to Queen Anne Boleyn.-f- which fpeaks volumes as to the manner in which Henry VIII. dealt with the choice Ornaments of the Church. It appears the King had feen in the Cathedral " a preffyous lytle croffe, with a crufefyxe, all of pure gold, with a riche rubye in the fyde, and garnefhed with foare greate diamonds, iiij. greate emeraulds, and iiij. large bal- laffes, with xij. great orient perles, etc." " Uppon the Kings highe affeftyone and plefure of the fyghte of ** Dugdale, p. 391. t Dugdale, pp. 403-4. 46 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's.- the fam," Dr. Smythe and others of the Refidentiaries, " had in comaundements by the mouthe of Mr. Secre- tary, in the King's name, to be with his Grace with the fame croffe to-morrow." Dr. Smythe writes, little thinking that his letter would ever fee the light, to fay- that by his own " efpeffyal inftru6lyon, convayaunce, and labores, his Grace fhall have highe plefure thearin to the accomplefhemente of his affe6lyon in and of the fam of our fregyfte;" and he concludes by putting forth fome urgent requefts for his own private ends in oppofition to the Dean, of whom he fpeaks evil fecretly behind his back, but " of no mallys," as he hy- pocritically puts it. An unfpeakably mean letter, Dr. Smythe ! When Kings forget their duty, men of the bafer fort are always ready to pander to their paflions. The lofs of the rich art treafures of the Church is much to be deplored, but far more fad, becaufe utterly irreparable, is the lofs of the Service-books. S. Paul's, as became its venerable age and dignity, had, like Sarum, like York, like Hereford, a " Ufe " of its own. And of this Ufe no example is certainly extant, unlefs the two offices of SS.Peter and Paul and of S. Erken- wald, lately difcovered in the Britifh Mufeum, are fragments of it.* There is, indeed, a miffal preferved in the National. Colle6lion, which is lettered, " accord- ing to the Ufe of S. Paul's Cathedral, London ;" but, unfortunately, it is of too late a date to be of much intereft to the Liturgiologift, for its rubrics are according to the Ufe of Sarum. On Oftober 15, ' I found thefe Offices in one of Cole's MSS., and have printed them \TL Documents, etc.,pp, 17-39. Religious Services of the Cathedral. 47 1414, Bifliop Clifford, with the confent of the Dean and Chapter, decreed that, from the firft day of De- cember following, the Divine Office in S. Paul's fhould henceforth be conformable to that of the Church of Salifbury for all Canonical Hours both night and day* The original decree of Bifhop Clifford has recently been difcovered in the Chapter Houfe by Canon Stubbs. The miffal referred to has been a very beautiful volume, but its illuminations have been cut out, poffibly to adorn fome utterly recklefs col- leftor's fcrap-book. In the Statutes of the Cathedral, compiled by Ralph de Baldock (Dean of S. Paul's, 1294-1305, and Bifhop of London, 1305-1313), and carried down to his own time by Thomas Lisieux (Dean, 1441-1456), will be found an elaborate and minute claffification of the Feflivals of the year, arranged according to their dignity and importance.f The two Feafts of S. Erken- wald, the Depofition, April 30, and the Tranflation, November 14 ; and the two Feafts of S. Paul, the Converfion, January 25, and the Commemoration, June 30, are of courfe Feafts of the firft clafs. On fuch Feaft-days, before Vefpers and Matins, the bells gave fpecial fignal of the importance of the day : they were rung two and two before the peal was founded. On ordinary days the bells were founded fingly. Four Cantors were appointed to rule the Choir, to fing the Invitatory, and to fay the laft refponfe at Matins. To fing the Refponfe at Vefpers four of the Greater Perfons were felefled by the Precentor, or, in " Dugdale, p. 16. t See Statutes, p. 51. 48 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. his abfence, by the Succentor, If the Bifhop, Dean, and Four Perfons were prefent, the latter, with the Dean, fang the Refponfe. At Vefpers, Matins, and other Hours, four boys in furplices faid the Verficles. Two priefts with cenfers incenfed the Altar at the Magnificat and BenediBus, and fang the Antiphohs. Thefe details, however, will hardly intereft any who have not made ritual a fpecial ftudy. Suffice it to fay that each day brought with it an unceafing round of fervices. The Canonical Hours were faid, the Maffes celebrated; care was taken for religious inftruftion by preaching. As early as 1281, Richard de Swine- field, Archdeacon of London, afterwards Bifhop of Hereford, was appointed preacher in the Cathedral* He was "learned in the facred page, and an excellent preacher :" " a moft approved theologian, and , a gracious preacher ;" beloved by Clergy and Laity of the City. A few years later, Bifhop Richard de Gravefend appointed a Divinity Lecturer, and Ralph de Baldock, his succeffor, endowed the office in 2 Edward H. Each officer had his fpecial work to do. The Pre- centor appointed what mufic fhould be fung, and nominated the perfons who were to fmg it. The care of the finging fchool, and of the general inflruftion of the chorifters, brought its daily round of duty. The Treafurer, with his pricelefs ftore of rich jewels, books, and veftments, found ample occupation for himfelf and his attendants. The Chancellor gave licenfes to fchoolmafters, and, it may well be fup- » Statutes, p. 188. i*5 fli Religiotis Services of the Cathedral. 49 pofed, examined them and their fcholars. Two fchools only, in all the City of London, claimed exemption from his jurifdiflion : the fchool of S. Mary-le-Bow, and that of S. Martin-le-Grand. The Scriptorium of the Cathedral was an important department, and was ably governed : the grand Pauline hand is well known to thofe who have worked in the archives. The Statuta Maj'ora, and a noble folio copy of Ralph de DIceto's Hijiory — the former preferved at S. Paul's, the latter now at Lambeth Library — are very fine examples of the bold, clear hand, in which the Pauline Scribes excelled.* The inks, both red and black, retain their full luftre : the colours could fcarcely have been more beautiful on the day that the writing was executed. Thefe accomplifhed Scribes wrote the Church Service- books, and multiplied copies of rare manufcripts to enrich the Library. Every man had his work to do, when the fyftem was properly developed. To the ordinary daily offices muft be added occafional fervices. Many pilgrims vifited the famous flirines of the Cathedral. The devout people came in great numbers to kneel at the renowned flirines of S. Erkenwald, and of Mellitus, and of Roger Niger. A fhort form of prayer, with a hymn, which may probably have been recited by pilgrims at the fhrine of S. Erkenwald has been lately printed.-f- Occafionally irregular forms of devotion fprung up * The accompanying plate gives a fac fimile of a few lines from Ralph de Diceto's Hijloryi f Documents,'^. 16. 4 50 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. in the Cathedral, like the ftrange popular devotion to Thomas of Lancafter. Thomas, Earl of Lancafter, " was the fon of Edmund, the fecond fon of Henry III., and titular King of Sicily, by Blanche of Artois, queen dowager of Navarre. Coufm to the King, uncle to the Queen, high fteward of England, poffeffor of the Earldoms of Lancafter, Leicefter, and Derby, he ftood at the head of a body of vaffals who, under Montfort and the Ferrers, had long been in oppofition to the Crown. He was married to the heirefs of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln and Salifbury. A ftrong, unfcrupulous, coarfe, and violent man, he was devoid of political foresight, incapable of political self- facrifice, and unable to ufe power when it fell into liis hands. His cruel death and the later develop- ment of the Lancaftrian power, by a fort of reflex aftion, exalted him into a patriot, a martyr, and a faint."* His ftory cannot even be epitomifed here. Suffice it to fay, that he was defeated at the battle of Boroughbridge, March i6, 1322, and taken captive by Sir Andrew Harclay. " Six days after his capture, the great earl, in his own caftle of Pomfret, before a body of peers with Edward himfelf at their head, was tried, condemned, and beheaded, as a rebel taken in arms againft the King, and convifted of dealing with the Scots. The hafte and cruelty of the proceeding were too fadly juftified by the earl's own conduft in the cafe of Gavefton. Yet cruel, unfcrupulous, treacherous, and felfifh as Thomas of * Canon Stubbs' Conjlitutional Hi/lory of England, ii. PP- 349. 350- Religious Services of the Cathedral. 51 Lancafter is fliown by every recorded aft of his life to have been, there was fomething in fo fudden and fo great a fall that touches men's hearts. The caufe was better than the man or the principles on which he maintained it. A people, new as yet to political power, faw in the chief opponent of royal folly a champion of their own rights : rude, infolent, and un- warlike, an adulterer and a murderer, he was liberal of his gifts to the poor, and a bountiful patron of the clergy : his fame grew after his death."* By-and-by the commons prayed for the canonifation of Earl Thomas, a propofal which was revived from time to time. It is even faid by Walfingham to have been succeffful in ispo.f It was reported that miracles were wrought at his tomb. At Briftol alfo, Henry de Montfort and Henry Wylyngton, who had been hanged there, were faid to be working miracles. The earl's relics fweated blood, it was believed. J A tablet erefted in S. Paul's to commemorate him was the fcene of fome of thefe alleged miracles. " The crooked were made flraight, the blind received their fight, and the deaf their hearing, and other beneficial works of grace were there openly fliown," fays the French Chronicle of London.^ A fhort Office probably intended to be faid at his tomb, and a more elaborate Office, confifting of an Antiphon, Collefl, Profe, Sequence, and two HymnSj will be found in * Canon Stubbs' Conjlitutional Hijlory of England, Library Edition, ii. p. 380. t Ibid., pp. 385, 401. J Ibid., iii. p. 220. § Edited by H. T. Riley, pp. 257, 258. 4—2 52 Hijiory of Old Saint PauVs. Documents illiijlrating the Hijiory of S. PauVs Cathe- dral^ Crowds of people thronged to the Cathedral to pay their devotion to this faint of their own making, for it is highly improbable that he was ever canonifed. Lingard fays.f that the requeft for his canonifation was not even noticed by the Pope. This new culte was exceedingly unpalatable to the King. On June 28, 1323, Edward II. iffued a peremptory letter addreffed to Stephen Gravefend, Bifhop of London, concerning this Tablet and thefe fpecial devotions. The Tablet mull be removed ; upon it was pourtrayed the effigy of Thomas, formerly Earl of Lancafler, " a rebel and our enemy." The devotion before it had not received the fanftion of the Holy See. The Bifliop had, neverthelefs, con- nived at it. The King does not hefitate to infinuate that the Bifhop had been influenced by low and bafe motives, and that the love of " filthy lucre " had not been wanting. The people are to be reftrained from thefe devotions, that the indignation of God and the King may be avoided. Accordingly, on July 7, by virtue of the King's writ, iffued from the Chancery, the Tablet was taken down, and the wax taper which ftood before it was removed. For fome little time, however, the people continued to make oblations at the pillar on which the Tablet had hung.J: A relic of the devotion to Thomas of Lancafter was brought to light in 1824, when a richly-embroidered chafuble of the time of Henry VII. was difcovered in a walled-up crypt beneath the chancel of the parifli * Documents, pp. n-14. t Lingard, iii. p. 34. t Documents, pp. xviii., xix. Religioiis Services of the Cathedral. 53 church at Warrington. On one of the orphreys of the chafuble is the figure of a man fully armed, holding a battle-axe in his left hand, which has been decided by the late Dr. Rock to be the effigy of the Earl of Lancafter. Leaden brooches, reprefenting a knight holding a battle-axe, have been found in London, and thefe, too, may poflibly be tokens given to pilgrims who had vifited the tablet. The meetings of the various Guilds for their own appointed fervices, and the proceflions from parifhes in the City to the Cathedral at ftated times, efpecially at Pentecoft and at certain other Feafts, added greatly to the multitude of worfliippers who thronged the long-drawn aifles of the Cathedral. The foolifli and profane rites of the Boy-Bifhop found their place here, as in other cathedrals and very many parifh churches. Holy Innocents' Day, Chil- dermas, as the' old name is, was his grand day of office. On the eve of S. Nicholas, the fpecial patron of children (December 6 is the faint's feftival), the children of the choir elefted one of their number to be the boy-bifhop, and others who were to be his clerks. A fet of Pontifical veftments was provided for him. At S. Paul's thefe comprifed a white mitre em- broidered with little flowers, a rich paftoral ftaff, and, no doubt, all other veftments pertaining to his fup- pofed dignity. His attendants were vefted in copes. " Towards the end of evenfong on S. John's Day, the boy-bifliop and his clerks, arrayed in their copes and having burning tapers in their hands, and fmging 54 Hi/lory of Old Saint Paul's. thofe words of the Apocalypfe (ch. xiv.), Centum quadmginta, walked proceflionally from the Choir to the Altar of the Bleffed Trinity, which the boy- bifliop incenfed. Afterwards they all fang the anthem, and he recited the prayer commemorative of the Holy Innocents. Going back into the Choir, thefe boys took poffeffion of the upper Canons' ftalls, and thofe dignitaries themfelves had to ferve in the boys' places, and carry the candles, the thurible, the book, like acolytes, thurifers, and lower clerks. Standing on high, wearing his mitre, and holding his pafloral ftaff in his left hand, the boy-bifhop gave his folemn benediftion to all prefent : and, while making the fign of the crofs over the kneeling crowd, he said : " Crucis figno vos configno ; veftra fit tuitio. Quos nos emit et redemit fuse carnis pretio."* The next day, the feaft of Holy Innocents, the boy- bifhop preached a fermon. Two fuch fermons in Englifh delivered, the one at S. Paul's and the other at Gloucefter, have lately been printed.f Dean Colet ex- preflly ordered, in the Statutes of his School, that all the fcholars fhould attend at the Cathedral to hear this fermon, " with the maifters and ferveyors of the fcole," and that each of the children Ihould offer one penny to the youthful Prelate. The boy-bifhop was even * Dr. Rock, Church of our Fathers, vol. iii., pt. 2, pp. 215-219. f Two Sermons preached by the Boy-Bijhop, at S. PauFs, temp. He7iry VII., and at Gloucejler, temp. Mary. Edited by the late able anliquary, Mr. John Gough Nichols, for the Camden Society Mt/cellany, vol. vii. Religious Services of the Cathedral. 55 allowed to commence the mafs, and to go on " up to the more folemn part of the offertory."* In 1263 fome rules were drawn up for the regulation of this funftion at S. Paul's. Care was to be taken left the liberty of that day fhould degenerate into licenfe. The boy-bifhop muft not, in future, feleft any of the Canons, Major or Minor, to bear the tapers or the cenfer, but he muft feleft his minifters from thofe who fat on the fecond or third form. The Dean fliould provide a horfe on which the boy-bifhop might ride forth to give his benediftion to the people, and each Refidentiary fupplied a horfe for fome other perfon in the proceflion. There was feafting through- out the Clofe. The boy-bifhop, attended by two chaplains, two taper-bearers, five clerks, and two of the Church fervants preceding him with wands, fupped with one of the Canons Refidentiary. Cranmer forbad thefe proceflions. Queen Mary reftored them, and they were finally abolifhed by Queen Elizabeth. A few notes as to Poft Reformation ufages may not be unacceptable. Bifhop Bancroft's Vijitation in 1 598 f gives us fome details about the Divine Offices. Prayers were faid in the Jefus Chapel at five in the morning, and at fix o'clock in the winter, by the Minor Canons. The Sub- dean and the two Cardinals were, by ancient cuftom, * Statutes pp. 91-93. f The returns, in manufcript, are ftill preferved at the Cathe- dral. 56 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. exempted from this duty. The Saturday Chapter was retained. In term-time there was a divinity lecture, with prayers. The Lord Mayor and Alder- men affembled in S. Dunftan's Chapel " every Sondaye morninge before thei goe vnto the Sarmon." Sermons were preached and Pfalms were fung at Paul's Crofs, The details are fcanty — probably the Returns are very imperfefl. In 1636 Archbifhop Laud vifited the Cathedral, as Metropolitan. -The Dean and Chapter protefted ftrongly, but in vain, againft this exercife of the Arch- bifhop's jurifdi^ion, but the King, in a curt letter, re- quired their fubmiffion. The Returns of the Dean and Chapter, and of the Minor Canons, to the Vifita- tion queftions have lately been printed in the Reports of the Hiftorical Manufcripts Commiffion.* " Divine fervice is daylie vfed, and the facraments duly ad- miniftered in due time by fmging and note according to ye vsuall cuftome of ye faid church." A fermon was preached every Sunday afternoon by the Dean or Refidentiaries, or fome deputed by them : pre- vioufly two leflurers had taken this duty, a payment of £6 1 3s. 4d. being afligned to each. On every holi- day the morning fermon was preached by the Greater Perfons, the afternoon fermon by a lefturer. Thrice a week in term-time a lefturer preached, who received £60 a year for his pains, ^20 from the Chancellor and £i,o from " an addition given by Dr. White," the pious founder of Sion College. There were four Refiden- tiaries, and ten chorifters, in thefe days. The Dean " Appendix to Fourth Report, pp. 154-157. Religious Services of the Cathedral. 57 and Chapter make return, with the greateft naivetd that the conftitutions of the Church were duly obferved, "excepting that in the long vacacion and times of dangerous infeSlion wee all repaire to our benefices, leaveing the ordering of the Choir and Divine Service to the Subdeane according to the cuftome of the church." But Bifhop Compton's Vijitation in 1696* is the moft important Poft Reformational Vifitation extant. The minuteft details of public worfhip are here fet forth. Daily prayers are to be faid at ten and three ; on Sundays, morning prayer at nine. The firfb Leflbn was read by a Vicar-Choral. The Litany was fung by two Minor Canons, in the midft of the Choir. The Venite and the Pfalms for the day were to be fung in alternate verfes, antiphonally, et karmonice, as often as it feemed good to the Dean or Residen- tiaries. Early Morning Prayer was faid at fix from Lady Day to Michaelmas, and at feven from Michael- mas to Lady Day ; Evening Prayer at fix o'clock all tlie year round. But probably the moft important feature of Bifhop Compton's regulations was his Order for Preaching on all Feftival Days. It is in fubftance the fame as that now in ufe. Every one of the Greater Perfons and Canons, found himfelf refponfible for one or two fermons in the courfe of each year; and was thus brought into vifible affociation with the Cathedral. There was to be a celebration of Holy Communion * Statuta, pp. 281-286. 58 Hijiory of Old Saint PauVs. on all Sundays and Feafts, the Trifagion and the Gloria in Exceljis being fung by the Choir. At Bifhop Gibfon's Vifitation in 1742, the hours of the daily fervice were altered to a quarter before ten, and a quarter paft three. In November, 1869, the daily morning fervice was ordered to be faid at ten. The afternoon fervice has; for many years, been faid at four. The Sunday fervices were then at half paft ten and a quarter paft three, and the Sunday afternoon fermon, which had been preached immediately after the Anthem, was at this time removed to the end of the fervice. In 1872 an early celebration of the Holy Communion, at eight o'clock in the morning, on Sundays and Feftivals was introduced : and fince i January, 1877, there has been a daily celebration at the fame hour. A WALK ROUND OLD S. PAUL'S: THE EXTERIOR. CHAPTER IV. A WALK ROUND OLD S. PAUL'S: THE EXTERIOR. lis it is juft pofTible that fome of my readers may not be quite familiar with Old S. Paul's, its exterior and its interior, I will beg leave to aft as their guide and will afk them to accompany me on a fhort excurfion. We will ftart from the banks of the Fleet river, and imagine ourfelves to be walking up Ludgate Hill fomewhere about the year 1510. At this time the Fleet, which took its origin at Hampftead Hill, augmented by the waters of the Old Bourne (we have corrupted the name into Holborn), was beginning to acquire a fomewhat evil reputation. The upper waters had been diverted and the once navigable ftream was becoming choked and ftagnant. Pope direfts us in his Dicnciad (Book H.) : " To where Fleet-ditch, with difemboguing dreams Rolls the large tribute of dead dogs to Thames, The king of dykes ! than whom no fluice of mud With deeper fable blots the filver flood. 62 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. And Swift, in his City Shower, in vigorous if not re- fined language, tells how " Drown'd puppies, ftinking fprats, all drown'd in mud ; Dead cats, and turnip-tops, come tumbling down the flood. Leaving the valley of the unfavoury Fleet, let us turn our fteps eaftward, and afcend the Hill. We foon arrive at the ancient wall (a fragment of it ftill remains), and pafs under Lud Gate itfelf. [It croffed the hill a little to the weft of S. Martin's Church. Roman remains, a fragment of a ftatue of Hercules, and a monument dedicated by Anencletus, a Roman foldier, to Claudina Martina his wife, have been difcovered near at hand.] The gate itfelf is ufed as a prifon, and contains a chapel built by Dame Agnes Fofter in the middle of the fifteenth century.* Faffing through this ftrongly fortified gate, which is faid to have been " repaired or rather new-built " in 1215, when portions of the houfes of fome opulent Jews were ufed in the reconftruftion, we proceed along Lud- gate Street, and foon arrive at the Great Weftern Gate of the Clofe fpanning the ftreet towards the ends of Creed Lane and Ave Maria Lane. The Cathedral ftands within a fpacious walled enclofure. The wall, erefted about 1 109, and by letters patent of Edward I., greatly ftrengthened in 1285, extends from the N.E. corner of Ave Maria Lane, runs Eaftward along Paternofter Row to the North end of Old Change in Cheapfide ; thence Southward to Carter Lane, and on * It was taken down in 1760-2. A Walk Round Old Saint Paul's. 63 the North of Carter Lane to Creed Lane, back to the Great Weftern Gate. There are fix entrances to the enclofiire. The firft is the Great Weftern Gate, by which we have juft entered ; the fecond, in Paul's Alley in Paternofter Row, leading to the poftern gate of the Cathedral ; the third, at Canon Alley ; the fourth or Little Gate, where S. Paul's Churchyard and Cheapfide now unite ; the fifth, S. Auguftine's Gate, at the Weft end of Watling Street ; the fixth, at Paul's Chain. Entering beneath the Great Gate, we fee at once the Weftern front of the Cathedral. Perhaps, at firft fight, we may be a little difappointed, for it is a fimple Norman fagade, and by no means ornate. Its broad fimplicity takes away from its real fize, and we fhould form no juft idea of its height were it not for the Church of S. Gregory neftling clofe to the Cathedral on its Southern fide, the Northern wall of the little fanfluary touching the Cathedral wall. The Church feems infignificant, and helps to fhow us how vaft the Cathedral is, juft as S. Margaret's Church helps to " fcale " Weftminfter Abbey. The Weftern elevation is flanked by two towers, the Northern of which is clofely attached to the Bifhop's Palace ; the Southern, commonly called the Lollards' Tower,* is ufed by the Bifliop as a prifon for heretics. But that which ftrikes us moft is the prodigious height of the fpire. The tower on which it .ftands is 285 feet high, the fpire, of wood covered with lead, is * Well known to the readers of Fox's Acts and Monu- ments. 64 Hijlory of Old Saint Paulas. 208 feet more ; 493 feet in all.* Its height was pro- verbial. In Lodge's Wounds of Civil War, a clown talks of the " Paul's Steeple of honour," meaning by that phrafe, the higheft point that could be attained. On our left, on the Northern fide of the Nave, at its Weftern end, ftands the Bifhop of London's Palace. [The name of London Houfe Yard ftill helps to preferve the memory of it.] A private door leads from the Palace into the Nave of the Cathedral, fo that the Bifhop can pafs direftly into the grand Church. The Palace, the Deanery, and fome of the more important houfes in the Clofe have private Chapels of their own. The Chapel in the Palace has a crypt or "lower Chapel" beneath it, like the ex- quifite Chapel and crypt of Lambeth Palace. Pafling beyond the Palace and its grounds, we arrive at Pardon Church Haugh. Here is a large and goodly cloifter, wherein are buried fundry perfons, " fome of worfhip, and fome of honour," whofe monu- ments, in number and curious workmanfhip, " pafled all other " in the Cathedral itfelf. Within the cloifter ftands a Chapel, founded by Gilbert, father of the fainted Thomas ^ Becket, and rebuilt by Dean Moore in the time of Henry V. But we Ihall turn away even from the chapel and the monuments to ftudy the very ftriking paintings on the wall of the cloifter : for here is pourtrayed in all its quaint horrors the Dance of Death. And left we fhould fail to under- ftand the meaning of the fymbolical paintings, verfes tranflated out of the French by John Lydgate, a * I adopt throughout Mr. Ferrey's meafurements. A Walk Round Old Saint Paul's. 65 monk of Bury S. Edmund's, are added to expound them to us. But, indeed, the allegory needs little ex- pofition. Death, perfonified by a fkeleton, appears in each feveral pidlure, holding by the hand a Pope, an Emperor, a Cardinal, a King, a Patriarch, a Con- ftable, an Archbifhop, in fhort, all orders and degrees of men : for " To this complexion we must come at last." Lydgate's verfes are a Dialogue between Death and the perfons whom he condufts. We will tranffer a fingle example to our tablets. Death leads along a merchant, and thus fpeaks to him : " Ye rich Marchant ye mot look hitherward, That paffed have full many divers lond, On horfe and foot, having moft regard To lucre and winning as I underftond, But now to dance you mot give me your hond, For all your labour full litle avayleth now, Adue vainglory both of free and bond, None more covet then thei that have ynough." To whom the Merchant maketh anfwer : " By many a hill and many a ftrong vale I have travailed with many marchandife, Over the fea down carrie many a bale, To fondry lies more then I can devife : Mine heart inward ay fretteth with covetife, But all for nought now death doth me conflrein, For which I fee by record of the wise, Who all embraceth litle flial conflrein." * * Dugdale, p. 423. Should we not read contein inftead of conjlrein in the lad line : and, perhaps, long inftead oijlrong in the firft line ? 66 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. You will think Dan Lydgate is very quaint, and indeed he apologifes for his rude fpeech, as you will fee if you will walk but a few fteps farther and read the lines with which he concludes his poem. He says : " Out of the French I drough it of intent, Not word by word, but following in fubftance, And froum Paris to England it fent Only of purpofe you to do pleafance. Have me excufed, my name is John Lidgate, Rude of language, I was not borne in France, Her curious miters in Englifti to tranflate, Of other tong I have no fufififance." * Over the eaftern fide of the cloifter is a fair library built by Walter Sherington, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancafter in King Henry VI.'s time, and Canon Refidentiary: and the Librarian can fpread before us countlefs and pricelefs manufcripts.i* Here are books on the four parts of Grammar ; the never-fail- ing Boethius ; books on Medicine by Galen, Hippo- crates, Avicenna, and Egidius ; Ralph de Diceto's Chronicles, and his difcourfes on Ecclefiafticus and Wifdom ; a large number of manufcripts of portions of the Holy Scriptures, with gloffes and with fermons founded upon them ; the great commentary of Nicolas * Perhaps it is hardly neceffary to add a note to thefe verfes to explain one or two forms unfamiliar to modem readers, fuch as mot for mujl, land and hand for land and hand, adtie for adieu, covetife for covetou/ne/s, miters for metres, fuffifance for fuffidency. t The catalogue of thefe manufcripts fills fix clofely printed folio pages, Dugdale, pp. 393-399- A Walk Round Old Saint PatiFs. 67 de Lyra ; works of the illuftrious fathers of the Church, fuch as Chryfoftom, Auguftine, Gregory, Bernard, Jerome, Thomas Aquinas ; fome writings of Jofephus ; and, that claflical literature may not be entirely unreprefented, we find in this ancient cata- logue, drawn up in 1458, works of Seneca, Cicero, Suetonius, and Virgil. Books of Decretals, and works on Civil Law, are, of courfe, not wanting. Perhaps from yonder prefs the Librarian will draw a few printed books, rare as they ftill are. In this quiet retreat we may fpend a long fummer's day, merely in turning over the richly emblazoned pages. We have not, however, made half the circuit of the Clofe, fo let us reluftantly iay farewell to the Librarian. The College of the Minor Canons lies to the North of the Cathedral, and Canon Alley to the Eaft : be- tween the two is Walter Sherington's Chapel, near to the North Door. To the Eafi:, adjoining Canon Alley and ftill on the North fide of the Cathedral, is the Charnel Chapel, an early building, already ftanding in the reign of Edward I., containing fome monu- ments and alabafter figures. Beneath is a crypt in which are carefully piled together an enormous quantity of bones taken from the adjoining cemetery. [The Chapel was pulled down by the Duke of Somerfet in 1549, and the materials ufed in the building of Somerfet Houfe in the Strand. It is faid that the bones from the vault beneath amounted to a thoufand cart-loads, and that they were con- veyed to Finfbury Fields, with fo much foil to cover S— 2 68 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. them as did raife the ground for three windmills to ftand on.] * At the North-east angle of the Choir ftands the famous outdoor Pulpit, Paul's Crofs.f Eaftward of this we come upon an excavation, and a large number of labourers ; and amongft them a grave ecclefiaftic. He is very fimply dreffed, his habit is of woollen cloth and quite plain ; it is black in colour, though the higher clergy are ufually clad in purple. Yet there is fomething about him which befpeaks the man of learning : his bright eye, his refined and well-marked features, his carriage and demeanour, his "hand- fome and well-grown " perfon, evidently mark him out as a man of no common order. We enquire his name. It is Colet, the newly appointed Dean, and the build- ing about to be erefted is S. Paul's School J Till lately an "old ruined houfe" had cumbered the ground. It will foon be covered by new buildings.. We fee the plans : it will be a " handfome fabric," with " houfes as handfome " for the refidence of the mafters. A noble gift, and worthy of the man. We pafs the Eaftern end of the Church, and as we do fo, gaze with great admiration at its magnificent rofe window, one of the very fineft in all England. We alfo obferve the clochier or bell-tower, which ^ The windmills are feeri in Aggas' Map of London. Wind- mill Street, Finfbury, marks the file. t Paul's Crofs mud have fpecial and feparate notice— Chap- ters VII. to X. % It was founded, Grafton and Lily agree, in 1509. Colet became Dean in 1 505. A Walk Rotmd Old Saint PatWs. 69 ftands at the Eaft end of the Church. The tower has a fpire of wood covered with lead, and within it hung of old time a bell which has often called the citizens of London to a Folkmote, held clofe befide it. It now contains four very great bells, known as the Jefus Bells, becaufe they fpecially belong to the Jefus Chapel in the crypt of the Cathedral. On the top of the fpire is an image of S. Paul, [The bells, fays Dugdale, were won by Sir Miles Partridge, Knight, from Henry VIII. at one caft of the dice. Sir Miles pulled them down, but Dugdale adds, with fardonic fatiffaction, that the fame Sir Miles afterwards, temp. Edward VI., fuffered death on Tower Hill for matters relating to the Duke of Somer- fet. He was hanged, according to Fox, 26th February, 1552.] Turning Weftward, along the fouth fide of the Clofe, we are attrafted by the high-pitched roof of the Chapter Houfe, rifing above the lofty walls which en- clofe it. But we cannot pafs into this enclofure from without ; we muft wait patiently till we can enter the Cathedral, and unfortunately the Dean and Chapter have allowed " cutlers, budget-makers, and others, firft to build low fheds, but now high houfes, which do hide this beautiful fide of the Church, fave only the top and fouth gate." Near at hand is the houfe of the Chan- cellor, and turning afide, down Paul's Chain, we arrive at a great gate, and fee within it many fair tenements. One of thefe bears the name of Diana's Chamber, Camera Diance. The refidents tell us a ftrange ftory, for they fay that here Henry II. kept Fair Rofamond, 70 Hijlory of Old Saint PauTs. and that as he had called her at Woodftock Rosa Mundi, fo here he called her Diana. And they point out to us " Teftifications of tedious Turnings and Windings, as alfo of a Paffage under Ground from this Houfe to Caftle Baynard ;" and they fay that this was, no doubt, " the King's way from thence to his Camera DiancB, or the Chamber of his brighteft Diana." But the ftory is not very edifying, and fo we leave them. We are going into the prefence of one who has little relifh for fuch tales, and we will not even fay that we have turned afide out of the fafer precincts of the Clofe. Here, too, is Paul's Brewhoufe,* and near to this an ancient houfe built of ftone, belonging to the Cathedral, and formerly let to the Blunts, Lords Mountjoy, and afterwards to the Doctors of the Civil Law and Arches, On the fame fide is another great houfe called Paul's Bakehoufe, employed in baking of bread for the Church of Paul's. A maflive chain, PauFs Chain, bars the way againft carriages ; but we are on foot, and we once more enter the enclofure, gaining a grand view of the fpire from the Southern fide. To the Weft lies the Deanery, an ancient houfe, given to the Church by a very famous Dean, the hiftorian, Ralph de Diceto. We are efpeci- ally privileged, and we will enter. The prefent Dean, John Colet, is a man temperate almoft to aufterity. For many years he has eaten but one meal a day, that of dinner. It is juft dinner-time, and we will go to ** Paul's Brewhoufe became at a later period the Paul's Head Tavern. .Stow, p. 137. A Walk Round Old Saint PauVs. 7^ the dining-hall. The Dean is feated at the head of the long table, his houfehold and a few chofen guefts form the company. Grace is faid, and a boy — probably he is one of the Cathedral choir, for he has a very frefli and pleafant voice — begins to read a leffon out of S. Paul's Epifhles : at other times the leftion is taken from the Proverbs of Solomon. His fweet voice ceafes, and prefently the Dean begins to fpeak. He makes the chapter which has been read the fubjeft of his difcourfe. His talk is grave and ferious, but never wearifome. By-and-by he changes his tone, almoft before the company are "fatiffied rather than fatiated" with what he has faid. He rifes early from the table, for he has no delight in coarfe fenfual pleafures. He loves the fociety of congenial friends : he will fit with them till very late in the evening, difcourfmg on religion ot on learning. If he has no congenial friend, one of his fervants will read a portion of Holy Scrip- ture to him, and the Dean will very likely prepare for fome fermon to be delivered in the Church or at the Crofs, or fome lefture to be addressed to a learned audience. He never travels without a book, and all his talk is feafoned with religion. It is time, however, that we left this pleafant com- pany. There are divers houfes for the ufe of the Canons at the Weft end of the Church, and alfo refidences for the Vicars : but thefe, and the other dwellings fcattered round the Clofe, we have not time to vifit. Let us haften to the Weftern Portal, But ftay a moment; the Bifhop, Richard Fitz-James, is juft entering within the gates of the Palace. Let us 72 Hijtory of Old Saint Paul's. follow him : perhaps he may fay fomething about his neighbour the Dean. It is rumoured that the Bifliop does not greatly love the Dean. Colet has fpoken very boldly in fermons at the Crofs and before the King againft the vulgar fuperfti- tions and other errors of the time. He has denounced the corruptions which were rampant in the Chijrch. Even of his own clergy, and of the choir, fome have been ftriftly and fternly called to order for their irregular behaviour. There are thofe who fmart under the lafh of his rebuke, and who do not love his almoft afcetic life, as that is a fharper rebuke than his words. But let us hear Bilhop Fitz-James, as he fits in his ftudy with fome of his clergy in private conference. They are talking about the Dean. We juft catch the word herefy, half whifpered at prefent. " He has taught," fays the Bifhop, " that images are not to be worfhipped. That is rank herefy enough. Shall the fhrine of S. Erkenwald be deferted? Shall rich gems and offerings no longer be laid upon its altar ? And the Great Crucifix at the North door, are men no longer to kneel before it ?" The Bifhop is very angry. " But that is not all," fays one ; " he has preached againfl the temporal poffefTions of the Bifhops.. He faid that the command, Feed my JJteep, was not meant of hofpitality, becaufe the Apoflles were poor, and unable to give entertainments." The Bifhop does not find this teaching very palatable, "Why does not the Dean drefs as becomes his rank ? Can he never A Walk Round Old Saint Paul's. 73 forget that his father was a mercer ? Why does he veft his fchool, with its new-fangled learning, in the Mercer's Guild, and not in the hands of the Bifhop, or, at leaft, of the Dean and Chapter ?" But there is more to come. " He has preached againft fome men reading their fermons in a cold manner." This was very cruel, for Bifhop Fitz-James was an old man, and " had taken up that idler way of preaching," as Erafmus calls it. The Bifhop loves him not. He has prefented Articles againfl him to Archbifhop Warham : but Warham knows the in- tegrity and the worth of Colet, and has difmiffed the Articles without even calling on the Dean to reply. Bine illcB lachrymce. The Bifhop takes a dreary view of the fituation, as he fits alone in his fludy, when his courtiers are gone — for Bifhops have courtiers as well as Kings— he laments the degeneracy of the times, and he fees heavy clouds gathering which he cannot difpel. And indeed heavy clouds had gathered, and the firft big drops began to fall, and the diftant roar of the coming tempefl could be heard by thofe who, like Colet, had ears to hear. The Reformation was at hand. But we mufl leave Deanery and Palace alike, if we are ever to fee the interior of the Church at all. Yet flay, the day is nearly fpent. We will vifit the Cathedral itfelf to-morrow ; and we will come quite early, that we may fee the rifing fun flreaming in through the floried eaflern window ; and making 74 A Walk Round Old Saint Paul's^ the chequered pavement glorious with brilliant colours.* * The authorities for this chapter are Dugdale, Knight's Life of Colet, Nichols' Pilgrimages to Waljingham and to Canterbury, Longman's S. Paul's, my own Documents illus- trating the Hijiory of S. Paul's, Maitland's London, etc., and original documents. A WALK ROUND OLD S. PAUL'S THE INTERIOR. CHAPTER V. A. WALK ROUND OLD ST. PAUL'S: THE INTERIOR. E will now commence our propofed vifit to the interior of the Cathedral. Let us enter at the Weftern end. Here are three ftately gates or entries, curioufly wrought of ftone. Obferve efpecially the middle gate, with its maffive pillar of brafs, to which the leaves of the great door are faftened. We pafs in at the open wicket. What a ftriking profpe6l ! The Cathedral is 596 feet in length ;* and the breadth, including the aifle walls, is 104 feet. The grand Nave has no lefs than twelve bays, and the Choir — we fhall fee it by- and-by — has an equal number. Juft where we are ftanding the roof is 93 feet in height ; the Choir is even loftier by fome eight feet — a ftriking feature. The ftyle is very grand and very fimple, as that of large Norman Naves is apt to be ; the vaulted roof is so * Longer by 66 feet than Winchefter. Dugdale says 690 feet, but this is probably an error. 