i/ y Cornell University Library LC 1045.A39 1917 ... Statement of policies. 3 1924 002 253 627 rED£Kfflr BO ARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STATEMENT OF POLICIES l-d A 33 \3\n WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PKINTING OFFSCB 1017 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS THE GIFT OF LYiro A. EMEHSON BULLETIN NO. 1 / FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION $ STATEMENT OF POLICIES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION MEMBERS. David P. Houston, Chairman, Secretary of Agriculture. William C. Eedfield, Secretary of Comnierce. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor. James P. Mttneok, Manufacture and Commerce. Chakles a. Greathouse, Agriculture. Aethtji! E. Holder, Labor. P. P. Claxton, Commissioner of Education. EXECUTIVE STAFF. C. A. Prossbr, Director. Layton S. Hawkins, Assistant Director for Agriculture. Lewis H. Cabeis, Assistant Director for Industrial Education. Josephine T. Beeet, Assistant Director. for Home Economics. Chaeles H. Winslow, Assistant Director. for Research. Address all communications to Federal Board for "Vocational Education, Washington, D. C. 2 CONTENTS. Page. Foreword 7 Cooperation between the Federal Board and the States 7 Agencies of cooperation 7 Administrative regions 8 Public supervision and control 9 Vocational education as defined in the act 9 Amount of money made available for vocational education 10 POLICIES ADOPTED BY THE FEDERAL BOARD. Part I. General Statements 12 1. Trustees for the Federal money 12 2. Appointment of State treasurer as custodian of Smith-Hughes funds.. 13 3. Acceptance of act by the governor 13 4. Principles for distribution of Federal money 13 5. Conditions for granting Federal money 14 6. Importance of an efficient use of funds 15 7. Method of reimbursement 15 8. Questions concerning institutions using Federal funds 16 9. Absolute standards 16 10. Discretionary standards 17 11 . Persons for whom vocational education is intended 17 12. Nattu^e of cooperative agreement 17 13. Federal Board will deal with State boards only 18 14. Agreement for one year only 18 15. Helps through studies and investigations 18 16. Supervision of work within the States -. - - r - - 19 17. Standards for plant and equipment 19 18. Utilization of privately owned plants 19 Part II. Questions Involving Polict 20 Section I. Questkms of a general nature 20 1. Policy regarding financial statements of State boards operating on different fiscal years 20 2. Nature of annual report from States, section 8 20 3. Right of Federal Board to require reports 21 4. How ascertain use of national money in accordance with act 22 5. How ascertain whether States are prepared to use the Federal money 23 6. Failure of State to qualify in time 23 7. Policy regarding mixed .classes, some pupils under 14 23 8. Policy concerning payment to teacher conducting mixed classes. . 24 9. How far trace Federal doUar to avoid illegal matching 24 10. Matching State and Federal money for groups rather than indi- vid«ila.a .-■:"..•. :. ;. r,-. 1. 1 n r?ARY 25 3 4 CONTENTS. Part II. Questions Involving Policy — Continued. Section 1. Questions of a general nature — Continued. Page. 11. Use of Federal money for teacher-training and teaching of voca^ tional subjects in single institution 26 12. Meaning of the 20 per cent minimum for teacher training 26 13. Concerning traveling expenses of supervisor and itinerant teacher. . 27 14. Safeguarding control by State board over a loaned supervisor 27 15. Delegation of power by State board to expend Federal money 28 16. Policy as to few or many schools in a State 29 17. Power of Federal Board to reject plans when money is given broadcast 29 18. Use of Federal funds for established or new undertakings 29 19. Different standards for white and colored schools? 30 20. Will board approve use of Federal moneys in schools for delia- quents, etc 30 21. Interpretation of well-rounded course of study 30 22. Standardization of well-rounded courses of study 31 28. Is selection and placement a legitimate part of teacher-training?. 32 24. Designation by State board on order of legislature of a particular institution 32 25. Teacher training in institutions of higher and lower standards 32 26. Policy toward certification in the States 33 27. Policies relative to acceptance by legislatures or State boards of one or more funds 34 28. For the maintenance of what classes may Federal moneys for teacher-training be used? 35 29 . May any money be used by the States for commercial education? ... 36 Section II. Agricultural education 36 1. Morrill fund, Nelson fund, Smith-Hughes fund 36 2. May person divide time between supervision and training of teachers of agriculture? 37 3. Part payment of Director of Vocational Education from fund for agriculture 37 4. Payment of supervisors and directors employed by State and local schools : 37 •5. Use Federal money for salary of one supervisor for the three fields. . 37 6. Supervisors of agriculture— State leader of boys' and girls' clubs . . 38 7. Federal money for short courses in agriculture 38 8. Size of communities in which agricultural fund may be expended . . 39 9. State or local money for salaries of teachers matched with Federal funds og 10. Teaching experience in lieu of professional training ', 40 11. Money for Nelson fund and Smith-Hughes fund for same teacher- training classes -g 12. PoUcy of Federal Board for teacher-training under Nelson Act ". '. . '. 40 13. Teacher-traiaiug and secondary classes in same building.. 41 14. Supervision of agriculture in other than Smith-Hughes schools ' 41 Section III. Industrial education -r, 1. Entrance requirements for all-day schools ! ^ ' 42 2. Are alternate day schools all-day or part-time schools?.' 42 3. Meaning of "not less than nine months per year" 42 4. Meaningof "hours" in the act \ ,0 5. Practical work on useful or productive basis 43 CONTENTS. 5 Pakt II. Questions Involving Policy — Continued. Section III. Industrial education — Continued. Page. 6. What " industrial subjects " from Federal moneys 43 7. Must schools be open to persons of 16 years and over?, 43 8. Basis for minimum hours for part-time courses 44 9. Kinds of work to be reimbursed in part-time schools 44 10. Meaning of ' ' supplemental to daily employment " 45 Section IV. JSTome economics 46 1. Interpretation "half time, practical work," etc 46 2 . Meaning of ' ' supplemental to daily employment " 47 3. Effect of omission of home economics from title of act 47 4. Successful experience in teaching in lieu of professional training. . 48 APPENDIXES. A. Smith-Hughes Act and Amendment 49 B . Legal Requirements Imposed by the Smith-Hughes Act 56 I. Upon the States 56 II. Upon the Federal Board 57 III. Upon the Secretary of the Treasury 58 IV. Upon the custodian for vocational education — State treasurer 58 V. As to expenditure of appropriations 58 VI. Upon the State boards. 59 Statistical Tables Showing Grants Under the Act 1. Annual grants by the Federal Government, for vocational education under act approved February 23, 1917 62 2. Amount of grants by Federal Government for vocational education by regions .and States, for each fiscal year 1917-1926, and annually there- after 63 3. Allotment to the States for the fiscal year 1917-18 of appropriations by the Smith-Hughes Act for vocational education — 65 4. Quarterly payments to the States for the fiscal year 1917-18 of appro- priations available under the Smith-HugKes Act 1 67 Index 69 . ^/\ .1 /^"^Mt'^'l 5\ ' L ^ TTt^'-'^A.fc, ^lii V'' "H f^ ,-\ vilC^ f^ \ 'iA.---' "^SfWjO \" ^ ,•■' i§^^ ef^/W!/; "''Nn. A— ^^ ', '*/; ^v. ^rf-— """— -V ^\2 'K^U;>M < S^ C ~ r^V O ' 1 '" "^ A ^r~^g '--•;i-*-'- >;' \ '^••■■' < ; r^ y]L i ■; 1 ^^ Ui < f'c \ \qw__,J ■ "■•. \ a« 1 en \ ;' i/i : - .-'' P ■■• ..._£. • j \>' s ...>'■•-...--' ^• "■'< . X /' ^ cj «c ; -'^ f ^ 1 1 i ^ _Y'" ? > t/ - \ - L^r^"'' s 1 2 ^-><^^ \ s >-l. . Z iC / •■ ■ i < •■ a . u» / ^ 1 is ; q: : i: : / s J S ^ ■' 2 '■ / ^ o • Q : z >- y^. E ; e> • ...J... -r C f.-. , ..\ . ; 7 / ;' c! ; . ; -1 , X y" d JO • ui X 1 ^^ ° .t> ; E / 1 z 5 •■ ■ z / ^ ! / i' — -—— . .1 / } ~T~' * 1 / /v/o .' ^ ;■ ti } ^-— XT' = t. = ; (c f i f-TT 2 .' -•.. •* / 1 1 ••>•-. — • > / / i / ' / s X-"""- r / S .' 2 .' Z x_- «is. , O , ^' J ?: 3 O FOREWORD. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PEDEEAL GOVERNMENT AND THE STATES. The Smith-Hughes Act provides a scheme of cooperation between the Federal Government and the States for the promotion of voca- tional education in the fields of agriculture, trade, home economics, and industry. Under this»act the Federal Government does not propose to under- take the organization and immediate direction of vocational training in the States', but does agree to make from year to year substantial financial contribution to its support. It undertakes to pay over to the States annually certain sums of money and to cooperate in foster- ing and promoting vocational training and the training of voca- tional teachers. The grants of Federal money are conditional, and the acceptance of these grants imposes upon the States specific obli- gations to expend the money paid over to them in accordance with the provisions of the act. This cooperation of the States with the Federal Government is based upon four fundamental ideas: First, that vocational educa- tion being essential to the national welfare, it is a function of the National Government to stimulate the States to undertake this new and needed form of service; second, that Federal funds are necessary in order to equalize the burden of carrying on the work among the States ; third, that since the Federal Government is vitally interested in the success of vocational education, it should, so to speak, purchase a degree of participation in this work ; and, fourth, that only by cre- ating such a relationship between the central and the local Govern- ments can proper standards of educational efficiency be set up. AGENCIES OF COOPERATION. The machinery established by the act is devised to secure effective cooperation in promoting vocational education. The law provides for the appointment by the President of a representative Federal Board for Vocational Education. The members of this board are the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary 7 8 FEDEBAL BOAUD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. of Labor, and the Commissioner of Education, together with three citizens who represent, respectively, the manufacturing and com- mercial, the agricultural, and the labor interests of the Nation. One member is elected annually by the board as chairman. To provide agencies representing the States, the act requires that State boards of not less than three members shall be created by act of legislature. Each State board is to work in cooperation with the Federal board in carrying out the provisions of the act. The staff, appointed by the Federal board, consists of a director, who is the executive officer, four assistant directors— one for agri- culture, one for industrial education, one for home economics, and one for research— and regional and other agents reporting imme- diately to the assistant directors. Before this machinery can fully operate in a State, the legislature must create a State Board for Vocational Education to cooperate with the Federal board. After the appointment or designation of such a board, any State may accept the benefits of the appropriations made under the law. The scheme of education proposed contemplates that each State shall submit to the Federal board a plan outlining the method by which it proposes .to conduct its vocational education activities. These plans the Federal board must carefully examine; and if it finds them to be in conformity with the spirit and purpose of the act, it is authorized to direct that the moneys apportioned to the various States be paid. In other words, partly by the act itself, partly by the Federal board, and partly by the State board in coop- eration with the Federal board, standards of vocational education are established meeting the approbation of both the State and Fed- eral Governments. Each in its own field supreme, the State board and the Federal board, in order to function at all, must come together on the ground thus briefly described. ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS. For purposes of administration and inspection under the Smith-' Hughes Act the Federal board has divided the country into five sec- tions or regions. In defining these regions the States are grouped as follows : I. North AtlaMic. — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. Headquarters to be in New York City. II. Southern. — ^Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Headquarters in Atlanta. FEDERAL BOAKD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATIOlsr. 9 III. North Cew;(7-a?.— Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, Kentucky, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. Headquarters in Indianapolis. IV. West Central. — North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kan- sas, Oklahoma, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. Headquarters in Kansas City. V. Pacific. — ^Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and California. Headquarters in San Francisco. An agent of the Federal board for the fields of agriculture, trade, and industrial subjects is to be assigned to each region; the agents for home economics remain in Washington. These Federal agents are, in general, to act as administrative representatives of the Federal board in the field, to gather information regarding methods adopted by the several State boards for the administration of the act, and to inspect the work of the State boards in so far as it has to do with the requirements of the law, with the decisions and policies of the Federal board and with the approved plans for the States. PUBLIC SUPERVISION AND CONTROL. The guiding principle of the vocational education act — and it can not be too strongly emphasized that this principle applies to every phase of activity under that act — is that the education to be fur- nished must be v/nder puMic supervision cmd control, and designed to train persons for useful employment, whether in agriculture, trade and industry, or home economics. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AS DEFINED IN THE ACT. To the extent that it is subsidized by the Federal Government under the Smith-Hughes. Act, vocational training must be vocational training for the common, wage-earning employments. It may be given to boys and girls who, having selected a vocation, desire prepa- ration for entering it as trained wage earners ; to boys and girls who, having already taken up a wage-earning employment, seek greater efficiency in that employment ; or to wage earners established in their trade or occupation, who wish through increase in their efficiency and wage-earning capacity to advance to positions of re- sponsibility. No academic studies can be supported out of Smith- Hughes money. ANNOUNCEMENT OF POLICIES. Subsequent to its organization on July 21, 1917, the Federal board has been chiefly occupied with problems of organization and with the initial tasks of inaugurating its cooperation with the States. 24441°— 17— Bull. 1 2 10 FEDERAL BOABD FOB VOCATIONAL EDXTCATION. In August the board held at Washington a series of conferences with representatives of the State boards. At these conferences the pur- pose of the act was discussed with particular reference to the general principles upon which it is based and to the methods by which these principles should be brought into practice. This bulletin presents a summary of the policies thus far agreed upon by the Federal board for administering the act. It must be regarded as preliminary and tentative, since suiRcient time has not yet elapsed to permit the board to view the problems of administra- tion from every possible angle. The board therefore in publishing these policies desires it to be understood that, while carefully deter- mined, they are but initial policies established for the early months of its administration. Part I of the presentation of policies includes general policies or standards adopted by the Federal board ; Part II includes principally rulings upon and a discussion of points raised at the hearings given to the State Boards for Vocational Education held in Washington in August. This discussion falls under four general subheads: Considerations of a general nature, agricultural education, industrial and trade education, and home-economics education. In addition to the policies the bulletin contains in the appendix an analysis of what may be termed the absolute legal requirements of the Smith-Hughes Act. The obligations imposed by the statute are delineated as imposed upon the States, the Federal board, the Secre- tary of the Treasury, the State custodian for vocational education, and the State boards. This analysis, taken in conjunction with the policies, furnishes an answer to many legal questions which have been asked either of the Federal board or of the State boards. The appendix also contains a copy of the' act of February 23, 1917 (Public, No. 347, Sixty- fourth Congress), and statistical tables showing amount of grants to the States which will be available if the States comply with the requirements of the act. AMOUNT OF MONEY MADE AVAILABLE. The moneys set aside by Congress for vocational education are appropriated on a graduated scale, the amount increasing year by year up to 1926, when the maximum is reached. This maximum be- comes the annual appropriation established by the act and is con- tinued indefintely after the year 1926. Every dollar of the Federal money appropriated for the purpose of cooperating with the States either in the payment of salaries or in the preparation of teachers is furnished upon condition that it be matched by an equal amount appropriated for the same purpose by the State, the local com- munity, or both, in which the Federal money is to be spent. PEDEHAL BOAED FOE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 11 The tabular summary of grants given on page 62 shows the amount available each year. The total grant by the Federal Govern- ment increases from $1,860,000 in 1917-18 to $7,367,000 in 1925-26, the latter amount being continued indefintely. The appropriation for salaries of teachers, supervisors, and directors in agriculture increases from $548,000 in 1917-18 to a maximum of $3,027,000 in 1925-26; the appropriation for salaries of teachers in trade, home economics, and industry increases from $566,000 in 1917-18 to $3,050,000 in 1925-26; and the appropriation for teacher — ^training from $546,000 in 1917-18 to $1,090,000— this maximum for teacher- training being reached in the year 1920-21. Since these appropriations must be matched, dollar for dollar, by the States, it is obvious that the total amount of money brought under cooperative supervision by the Federal Board for Vocational Education and the State boards is double the amount shown by the table of summary grants.'^ It should also be borne in mind that the Federal grants and the State moneys matched against the Federal grants are available only for payments of salaries and for the maintenance of teacher-training. It is obvious that the resources actually devoted to secondary school vocational education under joint supervision and control of the Federal and State boards will greatly exceed the Federal ajid State grants for the purposes specified in the act, for the reason that the maintenance of secondary voca- tional education involves expenditures for buildings, equipment, and for many other purposes not brought under the purview of the act. 1 Table 1, Appendix, p. 62. STATEMENT OF POLICIES COVERING THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE SMITH-HUGHES ACT. Paet I. I. STATE BOARDS ARE TRUSTEES^ FOR THE FEDERAL MONET. They not only are agents for the State in carrying on work in voca- tional education, but they are also trustees of Federal moneys. As such they are responsible^ to the Federal Government, through the Federal board, for the proper expenditure of such funds in conformity with plans submitted by the States and approved by the Federal board. When a State accepts the provisions of the Federal act a coopera- tion ^ is established between the National and State Governments under which the two boards act as agents, respectively, for the Nation ■ and the State. It is understood that the Federal funds will be sent continuously * from year to year for the support of the joint enter- prises as long as the State observes the terms of the cooperative agree- ment. It is further understood that from time to time the terms of this agreement may be changed or modified upon the initiative of either party and upon mutual consent. ^ * ■•' * * the appropriation for tlie salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricaltnral subjects and of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects shall be devoted exclusively to the payment of salaries of such teachers, supervisors, or directors having the minimum qualifications set up for the State by the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education." (See. 9.) " " That whenever any portion of the fund annually allotted to any State has not been expended for the purpose provided for in this act, a sum equal to such portion shall be deducted by the Federal board from the next succeeding annual allotment for such fund to such State." (See. 15.) " That the Federal Board for Vocational Education may withhold the allotment of moneys to any State whenever it shall be determined that such moneys are not being expended for the purposes and under the conditions of this act • * *." (Sec. 16.) " That if any portion of the moneys received by the custodian for vocational educa- tion of any State under this act, for any given purpose named in this act, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by such State, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation for such education shall be paid to such State * * *." (Sec. 17.) ' " That m order to secure the benefits of the appropriations provided for in sections 2, 3, and 4 of this act, any State shall, through the legislative authority thereof, accept the provisions of this act and designate or create a State board, consisting of not less than three members, and having all necessary power to cooperate, as herein provided, with the Federal Board for Vocational Education In the administration of the provi- sions of the act." (Sec. 5.) 4 " That there is hereby annually appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sums provided in sections 2, 3, and 4 of this act, to be paid to the respective States for the purpose of cooperating with the States in paying the salaries of teachers, supervisors, and directors of agricultural subjects, and teachers of trade, home economics, and Industrial subjects, and in the preparation of teachers of agricultural, trade, industrial and home economics subjects * ♦ * which sums shall be expended as hereinafter provided." (Sec. 1.) NOTE.^Rcferences in footnotes are to sections of the Smith-Hughes Act. 12 FEDEEAL BOAKD FOB VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 13 II. SPECIFIC DESIGNATION OE CUSTODIAN BY STATE LEGISLATURE. It will be noted that the vocational education act does not prescribe that a State treasurer shall, after the passage of the act, be appointed as custodian of Smith-Hughes funds. In enacting this provision it is evident that it was the intent of Congress ^ that in every State the State treasurer must be empowered and obligated to receive and dis- burse the Federal moneys allotted to the State. A general State statute imposing upon the State treasurer the duty of receiving and account- ing for all moneys received by the State, even if passed before the enactment of the Smith-Hughes Act, will therefore, as a general proposition, in the opinion of the board, comply with the intent of Congress in this respect. To hold otherwise would require that the State legislature merely enact in a different form a provision of law already appearing in the State statutes. In cases, therefore, where the State treasurer is designated by a general statute as custodian of all State funds coming into the custody of the State the Federal board will not require a special enactment. III. ACCEPTANCE OF THE ACT BY A GOVERNOR. In the absence of evidence to the contrary the acceptance by the governor of the provisions of the act should be deemed to be an ac- ceptance of all the funds.