I*9£ . CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WlLLARD FlSKE Endowment PJ 6779.V 92 e "l895 erSHy Ubrary M ^iBiirai(fil!lili n iiii! l ii!lfS! of Arabic i a a.™ 3 1924 026 886 816 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026886816 A GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN EGYPTIAN DIALECT OF ARABIC. EonHon: C. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBKIDGE UNIVEBSITY PEESS WAREHOUSE, " AVE MARIA LANE. (BliBSgoto: 263, ARGYXE STREET. ILeiDjis: F. A. BEOCKHAUS. £efo gorfc: MACMILLAN AND CO. THE MODERN EGYPTIAN DIALECT OF AEABIC A GRAMMAR WITH EXERCISES, READING LESSONS AND GLOSSARIES FROM THE GERMAN OF Dr k. vollees WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS BY THE AUTHOR. TRANSLATED BY F. C. BURKITT, M.A. CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1895 [All Bights reserved.] < PRINTED BY J. & L>. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. PREFACE. This book aims only at teaching the modern spoken Arabic of Egypt, especially that of Cairo. For this reason it has been necessary to give the Arabic -words in a trans- literation, instead of using the native alphabet. The Arabic script, even when fully vocalised, does not give the finer distinctions of the vowels ; it is not only difficult but im- possible to mark for instance the difference of the vowels in r-J* (pronounced fa/rah) from those of jJj (pronounced almost beled). In thus writing down the details of a popular speech it is almost impossible to avoid some differences of opinion ; it is especially difficult also for English ears to catch the sounds of the more peculiar Semitic articulations such-' as J> and c. With regard to the latter sound (3-ow), Dr Vollers recom- mends the definition of Mr Ellis : " an exaggeration of Hamza gives c the bleat with a rattle in the cartilaginous glottis." F. 0. B. CONTENTS. Inteoduotion The Alphabet A. Table of Consonants B. On the characteristic sounds of certain Consonants C. The Arabic Alphabet arranged according to sounds D. Beading Exercises in the Alphabet Interchange of the Consonants The Vowels .... Helping or Semi-Vowels . The Syllable and the Accent . The Pronoun § 7. The Personal Pronoun § 8. The Possessive Pronoun . § 9. The Demonstrative Pronoun § 10. The Interrogative Pronoun § 11. The Belative Pronoun § 12. The Indefinite Pronoun . The Vekb § 13. The Formation of Boots § 14. Strong and Weak Verbs . § 15. Tenses, Moods and Voice § 16. The Strong Verb. Boot Form § 17. The Verb with Negative Particles § 18. The Verbal Suffixes § 19. The Derivative Verbal Forms § 20. The II. Verbal Stem § 21. The III. Stem § 22. The IV. Stem PAOE 1 5 6 8 11 12 16 18 22 22 25 26 29 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 43 45 46 46 51 54 CONTENTS. §23. §24. §25. §26. §27. §28. §29. §30. §31. §32. §33. §34. §35. §36. §37. §38. §39. §40. §41. §42. The Noun The V. Stem .... The VL Stem The VII. Stem The two Forms of the VIII. Stem The IX. Stem The X. Stem .... The Weak Verbs . Verbs w 1 or y 1 Verbs w 2 or y 2 . Boot Form . Verbs w 1 or y 2 . Derivative Stems Verbs y 3 . Boot Form . Verbs y s . Derivative Stems . Contracted Verbs (whose 2nd and 3rd Badicals Contracted Verbs. Derivative Forms Verbs containing Alif (Hamza) Verbs with Alif 1 Verbs with Alif 2 or Alif 3 Doubly weak Verbs The Quadriliteral Verb . The Old Form of the Passive alike) PAGE 56 59 60 61 64 65 67 68 72 75 79 §43. §44. §45. §46. §47. §48. §49. §50. General Bematks Gender . Number. The Singular The Dual The Plural . The Strong Masc. Plural The Strong Fern. Plural The Broken Plural I. Forms with three Badicals II. Forms with more than three Badicals , § 51. The Inflection of Nouns . § 52. » Nominal Suffixes . § 53. The Adjective § 54. The Forms of the Noun . I. Forms with three Badicals II. Forms with Prefixes III. Forms with Affixes . IV. Turkish Forms CONTENTS. IX PAGE The Numerals § 55. The Cardinal Numbers 136 § 56. The Ordinal Numbers 138 § 57. Fractional Numbers 139 § 58. Distributive Numbers 140 Particles § 59. Adverbs. General BemarkB 140 I. Of Place 140 II. Of Time 141 HI. Of Manner 141 §60. The Prepositions 143 § 61. The Conjunctions 145 §62. The Interjections 146 Remarks on Syntax. The Verb § 63. The Tenses § 64. The Passive § 65. The Double Accusative . The Noun §66. The Article . § 67. The Genitive Construction § 68. Apposition, etc. § 69. The Adjective § 70. The Pronoun . § 71. The Numerals § 72. The Prepositions § 73. The Simple Sentence § 74. Interrogative Sentences § 75. Conditional Sentences Reading Lessons Arabic-English Glossary English- Arabic Glossary 148 150 150 151 152 153 154 156 158 159 161 163 163 167 180 245 ABBREVIATIONS. In addition to the abbreviations common in grammars the following are used in this book : D Diw&n : official and legal phraseology. Fell. Speech of the FelWlki or peasants. pi. fern, strong feminine plural (§ 49). pi. masc. strong masculine plural (§ 48). pol. "polite" Arabic: see p. 3. rel. religious phraseology. S Sa$id : dialect of Upper Egypt. * is added to words borrowed from other languages. ,/ Boot. I obsolete or antiquated expression. EEEATA. Page 9, line 6, for yiMiat read yishhat „ 9, „ 19, ,, fas'ikh „ fegikh „ 10, „ 9, „ far} „ ferj „ 49, „ 17, insert 3. before The Participle „ 53, „ 15, for 'an inhabitant' read 'Governor' 75, 1) 16, , , 'turn aside' ,» 'shun' 83, II 20, , , dara, j/edari ,, ddrd, yedan 85, 11 19, , , ishtareto ,, ishtaretu 98, 1) 12, . , vi. Verbs Ye 2 ,, vi. Verbs Ye 1 112, 11 5, , , fi'il »» fljil 129, I) 8, , fusjal ,, fujjal 133, ') 1, , , 'ardyya i, 'ardiyii. 181, art X-l for _/*•! read j^ 1 )» i) 11 „ 'aggar, to hire read 'aggar, to II !» *•• „ e^fiji „ e^zaji 202, 11 t-o ,, ar6a6 „ ar6d6 203, 1) s-fi» ,, mardkbi ,, merakbi INTRODUCTION. MODERN ARABIC DIALECTS. Arabic is spoken at the present day in many different lands. The language has accordingly assumed several forms which can be divided into dialects by a Geographical division. We have the Arabic of the following countries : 1. Mauretania (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis), shewing the influence of Berber dialects. 2. Egypt. 3. Syria and Palestine, shewing the influence of Aramaic. 4. Mesopotamia. 5. }Irdq (Babylonia). 6. Western Arabia (the Higaz). 7. Southern Arabia (Yemen and Hadramut). The Arabic spoken in the Eastern Souddn appears to belong to this group rather than to Egyptian Arabic. 8. Eastern Arabia (Bahren and 30man), shewing Persian influence. 9. Central Arabia (Negd, etc.). The Arabic of the Bedatvtn forms a class by itself. Some of the Bedawi tribes live in Arabia, the Syrian Desert, Sinai J* B. l 2 INTRODUCTION. and the Soudan, others live a nomad life in the countries named above by the side of the settled inhabitants 1 . When we come to study the characteristics of the dialect spoken in any one of these countries, we must distinguish in the first place between the speech of the Bedawin and that of the settled inhabitants (el-Hadar), and secondly between the idiom of the townspeople and that of the peasants (FeUdhin). This is especially the case in Egypt. Of these ten dialects those of Mauretania, Egypt and Syria are tolerably well known in Europe, but the peculiarities of the rest have been hardly studied. Quite distinct from all these spoken dialects is the Classical or literary Arabic, which in the main has kept true to its original character through all the centuries in all parts of the Arabic-speaking world. Recent investigation has shewn that the so-called dialects of Modern Arabic are not mere degenerate forms of the classical idiom, but that from very early times they have had a separate history and development, a fact which gives them a scientific interest of their own. Moreover, in spite of the general fixity of the literary idiom, we actually find some traces of the influence of the spoken dialects on the Arabic written in different epochs and different countries. In the present day also there are certain styles' which, though directly derived from literary Arabic, neverthe- less admit words and constructions borrowed from the spoken language. The most important of these is the Legal and Financial Idiom. Lately also there has sprung up a News- paper style and the style used in Scientific works, the latter! largely imbued with European ideas and imitating European! 1 Besides these dialects we find an artificial use of Arabic elsewhere I as the sacred speech of Islam in all countries, and as a means of literary,J diplomatic and business communication in Constantinople, Persia, India, j Zanzibar, the interior of Africa, etc. INTRODUCTION. 3 technical terminology. Modern Poetry for the most part simply imitates the idiom of the Qoran and the Classical Arabian Poets. The modern Egyptian dialect falls into three divisions, the speech of the townspeople, of the peasants, and of the Bedawin. The speech of the peasants falls into two subdivisions, that of Upper and of Lower Egypt. In the speech of the townspeople we may distinguish three strata. The speech of the lower classes is almost entirely uncontaminated by the literary Arabic, the influence of which only appears in certain religious and ceremonial formulae. The speech of the middle classes who have attended school borrows many more expressions from the written language, and with the upper classes this is the case to a still greater extent. These consist of the Officials Civil and Military, the Lawyers, the Physicians, and those engaged in Teaching, who speak in a style so full of phrases and idioms taken from the written language, or artificially formed in imi- tation of it, that the European who knows the modern Egyptian Arabic from such works as this Grammar could scarcely follow them without previously having a competent knowledge of the old Classical language. This fashionable 'argot' will be re- ferred to in the following pages as polite Arabic (pol.). This book only professes to be a Grammar of the modern Egyptian dialect, with special reference to the speech of Cairo and its neighbourhood. The relation of this dialect to the whole range of the Arabic language may be made clearer by comparing it with modern Italian as spoken in Eome. Clas- sical Arabic will correspond to Classical Latin of the Augustan age, while the 'polite' Arabic of the educated Egyptians finds its nearest analogy in the modern Latin used in Theological and critical works. The great historical difference is the existence 1 of Italian Literature. Modern Arabic never had a Dante, and ! the popular language has never yet been used for serious literary purposes. The speech of the people finds its way into 1—2 4 INTRODUCTION. books only in tales, such as the 1001 Nights, in satirical and comic writing, such as the newspaper Abti-Jfadddra and the Haza-al-QuMf 1 , a translation of four of Moliere's Comedies by Muhammad 30sman Galal, and there only to a certain^ extent. It is to the efforts of Europeans that we owe the writing down of the modern Arabic Proverbs. 1 Cairo, 2nd Edit. 1307 a.h. = 1890 a.d. The Cairo dialect has been thoroughly treated by Spitta (Leipzig, 1880), who also published in transcription the very interesting ' Contes arabes modernes' (Leyden, 1883). Very instructive also are Burckhardt's Arabic Proverbs (London, 2nd Edit. 1875), which were collected in Cairo. Those who wish to learn the written Arabic should have Socin's Grammar (English Edit. 1885). For a thorough study of Arabic Wright's Grammar (2nd Edit. 1874, a new edition is in progress at the Cam- bridge University Press) is indispensable. Lane's Arabic Dictionary (1863 — 1893) so far as it goes is the best for Classical Arabic. Of the various smaller lexicons we may name that of Wortabet (Cairo, 1888). A. M. Mantell's Dictionary of Military Technical Terms is useful, but a comprehensive Lexicon of the living Arabic language is much, needed. § 1. THE ALPHABET. Arabic writing is derived from Nabatean, a branch of Ara- 1 maic, and is read from right to left. It consists almost entirely of consonants, and even the signs used to express the long vowels and the diphthongs (Nos. 1, 27, 28 in the annexed Table) had originally a purely consonantal force. The short vowels may it is true be expressed by additional signs which were invented later, but they are not generally made use of, and the vowels must be supplied by the reader from the context. There are many styles of Arabic writing. The types used in this volume and in nearly all Arabic books printed in Europe resemble more or less the types used in Egypt, Syria and Turkey, and which are imitated from the book-hand found in mss. This style is called NeskM. Another style called Ta}liq is common in Persia and India, while the Maghrabi ' hand found in Mauretania is different from either. (3 O 2 *5S v=0 a S> s a o .3 CM CO 13 03 ^ ^ a o -a O > ••s< CO ft g> a En MO V7i 5i ■ ^ a ff p? pq oi o W 55* -» a O « (0 -•* .g & f£ ft* -1 — * ) H *J •rs -> ■ *> S fl £ si — 3 D D ^ u •U n -3 ~> ■-> 5 ^1 ^ '03 *»o W 1 cS Zi •^ e g 1^" §■ *8 I— 1 c-i CO ■* ifi «o t^ CO CO d 1-H ei r " i— i ffl V7D 13 a sS pq PQ £^ ^s- pa m £ <3 ^ O o <£ S 5s "l < 1 J J 4 I ••» -•> o Vn ? •-. 3 01 "3 ^ ^ ^ ji ji ,U Jj 3 ! JS D «- "D «« '•> 3= 3 -> > "« Sq a§.' C).. 6m.. ^J. ■ %^ C § § 8 : S .-=: <» '5 1 ^ « £ J !» ^ :» eo^iotot-ooooi— i en eo -* m eo *- ao ^-i ^i .— i i— i i— i i— i i— i im Ex. A\^i = sa'al (two syllables with a catch between), Du * U*^J = r ^ s ' J^ 5 = i^ ( one syllable). 4. l*j is pronounced t by the people, s by the upper 5. _ has two pronunciations : (a) In Cairo it is a g as in 'give'. (6) Elsewhere, especially in Upper Egypt, but also in Alexandria it is pronounced d~y, like di in ' soldier'. Ex. Jj^ = dyabal, hill ; ^ = hadyar, stone ; J& = teld~y (one syllable), snow. ^~ Now and then this sound is softened to a mere conso- nantal y. CONSONANTS. 9 6. _ (= h) is a strongly breathed h, pronounced very far back in the throat, but quite smoothly. Ex. homdr, donkey ; ahscm, better ; $vbh, morning. It must be distinguished from the simple h (26). Comp. helba, trefoil, hilb, anchor. y' yishhcd, he begs, yishhad, he bears witness. 7. • (= kh) has a strong guttural sound, like the German ch in nocli, or the Scotch ch in loch. Ex. khurda, copper ; nakMa, date-palm ; frdkh, fowls. 9. j is pronounced d by the people, z by the upper 14 — 17. .jo (= *), jji (= d), t (= f), and among the upper classes Si (= z) are modifications of s, d, t and z. They are pronounced with' a rounding of the lips, which are placed as in pronouncing the vowel o. This gives an emphasis to the sounds of these four letters. Ex. sSf, summer, sSf, sword. Saytd, Upper Egypt, Sa}id,Jiaid (a man's name). fo?ih, classical, ftfs&h, salt fish. darbd, a blow, darb, street. damim, he has gathered, dem, blood. tin, soil, arable land, tin, figs. hitta, piece, hitta, diminution. tdr, he has flown, tdr, revenge. zarf, envelope, zenb, fault. For the influence of these sounds on the neighbouring vowels see § 4. 17. Is is pronounced like ^J, (= d) by the common people. 10 SOUNDS OF THE 18. c (= 3 in this book) has in Arabic, as in all Semitic languages, a strong peculiar articulation formed by closing the air-passages as deep down in the throat as possible. It must be carefully distinguished from Hamza and the Hamza- sound of "Af (21). Ex. lid, Festival, 'id, hand. }dl, of best quality, "dl, he said. yish, bread, "esh, razor-strop. ~fo\r}, twig, for", difference. na}l, sandals, na"l, transference. ,J «_*js "um}, funnel, 'urwm, mother. 19. c (= gh) is pronounced in Egypt as a strong aspirated g. Both (18) and (19) must be learnt by ear from a native. Ex. gMr, without ; shughl, business ; yusbugh, he dyes. 21. v has three sounds in modern Egyptian Arabic. (a) In the common speech of the towns it is pronounced like Hamza. In this book therefore it is represented by ". (6) In Alexandria, among the peasants generally, and in the Soudan, it is generally pronounced like a very bard, deep g. Thus "irsh or girsh, piastre ; "dl or gdl, he said. (c) The original sound of jj was a deep guttural k, which still survives here and there among the Bedawin near Lake Burullus in the Province of Gharbiya, and in the Faiyum. ] It is also to a certain extent affected among the learned classes. 27, 28. j and ^, like the English w and y, are pro- nounced like consonants at the beginning of a syllable, but in other cases they represent the long vowels ■& and %. When they follow a short a they form with it the diphthongs au 1 and 1 In this book au is used for English mo in 'now'. CONSONANTS. 11 ai. For the difficulties arising from this doubled use of . and ,_$ see § 14. 2 ; §§ 29—34 and § 54. C. THE ARABIC ALPHABET ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SOUNDS. I. Breathed or faucal Sounds. 1. Without aspiration. a. simple : Alif; js (= Alif). /}. strong : c . 2. With aspiration. a. simple : s h. y8. strong : _ h. II. Fricatives (formed by contracting the mouth). 1. Gutturals : • kh ; c gh. 2. Dentals : : z ; j (•= z) ; ^ s ; l£j (= s) ; ^ sh. 3. Labio-dentals '• )o (=?')', ^fi ?• 4. Labial : • if. 5. Liquids : J I ; . r. III. Mutes (formed by shutting the mouth). 1. Guttural : j (= q) ; J (= deep ^). 2. Guttural-palatal : # ; C-J = & 3. Dentals : j d; j (= d); CL> t ; i£j (= t) ; J>4; ±(=d);\> t. 4. Labial : <_j b. 5. Nasals : * m ; ^n. 12. READING IV. Half-vowels. Thus English and modern Egyptian Arabic have in com- mon the sounds b, d,f, g, h, k, I, m, n, r, s, sh, t, w, y, z. There is no English equivalent for Alif, }En, • kh, i. gh, j (= q or hard g), ^ s, ^J, J, Is t, )a s. - There is no Egyptian Arabic equivalent for p, v, j (as in jam), z (as in pleasure) or eh (as in church). D. READING EXERCISES. 1. ie&f*flj te»fS$i (Qatd'if-el-Latd'if, pp. 6, 7). *lul ^s "---^cJl c^-j^ i^lr^^ c^-^i t lj cJ^ctf t_jLai c VJi «^» Jk^ cJU! ^\j^\ ^J2j fa jj^LJI EXERCISES 13 Classical Transcription of the above story according to modern Egyptian Tradition. alrKhdgatu wa-l-Mardkibiyu. Hukiya annahu kdna ahadu kh&gdti-r-riyddati fi-ihda-lr maddrisi rdkiban qdriban fi-l-bahri, wa-firnd kdna-l-qdribu sd'iran qdla-l-khdgatu li-sdhibi-l-qdribi : yd ragulu ! agdbalvw-l- ma/rdkibiyu : na}am? fa-qdlalahu: halta}rifu jilma-r-riyddati? agdbahu-l-mardkiMyu : wamd-huwa ^ilmu-r-riyddati 1 /qdla-l- khdgatu: inna hdi5a-l-}ilma yashtamilu ^ala-gumlati-funihriin, mmhdlalmildhatu wa-z-zird}atu wa-l-gughrdfiyatu wa-l-fdldku wa-l-kitdbatu wa-l-hisdbu wa-khildfuhu. fa-agdbahu-l-mardki- biyu : Id cqrifu rnin Sdlika shai'an. fa-qdla lahu : yd khasd- ratu !'. ni§fu-}omrika rdha ! Jh-sakata-l-mardkibiyu. wa-kdnat al-markabu fv-a^nd'i-mukdlamati-l-khdgati ma}a-l-mardkibiyi qad fiafiabat fi-gher-et-tariqi-l-maqsiidi wa-lam yaltafit al-mard- Mbiyu li-fidlika hattd habbati-r-riydhu wa-gliariqat tilkarl-mar- kabu. faAammd ra'd-l-mardkibiyu Sdlika, qdla li-lrkhdgati: hal tayrifv, taywrnv, ? fa-agdbahu : Id ! fa-qdla lahu : kullu }onwika rdha ! (Note. In line 12 p represents the classical sound of t£j, like th in ' thin' ; in lines 7, 10, 13, 14, 15 S represents the clas- sical sound of i , like th in ' thine '.) The same story in vulgar Arabic. d-Klidga we-l-Mardkbi. Huki in kdn wdhid min khdgdt-er-riydda fl-medrasa min-el- maddrts rdkib "drib fi-lbahr, we-larnmd kdn el-"drib mdshi "dl 14 READING el-khoga li-sdhib eVdrib ; yd rdgil ! "dUu el-mardhbi : na}am ! "dl-lu: ti}rafslie ■jelm-er-riydda? "dl-lu el-niardkbi: eh di, yelm- er-riydda? "dl-el-khdga : el-^elme di yihtiwi ^ala-funun ketira minlid et-mildha wa-z-zerd}a wa-l-gughrafiya wa-lfdldk wa-l- hitdba wa-l-hisdb we-khildfu. " al-el-mardkbi : md-a^rafshe hdga mirv-di. "dl-lu : yd wiusdra, nus§e }omrak rdh ! fa-sikit elr mardkbi. we-kdnet el-merlcib ben-haldm el-kh6ga waiya-l-ma- rdhbi rdhet fi-gher-et-tari" -el-ma" sud we-mdltafatshe el-mardkbi, lammd habbet el-a/rydh we-ghir"et el-merkib-di we-lammd shdfu el-mardkbi, "dl li-l-khoga : ti}rafshe te^tim ? "dl-lu : Id ! "dl-lu el-mardkbi : kulle ■jomrak rdh ! 2. From the Translation of Moliere's Tartuffe (Matluf) into Modern Arabic (Cairo, 1307 a.h.). Act I. Scene 6. .yj j»fJJ ^Ji\ Jyo Sj (jio^Jo U> Ul ( _ s £=nJu U ijj (JL* J^eJI Jib t-ijA Zjjsxii\ ^J <^--.f to h\L Ok Jm^su ^^\ L jA»- jM&\ t_jt^_y JU-jJI i-iytlj ^.^ A s» lA< j^=St [ L5 i^j l^ls '-s 1 * 51 ^!1 ^ J^ij <*«^ */i_j t-r'T^* h^ £•*£=- Si J*JL> 3 jJuw^o slab" iX-s jjUjsI! c^-3j j^JJ^o ^jSjkfift. -«v!U> uJyLli Jj«!!j *LsaH y& Uxb ^jM igi 3\ <£#31 (jSji^u l^oLsnJu 3_, l_-0 J^Sl ^t^k»3 *_sU*S\ \&)j£ \±>d\ *ftf- ^j Jlj, ^SL 31j ^ ^yil r Ut ^ 'j-Lyj For the transcription see the Reading Exercises at the end of this book. 16 INTERCHANGE OF § 3. INTERCHANGE OF THE CONSONANTS. Besides the regular transformations which certain conso- nants of the written language undergo in common speech, such as the merging of tij into simple t or s, we meet with other more irregular changes which only affect certain words or classes of words. The most important of these are given below. (1) Hamza (i.e. Consonantal Alif) changes into W in widn J a\ ; into h in hel-bett (§ 9. 4 note) ; into y in yasvr For the changes which Hamza undergoes in the conjugation of the verb see § 37. (2) t disappears at the end of a syllable in lissa, now, which is derived from li-ssd^a, 'to the hour' (§ 59. n. 12). It disappears in the middle of a word in the Numerals from 11—19 (§55. 2). Before consonants the common people generally pronounce c like h ; saying simiht for simi}t, I heard (3) X disappears at the end of a syllable in fi'i (= £jju)) fawdki (= (&\£). Not unfrequently h is added to a word ending with a vowel : Ex. eh ?, what 1 ; leh t. why? ; dih, this ; gih, he has come; garah, it has happened. Thus also in the suffix 3 pers. masc. sing, of the Noun (§8. 1) and of the Verb (§ 18) we find -oh instead of o. (4) Some words spelt with i, in Classical Arabic are pro- nounced in the modern speech with c : Ex. ghafir, watcher, =jjJnU ; ightilds, embezzlement, = ,uX«^l . THE CONSONANTS. 17 (5) The Liquids I and r and the Nasals m and n often in- terchange with one another in Arabic as in all other languages, but this is chiefly restricted to certain much used expressions, themselves the result of contraction, and to words borrowed from other languages. Ex. Idkhar becomes rdkhar (§ 9. 4) ; let, ' oh that !' becomes ret ; nickname, becomes na"b. Similarly we have karakdn, watch, watch-house, from Turkish A^sj; Genendr, General; Malakdn, America. Sometimes m and b interchange, as in madden = balden, ex- cellent (S) ; bazagurna for mezzogiorno, midday rest. (6) The Fellahin of Upper Egypt often interchange di and gi. Ex. yidi for yigi (§ 40. vn. 1). adibo for agibo, I will bring it. On the other hand yishdif, he works the ShdtMf (a machine for drawing water), becomes yishdyif. (7) In Classical Arabic ^ and js , • and ]i , C-J and ]- , 4 and ,X are kept quite distinct from one another, but they are often confused in modern Arabic. The uneducated Egyptians know the two classes of sounds, but they interchange them a good deal one with another. Ex. .Jus, breast, front, is often pronounced more like sidr than §idr ; ih buttocks, tiz instead of tiz. (8) Now and then i^j and jz approach the sound of z in the middle of a word. Ex. CJjJuU masbtit, correct, be- 1 It will be remembered that in Upper Egypt the g is pronounced very lightly, something like di in 'soldier'. B. 2 18 THE NORMAL comes mazbut ; s^s "asd, aim, purpose, becomes "azd ; j> "asdir, tin, becomes "azdir and even "azzvr. (9) At the end of a word the d-sounds d and d have a ten- dency to approach the corresponding ^-sounds t and t. Ex. JUsui) sliahlidd, beggar, becomes shahhdt ; u ^xi gMd, vegetable garden, becomes ghet ; etc. (10) A d is dropped at the end of a word in si for sid (§ 54. i. 10, note); and in usta for ustdd (JlLJ), master, coachman. (11) At the beginning of a word * is sometimes pro- nounced by the common people as a simple s. Ex. sdgdr for •sjj, shagdr, tree ; sakhs for j^asXi shakhs, person ; sems for U»*>Ji> shems, sun ; etc. (12) Since the Turks pronounce ^J like z, several words connected with military, legal, and business affairs are pro- nounced in this way by the Egyptians through Turkish in- fluence. Ex. lajLe zdbit, officer ; -tUt.