78 Hijlory of Old Saint Pauls. far above us that we cannot tell its material. Some say that it is of wood, but others that it is of ftone, as the great flying buttreffes outfide would have pre- pared us to expe6l. The triforium alfo is Norman, but the clereflory windows are Pointed. On our left, entered from the fecond bay, is the Court of Convo- cation ; and not far from us is the font, near to which Sir John Montacute* defired to be buried, faying, with touching fimplicity and devotion, in his lafl; will and teftament, " If I die in London, then I defire that my body may be buried in S. Paul's, near to the font wherein I was baptifed." At the fixth bay, right and left, are two fmall doors through the outer walls, and you will obferve that thefe doors offer dangerous facilities for making the Nave a thoroughfare. See, here is a notice againft the little north door forbidding fuch defecration : " All thofe that (hall enter within the Church dore With Burthen or Bafket niufl give to the Poore : And if there be any aske what they mud pay To this Box, 'tis a Penny ere they paffe away :" and below the infcription is an iron cheft to receive the penny; and here is another notice, "Hie facer eft locus." But ftay, we will not read out the reft of it. Surely we have feen fomething like it in the Satires of Perfius ;-I- it offends our refined ears : but, alas ! fuch infcriptions are neceffary. Here is a ftru6lure well worth our notice, on our * Testamenta Vetusta, p. 124. The will is dated 1388. t Perfius, Sat. i. v. v. 113, 114. A Walk Rozmd Old Saint Paul's. 79 left, filling up the whole fpace between the columns of the tenth bay. It is the Chantry Chapel of Bifhop Kempe, Bifhop of the diocefe from 1448 to 1489. If you look through the grille you may fee upon an altar-tomb the figure of the prelate wearing his epif- copal habit and his mitre. He was a great benefaftor to this Church, and rebuilt Paul's Crofs. You may fee his coat of arms in many places of its leaded cover, Clofe at hand is the Chapel of the Holy Trinity. Obferve the large aperture in the roof of the Nave. What can be its ufe ? An able antiquary fhall tell us. Lambarde, in his Topographical DiSlionary^ fays, " I myfelf being a child once faw in Paul's Church at London at a feaft of Whitfuntide, where the coming down of the Holy Ghoft was fet forth by a white pigeon that was let to fly out of a hole that is yet to be feen in the midft of the roof of the great aifle, and by a long cenfer which, defcending out of the fame place almoft to the very ground, was fwung up and down to fuch a length that it reached at one fweep almoft to the Weft gate of the church, and with the other to the choir ftairs of the fame, breathing out over the whole Church and company a moft pleafant per- fume of fuch fweet things as burned therein." The cenfer ufed in this ftrange ceremony is " a great large cenfer all filver with many windows and battlements ufed to cenfe withal in the Pentecoft Week in the body of the Church of Paul's at the Proceflion time ;" it weighs no lefs than clviij. ounces, iii. quarters.f * It is an anachronifm to quote Lambarde in this chapter, as he lived 1536-1601. t Biihop Pilkington alludes to the pradlice : " In the midft 8o Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Thofe little tables in the Nave mark the places where the Twelve Scribes fit for the accommodation of the public* They have taken an oath of fidelity to the Dean and Chapter. They will write a letter for you, or prepare a legal inftrument, if you need their aid : but they have fworn in all that they do to have regard to the interefts of the Cathedral. If therefore you defire to take proceedings againft any of the Clergy you muft go elfewhere for your Scribe. Crofling the Nave, at the eleventh bay on the right hand is the tomb of Sir John Beauchamp, Knight of the Garter, fon of Guy Earl of Warwick. There lies his recumbent figure clad in complete armour, and on the four panels at the fide of the altar-tomb, you may fee the armorial bearings of his noble family. The common people call it Duke Humfrey's tomb, although Humfrey Duke of Gloucefter lies honourably buried at S. Alban's, twenty miles away. On Mayday, tankard-bearers and watermen, and others of like quality, come to this tomb early in the morning, and ftrew herbs about it, and fprinkle it with fair water. And they have fome odd fayings of their own. A man who goes without his dinner (walking during dinner-time in this Nave) is faid " to dine with Duke Humfrey :" and, in reference to this faying, they have alley was a long cenfer, reaching from the roof to the ground, as though the Holy Ghoft came in there, cenfing down in likenefs of a dove." Mackenzie Walcott, Traditions and Ctijloms, PP- 92, 93- * Statuia, p. 78. A Walk Round Old Saint Paul's. 8i a proverb, " Trafti and trumpery is the way to Duke Humfrey," that is, is the way to go dinnerlefs.* The fmall door on your right gives admiffion to the leffer cloifters. Thefe are really very beautiful and of a rare type. There are feven arches on each fide and, what is fingular, the cloifters are two ftories high, and the upper ftory, like the lower, is open to the air. How delicate and beautiful is the tracery ! In the middle of the enclofure rifes up the lofty Chapter Houfe, ere6led nearly five hundred years ago,t of two ftories alfo. Its lofty pointed roof we faw as we re-entered the Churchyard at Paul's Chain. Returning to the Nave, we notice the image of the Bleffed Virgin, at the foot of Sir John Beauchamp's tomb, before which a lamp is kept burning every night ; and every morning, after matins, a ftiort Office is faid at this very place before the image. J Another taper is alfo kept burning, as you fee, before yonder Great Crucifix. Hard beneath the North- west pillar of the fteeple is the Chapel of S. Paul, "built of timber, with ftairs mounting thereunto." On the South fide of the Nave is S. Catherine's Chapel, on the North is the Chapel of the Holy , * Allufions to this hungry promenade are by no means rare in the current literature. Thus in Mayne's City Match, 1658, we read : " You'd not doe Like your penurious father, who was wont To walke his dinner out in Paules." t Dugdale fays that it was built in 1332. J Dugdale, p. 14. 82 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Trinity : nor muft we omit to vifit the Altar of the Apoftles. A few fteps more and we reach the very centre of the building. The long Nave ftretches out behind us ; right and left are the two Tranfepts, with large bold entrances from the Churchyard. The Central Tower, over our heads, is open to the bafe of the fpire : fee, what a dizzy height it feems ! Looking Eaftwards, however, our view is not quite fo ftriking : the Choir is hidden from view by a ftone fcreen, adorned with figures Handing under rich canopies; and the Aifles of the Choir are fhut off by clofe walls and gates. Not till we pafs thefe barriers fhall we be able to admire the full beauty of the fanftuary. Near the door of the South Tranfept is the Chapel of S. John the Evangelift. The flight of feyen fteps which you obferve on the Weftern fide gives accefs to the Chapter House. We will enter. Obferve the eight lofty windows. Small as the building is (it is only 32 feet 6 inches in internal diameter),* its great height makes it very effeftive. It is built on the fite of a garden which belonged to the Dean and Chapter. Ah ! what difcuflions have been held beneath this vaulted roof. What grand men have fat in thefe ftalls, have here prefided over councils — Canons, Statefmen, Deans, Bifhops, a goodly array ! We will not linger over the tombs, though there are many of them, in either Tranfept. In the North Tranfept, there is much which will call for fpecial notice. Firft of all, there is that grand Crucifix near * Longman, p. 1 5. A Walk Round Old Saint Paul's. 83 the North door. Old chronicles fay that it was dif- covered by King Lucius, the firft Chriftian King of England, in the year 140 A.D. ;* but you will ufe your own judgment as to your acceptance of the ftory. Large oblations are made here, whereof the Dean and Canons have the benefit. It is a favourite objeft of devotion amongft the people who come, far and near, to kneel before it. That graveftone marks the tomb of Richard Martin, Bifhop of S. David's, in the reign of Edward IV. : he had a fpecial veneration for this Crucifix, and left an annual gift to the chorifters that they might fing before it SanSle Deus fortis.\ You will remember how Archbifhop Arundel fpoke about this Crofs to William Thorpe, in 1407, when he was under examination as being fufpected of herefy; Thorpe afferted that images are not to be wor- fhipped. Archbifhop Arundel replied very fharply : " Ungratious lofell ! thou favoureft no more truth than an hound. Since at the Rood at the Northdore at London, at our Ladie at Walfingham, and mania other diuers places in England, are many great and praifable miracles done, fhould not the images of fuch holie faints and places at the reverence of God, and our Ladie, and other faints, be more worfliipped then other places and images, where no miracles are done." J " Documents, p. 58. f The receipts at this Crucifix in May, 1344, amounted to no less than ^50. Milman's Latin CkriJHahity, 3rd ed. i.t. p. 24 ; and Annals, App. B. % Fox, iii. p. 266. 6—2 84 ' Hifiory of Old Saint Paul's. Thorpe, however, was not to be convinced. Let us be careful what we say ; even now fliarp ears may be liftening. If the Dean continues to preach as he has lately done, the devotion at this famous Crofs will foon diminifh : and yet we hear that he has faid that he wiflies " to be buryed nyghe unto the image of seint Wilgeforte " in this Cathedral. Clofe to the Great North Door is a group of Chapels dedicated to S. James, to S. Thomas, to the Holy Ghoft, to S. John Baptift, to S. Margaret. The Chapel of S. John Bap- tift was built by Sir John Poultney, Mayor in 1348, and he endowed it for three chaplains. Before entering the Choir we will firft vifit its two aifles, referving its central and grandeft portion till the laft. In thefe aifles and in the Choir we have great wealth of tombs and monuments. If you care for monumental braffes, you (hould obferve clofely that of Bifhop Fitz-Hugh near the altar, depifled in full pontificals, with his paftoral ftaff in his left hand, and his right upraifed in benediftion ; or that of Dean Evere, near the entrance of the Choir, wearing a cope richly embroidered with faints, and Itanding beneath a canopy with figures of the twelve Apofliles and a pifture of the Annunciation ; or that of John Newcourt, Canon, who died in 1485, treated in a fimilar manner; or that of Archdeacon Lichfeld, 1496, in the fouth aifle, who wears an embroidered cope, and his hands, uplifted but not clafped, are raifed in prayer. Thefe are all fine examples of the graver's A Walk Rotmd Old Saint PauVs. Sj art, an art unhappily much decayed in thefe days, for the recently-eredled brafles are far inferior. In the fouth ambulatory I will point out to you the image of S. Wilgefort, on your left as you enter. Here Dean Colct is to be buried when he dies : that, at lead, is his expreifed defire. A little farther on your right, you will obferve two altar-tombs under one common canopy. Upon each is a recumbent figure wearing a mitre. Who are thefe? They reprefent two early Bifhops of London, both of them eminent men. The one is Euftace de Fauconberge, Treafurer of the Exchequer, who died in 1228 ; the other is Henry de Wingham, Chancellor of England, who died in 1262. Quite at the Eaftern end of this aifle is S. Dunftan's Chapel. That ftriking monument repre- fents Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, who died at his houfe, now called Lincoln's Inn, in 13 10. The recumbent crofs-legged figure deferves attention, and fo do the carefully-wrought effigies around the altar- tomb. The North Aifle of the Choir contains fome rhonu- ments of certainly not lefs importance than thefe. Entering at the Weftern end, we at once find two tombs of the higheft intereft, for thefe low fhrines, under deeply-receffed arches, beneath the fecond window on your left, are the refting-places of the bones of King Sebba and King Ethelred. Read the tablets over the fhrines. The one relates how Sebba^ King of the Weft Saxons, was converted by S. Erken- wald ; whilft the other records a prediftion uttered by S. Dunftan, Archbiftiop of Canterbury, to King 86 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Ethelred on his Coronation Day : " Since thou haft afpired to the kingdom by the means of thy brother's death, againft whofe blood the Angli have confpired together with thy wicked mother, the fword fhall not depart from thine houfe, raging againft thee all the days of thy life, and flaying thy feed until thy king- dom Ihall be tranfferred to a ftrange kingdom whofe religion and whofe language the nation which thou ruleft knoweth not. Nor fhall the fm of thyfelf, thy mother, and thy counfellors be expiated till a terrible vengeance has been taken." The tablet further re- cords that S. Dunftan's words were fully accompliflied, and that Ethelred, after many battles and defeats, was at length befieged in London, and met a mifer- able death.* A few fteps farther, and another deeply recefled tomb attracts us : it is that of John de Chiftiull, Dean of S. Paul's, and afterwards Bifhop of London, who died in 1279-80 ; the arcade in front of it is worth your notice. But I fee. that you are turning to the right, and are afking whofe is that monument with a low canopy and an exquifite fcreen above it ? It reminds us of that of WiUiam Rufus at Win- chefter. And you afk, why is the pavement fo worn round about this fpot ? Here is buried Roger Niger, Bifhop of London, who died in 1241. He was canonised after his death, and his f&te is held on the 29th of September in every year. It is faid that great miracles have been wrought at this tomb, and the ftones are worn by the feet of countlefs * Dugdale, p. 64. A Walk Round Old Saint PauVs. 87 pilgrims. In 1269, John le Breton, Bifliop of Here- ford, granted an indulgence of twenty days to all who fhould devoutly vifit this fhrine ; and in the facrifty there is ftill preferved a cope which S. Roger wore, made of red famite, embroidered with ftars and rofes. That is a fine canopied altar-tomb, on which lies an armed figure. The infcription above it bears the name of Sir Simon Burley ; but fome fay that the tablet is in error, and that the perfon really commemorated is his nephew, Sir Richard Burley, K.G. Notice the garter around two of the fhields on the canopy, or perhaps it is a collar of SS., like that which he wears about his neck.* You will foon turn from this memorial, however, to that which is one of the very fineft monuments in the Cathedral, the tomb of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancafter. It occupies the fpace between two columns north of the High Altar. Here refts " time-honoured Lancafter," and there againft the lofty canopy is his fliield and lance ; there alfo is his effigy and that of his confort. I will tell you fome other time how he fupported Wiclif, and dared to oppofe the proud Courtenay in his own Cathedral. f A few fteps farther will fhow you, on the left, the low altar-tomb of Ralph de Hengham, Canon of this Church, and Chief Juftice of the Common Pleas : you may fee' him in his robes, as he is depifted on a monumental brafs, lying on the marble slab. At the Eaft end of this Aifle is S. George's Chapel. And now we will return to the central tower, and * Dingley's Hi/lory from Marble, ii. Introd. p. 132. t Infra, Chap. VI. 88 Hijiory of Old Saint PauVs. enter the very heart of the building. Immediately before us is a fair fcreen with a central archway : on each fide of the entrance are four canopies with figures beneath them. An afcent of twelve* fteps will take us to the level of the Choir pavement. Enter at once. What a noble Choir ! It is in very pure pointed Gothic with a triforium and clereftory. Obferve the ftalls of delicately carved woodwork : over each of the Canon's flails is the name of his Prebend, and the firft words of the fedlion of the Pfalter which he is bound to recite , daily. On the North fide, over the ftalls, is the Organ with its fold- ing-doors. But the chief objeft which attracts us is the Reredos with the High Altar in the centre, dedicated to S. Paul ; an altar to the north, dedicated to S. Ethelbert, King and ConfeiTor ; and an altar on the fouth, dedicated to S. Mellitus. Thefe three altars were originally dedicated by Richard de Bynteworth, Bifhop of London, on March 24th, 1339. Notice, over the High Altar, the " beautiful tablet,"f adorned with many precious ftones and with enamelled work, and with divers images of metal. The tablet ftands between two columns, with a frame of wood to cover it, richly ornamented with curious pi6lures. It coft two hundred marks in 1 309. On the right you will fee that tabernacle of wood, with a pifture of S. Paul, richly painted, placed beneath it. The altars, the fcreen, and the canopied tomb of John of Gaunt form a ftriking coup d'ceil; whilft above * Hollar's View fliows 11 fteps, his Plan 12. t Dugdale, pp. 11, 12. A Walk Round Old Saint PauVs. 89 the fcreen the magnificent rofe window with the feven long windows beneath it pours down a flood of many-coloured light. Afcending fix more fteps we reach the fan6luary, from which we will pass behind the Altar Screen. Just eaftwards of the fcreen is the famous ftirine of S. Erkenwald. He died on April 30, 693, a day long kept in memory in the Cathedral by fpecial Offices of devotion. He was buried in the Nave. In the great fire of London in 1087-8 the Cathedral was deftroyed, and the legends fay that the Saint's refting-place alone remained unharmed. On Novem- ber 14, 1 148, his bones were tranflated and placed in a very precious tomb. In 13 14, Gilbert de Segrave laid the firft ftone of a new and more magnificent flirine, to which on p-ebruary i, 1326, the body of the faint was tranfferred. Canterbury has its world-famed fhrine of Thomas ^ Becket, Weftminfter its fhrine of Edward the Confeffor, Durham that of S. Cuthbert, Ely that of S. Etheldreda, S. Alban's its twin fhrines of the Englifli Proto-martyr and of S. Amphibalus, and fo, as you fee, S. Paul's poffeffes a treafure of fcarcely lefs importance. Clerics and laymen have vied with each other in defiring to enrich it. Walter de Thorpe, a Canon of this Church, gave to it all his gold rings and jewels ; in 18 Edward II., the Dean and Chap- ter laviflied upon it rich flore of gold and filver and of precious ftones ; in 31 Edward III., three gold- fmiths were engaged to work upon it for a whole year ; * King John of France, when he was a prifoner * At the wages of 8s. a week for one of them, and of 5 s. a week for each of the others. 90 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. in England, made here an oblation of twelve nobles ^ this remarkable fapphire was prefented in 15 Rich- ard II., by Richard de Preston, citizen and grocer, there to remain for curing of infirmities of the eyes, and the donor dire6ted proclamation to be made of its great virtues. The fhrine is adorned with many figures, and efpecially, you will note the gilded image of S. Erkenwald himfelf. (I dare fay you remember that a ftone figure of the fainted Bifhop flands in a niche,, o n the fouth fide of Bifhop's Gate.) This iron grate enclofing the fhrine cofl no lefs than £6\. The lights, now burning before it are provided by an en- dowment left for that purpofe by Dean Evere in 1407. It is really very magnificent. See the gilded image of the faint, the leffer images, the figures of angels, that reprefentation of the Coronation of the Virgin, the cryftals, the beryls, the other jewels, the fumptuous painting. All London cannot ihow you anything more fplendid.* And now let us turn Eaftward. The fcreen run- ning quite acrofs the Church enclofes three Chapels : the Lady Chapel in the midft, S. George's Chapel in the North Aifle, and S. Dunftan's in the South., The Choir was rebuilt early in the thirteenth century ; it was completed in 1240 : a little later the eaftern part, in which we are now flanding, was added, for the * The rough fketch given by Dugdale evidently reprefents one end only of the fhrine, and that, after it had been defpoiled of its chief ornaments. Creffy, in his Church Hi/lory of Brittany, publiihed in 1668, fays that the body of S. Erkenwald continued here " till about fourfcore years agoe, at which time it difappeared." A Walk Round Old Saint PatiVs. 91 Choir was greatly extended then. Before this period a ftreet ran, clofe to the Eaft end of the Cathedral, from Watling Street to Cheapfide:* and here alfo ftood the Church of S. Faith which was pulled down in order to lengthen the Choir. The Parifhioners, as we fhall fee prefently, have been provided with a Church in the Crypt beneath our feet. In the Lady Chapel, the Guild of the Minftrels ftill meet ; they poffefs a grant from Edward IV. which records that the brethren and fifters of the Guild affembled there for devotion. As we leave the Chapel, we pafs by the grave of a notable man, Robert de Braybrooke, Bifhop of London, who died in 1404. He held the Great Seal of England from 20th Sept., 1382 to loth March, 1383 : a vigorous and vigilant bifhop, and one who laboured hard to reform the vices of the humbler people, and the corruption which he lamented in his own Chapter. Obferve his well-marked features as they are pourtrayed on yonder monumental brafs. He was certainly an earneft reformer. Even yet we have not exhaufted the wonders and the beauties of S. Paul's, for we have not vifited the famous Crypt. We can enter it very conveniently from without. About the middle of the North fide of the Choir we fhall find a low-arched door : fome fix and twenty fteps will take us down to the lower Church. This is the Church of S. Faith, but the eaftern part is called the Jefus Chapel. Three rows of columns, there are eight columns in each row. Sir Chriftopher Wren found nine wells in a row, marking the exadl fite of thefe houfes, under the Choir. 92 Hijiory of Old Saint PatcVs. divide the Crypt into four nearly equal aifles, and carry the great weight of the Choir floor and fuper- ftrufture. At the South-weft is the little Chapel of S. John Baptift, and here too are the Chapels of S. Anne, S. Sebaftian, and S. Radegund : that figure, looming in the darknefs, pierced with arrows, is S. Sebaftian. Over the door leading into Jefus Chapel is " curioufly painted " the image of Jefus, and the figure, wearing her armorial mantle, with her children kneeling around her, is Margaret, Countefs of Shrewftjury, who lies buried before the image. You can read the couplet beneath it : "Jesus our God and Sauior, To us and ours be Gouernour." In this Chapel meets the wealthy Guild of Jefus. It was incorporated by Henry VI., and the prefent Dean, Dean Colet, has drawn up a very remarkable feries of A6ls and Ordinances for the " weale, poletique guid- yng, and maintenaunce " of the Guild, of which he is himfelf the Re6lor.* They fpecially obferve the Feaft of the Tranffiguration, and that of the Name of Jefus, and here they meet in full number on thefe Holydays. Every Friday the Mafs of Jefus is faid at this Altar by one of the Cardinals of the Church ; and after that, on the fame day, is faid a Mafs of Requiem. On the F6aft of the Tranffiguration " lyveries of golde and filver" are "made and given to the Brothren and Suftren " of the Guild. At Mafs on the day of the * I have printed thefe Ordinances and other Documents relating to the Guild in my Regijlrum S. Pauli. A Walk Round Old Saint PauVs. 93 Tranffiguration the Subdean is the celebrant. It is a very wealthy fraternity, for their annual income feme- times amounts to ;^400.* Alms for the Guild are collefted far and wide, even in Wales, and in the Northern Province. There are feveral other Guilds in the Cathedral. The earlieft, I think, is that founded by Dean Ralph de Diceto in 11 97, the members of which met four times a year to be prefent at the celebration of the Mafs of the Holy Ghoft. We have already fpoken of the Minftrels' Guild ; and to this we may add the Guilds of S. Catherine, of the Annunciation of the Bleffed Virgin, and that of All Souls which affembled in the Charnel Chapel. And here we muft bring our circuit to a clofe : but before we part, confefs that S. Paul's Cathedral is well worth a vifit, and can hold its own for fize, for majefty, for its monuments, its chapels, its fhrine, its guilds, its fpacious crypt, with any other Church that you have vifited in merry England. The date which has been chofen for this imaginary vifit to the Cathedral, the year 15 10, has compelled us to omit mention of many grand or interefting monuments. Amohgft thefe are the fhrouded figure of Dean Donne, 1631, the only perfeft effigy now re- maining, fmce the Great Fire on the one hand, and wanton deftruftion on the other, ruined thefe unique * It was;£4o6 os. iijd. in 1534-5 ; although in 1514-15 it was only ;£i44 6s. 8d. 94 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. memorials ; Dean Colet's tomb, with his buft above and a fkeleton beneath, 1519; Sir William Hewit, 1599; Sir William Cokaine, with his wife and eleven chil- dren, two of them Chrifoms, 1626 ; Sir Nicolas Bacon, 1578 ; John King, Bifhop of London, 1621 ; the vaft mafs of Sir Chriftopher Hatton's monument, 1591, of which, as Stow records, " a merry poet wrote " : " Philip and Francis have no tombe, For great Chriftopher takes all the roome,'' referring to Sir Philip Sidney and Sir Francis Wal- fingham, who reft hard by ; William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, 1569; Sir John Mafon, 1566; William Aubrey, LL.D., 1595; Sir John Wolly, 1595; Sir Thomas Heneage, 1594 ; Dean Nowell, 1601 ; and others. But the period was chofen advifedly. It enabled us to fee the altars and chapels undifturbed, and the flirine of S. Erkenwald in all its beauty. WYCLIF IN S. PAUL'S. CHAPTER VI. WYCLIF IN S. PAUL'S. [HE fun was fetting on the life of the Third Edward, when an incident occurred which is for ever memorable in the hiftdry of S. Paul's : John Wyclif, the great Re- former, "the father of Englifh profe," ftood within its walls. If he had no other claims upon our notice, his literary ability alone would place him amongft the firft rank of Englifh writers. Mr. Shirley, the able editor of the Fafciculi Zizaniorum,*c\3Sies him amongft the greateft of our countrymen, and fays that " in his original tracts, the exquifite pathos, the keen delicate irony, the manly paffion of his fliort nervous fentences, fairly overmafters the weaknefs of the unformed language, and gives us Englifh which cannot be read without a feeling of its beauty to this hour." His * Fa/ciaili Zizaniorum Magiftri yohamti Wyclif cum tritico : edited by the Rev. W. W. Shirley (in the Matter of the Rolls' Series of Chronicles, 1858) pp. xlvi., xlvii. 7 98 Hijiory of Old Saint PauVs. tranflation of the Bible into the mother tongue, his mod holy life, his refolute defence of the truth, caufe him to ftand out from the times in which he lived, a ftriking figure, a mafler in Ifrael. Born at Lutterworth, about the year 1324, he was appointed Warden or Mafter of Balliol Hall, as it was then called, in the Univerfity of Oxford* Here he oppofed the Mendicant Friars who were drawing away ftudents from the Colleges into their own convents : " Freres," to borrow Wyclif s words, " drawen children fro Christ's religion into their private Order by hypo- crifie, lefmgs, and fteling." In 1366 he oppofed the Pope's demands for arrears in the payment of the tribute money granted by King John. He foon began to attack the abufes of religion, and efpecially the fubftitution of fabulous legends — legends differing only from thofe of the ancient heathen poets in that they were more incredible and lefs elegant — for the pure faith of Chrift. In 1 374 he accompanied Simon Sudbury, Bifhop of London, and John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancafter, on an important miflion to Bruges, where, it may be fuppofed, he laid the foundation of a friendfhip which was foon to be of eminent fervice to him. A ftrange friendfhip enough, " between an afcetic prieft of deep piety and irreproachable morals, and an ambitious and fomewhat diffolute noble."f * The authorities here ufed are the Fafciculus Zizaniortim ; Thomas of Walfinghatn's Hijloria Anglicanaj Hook's Lives of the Archbijhops; Fox; Longman's Life and Times of Edward in., etc. t Longman, ibid., p. 284. Wyclif in Saint Paul's. 99 Lancafter was the friend of Chaucer as well as of Wyclif. This ftrange intimacy has been explained " by attributing to the Duke a mind capable of ap- preciating, and indeed deeply loving, energy and intelledl, but not untinged by a confcioufnefs that men poffeffed of thefe qualities might be ufeful to him in his oppofition to the clergy." Wyclif, who had learned much about the ambition and faithleffnefs of the Pope, attacked him boldly in his public leftures, calling him, in no very meafured language, "Antichrift, the proud worldly prieft of Rome, and the moft curfed of clippers and purfe- kervers." The Pope retorted by iffuing bulls com- manding the Archbifhop of Canterbury and the Bifhop of London to take proceedings againft Wyclif. His dodtrine of the fupremacy of kings was moft unpalsftable at Rome. Horrible herefies were attri- buted to him.* Courtenay, the Bifhop of London, had been eagerly oppofed to the affumption by the Papacy of temporal power in England.-|- John of Gaunt had little love for the fecular power of the Pope, but he would have fided with him if the Roman Pontiff would but abet the Duke's defigns againft the clergy, whom he defired to expel from fecular ofifiGes altogether. The Pope was chiefly concerned that the Papal treafury fhould be replenifhed. Courtenay and John of Gaunt, * See Harpffeld, Hijioria Wicliffiana; Hijloria AngUcana Ecclefia/Hca, p. 724. t Hook, Lives of the Archbijhops, iv. pp. 321-324. 7—3 TOO Hi/lory of Old Saint Paul's. agreed on fome points, found themfelves ftrongly oppofed on the queftion of the flatus of the clergy. The clergy were the lawyers of the day ; they held the high offices of state ; great political power was in their hands, and a flrong feeling was fpringing up amongfb the people that fpiritual perfons (hould be limited to fpiritual work. On this point the Bifhop of London and the Duke ranged themfelves on oppo- fite fides. " Lancafter, feudal to the core, refented the official arrogance of the prelates, and the large fhare which they drew to themfelves of the temporal power, Wyclif dreamt of reftoring, by apoftolical poverty, its long-loft apoftolical purity to the clergy. From points fo oppofite, and with aims fo contra- diftory, were they united to reduce the wealth and humble the pride of the Englifh hierarchy."* But, as Canon Stubbs obferves, although " Apoftolic jJoverty for the clergy was the idea which they had in com- mon, it was recommended to the two by very different reafons."f John of Gaunt looked upon Wyclif and his teaching as tools and weapons for the humiliation of the clergy, and particularly of the prelates. Prefently Courtenay fummons Wyclif to appear before himfelf and before the Metropolitan on a charge of herefy. The accufations againft the great Re- former are of a political rather than of a do6lrinal charafter. Nothing is faid of his opinions on the Incarnation, nothing as to his views concerning the imperifhability of matter, nothing about the tenets of * Dr. Shirley, Fa/cicubts Zizaniorum, p. xxvi. t Canon Stubbs, ConJHtuiional Hiftory, ii. pp. 474-477. Wydif in Saint Paul's. loi Bradwardine, "The object of the profecution was to proclaim to the world that fociety was endangered by the political principles which John of Gaunt was putting in pra6tice againfh the Church." * On the 23rd of February, I377,f Wyclif obeyed the fummons, and appeared before his judges in S. Paul's. Let us try to realife the fcene. At an early hour prelates and nobles had affembled in Our Lady's Chapel, eaflward of the High Altar. "Dukes and barons were fitting together with the Archbifhops and other Bifliops." % A fhout is heard, a crowd ruflies in tumultuoufly, Wyclif has arrived, fie comes, not unattended. John of Gaunt is by his fide, and fo is the newly-appointed Earl Marfhal, Lord Percy. Four bachelors of divinity, one from each order of friars, are alfo with him, as Fox affirms, to aid him with their advice. The Duke of Lancafter has felefted them, for Wyclif will furely need fage counfel. There is a denfc crowd, " a main prefs of people," filling the church. " Such was there the frequency and throng of the miiltitude, that the lords, for all the puiffance of the High Marfhal, unneth with great difficulty could get way through." The Lord Percy had much ado to break through the crowd, and that not without noife and tumult and grave offence to the citizens; What right had the Earl Marfhal to iffue orders in the Cathedral at all ? They would proteft their Bifhop. Courtenay was popular amongft the Londoners. * Fafciculus, etc., p. xxvii. t Ibid^ p. xxvii. Fox fays that the day was Thurfday, Feb. 1 9, ii. p. 800, and note, p. -9 19. % Fox, Alls and Monuments, ii. p. 801. 102 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. He had gone fo far as to allow the Pope's bull ex- communicating the Florentines to be publifhed at Paul's Crofs, and had himfelf fpoken imprudent words in a fermon there. The rabble had forthwith pro- ceeded to plunder the houfes of the rich Florentines, and the Lord Mayor had come forward to defend them. Courtenay was fummoned to appear before the Court of Chancery, and was commanded to unfay his words. An official, in due time, declared from the Crofs, that the JJifhop had been mifunderftood. Now the people throng in to defend the Bifliop. The Earl Marfhal and the Duke fhall not ride rough- fhod over him. There is a great uproar. The Bifliop is offended ; the fan6luary, he fays, is profaned, the fynod is difturbed. A fierce contention follows, and a dialogue enfues,* pitched in a fomewhat high key. Bifliop Courtenay. Lord Percy, if I had known beforehand what mafteries you would have kept in the Church, I would have flopped you out from coming hither. Duke of Lancajler. He fliall keep fuch mafteries here though you fay nay. Lord Percy. Wyclif, fit down, for you have many things to anfwer to, and you need to repofe yourfelf on a foft feat. Bijhop Courtenay. It is unreafonable that one cited before his Ordinary fhould fit down during his anfwer. He muft and fliall fl:and. * The verfion in the text is that given by Fuller in his Church Hiftory of Britain, vol. ii. pp. 340, 341 : edit. J. S. Brewer. Fuller, however, cites Fox as his authority. Wyclif in Saint Paul's. 103 Duke of Lancajler. The Lord Percy his motion for Wyclif is but reafonable. And as for you, my lord Bifhop, who are grown fo proud and arrogant, I will bring down the pride, not of you alone, but of all the prelacy in England. Bijhop Courtenay. Do your worft, fir. Duke of Lancafler. Thou beareft thyfelf fo brag upon thy parents,* which fhall not be able to help thee ; they fhall have enough to do to help them- felves. Bifhop Courtenay. My confidence is not in my parents, nor in any man elfe, but only in God in Whom I truft, by Whofe afliftance I will be bold to fpeak the truth. Duke of Lancafler. Rather than I will take thofe words at his hands, I would pluck the Bifliop by the hair out of the church. The lafb words were but whifpered by the Duke, and that foftly, in a neighbour's ear ; but they were caught up by the Londoners, who were enraged at the affront offered to their Bifhop. They fell upon the lords who were prefent, and had not the Bifhop himfelf interpofed and flayed them from their purpofe, the fanftity of the holy place itfelf would not have pre- vented them from avenging the infult. It was yet but nine o'clock in the morning, for our anceflors were early rifers, when the meeting was diffolved. The Duke had plotted againfl their liberties. In the Parliament he had attempted nothing lefs than to * His father was Hugh Courtenay, Earl of Devon. I04 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. diffranchife the City of London, to annul its charter, to aboh'fh the office of Lord Mayor, to rule the city by a Captain. The Marfhal of England should have power to arreft in the City as in other places, contrary to the rights of the citizens* They are highly in- cenfed with him, and the riotous conduft in the Cathe- dral fets the fpark to the powder. They attack the Marfhal's inn, and break open the gates and doors, and bring out a prifoner confined there, " gyves and all wherin his feet were faftned, intending to burne them in the midft of the citie." Fortunately for him, the Earl is abfent. He and the Duke were dining with a Flemifh merchant, one John of Ypres, in S. Thomas Apoftle, at Ypres Inn, weft of the Church ; a great meiTuage, as Stow fays. Their hoft was a perfon of fome importance, and was appointed as one of the executors to King Edward .f Inflamed by their fuccefs, the turbulent people rufli down to the Duke's Palace, the Savoy, hoping there to find their prey. On their way they encounter an unhappy prieft who fays that Sir Peter de la Mare,J whom they thought to be imprifoned m Lord Percy's Inn, was a traitor, and was worthy to be hanged. Whereupon they all cried out, " This is Percy ; this is the traytour of England. His fpeecb bewrayeth him, though hee be difguifed in apparell."§ Then they all * Stow's Annales, by Howes, p. 273. + Fox, ii. p. 920. % " Sir Peter de la Mare, one of the Knights who reprefented Herefordfhire," who had been eleded foreman or Speaker by the Commons. Dr. Stubbs' Conjiitutional Hiftory, ii. p. 467. § Stow, Annales, p. 274. Wyclif in Saint Paul's. IQ5 ran upon him, ftriving who fliould give him his death- ftroke; and they beat him fo favagely that he died of his wounds. The Bifhop of London foon hears tidings of the riot. He was juft fitting down to table. " The Epif- copal palace was a place of confiderable ftrength ; but it was at this time more than ufually ftrong, for that the Bilhop himfelf lived in the affeflions of the people. The ordinary routine was obferved, and at the ufual hour the large family of the Bifhop, chap- lains, knights, clerks, and retainers affembled in the vaft and lofty hall. It was a gloomy, prifon-like apartment, fcantily furnifhed. It was lighted by two large windows high in the wall, and looking into the inner court. In the centre flood a long table on treffels, and beneath was a plentiful fupply of frefli flraw. Along the table were forms, until the dais was reached. On the dais flools were arranged, and in the centre, for the Bifhop, a ftraight-backed, wooden-feated arm-chair. There was a hatch on either fide of the door, and near it a large cupboard or buffet, on which were arranged difhes of earthen- ware and brafs, with a few of filver for the high table ; filver goblets being intermixed with cups of horn, a few drihking-glafTes, and jacks."* Information is brought that all London is in an uproar. The Bifhop does what in him lies to quell the riot. The people had commenced the attack upon the ducal palace. The Bifhop addreffes them. It is • Hook, iv. p. 334. (Dean HooTc muft be held refponfible for thefe minute details.) io6 Hiftory of Old Saint Paul's. Lent ; let them not profane the holy feafon. At his bidding, at his nod * they defift. They would fain have burnt down the palace. They reverfe the Duke's arms " in Foro publico," as if he were a traitor. And prefently, when a certain foldier of the Duke's called Thomas Wynton, a Scotchman born, came through the city with the Duke's arms hanging by a lace about his neck, the citizens, "not abiding the fight thereof, caft him from his horfe, and plucked the efcutcheon from him, and were about," as Fox oddly words it,t " to work the extremity againft him," had not my Lord Mayor delivered him out of their hands. The Duke and Lord Percy alfo hear the ill-tidings. A knight of the Duke's houfehold hurries down into the City. He arrives at the houfe where the feaft was being held. He knocks at the gate and cannot get admittance, the houfehold are bufy at the banquet. At laft Haverland, the porter, comes : and the im- patient knight cries out : " If thou love my lord and thy life, open the gate ;" with which words he gets entry. He hurries into the hall and tells the Duke that without the gate were infinite numbers of armed men, and that unlefs he took good heed that day would be his lafl:. The Duke fees the gravity of the fituation. " He leapt fo haftily from his oyfters, that hee hurt both his legges againft the fourme. Wine was offered to his oyfters, but hee would not drinke Walfingham, Hijloria Anglicana, i. p. 325. t Fox, ii. pp. 804, 920. Wyclif in Saint PauVs. 