^ IV. PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH FEDERAL MONEYS ARE DISTRIBUTED. The Federal board believes that the following fundamental princi- ples should govern the appropriations from the National Govern- ment to the States for vocational education. The money is designed : (1) To stimulate ' the States to undertake a new and needed form of service — that for vocational education — which the National Government believes neces- sary to the ptiblic welfare. 1 " That in order to secure the benefits of the appropriations for the salaries of teach- ers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, or for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects, or for the training of teachers as herein provided, any State shall, through the legislative authority thereof, appoint as custodian for said appropriations Its State treasurer, who shall receive and provide for the proper custody and disbursements of all money paid to the State from said appropriations." (Sec. 13.) 2 " * * * In any State the legislature of which met in 1917 and failed for any reason to accept the provisions of the vocational education act, as provided in section 5 of said act, if the governor of that State, so far as he is authorized to do so, shall accept the provisions of said act and designate or create a State board of not less than three members to act in cooperation with the Federal Board for Vocational Education and shall designate the State treasurer as custodian for all moneys allotted to that State under said act, the Federal board shall, if such legislature took no adverse action on the acceptance of said act in 1917, recognize such State board for the purposes of said act until the legislature of that' State meets in regular session in due course and has been in session 60 days." (Public, No. 64, 65th Cong.) ' "An act to provide for the promotion of vocational education to provide for co- operation with the States In the promotion of such education In agriculture and the trades and Industries ; to provide for cooperation with the States' in the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects ; and to appropriate money and regulate its expendi- tures." (Title of act.) 14 FEDEBAL BOAED FOB VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. (2) To equalize, in part at least, the inequalities of burden among the States in carrying on this service. (3) To purchase for the National Government a reasonable degree of par- ticipation in the carrying on of this work in vrhich the National Government is so deeply concerned. (4) To establish standards of efficiency in vocational eaucation and to set up mlnimums below which work in vocational education for which reimbursement from Federal moneys is. desired can not be allowed to fall. Two questions must always be met in determining whether a State is entitled to share in the distribution of Federal funds— (1) Is the plan ^ proposed by the State one which the Federal Gov- ernment is willing to accept? (2) Will, or can, the State properly carry out^ the plan after the agreement is made? V. CONDITIONS UPON WHICH FEDEHAL MONEY IS GRANTED The grant is for payment in part of salaries of teachers, supervisors, and directors of agricultural subjects; for payment in part of salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, or industrial subjects; and for payment toward the maintenance of the training of teachers in all these subjects. The grant is made in accordance with the terms of a definite plan proposed by the State and approved by the Federal board. No money belongs to any State as of right. A State is en- titled to receive Federal aid only when it has conformed to the act and has had its plan approved. No money belongs to any local com- munity or to any institution as of right. Communities and institu- tions are entitled to money only as they show themselves able and ready to meet the requirements of the State board for vocational edu- cation.^ 1 " That in order to secure the benefits of the appropriation for any purpose specified In this act, the State board shall prepare plans showing the kinds of vocational educa- tion for which it is proposed that the appropriation shall be used * « • such plans shall be submitted by the State board to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, and if the Federal board finds the same to be in conformity with the provisions and purposes of this act, the same shall be approved." (Sec. 8.) 2 " That the Federal Board for Vocational Education shall annually ascertain whether the several States are using, or are prepared to use, the money received by them In accordance with the provisions of this act." (Sec. 14.) ' " That in order to secure the benefits of the appropriation for any purpose specified in this act, the State board shall prepare plans showing the kinds of vocational educa- tion for which It is proposed that the appropriation shall be used ; the kinds of schools and equipment ; courses of study ; methods of Instruction ; qualifications of teachers ; and, In the case of agricultural subjects, the qualifications of supervisors or directors ; plans for the training of teachers ; and, in the case of agricultural subjects, plans for the supervision of agricultural education, as provided for in section 10. Such plans shall be submitted by the State board to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, and if the Federal board finds the same to be in conformity with the provisions and purposes of this act the same shall be approved. The State board shall make an annual report to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, on or before September 1 of each year, on the work done in the State and the receipts and expenditures of money under the provi- sions of this act." (Sec. 8.) FEDEBAL BOABD FOR VOCATION"AL EDUCATION. 15 VI. IMPORTANCE OF AN EFFICIENT USE OF FUNDS. Wherever Federal money is used the State board should make certain that it reimburses only for efficient work.^ For example, should money be widely distributed in small amounts to a large number of schools, the difficulties of meeting in those schools the standards agreed upon with the Federal board will be much in- creased. Hence a efficient sum should be allotted to a school to enable it to do effective vocational work The Federal board be- lieves that State boards should exercise great discretion in selecting the schools which are to share in the funds and in determining the amounts to be allotted to each. VII. METHOD OF EEIMBURSEMEisTT.^ After a careful study of the plans submitted by the States, the Federal board will decide in each case whether preliminary approval may be given. If approval is given, the board will certify to the Secretary of the Treasury that the State has complied with the pro- visions of the Smith-Hughes Act for the current fiscal year. This will insure to States whose plans have thus been approved the first quarterly installment at an early date. As soon as practicable, the Federal board will assure itself further that the several States thus 1 " That the Federal Board for Vocational Education shall annually ascertain whether the seyeral States are using, or are prepared to use, the money received by them in accordance with the provisions of this act." (Sec. 14.) " That whenever any portion of the fund annually allotted to any State has not been expended for the purpose provided for in this act, a sum equal to such portion shall be deducted by the Federal board from the next succeeding annual allotment from such fund to such State." (See. 15.) " That the Federal Board for Vocational Education may withhold the allotment of moneys to any State whenever It shall be determined that such moneys are not being expended for the purposes and under the conditions of this act. If any allotment is withheld from any State, the State board of such State may appeal to the Congress of the United States, and if the Congress shall not direct such sum to. be paid it shall be covered into the Treasury." (Sec. 16.) " That if any portion of the moneys received by the custodian for vocational educa- tion of any State under this act, for any given purpose named in this act, shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost, It shall be replaced by such State, and until BO replaced no subsequent appropriation for such education shall be paid to such State. No portion of any moneys appropriated under this act for the benefit of the States shall be applied, directly or indirectly, to the purchase, erection, pi-eservation, or repair of any building or buildings, or equipment, or for the purchase or rental of lands, or for the support of any religious or privately owned or conducted school or college." (Sec. 17.) " " On or before the 1st day of January of each year the Federal Board for Vocational Education shall qertify to the Secretary of the Treasury each State which has accepted the provisions of this act and complied therewith, certifying the amounts which each State is entitled to receive under the provisions of this act. Upon such certification the Secretary of the Treasury shall pay quarterly to the custodian for vocational education of each State the moneys to which it is entitled under the provisions of this act. The moneys so received by the custodian for vocational education for any State shall be paid out on the requisition of the State board as reimbursement for expenditures already incurred to such schools as are approved by said State board and are entitled to receive such moneys under the provisions of this act." (Sec. 14.) 16 FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. certified are using the Federal funds in accordance with the terms of the act. Should such inquiry disclose that this is not being done, the right is reserved to exercise the power conferred in section 16 ^ to withhold further grants. Vni. QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED CONCERNING INSTITUTIONS USING FEDERAL FUNDS. In. the matter of institutions using Federal moneys, the Federal board is concerned with three things — (a) Whether the institution is legally qualified under the act.^ (5) Whether supervision and inspection by the State board for vocational education is properly maintained.^ (c) Whether the courses are carried on in conformity with the plan as agreed upon between the Federal and State-boards.* IX. ABSOLUTE STANDARDS. The Federal board must administer the Smith-Hughes Act in exact conformity with its terms. No choice can be made or discretion exercised in dealing with mandatory provisions. For example, the board is charged with seeing that the States provide for at least six months of directed or supervised practice in agriculture" and that the States provide instruction in the trades and industries for the persons who have not entered upon employment extending over not 1 " That the Federal Board for Vocational Education may withhold the allotment of moneys to any State whenever it shall be determined that such moneys are not being expended for the purposes and under the conditions of this act. If any allotment is withheld from any State, the State board of such State may appeal to the Congress of the United States, and if the Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be covered into the Treasury." (Sec. 16.) " " No portion of any moneys appropriated under this act for the benefit of the States ' shall be applied, directly or indirectly, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings or equipment, or for the purchase or rental of lands, or for the support of any religious or privately owned or conducted school or college." (Sec. 17.) " • • • That such education shall be that which is under public supervision or control • * *." (Sec. 10.) Sections 11 and 12 contain similar provisions. " " That any State may use the appropriation for agricultural purposes, or any part thereof allotted to it, under the provisions of this act, for the salaries of teachers, super- visors, or directors of agricultural subjects, either for the salaries of teachers of such subjects in schools or classes or for the salaries of supervisors or directors of such sub- jects under a plan of supervision for the State to be set up by the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education." (Sec. 10.) See sec. 8. " * » * the State board of such State shall provide in its plan for such training that the same shall be carried out tinder the supervision of the State board • * *." (Sec. 12.) 