^SLEEVE-LODGE LATIN SERIES 
 
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 ANDERSON 
 
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 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
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GILDERSLEEVE-LODGE LATIN SERIES 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM OVID 
 
 With Introduction, Notes 
 and Vocabulary 
 
 JAMES N. ANDERSON, M. A., Ph.D. 
 Author of " On the Sources of Ovid's Heroides " 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON • : • NEW ORLEANS 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY 
 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This book is designed primarily to serve as an introduction to 
 Latin poetry, for which Ovid seems to be peculiarly well adapted 
 because his style is comparatively easy and his subject matter inter- 
 esting. 
 
 The text of the Metamorphoses is in the main that of Magnus 
 (1896). The Heroides were printed from the critical edition of 
 Sedlmayer (1886). In certain cases I have not hesitated to deviate 
 from these editions in favor of a reading that seemed to be better. 
 Where it seemed desirable to explain these changes more fully, I 
 have done so in the Commentary or in the Critical Notes at the end 
 of the Commentary. 
 
 In the Commentary I have endeavored to give all the information 
 necessary to an intelligent reading of the text, without the addition 
 of extraneous matter unsuitable for those students for whom the 
 book is intended. At the same time, I'emembering that the place of 
 Ovid in College curricula is not yet fixed and that many read him in 
 more advanced classes, I have tried to prepare an edition which 
 might be profitably used by that class of students also. 
 
 The Proverbs and Short Selections at the close of the text have 
 been added, not only for their own intrinsic merit but also to afford 
 material for sight translation where the teacher may find it desirable. 
 
 The Commentary on the second part has been made as full as that 
 on the first part, so that teachers who feel so disposed may begin with 
 the Heroides instead of the Metamorphoses. 
 
 All the most important editions have been consulted in the 
 preparation of this edition. For the Metamorphoses, the editions of 
 Magnus' (1896), Harder (1897), Meuser-Egen (1896), Siebelis-PoUe 
 (1888), and Haupt were found most useful. For the Heroides, I have 
 drawn most from Palmer (2d ed., 1898), Schuckburgh (1879), and 
 Loers (1829). For the Vocabulary, I am under especial obligations 
 to Siebelis-Polle (1893) and Peters (1894). 
 
 Acknowledgments are due to Professors Gildersleeve and Lodge, 
 the editors-in-chief of this series, for their assistance in reading the 
 proof and for various suggestions in the Commentary. 
 
 James N. Anderson. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTON, S. C, MaylS, 1899. 
 
INDEX OF SELECTIONS. 
 
 FAGE 
 
 I. From the Metamorphoses : 
 
 1. The Pour Ages (Met. I. 89-150) 1 
 
 2. The Flood of Deucalion (Met. I. 362-415) 3 
 
 3. Phaethon (Met. II. 1-328) 7 
 
 4. Battus (Met. II. 680-706) 13 
 
 5. The Divinity of Bacchus (Met. III. 582-691) 14 
 
 6. Pyramus and Thisbe (Met. IV. 55-166) 17 
 
 7. Perseus and Atlas (Met. IV. 631-662) 20 
 
 8. Ceres and Proserpina (Met. V. 385-571) 21 
 
 9. Daedalus and Icarus (Met. VIII. 183-335) 24 
 
 10. Philemon and Baucis (Met. VIII. 636-720) 26 
 
 11. Orpheus and Burydioe (Met. X. 1-77) 28 
 
 13. Midas (Met. XI. 85-145) 30 
 
 13. The Contest for the Arms of Achilles (Met. XII. 613 
 
 —XIII. 398) 33 
 
 14. The Deification of Caesar (Met. XV. 746-860). 43 
 
 15. The End of the Metamorphoses (Met. XV. 871-879) 46 
 
 II. From the Minor Works : 
 
 1 . Penelope to Ulysses (Her. I.) 47 
 
 3. Medea to Jason (Her. XII.) 50 
 
 3. A Proposal (Am. I. 3) 56 
 
 4. The Tablet (Am. I. 12) 57 
 
 5. A Defense of Poesy (Am. I. 15) 58 
 
 6. Elegy on the Parrot (Am. II. 6) 59 
 
 7. The Poet's Dilemma (Am. II. 10, 1-14) 61 
 
 8. Elegy on the Death of Tibullus (Am. HI. 9) 61 
 
 9. Roman Girls (A. A. 1. 1-66) 63 
 
 10. Letter- Writing (A. A. I. 459-486) 64 
 
 11. The Remedies of Love and the Pleasures of Life (Rem. Am. 
 
 149-213) C5 
 
 13. A Storm at Sea (Trist. I. 2) 67 
 
 13. Ovid's Last Night at Rome (Trist. I. 3) 70 
 
 14. An Autobiographical Sketch (Trist. IV. 10) 73 
 
 15. Proverbs and Short Selections 76 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. Ovid's Life and Works. 
 
 PuBLius OviDius Naso was boru at Sulmo, now Sul- 
 mona, a small town ninety Koman miles east of Rome in the 
 well-watered, hilly district of the Paeligni. 
 
 The date of his birth is March 30, 43 b.c. He had a 
 brother of great promise, exactly a year older than himself, 
 but he died in. his twenty-first year. 
 
 Ovid's father belonged to an ancient equestrian family, 
 and was possessed of considerable property. Though eco- 
 nomical and money-loving, he was ambitious for his sons, 
 and decided to give them the best education that the world 
 afforded. To this end he moved to Rome while they were 
 quite young, and put them under the best masters there. 
 
 Education in those days was largely rhetorical and legal, 
 preparatory to civil preferment. Ovid's father wished to 
 make a lawyer out of him ; but the boy, unlike his brother, 
 developed no especial fondness for his intended calling, al- 
 though he showed talent in the schools and his writings 
 show strong traces of rhetorical training. 
 
 To please his father, Ovid continued these distasteful 
 studies for some time. He afterwards studied in Athens, as 
 was the fashion in those days, travelled in Asia Minor, and 
 spent some time in Sicily, visiting famous scenes and laying 
 up information which was to be useful to him in future 
 years. He returned to Rome, and held several minor judi- 
 cial positions before he gave up the career to which his 
 father destined him. 
 
 Prom his earliest youth he had been strongly attracted by 
 
VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the Muses, and now the success of some early love-poems 
 fired his genius and changed his life. Henceforth he de- 
 voted himself to poetry and a life of literary ease. Such a 
 life he loved above all others, and fortunately his circum- 
 stances were such that he was able to indulge himself. Tlie 
 greater part of his life was passed under exceptionally happy 
 circumstances. The conscious production of immortal works 
 must in itself have been the source of great satisfaction to 
 the author. Besides this, Ovid had friends and congenial 
 companions among the poets and other prominent men of 
 Rome. 
 
 After two unhappy marriages, Ovid found in his third 
 wife a companion upon whom he bestowed great praise in his 
 poems. He had a daughter, it is uncertain by which wife. 
 
 "When the poet was fifty years old and his hair was well 
 sprinkled with gray, suddenly there came upon him, like a 
 thunderbolt from a clear sky, a decree from the hand of Au- 
 gustus banishing him to the town of Tomi, on the Black Sea, 
 near the mouth of the Danube. The cause of this decree is 
 not known. Ovid everywhere says that his fault or mistake 
 did not amount toa crime. 
 
 Ovid took a sorrowful farewell of his friends and family 
 and of the city which he loved so well. After a long and 
 tedious journey he arrived at his destination, the home of 
 the barbarous Oetae. There, amid very uncongenial sur- 
 roundings, he passed the remaining years of his life ; and 
 there he died, unpardoned, in the year 17 A.d. (according to 
 some, 18 a.d.), at the age of fifty-nine (or sixty). 
 
 Ovid's chief works were as follows : 
 
 1. Amoves, three books of short poems on various subjects, 
 but mainly love-poems addressed to Corinna, the fictitious 
 name of Ovid's mistress. 
 
 3. Heroides, twenty-one epistles, mainly imaginary love- 
 letters from famous women of the heroic age to their absent 
 husbands or lovers. 
 
 3. Ars Amatoria, in three books, in form didactic, con- 
 veying instructions to men and women how to gain the affec- 
 tions of the opposite sex. 
 
IKTKODUCTIOlir. Vll 
 
 4. Remedia Amoris, containing instructions how to over- 
 come the passion of love. 
 
 5. Metamorphoses, in fifteen books, consisting of about 
 two hundred and fifty stories on various subjects, from the 
 creation of the world to the deification of Caesar, loosely but 
 cleverly joined together, and having only this in common, that 
 they all contain some transformation, some scene in which 
 something is changed to something else. " Metamorphoses " 
 is a Greek word (Mera/iop^tio-cis), meaning transformations, 
 and is paraphrased by Ovid in the phrase mutatae formae. 
 It usually happens that men are changed by the gods, as a 
 reward or a punishment, into the lower animals, or into 
 trees, flowers, stones, stars, etc. Other transformations also 
 occur. 
 
 6. Fasti, in six books, corresponding to the first six 
 months of the year and containing accounts of the Koman 
 festivals that took place in those months, together with the 
 origin of those festivals and any myths connected with them. 
 
 7. Tristia, in five books, laments and entreaties written in 
 banishment to his friends in Eome, but without mentioning 
 names, for fear of compromising the persons addressed. 
 
 8. Epistulae ex Ponto, in four books, similar to the Tristia, 
 but mentioning names. 
 
 9. Ibis, an invective against some enemy at Eome. 
 
 10. Medea, a tragedy, famous at the time but lost to us. 
 It belonged to Ovid's earlier works. 
 
 11. Besides these, we have a fragment De Medicamine 
 Faciei, giving instructions how to beautify and preserve the 
 complexion. 
 
 CHAKACTEEIZATION. 
 
 Ovid was one of the cleverest tale-tellers that ever told a 
 tale : a poet of vivid imagination and fine descriptive power, 
 a master of language and a skilful versifier, a close observer 
 of life and a careful analyzer of character, well versed in 
 Greek and Eoman literature and appreciative of the best, 
 polished and well acquainted with his Eome, he drew pic- 
 tures which won the admiration of his contemporaries and 
 
viii INTKODUCTIOK. 
 
 have been a source of unending enjoyment to after genera- 
 tions. 
 
 II. The Metres of Ovid. 
 
 Greek and Latin versification is based on the length of 
 syllables, and not on the word-accent as in our language. 
 Syllables are either long (— ) or short {-'), or common (some- 
 times long, sometimes short, ^). One long syllable is equal 
 to two shorts. The length of a syllable is called its quantity. 
 The Latin quantities must usually be learned by careful 
 observation, but some useful rules may be given : 
 
 1. A vowel before anotber vowel (or separated from it 
 only by 7i) is usually short, e.g. m6us, p&er. 
 
 2. A short vowel coming before two consonants, either in 
 the same word or in different words, counts as long, and the 
 syllable is said to be long by position. A double consonant 
 {z or z) has the same effect as two consonants. 
 
 3. If these two consonants be a mute and a liquid (tr, br, 
 etc.), the syllable may remain short; e.g. tenlbrae. Such 
 syllables are usually common. 
 
 4. All diphthongs are long. 
 
 Some other rules may be conveniently subjoined here : 
 
 5. Sometimes two vowels, not naturally forming a diph- 
 thong, are in pronunciation run together into one syllable, 
 e.g. deinde. This process is called Synizesis or Synaeresis. 
 
 6. Hiatus is the coming together of two vowel sounds, 
 one at the end of a word, the other at the beginning of the 
 next word. In Ovid this is, as a rule, permitted only when 
 the first word is a monosyllabic interjection or a polysyllabic 
 proper name ending with the ictus-syllable of the fifth foot. 
 In other cases this unpleasant juxtaposition of vowel sounds 
 is avoided by eliminating one of those sounds. 
 
 a. Usually the first vowel sound is omitted by Elision ; 
 e.g. pronounce perque hiemes as perquiemes. 
 
 h. When the second word is es or est of the verb sum, the 
 e is omitted by Apliaeresis ; e.g. pronounce itum est as itumst. 
 
 Note 1. Notice that h never counts as a consonant in Latin. 
 
 Note 3. Notice that final am, em, and um are eliJed, just like vowels. 
 
INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 Note 3. It is not probable that these elided sounds were completely 
 omitted in Latin, but they did not count in the verse, and may be most 
 conTenlently omitted by us. 
 
 THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER. 
 
 The metre in which the Metamorphoses is written is 
 called the Dactylic Hexameter, or Heroic Hexameter, or 
 simply Hexameter. 
 
 The Dactyl is a foot consisting of one long and two short 
 syllables, thus : ^ w w . The rhythmical accent on the 
 first syllable of this foot is called the Ich(,s, and the syl- 
 lable upon which the Ictus falls is called the Thesis. The 
 remainder of the foot is called the Arsis* The Dactylic 
 Hexameter is, theoretically, a verse consisting of six Dactyls. 
 The last foot, however, always consists of but two syllables, 
 ^ w or ^ — The fifth Dactyl is very rarely replaced by 
 a Spondee (^ — ). When this occurs, the verse is called a 
 Spondaic Verse. A.iij of the other four Dactyls may be 
 freely replaced by Spondees. So the feet and syllables of a 
 Dactylic Hexameter would be as follows : 
 
 — \j\j j — w v-* I — CTD I — ^7w I — w w I — ^1 
 
 This long verse, if read without a pause, would grow monot- 
 onous. Usually there is a pause near the middle of the 
 verse, giving the effect rather of two short verses. This 
 pause usually coincides with the Principal Caesura. Caesura 
 {cutting) takes place whenever the end of the word does not 
 coincide with the end of the foot. When the Caesura comes 
 immediately after the ictus-syllable, it is called masculine; 
 when it comes after one of the short syllables, it is called 
 feminine. The Principal Caesura is the Semiquinaria, or 
 Penthemimeral, occurring in the middle of the third foot. 
 The next in importance is the Semiseptenaria, or Hephthe- 
 mimeral, in the middle of the fourth foot. When this occurs, 
 there is usually combined with it the Semiternaria or Trihe- 
 mimeral Caesura in the middle of the second foot. Often 
 there is a choice of Caesuras, and the reader in selecting the 
 pause should have regard for the punctuation and sense. 
 * These terms are sometimes used in Just the opposite signification. 
 
INTRODUCTIOlf. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE HEXAMETEK. 
 
 — Kj ^ \ -£. ^ \^ \-i- — I"'!'- — I ■^,'^'-^1-^ — 
 Aurea prima sata (e)st aetas, q\La.e vindice nuUo, 
 
 sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 
 
 Poena luetusqu(e) aberant, nee verba minantia fixo 
 
 aere legebantur, nee supplex tnrba timebat 
 
 iddicis 6ra sui, f sed er&nt sine iMice tuti. 
 Ndndum cae'sa suis, f peregrin(um) ut viseret 6rbem 
 m6ntibus in liquid^s f piniis desc6uderat tindas, 
 nlillaque m6rtal6s f praet6r sua litora ndrant. 
 
 THE ELEGIAC DISTICH. 
 
 The measure of which Ovid was most fond and which he 
 developed to its greatest perfection is the Elegiac Distich. 
 This he used in all his surviving works except the Meta- 
 morphoses. It is a couplet consisting of an Hexameter fol- 
 lowed by a Pentameter. The latter verse is a mutilated 
 Hexameter, formed by the omission of the last half of the 
 third and sixth feet. There is, however, this additional dif- 
 ference : No spondees are admitted into the second half of 
 the verse. The scheme, then, will be as follows : 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE ELEGIAC DISTICH. 
 
 HAnc tua F^nelop6 || lent6 tibi mittit, Tllixe : 
 
 nil mihi r6scrib4s, || dttamen ipse veni 
 Tr6ia iac6t cert6 || Danais invisa pu61Iis : 
 
 vix Priamiis tanti || t6taque Tr6ia fuit. 
 6 utinim turn, etxa. \\ Lacedae'mona cl^sse pet6bat, 
 
 bbrutus insanis {| 6sset adiUter aquis ! 
 
p. OYIDII NASONIS 
 OARMIIN^A SELECTA, 
 
 I. FROM THE METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 1. THE FOUR AGES. 
 MET. I. 89-150. 
 
 Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nuUo, 
 sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90 
 
 Poena metusque aberant, nee verba miuantia flxo 
 aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat 
 iudieis ora sui, sed erant sine iudice tuti. 
 Noudum caesa suis, peregriaum ut viserefc orbem, 
 montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95 
 
 nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant. 
 Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae; 
 non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi, 
 non galeae, non ensis erant: sine militis usu 
 mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 100 
 
 Ipsa quoque inmunis rastroque intacta nee ullis 
 saucia vomeribus per se dabat omnia tellus; 
 contentique cibis nuUo cogente creatis 
 arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant 
 cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis 105 
 
 et quae deciderant patula lovis arbore glandes. 
 Ver erat aeternura, placidique tepentibus auris 
 mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine ilores. 
 Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, 
 nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis; 110 
 
 flumina iam lactis, iam flumina neetaris ibant, 
 flavaque de viridi stillabant iliee mella. 
 
2 P. OVIDII NASONIS CAKMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Postquam, Saturno teuebrosa in Tartara misso, 
 sub love mundus erat, subiit argentea proles, 
 auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere. 115 
 
 luppiter antiqui coutraxit tempora veris, 
 perqiie liiemes aestusque et iuaequales autumnos 
 efc breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum. 
 Tunc primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus 
 
 canduit et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. 130 
 
 Tunc primum subiere domus. Domus antra fuerunt 
 et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae. 
 Semina tunc primum lougis Cerealia sulcis 
 obruta sunt, pressique iugo gemuere iuvenci. 
 
 Tertia post illam suocessit a e ii e a proles, 135 
 
 saevior ingeniis et ad liorrida promptior arma, 
 non sceleraba tamen. De duro est ultima ferro. 
 Protiuus inrupit venae peioris iu aevum 
 omne nefas: fngere pudor verumque fidesque. 
 In quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 130 
 
 insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus liabeudi. 
 Vela dabat ventis, nee adhuc bene noverat illos, 
 navita; quaequc diu steterant in montibus altis, 
 fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae. 
 
 Communemque prius cau lamina solis et auras 135 
 
 cautus humum lougo signavit limite mensor. 
 Nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 
 poscebatur humus, eed ituni est in viscera terrae: 
 quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris, 
 efEodiuntur opes, inritamenta malorum. 140 
 
 lamque uocens ferrum ferroque nocentius aurum 
 prodierat: prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque, 
 sanguineaquo manu crepitantia coucutit arma. 
 Vivitur ex rapto: non liospes ab hosiiite tutus, 
 non socer a genero; fratrum quoque gratia rara est. 145 
 
 Inminet exitio vir coniugis, ilia mariti; 
 lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae; 
 filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos. 
 Victa iacet pietas, et virgo caede madentes, 
 ultima caelestum, terras A s t r a e a reliquit. 150 
 
THE FLOOD OF DEUCALIOX. 3 
 
 2. THE FLOOD OF DEUCALION. 
 MET. I. 262-415. 
 
 Protinus Aeoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris 
 et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes, 
 emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alls, 
 terribilem picea tectus caligine yultum: 265 
 
 barba gravis nimbis, canis fiuit iinda capillis, 
 fronte sedent nebulae, rorant peanaeque sinueque. 
 Utque manu late pendentia nubila preesit, 
 fit fragor; hinc densi funduntur ab aethers nimbi. 
 Kunfcia lunonis varies induta colores 270 
 
 coacipit Iris aquas alimentaque nubibus adfert. 
 Sternuntur segetes et deplorata colonis 
 vota iacent, longique perit labor iaritus anni. 
 
 !N"ec caelo contenta sao est lovis ira, sed ilium 
 caeruleus frater iuvat auxiliaribus undis. 275 
 
 Convocat hie amnes. Qui postquam tecta tyranni 
 intravere sui, ' Non est hortamine longo 
 nunc ' ait ' utendum. Vires effundite vestras, 
 sic opus est; aperite domos ac mole remota 
 fluminibus vestris totas inmittite habenas.' 280 
 
 lusserat: hi redeunt ac fontibus ora relaxant 
 et defrenato volvuntur iu aequora cursu. 
 Ipse tridente suo terram percussit: at ilia 
 intremuit motuque vias patefecib aquarum. 
 Exspatiata ruunt per apertos flumina campos 285 
 
 cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque 
 tectaque cumque suis rapiuiit penetralia sacris. 
 Siqua domus mansib potuitque resistere tanto 
 indeiecta malo, culmen tamen altior huius 
 unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 290 
 
 lamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant: 
 omnia pontus erant; deeranb quoque litora ponto. 
 Occupat hie collem, cumba sedob alter adunca 
 et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat, 
 ille supra segetes aut mersae culmina villae 295 
 
4 P. OVIDII ITASONIS OAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 aavigat. Lie summa piscem depreudit in ulmo. 
 
 Eigitur in viridi, Bi fors tulit, aucora prato, 
 
 aut snbiecta terunt curvae viueta carinae; 
 
 et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae, 
 
 nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocae. 300 
 
 Mirautur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque 
 
 Nereides, silvasque tenant delpliines et altis 
 
 incursant ramis agitataque robora pulsant. 
 
 Nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones, 
 
 uuda veliit tigres, nee vires f ulminis apro, 305 
 
 crura nee ablato prosunt veloeia cervo. 
 
 Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere posset, 
 
 in mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis. 
 
 Obruerat tumulos inmensa licentia ponti, 
 
 pulsabantque novi montana cacumiua fluctus. 310 
 
 Maxima pars unda rapitur; quibus unda pepercit, 
 
 illos longa domant iuopi ieiunia victu. 
 
 Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phoeis ab arvis, 
 terra ferax, dum terra fuit, sed tempore in illo 
 pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 315 
 
 Mens ibi vertieibus petit arduus astra duobus, 
 nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes. 
 Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor, 
 cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, 
 Oorycidas uymplias et numina mentis adorant 330 
 
 fatidieamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. 
 Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi 
 vir fuit, ant ilia metuentior ulla deorum. 
 
 luppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem 
 et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unum, 335 
 
 et superesse yidet do tot modo milibus unam, 
 iunocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos, 
 nubila disieeit, nimbisque aquilone remotis 
 et caelo terras ostendit et aetliera terris. 
 
 Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 330 
 
 mulcet aquas rector pelagi supraque profundum 
 exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum 
 caeruleum Tritona vocat conchaeque souanti 
 
THE FLOOD OF DEUCALION. 5 
 
 inspirare iubet fluctusque et flumina signo 
 
 iam revocare dato. Cava buciaa sumitur illi, 335 
 
 tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, 
 
 bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto, 
 
 litora voce replet sub utroque iacentia Phoebo. 
 
 Tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba 
 
 contigit et cecinit iussos inflata recepfcus, 340 
 
 omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis, 
 
 et quibus esb undis audiba, coercuit omnes. 
 
 Iam mare litus habet^ plenos capit alveus amnes, 
 flumina subsidunt; collesque exire videntur, 
 surgit liumus, crescunt loca decrescentibus undis. 345 
 
 Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae 
 ostendunt limumque tenent in fronde relictum. 
 
 Eedditus orbis erat. Quem postquam vidit inanem 
 et desolatas agere alta silentia terras, 
 
 Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham adfatur obortis : 350 
 
 ' soror, o coniunx, o femina sola superstes, 
 quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo, 
 deinde torus iunxit, nunc ipsa pericula iungunt, 
 terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus, 
 nos duo turba sumus; possedit cetera pontus. 355 
 
 Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae 
 certa satis; torrent etiam nunc nabila mentem. 
 Quis tibi, si sine me fatis erepta f tiisses, 
 nunc animus, miseranda foret ? quo sola timorem 
 ferre modo posses? quo consolante doleres? 360 
 
 Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, 
 te sequerer, coniunx, et me quoque pontus haberet. 
 utinam possem populos reparare paternis 
 artibus atque animas f ormatae iuf undere terrae ! 
 Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus, 365 
 
 sic visum superis, hominumque exempla manemus.' 
 
 Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit caeleste precari 
 numen et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes. 
 Nulla mora est: adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, 
 ut nondum liquidas, sic iam vada nota secantes. 370 
 
 Inde ubi libatos iuroravere liquores 
 
6 p. OVIDII KASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae 
 
 ad delubra deae, qaorum fastigia turpi 
 
 pallebant musco stabantque sine igiiibus arae. 
 
 Ut templi tetigere gradiis, procumbit uterque 375 
 
 pronus liumi gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo, 
 
 atque ita ' Si precibus ' dixerunt ' uumiua iustis 
 
 victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum, 
 
 die, Themi, qua geaeris damuum reparabile nostri 
 
 arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus.' 380 
 
 Mota dea est sortemque dedit: ' Diecedite templo 
 et velate caput cinctasque resolvite vestes 
 ossaque posb tergum magnae iactate parentis.' 
 
 Obstipuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce 
 Pyrrha prior iussisque deae parere recusat, 385 
 
 detque sibi veuiam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque 
 laedere iactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 
 Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris 
 verba datae sortis secum inter seque volutant. 
 Inde Promethides placidis Epimetliida dictis 390 
 
 mulcet et ' Aut fallax ' ait ' est sollertia nobis, 
 aut pia sunt nuUumque nefas oracula suadent. 
 Magna parens terra est, lapides in corpora terrae 
 ossa reor dici; iacere hos post terga iubemur.' 
 
 Coniugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est, 395 
 
 spes tamen in dubio est: adeo caelestibus ambo 
 diffidunt monitis. Sed quid temptare nocebit ? 
 Discedunt velantque caput tunicasque recingunt 
 et iussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. 
 
 Saxa (quis hoc credab, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ?) 400 
 ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem 
 mollirique mora mollitaque ducere formam. 
 Mox ubi crevernnt naturaque mitior illis 
 contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri 
 forma potest lioininis, sed, uti de marmore coepta, 405 
 
 non exacta satis rudibueque simillima signis. 
 Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars umida suco 
 et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum; 
 quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa; 
 
THE FLOOD OF DEUCALION — PHAETHON. 7 
 
 quae modo yena fuifc, eub eodem nomine mansit; 410 
 
 inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa 
 missa yiri manibus faciem traxere virorum, 
 et de femineo reparata est femina iacfcu. 
 
 Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum 
 et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati. 415 
 
 S. PHAETHON. 
 
 MET. II. 1-69, 88-192, 202-216, 227-236, 254-256, 260-271, 
 
 304-328. 
 
 Eegia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis, 
 clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo : 
 cuius ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat, 
 argenti bif ores radiabant lumine val vae. 
 
 Materiam superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic 5 
 
 aequora caelarat mediae cingentia terras, 
 terrarumque orbem, caelumque quod inminet orbi. 
 Caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum 
 Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prementem 
 Aegaeona suis inmania terga lacertls, 10 
 
 Doridaque et natas, quarum pars nare videfcur, 
 pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, 
 pisce vehi quaedam; facies non omnibus una, 
 non di versa tamen, qualem decet esse sororum. 
 Terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque 15 
 
 flumiaaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris. 
 Haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago 
 siguaque sex foribus dextris totidemque sinistris. 
 
 Quo simul acclivi Olymeneia limite proles 
 venit et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, 20 
 
 protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus 
 consistitque procul: neque enim propiora ferebafc 
 lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat 
 in solio Phoebus claris lucente zmaragdis. 
 A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus 25 
 
8 p. OVIDII KASONIS CARMINA SBLECTA. 
 
 Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae 
 
 Verque novum stabafc cinctum florente corona, 
 
 stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat, 
 
 stabat et Autumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis, 
 
 et glacialis Hiems, canos liirsuta capillos. 30 
 
 Ipse loco medius rerum novitate paventem 
 Sol oculis iuvenem, quibus adspicit omnia, vidit 
 ' Quae ' que ' viae tibi causa ? quid bac ' ait ' arce petisti, 
 progenies, Pliaetbon, baud infitianda parent! ? ' 
 
 lUe refert ' lux inmensi publica mundi, 35 
 
 Phoebe pater, si das usum mihi nominis huius 
 nee falsa Clymeue culpam sub imagine celat, 
 pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago 
 credar, et liunc animis errorem detrabe nostris.' 
 
 Dixerat: at genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 
 
 deposuit radios propiusque accedere iussit; 
 amplexuque dato ' Nee tu meus esse uegari 
 dignus es, et Clymene veros ' ait 'edidit ortus. 
 Quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud 
 me tribuetite feras. Promissis testis adesto 45 
 
 dis iuranda palus, oculis incognita nostris.' 
 
 Vix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos 
 inque diem alipedum ius et moderameu equorum. 
 
 Paenituit iurasse patrem. Qui terque quaterque 
 concutiens inlustre caput ' Temeraria ' dixit 50 
 
 ' vox mea facta tua est. Iltinam promissa liceret 
 non dare! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem. 
 Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas. 
 Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis 
 munera conveniaut nee lam puerilibus annis. 55 
 
 Sors tua mortalis, noti est mortale quod optas. 
 Plus etiam, quam quod supSris contingere fas est, 
 nescius adfectas. Placeat sibi quisquo licebit, 
 non tameu ignifero quisquam consistere in axe 
 me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, 60 
 
 qui fera terribili iacixlatur f almina dextra, 
 non agat bos currus: et quid love mains babemus? 
 
 ' Ardua prima via est et qua vix mane recentes 
 
PHAETHOK. Q 
 
 enitantur equi: medio est allissima caelo, 
 
 unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre 65 
 
 fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidiue pectus. 
 
 Ultima prona via est et eget moderamine certo: 
 
 tunc etiam quae me subiectis excipit uudis, 
 
 ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. 69 
 
 ' At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor, 88 
 
 nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. 
 Scilicet ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 
 
 pignora carta petis ? Do pignora certa timendo 
 et patrio pater esse metu probor. Adspice vultus 
 ecce meos; utinamque oculos in pectora posses 
 inserere et patrias intus deprendere curas ! 
 Denique quicquid liabet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95 
 
 eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque 
 posce bonis aliquid: nuliam patiere repulsam. 
 Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena, 
 non honor est: poenam, Phaethon, pro muaere poscis. 
 
 ' Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100 
 
 Ne dubita, dabitur (Sbygias iuravimus undas) 
 quodcumqne optaris: sed tu sapientius opta.' 
 
 Finierat monitus: dictis tamen ille repugnat 
 propositumque premit flagratque cupidine currus. 
 
 Ergo qua licuifc genitor cuuctatus ad altos 105 
 
 deducit iuvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. 
 Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summao 
 curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo; 
 per iuga chrjsolithi positaeque ex ordiae gemmae 
 ^ clara repercusso reddebant lumina Plioebo. 110 
 
 Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur opusque 
 perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu 
 purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum 
 atria. Diifugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit 
 Lucifer et caeli statione novissimus exit. 115 
 
 Quem petere ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit 
 cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae, 
 iungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. 
 luEsa deae celeres peraguut, ignemque vomentes, 
 
lO p. OVIDII KASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 ambrosiae suco saturos, praesaepibus altis 130 
 
 quadrupedes ducunt addnntqiie sonaatia frena. 
 
 Turn pater ora sni sacro medicamiue nati 
 
 contigit et rapidae fecit patientia flammae 
 
 imposuitque comae radios, praesagaqne luctus 
 
 pectore soUicito repetetis suspiria dixit: 125 
 
 ' Si jjotes liis saltern monitis parere parentis, 
 parce, puer, stimulis et fortius utere loris : 
 sponte sua properaiit; labor est inliibere voleutes. 
 
 ' N"ec tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus ; 
 sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, 130 
 
 zonarumque trium contentus fine polumque 
 effugit australem iunctamque aquilonibus Arcton. 
 ITac sit iter: manifesta rotae vestigia cernes. 
 Utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores, 
 nee preme nee summum molire per aethera currum. 135 
 
 Altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis, 
 inferius terras: medio tutissimus ibis. 
 Neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem, 
 neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram: 
 inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, 140 
 
 quae iuvet et melius, quam tu tibi, consulat opto. 
 
 ' Duni loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas 
 umida nox tetigit. Non est mora libera nobis: 
 poscimur : efEulget tenebris Aurora f ugatis*. 
 Corripe lora manu, vel, si mutabile pectus 145 
 
 est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris, 
 dum potes et solidis etiamnunc eedibus adstas 
 dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes. 
 Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris! ' 
 
 Occupat ille levem iuveuali corpore currum, 150 
 
 statque super manibusque datas conl^ngere babenas 
 gaudet et invito grates agit inde pareuti. 
 luterea volucres Pjrois et Ecus et Aethon, 
 Solis equi, qaartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras 
 flammiferis implent pedibusque repagula pulsant. 155 
 
 Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis 
 roppulit, et facta est iumensi oopia mundi. 
 
PHAETHON I I 
 
 corripuere viam pedibusque per aera motis 
 
 obstantes scindunt nebulas pennisque levati 
 
 praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus euros. 160 
 
 Sed leva pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent 
 Solis equij solitaque iugum gravitate carebat; 
 utque labant curvae iusto sine pondere naves 
 perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur, 
 sic onere adsueto vacuus dat in aera saltus 165 
 
 Buccutiturque alte eimilisque est currus inani. 
 
 Quod simnlac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt 
 quadriiugi spatium, nee quo prius ordine currunt. 
 Ipse pavet, nee qua commissas flectat liabenas, 
 nee scit, qua sit iter; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 
 
 Tunc primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones 
 et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingi, 
 quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, 
 frigore pigra prius nee formidabilis ulli, 
 
 incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras. 175 
 
 Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, 
 quamvis tardus eras et te tua plaustra tenebant. 
 
 TJt vero summo despexit ab aethere terras 
 infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque iacentes, 
 palluit et subito genua intreinuere timore, 180 
 
 suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae. 
 Et iam mallet equos numquam tetigisse paternos, 
 iam cognosse genus piget et valuisse rogando, 
 iam Meropis dici cupiens ita fertur, ut acta 
 praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit 185 
 
 frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit. 
 Quid faciat ? multum caeli post terga relictum, 
 ante oculos plus est! animo metitur utrumque, 
 eb modo quos illi fatum contingere non est, 
 prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus: 190 
 
 quidque agat ignarus stupet, et nee frena remittit 
 nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. 193 
 
 Exspatiantur equi, nulloque inbibente per auras 203 
 
 ignotae regiouis eunt, quaque impetus egit, 
 hac sine lege ruunt altoque sub aethere Axis 
 
12 P. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 incursaut stellis rapiuntque per avia currum. 205 
 
 Et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque 
 praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur. 
 Inf eriusque suis f raternos currere Liuia 
 admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila f umant. 
 
 Corripitur flamtnis, nt quaeque altissima, tellus 210 
 
 fissaque agit rimas et sucis aret ademptis. 
 Pabula caaescunt, cum frondibas uritur arbor, 
 materiamqiie suo praebet seges arida damno. 
 Parva queror: magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes, 
 cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 
 in cinerem vertimt. Silvae cam montibus ardent. 216 
 
 Turn vero Pliaethon cunctie e partibus orbem 237 
 
 adspicit accensum nee tantos sustinet aestus, 
 ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda 
 ore trahit currusque suos candescere sentit; 230 
 
 et neque iam cineres eiectatamque favillam 
 ferre potest calidoque involvitur undique fumo, 
 quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus 
 nescit et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. 
 
 Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato 235 
 
 Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem. 
 
 Nilus in extremura fugit perterritus orbem 254 
 
 occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet: ostia septem 
 pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles. 256 
 
 Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 260 
 lumen et infernum terret cum coniuge regem. 
 Et mare contraliitur, siccaeque est campus harenae 
 quod modo pontus erat: quosque altum texerat aequor, 
 exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. 
 Ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265 
 
 tollere consuetas andent delpliiues in auras; 
 corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo 
 exanimata natant. Ipsum quoque Nerea fama est 
 Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. 
 Ter ISTeptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu 
 exserere ausus erat, ter non tulit aeris ignes. 371 
 
 At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum, 304 
 
PHAETHON — BATTUS. 
 
 13 
 
 qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305 
 
 interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem, 
 
 unde solet nubes latis inducere terris, 
 
 unde movet tonitrus vibrataque fulmina iactat. 
 
 Sed neque quas posset terris inducere nubes 
 
 tunc habuit, nee quos caelo demitteret imbres. 310 
 
 Intouat et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure 
 
 misit in aurigam j^ariterque anlmaque rotisque 
 
 expulit et saevis compescuit ignibus igaes. 
 
 Consfceruantur equi et saltu in contraria facto 
 
 colla iugo eripiunt abruptaque lora relinquunfc. 315 
 
 Illic frena iacent, illic temone revulsus 
 
 axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum, 
 
 sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. 
 
 At Pliaethon rutilos flamma populante capillos, 
 volvitur in praeceps longoque per aera tractu 320 
 
 fertur, ut interdum de caelo stella sereno 
 etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse rideri. 
 Qfuem procul a patria diverse maximus orbe 
 excipit Eridanus fumantiaque abluit ora. 
 Naides Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 325 
 
 corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum: 
 
 HIC SITUS EST PHAETHOSr, CURRUS AURIGA PATERNI: 
 QUEM SI NOS TENUIT, MAGNIS TAMEW.EXCIDIT AUSIS. 
 
 4. BATTUS. 
 
 MET. II. C80-706. 
 
 Illud erat tempus, quo te pastoria pellis ' 680 
 
 texit onusque fuit baculum silvestre siuistrae, 
 
 alterius dispar septenis fistula cannis. 
 
 Dumque amor est curae, dum te tua fistula mulcet, 
 
 incustoditae Pylios memorantur in agros 
 
 processisse boves. Videt has Atlantide Maia 685 
 
 natus et arte sua silvis occultat abactas. 
 
 Senserat hoc furtum nemo, nisi notus in illo 
 
14 P. OVIDII KASONIS CAKMIITA SELECTA. 
 
 rure senex; Battum vicinia tota vocabant. 
 
 Divitis hie saltus lierbosaque pascua Nelei 
 
 nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum. 690 
 
 Hunc timuit blaadaque manu seduxit et illi 
 
 ' Quisquis es, hospes,' ait ' si forte armenta requiret 
 
 haec aliquis, vidisse nega; neu gratia facto 
 
 nulla rependatur, nitidam cape praemia vaccam,' 
 
 et dedit. Accepta voces has reddidit hospes : 695 
 
 'Tutus eas. Lapis iste prius tua furta loquetur,' 
 
 et lapidem ostendit. Simulat love natus abire, 
 
 mox redit et versa pariter cum voce figura 
 
 ' Rustice, vidisti siquas hoc limite ' dixit 
 
 ' ire boves, f er opem, furtoque sileutia deme ; 700 
 
 iuncta suo pariter dabitur tibi femina tauro.' 
 
 At senior, postquam est merees geminata, ' Sub ill is 
 
 montibus ' inquit ' erunt ' ; et erant sub montibus illis. 
 
 Eisit Atlantiades et ' Me mihi, perfide, prodis ? 
 
 me mihi prodis ? ' ait periuraque pectora vertit 705 
 
 in durum silicem, qui nunc quoque dicitur index. 
 
 5. THE DIVINITY OF BACCHUS. 
 MET. III. 583-691. 
 
 Ille metu vacuus ' Nomen mihi ' dixit ' Acoetes, 
 patria Maeonia est, humili de plebe parentes. 
 Non mihi quae duri colerent pater arva iuvenci, 
 lanigerosve greges, non i;lla armenta reliquit: 585 
 
 pauper et ipse fuit, linoque solebat et hamis 
 decipere et calamo salientes ducere pisces. 
 Ars illi sua census erat. Cum traderet artem, 
 " Accipe quas habeo, studii successor et heres," 
 dixit "opes." Moriensque mihi nil ille reliquit 590 
 
 praeter aquas: unum hoc possum appellare paternum. 
 
 ' Mox ego, ne scopulis haererem semper in isdem, 
 addidici regimen dextra moderante carinae 
 flectere et Oleniae sidus pluviale capellae 
 
THE DIVINITY OF BACCHUS. 1 5 
 
 Taygetenque Hyadasque oculis Arctonque notavi 595 
 
 ventorumque domos et portus puppibus aptos. 
 
 ' Forte petens Delum Chiae telluris ad eras 
 applicor et dextris adducor litora remis, 
 doque leves saltus udaeque inmittor harenae. 
 Nox ubi consumpta est (Aurora rubescere prima 600 
 
 coeperat), exsurgo, laticesque inferre recentes 
 admoneo monstroque viam, quae ducat ad undas. 
 Ipse, quid aura milii tumulo promittat ab alto, 
 prospicio comitesque voco repetoque carinam. 
 "Adsumusea!" inquit sociorum primus Opheltes, 605 
 
 utque putat, praedam deserto nactus ia agro, 
 virginea puerum ducit per litora forma. 
 
 ' Ille mero somnoque gravis titubare videtur 
 vixque sequi. Specto cultum faciemque gradumque : 
 nil ibi quod credi posset mortale Yidebam. 610 
 
 Et sensi et dixi sociis: " Quod numen in isto 
 corpore sit, d ubi to; sed corpore numen in isto est. 
 Quisquis es, o faveas nostrisque laboribus adsis. 
 His quoque des veniam." — " Pro nobis mitte precari " 
 Dictys ait, quo non alius conscendere summas 615 
 
 ocior antemnas prensoque rudente relabi. 
 
 ' Hoc Libys, hoc flavus, prorae tutela, Melanthus, 
 hoc probat Alcimedon, et qui requiemque modumque 
 voce dabat remis, animorum hortator Epopeus, 
 hoc omnes alii : praedae tam caeca cupido est. 630 
 
 ' " Non tamen hanc sacro violari pondere pinum 
 perpetiar " dixi : " pars hie mihi maxima iuris " ; 
 inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni 
 de numero Lycabas, qui Tusca pulsus ab urbe 
 exsilium dira poenam pro caede luebat. 635 
 
 Is mihi, dum resto, iuvenali guttu'ra pugno 
 rupit, et excussum misisset in aequora, si non 
 haesissem, quamvis amens, in fune retentus. 
 
 ' Impia turba probat factum. Tum denique Bacchus 
 (Bacchus enim fuerat), veluti clamore solutus 630 
 
 sit sopor aque mero redeant in pectora sensus, 
 " Quid facitis? quis clamor? " ait " qua, dicite, nautae. 
 
l6 p. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 hue ope perveui ? quo me delerre paratis ? " 
 
 " Pone metum," Proreus " et quos contiugere portus 
 
 ede velis " dixit: " terra eistere petita." — 635 
 
 " JSTaxon " ait Liber " ciirsus advertifce yestros. 
 
 Ilia mihi domus est, vobis erit liospita tellus." 
 
 Per mare fallaces perque omnia uumina iuraut 
 
 sic fore, meque iubent pictae dare vela carinae. 
 
 ' Dextera Naxos erat. Dextra mihi liutea danti G40 
 
 " Quid facis, o demens? quis te furor — ? " inquit Opheltes. 
 Pro EG quisque timet: " Laevam pete " maxima uutu 
 pars mihi siguiflcat, pars quid velit aure susurrat. 
 Obstipui "Capiat" que " aliquis moderamina" dixi 
 meque miuisterio scelerisque artisque removi. 045 
 
 lucrepor a cunctis, totumque inmurmurat agmen. 
 E quibus Aethalion " Te scilicet omnis in uno 
 nostra salus posita est ! " ait, et subit ipse meumque 
 explet opus, Naxoque petit diversa relicta. 
 
 ' Tum deus inludens, tamquam modo denique fraudem 650 
 senserit, e puppi pontum prospectat adunca 
 et flenti similis "Nou liaec mihi litora, nautae, 
 promisistis " ait, " non haec mihi terra rogata est. 
 Quo merui poenam facto ? quae gloria vestra est, 
 si puerum iuvenes, si multi fallitis unum ? " 655 
 
 lamdudum fiebam : lacrimas manus impia nostras 
 ridet et impellit properantibus aequora remis. 
 
 ' Per tibi nunc ipsum (nee enim praesentior illo 
 est deus) adiuro, tarn me tibi vera referre, 
 q nam veri maiora fide: stetit aequore puppis 6G0 
 
 liaud aliter quam si siccum navale teneret. 
 lUi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant 
 velaque deducunt geminaque ope currere tcmptaut. 
 Impediunt hederae remos nexuque recurvo 
 serpunt et gravidis distinguunt vela corymbis. 665 
 
 Ipse racemiferis f rontem circumda,tus uvis 
 pampiueis agitat velatam frondibus hastam. 
 Quersi circa tigres simulacraque inania lyncum 
 pic+Lirumque iacent fera corpora pantherarum. 
 Exsiluere viri, sive hoc iasania fecit, 670 
 
PYEAMUS AND THISBE. 1/ 
 
 sire timor, primueque Medon nigrescere coepit 
 
 corpore et espresso spinae curvamine flecti. 
 
 Incipit liuic Lycabas: " In quae miracula " dixit 
 
 " verteris? " et lati rictus et panda loqueuti 
 
 naris erat, squamamque cutis durata trahebat. 675 
 
 At Libys obstantes dum vult obvertere remos, 
 
 in spatium resilire manus breve vidit et illas 
 
 iam non esse manus, iam pinnas posse vocari. 
 
 Alter, ad intortos cupiens dare braccliia funes, 
 
 bracchia non habuit, truncoque repandus in undas 680 
 
 corpore desiluit: falcata novissima cauda est, 
 
 qualia dimidiae sinuantur cornua lunae, 
 
 Undique dant saltus multaque adspergine rorant 
 
 emerguntque iterum redeuntqne sub aequora rursus 
 
 inque chori ludunt speciem lascivaque iactant 685 
 
 corpora et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant. 
 
 ' De modo viginti (tot enim ratis ilia ferebat) 
 restabam solus. Pavidum gelidumque trementi 
 corpore vixque meum firmat dens " Bxcute " dicens 
 " corde metum Diamque tene." Delatus in illam 690 
 
 accessi sacris Baccheaque sacra frequento.' 
 
 6. PYRAMU8 AND THISBE. 
 
 MET. IV. 55-100. 
 
 Pyramus et Thisbe, iuvenum pulcherrimus alter, 55 
 
 altera, quas oriens habuit, praelata puellis, 
 contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam 
 coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 
 
 Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit: 
 tempore crevit amor. Taedae quoque iure coissent: 60 
 
 sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare, 
 ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo. 
 Conscius omnis abest: nutu signisque loquuntur, 
 quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis. 
 
 FisBus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim, 65 
 
 2 
 
1 8 p. OTIDII NASOKIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 cum fieret, paries domui communiB utrique. 
 
 Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum 
 
 (quid non seutib amor ?) primi vidietis amautes, 
 
 et vocis fecistis iter; tutaeque per illud 
 
 murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 70 
 
 Saepe, iibi constiterant hinc Tliisbe, Pyramus illiuc, 
 ' Invide ' dicebant ' paries, quid amantibus obstas ? 73 
 
 Nee sumuB iugrati : tibi nos debere f atemur, 76 
 
 quod datus est verbis ad amicas transitus aures. ' 
 
 Talia diversa nequiquam, sede locuti 
 sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere 
 oscula quisque suae non pervenieatia contra. 80 
 
 Postera nocturnos aurora removerat ignes, 
 solque pruinosas radiis sicca verat herbas : 
 ad solitum coifere locum. Tum murmure parvo 
 multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti 
 fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 85 
 
 cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant: 
 neve sit errandum lato spatiaatibus arvo, 
 conveniant ad busta ISTini lateantque sub umbra 
 arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis 
 ardua morus, erat, gelido contermina fonti. 90 
 
 Pacta placent. Et lux, tarde discedere visa, 
 praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox exit ab isdem. 
 
 Callida per tenebras versato cardiue Thisbe 
 egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum 
 pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95 
 
 Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti 
 caede leaena boum spumantes oblita rictus, 
 depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. 
 Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe 
 vidit et obscurum timido pede fugit iu antrum, 100 
 
 dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. 
 Ut lea saera sitim multa compescuit unda, 
 dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa 
 ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 
 
 Serins egressus vestigia vidit in alto 105 
 
 pulvere certa ferae totoque expalluit ore 
 
PYKAMUS AND THISBE. 1 9 
 
 Pyramns: ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam 
 
 repperit, ' Una duos ' inquit ' nox perdet amantes. 
 
 E qnibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita, 
 
 nostra nocene anima est: ego te, miseranda, peremi, 110 
 
 in loca plena metus qui iussi nocte venires, 
 
 nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 
 
 et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 
 
 o qulcumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones. 
 
 Sed timidi est optare necem. ' Velamina Thisbes 115 
 
 toUit et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram; 
 
 utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti, 
 
 ' Accipe nunc ' inquit ' nostri quoque sanguinis haustus! ' 
 
 quoque erat accinctus^ demisit in ilia ferrum, 
 
 nee mora, ferventi modens e vulnere traxit. 130 
 
 TJt iacuit resupinus, humo cruor emicat alte, 
 non aliter, quam cum vitiate fistula plumbo 
 scinditur et tenui strideute foramine longas 
 eiaculatur aquas atque ietibus aera rumpit. 
 Arborei fetus adspergine caedis in atram 125 
 
 vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix 
 purpureo tinguit pendentia mora colore. 
 
 Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem, 
 ilia redit iuvenemque ecu lis animoque requirit, 
 quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 130 
 
 Utque locum et visa cognoscit in arbore formam, 
 sic facit ineertam pomi color : liaeret, an haee sit. 
 Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cmentum 
 membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo 
 pallidiora gerens exhorrnit aequoris instar, 135 
 
 quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura. 
 
 Sed postquam reraorata suos cognovit amores, 
 percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, 
 et laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum 
 vuluera supplevit lacrimis fletumque cruori " 140 
 
 miscuik et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens 
 ' Pyrame ' clamavit, ' quis te mihi casus ademit ? 
 Pyrame, responde : tna .te carissima Thisbe 
 aominat: exaudi vultusque attolle iaceutes! ' 
 
20 P. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Ad nomen Thisbes oculos iam morte gravatos 145 
 
 Pyramus erexit, ■visaque recondidit ilia. 
 
 Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit et ense 
 vidit ebnr vacuum, ' Tua te manus ' inquit 'amorque 
 perdidit, infelix. Est et milii fortis in unum 
 hoc manus, est et amor : dabit hie in vulnera vires. 150 
 
 Pereequar exstinctum letique miserrima dicar 
 causa comesqiie tui; quique a me morte revelli 
 heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli. 
 
 ' Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, 
 o multum miseri meus illiusque parentes, 155 
 
 ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima iunxit, 
 componi tumulo uon invideatis eodem. 
 At tu quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus 
 nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum, 
 signa tene caedis puUosque et luctibus aptos 160 
 
 semper babe fetus, gemini monimenta crnoris.' 
 
 Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 
 incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat. 
 Vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes: 
 nam color in porno est, ubi permaturuit, ater, 165 
 
 quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urua. 
 
 7, PERSEUS AND ATLAS. 
 MET. IV. 631-663. 
 
 Hie hominum cunctis ingenti corpore praestans 
 lapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima teUus 
 rege sub hoc et poutus erat, qui Solis anhelis 
 aequora subdit equis et fessos excipit axes. 
 
 Mille greges illi totidemque armenta per herbas 635 
 
 errabant, et humum viciuia nulla premebant. 
 Arboreae frondes auro radiante nitentes 
 ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant. 
 'Hospes,' ait Perseus illi, 'sen gloria tangit 
 te generis magni, generis mihi Iiippiter anctor; 640 
 
PERSEUS AND ATLAS — CERES AND PROSERPINA. 21 
 
 sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras. 
 
 Hospitium requiemque peto.' Memor ille vetustae 
 
 Bortis erat: Themis lianc dederat Parnasia sortem: 
 
 'Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro 
 
 arbor, et hnnc praedae titulum love natus habebit.' 645 
 
 Id metueus solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas 
 moenibus et vasto dederat servanda draconi 
 arcebatque suis externos finibus omnes. 
 Huic quoque ' Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum, 
 quam mentiris ' ait, ' longe tibi luppiter absit '; 650 
 
 vimque minis addit manibusque expellere temptat 
 cunctantem et placidis miscentem fortia dicfcis. 
 Viribus inferior (quis enim par esset Atlantis 
 viribus?) 'At quoniam parvi tibi gratia nostra est, 
 accipe munus ' ait, laevaque a parte Medusae 655 
 
 ipse retroversus squalentia protulit ora. 
 Quantus erat, mons factus Atlas: nam barba comaeque, 
 in silvas abeunt, inga sunt umerique manusque, 
 quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumea, 
 ossa lapis fiunt: tum partes auctus in omnes 660 
 
 crevit in inmensum (sic di statuistis), et omne 
 cum tot sideribus caelum requievit in illo. 
 
 8. CERES AND PROSERPINA. 
 
 MET. V. 385-408, 438-445, 462-463, 474-538, 564-571. 
 
 Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae, 385 
 nomine Fergus, aquae. Non illo plura Caystros 
 carmina cycnorum labentibus audit in uudis. 
 Silva coronat aquas cingens latus omne, suisque 
 frondibus ut velo Phoebeos submovet ictus. 
 Frigora dant rami, Tjrios humus umida flores: 390 
 
 perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco 
 ludit et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpi t, 
 dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque 
 implet et aequales certat superare legendo. 
 
22 P. OVIDII KASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti: 395 
 
 usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto 
 
 et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore 
 
 clamat; et, ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora, 
 
 conlecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis. 
 
 Tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis, 400 
 
 liaec quoque virgineum nioyit iactura dolorem. 
 
 Eaptor agit currus et uomine quemque vocatos 
 exhortatur equos, quorum per colla iubasque 
 excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas, 
 perque lacus altos et oleutia sulpure fertur 405 
 
 etagna Palicorum, rupta f erven tia terra, 
 et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho, 
 inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus. 
 
 luterea pavidae nequiquam filia matri 438 
 
 omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo. 
 Illam non udis veniens Aurora capillis 440 
 
 cessantem vidit, non Hesperus. Ilia duabus 
 flammiferas pinus manibus succendit ab Aetna 
 perque pruinosas tulit inrequieta tenebras. 
 Eursus ubi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam 
 solis ab occasu solis quaerebat ad ortus. 445 
 
 Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas, 463 
 
 dicere longa mora est: quaerenti defuit orbis. 
 Nescit adhuc, ubi sit: terras tamen increpat omnes 474 
 
 ingratasque vocat nee frugum miinere dignas, 
 Triuacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni 
 repperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glaebas 
 fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos 
 ruricolasque boves leto dedit arvaque iussit 
 fallere depositum vitiataque semina fecit. 480 
 
 Fertilitas terrae latum vulgata per orbem 
 falsa iacet: primis segetes moriuntur in herbis, 
 et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber, 
 sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres 
 semina iacta legunt; lolium tribulique fatigant 485 
 
 triticeas messes, et inexpugnabile gramen. 
 
 Tum caput Eleis Alpheias extulit undis 
 
CERES AN"D PROSERPINA. 23 
 
 rorantesqne comas a fronte removit ad aures 
 
 atque ait: '0 toto quaesitae virginis orbe 
 
 et frugum genetrix, iamensos siste labores, 490 
 
 neve tibi fidae violeuta rrascere terrae. 
 
 Terra nihil meruit patnitque iavita rapinae. 
 
 Nee sum pro patria supplex : hue hospita veni ; 
 
 Pisa mihi patria est et ab Elide ducimus ortus; 
 
 Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni 495 
 
 haec mihi terra solo est : hos nunc Arethusa penates, 
 
 hanc habeo sedem : quam tu, mitissima, eerva. 
 
 ' Mota loco cur sim tantique per aequoris undas 
 advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora 
 tempestiva meis^ cum tu caraqiTe levata 500 
 
 et Tultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus 
 praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas 
 hie caput attollo desuetaque sidera cerno. 
 Ergo dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor, 
 visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris : 605 
 
 ilia quidem tristis neque adhuc interrita vultu, 
 sed regina tamea, sed opaci maxima mundi, 
 sed tamen iuferni pollens matrona tyranni.' 
 
 Mater ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces 
 attonitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore 510 
 
 pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus oras 
 exit in aetherias. Ibi toto nubila vultu 
 ante lovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis 
 ' Pro ' que ' meo veni supplex tibi, luppiter ' inquit, 
 ' sanguine proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 515 
 
 nata patrem moveat, neu sit tibi cura, precamur, 
 vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu. 
 En quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est, 
 si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si 
 scire, ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus, 530 
 
 dummodo reddat earn: neque enim praedone marito 
 filia digna tua est, si iam mea filia non est.' 
 
 luppiter excepit: ' Commune est pignus onusque 
 nata mihi tecum. Sed si modo nomina rebus 
 addere vera placet, hon hoc iniuria factum, 535 
 
24 P- OVIDII NASONIS CAKMINA SELECTA. 
 
 verum amor est; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori, 
 
 tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est 
 
 esse lovis fratrem! Quid quod noa cetera desunt 
 
 nee cedit nisi sorte mihi ? sad tanta cupido 
 
 ei tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum, 530 
 
 lege tamen certa, si nullos eontigit illic 
 
 ore cibos; nam sic Parearum foedere cautum est.' 
 
 Dixerat. At Cereri certum est ed ucere natam. 
 Non ita fata sinunt, quoniam ieiunia virgo 
 solverat et, cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 535 
 
 Poeniceum eurva decerpserat arbore pomum 
 Bumptaque pallenti septem de cortiee grana 
 presserat ore suo. 
 
 At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis 564 
 
 luppiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum. 565 
 
 Nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum, 
 cum matre est totidem, totidem cum coniuge menses. 
 Vertitur extemplo facies et mentis et oris: 
 nam modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri, 
 laeta deae frons est, ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 570 
 
 nubibus ante fuit, victis e nubibus exit. 
 
 9. DAEDALUS AND ICARUS. 
 
 MET. Tin. 183-335. 
 
 Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus 
 exsilium tactusque loci natalis aniore 
 
 clausus erat pelago. ' Terras licet ' inquit ' et undas 185 
 
 obstruat: at caelum certe patet; ibimus iliac. 
 Omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos.' 
 
 Dixit, et ignotas animum dimittit in artes 
 naturamque novat. Nam ponit in ordine pennas, 
 a minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti, 190 
 
 ut clivo crevisse jmtes. Sic rustica quondam 
 fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis. 
 Tum lino medias et ceris adligat imas, 
 
DAEDALUS AND ICARUS. 2$ 
 
 afcque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit, 
 
 nt veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una 195 
 
 stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla, 
 
 ore renidenti modo, quas vaga moverat aura, 
 
 captabat plumas, flavam modo pel lice ceram 
 
 mollibat lusuque suo mirabile patris 
 
 impediebafc opus. Postquam maaus ultima coeptis 300 
 
 imposita est, gemiaas opifex libravit iu alas 
 
 ipse suum corpus motaque pependit in aura. 
 
 Instruit et uatum ' Medio ' que ' ut limite curras, 
 Icare,' ait ' moneo, ne, si demissior ibis, 
 
 unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adui'at. 205 
 
 Inter utrumqne vola. Nee te spectare Booten 
 aufc Helicen iubeo strictumque Orionis ensem: 
 me duce carpe viam.' Paiiter praecepta volandi 
 tradit et ignotas umeris accommodat alas. 
 
 Inter opus mouitusque genae maduere seniles 210. 
 
 et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato 
 non iterum repetenda suo, pennisque levatus 
 ante volat comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto 
 quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido, 
 hortaturque sequi damnosasque erudit artes 215 
 
 et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas. 
 
 Hos aliquis tremula dum cap tat harundine pieces, 
 aut pastor baculo stivave innixus arator 
 vidit, et obstipuit, quique aethera carpere possent 
 credidit esse deos. Et iam lunonia laeva 220 
 
 parte Samos (fuerant Delosque Parosque relictae), 
 dextra Lebinthus erat fecundaque melle Calymne, 
 cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volata 
 deseruitque ducem caelique cupidiue tractus 
 altius egit iter. Eapidi vicinia solis 225 
 
 mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras. 
 Tabuerant cerae: nudos quatit ille lacertos 
 remigioque carens non uUas percipit auras, 
 oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen 
 excipiuutur aqua : quae nomen traxit ab illo. 230 
 
 At pater infelix, nee iam pater, ' Icare,' dixit. 
 
26 p. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 ' Icare,' dixit ' ubi es ? qua te regions requiram ? ' 
 
 ' Icare ' dicebat: pennas adspexit ia undis 
 
 devovitque suas artes corpusque sepulcro 
 
 condidit. Et tellus a nomine dicta eepulti. 235 
 
 10. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 
 
 MET. Tin. 636-730. 
 
 luppiter hue specie mortali cumque parente 
 venit Atlautiades positis caducifer alis. 
 Mille domes adiere, locum requiemque petentes, 
 mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit, 
 parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri; 630 
 
 sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon 
 ilia sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, ilia 
 consenuere casa paupertatemque fatendo 
 effiecere levem nee iniqua mente ferendo. 
 Ifec refert, dominos illic famulosne requiras: 635 
 
 tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque iubentque. 
 
 Ergo ubi caelicolae parvos tetigere penates 
 submissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes, 
 membra senex posito iussit relevare sedili, 
 quo superiniecit textum rude sedula Baucis. 640 
 
 Inque foco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes 
 suscitat hesternos, foliisque et cortice sicco 
 nutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili. 
 Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto 
 detulit et minuit parvoque admovit aeno. 645 
 
 Quodque suus coniunx riguo conlegerat horto, 
 truncat holus foliis; furca levat ilia bicorni 
 sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno 
 servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem 
 exiguam sectamque domat ferventibus undis. 650 
 
 Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas 651 
 
 concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 655 
 
 impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
 
PHILBMOX AND BAUCIS. 2"] 
 
 Vestibus liunc velaut, quas non nisi tempore festo 
 sternere consuerant : sed et haec vilisque vetusque 
 Testis erat, lecto uoa indignauda ealigno. 
 
 Accubuere dei. Mensam succiacta tremensque 660 
 
 ponit anus, mensae sed erat pes tertius impar. 
 Testa parem fecib. Quae postquam subdita clivum 
 sustulit, aequatam meutae tersere vireutes. 
 Ponitur liic bicolor sincerae baca Minervae 
 conditaque in liquida corna autnmnalia faece 665 
 
 intibaque et radix et lactis rtiassa coacti 
 ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla, 
 omnia fictilibus. Post liaec caelatus eodem 
 sistitur argento crater fabricataque fago 
 pocLila, qua cava sunt, flaventibus ialita ceris. 670 
 
 Parva mora est, epalasque foci misere calentes; 
 nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae 
 dantqae locum mensis paulum seducta secundis. 
 Hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis 
 priinaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris 675 
 
 et de purpureis conlectae vitibus uvae. 
 Candidas in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus 
 accessere boui nee iners pauperque voluntas. 
 
 luterea totiens haustum cratera repleri 
 sponte sua per seque vident succrescere vina: 680 
 
 attoniti novitate pavent manibusque supiuis 
 concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon 
 et veuiam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. 
 
 Unicus anser erat, miaimae custodia villae: 
 quern dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 685 
 
 Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat 
 eluditque diu, tandemqiie est visus ad ipsos 
 confugisse deos. Snperi vetuere necari 
 ' Di ' que ' sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas 
 impia' dixerunt; ' vobis iamuaibus huius 690 
 
 esse mali dabitur. Modo vestra relinquite tecta 
 ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua mentis 
 ite simul.' Parent ambo baculisque levati 
 nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo. 
 
28 p. OVIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Tanfcum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta 695 
 missa potest: flexere oculos at mersa palude 
 cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta maaere. 
 Dumque ea mirantur, dum defleafc fata suorum, 
 ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus 
 vertitur in templum: lurcas subiere columnae, 700 
 
 stramina flavescunt, aurataque tecta videntur 
 eaelataeque fores adopertaque marmore tellus. 
 
 Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore: 
 ' Dicite, iuste senex et femina cotyuge iusto 
 digna, quid optetis.' Cum Baucide pauca locutus 705 
 
 indicium superis aperit commune Philemon: 
 ' Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri 
 poscimus; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos 
 auferat hora duos eadem, nee coniugis unquam 
 busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia. ' 710 
 
 Vota fides sequitur. Templi tutela fuere, 
 donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti 
 ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique 
 narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, 
 Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 715 
 
 lamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus 
 mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta ' Vale ' que 
 'o coniunx ' dixere simul, simul abdita texit 
 era frutex. Ostendit adhuc Thymbreius illio 
 incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 720 
 
 11. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICK 
 
 MET. X. 1-63, 72-77. 
 
 Inde per inmensum croceo velatus amictu 
 aethera digreditur Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad eras 
 tendit et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur. 
 Adfuit ille quidem, sed uec sollemnia verba 
 nee laetos vultus nee felix attulit omen. 
 Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo 
 
ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 2g 
 
 usque fuit nullosque iavenit motibus ignee. 
 
 ExituB auspicio gravior: uam uupta per herbas 
 dum uova naiadum turba comitata vagatur, 
 occidit ill talum serpeatis dente recepto.' 10 
 
 Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodopeius auras 
 deflevifc vates, ue non fcemptareb et umbras, 
 ad Styga Taeaai'ia est ausus descendere porta; 
 perque leves populos simulacraque fuacta sepulcro 
 Persepboneu adiit iaamoenaque regaa tenentem 15 
 
 umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis 
 sic ait: '0 positi sub terra numma inundi, 
 in quem reccidimus, quicquid mortale creamur, 
 si licet et falsi positis ambagibus oris 
 
 vera loqui sinitis, nou hue, ut opaca viderera 20 
 
 Tartara, descendi, nee uti villosa colubris 
 terna Medusaei vincirem guttura moustri: 
 causa viae est coniuux, in quam calcata venenum 
 vipera diffudit crescentesque abstulit annos. 
 
 ' Posse pati volui nee me temptasse negabo : 35 
 
 vicit Amor. Snpera deus bic bene notus in ora est, 
 an sit et hie, dubito. Sed et hie tamen auguror esse; 
 famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, 
 vos quoque iunxit Amor. Per ego haec loca plena timoris, 
 per chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regui, 30 
 
 Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata. 
 Omnia debentur vobis, paulumque morati 
 serins aut citius sedem properamus ad unam. 
 Tendimus hue omnes, base est domus ultima, vosque 
 humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35 
 
 Haec quoque, cum iustos matura peregerit annos, 
 iuris erit vestri: pro munere poscimns usum. 
 Quodsi fata iiegant veniam pro coniuge, certum est 
 nolle redire mihi: leto gaudete daorum.' 
 
 Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 40 
 
 exsaugues flebant animae: nee Tantalus undam 
 captavit refugam, stupuitqne Ixiouis orbis, 
 nee carpsere iecur vol acres, urnisque vacarunt 
 Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo. 
 
30 p. OVIDII NASONIS CARMHiTA SELECTA. 
 
 Tunc primum lacrimis victamm carmine fama est 45 
 
 Eumenidum maduisse geuas. Nee regia coniunx 
 Bustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare, 
 Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes 
 inter et incessit passu de vulnere tardo. 
 
 Hanc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit Orplieus: 50 
 ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas 
 exierit valles: aut inrita dona futura. 
 
 Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames, 
 arduus^ obscurus, caligine densus opaca. 
 
 Nee proeul afuerunt telluris margine summae : 55 
 
 hie, ne deficeret, metuens avidusque videndi 
 flexit amans oeulos; et protinus ilia relapsa est, 
 bracchiaque intendens prendique eb prendere certans 
 nil nisi eedentes infelix adripit auras. 
 
 lamque iterum moriens non est de coniuge quicquam 60 
 questa suo: quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ? 
 Supremumque * vale, ' quod iam vix auribus ille 
 aceiperet, dixit revolutaque rursus eodem est. 63 
 
 Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem 73 
 
 portitor areuerat. Septem tamen ille diebus 
 squalidus in ripa Oereris sine munere sedit: 
 cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 75 
 
 Esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam 
 se recipit Ehodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum. 
 
 12. MIDAS. 
 MET. XI. 85-145. 
 
 Nee satis hoe Baeclio est: ipsos quoque deserit agros 85 
 cumque clioro meliore sui vineta Timoli 
 Pactolonque petit, quamvis non aureus illo 
 tempore nee caris erat iavidiosus liarenis. 
 
 Hunc adsueta coliors satyri bacchaeque frequentant: 
 at Silenus abest. Titubantem aunisque meroque 90 
 
 ruricolae cepere Phryges vinotumque coronis 
 
MIDAS. 31 
 
 ad regem duxere Midan, cui Tliracius Orpheus 
 orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. 
 
 Qui simul aguovit socium comitemque sacrorum, 
 hospitis adventu feetum genialiter egit 95 
 
 per bis quinque dies et iunctas ordine noctes. 
 Et iam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen 
 Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus ia agros 
 rex veait et iuveni Sileuum reddit alumuo. 
 
 Huic deus optaadi gratum, sed inutile, fecit 100 
 
 muneris arbitrium, gaudeas alfcore recepto. 
 Ille male usurus donis ait ' BflBce, quicquid 
 corpore contigero fulvum vertatur in aurum.' 
 Adnuit optatis nocituraque munera solvit 
 Liber, et iudoluib, quod non meliora petisset. 105 
 
 Laetus abit gaudetque male Berecyntius heros 
 pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temptat. 
 Vixque sibi credens non alta fronde virentem 
 ilice detraxit virgam: virga aurea facta est. 
 ToUit bumo saxum : saxum quoque palluit auro. 110 
 
 Contigit et glaebam : coutactu glaeba potenti 
 massa fit. Arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas : 
 aurea messis erat. Demptum tenet arbore pomum : 
 Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis 
 admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur. 115 
 
 Ille etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis, 
 unda fiuens palmis Danaen eludere posset. 
 Vix spes ipse suas animo capifc, aurea fingens 
 omnia. Gaudeuti mensas posuere ministri 
 exstructas dapibus nee tosfcae frugis egentes. 120 
 
 Tum vero, sive ille sua Oerealia dextra 
 munera con.tigerat, Oerealia dona rigebant, 
 sire dapes avido convellere dente parabat, 
 lammina fulva dapes admoto dente premebat. 
 Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis : 125 
 
 f usile per rictus aurum fluitare yideres. 
 
 Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque, 
 effugere optat opes et, quae modo voverat, odit. 
 Copia nulla famem relevat; sitis arida guttur 
 
32 p. OVIDII NASONIS CABMINA SELECTA. 
 
 urit, et invieo meritus torquetur ab auro. 130 
 
 Ad caelumque manus et splendida braccliia tollens 
 'Daveuiam, Leuaue pater! peccavimus,' inquit, 
 'sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno.' 
 
 Mite deum numen : Bacchus peccasse fatentem 
 restituifc pactique fide data inunera solvit. 135 
 
 ' Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro, 
 vade ' ait ' ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem 
 perque iugum montis labentibus obvius undis 
 carpe viam, doaec venias ad flumiuis ortus; 
 spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit, 140 
 
 subde caput corpusque simul, simul elue crimen.' 
 
 Eex iussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tiuxit 
 flumen. et liumano de corpore cessit in amnem. 
 Nunc quoque lam veteris percepto semine venae 
 arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glaebis. 145 
 
 13. THE CONTEST FOR THE A RMS OF A CHILLES. 
 
 MET. XII. 612-628; xiii. 1-398. 
 
 lam timer ille Phrygum, decus et tutela Pelasgi 
 nominis, Aeacides, caput insnpei;abile bello, 
 arserat: armarat deus idem, idemque cremarat. 
 lam ciuis est, et "de tam maguo restat Achille 615 
 
 nescio quid, parvani quod non bene compleat urnam: 
 at vivit totum quae gloria compleat orbem. 
 Haec illi mensura viro respondet, et liao est 
 par sibi Pelides nee inania Tartara sentit. 
 
 Ipse etiam, ut, cuius fuerit, cognoscere possis, 620 
 
 bella movet clipeus, deque armis arma feruntur. 
 Non ea Tydides, non audet Oileos Aiax, 
 non minor Atrides, non bello maior et aevo 
 poscere, non alii : solis Telamone creato 
 Laerteque fuit tantae fiducia laudis. 635 
 
 A se Tantalides onus invidiamque removit, 
 Argolicosque duces mediis considere castris 
 iussit, et arbitrium litis traiecit iu omnes. 
 
THE CONTEST FOR THE AEMS OF ACHILLES. 33 
 
 MET. XIII. 
 
 Consedere duces, et vulgi stante corona 
 surgit ad hos clipei domiaus septemplicis Aiax; 
 utque erat impatiens irae, Sigeia torvo 
 litora respexit classemque ia litore vultu 
 
 iatendeasque manus ' Agimus, pro luppiter! ' inquifc 5 
 
 ' ante rates causam, et mecum eonfertur Ulixes I 
 At noti Hectoreis dubitavit cedere flammis, 
 quas ego sustinui, quas hac a classe fuga-vi. 
 Tutius est igitur fictis contendere verbis, 
 qtiam pugnare mauu ! Sed nee mihi dicere promptiim, 10 
 nee facere est isti: quantumque ego Marte feroci 
 inque acie valeo, tautum valet iste loquendo. 
 
 ' Nee memoranda tamen vobis mea facta, Pelasgi, 
 esse reor: vidistis enim. Sua narret Ulixes, 
 quae sine teste gerit, quorum nox conscia sola est. 15 
 
 Praemia magna peti fateor. Sed demit honorem 
 aemulus: Aiaci non est tenuisse superbum, 
 sit licet hoc ingens, quicquid speravit Ulixes. 
 Iste tulit pretiam iam nunc temptaminis huius, 
 quo, cum victus erit, mecum certasse feretur. 20 
 
 ' Atque ego, si virtus in me dubitabilis esset, 
 nobilitate poteus essem, Telamone creatus, 
 moenia qui forti Troiana sub Hercule cepit 
 litoraque intravit Pagasaea Colclia carina. 
 Aeacus liuic pater est, qui iura silentibus illio 35 
 
 reddit, ubi Aeoliden saxum grave Sisyphon urget. 
 Aeacon agnoscit summus prolemque fatetur 
 luppiter esse suam: sic a love tertius Aiax. 
 Nee tamen haec series in causam prosit, Achivi, 
 si mihi cum magno non est communis Achille. 30 
 
 Prater erat, fraterna peto. Quid sanguine cretus 
 SFsyphio furtisque et fraude simillimus illi 
 inserit Aeacidis alienae nomina gentis ? 
 
 ' An quod in arma prior nulloque sub indice veni, 
 arma neganda mihi ? Potiorque videbitur ille, 35 
 
 ultima qui cepit detrectavitque furore 
 3 
 
34 P. OVIDII ITASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 militiam ficto, donee sollertior isto, 
 
 sed eibi inutilior timidi commenta retexit 
 
 Naupliades animi vitataque traxib ad arma ? 
 
 Optima nuin sumat, quia siimere nolnit alia ? 40 
 
 nos inhonorati et donis patruelibus orbi, 
 
 obtulimus quia nos ad prima pericLila, simus ? 
 
 ' Atque utinam aut verus furor ille, aut creditus esset, 
 nee comes hie Phrygias umquam venlsset ad arces 
 hortator seelerum ! Nou te, Poeantia proles, 45 
 
 expositum Lemnos nostro eum crimine haberet ! 
 Qui nune, ut memoraut, silvestribns abditus antris 
 saxa moves gemitu Laertiadaeque precaris 
 quae meruit; quae, si di sunt, nou vana preearis. 
 Et nunc ille eadem nobis iuratus in arma, 50 
 
 heu! pars una ducum, quo successore sagittae 
 Jlereulis utuntur, fractus morboque fameque 
 velaturque aliturque avibus, volucresque petendo 
 debita Troianis exercet spicula fatis. 
 
 Ille tamen vivit, quia non comitavit Ulixen : 55 
 
 mallet et iufelix Palamedes esse relietus. 
 Viveret aut certe letum sine crimine haberet! 
 Quern male convieti uimium memor iste furoris 
 prodere rem Danaam finxit fictumque probavit 
 crimen et ostendit, quod iam praefoderat, aurum. 60 
 
 Ergo aut exsilio vires subduxit Achivis, 
 aut nece: sic puguat, sic est metuendus Ulixes. 
 
 ' Qui licet eloquio Mum quoque Nestora vineat, 
 haud tarnen efficiet, desertum ut Nestora crimen 
 esse rear nullum. Qui eum imploraret Ulixen 65 
 
 vulnere tardus equi fessusque senilibus annis, 
 proditus a socio est. Non haec mihi crimina fingi 
 scit bene Tydides, qui nomine saepe vocatum 
 corripuit trepidoque fugam exprobravit amico. 
 Adspiciunt oculis superi mortalia iustis. 70 
 
 En eget auxilio, qui nou tulit, utque reliquit, 
 sic linquendus erat : legem sibi dixerat ipse. 
 Conclamat socios. Adsum videoque trementem 
 pallentemque metu et trepidantem morte futura. 
 
THE CONTEST FOE THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 35 
 
 Opposui molem clipei texique iacentem 75 
 
 servavique animam (miuimiim est hoc laudis) inertem. 
 
 Si perstas certare, locum redeamus iu ilium : 
 
 redde hostem vulausque tuum solifcumque timorem 
 
 posb clipeumque late et mecum conteude sub illo. 
 
 At postquam eripui, cui standi vulnera vires 80 
 
 non dederant, nullo tardatus vuluere fugit. 
 
 ' Hector adest secumque deos in proelia ducit, 
 quaque ruit, non tu tantum terreris, Ulixe, 
 sed fortes etiam : tantum traliit ille timoris. 
 Hunc ego sanguineae successu caedis ovantem 85 
 
 eminus ingenti resupinum pondere fudi, 
 hunc ego poscentem, cum quo coucurreret, unus 
 sustinui, sortemque meam vovistis, Acliivi, 
 et vestrae yaluere preces. Si quaeritis huius 
 fortunam pugnae, non sum superatus ab illo. 90 
 
 Ecce ferunt Troes ferrumque ignesque lovemque 
 in Danaas classes. Ubi nunc facuudus Ulixes? 
 Nempe ego mille meo protexi pectore puppes, 
 spem vestri reditus. Date tot pro navibus arma. 
 Quodsi vera licet milii dicere, quaeritur istis, 95 
 
 quam mihi, maior honos, coniunctaque gloria nostra est, 
 atque Aiax armis, uon Aiaci arma petuntur. 
 
 ' Oonferat his Itbacus Rhesum imbellemque Dolona 
 Priamidenque Helenum rapta cum Pallade captum : 
 luce nihil gestum, nihil est Diomede remote. 100 
 
 Si semel ista datis meritis tam vilibus arma, 
 dividite, et pars sit maior Diomedis in illis. 
 Quo tamen haec Ithaco, qui clam, qui semper inermis 
 rem gerit et furtis incautum deoipit hostem ? 
 Ipse nitor galeae claro radiantis ab auro 105 
 
 insidias prodet manifestabitque latentem. 
 Sed neque Dulichius sub Achillis casside vertex 
 pondera tanta feret, nee non onerosa gravisque 
 Pelias hasta potest imbellibus esse lacertis, 
 nee clipeus vasti caelatus imagine mundi 110 
 
 couveniet timidae nataeque ad furta sinistrae. 
 Debilitaturum quid te petis, improbe, munus ? 
 
2,6 p. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Quod tibi si populi donaverit error Acbivi, 
 
 cur spolieris, erit, non cur metuaris ab hoste, 
 
 et fuga, qua sola cunctos, timidissime, yincis, 115 
 
 tarda futura tibi est gestamina tanta tralienti. 
 
 ' Adda quod iste tuus, tam raro proelia pasBus, 
 integer, est clipeus: nostro, qui tela ferendo 
 mille patet plagis, novus est successor habendus. 
 
 ' Denique, quid verbis opus est ? — spectemur agendo ! 120 
 Arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostes: 
 iude iubete peti et ref erentem ornate relatis. ' 
 
 Finierat Telamone satus vulgique secutum 
 ultima murmur erat, donee Laertius heros 
 adstitit atque oculoB paulum tellure moratos 125 
 
 Bustulit ad proceres exspectatoque resolvit 
 ora sono; neque abest facundis gratia dictis. 
 
 ' Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Pelasgi, 
 non foret ambiguus tanti certaminis lieres, 
 tuque tuis armis, nos te poteremur, Achille. 130 
 
 Quern quoniam non aequa mihi vobisque negarunt 
 fata' (manuque simul veluti lacrimantia tersifc 
 lumina), ' quis magno melius succedat Acliilli, 
 quam per quem magnus Danais successit Achilles ? 
 Huic modo ne prosit, quod, uti est, liebes esse fatetur, 135 
 neve milii noceat, quod vobis semper, Acliivi, 
 profuit ingenium; meaque haec facundia, siqua est, 
 quae nunc pro domino, pro vobis saepe locuta est, 
 iuvidia careat, bona nee sua quisque recuset. 
 
 ' Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi, 140 
 
 vix ea nostra voco. Sed enim quia rettulit Aiax 
 esse lovis pronepos, nostri quoque sanguinis auctor 
 luppiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo. 
 Nam mihi Laertes pater est, Arcesius illi, 
 luppiter huic, neque in his quisquam damnatus et exsul. 145 
 Est quoque per matrem Cyllenius addita nobis 
 altera nobilitas: deus est in utroque parente. 
 Sed neque materno quod sum generosior ortu, 
 nee mihi quod pater est fraterni sanguinis iusons, 
 proposita arma peto. Meritis expendite causam, 150 
 
THE COITTEST FOR THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 37 
 
 dummodo quod fratres Telamon Peleusque fuerunt, 
 
 Aiacis meritum nou sit: nee saDguinis ordo, 
 
 sed virtubis honor spoliis quaeratur in istis. 
 
 Ant si proximitas primusque requiritur heres, 
 
 est genitor Peleus, est Pyrrhus filius illi. iSo 
 
 Quis locus Aiaci.? Plithiam liaec Scyrumve ferantur! 
 
 Nee minus est isto Teucer patruelis Achilli. 
 
 Num petit ille tamen, num si petat, aiiferat ilia? 
 
 ' Ergo operum quoniam nudum certamen habetur: 
 plura quideui feci, quam quae comprendere dictis 160 
 
 in promptu milii sit; rerum tamen ordine ducar. 
 
 ' Praeseia venturi genetrix Nerei'a leti 
 dissimulat cultii natum; et deceperat omnes, 
 in quibus Aiacem, sumptae fallacia vestis. 
 Arma ego femineis auimum motura virilem 165 
 
 mercibus inserui. Neque adhuc proiecerat heros 
 virgineos habitus, cum parmam hastamque teuenti 
 " Nate dea," dixi " tibi se peritura reservant 
 Pergama! quid dubitas ingentem erertere Troiam ? " 
 iniecique manum fortemque ad fortia miei. 170 
 
 ' Ergo opera illius mea sunt: ego Teleplion hasta 
 pugnantem domui, victnm orantemque refeci; 
 quod Thebae cecidere, meum est ; me credite Lesbon, 
 me Tenedon Ohrysenque et Cillan, Apolliiiis urbes, 
 et Scyrum cepisse, mea concussa putate 175 
 
 procubuisse solo Lyrnesia moenia dextra. 
 Utque alios taceam, qui saevum perdere posset 
 Hectora, nempe dedi: per me iacet inclitus Hector. 
 Illis haec armis, quibus est inventus Achilles, 
 arma peto: vivo dederam, post fata reposco. 180 
 
 ' Ut dolor unius Danaos perveiiit ad omnes 
 Aulidaqiie Euboicam complerunt mille carinae, 
 exspectata diu, nulla aut contraria classi 
 flamina erant, duraeque iubent Agamemnona sortes 
 inmeritam saevae natam mactare Dianao. 185 
 
 Denegat hoc genitor divisque irascitur ipsis 
 atque in rege tamen pater est. Ego mite parentis 
 ingenium verbis ad publica commoda verti. 
 
j8 P. OVIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 NuQO equidem fateor, fassoque ignoscat Atrides : 
 
 diffieilem tenui sub iniqiio iudice causam: 190 
 
 liuac tamen utilitas populi fraterque datique 
 
 summa movet sceptri, laudem ut cum sanguine penset. 
 
 ' Mittor et ad matrem, quae non horbanda, sed astu 
 decipienda fuit. Quo si Telamonius isset, 
 orba suis assent etiam nunc lintea Yeutis. 195 
 
 Mittor et Iliacas audax orator ad arces, 
 visaque et intrata est altae milii curia Troiae; 
 plenaque adhuc erat ilia viris. Interritus egi, 
 quam milii mandarat communem. Graecia causam, 
 accusoque Parin praedamque Helenamque reposco 200 
 
 et raoveo Priamum Priamoque Antenora iunetum. 
 At Paris et fratres et qui rapuere sub iilo, 
 vix tenuere manus (scis hoc, Menelae) nefandas, 
 primaque lux nostri tecum fuit ilia pericli. 
 
 ' Longa referre mora est, quae consilioque manuque 205 
 utiliter feci spatiosi tempore belli. 
 Post acies primas urbis se moenibus hostes 
 continuere diu, nee aperti copia Martis 
 ulla fuit: decimo demum pugnavimus anno. 
 Quid facis interea, qui nil, nisi proelia, nosti ? 210 
 
 Quis tuus usus erat ? Nam si mea facta requiris, 
 liostibus insidior; fossas munimine cingo; 
 consoler socios, ut lohgi taedia belli 
 mente ferant placida; doceo, quo simus alendi 
 armandique modo; mittor, quo postulat usus. 215 
 
 ' Ecce lovis monitu, deceptus imagine somni, 
 rex iubet incepti curam dimittere belli. 
 Ille potest auctore suam defendere vocem: 
 non sinat hoc Aiax delendaque Pergama poscat, 
 quodque potest, pugnet. Cur non remoratur ituros? 220 
 
 Cur non arma capit, dat, quod Taga turba sequatur? 
 Non erat hoc nimium numquam nisi magna loquenti. 
 Quid quod et ipse f ugit ? Vidi, puduitque videre, 
 cum tu terga dares inhonestaque vela parares. 
 Nee mora, "Quid facitis? quae vos dementia" dixi 225 
 
 " concitat, o socii, captam dimittere Troiam? 
 
THE CONTEST FOR THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 39 
 
 Quidve domum fertis decimo, nisi dedecus, anno? " 
 
 Talibus atque aliis, in quae dolor ipse disertum 
 
 fecerat, aversos prof uga de classe reduxi. 
 
 Oonvocat Atrides socios terrore paventes, 330 
 
 nee Telamoniades etiam nunc hiscere quicquam 
 
 audet; at ausus erat reges incessere dictis 
 
 Thersites, etiam per me haud impune, protervis. 
 
 Erigor et trepidos cives exhortor in hostem 
 
 amissamque mea virtutem voce repouo. 335 
 
 Tempore ab hoCj quodcumque potest fecisse videri 
 
 f ortiter iste, meum est, qui dantem terga retraxi. 
 
 ' Denique de Danais quis te laudatve petitve ? 
 At sua Tydides mecum communicat acta, 
 me probat et socio semper confidit Ulixe. 240 
 
 Est aliquid, de tot Graiorum milibus unum 
 a Diomede legi! — Nee me sors ire iubebat: 
 sic tamen et spreto noctisque hostisque periclo 
 ausum eadem, quae nos, Plirygia de gente Dolona 
 interimo : non ante tamen, quam cuncta coegi 345 
 
 prodere, et edidici, quid perfida Troia pararet. 
 Omnia cognoram, nee, quod specularer, habebam, 
 et iam promissa poteram cum laude reverti. 
 Haud contentus eo petii tentoria Ehesi 
 inque suis ipsum castris comitesque peremi; 
 atque ita captivo victor votisque potitus 
 ingredior curru laetos imitante triumphos. 
 Cuius equos pretium pro nocte poposcerat hostis, 
 arma negate mihi, fueritque benignior Aiax! 
 
 ' Quid Lycii referam Sarpedonis agmina ferro 355 
 
 devastata meo ? Cum multo sanguine f udi 
 Coeranon Iphitiden et Alastoraque Chromiumque 
 Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemonaque Prytaninque, 
 exitioque dedi cum Chersidamante Thooua 
 et Charopem fatisque inmitibus Ennomon actum 
 quique minus celebres nostra sub moenibus urbis 
 procubuere manu. Sunt et mihi vuluera, cives, 
 ipso palchra loco. Nee vanis credite verbis: 
 adspicite en! ' vestemque manu diduxit et ' haec sunt 
 
 250 
 
 360 
 
40 P. OTIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 pectora semper ' ait ' vestris exercita rebus. 265 
 
 At nil impendit per tot Telamonius annos 
 sanguinis in socios et liabet sine vulnere corpus. 
 
 ' Quid tamen hoc refert, si se pro classe Pelasga 
 arma tulisse refert contra Troasque lovemque ? 
 Confiteorque, tulit : neque enim benefacta maligne 270 
 
 detractare meum est. Sed ne communia solus 
 occupet, atque aliquem vobis quoque reddat honorem : 
 reppulit Actorides sub imagine tutus Achillis 
 Troas ab arsuris cum defensore carinis. 
 
 Ausum etiam Hectoreis solum concurrere telis 275 
 
 se putat, oblitus regisque ducumque meique, 
 nonuB in of&cio et praelatus munere sortis. 
 Sed tamen eveutus vestrae, fortissime, puguae 
 quis fuifc? — Hector abit violatus vulnere nullo! 
 
 ' Me miserum, quanto cogor memiuisse dolore 280 
 
 temporis illius, quo Graium murus, Achilles 
 proeubuit! Nee me lacrimae luctusque timorque 
 tardarunt, quin corpus humo sublime referrem. 
 His umeris, his, inquam, umeris ego corpus Achillis 
 et simul arma tuli: quae nunc quoque ferre laboro. 285 
 
 Sunt mihi, quae valeaut in talia pondera, vires ; 
 est animus certe vestros sensurus honores. 
 Scilicet idcirco pro nato caerula mater 
 ambitiosa suo fuib, ut caelestia dona, 
 
 artis opus tantae, rudis et sine pectore miles 290 
 
 iadueret? Neque enim clipei caelamina novit, 
 Oceanum et terras cumque alto sidera caelo 
 Pleiadasque Hyadasque iumunemque aequoris Arcton 
 diversasque urbes nitidumque Orionis ensem. 294 
 
 ' Quid quod me duri fugientem munera belli 296 
 
 arguit incepto serum accessisse labori, 
 nee se magnanimo maledicere seutit Achilli? 
 Si simulasse vocas crimen: simulavimus ambo. 
 Si mora pro culpa est: ego sum maturior illo. 300 
 
 Me pia detinuit coniunx, pia mater Achillem, 
 primaque sunt illis data tempora, cetera vobis. 
 Hand timeo, si iam nequeo defeudere, crimen 
 
THE CONTEST FOK THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 4 1 
 
 cum tanto commune viro. Deprensus TJlixis 
 
 ingenio tamen ille, at non Aiacis Ulixes. 305 
 
 ' Neve in me stolidae convicia fundere linguae 
 admiremur eum, vobis quoque digna pudore 
 obicit. An false Palameden crimine turpe 
 accusasse mihi, vobis damnasse decorum est ? 
 Sed neque Naupliades faciuus defendere tautum 310 
 
 tamque patens valuit, nee vos audistis in illo 
 crimina: vidistis, praestoque obiecta patebant. 
 
 ' Nee Poeantiaden quod habet Vulcania Lemnos, 
 esse reus merui : factum def endite vestrum, 
 consensistis enim. Nee me suasisse negabo, 315 
 
 ut se subtraheret bellique viaeque labori 
 temptaretque feros requie lenire dolores. 
 Paruit et vivit. Non haec sententia tantum 
 fida, sed et felix, cum sit satis esse fidelem. 
 Quern quoniam vates delenda ad Pergama poscunt, 320 
 
 ne mandate mihi : melius Telamonius ibit 
 eloquioque virum morbisque iraque furentem 
 molliet, aut aliqua producet callidus arte. 
 Ante retro Simois fluet et sine frondibus Ide 
 stabit et auxiliam promittet Achaia Troiae, ' 335 
 
 quam, cessaute meo pro vestris pectore rebus, 
 Aiacis stolidi Dauais sollertia prosit. 
 Sis licet infestus sociis regique mihique, 
 dure Philoctete, licet exsecrere meumque 
 devoveas sine fine caput cupiasque dolenti 330 
 
 me tibi forte dari nostrumque haurire cruorem: 331 
 
 te tamen adgrediar, fiet tibi copia nostri, 333 
 
 tamque tuis potiar, faveat Fortuna, sagittis, 
 quam sum Dardanio, quern cepi, vate potitus, 335 
 
 quam responsa deum Troianaque fata retexi, 
 quam rapui Plirygiae signum penetrale Miuervae 
 hostibus e mediis. Et se mihi conferat Aiax ? 
 Nempe capi Troiam prohibebant fata sine illo : 
 fortis ubi est Aiax ? Ubi sunt ingentia magni 340 
 
 verba viri ? Cur hie metuis ? cur audet Ulixes 
 ire per excubias et se committere nocti 
 
42 p. OVIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 perque feros enses non tantum moenia Troum, 
 
 verum etiam summas arces intrare suaque 
 
 eripere aede deam raptanique adferre per hostes? 345 
 
 Quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus 
 
 gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem. 
 
 Ilia nocte mihi Troiae victoria parta est^ 
 
 Pergama turn, yici, cum vinci posse coegi. 
 
 ' Desioe Tydiden vultuque et murmure nobis 350 
 
 ostentare meum: pars est sua laudis in illo. 
 Nee tu, cum socia clipeum pro classe tenebas, 
 solus eras : tibi turba comes, mihi contigit unus. 
 Qui nisi pugnacem sciret sapiente minorem 
 esse nee indomitae deberi praemia dextrae, 355 
 
 ipse quoque haec peteret. Peteret moderatior Aiax 
 Eurypylusque ferox claroque Andraemone natus, 
 nee minus Idomeneus patriaque creatus eadem 
 Meriones, peteret maioris frater Atridae. 
 Quippe manu fortes, nee sunt mihi Marte eecundi: 360 
 
 consiliis cessere meis. Tibi dextera bello 
 utilis: ingenium est, quod eget moderamine nostro; 
 tu "vires sine mente geris, mihi cura futnri; 
 tu pugnare potes, pugnandi tempora mecum 
 eligit Atrides; tu tantum corpore prodes, 365 
 
 nos animo; quantoque ratem qui temperat, anteit 
 remigis officium, quanto dux railite maior, 
 tantum ego te supero. Nee non in corpore nostro 
 pectora sunt potiora mauu: vigor omnis in illis. 
 
 ' At vos, o proceres, vigili date praemia vestro, 370 
 
 proque tot annorum cura, quibus anxius egi, 
 hunc titulum meritis pensandum reddite nostris. 
 lam labor in fine est: obstantia fata removi 
 altaque posse capi faciendo Pergama cepi. 
 Per spes nunc socias casuraque moenia Troum 375 
 
 perque deos oro, quos hosti nuper ademi, 
 per siquid superest, quod sit saj^ienter agendum, 
 eiquid adhuc audax ex praecipitique petendum est, 378 
 
 este mei memores! Aut si mibi-non datis arma, 380 
 
 huic date! ' — et osteudit signum fatale Minervae. 
 
THE DEIFICATION OF CAESAK. 43 
 
 Mota manus procerum est, et quid facun^ia posset, 
 re patuit: fortisque viri tulit arma disertus. 
 Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum ignesque lovemque 
 sustinuit totiens, unam nou sustinet iram, 385 
 
 invictiTmque Tirum vicit dolor. Adripit easem 
 et ' Meus liic carte est (an et hunc sibi poscit TJlixes ?), 
 hoc ' ait ' utendum est in me mihi: quique cruore 
 saepe Phrygum maduit, domini nunc caede madebit, 
 ne quisquam Aiacem possit superare nisi Aiax.' 390 
 
 Dixit, et in pectus turn demum vulnera paesum, 
 qua patuit ferrum, letalem coudidit eusem. 
 Nee valuere manus infixum educere telum: 
 expulit ipse cruor; rubefactaque sanguine tellus 
 purpureum viridi genuit de caespite florem, 395 
 
 qui prius Oebalio fuerat de vulnere natus. 
 Littera communis mediis pueroque viroque 
 inscripta est foliis, haec nominis, ilia querelae. 
 
 U. THE DEIFICATION OF CAESAR. 
 
 MET. XV. 746-860. 
 
 Caesar in urbe sua dens est, quem Marte togaque 
 praecipuum non bella magis finita triumph is, 
 resque domi gestae properataque gloria rerum, 
 in sidus vertere novum stellamque comantem, 
 quam sua progenies. Neque enim de Caesaris actis 750 
 
 uUum maius opns, quam quod pater exstitit huius. 
 Scilicet aequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos, 
 perque papyriferi septemflua flumina Nili 
 victrices egisse rates, Numidasque rebelles 
 Cinypliiumque lubam Mithridateisque tumentem 755 
 
 nominibus Pontum populo adiecisse Quirini, 
 et multos meruisse, aliquos egisse triumphos, 
 quam tantum genuisse virum ? Quo praeside rerum 
 humano generi, Superi, favistis abunde. 
 
 E"e foret hie igitur mortali semine cretus, 760 
 
 ille deus faciendus erat. Quod ut aurea vidit 
 
44 P- OVIDII NASONIS CAKMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Aeueae genetrix, vidit quoque triste parari 
 
 pontifici letum et coniurata arma moveri, 
 
 palluit et cunctis, ut cuique erat obvia, divis 
 
 ' Adspice ' dicebat ' quanta mihi mole parentur 765 
 
 insidiae, quantaque caput cum fraude petatur, 
 
 quod de Dardanio solum mihi restat lulo. 
 
 Solane semper ero iustis exercita curis ? 
 
 quam modo Tydidae Calydonia vulneret hasta, 
 
 nunc male defensae confundant moenia Troiae ; 770 
 
 quae videam natum longis erroribus actum 
 
 iactarique freto sedesque intrare silentum, 
 
 bellaque cum Turno gerere, aut, si vera fatemur, 
 
 cum lunone magis ? Quid nunc antiqua recorder 
 
 damna mei generis ? Timor liic meminisse priorum 775 
 
 non sinit : en acui sceleratos cernitis enses. 
 