107 for hafte. Hee fledde with his fellow Sir Henry Percie, no manne following them, and entring the Thames, neuer ftinted rowing untill they came to a houfe neere the Manor of Kenington (befide Lam- beth)."* Here they took refuge with the Princefs of Wales, who, as the widow of the Black Prince, had great influence with the Londoners, and fucceeded in pacifying them. No word fpoken by the Archbifhop or by Wyclif on this occafion has been recorded. " The former," fays Fuller, " feeing the brawl happened in the Cathedral of London, left the Bifhop thereof to meddle, whofe flout ftomach and high birth made him the meeter match to undertake fuch noble adverfaries. As for Wyclif, well might the client bee filent, whilft fuch counfel pleaded for him. And the bifliops found themfelves in a dangerous dilemma about him ; it being no pity to permit, nor policy to punifh, one protected with fuch potent patrons. Yea, in the iffue of this fynod, they only commanded him to forbear hereafter from preaching or writing his ^oflrines ; and how far he promifed conformity to their injunftions doth not appear."t Thefe were troublous times. There was a dan- gerous difcord at Rome. Urban VI., and Clement VII. — the one at Rome, the other at Avignon — ftruggling for the maftery, " Peter's chair was like to be broken betwixt two fitting down at once ;" as honeft Fuller puts it. * Stow, Annates. t Fuller, Church Hi/lory, ii. p. 342, io8 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. A few days more, and Edward III. lay dead. He was in the fixty-fixth year of his age, and the fiftieth of his reign. On the 2ift of June he died, at his palace at Shene, deferted by all, even by Alice Ferrers, who, before flie fled, ftole the very rings from the fingers of the dying man. A certain priefb alone, of all the courtiers and attendants, flood by that folitary deathbed, and offered to the quivering lips the figure of the Crucified. The dying King devoutly kiffed the feet of the image, and fought for pardon from his offended God and from all whom he had wronged : and fo, alone, but for this faithful chaplain, breathed out his foul.* Let us hope that he found the pardon which he fought. His later fms may be the more eafily forgiven, when it is remembered that he was mentally and phyfically the mere wreck of his former felf. About one-and-forty years after Wyclifs death, Richard Fleming, Bifhop of Lincoln, who in his early years had adopted Wyclifs opinions but had afterwards renounced them, fent his officers, "vultures with a quick fight-fcent at a dead carcafe," to pull the remains of the Reformer from the quiet grave at Lutterworth. " To Lutterworth they come (Sumner, commiffary, official, chancellor, proftors, doftors, and the fervants, fo that the remnant of the body would not hold out a bone amongfl fo many hands), take what was left out of the grave, and burnt them to alhes, and caft them into Swift, a neighbouring brook running hard * Walfingham, i. p. 327. Wyclif in Saint Pauls. log by. Thus this brook hath conveyed his afhes into Avon, Avon into Severn, Severn into the narrow feas, they into the main ocean ; and thus the afhes of Wyclif are the emblem of his doftrine, which now is difperfed all the world over."* Which things, as Profeffor Blunt pointedly obferves, are an allegory.f It was an eafy talk to burn the bones of Wyclif. It was impofllble to root out his teaching, or to deftroy the loving memory in which the people held him. Let two ftiort florins fuffice to fhow that the great Reformer lived in the hearts of the people. When Hufs appeared before the Emperor, a friend of his, one Stephen Paletz, faidf that a Bohemian " brought out of England a certain fmall piece of the ftone of Wyclif's fepulchre, which they that are the followers of his do6lrine at this prefent do reverence and worfhip as a thing moft holy." This is in 1416. George Bull, of Much Hadham, draper, fays§ " through the credence and report of Matter Patmore, Parfon of Hadham, that where Wyclif's bones were burnt, fprang up a well or well-fpring." This is in 1531- If the bones of Wyclif were to be facrilegioufly dif- turbed, thofe of Archbifhop Sudbury alfo were to have forae ftrange experiences. On the 14th of June, 1381, the aged Archbifliop, * Fuller, Church Hijlory, ii. p. 424. t Sketch of the Hijlory of the Reformation, chapt. v. + Fox, iii. p. 484. § Ibid., v, p. 34. I lo Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Simon Sudbury, was dragged from the Chapel within the Tower by the infuriated rabble under Wat Tyler. He had adminiftered the Bleffed S|acrament to the King, and this was his laft a£l. A block was extem- porifed — an executioner was found — eight times the deadly axe fell upon the brave old man — firft it flightly wounded his neck^then it amputated the tips of his fingers — at length the butchery was ended. His laft recorded words were thefe,* "Ah! ah! manus Domini eji." His head is preferved in a niche in the wall of the Veftry of S. Gregory's Church, Sudbury.f He was a native of that town, and a great benefaftor. For fix days the head had been exhibited at London Bridge. It was then taken down by Sir William Walworth. In due time, by a juft retribution, Wat Tyler's head was fubftituted for it. If Thomas of Walfingham is to be believed, his executioner was vifited with infanity and with blindnefs.f Had the King himfelf been in the Tower at the moment when the Archbilhop was feized, he, too, muft have fallen into the hands of the rioters, for the men of Kent entered his very bedchamber ;§ but he was hurried away jufl: in time to efcape from the moft imminent danger. * Hook's Lives of the ArclibiJJiops, iv. pp. 309-313. t I have feen it feveral times. Dean Hook fays that it was conveyed to Canterbury, p. 312, therein following Godwin, De Prcefulibus. X Hijioria Anglicana, i. p. 461. § Canon Stubbs, ConJHtutional Hiftory, ii. p. 498. LOLLARDS' TOWER. CHAPTER VII. LOLLARDS' TOWER. VERY fchoolboy has heard of Lollards' Tower, but it is not quite fo certain that every one knows where this famous prifon really flood. As the river fteamboats pafs under Weftminfter Bridge on their courfe up ftream, thofe who are on board are attrafled by " a broken, irregular pile of buildings, at whofe angle looking out over the Thames is one grey, weather- beaten tower. The broken pile is the Archiepifcopal Palace of Lambeth ; the grey, weather-beaten build- ing is called " its Lollards' Tower. " From this tower the maniion itfelf ftretches in a varied line, chapel, and guard-room, and gallery, and the ftately build- ings of the new houfe looking out on the terrace and garden ; whilft the Great Hall, in which the Library has now found a home, is the low, pi6lurefque build- ing which reaches fouthward along the river to the gate." On the river face of the tower is a fmall vacant niche, once filled, it is faid, by a ftatue of 8 114 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. S. Thomas k Becket, to which the watermen were wont to uncover their heads as they paffed along the filent highway. At the bafe of the tower is a cham- ber, and in its centre " ftands a large oaken pillar, to which the room owes its name of the Pojl-Room, and to which fomewhat mythical tradition aflerts Lollards to have been tied when they were 'examined' by the whip." Is this really Lollards' Tower? No — it is not. " Dr. Maitland has fhown that the common name refts on a mere error, and that the Lollards' Tower which meets us fo grimly in the pages of Fox was really a Weftern Tower of S. Paul's. But, as in fo many other inftances, the popular voice fhowed a fmgular hiftorical ta6t in its miftake: the tower which Chichele raifed marked more than any other, in the very date of its ereflion, the new age of perfecution on which England was to enter. ... It is ftrange to think how foon England anfwered to the challenge that Lollards' Tower flung out over the Thames. The white mafonry had hardly grown grey under the buffetings of a hundred years ere Lollard was no longer a word of fhame, and the reformation that Wyclif had begun fat enthroned within the walls of the chapel where he had battled for his life."* Dr. Maitland, the late learned Librarian at Lam- beth Palace, is careful to correfl the popular error on this fubjeft. Lollards' Tower, he fays, was "the Bifliop of London's prifon at S. Paul's ;" and he adds, " I mention this becaufe the name has been (only, I * J. R. Green's fingularly graceful Effays on Lambeth and the Archbijhops in his Stray Studies, pp. 109, 114, 120. Lollards' Tower. 115 believe, in recent times), and quite improperly, applied to one of the Towers of Lambeth Palace."* It is very difficult, however, to root out a popular error, and the miftake is conftantly repeated even at the prefent time. No reader of Stow's Survey ought to have had any doubt about the matter. He fays, in his account of the Cathedral, that " at either corner of this weft end is, alfo of ancient building, a ftrong tower of ftone, made for bell towers : the one of them, to wit, next to the Palace, is at this prefent to the ufe of the fame Palace ; the other, towards the fouth, is called the Lowlardes' Tower, and hath been ufed as the Bifliop's Prifon, for fuch as were detedled for opinions in religion, contrary to the faith of the Church. . . . Adjoining to this Lowlardes' Tower is the parifli church of S. Gregory." f Are there any views of Lollards' Tower ftill ex- tant ? This is a queftion fomewhat difficult to anfwer. In Hollar's grand view of the weftern fagade of S. Paul's are two low towers flanking the weft front, but they are "little more than turrets, of a baftard Italian ftyle."J Perhaps the Tower is exhibited in Aggas* Map, but one can hardly be fure that what is feen is not the tower of S. Gregory's Church. Perhaps it is * Effays on SubjeCls conneSled with the Reformation in Eng- land. Note on the Examination of Thomas Green, p. 24. t Stow's Survey, edited by Thorns, p. 138 ; and Strype's Stow, i. p. 708. X Mr. Edmund B. Ferrey in Notes and Queries, 4th Series, i. p. 509. 8—2 ii6 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Ihown in Van den Wyngaerde's drawing taken in 1540, but in a bird's-eye view the outlines are apt to be vague. One Thomas Stilman appears to have faid, "that he, being in Lollards' Tower, did climb up the fteeple where the bells were, and there, cutting the bell-ropes, did tie two of them together, and fo by them flipped down into Paul's Churchyard, and efcaped."* From which we may infer that Lollards' Tower was certainly a bell-tower, and probably a clock-tower alfo ; and, in fa6l, a clock-face is fhown on the weftern front of the Tower in Hollar's view of Inigo Jones' Portico. In Fox's ASls and Monuments^ are two woodcuts which purport to reprefent the interior of this famous Prifon. The firft of thefe depifts the unfortunate Richard Hun, of whom more will be faid prefently, hanging from a beam in his cell. If the gaoler's height may be taken as fix feet, and if we then ufe him as a flandard of meafurement, the dungeon would be about nine feet wide and eight feet high. The furniture confifts of a bed with a bolfter, a ftool, and the flocks, which really ftood " about feven or eight foot from the place where Hun was hanged." The ftocks would hold four perfons. The fecond woodcut probably reprefents another cell. The inevitable flocks ftill form a prominent feature, but this time they are large enough to hold fix perfons. It is quite poffible that both thefe woodcuts are purely works of the imagination ; for it is not likely that vifitors were ad- * Fox, Ads and Monuments, vol. iv. p. 230, in 1518-21. t In the edition printed in 1641, ii. p. 15 ; iii. p. 413. Lollards' Tower. 117 mitted to take Iketches in the prifon : and it is certain that, as in the Nuremberg Chronicle, fo in the A6ls and Monuments, the fame woodcut often reprefents individuals widely feparated in date and in flation. Trufting to the Ihort memory or the uncritical temper of his readers, Fox is bold enough to employ the fame woodcut at leaft a dozen times to depift different perfons : but I do not obferve that tke/e two woodcuts are repeated, a circumftance which may be taken, perhaps, as a note of truth. No doubt many a poor captive, if he efcaped alive from his prifon houfe, would carry away with him an indelible image of the narrow walls that had echoed back his prayers and fighs. His defcriptions would be vivid enough to guide the artift's pencil. The contiguity of a Prifon to the Church feems to modern ideas moft incongruous ; but our forefathers do not appear to have fliared this view. The famous prifon in Lambeth Palace is reached by a rude flair, to which accefs is gained through a doorway hard by the graceful arch which gives entrance to the Chapel. The maffive oak door ftudded with nails probably prevented the fweet founds of choral hymns from reaching the ears of the wretched captives, and the feven iron rings bolted into the wall ftill remain to tell the fad tale of their miferable bondage. The flocks in the dungeon at S. Paul's had a very evil reputation. In a rare tra6l entitled the Lyfe and Death of John Story, 1^71, reprinted in the Somers' ColleSlion of Trafls,* are fome remarkable details about them. The writer fays that Dr. Story ii8 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. "was committed to the Lollardes tower in Powles .... but he lacked there one thing, which was the monftrous and houge ftockes, that he and Boner, his old faithful friend, had ufed to turmoyle and perfecute the poore and innocent Chriftians in, hanging fome therin by the heles fo high, that only their heads laye on the ground. Some were flocked in both feet and armes, fome alfo were ftocked by both their feet and by both their thombes, and fo did hang in the ftockes* And fome also were ftocked by both theyre fete, and chyned by the necke wyth collars of iron made faft behynde theim to a poft in the wall, and fuch other develifhe and tyrannus engynes and devyfes by hym praftifed. Thefe at his beinge in the Lollardes tower he myffed, and great pitie it was that he had not tafted of theym ; but alack the good biftiop Gryndall, late bifhop of London, had brent and con- fumed theym with fire." Certainly, if the writer reprefents the public opinion of his day, there was little difference between the con- tending parties as to their love for the dungeon and the ftocks. It is very likely that the flocks were con- fumed in 1561, in the fecond year of Grindal's epif- copate, in the great fire which deftroyed the lofty fpire of the Cathedral. A very graphic account of this part of S. Paul's is to be found in the Examinations and Writings of * Vol. i. p. 477, edit. 1809. I am indebted to Mr. Solly for this interefting paffage. Notes and Queries, sth Series, x. p. 474. Lollards Tower. 119 John Philpot;* he fhall tell his ftory in his own words : " And he [Bifliop Bonner] followed me, calling the keeper afide, commanding to keep all men from me, and narrowly to fearch me (as the fequel did de- clare), and brought me to his privy door that goeth into the church, and commanded two of his men to accompany the keeper, and to fee me placed. And afterwards I paffed through Pauls up to the Lollards' Tower, and after that turned along all the Weft fide of Pauls through the wall, and pafling through fix or feven doors came to my lodging through many ftraits : where I called to remembrance that Jtrait is the way to heaven. And it is in a tower, right on the other fide of Lollards' Tower, as high almoft as the battle- ment of Pauls, eight feet of breadth and thirteen of length, and almoft over the prifon where I was before, having a window opening toward the eaft, by the which I may look over the tops of a great many houfes, but fee no man pafiing into them : and whofo walketh in the bifhop's outer gallery going to his chapel may fee my window, and me ftanding in the fame." From this paffage it would appear that the Northern Tower as well as the Southern was ufed as a prifon: the Northern Tower clofely adjoined the Bifliop's Palace. Thofe who had once tafted the rigours of this prifon retained an indelible recolleftion of its horrors. Honeft old Latimer fays, " I had rather be in purga- * Parker Society, pp. 86, 87. Compare alfo Fox, oHavo edition, vii. pp. 647, 648. I20 Hijlory of Old Saint Pauls. tory, than in the Bifhop of London's Prifon ; for in this I might die bodily for lack of meat, in that I could not." And again, writing to Morice, he fays, "I had rather be in it \i.e., in purgatory] than in Lollards' Tower, the Bifhop's Prifon, for divers Ikills and caufes."* In Bifhop Pilkington's Burnynge of Paules Church, he does not omit to mention the fad memories that hung about the walls : " in the top of one of the pinacles is Lollers towre, where manye an innocent foule hais bene by theym cruellye tormented and murthered." Nor were the two Weftern Towers the only places of imprifonment near to the Palace. The Bifhop's Coal Houfe at the back of the Palace in Paternofter Row had alfo a very evil reputation. Thomas Whittle dates a letter addreffed to his "Prifon fellows in Lollards' Tower " from " the Coal Houfe this 4th day of December," iSS&f Here one Thomas Green remained for many days (for twenty days, at leaft, it would appear), and here a bolt and fetter were placed upon his right leg, and on his left hand another, and fo he was fet " crofs-fettered " in the flocks, where he lay a day and a night. The next day his hand was loofed out of the ftocks, and his leg only was fhut in ; there he remained fix days. He was then examined by Dr. Story, Queen Mary's Commiflioner. More prifoners were brought in : whereupon Miftrefs Story fell in a rage, and fware a * Biftiop Latimer, Sermons and Remains (Parker Society), pp. 237, 361. t Fox, octavo edition, Alls and Monuments, vii. p. 725. Lollards' Tower. 121 great oath, that it were a good deed to put a hundred or two of thefe heretic knaves in a houfe, " and I my- felfj" faid fhe, "would fet it on fire." After this Thomas Green was committed to prifon again for fourteen days more. By-and-by we have a pifture of Bifhop Bonner himfelf, "in his hofe and doublet," coming down a pair of flairs by the fide of the Coal- Houfe, and looking in at the grate, as one might look at fome curious wild animal, and afking why and by whom he was imprifoned. His feet and hands were manacled,- and fo he had continued ten days with nothing to lie upon but bare ftones or a boatrd. Prefently he is removed from the Bifhop's Salt-Houfe, as he calls it, to the Lollards' Tower, where he was kept in the ftocks more than a month, both day and night.* ■ It was thus that religious people tried to perfuade, convince, convert each other. The cafe of Richard Hun, a prifoner in the Lol- lards' Tower, who, one unhappy morning (4th Decem- ber, 1 5 14) was found hanging from a beam in his dungeon, is familiar to all the readers of Fox.f It was charged againft the Chancellor of the diocefe that he had murdered Hun, Thus, in the Supplica- tion of Beggars, it is faid :J "Did not alfo Dr. Horfey [the Bifhop's Chan- cellor] and his complices, mofl: heinoufly (as all the world knoweth) murder in prifon that honefl merchant, • Fox, viii. pp. 521-523. It is only right, however, to refer thofe who wifti to ftudy this fubje(n, to Dr. Maitland's keen analyfls of the whole ftory in his Reformation Effays,pTp. 18-27. t Fox, iv. pp. 183-197. % Ibid; iv> p. 663. 122 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Richard Hun, for that he fued a writ of premuiiire againft a prieft that wrongfully held him in plea in a fpiritual court, for a matter whereof the knowledge belongeth to your highnefs ?" And again, in 1555, when Robert Smith is ex- amined before Bifhop Bonner,* he fpeaks of — " Mafter Hun, whom your predeceffor caufed to be thruft in at the nofe with hot burning needles, and then to be hanged, and faid the fame Hun to have hanged himfelf." To whom Bonner fiercely replies : " Ah ! ye are a generation of liars, there is not one true word that cometh out of your mouths." Fox prints at confiderable length The Verdi6l of the Inquejl which was called to examine into the caufes of Hun's death, together with the depofitions of many wltnefTes. The jury, which confifted of twenty-four men, gave it as their verdift that the faid Richard Hun was " felonioufly killed and murdered " by the Chancellor, William Horfey, clerk, and one Charles Jofeph, fumner, and John Spalding, otherwife called John the Bellringer. It is fcarcely poflible, at this diftance of time, to difentangle the truth from the perplexed ftories which have reached us. The death of Richard Hun, how- ever, is referred to feveral times by Tyndale, and by Bifhop Bale in very ftrong terms.-f- Whether he was * Fox, octavo edition, AUs and Monuments, \n. p. 351 ; and fee alfo Maitland, Reformation, p. 530. t Tyndale, Anfwer to Sir Thomas More's Dialogue (Parker Society), pp. 146, 166, 167 ; Bale, Image of both Churches (Parker Society), p. 395. , Lollards Tower. 123 murdered, or was felo-de-fe, may be left to ftudehts of Fox and Maitland : it is quite certain that very different views will be taken of the matter by different readers. It is, of courfe, very eafy to utter the ufual common- places about the barbarity of the prelates and the horrors of thefe dungeons. Our hearts, heaven be praifed, revolt from the atrocious cruelties freely praftifed by men of both parties under the holy name of religion. We muft remember, however, the cuftoms of the age in which they lived and the long- continued prevalence of judicial torture. When Damiens attempted the life of Louis XV., at Ver- failles, Sth January, 1757, it is faid that M. de Ma- chault, the Keeper of the Seals, tortured the mifer- able creature, " un pauvre fou," as Meffrs. Bordier and Charton call him,* with his own hands. " He thruft tongs into the fire, and, when they were red- hot, he began fingeing with his own hands the unfor- tunate Damiens' legs, taking care never to pinch the fame part of the leg twice, fo that more acute fuffering might be inflifted." The torturer then caufed Damiens' legs " to be expofed to a fire until they were but one fore : and, as he was ftill filent, he threatened to throw him into the flames." The details of Damiens' execution are, fimply, too dread- ful to be fet down on paper. This painful inci- dent is cited, not becaufe our own hiftory does * Hiftoire de France, ii. p. 379. 124 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. not fupply horrors enough, but becaufe it would not be eafy to find a high Minifter of State fo late as I7S7 fo utterly loft to all fenfe of humanity and even of perfonal dignity as with his own hands to torture un pauvre fou. Let us judge as harfhly as you will the atrocities of the period, but let us, in juftice to the men, whether Roman or Reformed, remember the time in which they lived, and the tedious and flow fteps by which we ourfelves have attained to our pre- fent light. We, ourfelves, have yet much to learn. It muft not be forgotten that our own Statute Book contained till the reign of George III. provifions for infli6ling judicial torture. " In the cafe of fuch as at their trial refufe to plead guilty or not guilty, the prifoner is laid upon his back, his arms and legs being extended with cords, and a confiderable weight laid upon his breaft ; he is allowed only three morfels of barley-bread, which is given him the next day with- out drink, after which he is allowed nothing but foul water until he expires. This punifhment is, however, feldom inflifted ; but fome offenders have chofen it in order to preferve their ejlates for their children. Thofe guilty of this crime are not now fuffered to undergo fuch a length of torture, but have fo great a weight placed on them that they foon expire."* This atrocious punifhment was inflidled fo late as 1741, when one Henry Cook, afhoemaker of Stratford, was fentenced to death for highway robbery. " On Cook's refufmg to plead there was a new prefs made and * Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. i. p. 412. Lollards' Tower. 125 fixed in the proper place in the prefs-yard, there having been no perfon preffed fince the famous (?) Spiggott the highwayman, which is about twenty years ago. Burnworth, alias Frafier, was preffed at Kingfton in Surrey, about fixteen years ago." * The law firft appears in the Statute Book, 8 Henry IV., and was not abolifhed till 12 George III. c. 20, which enafls that all perfons refufing to plead fhall be held to be guilty. It feems incredible that fuch cruelty could have been perpetrated under the facred name of Juftice at fo late a date as 1741, but the facts, it is to be feared, are indifputable. They will teach us to moderate our cenfures, or at leaft to apportion them with an equal hand. The laft priforier committed to Lollards' Tower was one Peter Burchet, gentleman, of the Middle Temple, who, in the year 1573, had defperately wounded and was minded to have murdered '' a ferviceable gentle- man named John Hawkings, Efquire, in the high ftreet near unto the Strand." Peter Burchet was taken and examined, and " was found to hold certain Opinions erroneous, and therefore committed thither and convifled ; but in the end, by perfuafion, he pro- mifed to abjure his herefies, and was by the command- ment of the Council, removed from thence to the Tower of London." So far Stow, in his Survey.^ In * The Univerfal SpeBator, No. 674, quoted in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. i. p. 500. + Stow's Survey, by Strype, i. p. 708. 126 Hijlory of Old Saint Pauls. his Annals * he gives a fuller account of the matter, and enables us to underftand what the " perfuafion " was under which Burchet recanted. It appears that fentence of death was about to be pronounced againft him " as an hereticke," and that then, " through the earneft perfwafions of diuers learned men, who tooke great paines in that matter, hee renounced, forfwore, and abiured his opinions." The attack on Hawkings took place on Oftober i ith ; Burchet was committed to the Tower, where being examined he faid that the perfon whom he had intended to attack was Sir Chriftopher Hatton ; his heretical opinions having been detefled he was fent to the Lollards' Tower, and examined in the Confiftory Court of S. Paul's ; fen- tence of death was to have been pronounced on November 4th, but he efcaped this by abjuration ; on November 9th he was remitted to the Tower, where the next day he murdered his keeper ; the fol- lowing day he was arraigned and condemned at Weft- minfter; and on November 12th was hanged on a gibbet " nigh to the place where hee wounded mafter Hawkins. He had no fpeech, nor fhewed figne of repentance, but was by force and ftrength of men partly drawne, partly borne and thruft up to the gibbet, where, after his right hand being ftricken off and nayled to the gibbet, he was hanged." Such was the tragical end of this violent malefaaor : the laft prifoner in Lollards' Tower. * Stow's Annals, by Howes, pp. 677, 678. THE GREAT FIRE OF i56r. CHAPTER VIII. THE GREAT FIRE OF 1 56 1. I IRE has been always the implacable foe of S. Paul's Cathedral. The ancient Statutes ftriftly enjoin the Cujlos Operis,ox Surveyor, not only to examine the roof of the Church with great care after heavy rains, but, efpecially, to be very watchful when plumbers were at work upon it, left the fires which they employed to melt the lead fhould attack the fabric itfelf. Reference has been already made* to the fire in 961, in which, according to the Saxon Chronicle, " the monaftery of S. Paul's was burnt." On the 7th of July, 1087, according to the Chroniculi S. Pauli, "the Church of S. Paul, London, and all things which were therein, was con- fumed by fire, in the time of Maurice, Bifhop of London, in the reign of William the firfl King of the Normans," t After this Bifhop Maurice laid the * Supra, p. 8. \ See my Documents, p. 58 ; and Statutes, p. 477, for a fimilar entry in one of the MSS. in the Cathedral Record Room. 9 130 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. foundation of a moft magnificent pile of which William of Malmefbury fays, that it was "fo {lately and beautiful that it was worthily numbered amongft the moft famous buildings ; the vaults or undercroft being of fuch extent and the upper ftrufture fo large that it was fufficient to contain a great number of people."* But ere long this grand ftrufture fhared the fate of its predeceffor; in 1137 according to the Chroniculi S. Fault, on December 22, 11 36, according to Dug- dale, " the Church of S. Paul was confumed by a fire kindled at London Bridge, which burnt until it reached the church outfide the Bars of the New Temple," that is, the Church of S. Clement Danes.f " In ancient times the greater part of the City was built of wood, and the houfes were covered with ftraw and ftubble and the like. Hence it happened that when a fingle houfe had caught fire, the greater part of the City was deftroyed through fuch conflagration." After this fire the citizens, defiring to avoid fuch a calamity in future, "built ftone houfes upon their foundations, covered with thick tiles, and fo protefled againft the fury of the flames : whence it has often been the cafe, that when a fire has broken out in the City and has de- ftroyed many buildings, upon reaching fuch houfes it has been unable to do further mifchief, and has been there extinguiftied ; fo that, through fuch a houfe as * Dugdale, p. 4. + Documents, p. 58 ; and Dugdale, p. 5 : his words are, '' on the xj. Cal. of January, in the very firft year of King Stephen's reign." The Great Fire 0/1561. 131 this, many houfes of the neighbours have been faved from being burnt."* Again, on February i, 1445, as the Grey Friars Chronicle relates, 'Thys yere on Candelmas evyne was gret thunder and temped, that Powlles stepulle on the fowth-weft fyde mervelufly was fett a fyer, and the ftepuU of Kyngftone up Temfe brent, and many men flayne." Stow's account, in his Annals, is more full and circumftantial : " On Candlemas eeuen, in diuers places of England, was great weathering of wind, hayle, fnow, raine, thunders with lightning, whereby the Church of Baldock in Hertfordfliire, and Church of Walden in Effex, and diuers others were fore fliaken, and the Steeple of S. Paul's in London, about two of the clocke in the afternoone was fet on fire in the middeft of the Shaft, firft on the Weft fide and then on the South, and the people efpying the fire, came to quench it in the Steeple which they did with vinegar, fo farre as they could find, fo that when the Maior with much people came to Pauls, to haue holpen if neede had beene, they returned againe euery man to his home, trufting to God all had beene well, but anon after between eight and nine of the clocke, the fire braft againe out of the Steeple, more feruent then before, and did much hurt to the Lead and Timber thereof, but the Maior and much people came thither, and with vinegar quenched the fire that was feruent, fo that no man was perifhed. The Steeple * Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs, edited by H. T. Riley, pp. 184, 185. 9—2 132 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. of Waltham in Effex and of Kingftone in Surrey was alfo fired by the fame lightning. The fire at Pauls being quenched, a Standard of tree* being fet up at Leaden Hall, in Cornehil of London, made faft in the midft of the pavement, and decked with Holme and luy for difport of Chriftmas to the people of the Citty, it was torne and caft downe with fuch violence that the ftones of the pavement were caft about in the ftreete and into diuers mens houfes, to the great ter- rour of the people that neuer had feene fo ftrange a tempeft." . Dugdale adds that the fire, although " happily quenched by the morrow mafs prieft of Bow, did fuch harm therein that it was not fufficiently re- paired till the year 1462," when a coftly weathercock made of copper and gilt was fet up.f The feat of putting out the fire with vinegar recalls irrefiftibly Hannibal's paffage of the Alps, when, as Livy fays, the foldiers of the advancing army having heated the rocks by great fires of wood, disin- tegrated them by pouring vinegar upon the heated ftone.J * That is, of wood. f Dugdale, p. 95. X The whole fentence runs thus : — " Inde ad rupem munien- dam, per quam unam via effe poterat, milites duflii, quum caeden- dum effet faxum, arboribus circa immanibus dejeflis detrunca- tifque, ftruem ingentem lignorum faciunt : eamque (quum et vis venti apta faciendo igni coorta effet), fuccendunt ardentiaque faxa infuso aceto putrefaciunt," Livy, xxi. 37. A very curious difcuffion of this paffage will be found in Notes and Queries, 4th Series, vol. ii. pp. 289, 350, 443, 490, S34. vol. iii. p. 136 : where it is fuggefted that Livy may have been mifled by the fimilarity of the Latin word acetum, vinegar, to the Italian accetta, a pick- axe ; and very unexpefted confirmation is given to this fanciful The Great Fire of 156 1. 133 Lightning-conduflors had not then been difcovered, but the authorities of the Cathedral had done their beft, according to their knowledge, to avert " the flame of fier," for, in 13 14, they had replaced in the bowl of the Crofs at the fummit of the fpire many relics of faints, " for the proteftion of the tower and of the whole building."* Amongfl: the relics were a piece of the True Crofs, a ftone from the Sepulchre of the Lord, a ftone from the Mount of the Afcenfiofl, and another ftone from Calvary. Some bones of the Eleven Thoufand Virgins of Cologne were alfo added, wrapped in a piece of red fendal. Thefe relics were exhibited to the people by the Chancellor of the Cathedral during his fermon on S. Botolph's Day, June 17, and were afterwards replaced in the Crofs, together with many other fimilar treafures. The Divines of the Reformation period were not flow to remember this day's proceedings. " We needed not to fear," fays one of them, " (if your opinion were true) the burning any more of Paul's. Make a crofs on the fteeple, and fo it fliall be fafe. But within thefe few years it had a crofs and reliques in the bowl, to boot : yet they prevailed not ; yea, the crofs itfelf was fired firft."t fuggeflion by a communication from the well-known 'fcholar George Stephens, in which he quotes from King Alfred's Old- Englifti verfion of Uro/ites a. paffage defcribing Hannibal's journey over the Alps, concluding thus : " So when he came to the feparate rock, he ordered it to be heated with fire, and then to be hewed with mattocks" * Documents, p. 45. t Calthill's Anfwer to Marjltall, p. 180 (Parker Society). 134 Hijlory of Old Saint Pmil's. Amongft all the conflagrations which have made havoc with the Cathedral, the Great Fire of 1561 holds a very prominent place. We will give a con- temporary account of it, and we can fcarcely do fo in better fafhion than by printing verbatim et literatim a trafl, extremely rare, if not unique, preferved in the Britifh Mufeum : THE TRVE Report of the burnyng of the Steple and Churche of Poules in London. IF Jeremy, xviii. I wyll fpeake fuddenlye agaynft a nation, or agaynfl:c a kyngedome, to plucke it vp, and to roote it out, and diftroye it. But yf that nation, agaynfte whome I haue pronounced, turne from their wickednes, I wyll repent of the plage that I thought to brynge vppon them. Imprynted at London, at the weft ende of Paules Church, at the fygne of the Hedghogge by Wyllyam Seres. Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum. Anno. 1561. The X. of lune. 1" The true Reporte of the burninge of the Steple and Church of Paules in London. On Wednefday beinge the fourthe daye of June, in the yeare of our Lord. 1561. and in the thyrde yeare of the reigne of our foueraygne Ladye Elizabeth by the grace of God, Queene of England, Fraunqe and The Great Fire of 1561. 