-: r mazbata, legal decision; ^U fd'iz, interest; etc. § 4. THE VOWELS. Only the three vowels a, i, u, with the corresponding long vowels and diphthongs d, i, A, ai, au, can be represented in written Arabic. Other vowel sounds, however, are heard in the spoken language, which arise from modification of the classical vowels. I. Normal Sounds. 1. A- vowels : d, a, a, e. 2. I-vowels : i i. VOWELS. 19 3. U-vowels : 4, u (o). 4. Diphthongs : ai (ei, e) ; au (6). 1. & (long a, as in 'father') : Ex. kdm ?, how much 1 ; ndr, fire. a (short open a as in ' woman ') : Ex. natar, rain ; hhad, has taken. This a is generally found next to h, kh, 3, gh or r. a (weak a as in 'thanks') : Ex. balad, district ; gabal, hill ; sand, year. This a is most common in open syllables. e (the a in ' many') : Ex. elf, thousand ; hels, nonsense. This e also occurs in very short open unaccented syllables, like the Hebrew Sh e wa, or the first e in ' believe'. Ex. kebir, great ; ketir, much ; the prefixes ye, te, ne, me (§ 20. 3 ff.), etc. 2. i (the long continental i as in 'trio', 'elite'). Ex. Mr, a well ; gir, chalk. Sometimes % is pronounced something like S, as in the ter- mination -eya for -iyd (§ 54. in. 6). i (short i as in 'mill') : Ex. gins, sort, kind; milk, possession. 3. 4 (like 00 in ' moon') : Ex. f4l, broad beans ; stir, wall. u (short u as in ' full') : Ex. kutr, quantity, abundance ; bunn, coffee bean. Short o is found in dht> (§ 9. 3), and in the pronominal Suffix -0, -oh (§ 8, § 18). 2—2 20 MODIFIED 4. The pure ai or ei (as in 'aisle') is chiefly preserved at the end of syllables. Ex. taiyib, good; ezeil, how?; sughaiyar, little ; aiwa, yes. In other cases it generally becomes e (like ai in ' rain') : Ex. sef, summer ; hit, wall ; }en, eye. The pure au (like ou in ' house ') occurs principally at the end of a syllable, especially when followed by w : Ex. fauw&l, bean seller ; auwal, first ; lau, if ; Taufi ", < Tewfik '. In other cases it generally becomes 6 (like o in ' no ') : Ex. hdsh, court-yard ; Mm, mound. II. Vowels modified through the influence of neighbouring. consonants. 1. Influence of the Gutturals h and 3. In syllables containing these consonants, especially when they precede the vowel, i is pronounced almost like e, i like e, u like 0, it like 6 : Ex. hebr, ink; }egl, calf; — for hibr, pgl. Mia, craft, cunning; }ed, Festival: — for Mia, }id. horndr, donkey; 3 Omar, Omar: — for himdr, iTJmour. roll, spirit ; ydd, lute : — for rdh, -,ud. The letter jj when pronounced as q produces the same change in the following vowel : Ex. qebla, the direction for prayer, — for qibla. qotr, land, country, — for qutr. 2. Influence of the emphatic dentals (§ 2. B. 14 17). To a practised ear the vowels in syllables beginning with ,«,, d, t, and s undergo slight changes, caused by the position of the vocal organs in pronouncing these consonants. Thus a has a tendency towards o, d towards English aw as in 'raw', i VOWEL SOUNDS. 21 towards ii, i towards ii ($), u towards o, a towards 6. This cannot very well be expressed in transliteration ; examples of the words in question are $abr, patience ; darba, a blow ; tabl, drum ; zann, opinion. %dm, he fasted; ddni, mutton (adj.); tdra, rim, tyre; zdr, a ghost. ?idr, breast ; tibb, medicine ; dill, shade. masir, issue, result ; fattr, pastry. jiughr, smallness ; Turra, name of a village ; duhr, mid-day ; zulm, wickedness. ye?um, he is fasting ; till, length. III. Sometimes an original ai ($) has become % : Ex. sid from saiyid (§ 54. I. 10) ; middn from meiddn, a square or open space. In the same way au (6) becomes a : Ex. aldd, children (§ 50. I. 12) ; mtilid, Saint's birthday (§ 54. n. 2 d). In unaccented syllables long vowels and diphthongs not un- frequently become much shortened, and are given the sound easiest to pronounce with the adjoining consonants. Ex. a for i : saniya, tray ; ma.}dd, term ; fa-ydrdak, on your honour ! a for e : lam4n, lemons ; zatan, olives ; "atari*, sewer ; Talari, "Asan, men's names ; bahww&t, pi. of teh, a Bey. u for i : sVLwtin, state-tent. u for e is found in butdr, farrier, from betdr, through the form bltdr. 22 THE SYLLABLE § 5. HELPING OR SEMI-VOWELS. The Egyptians make use of short auxiliary vowels to avoid the harshness consequent on three consonants coming together. (a) In continuous speech a short e (like the first e in 'believe') is inserted between words ending with two conso- nants and the following word : Ex. kutte rdgil, every man ; ginse taiyib, a good sort ; tulte-miya, 300, etc. (§ 55. 4). (b) A short a, i or u is inserted in the case of certain of the Pronominal and Verbal Suffixes (§8. 1, note b; § 18), and with she or sh in forming the negative (§17 a). § 6. THE SYLLABLE AND THE ACCENT. 1. Every syllable must begin with a consonant. (Note. Syllables beginning with two consonants are not rare, but are restricted to certain combinations, as si in Slewi&n, Solomon ; slUgi, greyhound : sn in sn&n, teeth : fr in frdkh, hens ; Fransd, France : ks in ksilr, fracture : kw, in kwaiyis : dr in drd}, ell ; drAs, studies ; drls, dry clover. When the introduction of foreign woi-ds necessitates other combinations of consonants short auxiliary vowels are inserted thus, berdgerdm, programme ; ekseberes, express-train.) A syllable is called open when ending with a vowel, and closed when ending with a consonant. AND THE ACCENT. 23 We may classify syllables, according to their quantity, into (a) Short open syllables, which end in a short vowel. Ex. da, in darab ; ti, in tili^ ; wi, in wihish. (b) Semi-long syllables which may end (1) with a long vowel or diphthong. Ex. Id; lau; td, in td-liy (2) or with a short vowel and a consonant. Ex. rab, in darab ; liy in tilij ; hish, in wihish. (c) Long syllables, which may end with (1) a short vowel and two final consonants. Ex. elf, a"all, a}azz, (2) or with a long vowel and one consonant. Ex. ndr, fU, /HI. 2. From this division of syllables we may proceed to for- mulate certain rules with regard to accentuation. («) If the last syllable be long, it always has the accent, Ex. kaldm, speech; kebir, great; biyHt, houses; sandHS', box. (b) If the final syllable be short or semi-long, the accent falls on the penultimate, if this be long or semi-long : Ex. sdhtbna, Mohdmmed, huk4ma. If the penultimate be a short syllable, it is only accented when the ante-penultimate is long or semi-long, or when the word is only of two syllables ' : Ex. yikttb4, Maghrabi, Mustdfd, mehkdmd, esbila ; otherwise the ante-penultimate is accented, the accent never falling further back : Ex. ddrabil, kdsaret, UtdzamA, yiltizimd. 1 This rule holds for Cairo and neighbourhood. 24 THE ACCENT. The semi- or auxiliary vowels (§ 5) are treated as short vowels for purposes of accentuation : Ex. }andiha, ganbvna, Jcullukum. Sometimes the accent is so marked as to lengthen the vowel : Ex. rabbuna, nah(a)Aka, ' on the same day' (§ 8, note 1). 3. Exceptions to these rules are not frequent, though sometimes introduced when emphasis on any particular syllable is required for the sense : Ex. dh6, dha (§ 9. 3), or enhu, enhi (§ 10. 2). Besides this, in many commonly used words the final long syllable has become shortened, and the accent falls further back: Ex. naharak sd}id, 'good day!' is frequently used for nahdrak sa}id. In certain words compounded with Alldh, God, the disap- pearance of the h causes the accent to fall on the first a, making it 611a, e.g. ■jaldlla, ' it is in God's hand ' (hawkers' cry) ; wdlld (also walldhi), ' by God ' (§§ 60, 27) ; y&lla, 'get on!' (§ 62. 1); and in personal names like }Abddlla(h), }Ebeddlla(h), Karam- Mld(h) etc. (§ 54. in. 6, B. a). The sign - is put over those vowels which owing to changes in accentuation are now pronounced short, but which having been originally pronounced long, are still written long. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 25 THE PRONOUN. § 7. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. Singular. I. Pers. ana (awe) I. _ T „ (m. inta (inte) ILPerS -(f. inti(enti) thou " [m. htiwa (h6wa) he. If. hiya (Jieya) she. III. Pers. Pluhal. I. Pers. ihna (ahna) we. II. Pers. intvi {intum) you. III. Pers. hum (huma) they. Note (1) There is no neuter; see § 70. 2. Por the Dative see § 60. 2. For the Accusative after verbs see § 18. For the combination of the pronouns with the negative particles see § 17. For the Reflexive see § 70. 3. For h&wa as an interrogative particle see § 74. 1. (2) When combined with prepositions (§ 60) the Personal Pronouns are expressed by Suffixes (§ 8), and when in con- junction with verbs by Prefixes and Affixes (§ 16). (3) A shortened form of lvAwa also appears in dh6, there he is! (§ 9. 3), kida-h6, look so!, Imna-M, look here! or, here it is ! 26 POSSESSIVE § 8. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. There are two ways of expressing the Possessive Pronouns in modern Arabic. (1.) Certain syllables, originally derived from the Per- sonal Pronouns, may be attached to substantives (and pre- positions, § 60). I. Pers. II. Pers III. Pers, {? Singular. % (yd) my. l. ak, (k) ik, (M) y~ o, u, oh, (A) his. hd, ha her. Plural. I. Pers. nS, nd II. Pers. ham III. Pers. hum your, their. The bracketed forms are used when the substantive ends with a vowel. Ex. a. DUldb a cupboard dUldM m y » diildbak thy „ dilldbik (f.) thy „ dvildbu his „ dUldbhd her „ dUlSbnd our „ dtihibkum y° ur ,i dillabhum their ,, b. SUFFIXES. Ghuna a song. ghundyd my song. ghundk thy song. ghundki (f.) thy song. ghundh his song. ghundhd her song. ghundnd our song. ghundkum your song. 27 ghundhum their song. Note. The substantive and its suffix are accentuated as. one word. (a) "We find consequently a shifting of the original accent. Ex. hagar, a stone ; hd-ga-ri, my stone ; but ha-gdr-hd, her stone, ha-gdr-nti, our stone, ha-gdr-hum, their stone. (b) Short intermediary vowels are used where a suffix beginning with a consonant, is attached to a substantive ending with two consonants, thus — shughl, business; shughl-u'-kum (not shughlkum) your business. These vowels are : — (a) a before hd ; Ex. shughldhd. (/8) i before hd or nd ; Ex. shughltnd, or shughlihd. Exception, rabbund, also rabbuna (§ 6. 2, note), besides rahbinti, 'our Lord'. (y) u before kum and hum ; Ex. shughlukum, your busi- ness, and shughMhum, their business. Vocabulary. kitdb, book; kwaiyis, pretty; ^dli, high; shikl, form, ap- pearance ; radi, ugly ; gism, body ; taiyib, good ; battdl, bad ; kebir, great; sughaiyar, small, young; }arid, broad, exten- sive ; kit/, shoulder ; gdmid, strong ; da}if, weak ; wdldd, child, boy ; subd}, finger ; bdb, door ; ^aiydn, ill. tf 28 possessive suffixes. Exercise. gismu. dUlabkum }dli (§ 73. 1). kitdbi. shiklak. gismu. Mlabkum }dli (§ 73. I), «7w&- l&hum radi. gismtna gdmid. kitabu taiyib. kitfibhum battdl. kit/Mum gdmid. subd}i }aiydn. kitdbik sughaiyar. bdbhum }. h 11, to loose (§§ 35, 36) — or (6) an Alif (JZamza) for one of the three radicals. Ex. s/.£.\ ' kh r, to be late ; J ^j \. r ' y, { to see (§§ 37, 39). § 15. TENSES, MOODS AND VOICE. The modern Arabic verb has only two simple tenses, the Perfect, which expresses completed action, and the Imperfect, which expresses incompleted action, and a few compound teases (§16. 3 and 5 ; § 31, note). It has two Moods, the Indica- tive and the Imperative, and only one Voice, the Active. The Passive Voice of classical Arabic was formed from the Active, by an internal change of vowel, and survives only in a few phrases and expressions (§ 42). The Arabic verbal stem (1st Form) is however capable of expansion by means of prefixes, reduplications, etc., into a number of derivative stems. By means of these not only the Reflexive and Passive Voices can be expressed, but also a variety of other modifications of the original meaning, which European languages can only convey by the use of additional verbs, etc. 3—2 36 THE PERFECT THE STRONG VERB. § 16. THE ROOT FORM. (1) The 3 Pers. Masc. Sing. Perfect is chosen as the root, because it is the simplest form. The verb is conjugated by the addition of affixes to this root form. Sing. 3 pers. masc. Ex. hasar, he broke. 3 „ fern, et (in accented syll. it; §52. 2). Ex. kasaret. 2 )) masc. t (te). Ex. kaswrt {-te). 2 )j fern. tl Ex. kasarfi. 1 j> t (te). Plural. Ex. kasart (-te). 3 5? tL (um). Ex. kasarti, (kasarum 2 JJ tfi. Ex. kasartA. 1 i> nl, (na). Ex. kasarnS,. 3 pers , masc. or misik, he has seized. 3 >> fern. mis(i)k( it, she has seized. 2 >> masc misikte. , thou hast „ 2 >> fern. misikti (f-) „ 1 >> 7tiisikte, Plural. I have seized. 3 i' mis(i)kit, they have seized. 2 J? ■misiktu , y°u 1 5> misikna, we „ khulm, he has finished, khul(u)set, khiduste, khidusti, Mm- luste, khul(u)sil, khulustH, khulusna. OF STRONG VERBS. 37 Note (1) For the sake of convenience the simple form of the verb (3 Pers. Perf.) will be translated by the Infinitive. Ex. kasar, to break ; misik, to seize ; khulus, to finish. (2) As the 2 Pers. Sing. Masc. and the 1 Pers. Sing, are now identical in form, the Personal Pronouns are employed in all cases of ambiguity (§ 7). Ex. inte misikte, thou hast seized; and misikte, 1 have seized, etc. (3) The vowels bracketed above in the 2 Pers. fern, and 3 Pers. Plural, are often omitted in the i and u verbs. (4) For the Pluperfect with kdn see § 31, note. (5) According to ancient custom the verb Jjy fa}al, to do, is used as a paradigm for verbal and nominal forms. The first letter of a verb is called the Fa, the second the $Ain, the third the Ldm. The three root letters are thus invariable, but the vowel of the verb may be a, i or u, thus Ex. f. 3 . 1. mis i k. Thus misik is a fi^il form, kasar a fa}al form, khulus a Ju}ul form, etc. (6) Some modern forms of the Perfect have a prosthetic vowel. This is found (a) in verbs derived from compound phrases, such as wikfdk (for we-kafak, 'and it suffices for you'), ifyku-lu (for haku-lu, § 33) : (b) in a few substitutes for older forms as islam (for pi-J), to become a Moslem; ishtar (for ^1) , to chew the cud ; comp. also iddan, § 38. 6. (2) The Imperfect is conjugated by adding prefixes to the root ; sometimes both prefixes and affixes are made use of. The first radical combines with the Prefix to form one syllable, while the vowel between the first and second radical is alto- gether dropped. 38 THE IMPERFECT. Ex. with a. Singular 3 Pers, 3 „ 2 „ 2 „ 1 „ , (to.) (m.) yi-&scw, ti-ksar, ti-ksar, ti-ksar-i, i SL-ksar, [/■) he will break, she ,, thou wilt break, thou „ I will break. Plural. 3 2 1 11 yi-ksar-U (um), ti-ksar-ti (um), ni-ksar, they „ you „ we „ Ex. with i. Singular. 3 Pers 3 „ 2 „ 2 „ 1 ,, (/) (to.) (/) yimsik, timsik, timsik, timsiki, amsik, he will seize, she „ thou wilt seize. (/) thou „ I will seize. Plural. 3 2 1 yimsiku, timsiku, nimsik, they will seize, you „ we ,, Also with '. silent. tt verbs. Ex. N / j^Xj 5 si&ii (sakat), Imp. yiskut, tiskut, tiskut, tiskUti, askut, yishatu, tiskiitti, niskut. Note (a) As the 2 Pers. sing, (m.) and 3 Pers. sing, (f.) are identical in form, the Personal Pronouns are employed in all cases of ambiguity. Note (b) There is no strict rule for the vowel of the second syllable of the Imperfect. It may be u, but generally is a or e. COMPOUND FORMS. 39 When it is u, the vowel of the Prefix often becomes u also by a kind of assimilation. Ex. yuskut = yiskut. Arabic dictionaries always give the Perfect of each verb, and add the vowel which must be used in forming the Imper- fect, thus kasar, a ; rnisik, i ; sikit, u. Note (c) The Prefix has in a few cases preserved the a (ya, ta, etc.) of the classical form. (a) When the Prefix assimilates with a following ? or C.(§ 4. 2). Ex. ya}mil (ya}mil)=yi}mil, he will do ; yahsib, tahsib, yahkum. (£) Verbs with Alif 1, as ydkhod, ydkul (§ 38. 3, 10), or Alif 2, as tara (from ,J\j) in ydtara, halta.ro, (§ 39. 1, b j § 59. in. b. 35). (3) There are a few more modern composite forms of the Imperfect which give more definiteness to the time of the incompleted action (§ 63. 2). These forms are compounded with certain auxiliary words, or syllables. (a) An action taking place in the present time, and not yet completed, is described by the addition of b (be), and in 1 Pers. Plural m (me). Ex. beyidrab, he is striking (darab, a, to strike) ; be-tiksar, thou art breaking • banzil (be-anzil), I am going down (nizil, i, to go down) ; be-yimstkU, they are seizing ; be-tuskun4, you are dwelling (sakan, u, to dwell) ; be-nuskut or me-nuskut, we are keeping silence. (b) The same present tense is obtained by prefixing janmia (}amm, am, ma), a contraction of yammdl (§ 54. I. 17). This form is rare in the towns, though common in Upper Egypt. 40 IMPERATIVE, PARTICIPLES (c) When the action is about to take place in the imme- diate future, rdh is placed before the verb. rdh (from rd'ih, going, on the way, § 31). (fern.) rdha (§ 44). Plural, rdhin (§ 48). (But rdh is often invariable.) Ex. shirib, a, to drink. rdh yishrdb, he is on the point of drinking. rdh atizil, I am just going to descend. (d) Ha gives the same signification as rah to the verb (§ 62. 2). Ex. haymil (from ha-a}mil), I am just about to do; hamsik, I am just about to seize ; ha-yimsik, he is just going to take. (4) The Imperative is formed from the 2 Pers. of the Im- perfect by dropping the prefix, and adding an initial vowel to facilitate pronunciation. This vowel is generally i. Singular. Plural. 2 Pers. m. iksar, break ! ,, /. ilcsdri, or imsik, imsiki, imsikH. iskut (uskut), etc. ; i}mil (a.}mil), etc. As in the Imperfect, the i becomes u under certain con- ditions (above, 2, note b), or a or o (2, note c). Similarly the initial vowel of the Imperative may be sometimes u, a, or a instead of i. Although the Participles and Infinitives are nouns in form they will be considered here, on account of their verbal functions. (5) The Participle (often compounded with the suffixes, § 18) is, in its simple form, either (a) fd}il (oitenfajil). (fern.) fd)la (fatfa) (§ 44). Plural, fdjlin (fa)lin) (§ 48). \ iksdrH, iksdrum, break ye ! AND INFINITIVES. 41 This form has an active signification. Ex. m&sik, seizing, mdska, rndskvn ; sdkit, keeping silence, (/) sdkta, (pi.) sdktin. (b) The second form is generally passive (rarely intran- sitive). (to.) mafy&l. (f.) mqfytila. (pi.) mafyOXin (or mafd}il, § 50. n. 2). Ex. makt'Oh — a, — in, written (a written thing). maks&r — a — in, broken, wounded. ma}Mm, certainly, of course (lit. ' known,' from ■jiiim, a, | to know). (c) The active Participle may be used with the personal pronouns (§ 7) without a copula, to express the present tense (§73.1). Ex. cma mdsik, I am seizing. inte sdkit, thou (m.) art keeping silence. inti katbii, thou (/.) art writing. hiiwa }drif, he knows (from yirif, a, to know). Mydfakra, she remembers (from /j | to remember). ihnci nazlin, we descend. intd taljin, you are ascending, going on (from tili}, a). hum }amlin, they make, are making. (d) The Passive Participle does not exclusively belong to Form I., but also to many of the derivative forms, whose peculiar Passive Participles have dropped out of the spoken language. Ex. malzum, bound, under obligation, used as Part, to ■alzam (iv. § 22). mabsiXt, pleased, — Part, to inbasat (vn. § 25). (6) The Infinitive is treated as a noun, and takes the pronominal sufiBxes (§§ 8; 52). It has - various forms in Stem I. 42 THE INFINITIVES. Ex. fatf : darb, a striking (the act of striking). khabt, a knocking (from khabat, a). fu}ul: nuzul, a descending, dismounting (from nizil, i). tufa}, an ascending, an ascent. Iuz4m, a necessity (from lizim, a), suk&t, silence. fa}il : nakhil, fine sifting (from nahhal, u). ghasil, washing (from ghasil, i). This is the form generally used for the names of agricultural and industrial occupations. fw>l : shurb, drinking or smoking (from shirib, a). (For the use of the fa}l form of the Infinitive with the ter- mination a to express one single action, see § 45, b.) Vocabulary. khulus, a, to be finished ; katab, i, to write ; }amal, i, to do ; rigi}, a, to turn round, return. Exercise. sikitna. sakantil. ane filiate, inzil. idrdbu,. yikhlas. beyitlay me-ni}mil. ayraf. }ir(i)fd. ihnd kasrin. iktibi. katabtti. aktib. rah yirga}. ha-niktib. intu kaibin. uskut (iskut). maJcs&r. madrdbin. itla}i. baktib. rdh(in) niktib. rdh(a) titla}. hikva, sdkit. hum rag}in. ihnd saknin. ^amalnd. tiymilu. mis(i)ket. imsiku". inte mdsik. betimsik. bamsik. niziltii ? me-ninzil (or ihrwi, nazlin). khul(u)s4. shiribnd. hashrab. hum sJiarbin. betikhlas. el bet da khulus. ed-diUdb-da maksur. nizil/nd es- sikkd-di. imsik el kitdb betd}ak. kasarna el mir'dyd betd}itna. We have descended. T am breaking. We shall go away. We are just going away. Drink ! You have broken our mirror. This mosque is finished. I shall write. I am writing. I have written. Go away ! (pi.). We are going away. They have drunk. We shall drink. We are drinking. I seize. Where (fen, placed at the end of the sentence, see § 70. 6) NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS. 43 do you live? We have lived there (hendk). We shall live here (hand). Why do you wish to go away ? Do you know 1 (sing.). I know. We know. Do (f. sing.) this ! I am doing. I have done. § 17. THE VERB WITH THE NEGATIVE PARTICLES. The verb is negatived by (a) The words md — sh (she, shi, § 12. 3). md (not), comes before the verb, and sh (anything) fol- lows it as in the French ne — pas. Ex. md-dardb-sh, he did not strike. md-yi^mtl-sh, he will not perform. md be-ti}rdf-sh, thou knowest not. mashrabsh (md-ashrab-sh), I will not drink. As the sh or she combines with the verb -as closely as the pronominal suffixes with the nouns, the same changes of accent arise (§ 8). Ex. ddrab md-dardb-sh. dardbt md-dardbt-i-sh. (This auxiliary vowel is always an i.) If the last radical be a sibilant (z, s, sh, s) it assimilates more or less with the following sh. Ex. khabaz, i, to bake, md-yikhbizsh or m samnia}, to make to be heard. ■J jti^ haddar, to bring, to prepare. J (JJaj battal, to discard. *J (j faklcar, to remind. J J£ hallam (rare form for Icellim), to speak to. Of the faftil form are J i_~Ji "allib, to turn round and round, to examine. V »jijj ''addim, to present. V *«j fahhim, to give to understand, explain. V >lc }aUim, to instruct. (a) Stem II. generally gives the causative sense of Stem I. w£zt£, to go down ; nezzil, to let down. simi}, to hear ; samma}, to cause to hear. tili}, to come out ; talla}, to draw out. hafad, a, to know by heart; haffad, to cause to learn by heart. dakhal, u, to enter ; dakhkhal, to make to come in. hha/rag, u, to go out ; kharrag, to drive out. 48 CONJUGATION OF Note. The putative sense as in sadda", to think true, keddib, to hold false, may be considered a kind of causative. (b) Verbs of Form II. are often derived from substan- tives, thus, kaldm, words, speech ; kellim, to speak. saldm, a greeting ; sellim, to greet. (c) Form II. has also in some cases an intensive force. Ex. kliabat, to knock ; khabbat, to knock much. kasar, to break ; kassar, to break in fragments. ''ata}, to cut off; "attcrj, to cut away piecemeal. (d) The privative sense is rare, as in fuMs*, money ; but fellis, to be bankrupt. Perfect of A^>, to greet. 3 Pers. sellim, he has greeted. 3 „ if-) sellimet, she 11 2 ,, sellimte, thou hast greeted. 