4 "That the Federal Board for Vocational Education shall annually ascertain whether the several States are using, or are prepared to use, the money received by them in accordance with the provisions of this act." (Sec. 14.) 6 " • * • that such schools shall provide for directed or supervised practice in agriculture, either on a farm provided for by the school or other farm, for at least six months per year." (Sec. 10.) FEDBEAL BOAED FOE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 17 less than 9 months per year and for not less than 30 hours per week.^ Modification of such provisions is impossible. X. DISCRETIONAET STANDARDS. Concerning provisions where discretion and interpretation are allowed, the Federal board reserves the right to judge the arrange- ment made with each State in the light of local conditions, keeping in mind the fact that the standards in every State must be progres- sive and that no standard can be permitted to fall below a reasonable minimum of efficiency. XI. PERSONS FOE WHOM VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IS INTENDED. The Federal board desires to emphasize the fact that vocational schools and classes are not fostered under the Smith-Hughes Act for the purpose of giving instruction to the backward, deficient, in- corrigible, or otherwise subnormal individuals; but that such schools and classes are to be established and maintained for the clearly avowed purpose of giving thorough vocational instruction to healthy, normal individuals to the end that they may be prepared for profitable and efficient employment.^ Such education should command the best efforts of normal boys and girls. XII. NATURE OE THE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND A STATE. The cooperative agreement between the Federal Government and the State is a cooperative agreement with a State and not with all States. It is proposed by a State board for vocational education for a State and is approved by the Federal board for that State only. It would be impossible to set up a single uniform plan for this widely diversified country with its differing social, economic, and industrial conditions. In its administrative discretion the Federal board must decide what arrangement it is willing to enter into with each State as a unit. It should be.emphasized that the plan for cooperation is in 1 " * * * that such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruction be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than thirty hours per week * * *." (Sec. 11.) 2 " * t * \ix2X the controlling purpose of such education shall be to fit for useful employment ; that such education shall be of less than college grade and be designed to meet the needs of persons over 14 years of age who have entered upon or who are pre- paring to enter upon the work of the farm or of the farm home. * * *." (Sec. 10.) " * * * that the controlling purpose of such education shall be to fit for useful employment ; that such education shall be of less than college grade and shall be de- signed to meet the needs of persons over 14 years of age who are preparing for a trade or Industrial pursuit or who have entered upon the work of a trade or industrial pur- suit • * *•" Shall the half tim£, for practical work he lased on the minvnmm number of hours per week required hy the statute or on the mjaximjwm number of hours which the school operates? Answer. The board believes that the effect of the provision re- ferred to in this question is twofold. (1) It requires that at least one-half the time given to instruction shall be devoted to practical work, irrespective of the number of hours per week required of students; (2) it establishes a minimum period of instruction. These requirements are in no way connected, but are, on the contrary, separate and distinct, and each must be given full force and effect. Consequently in cases where it is proposed to conduct schools for a longer period than the minimum prescribed by the act, the half time for practical work must be based on the number of hours during which the school operates. IX. What kinds of work in part-time schools or classes will he entitled to reimhurseTnent from Federal moneys? ^ Answer. It is neither possible nor advisable at the present stage of development of part-time schools and classes to define the many varieties and types which now, or in the future, may be entitled to national aid under section 2 of the Smith-Hughes Act. In general Federal moneys may be used to pay the salaries of teachers employed in those part-time schools or classes where wage- working boys or girls receive any or all of the following benefits : {a) Increased skill or knowledge in the occupation which the wageworker is following. {h) Skill or knowledge leading to promotion in the industry or calling wherein the wageworker is engaged. (e) Improvement in the knowledge of regular subjects which the wageworker did not complete in school. (d) Increased civic or vocational intelligence. 1 .1 « « t That such schools or classes giTing instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruc- tion be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than 30 hours per week * • *." (Sec. 11.) 2 See note, p. — . FEDEEAL EOAED FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 45 (e) Skill and knowledge in home economics for girls employed as wageworkers. In general any part-time school must be in session during a part of the working time (day, week, month, or year) of its pupils; while an evening school or class must be in session outside the regular working hours of its pupils. When a community asks the State board to certify a part-time school or class for Federal aid, the board should require the local authorities to state the aim or aims of such school or class in terms of the approved benefits for wageworking youth set forth above. The State board should then measure the school or class, both at starting and while under supervision, by the standards which that school or class must establish in the light of its declared aims. To do this, the board must have full knowledge of all such facts as the occupations of the pupils, the length of the course in hours per day, week, month, or year, the plant and equipment, the courses of study, methods of instruction, and qualifications of teachers. The number of aims or benefits which the school or class is to undertake should be governed by the number of hours available for instruction ; and pupils should be so grouped and taught as to deal definitely with one aim at a time. Preferably, the aims should be few to insure effective results; and care should be taken not to at- tempt inconsistent or conflicting aims with the same pupils. For example, a part-time class, having but four hours per week for in- struction, should not attempt for any given group more than two of the above aims as a maximum. X. What is meant hy the evpression " evening industrial schools * * * shall confine instruction to that which is supplemental to the daily employment? " ^ Answer. Evening instruction can be given only in such subjects as will increase skill or knowledge in the occupation in which the worker is engaged as his daily employment, or as will lead to pro- motion or advancement in that work. The time available in an evening school is so short that it is impossible to teach a skilled trade to anyone unless he is engaged in daily work affording him oppor- tunity to apply the skill or knowledge gained in the evening school, or unless the daily employment gives an experience which will en- able the worker, with the knowledge or skill acquired in an evening school, to secure promotion in that occupation. The work can be most effectively given when workers in similar or allied occupations are grouped together. 1 .1 « * * That evening industrial schools • * * shall confine instruction to that which Is supplemental to the daily employment." (Sec. 11.) 46 FEDERAL BOARD FOE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. SECTION IV. QUESTIONS RELATING TO HOME ECONOMICS. I. What interpretation is given to the clause in section 11 ^ provid- ing that at least half the time of instruction shall he given to prac- tical work on a useful or productive basis? ^ Answer: The clause is held to mean that at least half the time of instruction shall be devoted to practical and related subjects in home economics, such as garment making, foods and cookery, sanitation and home nursing, house planning, and house fumishirigj textUes, millinery, dressmaking, and home management. This would leave the remaining time for instruction in non vocational subjects, such as drawing and design, general science, physiology, chemistry, physics, English, civics, history, and elementary economics. Wherever the size and organization of the school permit, it is highly desirable that pupils be separately grouped for instruction. In that case the drawing and science can be so given as to bear di- rectly on the home economics, and they would then become addi- tional related vocational subjects. Thus the total amount of time given to home economics is increased and the teacher of such related subjects may be paid^ in part, from Federal moneys. Since the law requires a day school or class giving instruction in home economics or industrial subjects to be in session at least 6 hours per day or 360 minutes, it will be necessary for at least 180 minutes daily to be given to practice and related instruction in home eco- nomics. Of this 180 minutes, not less than 120 minutes daily shall be devoted to the practical work connected with the subject, leaving a total of not more than 60 minutes for instruction in related sub- jects such as those outlined above. It is understood, of course, that the time given to practical work and related subjects may be in ex- cess of 180 minutes, and that the related subjects may then include, in addition to those which must be taught within the 180 minutes, such subjects as applied drawing and design and applied science, which, when made directly applicable to home economics work, be- come related vocational subjects for which Federal moneys may be used. 1 .1 * * * That such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such Instruc- tion be given to practical work on a, useful or productive basis, such Instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than thirty hours per week." (Sec. 11.) 