135 Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. betweene one and two of the clocke at after noone, was feene a marueil- ous great fyrie lightning, and immediately infued a moft terrible hydeous cracke of thunder, fuche as feldom hath been heard, and that by eftimacion of fenfe, direfllye ouer the Citie of London. At which inftante the corner of a turret of y« fleple of faint Martins Churche within Ludgate was torne, and diuers great flones caften down, and a hole broken throughe the roofe & timber of the faid church, by the fall of the fame flones. For diuers perfones in tyme of the faide tempeft being on the riuer of Thamys, and others beyng in the fieldes nere adioyning to y^ Citie, affirmed that thei faw a long and a fpeare pointed flame of fier (as it were) runne through the toppe of the Broche or Shaft of Paules Steple, from the Eafte Weftwarde* And fome of the parifh of faint Martins then being in the ftreate, dyd feele a marueylous flrong ayre or whorlewynd, with a fmel lyke brimftone, comming from Paules Churche, and withal heard the rufhe of ye flones which fell fro their fteple into the churche* Betwene iiii. and fiue of the clocke a fmoke was efpied by diuers to breake oute vnder the bowle of the faid fhaf of Paules, & namely by Peter Johnfon principal! Regiflrer to the Bifhop of Londo, who immediatly brought worde to the Bifhops houfe. But fodeinly after, as it wer in a momente, the flame brake furth in a circle like a garlande rounde about the broche, about two yards to theftimacion of fight vnder the bowle of the faid fhaft, & increafed in fuche wife, that 136 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. within a quarter of an howre, or little more, the croffe & the Egle on the toppe fell downe vpon the fouth croffe He. The Lord Maior being fent for, & his brethren, came with all fpede poffible, & had a fliort confultacio as in fuch a cafe might be, with ye Bifhop of London and others, for ye beft way of remedy. And thither came alfo ye Lord Keper of ye great Scale, & the Lord Treaforer, who by their wifedom and authoritie dyrefled as good order, as in fo great a confufio could poffible be. Some there wer, preteding experience in warres, that couceled the remanente of the fteple to bee fhot down with Canons, whiche counfel was not liked, as moft perilous both for the difperfmg the fire, and de- flructio of houfes and people, other perceiuing the fleple to be pafl: al recouery, confidering the hugenes of the fier, & the dropping of the lead, thought befte to geat ladders & fcale the churche, & with axes to hew down a fpace of the roofe of the Churche, to flay the fier, at the leafte to faue fome part of the faide churche, whiche was concluded. But before ye ladders & buckets could be brought, & things put in any order, and efpecially becaufe the churche was of fuch height, that thei could not skale it, & no fufficiente nomber of axes could be had, ye laborers alfo being troubled with ye multitude of ydle gafers, the mode parte of the highefte roofe of the Churche was on fier. Fyrfl the fall of the Croffe and Egle fired the fouthe croffe He, whiche He was firfle confumed, the beames & brands of the fleple fell down on euery fide, & fired the other thre partes, that is to faye, the Chauncel or The Great Fire of 1561, 137 Quier, the north He, & the body of the church. So that in one howres fpace ye broch of the fleple was brent downe to ye battlementes, and the moft part of ye higheft roofe of the churche, likewife confumed. The ftate of the fteple & churche feming both def- perate : my Lord Mayor was aduifed by one Maifter Winter of ye admiraltie, to conuerte the mofte part of his care & prouifio to preferue the Bifhops palace ad- ioynyng to the Northweft end of the church : leaft fr5 that houfe beinge large, the fier might fprede to the flretes adioyning. Wherupon the ladders, buckets, & laborers, were commaunded thither, & by greate labor ^ diligence, a piece of ye roofe of the Northe He was cut down, & the fier fo flayed and by muche water, that parte quenched, and ye faid Bifhops houfe pre- ferued. It pleafed god alfo at the fame tyme bothe to turne & calme the winde, which afore was vehemet, & continued flil high & greate in other partes without ye citie. There wer aboue v. c. perfons y' laboured in carying & filllg water &c. Diuers fubftantial Citizens toke paynes as if thei had bene laborers, fo did alfo diuers & fondrye gentlemen, whofe names wer not knowen to the writer hereof, but amongfl other, the faid M. Winter, & one M. Stranguifh, did both take notable paines in their own perfons, & alfo much direfted and encouraged other, and that not without great dauger to thefelves. In ye euening came the Lord Clinton, Lord admiral, fro ye court at Grene- wiche, who the Queenes maiefiiy affone as the rage of the fier was efpied by her maieflye and others in the court, of the pitifull inclinacion & loue that her gracious 138 Hijiory of Old Saint PauVs. highneffe dyd beare both to y^ faid church & the citie, fente to aflyft my Lorde Mayor for the fuppreffyng of the fyre, who with his wyfdome, authority & diliget trauayl did very much good therein. About x. of the clocke the fyercenes of the fyre was paft, the tymbre being fallen and lyinge brenninge vppon the vaultes of ftone, the vaultes yet (god be thanked) ftandynge vnperifhed : fo as onelye the tymbre of the hole church was confumed, & the lead molten, fauyng the moft parte of the two lowe lies of the Queare, and a piece of the north He, and an other fmal piece of y^ fouthe He, in the bodye of the churche. Nowithftandynge all which, it pleafed the merciful god in his wrath to remebre his mercie, and to enclofe the harme of this moft fyerce and terrible fyre, wythin the walles of thys one church, not extending any part of his wrath in this fyre vppon the reft of the Citie, whiche to all reafon and fence of man was fubiect to vtter diftruc- tion. For in the hole city without the churche no ftycke was kyndled furelye. Notwithftanding that in diuerfe partes, and ftretes, and within the houfes bothe adioyninge and of a good diftaunce, as in fleteftreete, & newgate market, by the violence of fyre, burninge coles of greate bigneffe, fell downe almooft as thicke as haylftones, and flawes cf lead were blowen abrode into the gardins without y^ Citie, like flawes of fnow in bredthe w^oute hurt, god be thanked, to any houfe or perlb. Many fond talkes goe abrode of the original caufe of this fier. Some fay, it was negligence of plumbers, whereas by due examinacion it is proued that no plumbers or other workemen labored in the The Great Fire of i^6i. 139 churche for fixe monethes before. Other fufpeft it was done by fom wicked praftife of wildfyer or gun- pouder, but no iuft fufpicions thereof by any examina- cion can be founde hitherto. Some fufpeft coniurers -&- forcerers, wherof there is alfo no great likelyhode. And if it hadde bene wrought yt waie, yet could not the deuil haue done it, without Gods permiflio, & to fome purpofe of his vnfercheable iudgemets, as appereth in the ftory of Job. The true caufe as it femethj was the tepeft by gods fuffrance : for it cannot be other- wife gathered, but that at ye faid great & terrible thunderclap, when fainte Martins fteple was tome, the lightning which by natural order fmiteth ye higheft, did firft fmite ye top of Paulas fteple, and entring in at the fmall holes which haue alwaies remained open for building Ikaffoldes to the workes, & finding the timber very olde & drie, did kindle ye fame, & fo ye fier increafing grew to a flame & wrought ye effefle which folowed, moft terrible then to behold, & now moft lamentable to looke on. On Sonday folowyng beynge the viii. day of June, the reuerend in god, the Bifhop of Durefme, at Paules croffe made a learned & fruitful fermon, exhorting the auditory to a general repentance, & namely to humble obediece of the lawes & fuperior powers, whiche vertue is muche decayed in thefe our daies : feming to haue intellygece from the Queenes highnes, that her maieftie intendeth that more feueritie of lawes fhalbe executed againft perfons difobedyent, afwell in caufes of religio, as ciuil, to the great reioyfing of his audi- tours. He exhorted alfo hys audiece to take this as a 140 Hiftory of Old Saint Paul's. general! warninge to the whole realme, & namelye to the citie of London, of fome greater plage to folow, if amendemente of lyfe in all States did not enfue : He much reproued thofe perfons whiche woulde affigne the caufe of this wrathe of god to any perticular ftate of me, or that were diligent to loke into other mens lyues, & coulde fee no faultes in themfelfes : but wifhed that euery man wold defcend into himfelfe and fay with Dauid Ego Jum qui peccaui, I am he that hathe finned, and fo furth to that effeft verye godlye. He alfo not onely reproued the prophanatyon of the faid Churche of Paules of longe time hertofore abufed by walklg, iangling, brawling, fighting, bargaining. &c. namely in Sermons & feruice time : but alfo aufwered by the way to the obieftios of fuch euil tunged perfos, which do impute this token of gods deferued ire, to alteracio, or rather reformacio of religio, declaring out of aucient records & hiftories, y^ like, yea & greater maters had befallen in y^ time of fuperfticio & ignor- ance. For in ye firft yere of King Stepha not only ye faid church of Paules was bret, but alfo a great part of ye city, y' is to fay, fro Londo bridge vnto S. Clemets without Teple bar was by fier cofumed. And in y^ daies of King Hery ye VI. ye fteple of Paules was alfo fired by lightning, although it was then ftaide by diligece of ye Citizens, ye fier being the by likelyhode not fo fierce. Many other fuche like comon calamities he reherfed, whiche had happened in other coutreis, both nigh to this realm & far of, where ye church of Rome hath mofl: aufthority, & therefore cocluded ye fureft way to be, y' euery man ftiould iudge, examin, The Great Fire of i^6i. 141 & amed himfelfe, & embrace, beleue, and truely folow y^ word of god, & earneftly to pray to god to turn away fro vs his deferued wrath & indignacio, whereof this his terrible work is a moft certein warning, if we repent not vnfeinedly. The whiche god grat maye come to paffe in all eftates & degrees, to y^ glory of his name and to oure endleffe comforte in Chrift our fauiour. Amen. God faue the Queene. This pamphlet, which appears to have been taken from the official report of the Fire entered in Bifhop Grind al's Regifter,* made its appearance alfo in Latin and in French. It is exceedingly rare in all its forms. There is a copy of the Latin traft in the Public Record Office, and a copy of the French tra£l in the Cathedral Library.-f The ballad-writers were not flow to difcourfe of the calamity, after their faffiion. Mr. Payne Collier has printed in his Regijlers of the Stationer^ Company the following quaint verfes entituled : THE BURNING OF PAULES. Lament eche one the blazing fire That downe from heaven came, And burnt S. Powles his lofty fpyre With lightnings furious flame. Lament, I fay, Both night and day, Sith London's fins did caufe the fame. * Printed for the firft time in m-j Documents, pp. 113-119. t See Documents, pp. 203-206. 142 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. The fire came downe from heaven foone, But did not ftrike the croffe, At fower in the afternoone, To our moft grevous loffe. Could nothing ftay The fad decay : The lead was molten into droffe. For five long howers the fire did burn The roof and timbers ftrong : The bells fell downe, and we muft mourne, The wind it was fo ftrong, It made the fier To blaze the higher, And doe the church ftill greater wrong. O, London ! think on thine amiffe, Which brought this great mifhap ; Remember how thou livde in bliffe, And layde in vices lap. O, now begin, Repent thy fin. And fay it fhall no more entrap. Mr. Chappell has difcovered the mufic to which the ballad was fung.* No wonder that London fhould be called upon to " lament the blazing fire." It entirely deftroyed the beautiful fpire, whofe height far exceeded that of Salifbury ; great part of the roof was burnt ; the Chapter Houfe and the exquifite Cloifters were very ferioufly injured. Divine fervice was tranfferred to S. Grefgory's. "The xxiij of June, was mydfomer evyn, the ferves at Sant Gregore chyrche be-fyd Powlles [by] the Powlles quer tyll Powlles be rede * Documents,'^. 21 li The Great Fire 0/1^)61. 143 mad," fays Machyn. Not till November in the fame year " was begone the ferves at Powlles to fynge, and ther was a grett comunion ther begane, the byfhope and odur," as the fame annalift teftifies. Huge fcaf- folds were erefted with a view to the repair of the ruined tower. " Have you not feen a Hench boy lac'd all o're So thick, you could not tell what cloth he wore ? Have you heard not the oaths of country people, They could not for the fcaffolds fee Paul's fteeple." So writes Edmund Gayton in 1654. The ultimate fate of thefe fcaffolds will be told in a later chapter. In fome Memoranda by John Stow lately printed for the firft time,* it is faid that the Crofs fell fouth- ward, " and fo the fphere byrnt downeward lyke as a candil confumyng, to y^ ftone werke and y^ bells, and fo ye rouffe of y^ churche, and thorow y^ rouffes of ys churche all fowre ways, eaft, weft, northe and fowthe. With in y^ qwiers or chawnfylls was brynt no thyng but only y^ communion table, and in y^ reft of ys churche was brynt nothing but a fartayn tymber werkef whiche ftode at y= northe-weft pyllar of y^ ftepull, which was fyeryd with y^ tymber that fell in to ye churche owt of y^ fteple ; whiche was a lament- able fyghte and pytyfull remembraunce to all people that have ye feare of God before theyr eyes, con- fyderynge it was ye hous of owre Lord, ereftyd to prays hym and pray to hym, ye beawty of ye fyte of " By Mr. James Gairdner, in Three Fifteenth Century Chroni- cles {CaxaAtn Society), p. ii6. t This was the Chapel of S. Paul. Stow, p. 126, 144 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. London, ye beawty of y= holle Reallme. A mynfler of suche worthy, ftronge, and coftly buldynge, fo large, fo pleafant and delegable, it paffyd all com- paryfon, not only of mynftyrs within thys realme but ells where as fure as travayll hathe taught ws in other realmes ethar Criftyn orhethyn. Wherfore feare we God that fo fore hathe chatyfyd us, and let ws well know that he whiche hathe not fpayrd his owne hous wyll not fpare owres, exfept we repent owr formor wykyd lyffe and ferve hym in holynys and newenys of lyffe, with a parffyt faythe in God and parffyt charytye to owr neyghbour, y^ whyche our Lorde for his byttar paffyon grawnt. Amen." " Within one month after the firing of the church all the fower greate roofes wer covered with a fleight roofe of boordes and leade, onely to preferve the walles, floores and vaultes from the enjurie of the rayne. And before the yeare was expired, all the long rooffes wer rayfed of new and ftrong timber, the moft part whereof was framed in Yorkfhire, and by fea conveyed to London ; the charges of which worke amounted to the fumme of 5,98211 12s ^d ob. Soe the receites wer fully expended ; and yett the two croffe roofes which ftand north and fouth were not finifhed, but remayned ftill covered with boardes untill the yeare 1564. At which tyme they wer rayfed and per- fefled at the onely charge of Edmund Grindall, then Bifhopp of London ; whoe expended out of his proper eftate 720^ in finifhing that worke."* " Annals of the Firjl Four Years of the Reign of Queen Eliza- beth, by Sir John Hayward (Camden Society), pp. 87-91. The Great Fire of 1561. 145 The ftory of the Great Fire of 1666, which over- whelmed in one common deftruftion the grand Cathedral and the City of London, has been fo well and fo often told, that it needs no recital here. 10 PAUL'S CROSS: ITS EARLY HISTORY. 10 — 2 CHAPTER IX. PAUL'S CROSS: ITS EARLY HISTORY. PULPIT Crofs, from which the Word of God might be preached to a congregation gathered in the open air, under the blue vault of heaven, was by no means an un- common adjunft to a church. To mention two ex- amples only, in the City of London : the Church of S. Michael, Cornhill, had on its fouth fide " a proper cloifter and a fair churchyard (not much unlike to that in Paula's churchyard"*) in which a crofs was built by Sir John Rudflone, mayor, who died in 1531 and was buried in a vault beneath it. The Hofpital called S. Mary Spital, without Bifhopfgate, had alfo its pulpit crofs, with " a fair built houfe of two ftories in height, for the Mayor and other honourable perfons, with the aldermen and fherififs, to fit in, there to hear * Stow, Survey, p. 75, edition 1603, reprinted by Mr. Thorns, 1876. I50 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. the fermons' preached in the Eafter holidays. In the loft over them flood the Bifhop of London and other prelates ; now," fays Stow,* " the ladies and alder- men's wives do there ftand at a fair window, or fit at their pleafure. And here it is to be noted that time out of mind it hath been a laudable cuftom that on Good Friday, in the afternoon, fome efpecial learned man, by appointment of the prelates, hath preached a fermon at Paules Crofs, treating of Chrift's PaiTion ; and upon the three next Eafter holidays, Monday, Tuefday, and Wednefday, the like learned men, by the like appointment, have ufed to preach in the fore- noons at the faid Spittle, to perfuade the Article of Chrift's Refureftion ; and then on Low Sunday, one other learned man at Paules Crofs, to make rehearfal of thofe four former fermons, either commending or reproving them, as to him by judgement of the learned divines was thought convenient. And that done, he was to make a fermon of his own ftudy, which in all were five fermons in one. At thefe fermons, fo fever- ally preached, the Mayor, with his brethren the alder- men, were accuftomed to be prefent in their violets at Paules on Good Friday, and in their fcarlets at the Spittle in the holidays, except Wednefday in violet, and the Mayor with his brethren on Low Sunday in fcarlet at Paules Crofs, continued until this day." The Edition of Stow's Survey here quoted is that of 1603. In our own time, the Lord Mayor and his brethren ftill meet at Chrift Church, Newgate Street, * Stow, Survey, p. 63. Paul's Crofs: its Early Hijlory. 151 on the Monday and Tuefday in Eafter Week, to hear what are called the Spital Sermons. A ftory is told of Bifhop Warburton that, dining with the Lord Mayor after preaching one of thefe Spital Sermons, his hoft faid to him that " the Com- mon Council were much obliged to his Lordfliip, for that this was the firft time he ever heard them prayed for." " I confidered them," faid Warburton, " as a body who much needed the prayers of the Church."* But of all the Pulpit Croffes, in and near London, that which flood in S. Paul's Churchyard, and was called Paul's Crofs, has by far the moft interefting hiftory. It is mentioned by Fabyan in his New Chronicles of England and France^ as early as the year 1256, when a roll, found in the King's wardrobe at Windfor, which contained divers articles againft the Mayor and rulers of the City of London, affirming that they had grievoufly tafked and wronged the com- monalty of the City, was read aloud to the people. The King fent John Mancell "one of his iuftycys vnto London ; and there in ye feeft of ye conuerfyon of feynt Pawle, by the Kynges auftoryte, callyd at Pawlys croffe a folkmoot, beynge there prefent fyr Rycharde de Clare, erle of Glowcetyr, and dyuerfe other of the Kynges counceyll ; where the fayd John Mancell caufyd ye fayd rolle to be redde, before the comynalty of the cytie, and after fhewyd to ye people that ye Kynges pleafure and mynde was, that they * Note, by Mr. Thorns, to Stow's Survey, p. 63. + Edited by Sir Henry Ellis, in 181 1, pp. 339, 340. 152 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. lliulde be rulyd with iuftyce, and that the lybertyes of the cytie fhuld be maynteyned in euery poynt : and if the Kynge myghte knowe thofe parfonys, that fo hadde wrongyd the comynaltye of the cytie, they fhulde be greuouflye punyffhed, to the exaumple of other." The King was Henry III.* Paul's Crofs, it will be feen, had its political and fecular ufes, as well as its religious. Here folk-motes were gathered together, Bulls and Papal edifts were read, heretics were denounced, herefies abjured, ex- communications publifhed, great political changes made known to the people, penances performed. It may be convenient to tell, in the firft inftance, what is known of the flrufture itfelf, and then to fpeak more fully of the various ufes to which it was applied. The precife period when a Pulpit Crofs was iirft erefted at S. Paul's has not been afcertained. It was ftanding in 1241,1 and, probably, exifted long before. In 1382, "the one and twentieth day of May, was a great Earthquake in England at nine of the clocke, fearing the hearts of many."| It was moft vehement in Kent, " where it funke fome Churches, and threw them downe to the earth." On the 24th of May was a fecond earthquake, " before the Sunne rifing, but not fo terrible as the firft." About the Feaft of S. Thomas Apoftle, " great raynes and inondations of waters chanced, fo that the water rofe foure times more in height then before." It was a * See alfo Riley, Chronicles of the Mayors, etc., pp. 37, 38. ■[■ See infra, p. 123. X Stow, Annates. Patil's Crofs : its Early Hijiory. 153 very memorable year. " The earthquake happened at the very moment when a Council of the clergy was fitting in London to pronounce judgment upon Wyclif and his adherents." A very interefting allufion to the earthquake is found amongft the Political Songs and Poems relating to Englifh Hiftory edited by Thomas Wright (in the Series of Chronicles publifhed under the superintendence of the Mafter of the Rolls.*) " For fotlie this was a Lord to drede, So fodeynly mad mon agaft ; Of gold and felver thei tok non hede, But out of therhoufes ful fone thei part. Chaumbres, chymeneys, al tobarft, Chirches and caftelles foule gon fare ; Pinacles, staples, to grounde hit caft ; And al was for warnyng to be ware. « * * " The ryfyng of the comuynes in londe, The peftilens, and the eorthe-qwake, Theofe threo thinges, I understonde, Beoth tokenes the grete vengaunce and wrake That fchulde falle for fynnes fake, As this clerkes conne declare. Now may we chefe to leve or take, For warnyng have we to be ware." Certainly these were very anxious days, and we cannot wonder if the poet faw figns of vengeance in the trembling earth and ftorm-rent fky. The days of Wyclif, of Sir John Ball, of the reftlefs Commons, of John Tylar of Dartford, of the Blackheath rifmg, 'of the plunder of Lambeth Palace and of the Savoy, the breaking open of the Fleet Prifon, the fpoiling of the * Political Songs and Poems, i. pp. Ixiv. 251, 253. 154 Hijlory of Old Saint Pauls. Temple, the fires at Weftminfter, the breaking of the Prifon at Newgate, the forcible entry into the Tower, the murder of Archbifliop Sudbury, Wat Tyler's infurreflion. Jack Straw's confpiracy — thefe* were ftirring times. Paul's Crofs did not efcape. Storm, tempeft, and earthquake had done their work. It was " frail and injured," and ready to fall into utter ruin. The Biftiops, however, beftirred themfclves, and with Archbifliop Courtenay at their head iffued Indul- gences to the faithful of their diocefes, granting to thofe who fhould contribute to the repair of Paul's Crofs forty days' Indulgence. The following is a literal tranflation of the original document, flill pre- ferved in the Cathedral record-room :t " To all the fons of our Holy Mother the Church under whofe notice thefe prefent letters fhall come, William, by Divine permiffion Archbifliop of Canter- bury, Primate of all England, and Legate of the Apof- tolic See, wifhes eternal health in the Lord. We efteem it a fervice pleafant and acceptable to God whenfoever, by the alluring gifts of Indulgences, we ftir up the minds of the faithful to a greater readinefs in contributing their gifts to fuch works as concern the honour of the Divine Name. Since, then, the High Crofs in the greater Churchyard of the Church of London, (where the Word of God is habitually * Thefe are but a few of the events of the preceding year 1381. t The tranflation follows, almoft word for word, the original text. The objedl has been, not to produce an elegant verfion, but a clofe verbal rendering. Paul's Cro/s : its Early History. 155 preached both to Clergy and Laity, being a place very public and well known,) by ftrong winds and tempefts of the air and terrible earthquakes, hath become fo frail and injured, that unlefs fome means be quickly taken for its repair and reftoration, it will fall utterly into ruin : therefore, by the mercy of the Almighty God, trufting in the merits and prayers of the moft Bleffed Virgin Mary His Mother, and of the Bleffed Apoflles Peter and Paul, and of all the Saints, We, by thefe prefents, mercifully grant in the Lord to all the fervants of Chrift throughout our Province of Canterbury wherefoever living, truly repenting and confeffing their fins, who, for the reftoration and repair of the aforefaid Crofs fhall give, bequeath, or in any manner aflign, of the goods committed to them gifts of charity, Forty Days of Indulgence. In teftimony whereof we have to this prefent letter affixed our feal. Given at the Manor of Fulham, in the Diocefe of London, on the i8th day of May, in the year of our Lord One thoufand, three hundred, and eighty-feven, and in the fixth year of our tranflation." The Bifliops of London, Ely, Bath, Chefter, Carlifle, Llandaff, and Bangor, lent their aid to circulate this document with their full approval, in their own dio- cefes. Doubtlefs other bifhops followed their example. Unfortunately we do not know the proceeds of thefe Indulgences. It is certain, however, that Bifliop Kempe, Bifhop of London from 1450 to 1489, was able to rebuild the Crofs, "as his arms, in fundry places of its leaded cover, doth manifeft ," So Dugdale, 156 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's, writing in 1658, affirms* Stow, alfo, fpeaks as an eye, witnefs, when he fays that Bifhop Kempe, " new built it in form as it now ftandeth."t No drawing of the earlieft Crofs has been handed, down. But if, as Stow and Dugdale intimate, the Crofs Handing in their day was the fame as that which Bifhop Kempe conftrufted, then we are able to pro- duce a fairly correct reprefentation of it, fo far at leaft, as its general outline is concerned. One Henry Farley, "a pious, difinterefted, and zealous perfon," caufed to be painted in the year 1616, a very remarkable pifture. It was executed by one John Gipkyn. The pi6lure, or feries of piftures, is painted on two folding leaves of wood, forming a diptych4 Farley, had for fome eight years bufily importuned the King, James I., for the reparation of S. Paul's Cathedral. His painting may be regarded as a predidlion of that which aftually came to pafs about four years later, when, on Sunday, 26th March, 1620, King James I., with his Queen and Charles Prince of Wales, attended by the Archbifhop of Canterbury, Bifhops, Officers of State, and others, heard a Sermon at Paul's Crofs, preached by Dr. John King, the " King of Preachers " as James ufed to call him. We will attempt a defcription of this piflure, but we muft premife that it utterly defies all the rules of perfpeftive, and is utterly wanting in minute * Dugdale, firft edition, p. 125. t Stow, Survey, p. 124. X It is figured in Wilkinson's Londina Illujlrata, vol. i. A reduced woodcut from the picflure illuflrates the prefent volunte. Paul's Crofs : its Early Hifiory. 157 accuracy. When we mention that the Eaftern Window of the Choir and the great North door of the North Tranfept are both prefented, with admirable im- paul's cross. partiality, to the fpeftator— and that the Choir has but four windows inftead of twelve, whilft the Nave is curtailed of nearly all its length,— it will be perceived 158 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. that the precifion which modern critics would require in an architectural view is abfent here. Paul's Crofs ftands at a point equidiftant from the N.E. angle of the Choir, and the N.E. angle of the North Tranfept. (This was not, in fa£t, its true pofition.) Immediately oppofite to the fpeftator is a building in two ftories : in the lower of which fits the Lord Mayor, accom- panied by the Aldermen and by the Sword Bearer; and in the upper ftory fits, in a fort of projefling box, the King, with the Queen on his right, and the Prince of Wales on his left. Ladies and gentlemen of the court, three Biftiops, and other lefs diftindlly indicated perfons occupy the remainder of this gallery. On the right is the North Tranfept. and againft it are built two long low houfes obfcuring the buttreffes and the lower parts of the windows : four chimneys belonging to thefe houfes are fmoking freely. From thefe chimneys the following lines iffue, addreffed to the royal gallery : " Viewe, O Kinge ; howe my walles-creepers Have made mee worke for chimney-fweepers." Above is feen the tower of the Cathedral. It had loft its fpire in 1561. Pigeons are flying about, then as now. The Crofs itfelf is an oftagon. It is entered from the back, and is large enough to contain the preacher and three attendants. An hour-glafs ftands at the preacher's right. The pulpit-cloth is embroidered with the royal arms. Accefs to the pulpit is obtained by a ftair of fome fix fteps, on the loweft of which, effeftually to prevent intrufion, ftands a verger with Paul's Cro/s : its Early Hi/lory. 159 his ftaff. The whole ftrufture, which was of wood, is furrounded by a low dwarf wall, within which are fit- ting feven perfons, two of them women, probably the choir. The building is furmounted by a flightly domed roof, crowned by a difproportionately large crofs. Before the Crofs fits on benches a numerous congrega- tion of men, women, and children, nearly all wearing their hats, and fome having open books fpread out upon their knees. It is faid that they paid a penny or a halfpenny a piece for the privilege of ufing thefe forms.* On the left a well-drefled youth bows and accofts a grave and reverend citizen with " I pray, Sir, what is the text?" who anfwers, "The 2nd of Chron. xxiv." On the right another citizen in his well- furred gown drops a coin into a large money-cheft placed outfide the Tranfept door. Two led horfes, a dog-whipper flogging a dog, a horfe-block of three fteps, a lady and her cavalier, and a few figures fcat- tered in the background, complete the pidlure.f This is Paul's Crofs. A lofty ftrufture, probably of wood, upon a ftone bafe, with a leaded roof bearing -Bilhop Kempe's arms, and furmounted with a crofs. Wilkinfon gives alfo a fecond view of the Crofs.J " From an original Drawing in the Pepyfian Library, Cambridge." It muft be frankly confeffed that it is a little difficult to reconcile the two. Here are three oftagonal fteps, the dwarf wall furrounding the front * Walcott's Traditions and Cujloms, p. 70. t Many details are neceflarily omitted in the woodcut. X Londina Ilhiflraia, p. 31. i6o Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. of the pulpit, the ftrufture itfelf, and its domed roof and crofs ; but the architeftural beauties faintly indi- cated in Henry Farley's pifture are wanting here. The Crofs was the fcene of a great number of events intimately connefted with the hiftory of the country. In 1241 " his Lordfhip the King alked leave of the citizens of London, at Saint Paul's , Crofs, that he might pafs over into Gafcoigne to aid the Count de la Marche againft the King of France, and foon after croffed over."* In 1252, the King "gave orders that all perfons in the City fhould meet together on the Sunday following ■at Saint- Paul's Crofs, in prefence of thofe whom he fhould fend thither, and there make oath of fealty to Sir Edward, his fon, and to his Queen, to whofe charge he was about to commit his Kingdom. Afterwards, this matter was poftponed until the Tuefday in Pente- coft, on which day the whole Commons of the City did fealty at the Crofs aforefaid to Sir Edward, and in his prefence faving their fealty to his lordfhip the King."t In 1259, " on the day before the feafl of S. Leonard [November 6], his Lordfhip the King came to the Crofs of S. Paul's, a countlefs multitude of the City being there affembled in folkmote, and took leave of the people to crofs over, juft as he had done before at Weftminfler ; and promifed them that he would pre- ferve all their liberties unimpaired. Upon the morrow * Riley, Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriff's, p. 9. t Ibid., p. 20. Paufs Crofs : its Early Hijlory. 1 6 r of the feaft of S. Leonard, his Lordfhip the King took his departure from London for the fea-coaft. On the feaft of S. Brice [November 13], which at that time fell on a Friday, his Lordfhip the King croffed over."* In 1260, "on the Sunday before the Feaft of S. Valentine," the King caufed the Folkmote to be fum- moned at S. Paul's Crofs ; " whither he himfelf came, the King of Almaine, the Archbifliop of Canterbury, John Maunfell, and many others. The King alfo commanded that all perfons of the age of twelve years and upwards ftiould make oath before their Aldermen in every ward that they would be faithful unto him, fo long as he fhould live, and after his death to his heir, which was accordingly done. Then all the gates ot the City were Ihut, night and day, by the King's com- mand, the Bridge Gate and the Gates of Ludgate and Aldgate excepted, which were open by day, and well- fortified with armed men."-f- Such incidents occurred frequently, and it would be eafy to multiply references. But our next citation fliall refer to a more religious ufe of the Crofs. In Oftober, 1261, the King and his Queen were fojourning at S. Paul's, probably in the Palace of the Bifhop, Henry de Wengham, who was in great favour with Henry III. In this year, in Lent, " the King caufed to be read at S. Paul's Crofs a certain Bull of Pope Urban,! who had been made Pope the fame year, which confirmed the Bull of Pope Alexander,§ his predeceffor, who had previoufly abfolved the King * Riley, Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 45, 46. t Ibid., pp. 48, 49. X Urban IV. § Alexander IV. II 1 62 Hijiory of Old Saint Pauls. and all the others of the oath which they had made in the Parliament at Oxford."* A little later, March 17, 1264, the Mayor and Alder- men of London did fealty to the King in S. Paul's Cathedral. " Then," fays the Chronicler, " thofe who were prefent might fee a thing wondrous and unheard of in this age ; for this moft wretched Mayor [Thomas Fitz Thomas], when taking the oath, dared to utter words fo rafh as thefe, faying unto his lordfhip the King in prefence of the people, ' My lord, fo long as unto us you will be a good lord and King, we will be faithful and duteous unto you.' " f In 1266, on the Monday following June 25, the Legate Ottoboni (he was Cardinal of S. Adrian, and Pope for about five weeks as Adrian V. in 1276 J) laid a general interdift upon the City, for harbouring the Earl of Gloucefter. The interdift was fpeedily removed. On the Vigil of S. John Baptifl in the fame year. Sir Alan la Suche, or Zouche, " was made Conftable and Warden of the City by his lordfhip the King, in the prefence of all the people at Saint Paul's Crofs."§ The following year, about the Feaft of S. Mark, 1267, Ottoboni held a great Council in S. Paul's, at which were prefent, in perfon or by their proflors, the Arch- bifhops, Bilhops, Abbots and Priors, Deans, Provofts, and Archdeacons of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. * Riley, Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs, pp. 52, 53. t Ibid., p. jy, marginal note. t He died i8th Auguft, 1276. DiOionnaire des Papes. § Riley, Chronicles, pp. 97-106, 107. Paul's Cro/s: its Early Hi/lory. 163 In 1269, on May 13, nine Bifhops, arrayed in their pontificals, came to the Crofs, and caufed to be read " a certain Bull of Pope Innocent, confirmatory of the Charters of the Liberties of England and of the Foreft, which the King had executed unto the Barons of England in the 9th year of his reign ; and caufed to be read openly and diftinftly before all the people, the fentence which, in the year of our Lord 1253, had been pronounced in the Greater Hall at Weftminfter, before the King and many Nobles of England, by thirteen Bifhops arrayed in pontificals, againft all tranfgreffors of the faid Charters." The Bifhops then proceeded to excommunicate all perfons who had done anything in contravention of the aforefaid Charters, and all thofe who had laid violent hands upon the Clergy or plundered them. The parifh priefts of the City publifhed this fentence in every parifh church.* In 1 27 1, in the time of the tumults in the City in reference to the eleftion of Walter Hervey as Mayor, a Folkmote was called together at the Crofs, and it was decided that he fhould be Mayor for that year " to whofe eleftion the greater part of the citizens fhould agree." -f In 1311, 5 Edward II., the King held his Parha- ment at the Friars Preachers, or Black Friars, in the City of London. The Parliament lafted fifteen days and the Statutes ordained during its feiTion were pro- claimed at the Crofs, on the Tuefday next after * Riley, Chronicles, p. 128. t Ibid., pp. 158, 159. II — 2 164 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. S. Michael, in the prefence of the Earl of Gloucefter, the Chancellor, the Treafurer, and other lords of the King's Council.* In 1378 the Bifhop of London publicly excommu- nicated at Paul's Crofs the murderers of one Robert Hawle. The ftory is fufficiently tragical, and can hardly be fo well told as in the words of Dean Stanley ."I- " During the campaign of the Black Prince in the North of Spain, two of his knights, Shackle and Hawle, had taken prifoner a Spanifh Count. He returned home for his ranfom, leaving his fon in his place. The ranfom never came, and the young Count continued in captivity. He had, however, a powerful friend zX Court, John of Gaunt, who, in right of his wife, claimed the crown of Caftile, and in virtue of this Spanifh royalty demanded the liberty of the young Spaniard. The Englifli captors refufed to part with fo valuable a prize. John of Gaunt, with a high hand, imprifoned them in the Tower, whence they efcaped and took fanftuary at Weftminfter. They were purfued by Alan Boxhallj Conftable of the Tower, and Sir Ralph Ferrers, with fifty armed men. It was a day long remembered in the Abbey — the i ith of Auguft, the feftival of S. Taurinus. The two knights, probably for greater fecurity, had fled not merely into the Abbey, but into the Choir itfelf It was the moment of the celebration of High Mafs. The Deacon had * Riley, Chronicles, pp. 224, 225. i" Weflmivjier Abbey, third edition, pp. 407-409. See alfo a graphic account in Walfmgham, Hijloria Anglicana, i. pp. 375- 378. Paul's Crofs: its Early Hijlory. 165 juft reached the words of the Gofpel of the day, ' If the goodman of the houfe had known what time the thief would appear,' when the clafh of arms was heard, and the purfuers, regardlefs of time or place, burft in upon the fervice. Shackle efcaped, but Hawle was intercepted. Twice he fled round the Choir, with his enemies hacking at him as he ran, and pierced with twelve wounds, he fank dead in front of the Prior's Stall, that is, at the north fide of the entrance of the Choir. His fervant and one of the monks fell with him. He was regarded as a martyr to the injured rights of the Abbey, and obtained the honour (at that time unufual) of burial within its walls — the firft who was laid, fo far as we know, in the South Tranfept ; to be followed a few years later by Chaucer, who was interred at his feet. . . . The Abbey was fhut up for four months, and Parliament was fufpended, left its affembly fhould be polluted by fitting within the defecrated precinfts." The Archbifhops and Biftiops excommunicated the two chief affailants, and the excommunication was repeated every Wcdnefday and Friday by the Bifhop of London at S. Paul's. No doubt there were grave reafons for fuch denunciations. If the ancient right of fanftuary of the Abbey had thus been violated, the rude hands of violent and wicked men might foon profane the fhrine of the fainted Erkenwald himfelf. In 1483 the unhappy Jane Shore was accufed by the Lord Proteftor of going about to bewitch him, and " that fhe was of councell with the Lord Cham- berlaine to deftroy him." She was fpoiled of all her 1 66 Hijlory of Old Saint Patd's. goods and cafl into prifon. But Stow * may be left to tell us the reft of the fad ftory. The Proteftor " (as a good continent Prince, cleane and faultleffe of himfelfe, sent out of heaven into the vicious world for the amendment of men's manners) hee caufed the Bifliop of London to put her to open penance, going before the Croffe in proceffion upon a Sunday with a taper in her hand. In which fhe went, in countenance and pace demure, fo womanly ; and albeit fhe were out of all aray faue her Kirtle onely, yet went fhe fo faire and louely, namely while the wondering of the people caft a comely red in her cheekes (of which fhee before had moft miffe) that her great fhame wanne her much praife, among thofe that were more amorous of her body then curious of her foule. And many good folke alfo that hated her liuing, and were glad to fee fmne correfted : yet pittied they more her penance then reioyced therein, when they confidered that the Proteflor procured it more of a corrupt intent then any vertuous affeftion." She was brought from the Bifhop's Palace, clothed in a white fheet, with a Crofs carried before her, and a wax taper in her hand.f Submiffive, fad, and lowly was her look. A burning taper in her hand flie bore, And on her (houlder.s, careleflly confuf d, With loofe negleft, her lovely trefles hung. Upon her cheek a faintilh flufli was fpread, Feeble flie feem'd, and forely fmit with pain, While barefoot as £he trod the flinty pavement, * Stow, Annates, p. 449. Sir Thomas More {Life of Edward v.), Holinfhed, and Stow give the fame account, t Moor, in Rapin's Hiftory, i. p. 635, n., edit. 1732. Paul's Crofs: its Early Hi/lory. 167 Her footfteps all along were mark'd with blood. Yet filent ftill fhe pafTd, and unrepining, Her ftreaming eyes bent ever on the earth, Except when, in foine bitter pang of forrow, To Heaven fhe feem'd in fervent zeal to raife. And beg that mercy man denied her here.* In the fame year, on Sunday, June the 19th, 1483, Dr. Ralph Shaw, the brother of the then Lord Mayor, preached his famous fermon at the Crofs. The young King, Edward V., had been brought to London and lodged in the Bifhop's Palace near S. Paul's from the 4th to the 19th of May. "The firft Sunday in May, the anniverfary of that Palm Sunday which had eftab- lifhed his father on the throne, had been originally fixed by the Council in London for his coronation/'f but the folemnity had been deferred. The King was removed to the Tower, and June 22nd was named as the coronation day. The Duke of Gloucefter had gathered together in London fome twenty thoufand armed men. He had held fecret conference with Dr. Shaw, " to whom he utteryd, that his father's inherit- ance ought to defcend to him by right, as the eldeft of all the foones which Richard his father, Duke of York, had begotten of Cecyly his wyfe." And he did not hefitate to declare " that Edward who had before raignyd, was a baflard, that ys, not begotten of a right and lawfull wyfe."J Such ftatements he urgently * Nicholas Rowe, fane Shore, a Tragedy. t Grants of Edward V. (Camden Society). Introduflion by J. Gough Nichols, pp. vii., viii. % Polydore Vergil (Camden Society), xxix. pp. 183-5. 1 68 Hijtory of Old Saint Paul's. defired that Dr. Shaw would make to the people at the Crofs. On the day appointed, Duke Richard "came in royal maner, with a great gard of. men armyd unto the churche of S. Paule, and ther was at- tentyvely prefent at the fermon." The preacher did not do his work by halves. He declared that the late King " was nether in phyfnomy nor fhape of body lyke unto Richard the father ; for he was high of ftature, thother very little, he of large face, thother fhort and rownd." Prefently, as if by chance, the Proteflor fhowed himfelf from a gallery ; " the place where the doftors commonly Hand in the upper ftory, where hee ftood to heai'ken the fermon":* and the preacher indicating him to the people, pointed out to them the clear refemblance between the Duke of Glouceller and his father. The text had been fuffi- ciently fuggeftive : " The multiplying brood of the ungodly fhall not thrive, nor take deep rooting from baftard flips, nor lay any faft found ation."t The people, however, had no fympathy with the preacher. He had hoped that when he pointed out the Duke to their notice, they would have cried, " Long live King Richard !" but they continued filent. You might have feen fome, fays Polydore Vergil, "■afl:onyed with the noveltie and ftrangenes of the thing ftand as mad men in a maze ; others, all agaft with thowt- rageous crueltie of thorrible faft, to be in great feare of themfelves becaufe the war frindes to the Kinges children ; others, fynally, to bewayle the miffortune of * Stow, Annales, p. 454. f Wi/dom, iv. 3. . Paul's Crofs: its Early Hijlory. 