 Quos prohibete, precor, facinusque repellite, neve 
 
 caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae ! ' 
 
 Talia nequiquam toto Venus anxia caelo 
 verba iacit, superosque movet; qui rumpere quamquam 780 
 ferrea non possunt veterum decrefca sororum, 
 signa tamen luctus dant baud incerta futuri. 
 Arma ferunt inter nigras crepitantia nubes 
 terribilesque tubas, auditaque cornua caelo 
 praemonuisse nefas. Solis quoque tristis imago 785 
 
 lurida sollicitis praebebat lumina terris. 
 Saepe faces visae mediis ardere sub astris, 
 saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentae. 
 Caerulus et vultum ferrugine Lucifer atra 
 sparsus erat, sparsi Lunares sanguine currus. 790 
 
 Tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omina bubo, 
 mille locis lacrimavit ebur, cantusque feruntur 
 auditi Sanctis et verba minantia lucis. 
 Victima nulla litat, magnosque instare tumultus 
 fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis; 795 
 
 inque foro circumque domes et templa deorum 
 nocturnos ululasse canes, umbrasque silentum 
 erravisse ferunt, motamque tremoribus urbem. 
 
 N"on tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata 
 
THE DEIFICATIOIf OF CAESAR. 45 
 
 praemonituspotuere deum; strictiqueferuntnr ' 800 
 
 ia tempi um gladii, neque enim locus ullus in urbe 
 
 ad facinus diramque placet, nisi curia, caedem. 
 
 Turn vero CyUierea manu percussit utraque 
 
 pectus, et Aeneaden molitur condere nube, 
 
 qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridae, 805 
 
 et Diomedeos Aeneas fugerat enses. 
 
 Talibus banc genitor : ' Sola insuperabile fatum, 
 nata, movere paras ? Intres licet ipsa sororum 
 tecta trium : cernes illic molimine vasto 
 ex aere et solido rerum tabularia ferro, 810 
 
 quae neque concussum caeli, neque fulminis iram, 
 nee metuunt nllas tuta atque aeterna ruinas. 
 Invenies illic incisa adamante perenni 
 fata tui generis : legi ipse animoque notavi, 
 et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri. 815 
 
 ' Hie sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras, 
 tempera, perfectis quos terrae debuit annis. 
 Ut deus accedat caelo templisque locetur, 
 tu facies natusque suus, qui nominis heres 
 impositum feret unus onus, caedisqne parentis 820 
 
 nos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit. 
 lUius auspiciis obsessae moenia pacem 
 victa petent Mutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium, 
 Emathiique iterum madeflent caede Philippi, 
 et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur undis, 825 
 
 Eomanique ducis coniunx Aegyptia taedae 
 non bene fisa cadet : frustraque erit ilia minata, 
 servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo. 
 
 ' Quid tibi barbariam, gentes ab utroque iacentes 
 Oceano numerem ? Quodcumque habitabile tellus 830 
 
 sustinet, huius erit; pontus quoque serviet illi. 
 Pace data terris, animnm ad civilia vertet 
 iura suum, legesque feret iustissimus aucfcor: 
 exemploque suo mores reget, inque futuri 
 temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum 835 
 
 prospiciens, prolem sancta da coniuge natam 
 ferre simul nomenque suum curasque iubebit; 
 
46 p. OVIDII NASONIS GARMIKA SELECTA. 
 
 nec, nisi cum senior Pylios aequaverit annos, 
 
 aetherias sedes cognataque sidera tanget. 
 
 Hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam 840 
 
 fac iubar, ut semper Capitolia nostra forumque 
 
 divus ab excelsa prospectet lulius aede. ' 
 
 Vis ea fatus erab, media cum sede senatus 
 constitit alma Venus, nulli cernenda, suique 
 Caesaris eripuit membris nee in aera solvi 845 
 
 passa recentem animam caelestibus intulit astris. 
 Dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit, 
 emisitque sinu. Luna volat altius ilia, 
 flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem 
 Stella micat, natique videns benefacta fatetur 850 
 
 esse suis maiora, et vinci gaudet ab illo. 
 Hie sua praeferri quamquam vetat acta patemis, 
 libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia iussis 
 invitum praefert, unaque in parte repugnat. 
 Sic magni cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus; 855 
 
 Aegea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Achilles. 
 Denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus utar, 
 sic et Saturnus minor est love. luppiter arces 
 temperat aetherias et mundi regna triformis; 
 terra sub Augusto : pater est et rector uterque. 860 
 
 15. THE END OF THE METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 MET. XV. 871-879. 
 
 lamque opus exegi, quod nee lovis ira nee ignis 
 nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. 
 Cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil nisi corporis huius 
 ius habet, incerti spatium mihi flniat aevi : 
 parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis 875 
 
 astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrdm, 
 Quaque patet domitis Eomana potentia terris, 
 ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama, 
 siquid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam.- 
 
p. OYIDII NASONIS 
 
 CARMIJSTA SELEOTA. 
 
 II. FROM THE MINOR WORKS. 
 
 1. PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 
 
 HEE. I. 
 
 Hanc tua Penelope lento tibi mittit, Ulixe : 
 
 nil mihi xescribas, attamen ipse veni. 
 Troia iacet certe, Danais invisa puellis : 
 
 Tix PriamuB tanti totaque Troia fuit. 
 utinam turn, cum Lacedaemona classe petebat, 5 
 
 obrutus insanis esset adulter aquis! 
 Won ego deserto iacuissem frigida lecto, 
 
 non quererer tardos ire relicta dies, 
 nee mihi quaerenti spatiosam fallere noctem 
 
 lassasset viduas pendula tela manus. 10 
 
 Quando ego non timui grariora pericula veris ? 
 
 Ees est soUiciti plena timoris amor. 
 In te fingebam violentos Troas ituros, 
 
 nomine in Hectoreo pallida semper eram. 
 Sive quia Antilochum narrabat ab Hectore Tictum, 15 
 
 Antilochus nostri causa timoris erat : 
 sive Menoetiaden falsis cecidisse sub armis, 
 
 flebam successu posse carere doles. 
 Sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepef ecerat hastam : 
 
 Tlepolemi leto cura novata mea est. 30 
 
 Denique, quisquis erat castris iugulatus Acbivis, 
 
 frigidius glacie pectus amantis erat. 
 Sed bene consuluit casto deus aequus amori: 
 
 versa est in cineres sospite Troia viro. 
 
48 p. OVIDII ITASONIS CAEJIIifA SELECTA. 
 
 Argolici rediere duces, altaria f umant, 25 
 
 jjonitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos. 
 Grata ferunt nymphae pro sal vis dona maritis: 
 
 illi victa suis Troica fata canuut. 
 Mirantur iustique senes trepidaeque paellae: 
 
 narrantis coiiiunx pendet ab ore viri,^^^ 30 
 
 lamqne aliquis posita moastrat fera prOelia mensa 
 
 piugit at exiguo Pergama tota mero: 
 ' Hac ibat Simois, liaec est Sigeia. tellas, 
 
 hie steterat Priami regia celsa senis : 
 illic Aeaeides, illic tendebat Ulixes, 35 
 
 hie lacer admissos terruit Hector equos.' 
 Omnia namque tub senior, te quMrere misso, 
 
 rettulerat gnato Nestor, at ille mihi. 
 Eettulit et ferro Rliesumque Dolonaque caesos, 
 
 utque sit hie somno proditus, ille dolo. 40 
 
 Ausus es, o nimium nimiumque oblite tuorum, 
 
 Tbracia nocturno tangere castra dolo 
 totqne simul mactare viros, adiutus ab uno! 
 
 At bene cautus eras et memor ante mei. 
 Usque metu micuere sinus, dum victor amicum 45 
 
 dictns es Ismariis isse per agmen equis. 
 Sed mihi quid prodest yestris disiecta lacertis 
 
 Ilios, et murus quod fuit, esse solum, 
 si maneo qualis Troia durante manebam, 
 
 virque mihi dempto fine carendus abest ? 50 
 
 [Diruta sunt aliis, uni mihi Pergama restant, 
 
 incola captivo quae bove victor arat;] 
 iam seges est, ubi Troia fuit, resecandaque falce 
 
 luxuriat Phrygio sanguine pinguis humus; 
 semisepulta virum curvis feriuntur aratris 55 
 
 ossa, ruinosas occulit herba domos — 
 victor abes, nee scire mihi, quae causa morandi, 
 
 aut in quo lateas ferreus orbe, licet. 
 iQuisquis ad haec vertit peregrinam litora puppim, 
 
 ille mihi de te multa rogatus abit: 60 
 
 quamque tibi reddat, si te modo viderit usquam, 
 
 traditur huic digitis charta notata meis. 
 
PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 49 
 
 Nos Pylon, antiqui Keleia Nestoris arva, 
 
 misimus : incerta est f ama remissa Pylo. 
 MisimuB et Spartea : Sparte quoque nescia veri. 65 
 
 Quas habitas terras, aut ubi lentus abes ? 
 XJtilius starent etiam nunc moenia Phoebi — 
 
 irascor votis lieu levis ipsa meis ! — 
 seirem ubi pugnares, et tantum bella timerem, 
 
 et mea cum multis iuncta querela foret. 70 
 
 Quid timeam, ignore; tinieo tamen omnia demens, 
 
 et patet in curas area lata meas. 
 Quaecunique aequor babet, quaecumque pericula tellus, 
 
 tarn longae causas suspicor esse morae. 
 Haec ego dum stulte metuo, quae vestra libido est, 75 
 
 esse peregriuo captus amore potes. 
 Porsitan et narres, qiiam sit tibi rustica coniunx, 
 
 quae tantum lanas non sinat esse rudes. 
 Fallar, et hoc crimen tenues vanescat in auras, 
 
 neve, revertendi liber, abesse velis! ^ 80 
 
 Me pater Icarius viduo diseedere lecto 
 
 cogit et inmensas increpat usque moras. 
 Increpet usque licet! tua sum, tua dicar oportet, 
 
 Penelope coniunx semper Ulixis ero. 
 Ille tamen pietate mea precibusque pudicis 85 
 
 frangitur et vires temperat ipse suas. 
 Dulichii Sanjiique et quos tulit alta Zacyntlios, 
 
 turba ruunt in me luxuriosa proci 
 inque tua regnant nuUis prohibentibus aiila: 
 
 viscera nostra, tuae dilacerantur opes. 90 
 
 Quid tibi Pisandrum Polybumque Medontaque dirum 
 
 Eurymachique avidas Antinoique manus 
 atque alios referam, quos omnis turpiter absens 
 
 ipse tuo partis sanguine rebus alis ? 
 Irus egens pecorisque Melanthius actor edendi 95 
 
 ultimus accedunt in tua damna pudor^ 
 Tres sumus inbelles numero, sine viribus uxor, 
 
 Laertesque senex, Telemachusqup puer. 
 Ille per insidias paene est mi hi nuper ademptus, 
 
 dum parat invitis omnibus ire Pylon. 100 
 
 4 
 
JO p. OVIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Dij precor, hoc iubeant, nt euntibus ordine fatis 
 
 ille meos oculos conprimat, ille tuos. 
 Hac faciunt custosque boum longaevaque nutrix, 
 
 tertius inmuudae cura fidelis liarae. 
 Sed neque Laertes, ut qu ijitinutilis armis, _ •v y* ' ^ 105 
 
 bostibus in mediis regna tenere potest, 
 Telemacho veniet, yivat modo, fortior aetas: 
 
 nunc erafc auxiliis ilia tuendapatris. — S9 » ^ 
 nee mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis: 
 
 tu citiuB venias, portus et aura tuis! 110 
 
 Est tibi, sitque, precor, gnatus, qui mollibus annis 
 
 in patrias artes erudiendus erat. 
 Eespice Laerten, ut iam sua liimina condas: 
 
 extremum fati sustinet ille diem. 
 Carte ego, quae fueram te discedente puella, 115 
 
 protinus ut venias, facta videbor anus. 
 
 2. MEDEA TO JASON. 
 
 HER. XII. 
 
 At tibi Oolchorum, memini, regiua vacavi, 
 
 ars mea cum peteres ut tibi ferret opem ! 
 Tunc quae dispensant mortalia fata sorores 
 
 debuerant fuses evoluisse meos; 
 turn potui Medea mori bene. Quicquid ab illo 5 
 
 produxi vitam tempore, poena f uit. 
 Ei mihi! cur umquam iuvenalibus acta lacertis 
 
 Phrixeam petiit Pelias arbor ovem ? 
 Our umquam Colchi Magnetida vidimus Argo, 
 
 turbaque Phasiacam Graia bibistis aquam ? 10 
 
 Cur mihi plus aequo flavi placuere capilli 
 
 et decor et linguae gratia ficta tuae ? 
 Aut semel in nostras quoniam nova puppis harenas 
 
 venerat audacis attuleratque viros, 
 isset anhelatos non praemedicatus in ignes 15 
 
 inmemor Aesonides oraque ad usta boum ! 
 
MEDEA TO JASON. 5 I 
 
 Semina iecisset, totidem visurus et liostes, 
 
 ut caderet cultu cultor ab ipse suo!^ 
 Quantum perfidiae tecum, scelerate, perisset, 
 
 dempta forent capiti quam mala multa meo! 20 
 
 Est aliqua ingrato meribum exprobrare voluptas; 
 
 hac fruar, liaec de te gaudia sola feram. 
 lussuB iaexpertam Colclios advertere puppim 
 
 iutrasti patriae regna beata meae. 
 Hoe illic Medea f ui, nova nupta quod liic est : 35 
 
 quam pater est ilii, tam milii dives erat. 
 Hie Bphyren bimarem, Scythia tenus ille nivosa 
 
 omne tenet, Ponti qua plaga laeva iacet. 
 Accipit hospitio iiivenes Aeeta Pelasgos, 
 
 et premitis pictoff corpora Graia toros. 30 
 
 Tunc ego te vidi; tunc coepi scire, quis esses. 
 
 Ilia fuit mentis prima ruina meae. 
 Et vidi et peril. Nee notis ignibus arsi, 
 
 ardet ut ad magnos pinea taeda deos. 
 Et formosus eras, et me mea iata trahebant : 35 
 
 abstulerant oculi lumina nostra tui. 
 Perfide, sensisti. Quis enim bene celat amorem ? 
 
 Eminet indicio prodita flamma suo. 
 Dicitur interea tibi lex, ut dura ferorum 
 
 insolito premeres vomere colla boum. 40 
 
 Martis erant tauri plus quam per <;ornua saevi, 
 
 quorum terribilis spiritus ignis erat: 
 acre pedes solidi, praetentaque naribus aera, 
 
 nigra per adflatus haec qtioque facta suos. 
 Semina praeterea populos genitura iuberis 45 
 
 spargere devota lata per arva manu, 
 qui peterent natis secum tua corpora telis : 
 
 ilia est agricolae messis iniqua suo. 
 Lnmina custodis succumbere nescia somno 
 
 ultimus est aliqua decipere arte labor. 50 
 
 Dixerat Aeetes: maesti consurgitis omnes, 
 
 mensaque purpureos deserit alta toros. 
 Quam tibi tunc longe regnum dotale Oreusae 
 
 et socer et magiii nata Oreontis erant ? 
 
^ 
 
 52 p. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Tristis abis : oculis abeuntem prosequor udis, 55 
 
 et dixit tenui murmure lingua: ' Vale! ' 
 Ut positum tetigi thalamo male eaucia lectum, 
 
 acta est per lacrimas nox mihi, quanta fuit. 
 Ante oculos taurique meos segetesque nefandae, 
 
 ante meos oculos pervigil anguis eratjj» 60 
 
 Hinc amor, liinc timor est. Ipsum timor auget amorem. 
 
 Mane erat, et thalamo cara recepta sorer. 
 Disiectamque comas adversaque in ora iacentem 
 
 invenit, et lacrimis omnia plena meis. 
 Orat opem Minyis. Petit altera at alter habebit: 65 
 
 Aesonio iuveni, quod rogat ilia, damus.^^ 
 Est nemus et piceis et frondibus ilicis atrum, 
 
 vix illuc radiis soils adire licet. 
 Sunt in eo — fuerant certe — delubra Dianae: 
 
 aurea barbarica stat dea facta manu. 70 
 
 Noscis an exciderunt mecum loca ? Venimus illuc : 
 
 orsuB es infido sic prior ore loqui: 
 ' lus tibi et arbitrium nostrae fortuna salutis 
 
 tradidit, inque tua est vitaque morsque manu. 
 Perdere posse sat est, siquem iuvat ipsa potestas: 75 
 
 sed tibi servatus gloria niaior ero. 
 Per mala nostra precor, quorum potes esse levamen, 
 
 per genus et numen cuncta videntis avi, 
 per triplicis vultus arcanaque sacra Dianae 
 
 et si forte aliquos gens liabet ista decs: 80 
 
 o virgo, miserere mei, miserere meorum : 
 
 effice me meritis tempus in omne tuum! 
 Quodsi forte virum non dedignare Pelasgum, — 
 
 sed mihi tarn faciles unde meosque deos ? — 
 spiritus ante meus tenues vanescat in auras, 85 
 
 quam thalamo, nisi tu, nupta sit ulla meo: 
 conscia sit luno, sacris praefecta maritis, 
 
 et dea, marmorea cuius in aedo sumus! ' 
 Haec animum — et quota pars haec sunt? — movere puellae 
 
 simplicis, et dextrae dextera iuncta meae. 90 
 
 Vidi etiam lacrimas; an pars est fraudis in illis? 
 
 Sic cito sum verbis capta puella tuis. 
 
MEDEA TO JASON. 53 
 
 lungis et aeripedes inadusto corpore tauros 
 
 et solidam iusso vomere findis humum. 
 Arva venenatis pro semine dentibus imples: 95 
 
 nascitur et gladios scutaque miles habefc. 
 Ipsa ego, quae dederam medicamina, pallida sedi, 
 
 cum vidi subitos arma tenere viros: 
 donee terrigenae — f acinus mirabile ! — f ratres 
 
 inter se strictas conseruere manus. 100 
 
 Insopor ecce vigil squamis crepitantibus borrens 
 
 sibilat, et torto pectore verrit humum. 
 Dotis opes ubi erant? Ubi erat tibi regia coniunx, 
 
 quique maris gemini distinet Isthmos aquas? 
 Ilia ego, quae tibi sum nunc deniquo barbara facta, 105 
 
 nunc tibi sum pauper, nunc tibi visa nocens, 
 flammea subduxi medicate kimina somuo, 
 
 et tibi, quae raperes, vellera tuta dedi. 
 Proditus est genitor, regnum patriamque reliqni, 109 
 
 optima cum cara matre relicta soror. 113 
 
 At non te fugiens sine me, germane, reliqui. 
 
 Deficit hoc uno littera nostra loco. 
 fQuod facerc aasa mea est, non audet scribere dextra. \ 115 
 \^Sic ego, sed tecum, dilaceranda fui. , j 
 
 Nee tamen extimui — quid enim post ilia timerem ? — 
 
 credere mp pelago femina, iamque nocens. 
 Numen ubi est? Ubi di ? Meritas subeamus in alto 
 
 tu fraudis poenas, crednlitatis ego. 120 
 
 Compressos utinam Symplegades elisissent, 
 
 nostraqne adhaererent ossibus ossa tuis, 
 aut nos Scylla rapax canibus misisset edendos! 
 
 Debuit ingratis Scylla nocere viris. 
 Quaeque vomit totidem fluctus totidemque resorbet, 125 
 
 nos' quoque Trinacriae subposuisset aquae! 
 Sospes ad Haemonias victorque reverteris urbes : 
 
 poAitur ad patrios aurea lana decs. 
 Qaid referam Peliae natas pietate nocentes 
 
 caesaque virginea membra paterna manu ? 130 
 
 Ut culpent alii, tibi me laudare necesse est, ) 
 
 pro quo sum totiens esse coacta nocens. 
 
54 P- OVIDII KASOKIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Ausus es — o iusto desunt sua verba dolori ! — 
 
 ausus es ' Aesonia ' dicere ' cede domo ! ' 
 lussa domo cessi, iiatis comitata duobus 135 
 
 et, qui me sequitur semper, amore tui. 
 Ut subito nostras Hymen cantatus ad aures 
 
 venit, et accenso lampades igne micaut, 
 tibiaque efEundit socialia carmina vobis, 
 
 at mihi funerea flebiliora tuba, liO 
 
 pertimui nee adhuc tantum scelus esse putabam : 
 
 sed tamen in to to pectore frigus erat. 
 Turba ruunt et ' Hymen ' clamant ' Hymenaee ' frequenter : 
 
 quo propior vox haec, hoc mihi peius erat. 
 Diversi flebant servi lacrimasque tegebant. 145 
 
 Quis vellet tanti nuntias esse mali ? 
 Me qiioque, quicquid erat, potius nescire iuvabat: 
 
 sed tamquam scirem, mens mea tristis erat. 
 Cum minor e pueris — is tractus amore videndi 
 
 constitit ad geminae limina prima foris — 150 
 
 ' Hue mihi, mater, adi! Pompam pater ' in quit ' lason 
 
 ducit et adiunctos aureus urget equos.'j^^ 
 Protinus abscissa planxi mea pectora veste, 
 
 tuta nee a digitis ora fuere meis. 
 Ire animus mediae suadebat in agraina turbae 155 
 
 sertaque conipositis demere rapta comis. 
 Vix me continui, quin sic laniata capillos 
 
 clamarem : ' Meus est ' iniceremque manus. 
 Laese pater, gaude; Colchi gaudete relicti! 
 
 Inferias, umbrae fratris, habete, mei! 160 
 
 Deseror, amissis regno patriaque domoque, 
 
 coaiuge, qui nobis omnia solus erat. 
 Serpentis igitur potui taurosque furentes, 
 
 unum non potui perdomuisse virnm- 
 Quaeque feros pepuli doctis medicatibus ignes, 165 
 
 non valeo flammas effugere ipsa meas. 
 Ipsi me cantus herbaeque artesque reliaquunt; 
 
 nil dea, nil Hecates sacra potentis agunt. 
 Non mihi grata dies, noctes vigilantur amarae, 
 
 et tener a misero pectore somnus abit. 170 
 
MEDEA TO JASOK. 55 
 
 Quae me non possum, potui sopire dracouem; 
 
 u^lior cuivis quam mihi cura mea est. 
 Quos ego s'ervavi, paelex amplectitur artus, 
 
 et nostri f ructus ilia laboris habet. - - 
 rorsitan et, stultae dum te iactare maritae 175 
 
 quaeris et iniustis auribus apta loqui, 
 in faciem moresque meos nora crimina fingas: 
 
 rideat et vitiis laeta sit ilia meis : 
 rideat et Tyrio iaceat sublimis ia ostro : 
 
 flebit, et ardores vincet adusta meos ! 180 
 
 Dum ferrum flammaeque aderunt sucusque veneni, 
 
 hostis Medeae nuUus inultus erit. 
 Quodsi forte preces praecordia ferrea tangunt, 
 
 nunc animis audi verba minora meis. 
 Tam tibi sum supplex, quam tu mihi saepe fuisti: 185 
 
 nee moror ante tuos procubuisse pedes. 
 Si tibi sum vilis, communis respice natos: 
 
 saeviet in partus dira noverca meos. 
 Et nimium similes tibi sunt, et imagine tangor, 
 
 et quotiens video, lumina nostra madent. 190 
 
 Per superos oro, per avitae lumina flammae, 
 
 per meritum et natos, pignora nostra, duos: 
 redde torum, pro quo tot res insana reliqui ; 
 
 adde fidem dictis auxiJiumque refer. 
 Non ego te imploro contra taurosque virosque, 195 
 
 utque tua serpens victa quiescat ope : 
 te peto, quem merui, quem nobis ipse dedisti, 
 
 cum quo sum pariter facta parente parens. 
 Dos ubi sit, quaeris ? Campo numeravimus illo, 
 
 qui tibi laturo vellus araudus erat. ^ 200 
 
 At vero ille aries villo spectabilis aureo, 
 
 dos mea. ' Quam ' dicam si tibi ' redde,' neges. 
 Dos mea tu sospes. Dos est mea Graia inventus. 
 
 I nunc, Sisypliias, improbe, confer opes. 
 Quod vivis, quod babes nuptam socerumque potentis, 205 
 
 hoc ipsum, ingratus quod potes esse, meum est. 
 Quos equidem actutum — sed quid praedicere poenam 
 
 attinet ? Ingentis parturit ira minas. 
 
S6 p. OTIDII NASOJTIS CAKMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Quo f eret ira, sequar. Pacti fortasse pigebit : 
 
 et piget infido consuluisse viro. 210 
 
 Viderit ista deus, qui nunc mea pectora versat. 
 
 Ifescio quid certe mens mea maius agit. 
 
 S. A PROPOSAL. 
 
 AM. I. 3. 
 
 lusta precor : quae me nuper praedata puella est, 
 
 aut amet, aut faciat, cur ego semper amem. 
 All ! nimium volui ! tantum patiatur amari : 
 
 audierit nostras tot Cytherea preces. 
 AccipCj per longos tibi qui desernat annos : 5 
 
 accipe, qui pura norit amare fide. 
 Si me non veterum commendant magna parentum 
 
 nomina, si nostri sanguinis auctor eques, 
 nee mens innumeris renoratur campus aratris, 
 
 temperat et sumptus parous uterque parens: 10 
 
 at Phoebus comitesque novem vitisque repertor 
 
 hac faciunt: at me qui tibi donat. Amor: 
 et nuUi cessura fides, sine crimine mores, 
 
 nudaque simplicitas, purpureusque pudor. 
 Non mihi mille placent : non sum desultor Amoris. 15 
 
 Tu mihi, siqua fides, cura perennis eris. 
 Tecum, quos dederint annos mihi fila sororum, 
 
 vivere contingat, teque dolente mori. 
 Te mihi materiem felicem in carmina praebe: 
 
 provenient causa carmiaa digna sua. 20 
 
 Carmine nomen habent exterrita cornibus lo, 
 
 et quam fluminea lusit adulter ave, 
 Quaeque, super pontum simulate vecta iuTenco, 
 
 virginea tenuit cornua vara manu. 
 Nos quoque per totum pariter cantabimur orbem, 25 
 
 iunctaque semper erunt nomina nostra tuis. 
 
A PROPOSAL— THE TABLET. 57 
 
 A. THE TABLET. 
 
 AM. I. 12. 
 
 Flete meos casus ! tristes rediere tabellae. 
 
 lafelix hodie littera posse negat. 
 Omina sunt aliquid. Modo cum discedere vellet, 
 
 ad limen digitos restitit iota Nape. 
 Missa foras iterum. limen transire memento 5 
 
 cautius, atque alte sobria ferre pedem. 
 Ite liinc, diiSciles, funebria ligna, tabellae, 
 
 tuque negaturis cera referta notis, 
 quam, puto, de lougae collectam flore cicutae 
 
 melle sub infami Corsica misit apis. 10 
 
 At tamquam, minio penitus medicata, mbebas. 
 
 Ille color vere sanguiaulentus erat. 
 Proiectae triviis iaceatis, inutile lignum, 
 
 vosque rotae frangat praetereuntis onus. 
 Ilium etiam, qui tos ex arbore vertit in usum, 15 
 
 conTiucam puras non habuisse manus. 
 Praebuit ilia arbor misero suspendia colic : 
 
 carnifici diras praebuit ilia cruces : 
 ilia dedit tarpes raucis bubonibus umbras : 
 
 vulturis in ramis et strigis ova tulit. 20 
 
 His ego commisi nostros insanus amores, 
 
 moUiaque ad dominam verba ferenda dedi ? 
 Aptius hae capiant vadimonia garrula cerae, 
 
 quas aliquis duro cognitor ore legat. 
 Inter ephemeridas melius tabulasque iacerent, 25 
 
 in quibus absumptas fleret avarus opes. 
 Ergo ego vos rebus duplices pro nomine sensi. 
 
 Auspicii numerus non erat ipse boni. 
 Quid precer iratus ? nisi vos cariosa senectus 
 
 rodat, et inmundo cera sit alba situ. 30 
 
58 P. OVIDII NASONIS CAKMINA SELECTA. 
 
 6. A DEFENSE OF POESY,^ 
 
 AM. I., 15. 
 
 Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos, 
 
 ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus ? 
 non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas, 
 
 praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi, 
 nee me verbosae leges ediscere, nee me 5 
 
 ingrato vocem prostituisse foro. 
 Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus : milii fama perennis 
 
 quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar. 
 Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide, 
 
 dum rapidas Simois in mare velvet aquas. 10 
 
 Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebifc, 
 
 dum cadet ineurva falce resecta Ceres. 
 Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe; 
 
 quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. 
 Nulla Sophoeleo veniet iactura eothurno. 15 
 
 Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit. 
 Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena 
 
 vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit. 
 Bnnius arte carens, animosique Accius oris, 
 
 casurum nullo tempore nomen liabent. 30 
 
 Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas, 
 
 aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci ? 
 Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti, 
 
 exitio terras cum dabit una dies. 
 Tityrus et fruges Aeneiaque arma legentur, 25 
 
 Eoma triumphati dum caput orbis erit. 
 Donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma, 
 
 discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui. 
 Gallus et Hesperiis, et Gallus notus Eois, 
 
 et sua cum Gal lo nota Lycofis erit. 30 
 
 Ergo cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri, 
 
 depereant aevo, carmina morte carent. , 
 Cedant carminibus reges regumque triumplii: 
 
 cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi. 
 
DEFENSE OF POESY — THE PARROT. 59 
 
 Vilia miretur vulgus : milii flavus Apollo 35 
 
 pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua, 
 sustiueamqne coma metuentem frigora myrtum, 
 
 atque ita sollicito multus amante legar. 
 Pascitur in vivis Livor: post fata quiescit, 
 
 cum suus ex merito qnemque tuetur honos. 40 
 
 Ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis, 
 
 vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit. 
 
 6. ELEGY ON TEE PARROT. 
 
 AM. II. 6. 
 
 / Psittacus, Eois imitatrix ales ab Indis, 
 
 occidit: exeequias ite frequenter, aves. i 
 Ite, piae volucres, et plangite pectora pennis, 
 
 et rigido teneras ungue notate genas. 
 Horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis; 5 
 
 pro longa resonant carmina vestra tuba. 
 Quid scelus Ismarii quereris, Philomela, tyranni ? 
 
 Expleta est annis ista querela suis. 
 Alitis in rarae miserum devertere funus. 
 
 Magna, sed antiqui causa doloris Itys. 10 
 
 Omnes, quae liquido libratis in aere cursus, 
 
 tu tamen ante alias, turtur amice, dole. 
 Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, 
 
 et etetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides. 
 Quod fuit Argolico iuvenis Phoceus Orestae, 15 
 
 hoc tibi, dum licuit, psittace, turtur erat. 
 Quid tamen ista fides, quid rari forma coloris, 
 
 quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis, 
 quid iuvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse pnellae ? 
 
 Infelix avium gloria, nempe iaces. 20 
 
 Tu poteras fragiles pennis hebetare zmaragdos, 
 
 tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco. 
 Non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales: 
 . reddebas blaeso tam bene verba sono. 
 
60 p. OVIDII NASONIS CAKMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Raptus es invidia. Non tu,fera bella movebas: 35 
 
 garrulus et placidae pacis amator eras. 
 Ecce, coturnices inter sua proelia vivunt, 
 
 forsitan et fiant inde frequenter anus. 
 Plenus eras minimo, nee prae eermonis amore 
 
 in multos poteras ora vacare cibos. 30 
 
 Nux erat esca tibi causaeque papavera somni, 
 
 pellebatque sitim simplicis humor aquae. 
 Vivit edax yultur, ducensque per aera gyros 
 
 miluus, et pluviae graculus auctor aquae. 
 Vivit et armiferae cornix invisa Minervae, 35 
 
 ilia quidem saeclis vix moritura novem. 
 Occidit ille loquax, humanae vocis imago, 
 
 psittacus, extremo munus ab orbe datum. 
 Optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris; 
 
 implentur numeris deteriora suis.^^ 40 
 
 Tristia Phylacidae Thersites f unera vidit : 
 
 iamque cinis, vivis fratribus. Hector erat. 
 Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae : 
 
 vota procelloso per mare rapta noto ? 
 Septima lux aderat, non exliibitura sequentem, 45 
 
 et stabat vacuo iam tibi Parca colo. 
 Nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato, 
 
 clamavit moriens lingua ' Corinna, vale! ' 
 Colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondet, 
 
 udaque perpetuo gramiue terra viret. 50 
 
 Siqua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum 
 
 dicitur, obscenae quo proliibentur aves. 
 Illic innocui late pascuntur olores: 
 
 et vivax plioeaix, unica semper avis. 
 Explicat ipsa suas ales lunonia pennas : 55 
 
 oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. 
 Psittacus lias inter, nemorali sede receptus, 
 
 convertit volucres in sua verba pias. 
 Ossa tegit tumulus, tumulus pro corpore magnus, 
 
 quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet : 60 
 
 ' CoUigor ex ipso dominae placuisse sepulcro. 
 
 Ora fuere milii plus ave docta loqui.' 
 
tOET'S DILEMMA — ELEGY ON TIBULLCS. 6 1 
 
 7. THU POST'S DILEMMA. 
 
 AM. II. 10, 1-14. 
 
 Tu mihi, tu certe, memini, Graecine, negabas 
 
 lino posse aliquem tempore amare duas. 
 Per te ego decipior : per te deprensus iaermis, 
 
 ecce, duas uno tempore turpis amo. 
 Utraque formosa est: operosae cultibus ambae: 5 
 
 artibus, in dubio est, haec sit, an ilia, prior. 
 Pulcbrior hac ilia est: liaec est quoque pulchrior ilia: 
 
 et magis haec nobis, et magis ilia placet. 
 Errant, ut ventis discordibus acta phaselos, 
 
 dividuumque tenent alter et alter amor. 10 
 
 Quid geminas, Eryciua, meos sine fine dolores ? 
 
 Nonne erat in curas una puella satis ? 
 Quid folia arboribus, quid pleno sidera caelo, 
 
 in freta conlectas alta quid addis aquas ? 
 
 8. ELEGY ON THE DEATH OF TIBULLUS. 
 
 AM. III. 9. 
 
 Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillem, 
 
 et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas, 
 flebilis indignos, Elegeia, solve capillos. 
 
 Ah! nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit! 
 Ille tni vates operis, tua fama, Tibnllus 5 
 
 ardet in exstructo, corpus inane, rogo. 
 Ecce, puer Veneris f ert eversamque pharetram 
 
 et fractos arcus et sine luce facem. 
 Adspice, demissis ut eat miserabilis alis, 
 
 pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu. 10 
 
 Excipiunt lacrimas sparsi per colla capilli, 
 
 oraque singultu concutiente sonant. 
 Eratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt 
 
 egresBum tectis, pulclier liile, tuis. 
 
62 p. OVIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Nee minus est confusa Venus moriente Tibullo, 15 
 
 quam iuveni rupit cum ferus inguen aper. 
 At sacri vates et divum cura vocamur: 
 
 sunt etiam, qui nos numen habere puteut. 
 Scilicet omne sacrum mors importuna profanat: 
 
 omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus. ^0 
 
 Quid pater Ismario, quid mater profuit Orplieo? 
 
 carmine quid victas obstipuisse feras ? \ 
 ' Aelinon ' in silvis idem pater ' aelinon ' altis 
 
 dicitur invita conciauisse lyra. 
 Adice Maeoniden, a quo, cen fonte perenui, 25 
 
 Tatum Pieriis era rigantur aquis; 
 hunc quoque summa dies nigro submersit Averno. 
 
 Defugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos. 
 Durat opus vatum, Troiani fama laboris, 
 
 tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo. 30 
 
 Sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia, nomen habebunt, 
 
 altera, cura recens, altera, primus amor. 
 Quid Yos sacra luvant ? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt 
 
 sistra .? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro ? f^ 
 Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, ignoscite fasso, 85 
 
 BoUicitor nullos esse putare deos. 
 Vive plus: moriere. Pius cole sacra : colentem 
 
 mors gravis a templis in cava busta trahet. 
 Carminibus confide bonis: iacet, ecce, Tibullus: 
 
 vix manet e toto parva quod urna capit. 40 
 
 Tene, sacer vates, flammae rapuere rogales, 
 
 pectoribus pasci nee timuere tuis ? 
 Aurea sanctorum potuissent templa deorum 
 
 urere, quae tantum sustinuere nefas. 
 Avertit vultus Erycis quae possidet arces. 45 
 
 Sunt quoque, qui lacrimas continuisse negant. 
 Sed tamen hoc melius, quam si Phaeacia tellus 
 
 igaotum vili subposuisset humo. 
 Hie certe madidos fugientis pressit ocellos 
 
 mater, et in cineres tiltima dona tulit. 50 
 
 Hie soror in partem misera cum matre doloris 
 
 venit, inornatas dilaniata comas. 
 
ELEGY ON TIBULLUS — EOMAK GIRLS. 63 
 
 Cumque tuis sua iunxerunt Nemesisque priorque 
 
 oscula, nee solos destituere rogos. 
 Delia desceudens ' Felieius ' inquit ' amata 55 
 
 sum tibi : vixisti, dum tuus ignis eram. ' 
 Cui Nemesis ' Quid ' ait ' tibi sunt mea damna dolori ? 
 
 Me tenuit moriens deficiente manu.' 
 Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra 
 
 restate in Elysia valle Tibullue erit. 60 
 
 Obvius huio venias, hedera iuvenalia cinctus 
 
 temgorg,,. cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo. 
 Tu quoque, si falsum est temerati Crimea amici, 
 
 sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae. 
 His comes umbra tua est, siqua est modo corporis umbra. 65 
 
 Auxisti numeroSj culte Tibulle, pios. 
 Ossa quieta, precor,'tuta requiescite in urna, 
 
 et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo ! 
 
 9. ROMAN GIRLS. 
 A. A. I. 1-2, 35-66. 
 
 Siquis in hoc artem populo non novit amandi. 
 
 Hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet. 2 
 
 Principio, quod amare Telis, reperire labora, 35 
 
 qui nova nunc primum miles in arma venis. 
 Proximus huic labor est, plaeitam exorare puellam. 
 
 Tertius, ut longo tempore duretamor. 
 Hie modus; haee nostro signabitur area curru: 
 
 haec erit admissa meta premenda rota. 40 
 
 Dum licet, et loris passim potes ire solutis, 
 
 elige, cui dicas, ' Tu mihi sola places.' 
 Haec tibi non tenues veniet delapsa per auras. 
 
 Quaerenda est oculis apta puella tuis. 
 Scit bene venator, eervis ubi retia tendat : 45 
 
 scit bene, qua frendens valle moretur aper; 
 aucupibus noti frutices; qui sustinet hamos, 
 
 novit quae multo pisce natentur aquae. 
 
64 P. OVIDII NASONIS CAEJftNA SELECTA. 
 
 Tu quoque, materiam longo qui quaeris amori, 
 
 ante frequens quo sit disce puella loco. 50 
 
 Non ego quaerentem vento dare vela iubebo, 
 
 nee tibi, ut invenias, longa terenda via est. 
 Audromedan Perseus nigris portarit ab Indis, 
 
 raptaque sit Plirygio Graia puella viro. 
 Tot tibi tamque dabit formosas Koma puellas, 55 
 
 ' Haec liabet ' ut dicas ' quicquid ia orbe fuit.' 
 Gargara quot segetes, quot habet Methymna racemos, 
 
 aequore quot pisces, fronde teguntur aves; 
 quot caelum stellas, tot habet tua Koma puellas : 
 
 mater et Aeneae constat iu urbe sui. 60 
 
 Seu caperis primis et adhuc crescentibus annis, 
 
 ante oculos veniet vera puella tuos : 
 sive cupis iuvenem, iuveaes tibi mille placebunt: 
 
 cogeris voti nescius esse tui: 
 seu te forte iuvat sera et sapientior aetas, 65 
 
 hoc quoque, crede mihi, plenius agmen erit. 
 
 10. LETTER-WRITING. 
 A. A. I. 459-486. 
 
 Disce bonas artes, moneo, Romana iuventus, 
 
 non tantum, trepidos ut tueare reos. 460 
 
 Quam populus iudexque gravis lectusque senatus, 
 
 tam dabit eloquio victa puella manus. 
 Sed lateant vires; nee sis in fronte disertus. 
 
 BfEugiant voces verba molesta tuae. 
 Quis, nisi mentis inops, tenerae declamat amicae ? 465 
 
 Saepe valens odii littera causa fuit. 
 Sit tibi credibilis sermo consuetaque verba, 
 
 blanda tamen, praesens ut videare loqui. 
 Si non accipiet scriptum, inlectumque remittet, 
 
 lecturam spera, propositumque tene. 470 
 
 Tempore difficiles veniunt ad aratra iuvenci; 
 
 tempore lenta pati frena docentur equi. 
 
LETTEE-WKITIiq-6 — THE REMEDIES OF LOVE. 6$ 
 
 Ferreus adsiduo consumitur anulus usu ; 
 
 iuterit adsidua vomer aduncus humo. 
 Qaid magis est saxo durum ? quid moUius unda ? 475 
 
 Dura tamen molli saxa cavautur aqua. 
 Penelopea ipsam, persta modo, tempore vinces. 
 
 Oapta vides sero Pergama, capta tamen. 
 Legerit, et nolit rescribere ? Cogere noli. 
 
 Tu modo blanditias fac legat usque tuas. 480 
 
 Quae voluit legisse, volet rescribere lectis. 
 
 Per numeros venient ista gradusque suos. 
 Forsitan et primo veniet tibi littera tristls, 
 
 quaeque roget, ne se sollicitare velis. 
 Quod rogat ilia, timet; quod non rogat, optat, ut instes. 485 
 
 Insequere; et voti postmodo compos eris. 
 
 n. THE REMEDIES OF LOVE AND THE 
 PLEASURES OF LIFE. 
 
 EEM. AM. 149-160, 169-312. 
 
 Desidiam puer ille sequi solet: odit agentes. 
 
 Da vacuae menti, quo teneatur, opus. 150 
 
 Sunt fora, sunt leges, sunt, quos tuearis, amici : 
 
 vade per urbanae Candida castra togae. 
 Vel tu sanguinei iuvenalia munera Martis 
 
 suscipe: deliciae iam tibi terga dabunt. 
 Ecce, fngax Partlius, magni nova causa triumpM, 155 
 
 iam videt in campis Caesaris arma suis. 
 Vince Cupidineas pariter Partliasque sagittas, 
 
 et refer ad patrios bina tropaea deos. 
 Ut semel Aetola Venus est a cuspide laesa, 
 
 mandat amatori bell a gerenda suo. 160 
 
 Eura quoque oblectant animos, studiumque colendi : 169 
 
 quaelibet liuic curae cedere cura potest. 
 Colla iube domitos oneri subponere tauros, 
 
 sauciet ut duram vomer aduncus humum. 
 5 
 
66 p. OVIDII UASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Obrne versata Cerealia semina terra, 
 
 quae tibi cum multo faenore reddat agar. 
 Adspice curvatos pomorum pondere ramos, 175 
 
 ut sua, quod peperit, yix ferat arbor onus. 
 Adspice labentes iucundo murmure rivos: 
 
 adspice toadentes fertile gramen oves. 
 Ecce, petunt rupes praeruptaque saxa capellae: 
 
 iam referent haedis ubera plena suis. 180 
 
 Pastor inaequali modulatur arundine carmen : 
 
 nee desunt comites, sedula turba, canes. 
 Parte sonant alia silvae mugitibus altae, 
 
 et queritur vitulum mater abesse suum. 
 Quid, cum composites fugiunt examina fumos, 185 
 
 ut relevent dempti yimina torta favi ? 
 Poma dat autumnus; formosa est messibus aestas: 
 
 ver praebet flores : igne levatur hiems. 
 Temporibus certis maturam rusticus uvam 
 
 deligit, et nudo sub pede musta fluunt: 190 
 
 temporibus certis desectas adligat herbas, 
 
 et tonsam raro pectine verrit humum. 
 Ipse potes riguis plantam deponere in hortis: 
 
 ipse potes rivos ducere lenis aquae. 
 Venerit insitio ; fac ramum ramus adoptet, 195 
 
 stetque peregrinis arbor operta comis. 
 Cum semel haec animum coepit mulcere voluptas, 
 
 debilibus pennis inritus exit Amor. 
 Vel tu venandi, studium cole : saepe recessit 
 
 turpiter a Phoebi ricta sorore Venus. 300 
 
 Nunc leporem pronum catulo sectare sagaci; 
 
 nunc tua frondosis retia tende iugis; 
 aut pavidos terre varia formidiae cervos; 
 
 aut cadat adversa cuspide fossus aper. 
 Nocte fatigatum somnus, non cura puellae, 305 
 
 excipit et pingui membra quiete levat. 
 Lenius est studium, studium tamen, alite capta 
 
 aut lino aut calamis praemia parva sequi; 
 vel, quae piscis edax avido male devoret ore, 
 
 abdere supremis aera recurva cibis. 210 
 
THE EEMEDIES OF LOVE — A STORM AT SEA. 6/ 
 
 Aut his, aut aliis, donee dediscis amare, 
 ipse tibi f urtim decipiendus eris. 
 
 12. A STORM AT SEA. 
 
 TBIST. I. 2. 
 
 Di maris et caeli, (quid enim nisi vota supersunt ?) 
 
 solvere quassatae parcita,membra ratis, i. i* «) ov 1 ■♦ >v-'-'CO 
 neve, precor, magui siibscribite Caesaris irae! 
 
 Saepe premente deo ferfc deus alter opem. 
 Mulciber in Troiam, pro Troia stabat Apollo; 6 
 
 aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas iniqua f uit. 
 Oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno; 
 
 ille tamen Veneris numine tutus erat. 
 Saepe ferox cautum petiit Neptunus Ulixen, 
 
 eripuit patruo saepe Minerva suo. ■% 'i '^ 10 
 
 Et nobis aliquod, quamvis distamus ab illis, 
 
 quis vetat irato numen adesse deo ? 
 Verba miser frustra non proficientia perdo. 
 
 Ipsa graves spargnnt ora loquentis aquae, 
 terribilisque Notus iactat mea dicta precesque, 15 
 
 ad quos mittuntur, non sinit ire, deos. 
 Ergo idem venti, ne causa laedar in una, 
 
 velaque nescio quo votaque nostra ferunt. 
 Me miserum, quanti montes volvuntur aquarum ! 
 
 iam iam tacturos sidera summa putes. 20 
 
 Quantae diducto subsidunt aequore valles! 
 
 iam iam tacturas Tartara nigra putes. 
 Quocumque adspicio, nihil est nisi pontus et aer, 
 
 fluctibus hie tumidus, nubibus ille minax. 
 later utrumque fremunt inmani murmure venti: 25 
 
 nescit, eui domino pareat, unda maris. 
 Nam modo purpureo vires eapit Eurus ab ortu, 
 
 nunc Zephyrus sero vespere missus adest, 
 nune sicca gelidus Boreas baechatur ab Arcto, 
 
 nunc Notus adversa proelia fronte gerit. 30 
 
68 p. OTIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Eector ia incerto est nee quid fugiatve petatve 
 
 invenit: ambiguis ars stupet ipsa malis. 
 Scilicet occidimus nee spes est ulla salutis, 
 
 dumque loquor, vultus obruit unda meos. 
 Opprimet hanc animam fluctus frustraque precanti 35 
 
 ore necaturas accipiemus aquas. ^ 
 At pia nil aliud quam me dolet exsule coniunx: 
 
 hoc unum nostri scitque gemitque mali. 
 Ifescit in inmenso iactari corpora ponto, 
 
 nescit agi ventis, nescit adesse necem. 40 
 
 Di bene, quod non sum mecum conscendere passus, 
 
 ne mihi mors misero bis patienda f oret ! 
 At nunc ut peream, quoniam caret ilia periclo, 
 
 dimidia certe parte superstes ero. 
 Ei mihi, quam celeri micuerunt nubila flamma! 45 
 
 Quantus ab aetherio personat axe fragor! 
 Nee levius tabulae laterum feriuntur ab undis, 
 
 quam grave ballistae moenia pulsat onus. 
 Qui venit hie fluctus, fluctus supereminet omnes: 
 
 posterior nono est undecimoque prior^^^ 60 
 
 Nee letum timeo: genus est miserabileleti.' 
 
 Demite nauf ragium : mors mihi munus erit. 
 /Est aliquid, fatoque suo.ferroque cadentem 
 
 in solida moriens ponere corpus humo, ) 
 et mandare suis aliqua aut sperare sepulprum 55 
 
 et non aequoreis piscibus esse cibum. ^ 
 Fingite me dignum tali nece: non ego solus 
 
 hie vehor. Inmeritos cur mea poena trahit? 
 Pro superi viridesque dei, quibus aequora curae, 
 
 utraque iam vestras sistite turba minas : 60 
 
 quamque dedit vitam mitissima Caesaris ira, 
 
 hanc sinite infelix in loca iussa feram. 
 Si, quam conmerui, poenam me pendere vultis: 
 
 culpa mea est ipso iudice morte minor. 
 Mittere me Stygias si iam voluisset ad undas 65 
 
 Caesar, in hoc vestra non eguisset ope. 
 Est illi nostri non invidiosa cruoris 
 
 copia: quod que dedit, cum volet, ipse feret. 
 
A STORM AT SEA. 69 
 
 Vos modo, quos certe nullo, puto, crimine laesi, 
 
 contenti nostris ianij precor, este malis! 70 
 
 Nee tamen, utcnncti miserum servare velitis^ o^ U ^ i 
 
 quod periit, salvum nunc caput esse potest. 
 TJt mare considat ventisque ferentibus utar, 
 
 ut mihi jjarcatis : non minus exsul ero. 
 Non ego divitias avidus sine fine parandi 75 
 
 latum mutandis mercibus aequor aro; 
 non peto, quas quondam petii studiosus, Athenas, 
 
 oppida nou Asiae, non loca visa prius, 
 non, ut Alexandri claram delatus ad urbem 
 
 delicias videam, Nile iocose, tuas: 80 
 
 quod faciles opto.ventos, (quis credere possit?) ;. % :, •- 
 
 Sarmatis est tellus, quam mea vela petunt. 
 Obligor, ut tangam laevi fera litora Ponti: 
 
 quodque sit a patria tam fuga tarda, queror. 
 Nescio quo videam positos ut in orbe Tomitas, 3 '** ^ v- 85 
 
 exilem facio per mea vota viam. 
 Seu me diligitis, tantos compescite fluctus 
 
 pronaque sint nostras numina vestra rati; 
 seu magis odistis, iussae me advertite terrae : 
 
 supplicii pars est iu regione mei. 90 
 
 Ferte, — quid hie faeio ? — rapidi mea corpora venti ! 
 
 Ausonios fines cur mea vela volunt ? 
 Noluit hoe Caesar : quid, quem fugat ille, tenetis ? 
 
 Adspieiat vultus Pontica terra meos. 
 Et iubet, et merui : nee, quae damnaverit ille, 95 
 
 crimina defendi fasque piumque puto. 
 Si tamen acta decs nunquam mortalia fallunt, 
 
 a culpa faeinus seitis abesse mea. 
 Immo ita si seitis, si me mens abstulit error, 
 
 stultaque mens nobis, non scelerata fuit: 100 
 
 quod licet et minimis, domui si favimus illi, 
 
 si satis Augusti publiea iussa mihi : 
 hoc duce si dixi felicia saeeula proque 
 
 Oaesare tura pius Caesaribusque dedi : 
 si fuit hie animus nobis, ita parcite, divi! 105 
 
 Si minus, alta cadens obruat unda caput! 
 
yo p. OVIDII NASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Fallor, an incipiunt gravidae vanescere nubes, 
 
 victaque mutati f rangitur ira maris ? 
 Non casus, sed vos sub condicione vocati, 
 
 fallere quos non est, banc mibi fertis opem. 110 
 
 IS. OVID'S LAST NIGHT AT ROME. 
 
 TEIST. I. 3. 
 
 Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago, 
 
 qua mihi supremum tempus in urbe fuit, 
 curaTepeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui, 
 
 labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis. 
 lam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5 
 
 finibus extremae iusserat Ausoniae. 
 Nee spatium f uerat nee mens satis apta parandi : 
 
 torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora. 
 Non mihi servorum, comites non cura legendi, 
 
 non aptae profugo vestis opisve fuit. 10 
 
 Non aliter stupui, quam qui lovis ignibus ictus 
 
 vivit et est vitae nescius ipse suae. 
 Ut tamen banc animi nubem dolor ipse removit 
 
 et tandem sensus convaluere mei, 
 adloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15 
 
 qui modo de multis unus et alter erant. 
 Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat, 
 
 imbre per indignas usque cadente genas. 
 Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris 
 
 neo poterat fati certior esse mei. 30 
 
 Quocumque adspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant 
 
 formaque non taciti funeris intus erat. 
 Pemina virque meo, pueri quoque funere maerent, 
 _ inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet. 
 Si licet exemplis in parvis grandibus uti, 25 
 
 haec facies Troiae, cum caperetur, erat. 
 lamque quiescebant voces liominumque canumque, 
 
 Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos. 
 
OVID S LAST NIGHT AT EOMB. 7 1 
 
 Hanc ego suspiciens et ab hac Capitolia cernens, 
 
 quae nostro frustra iuncta fuere lari, 30 
 
 ' Numina vicinis habitantia sedibus, ' inquam, 
 
 ' iamque oculis nunquam templa videnda meis, 
 dique relinquendi, quos urbs habet alta Quirini, 
 
 este salutati tempus in omne mihi! 
 Et quamquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo, 35 
 
 attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam 
 caelestique viro, quis me deceperit error, 
 
 dicite, pro culpa ne scelus esse putet;/ 
 ut, quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor; 
 
 placato possum non miser esse dec' 40 
 
 Hac prece adoravi superos ego, pluribus uxor, 
 
 singultu medios impediente sonos. 
 Ilia etiam ante Lares passis adstrata capillis 
 
 contigit exstinctos ore tremente focos, 
 multaque in adversos effudit verba Penates 45 
 
 pro deplorato non valitura viro. 
 Iamque morae spatium nox praecipifcata negabat, 
 
 versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis arctos erat. 
 Quid facerem? Blando patriae retinebar amore; 
 
 ultima sed iussae nox erat ilia fngae. 50 
 
 Ah ! quotiens aliquo dixi properante : ' Quid urges ? 
 
 vel quo festines ire, vel unde, vide ! ' 
 Ah ! quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere 
 
 horam, propositae quae foret apta viae. 
 Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse 55 
 
 indulgens animo pes mihi tardus erat. 
 Saepe * vale ' dicto rureus sum multa locutus 
 
 et quasi discedens oscula summa dedi. 
 Saepe eadem mandata dedi meque ipse fefelli, 
 
 respiciens oculis pignora cara meis. 60 
 
 Denique 'Quid propero? Scythia est, quo mittimur,' inquam, 
 
 ' Roma relinquenda est: utraque iusta mora est. 
 Uxor in aeternum vivo mihi viva negatur, 
 
 et domus et fidae dulcia membra domus, 
 quosque ego dilexi fraterno more sodales, 65 
 
 mihi Thesea pectora iuncta fide ! 
 
72 p. OVIDII NASOiriS CAEMIlirA SELECTA. 
 
 Dum licet, amplectar: nunqnam fortasse licebit 
 
 amplius; in lucro est, quae datur hora mihi.' 
 '^eo mora, sermonis verba -inperfecta relinquo, 
 
 complectens animo proxima quaeque meo. 70 
 
 Dum l oquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto, S "7 C*. i, 
 
 Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat. 
 Divider baud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam, % \ % 
 
 et pars abrumpi corpora visa suo est. 
 Sic doluit Mettus tunc, cum in contraria versos 75 
 
 ultores habuit proditionis equos. 
 Tum vero exoritur clamor gemitiisque meorum, 
 
 et feriunt maestae pectora nuda manus. 
 Tum vero coniunx umeris abeuntis inbaerens 
 
 miscuit baec lacrimis tristia verba meis : 80 
 
 ' Non potes avelli; simul bine, simul ibimus,' inquit; 
 
 ' te sequar eb coniunx exsulis exsul ero. 
 Et mihi facta via est, et me capit ultima tellus ; 
 
 accedam profugae sarcina parva rati. 
 Te iubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira, 85 
 
 me pietas: pietas liaec mihi Caesar erit.' 
 Talia temptabat, sicut temptaverat ante, 
 
 vixque dedit victas utilitate manus. 
 Egredior (sive illud erat sine funere ferri), 
 
 squalidus, inmissis hirta per ora comis. 90 
 
 (ilia dolore amens tenebris narratur obortis 
 
 semianimis media procubuisse domo:; 
 utque resurrexit foedatis pulvere turpi 
 
 criniibus et gelida membra levavit humo, 
 se modo, desertos modo conplorasse Penates, 95 
 
 nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri ; 
 nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeque virique 
 
 vidisset structos corpus habere rogos; 
 et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus, 
 
 respectuque tamen non periisse mei. 100 
 
 Vivatlet absentem (quoniam sic fata tulernat) -a U.7 
 
 vivat et auxilio sublevet usque suo. 
 
..j.^ AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 73 
 
 *^ i.^. ^iV .4 UTOBIOGRAPHIOAL SKETCH. 
 
 TRIST. IV. 10. 
 
 Ille ego, qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum, 
 
 qaem legis, ufc noris, accipe posteritas! 
 SHlmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis, 
 
 milia qui noviens distat ab urbe decern. 
 Editus hie ego sum, neo non ut tempora noris, 5 
 
 cum cecidit fato consul uterqiie pari. 
 Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordiuis her^s^- 
 
 non modo fortunae munere factus eques. 
 Nee stirps prima f ui : genito sum f ratre creatus, 
 
 qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. 10 
 
 Lucifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem: 
 
 una celebrata est per duo liba dies: 
 haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae, 
 
 quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet. 
 Protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis 15 
 
 imus ad iusignes urbis ab arte viros. 
 Frater ad eloquium viridi teudebat ab aevo, 
 
 fortia Terbosi natus ad arma fori ; 
 at mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant, 
 
 inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 20 
 
 Saepe pater dixit: 'Studium quid inutile temptas? 
 
 Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.' 
 MotuB eram dictis totoque Helicoue relicto 
 
 scribere temptabam verba soluta modis. 
 Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos: 25-, 
 
 quicquid temptabam scribere, versus erat. 
 Interea tacito passu labentibus annis '^ 
 
 liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est, 
 induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo: 
 
 et studium nobis, quod fuit ante, manet. 30 
 
 lamque decern vitae frater geminaverat annos, 
 
 cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei, 
 Cepimus et tenerae primes aetatis honores, 
 
 deque viris quoii,dam pars tribus una fui. 
 
74 P- OVIDII KASOmS CAEMIlirA SELECXA. 
 
 Curia restabat; clavi mensura coacta est : ! 35 
 
 maius erafc nostris viribus illud onus. 
 !N"ec patiens corpus nee mens fuit apta labori, 
 
 sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram; 
 et petere Aoniae sttadebant tuta sorores 
 
 otia, iudicio semper amata meo. 40 
 
 Temporis illius colui fovique poetas, 
 
 quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse deos. 
 Saepe suas volucres legit milii grandior aevo, 
 
 quaeque nocet serpens, quae iuvat lierba, Macer. 
 Saepe suos solitus recitare Prepertius ignes, 45 
 
 iure sodalicii qui mihi iunctue erat. 
 Ponticus beroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis 
 
 dulcia convictus membra fuere mei; 
 et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures, 
 
 dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 50 
 
 Vergilium vidi tantum, nee amara TibuUo v-i ""^ 
 
 tempuB amicitiae fata dedere meae. "^ • j^^ 
 
 Successor fuit hie tibi, Galle; Propertius illi; '^ Jy" 
 
 quartus ab his serie temporis ipse f ui. ^ "^ -^ 
 
 Utque ego maiores, sic me coluere minores, "^ 65 
 
 notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est. 
 Carmina cum primum populo iuvenalia legi, 
 
 barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit. 
 Moverat ingenium totam cantata per urbem 
 
 nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. 60 
 
 Multa quidem scripsi; sed quae vitiosa putavi, 
 
 emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi. 
 Tunc quoque, cum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi 
 
 iratus studio carmiuibusque meis. 
 Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65 
 
 cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat. ■ / 
 Cum tamen hie essem, minimoque accenderer i^ni, 
 
 nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit. 
 Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor 
 
 est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. 70 
 
 Illi successit, qnamvis sine crimine coniunx, 
 
 non tamen in nostro firma futura toroi 
 
 ^>> 
 
AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 75 
 
 Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos, 
 
 sustinuit conianx exsulis esse viri. 
 Filia me mea bis prima fecunda iaventa, -76 
 
 sed non ex uno coniuge, fecit avum. 
 Et iam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque 
 
 addiderat luetris altera lustra novem. 
 Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum 
 
 ille fuit. Matri proxima iusta tuli. 80 
 
 Felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti, 
 
 ante diem poeuae quod periere meae! 
 Me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis 
 
 sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil. 
 Si tamen exstinctis aliquid nisi nomina restant, 85 
 
 et gracilis structos efEugit umbra rogos, 
 fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae, 
 
 et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro: 
 scite, precor, causam (uec yos mibi fallere fas est) 
 
 errorem iussae, non scelus esse fugae.^ 90 
 
 Manibus hoc satis est. Ad vos, studiosa, reverter, 
 
 pectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae. 
 Iam mihi canities pulsis melioribus annis 
 
 venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas, 
 postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 95 
 
 abstulerat deeiens praemia victor eques, 
 cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas 
 
 quaerere me laesi priucipis ira iubet. 
 Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae 
 
 indicio non est testificanda meo. 100 
 
 Quid referam comitumque nefas famulosque nocentes ? 
 
 Ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga. 
 ludignata malis mens est succumbere, seque 
 
 praestitit invictam viribus usa suis; 
 oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae 105 
 
 insolita cepi temporis arma manu. 
 Totque tuli terra casus pelagoque, quod inter 
 
 occultum stellae conspicuumque polum. 
 Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto 
 
 iuucta pharetratis Sarmatis era Getis. 110 
 
76 P- OVIDII NASOKIS CAKMINA SELECTA. 
 
 Hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis, 
 
 trisfcia, quo possum, carmine fata levo. 
 Quod quamvis nemo est, cuius referatur ad auras, 
 
 sic tamen absumo decipioque diem. 
 Ergo quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 115 
 
 nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent, 
 gratia, Musa, tibi: nam tu solacia praebes, 
 
 tu curae requies, tu medicina venis. « 
 Tu dux et comes es, tu nos abducis ab Histro, 
 
 in medioque mihi das Helicone locum; 120 
 
 tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti 
 
 nomen, ab exsequiis quod dare fama solet, 
 Nee, qui detrectat praesentia, livor, iniquo 
 
 ullum de nostris dente momordit opus. 
 Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, 125 
 
 non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo, 
 eumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis 
 
 dicor et in toto plurimus orbe legor. 
 Siquid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri, 
 
 protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 130 
 
 Sive favore tuli, sive hanc ego carmine famam 
 
 iure : tibi grates, Candida lector, ago. 
 
 15. PROVERBS AND SHORT SELECTIONS. 
 
 1. 
 
 Nitimur in vetitum semper, cupimusqua negata. 
 
 Am. III. 4, 17. 
 
 2. 
 
 Ingenium quondam fuerat pretiosius auro, 
 
 at nunc barbaria est graadis habere nihil. 
 
 Am. III. 8, 3. 
 
 3. 
 
 Parferre obdura ! Dolor hie tibi proderit dim. 
 Saepe tulit lassis sucus amarus opem. 
 
 Am. III. 11, 7. 
 
PROVERBS AND SHORT SELECTIONS. "J"] 
 
 4. 
 
 Prona tibi vinci cupientem vincere palma est. 
 
 Am. III. 14, 47. 
 
 5. 
 Leniter, ex merito quicquid patiare, ferendum est. 
 Quae venit indigno poena, dolenda venit. 
 
 Her. v. 7. 
 
 6. 
 Acceptissima semper 
 munera sunt, auctor quae pretiosa facit. 
 
 Her. XVII. 71. 
 
 7. 
 Certus amor morum est. Pormam populabitur aetas, 
 
 et placitus rugis vultus aratus erit. 
 Tempus erit quo vos speculum vidisse pigebit, 
 
 et veniet rugis altera causa dolor. 
 
 Med. Fac. 45. 
 
 A. A. I. 99. 
 
 8. 
 Spectatum veniuut, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae. 
 
 9. 
 
 Parva levis capiunt animos. Fuit utile multis 
 
 pulvinum facili composuisse manu. 
 
 Profuit et tenni ventos movisse tabella, 
 
 et cava sub teuerum scamna dedisse pedem. 
 
 A. A. I. 159. 
 
 10. 
 
 Forma viros neglecta decet. 
 
 A. A. I. 509. 
 
 11. 
 
 Atque oculos oculis spectare fatentibus ignem : 
 saepe tacens vocem verbaque vultus habet, 
 
 A. A. I. 573. 
 
78 p. OVIDII NASONIS CAKMINA SELECTA, 
 
 12. 
 
 Audentem Forsque Vemisque iiwat. 
 
 A. A. I. 608. 
 
 13. 
 
 Nee credi labor est. Sibi quaeque videtur amanda. 
 Pessima sitj nulli non sua forma placet. 
 
 14. 
 
 luppiter ex alto periuria ridet amantum, 
 et iubet Aeolios inrita ferre notos. 
 
 A. A. I. 613. 
 
 A. A. I. 633. 
 
 A. A. 11. 43. 
 
 15. 
 
 Ingenium mala saepe movent. 
 
 16. 
 
 TJt ameris, amabilis esto. 
 
 A. A. II. 107. 
 
 17. 
 Forma bonnm fragile est, quantumque accedit ad annos, 
 
 fit minor, et spatio carpitur ipsa suo. 
 Nee yiolae semperve hyacinthina lilia florent, 
 
 et riget amissa spina relicta rosa. 
 Et tibi iam venient cani, formose, eapilli, 
 
 iam Tcnient rugae, quae tibi corpus arent. 
 Iam molire animum qui duret, et adstrue formae : 
 
 solus ad extremes permanet ille rogos. 
 Nee levis ingenuas pectus coluisse per artes 
 
 cura sit et linguas edidicisse duas. 
 
 A. A. II. 113. 
 
 18. 
 Obsequio tranantur aquae, nee vincere possis 
 flumina, si contra, quam rapit unda, nates. 
 Obseqnium tigrisque domat Numidasque leones. 
 Eustica paulatim taurus aratra subit. 
 
 A. A. II. 181. 
 
PROVERBS AND SHORT SELECTION'S. 79 
 
 19. 
 
 Carmina laiadantur, sed munera magna petuntur : 
 
 dummodo sit dives, barbarus ipse placet. 
 Aurea sunt vere nunc saecula. Plurimus auro 
 
 venit honoe. Auro conciliatur amor, 
 
 A. A. II. 275. 
 
 20. 
 Si latet ars, prodest; adfert deprensa pudorem, 
 atque adimit merito tempns in omne fidem. 
 
 A. A. II. 313. 
 
 21. 
 
 Nil adsuetudine mains. 
 
 A. A. II. 346. 
 
 23. 
 Sed mora tuta brevis. Lentescunt tempore curae, 
 Tanescitque absens et novus intrat amor. 
 
 33. 
 Luxuriant animi rebus plerumque secundis, 
 nee facile est aequa commoda mente pati. 
 
 34, 
 Quod male fers, adsuesce; feres bene. 
 
 A. A. II. 357. 
 
 A, A. II. 437. 
 
 A. A, II. 647, 
 
 25. 
 
 Venturae memores iam nunc estote senectae : 
 
 sic nullum vobis tempus abibit iners. 
 Dum licet, et veros etiam nunc editis annos, 
 
 ludite : eunt anni more fluentis aquae. 
 Nee quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda, 
 
 nee quae praeteriit, hora redire potest. 
 Utendum est aetate: cito pede labitur aetas, 
 
 nee bona tarn sequitur, quam bona prima fuit. 
 
 A. A. III. 59. 
 
8o P. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 26. 
 
 Prisca iuvent alios. Ego me nunc denique natum 
 gratulor. Haec aetas moribus apta meis. 
 
 A. A. III. 121. 
 
 27. 
 
 Est in incessu pars non contempta deeoris. 
 
 A. A. III. 299. 
 
 28. 
 
 Principiis obsta. Sero medicina paratur, 
 cum mala per longas convaluere moras. 
 
 Kem. Am. 91. 
 
 29. 
 
 Forsitan a laribas patriis exire pigebit, 
 
 Sed tamen exibis; deinde redire voles. 
 Nee te Lar patrius, sed amor revocabit amicae, 
 
 praetendens culpae splendida verba tuae. 
 
 Eem. Am. 237. 
 
 30. 
 
 Summa petit livor. Perflant altissima venti. 
 Summa petunt dextra fulmina missa lovis. 
 
 Kem. Am. 369. 
 
 31. 
 
 Tristis eris, si solus eris, dominaeque relictae 
 ante oculos facies stabit, ut ipsa, tuos. 
 
 Rem. Am. 583. 
 
 32. 
 
 Scripta cave relegas blaudae servata puellae: 
 constantis animos scripta relecta movent. 
 
 Rem. Am. 717. 
 
PROVEKBS AKD SHORT SELECTIONS. Si 
 
 33. 
 
 Sed scilicet ultima semper 
 exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus 
 ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 
 
 Met. hi. 135. 
 
 34. 
 Fas est et ab boste doceri. 
 
 35. 
 
 Video meliora proboque. 
 
 Met. it. 438. 
 
 deteriora sequor. 
 
 Met. VII. 20. 
 
 36, 
 
 Nee tam 
 turpe fuit vinci, qii9,m contendisse decorum est. 
 
 Met. IX. 5. 
 
 37. 
 
 Dum peiora timentur, 
 est locus in vulnus : sors autem ubi pessima rerum, 
 sub pedibus timor est, securaque summa malorum. 
 
 Met. XIV. 488. 
 
 38. 
 
 Nee perit in tanto quicquam, mihi credite, mundo, 
 sed variat, faciemque novat, nascique vocatur 
 incipere esse aliud, quam quod fuit ante, morique 
 desinere illud idem. 
 
 Met. XV. 254. 
 
 39. 
 
 Scilicet ut fulvum spectatur in ignibus aurum, 
 tempore sic duro est inspicienda fides. 
 
 Teist. I. 5, 25. 
 
82 p. OVIDII NASONIS CAEMIKA SELECTA. 
 
 40.. 
 
 Donee eris sospes, multos numerabis amicos : 
 tempora si fuerint nubila, solus eris. 
 
 Teist. I. 9, 5. 
 
 41. 
 
 TJtque comes radios per solis euntibus umbra est, 
 
 cum latet hie pressus nubibus, ilia fugit; 
 mobile sic sequitur Portunae lumina vulgus, 
 
 quae simul inducta nube teguntur, abit. 
 
 Tkist. I. 9, 11. 
 
 43. 
 
 Nil prodest quod non laedere possit idem. . 
 
 Igne quid utilius ? siquis tamen urere tecta 
 
 comparat, audaces iastruit igne manus. 
 Eripit interdum, modo dat medicina salutem, 
 
 quaeque iuvet, monstrat, quaeque sit herba nocens. 
 
 Tkist. ii. 366. 
 
 43. 
 
 Hie ego qui iaeeo tenerorumJusor amorum 
 
 ingenio perii Naso poeta meo ; 
 at tibi qui transis ne sit grave quisquis amasti 
 
 dicere'Nasonis molliter ossa cubent. 
 
 Trist. in. 3, 73. 
 
 44. 
 
 Crede mihi, bene qui latuit, bene vixit, et intra 
 fortunam debet quisque manere suam. 
 
 Teist. hi. 4, 25. 
 
 45. 
 
 Humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem 
 et premitj incertas ipse verere vices. 
 
 Teist. hi. 11, 67. 
 
PKOVERBS AIS'D SHOET SBLECTIOKS. 83 
 
 46. 
 
 Ardua per praeceps gloria vadit iter. 
 
 47. 
 
 Tkist. IV. 3, 74. 
 
 Tempus et in canas semen producit aristas, 
 et ne sint tristi poma sapore, cavet. 
 
 Hoc tenuat dentem terram renovantis aratri, 
 lioc rigidas silicas, hoc adamanta terit. 
 
 Hoc etiam saevas paulatim mitigat iras, 
 hoc minuit luctus maestaque corda lerat. 
 
 Teist. IV. 6, 9. 
 
 48.^ 
 
 Passibus ambiguis Fortuna volubilis errat 
 et manet in nuUo certa tenaxque loco, 
 
 sed modo laeta venit, vultus modo sumit acerbos, 
 et tantum constans in levitate sua est. 
 
 Tkist, v. 8, 15. 
 
 49. 
 Perfer et obdura! Multo graviora tulisti. 
 
 50. 
 Sisque miser semper nee sis miserabilis ulli. 
 
 51. 
 
 Nescio qua natale solum dulcedine cunctos 
 ducit, et inmemores non sinit esse sui. 
 
 Tkist. v. 11, 7. 
 
 Ibis, 117. 
 
 Ex P. I. 3, 35. 
 
 53. 
 
 Saucius eiurat pugnam gladiator, et idem 
 
 inmemor antiqui vulneris arma capit. 
 
 Wil sibi cum pelagi dicit fore naufragus undis, 
 
 et ducit remos qua modo navit aqua. 
 
 ^ Ex P. I. 5, 37. 
 
84 P. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINA SELECTA. 
 
 53. 
 
 Spes igitur menti poenae^ Graeciae, levandae 
 
 non est ex toto nulla relicta meae. 
 Haec dea, cum fugerent eceleratas numina terras, 
 
 ia dis invisa sola remansit humo. 
 Haec facit ut vivat fossor quoque compede vinctus, 
 
 liberaque a ferro crura futura putet. 
 Haec facit ut, videat cum terras undique nuUas, 
 
 naufragus in mediis bracchia iactet aquis. 
 Saepe aliquem sellers medicorum cura reliquit, 
 
 nee spes huic vena deficiente cadit. 
 Carcere dicuutur clausi sperare salutem, 
 
 atque aliquis pendens in cruce vota facit. 
 Haec dea quam multos laqueo sua colla ligantis 
 
 non est proposita passa perire nece ! 
 
 Ex P. I. 6, 37. 
 
 54. 
 
 Cura, quid expediat, prius est quam quid sit lionestum, 
 
 et cum fortuna statque caditque fides. 
 Nee facile invenias multis in milibus unum, 
 
 virtutem pretium qui putet esse sui. 
 
 Ex P. II. 3, 9. 
 
 55. 
 
 Et bene uti pugaes, bene pugnans efiBcit hostis. 
 
 Ex P. II. 3, 53. 
 
 56. 
 
 Qui semel est laesus fallaci piscis ab hamo, 
 omnibus unca cibis aera subesse putat. 
 
 Ex P. II. 7, 9. 
 
 57. 
 Begia, crede mihi, res est succurrere lapsis. 
 
 Ex P. II. 9, 11. 
 
PROYBEB& AND SHOET SELECTIONS. 85 
 
 58. 
 
 Nam quamquam sapor est adlata dulcis in unda, 
 gratius ex ipso fonte bibuntur aquae. 
 
 Ex P. III. 5, 17. 
 
 59. 
 
 Gratia dis, menti quolibet ire licet. 
 
 Ex P. III. 5, 48. 
 
 60. 
 
 Omnia sunt hominum tenui pendentia filo, 
 et subito casu quae valuere, ruunt. 
 
 Ex P. IV. 3, 35. 
 
 61. ^ 
 
 Nulla dies adeo est australibus umida nimbis, 
 
 non intermissis ut fluat imber aquis. 
 Nee sterilis locus ullus ita est, ut non sit in illo 
 
 mixta fere duris utilis herba rubis. 
 Nil adeo fortuna gravis miserabile fecit 
 
 ut minuant nulla gaudia parte malum. 
 
 Ex P. lY. 4, 1. 
 
 62. 
 
 Crede mihi, miseros prudentia prima relinquit, 
 et sensus cum re consiliumque fugit. 
 
 Ex P. IV. 12, 47. 
 
 63. 
 
 At postquam fortuna loci caput extulit huius, 
 .5 et tetigit summo vertice Eoma deos, 
 creverunt et opes et opum furiosa cupido, 
 et, cum possideant plurima, plura petunt. 
 
 Fast. i. 209. 
 
 64. 
 
 In pretio pretium nunc est: dat census honores, 
 census amicitias; pauper ubique iacet. 
 
 East. i. 217. 
 
86 p. OVIDII KASONIS CAEMINA SELECTA. 
 
 ■65. ^ 
 
 Laudamus veteres, sed nostris utimur annis. 
 
 Fast. i. 335. 
 
 66..^ 
 
 Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibus aequor. 
 
 Tit volucri vacuo quicquid in orbe patet. 
 Nee fera tempestas to to tamen horret ia anno, 
 
 et tibi, crede milii, tempora veris erant. 
 
 Fast. i. 493. 
 
 67. 
 
 Dum sedet, umbrosae salices yolucresque canorae 
 
 fecerunt somnos et leva murmur aquae. 
 Blanda quies furtim victis obrepsit ocellis, 
 
 et cadit a mento langnida facta manus. 
 
 Fast. hi. 17. 
 
 68. 
 
 Tempora labuntur, tacitisque eenescimus annis, 
 et fugiunt freno non remorante dies. 
 
 Fast. vi. 771. 
 
COMMENTARY. 
 
 I. FROM THE METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 1. THE FOUR AGES. 
 
 Met. I.— 89. Aurea, etc. : first arose tits golden age. 8ata est : was 
 
 sown, from sero. vindice nnllo ; with no one to inflict punishment, 
 
 lit. no one (being) an avenger ; Ablative Absolute. 
 
 90. sponte sua : voluntarily. sine lege : without (the restraints of) 
 
 law. fidem rectumque : honor and uprightness ; rectum is used as a 
 
 substantive: 204, r. 2*; A. & G. 189; B. 237, 2; H. 441, 2. colebat: 
 
 practised. 
 
 92. aere : in the early times, laws and other important documents were 
 set up on bronze; later, marble was often used. Here the Twelve Tables 
 are especially referred to, which contained the early Roman laws, and 
 were of bronze. In poetry the preposition is often omitted with Abl. of 
 Place: 385, e. 3; A. & G. 358, /, 3; B.'SSS, d; H. 425, n. 3. See 1. 
 95. supplex turba : the suppliant crowd; the accused and their friends. 
 
 93. ora : the countenance, poetic Plural of os, mouth. erant : men 
 were; the subject is drawn from the previous turba. Notice in these lines 
 the frequent use of the Imperfect tense, the tense of description in gen- 
 eral, and see 231 ; A. & G. 377; B. 360; H. 469. 
 
 94. oaesa pinua ; the cut pine, i.e. the ship, which is here personified. 
 The material is used for the product by a figure of speech called Met- 
 onymy, ut viseret : to visit ; clause of Design, depending on desoen- 
 derat ; 545 ; A. & G. 317 ; B. 283 ; H. 497. orbem : land. 
 
 95. suis montibus : from its (native) mountains; poetic omission of pre- 
 position. In poetry the prepositions are frequently omitted in the vari- 
 ous case-relations ("Where, Whence, Whither) ; this is probably a survival 
 of ancient usage, to which all poetry is inclined. Originally, these rela- 
 tions were expressed by the simple cases. liquidas; liquid, rather 
 than clear. The word has both meanings. 
 
 96. nulla litora praeter sua ; no shores except their own. norant : 
 syncopated from noverant, knew; it is equivalent to an Imperfect. 
 ITondum cingebant : did not yet surround. 
 
 * The first reference in every case is to GilclerBle.eve's Latin Grammar, School Edi- 
 tion, 1898— large edition, 1894 (L. Ed.); the other grammars referred to are thoge of Allen 
 & Greenough (A. & G.), Bennett (B.), and Harkness (H.). 
 
88 COMMEISTTAEY. [Met. I. 
 
 97. praecipites : steep. 
 
 98. non tuba (erat) : there was no trumpet. direoti (sc. aeris) : of 
 straight bronze; Gen. of Quality : 365 ; A. & G. 215; B. 303; H. 396, 
 V. ; more natural would be the Abl. ol Material. 
 
 99. Notice throughout these lines the omission of the conjunction, a 
 figure called Asyndeton: 473, B.; A. & G. 308, b; B. 341, 4, a; H. 636, 
 I. i. 
 
 100. seourae : peaceful, free from trouble ; in predicative attribution : 
 335; A. & G. 191; B. 339; H. 443. moUia peragebant otia: passed 
 their tims in agreeable idleness, lived lives of downy ease. 
 
 101. Ipsa: goes with teUus. inmunis : free, without compulsion; 
 lit. owing no tribute. rastro intacta : untouched by the rake. 
 
 102. nee sancia : and unwounded. per se dabat omnia : gave every- 
 thing of its own accord. 
 
 103. nnllo cogente creatis : which sprang up without any compulsion, 
 grew wild. nnllo cogente : lit. no one compelling ; Ablative Absolute ; 
 nnllo is used as Abl. of nemo. 
 
 104. arbuteos fetns : the fruit (lit. offspring) of the arbutus tree. This 
 evergreen abounded in Italy and bore fruit somewhat similar to straw- 
 berries, fraga : strawberries. legebant : gathered ; this is the 
 proper meaning of this verb, but it is more frequent in its derived sense, 
 
 105. corns,: cornel berries. mora: blackberries. duris mbetis: 
 prickly briar bushes. 
 
 106. pktula lovis arbore: /row the wide-spreading tree of Jove, i.e. the 
 oak, as the king among trees. On the omission of the preposition, see 
 on 1. 95. 
 
 108. mulcebant : fanned ; lit. stroked. 
 
 109. Mox : soon ; that is, after the blooms. inarata ; unplowed. 
 
 110. neo renovatus ager: and the unbroken field. gravidis canebat 
 aristis : was white with the heavy ears of grain. The Abl. is one of 
 Means. 
 
 111. Notice the order, flttmina iam, . . . iam flumina ; this chiastic 
 arrangement is on account of the verse and to give variety. ibant : 
 went flowing on. 
 
 112. stlllabant : dripped. mella : honey, poetic Plural. Whenever 
 anything is thought of as consisting of many parts, the Plural is likely to 
 be used. Here there were many drops of honey. In 1. 100 above, each 
 man had otium. This seems to be the origin of the poetic Plural, although 
 the Plural force cannot always be so clearly seen. In fact, in inany 
 cases there is no distinction of meaning. 
 
 113. Fostqnam : after, with erat ; distinguish from postea, afterwa/rds. 
 After Saturn had been sent to murky Tartarus a/nd the world was under 
 (the sway of) Jupiter. Saturn was supplanted by his son. The Impf 
 is rare with postquam : 563 ; A. & G. 334, a; B. 387, 4 ; H. 518, n. 1. 
 
89-136.] THE FOUR AGES. 89 
 
 114. subiit : took the place of the golden : compare 1. 130, where in 
 locum is added. Pinal it of the Perfect, preceded by i, is often long in 
 the thesis. proles, race. 
 
 116. oontraxit : shortened. tempora : poetic Plural. The spring, 
 time is already thought of as including divisions equal to seasons. By 
 the Plural the length of the ancient spring is emphasized. veria ; 
 from ver. 
 
 117. per : by means of. aestus : heat ; that is, the hot season, sum- 
 mer. Translate these poetic Plurals as singulars. Notice the poetic 
 variation in the conjunctions que, et. inaeqnales ; variable, in tem- 
 perature. 
 
 118. brevo ver : so called in contrast to ver aeternum of 1. 107. 
 spatiis : that is, seasons. exegit : divided, lit. completed, filled out. 
 
 119. a6r : the air. fervoribus : poetic Plural. ustus : parched. 
 
 120. canduit : became white hot, glowed. ventis adstriota : congealed 
 by the winds. glacies : ice, icicles. 
 
 121. subiere : entered, sc. homines ; the ending of the Perfect -Sre is 
 common in poetry for metrical reasons. domus: Ace. Plural; domfts, 
 Nom. Singular. 
 
 122. frutices : thicTcets. cortice ; barh, here tlie inner barh, bast. 
 
 123. snicis: Abl. of Place regarded as Means: 389; H. 435, i. 
 
 124. invenci : steers. In Italy oxen were regularly used for plowing. 
 
 126. ingeniis : in character, natural disposition. Abl. of Respect (or 
 Specification) : 397 ; A. & G. 353 ; B. 326 ; H. 434. The Plural, by 
 reason of the collective idea in proles. 
 
 127. de : for the Ablative of Material, see 396 ; A. & G. 344 ; H. 415, 
 HI. The ordinary preposition is ex, 
 
 128. venae peioris in aevum : in the age of the worse metal. 
 
 129. fagSre : Perfect. pndor verumque fidesque : modesty, truth, 
 and honor. 
 
 130. In quorum locum: in their stead. fraudes : deception; Plural, 
 because there were many kinds and many cases. 
 
 131. vis: violence. amor soeleratus habendi: that is, avarice; 
 sceleratns : because the love of money leads to crime (scelus). The variety 
 in the conjunctions is for the metre's sake. 
 
 132. nee adhuc : although . . . not yet. 
 
 133. navita ; a poetic form for nauta. 
 
 134. insultavere : bounded over, properly upon. carinas : properly 
 Iceels, often equivalent to ships by Synecdoche : 695; A. & G. 386 (end); 
 H. 637, IV. 
 
 135. Communem prius : which had before been common property; in 
 predicative attribution to bumum. oeu : as, like, a poetic word of 
 comparison for the prose ut. lumina, auras : Ace. by attraction to 
 humum. 
 
 136. cautus mensor : the ca/reful surveyor. 
 
go COMMENTARY. [Met. I. 137-150. 
 
 137. Neotantum; not only. segetes: Ace, Inner Obj., of the passive 
 verb poscebatur : G. (L. Ed.) 339, n. 4 ; A. & G. 339, E. ; B. 178, 2 ; H. 
 374, I. debita: the earth was under obligation to make a return 
 for the seed and the labor. dives with humus. 
 
 138. poscebatur humus : translate the Accusatives as subject : were de- 
 manded of the soil. itum est ! they went, impersonal passive. 
 viscera ; bowels. 
 
 139. recondiderat : re gives the notion (Zeep. aAmOYeiat : load moved 
 towards ; for subject supply terra, personified. 
 
 140. iuritamenta malorum : an incentive to crime ; Plural, to agree with 
 opes. 
 
 142. prodierat : had come forth. ferrum : is personified, as also is 
 bellum, utroque : by means of both, iron and gold. 
 
 143. crepitantia concutit arma : shakes the clashing arms. 
 
 144. Vivitur : me?i live; Latin does not have the vague and unemphatio 
 mere of the English, and the impersonal passive is used instead : see itum 
 above, 1. 138. non hospes, etc. : the guest is not safe from the host. 
 hospes is merely a guest friend, and the exact force varies with the 
 context. 
 
 145. gratia : friendship, good will. 
 
 146. iuminet : is intent upon, longs for, 
 
 147. lurida : pale, causing paleness, death-bringing. aconita : aco- 
 nite, wolf's-bane, a violent poison. The stepmother was frequently an 
 object of suspicion. 
 
 148. ante diem ; before the time. inquirit in : inquires into ; that 
 is, consults astrologers, etc., in regard to his father's length of life, 
 showing impatience because he continues to live. 
 
 149. caede madentes with terras : moist with gore. 
 
 150. Astraea : the goddess of Justice ; when she withdrew to Heaven 
 she became the constellation Virgo. 
 
 3. THE FLOOD OF DEUCALION. 
 
 Met. I. — 262. Protinus: straightway; Jupiter had visited the earth in 
 human guise and had found so much wickedness there that he determined 
 to destroy it. Aeoliis in autris : in the Aeolian caves ; Aeolus was 
 
 the god that had charge of the winds. When he wished to keep thorn 
 quiet he shut them up in caves. 
 
 263. et quaecumque, etc. : and whatever blasts (i.e. all the winds that) 
 drive away the collected clouds. 
 
 264. Madidis alis : with moist wings; the South wind coming across 
 the Mediterranean was likely to bring rain to Italy, while the North wind 
 indicated clear weather. 
 
 265. vultum : Aoo. of Respect (of Specification, or the Greek Accusa- 
 tive): 338; A. & G. 340, c; B. 180; H. 378. 
 
262-393.] THE FLOOD OF DEUCALION. 9 1 
 
 266. nimbis : with rain. unda : water. oapillis : Abl. of 
 Separation. 
 
 267. fronte: on his forehead. rorant: drip with moisture. 
 sinus : hosom ; the large fold of the garment where it is drawn across the 
 breast. 
 
 268. late pendentia: ivhich are spread out over the shy ; lit. hanging 
 far and ivide. pressit : translate as a Present ; the Perfect is used 
 in Latin because the action takes place before that of the main verb. 
 
 269. hinc: hereupon. ab ; from. 
 
 270. induta : clad in ; verbs of Clothing are used even in the passive 
 with the Ace. of the thing put on; but this usage is mainly poetical. 
 
 271. Iris : the rainbow was supposed to drink the water on the earth 
 and so carry it to the sky again. 
 
 272. Sternuntur: are laid lota. deplorata iacent: lie lamented. 
 colonis : Dat. with iacent (for the farmers), but translate as Geni- 
 tive with vota. 
 
 273. vota : hopes, literally vows. perit inritus ; is lost in vain. 
 inritus : in predicative attribution to labor. 
 
 274. suo : the reflexive refers here to the actual subject, lovia : 309, 2 ; 
 A. & G. 196, c; B. 244, 4 ; H. 449, 3. 
 
 275. eaeruleus frater ; this sea-blue brother is Neptune. 
 
 276. Mc: he. tyranni: lord. 
 
 277. Non est utendum : it is not necessary to use. hortamine : for 
 the case, see 407 ; A. & G. 349 ; B. 218, i ; H. 431. These verbs, how- 
 ever (utor, fruor, etc.), may be used in the Gerundive just like transitive 
 vei-bs. 
 
 279. sio opus est: that is what is needed; literally, thus there is need 
 (of it being done). mole remota : having removed the obstacles. 
 
 280. fluminibna, etc. : give full rein to your streams; the image is from 
 throwing the reins on the back of the steed. 
 
 281. fontibus: Dat. of Indirect Object, to be translated as a Genitive. 
 
 282. defrenato : unbridled, goes with cursn, which is Abl. of Manner. 
 
 283. at: emphasizes the suddenness of the action and the astonish- 
 ment of the earth: 488 ; A. & G. 156, b. 
 
 285. Exspatiata ruunt : leave their hanks and rush. 
 
 286. satis : crops, from sero. arbnsta : orchards. 
 
 287. penetralia: temples. 
 
 288. siqua domus : if any house ; for qua, see 107, R. i ; A. & G. 105, 
 d; B. 353, i ; H. 190, i. 
 
 289. malo: Dat. with resistere: 346 ; A. & G. 227 ; B. 187, 11, u, ; 11. 
 385, I. huius eulmen : its highest point. altior : higher, than 
 the house. 
 
 291. nullum discrimen : no distinction. 
 
 292. deerant : pronounce in scanning dSrant. ponto : for the Dative, 
 see 349, r. 4 ; A. & G. 231, a; B. 190 ; H. 387. 
 
92 COMMENTARY. [Met. I, 
 
 298. hie : one man. cumba adunca : in a curved boat ; Abl. of Place 
 
 Where, poetic omission of preposition. alter : another. 
 
 294. ducit ; plies, ararat = araverat. 
 
 295. ille : one. msrsae villae ; of the villa (country house) buried 
 under the waters. 
 
 296. hie : another. suimna in ulmo : ira tJie top of an elm tree. 
 Cf. noK. 0. 1, 2, 8: 
 
 piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo: 
 nota quae sedes fuerat columbis. 
 
 297. si fora tulit : if it so chanced. in viridi prato : on a green 
 meadow. 
 
 298. terunt: scrape. vineta: vineyards. 
 
 299. modo qua : where lately. 
 
 300. deformes phooae : ungainly sea-calves. 
 
 303. Nereides : the Nereids, the sea nymphs, the daughters of Nereus. 
 
 303. incursant : run against. altis ramis : high branches ; Dative 
 
 after in in composition. agitataque robora pulsant: and strike the 
 
 swaying (lit. shaken) oaks. 
 
 305. vires fulminis ; the strength of the thunderbolt. Compare Met. x. 
 550 : Fulmen habent acres in aduncis dentibus apri, with Met. viii. 
 338: 
 
 Hinc aper excitus medios violentus in hostes, 
 fertur, ut excussis elisi nubibus ignes. 
 apro (Dat. with prosunt) ; avail. 
 
 306. ablato ; carried off by the flood. Compare Met. xiii. 553 : 
 
 vidi contermina ripae 
 cum gregibus stabala alta trahi; nee fortibus illic 
 profuit armentis, nee equis velooibus esse. 
 
 307. ubi : equivalent to in qnibus, a common use of the Relative ad- 
 verb, posset : for this Subjunctive of Characteristic, see 631 ; A. & G. 
 330 ; B. 283 ; H. 503, i. 
 
 308. volucris vaga : the wandering bird. volucris : properly an 
 adjective, winged. lassatis alis : with weary wings. 
 
 309. tumulos : the hills. inmensa licentia ponti ; the great rise of 
 the sea. licentia : lit. freedom, lack of restraint ; the sea went where 
 it pleased, subject to no hindrance. 
 
 310. novi ; strange, that is, here hitherto unknown; lit. new. 
 
 311. maxima pars : most creatures. 
 
 312. longa ieiunia : long fasting ; regularly Plural iu this meaning. 
 inopi viotu : by the want of food. 
 
 313. Aonios : (the country of) the Aonians. Oetaeis : with arvis. 
 Phoois : a country in central Greece. 
 
 314. tempore in illo ; during that period ; the use of the preposition 
 in indicates longer duration than the simple Ablative tempore illo. See 
 394, E.; A. and G. 356, a; B. 230, 3; H. 429, i. 
 
293-338.] THE FLOOD OF DEUCALION. 93 
 
 316. verticibns duobus : with two peaks. 
 
 817. superant nubes : are higher than the clouds. 
 
 318. Hie : here. cetera : everything else ; that is, all land except 
 Parnassus. 
 
 319. consorte tori : his wife, lit. the sharer of his couch. adhaesit : 
 had lamded; the English often uses the Pluperfect where Latin uses the 
 Perfect after ubi and similar temporal particles : 561 ; A. & Gr. 324 ; B. 
 387, I ; H. 518, n. 1. 
 
 320. Corycidas : Greek form. 
 
 321. Themin : for the form, see 65 ; A. & G. 63 ; H. 68. Themis was 
 the goddess of Justice. oracia : poetical for oracola, by Syncope. 
 
 tunc : Delphi was afterwards famous as the seat of the oracle of Apollo. 
 
 322. iUo : that is, Deucalion ; for the case, see 398 ; A. & G. 247 ; B. 
 317 ; H. 417. aequi : of justice : 375 ; A. & G. 318, b; B. 204, i, a; 
 H. 399, n. 
 
 323. metuentior deorum : more god-fea/ring , more reverent. 
 
 324. at lic^nldis stagnare paludibus orbem videt : when Jupiter saw the 
 earth covered with stagnant water. 
 
 325. de tot modo milibus: where lately there were so many thousands; 
 lit. out of so many thousands a little while ago. 
 
 327. innocaos ambos : in the absence of pronominal or adjectival forms 
 of common gender, the masculine is used to include the feminine when 
 both sexes are referred to. cultores nnminis : worshippers of divin- 
 ity. 
 
 328. nubila: cZoMtZs in general ; nimbis : raim-cZoM(Zsy compare 1. 369, 
 where nimbi = rain. aquilone : hy means of the North wind. 
 
 329. aethera : Accusative Singular, Greek form. 
 
 330. positoque tricuspide telo : and laying aside his three-pronged spear. 
 
 331. supmque . . . tectum : construe with Tritona : and standing forth 
 above the deep and having his shoulders covered with native purple-fish ; 
 the fish grew on (innato) his shoulders. On the Ace. of Respect, see 
 338, I ; A. & G. 240, c; B. 180 ; H. 378. 
 
 333. mniice ! the murex was a kind of snail, native to the sea, from 
 which the Tyrians extracted the purple dye. 
 
 333. Tritona : Triton was a son of Neptune; the form is Greek., con- 
 chae sonanti inspirare : to blow upon the sounding shell ; the Dative io 
 due to the compound with in ; the Abl. of Instrument would also be pos- 
 sible. 
 
 335. Cava bucina : the hollow trumpet, the shell. illi : Dative of 
 Agent ; poetically used with the Present tense. 
 
 336. in latum : till it gets to be broad. turbine ab imo : from the 
 lowest winding, the smallest part, at the month. 
 
 337. a6ra : Accusative Singular, Greek form. ubi : when, is mis- 
 placed for the metre's sake ; it should precede concepit. 
 
 338. Bnb utroque Fhoebo ; under each sun, the rising and the setting. 
 
94 COMMBNTAET. [Met. 1. 
 
 339. ut . . ■ contigit : when it touched the mouth of the god, which icas 
 wet from his moist heard. rorantia agrees with ora. 
 
 340. receptus (Ace. PI.): retreat; Plural, because the various waters 
 were to retreat in various directions. 
 
 341. undis : Dat. of Agent. 
 
 342. coBrouit omnes : it checked them all ; observe the incorporation of 
 undis in the Relative clause: 61 6, i ; A. & G. 300, i; B. 251, 4 ; H. 445, 9. 
 
 343. capit : holds. 
 
 344. videntur ; are seen. 
 
 346. Post diem longam : after a long time. silvae : subject. 
 
 347. in fronde : on the leaves. 
 
 349. agere alta silentia : keeping profound silence. sUentia : Plural 
 because of the Plural terras, as if each country kept separate silence. 
 
 350. laorimis obortis ; with tears in his eyes. 
 
 351. soror : brothers and cousins were not carefully distinguished in 
 the Latin language. sola superstes : only surviving. 
 
 352. patruelis origo : descent from a father's brother (patruus) ; that is, 
 th^ ties of blood. Their fathers were the brothers Prometheus and 
 Bpimetheus. 
 
 353. deinde : dissyllabic by Synizesis : 727 ; B. 367, i ; H. 608, iii. 
 torus : the bonds of wedlock ; properly, the nuptial bed. 
 
 356. possedit : Jias taken possession of. 
 
 358. fatis erepta: snatched from the fates, saved from death, fatis: 
 Dat. of Separation, or Abl. if fatis is not personified : 345, E. i ; A. & G. 
 229 ; B. 188, 2, d; H. 385, 2. quis tibi animus foret : what would 
 
 your feelings be ? quis is here Adjective, for the more usual qui. 
 
 369. quo , . . modo : in what way, how. 
 
 360. quo consolante doleres : who would console you in your grief ; quo 
 consolante is Ablative Absolute. • 
 
 361. namque : a strengthened form of nam. 
 
 363. utinam : Hiatus after the interjection: 720 ; A. & G. 359, e; H. 
 608, II. I. populos reparare : restore the peoples. paternis artibus : 
 vrith my father's skill. Prometheus was supposed to have made man out 
 of clay. 
 