2 " » * * That for cities and towns of less than 25,000 population, according to the last preceding United States census, the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, may modify the conditions as to the length of course and hours of instruction per week for schools and classes giving instruction to those who have not entered upon employment, in order to meet the particular needs of such cities and towns." (§ec, H.) PEDEEAL BOARD FOB VOCATIOIirAL EDUCATION, 47 The act provides that for cities of less than 25,000 population, the State board, with the approval of the Federal board, may modify the conditions as to length of course and hours of instruction per week. The Federal board is of the opinion that, in making such modifica- tions, the number of hours of instruction per week should in no case be less than 25 or the number of hours of instruction per day less than 5, a total of 300 minutes. Of this 300 minutes, 150 will be devoted, as the law requires, to instruction in practical work and related subjects, such as garment making, household planning and household furnishing, textiles, mil- linery, dressmaking, and home management just as is required in practical work or related subjects in the case of cities of more than 25,000 people. In addition there may be included within the 150 minutes required for home-economics instruction such additional related subjects as general science applied to the household, drawing and design applied to clothing and the heme, household chemistry, and household physics. While such schools may give more than 150 minutes per day to home-economics work, they must give not less than 150 minutes to such subject matter as that described above. Of this 150 minutes not less than 90 are to be devoted to practical work in home economics and not more than 60 minutes to these related subjects. II. ~Wha,t is the meanvng of the requirement in section 11 that evening school^ instruction shall he supplemental to the day employ- mentf^ Answer. The evening-school instruction must be given to those whose work is such that the skill or knowledge taught helps the worker in her present-day employment to greater efficiency, better wages, or promotion. This will admit to such classes those who are engaged to any extent or in any way in the performance of house- hold duties. III. ~What efeffb upon the use of money for the payment of salaries of teachers of home economics has the fact that horns economics is ormtted from, the caption of the Federal act? What effect would this have upon the use of money for home economies in States which, quoting from the caption of the Federal act, omitted home economics fronb the provisions of its enabling act? 1 .1 * * * That evening Industrial schools shall fix the age of 16 years as a mini- mum entrance requirement and shall confine instruction to that which is supplemental to the daily employment ; that the teachers of any trade or industrial subject in any State shall have at least the minimum quallflcations for teachers of such subject deter- mined upon for such State by the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education." (Sec. 11.) 48 FEDEEAL BOARD FOB VOCATIONAL EDUCATION". Answer. The language of the title ^ of the act is broad enough to include home economics, and if the States have accepted the pro- vision of the act by quoting its title, the board will deem such action an acceptance of the benefits for home economics as well as for the other vocational subjects. IV. How far may successful exferience m teacTiing home economics Tie accented as a substitute for the training in that subject required as a qualification under the Smith-Hughes Act?^ Answer. The Federal board recognizes that in some States, at least, the new standards for qualification of teachers will be higher than those now required for certification and that schools have already made contracts with teachers for the school year 1917-18. Therefore, if the qualifications of teachers already employed approach the new standards and if these teachers can show successful experience in giving instruction in home economics of the character and grade for which the State board proposes to use Federal moneys, that ex- perience may be accepted as a substitute. The State board, however, should require all such teachers to secure within a reasonable time the training necessary to meet the new standards. 1 " An act to provide for the promotion of vocational education ; to provide for co- operation with the states in the promotion of such education In agriculture and the trades and industries; to provide for the cooperation with the States In the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects ; and to appropriate money and regulate its expendi- ture." (Title of Smith-Hughes Act.) a " * * « ^p[,J^^. jjjg teachers of any trade or industrial subject in any State shall have at least the minimum qualifications for teachers of such subject determined upon for such State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Educa- tion * • *." (Sec. 11.) APPENDIXES. APPENDIX A. SECTION 1. [Public, No. 347, Sixty-fourth Congress.] [S. 703.] AN ACT To provide for the promotion of vocational education ; to provide for co- operation with the States in the promotion of such education In agriculture and the trades and industries ; to provide for cooperation with the States in the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects ; and to appropriate money and regulate its expendi- ture. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby annually appro- priated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sums provided in sections two, three, and four of this Act, to be paid to the respective States for the purpose of cooperating with the States in paying the salaries of teachers, supervisors, and directors of agricultural subjects, and teachers of trade, home ieconomics, and industrial subjects, and in the prepara- tion of teachers of agricultural, trade, industrial, and home economics subjects ; and the sum provided for in section seven for the use of the Federal Board for Vocational Education for the administration of this Act and for the purpose of making studies, investigations, and reports to aid in the organization and con- duct of vocational education, which sums shall be expended as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. That for the purpose of cooperating with the States in paying the salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects there is hereby appropriated for the use of the States, subject to the provisions of this Act, for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, the sum of $500,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, the sum of $750,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, the sum of $1,000,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, the sum of $1,250,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-two, the sum of $1,500,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-three, the sum of $1,750,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-four, the sum of $2,000,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-five, the sum of $2,500,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-six, and annually thereafter, the sum of $3,000,000. Said sums shall be allotted to the States in the proportion which their rural population bears to the total rural population in the United States, not including outlying possessions, according to the last preceding United States census : Provided, That the allotment of funds to any State shall be not less than a minimum of $5,000 for any fiscal year prior to and including the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and 49 50 FEDERAL BOARD FOB VOCATIONAL EDUOATIOlir. twenty-three, nor less than $10,000 for any fiscal year thereafter, and there is hereby appropriated the following sums, or so much thereof as may be necessary, which shall be used for the purpose of providing the minimum allotment to the States provided for in this section: For the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, the sum of $48,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, the sum of $34,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, the sum of $24,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, the sum of $18,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-two, the sum of $14,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nine- teen hundred and twenty-three, the sum of $11,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-four, the sum of $9,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-five, the sum of $34,000 ; and annually thereafter the sum of $27,000. Sec. 3. That for the purpose of cooperating with the States in paying the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects there is hereby appropriated for the use of the States, for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, the sum of $500,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, the sum of $750,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, the sum of $1,000,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, the sum of $1,250,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-two, the sum of $1,500,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-three, the sum of $1,750,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-four, the sum of $2,000,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hun- dred and twenty-five, the sum of $2,500,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-six, the sum of $3,000,'000; and annu- ally thereafter the sum of $3,000,000. Said sums shall be allotted to the States in the proportion which their urban population bears to the total urban popula- tion in the United States, not including outlying possessions, according to the last preceding United States census: Provided, That the allotment of funds to any State shall be not less than a minimum of $5,000 for any fiscal year prior to and including the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-three, nor less than $10,000 for any fiscal year thereafter, and therg is hereby appropriated the following sums, or so much thereof as may be needed, which shall be used for the purpose of providing the minimum allot- ment to the States provided for in this section : For the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, the sum of $66,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, the sum of $46,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, the sum of $34,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, the sum of $28,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-two, the sum of $25,000 ; for the fiscal year end- ing June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-three, the sum of $22,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-four, the sum of $19,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-five, the sum of $56,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nine- teen hundred and twenty-six, and annually thereafter, the sum of $50,000. That not more than twenty per centum of the money appropriated under this Act for the payment of salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects, for any year, shall be expended for the salaries of teachers of home economics subjects. FE0EEAL BOARD FOE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 51 Sec. 4. That for the purpose of cooperating with the States in preparing teachers, supervisors, and directors of agricultural subjetts and teachers of trade and industrial and home economics subjects there is hereby appropriated for the use of the States for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, the sum of $500,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, the sum of $700,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, the sum of $900,000 ; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, and annually thereafter, the sum of $1,000,000. Said s^ms shall be allotted to the States in the proportion which their population bears to the total popu- lation of the United States, not including outlying possessions, according to the last preceding United States census: Provided, That the allotment of funds to any State shall be not less than a minimum of $5,000 for any fiscal year prior to and Including the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, nor less than $10,000 for any fiscal year thereafter. And there is hereby appropriated the following sums, or so much thereof as may be needed, which shall be used for the purpose of providing the minimum allot- ment provided for in this section: For the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, the sum of $i6,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, the sum of $32,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, the sum of $24,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, and annually thereafter, the sum of $90,000. Sec. 5. That in order to secure the benefits of the