2 „ (/) sellimti, „ if-) „ 1 „ sellimte, I have greeted. Plural. 3 „ sellimu, they have greeted. 2 sellimtii, you M 1 „ sellimna, Imperfect. we 55 3 „ yisellim (yeselh Ml), he will greet, ss* iftakhar, yiftikhir, to praise oneself. iltafat, yiltifit, to take care for. 1 Among the peasantry yitfa}al and yitfa}il are found. OF THE EIGHTH STEM. 63 -J |»Ls istalam, yistilim, to accept, take charge of. J J*i iftahw, yiftikir, to reflect. ittalab (§ 23. 1), yittilib or yittalib, to ask a favour. >/ t; ^su> imtahan, yimtihin, to try, test, examine. The conjugation is regular. The Participle and Infinitive only exist in the ifta}al form. Ex. mishtaghal, working ; J jj, mwtifii, high. With passive signification, J Jaj muntazim, ordered, set in order. mu}tama,d, trusted, trustworthy. J CJjJit mushtara,k, associated in. Infinitive (ifti^dl). Ex. irtifd}, height. intizdm, order. Vjtimdd, trust, credit. imtihdn, proof, trial, examination. istildm, a taking charge of. Vjtibdr, esteem, consideration. Vocabulary. "awdm, quickly; homdr, donkey; tUl, during, whilst; yom, day ; fulus *, money ; kisib, a, to earn ; subh, morning ; ezS'i ? how 1 in what way 1 iza-(kdn), if; kifdya, enough ; sd$a, hour, time, o'clock ; lelci, night, evening ; wdhid, some one, any one ; bi, with, by, at, in, to ; shwSya, a little. Exercise. it"qfal el bdb. itrikib el-homdr-da tUl el y&m. md-ti-jibsh. izakdn (§ 75) wdhid yittilib hdga min Alldh, md-yimnahhdsh. ishtaghalna ketvr. ishtaghaltum fi eh ? inte mashtaghaltish bi- ,. kifdya. ''afaltH 'I bdb ? md-yit"ifilsh. be-yiftikhir ketir, be-yish- 64 THE NINTH STEM. taghal shweya. imtihdn et-talamza en-nahar-da (copula, § 73. 1). hiiwa (§ 70. 1) be-yithimi" "awdm. iftakwrte fi's-safar betfyak? ane iftakarte hetir, mdyrafsh lissa asdfir imtd (for position of imta see § 70. 6). The door of our house is opened at (ace. § 64. 4) seven o'clock (§ 71), and locked at ten o'clock. When shall you exa- mine the students 1 You have not worked enough. Will they examine me ? They will examine you. The nail has heen drawn out of the wall. Don't boast so ! Is this man trust- worthy ? His credit is not great. The thief has been taken up. This contractor has (already) earned much money and will yet (kemdn) earn more (ziyddd). § 27. THE IX. STEM. if}aU, Formed by doubling the 3rd radical and prefixing a vowel. 1. Stem IX. was never common, and is now rarely used. It is now only used in verbs whose root expresses a colour. Ex. sj Jus asfar, yellow (§§ 44. 1; 54. n. 1). isfarr, to be, or become, yellow. J j^~~ ahmar, red. ihmarr, to be, or become, red. J fO>- akhdar, green. ikhdarr, to be or become green — to shoot (of trees). J Jj j azra", blue. izra" ", to be, or become, blue. J -o-j ismarr, to be sunburnt. 2. The 3rd radical being doubled, the Perfect is some- times formed according to the rule for verbs whose 2nd and 3rd radicals are identical, § 35. 4. THE TENTH STEM. 65 Imperfect. yisfcwr, yihmarr, yikhdwrr, yizrd". Participle. misfirr, yellowish. mihmirr, reddish. mihhdvrr, greenish. mizri", bluish. Infinitive (rare). isftrdr, ihmirdr, ikhdirdr, izri"d". Vocabulary. hibr, ink; wara"a, a leaf; nuss, half; khalat, u, to mix; sdgdr (pol. shdgdr), a tree. Exercise. The ink is bluish (§ 73. 1). The leaf of this tree (§ 51. 2 a) is half (its half) reddish and half greenish. If you (sing.) mix blue and yellow, you get (it becomes) green (§§ 63. 1; 75). This tree will quickly shoot. § 28. THE X. STEM. istafjU or istafjal. Eormed by prefixing ista. 1. Stem X. unites the causative signification of IV., with the reflexive of V. and VIII. Ex. fihim, a, to understand; , istafhim, to make oneself understand, make enquiries. istaftah, to do one's first stroke of business in the day. istaghfar Alldh t God forbid ! lit. I ask pardon of God. B. 5 66 THE TENTH STEM. As in Stem II., tie causative sense often merges into the putative (§ 20. 2 a, note). Ex. J (_> i (near) ista'rab, to consider near. J iXxj (far) istab}id, to consider far off; to think unlikely. J (— *w3jc ista}gib, to find strange, to be surprised at. 2. The conjugation is regular. Imperfect. yistqftil ( — }al). Participle. mistafjil ( — }al), mustaf)il ( — $aF). Ex. J +&<- mustakhdim, an official. musta'Wab, situated near, close at hand. Infinitive. istifydl. Ex. J .f*u=- istahsin, to approve of ; • istihsdn, approval. J A&c. ista}mil, to use, apply ; isti}mdl, use, application. Vocabulary. istahmil, to bear, endure; istakshif ■jan (§ 60. 5), to look for; ista}gil, to hurry ; haws, air, wind ; harr, heat ; ruttiba, damp- ness ; hediyd, a gift ; hatti, even, until ; ghalat, a mistake ; mudda, a space of time ; sabar, u, to be patient ; mashrU}, a project; shwSyd, a little ; aslu, at first ; ba}dSn, later, after- wards ; wab4r *, the railway ; wabUr bakri, a steam ship. THE WEAK VERBS. 67 Exercise. ista"rabna es-sikkd-di. mastafhimt4$h ? be-tistahsinU esh- skuffhl-da ? Id, nrld-m,(e)nistahsin6sh, ista^gibndh. esh-shgghl-da yistahmilu m/im? ane mastahmiltdsh mudda kebfoa. istah- miltH 's-safar-da taiyib (§ 59) ? Id, ti}ibna ketir. istahsintu 'I mashr&yda ? usbur shweyd, aslu niftikir, ba}din nistahsmu. We were surprised at the (your) long journey which (§ 70. 5) you took. "We travelled (made our journey) quickly, for (hdkim) the railway and the steam-boat now reach even the distant (barfd, § 69) towns (meddm) very quickly (§ 59. m. b. 1 and 2). When did you start from here? We started in February (febrdir). Do not (pi.) hurry so. Why do you hurry so 1 We did not hurry. I do not bear the journey on (bi) the steamer well. Did you bear the journey well? Shall you (pi.) stay here long? No, we cannot bear the air here. What do you (pi.) find disagreeable here? We find the heat disagreeable during the day, and the dampness during the night. Hurry ! Start ! (on your journey). Have you (pi.) received the present which (§ 70. 5) your friend has sent ? No, we have received nothing. Well, I will send it; you (pi.) or your servant will receive it. We will accept it thankfully and will use it a great deal (much). Do you approve of your friend's business (shughl)] No, I do not approve of the business. Yes, I approve of it. Why do you approve of that ? We were surprised at your approval. § 29. THE WEAK VEEBS. General Remarks. Those verbs which have w or y as one of their radical letters are called weak. The irregularities in the conjugation of these verbs arise from the double character of w and y which are sometimes vowels and sometimes consonants (§ 3. 27, 28). 5—2 68 VERBS W 1 AND Y 1 . § 30. VERBS w l AND y\ Perfect (regular). Ex. wazan, wazanet, wazante, etc., to weigh ; wS'if, wi"(i)fet, zvi"(i]fH (§ 16. 1, note 3), to stand; wurwm, wwr(u)rmet, wur(u)m4, to swell. ^ Imperfect. (a) In the ordinary spoken language the w becomes it after the Prefix. Ex. y&zin, he will weigh, tHzin, auzin, nuzin. wada}, to lay down, yHday wisij, to be wide, ydsa,}. wagcq, to ache, ydga}. wa}ad, to promise, y4)id. (b) More rare is the form derived from the written language. The w {€) is altogether rejected and the i of the prefix often lengthened under stress of the accent. Ex. wVV), to fall, yt'ay wi"if (wa"af), to stand, yf'qf (also yu"af, yu"uf). ti"af. a"af, etc. Imperative (no vowel prefixed). 4yid, promise ! Hziri, weigh ! (to a porter), 'take care!' or, t"a}, fall down ! i"af (u"uf), stand up ! Participles (generally regular). Ex. wdsi}, f. was}a, pi. was}in, wide, roomy. wdgi}, f. wag}a, pi. wag}in, painful. wd"if, f. wa"fa, pi. wa"fin, standing. DERIVED STEMS. 69 Passive Part. Ex. mauzHn, weighed. J So- « maugild, found, extant, existing. mau"4f, made into a Wa"f. (wa"f, religious endowment.) Infinitive. wazn, act of weighing. wa}d, a promise. wwram, a swelling. wugild, existence. The derivative stems of w 1 and y l are generally regular when the w begins an accented syllable. Stem II. wazza}, to distribute. waffar, to spare, economise. waddab, to repair. walla}, to set on fire, kindle. wassa}, to enlarge, make room. Imperfect. yewazza}. yewaddab, etc. Participle. mewazza}. mewaddab, etc. Infinitive. tauziy taui»i, 'helper,' title of a class of officials. Note. In consequence of the weak sound of w, it is diffi- cult to distinguish II. and III. in pronunciation. b. }dyin, to see, recognise (with the eye). zdyid, to sell by auction. Infin. muzdyada, a sale by auction. IV. This Form is rarely used except among the higher classes. J (—1 ye asdb (from aswab), to chance, befal. s] J« i ardd, to wish (commonly I. rdd, i) : the d of ardd is shortened before a suffix beginning with a consonant thus, aradte (aratte), aradna, aradtu (aratM), etc. Imperfect, yesib, yerid; tesib, terid; asib, arid, etc. Comp. the beggar's blessing : Alldh ye}ishak sa}td ■d-yerrdtak shehid ^ala-kilmet-et-taulyld ! May God make you live happily and die a martyr confessing the unity (of God) ! Participle. J joj mu/id, useful, instructive. ^/ (_Jy>- mukhif, terrible, dangerous. Infinitive (with feminine termination, § 44). J • f>. to be allowed ; agdzd, igdzd, permission. DERIVED STEMS. 77 V. Analogous to II. Sometimes Passive, sometimes Reflexive. Ex. a. iggauwiz (§ 23. 1 note), to marry. ithaumish, to be kept in store, preserved, b. it}aiyin, to be appointed. is/ (Jjo- iikhaiyil, to imagine. issaiyib (§ 23. 1 note), to be set free. J ji> Part, mutanauivir (pol.), enlightened, cultivated. VI. Analogous to III. ittdwib, to yawn. ittdwil (§§23. 1 note; 24. 1), to be impertinent, with }ala of person to whom. J CL-Vi Infin. tqfdumt, difference. izzdyid (§ 23. 1 note), to be sold by auction. VII. inbd}, to be sold. Imperf. yinbd}. Part, minbd}. Infin. inbiyd}. J JjlS> inskdl, to be taken away, transported. J >r iv£ in}dn = inshdl. J (_j«»i- yinkfidf (impersonal), one fears, it is feared. inhdsh = ithdsh, to be kept back. In the Perfect the d is shortened into a before a Suffix be- ginning with a consonant, as also in IV., VIII. and IX. Ex. inbahte, inhahtH, inbahnd. Stem VII. derived from II. : indaiyin (indaiy'an), to be indebted. VIII. a. J tp^ itfy&sh, to be kept back. itbd} = inbd}. it}dn = in}dn. Before Suffixes : it}ante, etc. 78 VERBS W 2 AND Y 2 . b. J Juws istdd (§§ 23. 1 note ; 26. 1), to hunt, fish. istadte, etc. >J jjJ- ikhtdr, to choose. The conjugation is similar to VII. Imperf. yithdsh, yitbd), yistdd, yikhtdr. Part, mithdsh, mitbd}, mistdd, mikhtdr. Infin. (from b) ilchtiydr, choice. IX. Comp. § 27. J Jj-s iswid, black. iswadd, to be, or become, black. Imperf. yiswidd, or yiswadd. Part, miswidd, but with fern, termination (§ 44) miswadda, the first draught of a writing, rough copy. Infin. iswiddd. J U^^> abyad, white ; ibyadd, to be, or become white ; yibyidd, mibyidd, but miby&dda, a clean copy. Infin. ibyiddd. X. Rare. Ex. J j, .j istaddm, to last, continue. ista"dm, to be upright. a^ J *»- Part. mustaMl, inconceivable, impossible. Imperf. The d not uncommonly becomes i, yistadim or yistaddm. From J ^)j rest, recovery, two forms of X. exist. a. istardh, regular. Part. Pass, mustardh, waiting-room, closet. Infin. "With fern, termination, as in IV., istirdha, ease. b. Formed from II. istaraiyah, to recover. Imperf. yistaraiyah. Part, mistaraiyah. 79 VOCABULARY. tdh, H, to lose one's way ; hdra, fern., quarter (of town) ; khU, horses ; 6da *, fern., a room ; tarabiza *, fem., a table ; behira, fem., lake; $and, by, at, with; khdtvr, a wish; kursi*, a chair. EXEECISB. dauwartum ^ala'l walad, elli tdh (kdn yeMh) fil-hdra ? Id, md-dauwarndsh. sibni (or saiyibnt) I nebdtfin ? baiyitna bi- r-EasMd (Eosetta). baiyittU Jen ? abdt bi-l-Asy&t. el khel da yinbd} (yitbd}) ? Id, md-yitbahsh. nauwartU'lrdda 1 nauwar- ndhd. el-hardmi issaiyib ? saiyibUh. et-tarabiza fin 1 it}dnet. }dn4hd. inshdlet. kunte mistdd $and behiret (§51. 2 a) Men- zala ? Id, dbadan ! U 1 en-nahyd-di mukhifa. Shall you sell your horses? Yes, we have sold them. Why do you cry so, boy] (yd walad, §§ 51. 1; 62. 1). They have struck me. Have .you (pi.) rested a little? How (ezei) should we rest ? we work every day. Will you fetch (idn, i) the chair from (min }and, § 72) the carpenter ? I have fetched it. Where have you been hunting? We hunted yesterday at the Pyramids, to-day we have hunted in Faiyum. Are you trying to cheat (hdwil) me ? No, I should like you to choose accord- ing to (yda, § 72. b) your wish (§ 52). We have lost our way. § 33. VERBS WITH y 3 - Root Form. Verbs having as third radical y or vi, and most of those ending with Hamad (§ 39), have coalesced into one class, though originally they were distinct from one another. Paradigms of the four principal forms : a. fa^al, a. b. fa}al, i. c. fi}il, i. d. JL}il, a. 80 CONJUGATION OF Perfect. a. mala, (f.) mcdet, he or she has filled. malete, (f.) maleti, thou hast filled. malete, I have filled. malU, they have filled. maletu, you have filled. malena, we have filled. Imperfect. yimld, (f.) timla, he or she will fill. timla, (f.) timli, thou wilt fill. amla, I will fill. yimlii, they will fill. timM, you will fill. nimla, we will fill. Imperative. M»£a, (f.) im?£, (pi.) imlu. Active Participle. mdli, (f.) malya, (pi.) malyin. Thus also £a"a, a, to find, to meet. gara, a, to happen. ba"a, a, to be, become (adverbially, see § 59. in. b. 30). b. Perf. rama, ramet, he or she has thrown. ramete, rameti, thou hast thrown. ramet, I have thrown. ramd, they have thrown. rametu, you have thrown. ramena, we have thrown. Imperf. yirml, tirmi, he or she will throw. tirnii, tirmi, thou wilt throw. armi, I will throw. yirmd, they will throw. tirmil, you will throw. nirmi, we will throw. VERBS WITH Y 8 . 81 Act. Part, rdmi, (f.) ramya, (pi.) ramyin. Pass. Part, marmi (mermi). Thus also, bana, i, to build. haka, i, to relate. tafa, i, to extinguish. sa"a, i, to water, to give to drink. Act. Part. fern. sub. sa"ya, a wheel for raising water. c. Perf. giri, gir{i)yet, he or she has run. girite, giriti, thou hast run. girtte, I have run. gir(i)yd, they have run. giritU, you have run. girina, we have run. Imperf. yigri, tigri, he or she will run, etc. tigri, tigri. agri. yigrti. tigrH. Imperat. igri, (pi.) igrH. Part, gdri, etc. Thus also : mishi, i, to walk, to go. biki, i, to weep. diri, i, to learn, to know, to hear. d. Perf ridi, rid(i)yet, he or she agreed, was satisfied. ridite, riditi, etc. ridite. rid(i)yiX. ridiM. ridina. B. 6 82 VEKBS WITH Y 3 . Imperf. yirda, tirda, he or she will agree, be satisfied. tirda, tirdi, etc. arda. yirdH. tirdti. ni/rda. Imperative. irda, (f.) irdi, (pi.) irdil. Participle. rMl, (f.) radya, (pi.) radyin. Thus also : sihi, a, to be careless. fidi, a, to have time, be at liberty. bi"i, a = ba"a, a. sihi, a, to awake. 2. It will be noticed from the above that the following rules are observed in the conjugation of verbs with y 3 , a. When there is no affix the y disappears. b. In the fa}al forms, when there is an affix beginning with a vowel the y disappears with the vowel preceding it. (The fern, and pi. of the Participles however retain the y.) When there is an affix beginning with a consonant the y com- bines with the preceding vowel, so that instead of ay we get ai (£), and instead of iy we get % (t). c. In the fijil forms, when there is an affix beginning with a vowel the y remains as in the regular verb. When there is an affix beginning with a consonant iy combines into a simple *. Note 1. An old verbal form from J Ac , now used as a particle (§ 59. in, b. 32), is yd}ni (ya}ni), "namely," "it means"; for the a (a) see § 16. 2, note 3. DERIVATIVE FORMS. 83 2. A shortened form of the Participle of J ^s. , to be high, is }dl, excellent, of best quality ; and in the name }Abd- el-3Al, "the servant of the Highest." 3. A Passive Part, from the obsolete word J ^j&b, to lead, is mahdi, led (by God). § 34. DERIVATIVE FORMS OF VERBS WITH y\ II. kaffa, yekeffl, to suffice (commoner than I. kafa, a), khalla, yekhalli, to let alone, (relig.) to preserve alive. na" "a, yena" "i, to seek out, to sort, select. sahha, yesahhi, to awake. "adda, ye"addi, to spend (time). rabba, yerabbi, to bring up, educate. salla, yesalli, to amuse. Infinitive (with feminine ter- mination, § 44), tesliya, amusement. Note khallik, stop here ! kJiallikd, stop here (pi.). III. ndda, yenddi, to proclaim, Part, menddi, crier. ddhM, yeddhi, to compare. hdma, yehdmi j , Part, mehdmi { , lawyer, advocate (generally qfokdtd*). ddrd, yeddri, to hide, to conceal. IV. a}ta, yi}ti \ , to give. afta | , Part, mufti, a man learned in Mohammedan law ; legal adviser; one who gives legal decisions. arnda { , Infin. irnda, signature 1 . V. itrabba, yitrabbi, to be brought up, educated. itraggu, yitragga, to ask, beg something (for oneself). issalla (§ 23. 1, note), yissalla (and yissalli), to amuse oneself. 1 The final vowel has become short in pronunciation through the shifting of the tone on to the first syllable. 6—2 84 DERIVATIVE FORMS OF Note. The negative of the Imperfect is constantly md-yitrabbksh, md-yissall&sh, etc. Also in II. and X. VI. J j&. ., itrdkha, yitrdkha, to be languid, weak. J Jj: Imperat. taqdla, come here ! (f.) ta}dli, (pi.) ta}dM, § 40. VII. idddra, to hide oneself. VII. inbana, yinbini, to be built. intafa, yintifi, to be put out, extinguished. VIII. a. itrama, to be thrown. b. J i^S JS> ishtara, yishtiri, to buy. Part, mishtiri. ilta"a, yilti"i, to meet, to find. J eS. Vjtana, to be careful. Infin. i}tina, carefulness. idda}a, yidda,}i, to claim 1 . imtala, to be filled. J *.^ ikhtasha, yikhtishi, to be ashamed. X. *y A~^ istahla, yistihli, to consider sweet (Jyilu). J Jki istaghna, yistighni, to consider superfluous. Part, mustagna, without need or want. ,J .jo istabda, yistibdi, to begin. V Ju istasna, yistimi, to make an exception. Infin. istisna, exception. Note, *J U- istakhabba, to hide oneself, is a reduplicated form like istaraiyali, § 32. 1 The a in the Impf. has been preserved through the influence of the 3 . 85 Vocabulary. akh(u) (§51. 2 a, note), brother; $agab, i, to please; el Iskenderiya, Alexandria ; kifdyd, enough ; kef disposition, temper; shughl, work, occupation; hdlan (§ 51. 3 c), imme- diately; tarbdsh*, fez; Frangi, European; "irsh*, Piastre; hikdyii, story, tale; ld}b-el-wara", game of cards; shem}, wax candle ; tdrikh (§ 38. 8), date, history ; gughrdfia *, geography ; }esJirin, twenty ; Urubbd, Europe ; "ulla, earthen water-bottle {for cooling) ; }and, with, at ; wdhid, one. Exercise. ld"et akhdk bi'l- Iskenderiya? Id, md-l(a)"Stdsh. tW'dh fin? md}rafsh. igri, hassalu/ and girit ketir, di'l-wa"t ti}ibte. issalleMb 1 massallendsh ketir. intafa'l-lamba, or el- lamba intafet (§ 73. 2). tafSthd. itrabbet fin ? rabbdni Ji- Urubbd. betistaghni $anni (§ 60. 5) ? Id, mush mistaghni }annak. ane arauwahfen ? }ala kefak (§ 72. 6) / int4 radyin bi-'sh-shughl-da ? Id, md-nirddsh. la"dni fi's-sikkd. ld"dk fin ? malet el "ulla ? Id md-mallthdsh. imlahd hdlan ! ishtarit et-tarbHsh-da fen t ishtarStjfJuind ^ande wdhid Frengi. be-tishtiri'l-hudUm butu^ak fen ? mush 1/drif^, lissd. simiht menddi el-Bahr {Nile) ? ta^dla, ner4h es-sti" (§ 68. i) nishtiri hdga. mush tikhtishi ti}mil kidd? giritd ketir, istaraiyahO, hand I tishrabU hdga? Id, md-nishrabsh. wala (§61. 1. 3) ahwd, wala dukhdn ? Id, mush hdga. How much have you given him (§ 65. b, note) ? Twenty Piastres (§ 55. 2. 3). That is not enough. How much shall I give him? Have you time? No, I have no time now. Let me (I will) go away ! No, stay here a little longer. What shall I do 1 Tell me a nice story. No, we will pass the time (issalla) playing cards. "Very well, I am satisfied. Are you (sing.) not satisfied ? Where were you (sing.) yesterday ? Shall you build a new house? Yes, I have arranged with the con- 86 VERBS WITH tractor, he will build it. Have you chosen the goods, which you wish to buy? No, I have not yet chosen them. Put out the lamp ! Have you put out the candle 1 No, I will put it out. Is he gone away, or staying here? I have not found out yet. Have you read an Arabic book ? Yes, we have read a little history, geography and poetry. Did it please you? Yes, it pleased us very much. § 35. VERBS WHOSE 2nd AND 3rd RADICALS ARE ALIKE. Root Form. 1. This class may be termed the Verbs with Contracted Roots, or with Roots formed by Internal Reduplication. Perfect. fakk, (i.)fakket, he or she has loosed. fak(k)et, (f.) fak(k)eti, thou hast loosed, etc. fak(k)et. Jakku. fak{k)etH. fak(k)ena. Imperfect (with u). yefukk, te/ukk, he or she will loose. tefukk, tefukki, thou wilt loose, etc. qfukk. yefukkil. tefukku. nefukk. Compounded with hi, bifukk, bi-t(e)fukk, ba-fukk, mi-n(e)fukk. Imperative (without prefixed Vowel). fukk, (t)fukki, (pi.) J'ukM. doubled radicals. 87 Active Participle. fdkik, (i.)/akka, (pi.) fakkin. Passive Participle. mafk-tik, (f.) ma/MM, (pi.) mafktiMn. Infinitive. fekk. The form fu}itt is also found: Ex. gwrvdm,, madness; hulul, beginning. 2. The following rules are observed in the above Paradigm. a. The act. Part. masc. and the whole passive Participle of the Root Form are regular. Ex. J 5ak»- malMLt, set down. J k_^,jt^. mahb&b, loved. J iyji&- magniln, mad, possessed by 'jinn.' b. Forms without an affix, or with an affix beginning with a vowel, reject the vowel of the second radical. The second and third vowel thus form a double letter without any intervening vowel. The vowel of the Imperfect is then placed between the 1st and 2nd radical. The Perfect has always a. c. "Where the affix begins with a consonant, the vowel of the second syllable is rejected, but owing to the difficulty of pronouncing three consonants together (fakk-te, § 5) an in- termediary vowel is inserted. This vowel was originally short (fakkite) but under the influence of the tone it has become lengthened into e, producing fakkite (sometimes faMte) '. Oomp. § 6. 2 note. 1 This form with the short auxiliary vowel is occasionally found even in literature : Lla> (i.e. Tiattin&h), Derenbourg's Ousdma, p. 53 10 , etc. 88 VERBS WITH DOUBLED RADICALS. 3. Ex. of Imperf. U. — kabb, yekubb, to pour out. da" ", yedu" ", to knock, to pound. __ hatt, yehott, to put, place (o, § 4. 2. m). khuss, yekhuss, to concern. _ zann, yezwrvn, to think, to believe. " kahh, yekuhh, to cough. — bass, yebuss, to look at. khashsh, yekhushsh, to come in. _sakk, yesukk, to shut up, lock. rashsh, yerushsh, to sprinkle. Ex. of Imperf. i. —■ habb, yehibb, to love. laff, yeliff, to wrap up, to envelop. lamm, yelimrn, to gather, collect. khaff, yekhiff, to heal (intrans.). khass, yekhiss, to decrease, sink. madd, yemidd, to spread out, to make speed, to hasten. }add, ye}idd, to count. hall, yehill, to loose. haff, yehiff, to dust. shadd, yeshidd, to tighten, to pull. Ex. of Imperf. a. - sahh, yesahh, to be right, correct. "abb, ye"abb, to float, swim. 4. The Perf. of the IX., when the affix begins with a con- sonant (§§ 27. 2 ; 32. 9), is conjugated like this class of Verbs. Ex. ihmarrSt, isfarretil, iklidarret, ibyaddfoia, iswaddena. Note, Participles such as hagg, a pilgrim, shebb, a youth, are shortened from original contracted forms hdgg and shdbb 1 1 Of a similar form is the Proper Name .,!». , pronounced Gadd. DERIVED FORMS. 8! § 36. DERIVED FORMS OF THE CONTRACTED VERBS. Forms II. and V. are regular. III. and VI. are not in use. IV., VII., VIII. and X. follow the Root Form. II. geddid, to renew. maddid, to stretch out. khassis, to make to sink, to lower. hannin (with ^ala), to have pity upon. sebbib, to hawk about. Part, mesebbib, pedlar. IV. rarely occurs except in a few Participles. J Jii- mekhill, tattered, in holes, rotten. J , _& meshirr, bad-tempered. J ^^.A>- mehibb, loving. J **eJ& muhimm, important. V. itgeddid (iggeddid, § 23. 1, note), to be renewed. itkhassis, to be lowered, depreciated. V JJo: it}allil, to invent excuses. itmaddid, to stretch oneself, extend. VII. insakk, to be shut, locked. inhatt, to be set down. inkabb, to run together, to stream. insadd, to be blocked, barricaded. VIIT. a. itlaff, to be wrapped up. itlamm, to be gathered together. ithatt = inhatt. itrashsh, to be sprinkled. Imperf. yinsakk, yinhatt, etc. b. ikhtass, to concern ; Impf. yikhtass. 90 VERBS WITH DOUBLED RADICALS. X. J /Jto- istaha" ", to deserve, to earn. Imperf. yistaha" ". Infin. istih"d". J , _c istarnarr (pol.), to persevere, continue. yistamirr, rnustarnirr, istimrdr. istagadd (pol.), to renew itself. Part, muster gadd, new. istahamma, to bathe, yistahamma, mistahammi. Vocabulary. zir, large filtering-pitcher ; fdt, u (with ')ala), to pass, to go past; berSh*, bureau, chest of drawers; mektdbd, writing table; helb, dog; sabdb, reason, cause; ha"i"i, truly; Ml \ , strength; mes'dld, question; hukuma, rule, government; mdhiya*, (monthly) wage, pay; sanddi", boxes. Exercise. hott es-sahn ■jat-tarabeza (§ 60. 6) / kubb el mdya fi'z-zir ! inte hattet el-'ulla fen 1 hattSthd hendk ! gdmi} l-Azhar (§ 9. 4) fen 1 liff min hand, fUt }ala-gdmi} el-Ashrqf, balden dauwar shweyd, tilti"ih hendk. ld"itu ? la, md-l(d)"etdsh lissti. da mush kwaiyis, md-yisahhish kidd. el Bahr (Nile) yezid wala yu"af? Id, bikhiss min-zemdn. inte tehiff ed-duldb wa't-tara- bSza wa'l-bereh wa'l-mektdbd ? ane $auz ahiff (§ 63. 2 a) kullu. khushsh, md-tekhufsh ! inte khd'if leh ? ane kurdejsh&jf min el kelb. el kelb md-yi}milsh hdga. maddid riglak ! md-tit}al- lilshi kidd ! mat}alliltishi, es-sdbdb da ha"i"i. sukk el bdb I insakk el bdb. sakMtu. md-t(e)sukkish el bdb lissd ! shidd helak ! (Take heart !) Alldh yehannin }alek ! The government has reduced the salary of this official. The wall of this mosque is rotten, they must repair it. Has the garden been watered 1 (§ 73. 2). No, I have not yet watered it. Water the garden and the court-yard at once. Have you (sing.) counted the boxes on 1 the carriage? No, I will count them 1 For ' on' use the Genetive relation, § 67. VERBS WITH HAMZA. 91 immediately. Look there ! Put the boxes in the court-yard ! You have coughed much last (this) night. Have you bathed ? No, I have not yet bathed, I am going to bathe. § 37. VERBS WHICH HAVE AN ALIF (HAMZA) AS ONE OF THE THREE RADICALS. The conjugation of these Verbs differs but little from the Strong form. Here and there however the weak letter Hamza merges into the neighbouring vowel or disappears altogether. The chief cases are : (1) The Alif may combine with the neighbouring vowels, whereby a short vowel becomes lengthened. (2) The Alif may become a w, especially at the beginning of a word. (3) The Alif may become a y, especially at the end of a word. (4) The Alif may be simply assimilated to one of its adja- cent consonants which thus appears reduplicated. (5) The Alif with its vowel may disappear at the begin- ning of a word. The following is a list of verbs with Alif (1, 2, 3) common in Modern Arabic, with their verbal forms and derivatives worthy of remark. § 38. VERBS WITH ALIF 1 - In Alphabetical Oedee. 1. J j>.\ 'ugra, pay, hire. II. 'aggar, to pay, hire ; ye'aggar, etc. 2. J &p-\ side by side with J J^ to be at one, § 55. 92 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF II. wahhid : Imper. wahhid, confess God's Unity ! (the night-watchman's cry). Infin. tauhid, the doctrine of (God's) Unity. VIII. ittahad (followed by hi) to unite oneself with. Infin. ittihdd, unity. 3. s>] to take. 1 Perf. ahhad (khad), khadet, khadte, etc. ; pol. akhaz, akhazet, etc. Imperf. ydkhod (§ 16. 2, note 3 ; § 4. 2. in.), tdkhod, dkhod, ydkh(o)d4, tdkh(o)dA, etc. Imperat. khod, khodi, khodH. Part, wdkhid, wakhdd, wakhdin. Infin. akhz (pol.). III. dkhaz, yi'dkhiz, to blame ; only in the expressions md-t{e)dkhiznish, Excuse me ! (Lit. : do not blame me !) Infin. mu'dkhaza: min gher mu'dkhaza (§ 60. 28), Pardon! VIII. ittdkhid (ittdkhad), to be taken. Imperf. yittdkhid. 4. J J-\ to be late; wakhri, late (§ 59. n. 11). II. 'akhkhar, to delay, retard. V. it'akhkhar, to be delayed. 5. J <_jj| 'adab, good manners, politeness. II. 'eddib, to educate. 6. j ^j\ a. (in the common speech) 'addn, call to prayer, madnd, minaret (§ 54. II. 2 a) and widn, ear. Perf. iddan, he has called to prayer. Imperf. yiddan. Imper. iddan ! call to prayer ! Part, me'eddin (pol. mu'ezzin), he who calls to prayer, b. (from classical Arabic) 'izn, permission. VERBS WITH ALIF 1 . 93 I. Pass. Part. ma'ziXn, authorized. X. ista'zin, to desire permission to depart (after a visit). I. aza, yi'zi, to damage, injure. II. azza = I. IV. Part. mM, worthless fellow. II. arrakh, to date, give the date of. Infin. tdrikh, date, history. 9. J J^l aktd, safe. II. 'akkid, to assure, confirm. V. itakkid, to be verified, confirmed. 10. J J£\ and J J^j, to eat. I. akal (kal), kalet, kalte, etc. Iniperf. ydkul (§ 16. 2, note 3), tdkul, ydkulu, tdk(u)M, ndkul. Imperat. kul, kuli, kuM. Part, wdkil, wakla, waklin. Part. Pass, mdkdl, eaten, edible. Infin. 'akl and wakl, food. II. 'akkil and wakkil, to feed. V. it'akkil and itwakkil, Pass, to II. VIII. ittdkil, to be eaten, to be edible, § 64. 11- J i_a!Wnd J t_aJ), ' to attach oneself to.' II. wa^t/" (with 3«?«), to accustom oneself to. (pol.) 'eWi/", to put together, to compose. Part, mu'ellif, author, composer. Infin. tdlif, (literary) work, composition. 94 LIST OF VEKBS WITH ALIF . 12. JjJ[. Perf. 'amar, he has ordered. Imperf. yu'mur. Imperat. u'mur. Infin. 'amr, command, order. 13. J tr c\, 'to be sure, certain, safe'. II. 'ammin, to consider true, or sure. III. 'dmin, to believe. Part, mu'dmin, believing. IV. Part, mu'min = mu'dmin. Infin. 'imdn, Belief. 14. J fjvj]. III. 'dnis (in phrases), 'dnistini, 'dnistina, 'dnistuni, 'dnis- tund, etc., you have delighted me (or us) by your visit (used in bidding farewell to guests). 15- Jjl Y. ta'anna. Infin. ta'dnni; bi-t-tadnni, gently. X. istanna (with accus.), to wait for. Imperf. yistannd. Imperat. isiannd, stop ! Part, mistanni. 16. J Jjt\, 'aid J , worthy. X. istdhil, to be worthy, to deserve. 17- t^jl adda, yiddi, Imper. iddi, to give. VEKBS WITH ALIF 2 AND ALIF". 95 § 39. VERBS WITH ALIF 2 AND ALIF 3 . 1. Verbs with Alif 2 are few in number and have no peculiarities. a. sa'al, a, to ask ; yis'al, is'al (regular). b. ra'a, a \ , to see, to think right, tara (for tar'a), thou seest; used in the locutions hantara and ydtara (§ 59. in. b. 35), 'perhaps?' Infin. ra'i (rdl), view, opinion. Note. Through the change of. Hamza into w we get from the original root J j II. wassa, yewassi, with }ala, to order, bespeak. V. itwassa, yitwassi; pass, to II. VERBS WITH W l AND T 8 . 97 (4) J ^j m}i, to take care, pay attention, yd}a. Imperat. H}a, (f.) 4}l Part. wd}i, careful, attentive. (5) J ^j I. wafa, yH/i, to keep one's word (with bi). V. tawqffa (sometimes tuwuffi, § 42), to die. X. istaufa (pol.), to be exhausted, yistaufa. Part, mistaufi. Infin. istdfd. (6) J jJj VI. Infin. tawdni, bi-tawdrd, slow, indolent. ii. w s and i/ 3 . (1) V ij jj I. ro«M, i, to water. Infin. rail, irrigation. V. itrauvja (§ 39. 1 b, note), to consult, concert. "VIII a. itrawa, to be watered. (2) J <_$*~a I- sawa, a, to be worth. II. sauwa,to cook well (sufficiently), to smooth. III. sdwa, yesdwi, to be worth, to cost. VIII. ista/wa, to be ripe, well-cooked. Imp. yistiwi. Part, mistiwi. (3) v/ (_$*& I. shawa, i, to roast. VII. inshawa, yinshivoi, pass. (4) ^/ ^j «!s I. fowa, i, to fold up. Infin. tawi and tow. (5) ^/ <_$«]) to be strong. II. Part. me"auwa, wara" me"auwa, paste- board. (6) J ,_$*} I. kawa, i, to iron. Infin. kawi and kail, B. 7 98 DOUBLY WEAK VERBS. (7) J ,_$•£> II. hauwa, to air; X. istahwa (pol.), to catch a cold. in. y 2 and y 3 . (1) »/ -»»- IV. ahya, to let live, or give life. Imperf. yihyi. Ex. Alldh yihyik 1 God preserve thee ! X. istaha, to blush, to be ashamed. Imperfr - yistihi. Part, mistihi. (2) J L5 xc 3iyi, a, to be ill. " iv. Verbs Alif and Yi\ see § 38. 7. 15. 17. v. Verbs Alif 2 and Fg 3 , see § 39. 1 b. vi. Verbs Y4* and Alif 2 , see § 30, note, vii. Verbs with YS 2 and Alif 3 (Ye 3 ). (1) „J L-*. to come. Perf. Sing. Perf. Plural. ga (igi), gat, he or she came, gu (gum), get (git), geti (giti) getu (git€). get (git) gena (gina). Negative 3 pers. sing, md-gdsh. 3 pers. pi. md-gush. In Cairo gi (gih) is more usual than ga, but with suffixes we find always gdh, gdni, etc. Imperf. Sing. Imperf. Plural. yigi, he or she will come. yigA. tigt tigtt, agi nigi. The Bedawin also say ya,gi, tagi, etc. The Imperative is supplied by ta}dla, § 34. vi. Part, gii, (f.) geya, (pi.) geyin, coming. Infinitive, magi. (2) (Preserving the Alif 3 ) L*, shd', yeshd', to will, (relig.). THE QUADRILITERAL VERB. 99 Ex, in-shd'-AUdh, If God will ! mdshd'-Alldh, As God wills ! (exclamation of astonish- ment). Note 1. yigi (used adverbially), about, approximately, § 59. in. b, 31. Note 2. Certain small words of verbal origin may be conveniently noticed here. They are a. h&t : indeclinable and only found in the Imperative. h&t, give! bring! (f.) hati, (pi.) htitu. b. tann (danri), corrupted from J «j tamm, to continue : generally used with the pronominal suffixes and a following Participle, thus : huwa tanno mashi, he goes further. hiya tarmiha mashyd. hum dannuhum mashyin. tannina mashyin. c. tau, tawi (with following Participle), just now, directly. Ex, ane tau gel, I am coming directly. § 41. THE QUADRILITERAL VERB. The conjugation of the Quadriliterals offers no difficulty. For the vowel of the second syllable of the Imperfect Stem, see §20.. 3. Ex. yebasbas, yetarbis. Ex. of Part, melakhbat, disordered, confused. J l. jS- } merakhrakh, slack, loose. The Quadriliterals have no derived forms except those com- pounded with it (§ 23). iilakhbat, to get confused, disordered. itwalwil, to wail, lament. izzalzil (§ 23, note 1), to be shaken (of the earth), to quake. itmaskhar, to behave foolishly. ityafrat, to behave like an }afrU, to do incredible things. Eor the vowel of the Imp. see above. 7—2 100 THE PASSIVE. Vulgar Infinitive tefaifi}, analogous to teftil in the triliteral verb. Ex. washwish, to whisper, Inf. tewashwish. § 42. THE OLD FORM OF THE PASSIVE. The Old Arabic Passive (Perf. fu}il ; Imperf. yufyal) formed by internal change of vowels, only remains in certain stereotyped forms. The most common is the 3 pers. sing, masc. of the Imperfect. Ex. J L-Jf- yu}raf, one knows, it is known. As-. yAgad, there is. J«ji yu"dl, one says. 9 Jt> yushd}, it is reported. ,jic>- yukhshu, one fears. ,j« tuwuffi, (more commonly tawaffa), § 40, I. 5. The Passive has very often merged into the fi}il a.ndfu}ul forms of the modern speech. Vocabulary. mohatta, railway-station ; khawdga *, gentleman (sir, Mr) ; dahr, the back ; wishsh, the face ; kilmd, a word ; keshf, list ; bd"i, the rest, remainder ; khaiydt, tailor ; nisi, a, to forget ; dkhir, the last ; muftdh, key ; sikkin, knife ; radd, u, to give back, put back ; yamiid-as-sawdri, Pompey's Pillar ; mind*, port, haven ; serdyd *, castle ; Efendind *, the viceroy ; hosdn,. horse ; bdlddi, local, native ; mazika *, music ; m-Alid, birthday festival ; sinn, tooth, peak; sdra (/.), picture, statue. Exercise. waddini fi-l-mahatta ! ane awaddik fen ? 4}a, yd kha- wdga, dahrak ! (unshshak !) mantish wd}i. inte md-wafetsh bi-kaldmak. el keshf da mistaufi? Id, md-katabndsh kullu THE NOUN. 101 (§ 70. 2 a) lissa. taiyib, iktib el bd"i ! a}mil ma}rHf, war- rini'l-mahatta I awarrihd-lak (§§ 60. 2 ; 65. b, notefioassSt -jala'-l hudum butujak? mdwassStsh lissa hudtibmi }ala'l khaiydt. nisitu, bukra a}milu. shufte dkhir (§ 67. 2 d) wdbdr ga min Urubbd?- md-shuftdsh, bi"ul4 (or yu"dl) huwa gey en-nahtir- dd. hdt el muftdh betd} ed-dUldb-da 1 ddik {ddllak, § 65. 2, note) el muftdh. iddini es-sikkin 1 tarbist el-bdb ? md-tar- bistdsh. md-linsdsh I inte fdkir el-kitdb, elli "ad$t6-lak min zd'mdn ? Id, mush fdkir. inte md-raddStdsh abddan. ane mdkhaztdsh dbdddn. ane aruddu. ruddu ! Yesterday we arrived at (§ 68. 4) Alexandria, to-day at Cairo. Have you (pi.) seen much? In Alexandria we saw Pompey's pillar, the harbour, the viceroy's palace (§§ 44. la; 51. 2 a) and the equestrian statue of Mohammed AH (the statue of Mohammed Ali riding a horse). What do you wish to see now in Cairo 1 We wish first to go round (ddr, u) in the town, then we wish to enter an Arab (native) caf^, we wish to hear some Arab music ; we wish, if possible, to speak to an Arab and to converse with him. Tomorrow will be (bi"i, a) the Festival of the Prophet, will you (pi.) go thither 1 No, we shall not go there, we shall have no time (lihi", § 39). Shall you {pi.) remain next week in Cairo 1 We do not know yet. When shall you come to Suez? Have you climbed to the top of the Pyramid? No, we were frightened. I went up, but I got tired from (ft) the ascent and descent. § 43. THE NOUN. Egyptian Arabic recognises two genders — the masculine (m.) and the feminine (f) : three numbers — the Sing., Dual, and the much varied Plural. The cases, which in Classical Arabic were distinguished by different forms, are now expressed by the help of prepositions as in modern European languages. For the definite article see §§ 9. 4 ; 66. 102 THE GENDER OF NOUNS. 44. GENDER. 1. There is no rule whereby we can recognise that a noun is masculine, but there are certain terminations by which we may distinguish the feminine. Of these the most common are : a. The short a (a or e). The older form of this a is at (et). The older form still exists in genitive constructions (§ 51), and in certain ancient words and compounds. Ex. kelb, dog, kelbd, dog (/.), gdmils, buffalo, gdmika, buffalo (/). Or it may have no corresponding masculine : sikkd, street "With roots y 3 : hikdyd, story. With Adjectives : battdl, worthless, battdla; taiyib, good, taiyiba, good (/.). The fern, of Participles of the fd}il form (used as verbs and nouns, § 16. 5) is contracted into fa}la. Ex. sahib — sahba. There are many other substantives, derived from various sources, ending in a or a, and these are treated and considered as feminine. They may be true Arabic words, as dunyd (dinya), world ; shita, winter ; da}wa, law-suit ; }esha, evening : or they may be borrowed words, as 6da, room ; mind haven ; busta, post ; serdyd (also ser&y), castle ; tarabeza, table ; gezma, boot ; isbitdlia, hospital. b. In the feminine form of certain Adjectives we find a, a termination derived from the long d found in the correspond- ing forms of the Classical language. (a) When the masculine is of the afyal form (§ 54. n. 1 a) the corresponding feminine form is constantly fa}la. FEMININE NOUNS. 103 Ex. aqfar — ?afra, yellow; ahmar — hamra, red; abyad — bida, white ; iswid (from aswad) — sdda, black ; a}rag — }arga, lame. (6) Sometimes when the masculine is of the afyal (§ 53. 2 a) form, the corresponding feminine is of the fu}la form, generally when expressing the comparative or superlative. Ex. ahbar—hubra, bigger; asghm — $ughra, smaller. Thus rdkhar (§ 9. 4, note), he also, ruWira, she also. Note. The t of the old feminine termination el (is) still exists in certain words with biliteral roots (§ 54, note), and has become an essential part of the word. J j bin-t, daughter, J •] uhh-t, sister. J jj zd-t, being, self (§ 70. 3). The complete termination et is also found in certain Egyptian family names owing to Turkish influence. These names originally expressed certain abstract qualities. Ex. J *s* Safwet, 'Pureness'; J yje- "iEzzet, 'Eminence'; J ^ Gaudet, 'Goodness'; J ^ Kheiret, etc. 2. Many Substantives are feminine, without any distinctly feminine terminations. a. Words denoting females, as 'umm, mother; sitt, lady (4j 54. I. 10, note) ; faras, mare, etc. b. bdldd*, town, village, and all names of places. Ex. Ma?r, Helwdn, AsyiM, Aswdn, TUnis, es-SwSs, etc. c. Most of those members of the human body which exist in pairs. Ex. id, hand ; }en, eye ; rigl, foot ; widn, ear. Ex. hdwa g£i bi-idu fadya, he comes with empty hand ; widnu te"ila, he is "hard of hearing''; er-rigl el-^arga, the lame foot ; el-^en es-sdda, the black eye. 104 GENDER. Exceptions, kit/, shoulder, heff, palm, fahhd, thigh, are inasc. d. Certain other substantives such as, ard, earth; bapn, belly ; Mr, well ; ddr, house (in the Fellah dialect) ; rds, head; rtih, spirit; sems (pol. s/iems), sun; merkib, ship; nefs, soul ; tob, gown. Thus, el-Mr malka, the well is salt ; ed-ddr dakhaltihd, I went into the house ; essems harra, the sun is hot. 3. On the other hand many personal and professional names of men have the feminine termination a (a). These names were originally words expressing abstract qualities, or professions, etc. Ex. Khalifa, ■jAtiya, Tvlba, Hammuda. Also borrowed words as khawdga, gentleman, sir ; khdga, teacher (school) ; kamarera*, servant ; mukhbira, spy. These words are treated as masculine. Ex. el-khawdga es-sughaiyar, the young gentleman. NUMBER. § 45. THE SINGULAR. The Singular is generally identical with the root-form, but in Arabic the root-form often has a collective or generic sense, in which case the Singular is formed by adding certain ter- minations. a. The feminine ending a (d) if with accent, a (e) if with- out it, § 44, is added to Substantives denoting relationship, animals, and materials, and serves to single out the individual specimen, as NOUNS OF UNITY. 105 ba"ar, cows, ba"ara, a cow. na^dm, the ostrich, na}dma, an ostrich. nakhl, date-palms, nakhla, a date-palm. rummdn, pomegranates, rummdna, a pomegranate. bSd, eggs, see also § 49, 1, Mda, an egg. rusds, lead, cartridges, ru§d?a, a piece of lead, a car tridge. lahm, meat, lahma, a piece of meat. M, night, tela, a night. shaqr, hair, shayra, a hair. wara", paper, wara"a, a piece of paper. b. In connection with the above we may mention that the ending a (a) is occasionally added to the Infinitive form fayl (§ 16. 6), to express a single occurrence of the action of the verb. Ex. darb, action of striking; darba, a single blow; da- rabtu darba, shedida, I have given him a hard blow; khabt, action of knocking ; khabta, a single knock. c. In the same way the root-form of several names of nationalities has a collective sense. The singular is here formed by adding i in the masc. and iya in the fern. Ex. }Agam, Persians (el-}Agam, the Persians), ■^Agami, a Persian. JRdm, Greeks, R4mi, a Greek. Ingliz, English, Inglizi, an Englishman. 106 THE DUAL. § 46. THE DUAL. The Dual is formed by adding in to the Singular. Most of the Substantives ending in a (a), §§ 44, 45, revert to their ori- ginal form -at (-et) before adding en. Ex. iden, two hands ; el iden, both hands. el gifnen, the two eyelids (upper and lower). kursiyen, two chairs. metren*, two metres. "irshen*, two piastres. shibren, two spans long. shehren, two months. gozen, two pairs. With numbers, el/en, two thousand, § 55. tiltin, two thirds, § 57. With fem. termination, sd}atin, two hours. "irbaten, two leather sacks. hikdyeten, two stories. nakhlaten, two date-palms. bdldhdtin, two dates. ba"araten, two cows. darbaten, two strokes. sakk el bdb sakkatin, to shut up the door twice. Note 1. Itnen (two) is sometimes used by natives with sing, and plural in imitation of European languages instead of the old Dual termi- nation, but this must be avoided as incorrect. 2. Names which often occur in couples are sometimes expressed by the Dual of one of them. Thus el Hasanen means el Hasan and el Hosen (the sons of the Khalif 3AJ1). El Hasanen, has become in the course of time a common personal name. Some names of places in Egypt are treated in the same way. 3. The Dual is sometimes added to particles, as liawalen (§ 60. 20). THE FORMS OF THE PLURAL. 107 § 47. THE PLURAL. The two forms of the Plural are known to native gram- marians as outer or strong, and inner or broken. The Strong Plural is formed by adding terminations. The Broken Plural is formed by internal change of vowel : sometimes with suffixes and affixes as well. The Strong Plural adds in in the masculine and dt in the feminine. A t is an expansion of the old termination of the fern. sing. Ex. felldh, peasant, felldMn, peasants. hikdya, story, hikdydt, stories. sitt, lady, sittdt, ladies. Note a. Certain classes of words make their Plural by adding the feminine termination a (a, yd). This is generally the case when the substantives end. in i, dni, dwi (§54. in. 6), or gi, li (§ 54. iv. 1). Ex. liardmi, thief, pi. hardmiya. kawdlini, locksmith, kawdliniyd. yarbagi, coachman, ^a/rbagiya. Iskenderdni, Alexandrian, Iskenderdniyd. *Efend% official, Efendiya. b. The fem. termination is also sometimes used to make the plural of the faftdl forms (§ 54. I. 17). Ex. shaghghdl, workman, pi. shaghghdla (also shaghghdlin). 108 THE STRONG MASCULINE § 48. THE STRONG MASCULINE PLURAL. This form is commoner with Adjectives than Substantives, and is used even where the Adjective qualifies a feminine Substantive. Ex. Substantives : *naggdr, pi. naggdrin, carpenters. felldh, felldhin, peasants. Masri, Masriyin, Egyptians, Cair SUddni, SUddniyin, Sudanese. Adjectives : taiyib, taiyibin, good. battdl, battdlin, bad. kwaiyis, kwaiyisin, pretty. ghdli, ghdlyin, dear. shdtir, shdtrin, clever. Participles : hdki, hdkyin, relating. rdmi, rdmyin, throwing. Muslim, Muslimin, Mohammedans, In composition felldhin taiyibin, good peasants. hikdydt kwaiyisin, pretty tales. Notice soma, year, plu. sinin; rdkhar, he also, plu. rukkrin, they also. Note 1. For the termination in with numbers, see § 55. 3. 2. The word Beni, " sons of", the construct form of benin (§ 51), is a plural of this kind from ibn, son, J •, (§ 54, note). Ex. Beni }Amir, Beni }Adi, Beni Hilal, names of Egyptian Bedawin tribes. Also beni-adam, a man (§ 50, note 2). 3. In certain polite phrases the plural is used instead of the singular, e.g. taiyibin! or even the classical form taiyibun (used in kind wishes or enquiries) ; mutashekkirin ! thanks. AND FEMININE PLURAL FORMS. 109 § 49. THE STRONG FEMININE PLURAL. 1. The strong fern. plu. is formed by adding dt, and is used with many feminine substantives, whether they have the fern. term, (a) or not. Ex, hediyd, gift, sd}a, hour, mind, haven, tarabiza, table, harim, woman, sitt, lady, beda, an egg, Notice bint, daughter, umm, mother, uhht, sister, hediydt, gifts. 8d}dt, hours. mindt, havens. taraMzdt, tables. harvmdt, women. sittdt, ladies. beddt, see § 45 a. bandt, daughters. ummehdt, mothers. uhhwdt (ahhwdt), sisters and brothers. zdt (being, existence), zawdt, gentry. 2. It is used for other substantives where no definite reason can be assigned. Ex. sdbdt, basket, rikdb, stirrup, busdt, carpet, sdndd, bond, voucher, I6h, table, board, yemin, oath, mahall, place, mileff, bundle, bdlddi, countryman, gawdb, letter, and some other fa}dl forms 1 . sdbdtdt, baskets. rikdbdt, stirrups. busdtdt, carpets. sandddt, bonds, vouchers. Idhdt, boards. yemindt, oaths. mahalldt, places. mileffdt, bundles. bdlddiydt, countrymen. gawdbdt, letters, i Kit&bdt, books, as plur. of kit&b is quite vulgar: (§ 50. 1). kutub is better 110 THE STRONG FEMININE PLURAL. 3. Infinitives, when they are used as nouns, particularly in the derived forms. Ex. I. haiwdn J ^~ , beast, pi. haiwdndt. II. taufirdt, savings. teghyvrdt, alterations. tegdiddt, renewals. III. hisdb, bill; pi. hisdbdt, bills. IV. i}ldndt, notices. V. tashakkurdt, thanks. VIII. imtihdndt, examinations. X. mustardhdt, latrines, wc's. 4. Passive Participles. Ex. mashrHbdt, drinks. mesattahdt, plains. 5. Names of relations, grades, and titles. Ex. ^amm, uncle on father's side, ^ammdt. khdl, uncle on mother's side, khdldt. And the irregular words, ab(4), father, abahdt (ubahdt). akh(ii), brother, uhhwdt xxlSO, bdsha, Pasha, bashawdt. Mh (be), Bey, (official of the second class), bahawdt. brins, Prince, brinsdt. aghs, Eunuch, aghawdt. usta, master workman, ustawdt. And the modern loan words lurddt, lords; skarabihdt, scarabs, etc. 6. Ancient and modern borrowed words. Ex. Mr, handicraft, kdrdt. hammdm, bath, hammdmdt. § 50. BROKEN PLURALS. Ill wdh, oasis, wdhdt. wdb4r, steam-engine, steamer, wdbHrdt. gwrndl, newspaper, gurndldt. fandr, light-house, fandrdt. shillin, shilling, shillindt. Also mark, frank, lira, gineh. In words borrowed from the Italian o is often depressed to u and dropped in the plural form : e. g. kuntrdtdt, contracts. "unml&tat, Consulates. bazaburtdt, passports. 7. Some forms of the broken plural (§ 50) take in addition the strong feminine plural. § 50. THE BROKEN PLURAL. The variety of forms used as broken plurals makes one of the greatest practical difficulties in learning Arabic. The forms commonly used in conversation are given below, proceeding from the shorter to the fuller forms, with the forms of the singular to which they correspond. I. Forms whose singulars have only three radicals. 1. fU3l : used as plural to afyal and its feminine (§§ 54. II. 1 ; 44. i. b (a), — adjectives denoting colours and bodily defects : — Ex. ahmar — homr, iswid — s4d. a^rag — $org, abyad — bid. atrash — tursh, deaf. Also ddr — d4r, house (in the Delta : see 5). "adim — "udm, old. hasir — hu$r, mat. 112 § 50. BROKEN PLURALS. l a . fi}l : a vulgar variation oifu^l. Ex. hegin — hign, riding-camel. 2. fii3Ul. Ex. "assis* — "usus, clergyman. kitdb — kutub, book. 2 a . fi^il, a vulgar variation : ',*, a dozen, disit, dozens. 3. fU3al : mostly from the Sing. fu}la (§ 54. i. 3). "ulla, jar, water-bottle, "ulal. "uffa, wicker-basket, "ufaf. f&ta*, towel, fuwat. Also gedid, new, gudad (comp. 5a). 4. i&3al : mostly from the Sing, fi-^la (§ 54. I. 2). sikkd, a street, sikak. hittd, a piece, hitai. 5. fi3al: habl, rope, string, hibdl. sinn, tooth, s(i)ndn. waltid, child, wildd. bdldd, district, bildd. }adm, bone, ■jeddm (for e see § 4. II. 2). shedid, strong, shiddd. farkha, hen, f(i)rdkh. widn, ear, widdn. ddr, house, diydr (in Upper Egypt see 1). leld, night, liydl. sd'is, running footman, siyds. fi$dl is sometimes used with the fern, termination : rdgil, man, rigdla. 5". filial is a variant of the above, common in the vulgar dialect and mostly from the Sing. fa}U. rakhtf, cheap, rukhds. kebir, great, kubdr. 50. BROKEN PLURALS. 113 gedtd, new, te"il, heavy, khaftf, light, $ahth, true, guwdr, pi. of gdrya, is for gawdrt With fem. term, hagar, stone, 6. fU3)> arm-pit, arm-hole. J ft birdm, pi. fern, or ebrimti, (5), a clay vessel. *J ijj*> masdrif (n. 2), cost. § 51. THE INFLECTION OF NOUNS. 1. Now that the old case-endings have been lost, the nominative and accusative are identical in form. The dative is formed with the help of the preposition li, ' to ' (§ 60. 2). The vocative is formed by the help of the vocative particle yd, 'oh!' (§62. 1). 118 THE GENITIVE CONSTRUCTION. 2. There are two ways of forming the genitive in. modern Arabic. a. The governing noun is placed first, without the article, while the dependent noun comes immediately after it, either with or without an article, and has the sense of the genitive, thus : dilldb hudUm, a clothes' chest. d&ldb el-hudilm,, the clothes' chest. dawdlib hudUm, clothes' chests. dawdlib el-hudUm, the clothes' chests. If the governing noun has the fern. term, a (a) it reverts to the original type and ends in et (i), thus : sagardt et-tiffdh, the apple tree. lu"met ■jesh, a piece of bread. Also in borrowed words, serdyet elrbdsha, the castle of the Fasha. Also with betd}et (§ 8. 2). The broken Plurals given in § 50. i. 9, 13 and u. 3 have the form of the fern. Sing., and so change their termination into et when used as governing nouns. Ex. khadamet el bet, the servants of the house; asbilet Masr, the (public) fountains of Cairo ; talamzet el medrdsa, the pupils of the school. Note. "When used as governing nouns, ab and akh become abil and akhA. b. In expressing the genitive the dependent noun may be compounded with betd}, f. betd}et, pi. but4$, as dmidb betd} el-hud&m, a chest for clothes. ed-dmidb betd} el-hudUm, the chest for clothes. et-tarabeza betd}et eUmatbakh, the kitchen table. ed-dawdlib buM} el-hudAm, the chests for clothes. Frequently betd} stands for both fern, and plural. THE OLD CASE-TERMINATIONS. 119 3. There are still traces here and there of the old case- terminations. a. The u of the nominative exists in certain religious phrases, as el hamdu lilldh, Praise to God ! rahmatVL 'lldh, The mercy of God, etc. ; also rabbuna (§ 8, note 1). b. The i and in of the genitive Singular is found in sen- tences constructed with eiy, § 12. 1. Ex. $ala eiyi tari"atiii kdn, in -whatever way it may be ; win eiyi gihatin kdn, in whatever respect it may be. With these exceptions, this case-ending has wholly disappeared except among literary classes, and in some religious expres- sions, as walldhi (see § 60. 27), by God ! c. The an or d of the accusative is more frequent. Ex. Mian, directly, immediately, instantly. abdddn, never. ahlan we sahlan !, welcome ! hani'ari !, your very good health ! ^dmen-auwal, last year (for AJ\ \^\p). The an may, or may not, be added to masal(an), for example. ghasb{an) (ghazban), unwillingly. The d appears in ha" "d, truly. marhaba, welcome. barrfi,, outside. gtiwd, inside. d. The vocative d is heard in ydbd (from yd abd, § 62. 1), oh father ! yammd, oh mother ! 120 THE NOMINAL SUFFIXES. § 52. NOMINAL SUFFIXES. Certain nouns undergo a change of form -when attached to the Pronominal Suffixes, § 8. 1. The fd}il form becomes contracted to fa}l when the suffix begins with a vowel (§ 16. 5 a). Ex. sdhib : sahbi, my friend, ?ahbak, $ahbu, etc., but sdhibhd, sdhibna. , 2. The fern. term, (a, a) reverts to its original form (at, et) ; but this in an accented syllable generally becomes it (§ 16. 1), in an unaccented syllable simply t. Ex. "isrna, luck, "ismtti, my fate; hadra, 'presence', hadrttak, hadrttkum, 'your presence' = sir ! or madam ! but tabtya, nature, tabthti, my nature, etc. Note. When Suffixes are added to Participles having a fern. term, the a or a becomes d. Ex. rigli wagydni, my foot is hurting (§ 16. 5). 3. The Dual and Plural forms undergo no change, with the exception of the Dual of the members of the body which exist in pairs, and hawdlin (§ 60. 20), where the n is dropped before the suffixes. Ex. ideya, my hands, riglek, thy feet. vMkum, your hands, riglShum, their feet, etc. hawdleyd, around me, hawdUna, etc. 4. The words ab and akh become before suffixes abil and akh/A as they do in the genitive constructions (§ 51. 2 a, note). Ex. abHya, akh4k, ab4na, akh&kum, etc. In colloquial Arabic akhi often takes the place of aklvdyd, and akhina for akhdna. THE ADJECTIVE. 121 5. The word rnara J(mar'a), woman, becomes with suffixes vmrdt% imrdtak, etc., or m(i)rdti, m{i)rdtak, etc. Note. Among the peasantry, and especially in Upper Egypt, the suffixes are often added to the noun by inserting I, even in cases which do not come under § 8. 1, note b. Ex. benih=ibnu. With particles : fSgihd, above her; tafytih, under him; tahtina, under us; U- walfdih, by himself. Comp. also nah(a)rihd (§ 6. 2, note), which is common in Cairo. § 53. THE ADJECTIVE. 1. The Adjective is treated as a noun, and follows the substantive qualified. If the substantive has the fern. sing, termination, the Adjective also ends in a (a). (Exceptions are given in § 44. 3.) Adjectives qualifying nouns in the dual and plural take the strong masculine termination (in), but under certain circum- stances the adjective may form a broken plural (§ 50). 2. The comparative may be formed in two ways : a. By taking the consonants of the root and giving them the afyal form followed by mm, ' than' (§ 60. 4). Ex. kebir, big, old, akbar min, bigger, older than. ,J .x^ sughaiywr (zghaiyar), a?ghar (azghar) min, smaller small, than. rakhi§, cheap, arkhas min, cheaper than. nj Ac ghdli, dear, expensive, aghld min, dearer, more expen- sive than. J Id, hand. These shortest roots are most frequently found in Pronouns and Particles. I. Forms where Vowels have been added to the Root- consonants, oe the Consonants doubled. 1. fa3l (fe-il): 'ard, earth. ■jafsh*, luggage, household-furniture. sebt*, Saturday. kelb, dog. mahl, comfort, leisure (§ 72. 6). 124 § 54. I. NOMINAL FORMS. Adjectives : sahl, easy. sa$b, difficult. Infinitives (§16. 6) : roots with to 2 : Ion (from laun), colour. kdm*, hill, roots with y 1 : zet (from zeyt), oil. sMhh, old man, elder, learned man. roots with w" : sahu, carelessness, doubled radical : keff, palm of the hand. harr, heat. "add, as much as (§ 59. in. b. 9). 2. fijl : kidb, lie. tibn, hay, chaff. gibn, cheese. kilmd (J".), a word. "ismd (/.), luck, fate. a nimrti* (/.), number, with w 1 : widn, ear. wil^a (/.), live coal, with y* : rif, country, plain, original alif 2 : Mr, a well. with w 3 : hilu (helu), sweet, nice, doubled radical : bidd, 'wish' (with suffixes, § 63. 2 a). wishsh (from wegh, wigh J &s-t), a face. 3. fil3l : kutr, plenty, many, much. zvlm, tyranny, injustice. sfmghl, work, business. "utn, cotton. Adjectives : sukhn, hot. Fractions : § 57. Feminines : gum}a, Friday, a week ; sukhra, forced labour. bukra, to-morrow ; nusbd, relation, kindred. § 54. I. NOMINAL FORMS. 125 w 1 wust, centre, midst. w* till, length, duration ; nibr, light, doubled radical : nuss (from nisf), half; 'umm, mother. fumm, mouth (figurative) ; horr, free. "ulla (/.), porous water-jar. 4. fa^al (Ja^al, fa^el) : hanak, mouth. basal, onion ; bdlad*, country, district. ra"aba (/.), neck; shabdkd, net. w 1 wara", paper ; wdldd, boy. w 2 gdr (from gawar, § 31), neighbour; bdb*, door. hdga {/.), thing; ■jdda, custom. y 3 nada, § 33, dew. doubled radical : }adad, number ; darar, damage. 5. fi3il (adjectives) : wihish, ugly. hints, small, narrow ; khishin, rude, rough. 6. fi^al (rare) : Ex. from y 3 : ghind, sufficiency. 7. fa3al (fd}dl) : hardm, forbidden. kaldm, speech. khalds, end, last (§ 59. in. b. 21). shdhdda (/.), witness. gandza (/.), burial. w" gawdb, letter. w s (y s ) klwM, open country ; laddwa, enmity. hawa, wind, air ; haldwa (/.), sweetness, a ward, behind (§ 60. 10). sweetmeat, doubled radical : hamdm, doves. tamdm, exact (§ 59. in. b. 22). 8. 63 al : rikdb, stirrup ; dimdgh, skull. d(i)rdi, arm, ell. shimdl, left-side. Infinitives of Stem III, § 21. Feminines : "jebdra, expression ; kitdba, writing. ■jemdra, building; sitdra, window curtain. 126 § 54. I. NOMINAL FORMS. v? sit/dm (iy from iw), a fast. j/ 2 (/.) diydnd, religion ; khiydta, tailoring ; ziyddd, in- crease, more. y 3 }esha, evening ; shifa (shifa), healing, strength- ening, fern, hikdya, story; ghirdya, glue. 9. 1U3S.I (fe}dl) : homdr, donkey ; twrdb, dust. fukhdr, earthenware; dukhdn, smoke (18). fern, khurdfa, fairy story ; khusdra, loss, damage. y 3 ghuna, song, doubled radical : rusds, lead. 9 a . f&3&l (very vulgar) : dUshdr, rubbish, lumber. 10. fa3il, (fe}U, fi}U) : sebU, public fountain. hakim, doctor; ghafir, watchman. (laban)halib, milk ; tabikh, vegetables. (yom d)khamis, Thursday ; wektt, steward, agent. Certain Infinitives (§ 16. 6). Adjec. ketir (kitir), much ; ba}id, distant. te"il, heavy ; gezird, island. w l wazifa, office, function. y 3 ndbi, prophet; radt, ugly. w* : sometimes with strong w, as in gliawit, deep ; tawtt, long — or with a w which becomes y, the accent being at the same time shifted and the second syllable shortened, thus pro- ducing fatfil (fai}il). Ex. J CLiyc meiyit (from mawit), dead J jjj naiyir, shining, clear. J i y*i Seiyid, Sir (see note). y 1 similarly : baiyin, clear, certain. taiyib, good ; ■jaiyina, pattern. Note. Seiyid, master, lord, ia used in the following forms with the following significations. § 54. I. NOMINAL FORMS. 127 a. Seiyid, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, pi. sdda (§ 50. i. 9) : a plural of the plural is sddat (§ 50, note 1). b. Sid, only with suffixes, as ya sidi, ' sir ! ' (in conversation) ; sidak, your master ; sidna, our master, etc. or as a governing noun, e.g. sid el khaddam, the master of the servant. Sidi is also used before saints' names, as Sidi G6har, etc. plu. asydd (§ 50. i. 12) or siytid (§ 50. i. 5). c. Si is used in invocations with a proper name, e.g. Yd Si MafymUd ! With the feminine termination seiyid it is only used with saints' names, as es-Seiyidd Zenab. The altered form, sitt, lady, has long been in ordinary use. 11. fa3&l (adjectives), comp. 15 and 16: kasill, lazy. 'iagtiz, aged; hasHd, envious, fern. sa}Hba, difficulty ; sahdla, ease. faMka, boat, felucca. 12. fu)fil: originally the Infin. of I. (§ 16. 6); some- times also used as a substantival form, as suMk, conduct, tenour of life ; luz&m, necessity. fern, rutuba, dampness; ^oz4ma, banquet. 13. fe36l (from fu}$l), frequently fe}eiyil and fuwS}il : Hosin, -jObed (}EbSd), Z(o)ber, K{e)leb. Names of plants, as gemmSz, sycomore-fig. Names of foods, as sherik, ghureyiba. Names of places, as Suwis, Suez ; RumMa, a square in Cairo ; genena, garden; swe"a, market-hall. Adjectives, as J < > j "ureyib, near; J «_j . rufaiya,}, thin, fine; sughaiycw (zghaiyar), small; J ,_Ji^ s(u)feiyif, thin, meagre; J IJIJ ^ kweiyis, beautiful. Originally this form gave a sense of diminution, which only survives in the word shweya, a little, from ^-£> she, some- thing (§ 12. 3) ; shweya may be a noun, or an adjective, or an adverb. 128 § 54. I. NOMINAL FORMS. Ex. shweyet fuMs, or fuMs shwiya, a little money. For fe}el + i, see below m. 6 B. e. In Upper Egypt and by the Bedawin everywhere the fe}Sl &ndfe}eiyil-iorms are commonly used for the/^iMlorm (10). 14. f&3il, the active Participle, often used as a noun, § 16. 5 a; in Ordinal numbers, § 56. 15. f&}ul (hardly to be distinguished from fayffl (11) and fa}}M (16), generally in borrowed words) : Ex. tfyHn, plague; ^amUd, pillar, column. bdrAd, gunpowder; ndmUs, gnat. ■jdgilz = }agHz. fern, mdsilrd, tubes, pipes ; sdmMd (similla), screw. tdhUnd, mill. 16. fa^fil (see 15 and 11) : dabb4r, wasp. nabbdt (also nSbilf), club, cudgel. The fern, of fa}}4lis much used in pet names. Ex. fern. FattCLmd, little Fatmti ; Zann-dba, little Zhwh. ^AiyHshd, little }Eishd ; }Azz4za, little ■jAziza. masc. ffammdda (§ 44. 3). 17. fa^al (fetfdl) : a very frequent form; generally used to denote occupations or permanent qualities. Ex. felldh, peasant ; sabbdgh, dyer. tabbdkh, cook ; farrdsh, domestic servant. tebbdn, chaff-dealer; ba" "dl, grocer. sarrdf, money-changer, banker. shemmdm ('scented'), sweet melon. Adjectives: mehhdr, cunning; battdl, bad; neshshdf (' dry- ing'), in ward' neshshdf, blotting paper; }ammdl, 'doing' (see § 16. 3 b). w* bauwdb, hall porter. ''auwds ("auwds), consular messenger, lit. ' archer'. y* khaiydt, tailor. § 54. II. NOMINAL FORMS. 129 Feminines : Ex. felldha, peasant-woman ; ghassdla, washerwoman. kliammdra, hotel; nadd&ra, spectacles. tebbdna, chaff store. ?« a bauwdba, doorway. y* taiydra, loose sheet of paper. fa}}dl + i, see in. 6 B.jF. ^-" 18. f&33^.1 (sometimes weakened to fu$dl) : kutidb, elementary school ; dukh(kh)dn, smoke, tobacco. dukkdn*, booth, small shop ; rummdn*, pomegranate. 18 a . ffyal (very vulgar) : tugdr (§ 50. i. 8), merchants. 19. Rare forms, mostly borrowed words, are fi.33&l in shibbdk, window; dibbdn, flies; tiffdh*, apples. fi.33il in sillvm, ladder, staircase. fu33al in suhhar*, sugar. fa33il in battikh, water-melon ; "assis, clergyman ; sarrif = sarrdf, and often in vulgar speech iovfa$}dl (17). fi33tl in sikkin, knife. f\i33Ul in hummus, chick-peas. II. Forms with Prefixes. 1. af^al : a form used a. For names of colours and bodily defects. Ex. ahmar, akhdar, asfar, § 44. 1 b. also iswid (in Cairo for aswad), black. a}rag, lame ; ahbal, simple. b. For the elative, § 53. 2 a. c. A few other nouns follow this form, as ashbah, re- sembling; arba,}, four, § 55. 2. Forms with an m prefixed. These generally denote the place, or the time, or the means, whereby the action described by the root is performed. b. 9 130 § 54. II. NOMINAL FORMS. a. maf3al. Ex. matbakh, kitchen ; marked), ship. madbah, slaughter house ; matrah, place, fem. mahfada, writing case ; medrdsd*, school. matba}a, printing press ; ma}la"a, spoon. mandara, reception room (for gentlemen). mektdbd, writing table, with w 1 mau"qf, stopping or standing place. w 2 fem. marwaha, a fan. 2/ 2 mazdd, auction ; mashdl, transport, fem. retaining the y, masyada, trap ; madyafa, village shelter-house. y 3 ma^na, meaning, sense, § 59. in. b. 33. doubled radical : mahall, place. fem. mahatta, (railway) station. ma"ashshd, broom. mahashshd, sickle; but mahshasha, opium-den (from hashish), is uncontracted. Alif 1 with suppression of Hamzti, J j\ mddnd, minaret (§ 38. 6). b. mafjil : menzil, house, home ; maghrib, ' land of the west', Mauretania; fem. ma^rifd, knowledge. c. mifjal (rare). Ex. with y 3 : mis"d, watercourse, fem. from root with doubled radical : miselld, obelisk, lit. ' needle '. d. mufjal (muf}il, mufyuV) ; mushaf, copy of the Koran. munkhvl, sieve ; murgdha (murgiha), cradle. w 1 mMid', saint's day. y 2 mubi}, sale. fem. from root with doubled radical : mulwhba, love, friendship. In Southern Upper Egypt and Nubia mafjal and rnaftil become mvfyal. § 54. III. NOMINAL FORMS. 131 Ex. murkah, MVLgforabi, Muhdi, murhaba, mVLskra), ford, mutrah, mVLdfa}, etc. e. mif3&l and mufjal : mihrdt, plough. mwnshdr (minshdr), saw; muftdh, key ; musmdr, nail. in roots to 1 , w becomes y : J &). mildd, birth (of Christ) ; *J n) )J m ^ z ^ n > balance, plummet ; J &£, ma/}dd (§ 4. 3), term ; fixed date. w* mishwdr (mushwdr), commission, errand. Alif" mvr'dya, looking glass. f. The borrowed word meskin, poor, is unique in form. g. maf3 nun g r y ', generally ga}dn (§ 4. 3). 3. fa^alan, originally Infinitive (generally formed from w 2 ) : nakardn, denial ; dawardn, a turning ; dawakhdn, giddi- ness ; tawahdn, a losing one's way. 4. fi^lan, originally Infinitive : bunydn, a building ; nusydn (nisyan), oblivion. 9—2 132 § 54. III. NOMINAL FORMS. 5. fa3lana : saghrana, childishness. 6. The termination -f, fern, -Iya (or -eya in the common speech) is added to nouns. It signifies a belonging to, or con- nection with, or derivation from the noun. Words with the termination -i or 4yd may be divided into the following groups. A. (Peculiarities of Signification.) a. -i and 4yd axe affixed to names of towns, countries, and nations : Masri, an Egyptian, Cairene ; }Arabi, a 'Bedouin.' SUddni, a Sudanese ; Hindi, an Indian. bahri, ' riverwards', northwards ; gharbi, westwards. b. Also to words of various derivation : hardmi, thief; kholi, bailiff (of an estate). gusfi, insignificant; dar&ri, necessary. }om&mi, general, common; fuldni, somebody's (property) 1 . ha"i"i, truly, really; isldmi, Mohammedan ; mttddi, belonging to Christmas Day (n. 2 e), according to Christian reckoning, a.d. mishmishi, apricot-coloured ; bunni (coffee-)brown. c. When added to strong feminine or broken plurals, it denotes professions and trades : sd}dti, watch-maker ; mesauwardti, painter, photographer. gde(a)mdti, shoe-maker; gend'ini, gardener. "ulali, seller of "ulla ; tardbishi, Fez-seller, sometimes contracted: merdkbi, sailor; bardsmi, clover-seller (bersim) ; sandd"i, seller, or maker of boxes (sandu"). d. Both abstract and concrete nouns are found with the fern. term. -iya. 1 i.e. belonging to fuldn (§12. 3). § 54. III. NOMINAL FORMS. 13p, C Ex. 'ardtya, warehjDuse_char.ges. __— — mvMrvyd (s/j*ti TV. Part, mudvr), province. sultdniya, dish ; gam^kjd, company. gebrtya, indemnity ; mamm&niyd, obligation. Mfiyd, manner. aham(m)iya (ahamm, § 53. 2 a), importance. B. (Peculiarities of Form.) a. When the original noun ends in a vowel, the derived noun is formed by rejecting the vowel of the original noun and adding -dwi {-dwi). Ex. In Egyptian names of places : Tanta — Tcmtdwi; Benha — Benhdwi ; Giza — Gizdwi ; Ma^sara — Ma}sardwi ; Biblau — Bibldwi; Menzala — Menzaldwi; Minya — Miny&wi; "And — "Andwi; Nabardh — Nahardwi ; EdM — Edkdwi; Edfu —Edfdwi; Nimsa, Austria — Nimsdwi, Austrian ; Fransa, France — Fransdwi, French; Brdsya — Brdsydwi, Prussian. biddwi, egg-shaped. ukhdwi (from akhU), belonging to a pair. ■jAbdalldwi, from }AbdaUd(h), § 6. 3, a sort of cucumber. b. When words end in the syllable -iyd (A. d) they gene- rally drop -iyd, and take the termination -dwi. Ex. Matariyd (village), Matardwi. Sher"iyd (province), Sher"dwi. J ^jiXc ma^addiyti, ferry boat, mcqadddwi, ferry man. c. There are various irregular forms. Ex. Magh/rsibi, from the Maghrib. Siwi, from the oasis of Siwa. Mans&ri, from the town Mansura. Enbdbi, from the village Enbaba. shitwi, from shitti, winter. 134 § 54. III. NOMINAL FORMS. h&mawi, Hamath apricots 1 . Bwhdmi, belonging to Ibrahim. higri, reckoned from the ' Hegira' {Higra). "ibli, southern, in the direction of the "ibid. Madani, from Medina. Hadrami, belonging to the province of Hadramut. husari, weaver of mats (hu?r). nu"sdi, seller of nu"l (nuts, almonds, etc.). suka/ri, drunkard ; suhr, drunkenness. kutbi, bookseller (kutub, books). fatdtri, hawker oifatd'ir, a kind of pastry. Words ending in -i (-i) can take no additional termination. Ex. "iErdbi, an adherent of Arabi Pasha. In compound expressions the termination i is added to the most important word. Ex. Wahhdbi, a 'Wahaby', an adherent of }Abd~el-Wahhdb. d. The termination -dni is more rare. aa. Ex. With place designation. fd"dni, upper ; tahtdni, lower. wardni, hindmost ; barrdni, outer, foreign. gUwdni, inner; wahddni, alone, isolated. auwaldni, first; asldni, original. bb. With names of callings and origins. fasaklidni, a seller of salt-fish (fesikh), cf. § 4. 3. Imlawdni, a seller of sweetmeats (haldwa). fakJiardni, potter ; fdkhdni, fruit-seller ( J i£j). Ma}?ardni = Ma}sardwi. Iskenderdni, Alexandrian (from el-Iskenderiya). Br4sidni (comp. Ital. ' Vrussiajio') = Brdsiduii. e. fe}il + i, rare. 1 This is a Syriasm. In Egyptian Arabic it ought to be Ijamawi. § 54. IV. NOMINAL FORMS. 135 Ex. sederi, waistcoat. ge^edi, ballad singer, rhymer. bitini, glutton. f. fay^dl + i, rare. Ex. meUdkt, belonging to private property. ne" "dli, moveable. "abbdni, weigh-master ("abbdn, a steelyard). IV. The influence of Turkish is evident in the following formations. 1. The terminations -gi and -li in nouns denoting trades. gezmagi, shoe-maker. bAyagi, shoe-cleaner. baltagi, messenger. "ahwagi, landlord of coffee-house. sufragi, waiter (in private houses). tamargi*, surgeon's assistant. egzagi (also egzdi, § 50. I. 12), apothecary. matba}gi, printer. ^arbagi, coachman. sharbStli, § 50, note 1, sherbet-seller. Mdrali, Morean. Ermelli (Ermerdi), Armenian. Uswdnli (Uswalli), of TJswan (Aswan). 2. Words compounded with a. bdsh, upper, first. Ex. bash-kdtib, chief secretary. bash-mutergim, chief interpreter. bash occasionally follows the noun, and is then com- monly lengthened into basha. (for bashi). hakvm basha, first physician. farrdsh basha, chief house-servant. b. khdnd, house, which follows the noun. Ex. ■jar(a)bakhdnd, cart-shed. egzakhdnd, chemist's shop, dispensary. kutub-Midna, library. antik-khdnd, museum. 136 THE CARDINAL THE NUMERALS. § 55. CARDINAL NUMBERS. 1. The Cardinal Numbers from 1 to 10 are as follows : \ ... 1. wdhid, (f.) wdhdd. r ... 2. itnen (tintSn, S.) J Jks , (dual ending, § 46, and initial vowel). r ... 3. teldtia). i ... 4. arba}(a), arbaht (J «_> ,)■ o ... 5. hhamas, khamsa, khamast. i ... 6. sitl(a). y ... 7. sab}(a), saba,}. a ... 8. tam&nya, tamant. ■\ ... 9. tis}a(t). i ■ ... 10. ^ashara(t). wdhid (wahdd), when placed before a noun, is the equivalent to our indefinite article, but expresses the numeral one when placed after the noun. For an incorrect use of itnen see § 46. 1. The other numbers may be used either in the root form, or with a final t, but the form with t is always used where the noun following begins with a vowel. With the numbers from 3 — 10 the noun is generally in the plural. Ex. teldtd rigdld, three men. sab}at Hldd, seven children. temanyd rilsh (for "ur4sh, § 50. I. 6), eight Piastres. Words denoting coins and weights are generally used in the singular. NUMBERS. 137 Ex. ^ashara gineh, £10. khamsat ardebb, 5 Ardebb. tis}a rati, 9 Rati. Note. ffad(d) (J A>-\ § 38. 2) often appears in negative and interrogative sentences by the side of wdhid. Ex. hadd gS'i lissa ? Is any one else coming 1 md-haddish, nobody (with the Verbal negative, see § 1 7). The same form appears in the compounds hadddsftar, eleven, and ydm-el-Jiadd, Sunday. 2. Numbers from 11 to 20 are compounded -with ^ashar, but the c of }asJiar is generally dropped, and- the first a length- ened into d, making dshar. sittdshar. sab}atdshar. temantdshar. tis}atdshar. }eshrin. Numbers from 1 1 onwards take the noun in the singular ; Ex. sittdshar "irsh, 16 Piastres ; arbahtdshar rdgil, 14 men. 3. }eshrin, 20, is formed by giving ^ashara, 10 (J J»&), the strong masculine plural formation, § 48. In like manner 30, 40, 50 etc. are formed by giving this plural formation to 3, 4, 5 etc. r. ... 30. teldtin. v. ... 70. sab}in. t. ... 40. arba^in. \- ... 80. tamdrdn. o . ... 50. khamsin. i • ... 90. tis}tn. i . ... 60. sittin. In combinations of units and tens, the unit stands first. Ex. 24. arba}a we-^eshrin. 36. sittd we-teldtin. 59. tis}a we-khamsin, etc. \\ . .. 11. hadddshar. \i ., .. 16. IV .. . 12. itndshar. w . .. 17. \r . .. 13. teldtdshar. \ A . .. 18. M . .. 14. arbahtdshar. \1 . .. 19. \ ° . .. 15. khamastdshar. K • .. 20. 138 THE ORDINAL 4. \-. ... 100. miya (mit in compounds). f • • ... 200. miten (mften). r- • ... 300. tulte-miya (tulte-mit). i- • ... 400. rub}e-miyd , . . ... 500. khumse-mtya , 1 • ■ ... 600. sutte-miya , V- • ... 700. sub}e-miyci , A • • ... 800. twmne-miya , <\- ■ ... 900. tus}e-miyd , 5. i ■ • ■ ... 1000. elf, pi. e&J/ V ■ • . ... 2000. el/en. r- • . ... 3000. teldtdldf. i ■ • . ... 4000. arbaUdldf. • * • ... 5000. kliamastdldf. 1. • ■ ... 6000. sittdldf. V- • . ... 7000. sab-jatdldf. A- ■ .... 8000. temantdldf. 1- • 1 . . . 11 100 . ... 9000. tis}atdldf. ■ ... 10,000. -jashartdldf. 000 is, however, hadddshar-elf, etc. 000 „ mit-elf. 1,000 000, rnily&n*, malyHn*. Ex. of compound numbers. °ayi, 5876, khamastdldf we-tumnemiya sitta we-sab}in. lAViV, 38743, temanya we-sittin-elf we-sub^emtyd teldtd we- arba^in. 56. THE ORDINAL NUMBERS. The Ordinal Numbers from 1- — 10 have a peculiar form (generally fd}il), but the cardinal numbers with the article are used to express the numbers above 10. first, auwal or auwaldni, (f.) auwula (in compounds auwilt) or auwalaniya, (pi.) auwaldniyin. AND FRACTIONAL NUMBERS. 139 second, tdni, (f.) tdnya, (pi.) tdnyin, others, third, tdlit, (f.) tdlta. fourth, rdbi}, (f.) rdb}a. fifth, khdmis, (f.) khdmsa. sixth, sdcKs, (f.) sddsd. seventh, sdbi}, (f.) sdb}a. eighth, tdmin, (f.) tdrnnd. ninth, tdsi}, (f.) 2<2«3a. tenth, }dshir, (f.) }dshra. tdni, as an adverb, § 59. in. b. 6. The following are irregular : ydm-el-hadd, the first day, Sunday. ydm-(e)l-itnin, the second day, Monday. y6m-et-teldtd, the third day, Tuesday. ydm-el-arba}a, the fourth day, Wednesday. ydm-el-kliamis, the fifth day, Thursday. § 57. FRACTIONAL NUMBERS. Fractional Numbers have generally the form fu}l for the first decade : nuss, a half. tult, a third. rub}, a fourth. khums, a fifth. suds, a sixth. sub}, a seventh. tumn, an eighth. £m«3, a ninth. }oshr, a tenth. Note. }oshr as a coin is fa of a Piastre= T ^ inr of a Pound, mellim* (i.e. millieme)=4 Para. jPitmn is the term for the Police divisions in Cairo, of which there were originally eight. Dual : txdten or tiltSn, ■§. The plural is of the form ifjdl (§ 50. I. 12) : irbd}, ikhmds, etc. 140 § 59. ADVERBS OF PLACE. § 58. DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS. Distributive numerals are expressed by the repetition of the cardinal number : wdhid wdhid, one by one ; sab}a satya, seven by seven. Somewhat similar is auwul bawwul (for a/uwul bi- auwul), one after the other. PARTICLES. § 59. ADVERBS. Adjectives are largely employed adverbially, without under- going any change of form. Ex. hetir, much, very ; taiyib, good, well. battdl, badly. The elative is formed in the same way as with adjectives, § 53. 2. The following list of Adverbs includes those in most com- mon use, without reference to their derivation from nouns or verbs. I. Adverbs of Place. 1. Jidna, here. hdnci-ho ! look here (§ 7, note 3). 2. handk, there. 3. fen? where? }alafen ? whither ? 3 a . min-en ? whence 1 4. sawd (often sawa sawa), together. 5. fd", above. fo" }an, higher than. 6. taht, under. taht }an, lower than. 7. barrS, outside. , 8. gtipva, inside. 9. want, behind. 10. "ud(d)dm (gidddm, S.), before. noun). § 59. ADVERBS OF TIME AND MANNER. 141 II. Adverbs of Time. 1. di'l-wa"t (§ 9, note 1), now. 2. ba}dSn (ba}d + in), later, afterwards. 2 a . summa (pol.), later, afterwards. 3. "abla, before, sooner than. 4. aslu, originally, at first. 5. nihdytu, finally, at last. 6. vmta ? when ? 7. temelli*, always. 8. dbaddn, never, on no account. 9. hdlan, immediately. 10. bedri, early. 11. wakhri, late. ( 12. lissa (§ 3. 2), still, (not) yet. 13. kemdn*, too, also, more. 14. en-wahdr-da, to-day. 15. en-bdreh (§ 9, note 4), yesterday. v 16. bukra, to-morrow. 17. sawd, together, at the same time (=i. 4). III. Adverbs of Manner. a. Affirmation and Negation. 1. aiwa (iwa), dh, yes. 2. Id, no. 3. na}am, yes. 3 a - ai-na^am, yes certainly. 4. ummdl, indeed, certainly. 5. mush, not. 6. md-shs, § 17. b. Description and Comparison. 1. ketir, much, very often (generally placed after the a If] ■ ■ ' 2. "awf, strongly, very much (placed after the noun). 3. madden (balden), well. 4 . shweya, a little (placed after the noun, §§12.3; 54. 1. 13). 5. "awdm, "awdmak, quickly. 142 § 59. ADVERBS OF MANNER. 6. tdni, again. 7. bishwesh, softly, slowly. 8. bess*, enough, only. 9. "add (with Suffixes), as much as. 10. ziydda, more. ziydda }an, more than. bi-ziyddd, enough, plenty. 11. kida, so, thus. hdzd (pol.), = hida. 12. a. md, in exclamations, how ! tnd used with the Imperfect expresses a wish or desire. Ex. md tigi ? Will you not come ? b. Interrogatively, § 70. 6. c. Relatively : matrah md, the place which. wa"t md, the time when. muddet-md, „ zei-md, so as ; comp. § 61. II. 2 — 6. 13. zei* (with Suffixes), as. ze"i ba}du, alike, just the same. 14. eze'i (dzei, izzei), howl Ex. with Suffixes, ezeiyak ? how do you do ? 15. Mm? how much? el kdm, some, a few. 16. kemdn*, also, see n. 13. 17. bardu, also (rarely, bardi, bardak, etc.). Ex. bardu kwaiyis, "that's very nice too !" 18. U, leh? wherefore? §§10. 1 ; 19. 19. hatta, even. 20. khdlis, quite, completely. 20". sir/ (pol.), quite, completely. 21. khalds, done, finished. 22. tamdm, exactly. 23. helbett (§ 9. 4, note), surely, perhaps. 23\ rubba-md (pol.), perhaps. 24. yd-d&b, at (the) most. § 60. THE PREPOSITIONS. 143 25. bi'l-a"att, at least. 26. fl-ghdlib, for the most part. 27. Id-budd (pol.), necessarily. 28. dughri*, straight on. 29. bcddsh, in vain (§ 60. 28), gratis. 30. ba"a, however, but, pray (often only expletive). 31. yigi, nearly, almost (§ 40. vn, note 1). 32. ya}ni (yayni), namely, it means (§ 33. 2, note 1). 33. ma}ndhd, namely, that is to say. 34. sa/wa, see i. 4. 35. yd-tdra and hcmtdra (§ 39. 1 b), perhaps ? § 60. THE PREPOSITIONS. The Suffixes (personal pronouns, § 8) are attached to pre- positions as well as nouns. 1. bi (be), in, with, by, at. — with Suffixes, M (biya), bah, bik (bik, MM), bu (bth), bihd, bind, bukum, buhum (bihum). 2. li (le), to, for. — with Suffixes, li (liyd), lak, lik (MM), lu, lahd, Una, lukum, luhum. Eor the use of li in forming the Dative see § 51 : IS (from li-S)% why?, see §10. 1. 3. fi, in, into, between, concerning. — with Suffixes, fiyd, fik, fiki, fih, fihd, fina, fikum, fihum. In compounds, fa-}ardak (§ 4. 3), I beseech you ! by your honour ! fih, there is ; rnd-fish (rarely mdfihsh), there is not. 4. min, from, out of. — with Suffixes, minni, minnak, minnik, minnu, minhd, mirvna (minnina), minkum, minhwm. The n generally assimi- lates with a following I, r, s, s, sh, in the spoken language. 144 § 60. THE PREPOSITIONS. 5. ■jan, from, away from. — with Suffixes, like min. 6. "$al(a), on, over, upon. — with Suffixes, }al$ya, }alek, ■jalSki, }aleh, }alehd, ^aUna, yalSkum, yalehum. The I generally assimilates with the same consonants as the I of the article (§ 9. 4). $al(a) + el becomes ^all. md-^alesh, (a) That is nothing ! (b) I beg your pardon ! 7. fd", on ; fd" }an (§ 53. 2 b), higher than ; fd" min, above. 8. taht, under. mush taht el khabar, not worth speaking of. taht }an (§ 53. 2 b), lower than ; taht min, under, be- neath. 9. "ud(d)dm, giddam, in front of. 10. ward, behind. 11. "abl, before, sooner than. 12. ba}d, after. 13. }and, with, at. 14. ganb (garnb), near. 15. wayd, waiyd, with, at. 16. mi}d, ma}(a), with (less common than 15). mayzdlik, in spite of. 17. barrel, outside. 18. guwa, inside. 19. ben (bendt, bandt), between. 20. hawdlSn (with Suffixes Imwdli-, § 52. 3), round about. 21. gMr, without, excepting. 22. "us(s)dd, opposite. 23. biddl (§ 21. 2), instead of, for. § 61. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. 145 24. till ('length', 'duration'), during. Ml el ydm, the whole day long. 25. tab} ('following'), belonging to. 26. betd} ('possession'), for the genitive, § 51. 2 b ; for the possessive pronoun, § 8. 27. wi (wa), in oaths and invocations. Ex. wi-n-ndbi I By the Prophet ! walldhi (walla), § 6. 3, By God ! wahydt rdsak, By the life of your head ! etc. The following prepositions are compound in form only. 28. bi-d/dn, bi-gMr, min-ghSr and rarely bald (bald), without. With Suffixes, baldyd, baldk, baldh, etc. baldsh (bala-sM, § 59. in. b. 29). 29. li-hadd, until. 30. ^alashdn and min-shdn, on account of, for. For phrases with prepositions see § 72. § 61. THE CONJUNCTIONS. Coordinate. 1. we (4), and. 2. fa, and, and so; used to introduce the apodosis or a new sentence. 3. wala, or; wala — wala, neither — nor. 4. ba"a, now, well then ! 5. kemdn, also. 6. ammS, but as for 7. Idkin, but. 8. inna-md, only, nevertheless, however. 9. yd (immd) — yd (immd), either — or. B. 10 146 § 61. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. Subordinate. 1. lammd, when, after, whenever, in order that. 2. ba}de-md, after. 3. ''able-md, before (always with Imperfect, § 63. 2 a). 4. md-ddm, whereas, as long as. 5. tdl-md, as long as. 6. kulle-md (kullimd), as often as, each time that. 7. in(n), le-in(n), }ala-in(n), with Suffixes, (in order) that. 8. hakim, for, because. 9. elli, that, because. 10. td^jo. hes (chiefly D.), whereas, because. 11. ■jalashdn, with Suffixes, because. 12. lagl-in(n), with Suffixes, because. 13. ikmin(n), with Suffixes, since, because. 14. ahsan, lahsan, lest. 15. ke-in(n), with Suffixes,- as if. 16. i«$ (aza ), dza-kdn, in, inkdn, if (§ 75), whether. 17. ills, except. 18. lau, if (§ 75). We may also consider kdn (§ 73. 1) as a conjunction. § 62. THE INTERJECTIONS. 1. yd ! oh ! The vocative is formed by the use of yd. yd Mohammed ! Oh Mahomet ! yahmed I Oh Ahmed ! ydbd and yammd, § 51. 3d. yalld ! go on ! get along ! § 6. 3. yakhti (from yd-ukhti) J oh my sister ! § 62. INTERJECTIONS. 147 ydkMydl oh brother! (affectionately). yd-akhi I oh brother ! (angrily). ydkMna ! oh (our) brother ! ydkhwannd 1 brethren ! (i.e. my coreligionists !) yasta (from yd usta) ! coachman ! driver ! yasyddi 1 sirs ! (§ 50. I. 12) yd-saldm, ! Good gracious ! yd-ret ! would that ! 2. hd ! get on ! (Used to animals in riding and driving.) harga,} (from 7td-irga$) ! back ! turn round ! turn aside ! See ha, § 16. 3 d. 3. shih 1 get on ! (In driving.) 4. yiss, yess I stop ! (In driving.) 5. uffl fie! 6. ikh$ ! ikhs }alek I Shame ! Shame iipon you ! 7. ydh ! oh ! (Either in joy or disgust.) 8. hits ! huss ! hush ! 9. kish I get away ! (To animals.) 10. hiss ! puss ! (Used to call or drive away a cat.) 11. ikhkh, kneel ! (To a camel). 10-2 148 SYNTAX OF REMAKES ON SYNTAX. THE VERB. § 63. THE TENSES. 1. The Perfect expresses a completed action, whether the action be in the past, present, or future. It generally corre- sponds to our Past tense. Ex. r I was in Su§s and bought. \ kunte fi's Swes wishteret. When the action is completed in the present, it can be translated by our Present tense. Ex. 1 1 give you three piastres (at this moment the action J is complete). [iddetak teldtd rdsh. {Are you satisfied ? inte ridit ? {Yes, I am satisfied. aiwa, and rddi. "With regard to the Future, the Perfect is always used in the first clause of a conditional sentence, § 75. For constructions with kdn and yekHii, see § 31, note. After ba^de-md (§61. n. 2) the Perfect can be rendered by our Pluperfect, without kdn. The Perfect is also used in a few phrases to express a wish. THE TENSES. 149 Ex. kattar {Alldh) hherah ! thank you ! lit. May (God) increase your welfare ! }isht ! Bravo ! (lit. ' may you live'). In most expressions of this kind the Imperfect is now used. 2. The Imperfect expresses an incompleted action, whether past, present, or future. a. It thus generally corresponds with our Future tense. Ex. r Will you depart on your travels ? I tesdfir ? ( He will go and bring. XyerHh (u)-yegib (or ivigib). ("May God preserve you ! {Alldh yekhallik ! "able-md, before, always takes the Imperfect (§ 61. n. 3) ; also bidd, 'wish' (§ 54. i. 2). b. The Imperfect corresponds to our Present tense when the past action is considered as still continuing. This is espe- cially the case in the description of feelings and sentiments. Ex. ( Do you like travelling 1 \ tehibb es-safar ? ( Yes, I like it. \ and ahibbu. J I do not know. 1 md}ra/sh. The various methods for more accurately representing the Present are given in § 16. 3 a, b and § 16. 5 c. c. The Latin Imperfect is expressed by using kdn, ' was ', with the Imperfect, § 31. In such cases the clause is generally dependent on a Perfect. 150 VERBS WITH TWO ACCUSATIVES. § 64. THE PASSIVE. The Passive may also express the ideas of possibility, fitness, etc. Ex. r This door does not open. \ el-bdb-da md-yinfitilishe. ( This window does not shut. J eshshibbdk-da ma-yit"ifilshe. inhabb, to be loveable; ittdkil, to be edible (§ 38. 10). ma"bitt, pleasant ; mas'ill, responsible, etc. § 65. THE DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE. Certain verbs take two accusatives. a. Verbs which express making l^amal) or finding (la" a, ilta"a), or estimating and considering (hisib, i ; zann, u). Ex. fl will make you a porter. \a}milak bauwdb. {He worked the silver into a seal-ring. da" el-fadda Ichdtim. ( We found the door shut. I. la"3na el-bdb rnask&k. C I considered him a traitor. \ane hisibtu (zannetu) khd'in. b. Verbs which express filling (mala) and dividing ("asam, i). Ex. f Fill the glass with wine ! \ imla 'l-kubbeya nebid I {Divide the cloth into three pieces ! i"sim el-gilkh teldta hitet ! Note. The verbs adda, to give (§ 38. 17), and warrd, to show, take either a double accusative, or the accusative of the thing, and the dative of the person. SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE. 151 Ex. fl have given you five piastres. iddStak khamsa r&sh, or iddet-lak khamsa r&sh. il have shown you the mosques. warretkum el-gawdmi}. -»~_ warret-lukum el-gatvdmi}. c. With certain verbs, where one of the accusatives is the Infinitive either of the same verb, or of one of kindred meaning. Ex. fl have struck him a hard blow, \darabtu darba shedidd (§ 45 b). {He spoke insulting words to me, kdlimni kaldm }ib. So also ha/mmil, to load somebody with. THE NOUN. § 66. THE ARTICLE. The indefinite article is usually not expressed. Ex. rdgil, a man ; sitt, a lady. If required to be emphasised, wdhid {wahda) is placed before the noun. Ex. wdhid rdgil, a man. wahda sikkd, a street. When a substantive, having the definite article, is qualified by an adjective, the latter also takes the definite article, thus : el-gdmi} el-kebir, the large mosque. es-sikka et-tawila, the long street. In certain permanent combinations the substantive is with- out the article. 152 THE GENITIVE CONSTRUCTION. Ex. Bahr-labyad (§ 9. 4), the White Nile. Bahr-lazra", the Blue Nile. Tell-el-kebir, the ' Large Mound '. Gabdl-lahmar, the ' Red Hill ' (near Cairo). As feminine combinations of this kind shew, the original co-ordinate construction of substantive and adjective has be- come a genitive construction. Ex. genenet-el-Ezbekiya, the Esbekiya Garden. "When a substantive, having the definite article, is also qualified by a cardinal number, the number is placed between the article and the substantive. Ex. et-teldta rigdla, the three men. § 67. THE GENITIVE CONSTRUCTION. (1) In genitive constructions (§ 51. 2 a), the whole expres- sion is definite or indefinite, according as the dependent noun is with, or without, the article. Ex. d&ldb hudiJLm, a wardrobe. d/Olab el-hudum, the wardrobe. natigat heta, a wall-almanack. natigat el-heta, the wall-almanack. (2) The following idiomatic expressions of this kind must be noticed. a. "Words compounded with abH, father, generally describe prominent qualities. Ex. AbO-'l-Ml, ' the Terrible ', the name of the Sphinx. Proper names such as AbHso}iid, Fortunatus. Ab4-"4ra, he with the (large) forehead. AbH-rds, he with the (big) head. Abil-khatwa, Longshanks. busdt abiLkhamsa glneh, a carpet worth five sovereigns. APPOSITION. 153 Umm, mother, is also compounded with fern. substaDtives in this way, but more rarely. b. ibn, son, and bint, daughter, are used in expressing age. Ex. er-rdgil-dd ibn sittin sand, this man is sixty years old. ibn arbahtdshar, the Full Moon, lit. 'the Fourteen- days-old '. c. hull, all, every, totality. kulle shehr, every month. kulle sana, every year. kull en-nds, all men. hull ed-dinya, the whole world. hull is also used with the pronominal suffixes. Ex. hullind, all of us. kulluhum, all of them. d. The superlative form (afyal, § 53), the ordinal numbers (§ 56), and dhhir, last, are generally used in the genitive con- struction. In this case they remain invariable and are not followed by the article. Ex. ahbar bet, the largest house. atwal sihkd, the longest street. auwal or dhhir ndba, the first or last time. dhhir kaldm, the last word, i.e. the lowest price. auwal daraga, the first class (by train, etc.). §68. APPOSITION, Etc. When a substantive is placed in apposition, it generally denotes material or measure. Ex. genzir da/tab, a gold chain. el-genzir ed-ddhdb, the gold chain. sandA" khashab, a wooden box. "irsh hhurda, a copper piastre. wi""a lahme, an okka of meat. 154 SYNTAX OF rati bdldh, a rati of dates. drd} gilkh, an ell of cloth. fedddn ''utn, an acre sown with cotton. shibbdk "dzdz, a glass window. With, the article, er-ratl el-bdldh, the rati of dates, etc. Similarly with yemin, right, and shimdl, left, we find for example idak el-yemin, thy right hand, idu esh-shimdl, etc. 2. hull can also stand in apposition to a substantive. In such cases hull must have the suffix and follow the noun, thus, el-bet hullu, the whole house. en-nds kulluhum, all people. For nefs in apposition added as a reflexive, see § 70. 3. 3. As with numerals (§ 58), so also with substantives the repetition of the word gives a distributive sense. Ex. hittd hitia, piece by piece. hliatwa hhatwa, step by step. shehri shehri, month by month. 4. The simple accusative is generally used after verbs denoting motion to or from a place. Ex. ar&h Ma§r, I will go to Cairo. tesdfir el-Ishenderiyd ? Shall you go to Alexandria 1 The accusative is also often used to express duration of time. Ex. en-nehdr-da, to-day. buhra, to-morrow. shehr wdhid, (for) one month. § 69. THE ADJECTIVE. As a general rule the adjective follows the substantive qualified,. and agrees with it in gender and number. Ex. Mt kebir, a big house. 6da (6da) sughaiyara, a small room. ADJECTIVES. 155 For the use of adjectives with the definite article, see § 66. Adjectives take the strong masculine plural or a broken plural, never a strong feminine plural. Ex. biy&t hubdr, large houses. uwad {iwad, iwad) fughaiyarin, small rooms. Broken plurals of substantives denoting inanimate things can take the adjective in the feminine singular, as these plurals are treated as collective forms. Ex. sikak twwdl, long streets, or sikak tawila, „ „ Collective substantives and plural forms with -a singular signification (§ 50, note 1) generally take the adjective in the plural (e.g. el-gamd^a dol, these people) : a few, a,sfuMs, take the adjective in the singular. When a cardinal number is joined with a noun in the sin- gular (§ 55. 2), the adjective qualifying the noun is in the plural. Ex. itndshar wdbtir guddd, twelve new steam-boats. 2. Certain adjectives are invariable. a. Adjectives ending in t, § 54. ill. 6. Ex. / dik rtimi, turkey-cock. taufi" ". 1 § 49. 6. 2 § 54. 11. 2a. 3 § 21. i § 16. 5a. 5 § 40. vn. 1. « § 16. 6. 7 § 46. s g 51 . 2a . 9 § 17 a, note 4. 10 § 31. 11 § 40, note 2. b. 12 § 41. ls § 54. 1. 13, and see § 58. « § 73. 2. § 21. 10 § 50. 1. 12. " § 50. 11. 2. 1S § 50. i. 1. " § 28. § 22. 21 § 20. 3. 20 9. 3Awa'id ahl-Masr fi-wa"t eg-gawaz (Q. L. 185). fi-1-khutuba. Esh-shebb el-masri lamma biddu yiggauwiz 1 iza-kan In umm wala, ukht wala "arib wiza, kan ma-lush hadde 2 min-el-"arayib, ye"ul li-wahid min-giranu min-el-hartm 3ala-in tedauwar-lu 3ala binte, li-k6nu ma-yimkinnush yukhtub hiiwa li-nefsu 3ala-shan ma-yeshufshe el-banat. fa-teriih es-sitte-di, fa-in kanet sahbet- nazar walla bala 3 -nazar — el-"azd 4 hiya we-dimmitha — we-lamma LESSONS. 173 tekushsh fi-1-bfit elli flh banat, tibtidi te"allib el-banat z§y-el- guwar walla teshimm rihet-hanakha, we-sidriha (sidriha) we- ka3be-rigliha, iza-kan zey-el-"ub"ab, tib"a el-binte mus3ada win- kan mesh, tekun nabs. u-ba3d£n iza-kanet el-binte 3igbet el- khatba, teruh el-khatba li-l-3aris we-tibtidi timdah-lu flha te"ul : laha, wishsb d6r-el-saniya we-shartat-3oyun zey-el-fingan u-maiia- khlr s zey-en-neb"a we-hanak zey khatim-Sleman, we-3ala-l-wasfe- di yirghab el-3aris eg-gawaz . Pa-3and-el-muslimin wa-l-"ibat ("abat) yemahharu-l-3arusa fulus na"diya kulle-wahid 3ala-"adde-ta"tn, hSs-in el-3arusa 3anduhum tegib waiyaha 3afsh-el-b§t kullu, we 3ala-l-3aris bess el-ma"ashsha 7 wa-1-hasira we-bayadat 8 -el-fersh we-amma ba- "iyet-el-asnaf fa-ba3d-el-i"rar 9 3ala-muwafa"et'°-el-3arusa, yib5at el-3aris ''abla khatim bi"ulu n 3al§h Shebka. we-3and-el-masriyin tani 12 -ydm' 2 -el-khutuba yib3at-laha samak we fawaki we-hagat ghgru 13 bf'ulu 5aleh Nafa"a. we-3ande ba"iyet el-asnaf yib3at li-l-3arusa fi-kulle-3id we-musim hudum walla masaghat 3ala- ''adde-ta"tu, we-"abl-el-farah bi 14 -tamant-iyam walla khamas- tashar y6m yib3at el-mahr ya3ni ta"at§n hindi we-habara we-t6b min-harir frengi 16nu bamba we-bur''u3 we-tarha bi-telli bi"ulu 3aleha Bashkuliya we-khuffe we-babug, u-li-ummiha, khuffe we- babug u-li-sittiha wukhtiha zeyu u-manadil ras li-kulle-minhum wahid. fi-30zumet-el-farah. Yeruh abu-l-3aris we abu-l-3arusa kulle wahid li-ashabu yi3zimu li-llltu 15 , we lamma yekhushshe fi-b6t-sahbu we-yistarai- yah 16 min-ta3ab-es-sikka ye"addim-lu esh-sharbat, we-lamma ye"um yiddum 17 li-sahib-el-bSt, welli yekun 3andu li-kulle wahid hittet-habbehan fi-keffu, welli Hia-yakhodshe Mwa mush ma3zum 18 , we-3ala-l-hala-di tikhlas el-3azayim. We-bi-1-kSfiya-di en-niswan 19 tedur 19 ya3ni umm-el-3arusa we-ahbabha, yirkabum el-hamir el-3alya wa-1-hamir ddl yehottu f6"-minhum maratib weklima 20 lamma yib"a 3ali we-waiyaha. 174 READING el-bellana mekhalla'V ya3ni mewashshaha 21 bi-kashmir walla bi-ta"a hindi bi-"asab we waiyaha, el-3awalim bi"ulu 3alehum fi-Masr Mudnat 22 we-ahl-Iskenderiya ye"ulu Mad&3i fa-lamma yekhushshu fi-kull-el-biyut, yit"abluhum 23 ashabu bi-z-zagharit wa-z-zeffa wa-l-mabakhir we-"ama"im-el-ward hatta yewassalu- hum li-mahall-el-"u3ad we-ba3de-ma ye"addimum luhum esh- sharbat, yid3uhum li-farah-bintuhum we-hakaza, fi-kulle-blfc. We-fi-l-l§la el-mau3iida 24 te"um es-sitt el-tnad3iya 25 li-1-lela- di we-tilbis el-hudum el-me"assaba we-lau-kan fi-zaman-el-harr we-takhod uladha, in kanum telata walla, arba3a walla ziyada, minhum er-radi3 wa-1-mekassah wa-1-inashi we-waiyaha, guwarha itnen walla, telata we-rubbama yitsadif 23 3andiha diyuf fa-te"ul- luhum : ta3alu waiyaya, fi-1-lgla-di farah-fulan we-takhod kulluhum wiruM ' bi-hizmet-el-me3allim ' 3ala-ra'y-el-matal : 'el-3asfur we-khfrtu we kh§te-khetu' li-bet-el-farah we-"is 26 3ala-di kull-el-mad3iyin ! fi-1-lela-di yi3milu kida, we-rubbama yitla3 b§t-sahib-el-farah daiya" we-fi-zaman-es-sef we-lamma yitgim3um el-khalayi"-d6I, ke-innuhum fi-y6m-el-mahshar ye"umu yeziffu-1- 3arvisa yin"iluha min-giha-li-giha guwa-1-bet we-ba3d ez-zeffa yehottii li-l-3arusa makhadda fi-l-"a,3a-el-kebira wi"a33aduha s7 3aleha we-wishshiha meghatti bi-shal-kashmir te"il we-3aleh min-asnaf-el-gawahir elli yiswa belki u"iten walla telata walla ziyada, basden tit"addim el-bellana we-tifrid 5ala-higr-el-3arusa mandil shash, bi"ulu 3al* § 16. 5b. 19 § 73. 2. 20 § 50. r . 13 21 § 20 _ 3i ^ § 34 _ w _ ^ g u 24 § 30. 1. 2 » § 33. 2- 26 g 31 37 § 2Q la> ^ § s4 _ nj g a _ d _ 29 § 67. 2a. so § 50 . n . 2 . 31 § 44. la . 32 § 44. lbi a 33 § 54. iv. 1. 34 § 52. 2. 35 § 54. n lb . 36 § 32 . ln 37 § 55. 4. 38 § 50 . n . note lm 89 g 59 m b 12ft) and g 22 _ 40 § 40. vn. 1. a § 54. r . 10] notB . 42 § 55 . 4. 43 § 6 . 3 44 § 20. 3. « § 23. 46 § 54. n . 2a . 47 § 49. 4. 4a § 4. m . 49 § 53. 2a. so § 49. 6. 10. Specimen of Modern Arabic Poetry. From the metrical translation of Moliere's Twrtuffe by Mohammed Bey Osman Galal, a writer still living in Cairo. This extract is Act 1, Scene 6, corresponding to the Arabic Text, 1st Ed n . (Cairo 1290 a.h.), pp. 16, 17; 2ndEd n . (1307 a.h.), pp. 14, 15. The metre is the French Alexandrine (- — — — «- «-). Salmdm. 347 mush ziye'-ma be-tihkyana ma-badda3ish, wela ba"ul, inni fihum z§yi ma-fish, lakinne ghayet-ma ' J arlt fi-t-tagruba 2 , 1 Extra vowels to separate syllables are freely employed in Poetry wherever demanded by the metre. Such vowels are found in ordinary speech, but not so frequently (§ 5). 2 Extension of the fern, termination -a under the influence of the Tone. B. 12 178 READING 350 a3raf bi-ahl-el-ha" " we-ahl-ez-zebzaba we-a3raf ed-deggal we-arbab-il-3ebar hatta '1-mesikh-da a3raf6', iza zahar wakrah 3ala-"elbi 'r-riya waiya-n-nifa", lau-kan mara, lahlif 2 3aleha bi-t-tala", 355 mush fih hadis w&rid 3ala-min-ghashshina 3 1 ihn& bi-3611-Allah.i 4 ni3raf dinena ! huwa 'nhu lahsan, min yewarri bi-s-salah wa-l-"elbe minnu mintiwi 3ala-t-talah % yibhas 3an-ed-derhim, we-lau min mal-yetim, 360 wikhushshe fi-1-mansab we-lau inn6 behim, wiza "idir 3ash-sherre b , Mian yif3al6 wiza ra'a reiyis, 3aleh yistaghfi.16, el-mekre 3andu bi-l-"ufaf waiya-l-khida,3, marra bi-ma3rufd u-marra bi-d-dira3, 365 wi"ul : mu"addar hikmet el-maula 3agab we-yikrah il-fadda we-yikniz fi-d-dahab, wallft ragil salih ha"i"i minkisir, wa"t-il-3ibada sedde til"ah mustatir ? la yif3al illa-1-kher we-la-yuzi 6 ahad 7 370 we-lalahu 8 mazhar ma3-ulad-il-balad, bend u-ben-Allah 3amar, ye"arrab6, we-aghlab in-nas il-akabir tutlubd ! fen ir-rigal es-salihm 9 , alil-il-karam, elli tela"i byu.tub.um zey-il-haram 1 375 fen Ibne Edhem wa-1-Ghazali wa-1-Imam, ahl-it-tu"a wa-1-megde, ashab il-ma"am? we-fSn 30mar 3Abd-il-3aziz wibn-il-3 Afif 1 1 Extension of u to 6 under the influence of the Tone. 2 lahlif = la-ahlif, surely, I will swear. s A tradition of the Prophet says : ' He that betrays us, belongs not to us'. 4 § 51. 3b. 5 § 60. 6. 6 yud=yissi, § 38. 7. 7 ahad=l}add, § 55. 1, note. 8 lahu = lu {16), § 60. 2. Unoontraoted form, see § 52. 1. LESSONS. 179 we-fSne ahl-il-helme wi-l-3elm ish-sherif 1 in-kan. da3lf, yi"sid himahum, yunsuruh 380 au yukhturd ft-bite-muzlim, nairwaruh, wa-z-zuhde fi-d-dinya luhum dMan we-d£n, ma-yi3rafush el-ubbaha 'Ua fi-l-ya"£n, balghu 1 bi-kutr el-hilme wi-1-jelm ish-sharaf, we-faddalu libs-il-khushuna 3at-taraf 2 , 385 la-yutlubu bi-l-gah azlya li-l-3ibad, we-rabbuna bi-l-kMr li-mahsubhum arad, yirdu min-el-ma'kal bi-ma fill il-kafaij \vin-gathum id-dinya, yewarruha 'l-3efaf, la-yutrudu '1-muznib we-la yithakkimu 390 Ula umuru li-1-Ilah 3 yesellimu; adi-s-salah lilli yerid -walla balash, ■well! yekun te"llde zahir fahwa lash, fin ddl u-f&i shlkhak ba"a, ya sahibi 4 ? ma-tgibshe sfrtu besse, wahyat 6 -in-nabi ! 1 balghu = balag h&. 2 § 60. 6. 3 el-Ildh=Alld,h, the latter being only a contraction of the former. 4 Uncontracted form, see § 52. 1. 6 § 60. 27. 12—2 AKABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSAKY. HINTS FOR USING THE ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 1. The words are arranged in the order of the written Arabic Alphabet as given in § 2, except for words containing ■£j J and is. The sounds represented by these letters have disappeared from the spoken dialect ; accordingly words con- taining them are to be looked for under the letters by which they are pronounced, that is O under Oor^, j under } or j , ii under j or ^o . On the other hand Jj is treated as a separate letter ("), and not confounded with Alif or Gim (§3.21). 2. The Arabic words are grouped as far as possible accord- ing to Roots (§§ 13, 14, 54). Particles, Pronouns, and Loan- words are arranged according to their consonants, including I j and ^g . 3. The order is not influenced by the vowels ; the be- ginner must remember that three distinct classes of words seem to European ears to begin with a vowel, viz. those beginning with the soft breathing ' and ", and those beginning with the hard breathing 3. Ex. 'amr, command, 'izn, per- mission, 'urbdwi, European, are all under I ; ''ara, to read, "irba, leather bottle, "4ra, forehead, all under Jj j but }ard, honour, }egl, calf, }Omar, are under c. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 181 4. Long d (I) is of various origin and is arranged accord- ingly. When it is a simple extension of a or derived from Hamza (§37) it will be found under I, except the d of the borrowed forms fdy&l imdfd}tild (§ 54. I. 15). When however it is derived from _j or ^ (§§ 29-34), or is so considered by the Arabs, it will be found under ^ or ^. 5. In words derived from the same root, the Verb stands before the Noun, the Nominal Forms following one another in the order of § 54. Broken plurals (§ 50) will be found after the singular to which they belong. The letters 'pi. fern.' after a noun signify that the noun takes the strong feminine plural (§ 49). «_it 'ab(€), pi. 'ubahdt (abaJiat), father. Combinations with 'aba (§§ 51. 2a, note ; 52. 4) : 'aM- l-hdl, Sphinx, abiPrds, ab4-"4ra, abH-khatwa, ahtir 80}4d (§67. 2a). jljI dbdddn (§ 51. 3c), never, certainly not, on no account. ,jyj| Abri"*, pi. abdri", amphora, water-jug. hu\ bdt (from ibdt, p. 117), arm-pit, arm-hole. ^1 see ,JJ. aj\ ubbaha , pride. yi\ see wjI. s" ab&kdtd*, advocate, bamstei\_ j ______----- -~~0 jit II 'dgyar;tb feke_H ^ qj- 'ugra, wages, hire. joJ\ x isttygiz, to ask for leave of absence :— formed from - agdza, leave (see J_jj».). 'egza-khdna (§§ 50. i. 12; 54. iv. 26), che mist's shop . egzdi, egzWgi, chemist. 182 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSAEY. jtA.t (comp. Jk»-_s) viii ittahad, to be united (§ 38. 2). we. ™-l akh(4), pi. uhhwdt and 'ikhwdn, brother (§ 51. 2a, note). «M.£, pi. uhhwdt, sister (§ 44. 1, note). ukhdw i (p. 133), adj., belonging to a pair. Jua-I i khad (pol. akhaz), to take, obtain (§ 38. 3). m 'dkhaz, to blame : md-te'dkhiznish, min-gher-mu'dkhaza, please excuse me. viii ittdkhid (itt dkhad ), pass, of I. «».l (comp. j*-j) ii 'akhkhar, to delay, make too late, v it'akhkhar, to be delayed, to be too late. 'dkhir, last (§ 67. 2d). rdkhar, fern, rukhra (§ 9. 4, note), lie also. ikhs ! fie ! for shame ! 2±.\ see a.\. wjjl ii 'Mdib, to educate. 'adab, good manners, politeness. * >6il 'ddam, see beni-ddam J ^. bM 1 ^ / j_5it ^fcfa, to give (§ 38. 17). ^jjt i 'ic&ro | , to call to prayer, n 'eddin = I ; part, me'eddin (piu'ezzin), he who calls to prayer. 'addn, the call. to prayer. mfdnd, pi. ma'ddin, minaret. «.«! ii infin. tdrikh, date, chronicle, history. wOjt ardebb*, an ardebb, a corn measure = 197 - 7477 litres. \jbj\ 'ard, fern., earth. See also bard. 'ardiya, ground, floor, money paid for storage, til izd(-kdn), if, whenever (§ 75). ■iijj\ EzbeMya*, a public garden in Cairo, ^jil i pass. part, ma'z&n, permitted, authorised, n see J 'dn. x isttyzin, to take one's leave (after a. visit). 'izn, permission. I^Jt I 'aza, i, to hurt, injure, n azza = I. iv part. mOLzL 1 good-for-nothing. azvya, injury, pain. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 183 'ez(z)eu?, 'iz(z)eii? how?; with suff. as ezeyak (izzdmak)? how are you ? etc. 'isbitdlp,*, pi. fem., hospital. j~>\ asir, see j/astr. 'wta*, pi. ustawdt, master- workman (also fem.), coach- man ; usta-el-wdbik - (§51. 2a), engine-driver. ~ft~ el-'IskenderiiJcf,, Alexandria; 'Iskenderdni, Alexandrian. jg~>\ see js*i. J-et a$l, origin, pi. u^Hl, rule, principle. asldb, at first. asldnji,, original. aghS,*, pi. aghawdt, eunuch. 'uff! fie! bother! 'Efendi*, pi. Efendiyd, high official, lord ; Efend/kia, ' our Lord', the Viceroy, Khedive. afdkdtd* = ahUkdtd, barrister. JJ=»I II 'akkid, to assure, affirm, v, pass, to n. 'akid, safe, sure, certain. ekseb&rSs*, express train. j..«£->1 iksvr*, a kind of spirit (beverage). J>&l I W, m, to eat (§ 38. 10). n wakkil ( qkkil) , to give to eat, to feed, v itwakkil (it'akkil), pass, to II. vni ittdkil, to be eatable. 'akl (wakl), food. ma'kal J , food, provisions. 'ikmin, because. 'el, the ; see § 9. 4. 'ilia, except, except that. «JUI ii \llif, to put together, to compose, edit. "flf, pi. 'did/, a thousand. ahndz, diamond ; almdz turrdsh, a kind of crystal. b (be), prefix used in forming the present tense (§ 16. 3d). bi (be), in, with, at, by (§ 60. 1). jb see j»»j . Btfrty (Bdrts), Paris. bash (bSshi) *, superior, over- ; see § 54. IV. 2a. imsha*, pi. bashawdt, Pasha. J»b. &«?) see V J*jI. b&b4g, slipper. Bibla, name of a town; b ibldw i, adj., from Bibla. C-Zj bett, with the art. (§ 9. 4, note) Itkl-bktt, perhaps. *,Z> betd}, pi. 6m^3 ; see §§ 8 ; 51. 2b. ja»j 6aAr, sea, the Nile ; bahri, northwards. behSrd, lake. -j i bahas, a, to seek, examine, in bdhas (bdhis), to discuss, dispute., mabkhara, pi. mabdhhir, censer. I ji^ viii b ibtada = (^»XJ x. iJkJ &w&# (with nominal suff. and the imperf.) to wish, biddi artih, I wish to go. budd : — Id budd min (pol.), ...is indispensable, one must...(§ 73. 4a). jjtJ bedri, early. Jj^ 6icM, instead of. rrju x istabda, to begin. jjo (Berber, Nubian ;) Berberi, a Nubian, pi. Bardbra. 186 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. ».jj ek-b&reh (§ 9. 4, note), yesterday. ijj bfjrd, cold, the cold. bdrHd*, gunpowder. jjj barra, adv. and prep., outside. barrdni, foreign. bersim*, trefoil, clover; bardsmi, clover-seller. bard, lit. 'on the ground of; with suff., he too, it too, etc. »i%ejJ barghAw, \ , small gold coin, ijjjj I bara", u, to lighten, flash lightning. bar" , gold foil. I ibri", see J Jjjl. *3j.t bur"u}, veil. j)jj in bdrik, to bless, invoke blessings on, with fi of the person ; part, mubdrak, blest, fortunate. baraka, blessing. brim*, pi. fem., prince. BerHsia, Prussia ; beriisidwi, berHsidni, Prussian. brSh*, bureau, chest of drawers. o bafydbfarm*, pass, passport, i bazdgurna*, mid-day rest, siesta. -J- I btysta*, the Post. ' bess*, enough, only. biss! Puss! (§ 62. 10). ■k~.j i part. pass, mabsut, pleased, content, happy, vn inbasat, to be happy, rejoice. busdt, pi. fem., carpet. j*Lj in part, mebdshir, overseer, inspector. bashTa*, another; di bash"a we-da bash" a, that's one thing and this is another. bashMMya*, bride's headdress. bishwish, slowly, gradually, gently. i^l~£u basbas, to wink, nod. j*aj absar eh ? what do I know ? (§ 70. 6). ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 187 ci aa) I ba$s, u, to look at. (J-=>j basal, onion. *«cu budd}a, wares. f-iaj battikh*, water-melon. JJaJ II battal, to discard. battdl, bad, idle, useless. ijJu 5a«w, belly, stomach. <£«*J I &«3ai, a, to send, vn pass, to i. jAi x istab}id, to consider unlikely. 6«3(f, after (of time) ; baj de-md , conj., after that; ba}dSn, later, afterwards, then. ba}id, far off, unlikely. afyad, cursed, abominable. bald en, see madden. u&xj ba}d (with nom. suff.), one another. jSu ba"ar, cattle, cows ; ba"ara±& cow. yjjit ba" "dl, grocer. i-*j I ba"a, a, and 6i"i, a, to be, become, remain over. ba"a (baqa), however, but, pray (§ 59. m b. 30; "*§61.T> • bd"i, and ba"vyd, rest, remainder. jJu buhra, to-morrow. ■ Jo I 5iM i, to weep. bald,, without. baldsh, in vain, for nothing. •«Jb bdlah*, dates. jJj baldd*, fern., pi. bildd, locality, district, village ; bdlddiJ, local ; ba Mdiydt, country folk. hJu baltagi, messenger. iJb i 'to reach' J ; balaghni in..., it has been told me that... mablagh, sum, amount. belki*, perhaps. ^jXj belldna*, female attendant at the baths, hair-dresser. bamba*, pale red. 188 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. ijj ibn (p. 123), pi. 4ldd and benin j (§ 48. a. 2), son; ibn- arbah-tdshar, the Full Moon (§ 67. 2d) ; beni- ddam, a man. bint (§ 44. lb, note), pi. bandt, daughter. bintH*, a Napoleon (vingt francs). JJjwJ bundu"*, hazel nut. jjj bannUr*, crystal, (j^j bunn, coffee bean ; bunni, coffee-brown. Benhd, name of a town; benhdwi, adj., from Benha. jaifi behim. 'dumb animal', stupid man. \jij i 6a?ia, i, to build ; infin. bunydn. vn wji&araa, pass, to I. ) wj^j 6<2&(* ? ), pi. blhdn, door, gate; pi. abwdb, chapter. bauwdb, hall-porter ; bauwdbh, gateway. yj->& i bds, 4, to kiss. bilyagi*, shoe-black. C»*J bdt, d, to spend the night, n baiyit = I. bet, pi. &iy#£, house. j-j Mr, fem., pi. abydr, a well. l-p ja i o ix ibyadd, to be or become white. 6ec£, eggs ; bedd, an egg ; beddwi, egg-shaped. bajfdd, pi. fem., linen, white garments. abyad, fem. bSdd, pi. 62$ white. mibtyadda, fair copy. jUajj &M^r* (§ 4. 3), farrier. £*J i bd}, i, to sell, vii iibd} and vm a ^603, to be sold. mubi}, sale. ^ v y^-o 1 5<2w, d, to be clear, evident. 11 baiyin, to make clear, explain. ben, bendt, between. bSk*, pi. bahaiodt, Bey (official of the 2nd grade). ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 189 O jU tdr, revenge. tdzd*, fresh (§ 69. 26). £*3 fo&j, belonging to, following on. ,J-J tibn, chopped straw, chaff. tfibdn, dealer in straw ; tfbbdna, straw warehouse. jjfj} tdgir*, pi. tuggdr, merchant. tigdra, trade. Osgfc J takt, under; tahtdni, lower. ta/ra, see yd and § 39. «_jp turbd (turba), grave-mound. turdb, dust, pi. atriba, clouds of dust, rubbish. t ardbeza (= tardbiza)* ', table. t_>~jp tarbis, to bolt. tirbds*, bolt. /ff arp mutergim, interpreter. ■i)p i t arak, u, to leave. Turk, pi. -4i!n?&, Turks; Turki and 7W&2H>i (§ 45c), a Turk, Turkish. ju~5 iis3a(<), nine. tdsi}, ninth. tus}, one-ninth. «_^rj I ^3*6, a, to be tired, make oneself tired, iv atyab, to fatigue. v ta}ab, fatigue. ta}bdn, tired'; ta}bdn min, tired of. alsJ ta}(a}, to remove, tear away. o-*3 tiffdh*, apples ; tiffdha, an apple. Jaj fe"ffl, pi. fe*"<^, heavy. mit"dl , weight of about 4 grammes. rJ&j iv part. pass. mut"an, excellent, faultless (of work). ^iJ tu"d, piety. 190 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. **JIj teldt(a), three. tdlit, third. tult (tilt), one-third. \J\jiXi teleghrdf*, telegraph. J^oAj telmiz*, pi. talamza, pupil. i«JU telii,*, tinsel. j*£ tdmdrgi*, surgeon's assistant. ^JLoJ tfim$li(*' ! ) ) always. ^o^J see l >i3. tamdm, exact, complete, right. ^>oj taman, pi. Itmdn, price. temdnya, eight. tdmin, eighth. tumm, one-eighth (§ 57). tekbel*, pi. tenabla, idle, lazy. ^j-Ci i icwwi, i, | to go on : — town, with nominal suff. see p. 99. i«*j jtnen, two. tdni, second. »_J3J VI ittdwib, to yawn. tdb, pi. iiydS, dress (especially of women). jjj Wr (tor), pi. tirdn, ox. oy i i!<2A, $, to lose one's way ; infin. tawahdn. tau, see § 40, note 2b. &fj tin, figs. See under O and ,_,*. ola. gdh*, power, influence. j**. gebriya, indemnity. J*». gabal, pi. #i6/». II garrab, to try, test. iagritba, pi. tagdrib, experience, s-jdh. i gar ah, a, to wound, vn inga/rah^assi. to I. ij^. Ugrida, campaign. gurndl*, pi. fern, and gardnil, journal, newspaper. ^jj*. I : — A. giri, i, to run ; B. gara, a, to happen. gapya, pi. guwdr, slave-girl. \ja. guz', pi. igzd, part, portion ; see 'egza-khdnd. guz'i, unimportant, insignificant. jjjfc gezira, pi. gezd'vr, island. gpzma*, shoe, boot. gaz(a)mdti, shoe-maker. 1_£Ja- ill gdza, to punish. gism, pi. fygsdm, body. ge^Sdi, itinerant singer. gfyglvrdfiya*, geography. OAtf gifn, eye-lid. jJU. g^W, pi. gfal&d, skin, hide. u-Ao. miglis, sitting, council. gamid, strong. gumruk*, customs, custom house. gpnmez, sycomore figs ; gemmeza, a sycomore tree. . ganb, side, end; (prep.) near, by, at. J^». gcindza, funeral. genzir*, chain. u~*»- gins*, kind, sort; people. genena, pi. gend'in, garden. gend'ini, gardener. ginn, Spirits, Jinn. gun&n, madness. inagndn, possessed (by Jinn), mad. gandndr*, a general (also generdl*). gawdb, pi. fem. and agwiba, answer, letter. gHkh*, cloth. if*. Gaudet (§ 44. lb, note), a family name. j2*. in part, megdwir, student. gdr, pi. girdn, neighbour. guwdr, see J (J>».- jjsf. I gdz, u, to be permitted, n gauwiz, to marry, give in marriage. IV infin. agdzd (igdza), permission, leave of absence; comp. «/j^.t. v itgauiriz (iggauwiz), to be married. gdz*, A. a pair, husband, wife; B. nut (especially cocoa-nut). gawdz, a marriage. y^f g^h hunger. gfydn (§ 4. 3), hungry. j&^c?- gohar*, pi. gawdhir, precious stone. jjSf. gHwa (adv.) within ; (prep.) in, inside. g&wdni, inner. L». i gi (ga), i, to come (§ 40. vn). «^*». i gdb, %, to bring. j*fif.*, gir, chalk. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 193 Giza, Gizeh, name of a place ; Gizdiei, from Gizeh. . gesh, army ; ghh-el-ihtildl , Army of occupation. ginSh*, a pound, £1. Aga. giha, see ,J a&._j. h$ ! harga,} 1, see § 62. 2. i^j\a- hdnd*, abode, house. *~~*- i habb, i, to love, iv part, mehibb, loving, vn infuM, to deserve love, to be amiable. » habib, a friend (masc). *S haMba, pi. habdmb and a fybdb, a friend (fem.). rryfchabba, love, friendship. habbe-hdn, cardamum. j*o- Ae&r, ink. habarf, silk wrap -worn by women. (j~»». I habas, i, to put in prison. jj^o- I Ai6iZ, a, to be with child. AaM, pi. hibdl, rope. C-Io. AiMt/ 1 , pi. hitat, a piece, district. AosWS, even to, down to. ».aw*. hagg (p. 88), pi. £w<%, pilgrim. /a.r»- Aigrr, bosom. i hagar, pi. aAg^r and hugdra, stone. Ojk». v ithaddit, to talk, narrate. Aarfils, tradition. /ms<&2, one (§ 55. 1, note) ; li-hadd, until. ijifc hadtd, iron. jjk». hidwjt, pi. haddwi, horse-shoe. Oj.a. mihrdt, plough. harga}, see § 62. 2. jj«. harr, heat; hot. A&rr, free, pure. B. 13 194 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. Jjj*. vii inhara", to be burnt, to be set on fire, vm a ithara" = vii. hari"a, fire, conflagration. j*j&- I ha/ram, i, to shut out, exclude. hardm, sin, forbidden ; hardmi, thief, rascal. liarim, woman. Muliarram, name of a month. hizma, a bundle, i hisib, i, to reckon, believe, in hdsib ; imperat. hdsib ! take care ! hisdb, bill, calculation; hisdb-et-tafddul wa-'t-tahd- mul, differential and integral calculus. mahsUb, given up to. hasdd, envious. . huss ! hush ! iv inf. ihsdn, beneficence, alms. x istahsin, to think right, approve. hasan | , good, beautiful ; H., a man's name. ahsan, better ; ahsan (lahsan), else otherwise, for otherwise, lest. Hosen, a man's name. El-Hasanen, a man's name (§ 46, note 2). malishar \ , assembly, convocation ; ydm^elrmalislwr, the Day of Judgment. ashish, herb, grass ; hemp extract. mahshasha, a place where 'hashish' is smoked. ma7iashs/id, scythe, sickle. hasir, pi. husr, matting. hasira (§ 45. a), a mat. 7iu?ari, mat-maker. J-a=» i hasal, u, to happen, occur. n hassal, to reach, to receive, raise (taxes) ; part, mehassal, tax-collector. x istahsal (with }ala), to obtain, acquire. hosdn, horse. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 195 II haddar, to make ready, prepare. hadra, 'honour', used with the pronominal suffixes as a polite form of address : e. g. hadritak !, liadritkum !, ' yoxir honour ! ' ' sir ! ' HadramiXt, a district in South Arabia. Hadrami; pi. Haddrma, adj., from Hadramut. hatab, fire- wood. JaJa». i halt, o, to set, lay, place. hitta, decrease, diminution. maliatta, a station, railway-station. jto. hafr, pi. uhfur (ufhur), hoof. h-a.c- ill inf. mehafza (muhd/dza), governorship ; see p. 53 note. mehdfiz (mehdfiz), governor of a Mehafza. JaAa. mahfada, a writing case. fJSia- x istaha" ", to deserve, be worth. ha" ", pi. hu"4", right, wages, a rightful share. ha" "d, really. ha" "dniya, the law courts. ha"i"i, really; ha"i" atari (§51. 3c), really, truly, ^oij*. i hakam, u, to judge, decide, v ithakkim, to make one- self into a judge. hikmd, wisdom. hdkim, for (conj.). hakim, pi. hukama (hakama), physician. hukilma, rule, government. mehkdmd, pi. malidkim, court of justice, law. -j i<£n. I Aafos, i, to tell, relate ; for huki, see § 42,_ hikdyd, a story. »yJLa. halib, see labdn. helbd, the herb fenugrec. >_aJL». I $sZo/", i, to swear. JXa. i AaW, i, to loose. Uti, lawful (in a religious sense). h\Ml, beginning, commencement. mahall, pi. fern., place. 13—2 196 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. _^JL»- helm, prudence, magnanimity. Jsa. x istahlS, to consider sweet or pleasant. held, pi. helvnn, sweet, pleasant. halkwa, sweetmeats ; halawdni, a seller of sweet- meats. ii part. Muhammad, a man's name. hamd, praise, thanks, glory (relig.). Hammuda, a man's name. Mahmud, a man's name ; Mahmudiya (§ 54. in. 6a) : — A. a coin (so called from Mahmud I, Sultan of Turkey) ; B. a canal in the Delta (so called from Mahmud II). x ihmarr, to be or become red. homdr, pi. hamir, donkey. hammdr, donkey driver. ahmar, fern, hamra, pi. homr, red. hdmid, sour, acid. VIII a ithama", to get angry. hum", anger. A^o- I hamal, i, to carry, bear, to be with child, n hammil, to load, x istahmil, to bear, endure. homula, a gift, present. x istahamma (§ 36), to take a warm bath. hammdm*, warm bath. hamdm, doves. . hdmawi, Haraath apricots (p. 134). in part, mehdmi j , a solicitor, x istahamma, see^o*., himfi j , defence, protection. U&. henna, leaves of the Lawsonia Alba, used for staining the fingers, etc. -lUc*. hanak, mouth. £yi&. n hannin, to have pity on. ^ $s- I hiwig, i, to be necessary. hdga, pi. fern., a thing, something; mush-hdga, no- thing. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 197 jja. n hauwud, to shun, avoid. !_rJ>a- Ms /, hush ! silence ! uSjo. i A^s/t, $, to hold back, restrain, n hauwish, to put by, keep in reserve, v ithauwish, pass, to n. vma ithdsh, pass, to i. hdsh, pi. Mshdn, a yard, court, la^a- see Jij^ . vJ^»> in hdmil, to try to outwit, to cheat, x part, mustahil, impossible, inconceivable. hdl, pi. ahwdl, state, condition ; misAi li-hdlu, he went about his business. hdlan, immediately (§ 51. 3c). hdla, pi. fem., condition; z&'i hdldti, my equal, one like me. hawdlht, around. l^>»- vin b to surround, embrace, contain (with }ala). ~jZ£~ Mra, pi. fem., quarter, district (of a town). C-s*e». Ms (-inn), whereas. isu»- het(a), pi. Alitfw. (hutdn), a wall, ^l**. /ie£ j , strength : — shidde Mlak !, take courage ! Mia, means, expedient. .-». iv ahya, to cause to live, to let live (relig.). x istaha, to be ashamed. haydt\ , life (relig.) ; for wahydt see § 60. 27. haiwdn, pi. fem., a living creature, animal. x istakhabba (§ 36), to hide oneself, n khabbar, to inform, iv akhbar = n. khabar, pi. akhbdr, news, report ; khabar Sh ?, what news? I khabaz, i, to bake, i khabat, a, to knock. II khabbat, to knock hard. 198 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. see w--o-. j^a khdtim*, seal ring. J>A. I khigil, a, to blush. jui. see Jia.1. jjlA. makhadda, a cushion, pillow. cjl»- khidd}, deception, falsehood. >sJia. i khada/m, i, to serve, x istakhdim, to be an official; part, mustakhdim, an official. khadddm, fern, khadddma, servant. »-j^. I kharag, u, to come out, come forth ; infin. khwrtig. n kharrag, to draw forth, drive out. khurda*, copper. khfirtif, pi. khirfdn (kherfdn), ram. khurdfa, a fairy tale. khusdra, loss, injury ; y<2 khusdra /, what a pity ! I khass, i, to sink, decrease. II kliassis, to diminish, lessen, v itkhassis, pass, of II. khashab, wood, timber. I khashsh, u, to step in. khishin, rough. khusk&na, roughness, i yukhsha, it is feared, one fears (§ 42). vmb ikhtasha, to be afraid, bashful. i Mem, m, to belong to, concern, vmb ikhta?s = i. khusHs; — ^ala-l-khus&s, in particular, ix ikhdarr, to be or become green, to sprout (of a tree). akhdar, fern, khadrd, pi. khudr, green, i khatab, u, to ask in marriage. khutiiba, engagement, courting. jJaa. I khatar, u, to fall in with, come to, chance upon ; part. khdtir, wish, idea, pleasure, in infin. mukhdtara, an adventure. jjaa» khatwa, a step, stride. yui. see jac. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 199 I khaff, i, to be healed, get well. II khaffif, to heal, cure. khuff, woman's shoe. khaflf, pi. khufdf, light, thin, fine. x istakhfa, to hide. makhfi, hidden. ijJIa. see ^~Xt. ,,jaX&. I khulus, a, to be ready or finished. II khaUas, to finish, loose, set free, v (reflex of n), to free oneself. khdlis, completely, quite. khald§, ready, done, finished. hXa. i khalat, w, to mix. 3iA». i khala} J a, to tear out, to strip off. ^JiXa. in inf. mekhalfa, contradiction. khil/a, aftergrowth, posterity. khildf, besides, excepting. Khali/a, a man's name. JkJli. i khala", a, to create ; part. pass. makhM", a creature, n part, mekhalla" { , girt with a cashmere girdle. khaW'a, creature, pi. khaldyi", people. (JJj*. iv part, mekhill, torn, full of holes. ■ JU. II khalld, to leave alone, (relig.) to preserve alive; kliallik !, stop ! khala, open country. Miammdra, pi. fern., wine-tavern, public house. khamsd, k/iamas(i), five. klidmis, fifth. (For khamis, see yom). khums, one-fifth. II khammin, to guess, conjecture. hi inf. khind" and khind"a, fighting, brawling, vi itkhdni", to come to blows. kMgd,*, pi. fern., schoolmaster. khawdga*, European gentleman, merchant. • yJjA. I khdf, d, to be afraid (followed by Id, p. 162). iv part. mukhif, dangerous, vn inkhdf, to be feared. hhdf, fear, danger. 200 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. JUi. Midi, pi. fern., maternal uncle. khdli, caretaker. q\A. I khdn, 4, to betray ; part, khd'in, dishonourable. ja viii b ikhtdr, to choose. khir, goodness, ■tua. II khaiyat, to sew. khSt, thread. khiydta, tailoring. khaiydt, tailor. k J^a- v itkhaiyil, to imagine. kMl, horses, cavalry. Ij da, di, this (§ 9. 1). di-l-wa"t, now. P~>'i madbah, slaughter-house, jjj II inf. tedbir, behaviour, course of action. dabb&r, wasp. dibbdn, flies ; dibbdnd, a fly. iJao deggdl, Antichrist. ^L>o I dakhal, u, to enter ; inf. dukh&l. II dakhkhal, to cause to enter, to bring in. ^^^.j dukhdn, smoke, tobacco. w>j> dur"d}a, the lower part of the reception-room. ^oAji derhim \ , a silver coin. derwish*, pi. dardwish, Dervish. (^£p i cKW, i, to learn, know, m ddra, to conceal, hide, vi pass, of in. desta*, pi. disit, dozen. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 201 $2} da^wa, pi. da^dwi, law-suit. O ^jpi I da}a, i, to invite ; pass. part. mad}i, pi. madd}i, women forming the bridal procession, bridesmaids, vm b iddct}a, yiddayi, to claim, demand. dughri* (adj. and adv.), straight, straight on, upright. *9j mad/a}, pi. maddfij, cannon, ^i defydn, warm. JJSj i da" ", u, to knock, strike, pound. de"i"a, a minute. dikha, etc. ; see § 9. 2. ,j^i dukkdn*, pi. dakdkin, booth, shop. j>i dem, blood. A.O dimdgh, skull, head. jvAi dimma, conscience. damn, (tann) \ see § 40, note. ■ jO IV part. pi. fern, mudndt \ , women assisting in the bridal procession. dunya (dinya), this world. «^Jt>j dahab, gold. j&i Edhem, a man's name ; Ibn E., name of a saint. »_jji cft>6 ; see yd w-ji I cM», of inferior quality ; bi-d&n, without. ^_3> dawi, noise, din. dewdya*, pi. rfiwi, inkstand. 202 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 0«*ii dedan \ , habit, custom. jj) der*, pi. diyHr, monastery. ■iXjy dik*, pi. diyuk, cock; dik rumi, turkey. £jj} den, debt. madyun, in debt. din*, religion. diydna, religious observances. diwdn*, office, the Ministry. See under both } and j. rdkhar, fem. rukhra, see j^.1 ^tj rds, pi. r(u)'us, head. reiyis (from re'is), commander, chief. i^£\j I ra'a, a j , to see, consider, think advisable. ra'y, r rutUba, damp, moisture. JJ»j rati*, pi. irft££, a rati (weight = - 444 kilogr.). s--C) i righib, a, to desire. ow-j raghtf, pi. erghifa and rughfdn, loaf. C*ij i rafat, i, to discharge. *9j i rafa}, a, to lift up. viii b irtafa}, to be high ; part. mirtifi}, high. rufeiya}, thin, fine. ta^Jij ra"aba, neck. w£»j i WA»6, as, to" ride, drive, n relckib, to fit together, v itrehkib, pass, of II. viii a itrikib, pass, of I. rdkib, pi. rukkdb, passenger (inTTfrain). rikdb, pi. fem. and erkibd, stirrup. merkib (markab S, murkab Soudan), pi. mardkib, ^ boat. mkrdkbi, boatman. (j^>. I rakan, i, to put aside. 204 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. ,J»0} Rumela, a square in Cairo. ^>oj rummdn, pomegranates ; rummdna, a pomegranate, i-oj i rama, i, to throw, vin a itrama, pass, of I. ijjj ranndn, see ^il». >^Jkj rdhib, pi. ruhbdn, monk. »-3j i r<2A, ■$, to go, pass away, be gone ; part, rdh (§§ 16. 3 c ; 31). ii rauwah, to go away, vm b irtdh, to be content, min, with. rdh, fem., spirit, self (§ 70. 3). marwaha, fan. 3jj IV ardd (pol.), to wish. u°3j see w^lj • >e«j RUm, Greeks, Levantines ; BAm%, a Greek, pi. Arwdm. (^ji i rawa, i, to water (§ 39). v itrauwa, to consider, reflect. »£*j) re<, see yd. n-jj xa part, mustardh, closet; xb istardh and istaraiyak, to rest, refresh oneself, recover. rth, pi. riydh and arydh, wind. riAa, smell, y-jj see u*\j. U&ij riydda, mathematics. wijj r|/J pi. arydf, the country (opp. to 'town'). j 2; and t j zdlik, see W0S3. juj zibdiya, dish, bowl. jjj Z(p)Mr, a man's name. >j Jj i zebzdbd, fickleness, insincerity. k~ o z<26i£ (p. 18), officer. 3os6_ijJi zarf, pi. uzruf, envelope, (jjjj IX izra" ", to be blue, become blue. azra", fern. zer"d, pi. 2i*r", blue. Jiftj ii z«33a", to cry out, scream. i»j^j zaghrat, to cry aloud, shout. zaghrUta, pi. zaghdrit, chanting of women at cere- monies (either in joy or lamentation). ^ftij I zaff, i, to go in procession. zeffd, a procession, especially the bridal train. w-£=>j zeMba, pi. zakdyib, large basket. j^3 ii inf. (p. 50) tezkdrd (tazkara), card, ticket. zi&r, ' commemoration', festival of a religious Order. JjJj izzalzil, to quake (of the earth). j^)b IV part, muzlim { , dark. zulm, tyranny, injustice. ^(■ej zimmd (pol.), conscience ; see dimmd. ,j^j zd'mdw | ; time, period ; min zamdn, from of old, ever so long ago. wJJ IV part, muznib, at fault, in the wrong. zenb, fault, offence, wjs Zenab, a woman's name. Zann4ba, a woman's name. zeribil*, pi. zcmdbil, market-basket. ^^ili i zann, u, to believe, think. ^Jdj i zahab, a (pol.), to go. n part, mezehhib, gilder; see ddhdb. jAj zuhd, asceticism. jAj elAzhar, a Mosque in Cairo (§ 53. 3). y^o i zahcvr, a, to be distinct, iv azhwr, to make distinct, to shew. mazha/r, appearance. ' J^Aj I zihi", a, to get angry. ji zdt, 'being', self (§ 70. 3) ; pi. zawdt, notabilities. zdPmwrra, once upon a time. 4 206 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. *jgj z6ba}a, pi. zawdbi}, storm. igj II zauwud, to increase, make numerous ; comp. jkjj . Jjjjj ii zauwa", to adorn, decorate. ^Sj ^dwiya, pi. zewdya, small Mosque, chapel. \Z+Jj zSt, olive oil. zatdn (§ 4. 3), olives, olive-trees ; zatuna, an olive, an olive-tree. jjj i zdd, i, to increase (intrans.), become numerous ; comp. ijij. ill zdyid, to sell by auction. VI izzdyid, to be sold by auction. ziyddd, increase, more ; bi-ziyddd, plentifully, amply. raazdd, auction. jij zdr (zdr), ghost (superstitiously venerated ; see Vollers in ZDMG 1891). zir, large pitcher for filtering water. mazyara, cupboard or stand for the zir. t^jjj II part, mezeiyin, barber, w^jj see y^j . zei*, as, like; zei-md, just as. ezzeii (from i-zeii) ? how ? i \J JL< i saW, a, to ask ; part. pass. mas'Hl, responsible. mes'dld, pi. masd'il, question. II part, mesebbib, pedlar. sdbdb, reason, cause; pi. isbdb, subsistence, livelihood. sebt*; nahdr-es-sebt, Saturday. sabat, pi. fem., basket. C-bJ masbdt (mazb4t), correct. x*~» sab}(a), seven. sdbi), seventh. sub), one-seventh. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 207 Ji~«< I saba", a, to run ahead, in sdbi", to run a race. Jb«~» sebil, pi. esbila, public fountain. OsZw A. sitt, woman, lady; see § 54. I 10, note. B. sitt(a), "six ; com p. ^ jw . j£»> i satar, u, to protect, preserve (relig.). vm b part, mus- tatir, severely religious. sitdra, window-curtain. settdr ; ya-settdr ! Oh Protector ! (i.e. God). seggdda, prayer carpet. mesgid, small Mosque (in Alexandria). sagar, pi. asgdr, tree. sigdra*, pi. segd'ir, cigarette. sukhra, forced labour, corvee. suhhn, hot. a ju* i saifrf, i, to shut, stop up. vn pass, of I. sedd, adv. certainly, surely. sidr; see siefr. ijrijuf sddis, sixth ; comp. C*w B. swcfe, one-sixth. «fcj-j sdr&kh*, pi. sawdrikh, rocket. JSj-j i sara", a, to steal. serdya*, pi. fern., palace, castle. ~Ja.,j ii part, mesattah, pi. fern., level plain. swttZA (§ 50, note 2), roof, jia-j sa£r, pi. ustur, line, row. mastara, ruler. jaw in sdji^, to help, iv as}ad, to make happy. sa}id, happy, fortunate ; Sa}id, a man's name, jju sd}i, pi. s«3^, messenger. ji-/ in sdfir, to travel, start on a journey. safar, journey. sufra, pi. sufar, (dinner) table ; sufragi, waiter. s(u\f$'yif, slight, insignificant. I su"ut, a, to fall. 208 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. sa"f, ceiling. ,-Lj i sa"a, i, to give to drink, to water. sd"ya, wheel for raising water. mis"a, channel, water-course. cX< i sikit (sakat, S), w, to be silent. jSLj i sikir, a, to get drunk. sukr, drunkenness. sukari, drunkard. sakrdn, drunk. sukkar*, sugar. ^XSL> i sakk, u, to shut up, lock, vn insakk, pass, of I. sikka, pi. sikak, road, street. i^jSLi I sakan, u, to dwelL sikkin*, pi. sakdkin, knife. meskin, see ^X~~e. ~Ja\~i mesaltoh (§13. 2 b), broad and flat. tjUaJL; sultdn, pi. sa^m, lord, ruler. sultdniya, pi. saldtin, deep dish. JiJL< s£%i, greyhound (in the Soudan). «*JUL/ swfoU;, course of life, conduct. V JX»> misella, obelisk. ^oJLj ii sellim, to give up, give in charge, commit ; with }ah, to greet, iv part. Muslim (Mislim), a Moslem, a Mahommedan ; infin. Isldm, ' submission ', the Mahommedan religion ; 'isldmi, Mahommedan (adj.). vmb istalam, to take charge of, accept. saldm, greeting, farewell ; wa-s-saldm, ' and there's an end of it'. See also under yd. Slimdn, Solomon. sillim, pi. seldlim, ladder, flight of steps. .jA-j ii salla, to amuse, entertain, v issalla, to amuse oneself. j^j ism (§ 54, note), pi. asdmi, name. ismdlla (= ism-Alldh), used as a formula of wishing ; comp. ^yo-. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 209 »■«— » ill sdmih, to forgive, set free (with ace.) ; infin. mesamha (musdmaha), pi. fern., holidays. samdh, abatement, discount. II sammar, to nail. musmdr*, pi. masdmtr, nail. sdmir | , company at a feast. sems, fern., sun. i simi}, a, to hear, n sa/mma}, to deliver (a speech, etc.). samd}, concert. samdk, fish. 2&~> sama (samd), heaven. iyo~/ II samma, to name ; comp. ^ . ij~> sand, pi., sinin, year. jUw sdndd, pi. fern., bond, voucher. ^y~j sinn, pi. s(i)ndn, tooth, peak ; old age. ijij x istasna, to make an exception; inf. istisnS, exception. asnd ; fi-asnd (D. and pol.), while, during. J^«( sahl, easy. sahlan, see 'ahlan. sahMa, easiness, ^w saAw, carelessness. wJ^5 sawdb (sawdb), God's recompense (to the just). 3yi ix iswadd, to be black ; part. fern, miswadda, rough copy. iswid, fem. sdda, pi. stid, black. S4ddn, (land of the) Blacks ; SUddni, a Soudanese. Seiyid (§ 54. I. 10, note), lord ; Seiyidd, female saint. jj-j s4r, wall. yjj-j ofis, pi. siyds, running footman. siydsa, politics. es-SwSs, Suez. e^w i s^3, d, to hold. s^3», hour, watch, clock (§§ 70. 6 ; 71. 1); comp. lissa. sd^dti, watchmaker. yjy* masdfa, space, distance. B. 14 21P ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. Jij«j I sd", 4, to drive on, incite. s4", market. swe"a, market-hall. L$f I sawa, a, to be worth, n .sauwa, to smooth, cook suffi- ciently. Ill sdwCi, to be worth, viii b istawci,, to be ripe, well done (food). sawa, together. w*»~( i sdb, i, to let go (not so common as n). n seiyib, to let go, set free, v isseiyib, pass, of n. „iu~> see ij— i. J**) sira, story ; gdb siretfuldn, to tell a story about some one. sSf, pi. siyAf, sword. Siwa, oasis of Siwa; siwi, adj., from Siwa. _^li esh-Shdm, Syria, Damascus. j^)Lw s/jj-i I shirib, a, to drink ; inf. shurb : sh. ed-dukhdn, to smoke. shar(tl)bdt, sherbet ; sharbdtli, sherbet-seller. mashrUb, pi. fern., drink, beverage. p-j-i vii insharah, to rejoice. jjJZi it part, meshirr, bad-tempered. sherr, evil (relig.). sharrdni, wicked. hj£i i sliarat, i, to tear. short, condition, pi. shurUt, contract. sharta, cut, streak ; shartat -joyun, circle of the eyes. sherit, cord, rail, cj-i i shara}, a, to begin, /£, with. mashrii}, project. mushra,}, fort (Soudan), tji^i sJiaraf, nobility. shertf, noble. Jji Sher"iya, an Egyptian province; sher"dwi, adj., from the Sher"iya. jp>,iii sh&rik, to share with, vmb part, mushtarah, asso- ciated in or with. sherek, a kind of cake. Jxojii sharmat, to tear in pieces ; part, mesharmat, torn. ^ii vin b ishtara, to buy. ^ki s^«ir, pi. shdtrin and shuttdr, cunning, clever. j*i sAa3r, hair. sAi3»-, poetry. JJbt£ sha}lil, to flare up. Jii i pass. part. mashgMl, busy, n shaghghal, to make to work, to employ, vn inshaghal, pass, of u. vm b ishtaghal, to work, busy oneself. 14—2 212 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. shughl, pi. ashghdl, work, business. shaghghdl, workman. \^*a2i shiffa, pi. shafd'if, lip. j.£w v tashakkar, to thank, be thankful; mutashekkirin ! (§ 48, note 3), thanks ! >£JLi3w shekshik, to prick. »£l&j sWi, doubt; Id-shekk, without doubt (§73. 4). ,JJw shikl, pi. ishkdl, form, appearance. f-j-tr* shamdrikh, spangles for shoes. u^^ii shems (pol.), = sems. x+Jj s7iem}a, taper, candle. ^&Z> VIII b ishtamal }ala (pol.), to comprise. shimdl, left, left-hand. _^*£i I shamm, i, to smell, inhale. shem(m)dm, sweet-melon. j^£i i shihid, a, to bear witness ; part, shdhid, a witness. shehid, martyr. shdhdda, witness, testimony. j^j IV ashhar, to make known, to publish. shelvr, pi. ushhur, month ; shehri shehri (§ 68. 3), month by month. shuhra, publicity, renown. j^ti in shdwir, to shew, point out. iv inf. ashdra, sign, signal. mishw&r (mushwdr), commission, errand. shdura*, embroidered stuff. tHji n part, meshauzvish, indisposed, unwell, c^ii yushd} (§ 42), it is reported. >_jjjj I shdf, iJL, to see, look. J^i viii b ishtd", to long for. ^ pZi i shawa, i, to roast, vn iiishawa, pass, of I. Ui slid', i', to wish (relig.) : in-shd-AUdh, if God will; md- shd-Alldh, as God wills (also used in astonishment). shi, something (§ 12). shweyd, a little. AKABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 213 ^~£> shekh, pi. mashd'ikh (§ 50. II. 1), old man, learned man, " saint. £*£ II shaiya,}, to send forth. J^ I shdl, i, to take away, transport, vn inshdl, pass, of I. shaiydl, porter, carrier. mashdl, transport, carriage of merchandise. shdl*, pi. shildn, shawl. <*u£> shih ! ; see § 62. cLo sdgh*, full- weight, currency. r~~e subh, morning. subhiyd, morning-time. sabdh, morning. sabdhiya, morning after the wedding. j+*a sabar, u, to be patient. sabr, patience. *.j~o mbd}, pi. sawdbi}, finger. ii~e i sabagh, u, to dye. ~ sabbdgh, dyer. j^c sabi, pi. subydn, lad, boy. y«MS sdhib, pi. ashdb, friend, companion, owner ; s. "adiya, litigant. mhba, female friend. ~.a»^g i jaA/j, a, to be right, correct. sahha, health ; correctness. sahih, pi. suhdh, right, true. i_Ati ig- mu$haf, pi. masdhif, copy of the Koran. i*ja»-o saAw, pi. suhdn, plate. - -r i siAi, o, to wake up. II sahhS, to awaken. jJlo «"<&• (sidr), breast. sederi (sudSri), vest, waistcoat. 214 / ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. wjjk-a VI itsddaf to chance to be. (Jjto II sadda", to believe, think true. uij«o I saraf i, to give out, to dismiss. sarrdf money-changer, banker. sarrif = sarrdf. masdrif (p. 117), cost. j_£/«e sdri, pi. sawdri, mast: comp. }am4d. *^x*o sa}h, hard, difficult, disagreeable. sa}4ba, difficulty. juto es-Sa^id, Upper Egypt, j&c sughr, smallness ; .s. es-sinn, infancy, boyhood. sughaiyar (zghaiyar), little, young. saghrana, childishness. jiuo IX isfarr, to be or become yellow. as far, fem. safra, pi. sufr, yellow. JiiLo ii saffa", to clap the hands. jiuo vin part. pass. Mustafd, a man's name. Safwet, a family name. •bJLs II sallah, to mend, repair, vn insalah, pass, of II. vm b '" istalah s to get better, be improved. sdlih, good, excellent, pious. saldh, goodness, excellence, piety. maslaha, administration, bureau. k*P*o samgh, gum. ,J^*o sdm/OId, screw. J)ju*« sandll"*, pi. sanddi", box, chest; sandd"i, maker or seller of boxes. o U«o sari/", pi. asndf sort, species, article. i»**s saniya, see ^/ (Jj-mc . s-jV" 5 mhrig*, cistern ; sahrigi, adj., from the cistern. w>3-o iv asdb (pol.), to chance, happen. )yo II sauwar, to paint. sHra, picture. memuwardti, artist, photographer. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 215 £3-0 ma^dgh, pi. fem., trinkets. >oj-o I sdm, 4, to fast. siydm, fasting, fast, i sdb, i, to hit, hit upon. viii b istdd, to hunt, fish. ma$yada, trap. I sdr, i, to become. masir (rnasvr), issue, end, result. sSf, summer. §aniya (p. 21), pi. sawdni, dish, tray. ,jl^o suwdn* (p. 21), state-tent. 6° ^jLo efcfoii, adj., of sheep ; lahme ddni, mutton. J»~o zdbit (§ 3. 12), pi. zubbdt, officer; zabti, policeman, pi. zabtiya, police. mazbata, legal decision. >ila>.o I dihik, a, to laugh, sport. dihh, laughter, sport. wJj-i I darab, a (u, S), to strike. darba, a blow. jj*o I darr, u, to hurt, damage. darar, damage, injury. dar&ri, necessary. i_».T-g da}if, weak. ^JJUs i dill, shade. ■a I damm, u, to gather, reap. min-dimn, in the midst of. j^i» i/aAr, (the) back. efo*Ar, midday. j^-a in c&2M, to compare with, correspond with, be like to. ft-f^o II daiya}, to ruin, squander, lose. 216 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. dSf, pi. diytif, guest. madyafa, village shelter-house, J>~o daiya", narrow. I tibb, medicine, science of medicine. •^Js I tabakh, u, to cook. tabikh, vegetables. tabbdkh, cook. matbakh, kitchen. **J» I taba}, a, to print, vn intaba}, pass, of I. tabi}a, nature, temperament. matba^a, printing press ; niatba^gi, printer. iJ^Js tabl*, drum. i^j —- h tdh/Ana*, pi. tawdMn, mill. tarbiish*, pi. tardbish, fez. tardbisM, fez-maker, -seller, -smoother. tarabeza*, pi. fern., table. p-jj» I tar ah, a, to bear (fruit). *" tarha, woman's head-dress. matrah, place. u*yi> i tarash, u, to vomit. atrash, fern, tarshd, pi. ttirsh, deaf. turrdsh, see almdz. ^JjHo tarqf, pi. atrdf, edge, border; }ala taraf, at the expense of. (JjJ* tari", way, road. tari"a, way (figurative), method. _jgnia IV at}am, to grant. ^^ab ^3?2»i*, plague. U*J» I tafa, i, to extinguish, vn intqfa, pass, of I. wJJa i talab, ,u, to demand, in tdlab (tdlib), to lay claim to. Tulba, a man's name. 9~U» tofoJA, worthlessness ; opposite of saldh. ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 217 xJJ» I tili}, a, to ascend, to come out, to become ; infin. tuM}. II talla}, to draw out, bring out. jyj» ii talla", to divorce, iv part. pass, mutlaq (pol.), general, universally received (opinion). tald", divorce. a«Js i timi}, a, to covet. Tanta, a district in Egypt ; Tantdwi, adj., from Tanta. ij^Ja tanndn ranndn, lit. 'shrill-sounding', brilliant, smart (of a wedding). j^Jo tdra, rim, tyre. cgja in tdwi}, to obey. Jj^ls <<2"a, power, ability ; a piece (of stuff). J^J* i a tdl, H, to be long; lb (p. 72, note) tlwil, a, to become long, to grow. II tauwal, to lengthen, vi ittdwal, to be impertinent, }ala, to. *#Z, length, duration ; during, all through. tawil, pi. tuwdl, long. (_£jJ* I tawa, i, to fold up. vn intawa }ala, to be folded up with, to steep oneself in. matwa, penknife. >_~J» II part, metaiyib, jester. taiyib, good. j-Ja I «<2r, % to fly. taiydra, loose sheet of paper. J^J» ife* (tiz), buttocks. (j^JLJa TaMn (p. 21), a man's name. ,j»«L tin, soil, arable land, pi. atydn, landed property. See under j and (ji. 218 ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. t ^ebb, breast-pocket. jtj* ■jabd, pi. ^abid, slave ; pi. yebdd, servant of God, human being. ■jebdda, religion, religious service. }Abd-el-}aziz, }Abddtta(h), § 6. 3, men's names; labdalldwi (p. 133), a sort of cucumber. ■jObed (}UbSd), a man's name ; }^EbSddlla(h), § 6. 3, a man's name. j*& yebra, pi. jebar, pattern, model. yebdra, story, affair, expression ; 3. }an, an expression for, as much as. jZz 1 yitir, a; withy?, to stumble over; with }ala, to chance upon, find. JJXe ^ati"* J , ancient; Masr-el-}ati", Old Cairo. k_*a-c 1 lagab, i, to please, x ista}gib, to find strange, to be surprised at. }agab, wonder, astonishment, miracle. yagib, strange, wonderful. j.a»# 3%ite, pi. 'jawdgiz, aged. )J^-P x ista}gil, to hasten. }agal, haste. }egl, calf. _ja*-z }Agam (§ 45), Persians ; }Agami, pi. A^gdm, a Persian. jjk£ 1 3cs«ac }asr and }asHyd, afternoon.- jJuae }asftir, sparrows; ^asfAra, a sparrow. j»-ac }asd and }asdyd, stick. ^oJsuc ■jadm, pi. }eddm, bone. ^*a* 3mc£w, pi. »}£?«, member; associate. jjiJac ■jatash, thirst. }atshdn, thirsty. u k iv a}to { , to give. }Atiya, a man's name. ^Jac see under j* and ^ofi. OjAc ~)qfrit*, sprite : from this comes the denom. it}afrat (§ 41), to behave like an ^afrit, to work like one possessed. jysis. ^qfdrim* !, welcome ! (_£ac }afsh*, furniture, luggage. *-*** "i e fdfi temperance, abstinence. Ibn-el-}Afif, name of a saint. »_-Jie }d"ibd, consequences, descendants, issue. J^ac -)u"bdl = }d"ibd. yjSs. ill }dkis, to thwart. ~)ala-}aks-min, in opposition to. ^JLc 3eZ6a, pi. 3e£a6, coffer, casket. JJJle ii }alla", to hang up. v it}alla", pass, and reflex, of II. ma}la"a, spoon. iJXt v it}attil, to invent excuses. ^o^c i ylim, a \ , to know ; part. }dlim, pi. yulama, learned man ; part. pass. ma}lti?n, certainly, obviously. II }allim, to instruct ; part. 7ne}aUim, master, master- workman. }elm, pi. 3Mfotm, science. }almd, pi. yawdlim, singing-woman. ijXe iv infin. ^drc., pi. fem., notice, advertisement, proclama- tion. ( ^e i part. }dli, fem. y%lya, pi. }dlytn, high ; also 3^ (p. 83), of best quality, vi imperat. ta}dla !, come ! ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 221 ial(a), on, upon j see § 60. 6 and § 72. "jala-shdn, on account of, because. viii b i}tamad, to place confidence in ; infin. itfimdd, trust, credit. 'idmild, pillar ; yam-tid e?-sawdri, Pompey's Pillar (at Alexandria). j<* 3omr, life, duration of life. }Omar, a man's name. ■jamdr, good condition. yemdra, building, ^j-oi- i yarned, i, to do. vn in}amal and viii b ityamal, pass, of I. x ista}mil, to use, apply. ■jammdl (jamm, am, etc.) : see § 16. 3 b. jg+z }amm, pi. fern., uncle on the father's side. ■jomHrai, general, common. £f& }^3* i 3