 364. animas : the breath of life. formatae terrae : fashioned clay ; 
 Dat. with Compounds. 
 
 366. visum (sc. est) : seemed good. 
 
 367. Dixerat, et flebant : when he had finished speaking, they wept (for 
 some time) ; notice that it sometimes suits our idiom to use a subordinate 
 clause when Latin uses a coordinate ; oftener the reverse is the case. 
 Plaouit : (then) they resolved. 
 
 369. pariter: side by side. Cephisidas: for the form, see G. 182, 11. 
 
 370. ut nondum liquidas : though not yet clear. The comparative ad- 
 verbs ut . . . sic (ita), may indicate opposition, in which case it is convenient 
 to translate ut as although. vada : channels. 
 
339-401.] THE FLOOD OP DEUCALION. 95 
 
 371. Inde , , . capiti : when fhey have sprinkled upon their garments and 
 heads water taken from this source (Inde). capiti : Dat. with com- 
 pouuds. 
 
 372. fleotunt vestigia : they turn their steps. 
 
 373. quorum . . . musoo ; the gables of which were discolored loith unsightly 
 moss ; quorum agrees with delubra, which has a Singular sense. 
 
 376. pronus humi : flat on the ground; for the gender, see on 1. 327. 
 pavens : full of awe. 
 
 379. die : one of the four irregular Imperatives ; another is fer, in the 
 next line: 130, i; A. & G. 128, c; B. 116, 3; H. 338. Themi ; Voca- 
 tive, qua arte : hy what device. generis damnum nostri : the loss 
 of our race. reparabile : is predicate. 
 
 380. msrsis rebus ; to the flood-destroyed world. 
 
 381. sortemque dedit; and gave the response; sors is an oracular re- 
 sponse, the reply of a divinity. The common word for reply is responsum, 
 which can also be used of an oraclq. 
 
 382. resolvite: loosen. 
 
 383. ossaque . . . parentis : and throw behind your hacks the hones of 
 your great mother. 
 
 384. Obstipuere diu : they were astounded for a long time. rumpit 
 prior : is the first to break. 
 
 385. parere recusat : refuses to obey. 
 
 386. det : Complementary Final clause depending on rogat with nt un- 
 derstood, or, which amounts to the same thing, the Imperative in Indi- 
 rect Discourse. 
 
 387. laedere : to offend. 
 
 388. repetunt : go over, caecis obsoura latebris : hidden in dark obscu- 
 rity, latebrae : lit. hiding-places. 
 
 390. Inde: then. 
 
 391. Aut fallax est sollertia nobis : either my cunning deceives me. 
 
 394. ossa reor did : I opine that by hones are meant. iaoere : to 
 throw. 
 
 395. augnrio : the interpretation. Titania : descendant of one of 
 the Titans. 
 
 396. in dubio est : is in doubt, lacks confidence. adeo : to such a 
 degree ; adverb with diffidunt. 
 
 397. monitis : Dative ; this is the regular construction with diffido. 
 quid temptare nooebit : what harm will it do to try ? 
 
 399. iussos : as ordered ; grammatically, the word agrees with lapides. 
 
 400. nisi sit pro teste vetustas : if antiquity were not a witness. The 
 Unreal form of the condition might have been expected instead of the 
 Ideal. The argument is, that the age of the tradition vouches for its 
 genuineness. Unless there were good reasons for believing it, it would 
 have been rejected long ago. 
 
 401. ooepere: Perfect. rigorem: ri; 
 
g6 COMMENTAET. [Met. I. 402-415. 
 
 402. mora : after a wMle, gradually. ducere tormam : to tales 
 
 shape. 
 
 404. ut quaedam, sio non manifesta ; though a certain,- yet not clear. 
 videri potest : can be seen. 
 
 405. sed uti de marmore coepta ; but as if begun out of marble. 
 
 406. non exacta satis : not quite finished. signis : statues. 
 
 407. Quae ex illis pars : the part of them which. 
 
 408. in corporis usum : into flesh (to serve as flesh). 
 
 412. traxere : took on. 
 
 413. de femineo iaotu : from the woman's throwing. 
 
 414. Inde : from this cause. experiens : capable of enduring. 
 
 415. dooumeuta : proof. simus nati ; Indirect Question. 
 
 3. PHABTHON. 
 
 Met. II. — 1. Begia Soils ! the palace of the Sun. Begia (so. domus) : 
 
 originally an adjective from rex. Our word palace comes from Palatium, 
 one of the seven hills of Rome. Augustus had his dwelling there, and 
 the name of the hill was transferred to the Imperial Palace. sublimi- 
 
 bus alta oolumnis : raised up on lofty columns. altus : high, originally 
 
 participle from alo. 
 
 2. clara . . .pyropo : resplendent with flashing gold and flame-like pyro- 
 pus. pyropus ; a gold-bronze mixture. 
 
 3. cuius . . , tegebat : (statues of) shining ivory filled up its high gable. 
 The gables of Grecian temples were covered with statues. 
 
 4. argenti lumine : with the light of silver. bifores valvae : the 
 folding-doors. 
 
 5. superabat opus ; the workmanship surpassed. Mulciber (from 
 muloeo) : the Softener, the Smith : Vulcan. 
 
 6. caelarat (that is, oaelaverat) : had engraved in bas-relief. terras : 
 object of eingentia | girding the enclosed land. 
 
 8. Tritona canorum ; the tuneful Triton, the loud-blowing trumpeter. 
 
 9. ambiguum : of doubtful shape ; Proteus had the power of assuming 
 various forms. lie could become a lion, a serpent, water, etc., to suit his 
 pleasure. 
 
 10. Aegaeona : Aegaeon was a marine giant with a hundi'ed arms. 
 
 11. Dorida ; Doris was the wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids. 
 
 12. in mole : on a cliff, on the bank. 
 
 13. pisce vehi : to be riding on fishes ; Ablative of Means. omnibus ; 
 Dat. of Possessor. una facies ; the same features. 
 
 14. non diversa tamen : and yet not entirely different. qualem . . . 
 sororum ; but such as sisters ought to have. 
 
 15. gerit : has on it. 
 
 17. Haec super : over these ; this position is poetical. 
 
 18. signaque . . . sinistris : and six stars on the right wing of the door 
 
II. 1-42.] PH.'i.ETHON. 97 
 
 and as mcmy on the left. The twelve signs of the zodiac are meant. 
 fores (PI): usually means door and not wing. 
 
 19. ftuo : to this place, to the palace, simul : as soon as. aocUvi 
 limite : by the uphill path. Clymeuela proles : that is, Phaethon, 
 the son of Clymene, the wife of the Ethiopian king Mevops. 
 
 20. dubitati: doubted; it is to remove this doubt and ascertain his 
 true origin that Phaethon makes this visit to his fathei-. tecta: 
 house; poetical Plural; tectum properly means roof. 
 
 21. vultus : poetical Plural. 
 
 22. consistitque prooul : hut stops far off. neque Inmina : for he 
 was not able to bear the light nearer ; notice the play on the words fert 
 and ferebat, which are used in different senses. Notice also the peculiar 
 force of the Imperfect with the negative. 
 
 24. in solio : on his throne. Claris . . . zmaragdis : shining with 
 brilliant emeralds. Notice that initial zm hero is treated like a mute and 
 liquid, and does not make the preceding syllable long. 
 
 25. A dextra laevaque stabat : on the right and left stood, 
 
 26. spatiis aequalibus : at equal intervals. 
 
 27. Ver novum : the Spring was called new on account of the fresh 
 vegetation. cinctum florente corona : wreathed with a garland of 
 flowers. 
 
 28. spicea serta : wreaths of ears of grain. 
 
 30. canos . . . capillos : with his bristling white hair. capillos : 
 Ace. of Respect. 
 
 31. Ipse Sol loco medius : Sol himself placed in the middle, occupying a 
 central position, loco: Abl. of Respect. rerum novitate paventem: 
 awed by the strange scene; lit. trembling at the strangeness of things. 
 paventem agrees with iuvenem, the object of vidit. novitate ; is Ablative 
 of Cause. 
 
 33. ftuae viae tibi causa : what is the cause of your journey. arce : 
 Abl. of Place "Where, without the preposition ; see on Met. i. 95. 
 
 34. hand infitianda parenti : not to be denied by your father. parenti : 
 the Dative is the regular case of the Agent with Gerundives. Notice the 
 Gerundive of the deponent verb. This is usual. 
 
 35. publica: common, belonging to all ; compare Met. i. 135 : 
 
 Communemque prius ceu lumina solis et auras. 
 
 inmensi mundi : of the measureless universe. 
 
 39. eredar : Subjv. in a Relative Clause of Design : 630 ; A. & G. 317, 
 2 ; B. 282, 2 ; II. 497, i. animis nostris : from my mind. erro- 
 
 rem: doubt. 
 
 41. deposuit radios ; laid aside the rays. 
 
 42. tu mens . . . es : you deserve to be recognized as my son ; lit. you do 
 not deserve to be denied to be mine; the Inf. with dignus is poetical, the 
 regular prose construction being qui with the Subjunctive. neo . , . et ; 
 
 7 
 
g8 CtSkilMENTAKT. [Met. II. 
 
 loth . ..not. .. and. The English is not as fond of the expression both 
 as the Latin. 
 
 43. veros edidit ortus : has disclosed your true origin ; poetic Plural. 
 
 44. Quoque . . . feras : and that you may not doubt it, ask any favor 
 you nice, that you may receive it at my hands = and you will receive 
 it. dubites, feraa : Subjv. of Design ; quo is used especially with 
 comparatives to express Design. 
 
 45. Promissis (Dat.) : to my promise. 
 
 46. palus ; the stagnant water, that is, the Styx, the underground 
 stream over which the dead had to pass. dis iuranda : by which the 
 gods must swear. iuro ; here used as a transitive verb ; more common 
 is per with the Accusative. dis : Dat. of Agent. oculis incognita 
 nostrls : unknown to my eyes ; the rays of the sun cannot reach the realm 
 of darkness. 
 
 47. bene : completely (lit. welt) ; may be fairly omitted in translation. 
 desierat : had ceased, from desino. ourrus . , . paternos i when the 
 other asks for his father's chariot; insert when, to suit the English 
 idiom. curruB : poetical Plui-al. 
 
 48. in diem : for a day. alipedum . . . equornm : the control cmd 
 guidance of the wing-footed steeds. alipedum : swift. Their wings 
 are not represented as placed on their feet. 
 
 49. Qui : and he. 
 
 50. Temeraria vox, etc. : my speech has been proved rash by yours, Yonr 
 request shows that my promise was rash. 
 
 51. promissa non dare : not to give what has been promised. lioeret : 
 Unreal Wish : 360 ; A. & G. 367 ; B. 379 ; H. 483, 2. 
 
 63. solum boo tibi negarem : this is the only thing that I should refuse 
 you. negarem : involved condition. Unreal form, the clause of Wish- 
 
 ing taking the place of the Protasis, si lioeret, negarem. 
 
 63. voluntas : wish. 
 
 84. Magna goes with muuera ; a great favor, unsuited to your (slight) 
 strength and such youthful years. 
 
 57. quam ... fas est : than what it is lawful for the gods to attain. 
 
 58. nesoius adfectas : in your ignorance you aim at. nesoius : in 
 predicative attribution. Plaoeat , . , licebit ; though each god may have 
 a good opinion of his own powers. 
 
 59. axe : axle, here = chariot. 
 
 60. me excepto : except me. valet : is able. 
 
 62. nonagat: could not drive, Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 63. prima via : the first pa/rt of the way. qua : up it. mane 
 reoentes ; in the morning when they are fresh. 
 
 64, enitantur : core make their way, Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 65, unde , . . timor : and often even I am frightened when I behold the 
 sea and lands from there. videre fit timor : to see them becomes a 
 terror, i.e. the sight terrifies me. 
 
43-113.] PHAETHON. gg 
 
 67. ITltima ... est ! the last part of the way is descending. 
 
 68. quae . . . undis ; who receives me by placing water beneath me. 
 
 69. ne . . . praeceps : that I shall fall headlong. Tethys : the wife 
 of Oceanus. The heavenly bodies, disappearing below the horizon, were 
 thought to set in the ocean. 
 
 89. que: in poetry -que and et are often, for metrical reasons, placed 
 with the second instead of the first word of the clause. 
 
 90. Scilicet . . . petis : you are asking, are you not 9 
 
 91. timendo : by fearing ; Gerimd. 
 
 94. patrias curas : the anxiety of a father. intns : inside, there- 
 
 in, deprendere : discover. 
 
 96. eque tot ac tantis bonis : and from so many great blessings. 
 eque : que is, as a rule, not joined to monosyllabic prepositions. 
 
 97. patiere : Future. The first clause has the effect of a condition, the 
 second that of a conclusion. It is not uncommon for the Protasis to be 
 expressed by an Imperative : see 593, 4 ; A. & G. 310, b; B. 305, 2 ; H. 
 507, I. 
 
 98. Deprecor : I beg you not to ask. vero nomine : in reality. 
 
 100. Quid : properly meaning what, is loosely used for wJiy ; see 333, R. 
 2 ; A. & G. 240, a; B. 176, 3, a; H. 454, 2. colla : neck; poetic 
 Plural. blandis : fond, entreating. 
 
 101. dubita: the Impv. with ne is poetical: 270 and R. 2 ; A. & G. 269, 
 note ; B. 281, 2 ; H. 489 ; prose requires noli with Infinitive. iura- 
 vimua : I have sworn by. 
 
 102. quodcumque optaris, dabitur : whatever you ask will be given. 
 optaris =: optaveris : Put. Perfect. Notice the exactness of the Latin ; 
 the request must be made before it is granted. 
 
 103. monitus: his warnings ; Accusative. 
 
 104. premit : clings to. currus : Objective Genitive : 363, 2 ; A. & 
 G. 217 ; B. 200 ; H. 396, in. Notice the Singular here, but Plural again 
 in 1. 107 as in 1. 47. There is no difference of meaning. The Singular 
 Genitive gives a more convenient form for the metre than the Plural. 
 So in 1. 318 and 1. 827. 
 
 105. qua licuit, cunctatus : having hesitated as far as (= as long as) it 
 was permitted. 
 
 106. Vulcania munera : the gift of Vulcan ; poetical Plural like currus. 
 
 107. temo : the pole. summae curvatura rotae : that is, the rim or 
 felloe. 
 
 108. radiorum ordo : the row of spokes. 
 
 109. per iuga . . . Fhoebo : chrysolites and (other) gems placed in order 
 over the yoke gave back bright light from the reflection of the sun. 
 
 111. magnanimus : courageous, ambitious. opus perspicit : examines 
 the workmanship. 
 
 112. ■vigil: the wakeful. Aurora is an early riser. rutilo ab ortu : 
 in the ruddy east. ab is frequently to be translated in or on in 
 
lOO COMMENTAKY. [Met. II. 
 
 giving directions ; so particulai-ly in phrases as a laeva, a dextra, a 
 tergo. 
 
 114. agmina cogit ; brings up the rear, closes the file. 
 
 115. Lucifer: the Morning Star. caeli statione : from Ms outpost 
 in the sky — as if on guard duty. novissimus : last. 
 
 116. Quern . . . vidit ; when the Titan saw him sinking to the earth and 
 the world blushing. Ovid's astronomy is at fault ; the Morning Star 
 would not be setting at sunrise. 
 
 117. extremae Innae : of the waning moon; shortly before the new 
 moon. velut evanescere ; vanishing, as it were. 
 
 118. iungere ; in prose ut iungant ; the Infinitive to express Design is 
 poetical. Titan : he, the Sun, whose father Hyperion was a Titan. 
 
 119. celerea; quickly; adjective in predicative attribution. vo- 
 mentes : goes with qnadrupedes. 
 
 120. ambrosiae suco saturos : satiated with the Juice of ambrosia; the 
 Sun's steeds use divine food. praesaepibus : from the stalls ; con- 
 strue with ducunt. In prose a preposition would be used. 
 
 181. addunt : put on. 
 
 122. sacro medicamine contigit : touched with sacred ointment. 
 
 123. rapidae : destructive. patientia : capable of enduring, agrees 
 with ora. 
 
 124. comae : Dative. praesaga . . . suspiria : heaving from, his 
 anxious breast sighs foreboding grief. luotus : Genitive. 
 
 126. his saltern : at least these. Previous warnings had been rejected. 
 
 127. fortius utere loris : use the reins with might, make greater use of the 
 reins. 
 
 128. labor ; the trouble, the difficulty. 
 
 129. directos qninque per arcus : straight across the five zones, directos ; 
 {at right angles) agrees with arcus. placeat : Imperative Subjunctive. 
 
 130. sectus . . . fine : the path is cut obliquely in a wide curve, and, 
 confined to three zones; it avoids the Arctic and Antarctic regions. 
 
 132. que : with tlie preceding que, connects Arcton and polum. que . . . 
 que, both . . . and, is mainly poetical. 
 
 133. Hao sit iter : let the journey be by this road. 
 
 134. ferant : Subjunctive of Design. caelum and terra are subjects. 
 
 135. nee . . . nee = neve . , , neve. summum molire per aetliera : raise 
 it to the highest part of the sky, move it through. 
 
 136. Altius egressus : (/ you go too high. 
 
 137. tutissimus : most safely. 
 
 138. Neu te dexterior declinet rota ; let not the chariot go too fa/r to the 
 right and turn you. 
 
 139. pressam : low-lying ; referiing to its position in the sky. 
 
 141. quae iuyet opto : and I pray that she may assist you. iuvet : 
 
 Complementary Final clause, with ut understood ; or a Wish, with opto 
 parenthetical. 
 
114-173.] PHAETHON. lOI 
 
 143, Hesperio in Utore : Night is supposed to ran its course from east 
 to west, like the Sun. 
 
 143. umida ; moist, dewy. 
 
 144. tenebris fugatia: having put darhness to flight; Ablative Abso- 
 lute. 
 
 146. consiliis , . . nostris : take my advice, not my chariot; non negatives 
 the single word, otherwise ne would be required with the Imperative. 
 
 147. solidis sedibus : on a firm footing. 
 
 148. axes : poetical Plural and here = chariot by Synecdoche. 
 
 149. Quae spectea : for you to look at : Subjunctive of Design. sine : 
 Imperative. 
 
 150. oocupat : takes possession of. corpore ; Ablative of Instru- 
 ment with occapat. 
 
 151. super : above ; Adverb. manibns : Ablative of Instrument. 
 
 152. grates agit : thanks. ^ inde : from there, from the chariot. 
 
 153. PyrSIs 6t Eoua : notice the scansion. The names are Greek. 
 
 155. repagula : bars. 
 
 156. Quae reppulit ; pushed them back ; that is, the bars. nepotis : 
 Tethys was the mother of Clymene. 
 
 157. facta est copia : they were given the freedom. 
 
 160. praetereunt . . . euroa : they pass hy the East, winds which sprang 
 from the same region. They both started from the east. isdem : 
 Ablative. 
 
 161. quod : such as. cognoscere : distinguish, recognize. 
 possent : Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 162. solitaque , . . carebat : and the yoke lacked its accustomed weight. 
 
 163. labant ; totter. curvae naves : the curved ships. 
 
 164. instabiles nimia levitate : unstable on account of their excessive 
 lightness. 
 
 165. onere adaueto vacaos : without its accustomed burden. dat : 
 the subject is curraa. aaltus : Ace. Plural, object of dat. 
 
 166. similis inani : like an empty chariot. 
 
 167. Quod simulac sensere : as soon as they perceived this. tritum 
 spatium : the trodden way. 
 
 168. quadriiogi: the span of four ; is the subject of ruunt but better 
 translated with sensere. quo priua ordine : in their former order. 
 
 169. Ipse : i.e. Phaethon. nee qua . , . illia : he knows neither which way 
 to turn the reins intrusted (to him) nor which (lit. by what way) is the 
 (right) road, nor could he control those (horses) if he knew. flectat, 
 sit : Indirect Questions. sciat, imperet : Ideal Condition, where we 
 should expect the Unreal: 596, k. ; A. & G. 308, e; H. 509, n. 2. 
 
 171. radiis calnere : grew warm from the rays of the sun. gelidi 
 
 Trionea ; the cold Bear, which never sinks below the horizon and so was 
 said by Homer never to bathe in the ocean. 
 
 173. polo glaciali : the icy region, the north pole. 
 
I02 COMMENTAKY. [Met. II. 
 
 174. frigore pigra prius : till then stiff with cold. nee formidabilis 
 
 ulli : and not an oljeet of fear to anyone. 
 
 176. turbatum fugisse t fled in fright. Bootes, the Ox-driver, also called 
 Arctophylaz, the Bear-ward, was situated near the Great Bear (Charles's 
 Wain), which is the wagon (plaustra) mentioned in the next line. 
 
 177. quamvis : although, in model prose regularly takes the Subjunctive. 
 
 178. lit vero , . . iacentes : but when the unfortunate Phaethon looked 
 down from the high sky upon the earth lying far, far beneath. 
 
 181. sunt obortae : came over. per : in ; not causal but con- 
 cessive : despite the great light. 
 
 182. Et iam mallet : and now he would prefer (if he had the choice); 
 Potential Subjv. The tense indicates that it is now too late to choose. 
 
 183. iam . . . rogaudo : now he is sorry that he learned his birth, and 
 carried his point by importunity. 
 
 184. iam Meropis . , , reliquit : now, desiring to be called the son of 
 Merops, he is borne on just like a ship, driven by the swooping North 
 wind, whose conquered helm, has been surrendered by the pilot, leaving the 
 ship to the gods and to prayers ; cui and quam both refer to pinus. The 
 construction is very awkward both in Latin and in English. 
 
 187. Quidfaciat; what is he to do; Potential Subjunctive, in a Rhetorical 
 or Deliberative Question : 466 ; A. & G. 268 ; B. 277 ; H. 484, v. 
 terga : poetic Plural. 
 
 190. ocoasus, ortus : Accusative Plural ; poetic, occasus is the antece- 
 dent of quo3 in the preceding line. 
 
 191. quid agat, ignarus : not knowing what to do. 
 
 192. valet: the verb in model prose -has ad with the Gerund, not the 
 Infinitive. 
 
 202. Exspatiantur : leave the track; compare Met. i. 285. nuUo: 
 see on i. 103. 
 
 203. quaque impetus egit : and whatever Way inclination drives them ; 
 iterative action : 567. 
 
 204. hac : this way. sine lege : without order, without restraint. 
 
 205. incursant stellie : they run against the stars. stellis : Dat. with 
 in in composition. 
 
 206. per deoUve viasque praeoipites : down steep and precipitous ways. 
 deolive : Singular for metrical reasons. 
 
 207. spatio ; in a district. terrae : Dative. 
 
 208. luferxusque . . . eqnos : and the Moon wonders that her brother's 
 horses run lower than her own. 
 
 210. ut quaeque altissima, tellus : all the highest parts of the earth: 318, 
 2; A. & G. 93, c; B. 252, 5, c; H. 458, i. 
 
 211. fissaque agit rimas : is split into fissures. agit : forma. 
 
 212. pabula: the grass. cniu frondibus : with its leaves. 
 
 213. suo damno ; for its own destruction. 
 215. gentes : countries. 
 
174-3180 PHAE,THOl!r. 103 
 
 227. onnctis e partibus : in every direction. 
 
 228. nee sustinet : and he cannot endure. 
 
 230. ore trahit : inhales. candescere : is blazing. 
 
 231. neque iam : no longer. faviUam : sparks. 
 
 233. quoque eat: a)td where he is going; Indirect Question. 
 
 234. arbitrio : at the will. volucmm : winged. 
 
 235. Sanguine vocato : from the b/.ood being drawn ; Abl. Absolute. 
 
 in corpora summa : to the surface of their bodies : 291, b. 3 ; A. & O. 
 193 ; B. 241, i ; H. 440, n. 1. 
 
 236. Aethiopiim populos : the tribes of the Ethiopians. traxisae : 
 assumed, acquired. 
 
 264. in extremum orbem : to the end of the earth ; see on 1. 235 (snmma). 
 The source of the Nile was unknown until recent times. 
 
 256. pulvenilenta vacant ; are empty and dusty. 
 
 260. Dissilit : leaps apart, is split asunder. rimis : by the clefts. 
 
 261. cum coninge regem : that is, Pluto and Proserpina. 
 
 262. siccaeque . . . erat : and that which was lately the sea is (now) a 
 plain of dry sand. 
 
 265. curvi v goes with delphines. 
 
 266. consuetas : agrees with auras, but translate : as they are accustomed 
 to do. 
 
 267. summo profundo : on the top of the sea : see on 1. 235. 
 
 268. natant : float. Nerea, Dorida : Greek forms of the Accusative. 
 
 269. sub : in. tepidis : they were ordinarily cool. 
 
 270. aquis : from the waters. 
 
 271. non tulit : he was unable to endure. 
 
 304. superos teatatus : having called the gods to witness. et ipsum : 
 including him. 
 
 305. qui :, that is, the Sun. • nisi opem ferat : unless he (Jupiter) 
 shoidd bear aid. 
 
 306. interitura (supply ease) ; the Accusative and Infinitive depends on 
 teatatus. petit arduus : goes up to. 
 
 307. terria : Dative with in in composition. 
 
 308. tonitrus : Ace. Plural. vibrata : darting, or brandished. 
 
 309. posaet : Subjunctive of Characteristic after Negative Antecedent. 
 
 310. neo . . . imbres : and no rain to send down from heaven. 
 
 311. dextra libratum ab aure : poised at his right ear. 
 
 312. in aurigam : agaijist the driver. pariterque . . . expulit ; and at 
 the same time hurled him from the chariot and deprived him of life. 
 
 314. Consternantur : are thrown into confusion, saltu in contraria 
 facto : leaping in opposite directions. 
 
 315. abrupta: broken. 
 
 316. temone revulsua : torn from the pole. 
 
 317. in hac parte : on this side. radii : the spokes. 
 
 318. vestigia ! the remains. 
 
104 COMMENTARY. [Met. II. 320-706. 
 
 320. volvitur in praeoeps : is rolled headlong. longo traotu : a long 
 way. 
 
 321. ut: as. 
 
 322. potuit : better translated as a Present : may. 
 
 323. prooul a patria : far from his native land. diverso orbe : in 
 the opposite part of the world. 
 
 324. Eridanus ; a western river, here the river-god. 
 
 325. trifida fumantia flamma : smoking from the three-pronged flame, 
 that is, the lightning. 
 
 326. dant tumulo : give burial to. canulne : with this inscription. 
 
 327. situs est: is placed, lies. 
 
 328. quern: supply ourrum, magnia ezcidit ausis: great was the 
 attempt in toMch he failed. 
 
 4. BATTUS. 
 
 Met. II. — 680. quo : at which, that is, when. te ; sc. Apollo, 
 
 pastoria pellis : the shepherd's cloak, a beast's skin. There was a myth 
 that Apollo onoe tended the flocks of Admetus, King of Thessaly, as an 
 atonement for having killed the Cyclops ; but the scene here is placed 
 in a different part of Greece. 
 
 681. onus fuit sinistrae: was carried in the left hand. 
 
 682. alteriuB . . . oannis ; in the other was the unequal pipe of seven 
 canes. dispar ; the canes were of unequal length. 
 
 683. Dumque . . . curae ; and while thy thoughts are of love. curae : 
 Dative of the Object For Which (Purpose, End): 356; A. & G. 233; B. 
 191 ; H. 890. 
 
 685. boves : cows. Maia : Abl. gf Source. She was the daughter 
 of Atlas and mother of Mercury. 
 
 686. silvis : Abl. of Place Where; the prep, is omitted according to 
 889 ; H. 435, i. ocoultat abactas: drives them off and hides them. 
 
 687. nisi senex : except an old man. notus in illo rure : well known 
 in that settlement. 
 
 689. divitis ; construe with Nelei. The latter word is dissyllabic by 
 Synizesis. saltus . . . pascua : the woodlands and grassy pastures. 
 
 690. custos : as guardian, herdsman. 
 
 691. blanda : fawning. 
 
 692. hospes : my friend, stranger. 
 
 693. vidisse nega : say you have not seen them. neu . . . rependatur : 
 and that some return may he made for the service. 
 
 694. nltidam: sleek. praemia : as a reward; poetic Plural. 
 
 696. at dedit : and he gave her to him. Accepta, Abl. Abs. with ea 
 
 to be supplied : when the stranger had received her. voces : words. 
 
 696. eas : Imperative Subjunctive; more often of the Ideal Second per- 
 
III. 583-603.J BATTUS— THE DIVIKITT OE BACCHUS. I OS 
 
 son . 363, 2 ; A. & G. 366, a; B. 375, 2 ; H. 487, 4. prius : sooner, 
 
 than I. 
 
 699. hoc limite ire : go along this path. 
 
 700. sUentia deme : take away silence from, lift the veil of silence, dis- 
 
 701. iuncta suo pariter femiua tauro ; a cow together with her mate. 
 
 702. senior = senex. Sub : at the foot of. 
 
 703. erunt : you will find them. 
 
 706. index: the informer, the touchstone; or, as some commentators 
 take it, a proper name (Index) referring to a particular clifE. 
 
 5. THE DIVINITY OP BACCHUS. 
 
 Pentheus, King of Thebes, refuses to recognize Bacchus, the son of 
 Jupiter and Semele, as a god, and even sends Ms servants to arrest him. 
 They report that they cannot find Bacchus himself, but bring one of his 
 attendants. His tale is given in the text. 
 
 Met. 111.^583. Maeonia : an old name for Lydia in Asia Minor. 
 humili de plebe ; from the common people. 
 
 584. quae . . . iavenci : lands for hardy steers to cultivate. oolerent : 
 Subjunctive of Characteristic after negative antecedent: 631, 2; A. & G. 
 830 ; B. 283 ; H. 503. 
 
 585. armenta : herds of kine. 
 
 586. lino et hamis : with hook and line. 
 
 587. calamo : with the rod. ducere : to land. salientes pisces : 
 th^ flopping fishes. 
 
 588. Ara . . . erat : his skill was his fortune ; he made his living by 
 fishing. 
 
 589. quas . . . opes : translate opes quas, studii : to my calling 
 591. paternum: i^iherited from my father, my patrimony. 
 
 593. addidici . . . fleotere : / learned also (ad) how to turn the rudder of 
 a ship with guiding hand. 
 
 594. Oleniae capellae : the goat Amalthea had given suck to the infant 
 Jupiter, and was placed in the heavens as a constellation. Its appear- 
 ance betokened rainy weather. 
 
 595. oeulis notavi : I noted with my eyes. A slight knowledge of the 
 stars was necessary to the sailor in those days. 
 
 597. petens Oelam : on my way to Delos. 
 
 598. applicor: I touch. litora: to the shore; poetic Terminal 
 Accusative. dextria remis: by the oars on the right; the island lay 
 to the right. • 
 
 599. harenae : Dative after in in composition. 
 
 601, latices inferre recentes : to lay in a fresh supply of water. 
 
 602. admoneo: I give orders. ducat: = ivisit, leads ; Partial Oratio 
 Obliqua. 
 
Io6 COMMENTAEY. [Met. III. 
 
 603. tumulo ab alto prospicio : on a high hill I examine ; lit. looh forth 
 from a high hill (to see). 
 
 604. repeto oarinam : go hack to the ship. 
 
 605. Adsumua en ! here we are. 
 
 606. utque putat praedam nactus : and having found aprize, as he thinks. 
 
 607. virginea forma; of girlish appearance, Abl. of Quality. per 
 litora : along the shore. 
 
 608. titubare : to stagger. 
 
 609. vixque sequi : a7id scarcely able to follow. cultum : his dress. 
 
 610. poaset: Oliaracteristic Subjunctive after a negative antecedent. 
 
 611. Quodnumen: what divinity. quod: interrogative Adjective. 
 
 613. faveas : Subjunctive of Wish, to be translated as an Imperative. 
 
 614. mitte precari ; do not pray, leave off praying. 
 
 615. quo non alius ooior : than whom none was quicker. 
 
 616. prenso rudente relabi ; to slide down a rope with, his hands. 
 prenso rudente : Ablative Absolute. 
 
 617. Hoc : this ; that is, what Dictys said. pronae tutela : the offi- 
 cer wlio had charge of the prow, second officer, mate. 
 
 618. et qui dabat remis : that is, the boatswain. requiem modumque ; 
 tTie pause and the measure ; the oiRoer gave the signal for the strolte in 
 order that the rowers might keep time. He also gave words of encour- 
 agement to keep the men in heart (animorum hortator). 
 
 622. Non perpetiar ; I will not suffer. pars . , . iuris : here I have 
 most authority. 
 
 623. in aditu obsisto ; I oppose them at the entrance. 
 
 625. exsilium poenam luebat ; was suffering exile as a punishment. 
 
 626. mihi: equivalent to m^. resto: I resist. iusenali pugno : 
 with his mighty fist. 
 
 627. rupit : smote. excussum misisset : would have hurled me 
 over. excussum ; thrown out, of the ship. 
 
 628. si non baesissem : if I had not held on. amens : senseless, , 
 unconscious. Notice the use of quamvis with an adjective, a construction 
 that is natural to us, but uncommon in Latin. in fune retentus: 
 stopped in the ropes. 
 
 630. fnerat : it was. 
 
 631. solutus sit, redeant : with veluti, tamquam, and similar words of 
 comparison, where we might expect only the tenses of Unreal Conditions, 
 other tenses are used according to Sequence of Tenses; see 603 ; A. & G. 
 313, B. ; B. 307, 2 ; 11. 5 13, II. in pectora : to him ; the breast was 
 looked upon as the seat of the reason as well as of the feelings. 
 
 632. qu* o'pe : hy what means. 
 
 633. quo; where, to what place. 
 
 635. ede; feHtts. velis: Indirect Question. sistSre : yoM toK 
 6e placed. terra ; Ablative of Place Where. 
 
 636. Naxon . , . vestros : direct your course to Naxos. 
 
603-669.] THE DIVINITY OF BACCHUS. IO7 
 
 638. fallaces : the traitors. 
 
 BiO. Deztra mihi Untea danti : as I was setting sail to the right. 
 641, furor: he suddenly stops from fear. The others, too, were afraid 
 to speak out. 
 
 643, quid . . . suanrrat ; whisper in my ear what they wish. 
 
 644, Capiat aliquis : let some (other) take. 
 
 645, ministerio , , . artiaque : lit. from the service of the crime and (the 
 exercise of) my skill ; that is, from helping them in their crime with my 
 skill. 
 
 647. aoilicet : of course, ironical. te in uno ; in you alone. 
 
 648. subit : takes my place ; compare Met. i. 114. 
 
 649. ezplet : performs. Nazoque . . , reliota : and leaving JTaxos 
 behind, goes in the opposite direction. 
 
 650. modo denique : not till then. 
 
 651. senserit: see on 1. 631. 
 
 653, mihi ; Dative of Agent. 
 
 654. Quo , . . facto : what have I done to deserve punishment ? quae 
 gloria . . . unum ; what honor is it to you, if you, being men, get the better 
 of a hoy — if you, who are many, get the better of one 9 
 
 656. lamdudum flebam : / had long been weeping; for the tense, see 
 234 ; A. & G. 277, b ; B. 360, 4 ; H. 469, 2. manus impia : the impi- 
 ous band. nostras : my. 
 
 657. ridet (used as a transitive verb) : laughs at, makes sport of. 
 impellit : beats. 
 
 658. per ipsom (so. Bacchum) tibi adinro. per is often separated from 
 its case in adjurations. iHo: than he. praesentior:. nearer; the 
 speaker liimself turns out to be Bacchus. 
 
 659. tarn vera qaam veri maiora fide : as true as incredible. veri : 
 a kind of Objective Genitive depending on fide. maiora fide : greater 
 than belief, too great to be believed. 
 
 660. stetit : stood still. aequore : Ablative of Place Where, 
 puppis : the ship; compare carinae, Met. i. 134. 
 
 661. hand aliter quam : just as. navale : dock. 
 
 662. in verbere perstant : persist in the stroke, persist in plying. 
 
 663. vela deducunt ; let down the sails, which had been tied up to the 
 halliards. 
 
 664. Impediunt hederae : ivy obstructs. 
 
 665. corymbis : clusters of ivy-berries. 
 
 666. Ipse , . . haatam : he himself, with his forehead encircled with clus- 
 tering grapes, brandishes his spear (the thyrsus) covered with leaves of 
 the vine. frontem : Accusative of Respect. 
 
 668. ftuem circa : around him. simulacra : images ; illusory crea- 
 tures of the imagination, attendant upon the god of wine. These animals 
 were added to his train when he conquered India. 
 
 669. pictarum : spotted. 
 
I08 COMMENTARY. [Met. III. 673-691. 
 
 672. espresso . . . curvamine : with an outward curvature of the spine. 
 The dolphin is hogbacked. 
 
 673. In quae miraoula ; into what strange shape. 
 
 674. lati . . . erat : as he was speaking his mouth became broad and his 
 nose curved in. 
 
 675. squamam trahebat ; assumed scales, became scaly. Dolphins, how- 
 ever, have no scales. 
 
 676. obvertere; to pull. 
 
 677. in spatium . . . vidit ; he saw his arms leap back to a short length, 
 become short. 
 
 678. pinnas ; fins. 
 
 680. truuoo repandus oorpore : curved backward as to his limbless body, 
 with a curved, limbless body ; Ablative of Respect. 
 
 681. faloata ... est : the end of his tail is sickle-shaped. novissima : 
 compare snnuna, Met. ii. 235. 
 
 682. qualia sinuantnr : curved like. 
 
 683. adspergine ; spray. 
 
 685. in ohori speciem : like a dance. 
 
 686. aoceptum . . . eiflant : spurt from their wide nostrils the wateit which 
 they have taken in ; that is, take in and spurt out the water from their wide 
 nostrils. 
 
 687. De mode viginti : out of the recent crew of twenty. modo : just 
 now, a little while ago, lately. Compare Met. I. 835. ratis : craft, 
 ship. 
 
 688. Pavidum: so. me, 
 
 689. vix meum ; scarcely master of myself. 
 
 690. Diam tene ; make for Dia. Sia was an old name for Naxos. 
 
 691. aooessi saoris : T Joined th^ rites. frequento: {still) attend. 
 
 6. PYRAMUS AND THISBB. 
 
 Met. IV. — 55. alter . . . altera; t?ie one, the other. 
 
 56. praelata ; preferred to, surpassing. puellis quas i (all) the girls 
 that. 
 
 57. oontignas: adjoining. tenuere ; occupied. altam: from 
 its high walls. 
 
 58. oootiUbus muris : with walls of brick. ubi . . , uTbem ; that is, 
 in Babylon. 
 
 59. Notitiam ; an acquaintance. vioinia fecit : proximity brought 
 about. 
 
 60. Taedae . . . ooissent: they would have married, too ; lit. would have 
 united by the right of the marriage-torch, that is, with the regular wed- 
 ding ceremony. 
 
 61. Quod: lohat. 
 
IV. 65-98.J PYRAMUS AND THISBE. lOg 
 
 62. ex aequo oaptis mentibus : with equally captivated hearts. 
 
 63. oonsoius omnis abest; no one is admitted into their secrets; they 
 use no go-between. 
 
 64. qu5c[ue magis : and the more. magis aestuat : the hotter grows. 
 63. FisBus . . . utrique : the common wall of the two houses had been 
 
 split hy a slight crack which had been formed before when the wall was 
 built. quam duxerat : which (the wall) 7iad formed. Compare 
 
 fissaque agit rimas, Met. ii. 211. 
 
 67. nulli: Dative of the Agent. 
 
 68. primi vidistis amantes : you lovers were the first to see. piimi : 
 in predicative attribution. 
 
 69. tutae: safely. 
 
 70. murnmre minimo : in a low whisper, blanditiae : tender words. 
 
 71. bine . . . illinc : on one side, on the other. 
 
 73. quid obstas : why do you stand in the way of. 
 
 76. neo : and yet. 
 
 77. quod . . . aurea : tluit to our words has been given a passage to friendly 
 ears. 
 
 78. Talia . . . loouti : having spoken such things in vain from their sepa- 
 rate places. 
 
 79. sub noctem : toioards night. 
 
 80. non pervenientia contra : which did not reach the opposite side. 
 
 81. ignes: that is, the stars. 
 
 82. prninosas : the dewy. 
 
 83. colore ad ; they met at. murmure parvo : in a low tone. 
 
 84. multa, etc. : having first indulged in many complaints, they decide 
 to try. multa : Inner Object. 
 
 85. temptant, relinquaut, conveniant, lateant : Subjunctives of Design, 
 depending upon statuunt. 
 
 87. neve sit . . . Nini : and to avoid missing each other wandering about 
 over the broad field, (they agree) to meet at the Tomb of Ninus. 
 
 89. niveis pomis ; in snow-white fruit. 
 
 90. morus; mulberry-tree; in apposition with arbor. Notice that 
 names of trees ai-e regularly feminine in Latin. 
 
 92. praeoipitatur aquls ; descends abruptly into the waters. aquis : 
 poetic Dative = in aquas. ab aquls isdem : but from a different part, 
 the east. 
 
 93. Callida : cleverly; in predicative attribution. veraato cardine : 
 turning the hinge, opening the door. 
 
 94. adoperta vultum; with her face covered ; Accusative of Respect. 
 
 95. dicta ; appointed. sedit (from sido) : toolc a seat. 
 
 96. recent! . . . rictus : a lioness with her foaming mouth smeared with 
 the fresh blood of cattle. 
 
 98. depositnra ; to quench ; Future Participle after a, verb of Motion 
 to express Design: 670, 3; A. & G. 393, J, 2; B. 337, 4; H. 649, 3. 
 
I lo COMMENTARY. [Met. IV. 
 
 101. tergo yelamina lapsa: the cloak which had fallen from her shoul- 
 
 102. Ut: when. compescuit: had checked; the Perfect with tem- 
 poral particles is often to be translated as a Plupei-fect ; see on Met. i. 319. 
 
 103. dnm redit : as she was returning. redit : for tense, see 229, R.; 
 A. & G. 276, e; B. 293, i ; II. 467, 4. inventos . . . amictus : by chance 
 she came upon the fine garment without its owner and tore it to pieees 
 with her bloody mouth. 
 
 105. Serins : later, Adverb. 
 
 106. ore : Ablative of Respect. 
 
 109. E quibus: of whom; the antecedent is amantes. longa goes 
 with vita. 
 
 110. nostra ... est : my soul is guilty. 
 
 111. plena metns : full of danger. iussi venires : iirged you to come ; 
 in prose the construction of iubeo is usually Ace. and Infinitive. 
 
 115. timidi est: it is the part of a timid man; for the Genitive, see 
 366 ; A. & G. 214, d; B. 198, 3; H. 401. Thisbes: Genitive, Greek 
 form. 
 
 116. pactae: which had been agreed upon; pacta has passive sense, 
 though from the deponent paoiscor. 
 
 117. notae vestl: to the well-known garment. 
 
 118. haustus ; Ace. Plural, streams, draughts, as if the garment drank 
 the blood. 
 
 119. ferrum quo erat aocinctus : the sword with which he was girded. 
 demisit in ilia : he drove into his side. 
 
 120. neo mora : and immediately. 
 
 121. humo : construe with emioat ; the blood spurts high up from the 
 ground. The editors take with lacuit as equivalent to humi, a construc- 
 tion which at least seems doubtful. The passages cited are with verbs of 
 motion, where humo = in humum. 
 
 122. vitiato . . . scinditur : a pipe of faulty lead bursts. Ovid is thinking 
 of the Roman waterworks. The Eternal City had a wonderful system, 
 consisting of several aqueducts extending many miles into the country. 
 The earliest (aqua Appia) was built by Appius Claudius about three hun- 
 dred years before Christ. 
 
 123. tenui stridente foramina : from a narrow, hissing opening. 
 
 124. nuupit : strikes. 
 
 125. Arborei . . . faoiem : the fruit of the tree is changed to a dark ap- 
 pearance by (becomes dark from) the sprinkling of blood. 
 
 128. metu posito : Concessive. ne fallat : depends on redit. 
 
 129. requirit: searches for. 
 
 130. vitaTit(= vitaverit) : Subjunctive in Indirect Question, 
 narrare gestit : is eager to relate. 
 
 131. Utque ... sic ; and although she recognizes the position and shape 
 in the tree which she sees, yet. 
 
101-166.J PTRAMUS AND THISBE. Ill 
 
 132. haeret, an haeo sit : she doubts if this is it. 
 
 133. tremebunda . . . solum ; she sees the trembling limbs beat the bloody 
 soil. 
 
 135. exhorruit . . . instar : she shuddered like the sea. 
 
 136. cum summum stringitur : when the surface is grazed (ruffled). 
 
 137. Sed . . . amores ; but when, after a while, she recognized her love{r). 
 
 138. indignos : innocent ; they had done no harm, deserved not such 
 punishment. claro : loud. 
 
 141. osonla figens : pressing her lips. 
 
 144. vultus . . . iaoentes : lift up your face from the ground. 
 
 145. Ad nomen Thisbes : at the name of Thisbe. Thiabes : Apposi- 
 tive Genitive : 361, i ; A. & G. 214, /; B. 203 ; H. 396, vi. 
 
 146. visa . . . iUa : closed them again when he had seen her. 
 
 147. Quae postquam: after she. The Relative with a conjunction is 
 usually to be translated as a Personal Pronoun, or a Demonstrative. 
 
 148. ebur : the ivory (sheath). 
 
 149. Est et . . . manna : I too have a hand (that is) brave for this one 
 pjirpose. 
 
 150. in: for. 
 
 151. Perseqoor (sc. te) : I shall follow you. 
 
 152. qniqne . . . poteras : and you who, alas ! could have been torn from 
 me by death alone. 
 
 153. nee : not even. 
 
 154. Hoc . . . rogati : nevertheless be ye ashed this thing in the name of 
 us both, let this one request be granted for our sokes. hoc ; Accusa- 
 tive of Inner Object retained with the Passive. 
 
 155. mnltum miseri : most wretched men ; a kind of superlative ; 
 multum is adverbial. mens . . . parentes : m,y father and his. The 
 regular vocative of mens coming next to its substantive, or separated 
 only by an adjective, is mi. 
 
 156. ut . . . invideatis : clause of Design in apposition with hoc : to per- 
 mit those whom tested love, whom the last hour has joined together, to be 
 laid to rest in the same tomb. non : is used as negative of single word. 
 
 158. At ta . . . arbor : and thou, tree, who now with thy branches. 
 160. pullosque . . . fetus : and always keep thy fruit dark and suitable 
 for mourning. 
 
 162. aptato muorone ; placing the point ; Ablative Absolute. 
 
 163. ferro : upon the sword ; Dative with prep, in composition. 
 
 164. Vota tetigere : her prayers moved. 
 
 166. qnodque . ■ . superest : and what survives the funeral pyre; that is, 
 the ashes of the two lovers. 
 
112 COMMENTARY. [Met. IV. 631-662. 
 
 7. PERSEUS AKD ATLAS. 
 
 Met. IV. — 631. Hie : Jiere ; in the far west. haminum ounttis : all 
 
 mankind, a, rare use of the Partitive Genitive. cunctis : is Dative 
 
 governed by prae in composition. 
 
 632. lapetionides ; t%e son of lapetus, who was one of the giants. 
 
 633. rege sub hoc ; under him as king, under his sway. pontus, 
 etc. : that is, the Atlantic. anhelis ; panting, goes with eqnis. They 
 were tired at the end of the day's journey. 
 
 634. aequora subdit : places its waters beneath, spreads its expanse to 
 greet. axes : chariot. 
 
 635. iUi ; for him, belonging to him. 
 
 636. humum . , . premebant : no neighbors hemmed in his land ; Plural 
 verb with collective subject : 211, a. 1; A. & G. 305, c, 1; B. 254, 4, a; 
 H. 461, I, 
 
 637. nitentes : goes with frondes. 
 
 638. ex auro : of gold = aureos. 
 
 639. seu . . . sive : if ... or if. 
 
 640. generis ; goes with gloria. 
 
 641. rerum: of deeds, of achievements. 
 
 643. sortis : oracle. 
 
 644. quo: when. 
 
 645. huno praedae tltulum; tlie glory of this booty. love natus : 
 a son of Jupiter. Hercules, the great-grandson of Perseus, was meant. 
 
 646. pomaria clauserat : had enclosed the apple-orchard. 
 
 647. dederat servanda : 430; A. & G. 294, d; B. 337, 7, 2; H. 544, 2, n. 2. 
 
 649. ne : lest. 
 
 650. quam mentiris ; which thou falsely claimest. longe absit : be 
 far off, that is, be unable to help thee. Compare Her. xii. 53. 
 
 652. fortia (sc. dicta) : brave words. 
 
 653. Viribus : in strength. Ablative of Bespect. 
 
 654. parvi ... est : my friendship is lightly esteemed by thee. 
 parvi ; Gen. of Price. 
 
 655. laeva a parte : on his left side. 
 
 656. retroversus; turning backward; to keep from seeing the horrible 
 ■ face of the Gorgon, which turned all beholders into stone. 
 
 657. Quantus Atlas : the whole, immense Atlas was changed into a 
 mountai7i. 
 
 658. iuga . . , manusque : his shoulders and arms form the ridge. 
 
 660. turn . . . inmeusum ; then increasing in every direction, he grew to 
 an immense size. 
 
 662. in illo : on him. The myth, as usual, is mixed and inconsistent 
 with itself. It was as a living'giant that Atlas supported the heavens on 
 his shoulders. Onoe, in later times, Hercules took his place for a short 
 time. 
 
V. 385-463.] CEKES AND PEOSERPIN-A. II3 
 
 8. CERES AND PROSERPINA. 
 
 Met. v.— 385. Hennaeis moenibus : Henna was a city of Sicily. 
 
 386. nomine : Ablative of Respect. altae aquae : Genitive of Qual- 
 
 ity, illo; Ablative after Comparative. Caystros: Nominative, 
 
 a river of Asia Minor, famous for its swans. 
 
 389. ut velo: as with an awning; a great sail-cloth protecting the 
 spectators at the theatre. submovet : wards off. ictus : rays ; 
 Ace. Plural. 
 
 390. Tyrios : that is, purple, bright-colored. 
 
 391. Quo luco : in this grove ; poetical omission of in. 
 
 393. puellari studio ; with girlish zeal. calathos ; baskets. 
 
 394. aequales : her companions, those of her own age. legendo : 
 in gathering (the flowers) ; Abl. of Respect. 
 
 395. paene simul : almost at the same time. dileota : loved. 
 
 Diti: by Dis (Plato); Dat. of Agent. Bis (the Wealthy) \ia,s the god of 
 the lower regions, the god of all the dead. Compare Cio. N. D. 11, 26: 
 Dives, ut apud Graecos IIXoiJtw;', quia et recidant omnia in terras, et 
 oriantur e terris. 
 
 396. usque adeo : to such a degree. maesto ore clamat ; with 
 sorrowful voice calls upon. 
 
 398. snmma ab ora ; from the upper edge 
 
 401. haeo quSque : even this. virgineum : the virgin's. 
 
 402. nomine . . . vooatos : calling each by name. 
 
 403. per: over. 
 
 404. ferrugine : vrith the color of iron-rust. 
 
 406. Falicorum : the Palici wei-e twin brothers, local gods. rupta 
 . , . terra : boiling up in a cleft of the earth. 
 
 407. qua : where. Bacchiadae : a prominent family banished from 
 Corinth, founders of Syracuse. 
 
 408. inaequales : of the two ports of Syracuse, one was much the 
 larger. 
 
 438. nequiquam; in vain. matri ; Dat. of Agent. 
 
 439. terris, proftindo : Ablatives of Place Where. est quaesita : 
 was sought. 
 
 440. illam : that is, Ceres. 
 
 441. cessantem : loitering. 
 
 442. succendit ab : hindled at. 
 
 443. inrequieta : without resting. 
 
 444. hebetarat : had dimmed. 
 
 445. ab oocasu ad ortua : from west to east; over the whole world. 
 
 462. per ; over. erraverit : Subjunctive in Indirect Question. 
 
 463. dicere ... est : it would take too long to tell. For the mood, see 
 254, K. 1; A. & G. 311, c; B. 271, i, h; H. 476, 5. 
 
1 14 COlIMElirTAET. [Met. V. 475-570. 
 
 475. neo dignas : and unworthy. 
 
 476. Trinacriam: that is, Sicily. It was so called by the Greeks on 
 account of its three promontories. Compare Fast. iv. 430 : 
 
 Terra tribas scapulis rastum procurrit in aequor 
 Trinacris, a positu nomen adepta loci. 
 There Ovid repeats this story of Proserpina. 
 
 477. saeva manu fregit : she broke with ruthless hand. 
 
 478. irata; in her wrath ; participle from irascor, parilileto(Dat.): 
 to like destruction. colonoa ; the husbandmen. 
 
 480. fallere depositum : not to return what had been deposited, to make 
 default. vitiata fecit : corrupted. 
 
 481. vulgata ; famed. 
 
 482. falsa iacet ; proves deceptive. 
 
 484. sideraque : it was thought that the stars inilueneed the crops. 
 Notice the quantity of que (diastole) : 731 ; A. & G. 359, /; B. 367, 2 ; 
 H. 608, V. 
 
 485. iaota; sown. lolium , . . gramen : tares, thistles, and uncon- 
 querable grass choke the wheat crops. fatigant : lit. weary. 
 
 487. Eleis undis ; from the Elean waters. The Kiver Alpheus was sup- 
 posed to have flowed in an underground stream from Blis in Greece and 
 to have emerged again in Sicily. Alphelas : the nymph Arethusa, 
 who, in fleeing from the river-god Alpheus, was changed into a fountain, 
 but was pursued by him to Sicily. 
 
 488. removit : py,shed back. 
 
 489. orbe : Abl. of Place Where; the prep, is generally omitted with 
 totus : 388 ; A. & G. 258, /, 2 ; B. 238, i, b ; H. 435, 2. 
 
 491. neve violenta irascere : and be not violently enraged. 
 
 492. patuit invita : opened unwillingly. rapinae : Dative. 
 
 493. hospita : as a stranger. 
 
 497. banc . . . serva : this is my home; spare it, most gracious goddess. 
 
 500. cura levata : relieved of your trouble. cnra : is Ablative of 
 
 Separation. 
 
 601, vtiltus : Genitive of Quality. melioris : gladder. 
 
 &03. hie; here. desueta: unaccustomed. While underground she 
 
 had seen no stars. 
 
 504. Stygio gurgite labor : / was gliding along the Stygian water. 
 
 506. neque adhuo ; and not yet. vultu : Ablative of Respect. 
 
 509. ceu saxea ; as if turned to stone. 
 
 510. attonitae simiUs ; like one thunderstruck. TJtque . . . amentia : 
 and when her great bewilderment was driven away by her great grief. 
 
 612. in aetherias oras ; into the heavenly regions. nubila: cloudy, 
 
 gloomy, threatening. vnltn : Ablative of Respect. 
 
 513. invidiosa: a figure to stir indignation; her appearance was cal- 
 culated to arouse the wrath of Jupiter against the oflEending Pluto, 
 passis capillis : with dishevelled hair. 
 
VIII. 183-190.] DAEDALUS AND ICAKUS. I 1 5 
 
 515. Si . . , matris : if the mother finds no grace. 
 
 516. neu . . . partu : and I heg that you have not less regard for her 
 because she was bom of my labor. 
 
 520. scire . . . earn ; you call knowing where she is, finding her. Her 
 capture I will forgive, provided he returns her. 
 
 522. digna est : deserves. 
 
 523. pignus onusque : pledge and care. 
 
 525. non . . . factum : this deed is not an injury. 
 
 526. pudori ; a disgrace ; Dative For Which. 
 
 527. tu modo velis : if you will only consent. Vt desint cetera : even 
 if everything else be wanting. ut : is Concessive : 608 ; A. & G. 
 266, c; B. 308 ; H. 515, iii. 
 
 528. Quid quod : what (do you say to) the fact that; loosely, but. 
 
 529. cedit: yields, is inferior. sorte : the three brothers Jupiter, 
 Neptune, and Pluto drew lots for their Idngdoms. 
 
 530. discidii; of separating them ; Objective Genitive. 
 
 531. lege certa : with the express condition. 
 
 532. sic oautnm est : this proviso is made. 
 
 533. Cereri oertum est : Ceres is determined. 
 
 534. ieiunia: her fast ; Accusative Plural. 
 
 535. simplex; thoughtlessly. 
 
 536. Foeniceum pomum : a porAegranate. 
 
 537. sumptaque . . . grana : and taking seven seeds from the yellow rind. 
 
 564. medius : between, as intercessor between. 
 
 565. ex aequo : equally. 
 
 568. Vertitur . . . oris : the character of her disposition and features is 
 changed immediately. 
 
 569. quae : the~antecedent is frons : forehead, face, 
 
 570. ut : as when. In this myth Proserpina represents the vegetation, 
 the annuals which disappear in winter. 
 
 9. DAEDALUS AND ICARUS. 
 
 Met. VIII. — 183. Daedalus, famous for his skill, had built for King 
 Minos of Crete the Labyrinth to enclose the Minotaur. perosus : 
 
 hating, loathing. 
 
 184. loci natalis : of his native land ; Objective Genitive. 
 
 185. Terras . . . iliac : though he blocks my way by land and sea, yet the 
 sky at least is open. We will go that way. 
 
 187. possideat: Concessive: 364 ; A. & G. 366, c; B. 308 ; H. 515, iii. 
 
 188. dimittit in : turns to. 
 
 189. naturam novat : changes nature. She had not intended man to 
 fly. pennas : feathers. 
 
 190. a minima . . . sequenti : beginning with the smallest and increasing 
 
Il6 COMMBNTAKT. [Met. VIII. 
 
 in length. longam . . . sequent! : lit. a shorter one coming just below 
 
 a long one. 
 
 191. ut . . . putes ; so that you might think they grew on a slope. 
 quondam: sometimes, often. 
 
 192. avenis : with stalks of oats. 
 
 193. Turn . . . imas : then he fastens them together with flax (thread) at 
 the middle and wax at the bottom. 
 
 194. parvo ourvamine : with a slight curve (inward). 
 
 195. una stabat : was standing by. 
 
 196. ignarus se tractare : not knowing that he was handling. sua 
 pericla : things which would prove dangerous to him. 
 
 197. ore renidenti : with beaming face. modo : now. 
 
 199. mollibat (= moUiebat) : softened, kneaded. This form of the Im- 
 perfect belongs to Early Latin and occurs only rarely in poetry, and then 
 for metrical reasons. lusu suo : with his play. 
 
 200. manua ultima: the finishing touch. coeptis: upon the work; 
 Dative with prep, in composition. 
 
 203. Medio . . . curraa : to go by a middle route ; construe with monet. 
 
 204. ne : lest. demissior : too low. 
 
 206. speotare : to look at ; that is, to guide your course by the stars as 
 sailors do. 
 
 208. me . . . viam; make your way where Head; that is, simply follow 
 me. Pariter : at the same time. praeoepta volandi : instructions 
 
 how to fly. 
 
 210. Inter . . . seniles : in the midst of the work (fitting on the wings) and 
 the advice, the old man's cheeks grew moist. 
 
 212. non iterum repetenda : never again to be repeated. 
 
 213. ante : ahead. comiti : for his companion. velut ales : 
 like a bird ; the comparison ends with nido. 
 
 214. produxit: leads forth ; Iterative Perfect in comparisons. 
 
 215. damnosas . . . artes : and teaches him the costly accomplishment. 
 It cost Icarus his life. 
 
 217. aliquis dum captat : some fisherman catching. tremula harun- 
 dine : with trembling rod ; the fish jerked the pole. 
 
 218. stiva . . . arator : or plowman leaning on his plowstock. 
 
 219. quique: and since they ; Causal relative : 633 ; A. & G. 320, e; 
 H. 517. carpere : to make their way through. 
 
 220. lunonia : sacred to Juno. laeva parte : on the left. 
 
 221. fuerant . . . relictae ; had been left behind. 
 
 222. dextri erat : was on the right. Samos was on the left, Lebinthus 
 and Calymne on the right. 
 
 223. audaoi : notice that adjectives of the third declension have i in the 
 Ablative ; participles usually have e. 
 
 225. Bapidi : destructive. 
 
 226, pennarum vincula : with which the feathers were fastened on. 
 
191-7655.] PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 11/ 
 
 228. remigio : here equivalent to wings. 
 
 229. caerulea : goes with aqua. 
 
 230. nomen : that is, the Icarian Sea, a part of the Aegean. 
 
 231. nee iam : no longer. 
 
 233. ' loare ' dioebat ; adspexit : as he was saying ' Icarus,' lie saw. 
 
 234. devovit : cursed. sepulcro : Ablative of Place Where. 
 
 10. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 
 
 Met. VIII. — 626. hue: to this place; the scene is laid in Phrygia. 
 specie mortali : in the guise of a mortal. oumque parente : and with 
 
 his father, Jupiter. 
 
 627. Atlantiades : the grandson of Atlas, Mercury. caduoifer : the 
 wand-bearing. With this staff (caducous) Mercury was wont to close the 
 eyes of men in slumber or wake them. 
 
 628. locum requiemque ; a resting-place ; hendiadys : 698 ; B. 374, 4 ; 
 H. 636, III., 3. 
 
 629. serae : holts, bars, placed across the doors. 
 
 630. stipulis . . . palustri : thatched with straw and canes from the 
 swamp. 
 
 632. ilia casa : in that hut. casa is understood with the first ilia. 
 
 634. noc . . . ferendo : and by bearing it with resignation. neo iniqua 
 = et aequa. Notice the fondness of the Latin for the negative. 
 
 635. neo refert : it makes no difference (whether). -no ; or. 
 
 637. tetigere : reached, came to. penates : house. 
 
 638. submisso vertiee : with bowed heads. postes ; door. 
 
 639. posito sediU: placing a seat. membra relevare ; to rest them- 
 selves, membra, corpus, and animus are often used in Latin where we 
 prefer the reflexive. 
 
 640. quo : over which, refers to sedili. textum : rug. 
 
 643. anima anili : with an old woman's breath, by blo%oing. 
 
 644. Multifidas: split fin^. 
 
 645. minuit : broke. parvo . . . a6no : and placed them round a 
 small bronze pot. 
 
 646. Quod : the antecedent is holus. riguo : well-watered. con- 
 legerat : had gathered. 
 
 647. truneat holus foliis : cuts the leaves from the vegetables. bolus : 
 here = cabbage. furca . . . suis : she takes down with a two-pronged 
 fork the smoky side of bacon. 
 
 648. tigno ; from the rafter. 
 
 649. do tergore : from the side. 
 
 650. domat . . . undis : that is, boils it soft. 
 
 651. medias fallunt : they while away the intervening. 
 
 655. coBCiitinntque torum: and (finally) they shake up the bedding ; 
 
Il8 COMMENTAKY. [Mbt. VIII. eSC-TSO. 
 
 they prepare the couch upon which their guests are to recline at the 
 meal. de : of, giving the material. 
 
 656. sponda . . . salignis : of willow frame amd posts ; AM. of Quality. 
 
 659. non indiguanda : well suited to. The bedstead had no right to 
 complain that the bedclothes were too fine. 
 
 660. Aocubuere : tooJc their places on the couch, reclined for the meal. 
 Buccincta : with her skirts tucked up. 
 
 662. Testa: a pot of earthenware. Quae postquam : after it. 
 cliTum sustulit : had removed the incline. 
 
 663. mentae (Nom.) : mint ; slie wiped the table with mint. 
 
 664. tioolor: the two-colored, first green, then black. sincerae: 
 chaste, the virgin. baoa i berry ; that is, olives. 
 
 665. faece ; brine. 
 
 666. intiba . . . coacti : endives, radishes, cheese. 
 
 668. fictilibns : on earthenware dishes. 
 
 669. oaelatus eodem argento crater : a wine-bowl made out of the same 
 precious metal; that is, earthenware. fabricata fago: made out of 
 beechwood. 
 
 670. qua cava sunt inlita ; smeared on the inside. 
 
 671. foci . . , oalentes : the hot fire-place sent forth. 
 
 672. nee longae vina senectae : and wines of no great age. For the negar 
 tive, compare 1. 034. 
 
 673. paulum seducta: moved a little to one side. mensis seoundis: 
 that is, the dessert. This consisted of nuts, dried figs, dates, plums, 
 apples, grapes, honey in the comb. 
 
 674. nux : nuts ; Singular used collectively. 
 
 678. neo . . . voluntas ; that is, and earnest hospitality. nee iners 
 pauperque : more closely, and attentive and unsparing. Compare 1. 634. 
 
 679. cratera . . . vina : they see the bowl fill itself of its own accord and 
 the wine increase by itself. 
 
 681. novitate ; at the strange spectacle. supinis: up-turned, with» 
 the palms turned upward. 
 
 682. timidus : timidly. Take with both subjects, 
 
 683. dapibus nulUsque paratibus : for their plain dinner. 
 
 684. custodia : guardian. The Eomans regarded geese as superior to 
 watch-dogs. Once Rome was about to be taken by the Gauls in a night- 
 attack, when geese gave the alarm and the city was saved. 
 
 685. dis hospitibus : to their divine guests. domini : the owners. 
 
 686. celer penna : siaift of wing. tardos aetate : them, slow on ac- 
 count of their age ; that is, the slow old pair. 
 
 690. inmunibua : predicate adjective agreeing with vobis. 
 
 691. Modo : only. 
 
 693. ite sinml : go with us. baculis levati : supporting themselves 
 with staffs. 
 
 694. vestigia ponere : to place their tracks ; that is, to walk. 
 
X. 1-18.] OEPHEUS AKD EUEYDICE. II9 
 
 695. Tantum . . . quantum: (when) they were as far from the top as. 
 
 696. mersa . . . cetera : everything else covered with water. 
 
 697. tantum : only. tecta : poetical Plural. 
 
 699. dominis . . , duobus : small even for two, even its two owners regarded 
 it as a small hut. 
 
 700. furcas . . . columnae : columns took the place of the props. 
 
 701. stramina flavesount : the thatch turns yellow. videntur : pas- 
 sive, tecta: roof. 
 
 702. tellus : the earth-floor. 
 
 707. Esse saoerdotes poscimus : we ash to be the priests. 
 
 708. Concordes : in harmony. 
 
 709. auferat . . . eadem : let the same hour carry us both off. 
 
 710. busta: the tomb. ab ilia: a rare use instead of the Dative. 
 
 711. Vota . . . sequitur : their pi-ay ers are answered. tutela ; the 
 guardians, like custodia : abstract for concrete. 
 
 714. frondere : put forth leaves. They were turned into trees. 
 
 719. frutex : the branches. 
 
 720. de gemino corpore : from the two bodies. 
 
 11. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 
 
 Met. X. — 1. Inde : thence ; from the wedding of Iphis and lanthe in 
 Crete. croceo : saffron. Brides usually wore veils of yellow or red. 
 
 Here the god of marriage himself is represented as dressed in yellow. 
 
 2. Ciconum : of the Cicones, a people of Thrace. 
 
 3. tendit: hastens. Orphea (adj.): of Orpheus. 
 
 4. Adfoit . . . quidem : he came, indeed, sollemnia : festive. 
 
 6. stridula usque fuit : ikept hissing. lacrimoso : tear-bringing. 
 
 7. motibus : could not be made to burn by shaldng. 
 
 8. Exitus . . . gravior : the sequel was worse than the omen. 
 
 9. nova nupta : bride. naladnm . . . comitata : accompanied by a 
 throng of naiads. She, too, was a nymph. 
 
 10. oocidit : fell dead. talum ; heel. 
 
 11. Quam : her; object of deflevit. Bhodopeius vates : the Thracian 
 bard ; that is, Orpheus. Ehodope was a mountain in Thrace. 
 
 12. ne non et : that he rrdght also. The Purpose depends on desoendere. 
 
 13. Taenaria porta : by the Taenarian gate ; a place in Laconia. 
 
 14. leves : light. Ghosts, having no substance, have no weight. 
 fnncta sepulcro : the unburied were not readily admitted to Tartarus, 
 but were supposed to wander for 11 long period on the banlc of the Styx. 
 
 16. uervis : the chords, of the lyre. He played the accompaniment to 
 his song on the lyre. 
 
 17. positi : agrees with mundi. numina is Vocative. 
 
 18. in quem . . . creamur : into which all of us mortals fall. 
 
120 COMMBNTAET. [Met. X. 31-74. 
 
 31. neo , . . monstri ! nor to bind the Medusaean monster's^ (that iis, Cer- 
 berus's) three throats, shaggy with serpents. 
 
 23. calcata : stepped upon. 
 
 24. crescentes annos : her youthful years. 
 
 25. Posse pati : to be able to endure it. 
 
 26. supera in ora : in the upper world. 
 
 27. an sit et hie: whether here too. auguror: I divine. 
 
 29. Per : in the name of, by ; used in prayers, entreaties, and 
 oaths. 
 
 31. properata : hastened, premature. retexite : unwind, revoke. 
 
 32. Omnia debentur : everything is owed. 
 
 33. serins aut citins : sooner or later. sedem ad unam : to the same 
 abode. 
 
 36. Haeo quoijne : she too. iustos : her due. matnra : in the 
 ripeness of life. 
 
 37. iuris erit vestri : will belong to you. usum : the loan. pro 
 mnnere ; instead of a gift, not a gift. 
 
 38. ftuodsi : but if. certum , . . mihi : I am resolved not to return. 
 
 41. exsangues : bloodless, incorporeal. animae : spirits. 
 
 42. oaptavit ; tried to catch. refugam : fleeing. The thirsty Tan- 
 talus, though surrounded by water, was unable to drink. stupuit : 
 stood still. orbis ; wheel. Ision was turned on a wheel as a punish- 
 ment for his crimes. Vultures were devouring the liver of Tityos but it 
 constantly grew again, that his punishment might be prolonged. The 
 fifty daughters of Danaus (the Danaides, the grand-daughters of Belus), 
 tried to lift water in sieves. The stone which Sisyphus was doomed to 
 roll up hill, would always roll back. The Eumenides were the Furies, 
 the avengers of crime. 
 
 47. Bustinet oranti negare : has the heart to refuse his request. qui 
 regit ima : the Ruler of the Underworld, that is, Pluto. 
 
 49. inter: among; goes with umbras. passu tardo: unth a slow, 
 step. 
 
 50. legem : the condition. 
 
 52. exierit: Perfect Subjunctive, representing the Future Perfect 
 Indicative of the direct form. aut : else. futura ; sc. esse. 
 
 53. Carpitur : is climbed ; translate: they climb. per muta sUentia: 
 through the regions ofprofound silence. 
 
 55. afu6runt : notice the quantity. telluris summae : of the earth's 
 sv/rface. 
 
 56. ne defioeret metuens : fearing that she was not there. 
 
 57. amans : fondly. 
 
 58. braochiaque intendens : and stretching out her arms. 
 
 63. vix acoiperet : was scarcely able to catch; Subjunctive of Character- 
 istic. 
 73. portitor: the ferryman, Charon. diebus: Time How Long is 
 
XI. 85-108.] MIDAS. 121 
 
 usually expressed by the Accusative ; see 393, 2 ; A. & G. 356, i and 
 note; B. 231, i ; H. 379, i. 
 
 74. aqualidus : in mourning. In ripa : on the bank of the Styx. 
 
 Cereris sine munere : without food ; lit. without the gift of Cerea. 
 
 12. MIDAS. 
 
 Met. XL— 85. hoc: Bacchus had changed into trees the Thracian 
 Bacchantes who had killed Orpheus. agros: the country; that is, 
 
 Thrace. 
 
 86. cumqne . . . meUore ; and with a letter troop (of attendants) ; i.e. 
 than those Maenads. sui Timoli : Tmolus was a mountain in Asia 
 Minor. In that country the worship of Bacchus especially prevailed. 
 
 87. qnamyis : in model prose takes the Subjunctive : 606 and E. ; A. & 
 G. 313, a and g; B. 309, i and 6 ; H. 515, n. 3. 
 
 88. carls : precious, because golden. invidiosus : an object of 
 envy. harenis : Ablative of Cause. 
 
 89. Hnnc freqnentant : around him throiig. 
 
 90. Titubantem : staggering ; agi-ees with the object (understood) of 
 cepere. 
 
 91. vinctum coronis : bound with (= wearing) wreaths; a sign of revelry. 
 
 93. orgia: the Bacchic rites. Cecropio: a poetical word for 
 Athenian. Notice the Hiatus. This is especially likely to occur in Ovid 
 in the Thesis of the fifth foot, and with a polysyllabic proper name, 
 usually ending in o. Eumolpus went from Thrace to Attica and there 
 founded the Eleusinian Mysteries. He and Orpheus instructed Midas. 
 
 94. Qui simul : as soon as he (Midas). 
 
 95. festum . . . egit : he held a merry feast. 
 
 97. stellarum . , . agmen : had brought up the rear of the high stars ; 
 that is, it was the eleventh day. 
 
 99. inveni alnmno : his youthful foster-son, Bacchus. 
 
 100. optandi . . . arbitrium : game him the pleasing but harmful liberty 
 of choosing a gift. 
 
 101. altore recepto : because he had recovered his foster-father ; Ablative 
 of Cause. 
 
 102. Effice vertatur: cause to be turned; ut is omitted, as often with 
 fac. ' 
 
 104. solvit : paid, gave. 
 
 106. malo ; at (what proved to be) his misfortune. Berecyntiua : 
 Berecyntus-was a mountain in Phrygia from which came the worship of 
 Cybele, who was the mother of Midas. 
 
 107. polliciti . . . temptat : and tests the efficacy of the gift (the fulfil- 
 ment of the promise), by touching various objects. 
 
 108. uon alta ilice: from a low holm-oah. fronde virentem: green 
 with foliage. 
 
122 COMMENTAET. [Met. XI. 109-144. 
 
 109. detrazit : 
 
 110. tollit : notice throughout these lines the equality of the Historical 
 Present and the Perfect. 
 
 111. contactu potent! ; at his potent touch. 
 
 113. massa : a nugget. 
 
 114. Hesperidaa : the Hesperides guarded the golden apples of Atlas. 
 
 115. admovit : translate as a Present if videntur is so translated. The 
 Perfect is required in Latin to express antecedent action. So the Plu- 
 perfect contigerat^iu 1. 133, denotes action antecedent tqrigebant. 
 videntur: passive. 
 
 116. liquidis ; clear. 
 
 117. fLueas ^a,\mw: flowing from, his hands. eludere posset ; might 
 have deceived; Potential Subjunctive. Banae, being shut up and closely 
 guarded by her father, was deceived by Jupiter in the shape of golden 
 rain coming down through the roof. 
 
 120. dapibus : with meats. tostae frugis : hread ; lit. parched 
 
 grain, which was ground and made into bread. 
 
 124. lammina : a layer of metal. premebat : covered. 
 
 128. auctorem muneris : that is, Baoohum = vinum. 
 
 126. videres : you might have seen ; Potential of the Past : 258 ; A. & 
 G. 311, a; B. 380, 3 ; H. 485, n. 3. 
 
 128. quae modo voverat : those things which he had lately pra/yed for. 
 
 130. inviso : hated; goes with auro. abauro: poetical instead of 
 the simple Ablative. The gold is personified as agent. meritus : 
 deservedly. 
 
 131. splendida: shining , yfith. goliX. 
 
 133. miserere : taTce pity. speoioso damno : from this splendid mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 134. Mite deum numen : the disposition of the gods is merciful. 
 
 135. pacti fide data: given in fulfilment of the compact. solvit: 
 annulled. ' 
 
 136. Neve maneas ; and that you may not remain. 
 
 138. perque . . . viam: and make your way up the stream which glides 
 along the mountain top. 
 
 140. qua plurimns exit : where it comes out with greatest force. 
 
 141. corpusque . . . crimen : and at the same time wash off your hody and 
 your guilt. 
 
 142. iussae aquae : the water indicated. Vis aurea tinxit : the virtue 
 of changing things into gold colored. 
 
 143. cessit: passed. 
 
 144.'percepto: having been received. semine venae: the grains of 
 
 the metal. 
 
XII. 612-628.] CONTEST FOR THE AEMS OF ACHILLES. 1 23 
 
 13. THE CONTEST FOR THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 
 
 (Abmoeum Iudicium.) 
 
 Met. XII.— 612. timor: terror; personified, Dread. Phrygum: 0/ 
 
 the Trojans, lit. Phrygians ; Subjective Genitive. decus et tutela : 
 
 the crown and bulwark. Pelasgi : Grecian, lit. Pelasgian. 
 
 613. Aeaoides : the grandson of Aeacus ; that is, Achilles. caput : 
 a man; synecdoche. 
 
 614. arserat : had been cremated. armarat = armaverat. dens 
 idem: Vulcan (Hephaistos), the god of fire, had forged the arms of 
 Achilles. 
 
 616. nesoio . . . urnam: something which can, scarcely fill a small urn; 
 Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 617. quae gloria compleat : enough glory to fill. 
 
 618. Haec mensura respondet : this measure corresponds. viro : 
 heroic soul. AohiUes is properly measured by his fame, not by his 
 ashes. 
 
 619. par sibi : equal to himself; the measure comes out right. nee 
 . . . sentit ; that is, in this he is- immortal. 
 
 620. ut . . . possis : so that you m,ight know what sort of a man it had 
 belonged to. 
 
 621. de armis: for arms. arma feruntur: arm^s are taken up; 
 figuratively, for the contest was one of words. 
 
 622. Tydides: that is, Diomede. OIlSBs: sc. filius; Greek form 
 of the Genitive. 
 
 623. minor Atridea : that is, Menelaus. maior : Agamemnon. 
 bello ; Ablative of Respect. 
 
 624. oreato (Dat. of Possessor): only the sons of Telamon and Laertes; 
 that is, Ajax and Ulysses. 
 
 625. fuit fiducia : aspired to, lit. had confidence (in obtaining). 
 landis: honor; Objective Genitive. 
 
 626. Tantalides : that is, Agamemnon, the commander-in-chief of the 
 Greeks, great-grandson of Tantalus. invidiam ; unpopularity, the 
 ill-will of the unsuccessful candidate and his friends. 
 
 627. mediis castris : in the middle of the camp ; Abl. of Place Where. 
 
 628. arbitrium . . . oarnes : transferred the decision of the contest to all. 
 Met. XIII. — 1. vulgi . . . corona : a crowd of common soldiers standing 
 
 around. 
 
 2. surgit . . . septemplicis ; there rises up before them the lord of the 
 sevenfold shield. It was covered with seven layers of ox-hide. surgit 
 ad bos : compare the Homeric toSri 8' aviarri. 
 
 3. ut : as. impatiens irae : unable to control his wrath. torvo 
 with vultu ; lowering countenance. 
 
124 COMMENTAEY. [Met. XIII. 
 
 5. Agimus causam : we arepleading the case. pro : oh, exclamation. 
 
 6. confertur ; is compared. 
 
 7. flammis : the Trojans were at one time so sncoessf ill that they hoped 
 to burn the fleet of the Greeks. 
 
 8. sustinui : withstood. fugavi : drove away. 
 
 9. fictis verbis : with made-v/p speeches ; Ablative of Instrument. 
 10. promptum : easy. 
 
 13. valet iste loquendo : he excels in speaking. 
 
 13. memoranda esse mea facta : that it is necessary to relate my deeds. 
 
 14. narret : Imperative Subjunctive. 
 
 15. quorum ... est : of which night alone knows anything. 
 
 17. aemulus : (the character of) my competitor. Aiaci . , . Ulixes : 
 
 to Ajax it is no honor to obtain whatever Ulysses has hoped for, no mat- 
 ter how great it he. 
 
 19. tulit pretium: has carried off the prize, has been rewarded. 
 
 20. quo feretur : in that he will be said. quo ; lit. in which, refer- 
 ring to temptaminls. 
 
 21. in me : in my case. 
 
 22. nobilitate: by nobility of birth. Telamone creatus : being a son ^ 
 of Telamon. 
 
 23. forti sul) Hectore oepit : assisted the brUve Hercules in the capture of. 
 Hi. Pagasaea carina : that is, the Argo. Pagasae was a harbor town 
 
 near lolcus. 
 
 25. huic : that is, to Telamon. illic : that is, in Tartarus. 
 iura reddit : gives laws to, presides as judge over. 
 
 26. Sisyphon : Sisyphus is especially mentioned, because by some he 
 was said to be the father of Ulysses. 
 
 29. nee . . . prosit ; and yet let not this descent (line of ancestors) he of 
 advantage in the case. nee : Ovid frequently uses nee instead of neve 
 with the Imperative and Imperative Subjunctive. 
 
 30. frater : here for cousi7i, (frater patruelis) ; see 1. 41. 
 
 32. furtis : Ablative of Respect. 
 
 33. inserit Aeaoidis : intrudes upon the Aeacidae. 
 
 34. prior : first ; that is, before Ulysses. . nullo sub indice ; without 
 any informer. The reference is to Palamedes and is explained in the 
 following lines. 
 
 36. ultima qui cepit : who took up arms last.. detreotavit : tried to 
 
 escape. furore fioto; by feigning madness. According to the story, 
 
 Ulysses feigned madness to avoid going to the Trojan war, because there 
 was a prophecy that he would return to his home as a beggar after twenty 
 years' absence. So when the Greek chieftains visited Ulysses, they found 
 him plowing an ox and an ass yoked together. Palamedes, suspecting 
 the deception, placed little Telemachus, the son of Ulysses, in the way 
 of the plow, and the father avoided hurting the child and so was de- 
 tected. 
 
5-80.] CONTEST FOR THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 12$ 
 
 37, donee . . . inutilior : until Palamedes, cleverer them Tie hut less cap- 
 able of taking care of his own interest. 
 
 38, timidi : cowardly. oommenta retexit : disclosed the falsehoods. 
 
 39, Naupliades : son of Nauplius, Palamedes. 
 
 40, optima , . , sumat : should he receive the best arms. sumere : to take. 
 
 41, nossimus: should I he; Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 44. nee . , , seelerum : cmd that this inciter to crimes had never come as 
 a companion, had never joined the expedition. 
 
 45. Poeantia proles : Philoctetes, who had been left behind on account 
 of an offensive sore on his foot. 
 
 46. Lemnos : Nom. nostro eum crimine : to our reproach. 
 
 48. saxa: even the stones are affected by his lamentations. 
 Lafirtiadae (Dat.): i.e. that Ulysses may meet his just reward. 
 
 49. quae non vana precaris : for which you do not pray in vain. 
 
 50. eadem . . . arma : having taken the same war-pledge as we. 
 iuratns : has an active meaning. nobis : the Dat. with idem is poet- 
 ical, an imitation of Greek usage. 
 
 51. pars una ducum : one of the leaders. quo , , . utuntur : who suc- 
 ceeded to the arrows of Hercules ; lit. whom the arrows of Hercules use 
 (have) as a successor. 
 
 53. &actu9 : crushed. 
 
 53. velatnrque aliturque : clothes cmd feeds himself. avibus : that 
 is, with the feathers and flesh, respectively. 
 
 54. debita fatis: it was fated that Troy could not be taken till the 
 arrows came. 
 
 57. sine crimine : charged with no crimes. 
 
 58. Qnem . . . finxit : for Ulysses, remembering too well the unfortunate 
 detection of his (feigned) madness, falsely accused Palamedes of betraying 
 the Grecian cause. 
 
 60. crimen fictum : the trumped-up charge. praefoderat : had pre- 
 viously buried. 
 
 61. vires , , , Achivis : he sapped the strength of the Greeks. 
 
 63. ftui licet vincat : though he surpass. 
 
 64. desertum Nestora : the desertion of Nestor. 
 
 65. Qui . . . Tllixen : for when he begged Vlysses for aid. 
 
 67. mihi : by me. 
 
 68. qui , . . corripuit : who, calling him often by name, chid him. 
 
 69. fugam exprobravit : upbraided for his flight. 
 
 73, linquendus erat : ought to have been left. 
 
 74, futura : imminent. 
 
 75, Opposoi , , . clipei : I placed my massy shield in front. 
 
 76, inertem; of the coward; the position of the word adds emphasis. 
 
 77, si perstas certare : if you persist in contending (for the arms). 
 
 80, cui , , , dederant : who, on account of his wounds, had not been able 
 to stand up. 
 
126 COMMENTARY. [Met. XIII. 
 
 82, deoB : the gods themselves engaged in the Trojan war. According 
 to Homer (II. xv. 330 ff.), Zeus sent Apollo to defend Hector and frighten 
 the Greeks. 
 
 83. quaque ; and where. non tu tantum : not only you. 
 
 86, eminua : at a diistance ; opposed to comminus, resupinum fudi : 
 I laid low. pondere: icith a iveight, i.e. a stone, 
 
 87, poscentem , , , oonourreret : ashing for some one with tohom to fight, 
 when he extended the challenge for single combat. cum quo : cum 
 may follow the relative (quocum, etc.) and must follow the personal pro- 
 noun (mecum, etc.). 
 
 88, sortem . . . vovistis : you prayed that the lot might fall upon me. 
 
 93. in : against. faoundua : the eloquent, the father. 
 
 94. tot : goes with navibus, 
 
 95. quaeritur . , , honoa : agreater honoris sought for them than for me. 
 
 97, armis, Aiaci : Dat. of Agent. 
 
 98, Conferat his Ithaous : let the Ithacan compare with these deeds. 
 
 99, Helenum . , , captum : the capture of lielenus and the abduction of 
 (the statue of) Minerva. 
 
 100. luce : in the day-time. Diomede remoto : without the aid of 
 Diomede. 
 
 101. Si semeldatis: if you give at all. meritis tarn vilibus ; for 
 such small deserts. 
 
 102, sit; Imperative Subjunctive. 
 
 103, ftuo , , . Ithaco ; but of what use would these arms be to the Itha- 
 can f quo ; to what end, for what purpose. 
 
 101, furtis : by stealth. incautum : off his guard. 
 
 105, Ipse nitor galeae : tJie very glitter of the helmet. 
 
 107, Dulichius vertex; i.e. the head of Ulysses. oasside ; helmet. 
 
 109, nee non potest esse : and . . . cannot but be. 
 
 110, caelatus imagine : engraved with the image. 
 
 111, conveniet: will suit. sinistrae: Dative. The shield was borne 
 on the left arm, leaving the right hand free for the spear or sword. 
 
 112, quid ; why. dehilitaturum te ; which will disable you. 
 
 113, ftuod(Acc.): it. error: mistake. 
 
 114, cur spolieris erit ; it ivill be a reason why you should be robbed. 
 spolieris: Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 115, qua sola vincis : in which alone you surpass. 
 
 116, gestamina tanta : so great a burden. 
 
 117, Adde quod ; moreover. 
 
 118, nostro ; Dat. with successor, 
 
 119, mille patet plagis : has been broken through by a thousand blows. 
 
 120, spectemur agendo-: let us be tested by action. 
 
 122. referentem . . . relatis ; give them to the one thO/t brings them back. 
 
 123. vulgi; construe with murmur. 
 134. ultima ; his closing words. 
 
83-160.] CONTEST FOK THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 1 27 
 
 125. paulum telluie moratos : which had been for a short time fixed on 
 the earth. 
 
 1^7. Bono : Dat. instead of in or ad with the Accusative. neque 
 
 abest gratia : and there is a charm. 
 
 128. mea onm veatria vota: your prayers and mine. 
 
 130. tu : so. potireria. poteremur : = potiremnr. 
 
 131. Quem : translate TiiOT. nona,eqfla,: unjust, unkind, mihl: 
 goes with negarunt. 
 
 132. veluti lacrimantia : as if they were shedding tears. tersit : wiped. 
 
 133. melius succedat : would better succeed. 
 
 134. per quem Sanais sucoessit : the one through whose aid the Greeks 
 succeeded in procuring, Danais auocessit : \ii. joined the Greeks. 
 
 135. Hmc . . . proait : only let it not help my competitor. uti : as. 
 hebes esse : = se hebetem esse ; Greek oonstruotion. 
 
 137. ingenium : my cleverness. 
 
 138. pro domino : for its possessor. 
 
 139. invidia . . . recuset ; be free from prejudice (in your minds), and let 
 each one (of us) not deny his good qualities. neo = neve ; with Im- 
 perative Subjunctive. 
 
 140. genua ; as to race. 
 
 142. ease pronepos : that he is the great-grandson ; Greek construction, 
 attracted Nom. instead of Ace. with Infinitive ; see 1. 135 above. 
 
 143. totidem gradus ; the same number of removes ; Aco. of Extent. 
 
 145. in bis : among these. damnatus et exsul: a condemned exile. 
 Telamon and Peleus were banished for killing their brother Phoous. 
 
 146. per matrem ; by my mother'' s side, Cyllenius : that is, Mercu^'. 
 
 147. in utroque parente ; on both sides of the house. 
 
 148. quod : because. ma'teruo generosior ortu : of nobler blood on 
 my mother's side (than he). 
 
 150. propoaita : set up as a prize, meritis . . . causam : xoeigh the 
 case according to deserts, 
 
 151. dommodo quod . , . non sit: only let not the fact that... be put 
 down as. 
 
 152. neo aanguinia ordo quaeratur ; and let not blood relationship be con- 
 sidered. 
 
 153. virtutis honor : distinction for valor. 
 
 154. prozimitaa primuaque heres: kinship and tlis nearest heir. 
 
 156. Pbtbiam : to Phthia ; where Peleus resided. Scyrus was the home 
 of Pyrrhus. haec : these arms, 
 
 157. isto : than Ajax. 
 
 159. operum . . . habetur : since a pure contest of deeds is being held, 
 only our war-records are to be considered. 
 
 160. quam ... sit : than I can easily embrace in words ; for the Charac- 
 teristic Subjunctive after Comparatives, see 631, 3 ; A. & G. 320, c; B. 
 288, 2, a ; H. 503, 3- 
 
128 COMMENTARY. [Met. XIII. 
 
 162. genetriz Nereia : (Achilles') Nereid mother, Thetis. 
 
 163. dissimulat cultu: disguises with a change of dress ; she dressed 
 him as a girl. 
 
 164. fallaoia : deception ; subject of deceperat. 
 
 165. femineis meroibus inserui : I inserted in the feminine wares. 
 167. tenenti dixi : I said to him holding (= as he held). 
 
 170. ad fortia : to hrave deeds. 
 
 171. opera . . . sunt ; his works are mine ; I deserve credit for all that 
 he has done. 
 
 172. orantem : hogging for mercy. refeci : I restored, healed. 
 liasta : belongs also to refeci. 
 
 173. quod Thebae oeoidere : the fall of Thebes, a city in Mysia, destroyed 
 by Achilles. me ; subject of cepisse. 
 
 175. Scyrum; not the island but a city in Phrygia. 
 
 176. solo ; to the ground; Local Dative : 358 ; A. & Q-. 258, n. 1 ; B. 
 193 ; H. 885, 4, 1. 
 
 177. TJt alios taeeam ; not to mention others (than Hector). 
 
 178. iacet : lies dead. 
 
 179. illis armis . . . Achilles : for those arms by which Achilles was dis- 
 covered. 
 
 180. vivo : to him, while alive. post fata : after his death. 
 
 181. dolor nnius: tJie resentment of one, i.e. Menelaus, for the abduc- 
 tion of Helen. pervenit ad ; extended to. 
 
 182. mille oarinae : the thousand ships (of the Grecian fleet). 
 
 183. exspectata . . . erant : the long-expected winds came not or were 
 contrary. 
 
 184. sortes : the proclamation of the gods, through the seer Calchas. 
 
 186. inmeritam ; innocent. 
 
 187. in rege ... est : is father as well as king. 
 
 188. mite ingeuium : tJie merciful nature ; the father was naturally 
 inclined to spare his child. commoda : weal. 
 
 190. difB.cilem . . . causam ; 1 won a difficult case under a prejudiced 
 Judge. 
 
 191. utilitas : welfare, 
 
 192. summa dati sceptri : the authority of the sceptre which was given 
 him, the cominand-in-chief of the army. laudem . . . penset : to 
 balance his honor with his blood, to give his daughter's life in return 
 for the honor. 
 
 193. et ; also. bortanda ; passive, astu : by cunning. 
 
 194. ftuo : translate there. 
 
 195. lintea: sails. 
 
 196. audax orator : as a bold envoy. 
 
 197. mibi: Dat. of Agent. curia; senate-house. 
 
 198. egi communem causam ; I pleaded our common case, the case of us 
 all ; the antecedent is incorporated in the relative clause. 
 
163-244.] CONTEST FOR THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. 1 29 
 
 200. praedam : the stolen treasures. 
 
 201. moveo ; make an impression on. 
 
 204. piima . . . perioli : that was the first day of my danger with you. 
 
 205. longa ... est: it would talce too long to relate. 
 
 207. aoies : battles. urbis moenibus : within the walls of the eity. 
 
 208. aperti . . . Martis : opportunity for open combat. 
 
 209. decimo . . . anno ; it was not till the tenth year that we fought reg- 
 ular battles. 
 
 210. nisi : except. 
 
 214. mente placida: with contented mind. quo modo : how. 
 simus : Subjunctive in the Indirect Question. 
 
 215. usus; expediency. 
 
 816. monitu : at the warning. 
 
 218. vocem: order. auctore: by his adviser, i.e. Jupiter. 
 
 219. delendaque Pergama posoat : but should demand the destruction of 
 Troy. poscat : Potential Subjunctive. 
 
 220. quodqne potest, pugnet ; and should fight, which is all he can do. 
 
 221. dat . . . sequatur ; give the unstable throng something to follow. 
 
 222. namquam , . , loqueuti : who never says anything that is not great, 
 who is always talking of his great deeds. 
 
 223. ftviid . . . fugit : nay, he even fled himself. Quid quod ; wlmt (of 
 this) that ; a rhetorical way of bringing in a surprising statement. 
 
 224. inbonesta vela ; dishonorable sails ; a disgraceful flight. 
 
 225. Neo mora, dixi: and immediately I said. 
 
 226. dimittere : to let go, give up. 
 
 228. talibus : sc. dictis. in quae : for which. disertum ; elo- 
 quent, sc. me. 
 
 229. aversos reduxi : I turned them from their purpose and brought them 
 back; aversos may mean also turned away (from Troy), profuga ; fleeing. 
 
 231. hisoere qtiioquam : to open his mouth. 
 
 232. iueessere : to attack. dictis protervis : in a bold speech. 
 
 233. etiam . . . impune ; {but) not without punishment at my hands again; 
 the return of the fleet and his punishment are both to be placed to my 
 credit. 
 
 234. Erigor: I rise. 
 
 238. repono: I bring back. 
 
 236. tempore ab hoc : from that time on. 
 
 237. iste : that fellow Ajax. qui ; translate for I. 
 
 238. de Danais quis : who of the Greeks. 
 
 239. oommunioat: shares. 
 
 240. TJUxe : the Instrumental Abl. with oonfidere is seldom personal. 
 
 241. unum: alone. 
 
 242. legi : to be chosen. sors ; a reference to Ajax's fight with Hector. 
 244. ansum . . . nos : who dared the same things that we dared, viz. to 
 
 go into the enemy's camp at night as a spy. 
 9 
 
1 30 COMMENTAEY. [Mbt. XIII. 
 
 245. ante quam coSgi: before I compelled him. 
 
 247. neo . . . hatebam ; and had nothing to spy out. speoularer : 
 
 Subjunctive of Characteristic after negative. 
 249. eo : with that ; that is, the capture of Colon. 
 261. victor . . . potitua : having successfully accomplished my pur- 
 
 252. oaptivo ingredior curru : / come in on a captured chariot. 
 imitante ; translate as if celebrating. 
 
 283. Cuius equos ; Colon had demanded the horses of Achilles as the 
 price of his night's spying. The antecedent of cuius, if expressed, would 
 limit arma. 
 
 264. arma . . . Aiax: refuse me the arms and Ajax will prove more gener- 
 ous. The Imperative expresses a Condition. 
 
 266. Quid referam : why should I relate ; Dubitative Subjunctive com- 
 mon in questions. Sarpedonis : Sarpedon was king of the Lycians 
 and an ally of the Trojans. 
 
 266. Cum . . . fudi : I routed with plenteous bloodshed. 
 
 263. loco : they were in front. 
 , 266. nil impendit sanguinis in sooios : has shed no blood for his com- 
 
 268. Quid refert : what difference does it make. 
 
 269. refert: relates. 
 
 270. neque meum est : it is not my way. benefaota maligne detrao- 
 tare ; to maliciously make light of services. 
 
 271. ne communia occupet : let him not take things that belong to us all, 
 that is, take upon himself the credit for what we all have done. 
 
 273. Aotorides: the grandson of Actor, Patroclus. imagine: he 
 had borrowed the armor of Achilles. 
 
 274. ab , . , carinis : from the ships which were about to be burnt along 
 with their defender, Ajax. 
 
 278, se solum ausum concurrere : that he alone dared to meet. 
 
 276. mei : Objective Genitive. 
 
 277. nonus in officio : one of nine in offering his services. Nine of the 
 leaders offered themselves, and the choice was made by lot. 
 
 278. eventus quis fuit : what was the result. vestrae ; that is, tnae 
 et Hectoris. 
 
 280. me : Accusative in Exclamation. quanto dolore : with how 
 much grief. 
 
 281. quo: when. Achilles: in apposition to murus. 
 
 283. tardarunt quin : prevented from. humo sublime : lifted up 
 
 from the ground. 
 
 285. laboro : I am striving. ferre : to carry (off). 
 
 286. quae valeant in : sufficient for ; Subjv. of Characteristic. 
 
 287. sensurus : which will appreciate. 
 
 288. SoiHcet idciroo : pray, was it for this that; idciroo is explained by 
 
S45-332.] CONTEST FOR THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. I3I 
 
 the following ut clause. oaenila : sea-colored; a coustant epithet of 
 
 the marine divinities. 
 
 289. ambitiosa fuit : used entreaty. She begged Vulcan to make the 
 arms. 
 
 290. artis opus tantae : a work of such great skill ; Gen. of Quality. 
 This refers especially to the shield engraved by Vulcan in bas-relief. 
 rudis at sine peotore ; unpolished and obtuse. 
 
 291. indueret : might wear; Subjv.' of Design. clipei caelamina : 
 for a detailed description, see Homer, II. xviii. 483 ff. 
 
 293. Arcton : the Greek word for Bear. Compare Homer, II. xviii. 
 486 : nXijiciSas 9' 'TdSas re rb re ffdims 'Oaploivos, &pKTov B'. 
 
 294. diversas urbes ; the unlike cities. Two cities were represented on 
 the shield, the one eagerly celebrating a marriage festival with music 
 and dancing, the other filled with the horrors of war. 
 