appropriations provided for in sections two, three, and four of this Act, any State shall, through the legislative authority thereof, accept the provisions of this Act and designate or create a State board, consisting of not less than three members, and having all necesssary power to cooperate, as herein provided, with the Federal Board for Vocational Education in the administration of the provisions of this Act. The State board of education, or other board having charge of the administra- tion of public education in the State, or any State board having charge of the administration of any kind of vocational education in the State may, if the State so elect, be designated as the State board, for the purposes of this Act. In any State the legislature of which does not meet in nineteen hundred and seventeen, if the governor of that State, so far as he is authorized to do so, shall accept the provisions of this Act and designate or create a State board of not less than three members to act in cooperation with the Federal Board for Vocational Education, the Federal board shall recognize such local board for the purposes of this Act until the legislature of such State meets in due course and has been in session sixty days. Any State may accept the benefits of any one or more of the respective funds herein appropriated, and it may defer the acceptance of the benefits of any one or more of such funds, and shall be required to meet only the conditions relative to the fund or funds the benefits of which it has accepted : Provided, That after June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, no State shall receive any appropriation for salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agicul- tural subjects, until it shall have taken advantage of at least the minimum amount appropriated for the training of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, as provided for in this Act, and that after said date no State shall receive any appropriation for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and Industrial subjects until it shall have taken advantage of at least the minimum amount appropriated for the training of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects, as provided for in this Act. 52 PEDEBAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. Sec. 6. That a Federal Board for Vocational Education is hereby created, to consist of the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the United States Commissioner of Education, and three citizens of the United States to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. One of said three citizens shall be a repre- sentative of the manufacturing and commercial interests, one a representative of the agricultural interests, and one a representative of labor. The board shall elect annually one of its members as chairman. In the first instance, one of the citizen members shall be appointed for one year, one for two years, and one for three years, and thereafter for three years each. The members of the board other than the members of the Cabinet and the United States Com- missioner of Education shall receive a salary of $5,000 per annum. The board shall have power to cooperate with State boards in carrying out the provisions of this Act. It shall be the duty of the Federal Board for Vocational Education to make, or cause to have made studies, investigations, and reports, with particular reference to theit use in aiding the States in the establishment of vocational schools and classes and in giving instruction in agriculture, trades and industries, commerce and commercial pursuits, and home economics. Such studies, investigations, and reports shall include agri- culture and agricultural processes and requirements upon agricultural workers ; trades, industries, and apprenticeships, trade and Industrial requirements upon industrial workers, and classification of industrial processes and pursuits; commerce and commercial pursuits and requirements upon commercial workers ; home management, domestic science, and the study of related facts and prin- ciples; and problems of administration of vocational schools and of courses of study and instruction in vocational subjects. When the board deems it advisable such studies, investigations, and reports concerning agriculture, for the purposes of agricultural education, may be made in cooperation with or through the Department of Agriculture; such studies, investigations, and reports concerning trades and industries, for the purposes of trade and industrial education, may be made in cooperation with or through the Department of Labor; such studierj, investigations, and reports concerning commerce and commercial pursuits, for the purposes of commercial education, may be made in cooperation with or through the Department of Commerce; such studies, investigations, and reports concerning the administration of voca- tional schools, courses of study and instruction in vocational subjects, may be made in cooperation with or through the Bureau of Education. The Commissioner of Education may make such recommendations to the board relative to the administration of this Act as he may from time to time deem advisable. It shall be the duty of the chairman of the board to carry out the rules, regulations, and decisions which the board may adopt. The Federal Board for Vocational Education shall have power to employ such assistants as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act. Sec. 7. That there is hereby appropriated to the Federal Board for Vocational Education the sum of .$200,000 annually, to be available from and after the passage of this Act, for the purpose of making or cooperating In making the studies, investigations, and reports provided for in section six of this Act, and for the purpose of paying the salaries of the officers, the assistants, and such office and other expenses as the board may deem necessary to the execution and administration of this Act. Sec. 8. That in order to secure the benefits of the appropriation for any pur- pose specified in this Act, the State board shall prepare plans, showing the kinds of vocational education for which it is proposed that the appropriation shall FEDEEAL BOAED FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 53 be used ; the kinds of schools and equipment ; courses of study ; methods of in- struction ; qualifications of teachers ; and, in the case of agricultural subjects the qualifications of supervisors or directors ; plans for the training of teachers ; and, in the case of agricultural subjects, plans for the supervision of agricultural education, as provided for in section ten. Such plans shall be submitted by the State board to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, and if the Federal board finds the same to be in conformity with the provisions and pur- poses of this Act, the same shall be approved. The State board shall make an annual report to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, on or before September first of each year, on the work done in the State and the receipts and expenditures of money under the provisions of this Act. Sec. 9. That the appropriation for the salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects and of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects shall be devoted exclusively to the payment of salaries of such teachers, supervisors, or directors having the minimum qualifications set up for the State by the State board, with the ajjproval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. The cost of instruction supplementary to the instruc- tion in agricultural and in trade, home economics, and Industrial subjects pro- vided for in this Act, necessary to build a well-rounded course of training, shall be borne by the State and local communities, and no part of the cost thereof shall be borne out of the appropriations herein made. The moneys expended under the provisions of this Act, in cooperation with the States, for the salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, or for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and Industrial subjects, shall be condi- tioned that for each dollar of Federal money expended for such salaries the State or local community, or both, shall expend an equal amount for such salaries ; and that appropriations for the training of teachers of vocational sub- jects, as herein provided, shall be conditioned that such money be expended for maintenance of such training and that for each dollar of Federal money so ex- pended for maintenance, the State or local community, or both, shall expend an equal amount for the maintenance of such training. Sec. 10. That any State may use the appropriation for agricultural purposes, or any part thereof allotted to it, under the provisions of this Act, for the sal- aries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, either for the salaries of teachers of such subjects in schools or classes or for the salaries of supervisors or directors of such subjects under a plan of supervision for the State to be set up by the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. That in order to receive the benefits of such appro- priation for the salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects the State board of any State shall provide in its plan for agricul- tural education that such education shall be that which Is under public super- vision or control ; that the controlling purpose of such education shall be to fit for useful employment ; that such education shall be of less than college grade and be designed to meet the needs of persons over fourteen years of age who have entered upon or who are preparing to enter upon the work of the farm or of the farm home ; that the State or local community, or both, shall provide the necessary plant and equipment determined upon by the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, as the minimum requirement for such education in schools and classes In the State; that the amount expended for the maintenance of such education in any school or class receiving the benefit of such appropriation shall be not less annually than the amount fixed by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board as the minimum for such schools or classes in the State; that such 54 FEDERAL BOAKD FOE. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. schools Shall provide for directed or supervised practice In agriculture, either on a farm provided for by the school or other farm, for at least six months per year ; that the teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects shall have at least the minimum qualifications determined for the State by the State board, vcith the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. ■ Sec. 11. That in order to receive the benefits of the appropriation for the sala- ries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects the State board of any State shall provide in its plan for trade, home economics, and industrial education that such education shall be given in schools or classes under public supervision or control ; that the controlling purpose of such edu- cation shall be to fit for useful employment; that such education shall be of less than college grade and shall be designed to meet the needs of persons over fourteen years of age vs^ho are preparing for a trade or industrial pursuit or who have entered upon the work of a trade or industrial pursuit; that the State or local community, or both, shall provide the necessary plant and equip- ment determined upon by the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, as the minimum requirement in such State for education for any given trade or industrial pursuit; that the total amount ex- pended for the maintenance of such education In any school or dass receiving the benefit of such appropriation shall be not less annually than the amount fixed by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board, as the mini- mum for such schools or classes in the State; that such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruction be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than thirty hours per week ; that at least one-third of the sum appropriated to any State for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects shall, if expended, be applied to part-time schools or classes for workers over fourteen years of age who have entered upon employment, and such subjects in a part-time school or class may mean any subject given to enlarge the civic or vocational intelligence of such workers over fourteen and less than eighteen years of age ; that such part-time schools or classes shall provide for not less than one hundred and forty-four hours of classroom instruction per year; that evening Industrial schools shall fix the age of sixteen years as a minimum entrance requirement and shall con- fine instruction to that which Is supplemental to the daily employment ; that the teachers of any trade or Industrial subject in any State shall have at least the minimum qualifications for teachers of such subject determined upon for such State by the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education : Provided, That for cities and towns of less than twenty-five thou- sand population, according to the last preceding United States census, the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, may modify the conditions as to the length of course and hours of instruction per week for schools and classes giving Instruction to those who have not entered upon employment. In order to meet the particular needs of such cities and towns. Sec. 12. That in order for any State to receive the benefits of the appro- priation In this Act for the training of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, or of teachers of trade, industrial or home economics subjects, the State board of such State shall provide in its plan for such train- ing that the same shall be carried out under the supervision of the State board ; that such training shall be given In schools or classes under public supervision or control ; that such training shall be given only to persons who have had ade- quate vocational experience or contact in the line of work for which they are preparing themselves as teachers, supervisors, or directors, or who are acqulr- FEDEBAL BOARD FOE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 55 ing such experience or contact as a part of their training; and that the State board, with the approval of the Federal board, shall establish minimum require- ments for such experience or contact for teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects and for teachers of trade, industrial, and home economics subjects ; that not more than sixty per centum nor less than twenty per centum of the money appropriated under this Act for the training of teachers of voca- tional subjects to any State for any year shall be expended for any one of the following purposes: For the preparation of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, or the preparation of teachers of trade and Industrial subjects, or the preparation of teachers of home economics subjects. Sec. 13. That in order to secure the benefits of the appropriations for the salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, or for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects, or for the training of teachers as herein provided, any State shall, through the leg- islative authority thereof, appoint as custodian for said appropriations its State treasurer, who shall receive and provide for the proper custody and dis- bursements of all money paid to the State from said appropriations. Sec. 14. That the Federal Board for Vocational Education shall annually ascertain whether the several States are using, or are prepared to use, the money received by them in accordance with the provisions of this Act. On or before the first day of January of each year the Federal Board for Voca- tional Education shall certify to the Secretary of the Treasury each State which has accepted the provisions of this Act and complied therewith, certifying the amounts which each State Is entitled to receive under the provisions of this Act. Upon such certification the Secretary of the Treasury shall pay quarterly to the custodian for vocational education of each State the moneys to which it is entitled under the provisions of this Act. The moneys so received by the custodian for vocational education for any State shall be paid out on the requisition of the State board as reimbursement for expenditures already incurred to such schools as are approved by said State board and are entitled to receive such moneys under the provisions of this Act. Sec. 15. That whenever any portion of the fund annually allotted to any State has not been expended for the purpose provided for in this Act, a sum equal to such portion shall be deducted by the Federal board from the next suc- ceeding annual allotment from such fund to such State. Sec. 16. That the Federal Board for Vocational Education may withhold the allotment of moneys to any State whenever it shall be determined that such moneys are not being expended for the purposes and under the conditions of this Act. If any allotment is withheld from any State, the State board of such State may appeal to the Congress of the United States, and if the Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be covered into the Treasury. Sec. 17. That if any portion of the moneys received by the custodian for voca- tional education of any State under this Act, for any given purpose named in this Act, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by such State, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation for such education shall be paid to such State. No portion of any moneys appropri- ated under this Act for the benefit of the States shall be applied, directly or indirectly, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings or equipment, or for the purchase or rental of lands, or for the support of any religious or privately owned or conducted school or college. Sec. 18. That the Federal Board for Vocational Education shall make an an- nual report to Congress, on or before December first, on the administration of 66 FEDEEAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. this Act and shall include in such report the reports made by the State boards on the administration of this Act by each State and the expenditure of the money allotted to each State. Approved, February, 23, 1917. SECTION 2. [Public^ No. 64, Sixty-fifth Congeess.] [H. E. 5949.] AN ACT Making appropriations to supply urgent deficiencies in appropriations for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and prior fiscal years, on account of war expenses, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums are appro- priated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to supply urgent deficiencies in appropriations for the fiscal year ending June thirtietn, nineteen hundred and eighteen, and prior fiscal years, on account of war ex- penses, and for other purposes, namely : FEDEBAI. BOARD FOB VOCATIONAL EDtTCATION. The appropriation provided by section seven of the Act creating the Federal Board for Vocational Education, approved February twenty-third, nineteen hun- dred and seventeen, is also made available for printing and binding, law books, books of reference and periodicals, and postage on foreign mall. In any State the legislature of which met in nineteen hundred and seventeen and failed for any reason to accept the provisions of the vocational education Act, as provided in section five of said Act, if the governor of that State, so far as he is authorized to do so, shall accept the provisions of said Act ana designate or create a State board of not less than three members to act in cooperation with the Federal Board for Vocational Education and shall desig- nate the State treasurer as custodian for all moneys allotted to that State under said Act, the Federal board shall, if such legislature took no adverse action on the acceptance of said Act in nineteen hundred and seventeen, repog- nize such State board for the purposes of said Act until the legislature of that State meets in regular session in due course and has been in session sixty days. Approved, October 6, 1917. APPENDIX B. Legal Requibements Imposed by the Act Appeoved Febeuakt 23, 1917, to Peomote Vocational Education. [Public, No. 347, Sixty-fourth Congkess.] I. upon the states. The State shall— (o) Accept, through the legislature, the provisions of the act. (6) Designate or create, through the legislature, a State board consisting of not less than three members having necessary power to cooperate with the Federal board in the administration of the provisions of the act. Note. — The State board of education, or other board having charge of the administration of public education in the State, or any State board having PEDBEAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 57 Charge of the administration of any kind of vocational education in the State may, if the State so elect, be designated as the State board. Note.— If no adverse action was taken by State legislature In 1917, the governor may accept the provisions of the act, and designate or create a State board, and also appoint State treasurer as custodian for appropriations. Such board will be recognized by the Federal board until the legislature meets in due course and has been in session sixty days. (c) Appoint, through legislative authority, as custodian for appropriations allotted, its State treasurer, who shall receive and provide for the proper cus- tody and disbursements of all money paid to the State from Federal appro- priations. id) Take advantage of at least the minimum amount appropriated for the training of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects. This must be done after June 30, 1920, in order to receive any appropriation for salaries of teachers, supervisors or directors of agricultural subjects. (e) Take advantage of at least the minimum amount appropriated for the training of teachers of trade, home economics and industrial subjects. This must be done after une 30, 1920, in order to receive any appropriation for salaries of teachers of trade, home economics and industrial subjects. Note. — Prior to June 30, 1920, the State may accept the benefits of any one or more of the respective funds appropriated by the act and may defer the acceptance of the benefits of any one. or more of such funds. The State, how- ever, shall be required to meet only the conditions relative to the fund or funds benefits of which have been accepted. II. UPON THE TEDEBAL BOAKD. The Federal board shall — (o) Elect annually one of its members as chairman, whose duty it shall be to carry out the rules, regulations, and decisions which the board may adopt. (6) Employ such assistants as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of the act. (c) Cooperate with State boards in the administration of the provisions of the act. ((2) Make or cause to have made studies, investigations and reports, with particular reference to aiding the States in the establishment of vocational schools and classes and in giving instruction in agriculture, trades and industry, commerce and commercial pursuits, and home economics. Note. — Such studies, investigations, and reports shall include agriculture and agricultural processes and requirements upon agricultural workers ; trades, industries, and apprenticeships ; trade and Industrial requirements upon indus- trial workers, and classification of industrial processes and pursuits ; commerce and commercial pursuits and requirements upon commercial workers ; home management, domestic science, and the study of related facts and principles ; and problems of administration of vocational schools and of courses of study and' instruction in vocational subjects. When the board deems it advisable, such studies, investigations, and reports concerning agriculture, for the pur- poses of agricultural education, may be made in cooperation with or through the Department of Agriculture; such studies, investigations, and reports con- cerning