169 the chyldren, whom they adjudgyd now utterly un- doone." The difgraceful fa£l that Richard allowed his own mother to be openly flandered and defamed, he himfelf hearing the preacher's words without rebuke, was intolerable to all good men. And Poly- dore Vergil goes on to fay that " Raphe Sha, the publifher of thabhomynablenes of fo weightie a caufe (who, not long after, acknowledgyd his error, throwgh the grevous rebukes of his fryndes that wer afliamyd of his infamy) fo fore repentyd the doing thereof that, dying fhortly for very forow, he fuffei'ed worthie punifhement for his lewdnes." On Sunday, the 24th of February, 1538, " the Rood of Boxely in Kent, called the Rood of Grace, made with divers vices to mooue the eyes and lips, was fhevved at Pauls Croffe by the preacher, which was the Bifhop of Rochefter, and there it was broken and plucked to pieces."* The famous image of Our Lady of Walfmgham, an objeft of pilgrimage of the higheft repute ; and the image of Our Lady of Ipfwich, were brought to London with all the jewels that hung about them, and divers other images both in England and Wales to which pilgrims had reforted. They were all burnt af Chelfea.f It will be remembered that in one of Erafmus' moft interefting Dialogues an account is given of a vifit paid to the famous fhrine at Walfmg- ham. Fox is feldom more in earnefl than when he is denouncing fome idolatrous fuperftition, and he has, * Stow, Annales, p. 575. t ^^id., p. 575. 170 Hiftory of Old Saint PauPs. accordingly, fomething to fay about this Rood of Boxley. The details, if true, are fad enough, as the records of what are called ' religious ' frauds always muft be. " What pofteritie will ever thinke the churche of the pope, pretending fuch religion, to have beene fo wicked, fo long to abufe the people's eyes with an olde rotten ftocke, called the Roode of Grace, wherein a man fhould ftand inclofed, with an hundreth wyers within the Roode, to make the image goggle with the eies, to nod with his head, to hang the lip, to moove and fhake his jawes, according as the valew was of the gift which was offered ? If it were a fmall piece of filver, he would hang a frowning lip ; if it were a piece of golde, then fhould his jawes go merily. Thus miferably was the people of Chrift abufed, their foules feduced, their fenfes beguiled, and their purfes fpoylcd, till this idolatrous forgerie at laft, by Crom- wel's meanes. was difclofed, and the image, with all his engines, fhowed openly at Paules Croffe, and there torne in pieces by the people. The like was done by the blood of Hayles, which in like maner by Cromwell was brought to Paules Croffe, and there proved to be the blood of a ducke. Who would have judged but that the mayd of Kent had beene an holy woman and a propheteffe infpired, had not Cromwell and Cranmer tried her at Paules Croffe, to be a ftrong and lewd impoftor. What fhould I fpeak of Darvel Gatheren,* * The image called Darvell Gatheren was brought from Wales to London in May, 1 538, and burned in Smithfield : at the fame time Friar Forreil was burned. Paul's Crofs: its Early Hijiory. 171 of the rood of Chefter, of Thomas Becket, of Our Lady of Walfmgham, with an infinite multitude more of the like affinitie ? All which ftockes and blockes of curfed idolatrie, Cromwell, ftirred up by the providence of God, remooved them out of the people's way, that they might walke more fafely in the fincere fervice of Almightie God."* Fox tells a ftory of the Rood of Dover Court, which may well be inferted here, although the Rood was not brought to London. One Thomas Rofe, a preacher in that diftrifl:, had preached fo warmly againft idol- atry in general and this Rood in particular that fome of his audience determined to deftroy it. The people of Dover Court believed that the power of the image was fo great that no man could fhut the door of the Church in which it ftood. The iconoclafts finding the door open, took the image from its fhrine, and carried it a quarter of a mile, " without any refiftance of the faid idol. Whereupon they flrake fire with a flint- ftone, and fuddenly fet him on fire : who burned out fo brim, that he lighted them homeward one good For further details about the Rood of Grace, fee Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent, edition 1576, pp. 182-185. Hayles Abbey was in Gloucefterlhire. The relic of the Holy Blood was prefented to the Abbey by Edmund Earl of Cornwall. The Commiffioners appointed at the Diffolution of Monafteries faid that the blood was clarified honey, " which, being in a glaffe, appeared to be of a gliftering redde, refemblyng partly the color of blod." — Fox, iv. p. 824. * Fox, V. p. 397. Compare the form in which this matter appears in Wordfworth's Ecclefiajlical Biography, ii. pp. 281-4, where are fome very full and inftruclive notes. 172 Hi/lory of Old Saint Paul's. mile."* This was in 1532. The enterprife coft three of Mr. Rofe's difciples their lives : they fuffered and were hanged in chains. " The faid Thomas Rofe had the coat of the faid Rood brought unto him afterward ; who burnt it. The Rood was faid to have done many great miracles, and great wonders wrought by him, and yet being in the fire could not help himfelf, but burned like a block, as in very deed he was."+ * Fox, iv. pp. 706, 707. t Ibid., viii. p. 581. LATIMER AT PAUL'S CROSS. CHAPTER X. LATIMER AT PAUL'S CROSS. UGH LATIMER, the famous Bifliop of Worcefter, was a frequent preacher at the Crofs. He was releafed from his imprifon- ment in the Tower at the acceflion of Edward VI.; and on the ift of January, 1548, his voice was heard at Paul's Crofs. It was "the firft fermon by him preached in almoft eight yeeres before, for at the making of the Sixe Articles, he being Bifhop of Worcefter, would not confent vnto them, and therfore was commanded to filence, and gaue vp his biflioprike."* It would be interefting to know what were^ the firft words which flowed from his lips after this long filence. He preached again at the Crofs on the 8th, iSth, and 29th of the fame month. He affirmed, in the firft of thefe fermons, " that what- foeuer the cleargie commanded ought to be obeyed, but he alfo declared that the cleargie are fuch as fit in * Stow, Atinales, p. 1002, edit. 1603. 176 Hiflory of Old Saiitt Paul's. Moyfes chaire, and breake not their mafter's com- miflion, adding nothing thereto, nor taking any thing there from ; and fuch a cleargie muft be obeied of all men, both high and lowe."* On the feventh of March, a pulpit was " fet vp in the King's priuie garden at Weftminfter, and therein doctor Latimer preached before the King, where he mought be heard of more then foure times fo manie people as could have flood in the King's chappell : and this was the firfl fermon preached there." f In January, 1549, he preached at S. Paul's three Sermons on The Plough, not now ex- tant: and on the i8th of the month he delivered at the fame place the famous Sermon on The PlougJiers, in continuation of the former feries. In Lent of the fame year he preached at Whitehall his Friday Sermons before Edward VI., then only eleven years of age. The Sermon on The Ploughers has been lately very carefully reprinted by Mr. Edward Arber,| with a brief but pithy Introdudtion. Let us liften to a few fentences. Latimer comes from Lambeth Palace, he is refiding there with Cranmer as the gueft of the Archbifhop. Great crowds are affembled to hear the famous preacher. He had always been popular, for he had fpoken from heart to heart. Whilft a Roman Catholic, and the Crofs-Bearer of the Univerfity of Cambridge, he had declaimed earneftly againft the new teaching : now, he vigoroufly defended it. Eleven years before, * Stow, Atmales, p. 1002, edit. 1603. f Ibid. % From whofe Introduftion the two previous citations and much of the following matter have been taken. Latimer at PmiVs Cro/s. 177 March loth, 1538, he had preached at the Crofs, and had fpoken out right boldly. Though himfelf a Bifhop, he had faid that the clergy were ftrong thieves : and had added that there was not enough hemp grown in the kingdom to hang all the thieves in England. In another Sermon,* he gave fome curious autobio- graphical details. " In my tyme," faid he, " my poore father was as diligent to teach me to fhote as to learne anye other thynge, and fo I thynke other menne dyd theyr children. He taught me how to drawe, how to laye my bodye in my bowe, and not to drawe wyth ftrength of armes as other nacions do, but with ftrength of the bodye. I had bowes boughte me accordyng to my age and ftrength ; as I encreafed in them, fo my bowes were made bigger and bigger, for men fhal neuer fhot well, excepte they be broughte vp in it. It is a goodly art, a holfome kind of exercife, and much commended in phifike." To-day, we may be fure, this archer will not draw his bow at a venture. He comes, " a fore brufed man," as his Swifs fervant and faithful friend, Auguftine Bernher writes. He is about fifty-fix years of age.-f- Winter and fummer, " about two of the clocke in the morning," he is at his book moft diligently. He preaches twice every Sunday, for the moft part, " to the great fhame, confufion, and damnation of a great number of our fatbellied vnpreachyng prelates," fays. Bernher, who had learned his mafter's habit of plain fpeaking. It is winter time, Friday, i8th January, * Sixth Sermon before Edward VI., 12th April, 1549. t He was born about 1491. See Mr. Arber's Inirodtiflion. 12 1 78 Hiftory of Old Saint PatiVs. 1549 : he is to preach at Paul's Crofs Sermon, but the weather is fo cold that, for the fake of the congrega- tion, the Sermon will be preached under the fhelter of the "Shrouds."* We will enter, and ftanding under the arches of the crypt, we will lean againft this mafilve pillar, and liften to the outfpoken preacher. His text is this : " Whatfoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning." -f- He re- capitulates, very briefly, what he had faid in previous fermons as to the feed which ought to be fown in God's field, in God's plough-land : that is to fay, what doflrine fhould be taught in the Chriftian Church. To-day, his fubje6l is to be not the feed, nor the plough, but the ploughers, that is, the preachers. Some perfons had objefted to his homely fimilitudes. They had faid, " Oh Latimer, nay as for hym, I wil neuer beleue hym whyle I lyue, nor neuer trufte hym, for he lykened our bleffed Ladye to a faffrone bagge." In truth, he- had never ufed that fimilitude : but if he had, there was a fenfe in which it was not untrue. Chrift had compared the Gofpel to a muftard feed and to leaven, and had faid that He Himfelf will come like a thief. But to his fubjeft. A Plougher has always fome work to do. " In my countrey in Leceftre Shire, the ploughe man hath a tyme to fet furth and to affaie hys plough, and other tymes for other neceffari workes to be done." The preacher, too, muft never be idle amongft his people : " nowe caftynge them downe with the lawe and with threateninges of God for ** That is, in the crypt of the Cathedral. See Statutes, p. 435. t Romans xv. 4. Latimer at PauVs Crofs. 179 fynne ; nowe ridgynge them vp agayne with the gofpel and with the promifes of God's fauoure. Nowe weedinge them, by tellinge them their faultes, and makynge them forfake fynne. Nowe clottinge them, by breakynge their ftonie hertes, and by making them fupple herted, and makyng them to haue hertes of fleflie, that is foft hertes, and apte for do£lrine to enter in." The preacher mufl labour diligently. The preach- ing of the Word is likened to meat : " not ftrauberies, that come but once a yeare and tary not longe, but are fone gone. . . Many make a ftrauberie of it, miniftringe it but once a yeare, but fuch do not thoiifice of good prelates." Alas ! there were many fuch. " Howe manye fuch prelates, how manye fuch byfhops, Lorde for Thy mercie, are there nowe in England." The lay hearers are delighted with this plain fpeak- ing : but liften, their turn is come. " Nowe what fliall we faye of thefe ryche citizens of London ? What fhall I faye of them ? Shal I cal them proude men of London, malicious men of London, mercy- leffe men of London ? No, no, I may not faie fo, they wil be offended wyth me than. Yet muft I fpeake. For is there not reygning in London, as much pride, as much couetoufnefs, as much crueltie, as much oppriflion, as much fuperfticion, as was in Nebo ? Yes, I thynke, and muche more to. Ther- fore I faye, repente, O London. Repent, repente.'' They could not endure to be told of their faults. " What a do was there made in London at a certein man becaufe he fayd, and in dede at that time on a 12 — 2 i8o Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. iuft caufe, ' Burgeffes/ quod he, 'nay, Butterflies.' Lorde, what a do there was for yat worde. And yet would God they were no worfe than butterflies. Butterflyes do but theyre nature, the butterflye is not couetoufe, is not gredye of other mens goodes, is not ful of enuy and hatered, is not malicious, is not cruel, is not mercileffe." " London can not abyde to be rebuked, fuche is the nature of man. If they be prycked, they wyll kycke. . . . London was neuer fo yll as it is now. In tymes paft men were full of pytie and compaffion, but nowe ' there is no pitie, for in London their brother fhall die in the ftreetes for colde, he fhall lye fycke at theyr doore betwene ftocke and ftocke. ... In tymes pafte when any ryche man dyed in London, they were wonte to healp the pore fcholers of the Vniuerfitye wyth exhibition. When any man dyed, they woulde bequeth greate fummes of money towarde the releue of the pore. When I was a fcholer in Cambrydge my felfe, I harde verye good reporte of London, and knewe manie that had releue of the rytche men of London, but nowe I can heare no fuch good reporte, and yet I inquyre of it, and herken for it, but nowe charitie is waxed colde, none helpeth the fcholer nor yet the pore." The plougher in fuch foil will have hard work. " Thys land is not for me to ploughe, it is to ftonye, to thorni, to harde for me to plough.^ . . . What fhall I loke for amonge thornes but prick- yng and fcrachinge ? What among fhones but ftum- blyng ? What (I had almoft fayed) among ferpenttes but ftingyng ?" Latimer at PauVs Cro/s. i8i The Laity have had fharp meafure meted out to them, and now the Clergy fhall have their turn again, "Euer fence the Prelates were made Loordes and nobles, the ploughe ftandeth, there is no worke done, the people fterue. Thei hauke, thei hunt, thei card, they dyce, they paftyme in theyr prelacies with galaunte gentlemen, with theyr daunfmge minyons, and with theyr frefhe companions, fo that ploughinge is fet a fyde. And by the lordinge and loytryng, preachynge and ploughinge is cleane gone." This is ftrong language from a Bifliop, but there is more to come. Thefe unpreaching Prelates are his abhor- rence. "They are fo troubeled wyth Lordelye lyuynge, they be fo placed in palacies, couched in courtes, ruffelynge in theyr rentes, daunceynge in theyr dominions, burdened with ambaffages, pamper- ynge of theyr panches lyke a monke that maketh his Jubilie, mounchynge in their maungers, and moylynge in their gaye manoures and manfions, and fo troubeled wyth loyterynge in theyr Lordefhyppes, that they canne not attende it. They are otherwyfe occupyed; fomme in the Kynges matters, fome are ambaffadoures, fome of the pryuie counfell, fome to furnyfhe the courte, fome are Lordes of the Parliamente, fome are prefidentes, and fome comptroleres of myntes. Well, well, is thys theyr duetye ? . . . I would fayne knowe who comptrolleth the deuyll at home at his parifhe, whyle he comptrolleth the mynte ? If the Apoftles mighte not leaue the office of preaching to be deacons, fhall one leaue it for myntyng ? I can not tell you, but the fayinge is, that fmce priefls haue 1 82 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. bene minters, money hath bene wourfe then it was before. And they faye that the euylnes of money hath made all thinges dearer.* And in thys behalfe I muft fpeake to England. . . . Paule was no fittynge bifhoppe, but a walkinge and a preachynge byfhop." No clafs efcapes his fharp fatire. " The onely caufe, why noble men be not made Lord prefidentes, is becaufe they haue not bene brought vp in learninge. Therefore for the loue of God, appoynte teachers and fcholemaifters, you that haue charge of youth, and giue the teachers ftipendes worthy their paynes, that they maye brynge them vp in grammer, in Logike, in rethorike, in Philofophe, in the ciuile lawe, and in that whiche I can not leaue vnfpoken of, the Word, of God." Then noblemen could take high offices of ftate, and Biihops might become purely fpiritual perfons, and diligent preachers. "And nowe I would afke a llraung queftion. Who is the mod diligent biflioppe and prelate in al England, that paffeth al the refte in doinge his office ? I can tel, for I knowe him, who it is I knowe hym well. But nowe I thynke I fe you lyfling and hearkening, that I fhoulde name him. There is one that paffeth al the other, and is the moft diligent prelate and preacher in al England. And wyl ye knowe who it is ? I wyl tel you. It is the Deuyl. He is the mofte dyligent preacher of al other, he is neuer out of his dioces, he is neuer from his cure, ye fhal neuer fynde hym vnoccupyed, he is euer in * Such charges were frequently brought againft the authorities of the Mint, whether clerical or lay. See Strype's Stow, i. j p. loi-iog. Latimer at PauVs Cro/s. 183 his parifhe, he keepeth refidence at al tymes, ye fhal neuer fynde hym out of the waye, cal for him when you wyl, he is euer at home, the diligentefte preacher in all the Realme, he is euer at his ploughe . . . Where the Deuyl is refidente and hath his plough goinge, there awaye with bokes and vp with candelles, awaye wyth Bibles and vp with beades, awaye with the lyghte of the Gofpel and vp with the lyghte of candlles, yea at noonedayes . . . Dcwne with Chriftes croffe, vp with purgatory picke purfe, vp with hym, the popifli pourgatorie, I mean . . . He goeth on vifitacion daylye. He leaueth no place of hys cure vnuifited. There was neuer fliuch a preacher in England as he is." Then follows a long attack upon the doftrine of the Mafs : concluding with a vigorous onflaught upon the Pope himfelf. " The Deuyl by the healpe of that Italian Bifliop yonder, his chaplayne, hath labored by al meanes that he myghte, to fruftrate the death of Chrifte and the merites of His paflion. And they haue deuifed for that purpofe to make vs beleue in other vayne thynges by his pardons, as to haue re- miffion of fmnes for praiynge on hallowed beades, for drynkyng of the bake-houfe bole, as a channon of Waltam Abbey once tolde me, that when foeuer they putte theyr loues of breade into the ouen, as manie as drancke of the pardon boll fhould haue pardon for drynckynge of it. A madde thynge to geue pardon to a boUe. Then to Pope Alexanders holie water, to hallowed belles, palmes, candelles, affhes, and what not ? . . . Yea, and Alexanders holie water yet at 184 Hifiory of Old Saint PauPs. thys day remayneth in Englande, and is vfed for a remedye againft fpirites, and to chafe awaye deuylles." This leads the preacher on to fpeak of images and of the worfliip offered to them. They are to be deftroyed even as Hezekiah deftroyed the brazen ferpent. The peroration is now near at hand. The lordly Pre- lates are again rebuked. " The Deuill is diligente at his ploughe. He is no vnpreachynge prelate. He is no Lordelie loyterer from his cure, but a bufie ploughe man, fo that amonge all the prelates, and amonge al the packe of them that haue cure the Deuil fhall go fot my money. For he ftyl applyeth his bufynes. Ther- fore ye vnpreachynge prelates, learne of the deuill to be diligent in doing of your office. Learne of the deuill. And if you wyl not learne of God nor good man, for fhame learne of the deuill. Ad erubefcentiam vejlram dico* I fpeake it for your fhame. If you wyll not learne of God nor good man to be diligent in your office, learne of the deuill. Howe be it there is nowe verie good hoope that the Kynges maieftie beinge by the healpe of good gouernaunce of his moofte honourable counfaylours, he is trayned and broughte vp in learnynge and knowledge of Goddes word, wil fhortly prouide a remedye and fet an ordre here in, which thyng that it may fo be, lette vs praye for hym. Praye for hym, good people, praye for hym ; ye haue great caufe and neede to praye for hym." And fo the preacher ends, and his congregation * " I fpeak to your fhame" (i Cor. vi. 5). Latimer at Paul's Cro/s. 185 difperfe, faying, " We have heard ftrange things to-day."* Who does not underftand the prodigious power of this rude, uncultivated eloquence ? Coarfe, very often, and to our modern taftes, profane, there was a force and a direftnefs in it, which carried home the preacher's leffons. Latimer was effentially a preacher to the people. His language was their language, the plain mother tongue. He fpoke of that which was uppermoft in their thoughts, and laflied, with un- fparing hand, the follies, the abufes, the fins, the corruptions of the day. But he was laying up in ftore for himfelf retributions ; the day was coming when the " lordly prelates '' would have the pre-eminence, and his violent words would be remembered. Thofe who know only the bitter phrafes of the Roman Pre- lates as they find them plentifully recorded in the ASls and Monuments of John Fox, fhould certainly, in common fairnefs, read the equally ftrong language of the reforming Bifhops. If Bifhop Bonner is to be felefted as the reprefentative of the one, Bifhop Bale is to be taken as the reprefentative of the other. , In truth, the atrocious coarfenefs of the latter renders many of his utterances incapable of reproduflion in the nineteenth century. In thefe troubled days of fierce debate men on both fides ufed the weapon which firft came to hand, regardlefs whether it were a fword, * The edition ufed in the text has been Mr. Arber's reprint of that " Imprinted at London, by Jhon Daye, dwellinge at Alderf- gate, and Williim Seres, dwellinge in Peter CoUedge." 1 86 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. a battle-axe, a bible, a fpear, or a bucket of dirty water. When Latimer was at the climax of denunciation, his words were certainly not meafured. It muft be remembered, however, that there was much to ftir up his juft wrath. Let us take one or two examples. He denounces the holy water of Pope Alexander. In the Breviary, on May 3, the day of the Invention of the Holy Crofs, in the ninth leftion for the day we read, that " Alexander was a Roman who ruled the Churchduringthereignof the Emperor Hadrian. . . . He ordained that bleffed water mingled with fait, fhould be kept always in churches, and fhould be ufed in private houfes to fcare away devils." The Breviary itfelf may be quoted as an authority on the faft. He denounces the Pardon-bowl at Waltham. He might readily have found other examples. At Bury S. Edmunds, in the monaftery there, was a "holye relique which was called the pardon-boule ; whof©ever dronk of this boule in the worfliippe of God and Saynt Edmund, he had fiue hundred dayes of pardon, toties quoties.."* Bifhop Bale, in his Image of both Churches, enumerates feveral other "pardon mafers or drinking difhes, as S. Benet's bowl, S. Edmond's bowl, S. Giles' bowl, S. Blyth's bowl, and Weftminfter bowl."-f- To thefe Calf hill adds S. Leonard's bowl. J A colleftion of fome of the chief Indulgences in * Becon's Works, iii. fol. 187, quoted in Corrie's edition of Latimer, Sermons, p. 75. t Parker Soc. edition, p. 526. X Calfhill, anfwer to Martiall, p. 287. Latimer at Paul's Crofs. 187 the Sarum Book of Hours will be found in Bifhop Burnet's Hijlory of the Reformation:* thefe will fliow how deeply engrained into the popular thought the whole fyftem of indulgences and pardons had become. The wonder-working images and pi6tures excited Latimer's vehement animadverfions. The Cathedral itfelf had its fhare of flirines, and images, and piflurcs. The melancholy expofures of " roods with rolling eyes and fweating brows, with fpeaking mouth and walking feef'f were only too frelh in the minds of the people. It was time to fpeak out ; and no one can fay that Latimer was not outfpoken. In fuch ftirring times much muft be pardoned to earneft true- hearted men. * Biftiop Burnet, Records, Book i. fecfl. 26. Edition 1841, iv. p. 280. t Calfhill, p. 274. THOMAS LEVER AT PAUL'S CROSS. CHAPTER XI. THOMAS LEVER AT PAUL'S CROSS. HOMAS LEVER may very well be taken as a typical example of another great preacher of the reign of Edward VI. In this cafe alfo we are indebted to Mr. Edward Arber for a careful reprint of three fermons, the firft preached in the Shrouds of S. Paul's on Sep- tuagefima Sunday, 2nd February, 1550 ; the fecond preached before the King at Court on Mid-Lent Sunday ; and the third preached at Paul's Crofs on the fecond Sunday in Advent in the fame year.* Thomas Lever was fucceffively Fellow, Preacher, and Mafter of S. John's College, Cambridge ; he was Paftor in exile of the Englifh Church at Aaran ; Prebendary of Durham Cathedral, and Mafter of Sherborne Hofpital. Strype fays,t that on June 24, * Mr. Arber's brief notes on the Life and Writings of Thomas Lever have been freely ufed in the following notice, t Eccles. Mem., edit. 1822, vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 402-3. 192 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. 1550, Bifhop Ridley ordained twenty-five deacons before the high Altar of S. Paul's, and that amongft them were Thomas Lever, and John Fox the Martyr- ologift; and he adds that, on AugUft 10, Bifhop Ridley held an ordination at Fulham, when his chaplain, John Bradford, was ordained deacon, and Thomas Lever received prieft's orders. It is difficult to reconcile thefe dates with the fa6l of his preaching at S. Paul's on February 2, 1550. During the reign of Queen Mary we find him, with other exiles, at Zurich, at Geneva. Upon the acceflion of Elizabeth, he marries, he returns to England, he is a more eager Proteftant than ever. He died at Ware whilft journey- ing back to his Hofpital, and was buried at Sherborne, "under a blue marble ftone, whereon is cut a crofs flory with a bible and chalice, and on a brass plate," THOMAS LEAVER PREACHER TO KING EDWARD THE SIXTE HE DIED IN IVLY 1 577. The firft of thefe three fermons is an urgent exhor- tation to the religious performance of civil duties. The Preachers of the Reformation period were bold fpeakers, manful pleaders of the caufe of the poor, 'denouncing corruption even in the higheft places. It muft be remembered that there were no newfpapers in thofe days. At Paul's Crofs the laity often learned, for the firft time, what events were being tranfafted, far and near. England was recovering from the long anarchy of the Wars of the Rofes, but whilft the rich Thomas Lever at Paul's Crofs. 193 had become richer, the poor had become poorer. Wool, the great ftaple of the country, had rifen fo greatly in price, " that poore folkes, which were wonte to worke it and make cloth therof, be nowe hable to bye none at all," fays Sir Thomas More in his Utopia.^ England had its " land queftion," and the enclofure of lands was one of the great caufes of Kett's rebellion. The Impropriation of Ecclefiaflical Benefices was another " burning queftion " : corpora- tions, non-refident clergy, and even laymen held rich benefices, delegating the fpiritual duties to a half- ftarved curate, whilft the temporal duties, hofpitality and the like, were praftically left undone. " Is it nat great pitye to fe a man to haue thre or foure bene- fyces : yea, paraduenture, halfe a fcore or a dofyn, whiche he neuer cometh at," afks Sir Francis Bygod, who joined the Pilgrimage of Grace, and was hanged at Tyburn in June, I537.t He proceeds : " whiche [benefices] he neuer cometh at, but fetteth in euery one of them a Syr lohn lacke laten that can fcarce rede his porteus,f orels fuche a rauenynge wolfe as canne do nothynge but deuoure the fely fhepe with his falfe doftryne, and fucke their fubftaunce from them. ... I haue knowen fuche that whan they hauen rydden by a benefyce whereof they haue ben perfone they coulde natte tell that it was their bene- fyce. This is a wonderfull blyndneffe." The Roman party charged many of thefe evils to the * Mr. Arber, IntroduHion to Lever's Sermons, p. 11. f Ibid., pp. 12-14. j An unlearned priefl who could not read his Breviary. 13 194 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. change of religion : the Reforming party indignantly- refuted and hurled back the charge. Among all the preachers of the period " none more bravely fought the battle of the loyal poor ; none more vigoroufly, even to perfonal hazard and danger, expofed the cruelty, covetoufnefs, and craft, of the rich and of the clergy, than Thomas Lever, the Cambridge Fellow, and the Boanerges of the Reformation."* No wonder that his Sermons were popular. No lefs than five editions of thefe three difcourfes were publifhed in 1 5 50. Let us turn to the firft of thefe : " A fruitfull Sermon made in Poules churche at London in the Shroudes the feconde daye of Februari by Thomas Leuer. Anno MD and fiftie." He begins at once with words of warning. " Alas England, God, whom thou mayeft beleue for his truthe, hathe fayd playnly thou fhalt be deftroyed, and all thyne ennemyes, bothe Scots, Frenchmen, Papiftes, and Turkes, I do not meane the men in whome is fome mercye, but the moft cruell vices of thefe thy enemyes beynge wythout all pitie, as the couetoufenes of Scotland, the pryde of Fraunce, the hipocryfy of Rome, and the Idolatrye of the Turkes. A hundred thoufande of thefe enemies are landed at thy hauens, haue entred thy fortes, and do procede to fpoyle, murther, and vtterly deftroy : and yet for all this thou wretched Englande beleueft not gods worde, regardeft not hys threatninge, calleft not for mercye, ne fearefte not gods vengeaunce. Wher- fore God beinge true of hys word and righteous in hys * Edward Arber, IntroduHion, pp. 16-17. Thomas Lever at Paul's Crofs. 195 dedes, thou Englande whyche wylt haue no mercye, fhalt haue vengeaunce ; whyche wylte not be faued, fhalte be deftroyed. For God hath fpoken, and it is wrytten." God had faid that every kingdom divided againiT: itfelf fhould be defolate and deftroyed. England " is not onelye diuyded, but alfo rente, torne, and plucked cleane in pieces." Covetoufnefs is a fearful evil. "Every couetoufe man is proude, thynkynge hymfelfe more worthy a pounde then a nother man a penye, more fitte to haue chaunge of fylkes and veluettes then other to haue bare frife cloth, and more conueniente for hym to haue aboundaunce of diuerfe dilicates for hys daintye toth then for other to haue plenty of biefes and muttons for theyr hongry bellyes : and finnally that he is more worthye to haue gorgeoufe houfes to take his pleafure in, in bankettynge, then laborynge men to haue poore cotages to take reft in, in flepynge." The judgment of God will fall on all thefe. This is but a fort of preamble to the Sermon. The text is, "Everye foule be fubiefte vnto the hygher powers," and the following verfes.* All ought to be under obedience, and to give to one another what is due: "howbeit experience declareth howe that here in Englande pore men haue been rebels, and ryche men haue not done their duetie." The Apoftles had all things common, and now " ryche menne flioulde kepe to theym felues no more * Romans y.\\\. 1-7. 13—2 196 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. then they nede, and geue vnto the poore fo muche as they nede." In this fenfe " chriften mens goodes fhuld be comen vnto euery mans nede, and priuat to no mans lufte." There muft be rich men and rulers, but the rich muft ufe their wealth as became Chriftians. Alas, men did not fo. " As for example of ryche men, loke at the mer- chauntes of London, and ye ftiall fe, when as by their honeft vocacion, and trade of marchandife god hath endowed them with great abundaunce of ryches, then can they not be content with the profperous welth of that vocacion to fatiffye theym felues and to helpe other, but their riches mufte abrode in the countrey to bie fermes * out of the handes of worfhypfuU gentle- men, honefte yeomen, and pore laborynge hufbandes. Yea nowe alfo to bye perfonagesf and benefices, where as they do not onelye bye landes and goodes but alfo lyues and foules of men, from God and the comen wealth, vnto the deuyll and theim felues. A myf- cheuoufe marte of merchandrie is this, and yet nowe fo comenly vfed, that therby fhepeheardes be turned to theues, dogges into wolues, and the poore flocke of Chrift, redemed wyth his precious bloud, mofte miferablye pylled and fpoyled, yea cruelly deuoured. Be thou marchaunt of the citye, or be thou gentleman in the contrey, be thou lawer, be you courtear, or what maner of man foeuer thou be, that can not, yea 5^ thou be mafter doftor of diuinitie, that wyl not do thy duety, it is not lawfuU for the to haue perfonzige, bene- * Fermes, that is, farms. f Perfonages, parfonages. Thomas Lever at PauVs Crofs. 197 fice, or any fuche liuying, excepte thou do fede the flocke fpiritually wyth goddes worde, and bodelye wyth honefte hofpitalitye. I wyll touch diuerfe kyndes of ryche men and rulers, that ye maye fe what harme fome of theim do wyth theyr ryches and authoritye. And efpeciallye I wyll begynne wyth theym that be bell learned, for they feme belyke to do mofte good wyth ryches and authoritie vnto theim committed. If I therefore beynge a yonge fimple fcholer myghte be fo bolde, I wolde alke an auncient, wyfe, and well- learned doftor of diuinitie, whych cometh not at hys benefice, whether he were bounde to fede hys flocke in teachynge of goddes worde, and kepyng hofpitalitie, or no ? He wold anfwere and faye : Syr, my curate fupplieth my roume in teachynge, and my farmer in kepynge of houfe. Yea, but mafler doftor, by your leaue, both thefe more for your vauntage then for the paryfhe conforte : and therfore the mo fuche feruauntes that ye kepe there, the more harme is it for your paryfhe, and the more fynne and fhame for you. Ye may thynke that I am fumwhat faucye to laye fynne and Ihame to a do6tor of diuinitie in thys folemne audience, for fome of theim vfe to excufe the matter and faye : Thofe whych I leaue in myne abfence do farre better then I flioulde do, yf I taryed there my felfe. Nowe good mafter doftor ye faye the verye truthe, and therfore be they more worthye to haue the benefice then you your felfe, and yet neyther of you bothe fufficient mete or able : they for ' lacke of habilitye, and you for lacke of good wyll. Good wyll, quod he ? Naye, I wolde wyth all my harte, but I am 1 98 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. called to ferue the Kynge in other places, and to take other offices in the comen wealthe. Heare then what I fhall aunfwere yet once agayne : There is lyuynges and rewardes due and belongyng to theim that labour in thofe offyces, and fo oughte you to be contente wyth the lyuyng and reward of that office onelye, and take no more, the duetye of the whyche office by your labour and diligence ye can difcharge onlye, and do no more." Let it be remembered that thefe words were fpoken at S. Paul's itfelf, in the very heart of the City of London. He was a bold man who fpoke of pluralities to the Clergy, and of the luft for land to rich and powerful merchants. He proceeds to fpeak of the fuppreffion of Abbeys, Cloifters, Colleges, and Chantries. The intention of the late King had been good in this matter. "Suche abund- aunce of goodes as was fuperfticioufly fpente vpon vayne ceremonies, or voluptuoufly vpon idle bellies " might be more ufefully expended for the better relief of the poor, the maintenance of learning, and the fetting forth of God's word. Covetous officers had fruftrated this defign. " At the fyrfte the intente was verie godly, the pretence wonderoufe goodly, but nowe the vfe, or rather the abufe and myforder of thefe thynges is worldlye, is wycked, is deuilyfhe, is abhominable." He attacks the evil-doers. " You whych haue gotten thefe goodes into your own handes, to turne them from euyll to worfe, and other goodes mo frome good vnto euyll, be ye fure it is euen you that haue offended God, begyled the kynge, robbed the ryche, Thomas Lever at Paul's Crofs. 199 fpoyled the pore, and brought a comen wealth into a comen miferye. It is euen you that muft eyther be plaged with gods vengeaunce as wer the Sodomytes, or amende by repentaunce as did the Nineuites." Not that abbeys and cloifters were to be founded again, but that charitable alms and honeft hofpitality were to be bellowed, and fchools founded " for the bryngynge vp of yougth." This is good contemporary evidence, if any were needed, as to the grievous abufes of the times. Greedy courtiers had fwallowed up the church lands, and fpent that which had been given for holy ufes upon their own lulls. How did the courtiers like this preaching .' The people were groaning under heavy yokes, let them pray to God and He would deliver them. The rulers knew their duty to the people, let them for- bear to load them with burdens that ought not to be borne. He draws near to the end of the difcourfe, and gives a kind of parable to his hearers. " Harcke a lytle, and I fhal tell you of an abhomynable robbery done in the Citye, knowen to the officers of the City, and as yet not punyfhed, but rather mayntayned in the city. There is a greate fumme of monye fente from an honorable Lord by hys feruaunte vnto thofe whome he is indetted vnto in the citye. The officers know- ynge that they to whom thys monye is fente haue great nede of it, knowe alfo in what places, at what tymes, thefe vnthryftye feruauntes by whome it is fente, at gamnynge, banckettyng, and riot, do fpende 200 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. it. If thys be an euell dede, why is it not punyfhed ? Bycaufe it is not knowen, fome faye. But whyther they meane that it is not knowen to be done, or not knowen to be euyll, I doubte. And therefore here now wyll I make it openlye knowen boeth to be done, and alfo to be euell done, and worfe fuffered. But doeth not manye of you knowe ? Sure I am that all you that be officers oughte to know that all that ryches and treafures whyche rych men, and rufflers, wafte at gredye gamning, glotonous bancketting, and fuche riote, is not theyr owne, but fente by theym from the honorable Lord of heauen, vnto other that be honeft, pore, and nedye : vnto whome God by hys promyfe is indetted." Thefe are plain manly words, and mufb have gone home to many a heart. That they did fo is quite certain, for in his fecond fermon, before the King, Thomas Lever fets forth the fafts of the plunder of Sedburgh School in Yorkfhire ; in April 1551, that is within little more than a year after the fermon was delivered, King Edward VI. refounded the School. His bold words had angered many a hearer. In the very outfet of this fermon. Lever fays that there were not wanting men who faid of a true preacher that he had "learned his leffon in Jackanapes court": but idle jefts would not turn him from his earneft purpofe. He could not endure that the rich fhould wafte their money in riotous living whilft " olde Fathers, poore Wydpwes, and yong Chyldren lye beggyng in the myrie ftretes." We have loft, in thefe poliflied days, the roughnefs, the occafional coarfenefs, of thefe Thomas Lever at Paul's Crofs. 