 296. Quid quod arguit . . . neo sentit : he even accuses . . . and does not 
 perceive. fugientem munera : of trying to evade the service. 
 
 297. serum accessisse : and of coming as a late recruit. 
 299. aimulasse : feigning, acting a part. 
 
 301, pia : affectionate. 
 
 303. crimen commune ; a charge shared. 
 
 306. Neve . . . eum ; and that we may not wonder that lie pours upon mo 
 the reprocbches of a foolish tongue. 
 
 307. digna pudore ; sha/meful deeds. 
 
 308. falso crimine ; on a false charge. turpe (so. est) ; is it dis- 
 graceful. 
 
 311. tamque patens : and so clear. nee vos audistis ; nor did you 
 (merely) hear. in illo ; in his case. 
 
 312. praesto objecta : heing placed before your eyes. 
 
 313. Vulcania : sacred to Vulcan. 
 
 314. Nee esse reus merui ; and I did not deserve the blame. 
 
 315. me snasisse : that I advised him. 
 
 316. ut se subtraheret labori : to withdraw from the annoyances. 
 
 319. non tantum fida . . . fidelem ; was not only given in good faith but 
 turned out well, although it is enough that it was given in good faith. 
 
 321. melius Telamonius ibit : Ajax will be a better messenger ; ironical. 
 
 322. eloquioque : and with his eloquence. 
 
 323. aliqua arte : by some skilful device. oallidus ; cunningly. 
 
 324. Ante ; goes with quam, retro : backward. 
 
 326. cessante meo pectore : while my brain does nothing. 
 
 327. Danais prosit ; will aid the Greeks. 
 
 328. sis licet infestus ; though you hate. 
 
 329. licet . . . caput : though you curse and hurl imprecations viithout 
 end at my head. 
 
 332. te tamen . . . nostri : nevertheless I will approach you, I will put 
 myself in your power. 
 
132 COMMENTAKT. [Mbt. XIII. 334-397. 
 
 334. tamque . . . qnam : and. . .jmt aa. faveat Fortuna ; if Fortune 
 only favors me. 
 
 335. Dardanio vate ; tJie Tr<^an seer, Helenus. 
 
 336. ijuam retexi ; just as I disclosed. 
 
 337. signum penetrale : the temple statue; the Palladium, which was in 
 the temple. 
 
 339, Nempe prohibebant fata : surely the fates forbade ; ironical. 
 
 341. bio : in this instance. 
 
 34S. ezcubiaa : watches. 
 
 345. sua aede ; from, her temple. 
 
 347. fruBtra gestasset laeva : would haw borne in vain on his left arm. 
 
 348. mihi . . . parta est ; the metory over Troy was won by me. 
 
 349. cum . . . eoegi ; when I made it possible for it to be conquered. 
 
 350. Tydiden meum : my friend Diomede. 
 
 351. pars ... in illo : he has his share of the Jionor. 
 353. pro : before, in defense of. 
 
 353. tibi tuiba comes : you had a crowd of companions. comes : in 
 apposition to turba. 
 
 354. ftui . . . esse : if he did not Tcnow that a fighter was inferior to a 
 counsellor. 
 
 355. indomitae : inmncible. 
 
 356. moderatior : the more modest ; the son of Oileus. 
 358. patriaque creatus eadem : and his fellow-countryman. 
 
 369. frater : Menelaus. 
 
 361. consiliis cessere meis : they have yielded to my counsels, are inferior 
 in wisdom. 
 
 362. ingenium . . . nostro : it is your intellect tliat needs my guidance. 
 
 365. tu prodes : you assist. 
 
 366. quanto : as much as. temperat : guides. anteit remigis 
 of&cium : surpasses the work of the rower, is superior to the rower. 
 anteit : pronounce as a dissyllable. 
 
 368. Nee non . . . manu : so too in my person my intelligence is superior 
 to my strength. 
 
 370. vigili vestro ; to your gua/rd. 
 
 371. proque . . . egi : and in return for the watchfulness of so many 
 years, which I have passed in anxiety. 
 
 372. titulum ; honor. penaandum : translate as a compensation. 
 
 373. lam ... est : now our toil is at an end. obstantia ; resisting. 
 
 374. posse capi faciendo : by making it possible to capture it. 
 
 375. Per spes aooias ; by our united hopes. oasura : doomed to fall. 
 
 376. quos . . , ademi : whicli I have lately taken away from the enemy. 
 
 377. siquid : whatever. quod . . . agendum : that must be done with 
 wisdom. sit : Subjv. of Characteristic. 
 
 378. audaz ex praecipitlque : da/ring and risky. 
 380, mei : Objective Genitive. 
 
XV. 746-749.] THE DEIFICATION OF CAESAE. 133 
 
 381. fatale : fateful. 
 
 382. Mota ... est : the land of cMefa was moved. quid facundia 
 posset : the power of eloquence. posset : Subjunctive in Indirect 
 Question. 
 
 383. re patuit : was shown Tjy the result. 
 
 384. qui : that is, Ajax. 
 
 385. sustinuit : withstood. 
 
 387. hie certe : this one at least. 
 
 388. hoc.mihi; I must use it against myself. On account of the 
 gender, take hoc as Ablative and utendum est as impersonal, though the 
 verb is also used personally in this form. quique ; and the sword 
 whicJt. 
 
 391. turn demum : then at last. Ulysses had said that Ajax had no 
 ■wounds. 
 
 392. qua patuit femim : as far as the blade was exposed, that is, up to 
 the hilt. 
 
 395. purpureum genuit florem : brought forth a purple flower. de : 
 from. 
 
 396. Oebalio de vulnere : from the wound (blood) of Hyacinthus. He 
 was a favorite of Apollo, and was accidentally killed by him with a 
 discus. The flower cannot be identified with our hyacinth. 
 
 397. littera communis pueroque viroque : letters common to the boy and 
 tTie hero. AIAI, the Greek exclamation (aT aX) Alas! (querellae), and the 
 beginning of the name Aiax (Gr. Alas), (nominis). 
 
 14. THE DEIFICATION OP CAESAR. 
 
 After the death of Julius Caesar a decree of the Senate was passed 
 declaring him a god, and a temple was erected in his honor. 
 
 Met. XV. — 746. sua : Ms native. Marte togaque praeeipuum : though 
 highiy distinguished in war and peace. toga : properly the outer gar- 
 
 ment or cloak worn by Eoraan civilians. 
 
 747. magis : goes with quam in I. 750. flnita triumphis : wound up 
 with triumplis; on returning to Eome after a successful war, the general 
 was usually permitted to enter the city in triumphal procession with 
 captives, booty, etc. This privilege was highly esteemed by the Eomans. 
 
 748. properata gloria rerum : a swift career of world-wide glory. 
 properata; hastened; that is, quicMy acquired. 
 
 749. vertSre : Perfect. sidua : luminary. steUamque comantem : 
 a star with flowing Mir ; that is, a comet, which is a Greek word of simi- 
 lar significance. Notice that que is not translated. steUamque comantem 
 merely explains the preceding sidus. Suetonius says that a comet appeared 
 shortly after the death of Caesar and shone for seven days and that the 
 people believed it was Caesar's soul. 
 
134 COMMENTAEY. [Met. XV. 
 
 760. progenies : that is, Augustus, grand-uephew and adopted son of 
 Caesar. When these flattering words were written, he was Emperor of 
 Eome and ruler of most of the known world. de : of. 
 
 751. quam . . . huius: tli,an becoming the father of this man. 
 
 752. Scilicet plus est ; pray, is it more. aequoreos : island-dwelling, 
 sea-girt. 
 
 753. septemflua flumina ; the sevenfold streams, the seven mouths of 
 the Nile. septemflua: lit. seven-flowing. 
 
 755. CinypMum: Cinyphian=^ Libyan, African; the Cinyps was a 
 river in Libya. Juba was the warlike king of the Numidians. 
 Mitliridateisque tumentem nominibus ; puffed up on account of the fame of 
 Mithridates, who was the most famous king of that country. 
 
 756. Pontum: the Pontus, a kingdom in the northern part of Asia 
 Minor near the Black Sea. populo Quirini : to the people of Quirinus, 
 that is, the Roman people; Quirinus was the deified Komulus, the 
 founder of Rome. 
 
 757. egisse : to have celebrated. 
 
 758. Quo praeside rerum: icith him as ruler of the world; tliat is, by 
 making him ruler. Parse as Ablative Absolute. 
 
 760. hie : that is, Augustus. cretus ; born. 
 
 761. ille : that is, Julius Caesar. ftuod : object of vldit = this. 
 aurea; golden, a frequent attribute of 'Verms= precious as gold or 
 adorned uiitJi gold or resplendent with beauty. 
 
 762. vidit quoque ; and sow also. 
 
 763. pontlfici : for the chief priest ; Caesar held the of&ce of pontifex 
 maximus. coniurata : of conspirators, lit. conspired. 
 
 764. ut cuique erat obvia : whenever she met any of them. 
 
 765. quanta mole i witJi, how great effort. 
 
 766. caput quod solum restat i t/ie life of the only man that remains. 
 
 767. de Dardanio lulo : descended from tfie Trojan lulus, the son of 
 Aeneas. 
 
 768. iustis exercita ouris : harassed with well-founded cares. 
 
 769. quam : i/te one that. Tydidae : Venus once entered the battle 
 at Troy and was wounded on the hand by Diomede and frightened 
 away. vulneret : Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 770. confundaut : distress. moenia : the (falling) walls. 
 
 771. natnm: that is, Aeneas, nis wanderings and adventures are told 
 at length by Vergil in the Aeneid. 
 
 772. sedes silentum ; Aeneas made a visit to the Lower World. 
 silentum : poetic for silentium. 
 
 775. damna: troubles, lit. losses. timer hie; the present fear ; that 
 is, for Caesar. 
 
 776. acui: are being sharpened; for the Ace. and Inf., see 527; A. &G. 
 336 ; B. 331 ; II. 580. 
 
 778. caede sacerdotis : vnth the blood of a priest. Caesar, as pontifex 
 
750-805.] THE DEIFICATION OF CAESAR. 1 35 
 
 maxinms, had general charge of the worship of Vesta, but there were 
 especial priestesses, the Vestal virgins, whose duty it was to keep the fires 
 of Vesta ever burning. If, by any mischance, they were extinguished, 
 it was regarded as a great misfortune to the state and special ceremonies 
 had to be performed. 
 
 780. iacit: throws out, utters with force. qui quamctiiain : altliough 
 they. 
 
 781. ferrea : iron-hound, because unchangeable. sororum : that is, 
 the Parcae, the Pates. 
 
 782. luctus : Genitive. 
 
 783. ferunt arma orepitantia praemonuisse : they say that clashing arms 
 foretold. orepitantia : exceptional position. praemonuisse : gave 
 warning in advance. 
 
 784. oaelo : in the sky ; Ablative of Place Where. 
 
 785. Solis : from sol. 
 
 786. Inrida: pale, faint, wan. 
 
 787. faces : torclies, referring to meteoric phenomena. mediis sub 
 altris : under the middle of the stars; that is, in the sky ieneath the stars. 
 
 788. inter nimbos : among the rain-drops. guttae cruentae : drops 
 ofhlood. 
 
 789. Caerulus . . . erat : the Morning Star was dark and his face was 
 covered with a Hack rust-color. vultum : Accusative of Kespect. 
 
 790. Lunares currus : the chariot of the Moon. 
 
 791. Stygius bubo : the owl, foreboding death. Stygius : Stygian, 
 pertaining to the Styx, a stream in the Lower World. 
 
 792. ebur: (statues of) ivory. feruntur auditi: are said to have 
 been heard. 
 
 794. litat: gives favorable omens. 
 
 795. fibra : the entrails, of the victim. exta : the vitals, including 
 liver, heart, lungs, etc. caesum caput reperitur: the head (of the 
 liver) is found cut. caput (iecoris) : a protuberance on the upper part 
 of the liver. It was a bad omen if the liver was found injured in any 
 way. Here caesum caput forebodes the violent death of Caesar. 
 
 797. noctumos: at night; in predicative attribution. 
 
 798. tremoribus : by ea/rthquakes. 
 
 799. vincere : overcome, prevent. 
 
 800. praemonitus deum : the forewarnings of the gods ; subject. 
 
 801. templum: a temple, a holy place; here used of the senate-house 
 built by Pompey (curia Pompeii), which was a consecrated building. 
 
 803. Cjrtherea : that is, Venus. 
 
 804. Aeneaden: the descendant of Aeneas ; that is, Caesar. condere 
 nube : to hide in a cloud ; a favorite device of the gods when they wish 
 to protect mortals. 
 
 805. qua ; by which means; the antecedent is nube. Atridae : from 
 the son of Atreus, that is, Menelaus: Dative of Separation. Paris and 
 
136 COMMESTTAEY. [Met. XV. 
 
 Menelaus were engaged in single combat, when Paris, getting the worst of 
 it, was rescued by Venus. 
 
 806. Diomedeos enses : the sword of Diomede ; poetic Plural. Venus had 
 just rescued her son Aeneas, when she was wounded on the hand by Dio- 
 mede. See 1. 769. 
 
 807. Talibus hano genitor : Iter father (Jupiter) addresses her as follows. 
 
 808. movere : to move, to shake. Intres licet ipsa : you may your- 
 self enter, sororum; seel. 781. 
 
 809. molimine vasto : of vast structure ; Ablative of Quality, limiting 
 tabularia, 
 
 810. remm tabularia : the archives of fate ; a history of all time, as it 
 were. 
 
 811. concussum caeli : the shaking of hearoen ; that is, thunder. 
 
 812. tuta atque aeterna: heing secure and eternal; agree with quae, 
 rninas: downfall. 
 
 813. adamants pereuni : in everlasting steel. 
 
 816. Hie : he ; that is, Caesar. sua tempora : his (allotted) time. 
 
 818. Tit deus accedat oaelo, facies : you will cause him to come to heaven 
 as a god. 
 
 820. Arrange ; fortissimus ultor (as the aaenger) caedis parentis nos suos 
 {as Ids allies) in bella habebit. 
 
 822. Illius auspiciis : under his leadership ; notice the quantity of illius, 
 permissible in poetry. It was the privilege of the generals to consult 
 the gods for omens (auspioia). 
 
 823. Mutinae: Genitive depending on moenia. In the year 43 B.C. 
 Deciraus Brutus was besieged in Mutina by Mark Antony. Octavian 
 (afterwards called Augustus) marched against Antony and defeated 
 him. Pharsalia : a district in Thessaly, famous for the battle between 
 Caesar and Pompey (48 B.C.). Afterwards at Philippi, in this same region, 
 Octavian and Antony defeated M. Brutus and Cassius (43 B.C.) 
 
 834. EmatMi : properly of a district in Macedonia, here = Thessalian. 
 
 825. magnum nomen : that is, Pompey. Sextns Pompey, son of Pompey 
 the Great (Magnus), was defeated near Mylae in Sicilian waters (Sioulis 
 undis) by Agrippa, Octavian's admiral (36 B.C.) 
 
 826. Bomani ducis : that is, Antony ; the Genitive depends on taedae, 
 which in turn is Dative, depending on fisa. coniunx Aegyptia : that 
 is, Cleopatra. taedae: marriage-torch, marriage. 
 
 827. non bene fisa : unwisely trusting. 
 
 828. Capitolia : the Capitol, the Gapitoline hill, in Rome, here used for 
 Rome ; the Plural is poetic. Canopo : Canopus, a city in lower Egypt, 
 here used for Egypt. The Dative depends on servitura. 
 
 829. barbariami th,e lands of the barbarians, conquered by Au- 
 gustus, ab : on; in the east and in the west. 
 
 830. Quodcumque habltabile : all the Jiabitable land ffiat. 
 833. suum ; agrees with animum. 
 
806-878.] THE END OF THE METAMORPHOSES. 1 37 
 
 834. mores reget: will regvlate the morals. Augustus was not very 
 successful in this attempt. 
 
 836. prolem : refers to Tiberius, stepson of Augustus. He was adopted 
 by Augustus and succeeded him. sanota; ehasle ; Livia, however, 
 
 was not better than her age. 
 
 838. nisi cum; until. senior: as an old man. Pylios annos : 
 the years of the Pylian, that is, of Nestor, who dwelt in Pylus and was 
 famous for his great age. 
 
 839. cognata sidera ; kindred sta/i'S ; referring to Caesar. 
 
 840. Hano animam : this soul ; that is, Caesar's. 
 
 841. fao iubar : turn into a radiant star. Capitolia nostra ; the 
 speaker, Jupiter, possessed a famous temple on the Capitolino. 
 
 842. aede : his temple was situated on the Forum. 
 
 843. media sede senatus : in the middle of the senate-ehamter. 
 
 844. alma : ndurishing, gracious. nuUi cemenda : msihle to none. 
 
 845. Arrange: animam recentem sui Caesaris eripuit membria {from the 
 body) nee in a6ra solvi passa {and did not suffer it. . .but). recentem: 
 translate : as soon as lie was killed. 
 
 846. astris : to the stars. 
 
 847. lumen capere sensit ; she perceived it light up. 
 
 848. ilia: subject. 
 
 849. crinem : that is, the tail of the comet. 
 
 850. nati : that i^ Augustus. 
 
 851. snia : than his own. 
 
 852. Hie: that is, Augustus. paternis: to those of his father. 
 
 853. libera; being free. obnoxia; subject. 
 
 854. invitum ; against Ms will. una in parte repugnat : opposes him 
 in this one particular. 
 
 855. oedit tituUs : yields to the titles of honor, is inferior in fame. 
 Atrens, etc. . instances of the inferiority of father to son. 
 
 857. ut . . . utar : to use an illustration befitting their rank; Augustus 
 and Caesar are so great that none but Jupiter and Saturn deserve to be 
 compared with them. 
 
 859. temperat ; rules. triformis ; threefold; sky, land, and sea. 
 
 15. THE END OP THE METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 Met. XV.— 871. exegi : 1 haw finished. lovis ira : that is, 
 
 lightning. 
 
 872. edax vetustas : the tooth of time. abolere : destroy. 
 
 873. cum volet . . . aevi : let that day (i.e. death), which has no power 
 except over this body, end my uncertain life-period when it pleases. 
 
 877. qua patet Romana potentia : as far as the Roman power extends. 
 terris domitis : over the conquered lands. 
 
 878. fama : by reputation. 
 
II. FR05I THE MINOR WORKS. 
 
 1. PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 
 
 Her. I. — 1. Hanc : sc. epistulam. lento : wJio art so slow to return. 
 
 A shade of reproach is conveyed by the word, which in Ovid and Proper- 
 tius often connotes coldness, indifference. The reference is to the twenty 
 years' absence of Ulysses. tJIixe ; for the declension of Greek proper 
 
 names, so common in Ovid, see 65 ; A. & G. 37, 43, 68, 64 ; B. 33, 37, 
 47 ; H. 50, 54, 68. 
 
 2. nil . . . veni : answer me naught, but come thyself. rescribas : 
 Subjunctive in Prohibition : 363 ; A. & G. 366, a and i; B. 376 ; H. 
 484, IV. 
 
 3. iacet ; has fallen. puellis : brides. The word is often used of 
 married women. The case was originally Dat. of Agent, as invisa was 
 Participle of invideo, and meant hated rather than hateful. Compare 
 Hob. 0. I. I, 34 : bellaque matribus Detestata. 
 
 4. tanti ; worth so much, that is, what they haTe cost us ; Gen. of 
 Price : 380 ; A. & G. 353, a ; B. 303, 3 ; IT. 404. 
 
 5. : permissible Hiatus, after monosyllabic interjections, 
 classe : Ablative of Accompaniment. 
 
 6. obrutus esset: Unreal Wish : see 361 ; A. & G. 367; B. 379, 2 ; 
 H. 483, 2. insanis aquis : mad waters, wild waves ; would imply a 
 storm. adulter ; that is, Paris, who carried off Helen, the wife of 
 Menelaus, from Gi'eece to Troy, and so caused the Trojan war. 
 
 7. non iaouissem : I should not ha/ne lain ; the condition is implied in 
 the wish. frigida ; in cold neglect. leoto : AM. of Place Where, 
 poetical omission of the preposition. 
 
 8. tardos : slowly; predicate adjective, agreeing with dies. re- 
 licta : in my abandonment; take with subject of quererer. 
 
 9. mihi: my, with manus ; 350 ; A, & G. 385; B. 188, i; H. 384, 4, 
 n. 3. fallere ; deceive, beguile, while away. So decipere. The Infini- 
 tive with quaero is poetic, or post- Augustan. 
 
 10. pendula tela : the hanging zoeb. According to Homer, Penelope 
 spent much of her time in spinning and weaving. Compare Od. xv. 516: 
 oil ^v yd^p Ti dafjih ^ivijaTTJptr'' 4vl ofKt^ 
 (j>aiveraL, 6XK'' 6.Tb rwv virepwiifi Iffrbv XKpaivei: 
 'for not often does she show herself to the suitors in the house, but 
 far from them, in an upper chamber, she weaves her web.' 
 
Heb. I. 1-33.] PENELOPE TO ULYSSES. 1 39 
 
 H. veris : than the real So Laodamia writes to her husband in Troy, 
 Her. XIII. 149 : 
 
 Nos sumus incertae, nos anxius omnia cogit, 
 quae possunt fieri, facta putare timor. 
 
 13. in te : against thee. ituros (sc. esse) ; were about to advance. 
 
 14. in ; at. 
 
 , 15. Antilochum viotum: that Antiloehus had been vanquished. 
 ab Heotore ; an inaccuracy in Ovid. Antiloehus was slain by Memnon. 
 Compare Homer, Od. iv. 187 f. See Appendix. 
 
 16. nostri ; my, as often in Ovid. 
 
 17. Menoetiaden : Patroclus, the son of Menoetius. falsis ; that is, 
 not his own, but those of Achilles. 
 
 19. sanguine : with Ms blood. Tlepolemus was killed by Sarpedon, the 
 leader of the Lycians. Compare Homer, II. v. 657. 
 
 21. castris : Abl. of Place Where. See note on Met. i. 95. 
 
 22. frigidius glaoie : the chill of fear is often mentioned in the poets. 
 pectus amantis : the Mart of thy fond wife. Pectus was the seat of the 
 affections. 
 
 23. consuluit ; has cared for, looked to the interest of. consulere 
 with Accusative means to consult. 
 
 24. sospite viro ; and my husbanWs life has been spared; Abl. Absolute. 
 
 25. ArgoUoi: Grecian. altaria fumant : i.e. from offerings for their 
 safe return. For Argolici rediere duces, compare Homer, Od. i. 11 : 
 
 "Evd^ dXKoi fi^v Trdpres, 5(roi tp6yov aliriiv 6\eOpov, 
 otKOL eaav irHKefibv re we^evylyres ^3^ ddXaaiyav: 
 
 ' then all the rest, as many as escaped dire destruction, were at home, 
 
 having escaped both war and sea.' 
 
 26. ad : in thx temples of, before. ponitur ad 1 is offered to. 
 barbara praeda : booty taken from the barbarians. 
 
 27. nymphae (from the Greek vi/jupri) : in Latin usually means nymphs ; 
 here = puellae, 1. 3. pro salvis maritis : for the safety of their hus- 
 bands. 
 
 28. illi : refers to maritis. victa Troica fata : tJie conquered^ fates of 
 Troy. suis : to tlieir families ; or, as many commentators take it, the 
 fates of Troy conquered by their own. Compare the tales of Ulysses, 
 Homer, Od. ix.-xii., and Vbrg. Aen. i. 748 ff. 
 
 29. iusti: grave. 
 
 30. pendet ab ore : Mngs on the words. Compare Verb. Aen. iv. 79 : 
 
 Iliaoos iterum demens audire labores 
 exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore. 
 
 31. iamque, etc. : cf. Tib. i. 10, 33 : et in mensa pingere castra 
 mero. 
 
 32. Pergama tota : the whole of Troy, here including its surroundings. 
 The word properly denotes the citadel of Troy. mero : that is, vino. 
 
140 COMMENTAET. [HeR. I. 
 
 S3, hao ibat Simois, etc. : compare Ov. A. A. 11. 133 : 
 
 ' Haec ' inquit ' Troia est,' muros in litore fecit : 
 hie tibi sit Simois, haec mea castra puta, etc. 
 
 35. Aeacides : Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus. tendebat : tented. 
 Compare Verg. Aen. 11. 29 : hie saevus tendebat Achilles. 
 
 36. Mo . . . equos ; compare the poem formerly attributed to Ovid, Blcg' 
 in Mor. Drus. 319 : 
 
 Hoc fuit Andromache cum vir religatus ad asem 
 terruit admissos sanguinolentus equos. 
 lacer ; mangled. admissoa ; running at full speed. Achilles fastened 
 the dead body of Hector to his chariot and drove away, dragging the 
 head in the dust. Compare Homer, H. xxii. 395 fE. Afterwards he 
 drove thrice I'ound the tomb of Patroclus, II. xxiv. 16. But there is 
 nowhere any mention of the frightened horses. Perhaps Ovid is follow- 
 ing some later account. 
 
 37. Benior ; the aged. Compare Ov. Met. xil. 187, where Nestor says : 
 vixi annos bis centum, nunc tertia vivitur aetas. According to Homer, 
 II. I. 350, he was living with the third generation. te quaerere ; to look 
 for thee ; Inf. to express Purpose, a Greek construction, in Latin rare, 
 and chiefly poetic: 421, R. 1; A. &G. 273; B. 326, n.; H. 533 11., 532 (foot- 
 note), misso ; agrees with gnato tuo (Dat.). 
 
 39. Ehesum, Dolona ; see Vocabulary, and compare Met. xiii. 244 fE. 
 
 40. ut : how ; Indirect Question. bio . . . ille : the one . . . the oilier; 
 bio refers to Rhesus. 
 
 41. oblite tuprum r forgetful of thy loved ones. 
 
 42. tangere 1 visit, set foot in. nocturno dolo ; at night by 
 stealth. 
 
 43. tot : according to Homer, thirteen. uno : that is, Diomede. 
 Compare Met. xiii. 241. 
 
 44. mei : Objective Genitive. The reference is probably to Ulysses's 
 effort to avoid going to the Trojan war. The story goes that he feigned 
 madness, and was plowing in a field with a donkey and an ox yoked 
 together, when Palamedes, who suspected the ruse, placed the little 
 Telemachus in the way. TJlysses, fearing to hurt his son, turned aside, 
 and so was detected. See Met. xiir. 36 and note. 
 
 45. Usque metu miouere sinus : my bosom kept quivering with fear. 
 Compare Her. v. 37 : attoniti micuere sinus ; Tib. i. ii, 13 : corde 
 micanti. dum : until. amicum (adj.) : agrees with agmen. 
 
 46. Ismariis: i.e. Thraoian, those of Rhesus. The name is derived 
 from the town or mountain (Ismarus) in Thrace. equis ; on the 
 steeds, probably driving the steeds, as in Met. xm. 253 Ulysses is rep- 
 resented as riding in a chariot ; the Ablative is Instrumental. 
 
 47. sed . . . solum : lut lohat advantage is it to me that Troy has been torn 
 asunder by the arms of you Greeks and that the walls ha/ee been levelled to 
 the ground? 
 
33-65.] PBKELOPB TO ULYSSES. I4I 
 
 48. murus quod fuit : that which was a wall. In Bur. Helen. 108, 
 Teucer tells Helen in Egypt that Troy has been so completely destroyed : 
 
 fi(7T' oi)5' fxvos ye reix^av elvat aa<)>4i : 
 'that there is not even a clear trace of walls.' 
 Compare Vees. Aen. x. 60 : Atque solum quo Troia fuit. 
 
 49. Troia durante : while Troy stood. 
 
 50. vir . . . abest ; and my huahand is absent, to he separated from me 
 for all time. carendus : a rare personal construction, perhaps in imi- 
 tation of the Greek ; cf. utor, etc. The prose would be : viro mihi caren- 
 dum est. 
 
 51. uni = soli (Dat.). 
 
 52. incola . . . arat : which the victorious settler plows with his captured 
 ox. This distich or the following should be omitted. 
 
 53. resecanda . . . humus ; the soil, rich with Trojan Uood, produces abun- 
 dant harvests for the scythe to reap. Take resecanda with humus, though 
 it is doubtful if the construction, resecare humum, can be paralleled. 
 luxuriat : lit. is rank, is covered with rank growth. Compare Hob. 0. 11. 
 I, 39: Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior Campus ? 
 
 55. virum: Gen. Plural : 38, 4 ; A. & G. 40, e; B. 35, 6 ; H. 53, 3. 
 With this line, compare Verg. Georg. i. 493 fE. 
 
 57. victor ahes : though victorious, thou art absent. quae causa 
 morandi : sc. sit. 
 
 58. in quo orbe : in what part of the world. lateas ferreus : thou 
 cruelly hidest. 
 
 60. mihi ; Dat. of Agent. multa : object of rogatus | inner obj. 
 retained with the pass.: G. (L. Ed.) 339, n. 4; A. & G. 339, e.; B. 178, 
 2; H. 374, I. For the sense, compare Homer, Od. xiv. 136: 
 
 $s Si k' dXijTeiJuj' 'WdKij! is drj/Jiov iKi)Tai, 
 
 i\ffiliv is Siairotvav iiiAjv AiraTijKia (Sdfei. 
 
 71 S' e5 SiiaiiAvii tj>i.\ia Kal iKaara fieraXK^ : 
 ' whoever comes wandering to the land of Ithaca, goes to my mistress 
 and tells her deceptive tales, and she receives him with hearty welcome 
 and questions him closely.' 
 
 61. quam reddat 1 to deliver; Kelative clause of Design. 
 
 63. Pylon : Local Accusative. Neleia 1 adjective derived from 
 Neleus, Nestor's father. 
 
 64. Misimus : here Ovid changes the original. In Homer it is Athena 
 that sends Telemachus. Compare Od. i. 93. incerta, etc. : compare 
 Homee, Od. XVII. 114 : 
 
 airip 'Odvir<Trjo! roKaalcjipovos oi itot' e^offfcec 
 
 fwoC oiSi eavbvTos iirixSovloiv rev dmScrai: 
 • but concerning the stout-hearted Ulysses, whether living or dead, he said 
 he had never heard from any mortal.' 
 66. Sparte quoqus nescia veri : Ovid omits the rumors m regard to 
 
142 COMMENTARY. [Her. I. 
 
 Calypso which Telemacbus reports to his mother in Homek, Od. xvii. 
 141-146. veri: the truth; Objective Genitive. 
 
 66. lentus abes : dost thou loiter ? 
 
 67. TItiliiis, etc.: it would be better if the walls of Phoebus were still 
 standing. starent: 597 ; A. & G. 308, 310 ; B. 304, i, 305, i ; H. 
 510, 507, n. 7. moenia Phoebi : compare Her. xvi. 180 : Moenia 
 Phoebeae struota canore lyrae. The authorities are at variance in regard 
 to the building of the walls of Troy. Some attribute the work to Apollo, 
 others to Poseidon (Neptune), others to both, etc. 
 
 68. levis : in my fickleness. votis : i.e. prayers for the destruction 
 of Troy. 
 
 69. pugnares ; Indirect Question and Attraction. The sequence of the 
 Imperfect Subjunctive is regularly past, as here : 517 ; A. & G. 287, ff; 
 B. 268, 5 ; H. 495, in. 
 
 71. timeam: to fear ; Indirect Question, but the Subjunctive would 
 have been used in the direct : 465 ; A. & G. 84, b; B. 315, 3 ; H. 484, v. 
 
 72. in curas meas : for my anxiety. area lata : a broad field. 
 
 75. quae vestra libido est: such is the lust of you men; G. (L. Ed.) 616, 
 n. 2; B. 351, 4, d ; H. 453, 4, n. Compare Piiop. iv. 18, 1: 
 
 Obicitur totiens a te mihi nostra libido : 
 crede mihi, vobis imperat ista magis, etc. 
 
 76. peregrino amore : by tlie love of some stranger. 
 
 77. quam sit tibi rustioa coniunx : liow unpolished thy wife is; compare 
 Her. XII. 175. 
 
 79. Fallar : a Wish. crimen : charge, accusation, insinuation. 
 tenues vanescat in auras; a common expression with Ovid. Compare 
 Her. XII. 85. 
 
 80. revertendi liber : being free to return. An Objective Genitive with 
 liber is a very rare construction, 
 
 82. cogit : is urging. inorepat usque : is constantly chiding. Ovid's 
 account is not quite justified by Homer. moras : i.e. my delay in 
 marrying again ; not, 'thy delay in returning,' a,s the old commenta- 
 tors, inmensas : immoderate, unreasonable. 
 
 83. Inerepet usque licet : let him chide on. increpet : 607 ; A. & G. 
 266 ; B. 308, a; H. 515, in. dicar; 553, 4, R. 1 ; A. & G. 331, i; 
 B. 295, 6 ; H. 503, i. 
 
 85. pietate mea : my devotion to thee, rather than to him. The word 
 usually means devotion to the gods or to one's parents, but is also used 
 in other cases of great affection. 
 
 86. frangitur : is influenced. vires temperat ipse suas : himself re- 
 strains his force. 
 
 87. Sulichii, etc. : compare Homer, Od. i. 345 (and xvi. 123) : 
 
 6irffot ykp v^aoi.a'tv iiTLKpaT^ovo-Lv dpiffTotj 
 
66-110.] PENELOPE TO L'LYSSES. I43 
 
 'for all the chiefs who hold sway over the islands of Duliehium, Same, 
 and woody Zaoynthus,' etc. 
 
 88. turba, etc. : are hesieging me as snitorf, a wanton throng. Accord- 
 ing to HoMEE, Od. XVI. 247, the number was 108. 
 
 90. viscera, etc. -. they are to me a thorn in the flesh, to thee ruthless 
 destroyers of property ; compare Homer, Od. xiv. 92 (and xvi. 315) : 
 KTiJyxara dapdAirrovfrtv inr^p^iov^ oils'* ewL (peidiit : * they insolently waste our 
 possessions and there is no sparing.' 
 
 91. Medontaque dirum ; According to Homer, Od. xxii. 357, Medon, the 
 herald, was friendly to Telemachus. It is inexplicable how Ovid could 
 class him among the suitors and call him dlrus. 
 
 93. quos omnia : all of whom. turpiter absens : being absent to thy 
 disgrace. 
 
 94. tuo partis sanguine rebus : property acquired by thy blood. 
 
 95. egens : the needy, tlie beggar. edendi; to be eaten; for the 
 sense, compare Homer, Od. xvii. 212 : 
 
 €v8a <r<pias iKlxa."' vids AoXfoio M.e\av6eis 
 
 atyas &yoiv 
 
 SeiTTvoj^ lxvT}(TT'fipe<r(n : 
 'there they were met by Melanthius, son of Dolius, driving goats, a 
 feast for the suitors.' 
 96. damna : losses. 
 
 100. dum parat ire : according to Homer the suitors tried to intercept 
 Telemachus on his return. 
 
 102. Ille, etc.: i.e. may he survive us and honor us with the last rites 
 when we are dead. The ut clause explains hoc. 
 
 103. Hao faoiunt : on our side are. 
 
 104. cura : keeper, guardian ; personal. 
 
 105. ut qui : as one who, since he : 683 ; A. & G. 330, e ; B. 283, 3, a ; 
 
 H. 517, 3, 1- 
 
 108. ilia (sc. aetas) ; his youth. erat tuenda : ought to be protected; 
 Indicative in the Periphrastic : 597, 3 ; A. & G. 308, c; B. 304, 3, 6/ 
 
 H. 511, 2. 
 
 109. pellere : Complementary Infinitive to mihi sunt vires = possum. 
 
 tectis : from the house. 
 
 110. citius ; at once, Greek eUaov. portus et aura : We are the 
 storm-tossed ship, be thou a harbor to give us refuge ; nay more, a, 
 favoring breeze to carry us safely into the port. 
 
 For aura, compare Bub. Androm. 5154 : 
 
 ■wpwrov fikv obv Kar^ oSpov Siairep larlois 
 
 ip,irvei<roixai T^S' : 
 'first, then, I will send a favoring breeze upon her as upon sails.' 
 
 For portus, compare ibid. 748 : 
 
 Xel/MTos yhp iyplov 
 Tvxovcra Xi/i^cas ?X9es eis einiviiMivs : 
 
144 COMMENTARY. [Heb. I. 111-116 ; 
 
 ' for, after encountering a raging storm, thou hast come into sheltered 
 harbors ' ; and 891 : 
 
 c5 vavriXoun x«M<"''" X';"')'' (paveis 
 * Aya^f/.vovos irai : 
 ' son of Agamemnon, who hast appeared as a harbor to sailors in 
 time of storm ' ; and Ov. Trist. v. 6, 3 : 
 
 Qui mihi confugium, qui mihi portus eras. 
 Most late editors read, by emendation, portus et ara, supporting it by 
 Ex P. ir. 8, 68 : Vos eritis nostrae portus et ara f iigae. In either case, 
 the metaphor is somewhat mixed. For a similar mixture, compare li. 
 Samuel, 3 : ' The Lord is my rock and my fortress — my shield — my 
 high tower, and my refuge.' 
 
 111. mollibus annis: in Ms tender years ; compare 1. 108 : Telema- 
 chusque puer. He is still regarded as a boy, though ho is twenty years 
 old. He was a child at the breast when Ulysses departed ; compare Od. 
 XI. 448. 
 
 112. in patrias, etc : ought to ie trained to he like Ms father, taugM Ma 
 father's accomplishments. 
 
 113. Eespioe, etc. : have regard for Laertes, that thou mayest now close 
 his eyes ; another reason for haste. Most commentators take ut . , , condas 
 as dependent upon sustinet.' 
 
 114. Buatinet : is hearing (as a burden), is living, is dragging out. 
 extremum fati diem : the last days of his life ; compare Homer, Od. xi. 195 : 
 
 <rbv vlxTTOv TTodiiav, xaXcTr^p 5' ^irl jTJpas Ik6.vu : 
 
 'there he lies grieving and cherishes a mighty sori'ow in his heart, 
 
 longing for thy return, and old age comes upon him as a heavy burden.' 
 
 116. facta : to have hecome. ut : though, even if; a frequent use in 
 
 Ovid : 608 ; A. & G. 313, a; B. 308 ; H. 515, iii. Compare Her. vii. 15 : 
 
 Ut terram invenias, quis eam tibi tradet habendam. 
 
 2. MEDEA TO JASON". 
 
 Hee. XII. ^1. Colohorum regina : lohen I was queen of the OolcMans. 
 She was the daughter of Aeetes, the king. tibi vaoavi : I?iad leisure 
 
 for thee, did not refuse to listen. 
 
 2. ars mea : subject of ferret. Medea was a famous magician. 
 
 3. sorores : Parcae, the three Pates : Clotho, Laohesis, and Atropos. 
 They are supposed to spin out and determine the fate of each individual 
 at his birth. 
 
 4. debuerant : ought to have. For the mood, compare erat tuenda, 
 Her. I. 108. evoluisse ; for the sake of the metre, instead of evolvlsse ; 
 it would ordinarily be Present Infinitive. Ovid and the other poets often 
 use the Perfect Infinitive like the Greek aorist, without distinct refer- 
 
II. 1-17.] MEDEA TO JASON. I45 
 
 ence to past time. Often there is no difference of meaning between the 
 Perfect and the Present. 
 Compare Her. iii. 40 : quae da/re debueras. 
 
 Her. III. 117 : Tutius est iacvisse toro. 
 Her. IV. 11 : non est contemnere tutum. 
 5. potui mori : T could have died. 
 7-10. Compare EuK. Med. 1 ff. 
 
 EW iS0cX' 'ApyoOs fiT] di.aTT(i<T0ai <rKd<l>os 
 KfiXxwi* h atav Kvav^as Si//xTrX7?7(i5as, 
 firjd'' iv vdiraicn JlrjXLov weffeiv Tore 
 TfiTideta-a Treii/c??, lirjS^ iper^wo-ai x^pas 
 dvdpuv dpL<TT€03v 0? t6 7rd7xpu(rov S^pos 
 IleXf^ fjLETTjKdov : 
 'Would that the hull of the Argo had never flown through the dark 
 Symplegades to the land of the Colchians ; would that the pine had 
 never been felled in the groves of Pelion and had never been rowed by 
 the hands of the heroic chieftains who went in quest of the golden fleece 
 for Pelias.' 
 
 8. Phrixeam ovem; i.e. the golden fleece of the ram on which Phrixus 
 rode through the air over the Jlellespont. His sister Helle fell off and 
 was drowned, and so gave her name to the waters. The ram was sacrificed 
 and his skin carefully preserved by the Colchians. It was in search of 
 this that Jason came. Pelias arbor : i.e. the ship (Argo) made out 
 of the pine-tree cut on Mt. Pelion. 
 
 9. Magnetida : Magnenan ; i e. Thessalian. Magnesia was a district 
 of Thessaly. The adjective agrees with Argo, which is Accusative. 
 
 10. Phasiaoam : Phasis is a river of Colchis. 
 
 11. plus aequo : more than they ought. 
 
 13. aut ; for this use of aut as the correlative of a question, compare 
 
 Her. X. Ill: 
 
 Crudeles somni, quid me tenuistis inertem ? 
 aut semel aeterna noote premenda fui. 
 nova : the Argo was the first ship. 
 
 14. audacis ; goes with viros. 
 
 15. isset : he ought to have gone. Compare Am. iii. 8, 49 : 
 
 Quid tibi cum pelago ? Terra contenta fuisses. 
 
 and Am. iii. lo, 41 : 
 
 Optavit Minos similes sibi legifer annos. 
 Optasset Cereris longus ut esset amor. 
 anhelatos in ignes : into the Ireathed flames. praemedicatus : he had 
 
 received from Medea an ointment which made him proof against fire. 
 
 16. inmemor Aesonides : the ungrateful son of Aeson ; i.e. Jason. Ovid 
 is fond of these patronymics. 
 
 17. Semina: i.e. the dragon's teeth, from which immediately sprang a 
 crop of armed men. visuruB : see Appendix. 
 
 10 
 
146 COMMENTAKT. [Hee. XII. 
 
 18. ab; goes with oultu; an unusual position. 
 
 19. scelerate ; guilty creature. perisset : would have perished. 
 
 20. dempta forent : would ham been remoiicd. 
 
 21. ingrato meritum exprobrare : to reproach an ungrateful man with 
 the kindness you have shown him. 
 
 22. hac : sc. voluptate. 
 
 23. lussus : Jason was sent on this dangerous mission by his uncle 
 Pelias, King of lolcus in Thessaly, who, on account of an oracular warn- 
 ing, feared Jason and sought in this manner to compass his death. 
 inexpertam: untried. puppim : s/tip ; by Syneodoch6. ColchOB : 
 towards the Oolchians. In prose a preposition would be necessary. 
 
 25. Medea : /, Medea. Hoc, quod ; what. nova nupta : Creusa, 
 the daughter of Creon, King of Corinth. * 
 
 26. quam, etc. : my father was as rich as hers is. 
 
 27. Ephyren : an old name for Corinth. bimarem : between the two 
 seas ; situated on the narrow isthmus ; compare Met. v. 407. Soythia 
 tenus : as far as Scythia. 
 
 28. qua : where. He holds everything on the left coast of the Black 
 Sea up to Scythia on the north. 
 
 29. hospitio : urith hospitality, hospitably. • Aeeta : a Latinized form 
 of Aeetes. Compare poeta and Tron/rifs. 
 
 30. plctos ; embroidered. toros : couches, on which they were sup- 
 posed to recline at the meal according to Roman custom. corpora 
 Graia : ye, Grecian men ; apposition. 
 
 31. quis esses ; who thou wast. 
 
 32. Ilia fuit, etc. : compare Verg. Aen. iv. 169 : 
 
 Ille dies primus leti primusque malorum 
 causa fuit. 
 
 33. Et vidi et perii ; I both saw and was overcome. nee notls ignibus 
 arsi : compare Met. vii. 13 : 
 
 mirumque, nisi hoc est, 
 aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur. 
 
 34. ad : at the altars of. 
 
 36, Et formosus eras, etc. : compare Met. vii. 84 : 
 
 Et casu solito formosior Aesone natus 
 ilia luce fuit : posses ignoscere amanti. 
 Spectat, et in vultu veluti tum denique vise 
 lumina fixa tenet, neo se mortalia demens 
 ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo. 
 trahebant : were dragging me on. 
 
 36. abstulerant lumina nostra ; had captivated mine. 
 
 37. Perfide, seusisti : faithless man, thou didst perceive it. Quis enim, 
 etc. : compare Her. xvi. 7 : 
 
 Sed male dissiraulo. /Juis onim celaverit ignem, 
 lumine qui semper proditur ipse suo ? 
 
18-65.] MEDEA TO JASOK. I47 
 
 39. lex : the condition, on which the golden fleece might he obtained. 
 ut : namely, that. The clause is in apposition to lex. 
 
 40. premeres : Past Sequence after the historical Present. vomere : 
 plow, plowshare. He was to yoke and plow tlie oxen. 
 
 41. Martis tauri ; seems to be an inaccuracy on the part of Ovid. Ac- 
 cording to Apollonius, it was the field that bore the name of Wars ; so 
 Ov. Met. vir. 101. plus quam per cornua saevi ; dreadful not alone 
 on accovnt of their horns, but especially on account of the flames. 
 
 42. quoram, etc. : whose breath was terrible fire. Compare Apol. Rh. iii. 
 410 : cTbtmTk 0x67a ipvaiboivTi^ : ' breathing flames fi'om their mouths.' 
 
 43. aere, etc. : their feet were of solid bronze (lit. solid with bronze), with 
 bronze were their nostrils lined. Ovid would refine a little, in this and 
 the next line, on Apol. Rh. hi. 230 : 
 
 Kal ol xa^tiToSas raiipous Ka,ii,e, xf^^tco Si ffrjieav 
 
 ^v irri/iaT' : 
 'and he made for him bulls with feet of bronze and their mouths were of 
 bronze.' 
 
 45. populoB : i.e. homines. 
 
 46. devota manu ; ^D^th a doomed hand ; as his death would naturally 
 have followed. 
 
 47. corpora : poetic Plural. tells natis secnm : they .<;prang up 
 ready-arraed. 
 
 49. custodis : that is, the dragon. 
 
 50. Tiltimus labor : this was not one of the conditions, but was rendered 
 necessary by the refusal of Aeetes to abide by the compact. 
 
 52. deserit: deserts; that is, is removed from. 
 
 53. Quam tibi tunc longe : how far from thee then ; they could not 
 help thee. Nearer aid was needed. Compare Met. iv. 649 : 
 
 ' vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum, 
 quam mentiris,' ait, ' longe tibi luppiter absit.' 
 55. prosequor : accompany. My moist eyes were fixed on thee as thou 
 
 56. lingua : my tongue. 
 
 57. male sauoia: badly wounded; with the darts of love. Compare 
 Verq. Aen. iv. 1 : At regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura. 
 
 58. nox, quanta fuit : the live-long night. acta est per lacrimas: 
 was passed in tears. 
 
 61. Hinc amor, hinc timer est: compare Met. vii. 10 ff.; Apol. Rh. hi. 
 646 ff. Hinc . . . hinc : on one side . ..on the other. 
 
 63. Disieotam comas : ^Dith hai/r dishevelled. comas : Ace. of Respect : 
 338; A. & G. 240, e; B. 180; H. 378. adversa in ora; /ace down. 
 adversa : lit. turned to the bed. 
 
 64. invenit : Perfect or Present ? 
 
 65. Orat opem Minyis : she begs aid for the Minyans, i.e. the Argonauts, 
 because she has sons in their number. altera . , . alter ; the one (her 
 
148 COMMENTARY. [IIer. XII. 
 
 sister). . .</«« other (hev Ioybi). habebit: shall receive. She granted 
 
 the request, but not for her sister's sake. See Appendix. 
 
 67. Est nemus, etc. : there is a grove, dark with the pitcJi-pine and tJie 
 leaves of the holm-oak. 
 
 68. radiis: Dative. 
 
 69. fuerant certe : at least there was. delubra : a shrine, temple. 
 
 70. aureadeai a golden goddess ; i.e. statue. 
 
 71. exoiderunt; fallen from thy memory, teen forgotten. mecum: 
 as I have. Thee is often short in the Perf. ending erunt for metrical 
 reasons. For the heterogeneous PI. loca, see 67, 2 ; A. & G. 78, 2, h ; 
 B. 60, 2 ; H. 141. 
 
 72. orsus ; from ordior. Avoid confusing with orior. 
 74. tua est I pronounce tuast, by Aphaeresis : 719, E. 
 
 76. servatus -.if I am saved, ov my rescue will be. Compare Met. vii. 49 : 
 
 perque Pelasgas 
 servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba. 
 Also Apol. Rh. hi. 989 if. 
 
 78. ouncta videntis avi: i.e. the Sun. Compare Homee, Od. xii. 323 : 
 
 'HeXt'ou, Ss irdvT^ itfyopa Kal Trdvr^ ^iraKoiei : 
 ' of the Sun who seeth all things and heareth all things.' 
 
 79. triplicis vnltus : the three faces. Compare Veeg. Aen. iv. 511: 
 
 Tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae. 
 andOv. Fast. 1.141: 
 
 Ora vides Heeates in tres vertentia partes, 
 servet ut in ternas compita secta vias. 
 Medea was a priestess of Diana. 
 
 80. ista ; thy. aliquos : any special. 
 
 81. miserere: have pity. 
 
 88. tempus in omne : for all time. 
 
 83. Quodsi, etc. . lut if perchance thou dost not disdain a Pelasgian 
 husband, dost not deem a Oreeh unworthy to be thy husband. 
 
 84. tarn faciles meosque : so propitious am,d friendly to me. Compare : 
 Her. XVI. 23: faciles auras ventosque seoundos ; xviii. 3: Si mihi di 
 faciles et sunt in amore secundi. unde: translate, what could make; 
 for the case of deos, compare Hoe. Sat. 11. 7, 116 : • 
 
 Unde mihi lapidem ? 
 Quorsum est opus ? Unde sagittas ? 
 
 85. vanescat : a Wish. ante . . . quam ; before. 
 
 87. conscia : a witness. saoris praefecta maritis : tJie goddess who 
 
 presides over the marriage rites, maritis is an adjective ; compare Her. 
 11.41: 
 
 lunonemque, toris quae praesidet alma mantis. 
 89-92. Haec, etc. : compare Her. ir. 49 : 
 
 Credidimus blandis, quorum tibi copia, verbis: 
 eredidimus generi numinibusquo tuis: 
 
67-117.] MEDEA TO JASON. I49 
 
 credidimus lacrimis ; an ct hae similare docentur ? 
 hae quoque habent artes, quoque iubentur euiit? 
 89. quota pars: what part, implying that they are a very small part. 
 91. pars fraudis : some deception. "Were they genuine tears, or art thou 
 able to feign them to suit thy purpose ? 
 
 93. inadusto oorpore : with unburnt body, unharmed hy the flames. 
 
 94. iusso vomere : with the ordered plowshare, with the plowshare as 
 ordered. 
 
 95. pro : instead of. 
 
 96. miles : soldiers ; Singular used collectively. habet : the infe- 
 rior MSS. have habens, which makes a smoother reading. 
 
 97-98. Ipsa ego, etc. : compare Met. vii. 134: 
 
 Ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutura fecerat ilium, 
 utque peti vidit iuvenem tot ab hostibus unum, 
 palluit et subito sine sanguine f rigida sedit. 
 
 100. inter se, etc. : according to Medea's instructions, Jason threw a 
 stone into their midst, whereupon they began to slay one another. 
 striotas; drawn hack; ready to inflict blows. The word is commonly 
 used of swords. 
 
 101. squamis orepitantibus horrens : bristling with his rattling scales. 
 
 103. verrit: sweeps. 
 
 104. maris gemini : of the two seas. distinet : holds apart, separates. 
 
 105. lUa ego : I, the one. tibi : in thy estimation. sum facta : 
 have become. 
 
 106. sum : sc. visa. nocens : a guilty creature ; notice the repeti- 
 tion of this word at the end of lines 118, 129, and 132. 
 
 107. subdnxi : subdued. medioato : enchanted, produced by enchant- 
 ment. 
 
 108. et tibi, etc. : and gave thee the fleece to carry off safely, tuta is a 
 kind of predicate to vellera: I made it safe. raperes: Subjunctive 
 of Design. 
 
 109. Proditus est, etc. : compare Eur. Med. 1333: 
 
 TTCLTpis re Kal yijs irpobbriv 7} &' idp^aro : 
 ' betrayer of thy father and of the land which brought thee up.' 
 
 112. optima, etc. : compare Her. xvii. 231 : 
 
 Non erat Aeetes, ad quem dospecta rediret, 
 non Idyia parens, Chalciopeque soror. 
 
 113. te : object of reliqiii. sine me : without me, behind. ger- 
 mane : Absyrtus. The story is that when Medea was being closely pur- 
 sued by her father, she killed her brother and scattered his limbs that 
 her father might lose time in collecting them. 
 
 114. hoc uno loco : in this one place. littera : is used frequently by 
 Ovid like epistula, Iii prose, use litterae. 
 
 116. tecum: that is, Jason. 
 
 117, timerem : was I to fear. 
 
1 50 COMMENTAET. [HER. XII. 
 
 118. credere me pelago : it was a common notion among the ancients 
 that the guilty were peculiarly liable to shipwreck. Compare Her. vii. 57: 
 Nee violasse fidem temptantibus aequora prodest : 
 perfidiae poenas exigit ille locus, 
 femina, iamque nocens : though a woman, and now a guilty one. 
 
 121. Compresses : sc. nos. Compresses elisissent; had closed and 
 crushed us. 
 
 122. nostra : my. 
 
 123. canibus : compare Met. xiv. 53: 
 
 Ilia feris atram canibus suocingitur alvum, 
 virginis ora gerens. 
 Compare also A. A. i. 331. 
 
 124. ingratis nocere viris : because Minos, for whose sake she had cut 
 the fateful purple hair from the head of her father Nisus, proved un- 
 grateful to her. 
 
 ■ 125. ftuaeque: that is, Charybdis. 
 
 127. Haemonias : that is, Thessalian. Haemus was a mountain in Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 128. ponitur ad: compare Her. I. 36. » 
 
 129. Peliae natas ; the daughters of Pelias, trusting in the magic arts 
 of Medea, cut their father to pieces and boiled him in a pot to make him 
 young again. pietate nooentes ; injuring hy intended kindness. 
 
 131. Ut: though; compare Her. i. 116. 
 
 133. sua : suitable. 
 
 134. Aesonia cede dome : go forth from the house of Jason. 
 
 135. natis: Abl. of Agent with ab omitted; compare Fast. in. 603: 
 Solo comitatus Achate. 
 
 136. amore tui : love of thee. tui : Objective Genitive. 
 
 137. Hymen cantatus: the marriage song. Hymen was the god of 
 marriage and his name was repeated frequently in these hymns. 
 
 138. lampades : torches; a Greek word, here = taedae. 
 
 139. sooialla oarmina : wedding hym/ns. vobis : that is, for thee 
 and thy bride. 
 
 140. at, etc.: hut to me they were sadder than the funeral trumpet; 
 compare Prop. n. 7, 12: Tibia, funesta tristior ilia tuba. 
 
 .141. pertlmui, etc. : I was thoroughly alarmed hut did not yet think 
 there was so great a crime; did not believe that Jason was marrying 
 again. 
 
 143. frequenter : repeatedly. There is a variant reading : frequentant, 
 repeat ; see Appendix. For Hymen and Hymenaee, compare the refrain 
 in Cat. lxi. : 
 
 Hymen Hymenaee io, 
 Hymen Hymenaee. 
 
 144. quo, hoc; Abl. of Degree of Bifference: the nearer this sound came, 
 the worse off was I. pelus is an adverb, comparative of male. 
 
118-173.] MEDEA TO JASON. I5I 
 
 145. Siversi : apart, turning aside, in various places. 
 
 146. vellet : rhetorical Potential Subjunctive implying negative answer. 
 tanti mail : of so great a misfortune. 
 
 147. quicquid erat : whatever it was. potius iuvabat: it was more 
 pleasing ; I, too, preferred. 
 
 149. amore videndi : i.e. by curiosity. For the reading ksre, see Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 151. Hue mihi, mater, adi ; come hither, mother. mihi : Ethical 
 Dative ; for the reading, see Appendix. Pompam ducit : is heading 
 a procession. 
 
 152. aureus : resplendent with gold. 
 
 153. Protinus abscissa planzi mea peotora veste : tearing the clothes, 
 beating the breast, plucking out the hair, and such modes ot expressing 
 intense grief, are very common in the ancient poets. 
 
 155. Ire animus suadebat : I felt an impulse to go. mediae in agmina 
 turbae : into the ranks of the surrounding throng. 
 
 156. sertaque, etc. : to snatch the garlands from the well-arranged hair, 
 of the bride. demere rapta : seize and take off, snatch,. 
 
 157. Vix me continui : with difficulty I refrained. sic laniata 
 capillos : with my hair torn as it was. capillos : Accusative of 
 Respect. quin clamarem : from shouting. 
 
 158. inioere manus : to lay the hands on; a legal term, a method of 
 claiming possession. 
 
 160. Inferias, etc. : shade of my hrother, receive thy offerings. The PI. 
 umbrae, like manes, is sometimes used of the spirit of one person. Infe- 
 riae were ofEerings to the dead. 
 
 162. coniuge goes with deseror: lam deserted by my husband; com- 
 pare comitata natis, 1. 135 above. omnia: everythijig ; compare Enii. 
 Med. 328: h v T^P ?" MO' Td^ra : ' for he, in whom was my all ' ; and Ov. 
 Her. III. 51 : 
 
 Tot tamen araissis te compensavimus unum : 
 tu dominus, tn vir, tu mihi frater eras. 
 
 163. igitur: so. 
 
 164. perdomuisse: to subdue; Perf. as Present. Compare sopire, 1. 171. 
 
 165. pepuli: a reduplicated Perf. ; Sedlmayer reads repuU. 
 
 166. flammas : i.e. her love for Jason; compare Prop. ii. i, 57: 
 
 Omnes humanos sanat medioina dolores; 
 solus amor morbi non amat artificem. 
 
 167. Ipsi, etc. -. even enchantments, and herbs, and magic arts fail me. 
 
 168. nil agunt : have no power. Heoates : Greek form of the Geni- 
 tive. 
 
 169. Non mihi, etc.: compare Tib. 11. 4, 11: Nunc et amara dies et 
 noctis amarior umbra est. noctes vigilantur amarae : the nights are 
 passed in hitter wakefulness. 
 
 173. paelex: Medea regards herself as the lawful wife. 
 
152 COMMENTARY. [Heb. XII. 174-213. 
 
 174. fructus : Accusative Plural. 
 
 175. te iaotare : to make a display before. 
 
 176. iniustis auribus apta : things suited to unfriendly ears. 
 
 177. in faciem, etc. : you make new, unfounded charges against my 
 appearance and character ; compare Her. i. 77. 
 
 178. rideat, etc. : let her laugh and rejoice at my faults. 
 
 179. Tyrio in ostro : on the Tyrian purple ; the royal couch. 
 
 180. ardores vincet adusta meos : being set on fire, she will surpass my 
 /lames; compare 1. 166. Medea sent to Creusa as a wedding gift a robe 
 smeared -with poisonous ointments which caused the unhappy bride to 
 perish miserably in ilames. See Euu. Med. 1136 S. 
 
 184. animis verba minora meis : words humbler than my wrath ; she 
 changes from threats to entreaty. Compare Her. iii. 85 : Vince animos 
 iramque tuam ; Met. vi. 368: verba minora dea = beneath the dignity of 
 a goddess. 
 
 186. nee moror procubuisee : and I hesitate not to throw myself. 
 
 187. Si tibi sum vilis : if thou hast no regard for me. vilis : cheap, 
 vnesteemed. 
 
 188. dira noveroa : a step-mother's cruelty has long been proverbial. 
 
 190. nostra: my. 
 
 191. avitae flammae : the sun. 
 
 192. meritum : the kindness I have shown thee. pignora : dear, lit. 
 
 193. insana : in my madness. 
 
 194, adde fidemdictis: be true to thy promises. 
 
 196. utque tua, etc. : or that the serpent may grow quiet, overcome by thy 
 aid; I do not ask as much as I gave. 
 
 197. qnem nobis ipse dedisti : whom thou thyself didst give me. 
 
 198. parente : Apposition to quo. 
 
 199. numeravimus : I counted it out, paid it in cash. Campo illo : 
 on that field. 
 
 200. qui tibi, etc. : which had to he plowed by thee before thou couldst 
 carry off (laturo) the fleece. 
 
 201. villo spectabilis aureo ; distinguished for his golden wool. aureo : 
 dissyllabic by Synizesis. Aureus, standing in the MSS. at the begin- 
 ning of this verse, can hardly be correct with villo spectabilis aureo ; I 
 would suggest instead, At vero. 
 
 202. dos mea : is my dowry. Quam dicam si tibi ' redde ' : if I should 
 say : give it back to me. 
 
 203. tu sospes : thy safety, thy rescue, sospes applies also to inventus. 
 
 204. Sisyphias opes : Sisyphus was the mythical founder of Corinth. 
 As he had a bad reputation, the term is one of contempt. confer : 
 compare. 
 
 205. Quod; the fact that. nuptam socerumque potentis : a powerful 
 bride and father-in-law. 
 
Am. I. 3, 1-31.] A PROPOSAL. 1 53 
 
 206. hoc ipsum, etc. : this very fad, that thou hast it in thy power to he 
 ungrateful, is my work; compare Trist. v. 9, 30: Hoc quoque, quod 
 memoves possuraus esse, tuum est. 
 
 207. ftuos equidem aotutum, etc. : those whom I immediately — hut what 
 advantage is it to foretell my vengeance 9 She refers to her children, 
 ■whom she murders to take vengeance on her husband. 
 
 208. Ingentia parturit ira minas : wrath brings forth mighty threats. 
 
 209. Faoti fortasse plgebit : perhaps I shall regret the deed. 
 
 210. et plget, etc. : I also regret having assisted a faithless man. 
 
 211. Viderit ista deus : let the god see to that ; referring to her thi-eats. 
 
 212. Nescio quid maius: something out of the ordinary. agit: is 
 considering. 
 
 3. A PROPOSAL. 
 
 Am. I. 3. — 1. lusta preoor ; my prayers are just. praedata est ; 7ms 
 
 captivated, has made me her praeda. 
 
 2. aut amet : let her either love me. aut faciat cur : or give me 
 reason to. 
 
 3. tantum patiatur amari : let her only suffer herself to he loved. 
 
 4. audierit : will have heard ; if this one request be granted, I shall 
 be satisfied; all my prayers will have been answered. Cytherea : i.e. 
 Venus, so called from the island of Cythera, southeast of Laconia. Near 
 this island, Venus sprang into existence out of the sea-foam and here she 
 was especially worshipped. 
 
 5. tibi qui deseiviat : who will continue to he thy slave. norit : 
 knows how ; Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 7. veterum parentum : of ancient a/ncestors. 
 
 8. eques : a knight ; if I belong only to the equestrian rank. 
 
 10. temperat, etc. : and my parents, hoth economical, spare expenses. 
 
 11. at : nevertheless. Phoebus : Apollo, the god of music and poe- 
 try, comites novem : the Muses. vitis repertor : Bacchus. 
 
 12. hae faoiunt: are on my side; compare Her. i. 103. at Amor: 
 Amor, too. 
 
 13. nulli cessura fides : honor second to none. sine orimine mores : 
 a Nameless character. 
 
 14. nudaque, etc. : plain straightforwardness and hlushing modesty. 
 
 15. desultor Amoris : fickle in love ; see Vocabulary. 
 
 16. siqua fides : if thou, wilt believe me. mihi oura : my love. 
 
 17. flia sororum : the threads of the sisters ; the Parcae. 
 
 18. contingat : may it he my lot. te dolente : regretted ly thee. 
 
 19. materiem : in apposition to te. 
 
 21. Carmine nomen habent : have derived fame from poetry. exter- 
 
 rita cornibus lo : lo frightened ly her own horns, when she was trans- 
 formed into a cow by the jealous Juno. Compare Met. i. 640. 
 
154 COMMENTART. [Am. I. 3, 33-30; 
 
 22. qnam : that is, Leda. fluminea ave : that is, in the guise 
 of a swan. lusit : deceived. adulter : Jupiter. 
 
 23. ftuaeque : that is, Europa. simulato vecta iuveuco : riding on 
 the false bullock ; Jupiter, disguised as a bull, carried Europa across the 
 water from Asia to Europe. 
 
 24. cornua vara : the out-curving horns. 
 26. nostra; my, 
 
 4. THE TABLET. 
 
 Am. T. 13. — 1. tristes : with sad news. 
 
 2. Infelix : unhappy, bringing unhappiness, with sorrow fraught. 
 hodie posse negat : says she cannot see me to-day. 
 
 3. Modo : just now. 
 
 4. digitos restitit iota: struck her toes and stopped; stumbling at the 
 threshold was a bad omen, digitos : Accusative of Respect. Nape : 
 the maid-servant who carried the note. 
 
 5. Missa foras itenim : the iiszt time you are sent out. 
 
 7. difiBloiles : unkind. 
 
 8. negaturis: conveying a "No"; which will say "No" when I in- 
 terpret them. cera: the wax was spread on the wooden tablets and 
 the marks were made with the steel stylus. 
 
 9. quam : refers to cera. longae cicutae ; of the tall hemlock ; a 
 deadly poison, used in executions at Athens. 
 
 10. melle sub infami misit : placed you to hold honey of ill repute ; ac- 
 cording to Pliny, the Corsican honey was bitter. 
 
 11. At tamquam, etc. -. but you blushed, so to speak, being thoroughly 
 mixed with red lead ; the poet imagines the w.ax to turn red from shame. 
 
 13. Proieotae triviis iaceatis : cast forth, may you lie where the streets 
 meet. 
 
 17. suspendia : a gallows. 
 
 18. cruoes : crosses, for crucifixion. 
 
 19. bubonibus; OM)Z«; a large species. Strix was the screech owl. Both 
 kinds were birds of ill omen. 
 
 21. His : sc. tabellis. commiBi noatros amores : I intrusted my 
 
 love. insanus : like one insane. 
 
 23. Aptius . . . capiant : would more fitly receive. vadlmonia garrula : 
 wordy recognizances. 
 
 24. quas aliquia cognitor legat : to be read by some advocate. 
 
 25. ephemeridas tabulasque: day-books and accounts. melius iace- 
 rent: would better have lain; would have been more appropriately 
 placed. 
 
 26. absumptas opes : his wasted wealth. fleret : would weep for. 
 
 27. Ergo, etc. : therefore I found you double-faced in fact (rebus) as well 
 as in name ; it was a folding tablet, the wax faces inside, the wood outside. 
 
12, 1-30; 15, 1-33.] THE TABLET — A DEFENSE OF POESY. 155 
 
 28. numerus : the number (two). There was luck in odd numbers. ' 
 auspicii boni : of good omen; Genitive of Quality. 
 
 89. Quid precer : what am I to pray for f nisi vos cariosa seneotus 
 
 rodat ; unless that wasting old age may gnaw you. 
 
 30. situ; mould. 
 
 5. A DEFENSE OF POESY. 
 
 Am. I. 15. — 1-2. Quid, etc. : why, biting envy, reproachest thou me 
 with lazy years and callest poetry the work of an idle mind. 
 
 3. non me : (charging) that I do not. dum strenua sustinet aetas : 
 while the active time of life permits. 
 
 4. sequi : pursue. 
 
 5. leges: Ovid more than once speaks slightingly of the profession 
 which his father chose for him. 
 
 7. Mortale ; for a time only. quaeris : requirest. mihi ; Da- 
 
 tive of Agent, more common with the compound tenses : 354 ; A. & G. 
 232, b; B. 189; H. 388. 
 
 9. Maeonides : that is, Homer. dum ; as long as. Tenedos : 
 
 an island ; Ide : a mountain ; Simois : a river — all near Troy and all men- 
 tioned by Homer. 
 
 11. Asoraeus ; the bard of Asera, in Boeotia, was Hesiod, the poet of 
 the farmer ; lience the mention of uva and Ceres, mustis ; with juice ; 
 the word usually means newly made wine. 
 
 12. incurva : curved. 
 
 13. Battiades : the Alexandrian poet Callimachus, a native of Gyrene, 
 of which Battus was supposed to be the founder. Ovid seems to have 
 had a correct estimate of him. 
 
 14. quamvis ingenio non valet : although he does not excel in genius ; 
 Ovid often uses quamvis with the Indicative : 006, E. ; A. & G. 313, g ; 
 B. 309, 6; H. 515, in. n. 3. 
 
 15. iactnra : loss ; the fame of Sophocles will remain undiminished. 
 cothurno: the buslcin ; the foot-wear of tragic actors. Aeschylus, So- 
 phocles, and Euripides were the three great tragic poets of the Greeks. 
 
 16. Aratus : a writer on astronomy. 
 
 17. fallax servus, etc. : the standard characters in the Middle Comedy. 
 Menander and his school are chiefly known to us through the translations 
 of Plautus and Terence. 
 
 19. animosi: spirited, high-sounding. oris; utterance, speech. Bn- 
 
 nius and Accius were early Roman poets. 
 
 21. primam . . . ratem : that is, the Argo ; Varro Atacinus wrote, 
 among other things, an Argonautica. 
 
 22. terga: hide, fleece; poetic Plural. duel: Dative of Agent. 
 
 23. sublimis ; lofty, of elevated style. Ovid was one of the first to ap- 
 preciate this great poet. 
 
156 COMMENTARY. [Am. I. 15, 24-41 ; 
 
 24. exitio ; Dative of the Indirect Object. una dies : compare 
 LuoR. V. 93: 
 
 Prinolpio maria ac terras caelumque tuere, 
 una dies dabit exitio. 
 
 25. Tityrus et frugea Aenelaque arma: ie. the Bucolics, the Georgics, 
 and the Aeneid of Vergil. In A. A. in. 338 Ovid says of the Aeneid : 
 nullum Latio clarius extat opus. 
 
 26. triumpliati : conquered; whose defeat had been celebrated by tri- 
 umphs. The poet fondly imagines that Rome's power will always pre- 
 vail. 
 
 27. ignes arouaque ; flames and the how. We have a number of charm- 
 ing elegies by Tibullus. Compare Am. in. g. 
 
 29. Hesperiis : to tliose of the West ; compare A. A. in. 536 : Vesper et 
 Boae novere Lycorida terrae. Lycoria was a fictitious name of the woman 
 to whom Gallus addressed some of his love-poems. The works of this 
 elegiac poet have been lost. See note on Am. in. g, 63. 
 
 31. cum ; while, although. 
 
 33. Cedant : let them yield. 
 
 36. pocula, etc. : cups full of Castalian water. miniatret : a Wish. 
 
 37. Buatineamque, etc.: and may I wear on my hair the myrtle which 
 dreads the cold; the myrtle was sacred to Venus. Compare A. A. 11. 53, 
 where that goddess speaks to Ovid and gives him a leaf and seeds of the 
 myrtle wi'eath which she is wearing. 
 
 38. multus legar: may He read much; for this adverbial use of the 
 adjective, see 325, B. 6 ; A. & G. 191 ; B. 239 ; H. 443. amante : Ab- 
 lative of Agent ; the preposition is rarely omitted ; compare Her. xii. 135. 
 
 40. cum suua, etc. : when fitting honor protects each one according to his 
 deserts. 
 
 41. Ergo, etc. : therefore even when the last fire (the funeral pyre) shall 
 have consumed me, I shall live, and a large part of me will survive ; com- 
 pare Hob. Od. in. 30, 6: 
 
 Non omnis moriav, multaque pars mei 
 
 vitabit Libitinam. 
 It is noteworthy that Ovid's list of famous poets is incomplete. Among 
 the Greeks there arc several important names that are omitted, and among 
 the Romans both Catullus and Horace are left unmentioned. 
 
 6. ELEGY ON THE PARROT. 
 
 Am. II. 6.— 1. Eoia . . , ab India : from the Indies in the East. Indi : 
 the people of India. Indua is usually the river. Of course, in Ovid's day 
 there were no West Indies. 
 
 2. oocidit: is dead. exaequias : to the funeral ; probably Cognate 
 
 Ace. like pompam funeris ire, Past. vi. 663. frequenter : in crowds. 
 
II. 6, 1-31.] ELEGY ON THE PARROT. 1 5/ 
 
 3. The alliteration here and in 1. 28, and, in a less degree, in various 
 other Terses of this poem, seems to be intentional. 
 
 5. Horrida lanietur pluina : let your feathers be torn and ruffled, hor- 
 rida is a kind of predicate adjective, indicating the result of the action 
 of the verb. pro : instead of. 
 
 6. tuta : the trumpet was used in funerals. Compare Her. xii. 140. 
 
 7. soelus Ismarii tyranni : the crime of the Tliracian King ; the story- 
 is told at length in Met. vi. 434 fE. Tereus married Procne, the daughter 
 of the Athenian King Pandion, and afterwards cruelly deceived her 
 sister Philomela. To prevent the exposure of his villainy, he cut out 
 Philomela's tongue and kept her shut up in a stable. Finally, however, 
 she conveyed the information to her sister by using the art of embroidery, 
 whereupon the two women devised vengeance on the tyrant, and to 
 this end slew the boy Itys and served him as food on his father's table. 
 Procne was changed into the swallow, Philomela into the nightingale, 
 and Tereus into the hoopoe. 
 
 9, devertere in funus : turn aside to the ftmeral. 
 
 11. Onmes, quae : all ye who. libratis ouraus : poise your flight. 
 
 liqnido : clear. 
 
 13. Plena fuit vobis concordia : there was complete concord between you 
 two. 
 
 15. iuvenis Phooeus : i.e. Pylades. 
 
 18. mutandis sonis : in changing sounds; Dat. of the Gerundive. 
 
 19. quid iuvat : what availeth it, what advantage is it. ut datus 
 es: when thou wast given' nostrae: my; i.e. Corinna. 
 
 20. gloria: Voc, personified abstract substantive. iaoes : thou 
 
 liest dead. 
 
 21. hebetare: to make dim; by comparison. The wings were bright 
 
 green. 
 
 22. gerens: having, and thou hadst. Punica rostra: a purple 
 beak. tinota rubro crooo : tinged with reddish yellow. 
 
 23. vocum simulantior : more imitative of sounds, a better imitator of 
 
 24. blaeso : lisping. 
 
 25. invidia : by envy, unjust fate. 
 
 27. coturnices: quails; these were so combative that quail-fighting 
 ranked with cock-fighting as an ancient sport. 
 
 28. anus: a feminine substantive because coturnices is feminine,' but 
 the males are especially referred to : and perhaps for that reason they 
 often reach a ripe old age, or inde = of them. 
 
 ' 29. Plenus : satisfied. prae : for, on account of, from; Preventing 
 
 Cause. 
 
 30. ora : Accusative of Respect. 
 
 31. causae: in English use the Singular. Bomni: Objective Geni- 
 tive. 
 
158 COMMENTARY. [Am. II. 6, 33-62; 
 
 33. ducens gyros : which maheB curves. 
 
 34. graculufl ; both jackdaws and crows were harbingers of rain. 
 
 35. comix: crow; hated for tale-telling. Compare Met. 11. 5C3. 
 
 36. saeclis : Ablative of Time Within Which. 
 
 39. Optima prima : usually the test things are first snatched away. 
 manibuB : hands ; distinguish from manibus. 
 
 41. Phylacidae: i.e. Protesilaus, of Phylace in Thessaly, who was the 
 first of the Gi-eeks killed at Troy. Tbersites : the ugliest and most 
 
 insignificant of the Greeks around Troy. 
 
 44, per mare ; over the sea. 
 
 45, non exhibitura sequentem ; destined to be the last. 
 
 46, vacuo : the thread of life was used up. colus : usually feminine. 
 
 47, ignavo : dull, numb ; growing numb with the chill of death. 
 
 49. CoUe sub, etc. : at the foot of the Elysian hill there is a grove, leafy 
 with the dark holm-oak. 
 60. udaque, etc. : and the moist earth is green with never-dying grass. 
 51. Siqna fides dubiis ; if any faith is to be placed in doubtful things. 
 
 62. obscenae quo, etc. : from which birds of ill omen are excluded. 
 quo : Ablative of Separation. 
 
 54. phoenix : the bird would finally cremate itself and from its ashes 
 sprang another. 
 
 55. ales lunonia : the peacock. 
 
 56. mari : mate, from mas. 
 
 58, convertit : attracts the attention of. 
 
 60. quo : on which. par sibi carmen : tHe inscription covered the 
 stone. 
 
 61, CoUigor : it is inferred. . . that I. 
 
 63. docta loqui : which knew how to talk. plus ave : better than 
 (could be expected of) a bird. ave : Ablative with the Comparative; 
 an abbreviated expression. 
 
 7. THE POET'S DILEMMA. 
 
 Am. II. 10.— 1, Graeciue ; a. friend of Ovid's. Several of the Pontic 
 Epistles (i. 6 ; II. 6 ; iv. g) are addressed to him. .negabas: wast 
 
 wont to deny. 
 
 2, uno tempore : at the same time. aliquem, one man ; 'any one ' 
 
 in a negative sentence is regularly quis. 
 
 4, turpis : to my disgrace. 
 
 5, operosae cultibns : attentive to dress. 
 
 6, artibus : in learning, in accomplishments. prior : superior. 
 
 8. nobis : me. 
 
 9. phaselos: boat, yacht . 
 10. alter et alter : the two. 
 
II. 10, 1-13:111. g, 1-37.] THE DEATH OF TIBULLUS. I 59 
 
 11. gemiuas: dost thou double. Erycina: i.e. Venus, so called 
 from Mt. Eryx in Sicily, where sbe had a temple. 
 
 12. in ouras satis : enough trouble, enough to occupy a man's attention. 
 
 8. ELEGY ON THE DEATH OP TIBULLUS. 
 
 Am. III. 9. — 1. Memnona ; Jlemnon was the son of Eos (Aurora, Dawn), 
 Achilles of Thetis, goddesses both. 
 
 3. flebiUs Elegeia' (Voc): sorrowful Elegy ; personified. solve 
 caplUos : loose thy hair ; a, sign of mourning. indignos : innocent, 
 agrees grammatically with capillos, but to be translated rather by a, 
 phrase : in undeserved mourning. 
 
 4. nomen : the word elegeia (i\eyeuC) meant anything written in the 
 Elegiac distich. Prom the character of many of these compositions it 
 also acquired the signification 'elegy,' 'lament,' which Ovid thought was 
 the original meaning. Translate: now there will be too good a reason for 
 thee to he called Elegy. 
 
 6. Ille : that well-hnoion. 
 
 9. Adspice, etc. : behold how pitiable he goes with drooping wings. 
 11. per : over. 
 
 14. tectis tuis: from thy house; Abl. of Separation. lule: lulus 
 was the son of Aeneas, who in turn was the son of Venus, and so the 
 brother of Cupid. 
 
 15, confusa : distressed. moriente Tibullo : at the death of Tibullus. 
 iuveni: i.e. Adonis ; Dative, but to be translated as a Genitive. 
 
 17. divum oura : the favorites of the gods. 
 
 18. putent : Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 20. omnibtis : Dative after the preposition in composition. obscuras 
 manus : dark hands; i.e. hands which bring darkness. Everything con- 
 nected with the lower world is called dark. inioit manus : lays her 
 hands upon; a method of claiming possession; compare Her. xii. 158. 
 
 21. Quid profuit ; of what advantage icas. Ismario Orpbeo : the 
 Thracian Orpheus. Orpheo: dissyllabic by Synizesis. pater: 
 Apollo. mater: Calliope. 
 
 22 carmine quid, etc. : of what avuil that the wild beasts stood still, 
 overcome by his song. 
 
 23, idem pater : that same father ; i.e. of Orpheus. aelinon, aelinon : 
 
 his woeful song. The word (originally Phoenician) comes from the 
 Greek and is used in lamentations. Compare Aesch. Ag. 121 : aCKivov 
 aCKi-vov eiir^. 
 
 25. Maeoniden: i.e. Homer. ceu fonte perenni ; as from a perennial 
 
 fountain. 
 
 27. Bumma dies : the last day, death. Averno ; Lake Avernus, here 
 
 identified with the waters of the lower world. 
 
l6o COMMENTART. [Am. III. 38-68. 
 
 28. J)efugiunt : escape. 
 
 29. Troiani laboris : the Trojan war, here representing the Iliad. 
 
 30. tela retexta; the web unwoven. Penelope, pressed by the suitors 
 for an answer, asked them to wait till she wove a winding-sheet for her 
 father-in-law Laertes ; but at night she unravelled what she had woven 
 during the day, so that after three years the work was still unfinished. 
 The circumstance here represents the Odyssey. 
 
 31. Nemesis, Delia: fictitious names for two mistresses of Tibullus, 
 which were celebrated in his poems. 
 
 33. Qtiid vos sacra iuvant, etc. : compare Tib. i. 3, 21: 
 
 Quid tua nunc Isis mihi, Delia, quid mihi prosunt 
 ilia tua totiens aera repulsa manu ? 
 vos: i.e. Nemesis and Delia. 
 
 34. in vacuo secubuisse toro ; that you slept apart on a vacant couch, 
 as enjoined at certain times by certain religious rites, especially those of 
 Isis (compare Prop. ii. 24) and Ceres (compare Ov. Am. in. 10). Ovid 
 repeats that this worship was in vain. 
 
 35. Cum : since. ignosoite fasso : pardon me for speaking out. 
 
 36. Bollicitor putare : I am tempted to believe. 
 
 37. Vive plus ; moriere : live piously, you will die ; the Imperative is 
 here a vivid expression of Concession. 
 
 38. cava busta : the hollow tombs ; see Vocabulary. 
 
 39. Carminibus : i.e. good poetry cannot save you. 
 
 40. parva quod urna capit r a small urnful ; compare Met. xii. 616. 
 
 41. Tene : -ne is the Interrogative enclitic. 
 
 42. pasci nee timuere : and did they not fear to feed ? 
 
 43. potttissent urere (sc. flammae) : could have burnt ; Potential Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 44. sustinuere ; xoere capable of. 
 
 45. Erycis : Eryx was a mountain of Sicily, sacred to Venus. 
 
 46. continuisse : that she restrained. 
 
 47. Phaeacia tellus : a kind of earthly paradise made famous by Homer, 
 here identified with Corcyra (Corfu), which was once visited by Ti- 
 bullus while in attendance upon the general Messalla. A sickness which 
 befell the poet here was the occasion of his poem (i. 3), to which Ovid 
 alludes. Compare Tib. i. 3, 3 : 
 
 Me tenet ignotis aegrum Phaeacia terris, 
 abstineas, avidas, Mors, precor, atra, manus ! 
 
 48. vili Bubposuisset humo : had placed beneath its base soil. 
 
 49. Hie certe madidos, etc. : compare Tib. i. 3, 5 : 
 
 non hie mihi mater 
 quae legat in maestos ossa perusta sinus ; 
 non soror, Assyrios cineri quae dedat odores, 
 et fleat effusis ante sepulcra oomis. 
 fugientis ; as he tvas taking his flight from life. pressit ; closed ; 
 
A. A. 1-35.] ROMAN GIRLS. l6l 
 
 compare Her. i. 103. hie ... hie ; the editors all read hine . . . hino, 
 
 but hinc and hie are often confused in the MSS. and hie certainly makes 
 much better sense here, and its use in the corresponding passage of Ti- 
 buUus is a strong argument in its favor. 
 61. in partem dolorig venit : shared the grief. 
 
 52. comas : Accusative of Respect. 
 
 53. cum tuis sua iunxeront o&mya,: joined their lips with thine. 
 prior : that is, Delia. 
 
 54. solos : proleptic, describing the effect of the action of the verb. 
 
 56. tibi : Dative of Agent. ignis : flame, love. 
 
 57. Quid tibl sunt mea damna dolori : why is my loss a grief to you f 
 
 58. Me tenuit morions, etc. : compare Tib. i. i, 59 : 
 
 Te spectem, suprema mihi cum venerit hora, 
 
 te teneam inoriens deficiente manu. 
 Flebis et ai'suro positum me, Delia, lecto, 
 
 tristibus et lacrimis oscula mixta dabis. 
 69. aliqnid nisi : something besides ; ' if anything' is regularly siquid. 
 
 60. in Elysia valle, etc. : compare Tib. i. 3, 57 : 
 
 Sed me, quod facilis tcnero sum semper Amori, 
 ipsa Venus campos ducet in Blysios. 
 
 61. Obvins huie venias, docte Catulle ; mayest thoti, learned Catullus, 
 come to meet him. hedera ; with ivy, as sacred to the lyric Muse as 
 well as to Bacchus. Catullus was one of the greatest of the Roman 
 poets, excelling in lyric power. Calvus was also a lyric poet. 
 
 62. tempera: temples; Accusative of Respect. 
 
 63. si falsum est temerati crimen amici : if the charge of injuring thy 
 friend is false. Just what G alius was accused of is not known. It 
 seems that while in his cups he used some disrespectful language of 
 Augustus. Compare Trist. 11. 445 : 
 
 Non fuit opprobrio celebrasse Lyoorida Gallo, 
 sed linguam nimio non tenuisse mero. 
 Whatever the charge, he was condemned and committed suicide. He 
 was an elegiac poet of great reputation among his contemporaries, but 
 none of his writings have survived. 
 
 64. prodige : refers to his suicide. 
 
 65. siqua est modo : if there really is any. 
 
 66. culte ; polished, scholarly. 
 
 68. non onerosa = levis, by Litotes. 
 
 9. ROMAN GIRLS. 
 
 A. A. I. — 1. artem amandi : the art of loving. 
 2. legat ; let him read. dootus ; as a master of the art. 
 
 35. Principio: in the first place. velis: Subjunctive of Character- 
 
 istic, labora: strive. 
 
 11 
 
l62 COMMENTARY. [A A. I. 36-66; 459-486. 
 
 36. miles : as a soldier. Ovid is fond of comparing love to warfare. 
 
 37. placitam: who has pleased you ; used in an active sense. ex- 
 orare : to persuade. 
 
 38. ut duret ; Clause of Design, parallel with exorare. 
 
 40. meta : goal. admissa rota : iy the swift wheels ; it is now a 
 chariot race. 
 
 41. passim : here and thei-e. loris solutis : with loose reins ; the 
 race has not yet begun. 
 
 43. delapsa ; gliding down. 
 
 44. oculis : Ablative of Instrument. 
 
 45. ubi tendat : where to stretch ; Dubitative Subjunctive. 
 
 46. moretur : Indirect Question. 
 
 47. qui sustinet hamos ; i. e. the fisherman. 
 
 48. quae, etc. : in what waters many fish swim. 
 50. frequens sit puella : girls abound. 
 
 53. Perseus portarit : let Perseus carry off. 
 
 54. Graia puella: i.e. Helen. 
 
 56. ut dicas ; that you will say ; Subjunctive of Result. 
 60. mater : i.e. Venus. Aeneae sui ; of her son Aeneas. 
 
 63. iuvenem ; a young woman ; the gender of iuvenis is common. 
 
 64. nescius : embarrassment of riches. 
 
 66. plenius: very ntmierous. The poet proceeds to mention walks, 
 temples, theatres, the Circus, Baiae, etc. 
 
 10. LETTER-WRITING. 
 
 A. A. I. — 459. Disce bonas artes : learn the liberal arts. This, in 
 Ovid's day, was about equivalent to 'study to be an orator.' 
 
 460. non tantum, etc. : not solely that you may defend the trembling 
 prisoners. 
 
 461. Quam: as. 
 
 462. tam : quite as much. dabit manus : will yield. eloquio 
 viota : overcome by eloquence. 
 
 463. in fronte : openly, avowedly ; let art be concealed. 
 484. Effngiant voces tuae : let thy language avoid. 
 
 466. valens causa : a strong cause. 
 
 467. Sit tibi ; use. 
 
 470. leoturam spera : hope that she will read it. 
 
 471. Tempore : in time. diffioiles ; hard to hrealc. 
 
 472. lenta pati frena : to endure the flexible reins ; another interpre- 
 tation of lenta is restraining, retarding. 
 
 477. persta modo : only persist ; Imperative expresses Condition. 
 
 478. sero : late, after long delay. 
 
 479. Legerit ; should she read it f = if she should read it. 
 
 480. fac legat usque : make her Tceep on reading. 
 
Rem. Am. 149-191.] REMEDIES OF LOVE. 163 
 
 481. legisse : = legere. 
 
 482. per numeros, etc. : those things will come at the proper time. 
 484. qnaeque, etc. : and which will heg thee not to trouble her. ro- 
 
 get: Subjuuotive of Characteristic. velis: Complementary Final 
 
 clause. 
 486. postmodo ; after a while. 
 
 11. REMEDIES OP LOVE AND PLEASURES OP LIFE. 
 
 Rem. Am. — 149. Desidiam: idleness. puerille: i.e. Amor, 
 
 150. quo teneatur : to occupy it. 
 
 152. urbanae togae : i.e. of civil life. 
 
 153. iuvenalia munera : t}ie active duties, those requiring the strength 
 of youth. 
 
 154. deliciae : love. 
 
 155. fugax Paribus : the fleeing Parthian; this refers to the Parthians' 
 favorite mode of warfare, by pretended flight. Compare A. A. i. 310 : 
 
 Telaque, ab averso quae iacit hostis equo. 
 Qui fugis ut vincas, quid victo, Parthe, relinquis ? 
 
 159. Aetola a cuspide : while assisting the Trojans, Venus was wounded 
 by Diomede ; compare Met. xv. 769. 
 
 160. amatori suo: by her lover; i.Q. Mars. She has no use for war. 
 Compare Homek, II. v. 428 : 
 
 dXXa fftJ 7' IfiepdevTo. fj-er^px^o epya yd/wto, 
 ravTCL 5' A/)?7t Bo^ koI AO'^v-q irdvra neX-^ireL : 
 ' not to thee, my child, has been assigned the province of war, but do 
 thou attend to the charming province of marriage and all these things 
 will receive the attention of impetuous Mars and Minerva.' 
 
 170, quaelibet oura : any passion, no matter how great. cedere ; 
 
 yield to, be driven out by. 
 
 172, sauciet : may wound, cut. 
 
 173, Obrue versata terra : bury under the turned soil. 
 
 174, quae ; sc. semina. reddat : Relative clause of Design. 
 
 176. ferat ; Subjunctive of Result, or Indirect Question with ut = how. 
 178. tondentes : cropping. 
 
 181. inaequali arondine: the shepherd's pipe was composed of reeds of 
 unequal length fastened together with wax ; compare Met. 11. 682. 
 
 182. sedula : tireless. 
 
 183. Parte alia : in another direction. 
 
 185, examina : swarms of bees. 
 
 186, dempti favi : the honeycomb taken out, the removal of the honey. 
 vimiua : the wickerworh on which the honeycomb rested. 
 
 191, deseotas herbas : hay. 
 
164 COMMENTARY. [Rem. Am. 193-311. 
 
 192, raro pectine: with the mde-toothed rake, pecten is properly a 
 comb. 
 
 193, deponere ; set out. 
 
 194, rivos lenis aquae : streams of gentle water, for irrigation. 
 
 195, insitio : (the time for) grafting. 
 
 196, peregrinis operta comis : covered with foreign foliage. 
 198. inritus exit : goes away harmless. 
 
 200. Phoebi sorore : i.e. Diana, the huntress. 
 
 201. pronum : stretched out, rimnuig at full speed. catulo sagaoi : 
 uiith the Iceen-scented dog. 
 
 202. frondosis iugis : on the leafy mountain-tops. 
 
 203. varia formidine : with the bright -colored scarecrow ; see Vocabu- 
 lary. 
 
 204. adversa cuspide fossus ; pierced with hostile spear; adversa means 
 that the boar and the hunter are facing each other. 
 
 205. Nocte : at night. fatigatum; yoitr wearied hody. non 
 oura puellae : not thoughts of love. 
 
 206. pingui quiete : with undisturbed rest. pingui : sluggish, un- 
 moved, free from restless tossing. 
 
 207. Lenius est studium : it is a less exciting occupation. alite capta : 
 by catching birds. 
 
 208. aut lino aut calamis ; either with nets or lime-twigs. 
 
 209. quae piscis edax, etc. . for the hungry jish to swallow with greedy 
 mouth to his misfortune. 
 
 210. supremis cibis : with covering bait ; supremus is that which is on 
 top or the outside. 
 
 211. donee dediscis : while you are unlearning , forgetting . amare: 
 how to love. 
 
 13. A STORM AT SEA, 
 
 Teist. 1. 3,-1. Di : Vocative. quid . . . supersunt : for what is left 
 
 except prayers ? It would seem more natural to us to express superest 
 after quid and omit supersunt after vota. This is also good Latin. Com- 
 pare 1. 33 below. 
 
 2. solvere paroite : loosen not. The expression is little more than a 
 poetical circumlocution for the negative imperative. membra : the 
 parts, especially the planks. 
 
 3. subscribite : second, concur in. 
 
 4. premente deo : when a god pursues. 
 
 6. Mulciber : Vulcan. in : against. 
 
 6. aequa; favorable. 
 
 7. propior : Juno was related to Turnus (compare Veeo. Aen. x. 618) 
 the prince of the Rutulians, who waged a bitter war with Aeneas after the 
 latter landed in Italy. The cause of the war was Lavinia, who had been 
 
Trist. I. 2, 1-43.] A STOEM AT SEA. 1 65 
 
 promised to Turnus but became the wife of Aeneas. Juno's hostility to 
 Aeneas, however, was of older date. 
 
 8. Veneris numine : hy the protection of Venus, his mother. 
 
 10. patruo: Bative : 345, R. 1; A. & G. 229; B. 188, 2, d ; H. 385, 2. 
 
 11. nobis : = mihi. aliquod numen : some god. distamus ab : am 
 far inferior to ; for the mood, see Am. i. 15, 14. 
 
 12. irato deo : though a god is angry. The reference is to Augustus, 
 who had just banished Ovid. adesse : to aid. 
 
 13. frustra: in vain. non proficientla : unavailing. perdo: / 
 waste; tautological but emphatic. 
 
 14. graves aquae: the dreadful waters; graves does not refer to the 
 greater specific gravity of salt waters, although this quality was known 
 to Ovid. ipsa ora loquentis ; my very face as I speak. 
 
 15. Notus: the south wind; to the Italians, the bringer of rain, 
 precesque . . , decs : and does not permit my prayers to reach the gods to 
 whom they are sent. 
 
 17. idem : Nominative Plural. ne oausa laedar in una : that I may 
 not he injured in only one respect. 
 
 18. velaque votaque nostra: both the sails (i.e. the ship) and my pray- 
 ers, nescio quo : I know not whither. 
 
 20. iam lam . . . putes : you would think they were just about to touch the 
 high stars. putes : Potential Subjunctive in the Ideal Second Per- 
 son. 
 
 21. quantae . . . valles : what valleys sink when the sea is divided. 
 
 24. hie : the one, here refers to the former, pontus. 
 
 25. inter utrumque : between the two. 
 
 26. cui domino pareat : what lord to obey. This meaning would require 
 Subjunctive in the Direct Question; see 465; A. & &. 834, b; B. 277; H. 
 484, V. 
 
 37. purpureo Burns ab ortu : the wind from the rosy dawn. 
 
 28. sero vespere : from the late evening, i. e. from the west. 
 
 29. sicca ab Aroto: in the latitude of Rome the Great Bear does not 
 sink below the horizon, and so was not wet with the waters of the ocean, 
 as the sinking constellations were supposed to be ; compare Met. 11. 171. 
 
 30. adversa fronte : face to face. 
 
 31. quid fngiat : what to avoid. 
 35. precanti: Ablative. 
 
 37. nil . . . exule : has no other cause of grief than my exile. me 
 exule : Ablative Absolute of Cause. 
 
 38. hoc unnm : only this part. 
 
 39. corpora : poetical Plural. 
 
 41. Di bene : praised be the gods. quod . . . passns : that I did not 
 permit her to embark with me. 
 
 42. ne; lest. bis: twice; i.e. in her person as well as in mine. 
 patienda: passive; so often the Gerundive of deponent verbs. 
 
1 66 COMMENTARY. [TriST. I. 2, 43-110. 
 
 43. ut : though. 
 
 44. dimidia . . . ero : at least lialf of me will survive. 
 
 45. quam oeleri flamma : with how swift a flame. 
 
 46. ab aetherio axe : from the dome of heaven. 
 
 47. tabulae laterum : the planks of the sides. 
 
 48. grave balllstae onus : the heavy load of the ballista ; this was a ma- 
 chine for throwing heavy masses, especially stones. 
 
 49. qui . . . fluctus : this wave wMeh is coming. fluotus : Accusative 
 Plural. The Komans had a superstition that every tenth wave was the 
 highest. 
 
 52. munus ; a hoon ; shipwreck had peculiar terrors for the ancients, 
 because the souls of the unburied were liable to a long period of un- 
 rest. 
 
 53. fatoque suo ferroque ; from natural causes or from the sword. 
 
 54. moriens : goes with corpus. 
 
 55. mandare suis aliqua : to leave some messages for one's friends. 
 
 57. non ego solus Mo vehor : I am not the only one on board. 
 
 58. Inmeritoa : the innocent ; it was thought dangerous to embark with 
 a guilty man on board lest he should cause a shipwreck. Compare my 
 Sources, etc., Her. vii. 57. 
 
 59. Pro : Interjection. curae ; Dative For Which. 
 
 60. utraqne turba ; ioth groups, the gods of heaven and the gods of the 
 sea. 
 
 61. quamque vitam, hanc : and this life which. 
 
 62. in loca iussa : to the appointed place, or whither I have been or- 
 dered, sinite feram ; permit me to carry, ut is omitted. 
 
 63. pendere : to pay. 
 
 64. ipso iudici : according to the decision of Caesar himself. est 
 morte minor : deserves not the death penalty. 
 
 66. in hoc ; for this. 
 
 67. est illi . . , copla : he has complete power over my life. cruoria : 
 blood, life-blood, death. 
 
 68. cum volet, feret : ^viU take when he pleases. 
 71. ut: though. 
 
 73. ferentibus ; favorable. 
 
 75. divitias . . . parandi : desirous of gaining boundless wealth. 
 
 76. mutandis mercibus : for exchanging wares ; Dative For Which. 
 
 77. petii studiosus : visited as a student, studiosus is still the colloquial 
 German for student. 
 
 79. delatus ad : landing a(. 
 
 80. delicias : amusements, pleasures. 
 
 81. quod opto : as to my object in praying for. faciles : favorable. 
 83, Obligor ut tangam : I must reach, I jxm bound for. fera: wild. 
 
 laevi Fonti ; oti the left of the Mack Sea. 
 