trades and industries, for the purposes of trade and industrial education, may be made in cooperation with or through the Department of Labor; such studies, investigations, and reports concerning commerce and commercial pur- suits, for the purposes of commercial education, may be made in cooperation with or through the Department of Commerce ; such studies, investigations, and 58 FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. reports concerning the administration of vocational scliools, courses of study, and instruction in vocational subjects, may be made in cooperation with or through the Bureau of Education. (c) Examine plans submitted by State boards and approve the same if found to be in conformity with the provisions and purposes of the act. (/) Annually ascertain whether the several States are using, or are prepared to use, the money received by them in accordance with the provisions of the act. (g) On or before January 1 of each year, certify to the Secretary of the Treasury each State which has accepted the provisions of the act and complied therewith, together with the amount which each State Is entitled to receive under the provisions of the act. (ft) Make an annual report to Congress on or before December 1st on the ad- ministration of the act, including therein the reports made by the State boards, and the expenditure of the money allotted to each State. III. UPON THE SECRETAEY OF THE TBEASUEY. The Secretary of the Treasury shall pay quarterly to the custodian for voca- tional education of each State, upon certification by the Federal board, the moneys to which it Is entitled under the provisions of the act. IV. UPON THE CUSTODIAN FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STATE TKEASUBEK. The custodian for vocational education — State Treasurer — shall, on the requi- sition of the State board, pay out moneys received as reimbursements for ex- penditures already incurred to such schools as are approved by said State board and are entitled to receive such moneys under the provisions of the act. V. AS TO THE EXPENDITUKE OF APPKOPKIATIONS. Appropriations must — (a) Be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of teacher-training or to the payment of salaries of teachers, supervisors or directors of agricultural sub- jects, and of teachers of trade, home economics and industrial subjects, having the minimum qualifications set up by the State board with approval of Federal board. ♦ Note. — Cost of instruction supplementary to the instruction in subjects pro- vided for by the act, necessary to build a well-rounded course of training, shall be borne by the State and local communities, and no part of the cost thereof shall be borne out of appropriations made by the act. This does not apply to the maintenance of teacher-training. (6) Be met by equal appropriation from State. For each dollar of Federal money expended for salaries of teachers, supervisors or directors of agricul- tural subjects, or for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics and in-, dustrlal subjects or for the training of teachers of vocational subjects, the State or local community, or both, shall expend an equal amount for such salaries or for training. (c) Be so expended that not more than 60 per cent nor less than 20 per cent of the money appropriated under the act for training of teachers of vocational subjects to any State for any year shall be used for (1) the preparation of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, (2) the preparation of teachers, etc., of trade and Industrial subjects, (3) the preparation of teachers of home economics subjects. TEDKEAL BOARD FOB VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 59 (d) Be SO expended that not more than 20 per cent of the money appropri- ated for the payment of salaries of teachers of trade, home economics and in- dustrial subjects for any year shall be used for the salaries of teachers of home economics subjects. (e) Be withheld whenever it shall be determined that such moneys are not being expended for the purposes and under the conditions of the act. Note.— If allotment is withheld from any State, State board may appeal to Congress, and if the Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be covered into the Treasury. (/) Be decreased whenever any portion of the fund annuaUy allotted to any State shall not have been expended for the purpose provided for in the act. This decrease shall be equal to such unexpended portion. (g) If any portion of the moneys received by the custodian for vocational edu- cation of any State under the act, for any given purpose named in the act, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, such portion shall be re- placed, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation for such education shall be paid to the State. (ft) Not be applied, directly or indirectly, to the purchase, erection, preser- vation, or repair of any building or buildings or equipment, or for the purchase or rental of lands, or for the support of any religious or privately owned or conducted school or college. VI. tJPON THE STATE BOAEDS. A. The State boards designated or created as above required shall as a general prerequisite — (a) Prepare plans showing — 1. The kinds of vocational education for which it is proposed that the appropriation shall be used. 2. The kinds of schools and equipment. 3. The courses of study. 4. The methods of instruction. 5. The qualifications of teachers. (6) Submit such plans to Federal board for approval. (c) Make an annual report to the Federal board on or before September 1 of each year on the work done in the State and the receipts and expenditures of money under the provisions of the act. B. In order to secure the benefits of the fund for agricultural education the State boards shall include in the general plan- Co) Qualifications of supervisors and directors. (ft) Plans for the training of teachers. (c) Plans for the supervision of agricultural education as provided in section 10, namely : " That any State may use the appropriation for agricultural pur- poses, or any part thereof allotted to it, under the provisions of this act, for the salaries of teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects, either for the salaries of teachers of such subjects in schools or classes or for the salaries of supervisors or directors of such subjects under a plan of supervision for the State to be set up by the State board with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education." {d) That education shall be that which is under public supervision or control. (e) That the controlling purpose of the education is to fit for useful employ- ment. 60 FEDEBAL BOAUD EOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. (/) That the education shall be less than college grade. (g) That education is designed to meet the needs of persons over 14 years of age, who have entered upon or are preparing to enter upon the work of the farm or of the farm home. (ft) That the State or local community, or both, shall provide the necessary plant and equipment determined upon by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board, as the minimum requirement for such education in the schools and classes in the State. (i) That the amount expended for the maintenance of such education in any school or class receiving the benefit of Federal appropriation shall be not less annually than the amount fixed by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board as the minimum for such schools or classes in the State. {]) That such schools shall provide for directed or supervised practice in agriculture, either on a farm provided for by the school or other farm, for at least six months per year. (fc) That the teachers, supervisors, or directors of agricultural subjects shall have at least the minimum qualifications determined for the State by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board. C. In order to secure the benefits of the fund for education in trade, home economics and Industrial subjects, the State boards shall Include in the general plan — (a) That education will be given in schools or classes under public supervi- sion or control. (6) That the controlling purpose of the education shall be to fit for useful employment. (c) That the education shall be of less than college grade. (d) That the education shall be designed to meet the needs of persons over 14 years of age who are preparing for a trade or Industrial pursuit or who have entered upon the work of a trade or Industrial pursuit. (e) That the State or local community, or both, shall provide the necessary .plant and equipment determined upon by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board as the minimum requirement in such State for 'education for any given trade or industrial pursuit. (/) That the total amount expended for the maintenance Of such education in any school or class receiving the benefit of such appropriation shall ba not less annually than the amount fixed by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board, as the minimum for such schools or classes In the State. (g) That schools or classes giving Instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least one-half of the time of such instruction be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than 30 hours per week. (h) That at least one- third of the sum appropriated to any State for salaries shall be applied to part-time schools or classes for workers over 14 years of age who have entered upon employment, and such subjects in a part- time school or class may mean any subject given to enlarge the civic or voca- tional intelligence of such workers over 14 and less than 18 years of age. (i) That part-time schools or classes shall provide for not less than 144 hours of class-room Instruction per year. ij) That evening industrial schools shall fix the age of 16 years as a minimum entrance requirement and shall confine instruction to that which is supplemental to the dally employment. FEDEBAL BOAKD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. 61 (fc) That the teachers of any trade or industrial subject in any State shall have at least the minimum qualifications for teachers of such subject deter- mined upon for such State by the State board, with the approval of the Federal board. Note. — By proviso in the Act it is declared that for cities and towns of less than 25,000 population, the State board, with approval of the Federal board, may modify conditions as to length of course and hours of instruction per week for schools and classes giving instruction to those who have not entered upon employment, in order to meet the particular needs of such cities and towns. D. In order to secure the benefits of the fund for the training of teachers, the State boards shall include in the general plan — • (o) That training shall be carried on under the supervision of the State board. (6) That training will be given in schools or classes under public supervision or control. (c) That training will be given only to persons who have had adequate vocational experience or contact in the line of work for which they are pre- paring themselves as teachers, supervisors or directors, or who are acquiring sneh experience or contact as a part of their training. (d) That the State board, with the approval of the Federal board, shall establish minimum requirements for such experience or contact for teachers, supervisors or directors of agricultural subjects and for teachers of trade, industrial and home economics subjects. 62 FEDERAL BOARD FOB VOCATIONAL EDTICAIION. a. =0 I *; 3 1^ n Eh b Q a> 13 -d C as:; §5 W 03 0>-..ci WCqC^lNWMNNMN oooo oo oo ooooo OOQOO ooooooo CCN-^OOOOOOO 30000 C issssi 3SSSS5 30000C aii^s ^ o o o Pi d ■-J (3*^ pi a 30000000QC PO O O O O O 30000000 gOOOOC30 000000 5oo OOQQQOOOQO O'OOioO'OQOQO lOC'-OM'Ol'-O'OOO OOQOC 8SSSS OOOOO ■OOOOO OOOOO 5N»ni:^o»ooo OOOOOOOOQO 88S8SS_8SS_g ar-rTH'"-*^oo'-rtr>-i OS ■* i> t^ ^COMi-Hi-lfH CONN iOO»OOiOQOOO ^t^ ONiOI>0»000 T-i r^w^r^C^ cretin gOOOOOQQOQ. 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