201 earneft old preachers : and we have loft, too, what is of the higheft value, the dauntlefs courage which enables men to denounce the crying evils of the time. We fee them and are filent. Time is wafted 6n quef- tions of infinitely fmall importance, whilft great fms and crying wickedneffes pafs unrebuked. Paul's Crofs was not filent. Lever's third fermon, at Paul's Crofs, is not inferior in ability or in earneftnefs to thofe which preceded it. He lafties once more the covetoufnefs of the times, and the prevailing corruptions. High places in the ftate are bought and fold ; not merit nor ability, but money, is the ftepping-ftone to power. Every fecular office is in truth a religious office, every Chriftian commonwealth is the fold of Chrift's fheep : yet a man would take fuch office only that he might enrich himfelf. " O that no man in thys faute wer gilty, then myght I be fure yat no man wold be offended." Thofe who held feveral offices or benefices are again cenfured : a fmall portion only of the revenues " doth ferue two honeft menne whyche ye leaue in your abfence." " Herke you that haue three or foure benefyces. I wyll fay the beft for you that can be fpoken. Thou lyeft al wayes at one of thy benefyces, thou arte abfente alwayes from three of thy benefyces. Thou kepeft a good houfe at one of thy benefyces, thou kepeft no houfe at three of thy benefyces. Thou doeft thy deutye at one of thy benefyces, thou doeft no dutye at thre of thy benefices. Thou femeft to be a good manne in one place, and in dede thou arte 202 . Hijlory of Old Saint PauPs. founde noughte in thre places. Wo be vntoo you worfe then Scrybes and Pharifeis, Hypocrytes, whyche fhut vp the kyngedome of heauen afore menne, kepynge the paryfhe fo that neyther you enter in your felfe, neyther fuffer them that would enter in and do theyr dewtye, to haue your roumes and commodities. Woo be vnto you, dumme Dogges, choked wyth benefyces, fo that ye be not able to open your mouthes to barcke agaynfte plu- ralytyes, improperacions, bying of voufons,* nor againft anye euyll abufe of the cleargies lyuynges." Great and rich men took to themfelves the advan- tage and the profit of benefices, and gave unto their very children, " being ignoraunte babes, the names and tytles of Perfonnages, Prebendes, Archedeacon- ryes, and of all manner of offyces." Plain fpeaking was mofh neceffary, the whole fabric of fociety feemed corrupt. But, left the laity ftiould be boaftful, they fhall have a Parthian fhot before the preacher ends. " You of the laytye, when ye fee thefe fmall motes in the eyes of the clargye, take heede too the greate beames that be in your owne eyes. But alas I feare leaft yat ye haue no eyes at all. For as hypocrify and fuper- fticion dooeth bleare the eyes : So couetoufneffe and ambycyon doeth putte the eyes cleane out. For yf ye were not ftarke blynd ye would fe and be afhamed that where as fyfty tunne belyed Monckes, geuen to glottony, fylled theyr pawnches, kept vp theyr houfe, * Buying of advowfons. Thomas Lever at Paul's Crofs. 203 and relyued the whol country round about them, ther one of your gredye guttes deuowrynge the whole houfe and makyng great pyllage throughoute the countrye, cannot be fatiffyed." The Sermon has a prefatory Epiftle, and this Epiftle is dedicated " unto the right honorrable Lordes, and others of the Kynges Mageftie hys Priuye Counfell," wifhing them " in- creafe of Grace and godly honoure." There muft have been fome amongft them who felt that the preacher's arrow found its way through the joints of the harnefs. He proceeds to plead the caufe of the Univerfity of Cambridge. Henry VHI. had made liberal gifts to it for " the exibition and fyndynge of fiue learned menne to reade and teache dyuynitye, lawe, Phyfycke, Greke, and Ebrue." Thofe around the King had defeated his good intentions. We " haue jufhe occa- fion to fufpedte that you haue decyued boeth the kynge and vniuerfitie, to enryche youre felues." The funds had been alienated, the number of the ftudents was confequently reduced. He gives a fketch of the lives of fome of the " poore, godly, dylygent ftu- dentes." " There be dyuers ther whych ryfe dayly betwixte foure and fyue of the clocke in the mor- nynge, and from fyue vntyll fyxe of the clocke, vfe common prayer wyth an exhortacion of gods worde in a commune chappell, and from fixe vnto ten of the clocke vfe euer eyther pryuate ftudy or commune leftures. At ten of the clocke they go to dynner, whereas they be content with a penye pyece of byefe* * Bifliop Fleetwood in his Chronicon Precio/mn (pp. 116, 117). 204 Hijlory of Old Saint Pant's. amongeft iiij. hauying a fewe porage made of the brothe of the fame byefe, wyth falte and otemell, and nothynge els. After thys flender dinner they be either teachynge or learnynge vntyll v. of the clocke in the euenyng, when as they haue a fupper not much better then theyr dyner. Immedyatelye after the whyche, they go eyther to reafonyng in problemes, or vnto fome other fludye, vntyll it be nyne or tenne of the clocke, and there beyng wythout fyre are fayne to walk or runne vp and downe halfe an houre, to gette a heate on their feete whan they go to bed. Thefe be menne not werye of theyr paynes, but very forye to leue theyr ftudye : and fure they be not able fome of theym to contynue for lacke of necef- farye exibicion and relefe. Thefe be the lyuyng fayntes whyche ferue god takyng greate paynes in abftinence, ftudye, laboure and dylygence, wyth watching and prayer." A colleftion fhould be made among the rich merchants of the City to fupport thefe poor laborious ftudents. The Grammar Schools, too, had been grievoufly plundered "by reafon of the gredye couetoufnes of you that were put in truft by God and the kynge to erefte and make grammer fcholes in manye places." Impropriations are, once more, vigoroufly de- edit. 1 707), fays, quoting Stow, that in 1533 it was ena came Richard Hooker wet, weary, and weather-beaten ;, worn out by his long ride upon an ill-paced horfe which would not trot. The houfe was kept at that time by one John Churchman, fometime a draper of good note in Watling Street, but who had fallen into poverty. Mrs. Churchman nurfed the great theologian- carefully, gave him a warm bed, and proper food, and by her diligent attendance fo far cured his cold that. he was ablg to preach his fermon, whereof he had defpaired. But her kindnefs was fatal to his peace.. Mrs. Churchman deluded the good fimple man — (Fuller J fpeaks of his "dove-like fimplicity") — per- fuaded him " that he was a man of a tender conftitu- tion " — and " that it was befb for him to have a wife,, that might prove a nurfe to him ; fuch an one as might both prolong his life, and make it more com- fortable " — nay, fhe went on to fay, that " fuch an one * Mackenzie Walcott, Traditions and Cujloms, p. 87. t Walton's Life of Hooker, prefixed to Keble's edition ofi' Hooker's Works, i. pp. 22, 23 (sth edit.). % Fuller, Hifiory, v. p. 235. PauVs Crofs : its Later Hijlory. 227 fhe could and would provide for him, if he thought fit to marry." He was entrapped into a marriage with Mrs. Churchman's daughter, who had " neither beauty nor portion :" and, worfe ftill, was of a fhrewd temper. She proved a thorough Xantippe. As Melanfthon was feen by a friend with a book in one hand, whilft the other rocked a cradle ; fo, when two of his college friends came to vifit him, " Richard was called to rock the cradle." Profound theological learning had not made him a match for a defigning mother and an ill- conditioned daughter. In 1595, November 17th, "a day of great triumph for the long and profperous raigne of her Majestic at London, the Pulpit Croffe in Paules Churchyard was newrepayred, and partly inclofed with a wal of bricke," as Stow records in his Annals. " Doflour Fletcher, Bifliop of London, preached there in prayfe of the queene." The trumpets founded upon the church leads, the cornets winded, "the quirifters fung an antheme ;" on the fteeple many lights were burned, the Tower fhot off her ordnance, the bells were rung, and bonfires made. On May 30th, 1630, King Charles I., having attended divine Service in S. Paul's Cathedral, " went into a roome and heard the Sermon at Paules Croffe." Three years later, in 1633, the Sermons which ufually; had been preached at the Crofs were removed into the Choir of the Cathedral* The Vergers, in a Peti- * Dugdale, S. Paul's, p. 91, note. IS— 2 228 Hi/lory of Old Saint PauVs. tioti preferved amongft the State Papers,* fays that " for the repaire of the Church the Sermons appointed for the Crofs were remooved from the yard into the Quire." There is good reafon to believe that about this time the Crofs itfelf was taken down. Dugdale ftates, very plainly, that in " 1643, Ifaac Penington being Lord Mayor, the famous Crofs in the churchyard, which had been for many ages the moft noted and folemn place in this nation, for the graveft divines and greateft fcholars to preach at, was, with the refb of the croffes about London and Weftminfter, by further order of the faid Parliament pulled down to the ground.''^- This is a very clear and definite ftate- ment ; but is it accurate ? It has been repeated without queflion again and again.f There is a view in Wilkinfon's Londina Iliujirata reprefenting the pulling down of Cheapjide Crofs, and on the plate is engraved a fhort account which ftates that it was pulled down on the 2nd of May, 1643, and that on May lOth, the Book of Sports was burnt by the common hangman on the place where the Crofs had flood. It is ufually fuppofed that Paul's Crofs fell at the fame time, but Profeffor Gardiner has brought under my notice a paffage from a fomewhat rare traft, A dialogue between the Crojfe in Cheap and Cliaring Crofs, publifhed in 1641, which ferves to caft confider- able doubt upon the commonly received opinion. * Printed in my Documents, pp. 140, 141. f S. PauPs, p. 109. J I have lately repeated it (alas !) in Documents, etc. (Camden Society). Paul's Crofs : Us Later Hijiory. 229 The Crofs in Cheap and Charing Crofs are holding a converfation, and the following words are fpoken : ''Char. Paul's Croffe, the mofl famous preaching place, is downe and quite taken away, " Cheap. It is true, but with an intent to be built fairer and bigger when the Church ftiall be finifhed." If Paul's Crofs was "downe and quite taken away" in 1641, it is exceedingly improbable that it was re- erefted in time to be pulled down by the Lord Mayor in 1643. It was certainly down on May i6th, 1643, for on that day a Court was holden under the pre- fidency of Sir Ifaac Pennington, when a petition was read from the Parifhioners of " fifaithes vnder Paules Church," in which complaint is made that the " Stones, rubbifh, pales, and fheds " in the Churchyard are of much detriment to the Parifhioners and are a hindrance to the entrance of light into their houfes. The Court orders that the obftru6lions be removed ; and further appoints Sir John Gayre, Knight and Alderman, and Mr. Alderman Gibbs, " to confider of a convenient and fitt place within the faid yard for a , pulpitt to ftand in, and alfo of a convenient place for the Lord Maior and Aldermen to fitt in to heare the Word of God preached as heretofore hath byn accuf- tomed vpon the Lords day." The faid Aldermen are "to certefie vnto this Court theyre doeings and opinions."* It mud be confeffed that Sir Ifaac Pennington has been wronged in this matter. Certainly his other * Records in the Guildhall. Repertory, 56, 1642-43 (unpub- liflied). 230 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. deeds would not lead one to think that he would have had any diflike to pull down a Crofs ; but probably Paul's Crofs had nothing about it to offend him, fave, indeed, the Crofs at its fummit. No figures of faints, no effigy of the Virgin and Child, as at Cheapfide Crofs, would have ftirred his wrath : Paul's Crofs was but an outdoor pulpit. If the evidence of the traft juft cited is to be believed — and there feems no reafon to doubt it— the Crofs had been taken down only in order that • it might be rebuilt " fairer and bigger " when the Church was finifhed. Dugdale, however, who died on February loth, 1685 — and worthy Thomas Fuller, who died Auguft 1 6th, 1 66 1 — might fairly have been fuppofed to give us good teftimony upon a contemporary event. The latter fays, "No zealot reformer (whilft Egypt was Chriftian) demolifhed the Pyramids under the notion of Pagan Monuments."* And afterwards, regretting the dcftru6lion of Paul's Crofs, he fays, " Methinks, though idle croffes, ftanding only for fhow, were pub- lifhed for offenders, this ufeful one which did fuch fervice, might have been fpared. But all is fifh which comes to the net of facrilege." It was " guilty of no other fuperftition fave accommodating the preacher and fome about him with convenient places."-}- The Charge Books of the Cathedral throw fome light upon this difficult point : for in June, 1635, * Pisgah-Sight, iiv. p. 83. See Mr. J. E. Bailey's excellent Life of Fuller, p. 442. f Fuller's Worthies of England, edit. 1840, ii. pp. 136, 137. Paul's Crofs : its Later Hijiory. 231 labourers were employed in carrying away " the Lead, Timber, &c., that were puU'd downe of the Roomes where the Prebends of the Church, the Doftors of the Law, and the Parifhioners of St. ffaith's did fett to heare Sermons at St. Pauls Croffe." Extenfive re- pairs were, at this time, being carried out at the Eaftern end and Northern fide of the Cathedral. The volume* from which the above paffage is taken is one of the Charge Books, finely tranfcribed on vellum ; the laft page bears, amongfl: other fignatures, thofe of Archbifliop Laud, Bifliop Juxon, Lord Arundel and Surrey, Lord Manchefter, Inigo Jones, and Windebank. Succeeding entries in the fame Volume render , it highly probable that the Crofs had previoufly been taken down, and that preparations were being made for its re-ereftion. Certainly the Crofs had been mofl: impartial. Every phafe of religious opinion had found expreffion there. Hear what Carlylef fays : "Paul's Crofs was a kind of Stone Tent, with leaden roof, at the N.E. corner of Paul's Cathedral, where fermons were ftill, and had long been, preached in the open air ; crowded devout congregations gathering there, with forms to fit on, if you came early. Queen Elizabeth ufed to ' tune her pulpits,' fhe faid, when there was any great thing on hand ; as Governing Perfons now ftrive to tune the Morning Newfpapers. Paul's Crofs, a kind of Times Newfpaper, but edited partly * Preferved amongft the archives of the Cathedral. Preff- mark, W. F. 4. t Letters and Speeches of O. Cromwell, edit. 1873, i. pp. 55, 56. 232 Hijlory of Old Saint Pauls. by Heaven itfelf, was then a moft important entity !" In procefs of time the precife fite of Paulas Crofs was forgotten. It was referved for Mr. Penrofe, the Cathedral Surveyor,* to fearch dih'gently for it and to find it. The outline of the odlagonal bafe may now be feen, in the churchyard, at the N.E. angle of the Choir of the prefent Cathedral. A portion of the podium coincides with the wall of the exifting church : it would have been about twelve feet diflant from the walls of old S. Paul's. Mr. Penrofe has favoured the writer with a Iketch of his difcoveries, from which it appears that the o6lagonal bafe meafured about thirty- feven feet acrofs. The fides of the o6lagon were not parallel to the axis of the old Cathedral, but four of the fides faced very nearly to the four cardinal points. The platform itfelf was fupported by a vault. A brick wall was found which probably carried the timber fupports of the pulpit proper. The probable diameter of the pulpit itfelf was eighteen feet. * On April 2, 1879, I had the great pleafure of receiving a note from Mr. Penrofe, in which he wrote, " We have found the foundation of S. Paul's Crofs.'' PAUL'S WALK. CHAPTER XIII. PAUL'S WALK. HE grand and fpacious Nave of the Cathe- dral obtained the name of Paul's Walk : a name only too fuggeftive of the profana- tions of which it became the fcene. It was the common lounge of the idler, the Fop's Alley of the day. It will be remembered that there v/ere two doors exaftly oppofite to each other, piercing the north and fouth walls, about the middle of the Nave ; and that there were grand entrances at each of the tranfepts. Thefe two fets of doors, immediately oppofite to each other, were only too fuggeftive to the profane of the eafe with which a fhort cut might be made from one fide of the churchyard to the other. A common thoroughfare was foon eftablifhed. Pre- fently men were not fatiffied with merely pafling through the Church. The porter with his heavy burden on his fhoulders, the water-carrier with his buckets, found it pleafant enough to fet down their burdens, and to reft in the cool Ihade of the maffive 236 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. pillars. Nor was this all, for both men and women foon began to bring their wares into the holy place, and to buy and fell and get gain. As early as the year 1385, Bifhop Braybrooke, from his Palace hard by the Cathedral, writes a very vigorous letter to his faithful laity upon the fubjefl of the buyers and fellers in the Church of S. Paul.* He calls to mind the ex- ample of the Divine Redeemer, who vifited the Temple at Jerufalem, and "feeing that the people were more intent on buying and felling than on prayers," caft out the offenders, and proclaimed that they had made the Houfe of God a den of thieves. So, alas, it had come to pafs that in the very Cathedral of S. Paul on ordinary days, and ftill more on feftival days, men and women thronged to the holy place with their merchandife. There, at their feveral ftanding places, juft as in a public market, they expofed their wares. Other pollutions took place which revealed themfelves not only to the eyes but alfo to the noftrils of the faithful. Some took delight in hurling ftones at the crows, pigeons, and other birds, which built their nefts about the towers and battlements ; whilft fome, more daring ftill, fliot at them with arrows and crofs-bow bolts, breaking the piflured windows, and even the ftatues which graced the exterior. Solemn monition is to be given by all Reftors, Vicars, Curates, and other Clergy throughout the City of London to their people, abfolutely forbidding fuch profanations, under pain of the Greater Excommunication. And if, after *• I have printed the letter, from the original entry in Bilhop Braybrooke's Regifter, in my Stalula S. Pauli, pp. 391-2. Paul's Walk. 237 the monition had been thrice repeated, any were fo bold as to tranfgrefs. the offenders were to be puWicly excommunicated in due form, with bells, candles, and crofs. The Statutes of the Cathedral, however, prove that the abufes continued. One Statute, in particular, provides that if the buyers and fellers defpifed the ecclefiaftical cenfures, the vergers fliould feize upon their wares and call them on the pavement* Nor muft it be fuppofed that fuch evil praftices were peculiar to S. Paul's. The ancient Statutes of Wells Cathedral contain a fimilar clause,t and the like abufes were common enough elfewhere. At Exeter it was the firft aft of Seth Ward (afterwards Bilhop of Salifbury) on his appointment as Dean in 1661, to " cad out of the Temple the Buyers and Sellers, who had ufurp'd it, and therein kept diftinft fhops to ventj their Ware," as Dr. Walter Pope, his biographer, records. " At Durham there was a regular thorough- fare acrofs the nave until 1750, and at Norwich until 1748, when Bifhop Gooch flopped it. The naves of York and Durham were fafhionable promenades. The Confeffor's Chapel made, on occafion, a con- venient play-ground for Weftminfter Scholars, who were allowed, as late as 1829, to keep the fcenes for their annual play in the triforium of the north tranfept."§ * Statuta S. Pauli, p. 79. + Statuta Wellens: Lambeth Library, MS. No. 929, p. 60. X So in original. Pope's Life of Seth Ward, 8vo, London, 1697, p. 5S- § Abbey and Overton's Englifh Church in the Eighteenth Century, ii. p. 419. 238 Hi/lory of Old Saint Paul's. If fuch flagrant abufes were common before the Reformation, when the Church was full of Altars, venerated images, fhrines, and paintings, it can hardly" be matter of furprife that they were greatly augmented when the Altars were deftroyed and the fculpture and painting were alike removed. The Divine Service was faid for the moft part in the Choir, which was fhut off from the refl of the Church by its clofe fcreen. The broad nave and tranfepts ceafed to be regarded as holy. In 1598, Bifhop Bancroft held a Vifitation of the Cathedral ; fome of the returns made by the Clergy and Officials are ftill preferved in the Cathedral Record Room.* They difclofe a lamentable ftate of things. One of the Vergers ftates that the Nave was " a comon paflage and thorowfaire for all kinde of Burden-bearing people, as Colliers with facks of Coles, Porters with Bafkettes of flefhe, and fuch like." Another perfon complains "that Porters, Butchers, Water-berers, and who not ? be fuffred, in fpeciall in tyme of fervice, to carrye and recarrye whatfoever, no man withftandynge them or gaynfayenge them." Even the chorifter boys, " the children of the queer,'' were eager in fearch of fpur money ; and there was " fuche noyfe of children and others in the fide chaples and churche at the devine fervice and fer- mondes that a man may fcarce be hearde for the noyfe of them." Spur-money was a fee claimed by * I have printed a feleflion from thefe in Statuta S. Pwuli, pp. 276-278. PauVs Walk. 239 chorifter boys from any perfon entering the church wearing fpurs. The perfon from whom it was claimed had, however, the right of calling on the youngeft chorifter to fing his gamut ; if he failed to do fo, the fpur-wearer efcaped fcot-free. It is faid that the Duke of Wellington was challenged by one of the boys at the Chapel Royal, but that he efcaped by this device. The cuftom lingered at Peterborough as late as 1847.* In the Privy Purfe Expenfes of Henry VII. occurs this entry : "1495. Oct. To the children,for the King's fpoures 4.3": from which it would appear that even Kings were not exempt from the payment. The allufions to Paul's Walk in the literature of the fixteenth and feventeenth centuries are very frequent and are well known. A few only fhall be cited here. In The Burnynge of Paules Church, a rare little book, printed in 1562-3, Bifhop Pilkington fays: " The South Alley for Ufurye and Popery, the North for Simony, and the Horfe Faire in the middeft for all kind of bargains, metings, brawlinges, morthers, confpiracies, and the Font for ordinarie paymentes of money, are fo well knowen to all menne as the begger knowes his difhe."f There was a " Serving man's pillar," where fervants out of place waited to be hired. Falftaff, it will be remembered, engaged Bardolph as his fervant in Paul's : * Statuta S. Pauli, p. 275, note, t The Burnynge, etc. G. iiij. 240 Hiftory of Old Saint Paul's. " Fal. Where's Bardolph -? Page. He's gone into Smithfield, to buy your worfliip a horfe. Fal. I bought him in Paul's, and he'll buy me a horfe in Smith- field."* Ben Jonfon lays the fcene of the third Act of his play, Every Man out of his Humour, in Paul's Walk. John Chamberlain, fon of an Alderman of London, interchanged a good deal of correfpondence with Dudley Carleton, afterwards Lord Vifcount Dor- chefter, and the following paffages from the letters that paffed between them will fhow that in the year 1600 Paul's Walk was the common place of meeting and of goffip for London loungers :-f- " Nobody in Powles, folitudo ante ojlium in Little Britain, and all as clofe and quiet as if it were mid- night." " Powles is fo furnilht that it affords whatfoever is flirring in France, and I can gather there at firft hand to ferve my turne fufificiently." " Here is nobody to talk with, for Pauls is as empty as a barn at Midfummer." Bifhop Corbet, who loved the Cathedral, and de- livered a very quaint and forcible Charge to the Clergy of his Diocefe of Norwich,! urging them to contribute to its reftoration ; yet could fpeak in fuch terms as thefe in his Elegie written upon the death of Dr. Ravis, Bifhop of London, who died in 1609 : * Henry /K,Pt. 2, A. i. Sc. 2. t Chamberlain's Letters, pp. 88, 176; and Calendar of State Papers, Eliz., vol. 275. X Printed in my Dcaiments,tX.c. pp. 134-139. PatiVs Walk. 241 " When I paft Paules, and travell'd in that walke Where all oure Brittaine-finners fweare and talke ; Ould Harry-ruffians, bankerupts, futhe fayers, And youth, whofe ccufenage is as ould as theirs." Samuel Speed, in The Legend of his Grace Hum- phrey, Duke of S. Paul's Cathedral Walk, fays, in 1674 : " Some with their beads unto a pillar crowd. Some mutter forth, forae fay their graces loud ; Some on devotion come to feed their mufe ; Some come to fleep, or walk, or talk of news." But Bifhop Earle — he was Bifhop, fucceffively, of Worcefter and of Salifbury, and a ftaunch royalift — gives a fingularly graphic account of Paul's Walk in his very quaint and remarkable book, Microcofmo- graphy, firft publilhed in 1628. It is really worth while to extradl the whole paffage.* " Paul's Walk is the land's epitome, or you may call it the leffer ifle of Great Britain. It is more than this, the whole world's map, which you may here difcern in its perfefteft motion, juftling and turning. It is a heap of ftones and men, with a vaft confufion of lan- guages ; and, were the fteeple not fanftified, nothing liker Babel. The noife in it is like that of bees,- a ftrange humming or buzz mixed of walking, tongues, and feet : it is a kind of ftill roar, or loud whifper. It is the great exchange of all difcourfe^ and no bufmefs whatfoever but is here ftirring and afoot. It is the fynod of all pates politick, jointed and laid together in mofb ferious pofture, and they are not half fo bufy * From the edition edited by Dr. Blifs in 181 1, pp. 116-119. 16 242 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. at the parliament. It is the antick of tails to tails, and backs to backs, and for vizards you need go no farther than faces. It is the market of young leflurers, whom you may cheapen here at all rates and fizes. It is the general mint of all famous lies, which are here, like the legends of popery, firfl coined and ftamped in the church. All inventions are emptied here, and not few pockets. The beft fign of a temple in it is, that it is the thieves' fanfluary, which rob more fafely in the crowd than a wildernefs, whilfb every fearcher is a bufh to hide them. It is the other expence of the day, after plays, tavern, and a bawdy- houfe ; and men have ftill fome oaths left to fwear here. It is the ear's brothel, and fatiffies their luft and itch. The vifitants are all men without excep- tions, but the principal inhabitants and poffeffors are flale knights and captains * out of fervice ; men of long rapiers and breeches, which after all turn mer- chants here and traffic for news. Some make it a preface to their dinner, and travel for a ftomach ; but thriftier men make it their ordinary, and board here very cheap. Of all fuch places it is leafl haunted with hobgoblins, for if a ghoft would walk more he could not." Certainly the Bifhop writes with an unfparing pen. It has been thought better to prefent the pifture exaftly as he has drawn it, without foftening the more repulfive features. Other allufions to the fubjefl will be found in T/u In the Dramatis Per/ona to Ben Jonfon's Every Man in his Humour, Bobadil is ftyled a PauFs Man. Paul's Walk. 243 Meeting of Gallants at an Ordinarie ; or, The Walkes in Powles, a unique trafl ; the only copy known is in the Bodleian Library. It was printed in 1604, and was reprinted by Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps for the Percy Society in 1841.* The following paffage occurs in it: " But fee yonder Signior Stramazoon and Signior Kickfhawe, now of a fuddaine allighted in Powles with their durtie Bootes. Lets encounter them at the fift Pillar ; in them you fhall finde my talke verified, and the fafhion truly piftured. . . Mee thinkes, Signiors, this middle of Powles lookes fhrange and bare, like a long-hayrde Gentleman new powlde, waflit and fliaued. And I may fitly fay fliaued, for there was neuer a lufhy Shauer feene walking here this halfe yeare ; efpecially if he loued his life, hee would reuolt from Duke Humfrey, and rather bee a Wood-cleauer in the Countrey, then a cheft-breaker in London. But what Gallants march vp a pace now, Signiors ; how are the high waies fild to London ?" Even the very dreffes of the Gallants are thought worthy of notice : " But fee how we haue lofl our felues. Powles is changde into Gallants, and thofe which I faw come vp in old Taffata Doublets yefterday are flipt into nine yardes of Sattin to-day." Our lafl reference fhall be to Thomas Decker's The Gul's Horn-booke, imprinted at London in idog.f A * The reprint itfelf has now become fcarce. The paffages cited will be found at pages 11 and 14 of the Reprint. t The quotations are taken from the reprint edited in 1872 by Charles Hindley. 16 — 2 244 Hiflory of Old Saint P aid's. whole Chapter in this book (Chapter IV.), is devoted to the fubjeft, " How a Gallant fhould behave himfelf in Paul's Walks ;" and if our extrafts be rather lengthy, there will be fome excufe for the length, in the minute- nefs and value of the details that are given. "Your mediterranean ifle* is then the only gallery, wherein the pi6lures of all your true fafhionate and complemental Gulls are and ought to be hung up. Into that gallery carry your neat body ; but take heed you pick out fuch an hour, when the main fhoal of iflanders are fwimming up and down. . . . " Be circumfpeft, and wary what pillar you come in at ; and take heed in any cafe, as you love the reputa- tion of your honour, that you avoid the ferving-man's log, and approach not within five fathom of that pillar : but bend your courfe direftly in the middle line, that the whole body of the Church may appear to be yours ; where, in view of all, you may publifh your fuit in what manner you affeft moft, either with the Aide of your cloak from the one fhoulder ; and then you muft, as 'twere in anger, fuddenly fnatch at the middle of the infide, if it be taffeta at the leaft ; and fo by that means your coftly lining is betrayed, or elfe by the pretty advantage of compliment. But one note by the way do I efpecially woo you to, the negle6l of which makes many of our gallants cheap and ordi- nary, that by no means you be feen above four turns ; but in the fifth make yourfelf away, either in fome of the feamfter's Ihops, the new tobacco-office, or amongfh the book fellers, where, if you cannot read, exercife *» The middle aifle (as people incorredly call it) of the Nave. PauVs Walk. 245 your fmoke, and enquire who has writ againft this divine weed. For this withdrawing yourfelf a little will much benefit your fuit, which elfe, by too long walking, would be ftale to the whole fpeftators ; but howfoever, if Paul's Jacks* be once up with their elbows, and quarrelling to ftrike eleven, as foon as ever the clock has parted them and ended the fray with his hammer, let not the Duke's gallery f contain you any longer, but pafs away apace in open view. In which departure^ if by chance you either encounter, or aloof off" throw your inquifitive eye upon any knight or squire, being your familiar, falute him not by his name of Sir fuch a one, or fo ; but call him Ned, or Jack, &c. This will fet off your eftimation with great men. And if, though there be a dozen companies between you, 'tis the better, he call aloud to you, for that is moft genteel, to know where he fhall find you at two o'clock ; tell him at fuch an Ordinary, or fuch : and be fure to name thofe that are deareft, and whither none but your gallants refort. After dinner you may appear again, having tranflated yourfelf out of your Englifh cloth cloak into a light Turkey grogram, if you have that happinefs of fhifting. And then be feen, for a turn or two, to corredl your teeth with fome quill or filver inftrument, and to cleanfe your gums with a wrought handkerchief : it flcills not whether you dined or no, that is befl: known to your ftomach ; or in what place you dined, though it were with cheefe of your own mother's making, in your chamber or ftudy. " Now if you chance to be a gallant not much croffed * Figures ftriking the hours. f An allufion to Duke Humfrfiy; 246 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. among citizens ; that is, a gallant in the mercer's books, exalted for fatins and velvets ; if you be not fo much bleffb to be croffed ; (as I hold it the greateft bleffing in the world to be great in no man's books) your Paul's Walk is your only refuge ; the Duke's tomb is a fanftuary, and will keep you alive from worms, and land rats that long to be feeding on your carcafe. There you may fpend your legs in winter a whole afternoon ; converfe, plot, laugh, and talk any- thing : jeft at your creditor, even to his face, and in the evening, even by lamplight, fteal out, and fo cozen a whole covey of abominable catchpoles. Never be feen to mount the fteps into the Choir but upon a high feftival day, to prefer the fafhion of your doublet : and efpecially if the fmging-boys feem to take note of you, for they are able to buzz your praifes above their anthems, if their voices have not loft their [frefhnefs]. But be fure your filver fpurs dog your heels, and then the boys will fwarm about you like fo many white butterflies ; when you in the open choir fhall draw forth a perfumed embroidered purfe, the glorious fight of which will entice many countrymen from their devotion to wondering, and quoit filver into the boys' hands that it may be heard above the firft leflbn, al- though it be read in a voice as big as one of the great organs. " This noble and notable act being performed, you are to vanifh prefently out of the Choir and to appear again in the Walk. But in any wife be not obferved to tread there long alone, for fear you be fufpefted to be a gallant cafhiered from the fociety of captains and fighters. . . . Paul's Walk. 247 " All the difeafed horfes in a tedious fiege cannot fhow fo many fafhions as are to be feen for nothing every day in Duke Humphrey's Walk. If, therefore, you determine to enter into a new fuit, warn your tailor to attend you in Paul's, who, with his hat in his hand, fliall like a fpy difcover ,the fluff, colour, and fafliion of any doublet or hofe that dare be feen there : and, ftepping behind a pillar to fill his table- books with thofe notes, will prefently fend you into the world an accomplished man : by which means you fhall wear your clothes in print with the firft edition. But if fortune favour you fo much as to make you no more than a mere country gentleman, or but fome degrees removed from him, (for which I fhould be very forry, becaufe your London experience will coft you dear before you fhall have the wit to know what you are) then take this leffon along with you : the firft time that you venture into Paul's, pafs through the body of the Church like a porter, yet prefume not to fetch fo much as one whole turn in the middle ifle, no nor to cafl an eye to Si quis door, pafled and plaftered up with ferving-men's fupplications, before you have paid tribute to the top of Paul's Steeple with a fmgle penny. . . . Before you come down again I would defire you to draw your knife, and grave your name, or, for want of a name, the mark which you clap on your fheep, in great chara6lers upon the leads, by a number of your brethren, both citizens and country gentlemen. And fo you fhall be fure to have your name lie in a coffin of lead, when yourfelf fhall be wrapped in a winding-fheet ; and, indeed, the top of Paul's contains more names than Stow's Chronicle. 248 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. " Thefe lofty tricks being played/and you, thanks to your feet, being fafely arrived at tiie ftairs' foot again, your next worthy work, is to repair to my lord Chan- cellor's tomb ;* and, if you can but i-eafonably fpell, beftow fome time upon the reading of Sir Philip Sidney's brief epitaph.-f In the compafs of an hour you may make fhift to ftumble it out. The great dial is your laft monument : there beftow fome half of the threefcore minutes to obferve the faucinefs of the Jacks that are above the man in the moon there ; the ftrangenefs of the motion will quit your labour. Be- fides, you may here have fit occafion to difcover your watch, by taking it forth, and fetting the wheels to the time of Paul's ; which, I affure you, goes truer by five notes than S. Sepulchre's chimes. The benefit that will arife from hence is this, that you publifh your charge in maintaining a gilded clock, and withal the world fhall know that you are a time-pleafer. By this, I imagine, you have walked your bellyful : and thereupon being weary, or, which rather I believe, being moft gentlemanlike hungry, it is fit that I brought you into the Duke ; fo becaufe he follows the ** The huge monument to Sir Chriftopher Hatton, K.G., Lord Chancellor. f The epitaph as given by Dugdale (p. 72) coroprifes only eight lines of Englifti verfe : " England, Netherlands, the Heavens and the Arts, The Souldiers and the World, have made fix parts Of noble Sidney ; for none will fuppofe That a fmall heape of ilones can Sidney enclofe. His Bodie hath England, for fhe it bred, Netherlands his Blood in her defence Ihed, The Heavens have his Soule, the Arts have his Fame, All Souldiers the grief, the World his good Name." Paul's Walk. 249 fafhion of great men, in keeping no houfe, and that therefore you muft go feek your dinner; fuffer me to take you by the hand and lead you into an Ordinary." The quotation is of great length ; but the light which it cafts upon Paul's Walk juftifies its introduc- tion here. It might be thought that as Decker, its author, was a playwright, he has given us more of fancy and imagination than of real hiftory. But the previous extrafts from official documents, fuch as prefentments at an epifcopal vifitation ; the paffages from private letters ; the unbiaffed evidence of Bifhop Corbet, and, indeed, the concurring teftimony of con- temporary literature — all tend to fhow that the pi6lure is not overdrawn. Paul's Walk was, as was faid at the beginning of this chapter, the Fop's Alley of the day : and the noife and bufy profanity of the Nave even furged in upon Divine Service in the Choir. Bifhop Hall has much to fay about Si Quis Door :* " Saw'ft thou euer Siquis patch'd on Paul's Church Dore, To feek fome vacant Vicarage before 1 Who wants a Churchman that can feruice fay, Read fail and faire his monthly Homiley ? And wed, and bury, and make Chriflen-foules .-' Come to the left-fide Alley of Saint Poules. Thou feruile Foole : why could'fl thou not repaire To buy a Benefice at Steeple- Faire ? There moughteft. thou for but a flender price Aduowfon thee with fome fat benefice : Or if thee lift not wayt for dead mens' fhoon, Nor prayech morn th' Incumbents days wer done : A thoufand Patrons thither ready bring Their new-falne Churches to the Chaffering ; * Virgidemiarum, i2mo., London, 1597, Lib. ii. Sat. 7, quoted in Dugdale, p. 107. 250 Hijiory of Old Saint PauVs. Stake three yeares Stipend ; lio man aiketh more : Go, take poffeffion of the Church-Porch-doore, And ring thy bels : lucke-ftroken in thy fift, : The Parfonage is thine, or ere thou wift. Saint Fooles of Gotain mought thyparifh bee. For this thy bafe and feruile Symonie.'' It would appear that even fo late as 171 1, when Pope publifhed his EJifay on Criticifm there was ftill great room for amendment. For he fays : " No place fo facred from fuch fops is barr'd, Nor is Paul's Church more fafe than Paul's Churchyard : Nay, fly to altars ; there they'll talk you dead ; For fools rufh in where angels fear to tread."* Even in 1724 when Bifhop Gibfon vifited the Cathedral, he records that " There hath grown an evil cuftom of great numbers of perfons walking and talk- ing in the body of the Cathedral Church during the time of Divine Service in the Choir, and more efpe- cially on the Lord's Day, to the great difturbance of the faid Service, and the profanation of the houfe of God, and the offence of many ferious and good Chriftians." And he enjoins the Dean and Refiden- tiaries "to prevent the fame for the future,'' and if neceffary, to put in aftion the ftatute made in the firft year of William and Mary, ca/. 18, againft any who " willingly and of purpofe malicioufly and contemptu- oufly come into any Cathedral or Parifh Church, and difquiet or difturb the fame."i- It is to be fuppofed that the vigorous courfe of aftion recommended by the Bishop produced its natural effe6l. * Effay, vv. 623-626. f Statnta, p. 311. 5. PAULS DURING THE INTERREGNUM. CHAPTER XIV. S. PAUL'S DURING THE INTERREGNUM. |HE firft edition of Sir William Dugdale's Hijlory of S. PauVs Cathedral was iffued in 1658 ; "making therefore its period," as its author fays in the preface to the fecond edition (printed in 17 16), "with the commencement of the late wicked Rebellion raifed by the Seftaries and their Adherents." He, naturally enough, does not enlarge very much upon the fortunes of the Cathedral during the times of the Interregnum. If he fays but little, however, that little is worthy of attention. We are able, from other fources, from Documents preferved at the Record Office and elfe- where, to add fome details of confiderable intereft to thofe who, having feen the Cathedral in its fplendour, can bear to look upon it in its humiliation. Charles I. fuffered on Tuefday, 30th January, 1648-9, and Oliver Cromwell was not proclaimed Proteftor till i6th December, 16=3. Long before the death of the King the troubles began. 