 85. ut videam: Subjunctive of Design. Tomitas ; the inhabitants 
 
I. 3, 1-0.] ovid's last night at kome. 167 
 
 of Tomi put for the city. Nescio quo in orbe positos : situated I know 
 
 not in what part of the world. 
 
 86. exilem : short ; predicate adjective with viam. 
 
 87. Seu . , . seu magis : if. .. or if. 
 
 88. prona sit numina vestra : let your divine favor he inclined. 
 
 90. regione : Ovid often complains of the severity of the climate, the 
 bleakness of the region, the proximity of the enemy, and the uncon- 
 geniality of the inhabitants, and repeatedly begs to be assigned to some 
 more hospitable place. 
 
 91. corpora : poetic Plural. 
 
 92. Ausonios ; poetic for Italian. 
 
 93. fugat : banishes. 
 
 97. acta mortalia : mortal deeds = the deeds of mortals. 
 
 98. a culpa . . . mea : ye know that there is no crime in my fault. 
 
 99. si I all these conditions have their conclusion in 1. 105, ita parcite 
 divi : then spare me, ye gods. immo . . , error : yea, more ! if ye know 
 that this is true, if my mistake led me astray. 
 
 101. quod...illi: if I favored that house, a thing which even the 
 humblest can do. 
 
 102. si satis . . . miM : if the general commands (laws) of Augustus sat- 
 isfied me. 
 
 103. hoc . . , saecula : if I called the age happy under his rule. 
 
 104. Caesaribus : the princes belonging to the house of Augustus. 
 106. alta . . . caput ; may a high wave bury my falling head. 
 
 109. sub condicione: conditionally; the conditions have just been 
 given, and Ovid imagines that they have been accepted by the gods. 
 
 110. fallere quos non est ; whom it is not possible to deceive. est : 
 it is possible, like the Greek eim. 
 
 13. OVID'S LAST NIGHT AT ROME. 
 
 Trist. I. 3. — 1. subit : there comes to my mind. 
 
 2. qua : the antecedent is noctis ; I suspect that the reading should 
 bo quae. The MSS. may have been affected by the qua in the next 
 line. mihifuit: I spent. inurbe: in the city, i.e. 'Rome. 
 
 3. repeto : recall. 
 
 5. lux : the day. 
 
 6. extremae Ausoniae: of farthest Italy, extremae with flnibus is 
 tautological. 
 
 7. neo spatium . . , parandi ; Ihad had neither time nor mind well suited 
 for making preparations. 
 
 8. torpuerant peotora nostra : my faculties had grown dull. longa 
 mora : from dwelling on my misfortune. 
 
 9. non mihi . . . fuit : I paid no attention to choosing slaves or compan- 
 ions, or clothing or supplies, suitable for an exile. 
 
1 68 COMMENTART. [Teist. I. 3, 
 
 13, ut : when. hane animi nubem : this mental cloud. 
 
 15. extremum: for the last time; Accusative of the Inner Objeel. 
 
 16. modo de multis : out of many just now; compare Met. iii. 687. 
 unus et alter : two or three. 
 
 17. amans ; fond. 
 
 18. per indignas genas : over her innocent cJieeJcs. indignas indicates 
 that she did not deserve this sorrow. 
 
 19. nata prooul aberat diversa : my daughter was far away. sub : 
 in the neighborhood of. 
 
 21. quocumque adspiceres: wherever you might look; Iterative Subjunc- 
 tive in the Ideal Second Person. 
 
 22. formaque . . . erat : and there was in the house the appearance of a 
 mournful funeral. 
 
 23. femina virque, pueri quoque : men, women, and children; compare 
 Ibis, 118 : Gaudeat adversis femina virque tuis. Also Ex Ponto iv. 9, 96. 
 
 24. angulus omnia : every corner. 
 
 25. grandibus exempUs in parvis : large illustrations in small matters. 
 
 28. alta : high up in the slcy ; a kind of predicate. 
 
 29. suspiciens: loohing up at. ab hao ; then. CapitoUa: the 
 Capitoline Hill with the temple of Jupiter and other gods ; poetic 
 Plural. 
 
 30. noatro lari : to my house. fruatra : the nearness of the temple 
 had not protected him. 
 
 31. sedibua ; Ablative of Place Where. 
 
 32. iam nunquam ; never again. 
 
 33. Quirini : the deified Romulus, the founder of Rome. 
 
 34. eate . . . mihi ; farewell forever. mihi : Dative of Agent. 
 
 36. banc odlia exonerate fugam : free my banishment from hatred. 
 
 37. caelesti viro : the divine man, i.e. Augustus. 
 
 39. quod; Relative. poenae auctor : the inflicter of tlie punishment, 
 
 40. placato deo : Ablative Absolute expressing Condition. non 
 miaer : contented. 
 
 41. pluribua : at greater length. 
 
 42. medios: halfway. 
 
 43. Larea : the household gods, represented by statues kept in the in- 
 terior of the house. adstrata : lying prostrate. passia oapillis : 
 with dishevelled hair. 
 
 44. extinotos : in cases of mourning the hearth fire was extinguished. 
 
 45. adveraoa : face to face. Penates ; the ancestral gods, spirits of 
 departed ancestors, also represented by statues. 
 
 46. non valitura : destined not to prevail. viro : husband. 
 
 47. nox praecipitata : departing night ; the night, like the sun, is sup- 
 posed to sink into the ocean. 
 
 48. versaque . . . erat : the Arcadian Bear had turned on its axis ; that 
 is, had changed its position in the sky. 
 
13-91.] OVID'S last night at ROME. 1 69 
 
 49. ftuid faceremi what was I to do; Deliberative Question of the 
 Past. Blando : enticing. 
 
 50. ultima . . . fugae : but that was the last night before my banishment 
 'was to begin. 
 
 52. vel quo . , . vel unde : either where. . .or wheyice ; compare 1. 61. 
 
 53. oertam : fixed. 
 
 56. indulgeus animo : indulging my feeling. 
 
 57. ' vale ' : this word, as a quotation, is construed as an indeclinable 
 substantive, here in the Ablative Absolute. 
 
 58. quasi disoedens : as if taking my departure. summa : last. 
 60, pignora oara ; those that were dearest. 
 
 62. utraque iusta mora est : each consideration is a sufficient reason for 
 
 65, sodales: comrades. 
 
 66. Theseafide: in friendship like that of Theseus, who accompanied 
 his friend Pirithous even to the lower regions. 
 
 68. amplius : again. in lucro est : is that much gained. 
 
 69. neo mora : immediately. sermonis : of my conversation. in- 
 perfecta ; unfinished. 
 
 70. proxima quaeque ; everything that loas nearest. 
 
 72. gravis : ill-omened, bringing sorrow. 
 
 73. reliuquam: translate as an Imperfect. "With these incomplete 
 conditional sentences, the sequence of tenses is considered rather than 
 the form of the condition. 
 
 75. in contraria versos : turned in opposite directions. 
 
 76. ultores proditionis : as avengers of his treachery ; in apposition to 
 equos. In an important battle Mettus Pufetius treacherously deprived 
 the Romans of the aid of the Albans, their allies, and was punished by 
 Tullus Hostilius in the following manner. He was tied to two four-horse 
 chariots, which were then driven in opposite directions. See Liv. i. 28. 
 
 79. umeris alieuntis inhaerena: clinging to my shoulders as I was leav- 
 ing. 
 
 83. Et mihi . . . tellus : J, too, must make the journey ; /, too, will dwell 
 in the farthest land ; a vivid use instead of the Future, as if everything 
 were not only decided upon but also accomplished. 
 
 84. aooedam . . . rati : / shall be but a small additional burden to the 
 
 fleeing ship. 
 
 86. pietas : affection. Caesar erit : will he a Caesar, loill take the 
 
 place of Caesar. 
 
 88. viotas utiUtate : yielding to expediency. 
 
 89. ferri (= efferri) : used of carrying out corpses for burial. 
 
 90. squalidis : with neglected person. comis : here used of the 
 
 beard. . 
 
 91. ilia: that is, my wife. tenebris ohortis: darkness hamng 
 covered her eyes, i.e. in a faint ; compare Met. 11. 181. 
 
Ijo COMMENTARY. [Trist. I. 3, 93-100; 
 
 92. semianimis : four syllables by Synizesis. 
 
 93. resurrexit: recovered. 
 
 95. se, Penates ; object of oonplorasse, which in turn depends upon nar- 
 ratur, 1. 91. desertos Penates ; the deserted house. 
 
 97. quam si . , . rogos : than if she had seen the bodies of both her 
 daughter and her husband lying upon the ready pyre. 
 
 98. Btructos : built up. corpus ; bodies ; object of habere. 
 
 99. moriendo ; by dying. ponere : to lay aside. 
 100. respectu mei ; from regard for me. 
 
 14 AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Trist. IV. 10. — 1. lUe ego . . , posteritas : that you may know what sort 
 of a man I was — I, that poet of tender love whom you are reading — hear, 
 posterity ! fuerim : Indirect Question. noris ; = noveris ; Sub- 
 
 junctive of Design. 
 
 4. novies decern : ninety, fourscore and ten. 
 
 5. editus ; horn. nee non : and. 
 
 6. cvun: it was the year when, namely, B.C. 43 (a.d.c. 711). The 
 two consuls C. Vibius Pansa and A. Hirtlus lost their lives in a battle 
 against Antony at Mutina. 
 
 7. Siquid id est : if this is anything, is of any importance. usque 
 a proavis : going bach several generations. vetus ; translate with or- 
 dinis. ordinis ; of the rank, namely, equestrian. heres : sc. sum. 
 
 8. non . . . munere : not solely by the gift of fortune. Under Augustus, 
 wealth (400,000 sesterces) in itself entitled one to the equestrian rank. 
 
 9. stirps ; offspring. genito fratre ; after a brother. 
 
 10. tribus ante quater mensibus ; twelve months before. 
 
 11. Lucifer adfuit idem ; i.e. it was the same day of the year. 
 
 12. liba : sacrificial cakes ; these were offered to the Genius (the per- 
 sonal attendant spirit) on birthdays. 
 
 13. haec est . . . prima quae ; of the five-day festival in honor of Minerva 
 — the qulnquatrus maiores — the second day, March 20th, marked the be- 
 ginning o£ the gladiatorial shows. 
 
 15. Protinus excolimur teneri : even in early childhood we are taught. 
 eura parentis ; by my father's care. 
 
 16. ad . . . viros ; to men in the city distinguished for their learning. 
 
 17. viridi ; tender. tendebat ad ; was inclined to. 
 
 18. natus ; born, fitted by nature. 
 
 19. oaelestia sacra ; the heavenly rites. He refers to poetry, the gift of 
 the gods. 
 
 22. Maeonides ; that is, Homer. 
 
 23. motus : influenced. Helicon ; a mountain in Boeotia, sacred to 
 the Muses. toto : translate, entirely. 
 
IV. 10, 1-67.] AN AUTOBIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH. 171 
 
 24. soluta modls : free from measure, i.e. in prose. 
 
 26. Compare Pope : ■ I lisped in numbers, for tlie numbers came.' 
 
 28. fratri: Dative of Agent. Uberior toga: that is, toga virills, 
 which was assumed by boys in their seventeenth or eighteenth year. 
 Before that, they woi-e the toga praetexta. 
 
 29. cum lato purpura olavo ; a broad stripe of purple. Tlie laiiclave 
 was worn by the sons of senators and Itnights while preparing for public 
 service. 
 
 34. de viris tribus : the tresviri oapitales had charge of prisons and 
 capital punishments. 
 
 35. Curia : the senate. coacta est : was reduced. The senators wore 
 a broad stripe of purple, the knights a narrow. 
 
 38. fugaxeram: I was inclined to avoid. ambitionia : candidacy. 
 
 39, Aoniae sorores : that is, the Muses ; 'Aonian ' is poetic for ' Boeo- 
 tian.' 
 
 41. Temporis illius poetas : the poets of that time. 
 
 43. grandior aevo ; the elderly. aevo ; Ablative of Respect. The 
 
 didactic poems of Macer have not survived. 
 
 45. ignes; i.e. love-poems; Propertius was one of the great elegiac 
 poets of Rome. We have a collection of his poems. 
 
 46. iure sodalicii ; by the right of intimate friendship. 
 
 47. heroo clarus : famous for the heroic measure, i.e. the dactylic hex- 
 ameter. Pontious wrote a work on the battle of the heroes at Thebes, 
 but it has not survived. Bassus quoque : and Bassus. His works 
 also have been lost. 
 
 48. conviotus mei : of my daily life. , 
 
 49. numerosus : translate, the poet of many measures; Horace, the 
 great lyric poet of the Romans, wrote in many metres. 
 
 51. vldi tantum : I have only seen. 
 
 53. Galle : the chronological order of the elegiac poets was : Gallus, 
 Propertius, Tibullus, Ovid. 
 
 56. Thalia mea: my Muse; Thalia was the Muse of comic or other 
 joyful poetry. 
 
 58. resecta fuit ; had been shaved. 
 
 59. moverat ingeninm mihi ; had stirred my genius ; the success of his 
 first poems had fired his ambition. 
 
 60. nomine non vero dicta : so called by a fictitious name. 
 
 62. emendaturis : to correct. 
 
 63. cum fugerem ; when I was banished. placitura : which might 
 have pleased. 
 
 64. studio : at my pursuit (calling). 
 
 65. MoUe neo inexpugnabile ; soft and susceptible. 
 
 66. quodque . . . moveret : and capable of being moved by a slight cause. 
 moveret : Subjunctive of Characteristic. 
 
 67. Cam hie essem : although I was such. 
 
172 COMMENTAET. [TriST. IV. 10, 68-132. 
 
 68. sub : attached to. fabula : gossip. 
 
 69. Paene puero : while almost a hoy. utilis : suitable. 
 72. non . , . toro ; yet destined not to remain in union with me. 
 
 74. Bustimiit ; endured. 
 
 75. Filia: by one of his first two wives, probably the second. Ovid's 
 third wife had been married before and brought a daughter with 
 her. prima inventa : in early womanhood. 
 
 77. genitor : my father, aged ninety. 
 
 79. me fleturus ademptum fuit : would have wept at my death. 
 
 80. llatri . . . tuli; next I performed the funeral rites for my mother. 
 83. Me ; Accusative in Exclamations. 
 
 85. ezstiuctis : to the dead. aliquid nisi nomina restant : something 
 is left besides a name. 
 
 86. gracilis umbra : the slender shade, the wtisubstaniial spirit. 
 
 87. fama mea ; fame of me, rumor in regard to my fate; subject of 
 oontigit. parentales : of my parents ; Vocative with umbrae. 
 
 88. crimina nostra ; charges against me. 
 
 89. causam : predicate after esse. vos : object of fallere. 
 
 91. Manibus ; for the spirits of the departed. studiosa pectora : 
 
 zealous hearts, hind readers ; Vocative. 
 
 93. canities . . . venerat : my best years had passed and gray hairs had 
 come. 
 
 95. ortus: birth; poetic Plural. Plsaea vinotus oliva: crowned 
 with the Pisaean olive ; Pisa was a town in Elis, near which the Olympic 
 games were held. The prize was an olive wreath. 
 
 96. deoies ; the games were held every four years, but the poets some- 
 times use Olympiad as = lustrum, five years. Ovid was now fifty years 
 old. victor eques : the winner of the chariot race. 
 
 97. positos ad laeva Tomitas ; Tomi, situated on the left. Tomitas : 
 the inhabitants of Tomi ; instead of the town. 
 
 99. nimium quoque nota: even too well known. It has, however, not 
 been handed down. 
 100. indicio . , . meo : must not be published by my own declaration. 
 
 102. ipsa fuga : than exile itself. 
 
 103. indignata est : disdained. 
 
 105. oblitus mei : forgetting myself. . duotae per ; passed in. 
 
 106. insolita : goes with manu. temporis : of the occasion, which 
 the occasion demanded ; namely, patience and resignation. 
 
 107. quot stellae ; as there are stars. 
 
 108. occultum; invisible, the South Pole. conspicuum; visible, fhe 
 North Pole. 
 
 109. mibi ; Dative of Agent. acto ; agrees with mihi. 
 
 110. pharetratis : the quiver-bearing. The bow was the chief weapon 
 of the Getae. Sarmatis ora ; the Sarmatian shore. 
 
 112. quo possum, carmine: with my only means, song. 
 
1-13.] SHORT SELECTIONS. 
 
 173 
 
 113. ftuoa, cuiu referatur ad aures : to whose ears this poetry may be 
 recited. 
 
 115. quod : that laboribns : trials. 
 
 116. luois : = vitae. 
 
 118. requies : predicate Nominative. vSnis ; verb. 
 
 119. ab Histro ; from the Danube. Tomi was situated near tiie mouth 
 of this river. 
 
 122. ab exseqxiiis : after burial. 
 
 123. qui detreotat praesentia, livor : envy, which finds fault with the 
 present. • iniquo deute : with unfriendly tooth. 
 
 125. cum saecula nostra: although our age. 
 
 126. majigna: u/nhind. 
 
 128. plurimus legor : am read the most. 
 
 129. quid veri : any truth. 
 
 130. ut: though. 
 
 132. iure : by merit. candide : friendly. 
 
 15. SHORT SELECTIONS. 
 
 1. 'Forbidden Fruit.' Nitimurin; we strive after. 
 
 2. Ingenium: talent. 
 
 3. Perferre obdura: persevere in patient resignation. proderit 
 olim : will be of advantage some day. lassis : to the sicJc. sucus 
 amaros : i.e. a bitter pill. 
 
 4. Prona palma est : it is an easy honor. tibi : Dat. of Agent. 
 vinoi : Complementary Infinitive after cupientem, which is object of vin- 
 oere. 
 
 5. Leniter ferendum est : may be easily borne. indigno : to an in- 
 nocent man. doleuda venit : comes fraught with grief, is hard to 
 bear. 
 
 6. auctor : the giver. 
 
 7. Certus: abiding. morum: of character. formam: beauty. 
 aetas : time. placitus; pleasing, active signification. quo: 
 when. speculum: a mirror. dolor: sorrow, another cause of 
 wrinkles. 
 
 8. Spectatum : to see ; Ovid gives reasons why girls go to the theatre. 
 
 9. Parva : small things. capiunt : catch. Puit . , . manu : it 
 has been useful to many a man to arrcmge a pillow with easy hand. 
 tabella : fan. scamna : footstools. 
 
 10. neglecta : careless. 
 
 11. oculos : object of spectare. 
 
 12. Fors : Fortune, the' goddess of fortune. Ovid adds a little to tlie 
 old proverb : 'fortes Fortuna adiuvat.' 
 
 13. Nee credi labor est : nor is it a difficult matter to gain credence. 
 
174 COMMENTARY. [14-38. 
 
 amanda : lovable. Pessima sit, etc. : every girl, no matter how ugly, 
 
 likes her own looks. 
 
 14. ex alto : from on high. 
 
 15. According to our proverb, ' Necessity is the mother of invention.' 
 
 17. semper florent : bloom all the time. et riget amissa spina re- 
 licta rosa : and the hard thorn is left after the rose is gone. iam : 
 soon. quae arent : to plow, to make furrows on. molire : biiild up, 
 acquire. qui duret : that will last. adstrue : build to, add to. Nee 
 . . . eura sit : and take great pains to improve your mind by means of the 
 liberal arts. linguas duas : i.e. Latin and Greek. 
 
 18. Obsequio tranantur aquae : by yielding to the current you swim across 
 the stream. nee: while. . .not. si ... Tie,tea : if you shquld swim 
 against the force of (lie stream. tigris : Ace. Plural. 
 
 19. Aurea saeonla : this is really the golden age, because now everything 
 is measured by gold, everything can be procured for gold. venit : 
 gnomic Perfect as parallel to the gnomic Present. Translate as a Present. 
 
 20. deprensa : if detected. merito : deservedly. fidem ; con- 
 fidence. 
 
 21. adsuetudine : custom. ' There is nothing like being accustomed to a 
 thing.' 
 
 22. mora tnta brevis : only a brief absence is safe ; if you stay away 
 too long, you will be forgotten. 
 
 23. Inzuriant: become overweening. 
 
 25, etiam nunc editis ; you still tell the truth about your age. more : 
 like. bona tam : instead of tam bona, 
 
 26, Prisca invent alios : let others delight in the good old times. apta 
 (sc. est) : suits. 
 
 27, in incessu : in the walk. pars non oontempta : no small share. 
 
 28, Frincipiis : in the beginning. Sero : late ; that is, too late. 
 mala: ills. 
 
 29, a laribus patriis : from home. pigebit ; you will be reluctant. 
 
 30, ' Lightning strikes the highest places.' 
 
 31, ut ipsa : that is, in a vivid image. 
 
 32, cave relegas : never reread. 
 
 33, Compare Hkrodotus, i. 32. The rich King Croesus wished to be 
 pronounced the happiest of men by the wise Solon, but the answer he 
 elicited was similar to our text. 
 
 36, tam turpe ; so disgraceful. quam : as. decorum : honor- 
 able. 
 
 37, ' The darkest hour is just before dawn.' locus in : room for. 
 
 38, These words are put in the mouth of the famous Greek philoso- 
 pher Pythagoras, who came to Italy and settled in Crotona in 529 B.C. 
 The modern doctrine of the Conservation of Matter is here antici- 
 pated, faciem novat : takes a new form. incipere : is subject, 
 esse : Complementary Infinitive after incipere. 
 
39-64.] SHORT SELECTIONS. 1 75 
 
 -39. ' A friend in need is a friend indeed.' xA: as. speetatur : 
 
 IS tested. tempore duro ; in time of trouble. fides : true friend- 
 
 ship. 
 
 40. sospes : prosperous ; lit. unharmed. 
 
 41. radios per solis euntibus ; to those going through the sunshine. 
 
 42. 'Everything that is good may be abused.' iasix-aii : he equips. 
 
 43. Ovid's epitaph, written by himself. In 1886, in the market-place 
 of Kostendje on. the Black Sea, there was erected to Ovid a statue 
 upon the base of which were inscribed these lines. Hie . . . amorum : 
 J, who lie here, the author of tender love-poems. molliter ossa oubent : 
 mai/ the bones rest peacefully. 
 
 44. In praise of an obscure life. 
 
 45. toUit et premit : elevates and easts down. 
 
 46. ' The path of glory is steep and dangerous.'" 
 
 47. 'Time, the Physician.' 
 
 48. Fortuua volubilis : fkJde Fortune. volubilis (from volvo) : lit. 
 rolling, revolving. Fortune is often represented as on a wheel. tan- 
 tuin ... est : is consistent only in her inconsistency ; is always fickle. 
 
 49. Compare Selection 3. 
 
 50. A wish for an enemy : ' pitiable but unpitied.' 
 
 51. Nescio qua duloedine: by some wonderful charm. duoit ; at- 
 tracts. 
 
 52. eiurat ; swears off from. 
 
 63. Spes non ex toto nulla : some slight hope. poenae ; Ovid refers 
 
 to his banishment. Haeo dea: that is, Hope. numina: divin- 
 
 ities, invisa humo : on the hated soil. compede : with shaclcles. 
 
 videat cum: although he sees. nee: yet... not. vena deficiente: 
 
 as his pulse grows weah. in cruce: on the cross; crucifixion was a 
 
 Roman method of execution. 
 
 54. Now : ' Expediency before honor ' ; 
 formerly : 'Virtue is its own reward.' 
 
 55. ' A foeman worthy of thy steel.' 
 
 56. ' A burnt child dreads the fire.' 
 
 57. lapsis: the fallen, the unfortunate. 
 
 58. ' &o to the source.' 
 
 59. ' My mind is free.' 
 
 60. tenui pendentia filo : hanging from a slender thread. 
 
 61. ' Every cloud has a silver lining.' 
 
 62. ' Whom the gods wish to destroy, they first make mad.' cum re ; 
 with prosperity. consilium : wisdom. 
 
 63. caput extulit : raised its head ; ' to touch the stars (or the gods) 
 with one's head ' was an expression of the highest happiness, of great 
 elation. 
 
 64. ' The Almighty Dollar.' In pretio ... est : tiow money is at a 
 premium. census : wealth. iacet : is doum, is despised. 
 
1/6 COMMENTARY. [65-68. 
 
 65. ' Every age prefers its own customs.' 
 
 66. Cosmopolitanism, vacuo . , . patet : all space in the wide world. 
 toto in anno : at every season of the year. 
 
 67. A summer scene. Blanda . . . ocellis : soothing slumber crept 
 stealthily over her vanquished eyes. 
 
 68. ' Tlie Fliglit of Time.' 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTES ON THE MORE DIFFICULT PASSAGES. 
 
 Eer. i. 15 : Sive quis Antiloohum narrabat ab Heotore viotum. Two ob- 
 jections have been made to the reading ab Hectore: (1) according to 
 Homer, it was not Hector, but Menmon, that killed Antilochus. (2) ab 
 Hectore, following Hectoreo in the preceding line, gives offense. 
 
 The second objection does not strengthen the first at all. For, while 
 the repetition is awkward and striking, it would be quite as awkward to 
 jump from Hector in 14 to somebody else in 15 and back to Hector in 16. 
 The general assertion in 14 will naturally be illustrated and explained in 
 the next verses. 
 
 Is it possible that Ovid, with his great memory, carefulness, and ac- 
 curacy, overlooked this point in Homer and wrote ab Heotore without any 
 authority for it ? It seems so to me (cf. my Souecbs of Ovid's Heroides, 
 p. 16), and in the absence of a better reading I have retained ab Heotore 
 in the text. 
 
 If any change is to be made, it should be rather in the word Antiloohum. 
 For instance, Ampbimachum might be substituted. See Homee, II. xiii. 
 185. 
 
 Her. xii. 17 : 
 
 Semina iecisset, totidem visurus et bostes, 
 ut oaderet, etc. 
 Instead of visurus, the best MSS. give que et semina (P.) or quot semlnat 
 (G.). The readings seem to have come from quot semina, which is prob- 
 ably a gloss explaining totidem, and replaced some verb which cannot be 
 restored with great confidence. The passage has been variously emended, 
 most editors putting in some word like sevisset. The construction of 
 this sevisset would naturally be the same as that of the preceding ieolsset 
 (or sevisset, as several editors have it), but that does not fit the sense well. 
 He ought to have sown an equal number of enemies does not seem to be 
 the meaning, but rather he would have sown, stating that the one action 
 was involved in the other. It is, moreover, not quite correct to say 
 bostes serere when you simply mean that .bostes spring up from the sow- 
 ing. I am prepared to grant that these are both rather fine points, but 
 they are suflHeieut to cause me to suggest a new emendation, visurus. 
 The word video is peculiarly applicable to the strange sight. Compare 
 1. 98 and Met. vii. 130, 135. 
 13 
 
178 COMMENTARY. 
 
 Her. xii. 65 : petit altera at alter habebit. The first hand of P (the best 
 MS.) gives : alter petit alter habebit. This is defended by Salmasius and 
 Birt, and edited by Sedlmayer. The second hand of P gives : petit 
 altera et altera habebit. O reads the same, with habebit as a correction. 
 The various editors read as follovcs : 
 
 Bentley : petit altera, et alter habebat. 
 
 Merkel : petit altera, et altera habebat. 
 
 Riese : petit altera, at altera habebat. 
 
 Housman : alter petit, <iiiipetrat> alter. 
 Some inferior MS. gives the reading I have adopted. 
 
 The difficulty comes from supposing that alter(a) . . . alter(a) must 
 refer to the two sisters. The line, in itself, is obscure. The light, it 
 seems, must come from the following line. 
 
 Her. xii. 143 : frequenter. Several editors (as Merlcel, Kiese) read fre- 
 quentant on the authority of G and other MSS. It seems, however, that 
 the notion of repetition belongs as well to Hymen as to Hymenaee. 
 
 Her. xii. 149: 
 
 Cum minor e pueris — is traotus amore videndi 
 constitit ad geminae limina prima foris. 
 I have ventured an emendation. Instead of is tractus amore, the best 
 MSS. give us iussus studioque, which is unintelligible. Various efforts 
 have been made to amend the passage, but they are all unsatisfactory. 
 Every editor has attempted to give two motives why the boy took his 
 stand at the door, but one seems quite sufficient. Studio may we]l have 
 been a gloss and que inserted for metre. An expressed subject (is) for 
 the parenthetical clause is very desirable. 
 
 Her. xii, 151 : hue mihi, mater, adi, I have again dared to amend. 
 Nearly all the editors follow the best MSS. and read : hinc mihi, mater, 
 abi. The meaning, however, cannot well be other than that given, and 
 it is very doubtful if hino abi can, without great distortion of language, 
 mean anything else than go away front here: It seems probable that 
 some grammarian-copyist thought this the appropriate thing for the 
 child to say, and corrected accordingly. 
 
 Note. — Other critical notes may be found in the Commentary. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 All the long vowels in this vocabulary are marked. 
 
 1. a (ah), interj. oh! ah! alas! 
 
 2. a, ab, prep, with Abl. 1. place: from, 
 away from, out of; 2. direction: on, at, 
 in, as a deztra, on the nght; 3. time : 
 from, since, after ; 4. cause: /rom, o/te', 
 in consequence of ; 5. agency: 6y. 
 
 ab-dS, -dere, -didi, -ditum, pu« away, 
 hide, amoeal. abdita (proleptic) tSxit, 
 covered over and hid from view. 
 
 ab-dQcO, -ducere, -duzl, -ductum, lead 
 away, lead aside, carry off. 
 
 ab-eS, -ire, -ii, -itum : l. go away, with- 
 draw, depart, disappear, pass by ; 2. 
 change (into), be transformed. 
 
 ab-igO, -igere, -Sgl, -actum, drive away. 
 
 ab-lui, -laere, -Inl, -lutum, wash away, 
 wash off, wash. 
 
 ab-oleD, -olSre, -olSvi, -olitum, destroy. 
 
 ab-rump5, -rump ere, -rnpi, -ruptum, 
 
 break off, break. 
 
 ab-scindo, -scindere, -scidi, -scissum, 
 
 tear away, tear off, break off, separate. 
 absens, -entis, partic. adj. [absum] ab- 
 sent, removed. 
 
 ab9-tine8, -tinSre,' -tinul, -tentum, 
 [teneB] hold back, keep off, abstain. 
 
 ab3-tnll, see auferd, carry off. 
 
 ab-sum, abesse, afnl, be away, be absent, 
 be distant, be wanting, fail. longS 
 abesse, be far away, be of no assistance, 
 fail utterly, leave in the lurch. 
 
 ab-sSmS, -sumere, -sumpsi, -sOmptom, 
 
 take away, use up, waste, destroy. 
 Absyrtus, -I, m. Absyrtus, brother of 
 
 Medea. He was slain by Medea to delay 
 
 her father's porsnit. 
 abundS, adv. abundantly. 
 ac = atque, and. 
 
 ao-cida, -cedere, -eSssi, -cgssum, ap- 
 
 pi-oach, draw near, be added. acog- 
 dere sacris, take part in the rites. 
 ac-oendi, -cendere, -cendl, -cSnsum, sei 
 
 fire to, kindle, inflame, burn. 
 
 aooeptus, -a, -um, partic. adj. [aoeipis] 
 acceptable, welcome, agreeable. 
 
 ac-cid8, '■cidere, -cidi, [oad8] fall upon ; 
 happen, occur. 
 
 ao-cingS, -cingere, -cinxl, -oinctum, 
 
 gird, arm, put on. Passive : gird one's 
 self 
 
 ac-cipi8, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, [capi5] 
 
 receive, accept, learn, hear. 
 
 Accius, -I, m. Accius, an early Boman 
 tragic poet (170-94 B.C.). 
 
 acclivis, -e, sloping upward, ascending. 
 
 ac-commod8, -are, -avi, -S,tuni,flt,fit on, 
 fit to, fasten on. 
 
 ac-eumb5, -cumbere, -eubui, -oubitum, 
 
 recline (especially at meals, according to 
 Roman custom). 
 
 accQsS, -Sre, -avI, -atum, accuse. 
 1. aoer, -eris, ii. maple-tree, maple-wood, 
 used especially for writing-tablets. 
 
 S, aoer, acris, acre, hot, glowing (fa- 
 villa) ; keen-scented; spirited, brave, vio- 
 lent. 
 
 acerbns, -a, -Uiii, bitter, sharp, unripe; 
 sorrowful, stem (vultus), 
 
 AobillSs, -is and -i, m. Achilles, son of 
 Peleus (King of Phthia in Thessaly) and 
 Thetis, the Nereid ; grandson of Aeacus, 
 and father of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus). 
 He was the chief hero of the Greeks in 
 the war at Troy, and was killed there. 
 
 Achlvus, -a, -um, Grecian. Subst, 
 AchlTl, the Greeks. 
 
 aciSs, -SI, f . sharpness, sharp point ; look, 
 glance; lin4 of battle, battle, army. 
 
i8o 
 
 VOCABULAKY. 
 
 Acoetes, -ae, m, Acoetes, a eapposed sailor: 
 
 Bacchus in disguise. 
 aconitmn, -I, n. aconite, wolf's-bane, a 
 
 violent poison. 
 
 actor, -oris, m. [agO] driver, herdsman. 
 
 Actorid€s, -ae, m. descendant of Act07', 
 especially his grandson Pairoclns, the 
 friend of Achilles. 
 
 actum, -I, n. [ago] deed, act. 
 
 actutum, adv. immediately, at once. 
 
 aouB, -ere, acuJ, aoiitum, sJiarpen. 
 
 ad, prep, with Ace. to, up to, towards, 
 near, by,for, at. ad lunae radios, by 
 the light of tJie rmxm. ad citharam, 
 to the accompamment of the cithara. 
 
 adamas, -antis, m. adawMni, steel. 
 
 ad-amo, -are, -avi, -atam, fall in love 
 with, loiie. 
 
 ad-d!sco, -discere, -didici, learn in addi- 
 tion, learn besides. 
 
 ad-do, -dere, -did!, -ditum, add, add to, 
 join to ; put on (frSna equis). ad- 
 dere fldem dictis, to keep one's prom- 
 ise, adde c[uod, moreover. 
 
 ad-dacB, -diioere, -dOxI, -ductum, bring 
 to, lead to. addScor lltora, I approach 
 the sh/yre. 
 
 ad-ed5, -edere, -edi, -Bsum, eat vp, de- 
 stroy, consume. 
 
 ad-Smptus, see adimo, take away. 
 
 1. adeo, adv. so, to such a degree. 
 
 2. ad-e5, -Ire, -il, -itum, go to, approach, 
 visit, reach, consult. 
 
 adfectS, -are, -avI, -Stum, [ad-ficio] aim 
 
 at, strive after. 
 
 ad-fers, -ferre, adtull, adlatum, bring 
 to, bring. 
 
 ad-flcia, -flcere, -fScI, -fectum, affect, in- 
 flict, visit. 
 
 adflatus, -iis, m. breath, inspiration. 
 
 [ad-for], -fari, -fatus sum, speak to, ad- 
 
 ad-gredior, -gredl, -gressns sum, ap- 
 proach, attack. 
 
 ad-haereS, -haerere, -haesi, -haesum, 
 
 cling to, stick to. 
 
 ftd-haerSsco, -haeriscere, -haesI, -hae- 
 sum, remain sticking ot fastened to. 
 
 adhilo, adv. up to the present, still, yet. 
 
 ad-iciB, -ioere, -iSoi, -iectum, add, join ; 
 apply to. 
 
 ad-imO, -imere, -Sml, -emptum, take 
 away, carry off. 
 
 aditns, -iiB, m. [2 ade6] approach, en- 
 trance. 
 
 ad-iung5, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunotum, 
 join to, yoke, harness. 
 
 ad-iur6, -are, -avi, -atum, swear to, 
 swear (per, by). 
 
 adiutus, see adiuvS. 
 
 ad-iuv6, -iuvare, -iuvl, -intum, Mp, 
 assist. 
 
 ad-lig5, -are, -avi, -atum, bind to, bind 
 up, bind, fasten. 
 
 ad-loquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, speak 
 
 to, address. 
 ad-miror, -mirarl, -miratus sum, wonder 
 
 at, admire ; wonder. 
 
 ad-missus, -a, -um, [ad-mittd] partic. 
 adj. at full speed, running fast. 
 
 ad-mitts, -mittere, -misi, -missum, lei 
 
 go at full speed, let loose, give the rein to; 
 commit (scelus), 
 
 ad-mouee, -monSre, -monni, -mouitum, 
 
 remind, advise, warn, admmdsh. 
 
 ad-moveB, -movire, -movl, -motum, 
 
 move to, bring near ; apply, use, 
 
 ad-nuB, -nuere, -nul, -nStum, nod to, 
 
 yield to, concede, grant. 
 
 ad-operio, -operire, -operui, -opertum, 
 
 cover up, conceal, hide. 
 
 adopertus, -a, -um, partic. adj. hidden. 
 adoperta vultum, with Mr face veiled. 
 ad-opt6, -are, -avi, -atum, adopt. 
 
 ad-or5, -are, -avi, -atum, pray to, adore, 
 worship. 
 
 ad-ripi8, -ripere, -ripul, -reptum, seize, 
 grasp. 
 
 ad-scendB, -sceudere, -scendl, -scSnsum, 
 
 ascend, mount. 
 
 adsiduus, -a, -um, continual, constant, 
 uninterrupted, incessant. 
 
 adspergB, -inis, f. sprinkling, besprink- 
 ling (caedis, of blood) ; spray, moisture, 
 drops of water. multa adspergine 
 rSrant, drip profusely with water. 
 
 ad-6picie, -spicere, -spexl, -spectum, 
 
 look at, behold, see, examine. 
 
AcoetSs— aSr. 
 
 I»I 
 
 ad-sterno, -sternere, — , adstratum, 
 
 cast one's self down before. 
 
 ad-st8, -stare, -stiti, stand by, be present. 
 adstratos, -a, -um, Bee ad-steru9, 
 adstrictns, -a, -um, partic. adj. [ad- 
 
 stringB] congealed, frozen. 
 ad-stringo, -stringere, -strinxl, -stric- 
 ' tain, bind, fasten together, solidify ; 
 
 congeal, freeze. 
 
 ad-strue, -struere, -struxl, -strflctum, 
 build to, add to, acquire in addition to. 
 
 ad-suSscS, -suSscere, -suSvi, -sugtum, 
 accustom one's self, become accustomed, 
 be accustomed. 
 
 adsaStudS, -inis, f . custom ; familiarity. 
 
 adsuetus, -a, -um, partic. adj. [adsuSscS] 
 
 accustomed, customary, usual. 
 ad-sum, -esse, -fal, be present, be at hand ; 
 
 come : help, assist ; be in (annis) : tauta 
 
 simplicitas adfuit puerilibus annis, 
 
 on account qfher youth she was so simple. 
 
 (Lucifer) adfuit, was present, shone. 
 adulter, -eri, m. adulterer. 
 aduncus, -a, -um, curved, crooked. 
 ad-ure, -urere, -lissi, -iistum, bum, singe, 
 
 destroy with heat or cold. 
 adustns, -a, -um, partic. adj. [adurfi] 
 
 Immi. 
 ad-veh6, -vehere, -vexl, -vectum, bring 
 
 to. Passive : arrive at, come to. 
 
 advena, -ae, m. stranger. 
 adventus, -us, m. arrival, approach. 
 adversus, -a, -um, [adverts] tur?i£d to, 
 
 opposite, facing ; hostile. 
 ad-verto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, turn 
 
 to, direct towards. 
 AeacldSs, -ae, m. descendant of Aeacus, 
 
 especially Achilles, the grandson of 
 
 Aeacus. 
 Aeacus, -I, m. Aeacus, son of Jupiter 
 
 and the nymph Aegina, father of Tela- 
 
 mon, Pelens, and Phocus. Ace. Aeacon. 
 aedes (or aedis), -is, f . temple ; PI. house, 
 
 dwelling. 
 AeSta, -ae, m. Aeetes, King of Colchis, 
 
 father of Medea. 
 AeetSs, -ae, see AeSta. 
 AegaeSn, -5nis, m. Aegaeon, a hundred- 
 armed giant, represented as riding a 
 
 whale. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, sick, weak; sorrow- 
 ful.^ 
 
 Aegeus, -el, m. Aegms, father of The- 
 seus. 
 
 Aegyptius, -a, -um, Egyptian. 
 
 aelinou ipxKivov), the refrain of a Grecian 
 
 folk-song of sorrowful character, woe (to 
 
 me)l alas! 
 
 aemulus, -i, m. rival, competitor. 
 AeneadSs, -ae, m. descendant of Aeneas, 
 especially Julius Caesar. 
 
 AeuSas, -ae, m. Aeneas, son of Venus 
 and Anchises. He was a Trojan, and 
 after the destruction of his native city 
 he settled in Italy. His voyages and ad- 
 ventures are related by Vergil. 
 
 Aeneius, -a, -um, of Aeneas. Aeneia 
 arma = Vergil's Aeneid, of which Aeneas 
 was the hero and which begins with the 
 words : arma virumque can5. 
 
 aSneus, -a, -um, of bronze or copper, 
 brazen. 
 
 aSnum, -I, n. bronze kettle. 
 
 aSnus, -a, -um, of bronze or copper, 
 brazen. 
 
 Aeolides, -ae, m. descendant of the Thes- 
 salian king Aeolus, especially his son 
 Sisyphus. 
 
 Aeolius, -a, -um, Aeolian, of Aeolus, 
 ruler of the Winds. 
 
 Aeolus, -I, m. Aeolus, the king of the 
 Winds. 
 
 aequalis, -e, equal, of equal size, of equal 
 age. Subst. one of equal age; com- 
 panion, playmate. 
 
 aequo, -are, -avi, -atum, egual, make 
 even, make equal, level. solo aeqnare, 
 level to the ground, aequata (mensa), 
 made level. 
 
 aequor, -oris, n. [aequus] t/ie level sea, the 
 sea. 
 
 aequoreus, -a, -um, of the sea, marine ; 
 dwelling on the sea, island-dwelling 
 (BritannI). 
 
 aequum, -I, "• level, equality; justice, 
 right. ex aequo, equally, amantior 
 aequi,./'onrfe7' of justice. 
 
 aequus, -a, -um, even, just ; friendly, fa- 
 vorable, propitious. 
 
 aBr, -eris, m- [i-vp] air, atmosphere; 
 breath (bflcina concSpit), Ace. gera, 
 
1 82 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 aeripgs, -pedis, adj. with feet of bronze, 
 brorhzefooted. 
 
 aes, aeris, n. bronze, copper ; instrument 
 of bronze ttrumpet, table of laws, fish- 
 hook); the lyrortze age. 
 
 Aeson, -onis, m. Aeson, the father of Ja- 
 son. 
 
 AesonidSs, -ae, m. son of Aeson = Jason. 
 
 Aesonius, -a, -um, of Aeson ; Aesonius 
 heras, the heroic son cf Aeson = .Tman. 
 
 aestas, -atis, f . summer ; Aestas, Sum- 
 mer (personified), the goddess of summer. 
 
 aestnO, -are, -avi, -atum, boll, glow ; Uim 
 with love. 
 
 aestus, -lis, m. heat, Uiming; warmth, 
 summer. 
 
 aetas, -atis, f. time, age, season, life. 
 
 aeternus, -a, -um, everlasting, eternal. 
 
 in aeternum, forever. 
 Aethalion, -onis, m. Aethalion, a sailor. 
 aethSr, -eris, m. [aiBrjp] ether, air, upper 
 
 air, heavens, shy. aethSr is higher and 
 
 lighter tiian aSr. 
 
 aetherius, -a, -um, of the sky, etheriat, 
 lieavenly, celestial. 
 
 AetMops, -apis, m. Ethiopian. 
 
 Aethou, -onis, m. Aeihon, one of the Sun- 
 god's horses. 
 
 Aetna, -ae, f. Aetna, volcanic mountain 
 in Sicily. 
 
 Aetolins, -a, -nm, Aetolian, from Aetolia, 
 an inland country of Greece. Aetolius 
 heros = DUrniede. 
 
 Aetolns, -a, -um = AetSlius, 
 
 aevum, -I, n. time, lifetim.e, age, genera- 
 tion ; old age (aev5 soluti) ; viridi ab 
 aev5,/?'ewj early youth. 
 
 Africa, -ae, f . Africa. 
 
 ager, agri, m. field, land ; country. 
 
 agitO, -are, -avI, -Stum, [freq. of agS] 
 drive ; shake, stir up ;. brandish (ha- 
 stam). 
 
 agmen, -inis, ■■. [ag5] troop, swarm, 
 army. agmen cogere, bring up the 
 rear, close thefUe. 
 
 agnosco, -nosoere, -nSvI, -nitum, recog- 
 nize. 
 
 ag5, agere, igl, Sctum, set in motion, 
 drive, lead; do, act; of time: pass; 
 rimas agere, farm cracks, be split; 
 
 causam agere, plead a case ; celebrate 
 (triumphum); esepr.ess (grates); keep 
 (silentia), 
 
 agricola, -ae, m. [ager, ool5] farmer, 
 husbandman. 
 
 all (or a), interj. ah! oh! alas! 
 
 AI, [«'] marks on the flower hyacinthus, 
 interpreted as the interj. alas! (al) and 
 also as the first letters of Aiax (Alas). 
 
 Aiax, -acis, m. .4703: ; 1. Son of Telamon, 
 King of Salamis. Of the brave besiegers 
 of Troy, this Ajas was second only to 
 Achilles. 3. Sonof Oileus, Kingof Locris. 
 He, too, fought at Troy on the Grecian 
 side. 
 
 aiS, ait, say. 
 
 ala, -ae, f. wing. 
 
 AlastSr, -oris, m. Alastor, a Lycian, ally 
 of the Trojans, slain by Ulysses. 
 
 albus, -a, -um, white. 
 Alcander, -dri, m. Alcander, a Lycian, 
 ally of the Trojans, slain by Ulysses. 
 
 AlcimedSn, -ontis, m. Alcimedon, a sailor, 
 ales, -itis, adj. [ala] winged. Subst. m. 
 and f . bird. 
 
 Alexander, -drI, m. Alexander, the great 
 King of Macedon, conqueror of Asia, 
 founder of Alexandria in Egypt (Ale- 
 xandrl urbs). 
 
 aliSnus, -a, -um, [alius] belonging to an- 
 other, foreign, strange. 
 
 alimentum, -I, n. [al5] nmirishment,food. 
 
 alipgs, -pedis, [ala, p6s] wing-footed, 
 swift. 
 
 aliqul, -qua, -quod, adj. pron. som.e, any. 
 
 aliquis, -qua, -quid, subst. pron. some one, 
 
 any one. est aliqnid, it is something 
 
 (important). 
 
 alitor, adv. otherwise. 
 alius, -a, -ud, other, another, different. 
 almus, -a, -um, [alO] nourishing ; benifi- 
 cent, kind, pi'opitious. 
 
 alB, alere, alul, altum (or alitum), 
 
 nourish, support, raise. Passive : feed 
 one's self (avibus). 
 
 AlphSias, -adis, f. Arethusa, the bride of 
 the river-god Alpheus. 
 
 altaria, -ium, n. altar. 
 
 alts, adv. high. Comp. altius, higher, too 
 high. 
 
aeripSa— ante. 
 
 183 
 
 alter, -era, -erum, tlie otlier, second. 
 alter— alter, (/« one— the ot/ier. Geu. 
 alterius. 
 
 alter, -oris, m. [al5] fosier-failuer. 
 
 altum, -1, 11. <Ae dtep, the sea. 
 
 altus, -a, -urn, [al5] : 1. high, ekvated. 
 altissiina via, the highest part of the 
 way. S. deep, profound (silentia). 
 
 alumnus, -i, m. \.a,\o\ fost«r-son. 
 
 alveus, -I, m. bed (of a stream), channel. 
 
 amaus, -antis, partic. adj. [amD] fond, 
 loving. Sabst. m. and f. lover. 
 
 amarus, -a, -um, bitter (sucus) ; fig. 
 bitte-r, painful, sad. 
 
 amator, -oris, m. [am6] lover. 
 
 [ambages], -is, f. [amb, ag8] going 
 around by a circuitous route ,* circumlo- 
 cution, evasion. falsi positis am- 
 bagibus oris, avoiding deceptive cir- 
 cumlocutions. In Sing. U8cd only in Abl. 
 
 ambiguus, -a, -um, ambiguous, doubtful. 
 (Proteus) qf many fmins, capable of 
 assuming various shapes. 
 
 ambitio, -onis, f . going around ; can- 
 vassing, soliciting votes or a favor. 
 
 ambitiosus, -a, -um, begging, soliciting. 
 ambitiosa fuit, used earnest entreaty. 
 
 ambo, -ae, -5, both. 
 
 ambrosia, -ae, f. ambrosia, tlie food of 
 the Immortals, eaten also by the Sun's 
 horses. 
 
 amb-uro, -Orere, -fissi, -iistum, burn 
 arovnd, scorch. 
 
 amSns, -entis, adj. [mSns] wiUiout sense, 
 senseless, beside one's self, WMd. 
 
 amentia, -ae, f. loss of senses, madness. 
 
 arnica, -ae, f. friend, sweetheart, mis- 
 tress. 
 
 amictus, -lis, m. dothing, dress, veil. 
 
 1. amicus, -I, m- friend. 
 
 3. amicus, -a, -wa, friendly, kind, favor- 
 able. 
 
 a-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, lose. 
 
 amnis, -is, m- river, stream ; personified, 
 Blver, River-god. 
 
 amO, -are, -avi, -atum, tow. 
 
 1, amor, -oris, m. love, desire; Sing, and 
 PI. abstract for concrete love, loved one, 
 darling ; amOrSs, love-songs. 
 
 2. Amor, -Oris, m. Amor, Cupid, the god 
 of love, the son of Venus. 
 
 amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum, embrace. 
 
 amplexus, -lis, m. embrace. 
 
 amplius, adv. comp. furt/ter, longer, more. 
 
 an, conj. 1. in the second part of a dis- 
 junctive question, direct or indirect, or. 
 The Urst part is usually introduced by 
 utrum or -ne, bat these may be omitted. 
 2. in simple questions, or, whether. 3. af- 
 ter expressions of doubt, whether. 
 
 anoora, -ae, f . anchor. 
 
 Andraemon, -onis, m. Andraemon, King 
 of Aetolia, father of Thoas, who fought 
 at Troy. 
 
 Andromeda, -ae, f. Andromeda, an Ethi- 
 opian princess who was rescued from a 
 sea-monster by Perseus. 
 
 auguis, -is, m. and f. 1. serpent, make. 
 2. the Dragon, a constellation in the 
 northern sky. 
 
 angulus, -I, m. comer. 
 
 angustus, -a, -um, nurrow, close. res 
 angustae, misfortune. 
 
 anhSlitus, -us, m. breath, breathing, pant- 
 ing. 
 
 anhelO, -are, -avI, -Stum, breathe, exhale, 
 emit. 
 
 anhSlns, -a, -um, panting, out of breath. 
 
 anilis, -e, [anus] of an old woman, weak. 
 
 anima, -ae, f. breath, life, soul ; PI. espe- 
 cially, souls of the dead, shades. 
 animal, -alis, n. anMnal. 
 animosus, -a, -um, [animus] spirited. 
 
 animus, -I, m. mind, spirit, soul, feeling, 
 courage, anger. animis nostrls (dE- 
 trahe), from my mind, animum dl- 
 mittit, directs his mind', turns his 
 attention, quid tibi animi foret, luno 
 would you feel? animis minora, 
 humbler than my wrath, animus 
 suadBbat, my feelings urged me, I felt 
 an impulse. 
 
 annus, -I, m. year, time, time of life, life, 
 age. crEscentSs annSs abstulit, 
 carried her off in her youth. 
 
 anser, -eris, m. goose. 
 ante: 1- adv. before, in place or time. 
 antequam, before, sooner than, ante 
 
1 84 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 (volat), ahead, in advance. 2. prep, 
 with Ace. ie/ore, in the presence of, in 
 preference to. ante diem, before th^ 
 time, prematurely. 
 
 ante-eB, -Ire, -il, -itum, go before ; sur- 
 pass, outrank. Ail forms in Ovid are to 
 be read witli Synizesis, i.e. the e in ante 
 does not make a separate syllable. 
 
 antemna, -ae, f • yard, sail-yard, to which 
 the sails were fastened. 
 
 Antenor, -oris, m. Antenor, a prominent 
 Trojan, in favor of peace. 
 
 Antilochus, -I, m. Antilochus, son of Nes- 
 tor, killed at Troy. 
 
 Antinous, -I, m. Aniinaus, one of Pen- 
 elope's suitors. 
 
 antiquns, -a, -um, [ante] ancient, 
 former, old. 
 
 antrum, -I, n. cave. 
 
 annlus, -i, m. ring. 
 
 anus, -us, f. old woman ; as adj. old. 
 
 anxius, -a, -um, anxious, troubled. 
 
 Aonius, -a, -um, Aonian, a poetic name 
 for Boeotian. The Aones were an ancient 
 Boeotian tribe. Aoniae SororSs = ^^d 
 Muses, whose seat was Mount Helicon in 
 Boeotia. 
 
 aper, apri, m. wild boar. 
 
 aperiS, -Ire, aperul, apertum, open, dis- 
 close. 
 
 apertS, adv. openly ; in open battle (vin- 
 cere). 
 
 apertus, -a, -um, [aperio] open, exposed, 
 unprotected; clear. 
 
 apex, -iois, m. point, head, summit. 
 
 apis, -is, f . bee. 
 
 Apollo, -inis, m. Apollo, son of Jujiter 
 
 and Latona, brother of Biana, the deified 
 
 Sun, the god of poetry, music, prophecy, 
 
 etc. 
 1. ap-pell6, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum, 
 
 drive to; especially of a ship, land. 
 
 Z. appellS, -are, -ayl, -atnm, call, call 
 upon, address, accost. 
 
 ap-plicO, -Sre, -avl, -Stum, direct to, land. 
 
 aptS, &&•<. fittingly. 
 
 apti, -are, -Svl, -Stum, fit on, put on. 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, fitting, proper, suitable, 
 adapted. 
 
 apud, prep, with Ace. with, in the presence 
 of 
 
 aqua, -ae, f. water. 
 
 aquilo, -onis, ni. the north wind ; per- 
 sonified, North-wind, Boreas. 
 
 aquSsus, -a, -um, [aqua] watery, rain- 
 bringing. 
 
 Sra, -ae, f . altar ; the Altar, a low con- 
 stellation in the southern sky. 
 
 arator, -oris, m. [ar5] plowman. 
 
 aratrum, -I, u. [ara] plow. 
 
 ArStus, -I, m. Aratus, u Greek poet who 
 flourished about 270 B.C., famous as the 
 author of certain astronomical poems. 
 
 arbitrium, -I, n. judgment, decision ; will, 
 power. 
 
 arbor, -oris, f. tree. lovis arbor, the 
 oak. FSlias arbor = the ship Argo. 
 
 aiboreus, -a, -um, of a tree, of trees. 
 
 arbustum, -I, n. trees ; a group of trees, 
 plantaticn, orchard. 
 
 arbuteus, -a, -um, of t/ie arbutus or 
 strawbe?'ry-tree. 
 
 arbutus, -i, f. the arbutus, arbute-tree, 
 strawberry-tree : a small tree or shrub 
 bearing fruit somewhat similar to the 
 strawberry. 
 
 arcanum, -I, n. secret. 
 
 aroanus, -a, -um, secret, mysterious. 
 
 arceo, -Sre, -ul, keep off, ward off, hin- 
 der, prevent. 
 
 Arogsius, -I, m. Arcesius, the father of La- 
 ertes, and so the grandfather of Ulysses. 
 
 Arctos, -I, f . [op/cToi, bear] the Bear, espe- 
 cially the Great Bear ; a constellation in 
 the northern sky, which to inhabitants of 
 the northern hemisphere never sinks 
 below the horizon, hence inmunis 
 aequoris, 
 
 arcus, -lis, m. bow, e.g. Cupid's how ; 
 7'ainbow ; zone, district in the sky cor- 
 responding to a zone on tke earth. 
 
 ardeB, -Bre, arsi, arsum, bum, glow, 
 blase ; bum with love. 
 
 ardor, -oris, m. glow, burning, passion. 
 
 arduus, -a, -um, steep, high. in ardua 
 
 montis, tip the ?nountaln-side, to the top 
 
 of the mountain. 
 
 Srea, -ae, f . open space, ground, field ; 
 threshing-floor. 
 
anteeS-audiS. 
 
 i8s 
 
 arSna, see harena, sand. 
 arSas, -entis, partic. aaj. [arei] dry, 
 parched, withered ; ripe. 
 
 Sre6, -ere, be dry, bepardied. 
 
 Arethusa, -ae, f. Arethusa, a nymph of 
 Elis in Greece, who, hcing pursued by 
 the river-god Alpheus, prayed for help 
 and was transformed into a spring, which 
 flowed under the sea to Sic ily and there 
 reappeared on the Island of Ortygia, a 
 part of the city of Syracuse. 
 
 argenteus, -a, -yim, of silver, silver. 
 
 argentum, -I, ». silver. 
 
 argestBs, -ae, m. the northwest wind, 
 bringer of clear weather. 
 
 Argi, -orum, m. Argos, a city of Greece. 
 Arglvus, -a, -vun, Argive, Grecian. 
 Argo, -fls, f. Argo, the ship of the Argo- 
 nauts. Ace. Argon, 
 
 Argolicns, -a, -um, of Argos, Argive, 
 Orecian. 
 
 Argos, n. Argos; used only in Nom. and 
 Ace. See ArgJ, ' 
 
 arguS, -ere, -ul, accuse, reproach, blame. 
 
 aridus, -a, -uin, dry, parched, burning. 
 
 ariSs, -etis, m. ram. 
 
 arista, -ae, f. ear (of grain). 
 
 arma, -orum, u. arms, weapons, armor. 
 
 armentum, -I, n. [arS] plow oxen, cattle, 
 klne. 
 
 annifer, -fera, -ferum 
 
 armed ; warlike. 
 
 armS, -are, -avi, -atum, arm, give arms to. 
 ar5, -are, -avI, -atum, plow, cultivate. 
 ars, -tis, f. art, science, skill, cunning; 
 
 trade, profession. 
 artifex, -ficis, m. [ars, faciS] artificer, 
 
 ojiginator, auth/yr, scheme)'. 
 
 1. artus, -a, -um, close, close-fitting, nar- 
 tmv, strait. 
 
 2. artus, -us, m. limb (of the body), mem^ 
 ber, body. Usually in PI. 
 
 arundo, sec harundS, reed. 
 arvum, -I, n. [ax6] plowed land, field. 
 arx, -cis, f . citadel, castle, palace ; highest 
 
 point, summit. 
 Ascraeus, -a, -um, of Asera, a town in 
 
 Boeotia where lived Heslod, the Gre- 
 
 cian farmer-poet. Hence Ascraeus = t/ie 
 bard of Ascra, Ilesiod. 
 
 Asia, -ae, f. Asia; often used of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Astraea, -ae, f. Astraea, the goddess of 
 justice. 
 
 astrum, -I, u. star, constellation; in PI. 
 
 often = sky, heavens. 
 astns, -lis, m. cunning. 
 at, conj. but, still, yet, nevertheless, on t!u 
 
 contrary. 
 
 ater, -tra, trum, black, dark; gloomy, 
 sorrowful, mournful. 
 
 Athgnae, -arum, f. Athens, the famous 
 city of Greece. 
 
 AtlantiadSs, -ae, m. descendant of Atlas, 
 especially Mercury, his grandson. 
 
 Atlantis, -idis, f. daughter of Atlas, espe- 
 cially Maia, the mother of Mercury. ' 
 
 Atlas, -antis, m. Atlas : 1. the giant, a. 
 the mountain in Africa. 
 
 atque, ao, conj. and, and also ; as, than. 
 
 Atreus, -el, m. Atreus, father of Agamem- 
 non and Menelaus. 
 
 Atrldes, -ae, m. son of Atreus, especially 
 Agamemnon (maior AtrldSs) and Mene- 
 laus (minor Atrldes). 
 
 atriiuu, -I, ii. tlw atrium, the main hall 
 of a Roman house. 
 
 atrox, -ocis, axij., fierce, hostile. 
 
 attamen, conj. but, yet, nevertheless. 
 
 at-tineO, -Sre, -tinul, -tentum, pertain 
 to, concern, be of consequence. 
 
 at-toll6, -ere, raise, lift. 
 
 attonitus, -a, -um, tliunderstruck, aston- 
 is/ied, confused. 
 
 at-trali5, -trahere, -traz!, -trSctum, at- 
 tract. 
 attull, see adferS, 
 
 aueeps, -cupis, m. [avis, capiB] bird- 
 catcher,fowler. 
 
 auctor, -Oris, m. and f . author, originator, 
 inventor, giver. auctor generis or 
 sanguinis, ancestor. 
 
 audacia, -ae, f . boldness, daring, courage. 
 
 audaz, -acis, adj. bold, brave ; rash, reck- 
 less. 
 
 audeB, -Ere, ausus sum, dare, attempt. 
 
 audio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, hear, listen. 
 
1 86 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 aufero, -ferre, abstull, ablatum, carry 
 
 qff, take qff^ take away, remove, destroy; 
 
 caj-ry qff as ajJ^'ize, win. 
 auged, -ere, auxl, auctum, increase, cause 
 
 to grmv, mnliiply, add to. 
 augurium, -I, n. interpretation of omens, 
 
 prophecy. 
 
 auguror, -Sri, -atus sum, propfiesy, in- 
 teipret omens ; suppose, infer. 
 
 Augustus, -I, m. Augustus, Emperor of 
 Rome. 
 
 aula, -ae, f ■ court, palace. 
 
 Aulis, -idis, f. Aulis, «. Boeotiau seaport 
 
 where the Grecian fleet assembled when 
 
 about to start for Troy. 
 aura, -ae, f. breeze, wind, air, breath. 
 auratus, -a,'Um, [aurum] gilded, golden, 
 
 covered or adorned with gold. 
 aureus, -a, -um, golden, of gold, gold. 
 
 vis aurea, power of tm^ing things into 
 
 gold. 
 
 aurifer, -fera, -ferum, gold-bearing, gold- 
 producing. 
 aurlga, -ae, m. charioteer, driver. 
 
 auris, -is, f- ear. aure susurrat, 
 whispers in my ear. 
 
 1. aurora, -ae, f. dawn. 
 
 3. AurSra, -ae, f. Aurora, the goddess of 
 dawn. 
 
 aurum, -i, n. gold ; the Oolden Age. 
 ausim = ausus sim, see audeS. 
 Ausonia, -ae, f. Ausonia, a poetical name 
 for Italy. 
 
 AuBonius, -a, -um, Ausonian, Italian. 
 
 auspicium, -I, n, sign, omen ; leadership. 
 
 auster, -tri, m. south wind, the bringer 
 of rain. 
 
 australis, -e, brought by the south wind, 
 from the south, southern. 
 
 anstim, -I, n. [audeS] daring deed, bold 
 undertaking. 
 
 aut, conj. or, or else. aut— aut, either— 
 or. 
 
 autem, conj. but, yet, however, nevertlte- 
 less, on the other hand. 
 
 autumnalis, -e, of autumn, autumn. 
 
 autumnus, -I, m. [augeB] autumn, fail. 
 Personified, Autumnus, the god of au- 
 tumn. 
 
 auziliaris, -e, Jielpful, lielping, assisting. 
 
 auxilium, -i, n. help, aid, assistance. 
 
 avarus, -a, -um, eager, greedy, miserly. 
 
 a-vell8, -ere, -velll or -vulsi, -vulsum, 
 pluck qff, tear away. 
 
 avena, -ae, f . oats ; straw, reed, out of 
 which ti.e shepherd's pipe (flute) was 
 made. 
 
 Avernus, -i, m. Lake Avernus, near Cumae, 
 where there was supposed to be an en- 
 trance to the Under Woild. Hence 
 Avernus sometimes = the Under World, 
 the Lower World. 
 
 Avernus, -a, -um, adj. of Avernus, of tJie 
 Lower World. 
 
 aversus, -a, -um, [averto] turned away, 
 Jleeing ; unfriendly, hostile. 
 
 a-vert5, -ere, -verti, -versum, turn 
 away. 
 
 avidus, -a, -um, greedy, eager for, deAr- 
 ousof. 
 
 avis, -is, f. bird. velatur avibus, 
 
 clothes himself with bird-feathers. 
 
 avitus, -a, -um, [avus] qf one's grand- 
 father, ancestral. 
 
 avium, -I, u. unfrequented way, wilder- 
 ness. 
 
 avus, -I, m. grandfather, ancestor. 
 axis, -is, m. axle ; chariot, wagon ; axis of 
 tlie earth, sky, heavens. 
 
 B 
 
 Babylonius, -a, -um, Babylonian: from 
 the city of Babylon on the Euphrates. 
 
 baca, -ae, f . berry. baca Minervae = 
 
 oliDe. 
 
 Baccha, -ae,f . Bacchante, a raving priestess 
 or attendant of the wine-god Bacchus. 
 
 BaccbSus, -a, -um, Bacchic, ])eriaining to 
 Bacchus, of Bacchus. 
 
 Bacohiadae, -arum, m. the Bacchiadae, 
 the founders of Syracuse, formerly a 
 prominent family of Corinth, claiming 
 origin from Bacchus. 
 
 bacchor, -arl, -atus sum, revel, celebrate 
 Bacchic ntes. 
 
 Bacchus, -I, m. Bacchus, the god of wine, 
 son of Jupiter and Semele. By Metonymy 
 = wine. 
 
 baculum, -I, n. staff, stick. 
 
auferS -caedSs. 
 
 187 
 
 balaena, -ae, f. wlicde. 
 
 ballista, -ae, f. ballista, a machine for 
 throwing large stonee and similar projec- 
 tiles. 
 
 barba, -ae, t. beard. 
 
 barbaria, -ae, f. barbarism, rusticity; 
 barbarian, lands. 
 
 barbaricas, -a, -um, barbarian, barbaric, 
 foreign {not Eoman or Grecian). 
 
 barbams, -a, -um, barbaric, barbarian, 
 foreign. Sutst. barbarus, barbara, bar- 
 barian. 
 
 Bassiis, -I, m. jBabsus, a Roman poet, 
 friend of Ovid. 
 
 Battiades, -ae, m. descendant of Battus ; 
 
 Cyrenean, especially the Grecian poet 
 
 Callima£hus, a native of Cyrene, in 
 
 Africa. 
 Battus, -I, m. Battus, & herdsman of 
 
 Neleus, King of Pylos. 
 Baucis, -idis, f . Baucis, wife of Philemon. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um, happy, blessed, pros- 
 perous, wealthy, rich. 
 
 BSIides, -um, f. the Danaides, the fifty 
 daughters of Danaiis, granddaughters of 
 Belns, who, with one exception, slew 
 their husbands at the instigation of their 
 father and were condemned in the Lower 
 World to dip water in sieves. 
 
 bellator, -oris, m. warrior. 
 
 bellum, -I, ". loar, contest, strife. 
 
 bSlua, -ae, f. great beast, monster; ele- 
 phant. 
 
 bene, adv. comp, melius, super, optime, 
 well, properly, carefully, completely. 
 
 benefactum, -I, n. good deed, service, kind- 
 ness, favor, benefit. 
 
 benlgnus, -a, -um, kind, favorable, 
 friendly, generous ; fruitful, -productive. 
 
 Berecyntius, -a, -um, Berecyntian, from 
 Berecyntus, a mountain in Phrygia, 
 sacred to Cybele. Hence Berecyntius 
 hSros = Midas, the son of Cybele. 
 
 bib6, -ere, bibi, drink. 
 
 bicolor, -oris, two-colored. Ot the olive, 
 green and black. 
 
 bicornis, -e, two-horned, two-pronged. 
 
 bidSns, -entis, adj. having two tetth, hav- 
 ing two rmvs of teeth complete. Hence 
 bidSns, f. two-year-old sheep for sacrl- 
 
 biforis, -e, having two doors or wings. 
 
 biforSs yalMae, folding-doors. 
 biformis, -e, two-formed, two-shaped. 
 bimaris, -e, on two seas. 
 bini, -ae, -a, two each, two. 
 bis, adv. twice. 
 blaesus, -a, -um, lisping, stammering. 
 
 blandior, -Irl, -!tus eam,Jlatter, fawn 
 upon, caress. 
 
 blanditia, -ae, f . flattery, caressing, blan- 
 dishment. 
 
 blandus, -a, -um, flattering, fawning, 
 caressing, enticing. 
 
 Boeotia, -ae, f. Boeotia, a district in 
 Greece. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, super, op- 
 timus, good, kind, friendly ; happy, 
 contented. 
 
 BootSs, -ae, m. Bootes (Ox-driver), a con- 
 stellation near the Great Bear ; the same 
 as Arctophylax (the Bear-keeper). 
 
 boreas, -ae, m. north wind. Personified, 
 Boreas, the god of the north wind. 
 
 bos, boyis, m. and f. ox, steer, cow. 
 
 braccbium, -I, n . arm, fore-arm. brac- 
 chia dare ad, reach, stretch out his arms 
 to, seize. 
 
 brevis, -e, short, small, narrow, brief. 
 
 breviter, adv. briefly, shortly. 
 
 bubo, -onis, m. mel, of a large species ; n 
 bird of ill omen. 
 
 bUcina, -ae, f . horn, shell, trumpet. 
 
 bQstum, -I, n. tomb. 
 
 buxum, -I, n. wood of the box-tree (buxus), 
 box-wood, of a whitish color. 
 
 cacumen, -inis, ". head, peak, top, sum- 
 mit. 
 cads, -ere, cecidf, casum, fall, sink; 
 
 perish, be destroyed, be killed ; (ot stars) 
 
 set, sink. 
 oSdiicifer, -fera, -ferum, carrying the 
 
 herald's «to#(caduoeu3), wand-bearing. 
 
 Subst. = Mercury. 
 caecus, -a, -um, blind ; unseen, invisible, 
 
 hidden, dark, obscure. 
 caedBs, -is, f. [eaedO] murder, slaughter ; 
 
 blood. 
 
li 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 caedS, -ere, ceoidi, caesum, cut down, cut 
 of, cut ; kill, slay. 
 
 caelamen, -inis, ". bas-rdUf work, carv- 
 ing, engraving.' 
 
 caelestis, -e, [caelum] heavenly, celestial, 
 divine, qf tJie gods. Subst. caelestSs = 
 iJie gods. 
 
 caelicola, -ae, m. inhabitant of heave7i, 
 god. 
 
 Gaels, -are, -avi, -atuin, engrave in relief 
 work, make raised wm'k, adorn with 
 das-reli^, carve. 
 
 caelum, -i, n. heaven, sky ; climate. 
 
 caeruleus, -a, -um, sky-colored, sea- 
 colored, of tli£ sea ; dark blue, dark. 
 
 caerulus, see caeruleus. 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m. Caesar, including Julius 
 
 Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, and younger 
 
 princes, 
 caespes, -itis, m. turf, cut sod ; grassy 
 
 field, lawn. 
 
 calamus, -i, m. reed, cane ; fishing-rod ; 
 writing pen. 
 
 calatlius, -I, m. basket. 
 
 calcO, -are, -Svi, -atum, tread, tread 
 upon, step on, especially of treading tbe 
 grapes in a wine-press. 
 
 calSus, -entis, panic, adj. warm, hot. 
 
 cileD, -Sre, -ui, be warm, be hot, burn. 
 
 calSscS, -ere, calul, become warm, grow 
 hot. 
 
 calidns, -a, -um, warm, hot, burning. 
 
 callgS,' -Inls, f . darkness, obscurity, mist, 
 
 fog. 
 callidus, -a, -um, cunning, clever, crafty, 
 
 skilful. Often to be taken with the verb 
 
 and translated adverbially. 
 calor, -oris, m. warmth, heat, glow. 
 Calvus, -I, m. C'alvus (82-47 b.c), a Roman 
 
 poot, friend of Catullus. 
 
 Calydonius, -a, -um, Calydonian. The 
 spear of Diomede is called Calydonian 
 because his grandfather Oeneus was 
 King of Calydon in Aetolia. 
 
 CalymnB, -gs, f. Calymne, a small island 
 southwest of Asia Minor. 
 
 campus, -I, m.fiad, plain. 
 
 candeS, -Sre, -ul, be white, be white Iwt, 
 glow. 
 
 candSsoo, -ere, candul, become white hot, 
 
 begin to glow. 
 oandidus, -a, -um, white, fair. 
 caueB, -Sre, -ui, be gray, be white. 
 canSsco, -ere, become gray, turn white, 
 
 become parched. 
 canis, -is, m. and f. dog. 
 cauitiSs, -Si, f. whiteness, grayness, hoari- 
 
 ness. 
 cauua, -ae, f . cane, reed ; the shepJierd's 
 
 pipe. 
 
 cans, -ere, cecinl, sing ; relate ; proph- 
 esy, canere reoeptus, give the signal 
 for retreat. 
 
 Cauopus, -I, m. Canopus, a city in Egypt. 
 
 canSrus, -a, -um, [cano] tuneful, musical, 
 harmonious. Tritona cauorum, the 
 trumpeter Triton. 
 
 cants, -are, -avI, -atum, sing, sing of, 
 
 celebrate. 
 cantus, -us, ni. song, encliantment, cjiarm. 
 canus, -a, -um, white, gray. cani, gray 
 
 h<xirs. 
 capella, -ae, f. goat, she-goat ; Capella, a 
 
 star iu the constellation Auriga, which 
 
 rises iu the rainy season. 
 
 capillus, -i, m. hair of the head, hair. 
 capiB, capere, cSpi, captum, take, seise, 
 
 grasp, catch, capture, captivate ; luyld, 
 
 contain ; take, receive. 
 
 CapitSlium,- 1, n. [caput] the Capitol, the 
 magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus 
 on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. Also = 
 the Gapitolifie Ilill. 
 
 captlvus, -a, -um, captured, cajUice. 
 Subst. 
 
 capto, -are, -avi, -Stum, try to seize, try 
 
 to grasp, try to catch ; catch. 
 caput, -itis, li. /lead ; person, life ; lop, 
 
 summit ; source. caput (iecoris), 
 
 head, protuberance on the upper part of 
 
 the liver. 
 
 carbasus, -I, f . sail, sailcloth. 
 
 career, -eris, m. prison, place qf confine- 
 ment; barrier, starting-place (of the 
 race-course). 
 
 cards, -inis, m. door-hinge, hinge. 
 cares, -Bre, -ul, be without, be free from, 
 
 be deprived of, do without. carendus 
 
 dSmptS fine, lostforecer. 
 
caedo— ceu. 
 
 189 
 
 canoa, -ae, f. {CaHan)Jig, dried Jig. 
 
 caries, [-61] , f . decay, ruin. 
 
 carina, -ae, f . keel of a ship ; ship. 
 
 cariosus, -a, -um, isasting, decaying, rot- 
 ten. 
 
 carmen, -inis, n. song, poem ; prophecy ; 
 incantation, charm ; inscj'iption. 
 
 carnifez, -ficis, m. hangman, executioner. 
 
 carpo, -ere, carpal, carptum, pluck, 
 gather; criticize, Jind fault with. 
 gramen carpere, cnyp the grass, iter, 
 vias carpere, Tnake one*s way, go, ad- 
 vance, trames carpitur, the path is 
 climbed. 
 
 carus, -a, -um, dear, precious, beloved. 
 
 casa, -ae, f. hut. 
 
 caseus, -I, m. cheese. 
 
 cassis, -idis, f . helmet (of metal). 
 
 cassus, -a, -um, empty, vain, fruitless. 
 
 Gastalius, -a, -um, Castalian, from the 
 Caetalian Spring on Mount Parnassus, 
 which was sacred to the Muses. 
 
 castra, -5rum, u- camp. 
 
 castus, -a, -um, pure, chaste, innocent. 
 
 casus, -iis, m. [cadS] chance,faU, mitfor- 
 tune. casu, by chance. 
 
 Catullus, -i, m. Catullus (87-54 b.c), a 
 famous lyric poet of Rome. 
 
 catulus, -I, m- the young of various ani- 
 mals ; especially, puppy, dog. 
 
 Cauda, -ae, f . tail. 
 
 causa, -ae, f . cause, ground ; origin, occa- 
 sion ; case. causam agere, conduct a 
 lawsuit, causam tenere, gain a suit. 
 
 caute, adv. cautiously, carefully. 
 
 cautus, -a, -um, cautious, careful, pru- 
 dent. 
 
 caveD, -6re, eavl, cautum, take care, be 
 on one's guard, beware ; fix, order, pre- 
 scribe. 
 
 cavus, -a, -um, hoUow ; cuned. pocula 
 qua cava sunt, tlie inside of tlie cups. 
 
 Caystros, -I, m. the Cayster, a river in 
 Asia Minor, famous for the number of 
 its swans. 
 
 Cecropius, -a, -um, Cecropian = Athe- 
 nian. 
 
 cEdO, -ere, cessi, cSssum, go, proceed, go 
 away ; yield, give way, acknowledge su- 
 
 periority, be inferior to ; pass over into, 
 be traintferred to (in amnem), 
 celeber, -tois, -tre, famous, celebrated; 
 thronged with, crowded. 
 
 celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, celebrate; 
 crowd, throng, frequent. 
 
 celer, -eris, -ere, swift, quick,' fleet. 
 celer penna, fleeing swiftly by means 
 of his wings. Often to he taken with the 
 verb and translated adverbially. 
 
 cElo, -are, -avi, -atum, conceal, hide. 
 
 celsus, -a, -um, high, lofty, oelsiorem 
 Ire, go too high. 
 
 cSnsus, -Us, m. property-valuation by the 
 
 censor ; wealth, riches, fortune. 
 CSpliIsis, -idis, adj. fem. of the Oephisus. 
 
 CSphlsus, -I, m. the Cephisus, a river in 
 Phocis, which rises on Mount Parnassus. 
 
 C5ra, -ae, f . wax. The writing-tablets were 
 coated with wax. 
 
 Cerealis, -e, of Ceres. Cerealia mu- 
 nera (dona), the gifts of Ceres ~ bread. 
 
 CerSs, -eris, f. Ceres, goddess of agricul- 
 ture; by Metonymy, grain. 
 
 cemo, -ere, see, distinguish, behold. 
 
 certamen, -inis, n. contest, strife, battle. 
 tanti certaminis hSrSs, the winner of 
 the great prize for which we are con- 
 tending. 
 
 certatim, adv. emulously, eagerly; vie with 
 one anotJier in. 
 
 certs, adv. certainly, surely ; at least. 
 
 certd, -are, -avI, -atum, strive, contend, 
 endeavor. 
 
 certus, -a, -um, sure, certain,Jixed, clear, 
 unerring. certum mihi est, / am 
 resolved, certum facere, certiorem 
 facere, inform, certiorem esse, be 
 informed, learn, certus amor, true 
 love. 
 
 cerva, -ae, f. hind, deer. 
 
 cervix, -icis, f. neck. 
 
 oervus, -I, m. stag, deer. 
 
 cSssS, -are, -avi, -atum, delay, loiter, stop, 
 lose time, rest, be idle, be negligent, ces- 
 sare pr3, not take an interest in. 
 
 [cSterus] , -a, -um, remaining, rest of. cS- 
 tera via, the rest of the way. cetera, 
 all else, the rest. 
 
 ceu, adv. <fs,just as, like, as if. 
 
I go 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 chaos, (no Genitive) n. clioos, empty spam, 
 confusioji. By Metonymy, the Under 
 World. 
 
 Charops, -opis, m. Charops, a Trojan, slain 
 
 by TJlysseK. 
 charta, -ae, f . paper, leaf of papyrus. 
 
 Charybdis, -is, f- Chai'ybdis, a whirlpool 
 between Italy and Sicily. 
 
 Chersidamas, -antis, m. Chersidamas, a 
 Trojan, slain by Ulysses. 
 
 Chius, -a, -um, Chian, of Chius, an island 
 on the coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 chorda, -ae, f. cliord, string. 
 
 chorus, -i, m. dance, cJwral dance ; band, 
 troop. in chorl speciem, in a dance- 
 like manner. 
 
 Chromius, -i, m. Chromius, a Lycian, ally 
 of the Trojans, slain by Ulysses. 
 
 ChrysS, -gs, f . Chryse, a city in the Troad, 
 with a temple to Apollo. 
 
 chryaolithus, -i, f. chrysolite, a precious 
 stone. 
 
 cibus, -i, m. food. 
 
 Cicones, -um, m. the C'icones, a people of 
 Thrace. 
 
 cicuta, -ae, f. hemlock, a violent poison 
 used in executions. 
 
 Cilia, -ae, f. Cilia, a city in the Troad, 
 with a temple to Apollo. 
 
 oingO, -ere, cinxl, cinctum, gird, gird 
 on, gird up ; surround, enclose. 
 
 cinis, -eris, m. ashes. in cinerem 
 vertere, lurn to ashes. 
 
 CInyphius, -a, -um, Clnyphlan, from the 
 River Cinyps in Libya; hence, Xibyan, 
 African. 
 
 circa, prep, with Ace. around, about. 
 
 oircum-dB, -dare, -dedl, -datum, svr- 
 round, put around, encircle. circum- 
 datus iivis, wearing awreath of grapes. 
 
 circum-linS, -linere, -litum, smear over, 
 coat. 
 
 circum-Bon5, -are, -ul, sound around, re- 
 sound on every side 
 
 circum-spicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spe- 
 
 ctum, look around. 
 cito, adv. guickly. Comp. citius. sB- 
 
 rius aut citins, sooner cr later. 
 civllis, -e, livil, of the state. 
 
 civis, -is, m. citizen, inhabitant, fellow- 
 citizen. 
 
 cladSs, -is, f. loss, disaster, misfortune. 
 clam, adv. secretly. 
 
 clami, -are, -avi, -atum, cnj, shout, ex- 
 claim, call aloud. 
 
 clamor, -oris, m. cry, shout, call, applause, 
 vjrroar, noise. 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, dear, distinct, loud, 
 brig/U, shining, resplendent, famous, 
 illustrious. 
 
 Classis, -is, f . fleet ; ship. 
 
 Claude, -ere, clausl, clausum, close, shut, 
 shut up ; stmt off, cut off; shut in, sur- 
 round ; finish, end. 
 
 clavus, -I, m. a puiple stripe on the tunic. 
 The narrow stripe (clavus angustus) 
 indicated equestrian rank, the broad 
 (clavus latus) the senatorial. The broad 
 stripe was also worn by the sons of 
 knights of the highest rank if they in- 
 tended to enter the service of the state 
 and ultimately become senators. 
 
 clSmSns, -entis, adj. mild, kind, merdfal. 
 
 clipeus, -I, m. shield (large and round). 
 
 cllvus, -I, m. hiU, slope, incline, slant. 
 
 ClymenS, -Bs, f. Clymene, mother of 
 Phaethon. 
 
 Clymeneius, -a, -um, of Clymene. Cly- 
 men§ia proles, son of Clymene, ThaS- 
 thon. 
 
 coactus, see c5g5. 
 
 coctilis, -e, [eoquB] burnt. mtirl ooc- 
 
 tilBs, walls made of burnt bricks, brick 
 
 walls. 
 
 co-eo, -Ire, -il, -itum, go together, come to- 
 gether, meet, assemble. taedae iiire 
 colssent, would have united in jnar- 
 I'iage. 
 
 coepi, coepiese, coeptum, have begun, 
 commenced, began. coeptus, begun, 
 incomplete. 
 
 coeptum, -I, 11. beginning, undertaking, 
 
 WOl'k. 
 
 Coeranus, -I, m. Coeranus, a Lycian, slain 
 by Ulysses. 
 
 co-eroe8, -ere, -ul, -itum, clieck, restrain, 
 hold back. 
 
 cBgnatus, -a, -um, kindred, akin. 
 
 cognitor, -Sris, m. adxocate, attorney. 
 
chaos— oonolamo. 
 
 c5gnomen, -inis, u. name, surname, 
 family name. 
 
 cognSscE, -ere, cognovi, cSgnitum, 
 
 perceive; learn, find out; recognize, 
 identify. 
 
 c5g3, cSgere, coSgl, coaotum, [co-ag6] 
 drive toget/ier, collect ; compel, force ; 
 make narrower, make smaller (olavus) ; 
 curdle (lao), condense, solidify, agmen 
 COgere, bring up the rear, close the file. 
 nlillS cogente, without compulsion, 
 spontaneously. 
 
 cohors, -tis, f. troop, band, croivd of at- 
 tendants. 
 
 Colchus, -a, -um, Colchian, of Colchis, a 
 coantry in Asia Minor. Colchi, the 
 Colchians. 
 
 colligo, see conligS. 
 
 collis, -is, m. hUl. 
 
 collnm, -!, u. neck, 
 
 col5, -ere, -ul, eultum, cultivate, till ; 
 practise ; honor, worship, celebrate ; 
 inhabit. 
 
 COlOnus, -I, ^^. farmer, husbandman. 
 
 color, -oris, m. color, complexion. 
 
 coluber, -bri, m. snake, serpent. 
 
 colubra, -ae, f- snake, serpent. 
 
 columba, -ae, f . dove. 
 
 columna, -ae, f . column, pillar. 
 
 colus, -I, f. and m. distaff. 
 
 coma, -ae, f.AaJr; leaves, foliage. 
 
 comes, -itis, m- and f ■ companion, attend- 
 ant. 
 
 comitS, -are, -avi, -atum, and comitor, 
 -ari, -atus sum, accompany, attend. 
 
 com-memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, relate, 
 tell. 
 
 com-mendo, -are, -avi, -atum, intrust, 
 recommend. 
 
 commentum, -I, n. lie,faisehood. 
 
 commercium, -I, "• trade, commerce, ex- 
 change; intercourse, fellowship. 
 
 com-merea, -Sre, -ul, -itum, deserve. 
 
 com-minu6, -uere, -ul, -iitum, break to 
 pieces, shatter. 
 
 commiuus, adv. hand to hand, at dose 
 
 advantage, weal, wd- 
 a, -um, suitable, fit ; advan- 
 
 com-mitt5, -mittere, -misl, -missum, 
 commit ; begin ; intrust ; let loose. 
 
 itum, remind, 
 ■avi, -atum, share. 
 
 commodum, -I, 
 fare. 
 
 commoduS; 
 
 tageojts. 
 
 com-moueS, -Sre, -ul, 
 warn. 
 
 com-mOnicS, -are, 
 
 divide, 
 
 communis, -e, common, public, com- 
 munia, things which belong to us all, 
 deeds shared by all. 
 
 oom-parO, -are, -avi, -atum, compare ; 
 prepare, make ready, intend. 
 
 oompes, -pedis, f . shackle {for tlie feet), 
 fetter, bond, 
 
 compSsoB, -ere, -ul, [compBs] check, re- 
 strain, sitim, quench, still. 
 
 com-plector, -pleoti, -plexus sum, «m- 
 brace, put a^'ms around, 
 
 com-pleS, -ire, -ivi, -itum, fill up, com- 
 plete, finish, 
 
 com-plorS, -are, -avi, -atum, weep over, 
 bewail, lambent, 
 
 com-pond, -ponere, -posul, -positum, 
 
 lay together, place togetlier, unite ; place 
 side ify side, compare ; place in order, ar- 
 range, snwothe, compose ; compose, write, 
 represent ; place in the toinb, bury, 
 
 compos, -Otis, adj. having power or con- 
 trol over, master of, 
 
 com-prendO, -ere, -prendl, -prensum, 
 enclose, emirace, contain, grasp. di- 
 ctis compreudere, express in words. 
 
 com-nrimS, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, 
 
 check, repress, suppress, restrain. 
 GOncba, -ae, f. s/tdl, used by Triton as a 
 
 trumpet. 
 conciliB, -are, -avi, -atum, gain, win, 
 
 procure, acquire, 
 concilium, -I, n. assembly, council, 
 con-cin6, -ere, -ui, sing. lyra, to the 
 
 accompaniment of the lyre. 
 
 con-cipi5, -ere, -cipl, -oeptum, conceive, 
 receive (afira) ; take vp, draw up, suck 
 up (aquas) ; perceive, comprehend. 
 flammas concipere, take fire. 
 
 oon-citi, -are, -avi, -atum, excite, incite, 
 stir up, urge on. 
 
 con-clam5, -are, -avS, -atum, call to- 
 gether, assemble. 
 
192 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Concordia, -ae, f. concord, harmony. 
 
 concois, -dis, adj. concordant, harmoni- 
 ous, agreeing. 
 
 con-cnrrS, -ere, -ourri, -ouraum, run 
 together, strike together, meet, Jight, con- 
 tend. 
 
 conciissus, -us, m- shaking, slwck. 
 
 con-cutio, -cutere, -eussl, -cussum, 
 shake up, shake thoroughly, make up 
 (tora), shake (arma, caput), shatter 
 (moenia). 
 
 condicio, -onis, f. condition, stipulaiion, 
 terms. 
 
 con-da, -dere, -didi, -ditum, put to- 
 gether, close (oculos, liimina) ; Imry, 
 conceal, hide ; presene (coma) ; IruUd, 
 found ; bury, drive deep (ensem). 
 
 con-fer5, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, bring to- 
 gether, compare ; clumge. sB c5nferre, 
 betake one''s self, go. 
 
 c5n-fld8, -ere, -fleus sum, trust, have 
 confidence in. 
 
 c5n-fiteor, -fit§rl, -fessus sum, [fateor] 
 confess, grant, acknmvledge. 
 
 con-fugia, -fagere, -fiigl, Jiee, take 
 refuge. 
 
 con-fande, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, pour to- 
 gether, mix up, confuse ; distress, make 
 anxious. 
 
 coniunx, -iugis, m. and t. [coniungB] 
 husband, wife, spouse, consort. 
 
 con-iur5, -are, -avi, -atum, conspire. 
 
 con-lige, -ere, -ISgl, -ISctum, [con,lege] 
 
 collect, gather ; tie up, fasten together. 
 sitim conligere, become thirsty. 
 
 con-mereO, deserve. See commereo. 
 
 .c5nor, -arl, -atus sum, undertake, at- 
 tempt, try, endeavor. 
 
 con-plorB, bewail. See complorO. 
 con-prim5, close. See comprima. 
 con-queror, -queri, -questus sum, com- 
 plain, bewail. 
 
 cSnsanguineus, -a, -um, kin, related. 
 
 con-scenda, -scendere, -scendl, -scSn- 
 sum, mount, climb, go on board. 
 
 cSnsciuB, -a, -um, knowing, conscious, 
 
 participating, ptivy to. 
 cSnsciua, -I, m. confidant, go-be/ween. 
 
 con-senS3c8, -ere, -senul, grow old to- 
 
 gether. 
 con-sentia, -sentlre, -sSnsI, -sSnsum, 
 
 agree. 
 con-sera, -serere, -serul, -sertum, ic>j?i, 
 
 unite, join battle. 
 
 con-sIdS, -sidere, -sSdl, -sessum, sit 
 down, take a seat, settle. 
 
 consilium, -I, u. advice ; wisdom. 
 
 con-siste, -ere, -stiti, stop, stand, stay, 
 
 remain ; take one'' s place, take position ; 
 
 become solid. 
 c5n-solor, -arl, -atus sum, console. qu5 
 
 consaiante dolSres ? toho would console 
 
 you in your sorrow f 
 consors, -tis, adj. sharing. Subst. sharer, 
 
 2)a7'ticipator. consors tori, consort, 
 
 wife. 
 
 con-spicie, -spicere, -spexl, -spectum, 
 
 behold, look at, see. 
 
 conspicuus, -a, -um, visible, conspicuous; 
 
 sinking, remarkable. 
 cSnstans, -tis, adj. constant, unchanging. 
 
 constans in levitate sua, unchanging 
 
 in herjickleness. 
 constanter, adv. constantly, firmly, 
 
 steadily, consistently. 
 constantia, -ae, f . constancy, firmness. 
 con-sternB, -are, -avI, -atum, frighten, 
 
 terrify, throw into confusion. 
 
 con-su6soe, -ere, -suSvI, -su§tum, ac- 
 
 custom one^s self, become accustomed. 
 
 consuSvI, lam aceustomed. 
 consuetus, -a, -um, accustomed, custom- 
 
 aj'y, usual. 
 consul, -ulis, m. consul. The two consuls, 
 
 elected yearly, were the chief officers of 
 
 Rome. 
 
 oSnsule, -ere, -ui, -turn, consult, ask for 
 advice; consult the in terest of, look out for. 
 
 c3n-sum8, -ere, -sumpsi, -sflmptum, 
 consume, use up, destroy, waste ; of time : 
 pass, spend, consume. 
 
 con-surge, -ere, -surrexl, -surrectum, 
 
 rise, stand up. 
 
 coutactuB, -us, m. iomh, contact. 
 
 con-temno, -ere, -tempsi, -temptum, 
 
 despise, disdain, contemn. 
 
 con-tends, -ere, -tendl, -tentum, con- 
 tend, vie ; hasten. 
 
Concordia— crater . 
 
 193 
 
 contentus, -a, -um: 1. [contende] 
 stretched, tight ; a. [contineS] con- 
 tented, satisfied ; cof^ned, limited, 
 bounded. 
 
 conterminus, -a, -um, Jmving the same 
 bovndary, joining ; near, close. 
 
 contiguus, -a, -um, joining, touching, 
 neighboring, near, adjoining, adjacent, 
 contiguous. 
 
 con-tinea, -tinSre, -tinul, -tentum, con- 
 tain, hold. 
 
 con-ting5, -ere, -tigl, -taotum, touch, 
 
 seize; anoint, besmear; reach; liap- 
 
 pen. 
 contrS: 1. adv. to (or on) the opposite 
 
 side, in opposition, i. prep, with Ace. 
 
 against, opposite to. 
 con-trah6, -ere, -tr5xl, -tractum, bring 
 
 togetlier, s/iorten, contract. 
 
 contrarius, -a, -um, opposite, in or from 
 the opposite direction, contrary. in 
 contraria, in the opposite direction. 
 
 con-valescS, -ere, -valul, grow strong, 
 grow powerful; get the upper hand 
 (mala), 
 
 con-vell5, -ere, -velli, -vulsum, tear to 
 
 con-veniS, -venire, -vBni, -ventum, 
 
 come together, meet, assemble ; mil. Jit, 
 be proper. 
 
 con-vertB, -ere, -verti, -versum, convert, 
 turn, turn to one's self, attract the atten- 
 tion of. 
 
 convlcium, -I, n. outcry, reproaching, 
 abuse. 
 
 convictus, -us, m. living together, friend- 
 ly intercourse ; by Metonymy, circle of 
 
 con-vinoB, -ere, -viol, -viotum, over- 
 come, convince, convict. male con- 
 victus fliror, the disgraceful conviction 
 of feigned madness. 
 
 con-vooB, -are, -avi, -atum, call together, 
 assemble, summon. 
 
 cSpia, -ae, !. abundance, plenty, nches ; 
 power, opportunity, occasion, freedom. 
 eopia mundi, freedom qf (he universe, 
 permission to go wherever they pleased. 
 flet tibi oBpia nostri, I will put myself 
 
 cor, cordis, k- heart. 
 13 
 
 oBram, prep, with Abl. in the presence of, 
 before. 
 
 Corinua, -ae, f. Corinna, fictitious name 
 of Ovid's mistresB. 
 
 Corinthus, -I, f. Corinth, a city of Greece, 
 situated on the Isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 comix, -Icis, f. crow. 
 
 oornil, -Us, a. horn. oornua dimidiae 
 lUnae, the horns of the half-moon. 
 
 cornum, -I, n. cornel-berry. 
 
 corona, -ae, f. wreath, crown. vulgl 
 stante corona, a circle of common sol- 
 diers standing around. 
 
 corBnS, -are, -avi, -atum, wreathe, 
 crown ; surround, encircle. 
 
 corporeus, -a, -um, [corpus] of tlie body, 
 
 of flesh, corporeal. 
 corpus, -oris, ". body, form, shape, mass, 
 
 flesh. summum corpus, the surface 
 
 of the body, the skin, in corporis Qsum, 
 
 into flesh, to serve as flesh. 
 
 cor-rigB, -ere, -rExi, -rSctum, correct, 
 improve, make better. tna corrige 
 vBta, change your wish for a better one. 
 
 cor-ripiB, -ripere, -ripul, -reptum, seise ; 
 attack, scold, upbraid ; carry ofl", di^- 
 stroy, ruin. corripuere viam, has- 
 tened over the road, corripitur flam- 
 mis, is seized with flames, catches flre. 
 
 CorsicuB, -a, -um, Corsican, from Corsica, 
 the island in the Mediterranean Sea, 
 famous for its honey. 
 
 cortex, -icis, m. and f . bark (of a tree) ; 
 bast (the inner bark) ; rind (of fruit, as 
 the pomegranate). 
 
 corvus, -i, m. raven. 
 
 CBrycides, -um, adj. fern. Corycian, from 
 the cave Corycium on Mount Parnassus, 
 sacred to the the Corycian nymi:hs. 
 
 corymbus, -I, m. cluster, especially of ivy- 
 branches with the berries, sacred to Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 cothurnus, -I, m. buskin, a kind of high 
 shoe worn by tragic actors ; by Meton- 
 ymy, tragedy, tragic poetry. 
 
 coturnix, -icis, f . quail. 
 
 eras, adv. to-morrow. 
 
 orastinus, -a, -um, of the morrow, to- 
 morrow's. 
 
 cratSr, -Sris, m. botol, mixing-bowl, wine- 
 
194 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 bowl. Wine was mixed with water in 
 this vessel and then put in cups. 
 
 crat§ra, -ae, f. = cratBr. 
 
 crSber, -bra, -brum, frequent, nu-merous, 
 abounciing in. 
 
 crSdibilis, -e, credible, wortliy of belief . 
 
 erSdS, -ere, -idi, -itum, believe, trust, 
 have conjiclerwe in ; intrust (.mS pelago). 
 
 crSdulitas, -atis, f. credulity. 
 
 crSdulus, -a, -um, credulous. 
 
 cremS, -are, -avi, -atum, bum, burn up, 
 cremate, consume. 
 
 cre5, -are, -avi, -atum, create, bring 
 forth, beget. Telamone creatus, son 
 of Telamon. quioquid mortale crea- 
 mur, all of us mortal creatures. 
 
 Creou, -cutis, ra. Oreon, King of Corinth. 
 
 crepitB, -are, -avi, -atum, soun-d, rattle, 
 clash, crackle ; tnurniur. 
 
 crSsoB, -ere, crevi, crStum, grow, in- 
 crease j rise, spring vp, spring from. 
 orBtus, sprung from, crescens, grow- 
 ing, immature. 
 
 crEtus, see crSscS. " 
 
 CrStB, -es, f. Crete, an island in the Aegean 
 Sea. 
 
 CreUsa, -ae, f. Creusa, daughter of Creon, 
 King of Corinth. She was the bride of 
 Jason. 
 
 crimen, -inis, n. charge, accusation ; 
 crime, guUt ; reproach, slander. 
 
 crlnis, -is, m. hair. 
 
 crooeus, -a, -um, saffron-colored, saffron. 
 
 crocus, -I, m. saffron. 
 crildSUs, -e, cruM, harsh, severe, 
 cruentatus, -a, -um, bloody, covered with 
 gore. 
 
 cruentus, -a, -um, bloody, of blood, 
 smeared with blood. 
 
 oruor, -oris, m. blood (that is shed), gore. 
 
 crus, criiris, u. leg, shin. 
 
 crux, crucis, f. cross, for execution by cru- 
 cifixion. 
 
 cublle, -is, n. bed, couch. 
 
 oubD, -are, -ul, -itum, lie, recline, rest. 
 
 culmen, -inis, u. hlglimt point, summit, 
 gable, roof. 
 
 culpa, -ae, i. fault, mistake, defect, crime. 
 
 cuIpB, -are, -avi, -atum, blam^, find 
 fault with. 
 
 cultor, -Bris, m. cultivator, tiller; wor- 
 shipper, respecter, practiser. 
 
 1. oultus, -a, -um, [colo] cultioated. 
 
 2. cultns, -iis, m. cultivation; adornment, 
 dreis. 
 
 1, cum, prep, with Abl. with, along with, 
 in company with, 
 
 2. cum, conj. w/ien, while, w/ienever, as 
 often as, after ; since ; although. 
 
 cumba, -ae, f. boat. 
 
 cumulus, -I, m. pile, heap, nmss. 
 
 cunctor, -arl, -atus sum, liesitate, de- 
 lay. 
 
 cHiictus, -a, -um, all together, all, wJwle. 
 
 Cupldineus, -a, -um, of Cupid, the god 
 of love. 
 
 1. cupidd, -inis, f. desire, longing, love. 
 
 2. Cupldo, -inis, m. Cupid (Amor, ep<ui), 
 the son of Venus and god of love, 
 
 cupidus, -a, -um, desirous, eager, loving, 
 passionate. 
 
 oupie, -Ire, -IvI (ii), -Itum, desire, long 
 for, be eager for ; be well-disposed, wish 
 well. 
 
 cflr, adv. 1. interrog. why .^ wliertfore? 
 2. rel. ivhy, reason why, cause for. cur 
 spolieris erit, nSn ciir metuaris ab 
 hoste, it will be an inducement to plun- 
 der, no cause for fear on tlte part of the 
 enemy. 
 
 cHra, -ae, f . care, anxiety ; love. Abstract 
 for concrete, keeper,' attendant, guard- 
 ian, ciira puellae, care for your girl, 
 tlumghts of love, amor est ciirae (tibi), 
 you are thinking of love. 
 
 curia, -ae, f. senate^iouse, senate. 
 
 Ciir5, -are, -5vl, -atum, care for, be 
 anxious about, think of. 
 
 currO, -ere, oucurri, cursum, run, hasten; 
 fly, sail. 
 
 cnrrus, -iis, m. chariot, wagon. 
 
 cursus, -as, m. running, race, ftigM, 
 course. 
 
 curvamen, -inis, ". cum, curving, bend. 
 
 curvStiira, -ae, f. curvature. summa 
 
 ourvatiira rotae, the rim of the wheel. 
 
cratSra— de&Snatus. 
 
 195 
 
 cnryS, -Sre, -avi, -atum, curve, bend. 
 
 curvus, -a, -nm, curved, bent. 
 
 cuspis, -idis, f . point, spear-point ; spear ; 
 trident (ot Neptune). 
 
 custodia, -ae, f. guarding, watcliing ; 
 
 abstr. for concr. guard, watch. 
 CUBtoS, -5dis, m. and f. gvard, watch, 
 
 protector, keeper ; herdsman. 
 cutis, -is, f. skin. 
 Cyclades, -um, i. the Cyclades, a group of 
 
 islands iu the Aegean Sea. 
 
 cycnus, -i, m. swan. 
 
 CyllSnius, -a -um, Cyllenian, from 
 
 Mount Cyllene in Arcadia, tlie birtli- 
 
 place of Mercury. Subst. CyllSnius = 
 
 Me^eu^^j. 
 CytherSa, -ae, f. Cyllierea, i.e. Venue, to 
 
 whom the Island of Cythera was sacred. 
 
 SaedaluB, -i, m. Daedalus, a famous ar- 
 chitect of Athens, bailder ot the Laby- 
 rinth in Crete. He and his son Icarus 
 ilew away from' Crete with wings which 
 he made. 
 
 damns, -are, -avI, -atum, condemn, con- 
 vict. 
 
 damnosus, -a, -um, harmful, injurious, 
 cavHng toss. 
 
 damnum, -I, m. loss, injury, liarm, mis- 
 fortune, ruin, 
 
 Danae, -Ss, f. Danae, who, deceived by 
 Jupiter in the shape of a shower of gold, 
 became the mother of Perseus. 
 
 Danai, -orum, m- t^e Danai, a poetical 
 name for the Greeks. 
 
 daps, dapis, t.food, meal, banquet. 
 
 Dardania, -ae, f. Dardania, a poetical 
 name for Troy. 
 
 DardanidSs, -um, m. the Dardanidejs = 
 Vie Trojans,the descendants of Dardanus. 
 
 Dardanis, -idis, adj. fem. Dardanian = 
 Trojan. 
 
 Dardanius, -a, -um, Dardanian= Trcyan. 
 
 dS prep, with Abl. frrnn, away from, 
 down from ; out of, of; for, concerning, 
 about, in consequence of. 
 
 dea, -ae, f. goddess. 
 
 dSbeB, -Sre, -ul, -itum, owe, be under 
 
 obligation, ought, must. dSbitus, due, 
 owed, destined. 
 
 dSbilis, -e, weak,feeble. 
 
 dsbilito, -are, -avi, -atum,' weaken, 
 hinder, oppress, crush. 
 
 deoem, ten. 
 
 dece5, -Sre, -ui, become fit, be becoming, 
 be proper, befitting (usually impersonal). 
 
 dB-cerpB, -ere, -oerpsi, -oerptum, pluck 
 off, break off. 
 
 de-cidB, -ere, -aiil, fall off, fall from, fall 
 down. 
 
 deciSns, adv. ten times. 
 decimus, -a, -um, tenth. 
 de-cipi5, -eipere, -cepi, -ceptum, deceive, 
 catch. 
 
 dS-clam8, -are, -avI, -atum, declaim; 
 
 use oratorical, high-sou7iding language. 
 dSclivis, -e, sloping downward, down-Zull, 
 
 slanting. 
 dScolor, -Sris, adj. discolored, soiled. 
 
 decor, -oris, m. grace, charm, beauty. 
 
 decorus, -a, -um, becoming, proper, 
 seemly, Jutnorable. 
 
 dScretum, -J, n. decree. 
 
 decus, -oris, n. ornament, grace, beauty, 
 splendor, charm. 
 
 dSdecus, -oris, u. disgrace, shame, dis- 
 honor. 
 
 dS-dignor, -arl, -Stus sum, disdain, 
 scorn, r^use, r^ect as unworthy. 
 
 dS-dlsoo, -ere, -didiol, unleam,forget. 
 
 dSda, -ere, -idl, -itum, surrender, give 
 up, yield ; devote. 
 
 dS-diio8, -ere, -dtixl, -duotum, lead 
 down, draw down, let down ; launch. 
 
 dS-fenda, -ere, -fendl, -fSnsum, defend, 
 
 protect, shield. 
 dSfSnsor, -oris, m. defender. 
 dS-ferS, -ferre, -tull, -latum, bring 
 
 down, carry down ; carry ; land. 
 dS-ficiS, -fioere, -fScI, -feotum, /a«, be 
 
 wanting ; fail, faint, grow weak, give 
 
 way. 
 dS-fleB, -5re, -Bvl, -Stum, bewail, lament. 
 dSformis, -e, ill-shaped, ungainly, ugly. 
 
 dSfrSnatuB, -a, -um, unbridled, loose. 
 
196 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 de-fugio, -fugere, -fugl, -fugitum,^e ,• 
 escape. 
 
 dS-fungor, -fungi, -functus sum, finish, 
 complete, end. 
 
 delude, adv. then, after that. 
 
 dS-labor, -labi, -lapsus sum, qlide down, 
 
 JUm down, fall. 
 dg-leS, -Sre, -Svl, -etum, wipe out, de- 
 
 D€lia, -ae, f • Delia, mistress of Tibullua. 
 dSliciae, -arum, pleasure, delight, enjoy- 
 ment, voluptuousness. 
 
 dB-lig6, -ere, -lEgi, -IBctum, pluck, 
 
 gather. 
 SSlos, -I, t. Selos, one of the Cyclades, an 
 
 island sacred to Apollo. 
 
 delpbln, -inis, m. dolphin. 
 delubrum, -i, u. shrine, temple. 
 dSmens, -entis, adj. senseless, mad, in- 
 
 dSmentia, -ae, f • madness, insanity, siu- 
 pefaetion. 
 
 dS-mergS, -ere, -mersi, -mersum, sink, 
 cause to sink. 
 
 dS-minu8, -nere, -ul, -utum, lessen, di- 
 minish ; sooilie. 
 
 dSmissus, -a, -um, let down, hanging 
 down, low. dSmissior, too low. de- 
 missls alis, with drooping wings. 
 
 dS-mitt6, -ere, -misl, -missum, send 
 
 down, let down ; dHve down, strike deep 
 
 (ferrum). 
 dSm5, -ere, dSmpsI, dSmptum, [emO] 
 
 take away, take off, remove. dBmpto 
 
 fine, without end, forever. 
 
 dSmum, adv. at length, at last. 
 
 dS-nega, -are, -avi, -atum, refuse (witli 
 firmness, positively). 
 
 dBnique, adv. at last, finally. 
 dSns, dentis, m. tooth, tusk, prong. 
 dSusns, -a, -um, denee, thick, crowded. 
 de-pereo, -Ire, -il, -itum, perish (utterly). 
 dB-pl9rS, -are, -avi, -atum, bewail, la- 
 Tnent. 
 
 dS-p3n6, -ere, -posul, -positum, lay aside, 
 put off, put down ; quench (sitim) ; sat- 
 isfy tfamem), 
 
 dBpositum, -I, n. [dSpBnO] deposit, that 
 which has hccn intrusted or deposited. 
 
 fallere dSpositum, Iwld back the de- 
 posit, r^use to give it up, make default. 
 
 dS-precor, -ari, -atus stun, pray to be 
 delivered from. hSo Snum deprecor, 
 this on£ thing I entreat you not to ask 
 for. 
 
 dB-prendB, -ere, -prendi, -prensum, 
 catch, seize, come up loith, surprise, dis- 
 cover. 
 
 de-scendB, -ere, -scendi, -soBnsum, de- 
 scend, come down. 
 
 dS-seoB, -are, -secul, -sectum, cut off, 
 mow. 
 
 dB-serB, -ere, -ui, -turn, desert, forsake. 
 
 disertus, -a, -um, deserted, forsaken, 
 
 desolate, barren. 
 dS-serviB, -Ire, sene faithfully, serve to 
 
 Uie end. 
 
 dBsidia, -ae, i. sloth, inactivity, idleness. 
 
 dB-sili6, -ire, -silul, leap down, jump 
 down. 
 
 dB-sino, -ere, -sii, -situm, cease, desist, 
 finish, end. 
 
 dS-sisto, -ere, -stiti, desist, cease. 
 
 dBsolStus, -a, -um, desolate. 
 
 dS-spioie, -spicere, -spexl, -speotum, 
 
 look down ; despise. 
 
 de-stitufl, -uere, -ui, -utum, desert, leave, 
 give up, expose. 
 
 dBsuBtuB, -a, -um, unaccustomed, un^ 
 wonted, unfamiliar, unseen for a long 
 time. 
 
 desultor, -oris, m. leaper, a rider in the 
 circus wlio leaps from one horse to 
 another. dBsultor amoris, fickle in 
 love. 
 
 dB-sum, -esse, -ful, be wanting, be absent, 
 fail. 
 
 dBterior, -us, adj. worse, inferior, less 
 
 valuable. 
 dS-terree, -Bre, -nl, -itum, frighten off, 
 
 present. 
 
 dB-tine6, -Bre, -tinul, -tentum, hold 
 back, detain. 
 
 dBtraotB, see dBtrBctB. 
 
 dgtrahS, -ere, -trSxI, -traotum, pull off, 
 break off, take off, remove. 
 
 dBtrSctB, -are, -Svl, -Stum, pull down, 
 malcelightof, depreciate ; decline, refuse, 
 reject. 
 
defSgiS— distineS. 
 
 197 
 
 Deucalion, -Onis, m. Deucalion, son of 
 Prometheus and husband of Pyrrha. He 
 was the only man saved from the flood. 
 
 deus, -I, m. god, deity, divinity. 
 
 dS-vast5, -are, -avi, -atum, lay waste, 
 destroy, devastate. 
 
 dS-vertor, -verti, -versus sum, turn 
 aside, betake one^s self, go. 
 
 dSvius, -a, -um, out of the way, remote. 
 
 d6-vor5, -are, -avi, -atum, swallow, gulp 
 .down, devour. 
 
 dS-voveB, -Bre, -v5vl, -votum, mw, 
 
 devote ; curse, exea-ate, lieap impreca- 
 tions on. 
 
 dexter, -tra, -trum, and -tera, -terum, 
 on the right, right. dexterior, mxn-e 
 to the right, too far to the right, to the 
 right. 
 
 dextra and dextera, -ae, f . rtght hand. 
 
 di, gods. See deus, 
 
 Dia, -ae, f . Dia, an older name for Naxos, 
 one of the Cyclades. 
 
 Diana, -ae, f. Diana, goddess of the 
 
 moon, of the hunt, and of witchcraft. 
 
 She was the sister of Apollo a;id daughter 
 
 of Jupiter and Latona. 
 died, -ere, dixl, dictum, say, tell, speak, 
 
 relate, call, appoint. 
 dictum, -i, n. saying, expression, word, 
 
 comjnand. 
 Dictys, -yos, m. Dletys, a sailor. 
 dl-ducO, -ere, -duzl, -ductum, tear 
 
 apart, tear open, open. 
 diss, -51, HI. and f. day, time. ante 
 
 diem, before the time, prematurely. 
 
 Diss = Day, personified. 
 dif-fero, -ferre, distull, dflatum,pw< off, 
 
 postpone. 
 difficilis, -e, difficult, hard. 
 dif-fldB, -ere, -flsus sum, distrust. 
 dif-fngi6, -fugere, -fflgl, fiee in various 
 
 directions, disperse, scatter. 
 dif-fundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, pour out, 
 
 scatter, spread out. 
 digitus, -I, m. finger, toe. 
 dignus, -a, -um, worthy, deserving. 
 dl-gredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, .170 
 
 away, depart. 
 dl-lacerB, -are, -avi, -atum, tear to 
 
 pieces. 
 
 di-Iauio, -are, -avi, -Stum, tear to 
 }3ieces. dllaniata comas, with di- 
 shevelled hair. 
 
 dMige, -ere, -ISxI, -lectum, love, cherish, 
 esteem highly. 
 
 dimidius, -a, -um, half. 
 
 dl-mitt8, -ere, -mSsI, -missum, send 
 away, dismiss, give vp. ouram di- 
 mittere, dismiss care, curam belli 
 dimittere, give up the war. animum 
 dimittere in, direct one's attention to, 
 apply one's self to. 
 
 di-moveo, -ere, -movl, -mBtum, move 
 apart, diiide ; stir up (cinerem). 
 
 DiomedSs, -is, m. Momedes or Diomede, 
 son of Tydeus. He was one of the greatest 
 Grecian heroes at Troy. 
 
 DiomSdeus, -a, -um, of Diomede. 
 
 directus, -a, -um, straight, at right 
 
 dl-rigS, -ere, -rSxI, -rectum, direct. 
 
 di-ruS, -ruere, -rul, -rutum, destroy. 
 dirus, -a, -um, terrible, dreadful, awful. 
 Dis, DItis, m. Dis, the Rich One = Pluto, 
 the ruler of the Under World. 
 
 dis-cSdB, -ere, -cSssI, -cBssum, go away, 
 depart, withdraw. 
 
 discidium, -I, n. [dl-soindol separation. ' 
 
 discs, -ere, didiol, learn. 
 
 discors, -dis, adj. discordant, disagreeing, 
 
 hostile. 
 discrlmen, -inis, ". difference, distinction. 
 disertus, -a, -um, eloquent. 
 dis-iois, -icere, -iScI, -iectum, tear apart, 
 
 scatter, destroy ; disarrange. 
 dispar, -paris, adj. unequal. fistula 
 
 dispar septem cannis, fiute of seven 
 
 unequal reeds. 
 dis-pBns8, -are, -avi, -atum, dispense, 
 
 distribute, allot. 
 dis-silie, -Ire, -silul, leap apart, burst. 
 dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike, different. 
 dis-simul6, -are, -avi, -atum, make 
 
 unlike, disguise. 
 dis-suade5, -Bre, -suasi, -suasum, dis- 
 suade, advice against. 
 dis-tine8, -Bre, -tinul, -tentum, hold 
 
 apart, separate, divide. 
 
198 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 di-Btingno, -tinguere, -tinzi, -tinctum, 
 
 mark with different colors^ variegate^ 
 adorn ; murk out, distinguish. 
 
 dl-stS, -are, stand off, be removed, be dis- 
 tant ,* differ, be different. 
 
 diu, adv. a limg time, long. 
 
 diurnus, -a, -nm, [dies] of the day, daily ; 
 of daylight, of the sun. 
 
 dl-vell6, -ere, -velll or -vulsi, -vulsum, 
 
 tear apart, tear to pieces. 
 diversus, -a, -um, op2J0site, in the opposite 
 direction; far removed, distant ; unlike, 
 different. dSversa petere, go in the 
 opposite direction. 
 
 dives, -itis, adj. rich. 
 
 dS-vido, -ere, -visl, -visum, divide, sepa- 
 rate, tear away. divider, / tear tny- 
 self away. 
 
 dividuus, -a, -um, divided, separated. 
 
 divitiae, -arum, f. riclus, wealth. 
 
 divus, -a, -um, divine. divl, the gods. 
 
 d5, dare, dedl, datum, give, grant, be- 
 stow, deliver. verba dare, deceive. 
 poenas dare, svffer punisliment. vBla 
 dare, set sail, sail away, iura dare, 
 act as Judge, rule, salttis dare, leap. 
 locum dare, give place, make room for. 
 
 doceo, -ere, docul, dootum, teach, 'in- 
 form, show, relate. 
 
 doctus, -a, -um, learned, clever, wise, skil- 
 ful, used especially of the Roman poetB 
 who were skilled in Grecian metres. 
 
 dooumentum, -I, ii. proof; example. 
 
 doleS, -Sre, -m,feelpain or sorrow, svffer, 
 grieve, mourn. quo consolante do- 
 I6r5s, who would console you in your 
 s&rrotD? tB dolente morl, tobemourned 
 by you w/ienl die. 
 
 Solon, -Suis, m. Dolon, a Trojan, who 
 went as a spy into the Grecian camp. He 
 was to receive as a reward the horses of 
 Achilles, but he was captured by Ulysses 
 andDiomedeand treacherously slain after 
 he had given them valuable information 
 on condition that his life should be spared. 
 
 DolopSs, -um, m. the Bolopians, a Thes- 
 salian tribe. 
 
 dolor, -oris, m- pain, grief, sorrow. 
 dolus, -I, m. cunning, wile, deception, 
 iteachery. ' 
 
 domina, -ae, f. mistress, lady, gueen, 
 sweetheart. 
 
 dominus, -I, m. master, lord, ruler, 
 owner. dominus clix^el, the oioner qf 
 the shield. 
 
 dom5, -are, domul, domitum, mlgugaie, 
 tame, control, i%ile, master, conquer, over- 
 come, ferventibus undls domare, 
 soften with boiling ivater, cook with boil- 
 ■ ing water, boil. 
 
 domus, -us, f. house, home, dioelting, 
 abode ; family. domi, at liome. 
 
 donee, conj. as long as ; until. 
 
 dono, -Sre, -avi, -atum, present, give. 
 
 donum, -I, u. present, gift. dona Ce- 
 realia, the gifts of Ceres = bread. 
 
 Doris, -idis, f. Doris, wife of the sea-god 
 Kerens and mother of the Nereids. 
 
 dos, dotis, f . marriage-portion, do^ry; en- 
 dowment, gift, good quality, advantage. 
 
 dotalis, -e, of tlie dowry, dotal. 
 
 draco, -Snis, m. dragon, seipeni. 
 
 dubitabilis, -e, doubtful, questionable. 
 
 dubitS, -are, -avi, -atum, doubt, ques- 
 tion, be uncertain, hesitate. 
 
 dubium, -I, n. doubt, uncertainty. in 
 
 dubio, in doubt. 
 dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, uncertain; 
 
 doubting, hesitating. 
 
 duc5, -ere, dtixl, ductum, lead, carry, 
 take; draw, pull; attract, entice; assume, 
 form ; derive. pompam duoere, lead 
 a procession. piscSs ducere, imll out 
 fish, catch fish, remos ducere, pull the 
 oars, rimam ducere, form a crack. 
 gyros ducere, make circles (in the air). 
 
 diidum, adv. a while ago, some time ago. 
 iam dudum, already for a long time. 
 
 dulcSdO, -iuis, f. sweetness, loveliness, 
 charm. nesoi5 qua dalcSdine, with 
 a wonderful charm. 
 
 dulcis, -e, sweet, agreeable, pleasant, 
 charming. 
 
 Dulichius, -a, -um, DuUchian, of Duli- 
 chinm, a small island near Ithaca which 
 was governed by Ulysses. Hence Duli- 
 chius vertex = the head of Ulysses, a 
 contemptuous expression. 
 
 dum, conj. while, as long as; until; if 
 
 only, provided that. 
 dummodo, conj. if only, provided that. 
 
distinguS— initor. 
 
 199 
 
 duo, -ae, -0, two, both. 
 
 duplex, -icis, adj. double, timfold, two ; 
 
 iuo-faced, deceptive. 
 duritiSs, -SI, and duritia, -ae, t. hardness. 
 dure, -are -avi, -Stum, make hard; 
 
 grow hard ; lust. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, Mrd ; rough, harsh, 
 severe, unfeeling, a-uel ; thorny, prickly 
 (rubeta). 
 
 dux, duois, m. and f. leader, guide, ruler, 
 general. ni6 duce, under my guidance. 
 
 £ 
 
 ebur, eboris, u. Ivory ; tbings made of 
 ivory, as a sword-sTieaih of ivory, ivory 
 sheath, scabbard ; statues of ivory. 
 
 eburnus, -a, -um, [ebur] of ivory, ivory. 
 
 eoce, interj. belwld! lo! 
 
 edax, -aois, [ed6] adj. hungry, greedy; 
 biting (llvor), gnawing; destructive 
 (yetiistas). 
 
 e-dlsoO, -ere, -didici, ledm thoroughly, 
 learn, memorize. 
 
 1, edo, -ere, Sdl, Ssum, eat, consume, de- 
 stroy, peooris actor edendl, driver 
 of the sheep which are to be eaten. 
 
 2. g-dO, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [do] give 
 forth, piiblish ; bring forth, bear ; tell, 
 disclose (ortus). Sditus, bm-n. 
 
 £-dac5, -ere, -dtixl, -ductum, lead out, 
 bring out, draw out (tSlum), Sducere 
 natam, bring her daughter out (of the 
 Lower World). 
 
 ef-fer8, -ferre, extull, Slatum, bring out, 
 car^'y out ; especially, carry out a corpse 
 for burial ; lift up, raise, stretch forth. 
 
 ef-fici5, -ficere, -fScI, -feotum, make, 
 effect, accomplish. 
 
 efB.gie3, -ei, f- ^gy, image, likeness. 
 
 ef-flo, -are, -avi, -atum, blow forth, 
 breatlie out, exhale. 
 
 ef-fodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossum, dig up, 
 dig out. 
 
 ef-fugiO, -fngere, -fugl, flee from, avoid, 
 escape, get rid of. 
 
 ef-fulgeS, -Sre, -fulsi, shine forth, shine. 
 
 ef-fundS, -ere, -lOdl, -fuaum, poMC/wtt, 
 pour out, let flow, spread out. 
 
 -avi, -atum, cast forth. 
 
 egSns, -entis, partic. adj. [egeo] pom; 
 needy. 
 
 egeo, egere, egul, want, need, be in want 
 
 of, be without. 
 ego, pera. pron. /. 
 S-gredior, -gredl, -gressus sum, go forth, 
 
 come out. altius Sgressus, J/2/0M go 
 
 too high. 
 
 ei, iuterj. with Dat. oh! alas! woe! 
 
 S-iaculor, -ari, -atus sum, slmot forth, 
 spurtforth. 
 
 8iectD, -are, 
 
 thivw out. 
 
 S-iUri, -are, -avi, -atum, swear off from, 
 abjure, give up, abandon. 
 
 Elegeia, -ae, f. Elegy (perBonifled), the 
 goddess of elegiac poetry. 
 
 Eleas, -a, -um. Mean, from Elie, a country 
 in Greece. 
 
 S-lId6, -ere, -llsi, -llsum, squeeze, choke, 
 strangle. 
 
 5-lig0| -ere, -ISgi, -lectum, chj)ose, select. 
 
 Elis, -idis, f. Elix, a country in Greece. 
 
 Sloquium, -I, u. eloquence. 
 
 S-lildS, -ere, -ISsI, -lilsum, avoid, escape, 
 
 deceive. 
 §-lu5, -ere, -lui, -liitum, wasJi off. 
 Elysius, -a, -um, Elysian, from Elysium, 
 
 the abode of the blessed. 
 
 Emathius, 
 
 Emathia il 
 Thessalian. 
 
 g-mendS, 
 
 prove. 
 B-merg5, -ere, -mersi, -mersum, emerge, 
 
 come forth, rise up. 
 e-micD, -are, -ul, leap up, shoot forth, 
 
 spurtforth. 
 B-mine6, -Sre, -ul, ."itand out, project ; be 
 
 prominent, attract attention. 
 gmiuus, adv. at a distance,from a distance 
 
 [opposed to comminus, hand to hand]. 
 S-mitto, -ere, -misl, -missum, send forth, 
 
 send out, let go. 
 8u, interj. behold! lo! 
 enim, conj. postpos./o?', indeed. 
 S-nltor, -niti, -nixus and -nlsus sum, 
 
 strive, struggle up, make one's way. 
 
 , -um, Emathian, from 
 Macedonia ; Macedonian ; 
 
 -are, -Svl, -atum, correct, im- 
 
200 
 
 VOCABULAET. 
 
 Ennius, -i, m. Ennius, a Roman epic 
 
 poet (289-169 B.C.). 
 Ennomos, -I, m- Snnomos, a Trojan, slain 
 
 by Ulysses. _ 
 
 insis, -is, m. sword. 
 
 1. eo, adv. thither, to that place, there, so 
 far. 
 
 2. eo, Ire, IvI and ii, itum, go, depart, 
 moveifly, advance, proceed ; pass ; flow. 
 itum est, rnen went. 
 
 eodem, adv. to the same place, tliere too. 
 
 1. ?Bus, -a, -um, [Eos, Dawn]j>f the 
 dawn ; of (he east, eastern. ESI, t!ie 
 Easterners. 
 
 2. Sous, -I, m. JEkms, one of the Sun's 
 steeds. 
 
 ephSmeris, -idis, f. day-book, account- 
 book. 
 
 Ephyri, -§s, i. Ephyra, an old name tor 
 Corinth. 
 
 Epimethis, -idis, f. the daughter of 
 Epimetheus, i.e. Pyrrha. 
 
 epistula, -ae, f . letter, epistle. 
 
 Epopeus, -ei, m. Epopeus, a sailor. 
 
 epulae, -arum, t. food, dishes; meal, 
 banquet, feast. 
 
 equa, -ae, f. mare. 
 
 eques, -itis, m. rider, horseman ; knight. 
 The knights ranked next to the senators 
 in Rome. 
 
 ec[uidem, adv. indeed, certainly, of course, 
 at least; used especially of the first per- 
 son, lindeed, I for my part. 
 
 equus, -I, m. horse, steed. 
 
 Erebus, -I, m. Erebus, the Lower World. 
 
 ergo, adv. therefore, accordingly. 
 
 Eridauus, -I, m. Eridanus, ". mythical 
 river in the west of Europe, identified 
 with the Po. 
 
 8-rigB, -ere, -rSxI, -rSctum, raise, lift. 
 Brigor, raise myself, arise, stand up. 
 
 Erinys, -yos, f. Erinys, Fury. The 
 Furies were the terrible goddesses of 
 vengeance. 
 
 S-ripiB, -ripere, -ripnl, -reptum, snatch 
 out, jerk out ; take away, carry off ; de- 
 prive ; save. 
 
 errB, -are, -avi, -atum, wander about, 
 wander over ; wander, go astray. 
 
 error, -oris, na. wandering, 
 
 doubt, uncertainty ; error, mistake. 
 Brudio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, instruct ; teach 
 
 (artSs). 
 Eryclua, -ae, f- Erycina = Venus, so 
 
 called from Mount Eiyx in Sicily, where 
 
 she had a famous temple. 
 Eryx, -ycis, m. Eryx, "■ mountain in 
 
 Sicily on which was a temple to Venus. 
 esca, -ae, l.food, meat, bait. 
 et, conj. anAi, also ; but. et— et, both— 
 
 and. 
 etiam, conj. also, even, likewise, still. 
 
 etiam nunc, even now, still, to Vie 
 
 present day. 
 etiamnum, conj. still. 
 etsi, conj. even if, although. 
 Euboicus, -a, -um, Euboean, from Eu- 
 
 boea, an island ofE the coast of Greece, 
 
 opposite Boeotia, 
 Eumenides, -um, f. [Ev/xepi'Se?] the Eu- 
 
 menides, the Euries. The superstitious 
 
 Greeks called these vengeful goddesses 
 
 the Well-disposed, to propitiate them and 
 
 avoid punishment. 
 
 Eumolpus, -I, ni. Eum/)lpus, a mythical 
 Thracian bard who was supposed to have 
 come to Attica and founded the Eleu- 
 sinian Mysteries. 
 
 euntibus, partic. of eB. 
 
 EurBpa, -ae, f- Bumpa, daughter of the 
 Phoenician King Agenor, Jupiter, in the 
 shape of a bull, carried her ofi to Crete. 
 
 eurus, -i, m. southeast wind, east wind. 
 
 Eurus, Eurus, the god of the east wind. 
 EurydicB, -63, f. Eurydice, the wife of 
 
 Orpheus. 
 
 Eurymachus, -I, m. Eurymaclvus, one of 
 the suitors of Penelope. 
 
 Eurypylus, -I, m. Eurypylus, a leader in 
 the siege of Troy. 
 
 1. Euxlnus, -I, m. the Euxine, the Black 
 Sea. Though dangerous and stormy, the 
 sea was called ev^eivos (= hospitable) by 
 the Greeks by way of propitiation. Cf. 
 Eumenides. 
 
 3. Euxlnus, -a, -um, of the Euxine, of the 
 Slack Sea. 
 
 B-vadB, -ere, -vasi, -yasum, come out, 
 come forth ; turn out ; pass beyond, leave 
 behind ; escape. 
 
Ennius— exsanguis. 
 
 20 1 
 
 S-vSnBsoo, -ere, -vanul, dUa-ppmr. 
 fiventus, -US, m. issue, end, result, sequel. 
 e-vertO, -ere, -verti, -verBum, turn up- 
 side down, overthrow, destroy. 
 
 e-vol5, -are, -avi, -a,t\aa.,fiy forth, rush 
 away. 
 
 S-volvo, -ere, -volvl (-volul), -voliltum, 
 
 unroll, open, disclose, narrate. 
 ex, S, prep, with Abl. out of, qf, from ; 
 
 after ; acmrdiiig to, resulting from, in 
 
 consequence of. 
 
 exaotus, -a, -um, [exigS] complete, fin- 
 ished. 
 
 examen, -inis, u. swarm (of bees). 
 
 ex-animB, -are, -avi, -atum, [anima] 
 deprive qf life, Ull. exanimatus. 
 
 ex-audiS, -Ire, -Jvl, -itum, hear distinct- 
 ly, hear, listen to. 
 
 ex-cedo, -ere, -cessJ, -cSssum, go forth, 
 go out ,• exceed. 
 
 excelsus, -a -um, lofty, high. 
 
 ex-cido, -ere, -oidi, Icaii] fall from, fall 
 out ; fall fr07n the mem^'y, be for- 
 gotten, ausis excidere, fail in an 
 undertaking. 
 
 ex-cipio, -cipere, -oSpI, -eeptum, except; 
 take up, receive; follow, come next; speak 
 next, reply. me excepts, except me. 
 
 ex-cols, -ere, -colul, -coltum, cultivate, 
 improve, perfect. 
 
 excutiae, -arum, f. watch, guard. 
 
 ex-cutis, -cutere, -cussi, -cussum, sliake 
 
 out, shake off, hurl from. excusavun 
 
 misisset ia aec^uora, would have hurled 
 
 into the sea. 
 exemplum, -I, "■ model, example, speci- 
 men. 
 ex-eS, -Ire, -il, -itum, go forth, come forth; 
 
 come out, appear; rise, ascend; come out 
 
 from (Abl.), leave. 
 exeroeS, -Sre, -ui, -itum, keep busy, excite, 
 
 make anxious, worry, harassj practise. 
 
 exercitus, attentive. 
 ex-hibeo, -Sre, -ui, -itum, [habeo] slum, 
 
 exhibit, display; use, employ. 
 ex-horrSscS, -ere, -horrul, shudder, 
 
 shake, tremble. 
 ex-hortor, -arl, -atus sum, encourage, 
 
 exhort, urge on. 
 
 ex-igo, -igere, -Sgl, -actum, drive out, 
 drive away ; finish, complete (opus), 
 apatils exSgit quattuor annum, di- 
 vided the year into four seasons (made 
 the year complete with four seaBons). 
 non satis exacta, incomplete, un- 
 fnis/wd. 
 
 exiguus, -a, -um, small, little, slight, 
 weak, insignificant, exiguum facere, 
 sJiorten. 
 
 exilis, -e, slight, thin, weak, smalt. 
 exitium, -I, n. [exes] end, destruction, 
 
 death. exitio dedl, IkUled. 
 exitus, -lis, m. issue, sequel, end, remit. 
 
 ex-onero, -are, -avi, -atum, unburden, 
 empty, free. 
 
 ex-orior, -orlrl, -ortus sum, unse. 
 ex-Sro, -are, -avi, -atum, influence by 
 entreaty, appease. 
 
 ex-pallesoo, -ere, -pallul, turn pale. 
 
 expediS, -Ire, -ivi, -itum,/)w from dif- 
 ficulty, help out. expedit, it is of ad- 
 vantage, it is useful. 
 
 ex-pell6, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, drive 
 away, drive, out, banish. pariter 
 anima rotisque expulit, hurled from 
 the chariot and depHved of life at the 
 same time. 
 
 ex-pend5, -ere, -pendl, -pSnsum, weigh 
 out, weigh; estimate, judge. 
 
 experiSns, -entia, partic. adj. accustomed 
 to, inured to, experienced in, capable of 
 enduring. 
 
 experior, -perirl, -pertus sum, ti-y, test, 
 undertake. 
 
 ex-pleS, -Sre, -Bvl, -itam, fill, fulfil, com- 
 plete, accomplish; quench (sitim), sat- 
 isfy (querSla). 
 
 ex-plic5, -are, -avi, -atum, unfold, dis- 
 close. 
 
 ex-pono, -ere, -posul, -positum, land, 
 disembark, expose. 
 
 ex-primS, -ere, -press!, -presstim, press 
 out,curveout. expressS splnae curva- 
 mine fiecti, 6e bent with an outward 
 curvature of the spine, become hump- 
 backed. 
 
 ex-probrS, -are, -avi, -atum, reproach 
 with, upbraid, charge, accuse. 
 
 exsanguis, -e, bloodless, pale, lifeless. 
 
202 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ex-seoror, -arl, -atus sum, curse, exe- 
 crate. 
 
 exsequlae, -arum, f. [ex-sequor]/M?Mrai 
 
 procession, funeral, exsequias Ire, go 
 
 to the funeral. 
 ex-ser6, -ere, -serul, -sertum, tfirusi out, 
 
 stretch out, raise. 
 ex-silio, -Ire, -silul, leap forth, springup. 
 exsilium, -I, n. exile, banishment. 
 ex-sist5, -ere, -stiti, spring up, come 
 
 forth, arise, become. 
 
 ex-spatior, -arl, -Stua sum, go out of the 
 
 way, leave the track, rush off; of rivers, 
 leave their channels, overflow their banJcs. 
 
 ex-3pect5, -are, -avi, -Stum, expect, 
 await, long for. 
 
 ex-stingi)5, -stinguere, -stinxl, -stin- 
 Ctum, extinguish, put out ; kill. ex- 
 stinctus, dead. 
 
 ex-st5, -stare, -stitl, step forth, come 
 forth, standout, arise; exist, be. 
 
 ex-struB, -struere, -struxi, -structum, 
 
 heap up, pile up, load. 
 exsul, -ulis, m. and f. exile. me ex- 
 
 sule dolet, grieves at my banishment. 
 
 ex-surgB, -ere, -surrSxi, -surrSctum, 
 
 rise, stand up. 
 exta, -orum, u. vitals ; heart, liver, lungs. 
 
 etc. 
 extemplo, adv. immediately. 
 externus, -a, -um, foreign, strange, 
 
 Subst. stranger, foreigner. 
 
 ex-terre8, -ere, -ul, -itum, frighten, ter- 
 rify. 
 
 ex-timBsoB, -ere, -timui, be frightened, 
 be terrified, be afraid. 
 
 extrBmus, -a, -um, last, farthest, ex- 
 treme. extrBmum, adv. for the last 
 time. 
 
 F 
 
 fabrics, -are, -avi, -atum, make, manu- 
 facture, fabricata fago, made out of 
 beech-wood. 
 
 faoiSs, -SI, f. form, sliape, appearance, 
 features, countenance; beauty. 
 
 facilis, -e, [faoiS] easy to do, easy ; 
 
 friendly, favorable. 
 facinus, -oris, n. [faoiO] deed; especially 
 
 evil deed, crime. 
 
 facio, facere, fBci, factum, do, accom- 
 plish, bring about, render; make, build, 
 compose; commit; procure. liao fa- 
 ciunt, are on (act on) our side, arbi- 
 trium fBcit, gave the liberty, posse 
 capl facieudO, by making it possible to 
 capture it. 
 
 factum, -I, n. deed, event. 
 
 facultas, -atis, f. possibility, power, 
 ability, oppoi'tunity. 
 
 facundia, -ae, f. eloquence, fluency of 
 speech. 
 
 facundus, -a, -um, eloquent, fluent. 
 
 faenum, -I, n. hay. 
 
 faenus, -oris, n. interest, increase. 
 
 faex, -cis, f . tyrine ; dregs. 
 
 fagus, -i, f. beech, beech-wood. 
 
 falcatus, -a, -um, scythe-shaped, curved, 
 hooked. 
 
 fallacia, -ae, f. deception. 
 
 fallax, -acis, adj. deceptive, deceitful, 
 false. 
 
 falla, fallere, fefelll, falsum, deceive, 
 cheat; escape the notice of; of time, 
 pass, pass pleasantly, while away. dS- 
 positum fallere, keep the deposit (not 
 give it up as by duty bound), make de- 
 fault. 
 
 falsus, -a, -um, false, deceptive. fer- 
 tilitas falsa iacet, the fertility pi'oves 
 false. 
 
 falx, falcis, f. scythe, sickle ; pruning- 
 hook. 
 
 fama, -ae, f.fame, rumor, report. 
 
 fames, -is, f . hunger, famine ; greed, de- 
 sire. 
 
 famulus, -S, m. house-servant, servant, 
 slave. 
 
 fauum, -I, n. shrine, temple. 
 
 fas, indecl. n. right (divine and fated), 
 fas est, it is right, it is proper, it is per- 
 mitted, it is possible. 
 
 fassus, see fateor, 
 
 fastlgium, -I, n. gable, gable-end; roof, 
 summit. 
 
 fatalis, -e, of faie, fated, fateful ; fatal. 
 fateor, fatErl, fassus sum, confess, ac- 
 knowledge. 
 
 fatidicus, -a, -um, [fStum, diofi] proph- 
 esying, fate-revealing. 
 
exseoror-fSo. 
 
 203 
 
 fatlgo, -are, -avi, -atum, wemi/, tin; 
 
 choke, exhaust, destroy (messSs). 
 fatum, -I, n. fate ; prophecy ; death. 
 
 fatum non est, it is not fated. 
 favee, faySre, favl, fautum, /awr, help, 
 
 assist, befnendly to. 
 
 favllla, -ae, f. ashes, glowing ashes, em- 
 bers, cinders. 
 
 favor, -5ris, m. favor, good-will, interest, 
 
 partiuiity, approbation. 
 favus, -I, m. lion^yemnb. 
 
 fax, facis, f. torch, firebrand, used espe- 
 cially in funerals and weddings. 
 
 fBoundus, -a, -um,fmitfal,feraie. 
 fSliciter, adv. hapjiily, successfully. 
 
 fSUoius amata sum tibi, happier was 
 
 yovr love for me, 
 
 fSUx, -icis, adj. happy ; fortunate, pros- 
 pemus ; fertile, Hch. 
 
 fSmina, -ae, f. woman, female ; of animals, 
 especially cow. 
 
 fSmineus, -a, -um, of woman, woman's ; 
 female, feminine. d5 fSmineo iactu, 
 from tJie woman's throwing. 
 
 fera, -ae, f . wild beast, beast, animal. 
 
 ferax, -acis, adj . [fer6] fertile, productive, 
 rich. 
 
 fere, adv. almost, nearly, about ; usually. 
 
 feriB, -ire, strike, hit, beat. 
 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, can-y, 
 bHng ; cairy off; offer, give ; relate, 
 say ; get, receive; suffer, ensure; cairy 
 out for bii?'ial, bury ; passive : be boime, 
 go, Jiasten, rush. Igges ferre, make 
 laws, iilsta ferre, bring the proper 
 gifts, perform the funeral rites, non 
 ferendus, unendurable, si fors tulit, 
 if it so happened, pretium ferre, cairy 
 off the prize, aequos c'alorBs ferre, re- 
 ceive proper lieat. 
 
 ferox, -ocis, &&]. fierce, wild, cruet, bold. 
 
 ferreus, -a, -um, of iron, iron ; hard- 
 hearted, unmerciful ; cruel, ter?ible. 
 
 ferriigo, -inis, f . iron-rust, color of iron- 
 rust, dark color. 
 
 ferrum, -I, n. iron ; things made of iron, 
 especially sw&j'd. 
 
 fertilis, -e, fertile, fruitful, productive. 
 
 fertilitas, -atis, t. fertility. 
 
 ferus, -a, -um, wild, fierce, cruel. 
 
 ferveo, fervere, fervi, boil, grow hot, 
 burn, glow ; boil vp, rage. 
 
 fervor, -oris, m. heat, glow. 
 fessus, -a, -um, ti7'ed, weary, exhausted. 
 fSstinB, -are, -avI, -atum, hasten, hurry. 
 festum, -I, and (esta, -Drum, n. festival, 
 holiday; feast. fgstum agere, hold a 
 
 fSstus, -a, -um, festive, of holidays, holi- 
 day. 
 
 fStus, -ils, la. fruit, offspring. 
 
 fibra, -ae, f. the entrails of a victim. 
 
 fictilis, -e, [fingO] of clay. Subst. fictilia, 
 n. earthenware vessels. 
 
 fldSUs, -e, true, faithful, sincere. 
 
 £[dSs, -ei, ^. faith, belief ; lionor, sincerity, 
 truth ; fulfilment, verification. veil 
 fids maiora, greater than can be believed 
 to be t7'ue, incredible. 
 
 fids, -ere, fisus sum, trust, put confi- 
 dence in. 
 
 fldUcia, -ae, f . confidence ; self-confidence. 
 
 fldus, -a, -um, truf, faithful, sincere, 
 honest, re 
 
 figS, -ere, flxl, fixum, fix, fasten ; press 
 (oscula, lips). aere fixo, on the fixed 
 lyrass (the bronze tables of laws which 
 were set up in public places). 
 
 figura -ae, f. [fingS] shape, figure, form j 
 appearance ; beauty ; style, manner. 
 
 filia, -ae, f. daughter. 
 
 filius, -I, ni. son. 
 
 fllum, -I, n. thread ; especially, the thread 
 of life as spun by the Fates. 
 
 finds, -ere, fidi, fissum, split, divide, 
 cleave. 
 
 fingS, -ere, finxl, fictum, form, fashion, 
 make ; imagine, fancy ; make up, in- 
 vent, trump up. . quem prodere flnxit, 
 w!u>m he falsely accused of betraying. 
 
 finis, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, finish, end, con- 
 clude ; especially, finish speaking. 
 
 finis, -is, m. and f. end, bound, boundary, 
 limit. sine fine, dSmptS fine, wit/i- 
 out end, forever, finem imponere, jwi 
 an end to, finish. 
 
 finitimus, -a, -um, neighboring, near. 
 
 flS, fieri, factus sum, [used as a passive of 
 facis] be made, become, arise, happen. 
 
204 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 firmo, -are, -avi -atum, strengthen, en- 
 courage, comfort ; confirm, estaiblish. 
 
 flrmus, -a, -um, strong, firm, oMding. 
 non firma futUra, not destined to re- 
 main. 
 
 fissus, see findO, spill. 
 
 fistula, -ae, f ■ pLpe, a lead pipe for car- 
 rying water; fiule, tlie slieplierd'e pipe 
 made out of seven unequal reeds. 
 
 fixus, BeeflgB,.^x. 
 
 flagrS, -are, -avI, -atnm, burn, blase. 
 cupidine fiagrare, burn with desire. 
 flamen, -inis, n. [flBl breath, blast, wind. 
 
 flamma, -ae, f. fiame, fire, .fire-brand, 
 heat ; love, passion. flammls corripi, 
 be seized with fiames, catch fire, flam- 
 mas imitans,.^ame-Si«. trifida flam- 
 ma, the three-pronged fiame of light- 
 ning. 
 
 flammeus, -a, -vim,fiaming, fiery. 
 
 flammifer, -fera, -fertxra, fiame-bearing, 
 
 fia?ning, fiery. 
 flavSscO, -ere, iwn yellow, turn golden^ 
 
 turn to gold. 
 flavus, -a -um, yellow, golden; golden- 
 
 hai7'ed, blond. 
 
 flebUis,-e, [fleO] mournful, sad. 
 
 flectB, -ere, flexl, flexum, bend, cune ; 
 
 turn, direct; infiuence, sway ; appease. 
 flee, -Sre, -Evi, -etum, weep ; lament. 
 flStus, -fls, m. weeping; tears. 
 flexus, -a, -um, [flectS] curved, bent. 
 floreO, -ere, -ui, fiourish, bloom, prosper. 
 flos, floris, m. fiower, bloom. 
 fluotus, -ii3| m. wave, billow, fiood, tide. 
 fluita, -are, -avI, -atum,j?ow, run. 
 flUmen, -inis, n. stream, riiier. PerBoni- 
 
 iied, river-god. 
 flumineus, -a, -um, of a river, river. 
 flu8, -ere, fluxl, fluxum, fiow, pour, 
 
 drip. palmis fluere, flow from the 
 
 hands ; capillls, f7'om the hair. 
 
 fluvius, -i, rn. stream, river. 
 
 focus, -I, m. fire-place, hearth; altar. 
 
 fodiB, fodere, fSdl, fossum, dig, dig vp ; 
 jjierce. 
 
 foedo, -are, -avI, -atum, disfigure; defile, 
 pollute; disgrace. 
 
 1. foedus, -a, -um, dirty, vile, horrible. 
 
 S. foedus, -eris, n. treaty, agreement, 
 bond ; conditimi, law. 
 
 folium, -I, n. leaf. foliis truncare, cut 
 o,f the leaves. 
 
 fons, fontis, m. fountain, spring. 
 
 [for] farl, fatus sum, spealc, say. 
 
 foramen, -inis, h- opening, hole. 
 
 foras, adv. out of doors, out, forth. 
 
 fore = fntilrum esse, 
 
 forem = essem. 
 
 foris, -is, f . door, wing (of a folding door). 
 PI. forSs, folding door, double door. 
 
 forma, -ae, l.foi-m, shape; beauty. 
 
 formidabilis, -e, to be dreaded, formi- 
 dable, fearful, dangerous. 
 
 formldo, -inis, f. fear, terror. varia 
 formido, variegated scarecrow, made of 
 feathers of various colors and used in the 
 chase. 
 
 forme, -are, -avI, -atum, form, shape, 
 make, fashion. 
 
 formSsus, -a, -um, shapely, beautiful. 
 
 fornax, -acis, f. ovai, furnace. 
 
 fors, [-tis], f. chance, accident, luck. 
 fovte,by cliance,percliance. Personiiied, 
 Fortune, the goddess of fortune. 
 
 forsitan, adv. [fors sit an] perhaps, per- 
 chance, it may be. 
 
 fortasse, adv. perhaps, 2>erchanee. 
 
 forte, see fors. 
 
 fortis, -e, strong, brave, courageous. 
 fortia, brave deeds, fortia dicta, brave 
 words, threatening language. 
 
 fortiter, adv. strongly, bravely, courage- 
 ously, fortius fltere ISris, make 
 greater use of the reins. 
 
 fortuna, -ae, f- fortuiu, chance, luck. 
 Personiiied, Fortune, the goddess of for- 
 tune, fortiina pUgnae, the result of 
 the combat. 
 
 forum, -I, n. forum, market-place. 
 
 fossa, -ae, f. [fodiS] ditch, trench, fosse. 
 
 fossor, -oris, m. digger, ditcher. 
 
 fossus, see fodii. 
 
 foveO, -Ere, fovi, fotum, carefm; cherish, 
 favor, support. 
 
 fragilis, -e, fragile,- easily broken, brittle, 
 frail, iveak. 
 
flrmo— garrulus. 
 
 205 
 
 &agOT, -oris, m. breaking, craclcing ; 
 a'osh ,■ peal of thunder. 
 
 fragum, -I, n. strawberry. 
 
 frangS, -ere, frSgl, fractum, break, shat- 
 ter ; weaken, overcome. 
 
 frater, -tris, m. brot/ier ; also = frater 
 
 patruSlia, cousin. 
 fraternuB, -a, -um, of a brotJier, brother's; 
 
 of a cousin, cousiii's. fraterna petd, 
 
 I demand the property of my cousin. 
 &aus, -dis, f. fraud, deception, trickery, 
 
 treachery, cunning. 
 
 fremo, -ere, -ul, 7var, murmur. 
 frendS, -ere, frSsum, gnash (the teeth). 
 frSnum, -i, II. bit, bridle ; check, rein. 
 frSna remittit, lets tlie reins loose. 
 
 frequens, -entis, adj. numerous, in 
 crowds ; abounding in ; often to he 
 translated as an adverb, often, frequently. 
 
 frequenter, adv. in crowds ; often, fre- 
 quently. 
 
 frequentia, -ae, f. crowd, throng. 
 
 frequents, -are, -avi, -atum, visit in 
 
 large numbers, visit often, frequent; 
 
 throng around, attend; celebrate (sacra), 
 fretum, -i, u. strait; sea. 
 &Igidus, -a, -um, cold, chilled. 
 frlgus, -oris, ". cold, coldness, chill. 
 frondens, -entis, partic. adj. leafy, green. 
 frondeB, -Ere, -ui, bear leaves, be covered 
 
 with leaves. 
 frondosus, -a, -um, leafy, covered with 
 
 leares. 
 1, Irons, -ondis, f. leaf ; leaves, foliage. 
 8. frons, -ontis, i.foreliead ; countenance, 
 
 face ; front. 
 fructus, -us, m.fi-uit ; reward, success. 
 fruor, frul, fructus and fruitus sum, 
 
 enjoy, rejoice in. 
 frustra, adv. in vain, to no purpose. 
 frutex, -icis, m. bush, shrub. 
 frux, frugis, f . fruit, grain ; usually PI. 
 fuga, -ae, f. flight; banishment. 
 fugax, -acis, adj. fleeing. fugax am- 
 
 bitionis eram, I had no inclination to a 
 
 public career. 
 fugiO, fugere, fugl, fugitum, M, run 
 
 away, depart (= die. Am. m. 9, 49) ; be 
 
 banished; Jlee from, avoid, escape; 
 
 escape the memm'y, be forgotten. 
 fui, see sum. 
 
 fulgeS, -Bre, fulsl, fulsum, shine, flash. 
 fulmen, -inis, n. lightning, thunderbolt. 
 
 ylrSa fulminis, the strength of the 
 
 thunderbolt, the power of lightning. 
 
 fum8, -are, -avS, -atum, smoke. 
 
 fumus, -I, m. smoke. 
 
 funds, -ere, fudl, fUsum, jmw, jmir out ; 
 rout, put to flight, defeat ; lay low, knock 
 down. resupluum fudl, / laid Mm 
 tow, laid him on his back, knocked him 
 down. 
 
 funehris, -e, cf a funeral, funeral, fune- 
 real, sad, mournful. 
 
 funereus, -a, -um, of afuneral,funereal. 
 
 funerea vestis, mourning dress. 
 funestus, -a, -um, deadly, fatal. 
 fungor, fungi, functus sum, perform, 
 
 caiTy out, execute, finish. sepulcrO 
 
 functus, buried. 
 funis, -is, m. rope, cable. 
 funuB, -eris, u. funeral ; death. 
 furca, -ae, i.fork ; fork-shaped ^ri;;) of a 
 
 house. 
 furSns, -entis, partic. adj. raging, mad. 
 furiosus, -a, -um, raging,fwious. 
 furS, -ere, rage, be furious, rave, stor?n. 
 furor, -oris, ni. madness, insanity, raging. 
 furtim, adv. by stealth, secretly. 
 furtum, -i, u. tlifft ; deception, trickery. 
 fusilis, -e, [funds] capable of being 
 
 poured, liquid. 
 fusus, -I, m. spindle, on which the thread 
 
 is wound in spinning, 
 futurus, -a, -um, [future partic. of sum] 
 
 about to be, future. Suhst. futufum, -I, 
 
 and futura, -^nyaa., future. 
 
 galea, -ae, f . helmet. 
 
 Gallus, -I, m. Oallus, Koman elegiac poet 
 
 (69-36 B.C.). 
 Gargara, -Brum, n. Gargara, the sammit 
 
 of Mount Ida in Mysia. 
 garrulus, -a, -um, garrulous, prattling, 
 
 loquacious, talkative; 
 
206 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 gaudeS, -6re, gaviaus sum, tvoice, be 
 glad. gaudSn3 altore recepto, de- 
 lighted to gel back his foster-father. 
 
 gaudium, -i, n.jay^ enjoyment ^Tileasure. 
 
 gelidus, -a, -um, cold, cod, chilly. 
 
 gemina, -are, -avi, -atum, douile. 
 
 geminus, -a, -um, double, two-fold, iivfi 
 formed ; twin, two. 
 
 gemitus, -us, m. groaning, sighing; 
 groan, sigh. 
 
 gemma, -ae, f . gem, precious stone. 
 
 gemS, -ere, -ui, groan, sigh ; bewail. 
 
 genae, -arum, f- cheehs. 
 
 gener, -eri, m. son-in-law. 
 
 generOsus, -a, -um, noble, of noble Mrth, 
 high-born ; spirited. 
 
 genetrix, -icis, f. mother. 
 
 genialiter, adv. merrily. 
 
 genitor, -oris, in., father ; rvler, lord. 
 
 genitSrus, genitus, see glgnS. 
 
 genius, -i, m. genius, guardian spint. A 
 man's genius was supposed to attend and 
 protect him throughout life and to it were 
 offered sacrificial cakes on birthdays. 
 
 gSns, geutis, f. race, people, iiaiion, tribe, 
 family. geutSs, countries (Met. ii. 
 215). 
 
 genu, -Bs, n. knee. 
 
 gennl, see glgnS. 
 
 genus, -eris, n. [gign6] birth, descent; 
 family, race; kind. generis auctor, 
 ancestor, father. 
 
 germanus, -I, m. broilier. 
 
 ger6, -ere, gessi, gestum, bear, carry, 
 wear, have ; manage, execute, carry on, 
 wage. gerens, having, with. 
 
 gestamen, -inis, u. tmrden, load. 
 
 gestiS, -ire, -ivl, -Itum, be eager, long. 
 
 gestS, -are, -avI, -atum, bear, cari-y. 
 
 Getae, -arum, m. the Getans, a wild, war- 
 like tribe living north of the Danube near 
 its mouth. 
 
 gIgnS, -ere, genul, genitum, bear, bring 
 forth, beget, produce. Subst. genitus, 
 son. 
 
 glacialis, -e, icy. 
 
 glaoies, -81, f. ice. 
 
 gladiator, -Sris, m. gladiator. 
 
 gladius, -I, m. sword. 
 
 glaeba, -ae, f. clod, lump of earth. 
 
 glans, glandis, f . acorn. 
 
 gloria, -ae, f . glo^y, fame ; honor, orna- 
 ment. 
 
 gnata, -ae, f. [= natal daughter. 
 
 gnatus, -i, ni. 1= natus] son. 
 
 gracilis, -e, slender, graceful; thin, slight. 
 
 graculus, -i, m. jackdaw, supposed to 
 prophesy rain. 
 
 Gradlvus, -I, m. Oradivus, another name 
 for Mars. 
 
 gradus, -Ss, m. step, walk, carriage. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, f. Greece. 
 
 Graecinus, -I, m. GraecAnus, a friend of 
 Ovid. 
 
 Graecus, -a, -um, Crrecian, Greek. 
 
 Grains, -a, -um, Grecian, Greek. Subst. 
 Graius, Greek. 
 
 gramen, -inis, n. grass. 
 
 gramineus, -a, -um, of grass, grassy. 
 
 grandaevus, -a, -um, aged. 
 
 grandis, -e, great, grand, important. 
 
 granum, -i, n. grain, seed. 
 
 gratSs, PI. f. thanks. gratSs agere, 
 thank, express thanks. 
 
 gratia, -ae, f . charm, grace ; favor, love, 
 fi-iendshi2); influence, p02vularit-y; thanks. 
 
 gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, congratulate. 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, agreeable, acceptable, 
 pleasing, dear ; friendly, grateful ; wel- 
 come. 
 
 gravidus, -a, -um, Jieavy,full, laden. 
 
 gravis, -e, Jieamj, weighty; important, 
 sei'ioJ/s, great ; severe, hard, bad, sad. 
 somno gravis, drunk with sleep. 
 
 gravitas, -atis, f. weight, heaviness: im- 
 23ortance, dignity. 
 
 gravi, -are, -avI, -atnm, make heavy, 
 weigh down, load, oppress, make worse 
 (fortunam). gravatns, heavy. 
 
 grex, gregis, m. herd, flock ; troop, band. 
 
 gubernator, -oris, m. pilot, lielmsman. 
 
 gurges, -itis, m. whirlpool ; deep water, 
 lake, river. 
 
 gutta, -ae, f. drop ; tea?: 
 
 guttur, -uris, n. throat ; pi. guttura. 
 
 gyrus, -i, m. circle, curve. 
 
gaudeo— hlo. 
 
 207 
 
 habSna, -ae, !■ [habeB] rein, line. 
 
 habeB, -Sre, -ul, -itum, have, Iwld, oc- 
 cupy, pofisess ; regard, consider, amor 
 habendl, avaiice. uon habSbam quod 
 specularer, / /uid nothing more to find 
 out. 
 
 habitabilis, -e, habitable. 
 
 liabltB, -are, -avi, -atum, inhabit ; dwell. 
 
 habitus, -ua, m. dress, clothing. 
 
 hac, adv. iJiis way, on this side, here. 
 
 bactenus, adv. so far, to this2Joint. 
 
 haedus, -I, m. kid. 
 
 Haemonia, -ae, f. Raemonia, an old name 
 
 for ThesBaly. 
 Haemouius, -a, -um, Haemonian = Thes- 
 
 salian. 
 Haemos, -i, ni. Raemus, a mountain in 
 
 Thrace. 
 
 haereo, -§re, haesi, haesum, hang, cling, 
 be fastened, remain, stick ; hesitate, 
 doubt (an haeo sit). 
 
 haerSs, -Sdis, m. lieir, see hSrSs, 
 
 Halius, -I, ni. Ilalius, a Lycian, ally of 
 the Trojans, slain by TJlysses. 
 
 hamus, -I, m. hook. 
 
 hara, -ae, i. hog-pen, sty. oUra in- 
 mundae harae, keeper of the Jitthy sty, 
 swineJi^rd. * 
 
 harSna, -ae, f • sand. 
 
 harundS, -inis, f • reed, cane ; rod, fishing- 
 rod ; fMte. 
 
 hasta, -ae, f- staff; spear, lance; the 
 thyrsus, the wand of Bacchus. 
 
 baud, adv. not. 
 
 hauria, -Ire, hausi, baustum, dHnk, 
 swallow ; empty, exhaust ; shed (cru- 
 Brem). 
 
 baustus, -us, m. draught, dnnk. ac- 
 cipe haustHs, drink. 
 
 bebes, -etis, adj. dull, stupid. 
 
 bebetO, -are, -avi, -atum, make dull, 
 dim. 
 
 Hecate, -8s, f ■ Becate, goddess of witch- 
 craft, often represented as having three 
 heads (triplicis vultus) and cbivfused 
 with Diana. 
 
 Hector, -oris, m. Hector, the chief hero of 
 the Trojans, killed by Achilles. 
 
 Hectoreus, -a, -um, of Hector, Hectm^s. 
 bedera, -ae, f. icy, clusters of ivy, sacred 
 to,Bacchu8. 
 
 Helens, -5s, f. Helen, wife of Menelans ; 
 carried off to Troy by Paris, she became 
 the cause of the Trojan war. 
 
 Helenas, -I, ni. Helenus, son of Priam, 
 slvilled in prophecy ; he was captured by 
 
 TJlysses. 
 
 HelicS, -es, f. Helice, the Qrcat Bear, the 
 constellation which was most used by - 
 the Grecian sailors in directing their 
 course. 
 
 Helicon, -5nis, m. Helicon, a mountain in 
 Boeotia, sacred to the Muses. 
 
 Henna, -ae, f. Henna, a city in Sicily. 
 
 Hennaeus, -a, -um, of Henna. Hennaea 
 
 moenia, the city of Henna. 
 berba, -ae, f. herb, plant, grass, green 
 
 stalk. prSmla in berbis, as soon as 
 
 iJiey spring up. 
 
 berbosus, -a, -um, grassy, green. 
 
 beres, -Bdis, m. heir. bSres certaminis, 
 winner of t7ie prize. 
 
 beros, -ois, m. liero, demigod. Bere- 
 cyntius bSros = Midas. LSertius 
 b§ros = Ulysses. 
 
 bSrous, -a, -um, lieroic, epic. Subst. 
 berous, epic verse, hexameter. 
 
 Hesperia, -ae, f. HespeHa, land of the 
 west. 
 
 Hesperides, -um, f. ffie, Hesperides, the 
 nymphs who, iu the far west, guarded 
 the tree with the golden apples. 
 
 Hesperius, -a, -um, Hesperian, western. 
 Subst. Hesperil, Westei-ners, inhabitants 
 qft/wfar west. Hesperils nStus et 
 Eois, known from the far west to the ex- 
 treme east. 
 
 Hesperus, -I, m. Hesperus, tbe evening 
 star. 
 
 besternus, -a, -um, of yesterday, yester- 
 day^s. 
 
 beu, interj. alas.' oh! 
 
 1. bic, adv. Mre, in (his place. 
 
 2. bIc, baeo, boo, this, such. bio— bIc, 
 tlie one— the other, bio— ille, the one— 
 the otlter, the latter— the former, the 
 former— the latter. b5c, Abl. of Comp. 
 80 much, by so much. 
 
208 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 hiems, -emis, f . winter ; storm ; cold. 
 
 Hiems, Winter (personified), 
 hinc, adv. hence, from this, from this place, 
 
 from this cause, from this iirm, herevpon. 
 hinnitus, -us, m. neighing. 
 hirsutus, -a, -um, hairy, rough, shaggy. 
 
 canos hirsuta capillos, bristling with 
 
 gray hair. 
 hirtus, -a, -um, hairy, rough, bristling. 
 hisco, -ere, open one's mouth, speak. 
 Hister, -tri, m. Hister, Danube (the lower 
 
 part of the Danube Eiver). 
 hodie, adv. to-day, at the present time. 
 holus, -eris, u. vegetables, mainly cabbage. 
 Homirus, -I, m.aom^?-, the Greek epic poet, 
 homo, -inis, m. man, human being. 
 honestS, adv. honorably, becomingly. 
 honestus, -a, -um, honorable. 
 honor or honos, -5ris, honor, distinction, 
 fame ; offtce, rank ; oferlng, sacrifice. 
 
 hora, -ae, f. time, hour. Horae, the 
 Hours (pereonifled), goddesses of time. 
 
 Horatius, -I, m. Horace, Roman lyric 
 poet (65-8 B.C.). 
 
 horrendus, -a, -um, horrible, dreadful. 
 horree, -gre, -ul, be rough, bristle, rage ; 
 
 tremble, shudder ; dread. tempestas 
 
 horret, the storm rages. 
 horrSaco, -ere, horrui, begin to be rough, 
 
 bristle, rage; tremble, shake, shudder; 
 
 dread. 
 horridus, -a, -um, bristling, shaggy, 
 
 rough; terrible, hmrible. 
 hortamen, -inis, n. encouragement, ex- 
 hortation. 
 hortator, -oris, m . inciter, encourager, 
 
 exhorter. 
 
 hortor, -ari, -atus sum, encourage, urge 
 on, incite, exhoi't. 
 
 hortus, -I, m. garden. 
 
 hospes, -itis, m. guest, stranger ; host. 
 
 nou hospes ab hospite tStus, the guest 
 
 is not safe from his Iwst. di hospitSs, 
 
 the divine guests. 
 hosplta, -ae, f • stranger, guest. 
 hospitium, -I, n. liospitality. hospitiS 
 
 reoipere, receive as a guest, entertain 
 
 hospitabli/. 
 hospituB, -a, -nm, Iwspltable, friendly. 
 
 hostia, -ae, f. victim, sacrificial offering. 
 
 hostis, -is, m. and f. enemy. 
 
 hue, adv. hither, to this place, here. 
 
 hiimanus, -a, -um, human. 
 
 humilis, -e, [humus] humble, low ; plain, 
 common, unimportant. 
 
 humor, -oris, m. moisture, liquid. 
 
 humus, -i, f. earth, ground, soil, land. 
 humi, on the ground, humo, from the 
 ground. 
 
 hyacinthinus, -a, -um, of a hyacinth, 
 hyacinthine. hyaointhina lilia, hya- 
 cinthine lilies, perhaps simply hyacint/ts, 
 but not our hyacinths. 
 
 Hyacinthus, -I, m. Hyacinthus, a youth 
 who was accidentally killed by Apollo 
 with a discus and then changed into the 
 flower hyacinthus, which was, however, 
 different from our hyacinth. 
 
 Hyades, -um, f. the Ilyades, a constella- 
 tion betokening rain. 
 
 Hymen, -enis = Hymenaeus. 
 hymenaeos, -I, m. the marriage hymn. 
 Hymenaeus, -I, m. Hymen, the god of 
 marriage. 
 
 iaceo, -Sre, -ui, lie, lie prostrate; have 
 fallen, be conquered, be destroyed. 
 Troia iaoet, Troy has fallen, vultfls 
 iacentes, prostrate face, falsa iacet, 
 proses false. dSplorata v5ta iacent, 
 the hopes lie lamented. 
 
 iaciS, iacere, iScI, iactum, throiv, hurl, 
 cast forth ; utter. 
 
 iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, hurl repeatedly, 
 toss back and forth, toss about, throw 
 about, toss, throw ; shake. 
 
 iaotilra, -ae, f. loss. 
 
 iactus, -us, m. throwing. fgmineS 
 iactu,/rom tlie woman's throwing. 
 
 iaculor, -arl, -atus sum, throw, hurl. 
 
 iam, adv. already, now. iam iamque, 
 immediately, on the very point of, just 
 about to. iam nunc, already, iam 
 non, no longer, iam numquam, never 
 again, si iam neque8, if I can ru> 
 longer, si iam non, if no longer. 
 
 iambus, -I, m. iambus, iambic verse ; PI. 
 iambic poetry. 
 
hiems— imponS. 
 
 209 
 
 iamdiidum, adv. already for a long! time. 
 ianaa, -ae, f. door, gate. 
 
 lapetJonidSs, -ae, m. the eon of lapetus 
 
 ~ Atlas. 
 
 lason, -onis, m. Ja^on, the son of Aeson, 
 and nephew of Pelias. By the latter he 
 was sent to Colchia on the Argonautic 
 Expedition in search of the Golden 
 Fleece. Here Jason met Medea, who 
 hecame his wife. Afterwards he deserted 
 
 • her and married Creusa, the daughter of 
 the King of Corinth. 
 
 ibi, adv. there, in that place. Met. m. 
 CIO, in him. 
 
 1, Icarius, -I, m. Icarius, the father of 
 Penelope. 
 
 2. Icarius, -a, -um, Icarian. Icaria 
 aqua, tlie Icarian Sea. 
 
 Icarus, -i, ni. Icarus, son of Daedalus. 
 FlyiDg away from Crete on wings made 
 hy his father, he soared too high, the wax 
 with which his wings were fastened was 
 melted hy the sun, and he fell into the 
 water which was thereafter called the 
 Icarian Sea. 
 
 Ic6, icere, IcI, iotum, stHke, hit. 
 struck. 
 
 ictus. 
 
 ictus, -us, m. stnke, blow. 
 
 Ida, -ae, f. Ida, a mountain near Troy. 
 
 idcirco, adv. thertfore,for this reason. 
 
 Ids = Ida, 
 
 Idem, eadem, idem, the same, sometimes 
 to be translated adverbially, also, too, like- 
 wise, eadem nobis, the same as we. 
 
 Idomeneus, -el, m. Idonunevs, leader of 
 
 the Cretans in the Trojan war. 
 iecur, -oris, ". liver. 
 iSiunium, -i, n. fasting; hunger. Used in 
 
 Plural, 
 igitur, adv. tlierefore, accordingly. 
 Ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant, not aware, 
 
 not knowing. 
 Ignavus, -a, -um, lazij, dull, inactive, 
 
 sluggish. 
 IgnSscS, -ere, blase, begin to bum. 
 Ignifer, -fera, -feTwn, Jire-beaHng,flen/. 
 Ignis, -is, m. flre, flame; glow, heat, 
 
 splendor; lightning; fire qf passim., 
 
 love. IgnBs concipere, catch fire. 
 14 
 
 Ign5r8, -are, -avi, -atum, be ignorant, 
 be unaware, not know. 
 
 IgnSscS, -ere, Ignovi, Ignotum, pardon, 
 
 forgive. 
 Ignotus, -a, -um, unknown, strange. 
 Ilex, Ilicis, f . IvolmrOak, an evergreen. 
 Ilia, Ilium, m. VX. abdomen, flank, side. 
 Iliacus, -a, -um, of Ilium, Trojan. 
 ilios, -I, f. nium, Troy. 
 iliac, adv. by that way, that way, on tJiat 
 
 side, t/iere. 
 ill-, in compound words = inl-. 
 
 ille, -a, -ud, iliat ; he, she, it. ille— 
 
 hlo, tlie former— tlie latter. 
 illlo, adv. there, in that place. 
 illuc, adv. thither, to that place, there. 
 imago, -inis, f . image, likeness ; form, 
 
 shape. 
 imbellis, -e, unwarlike, cowardly. 
 imber, -bris, m. rain, rain-storm. 
 imitator, -oris, m. imitator. 
 imitatrix, -tricis, f. imitator. 
 imm-, in compounds, sec inm-, 
 Immo, adv. nay, verily, indeed. 
 
 im-patiens, -entis, adj. mcapable of en- 
 during, incapable of coniroUing (Irae). 
 
 impedio, -Ire, -ivi or -il, -Itum, hinder, 
 
 obstruct, hamper ; encircle (remos), em- 
 
 brace. 
 im-pellS, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, stHk£, 
 
 beat ; splash. 
 im-pend6, -ere, -pendi, -pensum, spend, 
 
 sited. 
 imperS, -are, -avI, -atum, command, 
 
 order, control (illls). 
 
 impetus, -us, m. force, impetus, impulse, 
 inclination. impetus est,/c«^ an im- 
 pulse, be strongly inclined. 
 
 impius, -a, -um, impious, wicked. 
 
 im-ple5, -Ere, -Svl, -gtum, fill, fill up, 
 complete. 
 
 im-pl0r6, -Sre, -avI, -atum, implore, be- 
 seech, beg. 
 
 im-p5n8, -ere, -posul, -positum, place 
 (.put, lay, set) in or on, impose. flnem 
 impSnere, 7mt an end to ; finish, ma- 
 num ultimam imySnete, put t!ie finish, 
 ing touches, end, c&mplete. 
 
210 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 importunus, -a, -um, troublesome, ob- 
 iinisive ; cruel, unsparing. 
 
 improbus, -a, -um, unjust, wicked, bad, 
 shameless. improbe, you wretch. 
 
 im-prudSns, -entis, adj. unaware, off one's 
 guard. 
 
 impune, adv. wWiout being punished, 
 unpunislied, wWiout paying tlie penalty, 
 with impunity. per m§, at iny hands. 
 
 imu3 = inflmus from inferus, 
 
 in, prep, with Abl. and Ace. : with Abl. in, 
 on, at, among; with Ace. into, to; un- 
 til, in diem, .for a day. in vices, 
 in turn, in aiirigam, against tlie 
 dnver. in speciem cbor!, like a dance. 
 tempore in illo, on that occasion, in 
 quibus, among whom, in illo, in his 
 case. 
 
 in-adustu5, -a, -um, unMirnt, nnscorched. 
 
 in-aequalis, -e, unequal, unlike. in- 
 aequalis harundo, fiute composed of 
 reeds of unequal length. inaequalSs 
 autumnl, changeable autumns. 
 
 in-amoenus, -a, -um, disagreeable, un- 
 pleasant, inamoena regna = the Un- 
 der World. 
 
 inanis, -e, empty, vacant ; used espe- 
 cially of the Under World and the incor- 
 poreal spirits of the dead. 
 
 in-aratus, -a, -um, unplowed, unculti- 
 vated. 
 
 inbellis, unwarlike. See imbellis. 
 in-calesc8, -ere, -calul, become warm, 
 grow hot. 
 
 in-cautus, -a, -um, incautious ; off one's 
 guard. 
 
 iu-cSd6, -ere, -cessi, -cSssum, walk, ad- 
 vance. 
 
 incendium, -I, n. burning ; fire, flame, 
 blaze. 
 
 in-certum, -I, n . doubt, uncertainty. in 
 
 Incerto, in doubt. 
 in-certus, -a, -um, uncertain, doubtful. 
 incSssS, -ere, -IvJ, attack. 
 incSssns, -us, m. walk, carriage, 
 
 in-cldo, -ere, -cidi, -olsum, [oaedo] cut 
 in, carve in, engrave in. 
 
 in-cipi5, -oipere, -oSpI, -ceptum, begin, 
 commence. 
 
 inclitus, -a, -um,famous, renowned. 
 
 in-o5gnitus, -a, -um, unknown. 
 incola, -ae, m. inhabitant. 
 inoolumis, -e, scife, unharmed. 
 in-orepo, -are, -ul, -itum, rail at, scold, 
 upbraid, find fault with. 
 
 in-cumbB, -ere, -cubul, -cubitum, bend 
 to, lean upon, fall upon (ferrS), 
 
 incnrsO, -are, -avi, -atum, i-un against, 
 strike against. 
 
 incurvus, -a, -um, curved, bent. 
 
 in-custodltus, -a -um, unguarded, un- 
 watched. 
 
 inde, adv. thence, from there ; from that 
 time, after that, tlien ; from that cause, 
 /(??■ that reason. 
 
 in-dSiectus, -a, -um, not cast down. 
 in-dSlSbilis, -e, indestructible, imperish- 
 able. 
 
 index, -icis, m. and f. informer, dis- 
 closer, nailo sub iudice, willwut 
 being caugM up with in efforts to evade, 
 without trying to evade. 
 
 indicium, -i, n. disclosure, informing, in- 
 formation. 
 
 indlgnor, -arl, -atus sum, disdain, 
 deem unworthy. vestis lectd non 
 indlgnanda, clotlies not unworthy of 
 Vie bed, suitable to the bed, at which the 
 bed could not complain. 
 
 in-dlgnus, -a, -um, unworthy, undeserv- 
 ing ; innocent. 
 
 indolSsoO, -ere, -dolul, be pained, be , 
 hurt, be grieved. 
 
 in-domitus, -a, -um, unconquered, invin- 
 cible. 
 
 in-duc5, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, bring in, 
 lead in ; jmt on, cover, overspread. 
 nubila indQcere, bring up doudf, col- 
 lect clouds. 
 
 indulges, -Ere, indulsl, indultnm, in- 
 dulge, yield to. 
 
 indu8, -uere, -uJ, -iitum, put on, clothe 
 with, dress in, deck with. induta 
 varioB colores, dressed in various 
 colors. 
 
 Indus, -a, -um, Indian, of India. ludl, 
 the Indians, the Hindus. 
 
 inermis, -e, [arma] unarmed, defenseless, 
 iners, -tis, adj. [ars] inactive, lazy, slug- 
 gish, idle. neo iners pauperquo 
 
importanus— inmiinis. 
 
 211 
 
 voluntas, and a good will that was ac- 
 Hiie and rich. 
 
 in-expertus, -a, -um, untried, unprmed. 
 
 in-expugnabilis, -e, invincible, ineradi- 
 cable. 
 
 Infamis, -e, infamous, disreputable, no- 
 torious. 
 
 In-fellz, -Icis, adj. unhappy, unfcrrlu- 
 nale. 
 
 Inferiae, -arum, f. offerings (to the dead). 
 Inferius, adv. lower, too low. See Inferus. 
 Snfernus, -a -um, of the Under World, be- 
 longing to t/ie Under World, infe7'nai. 
 
 in-fer8, -ferre, -tuU, -latum, bring in, 
 camj in (into, to). latices in navem 
 Inferre, carry water into the ship. 
 
 Inferus, -a -um, low ; often used of the 
 Lower World. Comp. inferior, inferior, 
 lower, too low. Super, inflmus and 
 imus, lowest, deepest, bottom of. pec- 
 tus sub unum, under the lowest part of 
 the breast. 
 
 InfSstus, -a -um, hostile, inimical ; dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 in-Hdus, -a -Mja^ fait/Uess, unti^stworthy. 
 
 In-flgB, -ere, -fixS, -fixum, /astera in. 
 laiiKVS,fastened. 
 
 Infitior, -ari, -atus sum, deny, disown. 
 
 In-flB, -are, -avi, -Stum, blow in, blow 
 (aa inBtrument). 
 
 In-fundS, -ere, -fiidl, -fusum, pour in, 
 pour into, pour upon, scatter around. 
 
 ingeniosus, -a, -um, adapted, Jit; skilful, 
 clever, ingenious. 
 
 ingenium, -I, "• natural endowment, in- 
 tellect, talent, genius, gifts ; nature, nat- 
 ural disposition ; quality. 
 
 ing§ns, -entis, adj. mighty, great ; huge, 
 monstrous. 
 
 ingenuua, -a, -Mm, free-born, free; liberal, 
 noble. ingenuae artSs, the liberal 
 arts, studies and pursuits adapted to the 
 free-born in contradistinction to slaves. 
 
 ingluviSs, -SI, f. greed, gluttony. 
 
 in-gratus, -a, -um, disagreeable, hateful, 
 unwelcome ; ungrateful. 
 
 in-gredior, -gredl, -gressua sum, enter, 
 march in . currli ingredl, drive in. 
 
 inguen, -inis, n. groin. 
 
 in-haeres, -haerSre, -haesl, -haesum, 
 
 stick to, cling to. 
 
 in-MbeB, -Sre, -ul, -itum, [liabe6] clieck, 
 stop, hinder, prevent. 
 
 in-honestus, -a, -um, dishonorable, dis- 
 graceful, inhonesta vela parare, 
 prepare a disgraceful flight. 
 
 in-bonoratus, -a, -um, unlionored. 
 
 In-iciS, -icere, -iBci, -iectum, throw upon, 
 lay upon, put upon. manus inicere, 
 lay hands on, claim as one^s own. 
 
 in-im!cu8, -a, -um, [amicus] hostile, un- 
 friendly, ininfiical. 
 
 in-Ic[uus, -a, -um, [aequusl unjust ; un- 
 friendly, unfavorable, unkind, hostile ; 
 impatient. nee inlc[ua mente, with 
 resignation. 
 
 iniilria, -ae, f. injury, wrong-doing, 
 wrong, injustice. 
 
 in-iilstus, -a, -um, unjust, unfair. 
 
 in-lSotus, -a, -um, [legS] unread. 
 
 in-linS, -ere, -levi, -litum, smear, spread, 
 lay on; anoint. cSra inlitua, smearerf 
 with wax, having a layer of wax. 
 
 in-ludo, -ere, -liisi, -liLsum, make sport. 
 inlUdSns, making sport of them. 
 
 inlustris, -e, shining, bright, brilliant. 
 
 inmanis, -e, huge, monstrous ; terrible. 
 
 iu-memor, -oris, adj. forgetful, ungrate- 
 ful. 
 
 in-mSnsus, -a, -um, [metior] unmeasured, 
 immeasureaiile ; immense, immoderate, 
 boundless. in inmSnsum, to an im- 
 mense size. 
 
 in-merito, adv. undeservedly, innocently. 
 
 in-meritus, -a, -um, undeserving ; inno- 
 cent. 
 
 in-mine6, -Bre, -ui, hang over, project 
 over ; impend, threaten ; be intent upon 
 (exitio). 
 
 in-mitto, -ere, -misl, -missum, send in, 
 send upon; let go. inmittere ha- 
 bBnSs, let the reins loose, inmissi ca- 
 pilll, hair hanging down loose. 
 
 in-mundus, -a, -um, unclean, filthy, dirty. 
 
 inmflnis, -e, [munus] .free from duties, 
 free from burdens, under no obliga- 
 tion ; free, having no share. inmtlnis 
 aequoris Arctos, the Great Bear, which 
 never touches the sea, never sinks below 
 
212 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Iht horizon. tellu9 inmunis, the earlJi 
 under no obligation^ because no seed had 
 been planted and no work done. 
 
 in-murmur5, -are, -avi, -atum, mur- 
 mur at, murmur against (m§, Met. iii. 
 646). 
 
 in-natas, -a, -um, born in, born on, na- 
 tive, innato murioe tSctum, covered 
 with ills purple-fish growing there. 
 
 in-nitor, -nitl, -nixus sum, support one's 
 self on, lean upon ,' rest upon. 
 
 in-noouus, -a, -um, [nooeB] harmless, in- 
 nocent. 
 
 in-numerus, -a, -um, innumerable, count- 
 less. 
 
 in-ops, inopis, adj. poor, needy, without 
 means, witltout. 
 
 in-ornatus, -a, -um, unadorned, undeco- 
 rated. 
 
 in-perfeotu9, -a, -um, unfinished, incom- 
 plete. 
 
 inp-, in compounds, see imp-. 
 
 incLuam, defective verb, / say. inquit, 
 Jie says, says he. 
 
 iu-qulr8, -ere, -quisivl, -quisitum, in- 
 vestigate, exajnine, inquire. in pa- 
 trios ann33 inqulrit, aslcs questions (of 
 tlie astrologers) concerning his father's 
 years, aims at his life. 
 
 in-requietus, -a, -um, unquiet, restless. 
 
 inriguus, -a, -um, well-watered. 
 
 inrltamen, -inis, u. incitement, induce- 
 ment. 
 
 inrltameutum, -I, n. incitement, induce^- 
 ment. malorum, to evil. 
 
 inritus, -a, -um [ratus] in vain, power- 
 less, ineffective. 
 
 in-rorB, -are, -avI, -atum, sprinkle ; be- 
 spnnkle, moisten, wet. 
 
 in-rumpB, -ere, -rupl, -ruptum, break 
 forth in, rush into. 
 
 Insania, -ae, f . madness, insanity. 
 lu-sanus, -a, -um, mad, insane, raging. 
 Inscius, -a, -um, ignorant, unaware, not 
 knowing. 
 
 In-scrib8, -ere, -scripsi, -scrlptum, wnte 
 on, inscHbe, wriU. 
 
 In-sequor, -sequi, -seoutus sum, pursue, 
 follow. 
 
 In-ser5, -ere, -serui, -sertum, insert, in- 
 troduce, mix, intrude. 
 
 Insidiae, -arum, f. arribush, ambuscade, 
 snare, plot, stratagem, treachery. 
 
 Insidior, -ari, -atus sum, lie in ambush 
 for ; plot against. 
 
 Insignis, -e, [signum] distinguished, 
 conspicuous ; adm'ned. 
 
 insitio, -onis, t. graftin g; time of graft- 
 ing. 
 
 ln-3olitus, -a, -um, unaccustomed, wi~ 
 usual. 
 
 lu-sons, -sontis, adj. innocent. 
 
 Insopor, -Oris, adj. [sopor] sleepless, 
 wakeful. 
 
 In-spioio, -spioere, -spexi, -speetum, 
 look into, examine ; prove, test tfidem), 
 
 in-splr6, -are, -avi, -atum, blovj into, 
 blow. 
 
 in-stabilis, -e, [st5] fickle, changeable. 
 
 Instar, n. indecl. used averbially, after the 
 fashion of, like. 
 
 In-stS, -stare, -stitl, stand on, stand 
 above ; press on, pursue, urge, impior- 
 tune ; threaten ; be near. 
 
 In-struB, -ere, -struxi, -stractum, draw 
 up, prepare, make ready, equip ; in- 
 struct. 
 
 InsultO, -are, -avI, -atum, leap upon, 
 dance upon. 
 
 In-superabilis, -e, unconquerable, invin- 
 cible. 
 in-tactus, -a, -um, [tango] untouched. 
 
 integer, -gra, -grum, wJiole, safe, unin- 
 jured. 
 
 in-tend8, -ere, -tend!, -tentum, stretch 
 out; turn to, aim at, give attention to, be 
 intent upon. 
 
 inte.r, prep, with Ace. between, among; 
 
 during. inter s§, one another. 
 iuterdum, adv. sometimes. 
 interea, adv. in ilie mean while, in the 
 
 mean time. 
 
 inter-e8, -Ire, -il, -itum, perish, be de- 
 stroyed, die. 
 
 inter-imD, -ere, -SmI, -Bmptum, kill, 
 slay. 
 
 inter-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, inter- 
 rupt, non intermissus, uninter- 
 rupted. 
 
inmurmure— iudex. 
 
 213 
 
 in-territus, -a, -um, untenifled, vn- 
 frightened. 
 
 intibum, -I, n. endive, chiccory, a. vege- 
 table. 
 
 in-tonS, -are, -avi, -atum, thunder, in- 
 tonat, it thuriders. 
 
 iu-torqueO, -§re, -torsi, -tortum, twist, 
 turn; brandish, hurl. 
 
 intra, prep, with Ace. within, in. 
 
 in-tremlscO, -ere, -tremul, tremble, 
 quake. 
 
 intrS, -are, -avI, -atum, enter, come in, 
 go m. Utora intravit, came to the 
 shores. inixaXs. 'smiA est, I entered. 
 
 intus, adv. within, inside. 
 
 in-ultus, -a, -um, tulclsoor] unavenged, 
 unpunished. 
 
 in-utilis, -Sj useless; injurious, harmful. 
 sibi iuutilior, to his own greater in- 
 jury. 
 
 in-venio, -ire, -vSni, -ventum, come 
 upon, meet up with, find, discover. 
 
 In-victus, -a, -um, urwonquered ; invin- 
 cible. 
 
 in-video, -gre, -vidi, -visum, envy, be en- 
 vious, grudge. non invideatis, do 
 not prevent, i.e. permit. 
 
 invidia, -ae, t. enwj,jeaUmsy, hate. 
 
 invidioaus, -a, -um, envious ; angry, full 
 of h ttred ; causing hatred, exciting ill- 
 will; hateful, disagreeable J- enviable, en- 
 vied, carls harSnls invidiosus, an 
 object of envy on account of its precious 
 
 invidus, -a, -um, envious; unfavorable, 
 
 unftiendly. 
 invisus, -a, -um, [invideB] hated. 
 invltus, -a, -um, unwilling, against one's 
 
 iDill. me invito, against my will, in 
 
 spite of me. 
 invius, -a, -um, [via] out of tlie toay, re- 
 mote; impassable. 
 in-volvB, -ere, -volvi, -volutum, involve, 
 
 wrap up. 
 IB lus f. lo, daughter of Inachus, changed 
 
 into a cow by Jupiter to avoid the jealous 
 
 wrath of Juno. 
 iooSsus, -a, -um, sportive, playful, merry. 
 Iphitidgs, -ae, m. son of Iphitus, i.e. 
 
 Coeranas. 
 
 ipse, '-a, -um, self, himself, etc. ; even, very, 
 likewise, in person. in suis ipsum 
 castrls, himself in his own camp, ipsa 
 tellus, the earth itself, of its own accord. 
 ipse clipeus, the shield itself, ipse 
 Haeonidgs, eeen Homer. 
 
 ira, -ae, f. anger, wrath. Also Plural. 
 
 irascor, Irasci, Iratus sum, become angry, 
 become enraged ; be angry, be enraged. 
 
 iratus, -a, -um, an^ry, enraged, wrathful. 
 Ire, see eS. 
 
 Iris, Iridis, f. Iris, the goddess of the 
 rainbow and messenger of Juno. 
 
 irr-, in compounds, see inr-. 
 
 Irus, -I, m. Irus, a beggar ^in Ithaca, 
 friendly to the suitors. 
 
 is, ea, id, that, such ; Jie, she, it. 
 
 Ismarius, -a, -um, Ismarian, from Mount 
 Ismarus in Thrace ; hence = Thradan. 
 
 iste, ista, istud, that, that hy you, that of 
 yours ; often in a contemptuous signifi- 
 cation, such. 
 
 Ister = Hister. 
 
 Isthmus, -i, m. the Isthmus (of Corinth), 
 ita, adv. so, thus, in this way, under these 
 circumstances. ut— ita, tliough—yet. 
 
 Italia, -ae, f. Italy. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. [Ire] journey, voyage; 
 
 way, road, street, passage, 
 iterum, adv. again, a second time. 
 Ithaca, -ae, f. Ithaca, an island in the 
 
 Ionian Sea, home of Ulysses. 
 Ithacus, -a, -um, Ithacan. Subst. Itha- 
 
 cus, the Ilhacan, i.e. Ulysses. 
 Itys, -yos, m. Itys, the little son of Tereus 
 
 and Procne, who was slain by his mother 
 
 in punishment of his father. 
 
 1. iuba, -ae, f. mane ; crest. 
 
 2. Iuba, -ae, m. Juba, king of Numidia, 
 defeated by Julius Caesar. 
 
 iubar, -aris, "■ radiance, light, splendor, 
 brightness; something bright, a star. 
 
 iubeo, -gre, iussi, iflssum, order, com- 
 ■ mand. iiissus, ordered, as ordered. 
 iiissos lapidgs mittunt, lliey throw the' 
 stones as ordered. 
 
 ilicundus, -a, -um, pleasing, pleasant, ac- 
 ceptable. 
 
 iadex, -iois, m. and i. judge. 
 
214 
 
 YOCABULARY. 
 
 iudi^ium, -i, ji- judgment, decision, 
 opii ion. 
 
 iugulB, -are, -avi, -atum, cut the throat 
 of, slay, kill. 
 
 iugimx, -i, n. yoke ; rmmntair.^-idge, 
 mountain. 
 
 lulus, -i, ni. lulus, son of Aeneas, ances- 
 tor of tlie Julian gens. 
 
 iungo, -ere, iunxl, -iunctum, join, 
 unite; yoke, Planless. iuncta aquilo- 
 nibus, joimd to the north winds, i. e. 
 near them. fBmina iuncta suo tauro, 
 a cow along with her mate. 
 
 luno, -onis, f. Juno, daughter of Saturn, 
 wife and sister of Jupiter. 
 
 lunonius, -a, -M.m,of Juno, Juno''s, sacred 
 to Juno. 
 
 luppiter, lovis, ni. Jupiter, chief of the 
 gods. 
 
 iiirO, -are, -avi, -atum, swear, iiiratus, 
 also active, having sworn, eadem nSbSs 
 iiiratus in arma, wlio took the same 
 war-jtledge as we, wJio pledged hbnself to 
 tlie same war. dis iiiranda palus, 
 tlie pool (Styx) by which the gods must 
 swear. 
 
 ius, IGris, n. right, justice; law, custom ; 
 claim, privilege, prerogative ; jurisdic- 
 tion, iure, rightly, with justice. 
 iiira dare, give laws, ?iold court, rule. 
 iiire taedae, by the right of tlie torch, in 
 marriage, pars hie mihi maxima iu- 
 ris, I have the most authority Jiere. ius 
 et moderamen equSrum (Hendiadys), 
 tJte HghC to guide t/ie steeds, 
 
 iilssum, -I, II. [iubeS] order, command, 
 instruction. 
 
 iiistitia, -ae, f . justice. 
 
 iustus, -a, -Vim, just,honest, fair ; proper, 
 doe, fitting. iusta dare, to give the 
 due (funeral honors), perfortn the funeral 
 rites. 
 
 iuvenalis, -e, [iuvenis] youthful, young; 
 strong, vigorous. 
 
 iuvenaliter, adv. in youthful fashion, 
 youthfully ; strongly, vigorously. 
 
 iuvencuB, -I, m. bullock, steer. 
 iuvenis, -is, adj. young, youthful. Subst. 
 ycnitk ; young man, rarely young woman. 
 
 iuventa, -ae, f- youth. 
 
 iuventus, -titis, f . youth ; young men. 
 
 iuvB, -are, iiiv!, iiitum, help, aid, assist; 
 please, delight. quae iuvat herba, 
 
 beneficial plants, helpful lieris. 
 
 iQzta, adv. rwar, close. 
 
 Ixlon, -onis, Ixion, a Thessalian king 
 who, for a crime against Juno, was con- 
 demned In the Lower World to revolve 
 forever on a wheel (orbis). 
 
 labo, -are, -avS, -atum, roll, totter. 
 
 1. labor, labl, lapsus sum, glide, glide 
 along, go smoothly, slip, sink, fall, pass. 
 
 2. labor, -oris, nt. labor, toil, exertion, 
 work, effort; trouble, difficulty; suffering. 
 labor est inhibSre, the trouble (difficulty) 
 is to hold them back. 
 
 labors , -are, -avi, -atum, work, labor, 
 strive, exert orui^s self, make effort. 
 
 lac, lactis, h. milk. lac coactum, cur- 
 dled milk, cheese. 
 
 Lacedaemon, -onis, f. Zacedaemon, 
 Sparta, a city in Greece. 
 
 lacer, -era, -erum, torn, mangled, lacer- 
 ated. 
 lacertus, -I, m. upper arm, arm. 
 
 lacesse, -ere, -IvI, -itum, challenge ; at- 
 tack, harass, assail. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, f. tear, lacrimls obortis, 
 with tears in his eyes. 
 
 laorimS, -are, -avi, -atum, weep, shed 
 
 tears. 
 laorimosus, -a, -um, tearful, tear-bring- 
 
 Ing (fumus). 
 
 lacus, -us, m. lake, pond, pool. 
 
 laeds, -ere, laesl, laesum, injure, hurt, 
 pain, offend. 
 
 LaertSs, -ae, m. Laertes, father of Ulysses. 
 LaertiadSs, -ae, m. son of Laertes = 
 Ulysses. 
 
 Laertius, -a, -um, of Laertes. Laertius 
 hSros, t/ie heroic son of Laertes =\Jlyssea. 
 
 laetitia, -ae, i.joy, gladness. 
 
 laetor, -arl, -atus sum, ryoice, be glad. 
 
 laetus, -a, -wca., joyful, glad, happy, merry, 
 pleased. 
 
 laevus, -a, -um, left, on tlie left, laeva, 
 left hand, left, a laeva, laeva, on the 
 lift, laevam pete, direct your course to 
 the left. 
 
iiidioium— libido. 
 
 215 
 
 languot'^ weariness^ 
 gera, -gerum, wool-bearing. 
 Stum, tear to pieces. 
 
 lammina, -ae, f . layer (of metal). 1am- 
 miua fulva premit dapSs, yellow 
 layer (gold) covers the meat. 
 
 lampas, -adis, "f . torch, light. 
 
 lana, -ae, f. wool. 
 
 languea, -Sre, langui, lie faint, he weak, 
 be languid. 
 
 languldus, -a, -urn, languid, weak, dull, 
 faint. 
 
 languor, -oris, 
 
 sleepiness. 
 laniger, 
 Jieecy. 
 
 laniS, -are, -avi, 
 mangle, lacerate. 
 lapis, -idls, in. stone. 
 laqueus, -I, m. noose, gallows. 
 
 lar, laris, m. Lar, household god ; house, 
 home. 
 
 lasclvus, -a, -nm, playful, sportive, frolic- 
 some ; lascivious. 
 
 lasso, -are, -avI, -atnm, tire, weary, 
 7)iake tired. 
 
 lassus, -a, -nm, weary, tired, exhausted. 
 
 Subst. lassus, patient, sick man. 
 late, adv. bmadly, widely, extensively, far 
 
 and wide. 
 
 lateS, -5re, -ui, lie hid, be concealed, hide. 
 latex, -icis, m. fluid, liquid, CBpecially 
 water. 
 
 latro, -onis, ni. robber. 
 laturus, see ferS. 
 
 1. latus, -a, -um, broad, wide, extensive. 
 in latum criscit, becomes broad. 
 
 2, latus, -eris, u. side, flank. 
 laudo, -are, -avI, -atum, praise, extol. 
 laas, laudis, f. lyraise, approval; glory, 
 
 honor. 
 lavB, lavare, lavi, lavatum, wasJt, bathe. 
 lea, -ae, f. lioness. 
 leaena, -ae, f. lioness. 
 Lebynthus, -I, f. Lebynthus, an islana in 
 
 the Aegean Sea. 
 
 ISotor, -8ris, m. [JegD] reader. 
 
 lectus, -I, m. bed, couch. viduS disog- 
 
 dere lecto, to give up my widowhood. 
 legS, -ere, ISgl, ISotum, gather, pluck ; 
 
 choose, pick; read. 
 
 IiSmnos, -I, f. Lemnus, an island in the 
 Aegean Sea, south of Thrace. There 
 Philoctetes was left behind by the Greeks. 
 
 ISna, -ae, f . pivcuress. 
 
 LSnaeus, -I, m. Zenaeus, another name 
 for Bacchus. 
 
 lenis, -e, mild, gentle, gracious, 15ne 
 (n. Ace.) sonans, gently sounding, lighUy 
 m.ur7nurin,g, 
 
 ISniter, adv. gently, mildly, smoothly. 
 
 lentSsco, -ere, grow mild, relax. 
 
 lentus, -a -um, smooth, pliant, soft, gentle; 
 calm, giiiet, slow ; lingering ; cold, in- 
 different. 
 
 leo, -onis, m. lion. 
 
 lepus, leporis, m. hare. 
 
 Lesbos, -i, f. Lesbus, an island in the 
 Aegean Sea. 
 
 IStalis, -e, fatal, deadly, mortal. 
 IStum, -I, n. death. Ist5 dare, kill. 
 levamen, -inis, n. alleoialion, consolation, 
 solace, comfort. 
 
 levia, -e, light, not heavy, not burdensome, 
 en,durable ; fleeting, swift ; Jickle ; un- 
 imjiortant. levES popull, the weight- 
 less crowd, the airy throng, the spirits of 
 the departed. 
 
 levitas, -atis, f. 
 
 constancy. 
 
 leviter, adv. 
 
 levB, -are, -avI, -atum, lighten, make 
 light; relieve; lift, raise; take down 
 (furca, with a fork). baculis levati, 
 
 su2jpo7'ting themselves on staffs. 
 
 ISx, ISgis, f . law, order ; condition, stipu- 
 lation, teim. sine lege, without order. 
 legem sibi dixerat ipse, he himself 
 had established tliepi^ecedeni for his case. 
 
 1. Uber, -bera, -berum, fi'ee., unlimited, 
 unhindered. liber revertendl, free 
 to return., toga libera (piira, virilis), 
 t/ie manly toga, which was assumed by 
 Roman boys when about seventeen years 
 old. non est mora libera, delay is not 
 permitted. 
 
 2, Liber, -eri, m. Liber, identified with 
 Bacchus, the wine-god. 
 
 libet, libBre, libuit, it is pleasing, a de- 
 sire is felt. 
 
 libldS, -inis, f. passion, desire, lust. 
 
2l6 
 
 VOCABULAET. 
 
 libs, -are, -avi, -atum, draw (liquorSs) ; 
 
 pour out as offering to the gods, make a 
 libation, offer. 
 
 llbum, -I, n. saarificial cake (offered to the 
 genius or guardian, spirit on one's birtli- 
 day). 
 
 Libys, -yos, m. Libys, a sailor. 
 
 licentia, -ae, f. freedom, license., unre- 
 straint ; presumption, 
 
 licet, licSre, licuit, it is permitted, it is 
 possible, on£ jnay ; as a conj. with 
 Snbjv. tjumgh, although. placeat 
 sibi quisque lioebit, though each one 
 may have a good opinion of himself. 
 
 lignum, -I, li. wood. 
 
 Iig6, -are, -avi, -atum, bind, tie, fasten. 
 
 llllum, -I, n. lUy. 
 
 lima, -ae, f . fUe. 
 
 Umen, -inis, n. threshold ; entrance, door; 
 
 limes, -itis, m. boundary-line ; path, way. 
 
 limns, -i, m. mud, slime. 
 
 lingua, -ae, f . tongue ; language, speech. 
 
 linquB, -ere, llqui, leave, leave behind, 
 desert, abandon. 
 
 linteum, -i, n. sail (of linen). lintea 
 dare, set sail, dextra lintea dare, set 
 sail to the right. 
 
 Ilnum, -I, n.Jlax; linen; thread, line, roi>e. 
 
 liquidus, -a, -um, liquid, flowing, fluid ; 
 clear, pure, transparent. 
 
 liquor, -oris, m. liquid, fluid ; especially 
 water. 
 
 lis, litis, f, strife, quarrel ; contest, suit. 
 litO, -are, -Svl, -atum, give good omens. 
 littera, -ae, f . letter (of the alphabet) ; 
 letter, epistle. 
 
 litus, -oris, u- shore, coast, beach, strand, 
 bank. 
 
 lituus, -I, m. (carved) trumpet, cornet. 
 llvor, -5ris, m. bluish color; envy, llvor 
 edax, biting envy. 
 
 looB, -are, -avi, -attim, place. 
 
 locus, -I, in. place, locality, spot, post, posi- 
 tion ; region, country ; room. locum 
 requiemque, a resting place, locus 
 natalis, birthplace, native land. loc5 
 medius, placed in the middle. PI. usu- 
 ally loca, -Srum. 
 
 lolium, -I, n. tares. 
 
 longaevus, -a, -um, aged. 
 
 longs, s,&v.far,far off, far removed, at a 
 great distanjx ; by far ; for a long time, 
 long. longS abesse, be far off, be un- 
 able to assist. 
 
 longinquus, -a, -Xim,far, distant. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, long, exterided, of long 
 duration. 
 
 loquaz, -acis, talkative, loquacious, chat- 
 tering. 
 
 loquor, loqul, locutus sum, talk, speak, 
 tell, relate, say. magna loqui, boast. 
 
 lorum, -i, ". line, rein. 
 
 lUceD, -Sre, luxi, shln£, sparkle, gleam, be 
 brilliant. 
 
 Lucifer, -feri, m. [lux] Lucifer, the 
 morning star ; day. 
 
 LucrStins, -i, m. Lucretius, a Roman poet 
 (98-55 E.G.), autlior of the philosophical 
 poem ''De RerumNatura." 
 
 liicrum, -I, n. gain, profit. in laoro 
 mihi est, I count as gam. 
 
 lUctus, -us, m. griff, sorrow, mourning, 
 lamentation. 
 
 lilcus, -i, m. sacred grove; grove, forest. 
 
 IvAh, -ere, lusi, lusum, play, sport, make 
 fun; make sport of ; deceive. 
 
 lumen, -inis, n. light, bi-ightness; torch; 
 eye. per tantum lumen. In so great 
 a light. 
 
 1. liina, -ae, f. moon. 
 
 2. LUna, -ae, f . Luna, Diana, the goddess 
 of the moon and sister of Apollo, the 
 Sun. Each rode in a chariot through the 
 heavens. 
 
 Lunaris, -e, of Luna, of the Moon. 
 
 luo, -ere, lui, liitum, wash off; expiate, 
 
 atone for ; suffer. poenas luere, pay 
 
 tlie penalty. 
 lupus, -i, m. wolf. 
 luridus, -a, -um, pale, ghastly, colorless, 
 
 deathlike; %jroducing pallor, deadly 
 
 (aconlta). 
 lUsor, -oris, m. player; frivolous writer. 
 
 tenerorum luaor amorum, auOior of 
 
 tender love-poems, written in u light 
 
 rein. 
 lustre, -are, -avi, -atum, view, examine, 
 
 look through; visit, wander over: purify. 
 
libS— mands. 
 
 217 
 
 lustrum, -I, n. purificatory offering which 
 the censors perloiined at the end of their 
 term of office, every five years. Hence 
 lustrum = period of Jive years, lialf- 
 decade. 
 
 liisus, -Os, m. play, sport. 
 
 lux, lucis, f . light, sunlight, daylight, day; 
 
 light of life, life. luce, by daylight. 
 luxuriB, -are, -avi, -atum, be rank, be 
 
 luxuriant. 
 
 IfixuriosuS; 
 
 rank. 
 
 -a, -um, luxuriant, exuberant. 
 
 Lycabas, -bautis, m. Lycabas, a sailor. 
 Lyoius, -a, -um, Lyeian. hasta Lycia, 
 
 the Lycian. spear, the speav of the Lycian, 
 
 Sarpedon. 
 
 Lycoris, -idis, f. Lycoris, fictitious name 
 of the mistress of tlie poet Gallue. 
 
 Lydus, -a, -um, Lydian. 
 lynx, lyncis, m. and f. lynx. 
 lyra, -ae, f. lyre, lute, a stringed instru- 
 ment. 
 
 IiymSsius, -a, -um, Lymesian, of Lyr- 
 nesus, a city near Troy which was con- 
 quered by Achilles. 
 
 Hacer, -cri, m. Macer, a Boman didactic 
 poet and friend of Ovid. 
 
 mact8, -are, -avi, -atum, slay, kill ; 
 
 sacrifice. 
 madefacie, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
 
 moisten, wet. 
 
 madeflS, -fieri, -factus sum, be moistened, 
 be wet. 
 
 madeS, -Bre, -ul, be moist, be wet ; drip. 
 
 madSscB, -ere, madui, become nuAst ; be- 
 come wet. 
 
 madidus, -a, -um, moist, wet, dripping. 
 auro madidia glaebis, with clods 
 soaked with gold. 
 
 Maeandros, -I, m. Maeander, a river 'in 
 Asia Minor famous for its many wind- 
 ings. 
 
 Maeonia, -ae, f. Maeonia, an old name 
 for Lydia. 
 
 MaeonidSs, -ae, m. the Maeonian, i.e. 
 Homer, supposed to have been a native 
 of Lydia. 
 
 MaeoniuB, -a, -um, Maeonian, Lydian. 
 maered, -6re, grieve, mourn, lament. 
 maestus, -a, -um, sad, sonmiful, un- 
 
 ^"PPy, glocmy. 
 magis, adv. more, in a higher degree, 
 
 rather. 
 
 magister, -tri, m. teacher, master, leader. 
 magnanimus, -a, -um, griat-souled, high- 
 
 spiHted, courageous. 
 Magnetis, -idis, adj. f. Magnesian. 
 
 Magnetls Argo, the Magnesian ship 
 
 Argo, which was built at Pagasae in 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, (Comp. maior, Superl. 
 maximus) great, large, mighty ; lovd ; 
 impo7-tant. maxima opaoi mundl, 
 greatest in the dark leorld. quten of the 
 lower regions, maior, maximus natu, 
 older (elder), oldest. fidS maius, incred- 
 ible, magna loqui, boast, magna 
 petis, ywi ask for something great, your 
 request is extraordinary. 
 
 Saia, -ae, f. Maia, daughter of Atlas and 
 mother of Mercury. 
 
 maior, see magnus, 
 
 male, adv. (Comp. pSius, Superl. pes- 
 sime) badly, not well; foolishly, unfor- 
 tunately, to one^s injury, to 07ie^s misfoi'- 
 tune; hardly, scarcely, male UsilruB, 
 destined to make a foolish use. male 
 gratus, ungrateful. 
 
 male-dlcB, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, abuse. 
 
 malignus, -a, -um, unkind; niggardly, 
 bad. 
 
 mala, malle, malui, [magis, vole] pre- 
 fer, wish rather, choose rather. iam 
 mallet numquam tetigisse, now he 
 would rather never have touched. 
 
 1, malum, -i, u. apple. 
 
 8. malum, -i, n.evil; loss; misfortune, 
 trouble, affliction. inritamenta ma- 
 ISrum, incentive to wicked deeds. 
 
 malus, -a, -um, (Comp. pSior, Superl. 
 pessimus) bad, wicked, evil, harm- 
 ful. pSior v5na, a worse vein, 
 cheaper metal. 
 
 mandatum, -I, n. command, order ; coni- 
 mission, instruction, message, charge. 
 
 mandS, -are, -avi, -atum, give over, in- 
 trust, leave, commit; command, mder, 
 
2l8 
 
 VOCABDLART. 
 
 enjoin, inslruel. Forttinae cetera 
 
 mandB, I leave the rest to Fortune. 
 mane, adv. in the morning, early. 
 
 mane erat, et, it was morning, and^i.e. 
 
 when morning came. \ 
 maneB, -gre, mansi, mansum, remain ; 
 
 be left ; last, continue. hominum 
 
 exempla mangmus, we are the only 
 
 human specimens left. 
 manes, -ium, m. the manes, tlie spirits of 
 
 the departed ; the Under World. 
 manifesto, -are, -avi, -atum, disclose, 
 
 show, lay hare. 
 manifSstus, -a, -um, clear, plain, visible, 
 
 distinct. 
 manus, -us, f. hand : band, troop. fU- 
 
 timam manum impSnere, put on the 
 
 last touches, finish, manus oonserere, 
 
 Join battle, fight. 
 
 mare, -is, n. sea. 
 
 margo, -inis, m. margin, border, edge, 
 
 boundary. 
 marlta, -ae, f . wife, spouse. 
 
 1. marltus, -i, m. husband. neque 
 praedone marlto digna est, and she 
 does not deserve to have a robber for a 
 hutband. 
 
 2. maritus, -a, -um, pertaining to mar- 
 riage, conjugal, nujjtial. 
 
 marmor, -oris, n. marble. 
 marmoreus, -a, -um, of marble, marble. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m. Mars, son of Jupiter 
 and Juno and god of war ; by Metonymy, 
 war, battle, strife. Mars apertus, 
 open battle. 
 
 MartiuB, -a, -um, of Mars. 
 
 mas, maris, m, mcde. 
 
 massa, -ae, f . mass, lump ; nugget (of 
 gold), massa lactis coacti, lump of 
 curdled ■milk, cake of cheese. 
 
 mater, -tria, f. mother ; matron, dame. 
 mater deum = Cybele ; mater amorum 
 = Venus. 
 
 materia, -ae, and materiis, -SI, f. ma- 
 terial, materiem in carmina, ma- 
 terial for songs, source of ijispirationfor 
 poetry. 
 
 maternus, -a, -um, of a mother, maternal. 
 maternS ortii generosior, of nobler 
 birth on my vwiher^s side. 
 
 matertera, -ae, f- aunt, nvotlier^s sister. 
 
 matrona, -ae, t. married woman, matron, 
 lady; wife. 
 
 matiirus, -a, -um, ri2>e, mature; early. 
 cum iustos matura peregerit annos, 
 when, Hpe in years, she has.filled out her 
 allotted time, sum matiirior, / came 
 earlier. 
 
 Mayors, -ortis, = Mars. 
 
 Mavortius, -a, -um, = Martins, 0/ j¥a)-s. 
 
 MSdea, -ae, f. Medea, daughter of Aeetes, 
 king of C'l.lchis. When Jason came there 
 in search of the Golden Fleece, he obtained 
 the assistance of Medea and carried her 
 off to Greece as his wife. When he de- 
 serted her to marry Creusa, princess of 
 Corinth, Medea Ivilled her two children, 
 destroyed the bride and the bride's father, 
 and fled away to Athens. 
 
 medicabilis, -e, curable. 
 
 medioamen, -inis, u- medicine, drug, 
 remedy. 
 
 1, medioatus, -a, -um, partic. adj. [me- 
 dico] anointed, doctored, sprinlded with 
 iJie juice ofMrbs. 
 
 2. medicatus, -lis, m. medical treatment, 
 medicine, charm.. 
 
 medicina, -ae, f. medicine, remedy. 
 tu medicina venis, tliou comest as a 
 solace. 
 
 medico, -are, -avi, -atum, sprinkle with 
 the juice of Jierbs, medicate. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, middle, middle of, in 
 the middle, in the midst. medias ter- 
 ras cingere, surround tlie land (lying 
 in the middle), medio ponto, in Vie 
 middle of the sea. loco medius, in the 
 middle in place, placed in t/ie middle. 
 mediae horae, tite intervening hours. 
 medius fratris et sororis, as mediator 
 between brother and sister, medio, in 
 the middle. 
 
 Medon, -ontis, ni. Medon : 1. the herald 
 in the house of Ulysses. 2. a sailor. 
 
 Medusa, -ae, f. Medusa, a monster with 
 serpent-locks and a face which turned all 
 beholders into stone. Perseus, by using 
 a mirror, slew her. With her head he 
 transformed the giant Atlas into a 
 mountain. 
 
 Medusaeus, -a, -um, of Medusa, Medusan. 
 MedQsaeum monstrum, the Medusan 
 
mane— metuens. 
 
 219 
 
 monster Cerberus, the three-headed dog 
 of the Lower World, who was descended 
 from Chrysaor, who in turn sprang from 
 the blood of Medusa, 
 mel, mollis, n. hmey. 
 
 Melanthius, -I, m. Melanthins, a goat- 
 herd of Ulysses. 
 
 Uelanthus, -I, m. Melanthus, a sailor. 
 
 melius, see tonus, bene. 
 
 membrum, -l, n. member, limb. 
 
 memento, imperative, remember. See 
 
 meminl. 
 meminl, -isse, remember, bear in mind, 
 
 recolleci. 
 Memnon, -onis, m. Memnon, king of the 
 
 Ethiopians, son of Aurora. He was 
 
 killed at Troy by Achilles. 
 memor, -oris, adj. mindful, remembering; 
 
 grateful. memorem esse, rem&nber. 
 memorabilis, -e, memorable, noteworthy, 
 
 remarkable, famous. 
 
 memorO, -are, -avS, -atum, relate, tell, 
 mention. boves memorantur pro- 
 cSssisse, live cows went forward, as the 
 story goes. 
 
 Menandros, -i, m. Menander, a Greek 
 comic poet. 
 
 mendax, -aois, a&i. false, deceptive, lying, 
 hijpocHtical. 
 
 Menelaus, -I, m. Menelans, son of Atrens 
 and brother of Agamemnon. He fought 
 at Troy for the recovery of his wife Helen, 
 who had been carried off by Paris. 
 
 mens, mentis, f. mind, intellect; con- 
 sciousness ; sense, understanding ; dispo- 
 sition, feelings, character, heart. nee 
 iniqua mente, and with resignation, 
 patiently, mentes ex aequo captae, 
 hea7-ts equally captivuled. 
 
 mSnsa, -ae, f • tcCble; meal, course. mBn- 
 sae secundae, second course, dessert. 
 
 mensis, -is, ™- month. Also personiiied, 
 Month. 
 
 mSnsor, -oris, m. measurer, snneyor. 
 
 mensiira, -ae, f • measure. clavl men- 
 sura ooacta est, the stripe was made 
 narrow. Ovid resigned himself to his 
 equestrian rank and wore the correspond- 
 ing narrow stripe of pnrple instead of 
 aspiring to the senatorial rank, which 
 was entitled to the broad stripe. 
 
 menta, -ae, f. mint. 
 
 mentior, -Irl, -Itus sum, lie, tell ^ 
 lujods ; invent, feifjn, makeup. 
 
 mentum, -I, n. chin. 
 
 mercator, -oris, m. merchant. 
 
 mercSs, -Sdis, f. reward, pay ; price. 
 
 Mercurius, -I, m. Mercury, son of Jupiter 
 and Maia and grandsou of Atlas thence, 
 Atlantiades). He was the messenger of 
 the gocls and god of traders and of 
 thieves. 
 
 mered, -ere, -ul, -itum, deserve, merit, be 
 
 entitled to; gain, win, acquire. meri- 
 
 tus, deserved, due ; deserving, non 
 
 meritus, innocent. 
 meretrix, -Ids, f. courtesan, prostitute. 
 mergS, -ere, mersi, raersum, dip, dip in, 
 
 iinmerse; plunge into, sink, overwhelm. 
 
 mersae rSs, the deluged world. 
 MerionSs, -ae, m. Meriones, charioteer of 
 
 IdomeneuB. 
 meritus, -a, -um, deserved; deserving. 
 
 See mereB. 
 meritum, -i, n. service, kindness, favor, 
 
 benefit, merit. ex merito, according 
 
 to desert, merito, deservedly, justly, 
 
 rightly. 
 
 Kerops, -opis, m. Merops, king of the 
 Ethiopians and husband of Clymeno, 
 who was the mother of Phaethon. 
 
 merus, -a, -um, pure, unmixed. Sutst. 
 merum, -I, n. pure wine (wine without 
 water), wine. 
 
 merx, merois, f • icares, goods. meroes 
 fBmineae, women's wares, articles for 
 women. 
 
 messis, -is, f. harvest; crop; grain. 
 
 mSta, -ae, f . goal, end of the race, end. 
 
 Methymna, -ae, f. Methymna, a city on 
 the island of Lcsl.us, famous for its- 
 wine. 
 
 mStior, -hi, niensus sum, measure, 
 measure of}', tui^ey ; sail over, cross 
 over. 
 
 Mettus, -I, m. Melius, leader of the Al- 
 bans, who for his treachery was, by 
 order of Hostilius, king of the Eomaus, 
 torn asunder by horses puUijig in op- 
 posite directions. ~ 
 
 metuSnS, -entis, partic. adj. fearful. 
 
220 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 metuens deornm, god-fearing, reverent. 
 
 metuSns frigora, incapable of enduring 
 
 cold, tender. 
 metuB, -ere, metui, fear, be afraid. 
 
 metuendus, to be feared. 
 metus, -us, m. fear ; danger. plina 
 
 metus, full of terror, full of danger. 
 meus, -a, -um, my, mine. mel, my 
 
 family and friends, meum est, is my 
 
 work, vix meum, almost beside myself 
 
 (badly excited, lacking in eelf-possession). 
 
 Voc. meus, Met. iv. 255. 
 ml = mihi, see ego. 
 mica, -ae, f. grain, bit, especially a grain 
 
 of salt. 
 
 micd, -are, micul, dart, JlasJi ; vibrate, 
 
 guive}', sliake, tremble, jmlpitaie. 
 Midas, -ae, m. Midas, a Phrygian king, 
 miles, -itis, m. soldier. 
 
 militia, -ae, f . military service, warfare, 
 war. 
 
 mlUe, Fl. milia, -ium, a thousand. 
 miluus, -I, m. kite, a bird of prey. 
 minae, -arum, f . threats. 
 mlnans, -antis, partic. adj. threatening. 
 minax, -acis, adj. threatening. 
 
 Minerva, -ae, !. Ilinerva, the unmarried 
 daughter of Jupiter, goddess of the arts 
 and sciences. signum Minervae, the 
 statue cf Minerva, which was carried 
 from Troy hy Ulysses and Diomede. 
 taca sinoerae Minervae, t!ie berry of 
 the chaste Minerva, the olive, which was 
 sacred to her. 
 
 minimus, see parvus. 
 
 minister, -tri, m. servant, attendant. 
 
 ministerium, -S, n. service; ojfflce, occupa- 
 tion, work. mS ministerio sceleris- 
 que artisque removS, I withdrew from 
 the performance of llie crime and of my 
 profession, I gave up my office and re- 
 fused to aid them in their crime. 
 
 ministrS, -are, -avi, -atum, serve, wait 
 upon, attend; serve up, pour out; fur- 
 nish, give. 
 
 minium, -I, n. red-lead. 
 
 1. minor, see parvus. 
 
 2. minor, -arl, -atus sum, threaten. 
 MlnSs, -Bis, m. Minos, king of Crete. 
 
 minus, -ere, minui, minHtum, make 
 small, diminish, weaken ; break to 
 pieces, break up (ramalia). 
 
 minus, adv. Zcss. si minus, i/noi. See 
 parvus, 
 
 Minyae, -arum, m. tt« Minyae, the Argo- 
 nauts. The Minyae were a Thessalian 
 people and possessed the town of lolcns, 
 from which the Argonautic expedition 
 started. 
 
 mirabilis -e, [miror] wonderful. 
 miraculum, -i, n. ^oonder ; strange form. 
 mirator, -oris, m. admirer. 
 miror, -arl, -atus sum, loonder ; wonder 
 
 at, admire. 
 mirus, -a, -um, wonderful, strange. 
 
 misceo, -5re, -ul, mixtum, mix, mingle, 
 unite ; stir vp, confuse. 
 
 miser, -era, -erum, unhappy, miserable, 
 ^/■etched, pitiable., 
 
 miserabilis, -e, pitiable, wretdied, lam- 
 entable, sad. 
 
 miserandus, -a, -um, intlable, wretched. 
 misereor, -Sri, miseritus sum, ;)i(y, have 
 pity, have compassion. 
 
 MitliridatSus, -a, -um, of Mithridates, 
 the greatest king of Pontus. 
 
 mltig5, -are, -avI, -atum, make mild, 
 soften ; soothe, assuage, mitigate. 
 
 mitis, -e, mild, gentle, soft, pleasant, 
 friendly, kind. 
 
 mittO, -ere, misi, missum, send, send 
 forth, let go ; throw, hurl, shoot ; ceoi^e. 
 ISto mittere, kill, mitte preoarl, leave 
 o^praying. 
 
 moderamen, -inis, n. instrument of guid- 
 ing, rudder (of a ship), helm, ; guidance, 
 management. 
 
 moderator, -oris, m. regulator, director, 
 manager ; driver ; pilot. 
 
 moderatuB, -a, -um, 9iwderate, modest 
 
 (Aiax). 
 moderor, -ari, -atus sum, regulate, 
 
 moderate, manage ; rule, control, guide. 
 
 modestus, -a, -um, modest, moderate, 
 miassumliig. 
 
 modo, 1. adv. only; just now, lately. 
 mode— modo, noiD—now, swnetim.es — 
 sometimes, si modo, if only. S. conj. 
 if only, provided that. 
 
metuo-multus. 
 
 221 
 
 modulor, -ari, -atus sum, regulate, sing, 
 ■play. 
 
 modus, -I, m. measure, time ; verse-meas- 
 ure, verse ; limit, end ; manner, style. 
 modum dare rSmJs, give tlie time for 
 the oars, regulate the stroke. qu5 modo, 
 in what way, how. verba soluta mo- 
 dis, i.e. 2rrose. 
 
 moenia, -ium, n. walls, fortifications ; 
 walled town, city. Hennaea moenia, 
 the city qf Henna, 
 
 molSs, -is, f. mass, bulk, weight; rock, 
 cliff; bank, shore; effort, exertion. 
 mSlSs clipe!, massy shield. 
 
 molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying, 
 grievous. 
 
 mailmen, -inis, u. effort, exertion, under- 
 taking ; structure, size. 
 
 molior, -Iri, -itus sum, set in motion, 
 move, wield ; undertake, plan, make 
 ready, prepare, ti'y, strive. molire 
 currum, drive the c?utriot. 
 
 mollis, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, soften, make 
 soft ; boil, cook ; knead (cSram) ; soothe, 
 calm, pacify. 
 
 mollis, -e, soft; mUd, gentle, tender (anni); 
 pleasant, agreeable. 
 
 molliter, adv. gently, peacefully, calmly, 
 pleasantly. 
 
 moneS, -ere, -ul, -itum, remind, warn, 
 advise. 
 
 monimentum, -I, n. [moneS] memorial, 
 monument ; tomb, sepulchre. 
 
 monitnm, -i, n. [moneS] warning, advice. 
 
 monitus, -us, m. [moneo] warning, ad- 
 monition. 
 
 mons, montis, m. mowntain, ?nouniain- 
 range. 
 
 monstrS, -are, -avi, -Stum, point out, 
 show ; explain, tell. 
 
 monstrum, -I, »• omen ; wonder, strange 
 appearance, monster. 
 
 montanus, -a, -um, of a mountain, 
 mountain . montana frSga, mountain 
 strawberries. 
 
 mora, -ae, (. delay, postponement, hesita- 
 tion; cause of delay; long time, length. 
 mora, gradually, after a while, longa 
 referre mora est, it would take too long 
 to relate, nee mora, and without delay, 
 andi 
 
 morbus, -i, m. disease, sickness. 
 
 mordeB, -Sre, momordi, morsum, bite, 
 gnaw; injure. 
 
 morior, mori, mortuns sum, die, perish; 
 he destroyed, disappear. 
 
 moror, -ari, -atus sum, delay, hesitate; 
 cause to delay, stop, hinder. paulum 
 moratus, after a short delay, oculos 
 paulum tellure morStos, his eyes, 
 which had remained for a short time 
 fixed on the ground. 
 
 mors, mortis, i. death. 
 
 morsus, -us, m. biting ; pain. 
 
 mortalis, -e, mortal, perishable; human. 
 quicquid mortale creamur, all of us 
 m&i'tai creatures. 
 
 morum, -I, u. mulbeiry; blackberry. 
 
 m5rus, -i, f. mulberry-ti'ee. 
 
 mo3, m5ris, m. custom, habit, usage. 
 d8, ex more, according to custom, as 
 usual. morSs, manners, morals, char- 
 acter, more, like. 
 
 motus, -us, m. motion. terrae motus, 
 earthquake. motUs dare, move. 
 
 moveo, -ere, movl, motum, move, set in 
 motion, shake; stir up, excite, influence. 
 moveor, be moved, move, mota loc5 
 cur sim, why I have changed my place. 
 nervos ad verba moventem, accom- 
 panying his words on the cithara. mB- 
 verat ingenium, Aa<i stirredmy genius. 
 
 mox, adv. soon, presently; afterwards; 
 thereupon, then. 
 
 mucro, -onis, m. point, edge (of a sword); 
 suwd. 
 
 mugltus, -us, m. lowing, bellowing ; 
 rumbling. 
 
 mulceo, -Ere, mulsl, mulsum, soothe, 
 flatter, caress, stroke; imt to sleep, calm; 
 fan, touch gently, play around (zephyrl). 
 
 Mulciber, -beris and -berl, m, [mulceB] 
 Mulciber (the Softener, tlic Smith), a name 
 for Vulcan. 
 
 multifidus, -a, -um, [multus, finda] 
 split in mar.y j'tieces, finely split. 
 
 multum, adv. vtry. multum miserl, 
 
 very unhappy, most wretched. 
 multus, -a, -um, (Comp. plus, Supcrl. 
 
 plurimus) much, many, numerous, 
 
 plenteous, aJ/undanl ; large, great. 
 
 multo, Abl. of Comparison, much, far. 
 
222 
 
 VOCAB0LAEY. 
 
 qua plurimua exit, wliere it amies forth 
 most copiously^ with greatest force. 
 plQrimua legor, lam read the most. 
 
 munditiae, -arum, f. neatness, cleanli- 
 ness. 
 
 mundns, -J, m. world, universe; heavens; 
 earth. positus sub terra mundus, 
 the Under World. 
 
 munlmen, -inis, u. fortification. 
 
 munus, -eris, n. service, office, duty ; help, 
 assistance ; gift, present. munus 
 Cereris, the gift of Ceres, i.e. grain, 
 bread, munus Bacchi = WMe. pro 
 mQnere, instead of a gift, pro munere 
 iiBum, a loan, not a gift, munera telll, 
 the duties of war, military service. 
 
 miirez, -icis, m. purple-fish, u kind of 
 snail from wliicli purple dye was made ; 
 purple. 
 
 murmur, -uris, h. murmur, murmuring, 
 7'umbling, humming, especially the in- 
 distinct sound of human voices. 
 
 mGrus, -I, m.. wall ; protection, defense ; 
 defender. Graium mQrus, a wall of 
 defense for the Gi-eeks. 
 
 Mtisa, -ae, f. Muse, goddees of poetry. 
 There were nine of them, daughters of 
 Jupiter and Mnemosyne, and they dwelt 
 on Mount Helicon. 
 
 miSscus, -I, ra. moss. 
 
 mustum, -I, n. must, new wine, grape- 
 juice. 
 
 mutabilis, -e, changeable, capable of 
 change. 
 
 Mutina, -ae, f. Mulina, a city in upper 
 Italy. 
 
 muto, -are, -avi, -atum, change, trans- 
 foi'rn, alter ; exchange. 
 
 mutus, -a, -um, mute, dumb, silent, still. 
 miituus, -a, -um, mutual. 
 Mycenae, -arum, f. Mycenae, a city of 
 Greece, the home of Agamemnon. 
 
 myrtus, -I, f. myrtle, myrtle-tree, sacred 
 to Venus. 
 
 N 
 
 Naias, -adis, f. = Nais. 
 Nais, -idis, f. S!^aiad, water 
 nymph. 
 
 nam, conj./or, namely,for instance 
 
 namque, conj. strengthened form of nam, 
 
 for, namely, for instance. 
 nanclscor, nanclsci, nactus and nanc- 
 
 tus sum, obtain, procure, reach, find, 
 
 meet. 
 Nape, -Ss, f. Nape, Ovid's maid-aervant. 
 
 Narcissus, -i, ni. Narcissus, a youth who 
 fell in love with ills own reflection in the 
 water, perished, and was transformed 
 into the like-named flower. 
 
 naris, -is, f. nostril. PI. narBs, nose, 
 
 nostrils. 
 narratus, -Us, m. tale, narrative. 
 narrO, -are, -avi, -atum, tell, relate. 
 
 nascor, nasci, natus sum, be born ; 
 artse, spring up ; be adapted by nature 
 (ad furta). qua simus origine uati, 
 
 from lohat source we are sjyrung. 
 
 NasB, -onis, m. Naso. P, Ovidius 
 
 Naso, Ovid. 
 nSta, -ae, f. [nascor] daughter. 
 natalis, -e, cf birth, natal, native. 
 
 solum natale, locus natslis, native 
 
 land. Subst. natalis, -is, (bc. diSs) m. 
 
 birthday. 
 nato, -are, -avi, -Stum, swimj overjlow, 
 
 cover (with water). quot piscibus 
 
 unda natatur, as numerous as the fishes 
 
 which swim in the sea. 
 
 natilra, -ae, f. nature/ natural disposi- 
 tiO'n, natural quality. 
 
 nanfragium, -I, v. shipwreck, destruction. 
 
 naufragus, -I, m. one shipwrecked, ship- 
 wrecked person. 
 
 Naupliadgs, -ae, ni. son of Nauplius, i.e. 
 Palauiedes. 
 
 nauta, -ae, m. sailor, seaman. 
 
 navale, -is, "• dock. 
 
 navigS, -are, -avi, -atum, sail; sail 
 over, navigate. 
 
 navis, -i*, f. ship, vessel. 
 nSvita, -ae, m. sailor, seaman. 
 Nazos, -I, f. Naxos, an island in the 
 Aegean Sea, sacred to Bacchus. 
 
 1. n8, 1. adv. not. nS quidem, not 
 even. 2. conj. that not, in order that 
 not, lest, ng nQllI, that some. 
 
 2. -ne, adv. interrogative particle : 1, in 
 direct question untranslatable ; 2, in in- 
 
muuditiae -niteD. 
 
 direct qnestion, whetlier ; in the scconcl 
 part of a disjunctive question, or. 
 
 nebula, -ae, f. mist, vapm\ cloud, fog. 
 
 nee, see neque. 
 
 necesse, adj. n. necessary, iinavoidable, in- 
 evitable. 
 
 necO, -are, -avi, -atum, kill, put to death, 
 slay. 
 
 necoplnus, -a, -um, unexpected; un- 
 suspectinff, off one^s guard. 
 
 nectar, -aris, n. nectar, the drinls of the 
 gods. 
 
 nectS, -ere, nexui and next, nexum, 
 tnnd, twine,Join, unite. 
 
 nefandus, -a, -um, unspeakable, wicked, 
 Iieinous. 
 
 nefas, n. indecl. wrong, impiety, crime, 
 wickedness. 
 
 negatum, -i, u. [negO] forbidden thing. 
 
 neglego, -ere, -Igxl, -lectum, neglect, 
 disregard. neglectus, careless. 
 
 negS, -are, -avI, -atnm, say no, say that 
 not, deny J refuse. 
 
 Ifeleius, -i, m. son of Neleus, i.e. 2\estm\ 
 
 NSlens, -ei, m. Neleus, liing of rylna. 
 Pronounce dissyllabic NSlei, Met. ii. C8D. 
 
 Nemesis, -is, f- Nemesis, fictitious name 
 of a mistress of Tibullus. 
 
 nSmd, -inis, m. and f. no one, nobody. 
 
 nemoralis, -e, woody, sylvan. 
 
 nempe, adv. indeed, without doubt, surely; 
 fm'sooth. 
 
 nemus, -oris, ". grove, wood, forest. 
 
 nepos, -5tis, m. grandson; descendant. 
 
 neptis, -is, f. granddaughter. 
 
 Heptunius, -a, -um, of Neptune, Nep- 
 tune's, Neptunian. Keptunia Per- 
 gama, tlie walls of Troy, built by Ne2J- 
 tune. 
 
 Neptunus, -I, m- Neptune, son of Saturn, 
 brother of Jupiter and Pluto, god of the 
 sea. 
 
 neque, and nee, conj. and not, also not, 
 not even, nor. neque adhllo, and not 
 yet. neque iam, no longer, neo nBn, 
 and also, and even, neque _.enim, ./■<»'— 
 not. neque— neque, neither— nor. neo 
 renovatus ager, and the land, un- 
 plowed. nee inlquS mente ferendS, 
 and by bearip.g it with resignation. 
 
 223 
 Bl iam 
 
 nequeo, -Ire, -il, be unable. 
 
 nequeS, If I can no longer. 
 ngqulquam, adv. in vain, to no purpose. 
 NSrIis, -idis, f. daughter of Nereus, 
 
 Nereid, sea-nyinph. 
 Ngreius, -a, -um, Nereian, of Nereus, 
 
 descended from Nereus. Ner§ia ge- 
 
 netrix, the mother (of Achilles), i.e. 
 
 Thetis, the daughter of Nereus. 
 
 HSfeTis, -el, m. Nereus, a sea-god. 
 nervus, -i, m. string, bowstring; chord, 
 string (of a musical instrument). 
 
 nesciS, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -Itum, not know, 
 be unaware, be ignorant. nesciS quis, 
 (iix.., somebody, somebody or other. nesciS 
 qua dulo6dine, by some wonderful 
 charm. 
 
 nescius, -a, -um, not knowing, unaviare, 
 ignorant. 
 
 Nestor, -oris, m. Nestor, son of Nclens. 
 He was a very old man when he went 
 with the Grecian army to Troy. 
 
 neu, see ngve. 
 
 n5ve, and neu, conj. and not, iwr; and 
 that not. 
 
 uex, necls, f. murder, death. 
 
 nexus, -us, m. emln'acing, entivining, 
 clasping. 
 
 nl, see nisi, 
 
 nidus, -i, ni. nest. 
 
 niger, -gra, -grum, black, dark, gloomy. 
 
 nigrSsco, -ere, nigrui, grow dark, be- 
 come black. 
 
 nihil, n. indecl. nothing. nil non = 
 ei-erything. As adv. 7iot at all, not. 
 
 nil = nihil, 
 
 NIlus, -I, ni. Nile, the river in Egypt. 
 
 nimbus, -I, m. rain-cloud ; rain, rain- 
 
 storm. 
 nimis, adv. too much, too, excessively. 
 nimius, -a, -um, exce^tsive, too much, too 
 
 great. nimius imber, too much rain. 
 
 nimium = nimis. 
 Ninns, -I, ni. Ninus, king of Assyria, 
 
 husband of Semiramis. 
 nisi, and nl, conj. unless, if not; except. 
 uitSns, -entis, partic. adj. shining, bright, 
 
 brilliant. 
 niteS, -Bre, shine, be bright, sparkle. 
 
224 
 
 VOCABULAKY. 
 
 nitidus, -a, -iiin, shining, 
 hriglU, brilliant, clear ; sleek (vaooa). 
 
 1. nitor^ -oris, m. splendor, brilliancy, 
 d7-iglilness. 
 
 2. nitor, nit!, nizua and nisus sum, 
 support on^'s self on ; strive, strive after 
 (in), exert one^s self, make one^s way. 
 nltuntur cllvo vSstlgia ponere, la- 
 boriously climb the hill. 
 
 niveus, -a, -um, snowy ; snow-white. - 
 
 nivosus, -a, -um, snowy, covered with 
 snow. 
 
 nix, nivis, f. snow. 
 
 nlxus, -us, m. labor, travail, child-birth. 
 
 no, nare, nSvi, natum, swim. 
 
 nobilis, -e, noble, of noble birth ; distin- 
 guished, renowned. 
 
 nSbilitas, -atis, f. nobility of birth, no- 
 bility ; noble ancestor (Met. xui. 147). 
 
 nocSns, -entis, partic. ^}.harmful,injuri- 
 
 ous ; guilty, wicked. 
 noceS, -Bre, -ul, -itum, harm, injure, do 
 
 Jiai^m. nocitiira, destined to bring 
 
 injury. 
 nooturnus, -a, -um, Qf the night, by 
 
 night, nocturnal. nocturnos IgnSs, 
 
 the fires of the night = ilie stars. 
 
 IfoBmon, -onis, m. 2^oemon, a Lycian, ally 
 of the Trojane, elain by Ulysses. 
 
 nolo, nolle, noluf , be unwilling, not wish. 
 
 nomen, -inis, n. name ; fame. nomen 
 habSre, have a name, be called ; be 
 famous, nomine, by name, ad nomen, 
 at the name. 
 
 nominB, -are, -avi, -atum, name, call by 
 name, call. 
 
 non, adv. not. 
 
 n5ndum, adv. not yet. 
 
 nonne, adv. not, used in questions expect- 
 ing affirmative answers. nonne erat 
 satis, was it not enmighf 
 
 nonos, -a, -um, ninth: one of nine (in 
 officio). 
 
 nflsc6, -ere, nSvI, notum, learn,Jlnd out, 
 perceive, recognize, know. novi, / 
 h^tve found out, I know, I understand. 
 norant, they knew. 
 
 neater, -tra, -trum, our, ours ,• my. 
 vix ea nostra voc5, / hardly call those 
 things our own. 
 
 nota, -ae, f. mark, sign. 
 
 notabilis, -e, remarkable, conspicuous, 
 noteworthy. 
 
 notitia, -ae, f . acquaintance ; knowledge. 
 
 note, -are, -avi, -atum, mark, distin- 
 guish ; notice, observe ; mark with let- 
 ters, write on (cbartam), 
 
 1. nBtus, -a, -um, [nBsoS] known, well- 
 known ; famous. 
 
 2, notus, -1, m. south wind, the bringer 
 of rain. Also peisonifled, Notus, t/ie 
 South Wind. 
 
 novem, nine. 
 
 noverca, -ae, f. step-mother. 
 
 noviens, adv. nine times. 
 
 novitaa, -atis, f. newness, strangeness. 
 
 nov6, -are, -avS, -atum, make new, re- 
 new ; change. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, new ; strange, wonderful, 
 ■unheard-of, unknown. novissimus, 
 last, latest, novissima Cauda, the end 
 of the tail, novissimus exit, is tJte last 
 to depart, novissima verba, the last 
 words. 
 
 nox, noctis, f- night : darkness, nocte, 
 by night, in tJie night. 
 
 nubSs, -is, f. cloud. nilbeB animi, 
 mental cloud, gloom,. 
 
 nilbilus, -a, -um, cloudy ; cloud-b^'inging 
 (auster) ; dark, gloomy ; unfortunate. 
 tots niibila vultu, with her whole face 
 covered with a cloud, camjing a storm 
 in Iwr countenance. Subst. PI. niibila, 
 clouds. 
 
 nSbB, -ere, nupsi, niiptum, marry (used 
 of the bride). nova nUpta, bride. 
 
 nudB, -5re, -avi, -atum, lay bare, expose, 
 uncover. 
 
 nUdus, -a, -um, bare, naked, unclothed, 
 uncovered. operum nudum certa- 
 men, a simple contest of deeds, a contest 
 based solely on what each has done. 
 nilda simplicitaa, straightforward 
 iLOnesty. 
 
 nailus, -a, -um, no, none. Siibst. niillus 
 = nemB, no one, nobody. niillo viu- 
 dioe, with no one to inflict punishment, 
 without fear of punishment. niillB 
 cogente creatis, which sprang up with- 
 out compulsion, of their own accord. 
 
nitidus-obstD. 
 
 225 
 
 num, adv. in direct questions expecting a 
 negative answer ; in indirect questions, 
 whet/ier. optima num sumat, efiould 
 he receive the best ? 
 
 numen, -inis, n. (divine) will; (divine) 
 power; divinity, god. mite deum 
 numen, the gods are merciful. 
 
 numero, -Sre, -avi, -Stum, count, num- 
 ber; = have (multSs amioos), 
 
 numerosus, -a, -um, abounding in num- 
 bers, numerosus Horatius, Horace, 
 the poet of many measure.^. 
 
 numerus, ~i, ra. number, crowd; measure, 
 rhythm ; verse. 
 
 Numida, -ae, ni. Num.idian, one of a trilie 
 whicti dwelt in the northern part of 
 Africa. As adj, Numidian (leonSs), 
 
 numquam = nunquam, never. 
 
 nunc, adv. now, at tlie present time, under 
 these circumstances. nunc quoque, 
 even now. nunc— nunc, now — now, at 
 one time — at another. 
 
 nunquam, adv. never. nunquam am- 
 pllns, nevermore, never again. 
 
 nuntia, -ae, f. messenger, informer. 
 nuntia lunonis = Iris. 
 
 nuntius, -I, m. messenger, informer. 
 
 nuper, adv. lately, recently. 
 
 nupta, -ae, f- [nubo] married woman. 
 nova nupta, bride. 
 
 nurus, -us, f. daughter-in-law ; young 
 woman. 
 
 ntisquam, adv. nowhere. 
 
 nutria, -ire, -ivl, -itum, nourish, feed, 
 support. nutrit IgnSs folils, feeds 
 tlie flames with leaves. 
 
 nutrix, -Icis, f. nurse. 
 
 nutus, -us, m'. nod. 
 
 nux, uuois, f. nut. Collectively, nuts. 
 
 1. nympha, -ae, f. nymph. The nymphs 
 were inferior goddesses living in the water 
 (Naiades), on the mountains (Oreades), in 
 the forests (Dryades), or in trees (Hama- 
 dryades). 
 
 2. nympha, -ae, f- bride, young woman. 
 
 S, interj. 0! Oh! Used especially with 
 the vocative. 
 
 15 
 
 ob, prep, with Ace. on account of, for. 
 ob h5o,/o;' this. 
 
 ob-diic6, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, draw 
 over, cover, becloud. 
 
 ob-dilrO, -are, -avI, -atum, be hard; hold 
 out, endure, bear. 
 
 ob-ioiS, -ioere, -iScI, rieotum, put for- 
 ward ; th?vw up to, upbraid, 7'eproach 
 with. praesto obiecta, placed before 
 your eyes. 
 
 obitus, -Ss, m. death. 
 
 oblectS, -are, -avI, -atum, delight, jilease. 
 
 ob-IigS, -are, -avI, -atum, oblige, compel. 
 obligor ut, I must. 
 
 ob-lin6, -ere, -16vl, -litum, besmear, 
 smear, anoint. 
 
 obliquus, -a, -um, oblique, slanting, cross- 
 wise, in obllqunm, in an oblique 
 direction. 
 
 oblitua, see oblinD. 
 
 obllviscor, -visci, oblltus s\aa.,forget. 
 oblitus, forgetting, forgetful, unmind- 
 ful. 
 
 obllvium, -I, ii.fwgetfulness, oblivion. 
 
 obnoxius, -a, -um, subject, obedient. 
 
 ob-orior, -orlri, -ortus sum, arise, spnng 
 up, burst forth. laorimls obortis, 
 with tears in his eyes, tenebrae oculis 
 obortae sunt, darkness arose before his 
 eyes. 
 
 ob-rSp5, -ere, -rSpsi, -reptum, creep over, 
 
 steal upon. 
 ob-ru6, -ere, -rul, -rutum, cover, bury, 
 
 overwJielm. 
 obscSnns, -a, -um, ill-omened, of evil cmen 
 
 (avSs) ; filthy, obscene. 
 obscurus, -a, -um, dark, gloomy/ hidden, 
 
 obscure. 
 obsequium, -S, n. yieldingness, yielding, 
 
 compliance, complaisance. 
 
 obses, -idis, m. and f. hostage. 
 
 ob-side5, -Bre, -sBdi, -sessum, besiege. 
 
 ob-sistB, -ere, -stiti, stand in the way of, 
 withstand, oppose. 
 
 0b-stipg3c8, -ere, -stipui, be thrown into 
 confusion and astonishment , be aston- 
 ished, astounded, amazed. 
 
 ob-st6, -stare, -stiti, stand in the way, 
 resist, oppose, hinder. 
 
226 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ob-struO, -ere, -struxi, -atrvLCtxaa, pile 
 vp in ike ^vay, block up ; cut off^ shut off. 
 
 ob-vert5, -ere, -vert!, -veraum, turn to- 
 
 yiards. rSmos obvertere, ply l^e 
 
 oars. 
 obvius, -a, -um, in the way, opposite to, 
 
 meeting, obvium Ire, go to r/ieet, meet. 
 
 obvium esse, meet, obvius undis, up 
 
 tlie stream. 
 occSsus, -us, m. setting, sunset, west. 
 
 1, oc-cids, -ere, -oldl, -clsum, [caedo] 
 cut down, slay, kill. 
 
 2, oo-cidB, -ere, -cidi, -casum, [cado] 
 
 fall ; peiish, die. 
 
 occulo -ere, -cului, -cultum, hide, cony 
 ceal. 
 
 oocultO, -are, -avi, -atum, hide, conceal. 
 
 ocoultus, -a, -um, [occulo] hidden, con- 
 cealed, secret, invisible {^\\xi), 
 
 occupB, -are, -avI, -atum, seize, take 
 IKissession of; ascend, mount (currum, 
 coUem). communia occupare, claim 
 all credit for deeds in which others share. 
 
 Oceanus, -I, m. tJie Ocean, vast body of 
 water supposed to surround the land. 
 
 ocellus, -I, m. (diminutive of ooulus, ex- 
 pressing endearment), eye. 
 
 ocior, -us, adj. comp. quicker. quo 
 nOn alius Scior, than whom there was 
 none quicker. 
 
 5cius, adv. comp. morequiekly. 
 
 ooulus, -i, m. eye. ooulos oomprimere, 
 
 close tlie eyes (of tlie dead). 
 
 edi, odisse, hate. 
 
 odium, -1, 11. hatred, ill-will, enmitij. 
 
 odoratua, -a, -um, fragrant, sweet- 
 scented. 
 
 Oebalius, -a, -um, Oebalian, of Oebalus, a 
 mytliical king of Sparta. OebaliS de 
 vulnere,./>'om thewound of Hijacinthus, 
 who was a descendant of Oebalus. 
 
 Oetaeus, -a, -um, Oetaean, from Oeta, 
 a mountain in Tlieesaly. 
 
 of-feri, -ferre, obtull, oblatum, offer. 
 
 officium, -i, n. service, aid; duty, per- 
 foj^mance of duty, work. rSmigis 
 officium, the position {rank) of the 
 rower. nSnus in officiB, ninth in the 
 offer of his services. 
 
 Olleus, -eoa, m. Olleus, king of Locris. 
 Aiax Olleoa, Ajax, the son of Oileus. 
 
 Olenia capella, -ae, f. the Olenian goat, 
 the constellation, originally the goat 
 Amalthea, which had given suck to the 
 infant Jupiter near the city of Olenus 
 and had, as a reward, been transferred to 
 the heavens. 
 
 oleO, -Sre, -ul, smell, give out odor. 
 olSns sulpure, smelling of sulphur. 
 
 olim, adv. on'-e upon a time, once, for- 
 merly ; so?ne day. 
 
 ollva, -ae, f. olive (tree or fruit). 
 
 olor, -oris, m. swan. 
 
 Olympus, -I, m. Olympus, a mountain in 
 Thessaly, home of the gods ; heaven, 
 heavens. 
 
 omen, -inis, n. omen, sign, token. 
 
 omnipot€na, -entia, adj. almighty, (mini- 
 potent, used of Jupiter. 
 
 omnis, -e, all, every, whole. omnia, 
 eve^'y thing. 
 
 onerosus, -a, -um, heavy, burdensome. 
 onerosa gravisque, burdensome and 
 oppressive, Ux> heavy. 
 
 onus, -eris, n. burden, load ; difficult task. 
 opacus, -a, -um, dark, shady. opacus 
 
 mundns, the dark world, the Under 
 
 World. 
 
 operi8, -Ire, operul, opertum, cover; 
 cover up ; hide ; close. 
 
 operosus, -a, -um, busy with, engaged in ; 
 
 laborious, toilsome, troublesome. 
 OpbeltSs, -ae, ni. Opheltes, a sailor. 
 opifex, -ficis, m. artificer, maker. 
 oportet, -Sre, -uit, it behooves, is pro2ier, 
 
 is fitting ; ought, must. 
 
 op-ponO, -ere, -posul, -positum, place 
 before, put forward (as a protection). 
 opposui molem olipel, I placed my 
 huge shield in front of him. 
 
 op-prim8, -ere, -press!, -pressum, op- 
 press, press down ; overiohelm, cover ; 
 destroy. 
 
 [ops], opia, i.aid, assistance; means; 
 power, might; riches, wealth, resources. 
 qua ope, Sy wliat means? Often used 
 in the PI. effodiuntur op8a, men dig 
 out riches, i.e. the precious metals. 
 
 optimuB, sec bonus. 
 
obstruo -Paotolos. 
 
 227 
 
 opto, -are, -Svi, -atum, choose; wish, de- 
 sire. Subst. PI. optata, wish, adnuit 
 optatSs, lie granted the wish. 
 
 opus, -eris, n. work, labor ; thing done or 
 made, work, deed; workmanship, artistic 
 work. inter opus, during the work. 
 opus meum ezplet, performs my work, 
 Jills my place, materiam superabat 
 opus, the skill of the work smiiassed i/ie 
 material, opus exegS, / /lave finished 
 the work (book), opus est, it is needful, 
 it is necessary, tnvst. 
 
 ora, -ae, f. border, edge ; coast, shore ; re- 
 gion, supers in Bra, in the vpiier 
 world. 
 
 Sraculum [oraolum], -i, a. oracle (orac- 
 ular response, or place where such was 
 given). 
 
 orator, -oris, m. ambassador-; orator. 
 
 orbis, -is, m. circle ; wlieel ; circle of the 
 earth, world, universe ; region, connt-ry, 
 land. quaerenti dBfuit orbis, i.e. 
 she had searcJisd the wliole woi'ld in vain, 
 no ploAX was left for her to look. Ixionis 
 orbis, Ixion's wheel. 
 
 orbns, -a, -um, deprived of ; fatherless ; 
 childless. 
 
 Ordior, -Irl, orsus sum, begin; especially, 
 begin to speak. 
 
 ordo, -inis, m. ordei\ row ; rank,position. 
 ord5 sa,ng\aras, family rank, ordine, 
 in order, in ordine, iiiaiow fpennas). 
 nullo ordine, witliout order, ordo ra- 
 dioram, tlie row of spokes. 
 
 OrestSs, -ae, m. Orestes, eon of Agamem- 
 non, He avenged the murder of his father 
 by killing his mother Clytaemnestra and 
 was afterwards pursued by the Furies. 
 He was accompanied by his true friend 
 Pylades. 
 
 orgia, -5rum, n. Bacchic rites. orgia 
 tradere, teach tlie Bacchic rites. 
 
 oriins, -entis, m. [orior] sunrise ; East, 
 Orient. 
 
 orlgo, -inis, f- [orior] oi-igin, source, be- 
 ginning, descent. patruSlis orlgB, 
 descent from a paternal uncle, cousin- 
 ship. 
 
 Orldn, -onis, m. Orion, the constellation 
 (man with a drawn sword). 
 
 orior, -Irl, ortus sum, rise, spring from, 
 be born. ortus, born, sprung from. 
 
 Present tenee-forms according to third 
 conjugation. 
 
 orno, -are, -avi, -Stum, adorn, deck ; 
 eg nip. 
 
 or8, -are, -avI, -atum, beg, beseech, en- 
 treat, pray for. 
 
 1. Orpheus, -el, m. Orp/teus, Thracian 
 bard, husband of Burydioe. After she 
 died, he went to the Lower World to get 
 her back. 
 
 a. Orphius, -a, -um, of Orpheus. 
 ortus, -Us, m. rising; sunrise; east; origin, 
 source; birth, descent. 
 
 Ortygia, -ae, f. Ortygia, an island on 
 which the oldest part of Syracuse was 
 built. 
 
 1. OS, oris, n. mouth ; face, countenance ; 
 speech, voice. 
 
 2. 03, ossis, n. bone. ossa, bones, espe- 
 cially of the dead. 
 
 Ssculum, -I, n. [diminutive of os] mouth, 
 lip ; kiss. 5scula ^gere, imprint 
 kisses, press the lips, cum tuls 03cula 
 sua iunxerunt, joined t/ieir lips with 
 yours. 
 
 ostendS, -ere, ostendi, ostentum (ostin- 
 sum), show, point out. 
 
 ostentS, -are, -avI, -atum, repeatedly 
 point out, call attention to. dSsine 
 ostentare nSbIs, cease calling our atten- 
 tion to. 
 
 Cstium, -I, n. entrance, door- ; mouth (of a 
 river). 
 
 ostrum, -I, n. purple. 
 
 5tium, -i, n. ease, quiet, repose ; freedom 
 from work; guief, peaceful life. 
 
 ovis, -is, f • sheep. 
 
 [ovO], -are, rejoice, exult, celebrate an ova- 
 tion. 
 
 5vum, -I, ". egg. 
 
 pabultim, -i, u. [pasco] food, fodder ; 
 pasturage, grass. 
 
 paciscor, paclsci, paotus sum, make an 
 agreement, agree, stipulate, demand (as 
 a reward), pacta arbor, tJie appointed 
 tree, the tree which had been agreed upon. 
 
 PaotBlos, -I, m. Pactolus, a river in Lydia 
 famous for its golden sand. 
 
228 
 
 VOCABULAEY. 
 
 pactum, -i, n. [paclscor] agreement, com- 
 pact, pacta placent, tfiey like the 
 plan, pact! MS, in fulJUment of his 
 promise. 
 
 pactus, see paclscor. 
 
 paelex, -icis, f . concubine, mistress. 
 
 Faellgni, -orum, m. the Padignians, a 
 people of central Italy ; the land of the 
 Paelignian£, including Sulmo, Ovid's 
 birthplace. 
 
 paene, adv. alTnost, nearly. 
 
 paenitet, -Sre, -uit, repent, me paeni- 
 tet, / repent, am sorry. paenituit 
 iurasse patrem, thefaOier was sorry he 
 had talc^n the oath. 
 
 Pagasaeus, -a, -um, Pagasaedn, from 
 Pagasae, a town in Thesaaly where the 
 Argo was built. Fagasaea carina, 
 the Pagasaean ship, the Argo. 
 
 palam, 1- adv. openly, lyahlicly. 2. prep, 
 with Abl. before, in tlie jyi^esence of. 
 
 FalamedSs, -ae, m. Palamedes, eon of 
 Nauplius. He detected the ruse of 
 Ulyssee, who feigned madness to avoid 
 going to the Trojan war. Ulysses after- 
 wards buried some gold' in the tent of 
 Palamedes and then accused Palamedes 
 of being bribed by the Trojans with this 
 gold. On this charge Palamedes was 
 put to death. 
 
 Falatium, -I, n. the Palatine Hill in 
 Home, upon which stood the house of 
 Augustus. 
 
 palatum, -S, u. palate. 
 
 Falici, -orum, m. t?ie Palici, twin sons of 
 Jupiter, worshipped near a lake in Sicily. 
 
 Fallas, -adis, f- Pallas (Athena), Greek 
 goddess identified with Minerva. 
 rapta cum Fallade, along with the 
 statue of Pallas which was canned off. 
 This statue, as long as it remained in 
 Troy, saved the city from destruction. 
 It was carried ofE by TJlysses and Dio- 
 mede. 
 
 pallSns, -entis, partic. adj. pale; pale 
 yelknii (cortex) ; yellow (arva). 
 
 palleO, -Sre, -ul, be pale ; be discolored 
 (muscS), 
 
 pallBscS, -ere, pallui, turn pale ; turn 
 yellow (aurS), 
 
 palliduB, -a, -um, pale, pallid. 
 
 pallor, -Bris, m. pallor, paleness. 
 
 1. palma, -ae, f. palm of the hand, hand. 
 
 3. palma, -ae, f . palm-tree, palm ; palmr 
 
 flmit, date; palm-branch, palm (;is a 
 
 prize), 
 palmes, -itis, m. branch or shoot of the 
 
 vine, vins-sjvig. 
 palus, -iidis, f . pool, lake / swamp, marsh. 
 
 dis iuranda paliis, the pool by which 
 
 tlie gods tnust swear, i.e. t!ie Styx. 
 
 paliister, -trls, -tre, of the swamp, from 
 
 tlie swamp, swamp ; swamjjy, TnarsJty. 
 pampineus, -a, -um, of llie vine. pam- 
 
 piueis frondlbus, with vine-leaves. 
 pampinus, -i, m. vine-tendril, shoot of the 
 
 vine. 
 pando, -ere, pandi, passum, spread cmt, 
 
 loosen (capillos, comas, as a sign of 
 
 mourning) ; open ; disclose, relate. 
 
 passis capillis, with loose, dishevelled 
 
 hair. 
 pandus, -a, -um, curved, bent. 
 panthSra, -ae, f. panther. 
 
 picta, 
 
 papaver, -oris, n.poppiy. somni causa, 
 
 tile cause of sleep, sleep-bringing. 
 
 papyrifer, -fera, -ferum, papyrus-bear- 
 ing. 
 
 par, paris, adj. equal. 
 
 1. paratus, -us, m. jjre/jara^'ion ; display, 
 sUjle. dapibns uiilllsque paratibus, 
 for their unpretentious dinner. 
 
 2. paratus, -a, -um, [parB] ready, pre- 
 
 Parca, -ae, f ■ the Parca, goddess of fate ; 
 ^ate. There were three of them (Clotho, 
 Lachesis, and Atropos), who decided the 
 fate of men, spuu out the thread of life, 
 and cut it off. 
 
 parcO, -ere, peperc!, spare ; use sparingly. 
 
 parous, -a, -um, sparing, close, economical. 
 
 parens, -entis, m. and f. [pariB] parent, 
 father or mother; PI. parents; ances- 
 tors, mens ilUusque parentis, my 
 father and his. 
 
 parentalls, -e, of parents, parental. 
 parentsles umbrae, ye shades of my 
 parents. 
 
 pareB, -Sre, -ui, obey. idem parentque 
 iubentque, the same persons obey and 
 
pactum— patior. 
 
 329 
 
 give orders, i.e. they are t/ieir own ser- 
 vants. 
 pariSs, -etis, m. wall (of a lionse). 
 
 parilis, -e, equal. parill aetate, (if 
 equal age. * 
 
 pariB, parere, peperi, partum, bear, 
 bring forth; prvduce; acquire, gain. 
 
 Paris, -idis, m. Paris, Bon of Priam, wlio 
 carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, and 
 so caused tlie Trojan war. 
 
 pariter, adv. eqjially, likewise; at the 
 same time; together, side by side. 
 
 parma, -ae, f . small round shield ; shield. 
 
 Farnasius, -a, -um, Parnassian, of Par- 
 nassus. 
 
 Farnasus, -I, ni. Parnassus, a mountain 
 in Phocis, sacred to Apollo and the 
 Muses. Near by was Delphi, containing 
 the celebrated oracle, first of Themis, 
 afterwards of Apollo. 
 
 par5, -are, -avi, -atum, prepare, make 
 ready ; prepare for Cbellum) ; acquire, 
 procure. pstrandi, for making prep- 
 arations. 
 
 Faros, -I, '• Paros, one of the Cyclades 
 Islands in the Aegean Sea, famous for its 
 marble. 
 
 Farrhasis, -idis, adj. f. Parrhasian, tiom 
 Parrhasia, a district in Arcadia; hence = 
 Arcadian. Parrhasis Arctos, t/ie 
 Parrhasian Bear, tlie Ch'eat Bear. Cal- 
 listo, the daughter of the Arcadian king 
 Lycaon, had been transformed into a 
 bear and afterwards into the northern 
 constellation. 
 
 pars, -tis, f . part, portion ; direction ; 
 place, region. dimidia pars, half. 
 sua pars laudis, his share of lionor. 
 maxima pars, llie greatest part, most. 
 cnnctls B partibus, in every direction. 
 pars— pars, some— others. 
 
 Parthus, -a, -um, Parthian. Subst. Far- 
 thus, a Parthian. The Parthians were 
 troublesome enemies of the Eomans on 
 their eastern frontier. 
 
 parturie, -Ire, -Svi or -il, labor, be in 
 travail, bring forth, ingentls parturit 
 ira minas, my wrath is boiling ever 
 with great threats. 
 
 1. partus, see paria. 
 
 a, partus, -us, m- [parii] bearing, giving 
 
 birth, birth. nostro partH edita est, 
 was born of me, 'Is my child. 
 
 parum, adv. too little; not enough, not 
 completely, not perfectly. 
 
 parvus, -a, -um, (Comp. minor, Superl. 
 minimus) small, little, narrow, short ; 
 unimpoi'tant, insignificant ; gentle, low ; 
 modest, humble. minor, smaller, in- 
 ferior, younger. minorEs, younger 
 contemporaries ; descendants, posiei'ity. 
 animis verba minora mels, words 
 moi'e hurnble than consistent with my 
 proud spirit. plSnus eras minimO, 
 tJuM wast satisfied with very little, mur- 
 mure minimo, in a low whisper, mini- 
 mum laudis, vej'y Utile h&noi\ 
 
 pascO, -ere, pavi, pastum, /esi/ (trans.), 
 
 pasture ; passive : feed (intrans.), graze ; 
 
 eat, live on; gnaw, consume. 
 pascua, -orum, u- pastures. 
 passim, adv. ?i£re and there, in various 
 
 directions, everywhere; far and wide. 
 1. passus, partic. Seepaudo, 
 3. passus, partic. See patior. 
 3. passiis, -lis, ni. [pandB] step, pace; 
 
 track. mille passus, (Eoman) mile. 
 pastor, -oris, m. shepherd, herdsman. 
 pastorius, -a, -um, of a shepherd, shep- 
 
 Mrd's. pastoria pellis, sheplierd's 
 
 skin, doak. 
 patefaciS, -facere, -feci, -factum, open. 
 
 pateB, -ere, -ul, be open, be exposed ; be 
 plain, be clear, be visible ; extend, reach. 
 qua ferrum patuit, as far as the blade 
 extended, up to the hilt, caelum patet, 
 the sky is open, quid Kcundia posset, 
 rS patuit, the power of eloquence was 
 shown by the result. 
 
 pater, patris, m. father ; ancestor. The 
 title is often used of the gods, especially 
 of Jupiter, pater omnipotSns, etc. 
 
 patcrnus, -a, -um, [pater] of a father, 
 father's, paternal. paternum, patri- 
 mony. 
 
 patiins, -entis, partic. adj. capaiU of en- 
 during (flammae, laboris) ; patient. 
 
 patienter, adv. patiently, with patience. 
 
 patientia, -ae, f. patience, endurance. 
 
 patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, endure, 
 bear ; permit. 
 
230 
 
 VOCABULAKY. 
 
 patria, -ae, f. native land, home. 
 
 patrius, -a, -um, qf a f oilier, faiher'^s. 
 patrios annos, hisfathei'^s years, dura- 
 tion of life. 
 
 Fatroclus, -I, m. Patrocltis, eon of Mc- 
 noetiiis, friend of Achilles, killed before 
 Troy by Hector. 
 
 patruSlis, -e, [patruua] of an vnclejrom 
 an. uncle. patrueli? orlgo, descent 
 from an uncle, cmisinship. Snbst. pa- 
 truSlis, cousin. Adj. of a cousin, 
 coimn^s. 
 
 patruus, -1, m.fatMr's brother, (paternalj 
 uncle. 
 
 patulus, -a, -um, [pateol open; wide- 
 spreading larbor), broad. 
 
 panel, -ae, -3,jfew ; some, a few. 
 
 paulatim, adv. qraduaUy, little by little. 
 
 paulum, adv. a little, a little while. 
 
 paulus, -a, -um, little. paulo (with 
 Comp.), a little. 
 
 pauper, -eris, adj. poor, not rich. 
 nee pauper voluntas, and abundant 
 (fO-}d-will, hearty welcome. 
 
 paupertas, -atis, i. poverty. 
 pavSns, -entis, partic. adj. awed,fHght- 
 ened, trembling withfear. 
 
 paves, -ire, pavl, tremble with fear, be 
 
 afraid, dread. 
 pavidus, -a, -um, trembling with fear, 
 
 fearful ; anxious. 
 
 pax, pads, f. peace. 
 
 peccS, -are, -Svl, -atum, sin, do wrong. 
 
 pecten, -iuis, m. coTUb ; rake (rarus, 
 
 wide-toothed). 
 pectus, -oris, n. bi'east, heart ; sense, in- 
 
 telligerice, understanding, Tnind. sine 
 
 pectore, ignorant, stupid. 
 pecunia, -ae, f . [pecus] money. 
 
 1. pecus, -oris, ii. cattle (collectively) ; 
 Ji£rd, flock ; especially sheep. 
 
 2. pecus, -ndis, f . a Jiead of cattle (one of 
 the number) ; especially, a sheep. PI. 
 flocks, herds. 
 
 pgior, see malus. 
 
 pelagus, -I, n. sea. 
 
 Felasgi, -5rum, m. Felasgians, an ancient 
 
 people who inhabited Greece ; hence 
 
 Orecians. 
 
 Pelasgus, -a, -um, Pelasgian ; Grecian. 
 
 FSleus, -el, ni. Peleus, eon of Aeacus, hus- 
 band of the Nereid Thetis, father of 
 Achilles, and king of Phthia in Thesealy. 
 
 (Slez, see paelex, 
 
 1. Felias, -ae, m. Pelias, uncle of Jason. 
 Medea persuaded his daughters to kill 
 him and cut him to pieces that he might 
 be restored to youth. 
 
 2. Pglias, -adis, adj. f. Pelian, from 
 Pelion, a mountain in Thessaly. 
 FSlias hasta, tlie Pelian spear, the spear 
 qf Achilles, cut on Mount Pelion. 
 
 FSlidSs, -ae, m. sow, of Peleus, i.e. Achilles. 
 
 pellis, -is, f. skin, hide ; cloak of skin. 
 
 pells, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, strike, beat ; 
 push away, drive away, banish ; of 
 musical instruments, strike, play. 
 
 FenatSs, -ium, PI. m. the Penates, the 
 household gods, gods of the family and 
 the home ; by Metonymy, house, home. 
 
 pendeS, -ere, pependi, 7iang,besus2}ended, 
 float. 
 
 pendo, -ere, pependi, pSnsum, weigh; 
 pay. poenam pendere, pay the pen- 
 alty, atone for. 
 
 pendulus, -a, -um, [pendeS] hanging. 
 
 FenelopS, -§S, f . Penelope, wife of Ulysses. 
 
 penes, prep, with Ace. wltli, in the power 
 of, in the hands of. 
 
 penetralis, -e. Inner, interior, innermost. 
 Subst. penetrale, -is, and PI. pene- 
 tralia, -ium, n. tlie place where the gcds 
 stand, the innermost part of the house 
 or temple ; temple, Italy of holies. sl- 
 gnum penetrale Hinervae, the statue 
 of Minerva which was kept in the inner- 
 most part of the temple; the sacred 
 statve of Minerva (the fateful Palladium). 
 
 penetrS, -are, -avi, -atum, penetrate, 
 enter; arrive at, reach. 
 
 penitus, adv. deep, far below. penitus 
 
 penitusque, /a?', ./(??■ below. 
 penna, -ae, f . feather ; icing. oeler 
 
 penna, swift of wing, running swiftly 
 
 by use of his wings. 
 
 pEnsS, -Sre, -avI, -atum, balance, com- 
 pensate; buy, pay, atone for. pBnsan- 
 dum reddite, give as a compensation. 
 laudem cum sanguine pSnsare, bal- 
 ance the honor with the blood of his 
 
patria— p5B. 
 
 231 
 
 daughter, pay for his position with his 
 child's life, saaifke his child for the 
 sake qfqffice. 
 
 pSnsum, -I,n. [pendS] originally, amount 
 of wool weighed out for a day's spinning; 
 hence, task, day's labor. 
 
 peperl, see pariS, 
 
 per, prep, with Ace. through, over, in ; 
 during ; hy means qf, by ; in oatlia, by, 
 in the name of. per tantum lumen, 
 in so great light, per me haud impHne, 
 ru>t without punishment at my hands. 
 per s5, qf one's own accord. 
 
 per-ag6, -ere, -Sgl, -actum, carry out, 
 accomplish, finish, complete. 
 
 per-cipi6, -cipere, -cSpI, -ceptum, re- 
 ceive, gather, catdi (auras) ; /iea7: 
 
 per-cutii, -cutere, -cussi, -cussum, 
 [quatio] stHke hard, stHke, beat. 
 
 per-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [do] destroy, 
 ruin, kill,' waste, lose. 
 
 per-domS, -are, -ui, -itum, Uioroughly 
 conquer, overcome, svbdve. 
 
 peregrinuB, -a, -um, foreign, strange. 
 Sahst. foreigner: stranger. Slcaniam 
 peregrlna col5, / inhabit Sicily as a 
 foreigner. 
 
 perennis, -e, [annus] lasting the whole 
 year, perennial, everlasting, inexhaust- 
 ible. 
 
 per-eS, -Ire, -il, -itxim,iiei'ish,pass awaij, 
 be lost, fall, die. peritflrus, about to 
 perish, destined to fall (Pergama). 
 
 per-err6, -are, -avi, -atum, wander 
 through, wander over. 
 
 per-ferg, -ferre, -tull, -latum, bear to 
 the end, Iwld out, persevere, endure, 
 suffer. 
 
 per-ficiS, -ficere, -fScI, -fectum, finish, 
 complete. 
 
 perfidia, -ae, f- faithlessness, perfidy, 
 treachery. 
 
 perfiduB, -a, -um, aUSa] faithless, treach- 
 erous, perfidious. 
 
 per-fl6, -are, -avI, -atum, blow over, blow 
 through. 
 
 Pergama, -Brum, Pi. n. Pergamum, the 
 citadel of Troy; Troy. 
 
 Pergus -I, ™- Psrgus, a Sicilian lake near 
 Henna. 
 
 perlclum, see perlculum. 
 
 perfculum, -S, n. danger, sua tractare 
 perlcla, iliat he was handling things 
 which would prove dangerous to him. 
 
 per-imo, -ere, -SmI, -Smptum, destivy, 
 kUl. 
 
 periurium, -i, u. false oai/i, perjury. 
 
 periiirus, -a, -Tia., false, perjured. 
 
 per-maneS, -§re, -mansi, -mansum, re- 
 main to the end, remain, last, continue. 
 
 per-maturSsc5, -ere, -maturul, become 
 fully ripe, become ripe. 
 
 perosus, -a, -um, [odi] thoroughly hating, 
 desj}ising, detesting, /lating ; disgusted 
 with, tired of (CritSn), 
 
 per-petior, -petl, -pessus sum, [patior] 
 
 endure to the end, endure, suffer, permit. 
 
 perpetuus, -a, -um, uninterrupted, con- 
 tinual, perpetual, everlasting. 
 
 FersephonS, -Es, t. = Proserpina, daughter 
 of Ceree. 
 
 per-seq.uor, -sequi, -secutus sum, fol- 
 low, pursue. 
 
 Perseus, -ei, ni. Perseus, son of Jupiter 
 and Danafi. He slew Medusa and with 
 her head turned the giant Atlas into 
 stone. 
 
 persona, -ae, f • mask (of an actor). 
 
 per-&on5, -are, -ui, sound, resound. 
 
 per-spicio, -spicere, -spezi, -spectum, 
 
 look at t/toroughly, vieiu, examine. 
 
 per-stB, -stare, -stitS, remain firm, Iwld 
 out, continue, persist. rSmorum in 
 verbere perstant, continue to 2>ly tfi^ 
 oars. si perstas oertare, if you per- 
 sist in contending with me. 
 
 per-territus, -a, -um, thoroughly fright- 
 ened, terrified. 
 
 per-timSso5, -ere, -timul, become very 
 much cfraid, become terrified; fear, 
 dread. 
 
 per-veni5, -Ire, -vSni, -ventum, arrive ; 
 come to, reach. non pervenieutia 
 contra, tvhich did not reach the opposite 
 side. 
 
 per-vigil, -is, adj. very wakeful, watch- 
 ful, never-sleeping. 
 
 pervius, -a, -um, [via] admitting pas- 
 sage, penetrable, open. 
 
 pSS, pedis, m. foot (of man, beast, bird, 
 table, etc.). retrS pedem tulit, she 
 turned back. 
 
232 
 
 TOCABDLAKT. 
 
 pessimus, sec mains, 
 
 pet6, -ere, -Ivi (-il), -Itum, see. 
 for ; aim at, attack ; make for, set out 
 for, set sail for, go to ; desire, ask for, 
 ask, beg, sue for. petit astra, pro- 
 jects toward the stars, petere terras, 
 sink toward the horizon, laevam pe- 
 tere, sail to the left, diversa petere, 
 sail in the opposite direction. 
 
 Phaeacius, -a, -um, Phaeacian. Phae- 
 acia tellus = Corcyra (Corfu), where 
 Tibullus was sick. 
 
 Phaethon, -ontis, m. Phaethon, son of 
 Phoebus (Sol, the Sun) and Clymene, 
 who afterwards became the wife of the 
 Ethiopian King Merops. PhaSthon, 
 doubting his divine origin, went to his 
 father and asked the privilege of driving 
 the Sun's steeds for a single day. The 
 request was reluctantly granted and re- 
 sulted disastrously to.Phagthon, who lost 
 his life in his vain efEort to manage the 
 horses. 
 
 pharetra, -ae, f . quiver. 
 
 pharetratus, -a, -um, quiver-bearing. 
 
 Pharsalia, -ae, f . Pharsalia, a district in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 phasSlos, -I, m. light boat, bark. 
 
 Fhasiacus, -a, -um, ofilie Phasis, a river 
 in Colchis. 
 
 Phasis, -idos, m. Phasis, a river in Col- 
 chis. 
 
 PhilSmon, -onis, m. Philemon, a pious 
 peasant. 
 
 PMIippI, -orum, ni. Philip-pi, a city in 
 Macedonia. 
 
 PhiloctStSS, -ae, m. Phlloctetes, the Gre- 
 cian hero, who, on hie way to Troy, was 
 left by his companions on the desolate 
 Island of Lemnus on account of a noi- 
 some sore on his foot, but was afterwards 
 brought to Troy by Ulysses, because it 
 was found that Troy could not be taken 
 without the arrows of Hercules, which he 
 possessed. He was the son of Poeas, 
 hence Foeantia prSlSs, PoeantiadSs. 
 
 FMlomSla, -ae, f. Philomela, daughter of 
 the Attic king Pandion and sister of 
 Procne, the wife of Tereus. Deceived 
 and cruelly treated by her brother-in-law, 
 she finally succeeded in communicating 
 with her sister, and the two took ven- 
 
 geance upon the man by killing his little 
 son Itys and serving him as food to his 
 father. Philomela was transformed into 
 a nightingale, Procne became a swallow, 
 and Tereus became a hoopoe. 
 
 PhllyridSs, -ae, m. son of Phiiyra, i.e. 
 Chiron. 
 
 PhlegSn, -ontis, m. Phlegon, one of the 
 Sun's horses. 
 
 phSca, -ae, f . sea-calf, seal. 
 
 PhocSus, -a, -um, Phoolan, from Phocis, 
 a district in central Greece. 
 
 Phocis, -idis, f. Phocis, a district in cen- 
 tral Greece. 
 
 PhoehS, -5s, f. Phoebe, Diana, sister of 
 Phoebus (Apollo), and goddess of the 
 moon and of the chase. 
 
 FhoehSius, -a, -um, of Phoebus, sacred to 
 Apollo. 
 
 Phoehgns, -a, -um, of Phoebus, of Apollo. 
 
 Phoebus, -I, m. Phoebus, Apollo, god of 
 the sun and of prophecy ; by Metonymy, 
 sun. Bull utroqne Fhoeho, under 
 each sun (rising and setting), in the east 
 and west. 
 
 phoenix, -iois, m. phoenix, a fabulous 
 bird. There was only one of the species 
 at a time. When it cremated itself, an- 
 other sprang from the ashes. 
 
 PhrixBus, -a, -um, of Phrlxus. 
 
 Fhrixus, -I, m. PhrixiiS, brother of Helle. 
 These two fled from their stepmother 
 on a golden-fleeced ram. As they were 
 crossing the Hellespont, Helle fell off 
 and was drowned, giving her name to 
 the water. Phrisus reached Colchis and 
 there sacrificed the ram to Jupiter. The 
 skin was preserved and was the object of 
 the Argonautic expedition. 
 
 Phrygia, -ae, f. Phrygia, a country in 
 the northwestern part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Phrygius, -a, -um, Phrygian; Trcjan. 
 Phryx, Phrygis, m. Phrygian; Tr(^an. 
 Phthia, -ae, f. Phthia, n city in Thessaly, 
 
 the home of Achilles. 
 Phylacides, -ae, m. descendant of Phyla- 
 
 cus, i.e. Protesllavs. 
 pieeus, -a, -um, [pix] pitchy, pitch-black. 
 
 pictus, -a, -um, [ping6] biig/it-colored, 
 variegated, spotted; richly adorned, em- 
 broidered. 
 
pessimus-poUez. 
 
 233 
 
 Pleridea, -um, f. the Muses (the origin of 
 the word is doubtful ; jjerhaps from 
 Pieria, a district in Thessaly). 
 
 Flerius, -a, -um, Pienan, of the Muses. 
 
 pietas, -atis, f • piettj^ devotion to the gods ; 
 
 devotion to parents or other members of 
 
 ijie family^ filial affection, brotherly love, 
 
 etc.; lose, devotion, faithfulness, loyalty. 
 
 piger, -gra, -grum, lazy, slow, sluggish. 
 &Igore pigra, stif with cold. 
 
 piget, -Sre, -uit, grieve, vex. mS piget, 
 lam son^j. 
 
 pignus, -oris and -eris, "• pledge, surety; 
 proof; especially, dear one, child. 
 
 pineus, -a, -um, of th' jnne or Jlr, pine-. 
 
 pingo, -ere, pinxl, pictum, paint ; em- 
 broider. 
 
 pinguis, -e,/a<, rich. 
 
 pinna, -ae, t.fln (of a fish). 
 
 pinus, -Qb, f. pine, fir; hy Metonymy, 
 torch; ship. 
 
 PIrithous, -i, m. Piritlious, faithful friend 
 of Theseus. 
 
 Pisa, -ae, f- Pisa,, u city of Blis, in the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 PIsaeus, -a, -um, Fisaean, of Pisa, from 
 Elis. 
 
 PIsander, -dri, m. Pisaiider, one of Pen- 
 elope's suitors. 
 
 pisoator, -oris, m. fisherman. 
 
 piscis, -is, vo._ftsh. pisce veil, ride on 
 a fish. 
 
 piu3,-a, -um, (8eepietas)p»o"«, righteous; 
 faithful, dutiful, true, laving, affection- 
 ate, kind. oraoula pia sunt, oracles 
 are righteous. Subst. pium, righteous- 
 ness. 
 
 pix, piois, f • piteh. 
 
 placatus, -a, -um, [placS] appeased, rec- 
 onciled, peaceful, friendly. 
 
 places, -6re, -ul, -itum, please, give 
 pleasure, satisfy. . sibi plao§re, have 
 a good opinion of one's self, pacta pla- 
 cent, tliey like the plan, abide by the 
 agreenwnt. placet, U is decided, it is 
 
 placidus, -a, -Mm, peaceful, calm, friend- 
 ly, gentle, mente plaoida, with resig- 
 nation. 
 
 placitus, -a, -um, [placeO] pleasing, 
 friendly. 
 
 plac6, -are, -avi, -attim, pacify, appease, 
 placate, satisfy. 
 
 1. plaga, -ae, f- 1- district, region. 2. 
 net. 
 
 2, plaga, -ae, f . blow, stroke, thrust. 
 
 plango, -ere, planxi, planctum, beat, 
 strike ; cspecir.jly as a sign of mourning, 
 beat (the breast, arms, etc.). 
 
 plangor, -oris, m, [plangS] beating (of 
 
 the breast, etc., as a sign of mourning) ; 
 
 sound of mourning, loud lamentation. 
 
 planta, -ae, f. 1. plant. 3. sole of tlie foot. 
 
 plaustrum, -I, n. wagon. plaustrnm 
 
 BoStae, Charles's Wain, tlie Great Bear. 
 plSbs, plSbis, f. common people, crowd ; 
 
 common soldiers. 
 PlSias, -adis, f. Pleiad. Tlie Pleiades 
 
 were the seven daughters of Atlas and 
 
 Pleione and were transformed into the 
 
 constellation Pleiades. 
 plSnus, -a, -um, full, complete ; satisfied. 
 
 plSna TOsa,i\im,full of roses. 
 plgrumque, adv. for the most part, mostly, 
 
 usually. 
 plorS, -are, -avI, -atum, bewail, lament. 
 pluma, -ae, i. feather; plumage. 
 plumbum, -1, u. lead ; water-pipe of lead. 
 plus and pliirimus, see multus. 
 pluvia, -ae, f . rain. 
 
 pluvialis, -e, rainy, rain-bringing, rain-. 
 pluvius, -a, -um, rainy, rain-bringing. 
 poculum, -I, n. cup. 
 Poeantiadgs, -ae, m. son of Poeas, i.e. 
 
 PMloctetes. 
 Poeantius, -a, -um, <?/ Poeas. Poeantia 
 
 prolSs, son of Poeas, i.e. Phlloctetes. 
 
 Subst. Poeantius = Philoctetes. 
 poena, -ae, f. penalty, punishment. 
 
 poenas dare (solvere, etc.), pay tlie 
 
 penally, suffer punishment. 
 Poeniceus, -a, -um, [Poenua] Punic, 
 
 Phoenician. Poeniceum pomum, 
 
 pomegranate. 
 Poenus, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian, 
 
 African. Subst. Poenus, Carthaginian. 
 poBta, -ae, m. poet. 
 poUBns, -entis, partic. adj. [polle8] 
 
 mighty, powerful. 
 poUez, -icis, m. thumb. 
 
234 
 
 VOCABULAEY. 
 
 polliceor, -8rl, -itU9 sum, promise. 
 pollicitiim, -i, "■ promise. 
 pollioitus, -a, -um, [poUioeor] promised. 
 polus, -i, m. pole ; heavens, sky. polus 
 
 conspicuus, the visible pole, the north 
 
 liole. 
 Folybus, -I, m. Polybus, one of Penelope's 
 
 suitors. 
 pomarium, -i, u. [pomus] orchard. 
 
 pompa -ae, f. procession. pompam fu- 
 neris ire, {/o in a funeral procession. 
 
 pSmum -iyTi. fruit ; especially, ctTT^/e. 
 
 pondus, -eris, n. weight, burden, heavy 
 mass ; importance, significance ; fvljil- 
 ment. 
 
 ponB, -ere, posul, positum, place, put, 
 set, lay, airange, station; lay aside, 
 give up, cast away, lose. vSstlgia 
 clivo pSnere, climb up the hill, posi- 
 tua, placed, situated, lying. 
 
 1. Ponticus, -I, m. Ponticus, a Roman epic 
 poet. 
 
 2, Ponticus, -a, -um, Pontic, pertaining 
 to the Pontus. 
 
 pontifex, -iois, m. [pons, faoio, lit. 
 tyridge builder'] jyriest, high 2i?'iest. 
 
 1. pontus, -I, in. sea. 
 
 2, Pontus, -I, m. Pontus : 1. i/te Black 
 Sea. 2. a kingdom in the northern part 
 of Asia Minoi', near the Black Sea. 
 
 populor, -arl, -atus sum, lay waste, 
 ravage, destroy. 
 
 1. populus, -S, m. people; mass, crowd. 
 levSs popuU = spirits of the dead. 
 
 2. populus, -I, f. poplar. 
 
 porta, -ae, f . gate, door ; entrance. 
 
 portitor, -oris, m. [ports] ferryman; 
 especially, Charon, who ferried the 
 spirits of the dead over the Styx. 
 
 porte, -are, -avi, -atum, camj, bring. 
 sScum portare, bring with one's self. 
 
 portus, -us, m. harbor, port ; refuge. 
 
 p5sc6, -ere, popSscI, demand, request, 
 ask for; call for, challenge. pBscimur, 
 they are asking for us. 
 
 posituB, Bee pBnS. 
 
 possideS, -ere, possedl, possessum, pos- 
 sess, hold. 
 
 possidS, -ere, possSdl, poBsessum, take 
 possession of, seize, occupy. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, [potis, sum] be 
 able, can. n5n possum non, /ca«7zo^ 
 but, I must, perdere posse sat est, to 
 be able to destroy is enough, posse pati 
 volui, Iwislied to be able to bear it. 
 
 post, 1. prep, with Ace. behind, offer. S. 
 adv. afterwards. 
 
 posteritas, -atis, f . [posterus] subsequent 
 time ; posterity. 
 
 posterus, -a, -um, [post] following, sub- 
 sequent, next. posterior, later. 
 
 postis, -is, m. post, dooi~-post. PI. door. 
 
 postmodo, adv. after a little while, soon. 
 
 postquam, conj. after. 
 
 postulo, -are, -avI, -atnm, demand, re- 
 quire. 
 
 potins, -entis, adj. [possum] powerful, 
 mighty, influential ; potent, effective. 
 
 potentia, -ae, f. power, might, strength. 
 
 potes, potest, etc., see possum, 
 potestas, -atis, f. power, might, sway. 
 
 1. potior, -Iri, -Itus sum, get possession 
 of, acquire, obtain ; possess, have. [No- 
 tice that Ovid uses some forms of the 
 third conjugation as poterSmur] . 
 
 2, potior, -ius, adj. preferable, superior, 
 better. 
 
 potius, adv. ratliet, preferably. 
 
 prae, prep, with Abl. in comparison with, 
 
 before ; of the preventing cause, for, on 
 
 account of. 
 
 praebeS, -Sre, -ul, -itum, [habeo] fur- 
 nish, afford, offer, give. 
 
 praeoeps, -oipitis, adj. [caput] headlong, 
 lieadforenwst ; swift, rapid, rushing, 
 violent. Snbst. praeceps, steep place, 
 precipice, in praeceps, headlong, ex 
 praecipiti, from a dangerous place, 
 dangerous. 
 
 praeceptum, -I, n. precept, instruction, 
 direction. 
 
 prae-cipi8, -cipere, -cSpI, -oeptum, in- 
 struct, direct. 
 
 praeoipite, -are, -avI, -atum, hurl head- 
 long. Passive : rush. Iflx praeoipi- 
 tatur aquls, day sinks abruptly into the 
 water. 
 
poUiceor— pridom, 
 
 235 
 
 praecipuus, -a, -um, higlUy distinguished. 
 praeoordia, -5rum, u. [oor] diaphragm ; 
 
 by Metonymy, breast, heart (aa the seat 
 
 of feeling and of thought). 
 praeda, -ae, f. booty, prep, pHze. 
 
 prae-d!o6, -ere, -63x1, -dictum, foretai ; 
 proclaim, announce. 
 
 praedo, -onis, m. [praeda] robber. 
 
 praedor, -arl, -atus sum, plunder, rob ; 
 make prisoner, capture, captivate. 
 
 praefeotus, see praeficiS. 
 
 prae-ferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, place be- 
 fore, prefer. praelata puellis, su- 
 pei-ior to the girls, surpassing all the girls. 
 
 prae-fioiB, -ficere, -fScI, -feotum, 2'lace 
 over, put in charge of. sacrls prae- 
 feota marltis, who presides over mar- 
 riage rites. 
 
 prae-fodis, -fodere, -fSdl, -fossum, bury 
 beforehand. 
 
 prae-medicatus, -a, -um, anointed be- 
 forehand, protected by medicines or 
 charms. 
 
 praemium, -I, n. rejvard, prize. 
 
 prae-moneB, -Ere, -ul, -itum, /orewara, 
 foi^eteU. 
 
 praemonitus, -us, to., forewarning, warn- 
 ing. 
 
 prae-ponS, -ere, -posul, -positum, place 
 before, prefer ; put in cliarge of. sibi 
 praeponere, place above one's self, coti- 
 sider superixir. 
 
 prae-rump5, -ere, -rupl, -ruptum, break 
 off in front, break to pieces. 
 
 prae-ruptus, -a, -um, broken off; abrupt, 
 steep. 
 
 praesaepe, -is, n. stall, stable; manger. 
 
 praesagium, -I, "• foreboding, presenti- 
 ment; propliecy. 
 
 praesagus, -a, -um, foreboding ; foretell- 
 ing, prophesying. 
 
 praescius, -a, -um, foreknowing, pre- 
 
 praesBns, -entis, adj. [praesum] present ; 
 effective, lielpful. praesentior, nearer. 
 
 praeses, -idis, m. protectoi; defender, 
 ^•vler. 
 
 praestans, -antis, partic. adj. [praestS] 
 surpassing, excellent, distinguished, pre- 
 eminent. 
 
 1. prae-stS, -are, -stiti, surpass; fur- 
 nish, bestow, give. 
 
 2. praesto, adv. at hand, present, ready. 
 praesto a\swata,,placed before your eyes. 
 
 prae-sum, -esse, -fur, be over, be in charge 
 cf 
 
 prae-tend5, -ere, -teudl, -tentum, stretch 
 before, hold out. praetendEns culpae 
 splendida verba tuae, concealing your 
 weakness under high-sounding words. 
 
 praeter, prep, with Ace. 1. except, save. 
 2. by, along. 
 
 praeterea, adv. besides, moreover. 
 
 praeter-e5, -Ire, -il, -itum, pass by; 
 pass over, neglect, omit; of time, pass 
 by, pass. 
 
 praetezta, -ae, f. Wie praetext.a, toga 
 (outer garment) with purple border worn 
 by Roman magistrates and citizens of 
 rank. 
 
 pratum, -I, ". meadow. 
 
 precor, -arS, -atus sum, pray, beg, be- 
 seech, preoantia verba, prayers. 
 iusta precor, my prayer is just. 
 
 preliendS, -ere, prehendl, prehSnsum, 
 
 seize, grasp, (preben- is usually synco- 
 pated into pren-), 
 premS, -ere, pressi, pressum, press; 
 press upon, lie on, rest on, sit on ; clasp, 
 hold tightly (terga) ; load, burden ; oc- 
 cupy (axes) ; cove?- (dapEs) ; liem in 
 (bumum), nee preme currum, 
 neither drive too low. pressa Ara, the 
 low-lying Altar (constellation near the 
 horizon), propositum premit, clings 
 to his pwipose. 
 
 prendS, see prebends, 
 
 prSnsB, -are, -avi, -atum, (frequentative 
 of prendS) grasp, seize. 
 
 prEnsus, see prebendB. 
 
 pressus, see premB. 
 
 pretiosus, -a, -um, precious, valuable. 
 
 pretium, -I, ". value, price; prize, re- 
 ward, in pretio esse, be valued, be 
 esteemed. 
 
 [prex, precis], f. vrayer, entreaty, request 
 (Nom. and Gen. Sing, not used). 
 
 FriamidEs, -ae, m. son of Priam. 
 Priamus, -I, m. Priam, king of Troy. 
 pridem, adv. /or a long lime. iam prl- 
 dem, already for a long time. 
 
236 
 
 VOCABULAET. 
 
 primo, adv. at first, in the beginning. 
 primum, adv. first, for iJie first time, at 
 
 first. 
 primus, -a, --ara., first. prima via, the 
 
 first pari of t!ie way. primi annl, 
 
 !/outh. primI vidistis amantSs, ye 
 
 lovers were the first to see. primus 
 
 Ii§r€3, nearest heir. 
 princeps, -cipis, adj. [capiB] first, chief. 
 
 Sabst. ruler, leader, chief. 
 prinoipium, -i, ". beginning. prln- 
 
 cipio, first. 
 prior, prius, adj. Comp. sooner, earlier ; 
 
 former • first (of two). prior venl, 
 
 / came first. 
 
 prisons, -a, -um, of venerable antiQuity, 
 ancient, old-iim£, of the olden tim£, for- 
 me?; pristine. 
 
 prius, adv. Comp. sooner, earlier, before. 
 prius— quam, before. 
 
 1. pro, prep, with Abl. b^fm-e ; for, in de- 
 fense of, in behalf of; for, in return for ; 
 instead of, in comparison with. pr5 
 corpore magnns, large in oompai-ison 
 with the body, usum pr5 munere, 
 loan, not a gift. 
 
 2. pr5, interj. 0. 
 
 proavus, -i, m. great-grandfather, ances- 
 tor. F\. forefathers, ancestors. 
 
 probitaa, -atis, f. limiesty, fidelity. 
 
 probS, -are, -avi, -atum, [probus] test, 
 prove ; approve, aiijyrove of, praise. 
 fictum probavit arirasn., furnished evi- 
 dence in svpport of the trumped-up 
 charge, probor esse, / am proved to 
 be. mg probat, esteems me. 
 
 prB-ogdO, -ere, -cessi, -oSssum, go for- 
 ward, adcance. 
 
 prooella, -ae, f . storm. 
 
 procellosus, -a, -um, stormy, storm- 
 bringing. 
 
 procerSs, -um, m. chiefs, leaders, princes. 
 
 ProonB, -Sa, f. Frocne, daughter of the 
 Attic Icing Pandion aud wife of Tereue. 
 Slie and her sister Philomela were turned 
 into the swallow and the nightingale for 
 taking vengeance on the wicked Tereus 
 by slaying Itys, the son of Procne and 
 Tereus. According to another account 
 it was the mother of Itys that was 
 changed into the nightingale. 
 
 prooul, adv. far off, far away, far. 
 
 procul esse, be far away. 
 pr5-cumb5, -ere, -oubui, -oubitum, 
 
 fall, sink. 
 
 proous, -I, m. suitm: 
 
 prod-e5, -Ire, -il, -itum, come forth, ap- 
 pear. 
 
 prodigus, -a, -um, wasteful, prodigal, 
 extravagant. sanguinis et animae 
 prodige, wasteful of blood and life 
 (Gallus committed suicide). 
 
 proditio, -Snis, f. treachery, treason. 
 
 pro-dS, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [dO] bring 
 forth, produce, slww ; disclose ; betray ; 
 abandon, desert, leave in Vie lurch. 
 
 pr5-duo5, -ere, -diixl, -ductum, lead 
 forth, bring forth ; igngs ad flammas 
 prodiicere, make the fire blaze. sSmen 
 in aristas producit, makes ears of 
 grain out of tlte seed, virum producet, 
 will entice the man. 
 
 proelium, -I, n. battle, fight, contest. 
 pro^uS, -are, -avi, -atum, desecrate. 
 profecto, adv. certainly, surely, truly, in- 
 deed. 
 
 pro-fero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, bi-ing 
 f&rth; stretch out, extend; raise, lift up. 
 
 pro-floiB, -fioere, -feci, -fectum, [faoiB] 
 accomplish, effect. non proficientia, 
 accomplishing nothing, ineffectual. 
 
 profugus, -a, -um, fleeing, ready for 
 flight ; exiled, banished. Suhst. pro- 
 fugus, exile. 
 
 profundus, -a, -um, deep. Subst. pro- 
 fundum, -I, n. the deep, the sea-, summo 
 profundo, on the top of the sea. 
 
 progeniSs, -SI, f. offspring, progeny, de- 
 scendant, son, child. 
 
 PrognS = ProcnS, 
 
 pro-hibeB, -Bre, -ul, -itum, hold of, keep 
 off; hinder, prevent. quo prohiben- 
 tur,/)'om wJiich tliey are shut out, where 
 they are not admitted. 
 
 pro-iciB, -icere, -iBoI, -iectum, cast forth, 
 throw away; banish. 
 
 prBISs, -is, f. offspring; child, son, 
 daughter. 
 
 PromSthldBs, -ae, m. son of Prometheus, 
 i.e. Deucalion, 
 
 pr5-mittB, -ere, -misl, -missum, promise. 
 
primo— piignus. 
 
 237 
 
 prSmissum, -I, n. fhat which has been 
 promised; jrromise. 
 
 1. promptus, -a, -um, [promB] ready, at 
 hand. ^ promptum est, it is easy. 
 prBmptior ad arma, readier to take up 
 arms. 
 
 2. promptus, -iia, in. readiness. in 
 promptu est, it is easy. 
 
 pronepos, -otis, m. great-grandchUd. 
 
 pronus, -a, -um, inclined, descending, 
 sloping downward, iirecipitovs (via) ; 
 inclined, ready ; flat, flat on one's face. 
 pronus huml, flat on the ground. 
 
 propagB, -inis, f. shoot (of a vine) ; off- 
 spring, descendant, son. 
 
 prope, 1. adv. near, almost. 2. prep, with 
 Ace. near. 
 
 propers, -are, -avi, -atum, hasten. 
 properatus, hasty, too early, untimely, 
 premalure (^ta, death), quickly acquired 
 (gloria). 
 
 Propertius, -i, m. Propertius, a famous 
 Roman elegiac poet (49-15 B.C.) some- 
 what older than Ovid. 
 
 propinquuB, -a, -um, near, neighboring, 
 close. 
 
 propior, -us, adj. Comp. [prope] nearer. 
 
 pro-p5nB, -ere, -posul, -positum, set up 
 as a prize (arma) ; propose, purpose, in- 
 tend. 
 
 propositum, -I, n. intention, purpose, 
 plan. propositum premit, clings to 
 his plan. 
 
 propter, prep, with Ace. near; on account 
 of. 
 
 prora, -ae, t.prow, bow (forepart of a ship), 
 prorae tutSla, the officer of the prow. 
 
 Proreus, -ei, m. Proreus, a sailor. 
 
 pro-seijuor, -sequi, -secStus sum, ac- 
 company, attend, escort. 
 
 PrBserpina, -ae, f. Proserpina (Perseph- 
 one), daughter of Ceres, carried off by 
 Pluto. 
 
 pro-spectfl, -are, -avI, -atum, look forth 
 upon, look out at (pontum). 
 
 pr5-spioi6, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 look out, look forward to, look forward 
 at (occasiis) ; examine; s^e, behald. 
 
 prS-stituS, -uere, -ul, -utum, prostitute 
 (v5cem). 
 
 pro-sum, prSdesse, proful, amu, be of 
 advantage, be useful, help. prodesse 
 in oausam, be of advantage in the case. 
 
 pro-teg5, -ere, -tSxi, -tSotum, cover, 
 protect. 
 
 protervus, -a, -um, violent, boisterous 
 (venti) ; bold, impudent. 
 
 Proteus, -el, m. Proteus, a sea-god who 
 had the power of assuming various 
 shapes. 
 
 protiuus, adv. straightway, immediately. 
 
 pro-veuio, -venire, -vSnl, -ventnm, 
 
 come forth, spring up, arise, appear. 
 provinoia, -ae, f . province. 
 prozimitas, -atis, f. nearness; nearness 
 
 of kin, kinship. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, [prope] nearest, next, 
 veiy near. 
 
 prudSns, -entis, adj. prudent, cautious, 
 wise. 
 
 prudentia, -ae, f . prudence, wisdom, cun- 
 ning. 
 
 prulna, -ae, f. frost, dew. 
 prulnosus, -a, •■am, frosty, dewy. 
 priinum, -I, n. plum. 
 Prytanis, -is, m. Prytanis, a Lyclan, 
 slain by Ulysses. 
 
 psittaeus, -i, m. parrot. 
 
 pablicus, -a -um, public, common, of all, 
 of the state. ad publica commoda, 
 to the advantage of all. 
 
 pudet, -Bre, -uit, cause shame. mB 
 pudet, I am ashamed. 
 
 pudlcus, -a, -um, modest, virtuous. 
 
 pudor, -oris, m. sense of shame, shame, 
 modesty ; disgrace, shame. pudore 
 posito, without shame, digna pudore, 
 shameful deeds. Personified, Pudor, 
 Modesty. 
 
 puella, -ae, f . [puer] girl, maiden ; young 
 woman. 
 
 puellaris, -e, of a girl, girlish. 
 
 puer, -eri, ni. boy, youth. 
 
 pueriUs, -e, of a boy, boyish, youthful. 
 
 pngna, 'ae, f . fight, battle. 
 
 pilgnax, -acis, adj. fond of fighting, war- 
 like. Subst. fighter. 
 
 pagnS, -are, -avi, -atum, fight, contend. 
 
 pagnus, -I, m.fist. 
 
238 
 
 VOCABULAET. 
 
 pnlcher, -chra, -chrTun, beautiful, fine ; 
 
 noble, honorable (vulnera), 
 puUus, -a, -um, dai-k. 
 pnlsS, -are, -avl, -atum, [pellB] strike 
 
 violently, stHke, beat. 
 
 pulverulentuB, -a, -um, dusty. 
 pulvinus, -I, ni. cushion, pillow. 
 pulvis, -eris, m. dust. 
 
 puuiceua, -a, -um, Punic, Phoenician ; 
 reddish, red, jmrple. 
 
 punicus, -a, -um, Punic, Phoenician; 
 
 purj}le, purple-red. 
 puppis, -is, f . stem (of a ship) ; ship. 
 purpura, -ae, f . purple. 
 
 purpureus, -a, -um, of jmrple, jmrple; 
 red, rosy. 
 
 pSrus, -a, -um, jmre, clean ; sincere. 
 
 puts, -are, -avi, -atum, think, believe, 
 supjmse. 
 
 PyladSs, -ae, m. Pylades, true Meud of 
 Orestes. 
 
 Pylius, -a, -um, Pylian, of Pylus, a city 
 in Ells, the home of Nestor, the aged 
 warrior. Also = of the Pjllan, of Nestor. 
 
 Pylus, -I, f. Pylus, a city in Elis, home of 
 Nestor. 
 
 pyra, -ae, f. funeral pyre. 
 
 Pyramus, -I, m. Pyramus, a Babylonian 
 youth. 
 
 Pyrols, -entis, m. Pyrois, one of the Sun's 
 steeds. 
 
 pyropus, -I, m. pyropus, a gold-bronze 
 mixture which sparkled like fire. 
 
 Pyrrha, -ae, f. Pyrrha, daughter of the 
 Titan Epimetheus and wife of Deucalion. 
 
 Pyrrhus, -I, m. Pyrrhus (also called ITeo- 
 ptolemuB), son of Achilles. 
 
 a 
 
 qua, adv. by which way, where ; us far 
 as. qua cava sunt, on the inside. 
 
 quacumque, adv. by whatever way, 
 wherever ; however far. 
 
 quadriiugl, -orum, m. team of four 
 {horses). 
 
 quadrupes, -pedis, adj. four-footed. 
 Subst. quadruped, especially, horse. 
 
 quaerS, -ere, quaeslvl, quaesltum, seek, 
 search, look for; ask. 
 
 qualis, -e, of what sort, such as. talis 
 — qualis, suclir-as. 
 
 qualiscumque, qualecumque, adj. of 
 wJuxtever sort, no matter Jiow insignifi- 
 cant. 
 
 quam, adv. how much, Tbow, as ; after 
 comparativeB, than. quam primum, 
 as soon as possible, quam— tam, as— 
 so (as), while— yet. 
 
 quamlibet, adv. Iwwever much, however. 
 quamlibet eziguus, however small. 
 
 quamquam, conj. with Indie, or (later) 
 Subjv. although. 
 
 quamvis, adv. however much ; conj. with 
 Subjv. or (later) Indie, although. 
 
 quandd, adv. interrog. wlien ? indef . ever. 
 
 quaudocumqne, adv. rel. whenever. 
 
 quantus, -a, -um, how great, how large, 
 how much; as great as, how, as. 
 quanto, by how much, how. quantus 
 erat, wholly. Correlative : tantus. 
 
 qua-rS, adv. on which account, wherefore; 
 why. 
 
 quartus, -a, -Tim,fourth. 
 quasi, adv. as if. 
 
 quass5, -5re, -avI, -atum, [quatio] shake 
 violently, shake, shatter. 
 
 quassus, -a, -um, [quatiS] shattered, 
 broken. 
 
 quater, aAv.four times. 
 
 quatiS, quatere, quassum, sliake. 
 
 quattuor,/(nir. 
 
 -que, conj. and, but, or. -que . . , -que, 
 
 both... and. 
 qnerSla, -ae, f. complaint, lamentation, 
 
 mourning. 
 
 queror, querl, questus sum, complain, 
 lament, mourn; dulce querimtur avSs, 
 the birds make sweet complaint, sing 
 touching songs. 
 
 1. qui, quae, quod, pron. rel. who, which, 
 what, that. 
 
 2, qui, quae, quod, adj. interrog. and 
 quia, quid, pron. interrog. w/io ? which f 
 what ? what sort of? quid, why ? 
 
 3, qui, quae and qua, quod, and quis, 
 qua, quid, indef. adj. and pron. any, 
 any one. 
 
 4. qui, adv. how. 
 quia, conj. because. 
 
pulcher— raptum. 
 
 239 
 
 quicumque, qnaecumque, quodciunque, 
 whoever, whichever, whatever. qul- 
 Cumque habitatis, leBnes, al! ye lions 
 that dwell. 
 
 quldam, qnaedam, quoddam and quid- 
 dam, a certain, S07n£. 
 
 quidem, adv. indeed, of course. nS— 
 quidem, not even. 
 
 quies, -Stis, f. quiet, rest; sleep. 
 
 quiSscS, -ere, quievi, rest; be silent. 
 
 quietus, -a, -um, quiet,, calm, peac^ul, 
 restful. 
 
 quOibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, any that 
 you please, any. 
 
 quin, 1. adv. nay. quin etiam, nay 
 even. 2. conj. tliat not, but, from ; that. 
 
 QoInqnatrGs, -umn, f. the Quinquainis, 
 festivals of Minerva, the greater of wliich 
 was celebrated from March 19 to 83 in- 
 clusive, 
 
 quinque, five. 
 
 quippe, conj. /or. 
 
 Quirlnus, -I, ni. Quirinus, the deified 
 
 Eomulns. populus ftuirini, i.e. the 
 
 Roman people. 
 
 1. quis, quid, sec 3. qui or 3. qui. 
 
 2. quIs = quibus (1. qui), 
 quisqnam, quaequam, quicquam or 
 
 quidquam, pron. indef. anyone, any- 
 thing. 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quidqne and quod- 
 que, each, every ; each one, ea/ih thing. 
 ut quaeque altissima, telliis, the 
 earth, according as each part was 
 highest, i.e. all t/ic highest parts of the 
 earth. 
 
 quiaquis, quicquid(quidquid), whoever, 
 whatever. quicqnid mortale crea- 
 mur, all qfvs mortal creatures. 
 
 quivis, quaevis, quodvia and quidvis, 
 
 any you please, anyone yo'U please, any- 
 thing you please. 
 
 quo, 1. pron. rel. (Abl.) by how much; with 
 comparatives, the—. Used as a conj., 
 especially with comparatives, to intro- 
 duce clauses of Design, that the, in order 
 that the, that, in order that. 2. pron. 
 interrog. (with accusative force), to what 
 place, whither, where? 3. pron, rel. to 
 ivhich place, whither, where. 
 
 quBoumque, adv. whithersoever, to what- 
 ever place, wherever. 
 quod, conj. because, that, tliefact that. 
 quodsl, conj. hut if. 
 
 quSlibet, to whatever place you please, 
 wherever you please. 
 
 quondam, adv. once, formerly ; in com- 
 parisons, sometimes. 
 quoniam, conj. since, whereas. 
 
 quoque, adv. also, even. nunc quoque, 
 
 even now. 
 
 quot, how many? as many, tot— quot, 
 as many— as. 
 
 quotlSns, adv. 1. interrog. liow often? 
 2. rel. as often as. 
 
 quotus, -a, -um, what part of, wliat frac- 
 tion of, what. quota pars, what 
 part. 
 
 E 
 
 racSmifer, -fera, -ferum, cluster-bearing, 
 clustering, 
 
 raoSmus, -I, m. cluster (of grapes). 
 
 radiS, -are, -avi, -atum, beam, shine. 
 
 radius, -I, m. spoke (of .> wheel) ; ray, 
 
 beam, sunbeam, (PI.) crown of rays (of 
 
 the Sun-god), halo. 
 
 radix, -Icis, f . root ; radish. 
 
 rado, -ere, rasi, rasum, shave, scrape, 
 scratch, touch. 
 
 ramale, -Is, u. [ramus] branch, twig; 
 PI. brushwood. 
 
 ramSsus, -a, -um, having (many) 
 branches, wide-spreading. 
 
 ramus, -I, m. branch, bough, limb. 
 
 rapaz, -acia, adj. [rapiO] plundering, 
 greedy, destructive. 
 
 rapidus, -a, -um, [rapi6] carrying off; 
 eager for prey, greedy; burning, con- 
 suming, devouring, destructive (flam- 
 ma) ; swift, rapid. 
 
 raplna, -ae, f , plundering, pillage, rapine ; 
 carrying off, abduction. 
 
 rapio, -ere, rapul, raptum, cairy off, ab- 
 duct ; seize, plunder. 
 
 raptS, -are, -avi, -Stum, [rapio] carry 
 off, drag away, abduct. 
 
 raptor, -oris, m. robber, abductor. 
 
 raptum, -I, n. [rapio] robbery, plunder. 
 
240 
 
 VOCABULAET. 
 
 raro, adv. seldom, rarely. 
 rarus, -a, -um, thin, far apart, rare ; sel- 
 dom, rarus pecten, wide-tootJied rake. 
 rastrum, -I, n- rake, mattock, tootlied hoe. 
 
 ratiS, -onis, f. calculation, consideration; 
 
 reason, understanding, cleverness; way, 
 
 manner, method. qua ratiSne, in 
 
 what way ? 
 ratis, -is, f. raft ; craft, boat, ship. 
 ratus, -a, -um, [reor] fixed, certain, true, 
 
 reliable, ratified, verified. 
 raucus, -a, -um, hoarse, harsh, rough, 
 
 coarse. 
 
 rebellis, -is, maec. adj. rebellious. 
 
 reo-oido,. -ere, reocidi, [oad6] fall back, 
 return, fall. 
 
 re-cedB, -ere, -ceasi, -oessum, go back, 
 
 withdraw, recede, retire. 
 receus, -entis, adj. recent, fresh, new, 
 
 young. 
 reoeptuB, -us, m. [reoipiS] retreat. 
 
 receptiis canere, gii>e the signal for 
 
 -Stum, 7-eciie, read 
 
 re-cingo, -ere, -cinxi, -oinctum, ungird, 
 • unfasten, loosen. 
 
 re-oipie, -oipere, -oSpI, -oeptum, [capiB] 
 
 take back, obtain again, recover ; re- 
 ceive, si recipere, withdraw, retreat. 
 
 recits, -Sre, -avi, 
 
 (aloud). 
 
 re-condB, -ere, -condidi, -conditum, p«i! 
 
 away, hide away, hide deep. 
 
 recorder, -arl, -atus sum, recall, recollect. 
 rScte, adv. rightly, well. 
 rector, -oris, m. guide, manager ; driver ; 
 hetmsman , 2nlot ; ruler. 
 
 rectum, -i, n. right, uprightness, Jwnesty, 
 justice. 
 
 rictus, -a, -um, straight ; 
 lionest, just. 
 
 right, upright. 
 
 bending backward, 
 aera recurva, i.e. 
 
 recurvuB, -a, -um, 
 
 curved, crooked. 
 fisJir-hooks. 
 
 recusB, -are, -avI, -atum, refuse ; object, 
 stmgr/le against ; deny (bona). 
 
 red-do, -ere, reddidi, redditum, [d6] 
 gii-e back, return ; restore ; give up ; 
 give, bestow, offer, assign. 
 
 red-e6, -Ire, -ii, -itum, return, come back. 
 
 red-ig8, -igere, -Bgl, -Sctum, [ago] 
 drive back, bring back y reduce. 
 
 reditus, -tls, m. [redeO] return, return- 
 ing, going home. 
 
 red-oleO, -olOre, -olui, be fragrant, be 
 redolent of. 
 
 re-duoO, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, bring 
 back, lead back. 
 
 redux, reducis, adj. returned, at home 
 again. 
 
 re-ferO, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, bring 
 back, carry back ; bring back word, re- 
 late. sS referre, withdraw, retreat. 
 pedem referre, step back, retreat. 
 
 refert, rSferre, rStulit, it concerns, re- 
 gards, is of importance. non rSfert, 
 it makes no difference. 
 
 refertus, -a, -um, stuffed, filled full. 
 
 re-ficio, -fioere, -fScI, -fectum, [facio] 
 m.ake again, restore. 
 
 refugus, -a, -um, fleeing, receding. 
 rSgia, -ae, f . royal "palace, palace. 
 regimen, -inis, ". guidance; rudder (of a 
 ship). 
 
 rSglna, -ae, f. gueen.- 
 
 regis, -onis, f. region, district, land; 
 
 space. 
 rSgius, -a, -um, royal, regal, kingly, of 
 
 the king. 
 rIgnO, -are, -avi, -atum, rule, reign. 
 rSgnum, -i, n. rule, reign, power, might ; 
 
 kingdom, province. 
 regO, -ere, rSxi, rectum, direct, guide; 
 
 rule, regulate. 
 
 re-labor, -labi, -lapsus sum, glide back, 
 sink back; return. 
 
 re-laxS, -are, -avi, -atum, open, loosen, 
 push 6a(!yt,(olaustra), 
 
 relSgStus, -I, m. one sent away, dismissed, 
 a privileged exile. Relegatio was a 
 modified form of banisliment, leaving tlie 
 accused in j)OBses8ion of liis property and 
 civil rights. 
 
 re-legS, -ere, -IBgl, -ISctum, read again, 
 reread. 
 
 re-levO, -are, -avi, -atum, make light, 
 lighten; guench, satisfy (famem) ; mem- 
 bra relevSre, refresh one^s self, rest. 
 
 reliotns, see relinquO. 
 
 re-linquO, -linquere, -llqui, -lictum 
 
rarB— resuplnus. 
 
 241 
 
 leave behind, leave; abandon, desert, 
 leave in the lurch ; giee up, surrender ; 
 leave, beneath. 
 
 re-maneS, -Sre, -mansi, -mansum, re- 
 main behind, remain: continue. 
 
 rSmex, -igis, m. [rSmus, age] rower. 
 
 rSmigium, -I, n. oars; wings. 
 
 reminlscor, -I, recall, recollect, remember. 
 
 re-mitta, -ere, -mlsi, -misaum, send 
 back, return; let loose, let go. 
 
 re-moll5BC8, -ere, become soft. 
 
 re-moror, -Sri, -atus sum, delay; trans- 
 itivo : hold back, detain, delay. 
 
 remBtus, -a, -nm, removed, distant. 
 
 re-moveB, -Sre, -mBvI, -mBtum, moie 
 back, throw back; remove, drive away 
 (IgnSs). DiomSde remotB, without 
 Biomede. m5 removeB, 7 retire. 
 
 rSmus, -I, m. oar. 
 
 re-nXdeS, -Sre, shine, beam. 
 
 re-nov6, -are, -Svl, -Stum, renew, make 
 fresh; plow, break up. 
 
 reor, rSrl, ratus sum, think, believe, sup- 
 pose, imagine. 
 
 repSgula, -Brum, n. bars. 
 repandus, -a, -um, curved backwards. 
 reparabilis, -e, reparable. 
 
 re-parB, -are, -Svl, -Stum, repair, make 
 good, restore. 
 
 re-pell6, -ere, reppull, repulsum, drive 
 
 back, repel ; drive away ; push back 
 
 (repagula). 
 re-pendB, -ere, -pendl, -pSusum, pay 
 
 back, pay, make compensation for. 
 repente, adv. suddenly. 
 re-per-cutiS, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 
 
 [quatiB] Uirow back, reflect. reper- 
 
 cussB PhoebB, from the ruction of the 
 
 sun. 
 re-peria, -Ire, repperl, repertum, find 
 
 again, find out, find, discover. 
 
 repertor, -Bris, m. inventor, discoverer. 
 
 re-pets, -ere, -IvI, -Itum, seek again, go 
 back to, return to, visit again; bring 
 forth, heave (sflsplria) ; 170 over again, 
 repeat. repetltus, repeated. 
 
 re-pleS, -sre, -Svl, -Stum, fil again, re- 
 fill. Paseive: fUl itself again, become full 
 
 16 
 
 re-pBne, -ere, -posul, -positum, lay 
 
 aside; restore, bnng bctck. 
 
 re-piigue, -Sre, -Svl, -Stum, struggle 
 against, oppose. 
 
 repulaa, -ae, f. trepellB] refusal, repulse, 
 rejection. 
 
 requiSs, -Btis, f. rest, refreshment. 
 locum requiemque, a resting place. 
 Notice Ace. requiem. 
 
 re-qulSscB, -ere, -quievi, -quiStum, rest, 
 repose, sleeky. 
 
 re-quIrB, -ere, -quiBlvI, -quisltum, seek 
 again, seek, look for ; ask for, inquire 
 for. 
 
 rSs, rel, f. thing, agalr, matter, circum- 
 stance, condition ; fact, event, result ; 
 
 -sorlptum, 
 
 re-scrlbo, -ere, -sorlpsi, 
 
 write back, answer. 
 
 re-seoB, -are, -seouI, -seotum, cut off. 
 re-servB, -are, -Svl, -Stum, reserve. 
 re-siliB, -Ire, -silul, leap back, spring 
 back ; contract. 
 
 re-sistB, -ere, -stiti, stop, stand still ; re- 
 sist, oppose. 
 
 re-solvB, -ere, -solvl, -solutum, loosen ; 
 open. 
 
 re-son5, -Sre, resound, echo; sound, 
 rattle. 
 
 re-sorbeB, -Sre, suck back, swallow again. 
 
 respectus, -us, m. regard, respect. re- 
 
 speotli mel, out of regard for me, for 
 
 my sake. 
 
 re-spergB, -ere, -spersl, -spersum, 
 
 sprinkle. .^ 
 
 .re-spiciB, -ere, -spexl, -apeotum, look 
 back at, look at ; have regard for, look 
 at, consider. 
 
 re-spondeS, -Sre, -spondl, -spBnsum, 
 
 answer ; correspond to, fit. 
 
 responsum, -I, n. answer ; 
 sponse. 
 
 oracular re- 
 -stitutum. 
 
 oppose. 2. 
 remain, be 
 
 re-stituB^ -ere, -stitui, 
 [statuB] 7-estore. 
 
 re-BtS, -Sre, -stitI, 1. 
 
 remain standing ; survim 
 left. 
 resuplnus, -a, -um, lying on one's back, 
 flat on one's back. resuplna natant, 
 float on their backs. 
 
242 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 re-suTg5, -ere, -surrSzi, -snrrectam, 
 
 rise again. 
 
 rSte, -is, n. net (for fishing or hunting). 
 re-tegS, -ere, -tSxI, -tSotum, uncover, 
 open, expose, disclose, lay bare. 
 
 re-tex5, -ere, -texul, -textum, unweave, 
 unravel (tSlam) ; reverse, annul (^ta), 
 
 re-tine5, -Sre, -tinui, -tentum, keep 
 back, Jbold back, detain, hold, keep. 
 
 re-traha, -ere, -traxi, -tractnm, draw 
 
 back. 
 retrS, adv. backwards, back. 
 retrSversus, -a, -um, turned back. 
 rettull, sije refero. 
 reus, -1, m. (lie accmed. nee esse reus 
 
 merul, I have not deserved the blame. 
 
 re-vellO, -ere, -velH, -vulsum, pluck 
 away, tear away, tear loose, tear out. 
 
 re-vertor. Inf. reverti, Perf. reverti, 
 return, come back. 
 
 re-vooO, -are, -avi, -Stum, call back, re- 
 call. 
 
 re-volv5, -ere, -volvl, -volutum, roll 
 back, sink back. 
 
 r§x, regis, m. king, ruler. 
 
 KllSiius, -i, m. ilie Rhine. 
 
 BhSsus, -i, ni. JRhesus, a Tliracian king, 
 ally of the Trojans, slain in his camp at 
 night by Ulysses and Diomede. Accord- 
 ing to an oracle, if his horses had tasted 
 Trojan grass and water, Troy could not 
 have been taken by the Greeks. 
 
 RhodopS, -es, f. Hhodope, a mountain- 
 range in Thrace. 
 
 Rhodop§ius, -a, -um, of Bhodope, Bhodo- 
 peian; Thraclan. Bhodopgius vatSs, 
 the Bard of Mount lihodojie, the Thra- 
 cian Singer, Orpheus. 
 
 rictus, -ils, m. open mouth; mouth, jaws. 
 
 rIdeS, -Sre, risl, risum, laugh, smile; 
 laugh at. 
 
 rigeB, -Sre, -rigul, be hard, be stiff, be 
 rigid; of the hair, stand on end. 
 Cerealia dSna rigSbaut, i.e. the bread 
 was of gold. 
 
 rigBsoS, -ere, rigul, become stiff, beccme 
 
 hard. 
 rigidus, -a, -um, stiff, hard, rigid. 
 rigS, -are, -avI, -atum, waier, wet. 
 
 rigor, -oris, m. hardness, firmness (po- 
 nere, lay aside, lose). 
 
 riguuB, -a, -um, [rig5] well-watered. 
 
 rima, -ae, f. crack, ej'evice, split, open- 
 ing, fissure, rimam dUcere, rimam 
 agere, /ovw a crack, become cracked. 
 
 rlpa, -ae, f. bank. 
 
 rite, adv. in due form, properly, rightly. 
 
 rivus, -I, m. brook, stream. 
 
 rohlgo, -inis, f. rust. 
 
 robur, -oris, n. oak; strength, might. 
 
 rods, -ere, rosi, rosum, gnaw. 
 
 rogalis, -e, of the funeral pyre, funereal. 
 
 rogS, -are, -avI, -atum, ask, beg, entreat; 
 askfor. 
 
 rogus, -I, m. funeral pyre; death. 
 
 Soma, -ae, f. Sonie. 
 
 R5manus, -a, -um, Soman, of Borne. 
 Siibst. Roman. 
 
 rorS, -are, -avI, -atum, [r5s] sprinkle; 
 
 drip, be wet. 
 ros, rSris, m. dew. 
 rosa, -ae, f. rose. 
 rosarium, -I, n. rose-garden. 
 rSsoidus, -a, -um, dewy. 
 rostrum, -I, n. [rod6] beak. 
 rota, -ae, f. wheel; clmriot. 
 
 rubefaoiS, -faoere, -fScI, -factum, red- 
 den, make red. 
 
 rubSns, -entis, partic. adj. red, reddish. 
 rubeo, -Sre, -ui, be red, blush. 
 ruber, -bra, -brum, red. 
 rubBscS, -ere, rubul, become red, redden, 
 blush. 
 
 rubSta, -Srum, n. [rubus] blackberry 
 thickets, blackberry bushes (d^a, briary). 
 
 rubus, -I, m. blackberry bush (diirus, 
 briary). 
 
 rudSns, -entis, m. rope, cable. 
 rndis, -e, rude, rough, unpolished, un- 
 finislied. 
 
 rUga, -ae, f . wHnkle (especially as a sign 
 of old age). 
 
 riigasua, -a, -um, wrinkled; full of 
 
 wrinkles. 
 ruina, -ae, f . [ruB] downfall ; fall, i-uin, 
 
 misfortune. 
 
 ruInSsus, -a, -um, ruined, in ruins. 
 
resurgo—satyrus. 
 
 243 
 
 rumor, -5ris, m. rumor, talk. 
 
 rumps, -ere, rapi, ruptum, break, break 
 to i'iieces, bi'eak through, cut through, 
 split; strike violently, strike. silentia 
 rumpere, break the silence, speak. 
 
 ru6, -ere, rul, (ruitiirus), rush, hasten ; 
 fail, fall down. 
 
 rupSs, -is, f. [rump5] cliff, rock. 
 
 rurioola, -ae, adj. [rus, oolSl cultivating 
 
 the fields ; inhabiting the countrij. 
 
 rurioolae Phryges, Phrygian peasants. 
 
 TjovSs ruricolae, plow-oxen. Sabst. 
 
 peasant, farmer. 
 rursus, adv. again, anew. 
 rus, ruris, n. field, land, country. 
 rUsticus, -a, -um, of the country, country- 
 
 ish, rustic ; of a countryman. Subst. 
 
 rUsticus, countryman; peasant. 
 rutilus, -a, -um, red, reddish. 
 
 sacer, -era, -orum, sacred. Subst. sacra, 
 -orum, n. sacred things ; holy rites, re- 
 ligious ceremonies; festivals. 
 
 sacerdos, -otis, m. and f. priest, priestess. 
 
 saeculum (saeclum), -i, -i. age, genera- 
 tion (about 3aj years) ; century. Also 
 pei-sonifled, Saeoula, the Centuries. 
 
 saepe, adv. often, frequently. 
 
 saepSs, -ia, f. hedge. 
 
 saeviS, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, rage, storm, be 
 violent. 
 
 saevus, -a, -um, raging, wUd; fierce, 
 cruel, terrible. 
 
 sagax, -acis, adj. keen-scented ; of keen 
 hearing. 
 
 sagitta, -ae, t arrow. 
 
 sal, salis, m. salt. 
 
 sallgnus, -a, -um, [salix] of willow, 
 wiilow. 
 
 sali5, -ire, -ul, saltum, leap, jump, Iwp, 
 Ml- 
 
 salix, -icis, i. willow. 
 
 saltern, adv. at least. 
 
 1. saltus, -us, m. [saliS] leaping ; leap, 
 spring, jump. saltiia dare, give leaps, 
 spring. 
 
 2 saltus -lis, ni. wooded hill, wbodland, 
 Joreet pasture ; pasture. 
 
 salus, -utis, f. heaUli, welfare, safety, 
 
 life ; greeting. 
 sallitS, -are, -avS, -Stum, greet, salute. 
 
 este salutati, be saluted, farewell. 
 
 salvus, ^a, -um, safe, sound, well, unhurt. 
 
 Samius, -I, m. Samian, inhabitant of 
 Same, an island near Ithaca. 
 
 Samos, -I, f. Samos, an island in the 
 Aegean Sea sacred to Juno. 
 
 sauotus, -a, -um, sacred, holy; pure, 
 chaste. 
 
 sanguineus, -a, -um, of blood, bloody. 
 
 sanguinoleutus, -a, -um, bloody. 
 
 sanguis, -inis, ni. blood ; bloodshed ; 
 race, family ; child. 
 
 sanus, -a, -um, sound, sensible. male 
 sanus, mad, beside one^s self. 
 
 sapiSns, -entis, adj. wise, sensible. Subst. 
 wise man, counsdlor. 
 
 sapienter, adv. wisely. Comparative, sa- 
 pientius. 
 
 sapientia, -ae, f . wisdom. 
 
 sapor, -oris, m. taste. 
 
 sarcina, -ae, f . burden, load. 
 
 SardSs, -ium, f. Sardis, a city in Lydia 
 on the river Pactolus. 
 
 Sarmatis, -idis, fem. adj. Sarmatian. 
 The Sarmatians were a Slavic people 
 who dwelt near the Black Sea. 
 
 SarpSdoa, -onis, m. Sarpedon, leader of 
 the Lycians and ally of the Trojans. He 
 was killed by Patroclus. 
 
 sat, adv. = satis. 
 
 sata, -Srum, ". [serS] crops. 
 
 satis, adv. enough, sufficient ; quite. 
 
 satur, -a, -um, satiated, full. 
 
 Saturnius, -a, -um, <?/' -Safem, Saturnian. 
 Subst. Saturnius, son of Saturn, espe- 
 cially Jupiter. Saturnia, daughter 
 of Saturn, especially Juno. 
 
 Satumus, -I, m. Saturn, who was chief of 
 the gods and ruler ot the world during 
 the Golden Age, but was afterwards sup- 
 planted by his son Jupiter and sent to 
 Tartarus. 
 
 satus, see serS. 
 
 satyrus, -I, m. a Satyr. The Satyrs were 
 rural divinities, attendants of Bacchus. 
 Their closeness to nature and the lower 
 
244 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 animals was indicated by their liaving 
 liorns, feet like goats, and tails like 
 horses. 
 
 sauoiS, -are, -avi, -Stum, wound, hurl ; 
 tear, scratch ; cultivate. 
 
 sauoius, -a, -urn, wounded, injured ; cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 saxetis, -a, -urn, of stme, petrified. 
 
 saxum, -i, ". ston^, rock. 
 
 scamnum, -i, "- stool. 
 
 Bceleratus, -a, -urn, [scelus] accursed, 
 wicked. Subst. sceleratus, wicked 
 man, sinner, miscreant. 
 
 scelus, -eris, n. luickedness, nin, crime, 
 imjnety. 
 
 scSptrum, -I, n- sceptre, royal staff. 
 
 scilicet, adv. cleoAiy ; of course ; forsooth. 
 
 scindS, -ere, soldi, scissum, split, divide. 
 
 seiO, scire, scivi, scltum, krww, learn. 
 
 soirpeus, -a, -um, of rushes. 
 
 scopulus, -I, m. cliff, rock. 
 
 scribe, -ere, scripsi, sorlptum, write. 
 
 scriptum, -i, n. [sorlbB] writing, work. 
 
 sciitum, -I, n. shield. 
 
 Scylla, -ae, t. Scylla: 1. a sea-monster, a 
 maiden whose lower limbs were replaced 
 by dogs. She dwelt in a cliff opposite 
 Charybdis and snatched the sailors from 
 their sliips as they passed by. S. daughter 
 of Nisue. She fell in love with her 
 fathej's enemy Minos, and for liis sake 
 cut from her father's head the single 
 purple hair upon which his life depended. 
 Nevertheless, she was not welcomed by 
 Minos. 
 
 Scyrus, -I, f. Scyrus: 1. an island north- 
 east of Euboea, where Achilles was con- 
 cealed in woman's clothes, that he might 
 not be sent to the Trojan war. Here his 
 son Pyrrhus lived. 3. a city in Phrygia, 
 captured by Achilles. 
 
 ScytMa, -ae, f . Seyihia, a country north 
 ot the Black Sea. 
 
 seoB, -are, secui, sectum, cut, cut off 
 (partem) ; cut a way through, follow, 
 
 . flow in (vada). 
 
 sector, -ari, -atua sum, [sequor] follow, 
 pursue. 
 
 sB-cubB, -are, -ouliul, lie alone, sleep by 
 one's self. 
 
 seoundus, -a, -um, [sequor] following ; 
 
 second; inferior; favorable, prosperous. 
 
 res secundae, prosperity, secuudae 
 
 mensae, dessert, 
 s§ourns, -a, -um, [cura] free from care, 
 
 untroubled, peaceful. 
 sed, conj. but, yet. 
 seded, -gre, sidi, sessum, sit. 
 sSdSs, -Is, f. seat; place, position, location; 
 
 abode, home. solidis sSdibus, on 
 
 firm ground. 
 sedile, -is, n. seat, chair. 
 sS-diico, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, lead aside, 
 
 put aside, set aside (vina) ; separate. 
 sedulus, -a, -um, busy, industrious, ener- 
 
 seges, -etis, f . grain in the field, field of 
 grain, crop. 
 
 semel, adv. once, one time. 
 
 sSmen, -inis, n. seed. sSmen vSnae, 
 grains of metal. 
 
 sSmiadapertus, -a, -um, half-opened. 
 
 sSmianimis, -e, half-dead. 
 
 Semiramis, -idis, f. Semiramis, a famous 
 queen of Assyria who surrounded Baby- 
 lon with a high brick wall. 
 
 semisepultus, -a, -um, half-buried. 
 
 semper, adv. ahuays, forever. 
 
 senatus, -lis, m. [senexl senate. 
 
 seneota, -ae, f. old age, age. 
 
 senectus, -Stls, f . old age. 
 
 senSsoS, -ere, senui, grow old. 
 
 senex, senis, adj. old, aged. Subst. 
 senex, senior, old man. 
 
 senilis, -e, of an old man. anni senilBs, 
 advanced years, great age. 
 
 senior = senex. 
 
 sSnsus, -us, m. feeling, sense, conscious- 
 ness. sSnsus convaluere, conscious- 
 ness returned, soises caine back. 
 
 sententia, -ae, f. [seutiB] opinion, view ; 
 decision, determination, judgment ; ad- 
 vice. 
 
 sentiS, -Ire, sSnsI, s^-aSMm., fed, perceive, 
 notice, appreciate (houSrSs), 
 
 sS-paro, -Sre, -avi, -atum, separate. 
 
 sepeliO, -Ire, -IvI, sepultum, bury. 
 
 septemfluus, -a, -um, seven^flowing, seven- 
 fold. 
 
saucie-simulo. 
 
 245 
 
 septemplez, -plicia, adj. Beeenfold, con- 
 sisting of seven layers, of seven liides. 
 
 septSnl, -ae, -a, seven each, seven. 
 
 Septimus, -a, -um, seventh. 
 
 sepulcralis, -e, perlainlng to Imrial, fu- 
 nereat, funeral, sepulchral. 
 
 sepulorum, -1, u. [sepelio] burial 2'lace, 
 tomb, grave, sepulchre. oondere se- 
 ^\ilaro,imtinagruve,1mry. simulacra 
 funota sepulorls, spints of llie buried. 
 
 sequor, sequJ, seciitus sxaa, follow, pur- 
 sue; accoiiipany, at/end. 
 
 sera, -ae, f. bolt, bar (for fastening a door). 
 
 serSnos, -a, -um, bright, clear, serene ; 
 bringing clear weat/ier (venti). 
 
 series [-ei] , f . ro^v, sei'ies; line of ancestors, 
 family tree. 
 
 sermS, -onis, m. talk, conversation: re- 
 port, rumor. 
 
 1. s5ro, adv. late, too late. sSrius aut 
 citius, sooner ot' later. 
 
 2. serB, -ere, sSvi, satum, sow, plant. 
 Passive : spring vp, arise (aetas). 
 satus (witli Abl.), sprung from, bom of, 
 son of. Snbst. sata, n. crops. 
 
 1. serpens, -entis, f. and m. [serpB] ser- 
 pent; dragon. 
 
 2. Serpgns, -entis, f. the Serpent, a. con- 
 stellation. 
 
 serpB, -ere, serpsi, serptum, creep, crawl. 
 
 serta, -orum, u- wreath, wreaths, gar- 
 lands.. 
 
 sSrus, -a, -um, late, too late. sSrior 
 aetas, vosterily. 
 
 serviB, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, serve, be a slave. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atum, save, preserve ; 
 watch, guard. 
 
 servua, -a, -um, serving, slavish. Subst. 
 slave. 
 
 seu, see sive, 
 
 sevgrus, -a, -um, earnest, strict. 
 
 sex, six. 
 
 si, conj. If, in case ; if really, if indeed ; 
 if, whether, 
 
 sibila, -are, -avI, -ittum, hiss. 
 
 sic, adv. so, thus, in this way. ut— sic, 
 though— yet. 
 
 SIcania, -ae, f . poetic word for Sicily. 
 
 SIcanius, -a, -um, Sicilian. 
 
 sicc5, -are, -avI, -atum, dry, make dry ; 
 exhaust. 
 
 siccus, -a, -um, dry. 
 
 Siculus, -a, -um, Sicilian. 
 
 slcnt, adv. just as. 
 
 Bido, -ere, sBdl, take a seat, take a place, 
 sit down. 
 
 sidus, -eris, n. star. sldera, stars ; 
 lieaven, the heavens. 
 
 SIgeius, -a, -um, Slgean, of Slgeum, a 
 promontory near Troy. 
 
 significe, -are, -avI, -atum, [signum, 
 faciS] make a sign, m.ark out, indicate. 
 
 Signs, -are, -avI, -atum, mark, inscribe; 
 mark off (humum). 
 
 signum, -I, 11. mark, sign, indication; 
 signal ; track ; statue ; star, especially 
 tlie stars of tlie Zodiac. 
 
 silSns, -entis, partic. adj. silent. Subat. 
 PI. the shades (of the dead). 
 
 silentium, -I, n. silence. 
 
 SllSnus, -I, ni. Silenus, a Satyr, foster- 
 father and attendant of Bacchus. 
 
 sileS, -Sre, -ul, be silent, be quiet. 
 
 silex, -iois, m.jlinl, rock, stone. 
 
 silva, -ae, i. forest, wood. 
 
 silvestris, -e, of the forest, of the wood. ' 
 silvestre baculum, u. staff from the 
 
 similis, -e, like, similar. simillimus, 
 
 very like. 
 Simols, -entis, m- th£ Slmols, a river near 
 
 Troy. 
 simplex, -iois, adj. simple ; tlwughtless, 
 
 unsuspecting. 
 simpUcitas, -atis, f- simplicity, innocence. 
 simul, 1. adv. at the same time, together. 
 
 2. conj. as soon as. 
 simulac, simulatque, conj. as soon as. 
 simulacrum, -I, "• image, picture, like- 
 ness, semblance ; shade (of the dead), • 
 
 sjiiHt. 
 simulans, -antis, partic. adj. imitative, 
 
 skilled In Imitating. 
 simulS, -are, -avI, -atum, tsimilis] 
 
 make like, imitate, disguise one's self as ; 
 
 pretend. 
 
246 
 
 A-OCABULAEY. 
 
 sincSrus, -a, -um, sincere^ fjenuine ; pure^ 
 c/iaste (Minerva) ; vnivjureU, sound. 
 
 sine, pT*ep, with Abl. wit/i&ut. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, eac?i, single., alone. 
 
 singultus, -us, m. sobbing, sob. 
 
 sinister, -stra, -strum, left, on the left, 
 from the left ; ill-omened, unfavorable, 
 unpropitious. sinisterior, too far to 
 tJie left. (The left was the side of bad 
 IqcIc in the eyes of the Greel^s and later 
 Homans. In early Itome the contrary 
 was the case.) 
 
 sinistra, -ae, f. left-hand. 
 sinB, -ere, sivi, situm, lay down, place ; 
 usually, permit, allow, lei, 
 
 sinus, -are, -avi, -atum, bend, curve. 
 
 sinus, -us, m. fold (of a garment, espe- 
 cially over the breast); bosom, breast, 
 heart. 
 
 slquis (etc.) = si quis (etc.), if anyone. 
 
 sistS, -ere, .stiti, statum, cause to stand ; 
 put, place, land ; stoj}, hinder ; calm ; 
 put an end to, cease ; of birds, alight. 
 
 Sistrum, -I, ". the sistrum, a noisy Egyp- 
 tian instrument (a kind of rattle), used 
 in the worship of Isis. 
 
 SIsyphius, -a, -um, of Sisyphus. SI- 
 sypliio sanguine orStus, bom of tlie 
 blood of Sisyphus. This eo-called eon of 
 Sisyphus was Ulysses. 
 
 Sisyphus, -I, m. Sisyphus, a robber who 
 was punished in Tartarus for his past 
 sins by being compelled to try constantly 
 to roll a huge stone up a hill. When it 
 approached the top, it always rolled back. 
 
 sitis, -is, f. thirst. 
 
 1, situs, -a, -um, [sinS] laid down, 
 placed, situated. Mo situs est, here 
 lies. 
 
 ■ 2. situs, -us, m. lying, lying for a long 
 time, inactivity ; especially, mould, fllth, 
 dirt, discoloration. 
 
 give, seu, conj. or if, or. slve-slve, 
 
 whetlier — or, if— or if. 
 
 smaragduB, sec zmaragdus. 
 BObrius, -a, -um, sober, steady. 
 socer, -eri, m. father-in-law. 
 sooialis, -e, of marriage, nuptial. 
 Booius, -a, -um, united, bound together, 
 
 common. Snbst. socius, sharer, part- 
 ner; companion, friend, comrade. 
 sodalis, -is, m. boon companion, intimate 
 friend, comrade. 
 
 sodalioius, -a, -um, of a comrade, of 
 friendship. Subst. sodaliciumj/Wen^i- 
 ship, comradeship. 
 
 1. sol, sSlis, m. sun; sunshine, light, 
 heat. solSs, sunny days. 
 
 2. Sol, S51is, m. Sol, the Sun-god, identified 
 with Phoebus Apollo. 
 
 solacium, -I, ". solace, consolation, com- 
 fort. 
 
 BoleS, -Sre, solitus sum, be accustomed, 
 
 use. solitus, customary, usual, 
 solidus, -a, -um, [solum] firm, hard, 
 
 solid. 
 solium, -i, n. throne. 
 SoUemuis, -e, yearly; usnally, festive, 
 
 suited to a merry occasion. 
 sellers, -tis, adj. clever, skilful, inventive, 
 
 cunning, ingenious. 
 sollertia, -ae, f. cleverness, cunning, skill 
 
 in intei'preting. 
 
 sollicitS, -are, -avI, -atum, shake, dis- 
 turb, trouble, excite. BoUicitor pu- 
 tare, lam tempted to bdieve. 
 
 BOllioitus, -a, -um, excited, troubled, un- 
 easy, anxious. 
 
 solum, -I, n. ground, soil, earth, land. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, alone, only; lonely, solitary. 
 
 solvO, -ere, solvl, solutum, loosen, un- 
 fasten, release, free ; dissolve, relax ; 
 open; pay,fulfU, grant, give. igiania 
 solvere, Irreak a fast, data munera 
 solvere, take back the favor which had 
 been given, iiista solvere, pay what is 
 due, petform t/ie funeral rites, alta 
 quiSs homines solverat, deep steep 
 /teld men (lit. had relaxed). 
 
 somnus, -I, m. sleep; dream. 
 sonans, -antis, partic. adj. sounding, re- 
 sounding; murmuring. 
 
 sons, -Sre, -ul, -itum, sound, resound, 
 eclio, ring, rattle. 
 
 Bonus, -!, m. sound, tone; ringing, rattling, 
 noise. 
 
 SophoelSus, -a, -um, of Sophocles, a 
 famous Athenian tragic poet. 
 
 sSpiD, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum, put to sleep. 
 
BinoBrus-stimulus. 
 
 24; 
 
 BOpor, -5ris, m. sleep. 
 
 sorbeo, -Sre, -ul, sorptnm, suck in; 
 swallow. 
 
 sordidus, -a, -um, dirty,, fiU/iy; blackened 
 ivith smoke (terga suis)'; smeared, 
 spnrMed (calcatis uvis, wUh llie .juice 
 of trodden, grapes). 
 
 soror, -Sris, f. sister; cousin. 
 
 sors, -tis, f. lot, chance ; fate ; lot, condi- 
 tion, position ; oracular response, proph- 
 ecy, sorte, by lot. sortem meam 
 vSvistis, you prayed tliat the lot might 
 fall on me. 
 
 sortiOT, -Irl, -Itus sum, obtain by lot ; ob- 
 tain, receive. 
 
 sospes, -itis, adj. safe, sound, unharmed, 
 saved. 
 
 spargS, -ere, spars!, sparsum, scatter, 
 strew; sprinkle, wet. 
 
 SpartS, -5s, f. Sparta, a famous city of 
 Greece. 
 
 spatior, -arl, -atus sum, wander about, 
 walk; spread out. 
 
 spatiSsus, -a, -um, [spatium] roomy, 
 large, broad, long {of time and place), 
 protracted. 
 
 spatium, -I, n- 7'oom,, space ; size, extent, 
 length; distance, interval; tinu, period. 
 
 species, -Si, f. appearance, aspect, like- 
 ness; form, shape; beauty, in speciem, 
 after the appearance of, like. 
 
 speciSsus, -a, -um, hating a good appear- 
 ance, brilliant, handsome, beautiful. 
 
 spectabilis, -e, visible ; of stii,king ap- 
 pearance, remarkable. 
 
 spectS, -are, -avl, -Stum, look at, view ; 
 
 see, beliold; examine, inspect; test, pfrose. 
 
 spectBmur agendo, let us be tested by 
 
 action. 
 specnlor, -arl, -atus sum, reconnoitre, 
 
 spy out, explore, get secret information. 
 speculum, -I, "• mirror, looking-glass. 
 sperno, -ere, sprBvI, sprStum, spurn, 
 
 reject, despise, disregard. 
 spErD, -are, -avi, -atum, iMpe; hype for, 
 
 look for, long for, expect. 
 spBS, spel, f- hope, expectation; thing 
 
 Twpedfor, Iwpe. 
 spica, -ae, f. ear (of grain). I 
 
 splceus, -a -um, (consisting) of ears of 
 grain. 
 
 splculum, -I, n. dart, arrow. 
 spina, -ae, f. 1. thorn, thornbush. 2. 
 spine, back. 
 
 spMtus, -us, m. breath ; breath of life ; 
 soul, spirit ; life. 
 
 splendeo, -Bre, shin^, be resplendent. 
 
 splendidus, -a, -um, shining, brilliant, 
 glittering, gorgeous. 
 
 spolie, -are, -avi, -atum, rob, plunder, 
 despoil ; especially, take the armor frcrm 
 a slain enemy. 
 
 spolium, -I, n. booty ; armor (taken from 
 a slain cnemj'^. 
 
 sponda, -ae, f. bedstead, frame (of a 
 conch or sofa). 
 
 [spBns], spontis, f. free will. sua 
 sponte, Q/'oHe^5 own accord, voluntarily. 
 
 spumans, -antis, partic. a&i. foaming. 
 
 spHmiger, -gera, -^eram., foam-bearing, 
 foaming, foamy. 
 
 squaleS, -Bre, be covered with dirt, un- 
 kempt, uncaredfor, neglected. 
 
 squalidus, -a, -um, dirty, unkempt, of 
 neglected appearance, squalid; espe- 
 cially as a sign of mourning, so = in 
 mourning attire, in mourning. 
 
 squama, -ae, f . scale (of a fisb). sqnamas 
 trahere, become scaly. 
 
 squameus, -a, -um, scaly. 
 
 stabulum, -I, n. stable, stall. 
 
 stagne, -are, -avi, -atum, be flooded, be 
 covered with water. 
 
 stagnum, -I, u. standing water, pool, 
 lake. 
 
 statiS, -Onis, f. [stB] place, post, outpost, 
 guard. 
 
 status, -uere, -ul, -Utum, place, fbc ; 
 agree, decide, determine. 
 
 Stella, -ae, f. star. Stella comSns, 
 comft. 
 
 sterilis, -e, sterile, barren. 
 
 sternB, -ere, stravi, stratum, strew, 
 scatter, sprea<t; stretch uponthe ground, 
 knock down, lay low, level. 
 
 stlllB, -are, -avi, -atum, drip. 
 stimulus, -I, m. goad (for driving horses, 
 etc.). 
 
248 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 slips, stipis, t. gift, donation. 
 
 Btipula, -ae, f. straw. 
 
 stirps, Btirpia, f. trunk (of a tree) ; 
 
 race, family, descent ; descendant, son, 
 
 daughter. 
 stiva, -ae, f . plow-handle. 
 Bt6, stare, stetl, statum, stand, stand 
 
 ■up ; stand by, abide by (pacto) ; abide, 
 
 last ; stand still, stop. 
 
 stolidus, -a, -vim,foolish, stupid. 
 strages, -is, f. overthrow, destruction. 
 stramen, -iuis, n. thatch, straw. 
 atrenuus, -a, -um, active, energetic. 
 BtrepituB, -lis, m. noise, dash, din, mur- 
 mur. 
 strideo, -Sre, strldl, hiss. 
 stridulus, -a, -um, hissing, cracking. 
 
 stringo, -ere, strinxl, strictum, graze, 
 touch lightly ; of a weapon, draw. 
 
 Btrix, Btrigis, f • screech-owl. 
 
 BtruS, -ere, striixi, structum, buUd, 
 build high ; pile up, heap up. Insidias 
 struere, prepare an ambush. 
 
 studioBUB, -a, -um, sealous, eager ; studi- 
 ous ; devoted, friendly. studiSsa 
 pectora = kind readers. 
 
 studium, -I, ". seal, eagerness, pursuit, 
 calling. 
 
 stultS, adv. foolishly. 
 
 stultitia, -ae, f . folly. 
 
 Btultus, -a, -xaa,foolish, stupid. 
 
 BtupeB, -Bre, -ul, be astounded, be amazed, 
 be lost in wonder ; stand still (from sur- 
 prise), st(yp. 
 
 Btuppeus, -a, -um, of hemp, hempen. 
 Stygius, -a, -um, Stygian, of the Styx (a 
 
 river in the Lower World) ; ill-omened, 
 
 death-foreboding (bubo), 
 Styx, Stygis, f. the Styx, the sluggish 
 
 stream of the Lower World by which the 
 
 gods were wont to swear. 
 
 suadeS, -Sre, saasl, BuSsum, advise, 
 urge. 
 
 flub, prep. 1. with Abl. urtder, beneath ; at 
 the foot of; down in, in; of time ; about, 
 at, in, during. 2. with Ace. to a place 
 under, under, beneath, into, up to, to ; of 
 time : about, just before, just after, dur- 
 ing. 
 
 Bub-d6, -dere, -didi, -ditum, put under, 
 place underneath. caput fdnti sub- 
 dere, plunge your head in tlie source. 
 
 Bub-duc6, -ere, -duxl, -duotum, take 
 away, loithdraw; diminish. 
 
 sub-eS, -Ire, -ii, -itum, 170 under, go down 
 into, enter ; come up, approach ; come to 
 the mind, occur; take the place of; under- 
 go, suffer. 
 
 Bub-ioiO, -ioere, -iBcI, -ieotum, throw 
 underneath, place under. 
 
 subitd, adv. suddenly, unexpectedly. 
 
 subitus, -a, -um, sudden, unexpected; 
 suddenly appearing, suddenly arisen. 
 
 sub-lev8, -are, -avi, -atum, lift up, raise; 
 
 prop, support. 
 subllmiB, -e, raised high, lifted up, high, 
 
 lofty, tall; in the air, in the sky. 
 
 Bub-mergo, -ere, -mersl, -mersum, dip 
 
 under, cover with water, overwhelm, 
 
 sub-moves, -Sre, -movl, -motum, re- 
 move, drive aivay, banish; ward off. 
 
 Bub-ponS, -ere, -posul, -positum, place 
 underneath, put under. 
 
 sub-ripiB, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, take 
 away, carry off; steal. 
 
 sub-scrlb6, -ere, -BcrlpsI, -scrlptum, 
 
 subscribe, agree to, assent to, approve. 
 
 sab-sld§, -ere, -sSdl, -sessum, sink down, 
 settle down, sink, fall, lull (venti). 
 
 subter, prep, with Ace. and Abl. under, 
 underneath, below. 
 
 sub-traho, -ere, -traxi, -traotum, with- 
 draw, take away. 
 
 suc-cSdO, -ere, -cSssI, -cgssum, go under, 
 go down into, plunge into (aquae) ; join 
 (Danals) ; succeed, follow ; succeed, be 
 
 suc-eend8, -ere, -cendl, -cgnaum, kindle, 
 light. 
 
 succiBSor, -oris, m. successor, heir. 
 nostrS (clipeo) est successor haben- 
 dus, i.e. Imust get another in its place. 
 
 succSssus, -us, m. success. succBssu 
 carSre,/C(W. 
 
 Buo-cing5, -ere, -cinxl, -cinotnm, gird 
 up, fasten up, tuck up. suocinota, 
 with her skirt tucked up, that she might 
 not be hindered by it in her work. 
 
 suc-or§9o5, -ere, -crBvI, -crStum, grow 
 up, rise, increase. 
 
stips— Symplegades. 
 
 249 
 
 suo-oumb6, -ere, -oubul, -oubltum, suc- 
 cumb^ yield. 
 
 guo-ourro, -ere, -ourri, -oursum, come to 
 the assistance of, succor, aid. 
 
 suo-cuti8, -outere, -oussi, -cussum, [qua- 
 
 tio], shake vp; throw, hurl, toss. 
 SUCUS, -i, m./wioe/ medicine. 
 
 SUl, sibi, sS, refl. pron. self, one's self, 
 himself, herself, itself, themselves. ' 
 per sS, voluntajilt/, ofOTie's own accord. 
 
 sulc6, -are, -avi, -atum, plow. 
 sulcus, -i, m. furrow. 
 Sulmo, -onis, m. Sulmo, Ovid's native 
 city, 
 
 sulpur, -uris, ". mlphur. 
 
 Bulpureus, -a, -um, sulphurous. 
 
 sum, esse, ful, be ; exist, live. 
 
 summa, -ae, f. the highest part, most im- 
 portant part, substance, sum total, sum. 
 summa soBptri, the sovereignty of the 
 sceptre, the command-inrchiff of the 
 army. 
 
 summum, -i, n. highest part, upper part ; 
 border, edge. oaeli summa, the high- 
 est parts of the sky. 
 
 summus, -a, -um, highest, uppermost, 
 top ; higftest part of, top of, summit of, 
 surface of, point of. 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumps!, sumptum, take, 
 seize, grasp ; take up, put on, assume ; 
 get, acquire. 
 
 sumptus, -us, m. [sums] expense. 
 
 super, 1. adv. above, over ; besides, more- 
 over, in addition, satis superque, 
 enough and more than enough. 2. prep, 
 with Ace. and Abl. aiove, over, on. 
 
 superabilis, -e, conquerable. 
 
 superbia, -ae, f . pride. 
 
 superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty, vain. 
 AiacI superbum, aii honor fo?- Ajax. 
 
 super-emineS, -Sre, surpass. 
 
 super-In-iciO, -icere, -ieol, -ieotum, 
 throw over. 
 
 supers, -are, -avi, -atum, [super] be 
 higher than: surpass, excel; overcome, 
 conquer ; be over, be left, be abundant. 
 
 superstes, -stitis, adj. surviving. 
 
 super-sum, -esse, -ful, be left over, be left. 
 
 superus, -a, -um, upper, above, supera 
 ora, <A« Upper World. Subst. superl, 
 the gods. 
 
 suplnus, -a, -um, bent backwards, up- 
 turned, manus suplnae, upturned 
 palms, in attitude of prayer. 
 
 sup-pleS, -Bre, -Svi, -Stum, Jill up, fill 
 again, complete. 
 
 supples, -plicis, adj. suppliant, humbly 
 begging, entreating. 
 
 supplioiter, adv. humbly. 
 
 supplicium, -I, n. punishment, execution; 
 torture. 
 
 supponO, ace subpono. 
 
 supra, adv. and prep, witli Ace. over, 
 above, 
 
 suprSmum, adv. /or the last time. 
 
 suprSmus, -a, -um, uppermost, higliest, 
 extreme, last. 
 
 surg5, -ere, surrix!, snrrSctum, arise, 
 stand up, get up, 
 
 sus, suis, ni. and f. hog, swine, 
 
 sus-cipi6, -cipere, -cSpI, -ceptnm, under- 
 take, attempt. Subst. suscepta, undei'- 
 taUng. 
 
 sus-citB, -are, -avi, -atum, stir up, 
 kindle. 
 
 suspendium, -I, u. hanging. 
 
 su-spioia, -ere, -spexl, -spectum, look up 
 to (or at). 
 
 suspicor, -arl, -atus sum, suspect. 
 
 suspirium, -!, n. sigh. 
 
 sus-tineS, -ere, -tinu!, -tentum, hold 
 up, hold, bear ; hold out, endure, suffer, 
 withstand ; bring one's self to, dare. 
 
 susurrS, -are, -SvI, -atum, whisper. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, his, her. Iters, its; their, 
 theirs; one' sown, his own, etc.; natural, 
 proper, fitting ; favorable, friendly. 
 sul, one's family and friends. 
 
 SymplBgades, -um, f. the Symplegades, 
 two cliffs at the entrance of the Black 
 Sea, which, according to the myth, 
 would close up so that a ship, caught 
 in the passage, would he crushed. But 
 after the Argo passed, they stood still 
 forever. 
 
250 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 tabella, -ae, t. [tabula] writing tablet ; 
 fan. 
 
 tabSs, -is, f. wasting aivay, decline, dis- 
 ease. 
 
 tabSsco, -ere, tabu!, waste away, melt 
 away, melt, peris/i. 
 
 tabula, -ae, f . board, plank; table. 
 tabularinm, -i, n. archive, place for the 
 preservation of writings. 
 
 taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, be silent, keep 
 silent, became silent, hvsh, say notMng. 
 
 tacitus, -a, -um, concealed, secret ; silent, 
 quiet, gentle. 
 
 taotus, -ns, m. [tangel louclt. 
 taeda, -ae, f. torch, especially, marriage- 
 torch; marriage. 
 taedium, -i, n. disgust, weariness. 
 
 TaenaridSs, -ae, m. the Taenarian, from 
 Taenarus, a promontory and city in 
 Laconia ; especially, Eyacinthus, the 
 Laconian. 
 
 Taenariua, -a, -um, Taenarian, from 
 Taenarus, a promontory and city in La- 
 conia. Near this city was a hole, called 
 the Taenarian Gate, which was supposed 
 to be an entrance to the Lower World. 
 
 taeter, -tra, -trum, horrid, hideous, of- 
 fensive, loathsome. 
 
 Tagus, -!, m. the Tagus, a river in Spain. 
 
 talis, -e, such, so. talis— quails, such 
 — as. talla, such words, as follows. 
 
 talus, -I, m. ankle, heel. 
 
 tam, adv. so. tarn— quam, so (as)— as. 
 quam — tam, while— yet. 
 
 tamen, conj. yet, Jiowever, nevert/ieless. 
 
 tamquam, conj. as if; adv. Jtist as, like. 
 
 tandem, adv. at length, at last, finally. 
 
 tangS, -ere, tetigl, taotum, tcmch; reach, 
 arrive at, enter ; move, influence, make 
 an imjivesmm on. 
 
 TantalidSs, -ae, m. descendant of Tan- 
 talus; especially, Agamemnon, his great- 
 grandson. 
 
 Tantalus, -I, m, Tantalus, son of Jupiter, 
 and king of Phrygia, at first honored by 
 the gods but afterwards punished in the 
 Lower World for betrayal of their se- 
 crets. He was tortured with thirst and 
 
 surrounded with water, but as often as 
 he tried to drink the water receded from 
 his lips. From this peculiar form of 
 punishment comes our word tantalize. 
 
 tantum, adv. so much; only. 
 
 tantummodo, adv. only. 
 
 tantns, -a, -um, so great, such. tantus 
 — quantus, as great— as. Subst. tan- 
 tum, so much, tanti, worth so much. 
 
 tardS, adv. slmvly; late. 
 
 tardo, -are, -avi, -Stum, delay, hold back, 
 hinder; intraue. delay, be slow. non 
 tardare quin, not to prevent. 
 
 tardus, -a, -um, slow, sluggish, inactive, 
 lazy, negligent; late. 
 
 Tartara, -orum, n. Tartarus, the Lower 
 World; death. 
 
 taurus, -I, m. bull. 
 
 TaygetS, -§s, f. Taygete, one of the 
 Pleiades. 
 
 tectum, -I, II. [tegS] roof; house. 
 
 tego, -ere, tBxi, tSctum, cove^; hide, 
 
 conceal; protect. 
 tSgula, -ae, f. [teg6] tile. 
 tSla, -ae, f. web, thing woven. 
 
 Telamon, -onis, m. Telamon, father of 
 the great Ajax. He was the brother of 
 Peleus, the father of Achilles. 
 
 TelamoniadSs, -ae, m. son of Telamon, 
 Ajax. 
 
 TelamSniua, -I, m. son of Telamon, Ajax. 
 
 Tglemaohus, -I, m. Telemachus, son of 
 Ulysses and Penelope. 
 
 TSlephos, -I, m. Telephus, son of Hercules. 
 He was wounded by Achilles and after- 
 wards healed by him with the same 
 spear. 
 
 telllis, -uris, f. earth, land, soil. Per- 
 sonified as the goddess Tellus (Earth). 
 
 tSlum, -I, 11. weapon; especially, dart, 
 spear, arrow. 
 
 temerarius, -a, -um, rash, thoughtless, 
 unwise. 
 
 temerS, -are, -avI, -atum, desecrate, pol- 
 lute. 
 
 tSmS, -Onis, m. pole, tongue (of a chariot). 
 tempera, -Sre, -avI, -atum, regulate, 
 moderate, control, guide, rule. 
 
tabella-ThersUe3. 
 
 251 
 
 tempestas, -atis, f. period, time; 
 
 laeatlm; especially storm, tempest. 
 tempestlvS, adv. at the right time. 
 
 tempestlyus, -a, -urn, at the right time ; 
 suitable ; mature. 
 
 templum, -l,n. consecrated place; temjile. 
 
 temptamen, -inis, n. attempt. , 
 
 tempts, -Sre, -avi, -Stum, try, attempt, 
 make an effort. 
 
 tempus, -oris, n. 1. time, in ills tem- 
 pore, d'uiing that period, in omne 
 tempuSj/o?' all time, tempore, in time 
 (Abl. of Means). 2. tempbra, temples 
 (of the head). 
 
 tenaz, -Scis, adj. [teneS] holding on, 
 tenacious ; Jirm, abiding. 
 
 tends, -ere, tetendl, tentnm, stretch, 
 stretch out, reach out, extend ; tent ; 
 stHve, Imsten ; be naturally inclined (ad 
 eloqnium). 
 
 tenebrae, -arum, f. darkness, glomn. 
 
 tenebrSsus, -a, -um, dark, gloomy. 
 
 lenedos, -I, f. Tenedus, a small island 
 near Troy, conquered by Achilles. 
 
 teneS, -Sre, -ul, tentnm, hold, have, pos- 
 sess, occupy; hold back, restrMn. 
 cansam tenSre, gain a case. Diam 
 tenB, direct your course to Dia. 
 
 tener, -era, -erum, tender ; young, weak, 
 thin. 
 
 tentorium, -I, n. [tends] tent. 
 
 tenuis, -e, thin ; fine, light, tender ; small, 
 narrow ; gentle, low. 
 
 tennS, -are, -avJ, -atum, malce thin, thin, 
 weaken. 
 
 tenns, prep, postpos. with Abl. as far as. 
 
 tepefaciS, -facere, -fScI, -factum, make 
 warm, warm. 
 
 tepBns, -entis, partic. adj. wai-m, luke- 
 warm,, tepid. 
 
 tepeS, -Sre, -ul, be tepid, be warm. 
 
 tepidus, -a, -um, teind, warm. 
 
 ter, adv. three times. 
 
 tergeminus, -a, -um, threefold, three- 
 headed (canis = Cerberus). 
 
 tergS, -ere, tersi, tersum, wipe off, wipe. 
 
 tergum, -I, n. back, side; hide, skin. a 
 tergS, in the rear, behind, post ter- 
 gum, behind one's self, in the rear. 
 
 tergus, -oris, n. back, side. 
 
 terni, -ae, -a, three each, three. 
 
 terO, -ere, trivl, tritum, rub, rub off; 
 
 touch, graze. tritum spatium, t,'ie 
 
 trodden loay. 
 terra, -ae, f . earth, land ; country. 
 
 orbis terrarum, world. 
 terrSnus, -a, -um, earthen, earthy, of 
 
 earth. 
 terreS, -Bre, -ui, -itvim, frighten; terrify. 
 terribilis, -e, terrible, fearful. 
 terrigena, -ae, [terra, gIgnS] adj. aad 
 
 Subst. sprung from the earth, earth-born. 
 terror, -5ris, m. ienw,fear. 
 tertius, -a, -um, third. tertius ab 
 
 love, great-grandson of Jupiter. 
 tBsta, -ae, f . earthen vessel, pot. 
 tBstificor, -Sri, -atus sum, [tBstis, faciS] 
 
 call to witness ; testify. 
 tBstis, -is, m. and f. witness. 
 tester, -arl, -atus sum, call to witness ; 
 
 pme. 
 TBthys, -yos, f. Tethys, wife of Oceanus. 
 tetigl, see tangS. 
 
 tetricus, -a, -um, gloomy, stern, severe. 
 Teucer, -cri, m. Teucer, sou of Telamon, 
 
 and brother of Ajax. 
 
 Teuorl, -Brum, ni. tlie Teucri = the 
 
 Trojans, so called from their ancient 
 
 king Teucer. 
 textnm, -I, n. thing woven ; cloth, cover, 
 
 rug. 
 thalamus, -I, m. room ; bridal chamber ; 
 
 vian'iage, wedlock. 
 Thalia, -ae, f. Thalia, the Muse of comic 
 
 and other light poetry. 
 
 Thaumantias, -adis, f. tt« daughter of 
 Thaumas = Iris. 
 
 theatrum, -I, ". Uieatre. 
 
 ThBbae, -arum, f. Tlwbes : 1. the chief 
 city of Bocotia, founded by Cadmus. 
 3. a city in Mysia, destroyed by Achilles. 
 
 Themis, -idis, f. Tliemis, goddess of jus- 
 tice. 
 
 ThersItSs, -ae, m. Thersites, the ugliest 
 and most contemptible of the Greelcs 
 before Troy, punished by Ulysses for his 
 impudence. 
 
252 
 
 VOCAB0LAET. 
 
 Thiseus, -el and -eos, m. Theseus, king of 
 Athens, faithful friend of PirithoQS. 
 
 ThesSus, -a, -urn, of Theseus. 
 
 Thetis, -idis, f. Thetis, a sea-goddess, 
 
 daughter of Nereus and Doris and mother 
 
 of Achilles. 
 ThisbS, -S3, f- Thisbe, a Babylonian girl. 
 Tho5n, -onis, m. TJwon, a Trojan, slain 
 
 by Ulysses. 
 Thracius, -a, -um, TJiracian. Subst. a 
 
 Thracian. 
 Thymtoeius, -a, -um, of Thymirlus, a 
 
 river in Phrygia. ThymbrSius in- 
 
 cola, dweller on the banks of the Thywr 
 
 brius. 
 thyrsus, -I, m. the thyrsus, the stafE borne 
 
 by the Bacchantes. It was wound around 
 
 with ivy and vine-leaves. 
 
 Tiheris, -is, m.- the Tiber, the famous 
 river which flows by Eome. 
 
 tibia, -ae, f . fiute. 
 
 tiblcen, -cinis, m. [tibia canfi] Jluie- 
 player, piper. 
 
 libullus, -I, m. Ttbullus, famous Roman 
 elegiac poet (64-19 B.C.). 
 
 tignum, -1, 11. beam, rafter. 
 tigria, -idis, m. and f. tiger. 
 tilia, -ae, f. linden-tree. 
 timeB, -ere, -ui,fear, dread, be afraid. 
 timidus, -a -um, timid, fearful, hesitat- 
 ing, cautious, cowardly. 
 
 TimSlus, -I, m. Timolus, a mountain in 
 Lydia, sacred to Bacchus ; also Tmolus. 
 
 timer, -oris, m.fear, terror; danger. 
 
 tingO, -ere, tinxl, tinctum, dip, bathe; 
 wet, moisten ; dye, color. aequore 
 tingi, dip into the sea, 
 
 tinguS, see tingS. 
 
 Titan, -anis, m. the Titan, especially the 
 Sun, who was the son of a Titan. The 
 Titans were an old family of gods who 
 fought against Japiler and when defeated 
 were banished to Tartarus. 
 
 TItania, -ae, f. daughter or descendant 
 of a Titan, especially Pijirha, the grand- 
 daughter of the Titan lapetus. 
 
 titubo, -are, -avi, -atnm, stagger, totter. 
 titulus, -i, m. title, inscription; name, 
 
 Jwnor, glory. 
 Tityos, -I, m. Tityus, a giant who made j 
 
 an attack upon Latona atid was punished 
 in Tartarus by having his liver constantly 
 gnawed by two vultures. 
 Tityrus, -I, m. Tityms, name of a shep- 
 herd in Vergil's Bucolics, and so used by 
 Metonymy for the work itself. 
 
 TlSpolemus, -I, m. Tlepolemus, leader of 
 the Khodians in the siege of Troy. 
 
 TmBlus, -I, m. Tmolus, a mountain in 
 Lydia, sacred to Bacchus. See Timolus. 
 
 toga, -ae, f. [tegS] the toga, the outer 
 garment of Roman civilians. toga 
 libera, llberior, the free toga, a white 
 toga which Roman youths put on in tlieir 
 seventeenth year, llarte togSq[ue, in 
 war and in peace. 
 
 tolerS, -are, -avI, -atum, bear, endure. 
 tolls, -ere, sustull, sublatum, lift up, 
 lift, raise; take away, remove. 
 
 Tomis, -idis, f . Tomi (or Tomis), a place 
 in Moesia on the coast of the Black Sea 
 near the month of the Danube. Here 
 Ovid lived as an exile. 
 
 Tomltae, -arum, m. the inhabitants of 
 Tomi. 
 
 tondeB, -Sre, totoudi, tonsum, s/iear, 
 cut qff (especially, hair). 
 
 tonitrus, -iis, m. thunder, peal of thunder. 
 torpeS, -Sre, -ul, be stiff, be dull, be in- 
 active, be jmralyzed. 
 
 torpSscS, -ere, torpul, become stiff, become 
 dull, lose consciousness. / 
 
 torqueB, -Sre, torsi, tortum, twist, turn; 
 
 torture, distress. tortus, twisted. 
 torreB, -Ere, torrul, tostum, parc/i, roast, 
 
 burn, singe. tosta friix = bi-ead. 
 tortilis, -e, [torqueS] twisted, curved. 
 tortus, see torqueS. 
 torus, -I, m. bed, couch; especially, the 
 
 marriage bed, hence marriage, wedlock. 
 torvus, -a, -um, gloomy, stem, severe; 
 
 Ul-pleased, angry, d^ant. 
 tSstus, see torresl 
 tot, indecl. adj. so many. tot— quot, 
 
 as many — as. 
 
 totidem, indecl. adj. jtist as many, the 
 
 same number. 
 totiSns, adv. so many times, so often. 
 totus, -a, -um, wliole, entire, all. 
 trabs, trabis, f . beam ; It ee. 
 
ThSaeus— tunc. 
 
 253 
 
 tracts, -are, -avi, -atum, [traha] pull ; 
 touch, handle, play with. 
 
 trSctus, -lis, m. line, course, track. 
 
 tradO, -ere, -did!, -ditum, [trans, da] 
 give over, hand oner, deliver, inii'nst ; 
 relate, hand down; teach, imiruct. 
 
 tragoedia, -ae, f . tragedy. 
 
 trails, -ere, trazi, tractiim, drag, draw, 
 2/ull, carry alrni^ ; take on, acgmre, re- 
 ceive. 
 
 tra-icis, -icere, -iSci, -iectum, [iacis] 
 carry over, trantf'er. 
 
 trames, -itis, ni. path, way. 
 
 tra-nS, -are, -avI, -atnm, ewim across. 
 
 trans, prep, with Ace. across, over, beyond. 
 
 trans-eS, -Ire, -il, -itum, go across, go 
 over, pass over; pass by. 
 
 transitns, -us, tn- passage, going across. 
 
 tremebundus, -a, -um, trembling, quiver- 
 ing. 
 
 tremS, -ere, -ul, tremble, shake. 
 
 tremor, -oris, m. shaking; earthquake. 
 
 tremulus, -a, -um, trembling, shaking. 
 
 trepids, -are, -avi, -S.tum,fliiiter, quiver, 
 tremble, shake. 
 
 trepidus, -a, -um, trembling, shaking, 
 quivering; timid, fearful. 
 
 tres, tria, three. 
 
 tribulus, -i, m. thorn, thistle. 
 
 tribnO, -uere, -ui, -utum, give, grant, be- 
 stow, me tribuente, at my hand. 
 
 tri-cuspis, -idis, adj. three-prongea. tri- 
 cuspis tSlum, the trident. 
 
 tri-dens, -dentis, m. trident, Neptune's 
 three-pronged spear. 
 
 trifidus, -a, -um, [finds] n>tit into three 
 parts. trifida flamma, iAe three- 
 pronged fiame = lightning. 
 
 triformis, -e,having three forms, triple. 
 
 Trinaoria, -ae, f . a poetic name for Sicily. 
 
 Trlnacris, -idis, fem. adj. Sicilian. Sahet. 
 Sicily. 
 
 trio, -onis, m. threshing-ox or plow-ox; 
 usually PI. " septem trionSs, tlie Great 
 Bear, the northern constellation, also 
 called the Great Dipper and Charles's 
 Wain. 
 
 triplex, -plicis, adj. ti-iple, threefold; 
 three. 
 
 tristis, -e, sad, sorrowful, melancholy; 
 causing sadness, disagreeable, bitter (sa- 
 por). 
 
 tritioeus, -a, -um, of wheat. 
 
 Triton, -Snis, m. Triton, eon of Neptune, 
 a eea-god. 
 
 triumphs, -Bre, -avi, -atum, celebrate a 
 triumph ; triumph over, subdue. 
 
 triumphus, -i, m. triumph, the procession 
 of the victorious general on his return 
 to Rome with his army, prisoners, and 
 booty. 
 
 trivium, -i, ". cJ'ossing of streets, cross- 
 roads. 
 
 Trivia, -ae, f. Trivia, a name for Diana, 
 who was worshipped at cross-roads. 
 
 TrSes, -um, m. the Trojans. 
 
 Troia, -ae, f . Troy, a city iu Asia Minor, 
 besieged for ten years by the Greeks. 
 
 Troianus, -a, -um, 7'rojan, of Tioy. 
 
 TrSious, -a, -um, Trojan, of Troy. 
 
 Troius, -a, -um, Trojan, of Troy. 
 
 tropaeum, -i, "• tiophy, a sign of victory. 
 
 trunoS, -are, -avi, -atum, cut off, trim. 
 holus folils truncare, deprive trie cab- 
 bag^ of its leaves, cut off tJie leaves. 
 
 1. truncus, -a, -um, trimmed up; incom- 
 plete, truncum corpus, limbless body. 
 
 2. truncus, -i, m. trunk, body. 
 tu (PI. VOS), pers. pron! thou, you. 
 tuba, -ae, f. trumpet. 
 
 tubicen, -cinis, m. [tuba, canS] trutn- 
 pet(-r. 
 
 tueor, -Sri, -itus sum, behold, took, at, 
 view ; look after, attend to, care for ; 
 protect, guard, defend. 
 
 turn, adv. then, at that time. 
 
 tumeS, -Sre, -ui, swell up; rage; be 
 puffed vp, be proud. 
 
 tumidus, -a, -um, swelling, swollen ; 
 raging, billowy. 
 
 tumulS, -are, -avi, -Stum, [tumulus] 
 bury. 
 
 tumultus, -us, m. ncise, alarm, disturb- 
 ance, uproar. 
 
 tumulus, -I, m. /lill, mound ; especJally, 
 funeral mound, grave. tijmulo (Dat.) 
 dare, tumulB (Abl.) condere, bury. 
 
 tunc, adv. then, at that lime. 
 
254 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 tondo, -ere, tutud!, tunsum and tusum, 
 strike, beat, especially ot beating the 
 breast as a siga of grief. 
 
 tunica, -ae, f. tunic, Eoman undergar- 
 ment. 
 
 turba, -ae, f . noise, disturbance, confusion; 
 
 . crowd, throng, mass; people. turba 
 terrSrum, all the inhabitants of the 
 earth. 
 
 1. turbs, -are, -avi, -a turn, [turba] 
 throw into confusion, disturb, confuse, 
 alarm. 
 
 2. turbS, -inia, m. winding, twist; whirl- 
 wind, storm. 
 
 Turnus, -I, m. Turnus, chief of the Kiitu- 
 lians, who waged war with Aeneas after 
 his arrival in Italy. 
 
 turpis, -e, ugly, unsightly, dirty, dis- 
 colored ; nwan, base, disgraceful, shame- 
 ful. 
 
 turpiter, adv. basely, shamefully, dis- 
 gracefully. 
 
 turris, -is, f- tower. 
 turtar, -uris, m. turtle-doce. 
 tils, ttiris, ". incense. 
 
 Tuscus, -a, -um, 1. Tuscan, Etruscan, 
 from Mruria (a country north of La- 
 tinm). 2. = Tyrrhenian (Tusca ab 
 urbe), because the Etruscans were de- 
 scended from the Tyrrhenians. 
 
 ttltSla, -ae, f. [tueor] l. abstract, protec- 
 tion, defense. 2. concrete, 2}rotection, 
 defense, protector, defender, guai'dian, 
 keeper. tutSla prSrae, the second offi- 
 cer, who had charge of the prow. 
 
 tiitus, -a, -um, [tueor] protected, de- 
 fended ; safe, secwe. 
 
 tuua, -a, -um, thy, thine ; your, yours. 
 tui, your family and friends. 
 
 TyanSius, -a, -um, of Tyana, a city in 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 TydldSs, -ae, m. sore of Tydeus, that is, 
 Diomede. 
 
 tyrannus, -I, m. lord, master, ruler. 
 tyrannus Infernus, the ruler of the 
 Under World (Pluta). 
 
 TyriuB, -a, -um, Tyrian, from Tyre, a 
 city in Phoenicia; of purple color, pu7'ple, 
 bright-colo^-ed (flSrSs). 
 
 1, uber, -eris, ". breast, udder. 
 
 8. ilber, -eris, adj. rich, luxuriant, fruit- 
 ful; with Abl. rich in, abounding in. 
 
 ubi, 1. adv. where. 2. conj. when, as, as 
 soon as, as often as. 
 
 ublque, adv. everywhere. 
 
 Hdus, -a, -um, m>oist, damp, wet. 
 
 ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, take vengeance 
 on, punish; avenge, take vengeance for. 
 
 UlixSs, -is, m. Ulysses, eon of Laertes, 
 
 husband of Penelope, father of Tele- 
 
 machus, king of Ithaca, and a prominent 
 
 leader ot the Greeks in the Trojan war. 
 
 Voc. TTlixe, 
 iillus, -a, -um, any. Snbst. anyone. 
 
 n5n— iillus, not any, no, none. Snbst. 
 
 no one, nobody. 
 Glmus, -I, f . elm. summa in ulmS, in 
 
 tlie top of an elmtree. 
 Qltimus, -a, -um, furtliermost, farthest, 
 
 last (of time and place). ultima via, 
 
 the last part of the way. 
 ultor, -Sris, m. avenger, punis/ier. 
 ulul5, -are, -avI, -Stum, /wwl. 
 ulva, -ae, f. sedge. 
 umbra, -ae, f. shade, shadow ; PI. shades 
 
 (of the dead), spirits. 
 
 umbr33us, -a, -um, shady. 
 umoruB, -I, m. shoulder. 
 umidns, -a, -um, moist. 
 Timor, -5ris, m. moisture, liquid. 
 umquam, adv. ever. non— umquam, 
 
 never. 
 una, adv. together, along with, in company 
 
 tvith. flna stare, stand by. 
 uncus, -a, -um, curved, hooked. unca 
 
 aera, bi-ass Iiooks. 
 unda, -ae, f. wave, billow; water. 
 unde, adv. 1. interrog. wJienee? 2. rel. 
 
 u'hence,from which; far which reason, 
 
 wherefore. 
 
 tlndecimns, -a, -um, eleventh. 
 
 undiqne, adv. from all sides, everywMre. 
 
 unguis, -is, m. nail (on the finger or toe) j 
 claiv. 
 
 finicus, -a, -um, only, sole. 
 
tunda-vellB. 
 
 255 
 
 iinquam, bgc umquam. 
 tlnus, -a, -um, (me, only one ; sole, only ; 
 one and the same, same. 
 
 urbanus, -a, -um, [urbs] qf the city, in 
 the city. 
 
 urbs, urbis, f. cify ; especially, TJrbs = 
 Home. 
 
 urges, -8re, ursl, 2»'ess, dtive on, urge on, 
 hasten, push. 
 
 Urna, -ae, f. um, jar, especially the urn 
 containing the ashes ot the cremated 
 dead. 
 
 lirB, -ere, ussi, flstum, burn, singe,parch, 
 b>tm up, destroy; torture, torment; espe- 
 cially of the passion of love, iiror, bum, 
 be violently in love. 
 
 Asquam, adv. anywiiere. non— usquam, 
 nowhere. 
 
 Qsque, adv. continually, always; before 
 prepositions, iip to, as far as. Usque 
 adeS, to such a degree, so. 
 
 Hsus, -Us, m. use; loan; advantage; need. 
 
 Ut, uti, conj. 1. interrogative and relative: 
 hmo, as. sic— ut, so— as, though— yet. 
 2. temporal ; when, as soon as, after, 
 since. 3. with Subjunctive of Design : 
 that, in order that, to. 4. with Subjuuc- 
 tive of Tendency : that, so that, 5, con- 
 cessive: though, granted that, even if. 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of 
 two), both. 
 
 utI, sec ut and iitor, 
 
 lltilis, -e, [lltor] useful, serviceable, ad- 
 vantageous. Jilting, suitable. 
 
 litilitas, -atis, f. use, advantage, expe- 
 diency. 
 
 Gtiliter, adv. usefully, advantageously, 
 well. utilius stSrent, it would be 
 better if lliey stood. 
 
 utinam, adv. would that, oh tliat. 
 
 titor, uti, U3U3 sum, (with the Abl.) use, 
 make use of, enjoy ; have, possess. 
 male uti, make a bad use of. 
 
 uva, -ae, f. grapes. 
 
 uxor, -5ris, f . w^e. 
 
 vaoca, -ae, f. coze. 
 
 vaoB, -are, -avi, -Stum, be empty, be 
 
 vacant; be free from, be unoccupied 
 
 icilh, be without ; be Idle. 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, empty, free, without ; 
 vacant, unoccupied, deserted. 
 
 vadimSnium, -i, n. summons ; recogni- 
 zance, hail, for appearance at court. 
 
 vad8, -ere, vasi, go. 
 
 Tadum, -i, n. shallow water, shoal, ford ; 
 
 channel, bed (of a river). 
 vagor, -arl, -Stus sum, wander about. 
 
 vagus, -a, -yimiJickle, inconstant, change- 
 able. 
 
 val8 (properly Imperative of Yaleo), fare- 
 well. 
 
 valSns, -entis, partic. adj. strong, mighty, 
 powerful ; effective. 
 
 vales, -Sre, -ul, -itum, be strong, be 
 powerful, be well ; excel ; prevail, be suc- 
 cessful; be able, be capable, can. 
 val8re in, be strong enough for, be svffi- 
 dentfor. -valiyfareioell. 
 
 validus, -a, -um, [vale5] strong, mighty; 
 xiolenl; effective. 
 
 valles, or vallis, -is, f . valley. 
 valvae, -arum, f. folding-door, door. 
 vanSscB, -ere, vanish. 
 vanus, -a, -um, vain, empty ; ineffective, 
 unsuccessful, in vain. 
 
 variS, -are, -avi, -Stum, vary, 
 
 variegate, make qf different colors. 
 
 cSni varisbant tempera, gray hairs 
 
 were scattered over tlie temples. 
 varius, -a, -Um, various, manifold; 
 
 variegated, of various colors. 
 Varro, -Snis,' m. Varro, a Roman epic 
 
 poet, author of an Argonautica. 
 vSrus, -a, -um, wide apart, wide curving, 
 
 curved outward. 
 vastus, -a, -um, vast, immense, great. 
 vatSs, -is, m. and f. see?; prophet; bard, 
 
 poet. 
 ve, conj. oj\ sometimes to be translated 
 
 aiwl. ve— ve, either— or. 
 vectus, see veh5. 
 vehB, -ere, vexl, veotum, bear, carry. 
 
 Passive, be boi^ne, ride. 
 vel, conj. even; or. vel— vel, eitfwr— (»•. 
 vSlSmen, -inis, n. cloak, garment, dress, 
 
 veil. 
 veils, -ere.velllor vulsl, vulsum, p^wf /;, 
 
 break off, tear cff, pull up. 
 
256 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 vellus, -eris, n, wool, Jleece ; hide, skin. 
 velD, -are, -avi, -atum, vdly cover, clothe; 
 
 wreathe, encircle. 
 v§15x, -ocis, adj. swift, fast, fleeting. 
 vSlum, -i, n. sail; sail-cloth, awning. 
 
 v61a dare, set sail. 
 velut, velntl, adv. as, like; as it were. 
 
 Coiij. as if. 
 
 v€na, -ae, f . vein (of blood in the body or 
 of metal in the ground). 
 
 v§nator, -Sris, m. hunter, huntsman. 
 vengnatus, -a, -urn, poisoned. 
 vengnum, -I, n. poison. 
 venia, -ae, f. pardon, indulgence. 
 veniS, -Ire, vgnl, ventum, come; come 
 
 up, arrive, approach. ventflrus, 
 
 comin.g, future. Subst. venturum, the 
 
 future. 
 vgnor, -arl, -atus sum, hunt. 
 ventosns, -a, -um, [ventus] windy. 
 ventus, -i, m. wind. 
 Venus, -eris, f. Venus, the goddess of love, 
 
 daughter of Jupiter and Dione, wife of 
 
 Vulcan, mother pf Cupid (Amor) and 
 
 Aeneas, 
 vgr, vgris, n. sprlntj, spring-time,. 
 verber, -eris, ". stroke, bloxo. 
 verberO, -are, -avi, -atum, strike, beat. 
 verbosus, -a, -um, wordy. 
 verbum, -I, n. word, speech. ambSrum 
 
 verbis, in tJie name of both. 
 vgrg, adv. truly, really. 
 
 vereor, -gri, -itus sum, fear, be afraid, 
 feel awe. 
 
 Vergilius, -I, m. Vergil, the famous 
 Iloman poet (70-19 e.g.). 
 
 ver5, adv. indeed; hid, hcnoever. 
 
 verrO, -ere, verri, versum, sweep, drag. 
 
 versB, -are, -avi, -atum, turn, twist. 
 
 versus, -us, m. [verto] verse, lit. turning. 
 
 vertex, -icis, m. top, summit, head. 
 
 verts, -ere, verti, versum, turn, twist ; 
 turn to, direct; cJiange, transform. 
 
 vgrum, conj. [vgrus] in truth, indeed ; 
 but, however. 
 
 vSrus, -a, -um, trve, real, genuine, well- 
 founded. Subst. virum, truth, reality. 
 vesper, -eri, m. evening. 
 
 Vesta, -ae, f . Vesta, goddese of the hearth 
 and sacred fire. 
 
 vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours. 
 
 vgstigium, -i, n. sole of the foot, foot; 
 
 footprint, track, step; trace; remains, 
 
 nnns. 
 Testis, -is, f. clothing, dress, garment. 
 vetS, -are, -ul, -ityaa., forbid; prevent. 
 vetus, -eris, adj. old, ancient, venerable; 
 
 former. 
 vetustas, -atis, f . age, antiquity, time. 
 vetustus, -a, -um, old, ancient. 
 via, -ae, f. way, road, street, path; voyage, 
 
 journey. 
 
 vibrS, -are, -avi, -atum, brandish; dart, 
 shoot. 
 
 vicinia, -ae, f. neighborhood; abstract for 
 concrete, neighbors. 
 
 vlclnus, -a, -um, neigboring, dose, near, 
 
 by. Subst. neighbor. 
 vicis. Gen. Sing, (no Norn.) f. change, 
 
 turn, chance. 
 
 victima, -ae, f. victim, animal offered in 
 sacrifice. 
 
 victor, -oris, m. victor, conquerm: Adj. 
 victorious. 
 
 viotrix, -icis, fem. adj. victorious. 
 victus, -Us, m. living; food, nourishment. 
 
 videS, -gre, vidl, visum, see, behold, look 
 at, view ; perceive ; consider. Passive: 
 be seen. 
 
 videor, -fel, visus sum, seem, appear. 
 
 viduus, -a, -um, viidowed, deserted, lone- 
 some. 
 
 vigil, -is, adj. watchful, wakeful, vigilant. 
 Subst. watcher, guard. 
 
 vigilB, -are, -avi, -atum, be awake, be 
 watchful ; pa^-s without sleep, watch 
 through. 
 
 viginti, twenty. 
 
 vigor, -oris, m. vigor, activity, force, 
 strength. 
 
 vllis, -e, c/ieap, worthless, held in light 
 
 esteem. 
 villa, -ae, f ■ villa, country-hmise. 
 villosns, -a, -um, shaggy. villosus 
 
 colubrls, serpent-haired. 
 villus, -I, m. shaggy hair, wool. 
 
yimen, -inis, n. twig, bran-ch, especially 
 of the willow for wickerwork. 
 
 vinoiB, -Jre, vinxl, vinctum, bind, 
 fasten J wreathe, crown. 
 
 vinclum, see vinculum. 
 
 viuoo, -ere, vlci, viotum, conquer, over- 
 come, surpass, be supenor io ; move, in- 
 Jluen.ce. 
 
 vincnlum, -I, n. [vinciS] bond, fastening; 
 chain, rope. 
 
 yindex, -icis, m. and f. avenger, punisher. 
 vInEtum, -S, ". vineyard. 
 Yinam, -i, u. wine. 
 viola, -ae, f- violet. 
 
 violeatus, -a, -um, violent, boisterous, 
 stormy, wild. 
 
 yiolO, -are, -avi, -atum, injure, wound, 
 
 harm ; desecrate ; make guilty (banc 
 
 plnum), 
 vipera, -ae, f. viper, serpent. 
 yir, viri, m. man, hero. 
 virSus, -entis, partic. ailj, green. 
 vireo, -Sre, -ui, be green. 
 vires, see vis. 
 
 virga, -ae, f . branch; rod, staff. 
 yirgineus, -a, -um, of a virgin, maidenly, 
 
 girlish. 
 virginitas, -atis, f. virginity. 
 yirgo, -inis, f. virgin, maiden. 
 viridia, -e, green ; fresh, youthful. vi- 
 
 ridSs del, the seorgods. 
 virOis, -e, manly, of a man. 
 
 virtus, -fltis, f. [vir] manliness, bravei^, 
 courage; virtue, good Quality, meiit. 
 
 yls, f ■ power, strength, might, force ; 
 violence; effect, effectiveness, vis aurea, 
 the power of changing things into gold. 
 Forms : vis, vim, vl ; Plural ; vIrSs, 
 virium. 
 
 ViSGUS, -eris, n. inwards, bowels ; flesh 
 
 and blood, child ; possessions, 2>roperty, 
 
 goods. 
 vis5, -ere, visl, [video] look at, examine: 
 
 visit. 
 vita, -ae, f- life. 
 vitiS, -are, -avi, -Stum, [vitium} ruin, 
 
 injure, cmi-upt. yitiatum faoere = 
 
 yitiare. 
 17 
 
 vellus— Vuloanus. 257 
 
 vitiBsus, -a, -um, [vitium] /awZ^y. dtfec- 
 
 vltis, -is, f. vine. 
 
 vitium, -I, 11. fault, defect ; vice, guilt, 
 sin. 
 
 vitS, -are, avi, -atum, avoid, shun, try 
 to escape. 
 
 vitulus, -I, m. cay. 
 
 vivax, -acis, [viv6] long-lived. 
 
 Vive, -ere, ySxI, victum, live, be alive. 
 
 vivus, -a, -um, living, alive. vivum 
 saxum, the living rock, (.unmmied, un- 
 hewn). 
 
 vix, adv. scarcely, hardly. 
 
 vocB, -are, -avi, -Stum, call. 
 
 volatus, -fls, m. [1 yolO] JligM. 
 
 1. vols, -Sre, -avi, -Stum,./!y. 
 
 8. volB, velle, volul, wish, be willing. 
 volens, willing, eager. 
 
 yolubilis, -e, [volvS] rolling; change- 
 able, fickle. 
 
 volucei;, -oris, -ore, [1 volB] winged; 
 
 swift, fleeting. Subst. volucris, -is, f. 
 
 lArd. 
 voluntas, -atis, t. will, wish, desire; 
 
 good-will. 
 voluptas, -Stis, f . pleasure. 
 
 volfltB, -Sre, -Svl, -Stum, [volvS] re- 
 volve ; consider, debate, think over, go 
 over. 
 
 volvS, -ere, volvl, volutum, roll; re- 
 
 vomer, -eris, ni. plowsiiare. 
 
 vomo, -ere, -ul, -itum, vomit, spit forth, 
 emit. 
 
 votum, -i, n. [voveD] vow ; prayer, en- 
 irealy ; loish, desire ; hope. 
 
 voveS, -Sre, y5vl, votum, vow, promise ; 
 pray for, askfm\ wisti. 
 
 VOX, vocis, f • voice; song, speech, language, 
 word ; sound, noise. 
 
 VuloSnius, -a, -um, of Tulcan, sacred 
 to Vulcan. 
 
 Vuloanus, -I, m. Vulcan, the god of Are 
 and blacksmiths. Ho was the son of 
 Jupiter and Juno and the husband of 
 Venus. 
 
258 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 vulgS, -are, -avi, -Stum, spread, make 
 known. vnlg&tviSj famed, 
 
 Yulgus, -1, n- crowd; common people, 
 common soldier's. 
 
 vnlnus, -eris, u- wound, injury, hurt; 
 stroke, blow. 
 
 yultur, -uris, m. vulture. 
 
 vultus, -us, m. face, features, countenance; 
 look, appearance. 
 
 Zacynthos, -I, f. Zacynthus, an island in 
 the Ionian Sea. 
 
 zephyrus, -I, m- west wind ; gentle wind, 
 zephyr. Personified, Zephyrus, the West 
 Wind, the wind god. 
 
 zmaragdns, '-I, ni. emeroM, a precious 
 stone of green color. 
 
 z9na, -ae, f. girdle, belt; zone (on the 
 earth or in the sky). 
 
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