254 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. From time to time there were ferious difturbances caufed by the unruly foldiery. In a letter fent from London by one Andrew Newport to Sir Richard Levefon,* 28th January, 1639-40, the writer fays that " a troop of horfe and a company of foot laft night broke open the houfe of a draper in Paul's Church- yard, and carried away ;^4CX)0 to Whitehall, for which they would fhow the draper (a Common Councilman) no order. To-day the man was attending at the Parliament door, but what fatiffaftion he hath I do not yet hear." Drapers, at that time, had their head- quarters in Paternofter Row : " this ftreet, before the Fire of London, was taken up by eminent mercers, filkmen, and lacemen."f Pepys has recorded, amongfi: other matters of equal importance, that on 17th May, 1662, he and his wife, with Lady Sandwich, went " on foot to Paternofter Row, to buy a petticoat againft the Queen's coming, for my lady, of plain fatin." Se6laries and fanatics propounded their opinions in public places. Amongft the A£bs of the Court of High CommifTion in the year 1640 is an entry relating to one James Hunt, of Sevenoaks, Kent. " The Court being informed that Hunt was a fanatic and frantic perfon, a hufbandman, and altogether illiterate, who took upon him to preach and expound the Scriptures, and was lately taken abfurdly preaching on a ftone in S. PauPs Churchyard, ordered him to be committed to Bridewell and remain there till further orders." % * Duke of Sutherland's MSS., Hijlorical MSS. Commifwii, vol. V. p. 132, a. f Strype's Stow, Book iii. p. 195. X Calendar 0/ State Papers, Domejlic, 1640, p. 415. Saint Paul's during the Interregnum. 255 In November of the fame year, John Rous, Incum- bent of Santon Downham, Suffolk, writes : " In Paules Church lately, a great tumult againft Doftor Ducke and others in the High CommifTion within the Con- fiftory ; who efcaping, much outrage was fhewed in the Confiftorie to the feates, &c. The Bifhops, guarded with muflcet-men, came to the Convocation-houfe."* This is, in all probability, a brief notice of the ferious riot more fully recorded by CoUier-f- under the date 2ift Oftober, 1640. " When the High Commiffion fat at S. Paul's, about two thoufand Brownifts infulted. the Court, pulled down all the benches in the Con- fiftory, and cried out they would have no Bifhops and no High CommifTion. Thus the king, by this tumult, was put to the expenfe of ordering a guard for S. Paul's, as he had done before at Weftminfter, for the proteftion of the Convocation. On the 3rd of November, the Long Parliament, which proved 'fo fatal to the King, met at Weftminfter." Preachers thought it neceffary to allude to the troubles of the times in their public fermons. " Upon Tuefday, Nov. 17," ftill in the year 1640, "when the fafl was kept at London for the Parliament, &c., I was at S. Paul's Church," fays John RousJ " where one Mr. Stanwicke (or Kanwicke), a Chaplain to my lord of Ely, preached on Nehemiah i. verfe 4, who, upon jufl occafion, in opening the ftory of the Jewifh pref- fures and calamities which caufed Nehemiah to faft, * Diary of John Rous (Camden Society), p. 99. t Ecchfiajlical Hijlory of Great Britain, vol. viii. p. 184. X Diary of John Rous, p. 103. 256 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. Sec, did fay that the care of the Jews to have Jeru- falem rebuilded in her walls and the gates fet up, was not to mainteine rebellion and keepe out the King's authority, but to defend themfelves againft Tobiah, Sanballah, and fuch great men as under the King (whom they flattered with lies) /ought to oppreffe them." Vigorous preaching that ! and going ftraight to the mark. In 1642 " a defign was now forming in the Parlia- ment for lopping the revenues of the Church, and fupprefllng the Deaneries and Chapters." Dr. John Hacket, prebendary of S. Paul's and archdeacon of Bedford, was fele6led by the Clergy to plead their caufe before the Houfe of Commons. The heads of his fpeech may be read in Collier.* He commenced with a brief apology ; he was ftraitened in time — the bufmefs had been put upon him only the after- noon before — the obje6lions to be offered againft the Cathedral bodies had not been fubmitted to him. He defended the public prayers of the Church, and fhowed the benefit of preaching in Cathedrals, on weekdays as well as on Sundays — which indeed had been the cuftom ever fince the Reformation, in accordance with the Statutes of thefe mother Churches. Each Cathe- dral was a fort of univerfity in little and a fchool of learning ; he offered to produce, in proof, a lift of learned dignitaries ; the very thought of the fuppref- fion of Cathedrals had " ftruck a damp into the book- fellers' bufmefs." The buildings themfelves were the * Ecclefiajlical HiJlory of Great Britain, viii. p. 207. Saint Patil's during the Interregnum. 257 moft ancient monuments of Chriftianity in the country. Many thoufands of perfons depended on thefe grand inftitutions for their fuftenance. The Deans and Canons had been liberal landlords — the tenants affirmed this with confentient voice. The Englifh laity lived in plenty, why fhould the clergy be made, like Jeroboam's priefts, the "loweft of the people ?" The Papifhs would be delighted by the overthrow. And, above all, he warned his audience againft the fm of fpoliation — " Thou that abhorreft idols, doft thou commit facrilege?" Withdraw the encouragements of learning, and ignorance would reign : ignorance would carry us to profanenefs and confufion. The fpeech was eloquent and forcible, and "hand- fomely delivered," and had the queftion been imme- diately put to the vote, it was thought that the Clergy would have had a majority of one hundred and twenty. In the afternoon. Dr. Cornelius Burges pleaded the caufe of the Puritan party, and delivered a violent inveftive againft the Deans and Chapters. If his fpeech is rightly reported, he would have caft out the clergy but retained the endowments. Dr. Surges' fervices were not forgotten ; in due time he fwept into his purfe fome of the money which was confifcated. Bifhop after Biftiop was impeached. It was ferioufly propofed, though it muft be added that the bill was thrown out, " that every bifhop, being in his diocefe, and not difabled by ill health, fhould preach every Sunday, or pay five pounds to the poor, to be 17 258 Hi/lory of Old Saint PauVs, levied by the next juftice of peace, and diftrefs made by the conftable."* So that the conftable and the juftice would have been the bifliop's metropolitans. Archbifliop Williams, of York, is credited with this abfurdity. On September loth and 1 ith, 1642, a bill was paffed for the abolition of Biftiops, Deans, and Chapters :t and its effeft was foon felt at S. Paul's. A letter from Stephen Charlton to Sir Richard Levefon,J 25th Oftober, 1642, fpeaks of an "Order by Parliament yefterday that Paul's fhall be kept ftiut, and that all trades fhall Ihut up their fhops for a fmall time, and all prifoners that are in Tower or Gate Houfe fliall be kept clofe prifoners." A few days later, ift November, 1642, the Dean and Chapter petition the Houfe of Lords upon the fubje6t.§ "The Lord Mayor, alleging an Order in that behalf from their Lordfliips, has Ihut up the doors of the Church and taken the keys into his cuftody ; by which many well-affefted perfons cannot enjoy the frequent ufe of prayer, and fome cannot bury their deceafed friends by their anceftors as they defire. They pray that the Church may be again opened for thefe purpofes." Even fo late as 1660 the relations between the Cathedral and the City appear to have been of by no * Collier, viii. p. 214. + Dugdale, S. Paul's, p. 109. X Duke of Sutherland's MSS.,//?/7(7«Va/Af.S'5.C<7»«»2?^o«,v. p. 161, a. § Houfe of Lords' Calendar, ibid., v. p. 56, a. Satnt Paulas during the Interregmim. 259 means a too friendly chara6ler. Mr. Edward Gower writing to Sir R. Levefon fays (the date of the letter is, probably, November 22nd), " This Lord Mayor of London is troublefome to the Clergy of the old ftamp. The Bifhop fent to him that the Church might be fitted decently, and he would provide minifters to preach there. His anfwer was, that he would make no provifion for any of the finging-men, and when he faw the names of thofe he [the Bifhop of London] in- tended for Preachers, if he liked them they fhould have admittance."* The Bilhop was Gilbert Sheldon, who had been elefted to the fee of London 23rd Oftober, and confecrated at Weftmihfter on the 28th of the fame month : and who on the death of Arch- bifhop Juxon was tranflated to Canterbury. The Lord Mayor was Sir Thomas Alleyne. His claim to revife the lift of preachers appointed by the Bifhop feems fufficiently prepofterous. The high-handed dealing of Parliament with the Cathedrals foon made itfelf felt in the infliftion of great fuffering and diftrefs upon the Clergy and upon the Officers attached to thefe time-honoured fanc- tuaries. On Auguft 9th, 1644, a Petition was pre- fented to the Lords and Commons by the Minor Canons, Vicars Choral, and other officers of S. Paul's. It ftates that the Petitioners " having fpent their days in the performance of the duties and offices of the Church, are unfit for other ways of procuring their livelihood, and, the rents and revenues of the Church * Duke of Sutherland's MSS., Hijlorical MSS. Commijfiony V. p. 200, b. 17 — 2 26o Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. being fequeftered, they are likely to be utterly im- poveriflied." They pray " that they may enjoy during their lives all the rents and dues which they formerly had from the Dean and Chapter." The Petition was referred to the Committee for Sequeftrations.* On April 26th, 1645, the workmen lately employed upon the repairs of S. Paul's fend in their Petition. Divers fums of money are due to them ; they are ready to perifh for want. They pray that fome fcaffolding fluff and other materials belonging to the Church, "which, as the work goes not forward, will decay and be loft, may be fold for their benefit."t The workmen, naturally enough, were not flow to learn the leffons of confifcation and of facrilege. At the end of the Interregnum only one Minor Canon, fully admitted as a Member of that ancient College, could be found ; two others had been ad- mitted as Probationers. When Dean Barwick under- took the " difficult charge " of the Deanery, his firft care was " what it had alfo been' at Durham, to reftore the Celebration of Divine Service by the facred Mufic of a Choir." One minor Canon only remained at S. Paul's ; and he, it would feem, muft have been intruded into the office during Puritan times, for there was no evidence that he had ever been admitted into Priefts' Orders, " which, yet by the Statutes, all the Canons of this Church were obliged to be." He proved to be a worthy difciple of Dr. Burges, for he laid claim to the * Houfe of Lords' Calendar, Hiftorical MSS. Commiffion, vi. p. 22, a. t Ibid., vi. p. 56, a. Saint PattVs during the Interregnum. 261 whole revenues of the College of the Minor Canons, and had bought at a nominal rate, during the Troubles, fome of the fequeftered property of the College for his own ufe* The trials and miffortunes of the Cathedral Clergy are briefly related by John Walker in his Sufferings of the Clergy .--^ the phrafes which he ufes in defcribing the hardfhips endured by Bryan Walton, Prebendary of Twyford, " affaulted, fequeftered from his living, Plundered, Forced to fly, Barbaroufly ufed, grievoufly Harraffed," will apply to many more. Walton was one of the mofl learned men of the day. J The Cathe- dral Library poffeffes a magnificent Large Paper copy of his Polyglot Bible, mofl fumptuoufly bound, a worthy monument of his labours. But learning was out of fafhion. The greedy Cornelius Burges found favour, and Bryan Walton was ejefted from S. Paul's. On May loth, 1645, Parliament paffed an Ordi- nance§ enabling the Lord Mayor and the Court of Aldermen to feize and fequefter into their hands all the Houfes, Rents, and Revenues, of the Dean, Canons, and other officers of S. Paul's Cathedral. Dr. Burges alfo receives his reward : the houfe in which the Dean had lived, the old Deanery, is affigned to him as a refi- dence.; he is appointed "publike Leflurer in the Church of Paul's, London " (it is Saint Paul's no longer); and " for his incouragement therein " there is * Life of Dean Barwick, 8vo., Londoh, 1724, pp. 311-316. t Folio, London, 1714, pp. 47-54- X After the Refloration he was made Biftiop of Chefter. § Dugdale, pp. 415-417- 262 Hi/lory of Old Saint PatiVs. granted to him the fum of £ipo per annum. Very good pickings, Dr. Surges ! You were wife in fuggeft- ingthat the endowments fhould not be alienated : wife, that is, in your generation. Profeffor Brewer, in his notes to quaint old Fuller,* aims at you a fhaft which pierces through your harnefs, when he fays that you were " A railer againft bilhops, afterwards a purchafer of bifhop's lands." He was, in faft, fo large a pur- chafer of thefe lands that, a little before the Reflora- tion, he was offered and declined to take ;£'20,000 for what he had acquired. (What a convenient word " acquired " is !) After the Reftoration he was com- pelled to difgorge his plunder ; he was reduced, he fays, to want a piece of bread. He died in obfcurity in 1665, the anguifh of his diftrefs, augmented by a terrible difeafe. Dr. Hacket's warnings were not in vain. On March 13th, 1640, three noble Lords were in a boat upon the Thames ; Robert Greville, Lord Brooke, was in their company ; they were on their way to dine with Lord Herbert at his new houfe at Fox Hall. As they were pafling S. Paul's, the con- verfation naturally turned upon the commitment of Laud. One of the company faid, that he was forry for it, " becaufe the building of S. Paul's went flow on therewhile." Lord Brooke replied, " I hope fome of us fhall live to fee no one ftone left upon another of that building." A note of the occurrence is found in Laud's Diary. Two years afterwards, on March 2nd, 1642, Laud opens his Diary again, and this is his entry : " Thurfday, S. Cedd's day. The Lord Brooke * Church Hijlory, vi. pp. 188, 203, notes. Saint PatiVs during the Interregmim. 263 fliot in the left eye, and killed in the place, at Lich- field, going to give the onfet upon the Clofe of the Church, he having ever been fierce againfh Bifhops and Cathedrals : his beaver . up, and armed to the knees, fo that a mufket at that diftance could have done him but little harm. Thus was his eye put out, who about two years fince faid, he hoped to live to fee at S. Paul's not one ftone left upon another."* The com- ment is Archbifhop Laud's. The eloquent Dr. South makes very forcible ufe of the incident, and adds fome details. He fpeaks " of a commander in the parlia- ment's rebel army, who, coming to rifle and deface the Cathedral at Lichfield, folemnly at the head of his troops begged of God to fhow fome remarkable token of His approbation or diflike of the work they were going about. Immediately after which, looking out at a window, he was fliot in the forehead by a deaf and dumb man. And this was on S. Chad's day, the name of which Saint that Church bore, being dedi- cated to God in memory of the fame. Where we fee, that as he afked of God a fign, fo God gave him one, figning him in the forehead, and that with fuch a mark as he is like to be known by to all pofterity. There is nothing that the united voice of all hiflory pro- claims fo loud as the certain unfailing curfe that has purfued and overtook facrilege."t The Houfe of Commons was by no means inatten- tive to S. Paul's Cathedral. On January 2nd, 1642-3, * The Diary of the Life of Archbifhop Laud, Works, iii. pp. 241, 249. ■f South, Sermons, edit., London 1859, i. p. 55. 264 Hi/lory of Old Saint PauVs. they refolve " that my Lord Petre's Houfe in Alderf- gate Street, and the Dean of Paules his Houfe near Paules, fhall be appointed Prifons to receive the Prifoners that are coming from Chichefter, and," (ominous addition !) " fuch other prifoners as the Houfes fhall appoint : and that Mr. White be ap- pointed Keeper of my Lord Peter's Houfe, and Mr. Dillingham, Keeper of the Dean of Paules his Houfe." The Deanery, in which fuch men as Colet, Nowell, Overall, and Donne, had lived is turned into a Prifon. In the Journal of the Houfe of Lords, Sth January, 1642-3, are three draft Orders direfting that Lord Petre's houfe in Alderfgate, and the Bifliop of London's Palace near S. Paul's, and " Lambeth Houfe," fhould be ufed as Prifons. Two days later we iind in the records of the Houfe of Lords a Lift of tlu Prifoners in Lambeth Houfe.* What remained of the treafures of the Cathedral alfo engages the very earneft attention of the Houfe. They refolve on April 17th, 1644, "that the Cheft, or Silver Veffel, in Paul's, fhall be fold for the beft advan- tage, and employed towards the providing of necef- faries for the Train of Artillery, by the Committee at Grocers Hall." Seven days later, it is ordered, " that the materials informed of by Sir Robert Harley, be forthwith fold by Sir Robert Harley, viz., the Mitre and Crozier-ftaff found in Paul's Church London ; and the brafs and iron in Hen. VH. Chapel in Weft- minfter ; and the proceed thereof (the neceffary charges ** Houfe of Lords' Calendar, Hijlorical MSS. Commijfwn, V. p. 67, a. Saint PmiVs during the Interregnum. 265 dedufted) be employed according to the direftion of this Houfe."* Were any of thefe treafures ever reftored ? One or two, " rari nantes in gurgite vafto," found their way back. The Calendars of State Papers (Chas. II., vol. 109) preferve a Report by one Mr. Garret in 1664, " that Carey, late Verger of S. Paul's fays that Alder- man Pack of Blackwell Hall, or Mr. Jermyn the City Carpenter in Little Moorfields, can difcover the Will of Hen. VII. with feals affixed in filver boxes ; alfo a Chalice, Crofier-Staff and other things formerly be- longing to S. Paul's, in which Warner a verger may affift." The (so called) Will of Henry VII., fumptuouHy bound in velvet, with boffes glowing with enamel, is now in the Cathedral Library : but the Chalice, and the Crofier-Staff, where are they ? The floodgates were opened and the waters rapidly fpread. All repairs at the Cathedral ceafed. It had been the defire of Laud's heart to fee it reftored to its priftine grandeur. Amongft the " Things which I have projefted to dc, if God blefs me in them," the Archbifhop writes, fifth in order, "to fet upon the repair of S. PauFs Church in London." All kinds of encroachments had been allowed about the Cathedral. A temporary houfe had been built up againft the Weft end of it for the purpofes of a lottery : and after the lottery ended, was " finifhed up into, a dwelling houfe to the great annoyance of that church ; the Bifhops, and Dean, and Chapter being afleep while it was done." Laud boldly and refolutely charges them with * Dugdale, p. no. 266 Hijiory of Old Saint Pmil's. their fupinenefs, and with increafing their rents by a facrilegious revenue. His own love for the Cathedral fhowed itfelf not merely in words but in liberal gifts. He was able to fay at his trial, that his perfonal outlay upon S. Paul's had coft him " above one thoufand and two hundred pounds " out of his own purfe. He re- membered the work even in the time of his imprifon- ment, and left a legacy, " a blefllng," as he phrafes it, " of ;£'8oo," to be truly paid in for that work " if ever it go on while the party trufted with it lives."* The works at the Cathedral were fufpended. Some part of the materials gathered together were given by Parliament in 1645 to the Parifhioners of S. Gregory's to rebuild their Church, which had been pulled down becaufe it was thought to be an eyefore to the Cathe- dral.-|- The vaft fcaffoldings which had been erefled for the repair of the tower and the adjacent parts, were afligned to Colonel Jephfon's regiment, for £iy/\.6 15s. 8d. due thereunto from the faid Parlia- ment, and in arrear. The Calendars of State Papers fhow how interefting were the queftions which arofe about thefe fame fcaffoldings.t Dugdale fays that pits were dug in the Church itfelf, even where the bones of reverend bifhops lay, as fawpits to cut up the great timbers.§ The body of the church was fre- quently converted into horfequarters for foldiers. Part of the Choir, the eaftern part, was fhut off by a parti- tion wall, and made into a preaching place for Dr. * Works of Archbijhop Laud, iii. p. 253 ; iv. pp. 92, 96. t Dugdale, p. 1 10. X See Documents, liii., liv. § Dugdale, p. no. Saint Paul's during the Interregnum. 267 Burges : an entrance being made to it, through the uppermoft window on the north fide, eaftwards. On December i8th, 1648, good John Evelyn makes this entry in his Diary* " Since my laft, foldiers have marched into the City. . , They have garrifoned Black- friars (which likewife they have fortified with artillery) ; Paul's Church, which with London Houfe they have made ftables for their horfes, making plentiful fires with the feats." It appears from Dugdale that the Choir Stalls and the Organ-loft were about this time totally deftroyed. The City authorities had neglefted to pay their affeffments to the army, wherefore General Fairfax fent Colonel Dean with fome troops into the City, on Friday, December 8th, 1648, to feize the treafures of the Goldfmiths', Haberdafhers', and Weavers' Com- panies. The two former Companies had removed their wealth, but at the Weavers' a rich booty of ;^3S,ooowas feized and carried off. The Lord Mayor was warned that the troops would be quartered upon the citizens till all the arrears were paid. " So for the prefent His Forces Quarter upon the Citizens, keeping ftrong Guards in London Houfe, Creed Church, Ludgate Church, and all the Gates of the City: And thsX. /acred Temple dedicated to S. Paul and heretofore fet apart and kept in all poffible decency for the fervice and worjhip of God, they have now converted into a moft filthy Stable, and filled it with Hay and Horfes, &c., fo that of a Houfe of Prayer it is become a Den of Thieves'' So fays the fecretly printed Royalift paper * Evelyn, Diary and Correfpondence, iii. p. 33, edit. 1 863. 268 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. the Mercurius EleuSlicus* A few weeks later.f a ftill more fuggeftive paffage occurs : " The Saints in Pauls were the laft weeke teaching their Horfes to ride up the great Steps, that lead into the Qtdre, where (as they derided) they might perhaps learne to Chaunt an Antheme : but one of them fell, and broke both his Leg and the Neck of his Rider, which hath fpoiled his Chaunting, for he was buried on Saturday night laft. A juft Judgement of God on fuch a prophane and Sacrilegious wretch." One can hardly wonder at the writer's ftrong language : he was contemporary, poflibly an eye-witnefs, and in fuch times men are not over-nice in their phrafes. In the Rump Songs are fome references to thefe profanities. In a compofition, it can hardly be called a poem, entitled The Publique Faith, the writer fays : " Paul's fliall be opened then, and you confpire No more againfl the Organs in the Quire, Nor threat the Saints i' th' Windows, nor repair In Troops to kill the Book of Common Prayer : Nor drunk with Zeal, endeavour to engroffe To your own ufe, the ftones of Cheapfide Croffe.'' The fame volume is eloquent as to the mifdeeds of Sir Ifaac Pennington the then Lord Mayor, and contains the following lampoon : " 1643. A Bill on St. Paul's Chtcixh Door. This Houfe is to be let, It is both wide, and fair ; If you would know the price of it, Pray afk of M' Maior. Ifaack Pennington'' * No. 55, Dec. 12, 1648. t No. 59, Jan. 9, 1649. Saint PaiiVs during' the htterregnum. 269 And a Ballad contained in the fame volume, fays : " Then S'- Paul's the Mother-Church of this City and Nation, Was turn'd to a Stable, O ftrange Profanation ! Yet this was one of their befl fruits of Reformation, Which no body can deny." The work of defecration continued ; the {lately Portico with its beautiful Corinthian pillars — a ftruflure fair and exquifitely proportioned, though moft in- appropriately annexed to a Norman Nave — was " con- verted to fhops for feamftreffes and other trades, with lofts and flairs afcending thereto ; for the fitting whereof to that purpofe thofe Hately pillars were fhamefully hewed and defaced for fupport of the timber work."* There is a ftrange ftory, hardly worth repetition, that Cromwell defired and propofed to fell the ufelefs building to the Jews. D'Bloffiers Tovey, in his Anglia Judaica, ftates very plainly that " as foon as King Charles was murther'd, the Jews Petition'd the Council of War to endeavour a Repeal of that A61 of Parlia- ment which had been made againft them ; promifing, in Return, to make them a prefent oi Jive hundred ttioujand Pounds : Provided that they cou'd likewife procure the Cathedral of S'" Fazil to be affigned them for a Synagogue, and the Bodleian Library at Oxjord, to begin their TraflSck with. Which Piece of Service, it feems, was undertaken by thofe Honejl Men, at the Solicitation of Hugh Peters, and Harry Marten, whom the Jews employ'd as their Brokers : but without any fuccefs."f Robert Monteith, of Salmonet,J adds » Dugdale,p. 115. t Anglia Jttdaica,^'?. 2^^,260. X Hi/lory of Great Britain, folio, London, 1735, p. 473- 270 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. fome further details, ftating that the Jews " offer'd five hundred thoufand Pounds, but the Council of War would have eight." Thefe ftatements have a very circumftantial air about them, and the mention of names and figures gives them the look of hiftory : but a tolerably careful fearch has failed to difcover any corroborative evidence. There is, indeed, in the Record Office, a copy of a Remonjlrance addreffed to Charles II., in which the writer fays, that the Jews "(as countenanced by the faid late Ufurper), en- deavoured in his time (as frequently it was reported) to buy the famous Cathedral Church of Pauls to have made y™ a Synagogue, as alfoe your moft renowned Court of Whitehall for fome Imployment."* But the Remonjlrance is anonymous, it is undated, and if nothing more can be faid for the ftory than " as fre- quently it was reported," the fable had better be con- figned to the hiftorian's wafte-paper bafket. If the Cathedral had ever been offered for fale, very poflibly fome " Jews from S. Mary Axe, for jobs fo wary That for old clothes they'd even axe S. Mary,"t might have been found amongft the bidders ; but it can hardly be faid by the moft earneft hater of Crom- well that there is a particle of real evidence in favour of the ftory. The foldiers lodged in the City were not, as we have already feen, always very eafily managed, Carlyle, in his Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell X tells a * See Documents, pp. Ixiii., Ixiv. t The Reje6lea Addrejfes, % Vol. ii. pp. 121, 122, five volume edition. Saint Paul's during ike Interregnum. 271 charafteriftic ftory, and tells it in his own inimitable fafhion. " This night," Thurfday, April 26th, 1649, " at the Bull in Bifhopfgate, there has an alarming mutiny broken out in a troop of Whalley's regiment there. Whalley's men are not allotted for Ireland ; but they refufe to quit London, as they are ordered ; they want this and that firft : they feize their Colours from the Cornet, who is lodged at the Bull there : — the General and the Lieutenant-General have to haflen thither ; quell them, pack them forth on their march ; feizing fifteen of them firft, to be tried by Court-Martial. Tried by inftant Court-Martial, five of them are found guilty, doomed to die, but pardoned • and one of them, Trooper Lockyer, is doomed and not pardoned. Trooper Lockyer is fhot, in Paul's Churchyard, on the morrow. A very brave young man, they fay ; though but three-and-twenty, ' he has ferved feven years in thefe Wars,' ever fmce the wars began. ' Religious ' too, ' of excellent parts and much beloved ;' but with hot notions as to human Freedom, and the rate at which the Milleniums are attainable, poor Lockyer! He falls fhot in Paul's Churchyard on Friday, amid the tears of men and women. Paul's Cathedral, we remark, is now a Horfe-guard ; horfes ftamp in the Canons' ftalls there : and Paul's Crofs itfelf, as fmacking of Popery, where in fa£l Alablafler once preached flat Popery, is fwept altogether away, and its leaden roof melted into bullets, or mixed with tin for culinary pewter. Lockyer's corpfe is watched and wept over, not without prayer, in the eaftern regions of the City, till a new week come." His funeral takes place on Monday. 2 72 Hijlory of Old Saint Pazcl's. On May 30th, 1649, fays Evelyn,* " Unkingfhip was proclaimed, and his Majefty's ftatues thrown down at S. Paul's Portico and the Exchange." We foon hear again of the foldiers quartered in S. Paul's Churchyard, for in May, 165 1, a Proclama- tion was iffued to regulate their conduft. As it is very brief and at the fame time inftru6live, it may well be tranfcribed in extenfo. "May 27, 1651. " For as much as the Inhabitants of Paul's Church- yard are much difturbed by the fouldiers and others, calling out to paffingers, and examining them (though they goe peaceably and civilly along) and by playing at nine pinnes at unfeafonable houres ; thefe are there- fore to command all Souldeirs and others whom it may concerne, that hereafter there Ihall be no examining and calling out to perfons that go peaceably on their way, unlefse they doe approach their Gaurds, and likewife to forbeare playing at nine pinnes and other fports, from the houre of nine of the clocke in the evening, till fix in the morning, that fo perfons that are weake and indifpofed to reft, may not be difturbed. Given under our hands the day and yeare above written. " John Barkejiead, " Benjamin Blundill." The original of this Proclamation is preferved in the Britifh Mufeum.f The reader may obtain from it a * Diary, ii. p. 5. f Documents,-^. 150. Saint Patil's during the Interregnum. 273 glimpfe of the liberty which the " Inhabitants of Paul's Churchyard " were at this time enjoying. Turbulent and ill-difciplined foldiers purfued their fports and paftimes under the venerable walls of the Cathedral, and alarmed peaceable citizens by their rude chal- lenges and examinations. In 1653, on June i8th, the Council of State made an Order, upon the reading of the Petition of Captain Chillendon, " That the Chappell, on the Eaft fide of the North end of Pauls commonly called the Stone Chappell," (the proper name was S. George's Chapel, but S. George was out of fafhion, and England was no longer merry) " be allowed to the congregation whereof Captaine Chillendon is a Member, wherein they are to meet without interruption for the exercifeing of religious duties.''* This appropriation, however, of one of the Chapels did not pafs unchallenged. On Sunday, Oftober i6th, a tumult "hapned in Pauls, upon occafion of the meeting of a congregation in the Stone Chappell in the faid Church and their exercife- ing there." Colonel Mountagu, Colonel Bennet, and Mr. Broughton, or any two of them, are appointed a Committee to enquire into this matter ; and particu- larly to examine what was the " Carriage of the OfiScers of the City,'' as well as of the • congregation and of thofe who made the tumult. The latter were to be committed to the cuftody of my Lord Mayor.f Dr. Burges being fettled in the eaftern part of the Choir, and Captain Chillendon'is congregation being quartered in S. George's Chapel, it might have been thought that the dominant party would have refted * Documents, p. 151. t Iiid.,v- 152. 18 2 74 Hi/iory of Old Saint Paul's. fatiffied. More was,however,to be done. The Council of State met on THurfday, September 24th, 1657, " His Highnefs" himfelf is prefent, with General " Difbrowe," and others. There is another congregation, " whereof Mr. John Simpfon is Teacher," and thefe have no "local habitation." No place will fuit them but S. Paul's. There is a piece of wafte ground at the Weft end of Paul's now vefted in the Truftees for Bifhops' lands : it is ordered that Colonel Webb, Surveyor- General for the faid Lands, do caufe the faid ground, " or any other place of Pawles fitt" for fuch a ufe, to be "forthwith furveyed, and the Survey thereof to bee returned to the Councell." Colonel Webb fends in a Report on. November 12th. He does not recommend the ufe of the wafte ground at the Weft end of Paul's ; but " upon perrufall of feverall unoccupied places about Pawles," he has feen the " parcell of grownd whereon yet ftandeth the Ruines of the Howfe commonly called the Convocation howfe, and of The Cloyfters thereto adjoyning." He thinks that this is the " moft privateft and convenienteft place to bee fitted and "fet apart to the ufe aforefayd." The Chapter Houfe, fair and beautiful as it once was, had not been rebuilt fince the deftru6tive fire of 1561. The roof and floor had fallen to the ground, the windows were broken, " the i\on and leade imbeziled," the whole building "ex- ceeding ruinous and very dangerous." This is the place for the " Congregation that wallke with Mr. John Symfon." Colonel Webb fupplies a plan of the Cloifters and Chapter Houfe.* The Council of State * Documents, pp. 153-155, where a copy of the Plan may be feen. Saint PauVs during the Interregnum. 275 are of the fame opinion, and a Committee is appointed to fee that the matter be carried to an end. The Chapter Houfe and the Upper and Lower Cloifters had been allowed to become receptacles for building materials. Boards of elm and deal, wainfcot, fir poles, large quantities of lead and iron, thoufands of quarries of glafs, were ftored here in 1644:* as an original paper in the Dyce and Forfter Reading Room at the South Kenfmgton Mufeum, containing an In- ventory of thefe materials, abundantly, proves. The words of worthy Thomas Fuller, written pro- bably about the year 1662, fhouU be ftudied by all who would underftand the wretched condition to which the once ftately Church of S. Paul had been re-" duced : " This is the only Cathedral in Chriftendom dedi- cated folely to that faint. Great the pillars (little legs will bow under fo big a body), and fmall the windows thereof: darknefs in thofe days being conceived to raife devotion ; befides, it made artificial lights to appear with the more folemnity. It may be called the Mother Church indeed, having one babe in her body, S. Faith's, and another in her arms, S. Gregory's. Surely fuch who repair to divine fervice in S. Faith may there be well minded of their mortality, being living people, furrounded with the antiperiftafis of the dead both above and beneath them. For the prefent I behold S. Paul's Church as one ftruck with the dead palfy on one fide, the eaft part and quoir thereof being quick and alive, well maintained and repaired, * Documents, pp. 142-145. 18—2 276 Hiftory of Old Saint Paul's. whilft the weft part is ruinous and ready to fall down. Little hopes it will be repaired in its old decays, which is decayed in its new reparations, and being formerly an ornament, is now an eye fore to the city : not to fay unto the citizens in general, fome being offended that it is in fo bad, and others that it is in no worfe, condition. " The repairing of this church was a worthy monu- ment of the piety and charity of Archbifhop Laud ; not only procuring the bounty of others, but expend- ing his own eftate thereon. We defpair not but that his majefty's zeal, in commending this work to their care, will in due time meet with the forward bounty of the citizens. It is no fin to wifh, that thofe.who have plundered the cloak and cover of S. Paul's (not left behind by, but) violently taken from him, might be compelled to make him a new one of their own coft ; at leaftwife to contribute more than ordinary proportions thereunto." * We may echo Dryden's words, when fpeaking of the difaftrous fire of 1666, he fays : " The daring flames peep'd in, and faw from far The awful beauties of the facred Quire : But fince it was profaned by Civil War, Heaven thought it fit to have it purged by Fire." t It cannot be denied, however fad may be the con- feffion, that the appointed guardians of the Cathedral had, long before Cromwell's days, grievoufly neglefted * Fuller, Worthies of England, vol. ii. pp. 335, 336, edit. 8vo., London, 1840. f Dryden, Annus Mirahilis, verfe 276. Satnt Pauls during the Interregnum. 277 their facred truft. The Manufcript Returns at Bifhop Bancroft's Vifitation in 1598* ftill preferved in the Cathedral Record Room, are very melancholy reading. The fervices were, in all probability, faid at the ap- pointed times, but the evidences of neglefl and care- leffnefs are everywhere vifible. The Chorifters fpent their time in talk and in hunting after fpur-money, even in fervice time ; " the hallowinge and hootinge above in the fteple is intollorable at dyvers tymes ;" people walked about in the upper Choir, where the Communion Table doth ftand, with their hats on their heads, commonly, all the fervice time, no man re- proving them ; the Organs were fo mifufed in the blowing, and other ways with jogging the bellows, that the bellows were broken ; S. Dunflan's Chapel was made a ftorehoufe for glafs, and the glafs was brought in even during fervice time ; the wheels of cars fet againft the fleps of the South door had fo broken the fleps "that manye men and women have had fhrewde fawles dyvers tymes ;" the fweepings of the church lay in it three and four weeks together till the fmell became " very noyfom ;" the bell-ringers admit- ted perfons into the Organ-loft for money, to the decay of the inftrument, the pipes being many of them under foot, to the hazarding of the people underneath ; the choir men came late to prayers, " which caufeth the fervice to. continue beyonde his howre, or maketh them vnreverently to knitt yt vp ;" they were irreverent in their behaviour, and did "vfe greate vndecencye in *> A feledlion from thefe will be found in the Statuta S. Fault, pp. 272-280. 278 Hi/lory of Old Saint Paulas. prayer time, as leaninge vpon theyr elbowes, fleepinge, talkinge, and fuch lyke to the fcandale of the Church ;" the Chapels below the fteps were much unglazed ; in S. George's Chapel lay old ftones and a ladder ; in Long Chapel old fir poles and other old lumber ; vaults under the Church were let to a Carpenter, others to ftationers ; houfes and fhops blocked up the windows of fome of the Chapels ; the Shrouds, and Cloifters under the Convocation Houfe were let out to Trunk Makers,, and "by meanes of their daily knocking and noyfe the Church is greatly difturbed ;" certain Tenants had excavated the very buttreffes of the Church " whereby the foundation is greatly indaun- gered by making of cellers." It is a long and wearifome indiftment : long as it is, it might eafily be extended. Would that it were not fo. But let the reader ponder well the following notices of Salifbury, Worcefter, and Canterbury. In A Remembrance for t/te Church of Sarum in very many and neceffary particulars appended to the papers relating to Archbifhop Laud's Vifitation, is a very fad pifture of the negligent attendance at the Cathedral Services which had grown up, apparently unchecked : " Of 760 canonicall howers per ann:, they are not 60 in the Church ; of thefe 60, not 30 at fecond leffon ; of thefe 30, not 10 at the confeflion, no not at com- munions. For this, though wee have expreffe ftatute agaynft it, and psenaltye, yett wee plead cuftome, and challenge and receyve commons. According to this negleft, our quyre and church feruice is vtterly defti- tute and naked of all cathedral ornaments, I might Saint PauVs during the Interregjium. 279 fay robbed, for about 40 yeares agone, they were folde and fowly." What wonder if the laity cared little for the Cathe- dral Services, if the Clergy at Salifbury were fo remifs in attending, and fo flovenly and idle when they did attend. No marvel that a day of fharp retribution came. Laud did what man could do to revive the dying embers of religion.* Dr. Chriftopher Potter, writing to Archbifliop Laud, 1 8th November, 1639, thus defcribes the condition of affairs at Worcefter : " On Sunday mornings, before Sermon, during the Choral Service, fome walked and talked in the Nave, others gathered their auditors about them in the feats and read to them fome Englifh divinity, fo loudly as that the fingers in the Choir were much difturbed by them : all defpifing that fervice."-f- In 1634, the like account is fent to Archbifliop Laud from Canterbury : " Men both of ye better & meaner fort, mechanicks, youths, & prentifes do ordinarily & mofl: vnreverently walk in our church in ye tyme of devine fervice, & wthin hearinge of y" fame, w'^ their hattes on their heads. I haue feene them from my feate (& not feldome) fo walkinge or fl:andinge ftill, & lookinge in vpon vs, when we haue byn on our knees, at y= Letany * Hijlorical MSS. Commi£lon, Fourth Report, p. 131. "^ Calendars, Z>(?w^zV, 1639-40, p. 106, edited by Mr. W. D. Hamilton. 28o Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. & ye comandm's. I earneftly & humbly defire fotne effc6luall courfe may [be] taken for redreffe. As alfo for ye ordinarie trudginge vp & downe of youths, & clamours of children, to y^ greate difturbance of y^ preachers in their fermons. The vergerers & other officers haue had a charge to look to this ; but to little or no purpofe. D''. Barflon, D^ Hinchman, & myfelf haue byn fayne to ryfe, & goe out of our feates to fee & ftay y^ diforders. But I never (to my vtter- moft remembrance) fawe Barfoot y^ vergerer (who fits in my fight) to ryfe at y^ greateft noyfe. " By mee, John Lee."* Alas, we need not end even here. Many another grand Cathedral had the fame fad tale to tell : the fame wearifome flory of pluralities and non-r-efidence ; of overwhelming greedinefs and felf-feeking ; of ram- pant nepotifm ; of defecrated Naves, and of deferted Choirs ; of dignitaries receiving great revenues, and rendering no fervice in return ; of cold hearts. The way was paved for ftill greater defecrations, and they came. Horfes neighed in the Canons' Stalls: and Dr. Cornelius Burges, with his twenty thoufand pounds of plunder, preached in the ruined Choir. We may not conclude with words of fadnefs. Nor is there need. The renewed life of Cathedrals is one of the moft ftriking features of the great Religious " Houfe of Lord^ Calendar, HiftoHcal MSS. CommiJJion, vol. iv. p. 135 b. Saint PauVs during the Interregmtm. 281 Revival of our day. S. Paul's has abundantly fliared in that regeneration. Let the largely attended daily fervices, the crowded Sunday fervices, the daily cele- bration of the Holy Eucharift, be witneffes of the throbbing life that beats in the great heart of the old San£luary. And let the reverent thoufands gathered in its vaft dome area, its long-drawn Nave, its fpacious Tranfepts, filling every part, filent, liftening eagerly lafl Dedication Feftival to the grand mufic of Men- delffohn's 5. Paul, remind us that the Cathedral is fomething more than a " petrifaftion of religion." May God profper its work a thoufand fold ! NO TE S. R i 1 fpra 9 rWBIjj£»^^^ M ^|a| NO TE S. Note to Page 21. The original words of ih^/equence here rendered into Englifh, are thefe : Erkenwalde, Chrifti lampas aurea, Tua fanfla prece noftra dele facinora, Quatenus te coUodantes ftellata Gratulari tecum pofcimus in palacia, Ubi nova Domino reboantes cantica Confona voce jubilemus AUeluja. Note to page 116. In a Report by Inigo Jones upon the repairs of S. Gregory's Church, which adjoined S. Paul's, he fays that the Church is " in no way hurtful to the foundation or walls of S. Paul's, nor will it take away the beauty of the afpefl when it Ihall be re- paired. It abuts on the Lollards' Tower, which is anfwered on the other fide by another Tower unto which the Bifhop's Hall adjoins. Conceives that neither of them is any hindrance to the beauty of the Church." The Report is dated 14th June, 1631. {Calendar 0/ State Papers, vol. 193.) This paffage would feem to indicate that Inigo Jones would not be likely to make any great alterations in the Towers. Note to page 142. By Mr. Chappell's kind permiffion, I am able to prefent to my readers the tune called PauPs Steeple in modern notation. It is here reprinted from his moft interefting work. Popular Mufic of the Olden Times, vol. i. p. 120. The Irifli Cruifkeen Lawn, and the Scotch /^^« Anderfon my Jo, are modifications of this ancient Englifh tune. 286 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. PAUL'S STEEPLE, Ratlur flow. ^m^^^M 4dd\ d ah# m^ i*i 1 -t — •• PS H9.- m =^=:=t na > . ^J:iiJ-HA^;4^ ^ ^Z±=C ^ ^^ &^ 4-— s -^ =^ rr g i f¥f=ir :2p= :^^:t=^ 3EiJ=i -#-♦ m S^^g #1 =5z=i=- g =^ Ic: EE W. Chappell, Popular Mufic of the Olden Times, vol. i. p. 120. Notes. 287 In a fcarce book called The Dancing Majler, " printed for John Playford at his fliop in the Inner Temple, near the Church Door," in 1652, we find that the tune Faul's Steeple was ufed as a Country Dance Tune. The figures of the Dance are here given :* Paul's Steeple. Longwayes for as many as wilt. ^ ^ ? ^ Lead up all a D. forward and back, fet and turn S. . That again \_ Firft man take his Wo. in his left hand, lead her down to the 2. Wo. take the 2. Wo. in his right, and flip up with them into the firft place, caft off the 2. Wo. and then his own, and turn off into his place j_ This forward to all the We. : Sides all and turn S. . That again : Firft man take his Wo. in his left hand, lead her down to the 2. Wo. take the 2. Wo. in his right hand, and Aide up with them, kiffe the 2. Wo. hand then with your own Wo. hand and let them go, turning off into your place _^ This forward to the reft : Arms, fet and turn S. . That again : Firft man take his Wo. in his left hand, lead her down to the 2. Wo. take the 2. Wo. in your right hand, and fetting them back to back in the middle, kiffe the 2. then your own Wo. turn- ing off into your places, this forward to the reft. Note to page 145. No mention has been made in the text of a Fire in the Cathe- dral which threatened to affume fomewhat dangerous propor- tions. It occurred on 27th February, 1698-99, according to a rare (if not unique') Broadfide, preferved in the Library of Lambeth Palace, and printed in my Documents etc,, pp. 158-60. The continual or of Stow gives the fame date : and fays, that "a fire broke out at the Weft end of the North ifle of the Choir, in a little room prepared for the Organ-builder to work in when the Choir was newly finifhed ; but, the communication between the faid work-room and organ-gallery being broke down, and all imaginable means ufed, the fire was happily got under, doing no other damage but to two pillars and an arch with enrichments, which are very artificially repaired, and the Church has no fign left of damage by that fire, except that the luftre of the gilding was thereby a little abated."t * The figns used are explained infra, p. 294. t Strype's Stow, vol. i. p. 649. 288 Hijiory of Old Saint -Paurs. There Is a fomewhat important manufcript in the Library at Lambeth,* which dates this fire exaiflly ten years earlier. The Book is entitled " An Acco'. of Rebuilding the Cathedral Church of S'. Paul's, London, from Sept. x666 (when the Old Church was deftroyed by the dreadful fire) to 29"' Sept'., 1700." I am not aware that the following details have ever been printed : " Note, No. 98. That fire happen'd 27 Feb. l68| and fup- pofed to be by the careleffnefs of . . .f Smith the Organ-maker. " To the Charge of the repair fpecified may be added the Scaffolding for it, & the wages to Labourers employ'd about it, but both thefe being intermixt with other matters, a computation cannot well be made. " Repairing y° damage by y" fire, which happen'd at y° Weft end of y' North Meof y' Choir. Gratuitys to Sev". perfons who affifled to extinguifh the fire . . . 11 15 6 Links, Candles, repairing borrowed Buckets, & expences in drink , 6 6 8 Wine 216 Mafon Rawlin For cutting out burnt ftone . , 19 7 6 New work by day . . . . 44 8 9 D" by agreem' including the Carving 599 6 9 2 Tuns of Plafter of Pari s. . -576 Sundry Carpenters, Mafon s, and Labourers 9 '4 6 Iron Cramps 12 4 oj 20 3 8 663 3 27 6 oi 710 12 8i" It is clear from thefe figures that the damage done by the fire was by no means inconfiderable. If we are to choofe between the date given by Bateman's manufcript, and that given by * Lambeth ManufcHpts, No. 670. t That is, of Bernard Smith, ufually called Father Smith. Notes. 289 Strype's Stow and the Broadfide and in Elmes' Life of Wren, I incline towards the latter three authorities. They agree in ftating that the fire occurred on 27th February, 1698-99. Note to page 152. John Chamberlain, in one of his Letters to Dudley Carleton, gives a fomewhat late example of penance at the Cathedral, under the date 12th February, 1612 : " Moll Cutpurfe, a notorious beggar, has done penance in S. Paul's." {Calendar of State Papers, vol. 680 In another letter, to the fame perfon, he fays : " Some books of Suarez, the Jefuit, derogatory to Princes, burnt at Paul's Crofs." {Ibid., vol. 75.) And again, under date 27th July, 1620, he writes : " Popifli books containing libels on Queen Elizabeth and her government, burnt in S. Paul's Churchyard." {Ibid.^ vol. 116.) In the Letters of Lord George Carew is a ftill more remarkable inftance of penance. He is writing in November, 1617 : " The 30 day of this monethe, the Ladye Markham, wyfe to Sir GrifBthe Markham (who yett lives), for maryenge one of her fervants, together with her late hufband, did pennance in white flieets at Pawles croffe ; the like they muft do at Yorke and ellfwhere, and are fyned in 1000 li. How they efcaped deathe (as theftatute lately made** for that offence providethe) I cannott well deliver, and yett they were arraygned for itt vppon thatt ilatute." {Letters, etc., p. 132.) Note to page 159. In Wilkinfon's Londina Illuftrata is a view of Paul's Crofs " from an original Drawing in the Pepyfian Library, Cambridge." I have not feen the original drawing, and, in the abfence of any definite information about it in Wilkinfon, I addreffed a letter to F. Pattrick, Efq., Fellow of Magdalene College, Cam- bridge, aflcing feveral queftions as to its authorihip and date. In the very courteous reply which Mr. Pattrick was fo good as to fend me, he fays that the engraving in the Londina Illuftrata appears to be a fac-fimile of the Drawing ; that there is no fufficient evidence as to the perfon by whom or the period at which the Drawing was executed ; and that no account of the " I Jac. I. cap. 1 1. 19 290 Hijlory of Old Saint PauVs. Crofs accompanies the Drawing. All that appears to be known about it is that it forms part of the feries of Drawings and Engravings gathered together by Samuel Pepys. " Pepys was the firft perfon to colledl prints and drawings in illuftration of London topography. Thefe he left to his nephew, who added to the coUedlion, and two thick volumes therefore came to the College with the other treafures." (Wheatle/s Samuel Pepys and the World he lived in, p. 92.) Note to page 216. Very various indeed were the fubjefts treated of in the IJermons of the times. " The Bifliop of London," fays Chamber- lain, "told his Clergy that the King had ordered them to inveigh vehemently in their fermons againfl women wearing broad-brimmed hats, pointed doublets, Ihort hair, and even fome of them poinards : and if pulpit admonition fail, another courfe will be taken." (Chamberlain to Carleton, 25th January 1620. Calendar of State Papers, vol. 112.) Note to page 217. An interefling account of the removal of the images from S. Paul's Cathedral is found in Wriothefley's Chronicle, vol. ii. p. I : "The fixtenthdaie of Nouember [1547] the Kinges Maieflies vifitors beganne that night to take downe the roode with all the images in Poules Church, which were clene taken awaie, and by negligence of the laborers certaine perfons were hurt and one flaine in the falling downe of the great croffe in the rode loft, ■which the papifh priefles faid was the will of God for the pulling downe of the faid idoUs. Likwife all images in euerie parifti church in London were pulled downe and broken by the com- mandment of the faid vifitors. " The xxvii"' daie of November, being the firfl Soundaie of Aduent, preched at Poules Croffe, Doflor Barlowe, Bilhopp of Saindl Davides, where he fhewed a pidlure of the refurreflion of our Lord made with vices [moveable joints], which putt out his legges of fepulchree and bleffed with his hand, and turned his heade ; and their ftoode afore the pilpitt the imag of Our Ladie which they of Poules had lapped in feerecloth, which was hid in a corner of Poules Church, and found by the vifitors in their vifitation. And in his fermon he declared the great abhomina- Notes. 291 tion of idolatrie in images, with other fayned ceremonies con- trarie to fcripture, to the extolling of Codes glorie, and to the great compfort of the awdience. After the fermon the boyes brooke the idoUs in peaces." A little later, in May, 1548, Wriothefley records, that " Poules quire with diuers other parifties in London fong all the fervice in Englifh, both mattens, mafle, and even-fonge ; and kept no maffe, without fome receaued the communion with the prieft." It is eafy to underfland that the exhibition of thefe mechanical figures, fkilfuUy contrived to deceive the worshippers, muft have greatly ftimulated the zeal of the Reformers. Note to page 229. The following extrafls from the Journals of the Houfe of Commons* throw light upon two points of no little interefl : for they indicate (in the words "'until that Place be pre- pared and fitted for that Purpofe") that, at the date of the Order, Paul's Crofs was no longer (landing ; and they (how the origin of the claim of the Lord Mayor to appoint Preachers at the Crofs. 1 2th May, 1643. Ordered, That Mr. Vaffall and Mr. Ven do bring in an Ordin- ance to enable the Lord Mayor to appoint Preachers to preach the Sermons, given by the Charity of well-difpofed People, at Paul's Crofs, or elfewhere. 26th May, 1643. Preacher in Paul's Church Yard. Ordered, That the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London fhall have power and Authority to nominate and appoint fuch Miniders, as (hall hereafter preach in Paul's Church Yard upon the Lord's Day weekly ; and that, in the Interim, until that Place be prepared and fitted for that Purpofe, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen may appoint fuch convenient Place for fuch Miniflers to Preach, every Lord's Day weekly, before them, as they (hall think convenient: And likewife, that the Lord Mayor, for the time, may difpofe of the Allowance formerly * For which I am indebted to the courtefy of the Librarian, George Howard, Efq. 19 — 2 292 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. given to the Preachers at Paul's, upon fuch Minifters as Ihall be fo appointed to preach before the faid Lord Mayor and Alder- men, at the Place by them to be afligned, as aforefaid : Which Difpofition and Appointment fhall not be accounted or reputed any Breach or Violation of the Gifts or Devifes of any Donor, or Perfon deceafed ; notwithftanding any former Ufage, Ap- pointment, or Devife of any Bifliop's, Donor's, or otherwife, to the contrary. Note to page 231. The Charge Books of the Cathedral, a long and very important feries of volumes, extending from 1633 to 1749, contain much valuable information as to the coft of labour and the price of material. At the period indicated in the text, 1635, the follow- ing are forae of the amounts paid for wages and material : 16 Labourers received s. I d. 2 a day each I Labourer » I 4 » 6 Carpenters » 2 » 2 Apprentices V I 10 )» 6 Mafons )t 2 )j I Apprentice n I 6 » 3 Bricklayers )» 2 J? I Plumber ), 2 6 ,) Stone Sawyers i^d. the inch ; and for Burford and Ketton Stone id. the foot. Fir Timber, 32s. and 33s. the load. Bricks, 12s. the thoufand. Tiles, 2S. for a hundred and a quarter. Lead, £12 4s. 6d. the fother. Note to page 240. Another paflage from Chamberlain's Letters may well be added to thofe printed in the text. 19th November, 1602. " My laft to you was of the fourth or fift of this prefent, fince which time here hath ben a very dull and dead terme, or els I am quite out of the trade, which may well be, by reafon of a new devifed order to ihut the upper doores in Powles in fervice time, wherby the old entercourfe is cleane chaunged, and the trafiScke of newes much decayed." (p. 162.) Notes. 293 From this letter it clearly appears that even during Divine Service the din of chattering tongues was ftill to be heard. Note to page 265. The manufcript called in the text the Will of Henry VII. is in reality the " Book of Penalties for non-performance of the Covenants in the Indentures between Henry VII. and the Abbot of Weftminfler, and others." It is fumptuoufly bound in crim- fon velvet ; and the feals, enclofed in filver Ikippets, hanging by cords of purple and crimfon filk and gold, are appended to it. Each fkippet bears on its cover a gilt roundel with the name of the party whofe feal is enclofed infcribed in finely pumflured letters. The covers are decorated with filver boffes and clafps. " The firft page is illuminated, red rofes on gold, and portcuUifes on an azure field, being richly embroidered on the margin with the royal arms and fupporters. In the initial letter is a minia- ture of Henry VII. enthroned. Before him kneel ten perfons, the two prelates in front vefted in fcarlet copes. The Archbifhop (Warham) holds a crofs-ftafF in one hand, in the other the Book of Penalties in its crimfon forel. Behind thefe appear, amongft others, the Abbot and monks of Weftminfler ; the Mayor of London, alfo, in a fcarlet gown, furred, holding a fceptre ter- minating in a fleur-de-lis." The Indenture is feptipartite, and was made i6th July, 1504. The parties to it are the King ; the Archbifhop of Canterbury ; the Bifhop of Winchefter ; John Iflippe, Abbot of Weftminfler, and the Prior and Convent of the fame place : the Dean and Canons of S. Stephen's, Weft- minfler ; the Dean and Chapter of S. Paul's ; and the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London. The manufcript in the Cathedral Library is one of the counter- parts of this document : a fimilar copy is in the Britifli Mufeum, and the original is in the Record Office. The colours and gold of the illuminations of the S. Paul's MS. are in perfeft prefer- vation, and the binding is remarkably beautiful. The above notice is condenfed from a full account of thefe manufcripts in The Archmological Journal, vol. xviii. pp. 182, 278, 279. 294 Hijiory of Old Saint Paul's. Note to page 287. The myfterious fymbols ufed by Playford in his Dancing Majler are thus explained by himfelf : ]) = Man. = Woman. Wo. = Woman. We. = Women. _:_ — a flrain played once. _L = a ftrain played twice. S. = a fmgle, that is, two fteps, clofing both feet. D. = a double, that is, four fteps forward or back, clofing both feet. Note upon the manufcript from which a./ac-Jlmile is given at page 49. The manufcript from which owcfac-Jlmile is taken is a fine folio volume, "written on very flout vellum, in double columns, 44 lines to the page." It was " no doubt an original poffeflion of the author, and muft by him have been left among the archives of his Cathedral. It was there when Edward I. examined the treafures of the Cathedrals." Probably, it was tranfferred from S. Paul's to Lambeth foon after the Reformation. " It formed a part of the Archiepifcopal Library, when it was removed to Cam- bridge during the troubles of the Commonwealth, and was reftored at the Reftoration." (Profeffor Stubbs' Hijiorical Works of Ralph de Diceto, vol. i. pp. Ixxxviii-xc.) In Lambeth Library the volume flill remains, notwithftanding the infcription which it contains in very clear, legible writing : Liber Ecclie Sancti Pauli London. INDEX. INDEX. Alablaster, Dr., preaches at Paul's Cross, 271. Alexander, Pope, use of Holy water, 183, 186. AUeyne, Sir Thomas, Lord Mayor, 259. Archdeacons in S. Paul's, 29. Archery in England, in the time of Latimer, 177. Armada, Spanish : banners exhibited at Paul's Cross, 223. Arundel, Archbishop, his words to Thorpe about the Rood, 83. Augustine, S. , landing of, 6. Aylmer, John : Bishop of London, anecdotes of, 225, 226. his letter to the Lord Mayor, 1581, 223-225. Bakehouse, the Cathedral, 37, 70. Baldock Church shaken by storm, in 144s, 131. Bale, Bishop, his coarse language, 185. Ball, Sir John, 153. Ballad, The Burning of Paul's, 141, 142. Bancroft, Bishop, his Visitation of S. Paul's in 1598 , SS. 238. 27S. 277- Barking Monastery, founded by S. Erkenwald, 15-19. Chapel of the Holy Rood, 16. Barlow, Bishop, preaches at Paul's Cross, 290. Barwick, Dean, restores the Choral Service, 260. Becket, Thomas i, Statue of, at Lam- beth Palace, 114. Beef, price of, in 1533, 204. Bells, the Jesus, 69. Benefices, sale of, in 1550, 196, 202. conferred even upon children, 202. abused by pluralists, 193-198, 201, 202. Bernher, Augustine, Latimer'sservant, 177. Bishop, his dignity at S. Paul's, 27. Bishop of London's Palace. See Lon- don, Bishop of. Bonner, Bishop, 185. his words as to the case of Richard Hun, 122. replaces the Rood at S. Paul's, 217, 218. Bourne, Gilbert, at Paul's Cross, in 1553, 214-216. Boxhall, Alan, Constable of the Tower, 164. Boxley, the Rood of, "169. Boy Bishop in S. Paul's, 53-55. Bradford, John, ordained by Ridley at Fulnam, 192. at Paul's Cross, 215. Brasses, monumental, in the Cathedral, 84. Braybrooke, Bishop Robert de, 91. his letter on profanations in S. Paul's in 1385, 236. Brewery, the Cathedral, 36, 70. Brownists, riot in S. Paul's caused by, in 1640, 255. Bull, George, 109. BuUinger, Henry, 207. Burchet, Peter, last prisoner in Lol- lards' Tpwer, 125, 126. his execution, 126. Burges, Dr. Cornelius, opposes Dr. Hacket before House of Commons, 257. appointed "publike lecturer in the Church of S. Paul," 261. preaches in the Choir, 266, 267. Deanery-house assigned to him, 261. enriches himself with church pro- perty, 262. his miserable end, 262. Bygod, Sir Francis, 193. Cambridge, education at, 180, 203, 207, 298 Hi/iory of Old Saint Pauls. Cambridge-, habits of students in 1550, 203, 204. Camera Dianee, 10, 33, 69. Canons, tlieir duties, 31-34. recite tlie Psalter daily, 32. Canons Minor, tlieir duties, 34. petition Parliament in 1644, 259. only one at the accession of Dean Barwick, 260. Canterbury Cathedral, state of, at Laud's visitation, 279. Cardinals, the two, 35. Carey, a verger, 265. Carleton, Dudley, Lord Viscount Dor- chester, 240, 289, 290. Carlyle,Thomas, quoted, 231, 270,271. Cathedrals, Old and New Foundation, 26. Cathedral of S. Paul See Paul, S., Cathedral of Chamberlain, John, extracts from his letters, 240, 289, 290, 292. Chancellor; his duties, 31, 48. Chantry Priests, 35. Chapels in the Cathedral : S. Anne, 92, S. Catherine, Si, Charnel Chapel, 67, 93. S. Dunstan, 85, 90. S. Dunstan, made a storehouse for glass in 1598, 277. S. George, 87, 90, 273, 278. S. George, assigned to Captain Chil- lendon and his congregation in 1653, 273. S. George, tumult there, 373. Holy Ghost, 92. Holy Trinity, 79, 81, 82. S. James, 84. Jesus, 91, 92. S. John Baptist, 92. S. John Evangelist, 82. Kempe, Bishop, 79. Lady Chapel, go. Long, 278. S. Margaret, 92.' S. Paul, 81, 143. S. Radegund, 92. S. Sebastian, 92. S. Thomas, 92. Chapter House, 81, 82, 274, 275. - Charge Books of the Cathedral, 231, 292. Charles L, at Paul's Cross (in 1630, as Prince of Wales), 156, 227. Cheapside Cross, destroyed in 1643, 228. Cheapside Cross, dialogue between, and Charing Cross, 228, 229. Chertsey Monastery, founded by S Erkenwald, 14, 15. Chester, Rood of, 171. Chillendon, Captain, S. George's Chapel assigned to him, 273. Choir stalls destroyed about 1648, 267. Chrisom children represented on tombs, 94. Churchman, John, keeps the Shunam- mite's House, 226. Clare, Sir Richard de, 151. Clinton, Lord, lord admiral, 137. Cloisters, the larger, 64. the lesser, 81. plan of, prepared in 1657, 274. let to trunk-makers in 1598, 278. Coal House, the Bishop's Prison, 120, 121. Colet, Dean, 68, 70-73. draws up statutes for Guild of Jesus, 92, his tomb, 94. Cologne, relics of the eleven thousand virgins, 133. Compton, Henry, Bishop. Visitation of Cathedral in i6g6, 57. Consistory Court of S. Paul's, 126, 255- Convocation, Court of, 78. Convocation House. See Chapter House. Corbet, Richard, Bishop of Norwich, on Paul's Walk, 240, 241. Council sitting in London in 1382, 153. Country Dance called PauVs Steeple, 287. Courtenay, William (Bishop of I.,on- don, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury), 99-106. issues Indulgence for repair of Paul's Cross, 154. dispute with John of Gaunt, 102, 103. influence with the people, 105, io5. Courtenay, Lord, at Paul's Cross, 214, 215. Crannier, Archbishop, puts Thomas Watson in the stocks, 216. Cromwell, Oliver, 274. Cross, Paul's. See Paul's Cross. Cross, Pulpit, at S. Mary, Spital, 149, 150. at S. Michael, Cornhill, 149. Crucifix, the Great, in the Nave, 81. Cutpurse, Moll, does penance at S. Paul's, 289. Index. 299 Damiens apprehended and tortured, 123, 124. Dance of Death, 64-66. Darvell Gatheren, an image so called, 170 — note. Dean, his duties, 28. Deanery, the house, 70. converted into a prison in 1642-3, 264. Decker, Thomas, his account of Paul's Walk, 243-249. Desborough, General, 274, Diana, Altar of, found on site of Gold- smith's Hall, 4. Diana's Chamber, 10, 33, 69, Divinity Lecturer, 48. Donius Rosamund^e, 33. Donne, Dean, his effigy still existing, 93' Dover Court, the rood of, 171. Dryden's Annus Miraiilis quoted, 276. Ducke, Dr. , tumult against him in the Consistory Court, 255- Dudley, Sir Andrew, 217. Dugdale, Sir William, 230, 253. Dunstan, Archbishop, prediction by 8S. 86. Durham Cathedral, the Nave turned into a promenade, 237. EAELE,Bishop,hisA/!fi:roc<«/K(!?»w^Aj', 241, 242. Earthquake of 1382, 152, 153. Edward II. holds Parliament at Black- friars, 163. Kdward III., death of, 108. Elizabeth, Queen : at Paul's Cross in 1565, 219. her treatment of Dean Nowell, 219- 223. at Paul's Cross in 1588, 223. Erasmus' Dialogues ^eXeneA to, i6g. Erkenwald, S., consecrated Bishop of London, 13. his death, 20-22. festivals in his honour, 47. his shrine, 89, 90. relics at S. Paul's, 90 — note. Sequence in Office of, 285. Ethelbert, King, founds S. Paul's, 6, 8, 88. Ethelred, King, his tomb, 85. Evelyn, John, his Diary quoted, 267, 272. Exeter Cathedral, profanation of the Nave in 1661, 237. Faith, S., Church of,gi, 229, 231, 275. Falstaff hires Bardolph in Nave of S. Paul's, 239. Farley, Henry, causes picture of S. Paul's to be painted, 156. Ferrers, Sir Ralph, 164. Fires in S. Paul's : in 961, 129. in 1087, July 7, 129. in 1136, Dec. 22, 130. in 1445, Feb. i, 131. in 1561, June 4, 134-144. in 1561, June 4, conjectured causes of, 138, 139. in 1561, June 4, contemporary ac- count, in linglish, 134-141. in 1561, June 4, contemporary ac- count, in Latin and French, 141. in 1561, June4, Ballad on, 141, 142. in 1666, 145. in 1698-9, 287-289. Fitz James, Richard, Bishop, 71-73. Fitz Thomas, Thomas, I.,ord Mayor, his bold words to King Henry III., 162. Fleet Ditch, mentioned by Pope, 61. Fleming, Richard, Bishop of Lincoln, disinters Wyclifs remains, 108. Fletcher, Richard, Bishop of London, preaches at Paul's Cross, 227. Folkmotes. See Paul's Cross. Font, the, 78. Fox, John , the Martyrologist, ordained at S. Paul's, 192. Fuller, Thomas, quoted, 107-230, 27s. Gardiner, Bishop, 216. Gates of S. Paul's, 63. Gates, Sir Henry, 217. Sir John, 217. Gayre, Sir John, 229. Gayton, Edmund, quoted, 143. Gibbs, Alderman, in 1643, 229. Gibson, Edmund, Bishop, his Visita- tion in 1742. 58, 250. Gipkyn, John, paints picture of S. Paul's, 156. Gooch, Thomas, Bishop of Norwich, 237. Grammar School, Master of, 31. Grammar Schools grievously plun- dered in 1550, 204. Green, Thomas, prisoner in Lollards' Tower. 120, lar. Gregory, Pope, his letter to Bishop Mellitus, 9. 500 Hijiory of Old Saint Patil's. Gregory, S,, Church of, 285. Cathedral service transferred hither after fire of 1561, 142. some materials for rebuilding S. Paul's, given to, 266. Greville, Robert, Lord Brooke: his words about S. Paul's, 262. his death at Lichfield, 263. Grindal, Edmund, Bishop of London, 118, 141, 144. Grocers' Hall, Committee at, 264. Guilds in the Cathedral : All Souls, 93. Annunciation, 93. S. Catherine, 93, Jesus, 92, 93. Minstrels, 91, 93. Hacket, Dr. John, pleads cause of clergy before House of Commons, 256. Hales, Christopher, letter to BuUinger, 207. Hall, Joseph,. Bishop of Norwich, quoted, 249. Hatton, Sir Christopher, 94, 126, 248. Harley, Sir Robert, 264. Hawkings, John, wounded by Peter Burchet, 125. Hawle, Robert, murder of, 164, 165. Hayles, the blood of, 170, 171. Hay ward, Sir John, notice of the fire of 1561, 144. Henry 111. at Paul's Cross, 160, i6r. and his Queen, at Bishop of London's Palace, 161. Henry VII., the "will" of, lost and recovered, 265, 293. Hereford House, Old Dean's Lane, 33. Hervey, Sir James, Lord Mayor, 223, 224. Walter, Mayor, tumults at election, 163. High Ongar, in Essex, 215. Hooker, Richard, at the Shunammite's House, 226. Horsey, Dr. W. , accused of murder of Richard Hun, 121, 122. Hour Glass at Paul's Cross, 158. Hours of Prayer, the Seven, 41, 42. Humphrey, Duke, 80, 241, 243, 245, 247, 248. Hun, Richard, prisoner in Lollards' Tower, 116, 121, 122. Hunt, James, of Sevonoaks, a fanatic, 2S4- ILFOED, Lepers' Hospital at, 17, Images removed from S. Paul's in 1547, 290. Indulgences, to Pilgrims to Shrine of Bishop Niger, 87. for repair of S. Paul's Cathedral, 154, 155. Innocent, Pope, Bull of, read at Paul's Cross, 163. Ipswich, Image of Our Lady of, 169. James I.;at Paul's Cross in 1620, 156. Jermyn, Mr., Cily Carpenter, 265. Jesus Chapel, 91, 92. Jesus, Guild of, 92, 93. Jews, their alleged desire to purchase S. Paul's, 269, 270. John, King of France, makes oblations at Shrine of S. Erkenwald, 89, 90. Johnson, Peter, Registrar to Bishop of London, 135. Jones, Inigo, 231; 285. his Portico, 269. Jonson, Ben, Scene in Every Man out of his Huviour, laid in Paul's ■Walk, 240-242. Juxon, Bishop, 231. Kempe, Bishop, rebuilds Paul's Cross, 155. 156- Kett's Rebellion, 193. King, Dr. John, " King of Preachers,'' preaches at Paul's Cross, 156. Kingston-on-Thames, Steeple burnt in 144s, 131, 132. Labour, cost of, in 1635, 292. Lambeth Palace, 113-115, 117, 176. Post Room, 114. Prison in, wrongly called Lollards' Tower, 115. Palace converted into a Prison in 1642-3, 264. Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of, 98-107. dispute with Bishop Courtenay, 102, 103. Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of. Devotion to him at S. Paul's, 50-53. Land, rise of value of, in 1550, 205. Latimer, Bishop : preaches at Paul's Cross, 175-187. preaches before Edward VI., 176. sermon on The Ploitghers, 176. spealcs of Lollards' 'Tower, 120. Laud, Archbishop, 231, 262, 263, 276, 278, 279. Index. 301 Laud, Archbishop, his Visitation of S. Paul's in 1636, 56. his love for S. Paul's, 265, 266. legacy of ;f8oo to S. Paul's, 266. Lee, John, at Canterbury, 280. Lever, Thomas, at Paul's Cross, 191-207. his epitaph, 192. Leveson, Sir Richard, 254, 258. Library of S. Paul's, 44 , 66. Lichfield, Lord Brooke killed at, 253. Livy quoted, 132. Lockyer, Trooper, shot in S. Paul's Churchyard, 271. Lollards' Tower, 63, 113-126, 285. Grower at Lambeth wrongly so called, "3-"S- the south-western Tower of S. Paul's, 115. the stocks used in, 116-118. last prisoner in, 125, 126. London, early Bishops of, 5, 13. London, Palace of Bi-shop of, 64, 105, 137. 285. converted into a Prison in 1642-3, 264. soldiers quartered there, 267. London House Yard, 64. Lottery at West end of S. Paul's, 265. Louis XV., Damien's attempt to as- sassinate him, 123. Lucius, King, 3, 4, 83. Ludgate, 62. Lydgate's Poem on the Dance of Death, 65, 66. Machyn's Diary quoted, 142, 143, 215. Maitland, Dr., quoted, 114, 115. Mancell, or Maunsell, John, 151, 161. Mare, Sir Peter de la, murdered, 104. Markham, Sir Griffith, 289. Lady, does penance at Paul's Cross, 289. Marten, Harry, 269. Martin, S., Ludgate, steeple struck by lightning in 1561, 135, 139. Mary, Princess (afterwards Queen), her interview with Bishop Ridley, 212. Maurice, Bishop, rebuilds S. Paul's, 129, 130. Mayor and Aldermen do fealty to Henry IH., 162. Mayor, Lord, appoints Preachers at Paul's Cross, 291. Meeting of Gallants at an Ordinarie, 243' Mellitus, consecrated Bishop of Lon- don, 6, 9. Bede's account of, 11-13. translated to Canterbury, 12. altar in S. Paul's dedicated to, 88. Mercurius Eleucticus, quoted, 268. Minor Canons' College, 67. More, Sir Thomas, his Utopia quoted, 193- Mutton, price of in 1533, 204. NiGEK, Roger, pilgrimage to his shrine, 86, 87. Nou-residence of the Clergy in 1537 and 1550, 193, 197, 201. Northumberland, Duke of, his execu- tion in 1554, 217. Nowell, Dean, preaches before Queea Elizabeth, 219, 220, 223. his sermon at Westminster, 220. treatment of him by Queen Elizabeth, 219-223. Organ at S. Paul's, 277. Organ-loft destroyed about 1648, 267. Ottoboni, Cardinal, holds Council at S. Paul's, 162. Pack, Alderman, of Blackwell Hall, 265. Palace of Bishop of London. Sea Lon- don, Bishop of. Paletz, Stephen (friend of Huss), 109. Palmer, Sir Thomas, 217. Pardon Bowl, at Waltham Abbey, 183. at other places, i86'. Pardon Church Haugh, 64. Parker, Archbishop, 219. Partridge, Sir Miles, 69. Paternoster Row, inhabited by mer- cers, 254. Paul, S., Festivals of, 47. Paul's, S., Cathedral, dimensions of, 77. interior described, 77-94. crucifix and rood-loft replaced in I5S4, 217. closed by the Lord Mayor in 1642, 258. chest or silver vessel in, ordered to be sold 1644, 264. mitre and crozier staff in, 264, 265. encroachments upon, 265. Paul's Chain, 70. Paul's Churchyard, disturbauces in 1639-40, 254. 302 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Paul's Cross, 68, i6i, 271. Folkmotes at, 151, 163. indulgence for repair of, 154. injured by earthquakes, 155. rebuilt by Bishop Kempe, 155, 156. picture of, painted byjohn Gipkyn, 156. James I. visits it in 1620, 156. drawing of,in Pepysian Library, 159, 289. Henry III. at, 160. statutes of Parliament in 1311 pro- claimed here, 163. murderers of Robert Hawle ex- communicated at, 164. Bishop Latimer preaches at, 175. Thomas Lever preaches at, 191. Bishop Ridley at, 213. Dr. Bourne preaches at, 214. Thomas Watson preaches at, 216. banners taken from Spanish Armada displayed at, 223. repaired in 1595, 227. Charles I. hears sermon at, 227. sermons removed into choir in 1633, 227, taken down, 228, 229. site discovered in 1879, 232. penances there, 289. images exhibited at, 290. Lord Mayor appoints Preachers at, in 1643, 291. Paul's Head Tavern, 70. Paul's Jacks, Automata, 245-248. Paul's, S., School, 68. Paul's Steeple, tune so called, 286. country dance, so called, 287. Paul's Walk, 235-250. Penances at S. Paul's, 289. Pennington, Sir Isaac, Lord Mayor, 228, 229. Lampoon upon, 268. Penrose, Mr. F. C., discovers site of Paul's Cross in 1B79, 232. Pepys, Samuel, collects prints of Lon- don topograpy, 290. Pepys' Diary quoted, 254. Percy, Lord, Earl Marshal, 101-106. Ferrers, Alice, 108. Peterborough Cathedral, Spur-money demanded here in 1847, 239. Peters, Hugh, 269. Petre, Lord, his house in Aldersgate Street used as a prison in 1642-3, 264. Philpot, John, prisoner in Lollards' Tower, 119. Pilgrimage of Grace, 193. Pilgrimages to S. Paul's, 49-53- Pilkington, Bishop of Durham, speaks of Lollards' 'Tower, 120. Bumynge ofPaules Church quoted, 239- preaches about the fire of 1561, 139. Pope, Essay on Criticism quoted, 250. Prayer Book of 1552 first used in S. Paul's, 211. Prebendaries. See Canons. Precentor, his duties, 30. Pressing to death, 124, 125. Preston, Richard de, presents sapphire to Shrine of S. Erkenwald, 90. Prisons in S. Paul's : Bishop's Coal House, 120, 121. Bishop's Salt House, J2i. Lollards' Tower, 113-126. North West Tower, 119. Proclamation relating to Soldiers in S. Paul's Churchyard in 1651, 272. QuADEA,De,letterto King Philip, 220. Ravis, Thomas, Bishop of London, Bishop Corbet's Elegie on, 240. Relics in the Ball beneath tlie Cross, 133- Residentiaries, 33. Richard III. (as Duke of Gloucester) at Paul's Cross, 167, 168. Ridley, Bishop, at S. Paul's, 192, 211, 213. Interview with Princess Mary at Hunsden, 212. Rogers, Maister, at Paul's Cross, 215. Rood at the North Door, 83. replaced by Bishop Bonner, 217, 218. in the Rood loft, 290. Rood of Dover Court, 171. of Grace, brought from Boxley to Paul's Cross, 169-171. Roods and Images burnt in 1559, 218. Rosamund, 69. Rose, Thomas, preacher at Dover Court, 171, 172. Rous, John, his ZJm?y quoted, 255. Rowe, Nicholas, quotation from his Jane. Shore, 166. Rudstone, Sir John, builds Cross at S. Michael. Comhill, 149. Rump Songs quoted, 268, 269. Sacrist, his duties, 30. Saffron Walden, church shaken by storm in 1445, 131. Index. 30- Salisbury Cathedral, state of, at Laud's visitation, 278. Salt House, the Bishop's, used as a prison, 121. Sapphire for curing infirmities of the eyes, 90. Scaffoldings for rebuilding the Cathe- dral assigned to the soldiers of Colonel Jephson's regiment, 266. Scribes, the Twelve, 80. Scriptorium at S. Paul's, 49. fac-simile of manuscript written in. 49, 294. * ' Sebba, King, his tomb, 85. Sedburgh School, Yorkshire, 200. Sermons at Paul's Cross : Bishop Latimer, 17B-184. Thomas Lever, 191-207. Sequestration of estates of S. Paul's in 1645, 261. Serving-man's pillar in S. Paul's, 239. Shakespeare quoted {Henry IV. , Part 2), 240. Shaw, Dr. Ralph, preacher at Paul's Cross, 167-169. Sheldon, Gilbert, Bishop of London, 2S9- Shore, Jane, does penance at Paul s Cross, 165-167. Shrewsbury, Margaret, Countess of, 92. Shrouds of S. Paul s, 178, 191, 194, 278. Shunam mite's House, 226. Sidney, Sir Philip, his tomb and epi- taph, 94, 248. Silva, De, Spanish Ambassador, at Paul's Cross, 219. Simpson, Mr. John, his congregation, 274. Simpson, W. J. Sparrow, poem on the death of S. Erkenwald, 20-22. Si guis door, 247, 249. Smith, Father, 288. Smythe, Dr., his letter relating to a Crucifix, 45. Soldiers quartered in the Bishop's Palace, 267. in the Cathedral itself, 266-272. in the Churchyard, 272. South, Dr., quoted, 263. Speed, Samuel, quoted, 241. Spire of S. Paul's, 63, 64. Spital Sermons, 149, 150. Spur-money, 238, 239, 246, 277. Stanwicke (or Kanwicke), Mr., preaches at S. Paul's, 255. Stilman, Thomas, escapes from Lol- lards' Tower, 116. Stone Chapel. See Chapel of S. George. Story, Dr., Lyfe and Death of, quoted, 117, 118, 120. Stow, John, Account of the Fire of 1561, 143. Stranguish, Mr., 137. Straw, Jack, 154. Suarez, his books burnt in S. Paul's Churchyard, 289. Subdean, his duties, 29. Succentor, appointed by Precentor, 30. Suche, Sir Alan. See Zouche. Sudbury, Simon, Archbishop, 98. murder of, no, 154. his head preserved at S. Gregory's, Sudbury, Suffolk, no. Swinefield, Richard de, preacher in S. Paul's in 1281, 48. Theodore, Archbishop, 13, 19. Thorpe, Walter de, gives jewels to Shrine of S. Erkenwald, 89. Tillingham, Manor of, 6. Tombs in S. Paul's, 80-94. Tovey, D'Blossiers, his Anglia Ju- daica quoted, 269. Treasurer, his duties, 29. Tylar, John, of Dartford, 153. Tyler, Wat, no, 153. Urban IV., Pope, Bull of, read at Paul's Cross, 161. Useof S. Paul's, 46. of Sarum, 47. Veegers' Petition, relating to Paul's Cross Sermons, 227, 228. Vestments in S. Paul's, 43. Vicars Choral, Petition of, in 1644, 259. Vinegar used to quench fire at S. Paul's, 131, 132. used by Hannibal, 132, 133. Visitations of S. Paul's: , Bishop Bancroft in 1598, 55. Archbishop Laud in 1636, 56. Bishop Compton in i6g6, 57. Bishop Gibson in 1742, 58. Wall, outer, of the Precinct, 62. Walsingham, Image of Our Lady of, 83, 169. Walsingham, Sir Francis, his tomb, 94. 3o4 Hijlory of Old Saint Paul's. Waltham; Essex, Steeple burnt in 1445, 132. Waltham Abbey, Pardon Bowl at, 183. Walton, Bryan, ejected, 261. Walworth, Sir Williann, no. Warburton, Bishop,' story of, i«. Ward, Seth, Dean of Exeter, sjf. Watson, Thomas, at Paul's Cross, 216. Weavers' Company plundered in 1648, 267. Webb, Colpnel, Surveyor-General of Bishops' Lands, 274. Wellington, Duke of. Spur money demanded of, 239. Wells Cathedral, Nave desecrated by traffic, 237. Wengham, Henry de. Bishop, 85, 161. Westminster Abbey, 237. murder of Robert Hawle, 164, 165. Wharton, Sir Thomas, 212, 213. Whitsuntide, curious custom at S. Paul's, 79. Whittle, Thomas, Prisoner in the Coal- House, 120. Wilfrid, Bishop, 19. Wilgefort, S., image of, Colet desires ta be buried near, 85. Williams, Archbishop of 'York, 258. Winter, Maister, of the Admiralty, i37- Worcester Cathedral, state of, at Laud's visitation, 279. Workmen at S. j^^l's petition Parlia- ment for wa^^in 1645, 260. Wyclif, his literary ability, 97. appears in S. Paul's, 101-103. disinterment of, 108. • reverence for, 109. YoEK, Nave turned into a promenade, 237- Ypres Inn, 104, 106. Ypres, John of, 104. ZOUCHE, Sir Alan la, 162. This Index contains about 700 references : every reference has been compared with the text since the compilation of the Index. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK.