^**itiJ< ♦;•'«'< ^...i4..d2£.., .Av zos-^.'J.^ l^.'^Mi-jaia.. ncSfiTYu ' pany, corner Locust and Juniper streets. EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. BY ANDREW THOMAS SMITH. In endeavoring to record the growth of any system of organized activity one is met at the very outset with the taslc of distinguishing between the inception of an idea which grows into a sentiment and the performance of an act which marlts the birth of an organization. In recording the growth of education an added difficulty confronts the writer, in the fact that the avowed agencies at worlc upon this one task, are more numerous and varied than the mere system of schools which stands prominently before the minds of men. In this brief resume of the educational development of Tioga county no attempt will be made to even enumerate exhaustively the names of those who conceived the plans or performed work leading up to the present splendid consummation ; all that will be undertaken is to set forth the clearly defined steps in the county's educational achievements. Coming from a sturdy stock that appreciated the immense benefits resulting from the culture of the mind, Tioga county's early settlers attended well to this phase of their family prosperity. Even before the county organization itself, schools were established for the education of the children of the surrounding households. Thus we learn that as early as 1800 schools were organized at Hart and at Pritchard ; and we have the definite information that as early as 1802 the first school estab- lished in the Cowanesque valley was presided over by Betsy Bodwell. This education of the people conducted as a private enterprise and carried on systematically beyond the confines of the home spread throughout the county. Nor was it confined to a simple education in the mere rudiments of learning ; secondary education early took root and flourished, bringing within the territory of the county an estab- lishment presided over by men who had drunk deep draughts from the fountains of higher culture at Yale and other American colleges. Thus we find the Wellsboro Academy chartered by the Legislature, March 25, 1817, though opened only after seven years of labor and struggle, Nov. 1, 1824. This was followed by private institutions for secondary education in four other sections of the county, each flour- ishing for a time, performing well their mission in the county, and with one exception finally giving way to the march of organized state educa- tional activity as set forth in the efficient high-schools which now grace the county's towns. The one exception to this form of progress, was the Mansfield Classical Seminary, which passing away, was superceded EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 87 in December, 1862, by the Mansfield State Normal School— an integral and very important part of the grand school system of the Keystone state. As the Normal School is the one distinctive foundation remaining in the county for secondary education, a paragraph setting forth its progress and its service to the community seems in order here. Founded as a Normal School by an Act of Legislature, December 12, 1862, it was opened for its new duties and responsibilities with an enroll- ment of 200 pupils. Through all these years it has advanced amidst vicissitudes, reaching at times to calamities, until to-day its influence is recognized far beyond the confines of the state, and its worth to the local community is absolutely measureless. With a very meagre prop- erty valuation forty-two years ago and receiving, in 1863, its first legis- lative appropriation of only $5,000, it stands to-day as a fitting monu- ment to the far-sighted wisdom and the untiring energy of its founders and supporters. Its record of to-day is one of brilliant achievements. The property valuation is $350,000 ; the enrollment for the past school year is 611 in the Normal Department and 190 in the Model School ; its list of graduates, prepared for splendid service in their chosen fields, reaches the grand total of 2,263 ; while the sons and daughters of Tioga county, who received all their distinctive preparation for life-work, or their entrance into institutions of higher learning from this foundation, are numbered far up into the thousands. By an Act of the Legislature, approved April 1, 1834, the Common School Law of Pennsylvania provided for an election to be held on the third Friday in September, 1834, of School Directors in the various town- ships of the counties. They were to organize themselves into boards of School Directors by their electing officers within ten days ; and on the first Tuesday in November of that year a convention was to be held in the court house of each county to decide upon the question of a levy of tax for school purposes, amount of tax, etc. Thus we find that Tioga county, just thirty years after her county organization, took advantage of this power to organize her schools and the Commission met in Wells- boro, November 5, 1834. This body was composed of the three County Commissioners and a delegate from each township and borough school board then existing in the county. This first county organization of school men took the education of the people out of the hands of private citizens and levied a tax for school purposes, thus putting education on the same plane with other state functions. The levy made for school purposes in Tioga county was $3,000, and the rate was one-third of one per cent. The first log house, erected in Tioga county for public school purposes, was paid for by sub- scriptions, and was completed and occupied in November, 1836. In these seventy years wonderful strides have been made in public education, and to-day we have buildings in Tioga county, the property of the communities, suflBcient to house 387 schools, valued at $251,550 ; we are educating in these schools 11,294 children at an actual expense of 88 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. $148,440.57 and this is done by a tax levied at the rate of 4.7 mills for school purposes and 1.45 mills for building purposes. Yet it should give us pause when we contemplate the following figures : The average time schools were opened throughout Pennsylvania for the year 1903, was 8.08 months ; in Tioga county it was 7.59 months. The average salaries paid to male teachers throughout Pennsylvania was $44.77 ; in Tioga county it was $47.12. The average salaries paid to female teachers throughout the state was $34.10 ; in Tioga county it was $29.77. In 1903 there were no schools in Tioga county open for ten months ; there were 70 schools, representing 7 districts, open 9 months ; 97 schools, embraced in 15 districts, were open for 8 months ; the number of schools opened only 7 months was 220, and they were found in 18 districts. Progress has been marked throughout the state since the enactment of the present school laws in 1854. Tioga county has done nobly ; let us now look beyond the confines of our own county and keep fully abreast of the progress the state is making. By the School Law of 1854 Boards of School Directors in the several counties of Pennsylvania were authorized to elect a County Super- intendent of Schools. By June 5, 1854, Tioga county, then containing 185 schools, took advantage of this Act, and has since had the following list of able County Superintendents : Rev. J. F. Calkins, elected in 1854. Newel L. Reynolds, elected in 1857. Hiram C. Johns, elected in 1860. Victor A. EUiott, elected in 1863 ; resigned September 30, 1864. Newel L. Reynolds, appointed in 1864. S. B. Price, elected in 1866 ; resigned September 2, 1867. Rev. J. P. Calkins, appointed in 1867. EUas J. Horton, Jr., elected in 1869. Elias J. Horton, Jr., elected in 1872. Miss Sarah I. Lewis, elected in 1875. Miss Sarah I. Lewis, elected in 1878. M. F. Cass, elected in 1881. M. F. Cass, elected in 1884. M. F. Cass, elected in 1887. Henry E. Raesly, elected in 1890. Henry E. Raesly, elected in 1893. Henry E. Raesly, elected in 1896 ; resigned in December 1898. William R. Longstreet, appointed in 1898 ; elected in 1899. William R. Longstreet, elected in 1902. Very soon after the inauguration of the county superintendency in Tioga county, the need of a concerted effort for the training of the teachers in service was felt. Accordingly we learn that the first Teacher's Institutes were held in the county in 1855— one at Knoxville, October 22 ; another at Tioga, October 29 ; and the third at Wellsboro, o a < < a >^ i" Z < S i- o z a o o Q < < o s « EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 89 Novembers. From these " Local Institutes " has grown the annual County Teachers' Institute, now held at Wellsboro, and in which the teachers of the county receive the benefit of instruction given by the best educational talent that the country produces. In addition to this professional instruction, given at the day sessions, the people have brought to them, in the evening sessions, the best popular lectures and entertainments that money can provide. The secondary schools that have existed in Tioga county, and that served their several communities so excellently in their day, are shown in the following list : Wellsboro Academy. — Chartered by Legislature, March 25, 1817 ; open- ed November 1, 1824 ; closed September, 1869, its property being given to the school district in 1870. Covington Seminary. —An institution located on the west side of the river at Covington, where it flourished from 1841 to 1844. Union Academy. —Located at Academy Corners, December 7, 1847, where it did a noble work until March 1, 1871, when it ceased to exist as a school, two of its buildings having been burned. Lawrenceville Academy. — Chartered September 21, 1848, though open- ed as a school in 1852. Continued its work until the property was trans- ferred to the school district in 1860. Mansfield Classical Seminary. — Chartered December 1, 1854; opened January 7, 1857 ; converted into the Mansfield State Normal School (Fifth District) December 12, 1862.* In portraying the educational activity of Tioga county, one should not fail to mention the Soldier's Orphan Home and School, which was con- ducted in Mansfield from 1867 to 1890. We are, to-day, in an era of wonderful educational progress ; prob- lems are before the school-men of the present which grow out of the complex character of modem civilization and the wonderful progress of scientific learning. The consolidation of rural schools, the establishment of township high-schools, traveling school-libraries, special teachers of music and drawing for all the graded schools — these are among the many things practical school workers are being forced to consider, and Tioga county must decide what place she will occupy with reference to them. *NoTE— The Osceola High School which had a Faculty of three college graduates was of the same grade as these village academies and was patronized hy students having similar needs. It flouished from 1860 to 1866. Neither it, nor Union Academy, nor Wellsboro Academy, which were self-supporting, could hold the field side by side with Mansfield, after Mansfield received $6,000 annually from the State. — [Editor.] RELIGION IN TIOGA COUNTY. BY REV. NEWEL L. REYNOLDS. People migrate from one country to another for various reasons. Our New England fathers came here in search of land where they might enjoy religious liberty. They and their children occupied the country along the coast as far south as New Jersey. By and by the land was well taken up and there came an impulse to push further west. This tide of emigration reached Tioga county a little over one hundred years ago. There were three classes who were not inclined to share in this west ward move. First there were the shiftless donothings. They were the poor white trash, too lazy to move. They, or their descendants are in the East yet. A similar class became indigenous in nearly every locality. Then there was the prosperous and well-to-do class. They said let well enough alone. Then, again, there was the strongly religious class. They had become attached to their various churches, were influential in the community, and loved their homes. They were not disposed to leave their happy surroundings for the untried perils and privations of the new settle- ments in Western wilds. Of those who were ready to move, there was first the rolling-stone class. They were never satisfied anywhere. They came to Tioga county, but soon moved on, and have been moving ever since. The other class was the industrious poor, and non-religious. They wanted land and a home for themselves and their children. A few were well-to-do speculators, who bought large tracts of land, and came into the county for the purpose of improving and selling them. With the great majority, however, the first thought was a home, the second thought was the schooling of their children, and last of all, and often very remotely, came the thought of religion. The earliest religious influence in the county seems to have been that of a few Quakers in Wellsboro and on the Cowanesque river. They, however, could not stem the tide of worldliness which reigned every- where about them, and soon died out. I have not been able to find even one of that denomination now in the county. As late as 1838 there was in Wellsboro only one professed Christian to fifty of the population. Now there is one to three of the population, or sixteen times as many as there were sixty-six years ago. In 1848, RELIGION IN TIOGA COUNTY. 91 when I first became well acquainted in Knoxville, all the leading men were either skeptical or out and out Tom Paine infidels. Under such circumstances the moral condition sank very low. Drunk- enness and licentiousness ran riot. When there were only about fifty able-bodied men within two miles of Mansfield, they all came to a raising, and every man save one got drunk. I heard this story from one of the fifty. They used to say that Knoxville people knew when Sunday came only by the more frequent firing of the hunters' guns. It was no uncom- mon thing to find from one to a half-dozen illegitimate children in a single neighborhood. The leading men, the chief officers of the county and of the court, were accustomed to go on sprees. The small hours of the morning found them in need of help to get to their homes. There was indeed one redeeming trait in this dark picture. Great stress was laid on being honest in deal and in telling the truth. To call a man a liar was a challenge for a fight. Some years passed before there was any serious religious awakening. Traveling preachers, some good and some not so good, held occasional meetings in school and private houses. Their influence seemed to be limited and transient. About 1814 a man by the name of David Short came and held a meeting below Mitchell's creek on the Tioga river. As a result the first regularly constituted church was formed. It was soon after removed to Tioga village, and knovro as the Regular Baptist Church, the first in Tioga and the first in Tioga county. Ten years later the Presbyterians and Methodists organized churches at Lawrenceville, and in 1838 the Episcopals organized in Wellsboro. In 1829 the Free Will Baptists began in Deerfield. In Knoxville a Methodist class was formed in 1816, but had for years only an intermittent existence. Thus it will be seen the order in time of beginning churches in this county was as follows : Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, J'ree Will Baptist and Episcopal. Other denominations came later. The work thus begun was carried on by able ministers and laymen. I cannot refrain from mentioning a few of these, even if in so doing I leave out some equally entitled to our notice. As a leader in the Episcopal Church, Rev. Charles Breck, D. D., occupies a very prominent place. He came to Wellsboro a young man in 1838, and with all the leading influences in the place of an irreligious cast, began work amid very discouraging circumstances. He succeeded in gathering a strong church and building a commodious house of wor- ship. This church has been the mother of all the Episcopal churches in the county. Dr. Breck had a worthy successor in Rev. A. A. Marple. Mr. Marple was a kind, smooth, scholarly gentleman, and a tireless pastor. The names of these two men will be remembered as long as that denomination shall endure. Among the Methodists the changes were so frequent that there was no opportunity for any one man to become especially prominent. In Wellsboro Rev. Wm. Manning and Rev. 0. L. Gibson were very active 92 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. and influential in extending the Church. In Mansfield Rev. E. H. Cran- mer, Rev. H. N. Seyer and Rev. H. Lamkin and others did work which will last through all time. Then there were Nathan Fellows, Theobald McElhany and many others whose lives and preaching were influential in building the thirty-eight churches which are doing active work to-day. Among the Presbyterians Rev. Mills and McCuUough at Lawrence- ville were pioneers," and later came Rev. J. F. Calkins at Wellsboro. He was really the Bishop of that people for the whole county. He not only built up a strong church at the county seat, but went everywhere founding churches, strengthening the weak and settling difficulties. He was intellectual and scholarly, and capable of turning his hand to almost anything. He became the first County Superintendent of Schools, a Chaplain in the army, and leader in the local educational work. His impress is upon all good things in Tioga county. Among the Baptists there was Rev. David Short as a pioneer. Then came Rev. Thomas Sheardown. He was a wonderful man, full of zeal and the Holy Ghost. His magnetism was such that wherever he went a blaze of religious enthusiasm was kindled. He traveled this county over and over, on foot and on horseback, preaching in bar-rooms, private houses and bams, and in the woods. He was truly a bright and shining light. Later came Rev. G. P. Watrous, whose arduous and self-denying labors resulted in building meeting-houses, founding churches, strength- ening the weak, and gently leading the weary to places of rest. Among the Disciples, Elder James Whitehead, A. G. Hammond and I. R. Spencer, will be remembered as doing successful work. I might extend this list indefinitely, but the limits set to this paper by the committee forbid. Suffice to say that the labors of these and a host of others have been attended with great success. This county is now dotted over with more than a hundred meeting houses, where nearly 10,000 church members find their religious home. I have asked a minister in each denomination to give the latest obtainable statistics of his denomination in the county. Some have given detailed statement, and some only general ones. I desired to give the number of members in each local church, but have not been able to *Rev. Sidney Mills came to Lawrenceville in 1849 and ministered 5 years. Rev. S. J. Mc- Collough came in 1842 and ministered 5 years, but from 1824 to 1831 Rev. Simeon R. Jones preached to the Presbyterians most of the time, and Rev, E. D. Wells all of the time from 1831 to 1842. The latter migrht also rank as pioneers. Eev. Seth J. Porter came to Elkland in 1830 and founded a Congregational Church which in 1835 developed into a Presbyterian church. Rev. Asa Donaldson organized a Presbyterian church at Mansfield in 1832. The first building used exclusively for the worship of God was erected for a " Meeting House " by the Quakers at Knoxville in 1812. The Quaker " Meeting House " at Wellsboro was built about the same time, but date not settled. The first " Church " edifice, it is claimed, as distinguished from a "' Meeting House," was erected in 1831, at Lawrenceville, under the pastorate of Rev. E. D. Wells. The structure is still standing. — [Editor.] REUGION IN TIOGA COUNTY. 93 obtain them save in a few instances. The following table is a general summary. They are g^ven in the order of their numerical strength. The sum total is nearly 10,000. The population of the county is about 60,000. The adult population would thus be not be over 25,000. Hence we find one church member to two and one-half of those old enough to belong to the Church. It would thus appear that this has become one of the most religious counties in the whole country. n .-„«*„■«« No. of No. of Valuation of Denormnation Churches Members Church Property Methodist 38 3,053 $155,400 Baptist 25 2,500 71,000 Presbyterian 11 1,771 75,000 Episcopal 8 723 92,000 Free Baptist 10 454 15,300 Roman Catholic, Population 942 5 471 30,000 Lutheran, estimated 10 650 25, 000 Christian 4 415 12,300 Congregational, estimated 4 325 14,400 Universalist 2 47 5,500 All others, estimated 5 250 5,000 Total 122 10,059 $499,700 THE PRESS OF TIOGA COUNTY. BY ARTHUR M. ROY. In dealing with the history of the press of Tioga county it is not in- appropriate, perhaps, to open this chapter with a paragraph relative to the development of journalism in the United States. The first news- paper published in this country was "Public Occurrences," a small quarto sheet issued in Boston, September 25, 1690. This was suppressed by the Governor after its first issue for indulging in ' ' reflections of a very high nature." The "Boston News-Letter" was first issued in April, 1704, by John Campbell, the postmaster of Boston. It was printed on a foolscap sheet, two columns to a page, and foreign news occupied three-fourths of the paper, and the domestic news generally filled less than one column. That was 100 years and more before the days of the local news paragrapher. The publication of the " News Letter " was continued weekly till 1776. James Franklin, the elder brother of Ben- jamin Franklin, established in Boston, August 17, 1712, "The New Eng- land Courant, ' ' a weekly, which soon became involved in a violent con- troversy with several ministers over the subject of innoculation, and it was so bitter in its remaks on public affairs that in 1722 the legislature issued an order forbidding James Franklin to print and publish the ' ' New England Courant." James Franklin's name was therefore taken from the paper and that of Benjamin Franklin, who was then but 16 years of age and an appentice in the oflfice, was substituted. In 1728 Benjamin Frank- lin established in Philadelphia the ' ' Pennsylvania Gazette ' ' which con- tinued under different publishers until November 3, 1845, when it was merged in the "North American." In 1754 four newspapers were published in Boston, two in New York, two in Philadelphia and one at Williamsburg, Va. In 1776 there were but 37 newspapers pubUshed on this continent, all weeklies, except the " Ad- vertiser" of Philadelphia, which was semi- weekly. In 1800 there were but 200 newspapers in the United States, of which several were dailies, the first daily having been the " Pennsylvania Packet or General Adver- tiser," called afterward the "Daily Advertiser, established in 17»4. In 1825, when the history of the Tioga county press begins, there were about 500 newspapers in the United States, including 11 dailies in Phila- delphia and 12 in New York ; in 1860 there were 4,501 ; in 1870, 5,871 ; and, to show the wonderful growth, we may state in concluding- these general comments, that in 1900 there were 18,229 newspapers and period- THE PRESS OP TIOGA COXJNTY. 95 icals published in the United States, the value of their combined product being estimated at $176,000,000. When the Pioneer, Tioga county's first newspaper, was established in 1824, the only printing press in general use was the Ramage screw press. The type form was inked with balls instead of rollers. Two workmen were required for each press, one to ink the type with the balls and the other to make the impression. They usually took turns by "tokens"— 250 impressions. The Ramage press was followed by the Rust, the Smith, and the Washington hand-presses, the last named be- ing considered a marvel of ingenuity, when the ' ' roller-boy ' ' could ink the form evenly with the composition roller and the pressman pull the impression with a lever. The Eagle and the Advertiser were probably the first printing offices to use the Washington press in Tioga county. The first cylinder press was placed in the Agitator office in 1862, and for years that was run by hand power, a steam engine being introduced in 1873. None of the early newspapers gave much attention to local news. They were established as political " organs " and the meager news printed in addition to the literary selections was ancient by the time it reached the readers ; but it was- "news " to them, for in those days Tioga county had no railroads, telephones or rural mail carriers, and very few mail routes. The foreign news published was from two to four months old by the time the Pioneer printed it. Little attention was given to printing a record of local happenings for the first thirty years in Tioga county newspaper publishing. Since that time it has developed with the growth of country journalism generally, until in these days every incident and personal matter is seized upon by the enterprising local news reporter and recorded. Neighborhood improvements, the smallest details regarding accidents and all manner of local incidents fur- nish items for the columns of the papers. The personal column to-day mentions the names of those who go away for business or pleasure and of all the visitors in its territory. It is a wonderful growth from the crude hand -press of one hundred years ago to the modern printing machinery, from the small, poorly-printed and stale journals of the early day to the large, well-printed, spicy local papers of to-day, sparkling with their many columns of local record. Now there is scarcely a town of 4,000 population in the country without a daily newspaper ; but Tioga county hasn't yet a town large enough to support a daily. Journalism began in Tioga county with the first issue of The Tioga Pioneer, Rankin Lewis & Co., publishers, December 3, 1825. Rankin Lewis was the printer and Ellis Lewis, the editor, was a young attorney at law who had also learned theprintingtradein the office of the Lycoming Gazette at Williamsport. The Pioneer was printed on a Ramage press, which was much inferior to the Washington hand-press which was a later invention. The sheet was a folio 19 by 24 inches, four columns to a page and the type was pica size. The terms of subscription were given 96 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. at $1.50 in advance ; $2 if not paid at the end of six months, and $3 if not paid till the end of the year. The Pioneer was published in Wellsboro for about two years by the firm of Rankin Lewis & Co. In January, 1827, the paper was moved to Tioga, then called WilUardsburg, and its publication continued, with William Garretson as editor until 1828, when its name was changed to the Northern Banner. Tioga was ambitious to have the county seat moved from Wellsboro to that place and Dr. Wil- liam Willard was one of the active promoters of the enterprise and it was he who captured Wellsboro's first newspaper as a valuable adjunct to that campaign ; but the movement failed. Incidentally it is worth mentioning in this connection that Mr. Ellis Lewis moved from Wellsboro to Towanda, Bradford county, became a member of the Legislature in 1832 from that county. Attorney General of this State in 1833 and was in the fall of the same year appointed President Judge of the Lycoming district by Governor Wolf. He was elevated to the Supreme bench in 1851 and became Chief Justice in 1854, retaining that position till November 17, 1857, when he retired to private life. In addition to his judicial labors he prepared a work entitled, "Abridgement of the Criminal Law of the United States." Mr. Lewis died in Philadelphia, March 19, 1871. About six months after the Tioga Pioneer was moved from Wellsboro, the Phoenix was started by Benjamin B. Smith, the first number appear- ing August 18, 1827. Mr. Smith was an able editor, but he was not a printer. The mechanical part of the business was in charge of John F. Donaldson, then a young printer, who came from Danville, Pa. He later became a clerk in the Prothonotary's office, and afterward was elected Prothonotary of this county and, such was his popularity, that he was kept in that office by the votes of the people for thirty-six years. The Phoenix, however, languished and suspended in a few years. In 1833 it was revived by Charles Coolidge with Mr. Smith still as editor. In 1834 Mr. John F. Donaldson purchased it ; in two years he sold it to Josiah Emery and Asa H. Corey ; they conducted it till the sxunmer of 1838 and sold to Mr. Hartman. Very soon after Josiah Emery again be- came the publisher with J. Merry as editor. In the fall of 1838 the plant passed to the hands of Howe & Rumsey. The Phoenix had been a strong Democratic organ and it appears that its name was changed to the Herald and that it became a Whig paper, but when this change in poli- tics occurred we are unable to ascertain. The Herald suspended for a time and was revived November 25, 1845, by Henry D. Rumsey. In December, 1846, George Hildreth, a practical printer, took charge of the paper, changing the name to The Tioga County Herald. It was then a strong Whig organ. In 1849 the Herald was purchased by William D. Bailey, who changed the name to the Wellsboro Advertiser and with new type issued a very creditable sheet, and he made it also an ardent Whig organ. September THE PRESS OP TIOGA COUNTY. 97 30, 1853. Louis J. Cummings became the editor and partner in the con- cern, but he retired in a few months. In July, 1854, Mr. Bailey sold the Advertiser to M. H. Cobb, who came to Wellsboro from Wayne county. Pa. Mr. Cobb immediately changed the name to the Wellsboro Agitator. In 1858 Mr. Cobb accepted an offer of a position as editorial writer on the New York World and he sold the Agitator to Hugh Young. Under Mr. Young's management new material was purchased, the paper much improved in appearance and much more attention given to gathering local news. In fact, it may be said that it was about this time that the distinct local news feature of journalism in Tioga county dawned. It has continued to grow ever since. We cannot pass over the connection of Mr. Henry J. Ramsdell with the Agitator. He was a foreman of the office under Mr. Hugh Young, and he enlisted among the first to go to the front from Tioga county in 1861. He was a sergeant of Company H, Sixth Pa. Reserves. He was wounded at Antietam. After the war he again entered journalism and made his mark as a correspondent in the national capital. He first be- came the Washington correspondent of the New York Tribune in 1865, and afterwards was attached to the Cincinnati Commercial and the Philadelphia Times and Press. He was appointed Register of Wills for the District of Columbia by President Garfield in 1881, the signature to his commission being the last official act of the President before his assassination by Guiteau. Mr. Ramsdall died in Washington May 25, 1887. His wife was a daughter of William Garretson, of Tioga. Mr. Cobb returned to Wellsboro in January, 1863, repurchased the Agi- tator and soon after put in a cylinder press. In December, 1865, P. C. Van- Gelder bought a half interest of Mr. Cobb and the firm of Cobb & Van- Gelder enlarged the paper from a six to a seven column folio. January 1, 1870, Mr. Cobb sold his interest to John I. Mitchell and retired to accept a clerkship in the United States Mint in Philadelphia, where he has re- mained in various positions of responsibility to this day. John I. Mitchell retired as editor after one year and Mr. VanGelder became sole pro- prietor. He employed George W. Sears as editor until January 1, 1872, when Augustus F. Barnes, of Bath, N. Y., bought a half interest in the Agitator and September 1st, the same year, Arthur M. Roy acquired the remaining interest of Mr. VanGelder. The firm of Barnes & Roy con- tinued for 27 years, when because of declining health, Mr. Barnes sold his interest to Mr. Roy in July, 1900. Mr. Roy still conducts the paper. The Agitator has been a Republican journal since the birth of that party. It is now a seven-column quarto. It is recorded by one local historian that the Troy Banner, which made its appearance at Troy, Bradford county, with W. C. Webb as proprietor, editor and printer, in May, 1846, was in November of the same year moved to Wellsboro to become the organ of the Democratic county committee. The name was changed to the Tioga Banner and it 98 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. was published for several years as an " advocate of the true principles of Jeffesonian Democracy." When it ceased publication we are unable to state. In 1838 a half dozen leading Democrats contributed about $650 for the establishment and equipment of the Tioga Eagle in Wellsboro, which was managed and edited by Mr. James P. Magill for ten years, Mr. Magill had a partner in the person of Alva R. Jones for a few months in 1848. In 1850 he sold the Eagle to J. & W. Kirk. January 1, 1852, Mr. Magill again took charge of the paper and continued as editor and proprietor till 1857, when he moved to Philadelphia where he died in 1889. Mr. Magill was the ablest editor of his time in Tioga county. The Wellsboro Democrat succeeded the Eagle, being estabhshed in 1858, by Charles G. Williams, editor, and Richard Jenkins, publisher. The plant was burned in December, 1861, and the pubUcation ceased. In April, 1862, Richard Jenkins started the Tioga County Banner in Wells- boro, which was sold in a few months to some Tioga Democrats. The Democratic leaders at the county seat felt great chagrin over this, and as a heated political campaign was in progress an organ was needed at the county capital. Theodore Wright, the Democratic candidate for Con- gress, bought the Banner and turned it over to the county committee at Wellsboro. Prof. M. N. Allen was engaged to edit the paper. It being at the most exciting period of the war, the campaign was very bitter. But Mr. Wright was defeated for Congress by Stephen F. Wilson. The Banner at once suspended. There was then no Democratic organ in the county till 1866, when Charles H. Keeler purchased the material in the Banner office and began the publication of The Herald of the Union. In 1867 he sold the office to the Democratic county committee and Charles G. Williams became the editor and changed the name back to Democrat. In the fall of 1869 Mr. Jenkins again took charge and continued to July, 1873, when Messrs. Ferguson & Schlick bought it. Mr. Schlick retired in a few months and Mr. Ferguson continued for about a year when the Democrat suspended and the material was moved away. In November, 1874, the Democratic county committee founded another paper in Wellsboro with Mr. F. G. Churchill as editor. Mr. Churchill was an experienced newspaper man. He named the paper the Wellsboro Gazette, the material being that of the old Democrat to which was added the type and presses of the job office of Dr. Robert Roy, which Mr. Churchill purchased. In 1877 Mr. S. N. Havens became Mr. Churchill's partner. August 1, 1877, Mr. Frank Conevery, a practical printer from Bath, N. Y., bought Mr. Churchill's interest, the firm becoming Havens & Conevery, and the establishment was much improved. In November, 1881, Mr. Havens sold his interest to Mr. Herbert Huntington, who, in November, 1885, sold to Mr. Frederick K. Wright. January 1, 1895, Mr. Conevery bought out Mr. Wright and has since successfully con- ducted the Gazette. The Hermaic Journal was published by Arthur M. Roy in Wellsboro THE PRESS OF TIOGA COUNTY. 99 in the fall and winter of 1871-2 in the interest of the Hermaic Society, a debating and literary association of the leading citizens who maintained a lecture course which included most of the prominent lecturers on the rostrum at that time. The Journal completed its mission and suspended. The Leader was started in Wellsboro in 1878 by O. S. Webster as the organ of the Greenback party, Mr. Webster moving the material form- erly used in printing the Idea at Westfield. It had a checkered career until 1881, when it suspended and the material was sold. In July, 1884, Messrs. Charles G. Fairman and J. Lewis Whittet, under the firm name of Fairman & Whittet, moved their printing office from Batavia, N. Y, , to Wellsboro and established the Republican Advo- cate. Mr. Fairman died a few days before the first number was issued, but Mr. Whittet took charge of the business until the following Sep- tember. James H. Matson then bought the Fairman interest and con- tinued as Mr. Whittet's partner till January, 1886, when Mr. Whittet retired. In November, 1886, William L. Shearer, Esq., purchased an interest and the firm became Matson & Shearer. In March, 1891, Mr. Shearer purchased Mr. Matson's interest and continued the business as editor and publisher of the paper till February 1, 1906, Mr. E. A. Van- Valkenburg being associated with him as business manager. Mr. James. M. Miller, formerly of Bloomsburg, Pa., who had been practicing law at Hammond, Indiana, for two years previously, purchased the Advocate, on February 1, 1906, and assumed control and he still conducts the paper. The Advocate is a Republican journal. The Little Squib was published in Wellsboro from May, 1875, to April, 1880, by Misses Harriet A. and Marian R. Simpson, "for their own amusement, monthly — perhaps." It was a two-column, four-page sheet, neatly printed, and appeared very regularly during its life. The print- ing material, which belonged to the Misses Simpson's father, the late Robert C. Simpson, Esq., was some years later sold to Arthur M. Roy^ of the Agitator. The High School Rambler was established in 1902 by the Senior Class, of the Wellsboro High School. It is a 24-page royal octavo size publi- cation with a cover, published at the holiday season and at commence- ment. It is printed on fine plate paper and is usually handsomely illus- trated. Its subscription price is 15 cents a number and its circulation is, from 500 to 600. It is printed in the office of the Wellsboro Agitator. THE MANSFIELD ADVERTISER. Mansfield's first newspaper, called the Balance, was issued in August, 1855, as the organ of the Grand Lodge of "the Good Templars of North America." I. M. Ruekman was the publisher and his wife, Mary C. Ruckman, daughter of late Josiah Emery, Esq., then of Wellsboro, was the editor. She was secretary of the Grand Lodge of Good Templars of Pennsylvania. Sixteen numbers were issued, when it passed into the hands of J. Emery & Co. In the last of December of that year J. Emery 100 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. & Co. sold the plant to an association of the citizens of Mansfield. The name of the paper was changed to the Mansfield Express. Simon B. Elliott was editior and J. S. Hoard editor of the temperance depart- ment. The Express was published under this management for nearly a year, when further publication was suspended for want of sufficient support. The plant was sold to J. E. Faulkner, who took it to Kansas during the anti-slavery agitation and the material was dumped into the Missouri river one night by persons who did not like the tone of the paper. In 1872 the Valley Enterprise was moved from Lawrenceville to Mansfield by H. C. Mills, who was soon succeeded by Victor A. Elliott as editor. Prof. F. A. Allen purchased the plant and January 21, 1875, changed its name to the Mansfield Advertiser. Mr. O. D. Goodenough, a practical printer and bright local paragrapher, took charge of it and remained with the paper a number of years. The management was suc- cessively in the hands of D. A. Farnham, Pratt & Goodenough, (Vine R. Pratt and O. D. Goodenough) and W. A. Rowland. In May, 1885, Mr. Frank E. VanKeuren purchased the Advertiser and two months later Sheridan E. Coles bought a half interest and the partnership of Van Keuren & Coles continued till March, 1900, when Arthur M. Roy, of the Wellsboro Agitator, purchased Mr. VanKeuren 's interest and the firm became Coles & Roy. Mr. Harold G. Roy looked after his father's inter- est in the business. In September of the same year Mr. VanKeuren repurchased the interest of Mr. Roy and the firm still continues as Coles & VauKeuren. The Advertiser is a nine column folio and is counted as one of the influential papers of the county. THE BLOSSBURG ADVERTISER. Blossburg's first newspaper was the Register, established January 1, 1870, by Harry T. and Fred L. Graves, under the firm name of Graves Brothers. Harry had been running a job printing office in that borough for two or three years prior to that date. March 6, 1873, the plant was destroyed by the fire which swept away the business part of Blossburg. In a few weeks, however, the Register resumed publication with new material. In the spring of 1875 Fred L. Graves sold his interest to Isaac R. Doud. In May, 1879, John L. Sexton purchased the Register and named it the Industrial Register. He added a cylinder press and improved the plant generally. In June, 1880, the office passed into the hands of Havens & Conevery, of Wellsboro. They soon disposed of it and Mr. Sexton again secured control. The Blossburg Advertiser was established December 5, 1885, by Ben- jamin P. Sexton as proprietor and John L. Sexton as editor and business manager. For five months the paper was circulated gratis to all who would receive it; then the subscription price was fixed at 50 cents a year, and still continues at that figure, though the paper has been enlarged from a five column to a nine column folio. Benjamin P. Sexton died THE PRESS OF TIOGA COUNTY. 101 April 13, 1898, and the business has since been continued by John L. Sexton, who is now past 75 years of age, but still active as a solicitor for his paper and a pungent and forceful writer. THE WESTFIELD FREE PRESS. The Index, established April 17, 1873, by James V. Leach and N. W. Mc- Naughton, was the first newspaper in the Cowanesque valley. The editorial department was under the personal charge of Mr. Leach. It was independent in politics. Mr. McNaughton soon sold out to Mr. Leach, who discontinued the publication of the paper in July, 1874. In November, 1875, 0. S. Webster purchased the material and started the Westfield Idea, as an organ of the Greenback party. Early in 1878 the paper was removed to Wellsboro. In the latter part of 1878 E. M. Bixby, formerly of the Elkland Jour- nal, began the publication of the Westfield Free Press. In 1881 he sold out to J. F. Rugaber, who conducted it until January 1, 1890, when J. Hart Miller and A. C. Kimball purchased it. At the close of the year Mr. Kimball bought Mr. Miller's interest and conducted the paper alone, till August 1,1898, when he sold it to Messrs. W. W. Marsh and Clark Kimball, the firm being known as Marsh & Kimball. May 1, 1900, Mr. Marsh pur- chased Mr. Kimball's interest and has since conducted it alone. The paper is Republican in politics and is a bright and well conducted local paper with a large circulation. THE KNOXVILLE COURIER. The Knoxville Courier was established November 1, 1882, by A. H. Owens. It was a six-column folio. The firm became Owens & Culver in 1884 and it adopted the Republican policy. LaMont Brothers purchased it in 1885 and in 1886 Mr. Edward LaMont took sole charge and conducted it till 1889, when Frank G. Babcock became proprietor and its policy was changed to independent in poUtics. Mr. Charles E. Brugler, a practical printer, came to Knoxville from New Jersey in 1889 and on November 1st he became proprietor of the Courier. His industry and attention to local interests soon put the Courier on a sound basis and it has continued to flourish and is recognized as one of the solid institutions of the county. It is now a seven-column folio. THE COVINGTON SUN. Covington's first newspaper was the Riverside Intelligencer, estab- lished in February, 1888, by S. D. Forrest, and issued monthly. In August, 1889, it was enlarged to a seven-column folio and published weekly as the Covington Intelligencer. Mr. Forrest died in November, 1892, and his widow sold the plant to Augustus and Charles C. Redfield, who issued the first number of the Covington Monitor Feb. 3, 1893. In November, 1895, C. C. Redfield moved the paper to Painted Post, N. Y. In December, 1895, I. R. Doud began the weekly publication of the Cov- 102 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ington Record, a seven-column folio. It suspended in the fall of 1896. January 23, 1897, C. C. Redfield returned to Covington and began the publication of the Sun, which is now doing a prosperous business. THE TIOGA ARGUS. In January, 1827, the Tioga Pioneer, Tioga county's first newspaper, established in Wellsboro, December 3, 1825, was moved to Tioga. In 1828 Rev. Elisha Booth became proprietor, with William Garretson as asso- ciate editor. The name was changed to the Northern Banner. Mr. J. B. Shurtliff became the owner in 1831 or 1832 and changed the name to the Tioga Democrat. Four years later Dr. Cyrus Pratt purchased it and two years later sold it to William Adams of Mansfield. In August, 1840, Mr. Adams sold a half interest in the plant to John C. Knox and others and it was moved to Lawrenceville, the name being changed to the Law- rence Sentinel. Two years later it was moved to Troy, Bradford county, by the purchaser, Asa H. Carey. Tioga seems to have been without a newspaper till 1863, when some gentlemen who were anxious to have a paper there, bought the plant of the Wellsboro Banner. But before a paper was issued in Tioga the Dem- ocratic county committee re-purchased the material and moved it back to Wellsboro. Samuel J. McCullough, Jr., who for the last twenty years has been a member of the Kansas City bar, began the publication in Tioga in Feb- ruary, 1872, of a small four-page sheet called the Tioga News, which was in April, 1873, superseded by the Tioga County Express, an eight- column, four-page paper, launched by O. S. Webster and A. C. Lum- bard. In September, 1875, Mr. A. H. Bunnell bought the plant and changed the name in March, 1879, to the Tioga Express. He sold his subscription list to the Wellsboro Agitator in 1880 and moved the mater- ial to Canisteo, N. Y. February 2, 1882, E. M. Bixby revived the Tioga Express. He died in 1883 and his widow continued the paper with the help of Joseph H. Geer, who acquired full control of it after a few months. The Express died in 1886. In December, 1889, Mr. F. G. Babcock again revived the Express, which had a precarious existence until January, 1891, when he sold it to J. R. Bowen. Mr. Bowen ran it for about a year and sold it to Barnes & Roy, of the Wellsboro Agitator. Fred L. Graves began the publication of the Tioga Argus July 22, 1892. That paper is still in existence and is a good local paper, independ- ent in politics, and in size a six-column quarto. THE LAWRENCEVILLE HERALD. In August, 1840, Messrs. John C. Knox, Hiram Beebe, James Ford and Dr. Curtis Parkhurst bought a half interest in the Democrat, then published at Tioga by William Adams. They moved the paper to Law- renceville and changed the name to the Lawrence Sentinel, it being a THE PRESS OF TIOGA COUNTY. 103 Democratic organ. Mr. Knox soon after bought the other half inter- est of Mr. Adams and in 1842 he sold the material to Asa H. Carey, who moved it to Troy, Bradford county. In January, 1871, the Lawrence Advertiser was started by William Drysdale and Uri Mulford. Young Drysdale's father was then pastor of the Lawrenceville Presbyterian Church. After five weekly issues of this very small four-column sheet Mr. Drysdale became sole proprietor. The paper suspended April 8, 1871, with No. 13, the publisher's father having resigned, and the family left the place. Mr. Drysdale afterward became a writer of some note. The same year, the fall of 1871, Henry C. Mills started the Valley En- terprise and in less than two years moved it to Mansfield. The Herald was established by A. Redfield & Son in 1879 and continued its publica- tion ten years. Dr. Lewis Darling, Jr., took the plant in 1889 and in 1890 sold it to Wallace P. Ryon, Esq. Mr. Leon A. Church was a part- ner of Mr. Ryon for several years. It is now owned by Mr. Ryon, but the paper is conducted by M. J. Bemauer. THE ELKLAND JOURNAL. The Elkland Journal was established April 4, 1876, by Edward M. Bixby. He continued to edit and publish the paper until February 19, 1878, when he was succeeded by Messrs. Ryon & Ward and they were soon after succeeded by Wood & Buckbee. Mr. Fred L. Graves got control of the paper in May, 1878, and he managed it until January 1, 1882, when J. J. VanHorne & Brother purchased the plant and continued the paper until July 10, 1891, when the property was purchased by Will C. Griffiths. Notwithstanding that Mr. Griffiths improved the paper, its publication was suspended in the fall of 1896 on account of the lack of local support. Mr. Seymour Lang then purchased the plant, published the Journal for a few months and sold to Frank M. Cornelius. Frank B. Orser became the editor and publisher of the Journal in 1897, and continued it until Sept. 13, 1904, when the plant was entirely destroyed by fire. Its publication was resumed Jan. 19, 1905, brighter and better than ever. THE MILLERTON ADVOCATE. April 26, 1877, A. C. Lumbard & Son established a small folio sheet at Millerton, in Jackson township, called the Millerton Advocate. There seemed to be no local field for a newspaper there, but the projectors were able to secure a liberal advertising patronage from the city of El- mira, N. Y., and the paper was deemed to be on a firm basis when Harry T. Graves purchased the plant in October of the same year. Mr. Graves made the paper the organ of the Grand Army men and through the interest created by the department devoted to veteran soldiers of the Civil War he secured a good circulation among that class in the county and increas- ed the local interest in the Advocate. Mr. Graves is still successfully conducting the paper. THE MILITARY RECORD. BY GEORGE W. MERRICK. I enter with pleasure upon the task of preparing a brief miUtary record of Tioga county. The people of this county came from a vigorous and strenuous race, and they prefer peace to war ; but they know, and more than once have acted upon the knowledge that war is sometimes the only sure and honorable road to peace. We have produced no soldiers of fortune, and few have taken up arms as a profession, yet all who have done so have made honorable records in the service of their country ; but many have volunteered in the military service of their country from Tioga county, when its free institutions were imperiled — never in antag- onism, but always in support of the civil power. The pioneers, few in number, blazed the way for the incoming tides of human life, and indeed, their own lives were essentially that of the soldier. They met single-handed the lurking perils of the wilderness and its savage occupants. They formed the advance picket line of the great army of occupation, following slowly in their footsteps. The soldiery of arbitrary governments are often and usually the in- struments of injustice and despotism in the hands of irresponsible power, and the "man on horseback" has sometimes overthrown popular govern- ments ; but generally this has occurred when the people concerned were too little interested about their own rights — unfit indeed, to maintain en- lightened self-government. But it may be said of the American people, I think, that from the beginning of their national life the people of the United States have given the amplest proof on battle-field and Senate hall of their appreciation of self-government and their ability to sustain it. The soldier has never been the enemy of civil government in this land. The embattled farmers of the Revolution embraced war to defend the right of self-government, not to overthrow it. The infant nation again took up arms to defend the rights of citizenship — ^his right to change his allegiance against the doctrine that once a subject, always a sub- ject. In 1861-5 the Nation was again called upon to defend against internal assault the right of self-government, and especially the right of labor to own itself and its wage. And in the Spanish-American war, we were enabled to rise to unequalled heights of unselfish patriotism and statesmanship, demonstrating to the world that we could— unlike Eng- land in Egypt and Russia in Manchuria — go still farther and take up the sword in defence of a heroic subject people struggling against the bar- THE MILITARY RECORD. 105 barism of despotism, and restore them to self-government. This is a proud record. At the close of the Revolutionary war, peace having also been estab- lished with the Iroquois or Five Nations, whooccupied "The Long House" in southern New York from the Mohawk river to Lake Erie, many of the discharged Revolutionary soldiers came into this wilderness region to secure new homes— many of them being among the first settlers. These were our sturdy ancestors. I append a list of them, which is thought to be measurably accurate. REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS. Samuel Baker, Amos Stone, Adam Hart, George Hart, Andrew Hol- iday, Reuben Cook, Sr., Ebenezer Seelye, Simon Rixford, Israel Bulk- ley, Nathaniel P. Moody, David Jay, Ayers Tuttle, Daniel Lee, Samuel Tubbs, Sr., John Ryon, Sr., John H. Brown, Asahel Nobles, Jesse Losey, Harris Hotchkiss, Robert Patterson, Benj. Patterson, Daniel Wattles, Stephen Morrell, Sr., James Gray, Sr., Russell Rose, Jeremiah Rumsey, Ebenezer Busby, Seth Clark, Isaac Lounsbery, Ebenezer Ripley, Jacob Allen, Peter Shumway, Justus Dartt, Israel Greenleaf, Joseph Thomp- son, Richard Ellis, Royal Cole, Royal Steele, Sr., Robert Campbell. This list numbers 39. I add a few particulars concerning some of them. The first settler, now known, by the researches of Hon. Charles Tubbs, was James Strawbridge, of whom a most interesting account may be found in the article, "The Pioneers." Baker was one of the early settlers at Lawrenceville in 1787. He was captured when a boy of 13, by the Indians with Burgoyne's expedition, ransomed by a British officer for twelve dollars, and re-captured by the Americans at the battle of Sara- toga. He enlisted before the close of the war and was in one or two minor engagements. Amos Stone was a captain in a Connecticut regiment, but took part in Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts, and became a refugee, joining Baker in the fall of 1787. Stone held the wigwam disguised as an Indian, while Baker returned for his family. Reuben Cook, Sr., was among the first settlers on the Cowanesque river, and Jesse Losey built a log cabin on Tioga Island in 1791. Robert and Benjamin Patterson were noted Indian scouts, and acted as guides and hunters to the parties cutting out the Williamson road in 1791-2. Peter Shumway served six years and three months in the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, whose discharge, signed by Washington, is now in the hands of Peter Shumway, a descendant living at Wellsboro, Pa., states under date of June 9, 1783, that "it shall not avail the bearer as a discharge, until the ratification of the definitive Treaty of Peace, previous to which time, and until proclamation thereof shall be made, he is to be considered as being on Furlough." To this Furlough is attached 106 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. the powder-horn which this soldier carried through his six years and three months of service. Simon Rixf ord enlisted at fifteen and served seven years, and Nathan- iel Peasly Moody enlisted at sixteen and served through the war. Ebenezer Seelye was a trooper in Sheldon's Light Horse, serving im- mediately under Washington. Russell Rose was promoted as an aide on the staff of Washington at Valley Forge. Ayers Tuttle fought at the battle of Bunker Hill, and Jesse Losey was also in that battle and he witnessed the execution of Major Andre as a spy, at Tappan, New York, October 2, 1780. Some of these soldiers served in the Continental Army, and others in the militia, and others in the line regiments of Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania, and took part in all the campaigns and most of the great battles of the Revolution, from Bunker Hill to Yorktown. THE WAR OF 1812. On the burning of Buffalo in 1814, a company was formed from the Cowanesque and Tioga valleys. The following is said to be an accurate roster of the membership : Henry Baldwin, Captain ; Samuel Tubbs, Jr. , David Taylor, Reuben Cook, Jr., Andrew Bosard, John Knox, Newberry Close, Charles Car- penter, Elanson Seelye, Edsell Mitchell, Ebenezer Ferry, John B. Farr, Sr., James Cudworth, Levi Maybie, Jacob Hulslander, Gad Lamb, Fran- cis U. Spencer, Cornelius Middaugh, John A. Smith, James Smith, John Weeks, Sylvester Stewart, M. W. StuU, William Casbeer, WiUiam Wass, Asahel Nobles, Geo. W. Hunt, Godfrey Bowman, Duncan L. Thompson, Daniel Hunt, Jared Davis, Thomas Eldridge, Matthew Boom, Samuel P. King, Jason Cooper, John Crippen, Peter Mowry, Duncan Carl, Stephen Morrill, Jr., Sol. Westbrook, Henry H. Potter, Vine Seagers, Royal Cole, John Pershing, Homer Ruggles, John Sebring, John Neal, John J. Cole, Peleg Potter-50. THE CIVIL WAR. The Civil War, or the War of the Rebellion, 1861-5, was the greatest struggle of the nineteenth century for the emancipation of man. It rose in the dark but over-leaping ambition of slavery ; but it resulted in a truer foundation for our national life, a better future for labor, a better inheritance for our children. The outbreak of this war was a great shock to the people of the North. Though several Southern States had passed ordinances of secession, a Confederacy proclaimed, and southern senators were depart- ing from the United States Senate to take up arms against the Govern- ment—the people of the North did not realize the dread purposes of the secession leaders until the guns of General Beauregard opened fire upon THE MILITARY RECORD. 107 Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor. This not only "fired the Southern heart," as intended, but it also fired the Northern heart. The passing of generations of prosperous peace had not, as some fear- ed, undermined its loyalty. The people of the North had not been bred to war, nor to the use of arms, but the challenge was instantly accepted, and they exchanged the implements of peace for the unwonted weapons of war. There was no hesitation now, since the purpose of the secession leaders was so plainly revealed. Enlistments were immediate and spon- taneous. Every village "green" became a military camp where eager youth from the schools, the shops, the stores and the farm, gathered to be trained in the school of the soldier. Four companies were at once formed; at Lawrenceville by Philip Hol- land ; at Tioga by Hugh McDonald, and two at Wellsboro by Alanson E. Niles and Julius Sherwood. They were hurried forward to meet the call by President Lincoln for 75,000 volunteers. These companies reached the state capital too late to be accepted under this call, but their ardent patriotism would not be denied and this was met by the Legislature of the State then in session, passing an act authorizing a division of State troops as a Reserve Corps, for the use of the General Government, when they should be needed. They were soon needed, and were the first to reach Washington after the defeat of Bull Run, July 19, 1861. This body of troops, consisting of thirteen regiments of infantry, one of artillery and one of cavalry — a full division, was called the Penn- sylvania Reserve Corps. Sherwood's company became Co. H, of the Sixth Reserves and the 35th Regt., Pa. Vols., in line. The companies of Holland, Niles and McDonald became respectively, Co. A and E and G, of the Thirteenth Reserves, (Bucktails) and the42d Regt., Pa. Vols., in the line. I had thought to add a full roster of every company enhsting in Tioga county, but space forbids. It may be found in Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers and Brown's History of Tioga County. COMPANY H, SIXTH RESERVES. Captains— Julius Sherwood, James Carle ; Lieutenants— John W. Rose, Reuben Pratt, John Hinman, S. S. Rockwell, James B. Goodman, Frank A. Foster. COMPANIES A, E, G, BUCKTAILS. A, Captains— Philip Holland, John G. Harrower; Lieutenants— Neri B. Kinsey, E. B. Leonard, Daniel Orcutt ; E, Captains— Alanson E. Niles, Samuel D. Mack ; Lieutenants— L. Truman, Geo. A. Ludlow, William Taylor ; G, Captain— Hugh McDonald ; Lieutenant— Jessie B. Doan. Thomas L. Kane, brother of Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, was the first Lieutenant Colonel of this regiment. The men were hardy and good shots, and were drilled in the bayonet exercise, skirmish drill, and wore bucktails in their caps, which gave them an individuality which other regiments lacked, and they became widely known throughout the army of the Poto- mac, where they served. Alanson E. Niles became Colonel of the regi- 108 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ment ; Roy Stone, Major ; Lucius Truman, Quarter-master, and Dr. Wm. T. Humphrey, Assistant Surgeon. While this division was organized as a Reeerve, the name was a mis- nomer as concerns its actual service in the field, for no body of troops in the Union armies was less in reserve than this division. It was compos- ed of the best material for soldiers, and it was fortunate in its general offlcers, so that fine discipline and excellent service were assured. Gen- erals McCall, Seymour and Crawford commanded it, and its brigade Generals were Ord, Reynolds and Meade. It could always be relied upon no matter how desperate the situation, but it especially distinguish- ed itself in the battles of Drainsville, upon the Peninsula, Second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wilder- ness, Spottsylvania and Bethesda Church, which last battle it fought after the expiration of its term of enlistment, where the killed and captured of the enemy exceeded the total strength of the Reserves engaged in the battle. Those who re-en listed for the war composed the 190th and 191st regiments, Penn'a. Vols., the first commanded by Colonel Hartshorn of the Bucktails, and the other by Colonel Carle of the Sixth Reserves, Army of the Potomac. COMPANIES F, G, H AND I, 45TH REGIMENT. Company F, First Lieutenant— George P. Scudder ; Lieutenants— J. E. Woodmansee and Adolph D. Campbell. Company G, Captains^Nelson Whitney and Reese G. Richards; Lieu- tenants — Samuel Haynes, John J. Rogers, Thomas J. Davis, Ephriam Jef- fers, John J. Reese and William T. Fitzgerald. Company H, Captains— Edward G. Schiefflelin, Luke D. Seely, Edgar F. Austin ; Lieutenants— Reuben H. Close, J. D. Greenfield, Enoch G. Howard, Hiram Pickering, Levi R. Robb, Nathan Edwards. Company I, Captains— Francis M. Hills, William Close, Charles M. Hart ; Lieutenants— George Dwight Smith, James E. Catlin, Geo. M. Ackley, James M. Cole, DeWitt C. Hoag, Andrew Strong. This regiment was formed in October, 1861, on the second call by the Government for volunteers, immediately after the first battle of BuU Run. The field officers were Thomas Welsh, Colonel; James A. Beaver, Lieutenant Colonel ; J. M. Kilbourne, Major ; Captain, Francis M. Hills ; later became Lieutenant Colonel. George Dwight Smith was promoted to a staff position and was killed at the battle of South Mountain. This regiment saw service in widely separated parts of the country ; on James Island, S. C. the campaign against Vicksburg, Miss., the siege of Knoxville, Tenn., South Mountain, Antietam, Md., and in Vir- ginia from Fredericksburg and the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Har- bor, Petersburg and Appomattox. Brown's History says of it: "The regiment was noted for its fine discipline and the splendid bravery of its men." THE MILITARY RECORD. 109 COMPANY D, 57th REGIMENT. Captains — H. W. Caulkins and James D. Moore ; Lieutenants— Chas. D. Etz, Wm. Mattison, Cyrus P. Slavin. This regiment toolc part in many of the battles in Virginia, where it served until the close of the war. COMPANY L, 59th REGIMENT, SECOND CAVALRY. Captains— Robert T. Wood, Charles R. Taylor, Robert B. Ferry ; Lieutenants— Daniel Bacon, Martin V. Hallett, William A Faulkner. This regiment was engaged in all the cavalry actions in Virginia from Second Bull Run to Appomattox. From the Wilderness on, it served under Sheridan. It was consolidated with the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry. COMPANIES C, G AND L, 80TH REGIMENT, SEVENTH CAVALRY. C, Captains— A. J. B. Dartt, Charles C. Hermans ; Lieutenant— Henry D. Calkins ; G, Lieutenant— James W. Childs ; L, Lieutenant— Otis G. Geroulds. This regiment was commanded by that accompHshed soldier. Colonel George C. Wynkoop, who brought it to a high state of discipUne and efficiency. It served in Tennessee and with the western armies until the close of the war. It fought so much at close quarters with the saber that it was called "The Saber Regiment." For the last two years of its service it was brigaded with the Fourth Michigan and the Fourth United States Cavalry. They were a formidable brigade, and the Rebel cavalry were not able to stand against their whirlwind charges. This brigade with the First and Second Tennessee Cavalry, captured Shelbyville, Tenn., in a saber charge over fortifications built to resist infantry. It was defended by twice their own number of Rebel cavalry under General Wheeler, with two batteries of field artillery. They charged over a double line of in- trenchments, with deep ditches, abatis and other obstructions, grape that swept through their ranks, stormed the works, leaping their horses over batteries, sabering the gunners at their guns, and drove the demor- alized rebel cavalry out of the town, killing and capturing half their number, and driving half the remainder into Duck river. This was the first time during the war that defended intrenchments were captured by mounted cavalry. COMPANY B, lOlST REGIMENT. Captains — Joseph S. Hoard, Victor A. Elliott and Melvin L. Clark ; Lieutenants— Abram Young, Franklin P. Wylie, George G. Gaylord, Harvey S. Horton. Joseph S. Hoard was promoted to Major. The regiment served in the Peninsula campaign, but a large part of the regiment was captured at Plymouth, N. C, and not exchanged until March, 1865. COMPANIES B AND D, 106TH REGIMENT. John Irvin was Lieutenant of Company D, but was promoted to Cap- tain of Co. B, and again promoted to Major for bravery in battle. He 110 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. was in command of the advance picket line in front of the center of the Union lines the third day at Gettysburg, and though three times ordered in, the word did not reach him, and he opened so hot a fire with his 150 skirmishers that the Confederate division of General Picket thinking they had reached the main Union lines, halted and opened fire. He came of fighting stock and had four brothers fighting in the 106th. COMPANY F, 108th REGIMENT, llTH CAVALRY. Captain— B. B. Mitchell; Lieutenant— J. V. Pickering. Victor A. Elliott, a Sergeant in this company, was promoted to Captain of Co. B, 101st Penn'a. This regiment served with distinction in the various bat- tles of Virginia, and was frequently used in scouting service. COMPANIES A, B, D, 126TH REGIMENT. A, Captains— John J. Hammond, John I. Mitchell ; Lieutenants— Ro- manzo C. Bailey, H. L. Prutzman ; B, Captain— Charles Ryon ; Lieuten- ants—John Seely, Nelson Doty ; D, Captain — Sylvester D. Phillips ; Lieutenants— Albert B. Close, Alva Davidson, Martin Dodge. This regiment enlisted for a term of nine months, and was engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg. Charles Ryon was Major. COMPANIES A AND G, 149TH REGIMENT. A,"' Captains— A. J. Sofield, Dudley A. Fish, Lewis Bodine, B. H. Warriner ; Lieutenants — Dudley A. Fish, Lewis Bodine, George Black- well, John Walbridge, B. H. Warriner, John Rexford, George D. Brooks; Sergeants Albert D. Wright and John L. Barnes were promoted to Cap- tain in the 43d Regiment, U. S. Colored Troops. G, Captain— Thomas B Bryden. Henry J. Landrus was promoted to Sergeant-Major of the regiment. John Patterson and A. B. Eastman belonged to Co. F, and Charles L. Hoyt, Lieutenant, and Isaac Bryant belonged to Co. K. This regiment was'jaised by Roy Stone, formerly Major of the Buck- tails, and he became its Colonel. Dr. William T. Humphrey was Sur- geon and Rev. James F. Calkins, Chaplain. The regiment belonged to the "Bucktail Brigade" and wore bucktails in their caps. This bri- gade became famous in the magnificent fight it made near Seminary Ridge on the first day at Gettysburg. It held its ground from early in the day until four o'clock against largely superior numbers, in front and on either flank, repulsing with heavy loss repeated charges on their position, and in order to do so successfully, it had several times to change front to the rear, under fire, as heavy lines of the enemy charged first upon one flank and than upon the other. This movement is rarely suc- cessful with old, tried and seasoned troops, but phenomenal with troops but a few months in the field. They were the last to retire, but in good order, after the enemy had passed both their flanks— but gave them a wide berth— not desiring to come to any closer quarters. THE MILITARY RECORD. Ill COMPANIES A AND C, 171ST REGIMENT. A, Captain — Anson A. Amsbry ; Lieutenants— Lucien O. Beach, Sam- uel W. Lane, Charles Belter, and William L. Keagle ; C, Captain — William B. Hall. This was a nine months' regiment. Robert C. Cox was its Major. Its service was principally in North Carolina. It was mustered out Aug- ust 8, 1863. COMPANY A, FIRST BATTALION, PA. VOLS. Captain— George W. Merrick ; Lieutenants— Cecil A. Deane and Rob- ert Young. This company was recruited under a call of the government for six months' volunteers, in anticipation of the invasion of the State. But two battalions were formed in the State. When Lee did invade the State, and under the emergency call, forty regiments were recruited for three months' service. The First Battalion served in the State, chiefly on provost duty, during its time of service, and re-enlisted, becoming the 187th Regiment. COMPANIES A AND I, 187TH REGIMENT. A, Captains — George W. Merrick, Morgan Hart, Robert Young ; Lieutenants — Morgan Hart, Gerould D. Dennison, Timothy B. Culver, William A. Stone. This regiment was formed by the re-enlistment and completion of the First Battalion of six [months' volunteers. It was brigaded after the battle of Cold Harbor with the "Bucktail Brigade," Joshua L. Chamber- lain, Colonel of the 20th Maine, the First Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps, commanding. Its first engagement was an assault on "Rives' Salient," Petersburg, afterwards known as "Fort Hell," in which the regiment lost two hundred and twenty killed and wounded. Major Mer- rick was discharged from wounds received in this engagement. It serv- ed farther in the desperate fighting of Welden Railroad and Hatcher's Run, and completed its term of service at Philadelphia. COMPANIES C AND E, 190TH REGIMENT. C, Captain — Neri C. Kinsey, breveted Major; Lieutenant— R. J. Christenot. The regiment was made up of re-enlistments from the First, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth and Thirteenth Pennsylvania Reserves, and fought through to the end of the war. Field officers from Tioga county : John A. Wolff, Major ; Lucius Truman, Quartermaster ; J. G. Chambers, Assistant Surgeon. COMPANY B, 191st REGIMENT. B, Lieutenant — Livingston Bogart. This regiment was composed of of re-enhsted veterans from the Second, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Tenth 112 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Pennsylvania Reserves. James Carle, of the Sixth Reserves, was made Colonel, and was appointed Brigadier General, March 13, 1865. COMPANIES A, D, H, B, E, G AND K, 207TH REGIMENT. A, Captain— Elmer Backer ; Lieutenants— Joseph M. Young, Thomas O. Doud; B, Lieutenant— J. H. Schambacher; D, Captain Sylvester D. Phillips ; Lieutenants— Albert B. Close, Chauncey C. Ackley ; E, Lieu- tenant — William L. Keagle ; G, Lieutenants— P. H. Blanchard, Henry G. Stephen ; H, Captain— Robert T. Wood ; Lieutenants— John E. Park- hurst, Amasa C. Culver, Oliver P. Babcock ; K, Captain — John J. Reese ; Lieutenants — John Karr, Thomas D. Elliott, William L. Reese. Robert C. Cox was Colonel ; Victor A. Elliott, Major; George M. Bas- tian, Adjutant ; William F. Wiseman, Quartermaster ; Darius L. Deane, Quartermaster Sergeant ; Chauncey F. Dartt, Commissary Sergeant. This regiment had a larger number of soldiers from Tioga county in its ranks than any single organization in service, and was part of a division composed entirely of Pennsylvania soldiers. It took a prominent part in the re-capture of Fort Stedman, and with it the capture of a good part of General Gordon's division, which had surprised the Fort during the night. The division, with the greatest gallantry, stormed these formida- ble works at the fall of Petersburg, after the most desperate fighting. Darius L. Deane lost an arm in this assault. COMPANIES E, F, G, K, 35TH "EMERGENCY" REGIMENT. E, Captain — Morgan L. Bacon ; Lieutenants — John S. Murdough, Abram DeWitt ; F, Captain — William Cole ; Lieutenants — Wilham S. Boatman and Robert H. Steele ; G, Captain — Luman Stevens ; Lieuten- ants — Giles Roberts and Ellery D. Rutherford ; K, Captain — Horace S. Johnson ; Lieutenants — Romanzo C. Bailey and Henry R. Fish. This regiment was raised (with 39 other regiments, five battalions and 61 independent companies) on the call of the War Governor of the State, Andrew G. Curtin, on the certainty that General Lee had invaded the State, just prior to the battle of Gettysburg. They were not concen- trated in time to take part in that battle, but many of them reached the Army of the Potomac about the time that Lee's army crossed the Poto- mac river in its retreat to Virginia. Edward G. Schieffelin was Lieuten- ant Colonel ; Hugh Young, Quartermaster ; Dr. W. W. Webb, Surgeon. So far I have undertaken to give a very brief reference to the organ- ized companies and the regiments to which they were attached, but in addition to this many hundred soldiers from the county enlisted singly and in small numbers in a great many companies and regiments of this State, from the 29th to the 215th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers ; but the limits of this paper preclude any further description. Soldiers of Tioga county served in regiments of many other States : The 14th U. S. Infantry, the 3d, 23d, 34th, 48th, 50th, 64th, 67th, 86th, 103d, 107th, 116th 141st, 149th, 194th Infantry, and the 1st, 2d and 22d Cavalry of New THE MILITARY RECORD. 113 York. And also U. S. Marine Corps, 1st Minnesota, 7th Wisconsin, 2d Maryland, 1st Connecticut, 7th Kansas, 12th Illinois, 33d Missouri and Lane's Kansas Brigade. UNITED STATES NAVY. Several Tiogans served in the navy. Lott W. Webb served on the gunboat Kinea in the Gulf Squadron ; A. A. Truman served on the St. Lawrence and Pursuit ; Lemuel Smart on the Susquehanna, Savannah, Dakotah and Pennsylvania ; Rev. Henry Goodrich on the Mettamscott and Hartford. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR — CO. K, FIFTH PENN'A. REGT., VOLS. Captain — Ralph E. Gambell ; Lieutenants — Edson J. Catlin and Her- bert J. Burchfield. This company was wholly enlisted in Tioga county. It went into camp at Chicamauga, Georgia, and later at Lexington, Ken- tucky, but did not reach the field of active operations. THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION — 28TH AND 43D UNITED STATES INFANTRY. Hugh Carl Young served as Lieutenant in the 28th Regiment. Mor- ton L. Avery, Lieutenant in 43d Infantry, U. S. V. Avery was killed in action in the Philippine Islands, in 1904. The adult male population of Tioga county at the breaking out of the Civil War, was about six thousand. Of this number probably two thous- and six hundred enlisted in the Federal armies. About twenty-four per cent, of this number laid down their lives for their country ! These sim- ple figures speak volumes for the loyalty of the county in the war of the Rebellion. The spirit of the fathers lived in the sons. And all these wars have tended to establish the idea to which the land was dedicated. They were accomplished by a high order of patriotism. Self-love is the freezing point in the temperature of the world, but patriotism is the human warmth of heart which shall raise the tempera- ture to the living point. And American patriotism is not only a duty but a privilege, which enkindles and ennobles the heart, and pours out a flash of interest and feeling, first upon family and kindred, then upon country, then upon humanity. Not material force, not extent of country, not great armies with horsemen and footmen with flying banners and the show and circum- stance of war constitutes patriotism, but an ideal, > a sense of duty, a sentiment, an emotion of the heart; a love of country, which prompts the good citizen in the good cause to gladly lay down his life for his country, and regret that he has but one life to give. THE BENCH OF TIOGA COUNTY. BY HOWARD F. MAESH. The history of the Bench of Tioga County dates back to January 11, 1813, when, as the minutes in attenuated old Docket "A" inform us, the first law court was constituted in Wellsboro. The first session of court was presided over by John Bannister Gibson, with Samuel W. Morris and Ira Kilbum associate judges, and the jurisprudence of the county could not have had a worthier beginning. The associate judges were men of high character and ability, as well as important factors in the settlement and improvement of the county ; and among the great jurists who have honored this State and graced its courts. Judge Gibson stands pre-eminent. His fame as a just and learned judge is wider than the limits of the Commonwealth, for his decisions have been quoted as lumi- nous expositions of our common law wherever that law is interpreted. Judge Gibson came early to the ermine. He was only two months past thirty- two years of age when he held the first court in Tioga county, and so he in large part escaped the temptation to which all honorable practioners are subject— the temptation to search the law for means to secure victory and justice, and not as a judge is impelled to search, with a mind single to justice only. For more than forty years he devoted the energies of his superb and tireless mind to interpreting law and doing justice, with a success unmatched in the judicial history of Pennsylvania- By common consent he stands foremost among the jurists who have adorned the Bench of the State. He is foremost also in length of service on the Supreme Bench, having been Chief Justice almost a quarter-cen- tury and a member of that Court for more than thirty-five years. Chief Justice Jeremiah S. Black, in his fine eulogy of Justice Gibson, published in the Nineteenth Penna. State Report, says: "At the time of his death he had been longer in office than any contemporary judge in the world ; and in some points of character he had not his equal on the earth. Such vigor, clearness and precision of thought were never before united with the same felicity of diction. * * * He was of all men the most devoted and earnest lover of truth for its own sake. He was inflex- ibly honest. I do not mean to award him merely that commonplace in- tegrity which it is no honor to have, but simply a disgrace to want. He was not only incorruptible, but scrupulously, delicately, conscientiously free from all wilful wrong, either in thought, word or deed. ' ' It is a matter for genuine congratulation that the first occupant of the Tioga County Bench was one deserving the high eulogy bestowed by THE BENCH OF TIOGA COUNTY. 115 Judge Black ; and in view of the character and record of his successors, It Is almost permitted to fancy that the gracious influence of his high ex- ample has persisted through the years, a stimulus and inspiration to those who followed him. Thomas Burnside, the second Judge to preside in the Courts of this County, served but a short time, possibly only one term, as the history of the County states, although the basis for the statement is not clear. It appears that September 16, 1816, Judge Burnside held court in Wells- boro, and that two years later Judge Edward Herrick succeeded him. Who administered justice in the interval no record so far examined dis- closes. In January, 1845, Judge Burnside was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court, which office he held until his death in March, 1851. Edward Herrick was not quite thirty-one years of age, when, in Sep- tember, 1818, he came from Athens, Bradford county, to hold court in this part of the district, which then comprised Bradford, Tioga and Sus- quehanna counties. Judge Herrick studied law in Zanesville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in August, 1808, more than two months before he attained his majority. If immediate political advance- ment is a trustworthy evidence of capacity. Judge Herrick must have been a man of ability, as well as of early maturity, for shortly after his admission to the bar he was appointed district attorney for three coun- ties, and at the age of twenty-five he was elected a member of the Ohio Legislature. In 1813 he moved to Athens, where he had relatives, and engaged in the practice of his profession, which he continued with success until ap- pointed President Judge of this district in July, 1818. He held the courts of this county for more than twenty years, retiring in February, 1839, and in length of service stands second in the list of eleven judges who have presided on the Tioga Bench. John Nesbit Conyngham, of Wilkesbarre, followed Judge Herrick, and filled the oflace for ten years, retiring in 1849, although he served twenty years longer as judge in an adjoining district. Judge Conyng- ham's death was a tragical one, being caused by an accident at Mag- nolia, Mississippi. In stepping from a moving train he fell under the wheels, and received injuries from which he died in about two hours. Judge Conyngham was a man of piety as well as learning, and it is re- lated of him that his last words, spoken shortly before his death, were, "I know that my Redeemer liveth. " Horace Williston was the last Judge of the county previous to the Elective Judiciary Act. He was appointed in April, 1849, when almost sixty-six years of age, and, with the single exception of Judge Niles, was the oldest Judge chosen for the Tioga County Bench. He served two years and a half before his successor. Judge White, was elected and qualified. Judge Wilhston died about four years after his term of office expired, and the Bar of Bradford county, at a meeting held in his mem- ory, paid a high tribute to his character as a lawyer and citizen. Among 116 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. the resolutions adopted at the meeting was one directing that the mem- bers of the bar wear crape on the left arm for thirty days as a mark of respect, a custom which in most communities is now obsolete. The ex- tent of his business is evidenced by a statement in the meeting referred to, that for more than twenty years Judge Williston attended the sit- tings of the Supreme Court at Sunbury without missing a single term. Judge Williston was the father of the late L. P. Williston, of Wellsboro. Robert Gray White was the first Judge of this district to be elected by the people, as previous to the Constitution of 1850, the Judges were appointed by the Governor. The old judicial district included the coun- ties of Tioga and Bradford, and it is related that it was changed in order to give Judge White and David Wilmot a district without a contest. Probably the reason given for the change is correct, for politics a half century ago was about the same as now. At any rate the change was made, and both were elected. Judge White was born in Northumberland county January 21, 1807. He graduated from Jefferson College in 1826, when in his twentieth year, and shortly afterward began the study of law. In 1829 he was ad- mitted to the bar from the office of Hon. Henry Shippen, of Meadville, and soon thereafter located in Wellsboro for the practice of his profes- sion. He was a delegate to the convention which framed the Constitu- tion of 1838, and he showed his belief in equal rights by his opposition to that clause of the Constitution which denied to colored men the right of suffrage they had previously enjoyed in this State. Judge White was re-elected in 1861, and served the full term, making twenty years that he held the office ; and, but for advanced age and physical weakness, he would perhaps have succeeded himself for a third term. Of his qualifications as a Judge, and high character as a citizen, the Bar put on record this testimony in its resolutions on his death, which occurred September 5, 1875 : "In Judge White we recognize what has been appropriately said to be the noblest work of God— an honest man. Honorable and high-toned in all his thoughts and actions, he adorned the profession of his choice ; upright and impartial as a Judge, the judicial ermine was never soiled by his wearing it ; courteous, kind and liberal as a citizen and a parent, the world was made the better by his living in it. " Henry W. Williams, the second Presiding Judge elected by the people, stands first in judicial service in this county, having held office a little more than twenty-two years. In learning, in temperament, in felicity of diction, and in the qualifications generally of the ideal judge, he stands second only to the great jurist who held Tioga county's first court; and his opinions challenge admiration alike for their correct enunciation of legal principles, and for the precision and beauty of the language in which they are expressed. Judge Williams was born in Susquehanna county in 1830. He came THE BENCH OF TIOGA COUNTY. 117 to this county when a comparatively young man, read law in the office of John W. Guernsey, Esq., and was admitted to practice in 1854. He was appointed Additional Law Judge for this district in 1865 by Governor Curtin, and in 1871 was elected its President Judge. He held the office until 1887, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of the State to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Chief Justice Mercur. In the same year he was elected for the full term of twenty-one years, and, until his death January 25, 1899, he served in the State's highest court, not only acceptably, but with ability and learning not exceeded, if paralleled, by any of his associates. As a Common Pleas Judge, he permanently enriched the jurisprudence of the State by his many decisions defining the legal status of that vagrant and puzzling mineral, petroleum, which Pennsylvania claims as distinct- ively her own because it was here first discovered and civilized. He pre- sided over the courts of McKean county in the time of the oil excite- ment, and was called upon to pass judgment upon many of the debata- ble questions relating to that newly discovered product, whose character and habits were without precedent in the mineral world, and whose stand- ing in law was almost as undefined as its ancestry. To wisely settle- these many questions, and to blaze a new trail in the domain of law, was; a task of high importance, and it was one through which Judge Wilhams left an indelible impress upon the judicial history of our Commonwealth. Judge Williams was a man of wide learning and information aside from his professional attainments. He studied medicine sufficiently to almost qualify him for practice, and his acquaintance with the history of his church and prominence in its councils procured his selection as a lay rep- resentative at the great meeting of the Presbyterians in Scotland in 1877. He filled all the elective offices in the Grand Masonic Lodge of Pennsyl- vania, and at the time of his death he held the highest position in the gift of the fraternity, that of Grand Master. The last public official act of Justice Williams was to administer the oath of office to Governor William A. Stone, who for many years was a friend and neighbor of the Judge, as well as a practicing attorney in his court. The Governor, with several members of his staff ; the members of the Supreme Court ; the Grand Officers of the Masonic Lodge, and many other officers and persons prominent in the affairs of the State, attended the funeral, which was held in Wellsboro. Stephen Fowler Wilson was bom in Columbia township, Bradford county, September 4, 1821. He was admitted to the bar February 20, 1845, and was at different times associated in practice with James Lowry, with L. P. Williston, with Jerome B. Niles, and with Norman H. Ryan. He was elected a State Senator in 1862, and in 1864 was elected to rep- resent his district in Congress, where he served for four years. Judge Wilson was appointed an Additional Law Judge, as assistant of Judge WiUiams, in 1871, and in the fall of 1872 was elected for a ten years' term. He was not a close and persistent student, like his pre- 118 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. decessor and associate, but he was a strong and able Judge. His quick and logical mind, his excellent judgment of men, his sincere love of jus- tice ; and, above all, his abiding faith that what was right was law, and that in doing righteousness a Judge would not err in administering law, were towers of strength, and the reports will show that he was excep- tionally fortunate in having his decisions sustained by the higher courts- Judge Wilson was almost inimitable as a story teller. His brilliant wit was assisted by a charm of manner and a personal attractiveness which have made his stories a synonymn for what is most effective in the story-teller's art. During the trial of a case before him on one oc- casion a woman was testifying, and the opposing counsel objected to some part of her testimony. She ignored the objection. Her own coun- sel admonished her, but she heeded him as little, and went svnftly on with her story. Judge Wilson rapped sharply with his gavel, and order- ed her to stop ; but she went calmly on, about two hundred words a min- ute, and a second and third order produced no visible effect. The Judge gave it up, and, leaning back in his chair with assumed resignation, waited for her to complete her story. When she finished he turned to her and said; "Well, you have run down at last, haven't you? And I will see that no one winds you up again in this court. You may leave the witness stand." Judge Wilson's convivial habits during a part of his term on the Bench, which were the cause of censure from many who nevertheless admired and liked him, were a source of sorrow to their possessor. Those who knew him best say that he struggled manfully against any over- indulgence, and that he deeply deplored his failures. Perhaps his own testimony on this point, phrased as only he would have phrased it, is most convincing. He was once called upon to speak in a temperance meeting held in the Court House, and in that speech he said, in part : "I want it distinctly understood that I am a temperance man, drunk or sober. ' ' Judge Wilson's unique and somewhat dramatic personality finds ex- pression in the arrangements he made for his interment. He constructed a granite mausoleum about thirteen by eighteen feet in the form of a log cabin, over the gable of which appears the word, "Home." On the huge marble slab which covers the vault where his remains were depos- ited, these cryptic , words are chiseled: "P. S.— Waiting for further orders." The Wilsonian touch is found in the prefatory "P. S." Ko one else would have added that feature to an inscription which was un- usual enough to excite comment without it. John I. Mitchell, the first native of the county to preside over its courts, was born in Tioga township, July 28, 1838. He was admitted to the Bar in 1864, and four years later was elected District Attorney. He was several times elected a member of the Legislature, where he served for five years, and in 1876 he was nominated by the Republicans of his district for Representative in Congress, where he served four years. In THE BENCH OP TIOGA COUNTY. 119 1881 the bitter contest between Henry W. Oliver and Galusha A. Grow for the United States Senate was compromised by the nomination of Mr. Mitchell. After his six years' service in the higher branch of Congress he returned to the practice of his profession in Wellsboro. In a few months he was elected to the office of Judge, his election occurring in November, 1888, and he was re-nominated and re-elected in 1898. He continued in office until the first of January, 1900, when he resigned to take his place on the Superior Bench of the State, to which position he had been elected in the November preceding. He is now a retired mem- ber of that court, under the Act of 1901, providing for the retirement of judges who are incapacitated. Judge Mitchell's election was strongly warranted by his possession of many of the qualities^most admirable in a judicial officer. He was ex- ceptionally well versed in elementary law, and he had supplemented this knowledge by a thorough study and analysis of Pennsylvania statutes. But his highest qualification for the office was the unswerving integrity which marked every judicial act. Every Utigant went before his court assured that Judge Mitchell would do everything in his power to insure a just decision, and that neither poverty nor wealth would obscure or affect his judgment. It is to his recognized integrity and high character that he owed, in large part, his political success, although any history of his career would be incomplete which failed to take account of his fine presence and phy- sique, which procured for him, when in the United States Senate, the reputation of being one of the finest, if not the finest, looking member of that august body. His political career is an unusual one, the office hav- ing sought the man in his case with a frequency hardly paralleled in our county's history. In 1876, when the Republican party wanted a candi- date for Representative in Congress upon whom the contending factions could unite, it turned to him as the most acceptable nominee it could find. In 1881 the long battle in the Pennsylvania Legislature between the adherents of Grow and Oliver was compromised by selecting Mr. Mitchell as one acceptable to both sides ; and in 1899, when it was deem- ed advisable to retire the Republican nominee for Judge of the Superior Court, the party again turned to him as one whose high character and flawless record would cancel what the party leaders considered a mistake. David Cameron was appointed by Governor Stone to fill the vacancy caused by Judge Mitchell's resignation to go upon the Superior Court Bench. He served acceptably to lawyers and litigants for one year, from January, 1900, to January, 1901, when he was succeeded by Jerome B. Niles, who died after less than four years in office. On Judge Niles' death, Judge Cameron was again appointed to fill the vacancy ; and he became the nominee of both parties for the ten years' term beginning in January, 1906. He was bom in Glasgow, Scotland, and it is perhaps worth noting that while his predecessor in office and brother-in-law. Judge Mitc\v- 120 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ell, was the first Judge bom within the county, Judge Cameron is the only occupant of our Bench bom without the jurisdiction of the United States. He has, however, been a resident of this county for more than half a century, and a citizen since his majority. He and Judge Mitchell are the only survivors of the eleven Judges who have graced the Tioga County Bench. Judge Cameron was a successful coal miner for a few years, and one of his recollections connected with this employment is that he was com- pelled to go on a strike, very much against his will, when he was earning about ten dollars a day. He subsequently taught school for several terms, and in following out the approved system of pedagogy in vogue at that time was occasionally compelled to strike, although at considerable less expense than he incurred in coal mining. He was admitted to the Bar in 1868, when about thirty years of age, and as a lawyer has been concern- ed in many important cases, both civil and criminal. He served for sev- eral years as Assistant District Attorney for the United States in the Western District of this State, his friend, ex-Governor Stone, being a part of the time the District Attorney. Although a Scotchman, and proud of his ancestry. Judge Cameron has none of the canny Scot's alleged impregnability to a joke. On the con- trary, he is a fine story-teller, and he also has the appreciative ear in which Shakespeare affirms a joke's prosperity rests. He is a discrim- inating reader of good literature, with a special predilection for Robert Bums, whose poems he reads and recites as only a Scotchman can who loves the poems and the tongue. He finds himself equally at home in educational, literary or professional gatherings. Jerome B. Niles was elected in the November election, 1900, and his term began the first Monday of January, 1901. He was bom in Middlebury township, September 25th, 1834, and was the second native of the county to occupy its Bench. It is perhaps a coincidence that neither he nor Judge Mitchell, his predecessor by elec- tion, and the only other occupant of the Bench bom within the county, was ever defeated in a contest before the people, although each submit- ted his name eleven times to the voters for their verdict. Another co- incidence—a sad one— in their records, is that each was incapacitated by physical weakness while serving as Judge. Judge Niles was admitted to practice in 1861, and at the time of his election the onlysurviving members of the Bar admitted at an earlier date were John N. Bache, admitted in 1843, and Col. R. T. Wood, whose ad- mission was ten years later. Judge Niles had been in practice more than thirty-nine years when he became Judge, and was of wide experience, not only in his profession, but in business and State aifairs. The year after his admission to the Bar he was elected District Attorney, and the same year he was appointed Mercantile Appraiser in the county and Message Clerk in the House of Representatives. In 1865 he was re- elected District Attorney, and in 1868 was chosen a member of the Leg- THE BENCH OF TIOGA COUNTY. 121 islature, to which office he was re-elected in 1869. Three years later he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention, which framed the Constitution of 1874, and he subsequently served eight years in the Legislature. In 1883 he was elected Auditor General of the State, and of his service in that position the Philadelphia Times said that no other official ever made a more earnest or successful effort to give the State the largest revenue possible under the laws. The Act of 1885, more than doubling the revenue from money at interest, "was in large part framed in his office," the Times says, and his efforts in behalf of equal taxation, perhaps furnish one of the reasons why the farmers were always en- thusiastic in his support. Judge Niles was an exceptionally suave and considerate Judge, and while he was sohcitous to prevent unnecessary expense to the county, he was also careful to extend all reasonable courtesy to litigants and their counsel. His long experience at the Bar did not serve to spoil a Judge in the making of an advocate, for the bent of his mind was judi- cial, and when he came to the Bench his administration of its duties was from the first easy and natural. In November, 1902, Judge Niles was stricken with a disease which baffled the skill of specialists, and after a brave and patient battle of two years, his death occurred on the twenty-ninth of December, 1904. His last official act was the signing of an order awarding a writ of habeas corpus to release from jail some prisoners charged with violation of quarantine regulations at Morris Run. Five days later came his own merciful release from pain and weariness. Besides the President Judges of the district already noted, Arthur E. Olmsted, for many years President Judge of the Potter county district, was elected Additional Law Judge of this district in 1882, which position he held until the Judicial Apportionment Act of August 7, 1883, erected Tioga county into a separate judicial district and created Potter and Mc- Kean coimties a district of which he became the presiding Judge. Judge Olmsted was bom in 1827, and was admitted to the Bar in 1850. He served three terms in the Legislature, and was the first candidate of the Republican party for Lieutenant Governor under the new constitution, in 1874, when, owing to disturbed political conditions, the party was defeat- ed. He is a man of unusual natural gifts, is deeply read in the law, and his flawless integrity and quick ' discernment, complete an equipment for the high office of Judge that is not easily paralleled. Summarizing the story of our Bench, it appears that of the eleven Judges who have presided over our courts, five were appointed by the Governor under the early law, and six have been elected. Of the six elected, two, Wilson and Cameron, were also appointed, and Williams and Wilson were appointed Additional Law Judges previous to their ser- vice in that office by election. Their average age on assuming office was forty-six and two-thirds years. Judge Herrick was the youngest, thirty years and ten months, and Judge Niles was the oldest, sixty-six years and 122 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. three months. With the exception of Judge WilHston, none of the Judges previous to Judge Wilson's time, had, when chosen, reached the age of forty-five years. Three of the Judges, Gibson, Bumside and Williams, served on the Supreme Court Bench ; and one, Mitchell, in the Superior Court. Two, Williams and Niles, assisted in framing our present Con- stitution ; Williams as a member of the Board of Revision, and Niles as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Two, Wilson and Mitchell, served in Congress, the latter in both branches. Of the Judges appoint- ed by the Governor none was a resident of the county when selected ; while all of those elected resided in Wellsboro, although for more than thirty years after the Elective Judiciary Act, Tioga county was in a judi- cial district with three, and part of the time four, other counties. Of the appointed Judges, three were college graduates, but of those elected only one. Judge White, held a college diploma. In length of judicial service to the Commonwealth, Justice Gibson is first, with forty-one years, and Justice Williams second with thirty-four. The average term of service in the county of each Judge is a little more than eight years. Judge Wil- liams' service being longest, twenty-two years, and Judge Bumside's probably the shortest. THE BAR OF TIOGA COUNTY. BY DAVID CAMERON. The monograph on the Judges who have occupied the Bench of Tioga County has been assigned to other hands. Some of those Judges came into this district by appointment by the Governor under the Constitution of 1790 and were not members of the bar of Tioga County. Others have been members of our bar, but as the career of each one has been fully discussed in the article on the Bench, it is manifestly inappropriate for me to duplicate the work already performed. This paper therefore, will contain no mention of such members of this bar as have at any time occupied the Bench. The writer is greatly indebted to the History of Tioga County for what follows. The only lawyers present when Court first opened in Wellsboro of whom there is any account were Ethan Baldwin, Henry Wilson, Francis Campbell and Robert McClure. There was no resident lawyer at that time. William Patton, the first resident lawyer, came soon after and lived in a log cabin where the residence of the late Justice Williams now stands. The above cited history says : ' 'He was bom in Philadelphia, August 8th, 1781, and there grew to manhood and married Henrietta Anthony. His name appears as one of the trustees of Wellsboro Academy in 1818, and in 1820 was elected Vice-President of the Board. He acted as Dep- uty Attorney General in 1819 and died in Wellsboro in 1823. Clarendon Rathbone was born in Sutton, Mass., March 23rd, 1796, and was admitted to the bar of Madison County, N. Y., May 9th, 1820. He removed to Lawrenceville, this county, and was admitted to the bar in 1821, where he practiced till 1840, when he moved to Blossburg, where he Uved and practiced till his death, August 26th, 1882. He was appointed Deputy Attorney General in 1826 and reappointed in 1827 and 1828 and again in 1834. He had an extensive law practice for those times and was greatly interested in public improvements for the development of the timber, mineral and agricultural resources of the county. He was large- ly instrumental for the passage of an act for the construction of the Che- mung Canal and the incorporation of the Tioga Navigation Company, which resulted in the building of the railroad from Corning to Blossburg. His business operations were very extensive and he had much to do with the opening and development of the coal mines at Blossburg and the building up of that section of the county. He had excellent legal ability, high social and business standing. The writer remembers him in his prime as 124 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. a man of fine presence and courtly manners, distinctively in appearance a gentleman of the old school. Josiah Emery was born in Canterbury, New Hampshire, November 30th, 1801, and could trace his ancestry back through six generations. He was one of a family of sixteen children and father of a family of eleven. Attended Kimball Academy in his native State and later entered Dartmouth College, where he remained till reaching his majority. Then followed teaching for six years. He was graduated from Union College, New York, in 1828, and immediately moved to Wellsboro, where he was principal of the Academy for two years. Was admitted to the bar in 1831 and practiced his profession in Wellsboro till 1871, when he removed to Williamsport where he died April 26th, 1891. He served for a time as District Attorney of Tioga County ; as Commissioner in Bankruptcy and of drafts during the war. He always took a deep interest in all educa- tional matters ; was for many years a trustee of the Wellsboro Academy and wrote much on local topics. Through his work much early history of Wellsboro and Tioga County has been preserved. His closing years were devoted entirely to literary pursuits. His latest and greatest literary effort was a manuscript his- tory of earthquakes. William Garretson was bom in Mount Pleasant, Ohio, October 13th, 1801. He removed to Alexandria, Virginia, in 1820, where he taught school. He studied medicine with Dr. Webster Lewis in York County, in 1821. He was admitted to the bar of this county in 1825 ; lived at Wells- boro two years, when he removed to Tioga and in connection with his practice there edited the Tioga Pioneer. He was appointed Deputy Attorney General in 1829. Was elected to the State House of Represen- tatives in 1836 and re-elected in 1837. During those years he was most potential in the memorable fight that resulted in the passage of the Com- mon School law. He stood shoulder to shoulder with Thaddeus Stevens through it all. He was a conductor on the ' 'underground railroad" and as- sisted many slaves to liberty. He was the implacable foe of American slavery and in fact of every form of oppression. Mr. Garretson was a man of strong convictions, sterling integrity and purity of character. He died December 23d, 1872, universally beloved. James Lowery was born at Farmington, Conn., in 1802, and was grad- uated from Yale College in 1824. He taught the Wellsboro Academy for a short time, studied law under ElUs Lewis and was admitted to the bar in 1826. He practiced his profession at Wellsboro till 1865, when he re- moved to Burlington, N. J. , where he died November 30th, 1875. He repre- sented Tioga County in the State House of Representatives for two years. He was wise in counsel and had a lucrative practice. It has been truth- fully said of him that "his professional career was without a stain and his private life equally spotless in its purity, and he was distinguished alike for his modesty and his learning, for his gentleness of heart and clearness of head." THE BAR OF TIOGA COUNTY. 125 John W. Maynard was born at Springfield, Vermont, May 18th, 1806. He studied law in Otsego County, New York, and removed with his parents to Lawrenceville, where he practiced till 1833 when he located at Tioga and continued his practice till 1840, when he moved to Williams- port. From 1862 to 1868 he served by election as President Judge of the Third Judicial Judicial District, composed of Northampton and Lehigh counties. He resigned and returned to Williamsport in 1868. He was a ripe scholar, a profound lawyer and a brilliant advocate. He died at Minnequa in 1885. A. J. Monroe was bom in Massachusetts, October 7, 1806. Settled in Tioga County in 1842. Studied law under John C. Knox and was admit- ted to the bar in 1843. Served a short time as Deputy Attorney General. Elected to the State House of Representatives in 1850. Removed to Iowa in 1859. Pardon Damon was born in Massachusetts in 1808. Removed to this county when quite young. Studied under John C. Knox. Was admitted to the bar and practiced his profession at Lawrenceville till his death in 1872. John W. Guernsey was born at Hudson, N. Y., January 28th, 1811. His parents settled on a farm in Susquehanna County, Pa., when he was about four months old. He was educated at Montrose Academy in that county. He removed to Wellsboro in 1831, where he read law under James Lowery and was admitted to the bar in 1835, and located at Tioga. He served one term in the Senate of Pennsylvania and two terms in the House of Representatives. During all his public life he kept up his practice which soon became extensive and lucrative. He died at Tioga November 29th, 1882. Alexander S. Brewster was bom in Susquehanna County, Pennsyl- vania, April 7th, 1812. He was educated in the common schools of that county and Montrose Academy. He removed with his parents to Wells- boro in 1831, where he lived till his death. Studied law under James Lowery and was admitted to the bar in 1835. Ten days after his admis- sion he was appointed District Attorney and filled the office three years. He was transcribing clerk of the State Legislature from 1846 to 1852, both inclusive. He held many local offices, notably Justice of the Peace, without opposition for thirty-five years. He had a happy, winning dis- position. His wit was of the first water. He was in great demand as an after dinner speaker and was beloved by all who knew him. Hon. Henry Sherwood was bom at Bridgeport, Conn., October 9th, 1813. In boyhood lived on a farm near Catharine, N. Y., where he re- ceived a common school and academic education and taught one year. Employed as a clerk in a store at Columbus, Ohio, after which he served a brief term in the Texan Army under General Houston. Thereafter he set- tled in Bradford County, Pa., and in 1840 removed to Knoxville, this county, where he engaged in lumbering and merchandising. Came to Wellsboro in 1846, studied law under Hon. Robert G. White and was ad- 126 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. mitted to the bar September 7th, 1847. He was an industrious and pains- taking lawyer and especially effective in the conduct of trials and the the presentation of facts to a jury. His extensive acquaintance and accurate judgment of men placed him in the front rank as a trial lawyer. He was greatly interested in the development of the material resources of the County and was for many years president of the Coming, Cowan- esque & Antrim and Pine Creek Railways. In politics a Democrat. Three times a candidate for Congress, to which he was elected in 1872 by a majority of 27, in a strongly Republican district. He was always po- tential in his party's councils and represented it often in State and Na- tional conventions. He died at Wellsboro, November 10th, 1899. Lorenzo P. Williston was born at Binghamton, N. Y., in 1815. Re- ceived a liberal education and studied law under his father, Hon. Horace Wilhston, (who served as President Judge of this district by appoint- ment) in Athens, Bradford County, Pa., and was admitted to the bar of Bradford County. Removed to Wellsboro and entered into partnership with Hon. S. F. Wilson in the practice of the law. Was a member of the State House of Representatives from 1856 to 1860. President Lin- coln appointed him U. S. Judge for the territory of Dakota and trans- ferred him to the territory of Montana. When his term expired he re- turned to Bradford County and resumed practice in Towanda, and later removed to Wellsboro, where he died in 1887. Judge Williston was a lawyer by intuition. Legal technicalities were not to his taste. He took a broad, liberal view of the law and seized at once the equities of a case and the legal principles involved. He had a strict regard for the ethics of his profession. Thomas Allen was born at Kennebunk, York County, Maine, Decem- ber 11, 1817. Settled at Elkland, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, in 1841, and spent seven years in the harness and saddlery business. He received his legal training under John C. Knox at Wellsboro, and was admitted to the bar there in : 1851, and there conducted a successful practice until 1865. During the next ten years he served as a clerk in the County Com- missioners' office and in 1874 was elected County Treasurer. He died some years later at Wellsboro. !, John N. Bache was born at Wellsboro, Pa., March 8th, 1820. His preliminary education was obtained in the common schools. He studied xmder Robert G. White for a time and later was graduated from the Yale law school and admitted to the bar of Tioga County in 1843. Mr. Bache was a lawyer by intuition. Was remarkably well versed in elementary law and knew principles better than cases. Was a great student of com- mon law and his good judgment enabled him to apply principles to cases as they were brought to his attention. But for his defect of hearing he would have been one of the foremost lawyers of his day. On account of it he gradually withdrew from active practice and turned his attention to coal and timber lands. He knew the coal measures of this and adjoining counties as he knew his alphabet and could talk most interestingly about THE BAR OF TIOGA COUNTY. 127 them. He located the Antrim coal field and also that of English Center. He spent all his life in Wellsboro. Hon. Charles H. Seymour, bom August 21st, 1820, at Bath, N. Y. Removed in his youth to Tioga, Pa., and read law in the office of John W. Guernsey ; admitted to the bar in 1847 and practiced his profession with energy and success the remainder of his life at Tioga. He served one term in the State Senate from 1876 to 1880, where he was distin- guished for industry in the committee room and vigilance on the floor looking after the interests of his constituents. His influence was exert- ed on the right side of all important measures acted on during his term of office. He died June 6th, 1882. Julius Sherwood was bom in Schuyler County, New York, and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County, December 17th, 1844. He practiced his profession in Wellsboro and for many years was one of the foremost lawyers of the county. He died at WilUamsport July 7th, 1875. A. P. Cone was born in New Hampshire in 1820. Read law under John C. Knox at Lawrenceville and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County in 1846. Practiced his profession at Wellsboro till his death in 1871. He had a good legal mind and great industry. He secured a lu- crative practice and in addition thereto operated extensively in rea] estate. He built what is now known as the Coles House in Wellsboro and other buildings here and elsewhere. John W. Ryon was bom at Elkland, Tioga County, March 4th, 1825, and studied law for a time under John C. Knox and later under James Lowery at Wellsboro. Was admitted to the bar in 1846. In 1850 he was re-elected District Attorney of the county and was re-elected, serving six years. Mr. Ryon was a good all around lawyer, a safe counsellor, an expert trial lawyer and a brilliant advocate. He removed to Pottsville, Schuylkill County, in March, 1863, where he resided till his death. Rep- resented the Thirteenth District in Congress with distinction. He was a leading lawyer of the Commonwealth for thirty years. Frederick E. Smith was bom in Amherst, New Hampshire, November 15th, 1822. His parents removed to Marion, New York, during his boy- hood. ;' He graduated from Union College in 1844, after which he spent several years teaching in Clyde and Wolcott Academies. Studied law under Hon. Chauncey F. Wolcott for a time. Settled in Tioga in 1846 and finished his term of study under Hon. John W. Guernsey and was admitted to the bar in 1849. He was industrious, painstaking and schol- arly. His facility of expression made his writings models of brevity and strength of statement. He was Register in Bankruptcy for this Con- gressional district from the passage of the Bankrupt Act in 1867 to its repeal. His decisions were regarded as authority by both bench and bar. On that account many important cases in bankruptcy from other dis- tricts were referred to him by the United States District Court. His whole professional life was spent at Tioga where he died October 8th, 1889. 128 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Henry Allen was bom in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, August 10th, 1823. Studied law with Judge Dietrick at Cherry, Luzerne County, and with Judge Bullock at Smithfield, and in 1854 was admitted to the Brad- ford County bar. He settled in Tioga County soon afterwards and serv- ed three years as District Attorney. Later, from September, 1864, to October, 1865, he was a law clerk in the Internal Department at Wash- ington. Resumed the practice of his profession at Mansfield. Mr. Allen was an active, earnest lawyer and gave to his clients his best efforts. He died at Mansfield, January 4, 1888. Charles 0. Bowman was bom at Westfield, Pa., March 6th, 1825. Studied law under Hon. Robert G. White at Wellsboro and was admitted to the bar September 8th, 1852 ; was elected to the State Legislature in 1862; removed to Corry, Erie County, Pa., 1865. In 1869 he was there elected to the State Legislature. He continued in active practice of his profession till his death, which occurred some years later. Augustus Streeter was bom December 12th, 1823. Studied law under A. J. Monroe at Knoxville, Tioga County, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He located at Westfield where he practiced his profession con- tinuously till his death in 1883. Augustus Redfield was bom in Cayuga County, N. Y., November 6th, 1826. Was educated at Moravia, N. Y. Entered on the breaking out of the rebellion and served in the Union army till the war closed. Studied law under George W. Merrick at Wellsboro. Was admitted to the bar in 1871. Located at Lawrenceville and later moved to Covington, where he practiced till his death. Robert C. Simpson was bom in Scotland in 1823. Removed to Sus- quehanna County, Pa. , in 1834, with his parents. While he never prac- ticed he was an assiduous student of the law and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County in 1880. Was one of the moving spirits in the or- ganization of the Tioga County Bar Association, and was elected its Pres- ident several successive terms. Hon. Butler B. Strang, son of a Methodist minister, was bom March 16th, 1829, in Steuben County, New York. At the age of eleven years he removed to Tioga County, Pa., studied law with A. J. Munroe at Knoxville ; admitted to the bar 1852 ; opened an office at Sabinsville ; elected District Attorney 1856, and in 1860 a member of the State House of Representatives. This was the beginning of a long and successful legislative career, which comprised the chairmanship of the Judiciary Committee for two sessions, the Ways and Means for one session and culminated in his election to the Speakership first in the House in 1870 and second of the Senate in 1873, he being the last of the line under the Constitution of 1838. In 1881 he was appointed U. S. Marshal for the district of Dakota, which he held for a brief term, but the office not be- ing to his taste, he returned to the duties of his professional life at his home at Westfield, where he died of a self-inflicted wound, March 10th, 1884. His energy was not sufficient to prompt him to long and sustained THE BAR OP TIOGA COUNTY. 129 efforts either in professional or political life. At the bar or in the forum of political discussion he excelled in lucidity of statement and in a re- strained but effective eloquence of expression. Samuel E. Kirkendall was born in Tioga County, Pa., March 29th, 1834. Educated in the common schools ; studied law under Kasson Park- hurst at Lawrenceville and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He was a successful school teacher from 1860 to 1873. He practiced law at Miller- ton, Tioga County, from 1873 till his death, and during all that time was a successful Sunday school superintendent. He was a man of strictest integrity — a great peacemaker among his neighbors and was trusted and beloved by all who knew him. Col. Robert T. Wood, bom in Otsego Co., N. Y., February 2nd, 1830. Graduated from Wilson Academy, Niagara County, N. Y. Studied law under Hon. James Lowrey at Wellsboro and in 1853 was admitted to the bar. Entered the Union army August, 1861, as Captain of Co. L, second Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, which he recruited, and served till October 4th, 1862, when disability compelled him to resign his commission. On Sept. 14, 1864, he re-entered the service as Captain of Company H, Two Hundred and Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, which he recruited. Was promoted to the rank of Major, March 25th, 1865, and on June 7th following was mustered out as Lieutenant- Colonel. Was postmaster of Elkland borough four years ; was a close reader of the best authors ; took great interest in the Grand Army of the Republic as a means of keeping alive the spirit of true patriotism. Jefferson Harrison was bom at Wellsboro, July 24th, 1838. Was edu- cated in the common schools and the Wellsboro Academy. Studied law under the Hon. Henry Sherwood and was admitted to the bar in 1864. Located in Wellsboro, where he practiced continuously till his death. He was secretary and treasurer of the Wellsboro Water Company and to him more than any one else the people are indebted for the blessing of pure water. He succeeded Hon. Henry Sherwood as President of the Pine Creek Railway and was always prominently connected with the inter- ests of the Magee estate in this and adjoining counties. He was a safe counselor, a profound lawyer and honest to the core. He weighed his words well and never gave a legal opinion until he knew whereof he spoke by conscientious investigation and reflection. Henry W. Roland was bom in Delmar township, Tioga County, Pa., and educated in the common schools of the county. Studied law under Hon. William A. Stone and was admitted to the bar in 1876. Located at Blossburg, where he practiced his profession until his death a few years later. Wallace Pulaski Ryon, a son of Judge John Ryon, was born July 18th, 1836, at Elkland, Pa. He received a liberal education and later studied law with his brother, Hon. John W. Ryon, and was admitted to the Tioga County bar in 1861. After practicing one year at Tamaqua he joined his brother in practice at Pottsville until 1869. During the next three years 130 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. he was cashier of the Pennsylvania National Bank of Pottsville, and in 1873 was president of the Merchants' Exchange Bank of that city. From 1879 to 1882 Mr. Ryon was engaged in the coal and iron trade in Phila- delphia, after which he resumed the practice of his profession at Law- renceville, his early home. Hon. M. F. Elliott was born in Tioga County, September 4th, 1840. Studied law in the office of Hon. James Lowrey and Hon. S. F. Wilson at Wellsboro ; was admitted to the bar in 1862. He practiced at Wells- boro and in the adjoining counties till his appointment as general counsel for the Standard Oil Company, when he removed to New York city, where he has since resided. He was elected a delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention in 1872. In 1882 he was elected Congressman-at-Large. His diligent study combined with his varied experience at the bar placed him in the front rank of the leading and progressive lawyers of this Com- monwealth. Clark W. Beach was bom at Dryden, N. Y. Studied under Henry Sherwood and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County in 1865. Located at Westfield where he has since continuously practiced. He is now and has been for many years extensively engaged in farming, stock raising and dairying. He owns and carries on several of the best farms near Westfield. Mr. Beach has read extensively of the best literature as well as law. Has a good legal mind. Is a safe lawyer and above all a peace- maker, and enjoys the confidence of the community where he lives. Hugh Young was bom in County Down, Ireland, and came to the New World at the age of seventeen and settled in the wilds of Potter County. Studied law under Hon. John S. Mann. He represented the New York Tribune in the border warfare of Kansas, and was a delegate from that territory to the first National Republican Convention at Philadelphia. He was editor and pubHsher of the Wellsboro Agitator from 1858 to 1862; and was postmaster of Wellsboro from 1861 to 1865. Was elected to the State House of Representatives and resigned at the end of the session. In 1877 he was appointed National Bank Examiner and served the gov- ernment in that capacity for twenty-five years. He never took up the active practice of law. He is now President of the Federal National Bank of Pittsburg and of the Tioga County Savings & Trust Company of Wellsboro, Pennsylvania. Norman H. Ryan was born at Lawrenceville, Tioga County, Pa., De- cember 1st, 1839. Received his preliminary education in the common schools. Spent three years at Geneseo, N. Y., and was graduated from Union College, N. Y., in 1860. Studied law under Messrs. Lowrey and Wilson in Wellsboro and later under Hon. John W. Guernsey at Tioga, and was admitted to the bar April 4th, 1863. Practiced for a time at Amboy, 111., and while there he was prosecuting and city attorney and served one term in the State Legislature. Removed to Bloomington, 111., and practiced there until 1882, when he returned to Lawrenceville. Later he settled in Wellsboro, where he has since practiced. Mr. Ryan THE BAR OP TIOGA COUNTY. 131 has a good legal mind, and presents both facts and law with clearness and force. He has great forensic ability. Darius L. Deane was born in Delmar township, Tioga County, Pa., January 22nd, 1840. Was educated in the common schools and the Wells- boro Academy and by his father, Erastus P. Deane, who was an accom- plished surveyor and mathematician. Enlisted in Company H, First Bat- talion, Pa. Volunteers, in 1863, and later re-enlisted as a private in Com- pany K, 207th Regiment, Pa. Volunteers, and was honorably discharged June 23rd, 1865, with the rank of Sergeant Major. He participated in the re-capture of Fort Steadman. At the charge on Petersburg he was severely wounded ; his left arm was shattered by a bullet that lodged in his left breast. As a result of this the arm had to be amputated near the shoulder. He was three times elected Register and Recorder and Clerk of the Orphans' Court and served from 1867 to 1875, both inclusive, and was a model officer. Studied law under Elliott & Watrous and was admitted to the bar in 1878. He has continuously practiced his pro- fession at Wellsboro and followed surveying, in which profession he stands very high. His early years with his father were an excellent, preparation. He is a safe counselor and his service as Clerk of the Orphans' Court has, with his studious habits, familiarized him with the- law of inheritances. He has a lucrative practice especially in that department. George W. Merrick, a son of Israel Merrick and grandson of Israel Merrick, the elder, (one of Wellsboro's pioneer citizens) was bom in Wellsboro March 27th, 1838, and has since continuously lived there except while in the army. He attended the common schools and the Wellsboro Academy ; but his education came largely from a careful study of the best authors ; by keeping abreast of the best current literature and by the experience that came of four years' active participation in the war for the Union. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in Company H, Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserves, and took part in the battle of Drains- ville, Peninsular campaign and the second battle of Bull Run. Ill health necessitated his discharge in 1862. Soon after he was chosen Captain of a company of six months' men for the First Battalion, Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, which he had recruited and re-enlisted. At the expiration of six months he recruited for three years' service what became Company A, 187th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, and again entered the ser- vice. Was promoted to the rank of Major at Cold Harbor at the unan- imous request of the line officers of the regiment. A wound receiv- ed at the battle of Petersburg July 18th, 1864, necessitated the amputa- tion of his right leg and his return home. As a recognition of his devo- tion to duty, his bravery as a soldier and his sacrifices for his country he was tendered promotion and staflf service, but being incapacitated for actual service in the field he preferred to return to civil life. He went into that conflict an enthusiastic, patriotic schoolboy. He came out a full grown man, broadened, tempered and quickened by those years of 132 TIOGA COXMTY CENTENNIAL. terrible experience. The writer remembers well the change that exper- ience had wrought in his former schoolfellow when he first met him on his return. He began the study of the law under the late Justice Wil- liams, and completed his preliminary course under William H. Smith ; was admitted to the bar in February, 1869, and immediately formed a partnership with his preceptor, Mr. Smith, which continued until the lat- ter removed to North Carolina. Just prior to his admission he was appointed postmaster at Wellsboro and served till June 14th, 1882, when he resigned to accept the nomination by the Independent Republicans for the office of Secretary of Internal Affairs. Mr. Merrick has practiced continuously in Wellsboro since his admission ; and by devotion to his pro- fession has won a place in the front rank thereof. He has an analytical mind, a genius for hard methodical work and is well versed in the science of the law. His oath of fidelity to the Court is never obscured by his desire for success. His arguments to a jury consist of a compre- hensive but fair analysis of the evidence. His efforts are to convince by legitimate argument, never to mislead. His legal arguments are logical and to the point and always the result of careful preparation. His efforts are to assist the Court to a correct conclusion and not for tem- porary advantage. All this has brought him success as a lawyer and with it the esteem and confidence of both bench and bar. William A. Stone was bom in Delmar township, Tioga County, Penn- sylvania, April 18th, 1846. Attended the common schools of his native place in the winter, and worked on his father's farm summers till his 17th year, when he enlisted as a private in Company A, 187th Pennsyl- vania Volunteer Infantry, and served till the war closed. Was promoted to Second Lieutenancy for meritorious service in his eighteenth year. Active participation in that drama which made a hero of many another farmer boy awakened longings for greater opportunities. Was gradu- ated from the Mansfield State Normal School after several years of hard, conscientious, earnest work. Then followed the usual experience of American boys of his make. Teaching school, studying law and in other ways disciplining his mind and preparing him for that life of usefulness and honorable success that seemed his by inheritance. Studied law under Messrs. Wilson and Niles and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County in September, 1870. Commenced practice in Wellsboro and was elected District Attorney in 1874. Served two years and resigned. Mov- ed to Pittsburg in 1877, where he soon took high rank as a lawyer. Was appointed United States District Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania and served with distinction till 1886, when he was removed by President Cleveland because he had the manly independence to advo- cate the election of General Beaver as Governor. Was nominated for Congress in 1890. Thomas M. Bayne, the nominee of the convention, declined. Before adjourning Mr. Stone was nominated by acclamation. This method of nomination provoked considerable criticism. He declined the nomination given him by the convention and appealed to the people. THE BAR OP TIOGA COUNTY. 133 After a spirited contest he was nominated by the people of the district and elected. Was re-nominated and elected three times, each time by increased majorities. His ability and worth were immediately recognized and he rapidly came to the front as a man to be trusted on all matters that concerned the welfare of the Republic. In 1898 he resigned his seat in Congress to accept the Republican nomination for Governor, to which oflBce he was elected and served the full term. The following excerpt from his letter of acceptance gives his true character: " It will be my purpose while Governor of Pennsylvania as it has been my purpose in the public positions I have held with God's help to discharge my whole duty. The people are greater than the parties to which they belong. I am only jealous of their favor. I shall only attempt to win their approval and my experience has taught me that that can best be done by an honest, modest daily discharge of public duty. ' ' At the expiration of his term as Governor he immediately resumed practice in Pittsburg with signal and well merited success. His ability, industry and wide experience have given him a place in the front rank of the leading lawyers of the State. Charles Tubbs was born in Tioga County, July 11th, 1843. As a boy he was fond of books and acquired a thorough academic education and at the age of seventeen spent one year in teaching, his last engagement being at the Wellsboro Academy. Continuing his studies at Alfred University, he, in 1863, was prepared to enter the senior class in Union College at Schenectady, N. Y., where he was graduated in the class of 1864. Three years later he was graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan, and immediately after was admitted to the bar of Tioga County. During the session of 1869 he served as transcribing clerk in the lower house of the State Legislature. He presided over the Republican County convention in 1876 and 1878, took an active part in the political campaign of the two following years, and in 1880 was elect- ed to the State Legislature, where, during the session of 1881, he render- ed efficient service on the judiciary, elections, federal relations and judi- cial apportionment committees. He was re-elected to the General Assem- bly in 1882. He also represented his County in the Republican State- Conventions of 1879, 1883 and 1891, and wields a strong influence in the councils of his party. While largely interested in matters outside of his profession he is also a thoroughly trained lawyer. Is especially well versed in the law relating to inheritances and his services are much sought after in the settlement of estates. He has been continuously since it opened a very useful member of the board of managers of the State Hospital at Blossburg. Hon. Horace B. Packer was born at Wellsboro, Pa., where he attend- ed the common school and the Wellsboro Academy. Later he pursued a course of study at Alfred University. He studied law under Messrs. Wilson and Niles, and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County August 26th, 1873. Was appointed District Attorney in response to a petition signed by every member of the bar, on the resignation of Willia«n A. 134 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Stone. At the end of the term he was elected and served a full term very successfully. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1884, and re-elected in 1886. In 1888 he was elected to the State Senate, where he served a full term of four years. He was a leader in both House and Senate and rendered important service both in debate and on committees. He is the author of the Civil Procedure Act of 1887. That Act simplified practice and consigned to obhvion those absurdities that had for generations made special pleading a maze of circuities. The opposition to it was long and bitter, but the experience of years has justified him and the Act is a. monument to his ability as a lawyer and his judgment as a practitioner. In 1896 he was elected to Congress and re-elected in 1898. His record as a public servant is distinguished for honesty, earnestness and eflSciency. John W. Mather was bom in Dundee, N. Y., November 5th, 1847. His family removed to Lawrenceville, this county, where he passed his boyhood. He there assisted his father in the manufacture of fanning mills and attended the common schools. Was graduated from the Mans- field State Normal School in 1871 and taught for some time. Studied law under Messrs. Elliott & Bosard and was admitted to the bar in 1873. He has since very successfully practiced in Wellsboro. Later he vyas admitted to the bar of the adjoining counties and in 1881 was admit- ted to the Supreme Court. Served two years as Deputy U. S. Marshal for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Was elected District Attorney in 1886 and served very acceptably the full term of three years. Henry M. Foote was born in Chenango County, N. Y., in 1846. Was educated in the common schools and the Wellsboro Academy. In 1864 while a student at the Academy he enlisted in the 187th Pennsylvania Volunteers and served until the close of the war. On his return studied law under Hon. John I. Mitchell; was admitted to the bar February 6th, 1876, and practiced his profession in Wellsboro until 1889. Was elected District Attorney in 1880 and served a full term with success. Elected to the State House of Representatives in 1884 and re-elected in 1886 and took an active part in the proceedings of these sessions. In 1889 was appointed an assistant to the Attorney General in the Department of Justice at Washington, D. C, and served till 1893. Immediately upon leaving the department he opened an office in Washington and by dili- gence and good judgment has secured a lucrative practice. He lives in Wellsboro during the summer. Francis E. Watrous was born in Broome County, New York, April 4th, 1851. His parents removed into the Pine Creek wilderness when he was but a few weeks old. He has since continuously resided in Tioga County. His early life was spent farming and lumbering — mainly the latter. While yet a boy he was a successful lumberman. He studied !law at Knoxville for a time and later entered the office of Hon. M. F. Elliott in Wellsboro, from which he was admitted to the bar in 1876. He formed a partnership with Mr. Elliott in 1879, which continued till 1900, when he became the head of the firm of Watrous, Marsh & Channell. His THE BAK OF TIOGA COUNTY. , 135 practice in office work is large. While he has been successful in court work his preference is for counsel rather than advocacy. He is espec- ially well versed in the laws relating to corporations and inheritances and many corporations and estates are his clients. His business ability is exceptional. His clear insight enables him to grasp and solve business problems however intricate and involved. That faculty together with his promptness to act has given him a wide reputation for the successful management of those complex affairs that require a knowledge of both law and business for their successful administration. Daniel W. Baldwin was born in Lawrence township, Tioga County, Pa. Educated in the common schools and was graduated from the Mans- field State Normal School. Studied law under the Hon. Henry Sher- wood and was admitted to the bar in 1883. Immediately opened an office at Westfield, Tioga County, where he has since continuously practiced. Is an industrious, careful student and prepares his cases thoroughly. Has a lucrative and rapidly growing practice. His efforts for his cUent never obscure his obligation to the Court. He presents facts to a jury in a clear, logical, convincing manner. His legal arguments are brief but comprehensive and always upon the questions involved. Has a good legal mind. Is devoted to his profession and has won a place in the front rank thereof. S. Fowler Channell was bom at Canton, Bradford County, Pa., No- vember 1st, 1848. After completing his preliminary studies he attended Lafayette College two years. Studied law under Hon. Henry Sherwood and was admitted to the bar in January, 1880. Commenced practice in Wellsboro and in 1884 entered into partnership with Henry M. Foote under the firm name of Foote & Channell, which continued until Mr. Foote removed to Washington in the fall of 1889. He practiced alone until 1900 when he formed a partnership with Francis E. Watrous and Howard F. Marsh under the firm name of Watrous, Marsh & Channell. By devotion to his profession he had secured a lucrative practice before entering into this partnership. Since then he has been active both in the office and court work of the firm. The business of the firm is varied, extensive and lucrative. The members are admirable complements of each other, and taken together make an all-round successful firm. Walter Sherwood was bom in Wellsboro, Tioga County, November 1st, 1843. He received a good academic education and taught one year in the Wellsboro Academy and served one year as principal of the high school. He received his legal training under his father, the Hon. Henry Sherwood, and after his admission to the bar in 1867, became associated with him under the firm name of Henry Sherwood & Son. This partner- ship continued until 1888, when his father retired and he formed with Edward H. wlett the firm of Sherwood & O wlett. The practice of this firm has been both extensive and remunerative. Served as Burgess and Council- man many years and gave freely of his time and services in improving and beautifying his native place. 136 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. John S. Ryon was born in Nelson township, Tioga County, Pa., Jan- uary 4th, 1847. Educated in the Osceola High School and the Mansfield State Normal School. Studied law under George W. Merrick and was admitted to the bar in 1877. He located at Elkland where he has since practiced. Has given much attention to local business enterprises and was postmaster at Elkland during President Cleveland's administration. Hon. Walter T. Merrick was bom in Charleston township, Tioga County, Pa., June 2d, 1859. He was graduated from Grammar School No. 2, in the city of Elmira; took a course at the Elmira Academy and later at the Mansfield State Normal School. Studied dentistry and prac- ticed for a time at Blossburg. In 1881 he began the study of law under Hon. Charles H. Seymour at Tioga. In 1885 he entered the office of Merrick & Young in Wellsboro and completed his course of study; was admitted to the bar in 1886. He returned to Blossburg and commenced practice. In 1892 he was elected to the State House of Representatives and re-elected in 1896; in the latter year was elected to the Senate of Pennsylvania. During all his term of public service he was a leading spirit both in committee room and on the floor. At the close of his Sen- atorial term he was appointed Naval Officer of the Port of Philadelphia. His administration was so acceptable that he was re-appointed without opposition and still fills the place. Charles H. Cornelius was born in Aldenville, Wayne County, N. Y., May 4th, 1870. Removed to Elkland, Tioga County, with his parents when he was a child. Educated at the Elkland high school and took a classical course in the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary and graduated in 1889. Studied law under Messrs. Merrick & Young and was admitted to the bar December, 1896. Located at Tioga soon after his admission where he has since continuously practiced in the office occupied for many years by the late Frederick E. Smith and later by Hon. F. B. Smith and succeeds to the law and insurance business of the latter. Edward H. Owlett was born in Tioga County, November 22d, 1859. Passed his boyhood on his father's farm in Chatham township, where he attended the common schools and later took a course at the State Nor- mal School at Lockhaven. Was a successful teacher for three years. Studied law in the office of Henry Sherwood & Son. In April, 1888, was admitted to the bar and soon after, on the retirement si Hon. Henry Sherwood, formed a partnership wtth Walter Sherwood under the firm name of Sherwood & Owlett. The firm has a large and lucrative prac- tice. Mr. Owlett was elected District Attorney and served with distinc- tion from 1892 to 1895. He has a discriminating mind, sees readily the salient points in his case and presents them briefly, but with force and clearness. He is an industrious and methodical student, safe in counsel and successful in practice. Howard F. Marsh was born at Marshlands, Tioga County, Pa., Jan- uary 5th, 1854. Studied law under Messrs. Elliott & Watrous, and was admitted to the bar September 3d, 1877. He is the author of "Marsh's THE BAR OF TIOGA COUNTY. 137 Constable's Guide," which was pubUshed in 1881. In February, 1882, he removed to Towanda, Bradford County, Pa., and purchased a half inter- est in the Bradford Reporter, a weekly newspaper published at that place. January 1st, 1885, consolidated it with the Towanda Journal, both being merged in the Bradford Reporter-Journal, of which he was editor until January, 1898. In December, 1898, he removed to New York City, where he became a correspondent of the Philadelphia Public Ledger. In 1897 he returned to Wellsboro and formed a partnership with Hon. M. F, Elliott and Francis E. Watrous under the firm name of Elliott, Watrous & Marsh, which continued until 1900, when he became a member of the present firm of Watrous, Marsh & Channel!. He is an active, earnest, careful lawyer, and has achieved well merited success. His legal argu- ments are brief but pointed, and bring to the attention of the Court in few words the questions involved. Alfred J. Shattuck was born in Corning, N. Y., October 2d, 1859. He removed with his parents to Blossburg, in this county, some years later and has since been continuously a resident of the county. Was graduated from Lafayette College in 1881. Studied law under Messrs. Elliott & Watrous and was admitted to the bar August 26th, 1884, since which time he has practiced in Wellsboro. He has read extensively of the best authors besides being a diligent student of the law. His legal papers show the work of a scholarly, painstaking, well read lawyer. His legal advice is given after careful, conscientious examination of the subject matter and mature deliberation. Is especially well versed in the law re- lating to the titles to land. This led to his employment by the Com- monwealth in the purchase of lands in this and adjoining counties, where he rendered valuable service. He has a good paying office business and prefers counsel to advocacy. William L. Shearer was born in Wellsboro, October 8th, 1861; was graduated from the Wellsboro high school in 1881. Studied law under Hon. Henry W. Williams and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County April 5th, 1885, and practiced in Wellsboro about six months. In Novem- ber, 1886, he purchased an interest in the Republican Advocate, and has giveu his entire time to the editorial department of that paper. He be- came the sole owner by the purchase of James Matson's interest in 1891. Mr. Shearer has given his time and efforts without stint to make the paper a moral force and has succeeded. He is a strong, forceful writer and has brought the editorial department up to high standard. He has spent his whole life in Wellsboro. Aaron R. Niles was born in Middlebury township, Tioga County, Pa., October 3d, 1860. Came with his parents to Wellsboro in 1865. Was graduated from the Wellsboro high school and spent one year at Lafay- ette College. Studied law under his father, the late Hon. Jerome B. Niles, and was admitted to the bar in 1884; formed a partnership with his father in the practice of the law which continued till the latter assumed the office otf President Judge of the fourth judicial district. Mr. Niles is an 138 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. accomplished surveyor and much of his time has been given to it. Is prompt, energetic and industrious. Is now engaged in the improvement and management of the extensive Niles celery farm. Harv»y B. Leach was bom in Chatham township, Tioga county, May 20th, 1860. His paternal grandfather. Dr. Harvey Leach, was one of the early settlers and pioneer physicians of that township. Harvey B. passed his boyhood on his father's farm doing the work usual to boys similarly circumstanced. Here he attended the common schools and in 1883 was graduated from the Mansfield State Normal School. He taught for a time in his native township. Studied law under Henry Sherwood & Son and was admitted to the bar in 1886, practicing his profession for a short time in Wellsboro. Removed to Blossburg where he built up a lucrative practice. He was District Attorney from January 1st, 1890, to January 1st, 1893, and discharged the duties of the office very accept- ably. He resumed practice in Wellsboro in 1897. He is an indefatigable worker, a good thinker and applies readily the principles gathered by diligent research to cases that clients bring him. These qualities give him well deserved success. Ezra B. Young was born in Springfield township, Bradford County, Pa., October 24th, 1846. Was educated in the common schools of his native County, at the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute at Towanda, Pa., and was graduated from the Mansfield State Normal School in 1868. Was a successful teacher for some years. Studied law under Hon. John I. Mitchell at Wellsboro, where he has since continuously resided. Was admitted to the bar April 6th, 1874, and to the United States District and Circuit Courts in June, 1880. Since his admission he has devoted much of his time to insurance, lumbering and mercantile business. Is now and has been for some time Justice of the Peace. Is well versed in elementary law and on account of his fairness and good judgment acts as auditor and examiner in many cases. James R. Butler was bom in Delmar township about one mile north of Wellsboro, June 20th, 1852. Was educated in the public schools to some extent but mostly by careful study of the best authors by himself. By the latter he acquired a good English education. Studied law at Knoxville under Henry A. Ashton and was admitted to the bar July 3d, 1899. Has practiced continuously since admission at that place." Robert Kennedy Young was born in Wellsboro, June 14, 1861. Was educated in the common schools of his native place and of Concord, N. H. Studied law under Geo. W. Merrick in Wellsboro, and on his admission to the bar in August, 1884, formed a partnership with his preceptor which still continues under the firm name of Merrick & Young. He spent some time in traveling in Europe, not omitting to visit Killyliagh, County Down, Ireland, the birthplace of his father, Hon. Hugh Young. Served two sessions in the State Legislature, where he took high rank as a legislator, debater and leader. Has acted on committees of investigation for the State Adminis- tration. His reports are both exhaustive and fair. As counsel for the THE BAR OP TIOGA COUNTY. 139 Capitol Building Commission he has rendered the Commonwealth valuable service. Organized and has since continuously managed the Wellsboro Electric Company. Is a discriminating reader and is conversant with the best English literature. As a lawyer he is a close, methodical student of the law as a science, and readily applies principles to cases as they are presented to him. Is especially versed in the law governing corporations. His arguments both to Court and jury are brief, comprehensive and logical. He is a safe counselor and devoted to his profession, in which he has taken high rank as a progressive all round lawyer. John W. Adams was bom in Tioga township, February 8th, 1843. His parents settled in Mansfield about 1855, where he spent the remainder of his life. Was educated in the public schools and the Normal School at Mansfield. Studied law under Henry Allen and was admitted to the bar in 1866. He was for a time a trustee and stockholder of the Normal School and was always a firm advocate of progressive education. He was a careful business lawyer and had a good income from his practice and business ventures. He died February 19, 1906. Leon S. Channell was born in Canton, Bradford County, May 23d, 1868. Was graduated from Canton high school in 1890, studied law in Wellsboro under his brother, S. P. Channell, and was admitted to the bar in 1893. In 1895 he located at Mansfield, where he hassince practiced his profession. He is a trustee of the Mansfield State Normal School and takes great interest in its success. Frank W. Clark was born in Richmond township, Tioga County, Aug- ust 21st, 1839. Was educated at the public school at Mansfield, the Wellsboro Academy and Mansfield Classical Seminary, (now the Mans- field State Normal School.) Studied law under Hon. Henry Sherwood at Wellsboro and was admitted to the bar in 1866. Has practiced con- tinuously at Manafield. Has conducted some very important trials and for a good many years has been counsel for that borough. His legal opinions are based upon a careful examination of the law bearing upon the questions involved and are generally sustained when subjected to judicial decision. Frederick B. Smith was born at Tioga borough, Tioga County, Pa., April 3d, 1863. Was educated in the high school of that place and the Cascadilla Preparatory School and Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y. He was graduated from the Columbia Law School, New York city, in 1888. Was elected to the State House of Representatives in 1896 and re-elected in 1898. While he did not occupy a great deal of the time of the House in advocacy he rendered important service in the committee room and was ever watchful of the public interests. He practiced his profession at Tioga until he went to Blossburg in active management of the Miners' National Bank. His training in commercial law under his father was a good preparation for this work. The institution is very prosperous under his administration. Andrew B. Dunsmore was bom in Morris Run, Tioga County, Pa. 140 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. January 4th, 1866. Educated in the common school and was graduated from the Mansfield State Normal School in 1884 ; later took a scientific course there. Was principal of the public schools at Amot for two years. Studied law under Messrs. Mitchell & Cameron, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1889. Has since practiced continuously in Wells- boro. Elected District Attorney in 1895 and re-elected in 1898 and served with distinction two full terms. Was elected to the State House of Rep- resentatives in 1904. As District Attorney he was a mode^riminal pleader. His indictments were brief but always charged the offence clearly and sufficiently, and were invariably sustained when attacked. As a legislator he was earnest and industrious in committee, effective and forceful in the advocacy of measures that he believed to be right, and always true to the best interests of his constituents. He is a safe counselor, a good trial lawyer and by industry and good judgment has won an honorable place in his profession. William M. Kehler was bom in Lockhaven, Clinton County, Pa., October 7th, 1864 ; was educated in the Williamsport Commercial College and graduated from the Mansfield State Normal School in 1893. Studied law under Messrs. Sherwood & Owlett and was admitted to the bar of this county in 1896. Located at Blossburg where he has since practiced. By industry and careful attention he has built up a good legal and insur- ance business. Is a careful student and devoted to the interests of his clients. Frank H. Rockwell was born March 3d, 1865, in Cherry Flats, Tioga County. Was educated in the public schools and the Wellsboro high school, was a successful teacher for several years. Studied law under Messrs. Elliott & Watrous and was admitted to the bar in 1891 and imme- diately opened an office in Wellsboro where he has since practiced. He was elected District Attorney in 1891 without opposition and served acceptably a full term. He was an earnest and vigorous prosecutor when he thought the case warranted vigorous measures but was too fair and sym- pathetic to try to win unless he thought he should. He has a growing, lucrative business and with it the confidence of the community, as well as of the bench and bar. H. L. Baldwin was born in Medina, Ohio, September 9th, 1845. At- tended the Franklin Institute in Cooperstown, N. Y., and was graduated at the Mansfield State Normal School. Studied law under Frederick B. Smith and was admitted to the bar in 1880. Located at Tioga where he has since practiced. Has been Justice of the Peace many years. John T. Gear was born at Pittsford, N. Y., October 4th, 1854. Was admitted to the bar of Potter County, Pa., in 1879, and to the bar of Tioga County in 1881. Located at Knoxville where he practiced for some time. Later he moved to a Western State. John H. Putnam was born in Essex County, N. Y., November 28th, 1847. His parents removed to Tioga borough, Tioga County, when he was two years old. Was educated in the common schools and the Tioga THE BAR OF TIOGA COUNTY. 141 high school. Studied law under Hon. John W. Guernsey and was admit- ted to the bar of Tioga County in 1892. He has since continuously prac- ticed in Tioga borough where by close attention he has secured a good practice. Harry N. Sherwood was born at Wellsboro, January 1st, 1871. Was educated in the Wellsboro high school. After spending some years in the office of Sherwood & Owlett as a clerk he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in May, 1896. He continues to practice his profession with the firm. Alfred J. Niles was bom at Wellsboro, November 27th, 1866. He was graduated from the Wellsboro high school and studied law under his father, Hon. Jerome B. Niles. Graduated from the Harvard law school in 1891 and was admitted to the bar in 1892. Located at Pittsburg in 1894 and was appointed a state bank examiner. In 1895 was appointed Assistant City Solicitor of the city of Pittsburg. He is now practicing in that city. Hugh B. Strang was born at Westfield, Tioga County, Pa. Got his preliminary education in the common schools and was graduated from the Syracuse University. Studied law under Daniel W. Baldwin, Esq., and was admitted to the bar in September, 1902. Located at Westfield where he has since continuously practiced and is building up a good business. Herbert D. Shove was born in the city of Elmira, N. Y., October 1st, 1879. Removed to Wellsboro with his parents in 1896. Was graduated from the Wellsboro high school in 1899. Enlisted in Company K, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry in July, 1898, and served till November of that year. Studied law under Watrous, Marsh & Channell. Spent one year in the law department of the University of Pennsylvania and was admitted to the bar in 1901. He located in Wellsboro where he has since practiced. He is studious, has a good legal mind and does well what he undertakes. Colin B. Clark was born in Sullivan township, Tioga County, May 2d, 1861. Attended the common schools of his native county and was gradu- ated from the Mansfield State Normal School in 1883. Was principal of the Covington borough high school for some years and later principal of the high school at Antrim. He was a successful teacher for twelve years. Studied law under Sherwood & Owlett and was admitted to the bar in June, 1900. Immediately located at Wellsboro where he has since continuously practiced. He has a good insurance business and is secre- tary of the Wellsboro Building & Loan Association and has given much attention to the laws governing those subjects. Leon B. Ferry was bom in Keeneyville, Tioga County, August 3d, 1867. Was graduated from Mansfield State Normal School in 1891. Pursued the study of the law in the oflice of Hon. M. F. Elliott at Wells- boro. Was admitted to the bar of Tioga County June 1st, 1895, where he has since practiced his profession. He was appointed Referee in 142 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Bankruptcy on the passage of the bankrupt law, which office he still holds. His decisions in that line of work are held in very high esteem both by the bar and the courts in bankruptcy. Frank S. Hughes was born in Liberty township, Tioga County, Pa., May 9th, 1873. Educated in the pubUc schools of Blossburg and the Mansfield State Normal School. Studied law under Harvey B. Leach and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County in 1896, located in Blossburg where he has since practiced. Was admitted to the Su- preme and Superior Courts of Pennsylvania and to the United States District and Circuit Courts. Was elected District Attorney in 1904 and is now serving very acceptably. By devotion to his profession he has secured a good practice and is deservedly successful. Chas. L. Peck studied law under Hon. M. F. ElUott at Wellsboro. Was admitted to the bar and practiced his profession at KnoxviUe for a time. He removed to Coudersport, Potter County, where he has built up a lucrative practice. Henry A. Ashton was bom in Tioga County, Pa., August 27th, 1860. Educated in the common school at Elkland and the Wellsboro high school. Studied law under J. T. Gear at KnoxviUe and later under C. L. Peck at Coudersport and was admitted to the bar of Potter County. He removed to KnoxviUe where he has since practiced his profession. He is energetic and industrious and has keen business judgment. All this has secured to him a lucrative practice to which he is devoted. Frank D. Selph was bom in Ash, Monroe County, Michigan, March 1st, 1862. Removed to this county and was educated in the common schools and at Mansfield State Normal School. Studied law under John S. Ryon and since his admission has practiced his profession at Elkland. He is careful, studious and industrious and gives to his clients his best efforts. He is in the enjoyment of a good practice. Ernest H. Green was born in Middlebury township, Tioga County, Pa., December 15th, 1874. He was educated in the common schools of his native county and graduated from the Mansfield State Normal School and later attended State College. He was a successful teacher for five years. This work laid the foundation for that thoroughness that has characterized his professional life. He studied law under Hon. Jerome B. Niles and was admitted to the bar in 1902, since which time he has practiced his profession at Wellsboro. Norman B. Leslie was born in Middlebury township, Tioga County, Pa., May 13th, 1878. Was educated in the common schools and gradu- ated from the Wellsboro high school; taught school with great success in his native county. He studied law in the office of Sherwood & Owlett and was admitted to the bar of Tioga County April 12th, 1901, at Wells- boro, where he has since practiced his profession. Harry E. Bodine was born at Morris, Pa., August 31st, 1878; educated at Wellsboro and at the Mansfield State Normal School where he gradu- ated from the college preparatory department in 1901. Began the study THE BAR OF TIOGA COUNTY. 143 of law in the office of Merrick & Young and was admitted to the bar October 14th, 1903. He is located at Lawrenceville in the practice of his profession. Chester H. Ashton was admitted to the bar in January, 1905, and en- tered into partnership with his father, Henry A. Ashton, at Knoxville, as H. A. & C. H. Ashton. The firm is doing a successful business. James H. Matson was bom in Delmar, Pa., admitted to the bar May 4, 1880. Practiced in Wellsboro and was District Attorney three years. Was a member of the firm of Matson & Shearer, publishers of the Re- publican Advocate, from 1886 to 1891. He died in New Haven, Conn., March 14, 1897. Victor A. Elliott was bom in Charleston township, Tioga County, Pa. Educated in the common schools and the Wellsboro Academy. Taught school for some time and in 1863 was elected County Superintendent. Enlisted as a private and was promoted to the rank of Major of the 207th Regiment, Pa. Vols. Studied law under William H. Smith and was ad- mitted to the bar of Tioga county in 1868. Edited the Mansfield Adver- tiser in 1872, advocating the election of Horace Greeley to the Presidency. His health failing he removed to Denver, Colorado, where he took high rank as a lawyer. Was soon elected District Judge and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of that state, serving two terms. His decisions are a monument to his great ability as a jurist. The following named persons were admitted to the bar of Tioga County and practiced but a short time : Paul J. Edwards, now in the law department of the McCormick Har- vester Company and located at Syracuse, N. Y. Louis H. Kilboume, now Second Lieutenant of the cavalry, U. S. regular army. James H. Bosard, now a leading member of the bar of North Dakota. Hon. John Ormerod, now President Judge of the 55th Judicial Dis- trict, comprising the county of Potter. Henry I. Wilson, now in active practice in Jefferson county, and re- cently a member of the State House of Representatives. j; C. Strang, now in active practice in Oklahoma, and recently Judge in Kansas. A. D. Broughton, studied under Messrs. Merrick & Young, practiced at Lawrenceville with good prospects of success, but died soon after admission. Wilham H. Smith, for many years one of the leading lawyers in Den- ver, Colorado. Charles N. Kimball, for some years a member of the firm of Elliott, Watrous & Kimball. Arthur L. Bailey, now located in Penn Yan, N. Y. The following named persons were admitted to the bar of Tioga county, but never practiced in the county : 144 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Ernest W. Gleckler, now Cashier of the First National Bank, of Wellsboro, Pa. C. R. Richmond, now in active practice in Galeton, Potter county, Pa. Miss Charlotte M. Johnson, now stenographer for Watrous, Marsh & Channell. Charles L. Pattison, deceased. Simon B. Elliott, now living in Reynoldsville, Pa. George R. Mathers, now of the firm of Graves & Mathers, of Wells- boro, Pa. r I In ^ '-, c^- » •v 5* ~5 cs •* 1^ 5 1- ft Si b-1 ri » ^ 13 cy ^ •■ii. V' ■^ >3 >-0 .^1 ?^ -»?■ ;s' C S3 f5 o. t- s ■V ^ "^ ^ w LUMBERING IN TIOGA COUNTY. BY LEONARD HARRISON. This important industry which for nearly a century has occupied the attention of a large portion of the inhabitants of our county, is now drawing to a close. Five years at the most will see swept from our hill- sides and valleys practically all of the remaining virgin forests, there be- ing now standing only one small body of white pine of about one million feet, and perhaps two hundred million of hemlock, intermixed with more or less maple, beech and other hardwoods. The entire county was originally covered with a dense growth of the most valuable timbers, foremost in rank being the white pine, the king of the eastern forest trees, and here it was found growing to perfection. It commonly grew three to four feet in diameter, and in some cases specimens were seen measuring six feet or more, which raised their tall heads and shoulders above the surrounding trees. It often grew to the height of one hundred and fifty feet or over and produced lumber adapted to all kinds of building purposes, and continues to this day to be a leader in the general lumber markets. At first large quantities of this timber were cut and hewn square, of any length and size which the tree would make. These square logs were made into rafts which were loaded with what was then known as long shingles, made from timber not suitable for hewing, and floated dur- ing the high water in the springtime to such markets as the stream led to. The then dense forests tended to hold back the moisture and allow it to flow off gradually, thus maintaining the high water for a con- siderable time. Enterprising men for their time erected here and there on all the principal streams large water-power mills to manufacture this beautiful timber into lumber by means of Muley and gang saws. A large product was manufactured in them for fully fifty years, all of which was trans- ported to market by water in a similar manner to the square timber pro- duct. The rafting of the lumber was a dangerous occupation which re- quired the services of skilled men who obtained high wages. The season was looked forward to as a harvest and men were generally ready when needed to man the many rafts annually set afloat. The advent of the steam-power circular mill, often combined with a gang, hfted the busi- ness of manufacturing to a higher plane. The timber adjacent to the streams having been cut away, the steam mills were able to locate back in the depths of the forest and continue the work more advantageously. 146 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. During all this time the western part of the county was supplying large mills at Williamsport with logs in amount up to one hundred milliqri feet in a year, tending to help build there a large industrial city. Twenty years have passed since the last rafts of lumber floated over the Pine Creek waters, which we believe were owned by Charles B. Watrous, then a resident of Gaines township. The spring of 1905 saw the last log drive on the same stream. The pilot, the raftsmen and the log-floaters are n& more. Next in importance among our native trees is the hemlock, once despised and considered an encumbrance of the ground, the old-time pine lumbermen dubbing the lumber manufactured from it, " hemlock slivers. " Prior to forty years ago this timber was handled only at a loss, and so Uttle was it valued that timber estimators in making up their reports made little note of it, and where white pine was not standing the land was reported as barren, or at l^st valueless, and such lands were aban- doned by the owners and were passed to the county or new owners who purchased them under the law directing their sale for non-payment of taxes. With the advent of the tanning industry within our borders came a limited value to this timber, generally about five dollars per acre. At first, however, in order to obtain sufficient bark to meet the demands of the tanneries, much of the hemlock timber stripped to obtain the bark was allowed to lie upon the ground where cut and waste, as no market existed warranting its manufacture into lumber and transportation. With the building of the railroads into the wilder portions of the county came the erection of the more modern, up-to-date band-saw mills, in which the operators have simply to touch the levers, allowing the mill to do the rest, turning out a superior quality of hemlock lumber to which the lumber trade takes kindly, realizing that it has much merit as a building and framing material, and which as the demand warranted, has advanced in price so that lumber once selling in the markets for seven dollars a thousand now commands nearer seventeen dollars, and being manufactured by modem methods more cheaply and transported to market with less risk and expense, combined with the much better net returns from the bark, has made the business of lumbering in hemlock far more remunerative to the operator than were the earlier operations in white pine. Only a few mills have been erected for the manufacture of hard- woods exclusively, and the products are somewhat limited, the principal operation being carried on by the Maple, Beech and Birch Flooring Co., of Gaines and the Emporium Lumber Co., at Galeton. Formerly most of our forest lands were owned by a few individuals, companies and estates, among which the most prominent was the Bing- ham estate, whose main ofiice is still located in Wellsboro, and which had holdings in the State of Pennsylvania, amounting to upwards of one mil- lion two hundred thousand acres, or more than one twenty-fifth part of the entire area of the State, and of which two hundred and twenty-five An original Tioga County Hemlock Forest, one of the last remaining tracts of Hemlock. LUMBERING IN TIOGA COUNTY. 14T thousand acres are within the limits of Tioga county. Other early land owners to a great extent lost their rights by the neglect to pay the taxes, allowing the title to pass to others. Among the most prominent holders of these lands were Hezekiah Stowell, Sr., and Peter Dickinson, who were succeeded by Phelps, Dodge & Company, and later known as the Pennsylvania Joint Lumber & Land Company, Silas X. Billings, William Bache and the United States Leather Co. Lumbering as carried on in the earlier days was at the best a very precarious business and was shunned by the majority of men, even though being confined only to the handling of the splendid white pine from which the best only was taken from the body of the tree, the pro- duct being a large per cent, of what was known as ' ' panel. ' ' It was not until after the close of the civil war that prices advanced so that the business was at all attractive. Financial failure having so long been the order of the day, most of the older operators freely advised the younger men having ambitions in that direction to turn their attention to other business. The greater part of the northern and eastern portions of the county was lumbered without profit to any one and to a great extent the timber was cut, logged and burned on the ground at a very heavy expense in order to prepare the land for farming purposes, the early settlers little realizingithe immense future value of the then standing timber. On looking back one is led to remark that if the lands of our county were timbered entire as they originally were their value would probably be greater than in their present condition. For illustration, timber lands which thirty years ago were abandoned and had no bidders at tax sales, have since sold for one hundred dollars per acre. One two-thousand acre tract in Morris township selling at private sale for seventy-five cents per acre, had standing upon it thirty million feet of white pine, besides ten mil- lion feet of hemlock and other timber, and another similar tract in Elk township was sold by the late Judge White for the insignificant sum of twenty cents per acre ; the county records show later transfers of the same tract at one hundred and fifty dollars per acre and this land at con- servative estimates would be well worth three hundred dollars per acre to-day. Practically in one generation all this magnificent growth of timber has disappeared, and it was only with difficulty tkat the accompanying photo- graphs were obtained, giving some idea of how the lands were formerly timbered. The logging slides, the steam logging railroads, the steam log loader and the modem band sawmills, backed up by operators who, beginning by purchasing the lands, operate their own camps, build and operate the logging roads, manufacturing and marketing the lumber, all under one head, speaks well for the enterprise of to-day ; but Ihe rapidity with which the forests are disappearing under the influence of these modem methods, is at last causing some anxious thought as to the needs of the 148 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. future ; for soon the last logs will be in, the great engines will cease to turn the pulleys, and the operators who know no other business will dis- mantle the mills and hie away to the North, West or South, seeking new fields for the continuance of their business. Our State authorities have awakened to the fact that the wholesale destruction of the forests is affecting the water supply and health of the nation, and some tardy steps have been taken to help matters by buy- ing up to this time about thirty-five thousand acres of wild lands so lumbered in Tioga county, making an effort to so protect them that nature would re-forest them, in which respect they have been more or less successful ; apparently the only obstacle in the way of complete suc- cess is forest fires. The question is now almost daily asked, "What is the next generation to do for lumber for domestic use ? ' ' The question, though an import- ant one, remains unanswered, as the slaughter of our last remaining for- ests goes on. And even now this history is repeating itself in Michigan, partly reversed, for as I write, much hemlock there is being cut for the lumber, the bark being wasted. It is natural for Americans to be wasteful, but in no case has this dis- position shown itself more than in the handling of its forests. Even now we might take lessons from Germany and France and in parts of our country save some of our forests for future generations. In California and the Northwest nature has been patiently working for two thousand years creating the beautiful forests of redwoods, pine, cedar and spruce, yet existing there ; but at the present rate of consumption it is conser- vatively estimated that the visible supply, not overlooking the large un- developed timber territory of the South, will be exhausted in less than forty years or one more generation. May at least the arm of President Roosevelt be upheld in his attempt to preserve a portion of our public domain. Hemlock log's ready for the mill at the head of Four Mile Run. showing the lands cut over. AGRICULTURE IN TIOGA COUNTY. BY EDWARD B. DORSETT. By an Act of the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania, March 26, 1804, a strip of land containing one thousand and twenty-five square miles, was taken from the county of Lycoming and set apart as a sepa- rate county, to be known as the county of Tioga. It is a memorable and historical fact that her original territory has never been increased or diminished during the century just closed. At the time of its formation it contained one hundred and thirty families and eight hundred and thirty inhabitants. Four ye«rs prior to its formation it contained ten families, sixty white persons and seven negroes.* The progress of agriculture in the new county as in all new settle- ments, was slow during the first half of the century. There were many causes contributing to this result. At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was but one road, the Williamson road, thirty-six miles long, beginning in Lycoming county and entering the Tioga valley at Blossburg. There was neither a gristmill nor a sawmill in the county. The settlers were compelled to go to Tioga Point for anything in the way of better breadstuff s than their samp mortars afforded. Their buildings were made out of hewn timbers and were chinked in between with mud or thatched with clapboards, split from the oaks of the forest. Their cloth- ing was mostly homespun, being made from the fiber of flax, a plant which was largely grown at that time, but which is almost unknown at present. The early settlers found only a wilderness in which to lay their hearthstones and build their primitive homes. The hillsides and valleys were covered with dense forests, which had to be cut and burned before farming of the rudest sort could begin. There were only two small clearings in the county, one at Lawrence- ville and the other in the Cowanesque valley. Seeds and shrubs for planting were frequently diflScult to obtain. The character of the soil was not understood, causing loss where there might have been gain. Tools were scarce and crude of construction. If brought from England, they were often beyond the purses of those who felt their need. When better tools than the early machinery were available many settlers were averse to their adoption. The adoption of improved tools and methods *NoTE 1.— The U. S. census for 1800 returned for Tioga township, Lycoming county. Pa., 99 families having a total population of 509 inhabitants, none of whom were slaves. By Act of Assembly of March 8. 1800, the Commissioners of Lycoming county were required to enumerate the number of taxables in its different townships. The return shows 122 taxables in Tioga township, including one free colored person. — [Editor.] 150 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. has always met with more or less opposition, but with less, perhaps, in Tioga county than in some others. Laborers in some parts of enlighten- ed England destroyed agricultural machinery as late as 1830. Wooden plows were the dependence of Tioga county farmers until towards the close of the first quarter of the century. There was little attempt made towards improvement in agricultural methods until the beginning of the last half of the century. Enlightened men then began to appreciate the value of fertilizing, rotation of crops, the adoption of better tools, and the ultimate danger of the exhaustion of the soil. The early settlers placed little confidence in what they called "book farming." This sentiment remained to some extent to years within the memory of living persons. Stock on the farms continued, partly through necessity, perhaps, to be poorly housed in winter and in- adaquately fed. Reading matter on agricultural subjects was scarce, and what there was attracted little attention from the average farmer of the period. Meadow production was confined almost wholly to natural growth ; there was little clover and no timothy. The introduction of the horserake, and later of the thresher, mowing-machine and self-binder was a slow process. As we contrast the difference in farm methods and farm implements, as used to-day, with those used during the first half of the century, we are astonished at the progress which has been made. Farming during the first part of the past century was by hand, aided by the horses, an ox team or a horse and ox hitched together. The implements used in culti- vating the soil, in the earlier days of the county, were few and rudely constructed. The old Egyptian style shovel-plow was the first tool used to plow the ground. This was followed by the wooden mould-board plow, which was made by twisting a piece of timber and cutting it into the shape of a mouldboard ; to this which was fitted an iron or steel point, a wooden landside, beam and handles completed the plow of early days. The harrow used was the old " A " shaped fallow drag. It was made by cutting down a forked tree or sapling, cutting off the forks six or eight feet from the place of meeting, and by driving eight or ten iron teeth into each fork. The horse or team was hitched to the forked end by means of a chain. These implements, with a few smaller tools, furnish- ed the farmer's outfit a century ago. The chief crops raised in the county during the earlier days were rye, oats, corn, flax, wheat and potatoes. It was easy to raise these crops, as the soil contained all the elements of plant food necessary to produce them. All the farmer had to do was to plow the ground, sow or plant the seed, harrow with the forked harrow, or cover with the hoe and the work was done. Harvesting in the earlier days of the century was the hardest work done on the farm. The grain was cut with the sickle, raked into bundles and tied by hand. When dry the bundles were drawn to the bam and left until winter. Threshing was the work of the winter. It was done either with the flail or by tramping of horses. The grain AGRICULTURE IN TIOGA COUNTY. 151 was separated from the chaff by the aid of the wind or the use of the old style fanning-mill. The grass was cut with a scythe, raked by hand, hauled or carried to the bam, or stacked in the field. Corn was planted, cultivated, cut and husked by hand. As the century grew older, improvements were made both in farm methods and farm implements. The old wooden plow gave way to the iron plow, both land and reversible, better known as flat-land and side- hill plows. The old "A" drag was followed by the square drag, this by the spring tooth harrow, broad-cast seeder, and lastly by the improved grain drills, with grass-seeder and fertilizer attachments. The sickle was superseded by the grain cradle, drop-reaper and the self-binder. The old flail and fanning mill have been laid aside as curios for the im- proved grain separators, which now not only separate the grain from the straw and chaff, measure and bag the grain, but in some cases press and bale the straw. The invention of the horse rake, mowing-machine, ted- der, loader and carriers have rendered almost useless the scythe, hand- rake, and other small tools, and have transformed the hard and tedious tasks of "haying" into a pleasant and profitable pastime of short dura- tion. Corn is now planted mostly by aid of the planter or the drill, cul- tivated by the improved cultivators, both riding and walking, cut with the corn harvester, husked with the com husker and shredder or cut into ensilage with an ensilage-cutter. Thus has the inventive genius of man gone on until to-day we have the most complete labor-saving machinery for agricultural purposes that can be found. To describe all the improve- ments in farm machinery is not necessary, as the foregoing description and a trip through the county will suflSce to show the young the progress which has been made during the century. The principal settlements were first made in the valleys along the banks of the largest streams and their branches. It was thought that the land in the valleys, in addition to being the most accessible and more easily worked, was the most fertile. As the county became more thick- ly settled the hill lands began to be cleared and their fertility tested. The experiment revealed the fact that some of the richest and most en- during soil is to be found in the more elevated sections. The hill land farms are now, therefore, regarded as being equal in productivess, one year with another, with those of the creek and river valleys. During the early years of the county's history, when lumbering was largely de- pended on to supply ready money, agriculture did not receive anything more than ' 'a scratch and a promise ; ' ' but since the practical disappear- ance of the pine and hemlock forests, agriculture is rapidly becoming the leading occupation. The diversified farming of the present was unknown as well as the methods pursued by the first-class farmer of to-day. The man who own- ed a stumpy clearing was satisfied if he could produce enough rye, oats, com or wheat to feed his family and the animals used in the labor of the field and the woods, the surplus that found its way to market being a 152 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. small percentage of the whole crop. The farms of the present bear but a slight resemblance to those of early days. On many of them the labor of four generations continued year after year with infinite patience, has scarce- ly sufficed to free them of the stumps and stones which were left by some farmers to maintain the fertility of the soil. A large majority of the farms in the county to-day, however, have been so improved that it is possible to use modem farm machinery. The present condition bears eloquent witness to what can be accomplished in the face of the most discouraging and disheartening primary conditions, and it tells the story better than words can tell it of the sturdy and stalwart character of the men and women, who from the early settlements of the county to the present time, have been the main factors in its industrial growth and development. While all the cereal grains are produced in the county, more attention is given to raising oats, corn and buckwheat than to rye, wheat and bar- ley. Considerable tobacco is grown in the Tioga, Crooked Creek and Cowanesque valleys. During the last twenty-five years, until the recent decline in prices tobacco showed an increase in the acreage each year. This crop, when prices are good is a very profitable one, but for the past five years prices have fallen so low that the production has greatly de- creased. An examination of the assessments for 1904, prepared by the County Commissioners, shows that there are 17,080 taxables in the county. The total number of acres of land reported is 662,077 acres, of which 550,914 acres are cleared, and 111,163 acres are wild or timbered lands. The assessed value of all real estate in round numbers is $15,000,000, of which $1,015,750 is exempt from taxation, and $13,609,392 is taxable. There are 9,083 horses and 15,600 neat cattle in the county. The present value of all real estate in Tioga county is about $50,000,000, a grand in- crease in value over that of a hundred years ago, when land covered with the virgin forests could have been bought for twenty-five cents an acre ; f and a dollar an acre would have been considered a good price, on an average, to have paid for the land of the county. The present value represents not only the labor expended in clearing and cultivating the land, building fences and erecting buildings, but it also represents the advantage of being within easy reach of the best markets of the country, insuring a certainty of always reaUzing the best prices for the products of the garden, field and the orchard. It also represents the advantages of good schools, good churches and good society, things quite as desira- ble and much more valuable than fertile acres or modem farm equip- ments. The order of "Patrons of Husbandry," better known as the Grange, 1NOTE 2.— Act of Assembly of April 8. 1785, fixed the price of land at 80 cents per acre ; Act of Oct. 3, 1788, changed it to 53 V4 cents per acre after March 1, 1789 ; Act of April 3, 1792, chang-ed the price to 13^ cents per acre, where it remained until 1817, when it was advanced to 2G% cents per acre. — [EDITOR.] AGRICULTURE IN TIOGA COUNTY. 153 has been an important factor in improving the moral, social, financial and intellectual condition of the farmers in Tioga county. There are thirty-eight Granges in the county having a membership of five thous- and, composed of both sexes. The first and highest object of the order is "to develop a higher and better manhood and womanhood among themselves," to advance the interests and elevate the condition of agri- culture and to aid those engaged therein in conducting their business in conformity with scientific principles. The influence of the Grange and other agricultural societies, the building of public highways, the completion of railroads, the invention of modem farm implements and the adoption of improved farm methods have contributed largely to the agricultural prosperity witnessed in the county to-day. But it is to the patient and persistent labor of sturdy and stout-heart- ed husbandmen and matrons that the greater share of the present pros- perity of Tioga county is to be attributed. Their labor began with the felling of the forest trees and the clearing of the forest garden spot, which has transformed the face of the county from a dense and unbroken wilderness into cultivated fields, orchards and gardens, dotted with beau- tiful farm homes and buildings, which are the abiding places of thrift, comfort and intelligence, and has, notwithstanding its rough and rugged surface, placed the county well up in the list of prosperous and produc- tive agricultural counties of the State. THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. BY LEWIS DARLING, M. D. That this sketch may be read without weariness, it will be necessary to study brevity. I shall endeavor to narrate facts as far as I am able to ascertain from the various sources at my command. With scant space for facts there is still less for embellishment and many interesting inci- dents and individual experiences of the early pioneers of the medical pro- fession must of necessity be omitted. Beginning with the advent of the first settlement in the county we are carried back more than a century. The first physician to practice his pro- fession in Tioga county was a non-resident of the county or state. Dr. Ezek- iel Mulford came with Colonel Eleazer Lindley and made a settlement on the north bank of the Cowanesque river in what is now known as the town of Lindley, N. Y. , in 1790. He was known as the physicianof the Lindley Colony, and he practiced his profession and made professional visits to the few pioneers on the south side of the river in the state of Pennsyl- vania. Dr. Mulford and his wife both died within a few hours of each other during the prevalence of typhus fever in the year 1812, leaving a family of fifteen children, descendants of whom are living in some parts of the county of Tioga and many in the town of Lindley, Coming and Elmira. This pioneer physician left an honored name as the heritage of his descendants. About the same time that Dr. Mulford practiced in the north part of the county Dr. WiUiam Kent Lathy located at Williams- port and his practice extended to the sparse settlements in Tioga county. But little is known of this pioneer physician so far as this county is con- cerned. Dr. James Davidson lived at the mouth of Pine creek in 1805 and his practice extended into the southern region of our county. Dr. Samuel Coleman, a resident of Williamsport in 1808, made professional visits to the small settlements of Tioga county. The first regular settlement of a physician in the county of Tioga was made by Dr. William Willard. He emigrated from Massachusetts and settled in what is now known as Tioga village in 1798. He was a man of business and followed many pursuits. He kept hotel, a store, erected saw-mills and at one time was the principal genius in all the bus- iness enterprises in Tioga and vicinity. He became noted as a man of business, but never attained any celebrity as a physician. Dr. Ralph Kilborn settled in Lawrenceville in 1802 and practiced his profession until 1840, when he removed to near Rochester, N. Y., where he died. THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 155 Dr. Simeon Powers, at the time of his advent in the wilds of Pennsyl- vania, was one of the most noted men of his time. He was born in Guilford, Vermont, in 1784. He pursued his medical studies in his native state and after graduation started on his western journey on horse- back and rode through the wilderness and reached his destination at Lawrenceville in 1805. He practiced his profession at Lawrenceville a short time and moved to Knoxville and from there to Tioga. While in Tioga, in the year 1809, he married Polly Inscho, a daughter of Obediah Inscho, who settled on the Cowanesque river in 1798. Dr. Powers re- moved to Lawrenceville in 1821 and resumed the practice of medicine, continuing as long as he was able to do business. He died in 1863. Dr. Powers was a large man, hale and hearty during his early life, and a man endowed with more than ordinary intelligence. His judgment was sound and for years he commanded a large and laborious practice extending up the Cowanesque valley into Potter county and south as far as Williams" port. He traveled through the country on horseback and many times his only companions in the darkness were the howling wolves that in those days were numerous. He was a genial man, kind and considerate, and always welcome in the home he visited. He was elected second Sheriff of Tioga county in 1815 and was also elected as one of the Associate Judges and served as such five years. His practice was of the old school and he was in his day one of the most successful practitioners in this part of the state. There are few now living who know anything of his early life and struggles and few who can appreciate what he endured of privation and hardship in the practice of medicine in those days. Dr. Pliny Powers, a brother of Dr. Simeon Powers, located at Canoe Camp and a few years later at Tioga. Here he remained until 1835, when he moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he practiced with marked success until his death. Dr. Jonathan Bonney located in Knoxville in 1811. He was both farmer and physician. Dr. Adolphus Allen located at Osceola in 1811 and remained only a few years. Dr. Jeremiah Brown was the first physician to locate at Wellsboro. He was bom and educated in Vermont and came to the little hamlet of Wellsboro, seeking his fortune, in 1816. His practice extended in all directions. He made a fair reputation and accumulated a little property, which he afterwards lost. Becoming somewhat discouraged with life he left Wellsboro and settled on Pine creek, where he died in March, 1831. Dr. Curtis Parkhurst located in Lawrenceville in 1818 and enjoyed for a time quite an extensive practice. He went into politics and in 1827-8 was elected to the Legislature. He was elected Sheriff in 1840 and also served as Associate Judge. During the latter part of his Ufe he carried on a drug store in Lawrenceville. He was an honorable man, respected in his day. He left sons and daughters who are filling useful and honor- able positions in the world. 156 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Dr. John B. Murphy located in Wellsboro in 1823. He practiced med- icine, kept a store and also a hotel. He died in 1834. Dr. Oliver T. Bundy located at Wellsboro in 1826 and remained until 1830, when he removed to Broome county, N. Y., and became quite a prominent physician. He died in 1874. Dr. Ezra Wood was the first physician to locate in Rutland, in 1823. His residence in his new field was short, as he died in 1829. Dr. Dexter Parkhurst located in Mansfield in 1824, where he remained until 1830, when he removed to Mainesburg and lived there and practiced his profession very successfully till his death in 1866. Dr. Allen Frazer, born in Westerville, N. Y., in 1798, was educated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Utica, N. Y. He located in Deerfield township in 1825 and continued practice as long as he lived. He hobbled about among his patients until he was obliged to surrender. He died in 1872. Dr. Frazer was one of the old-time men, sound in judg- ment, skilled in practice and successful to great degree. He was one of the principal promoters of Union Academyat Academy Corners. I knew the old Doctor in his dotage, but he was a very interesting man to meet and talk with. He was social in his nature, kind and considerate, and it was a real pleasure to listen to the story of his experience in the wilderness country in the early days of his settlement. Dr. Lewis Dariing, Sr., located in Wellsboro in the year 1829. He was born in Vermont. His ancestors emigrated from England and set- tled near Boston, Mass. He was educated at the Woodstock, Vermont^ academy, and graduated at the old Dartmouth University. He was a student in the office of Prof. Joseph Gallup and attended medical colleges at Woodstock, Boudoin and Dartmouth, where he graduated in 1828. After graduating he procured his outfit of books, instruments and medi- cines, and with his horse and buggy, constituting his worldly possessions, started on his long and tedious journey to what was then known as the West. After many days of travel and many mishaps, he reached his destination at Troy, Pa. Here he tarried for a brief time, resting and no doubt planning his future course. While living at the hotel in Troy he met many strangers who welcomed and encouraged him. Among the number were R. G. White and James Lowrey, from Wellsboro, who were attending court in Bradford county. A strong friendship sprung uj. b^^tween these three young men, and they urged the Doctor to go with them to Wellsboro and pursue his practice, as they thought it a fine opening for a man of his fitness. He went to Wellsboro and ' ' hung out his shingle " and soon was doing a fine business. His ride extended far and near. His work was laborious, but he pursued it faithfully. In the win- ter of 1831 he was joined by Dr. Otis L. Gibson and they entered into partnership. They had plenty of hard work to do in their profession, but the people were poor and unable to pay ; so they fared very slim and they often had to borrow of one another for postage when they wished to send letters back to their Vermont friends. In May, 1831, Dr. Darling THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 157 closed out his business at Wellsboro and moved to Lawrenceville, in those days the most important town in the county. Here he met a very cordial welcome and soon was engrossed in his professional work. He was a very polished, gentlemanly man and had a cordial and friendly way with him that made friends of all with whom he came in contact. His fame extended far and wide and as a surgeon he had no rival in the Cow- anesque and Tioga valleys during the heydey of his professional life. His was a blameless life of incessant and useful labor and by his unswerving devotion he attained eminence in the professional and social world. In October, 1831, Dr. Darling again visited his childhood home in Vermont in company with Dr. Otis L. Gibson, where they were both united in marriage to the daughters of Captain Luke Parsons of the cavalry in the war of 1812. Returning to Tioga county Dr. and Mrs. Darling began housekeeping on the corner of Main and State streets in Lawrenceville, where they continued to live until their death. Dr. Darling was appoint- ed by the Governor of New York state as Surgeon of the 161st Infantry Regiment and was ordered South and joined General Banks's army in the Department of the Gulf. He accompanied his regiment through the famons Red River campaign and siege of Port Hudson. He was univer- sally loved and respected by the officers and soldiers, for he carried with him that same kind, genial, humane and friendly manner which governed him all his life. Failing health and advancing age compelled him to resign from the army and return to his quiet home. He was appointed Surgeon of the Pension Department in 1871 and continued to discharge the duties of the position to the time of his death, which occurred July 23, 1882. Dr. Otis L. Gibson settled in Wellsboro in 1831 and for a brief time was associated in practice with Dr. Lewis Darling, Sr. The advent of this educated and polished man to this new country was somewhat of a revelation. Dr. Gibson was born and reared in Craydon, New Hamp- shire. He read medicine in the office of Prof. Wm. Gibson, of Wood- stock, Vt., and graduated from the Vermont School of Medicine in the year 1830. Dr. Gibson immediately assumed a leading position profess- sionally and socially and continued in the confidence and respect of the whole community during his life. He was a heroic and fearless prac- tioner and the resources at his command were in advance of the ordinary physician. He had hardly reached the zenith of his fame and while still comparatively young in his profession he was stricken with paralysis, which increased until he became perfectly helpless and had to abandon his practice. He died July 31, 1863. He was confined to the house for many years and exhibited a great degree of cheerfulness and patience in his long suffering. Dr. Lewis Saynisch, a native of Switzerland, located in Blossburg in 1831. He was an educated physician and a man of culture. He engaged in mercantile and lumber pursuits and finally embarked in the coal busi- ness. He was an important man in the mining regions. He died in Blossburg in 1856. 158 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Dr. Thomas T. Huston settled at Tioga in 1831, but only remained a short time, removing to Athens, Bradford county. He was a successful practitioner for more than thirty years and died in May, 1865. Dr. Allen Furman located in Gaines at an early date and practiced medicine for several years. Dr. Elisha B. Benedict located in Elkland in 1831. He v^as both phy- sician and Presbyterian minister, a man of culture and education, an honored and respected citizen. He died in 1872. Dr. Thaddeus Phelps located at Knoxville in 1832. He was bom and educated in Massachusetts and after graduation came to Lawrence- ville to visit his boyhood friend. Dr. Lewis Darling, Sr. Dr. Darling ad- vised him to locate in Knoxville and he took up the work, but he could not conform to the backwoods methods of those early days, and the pioneer hfe to this cultured Eastern man had no charms sufficient to hold him to a life of toil and privation. After continuing in practice until 1834 he turned his back upon his new home and returned to Massachu- setts, locating in Attleboro, where he practiced the remainder of his life. He was the father of Dr. Charles Phelps, the celebrated New York city sur- geon, who has gained considerable notoriety as an expert in murder trials. Dr. Francis H. White began the practice of medicine in 1832 at Rose- ville. He moved about to several places, was for a time at Mansfield and Tioga, but returning to Roseville he continued in the practice of his profession until he died in 1885. He had reached the ripe age of 106 years and was the oldest physician in the county and the longest in con- tinuous practice. He enjoyed the confidence of those to whom he admin- istered and left a good name as a reminder of his good deeds and faithful services to humanity. Dr. Milton P. Orton located in Lawrenceville in 1834. He was a graduate of the classical and medical departments of Yale College. He was born in Sharon, Connecticut, in 1795. Dr. Orton was a thorough student, finely educated and well fitted to pursue any profession. He practiced many years and followed other callings. He was a farmer and lumberman. He married a daughter of Hon. James Ford and tkus was given a prestige that was of great service to him. He never acquired any great fame as a physician and surgeon, but was always looked upon as a man of sound judgment, but he lacked the energy and push of his compeers. He retired from practice and became principal of Lawrence- ville Academy and afterwards taught a private school. He had but few equals and no superiors as a classical teacher. In 1862 Dr. Orton entered the United States service as a contract surgeon and was stationed in the hospital at Hatteras Inlet. Dr. Orton a* that time was 67 years old, but he rendered very efficient service to his country and was universally respected by the sick and wounded soldiers that came under his care. He died in 1864 and his body was brought back to his home and buried in the THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 159 old Lindley burying ground. He did his work in life well and now rests on the hill overlooking the scenes of his early struggles. Dr. Barton Streeter was born in Chesterfield, N. H., in 1787. He came of the famous Streeter family that were known throughout New England. He was thoroughly educated and after graduation came to Tioga county and in 1830 located at Westfield. He was what may be termed an itinerant doctor, and traveled over the country seeking chronic cases for treatment. He was remarkably successful and his fame ex- tended far and wide. He emigrated to the West and died, where and when I know not. Sylvester Streeter, born in 1793, located in Canton, Bradford county, where he lived till he died in 1863. His practice covered the eastern and southern parts of Tioga county and in the early days he was the principal physician in that part of the country. He was regarded as a very skillful physician and had the confidence of the early settlers and he served them faithfully and well. Dr. Abel Humphrey, bom in Chenango county, N. Y. , located in Tioga in 1836. Nature did much for Dr. Humphrey. He was a gentlemanly man, kind and considerate, and he had the faculty to a marked degree of inspiring faith and confidence in his patrons. He enjoyed a considerable practice at Tioga that continued for many years. He was always re- garded as a safe and judicious practitioner. Had Doctor Humphrey de- voted his early life to the study of his profession and entered its portals through the regular channels he would no doubt have made a great suc- cess with the practice of medicine. He occupied a high position in society and was considerable of a politician, becoming an Associate Judge of the county. Ill health compelled him to retire from active business. Dr. Harvey Leach located in Chatham township in 1837. He was an itinerant and rode over a large territory. He continued practice until he died in 1862. He was faithful to his patrons, attentive to their wants, and left behind him an untarnished name. Dr. H. G. Smythe located in Mansfield in 1838 and practiced his pro- fession until compelled by broken health to relinquish his arduous work. He was considered to be a physician of much ability and enjoyed the con- fidence of the community. He became crippled in his early life and was obliged to use crutches for many years. Dr. Albert M. Loop located in Nelson, then known as Beecher's Is- land, in 1840. He was bom in Elmira, N. Y., read medicine \yith Doctor Boynton, attended a course of lectures at the Geneva Medical College and was Ucensed by the Fairfield Medical Institute. He was a young man of more than ordinary ability. Dr. Loop immediately acquired a good practice and continued to enjoy the respect and confidence of his people for many years. He was never a very ambitious practitioner, but was rather slow and deliberate and never very enthusiastic, but as a diagnostican he had few superiors. Dr. Loop, while capable of doing well whatever he was called upon to do, yet naturally shrank from assum- 160 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ing too much responsibility and always called counsel in his difficult cases. Dr. Loop was a close student, a great reader and possessed a wonderfully retentive memory. He believed whatever was worth knowing was worth knowing well. He devoted his life to the service of humanity and no one knows the amount of unrequited services he rendered to the people of the valley where he passed his long life. He gave to the people more than he ever received in fees for his services and whatever was unrecognized and unrewarded in this world is entered to his everlasting credit in the world beyond. Dr. Nelson Packer was born in December, 1814, at Norwich, N. Y., and was educated at the Oxford Academy. He studied medicine with Dr. Henry Mitchell, of Norwich, and was graduated from the Geneva Medical College in 1838. He came to Wellsboro in 1838 and entered upon the practice of his profession. When Dr. Packer came to Wellsboro he met in competition the celebrated Dr. Otis L. Gibson, who received him in a friendly way and I believe their relations were always cordial. The population of Wellsboro and vicinity was rapidly increasing and there was a growing demand for two physicians of the character and reputa- tion of Doctors Gibson and Packer. Dr. Packer was a man of energy and push and he devoted himself to the arduous duties of his calling and denied himself many pleasures. Dr. Packer physically was not very robust, but he was possessed of that wiry, nervous temperament that overcame all obstacles and permitted him to do a great amount of hard work. His practice became very extensive and laborious and he was surely forging to the front when Dr. Gibson was obliged to abandon prac- tice on account of ill health. Dr. Packer was in a position to readily take the lead in the practice of his profession. Dr. Packer enjoyed the reputation of being one of the most careful and skilled surgeons in this part of the country and for many years was the leading light in that part of the county and state. Dr. Packer married January 15th, 1849, Miss Mary McDougall, of Lawrenceville. Her parents were among the early and hon- ored settlers of Lawrenceville. Mrs. Packer was a lady of much dignity and refinement and very highly thought of in the home of her birth. Dr. Packer entered the United States service as Assistant Surgeon in 1862 and was stationed at Chesapeake Hospital, Va. His failing health com- pelled him to resign the service and return to his home. In 1864 he was appointed Examining Surgeon of Pensions and served in that capacity till the time of his death. He died February 8th, 1883, full of honors and lamented and mourned by the entire community. Dr. WiUiam B. Rich was born in Otsego county, N. Y., and settled in Knoxville in 1843. He practiced in Knoxville, Deerfield and Chatham and had a very extensive ride, and he won the reputation of being a skilled physician. He died in 1878, ripe in years and experience. Dr. Daniel McNaughton located in Westfield in 1845 and practiced his profession for many years. In 1861 he was appointed postmaster of West- field and continued in this office for about ten years. In 1871 he was THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 161 elected Associate Judge. He died in the year 1883. Dr. McNaughton at one time was one of the leading physicians in the valley of the upper Cowanesque. He was a very genial, sociable man, and enjoyed the respect «nd confidence of the people. He was unpretentious, judicious and safe in his practice. Dr. H. H. Borden came to Tioga from Steuben county, N. Y., in 1842, and began studying medicine with Dr. Abel Humphrey. After com- pleting his medical education he began the practice of medicine in 1847. He was associated with C. O. Etz in the drug business for a time and afterwards with Dr. T. R. Warren. He practiced his profession for many years vyith marked success, but finally abandoned the laborious work and continued in the drug business up to the time of his death in 1894. Dr. Borden always took a lively interest in his profession, even after he had relinquished the practice. He was a faithful member of the County Medical Society and contributed his full share in keeping up its interest. Dr. Borden was regarded as a prudent and safe practitioner and for many years enjoyed a large ride and had the confidence of his patrons. Dr. Charles V. Elliott, a native of Bradford county, Pa., began the practice of medicine at Mansfield in 1847, after studying with Dr. N. Packer in Wellsboro and graduating from Geneva Medical College. He kept a drug store in connection with his practice, which he continued until 1891, when he retired. Dr. Elliott was a large, fine looking man of pleasing address, and always met you in a very cordial manner. He stood high in the community where he passed the greater portion of his life and he was largely identified in all matters that contributed to the material upbuilding of Mansfield. He was honored by election to the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1876 and re-election in 1878. He was also postmaster in Mansfield for twelve years. Dr. Nathaniel Smith, bom in Windham county, Vermont, in 1823, lo- cated in Jackson township in 1847. For a time he was located at Dag- gett's Mills, but afterwards removed to Millerton, where he is now located in the active practice of his profession. He is more than four- score years of age and is probably the oldest practitioner in the county. He came of good old Vermont stock and inherited the vigor of his ances- tors. For years he has commanded the greater share of business in his part of the county. He has been a faithful, self-sacrificing man and has given himself no rest in all the active years of his life. For years he has gone in and out among the people of his mountain home and for years he has been their stay and dependence in their hour of sickness and trouble. He has spent all his days among the people of Jackson and has well earned the good name and fame which in his dotage he may enjoy. Dr. Charles K. Thompson was bom in Charleston, April 22, 1821, and died in Wellsboro, September 11, 1888. He studied medicine with Dr. Otis L. Gibson and graduated from the Geneva Medical College in 1846. He married in 1847 Miss Sarah Gibson and commenced the practice of 162 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. medicine in Wellsboro and Charleston. At the beginning of the civil war Dr. Thompson entered the United States service and served during the war as surgeon. After the war was retained in the Freedmen's Bureau at Edisto, South Carolina. After leaving the government service he returned to his home and was appointed resident physician at Fall Brook. In this capacity he continued for a year and then located permanently in Wells- boro, where he practiced to the time of his death. Dr. Thompson was never a rugged man physically. He was a very close student and a ready writer. His contributions to medical literature in his active days were considerable. He was one of the leading lights in the County Medical Society and took an active part in the literary proceedings of the Elmira Academy of Medicine. He was a man of sound judgment, a good diagnostican and he was in great demand as counsel in difficult and doubt- ful cases. Dr. Henry Kilbourn was born in Shrewsbury, Vermont, in 1802 and graduated from the Vermont School of Medicine in 1828. He came to Tioga county in 1840 and located in Covington and Blossburg, dividing his time between these places. He practiced his profession for forty- five years and enjoyed a wide reputation as a skillful physician and also as the most eccentric man in the Tioga valley. He was noted as an inimitable story teller. The people of his vicinity enjoyed his peculiari- ties and he was welcomed in many households. Dr. William T. Humphrey, was born in Bainbridge, N. Y., in 1824. He attended the Albany Medical College. He first located in Addison, N.Y., but only remained a few months. He removed to Elkland in 1849 and remained until 1857, when he removed to Osceola, where he remained until his death. In 1861 Dr. Humphrey was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the famous Bucktail regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserves. At the organization of the 149th Penn'a Regiment, he was appointed Surgeon and served with his regiment until mustered out. He was regarded as one of the very best regimental surgeons and was dexterous at an opera- tion. He stood high among his professional brothers in the army, and was loved and respected by the officers and soldiers of his command. After the close of the war Dr. Humphrey returned to his home, resumed the practice of medicine and continued for many years until compelled to give up his work. Dr. Humphrey was elected to the Legislature and served his constituents faithfully and well. During the years of his active professional life he was one of the best known surgeons in the Cowanesque valley. He was called far and near in all difficult cases and was the recognized head of his profession. Dr. Humphrey was a very genial, open-hearted man, and it was always a pleasure to meet him pro- fessionally or socially. Dr. Locke Granger came to Lawrenceville in 1839 and studied medicine in the office of Dr. Lewis Darling, Sr. He attended the Medical College at Geneva, N. Y., and was graduated in 1841. He returned to Lawrence- ville and was associated with Dr. Darling in practice for about one year. THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 163 He then opened an office by himself and began his life's work. Dr. Granger was something of an old bachelor when he was married to Jane Seeley, a daughter of William Seeley, of Lawrenceville, one of the early settlers. In 1862, when Dr. Lewis Darling entered the U. S. army, it left Dr. Granger as the principal physician. He did a very large profes- sional business and acquired a good reputation as a careful and successful physician. He was elected Justice of the Peace and served as such for a number of years. He was School Director for several years and was Burgess of Lawrenceville. He was not a very robust man and reaching very advanced life he broke down and had to give up his business and became confined to his house and bed, where he died in August, 1883. He was buried in the old Lindley cemetery. Dr. William M. Barden located in Mansfield- in 1852. He was the first Homeopathic practitioner in the county. He died in 1884. Dr. Barden was regarded as a very successful practitioner in his school of medicine and built up a large practice. Dr. J. H. Shearer, a homeopathic physician, located in Wellsboro in 1852. In 1855 he moved to Springfield, Illinois, where he remained until 1859. Returning to Wellsboro he continued in practice to the time of his death. While in Springfield he became intimately acquainted with Abra- ham Lincoln and they were firm friends ever after. Dr. Shearer was a very polished, gentlemanly man and for years enjoyed a large patronage in his practice and was successful. Dr. Henry C. Bosworth, a graduate of the Geneva Medical College, located in Deerfleld and Osceola in 1850. He was farmer, merchant and physician and continued as such to the time of his death in 1870. I know nothing of his practice, but have always heard him spoken of in the high- est terms. Dr. Ira W. Bellows located in Knoxville in 1854 and continued in prac- tice until 1870, when he retired to his farm in Deerfleld, where he con- tinued to live and enjoy the respect of the entire community. Dr. Bel- lows was a very energetic, ambitious physician and tried to do the very best he knew for his patients. He had a large practice and was quite successful ; but the Doctor was always handicapped in his professional life by his lack of early advantages and education. Had he entered the profession "by the open door," he no doubt would have been a very suc- cessful physician. He loved the practice of medicine, its associations and its rewards. He was a God fearing and God serving man and died honored and respected by all who knew him. Dr. W. W. Webb, bom in Chenango, N. Y., educated at the Geneva Medical College and Castleton Medical College, Vermont, graduating in 1854. He began the practice of medicine in Liberty and continued until 1857, when he removed to Wellsboro and practiced until his death in 1889. Dr. Webb had a brief service in the army, being Assistant Surgeon of the 35th Regiment. When Dr. Webb began the practice of medicine in Wellsboro he had to compete for honor and business with Dr. Nelson_ 164 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Packer, who was considered about the best in his part of the county, but Wellsboro and the country surrounding was becoming quite thickly popu- lated and the town was gaining in wealth and importance and the field was widening for the services of more medical men. Dr. Webb was dil- igent and attended strictly to his business and gained rapidly in friends and professional business. Dr. Webb took a very active part in the transactions of the County Medical Association and thus became well known as a careful, progressive student of medical literature. He stood high among his professional brethren, which added much to his reputa- tion. Dr. Webb was considered to be one of the best medical men in Wellsboro and enjoyed quite an extensive practice for years. The Doc- tor was something of a musician and it was always a treat to hear him sing, which he frequently did at our medical reunions. Dr. Webb was a very genial, social man and it was always a pleasure to meet him. Dr. George D. Maine, born in Mainesburg in 1826, was graduated from the medical department of the University of Buffalo in 1856. He located in the home of his birth, where he continued in active practice to the time of his death, with the exception of the time he spent in the army. Dr. Maine was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the One Hundred and Ninety-Second Pennsylvania Volunteers and served as such until mustered out with the regiment in 1865. He returned to Mainesburg And again took up the practice of medicine. The Doctor proved that a -prophet may possess honor in his own country. He overcame the preju- , dices of his people by his diligent and faithful attendance upon their wants and acquired a well deserved fame as a skillful physician. He was ■a very quiet, dignified man, without ostentation, who gained the con- fidence of the people for his real worth. Dr. Maine married Miss Kate ■Gregory, of Elmira, and had two daughters. Dr. Maine was a very attentive member of the County Medical Society and was the president of the Society in 1879. The old members of the County Society will re- member that Dr. Maine's contributions were always interesting and in- structive. Hejwas a faithful attendant upon the regular meetings and did his full share towards making these gatherings profitable in a literary way. He died in 1897, full of years and honor. Dr. L. M. Johnson, a native of Steuben county, N. Y., a graduate of the University of Michigan, located in Wellsboro in 1858. Dr. Johnson was a man of marked personality. He was never on intimate terms with the members of the medical profession and stood aloof from association with them. He fully occupied his own field of action and gained a good name and fame among his friends and patrons. His field of action was limited, but the glory of a well spent hfe was his. Dr. James Hasten was born in Penn Yan, N. Y., in 1827. He read medicine with the celebrated physicians, Drs. A. F. and W. Oliver. He attended a course of medical lectures at the University of Buffalo. In 1849 he located at White's Comers, Potter county, and practiced until the year 1860, when he located at Westfield. Dr. Hasten was postmaster THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 165 at Westfield between 1885 and 1889. He was one of the oldest practi- tioners in the county. When he located in Westfield it was a little hamlet, sparsely populated by the descendants of the early pioneers. He found plenty of competitors already located, in the small town, but he set him- self to work with energy and perseverance and compelled recognition by his skill and devotion to his profession. He was intelligent, frank and kind and he made every man his friend. Dr. Hasten was one of the leading members of the Masonic order in Westfield. By his faithful de- votion to his profession in the many long years of his practice, he won the respect and confidence of the people. Dr. Hasten died April 8, 1905, of a cancerous affliction, aged 78 years. Dr. W. W. Wright located in Elkland in 1850. He was born in Cairo, Greene county, N, Y., in 1830. In 1848 he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Nelson Packer in Wellsboro. Attended medical col- lege at Geneva, N. Y., and was graduated in the class of 1850. Dr. Wright was a very quiet, unassuming man, rather diffident in manner. He was a man of dignity and fine appearance and gained friends rapidly. When he located in practice at Elkland he was surrounded on all sides by physicians of marked skill and ability, who drove by him in every direc- tion, on their professional visitations, but the Doctor was not discouraged nor disheartened. He was diligent and attended his calls with prompt- ness and devotion, and soon had built up quite an extensive practice. He was regarded as a very careful physician and was remarkably successful. In the diseases of children he made quite a reputation, which he enjoyed to the end of his life. The Doctor was never very social with the mem- bers of the medical profession. He had been somewhat "soured" in early life and never recovered from it. He was highly respected by the entire community for his honorable, upright life. Dr. E. S. Bobbins located in Covington in 1856, where he continued in practice to the time of his death. He was genial and social, but full of eccentricities, blunt and outspoken. He had an extensive practice and was universally respected by the entire community. His sudden death was deplored by the people he had so long served faithfully and well. Dr. Charles Voorhees began the practice of medicine at Daggett's Mills in 1855 and continued practice up to the time of his death. Dr. Voorhees was a graduate of Jefferson Hedical College and stood high as a student. He was a man of fine physique, a commanding figure and would always attract attention. He was a close student and was possess- ed of much intelligence. He was the leading citizen in his town and managed an extensive farm in connection with his practice. He was lo- cated in a mountainous region and his ride extended in all directions. He attended to his large practice faithfully and gained the love and respect of the entire community. He served all alike and answered the call of the needy poor with as much promptness and professional interest as the call of the rich. A man of the intelligence, character and fitness of Dr. Voorhees never ought to have wasted his life in such a rural district. He 166 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. was fitted for something higher and nobler in a larger field, but he chose his course of life and he filled the measure of it with credit and honor to himself. Dr. Daniel Bacon was born May 21st, 1836, in Delmar township. He received his early training in the district school and at the Wellsboro Academy. In 1858 he commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. W. W. Webb at Wellsboro. He attended a course of medical lec- tures at the University of Michigan and graduated at the University of Buffalo in the class of 1860. His first field of practice was in Osceola. At the breaking out of the civil war in 1861 he enlisted as a private sol- dier in the Second Pennsylvania Cavalry. He was promoted to hospital steward in 1862. In November, 1882, he was promoted Second Lieuten- ant of Company L and served in this capacity until his discharge, Octo- ber 11, 1864. During his army service he performed the duties of an assistant surgeon and rendered efficient service in this capacity. After his discharge from the service he returned to the land of his nativity and began the practice of medicine at Tioga, but only remained there for a brief time, when he located permanently in Wellsboro, where he contin- ued in active practice to the time of his death, which occurred December 19, 1888. Dr. Bacon served for five years as Adjutant and full Surgeon of the Twelfth Regiment of the National Guard. He was an active mem- ber of the Grand Army of the Republic and took a lively interest in the association. Dr. Bacon was a very active member of the County Medi- cal Society and served as its president in 1869. He took a lively interest in everything that pertained to his profession. He was an enthusiastic and earnest practitioner and although he had as competitors some of the most noted physicians in the county, yet he was enabled to successfully bear his proportion of the labors and share in its benefits and rewards. His judgment was sound and his skill far above the average. He was a close student and a broad observer and he was well prepared for any emergency in the practice of his profession. His success as an operator in abdominal surgery was recognized by his brethren and could he have lived no doubt would have added to his fame. Dr. Bacon was a very genial, friendly man, and was ever loyal to his friends, at times a little brusque land abrupt, but ever gentle, kind and sympathetic at the bed- side of the suffering. Dr. Robert B. Smith was born in Marathon, Cortland county, N. Y., August 23d, 1840. He studied medicine with Dr. H. S. French, of Lisle, and graduated at the Long Island College Hospital in 1866. Dr . Smith came to this county seeking a location for the practice of medicine. I very well remember his coming, for it was the same time of my return from the U. S. Navy. He located in Tioga and began his hf e work. The people of Tioga and vicinity gave him a hearty welcome and he was soon engrossed in his active work, which increased as the years went by. Dr. Smith was a very active man, full of ambitious fire and a great worker. During the early years of his professional life he gave himself no rest ; THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 167 day and night found him ever busy. Dr. Smith is a man of very positive opinions, and he is outspoken and frank, but he is not intolerant and bigoted ; when once convinced that he is right, no power or argument can move or change him ; convince him that he is in error and he quickly responds and is as ready to confess his error as to maintain his own opinions when in the right. Dr. Smith has always been a close and dili- gent student and has kept abreast of the rapid advances made in medical science. He is a man of mature and sound judgment, a very correct diagnostican, quick and usually correct in his opinions. Dr. Smith has always done a large consulting business and he has ever maintained an honorable relation with his professional brothers. I have known him intimately ever since his settlement in the county. For years we have met professionally. There has been a good deal of similarity in our age, settlement and practice. We have always been firm friends, and I hope these cordial relations may continue the remainder of our lives. He stands unrivaled in his locality for eminence in the medical profession. No physician ever lived in Tioga who has earned and will receive the marked distinction that will be accorded him when his work in life is completed. Dr. Morgan L. Bacon was born in Charleston township, June 10, 1837. He graduated at Union Academy at Knoxville, after which he taught school for a time. He then took up medicine in the office of Dr. Nelson Packer at Wellsboro. He had not completed his medical studies when the war broke out. He served as hospital steward for a time in the army. In 1863 he began the practice of medicine in Mansfield. In 1868 he moved to Blossburg where he practiced until 1870, when he moved to Morris Run. Here he remained until 1872, when he moved to Wellsboro, where he has continued the practice of his profession for more than one- third of a century. Dr. Bacon stands high in the medical profession and among his people and patrons he is very highly respected for his kind- ness, devotion and skill. He has always commanded a leading position both socially and professionally and has maintained the dignity and honor of his profession to more than an ordinary degree. Dr. Bacon is a man of marked personality. He has always been an active member of the County Medical Society and served as president in the year 1878. He, Bacon, is now one of the oldest physicians in active practice in the county. He stands in the fore front of his profession in the county, and looking backward upon his professional career he has reason to feel satisfied that his life has been well spent in the service of the people. Dr. H. A. Phillips located in Knoxville in 1867 and pursued a success- ful practice for 10 years. He was ambitious beyond his strength and died in 1877 in the prime of life. Dr. WiUiam Caldwell located in Morris Run in 1867 and practiced his profession until 1891. Dr. D. C. Waters located in Arnot in 1870 and has remained in con- tinuous practice to the present. Dr. Waters is a man very highly re- 168 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. spected and has gained a good reputation among the people he has served so long. Dr. F. D. Ritter, a graduate of the University of Buffalo, first lo- cated in Lawrenceville, but only remained a short time, when he moved to Tioga. Here he only lived for a short time. In 1872 he moved to Gaines, where he remained until the time of his death, March 12, 1897. Dr. Ritter was a successful physician and stood well in the com- munity where he lived and practiced for so many years. Dr. A. L. Bottom was bom in Nelson, April 19, 1847, and was edu- cated at Union and WoodhuU Academies. He read medicine in the office of Dr. W. T. Humphrey, of Osceola, and graduated in the Detroit Medi- cal College in the class of 1875. The same year he located in Westfield and gained a wide and well earned reputation. Before reaching the zenith of his fame as a physician he had to lay down his work and join the hosts moving to the other world. His death was a great shock to the community where he was universally loved and respected for his kindness and skill. Dr. Lewis Darling, Jr., was born in Lawrenceville, October 19, 1840. He was educated in the? Lawrenceville Academy and under private tutors. He began the study of medicine in the office of his father and attended his first course of lectures in the Georgetown Medical College. In 1862 he joined the medical department of the army and for nearly a year was stationed at Carver U. S. General Hospital, Washington, D. C. He was then transferred to the western army and for a time was stationed in Lawson General Hospital, St. Louis, Mo. In the spring of 1863 he was ordered to U. S. hospital steamer, "City of Memphis," and was en- gaged in transporting the sick and wounded of General Grant's army from Vicksburg to the hospitals in Memphis, Louisville and St. Louis during the siege of Vicksburg. He was at the surrender of the army of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, and made the last trip up the river with the hospital boat when she was put out of commission. He was detached and ordered to the hospital barracks. Here he remained until Septem- ber, when he was ordered to join General Rosencrans' army at Chat- tanooga. He reached the army in time to aid in the care of the sick and wounded at Chickamauga, being stationed at the Crutchfield Home Hos- pital. He was afterwards transferred to the Army of the Ohio, under General Schofield, at Knoxville, Tenn., and went with the army in the Georgia campaign to Atlanta. He was one of the operating surgeons of the 23d Army Corps during this campaign. He resigned from the army at Atlanta, Ga., and returned to the North to recuperate his health and during this time he attended a course of lectures at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College and in February, 1865, went before the naval examining board and was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the vol- unteer navy. He was stationed for a time on the receiving ship, "North Carolina," and there joined the South Atlantic blockading squadron at Port Royal, S. C. He was on duty at the naval hospital for a time, then THE EARLY PHYSICIANS. 169 was ordered as surgeon of the famous monitor, "Nahant." With this vessel he served to the close of the war, coming north in her to the Phil- adelphia navy yard, where she was dismantled and put out of commission. After leaving the United States Navy he entered the medical depart- ment of the University of Michigan and was graduated in the class of 1866, made famous by the fact that it contained so many ex-surgeons of the army and navy. After graduation he settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, but only remained a few months, when he removed to Lawrenceville, Pa., where he has lived and practiced since. After the death of his father he was appointed Pension Surgeon in 1882. He has always been a very act- ive member of the Tioga County Medical Society and served as president of the society in 1877. The Doctor has contributed quite extensively to medical literature through the columns of the medical journals and trans- actions of the County Medical Society. As the author of this history of the Tioga county physicians is so closely related to the subject of this narrative, it would hardly be be- coming to indulge in fulsome praise of his career in life, so will close this article and leave the further criticisms to some other, who can do the subject more justice. Did time and space permit, I would be glad to write of the many worthy physicians in active practice during the closing years of the nine- teenth century, but it is impracticable in the time and space allotted. I would that I could grace these annals, not alone with the names, but with a personal sketch of all the younger physicians who have located in this county and are pursuing the practice of their noble calling under cir- cumstances and conditions very different from those surrounding the pioneers of our profession, whose fortitude and bravery led them to this wilderness, where they spent their lives in the service of the early set- tlers, who were enduring privations and hardships while engaged in level- ing the forests, and changing the wilderness into gardens of cultivated fields, glowing with golden grain— whose industry, intelligence and taste have changed the whole face of nature— but into this enticing field I must not enter. I would love to write of Drs. Clarence W. Webb, Nathan W. Mastin, Augustus Niles, Hugh L. Davis, Farnham H. Shaw and John P. Long- well, of Wellsboro ; of Drs. S. P. Hakes, Charles B. Borden and Charles Smith, of Tioga ; of Drs. Benjamin Moody, W. D. Vedder and Fred G. Elliott, of Mansfield ; of Dr. Henry E. Caldwell, of Morris Run ; of Dr. W. G. Humphrey and Frisbe, of Elkland ; of Dr. Arland L. Darling, of Lawrenceville ; of Drs. Frank Masten, Kunkle, Pritchard and Secord, of Westfield ; of Drs. Trexler, Clark and Glover, of Knoxville ; of Drs. George D. Crandall and Haley, of Blossburg; of Dr. Gaskill, of Cov- ington ; of Dr. Gentry, of Stony Fork ; of Dr. Hazlett, of East Charles- ton ; of Dr. Stevens, of Nelson ; of Dr. Frank Smith, of Millerton, and of the lamented Dr. Beers, of Middlebury, stricken in the prime and vigor 170 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. of his manhood, and many other young physicians just starting out in practice in this county, but a simple mention must suffice. The brief outlines which I have sketched of the early physicians is all that is now possible, and from this it will enable us to note the changes and progress that have been made. The historian of the future, when the children of our children's children shall meet to commemorate the falling of another century from ' ' His hand, whence centuries fall like grains of sand, ' ' may in this homely sketch find material for one page of his annals. COAL MINES AND MINING. BY JOHN L. SEXTON. To me has been assigned the duty of writing in regard to the coal mines and their development in Tioga county. I regret that I have not more space given me to devote to one of the most important industries of the county. I must, therefore, be brief, omitting many of the most interesting details connected with the development of the coal business which involved the expenditure of more than sixty millions of dollars for labor alone, exclusive of the expenditure of many millions of dollars more in constructing railroads, erecting mills, schutes, stores, dwellings and machinery. Coal was first discovered in Tioga county by Robert and Benjamin Patterson in August, 1792, one hundred and twelve years ago. They were conducting the English and German emigrants from Northumber- land county. Pa. , whither they had arrived via the city of Philadelphia from England in the spring of 1792 and were building roads and leading them forward to found the town of Bath, Steuben county, N. Y., in the center of a great tract of wild land containing one miUion two hundred thousand acres belonging to Sir Charles Pulteney, of Bath, England. Their route was up the west branch of the Susquehanna river from Northumberland to where the city of Williamsport is now located, thence up Lycoming creek to where the village of Trout Run is now situated, thence up Trout run and over Laurel ridge mountains, thence to Liberty, (the Block House) thence to where the borough of Blossburg is situated, thence to Painted Post and Bath. The party arrived at the point where Blossburg is located in August, 1792, and discovered coal. The English emigrants were familiar with the uses to which coal could be put and were dehghted with the idea of being about to locate in a rich bituminous coal region. The discovery of coal was immediately transmitted by emigrants to their friends in the old country, especially in England, Scotland and Wales. It soon became known in the capital of the great state of New York, whose citizens of Seneca and Ontario counties petitioned the Legislature of Pennsylvania as early as 1815 to join the citizens of New York in constructing a canal from the head of Seneca lake at Watkins to the Pennsylvania coal mines. The original petition is in my posses- sion now. Forty-eight years after the discovery of coal at Blossburg the Corning and Blossburg railroad was completed in the autumn of 1840. For nearly a half century the best energies of Tioga county's enterprising citizens, 172 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. both at Wellsboro, Blossburg, Mansfield, Tioga, Lawrenceville and the citizens of Steuben, Chemung, Seneca, Ontario, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Albany in New York were given to devise ways and means to reach either by canal or railroad the coal at Blossburg and ensure its transportation to southern, central and eastern New York, and thence to the commercial ports of the world. Oh, the labor, the Care, the anxiety and the expenditure of money devoted to the organization of navigation and railroad companies to effect this great purpose. A generation and a half, counting thirty-three years as a generation, passed away before the object was obtained. Prominent in the enterprise were Aaron Bloss of Blossburg, Samuel W. Morris of Wellsboro, Edwin Dyer and Thomas Putnam of Coving- ton, Amos Spencer of Canoe Camp, Asa Mann of Mansfield, William Wil- lard, Thomas Berry, Elijah DePue, James Goodrich of Tioga, Curtis Parkhurst, John Ryon, James Powers, Simeon Powers of Lawrence- ville, Robert Patterson, the pioneer of 1792, and his sons, Benjamin and Samuel Patterson, Benjamin Harrower, Joseph W. Ryers, G. Adrian Ryers, Theodore Mercereau of Lindley, Laurin Mallory, Nelson Somers, Silas Gorton, John and Thomas McBumey of Corning, John Winters and John L. Sexton of Big Flats, Hiram Grey, WilUam Maxwell, Jay Cooley of Elmira, Vincent Conklin, Hon. Jacob Westlake of Horseheads, Elijah Sexton, Jabez Bradley, Erastus Crandall, of Pine Valley, Dr. Watkins of Watkins, William Dezang, of Geneva, Horatio Seymour of Utica, Eras- tus Coming, Thomas W. Olcott of Albany, their efforts covering a per- iod of many years. It would take hours to recite their sensations and feelings when sixty-four years ago the Corning and Blossburg railroad was completed, extending from Corning to Blossburg, a distance of forty miles, at that time one of the longest completed railroads in the world. The coal in the hills at Blossburg was used as a lever upon the Legis- lature of the State of New York to authorize the Chemung canal and feeder in March, 1829, which was completed to Corning in the year 1833, and also to charter the New York & Erie railroad in 1832, which was completed from the Hudson river at Piermont to Corning in 1850, and to Dunkirk on Lake Brie in 1851. In fact the wealth of the coal deposits in Blossburg was as well known in Albany, the capital of New York, and in London, England, as it was in Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania. It had been visited by Her Majesty Queen Victoria's geologist. Sir George Lyell, who desired to compare Blossburg with the great coal deposits of England, Scotland and Wales. I do not for a moment wish to charge any of our public men with be- ing derelict in duty in not presenting the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania with the facts in regard to coal deposits in Tioga. Judge Samuel W. Morris, of Wellsboro ; James Ford and others, of Lawrence- ville, Aaron Bloss, of Blossburg, and many others were continually re- minding the Legislature at Harrisburg of our possessions of coal. But south of us over the mountains in Pennsylvania there were twenty -four COAL MINES AND MINING. 173 other counties demanding the attention of the law-makers of the State, and the peculiar topographical location of Tioga county with its valleys and streams leading out into the State of New York, and New York hav- ing no coal, furnished the true reason why New York paid more atten- tion to Tioga county than did Pennsylvania. With rare exceptions it has been New York State capital which has opened up our mines of coal and built railroads to them. It has not altogether been a work of charity or benevolence on its part. It has taken good care that the profits of rail- roading and mining in Pennsylvania have been spent in the State of New York and some of them have gone to enrich the citizens of London, Eng- land, who have been investors in our railroad and mining enterprises. There is another subject co-related with this that I desire to call your attention to before I conclude my chapter. I now call your attention to the navigation, railroad and mining com- panies in Tioga county and the amount of coal mined and shipped. Tioga Navigation Company, incorporated February 20, 1826, by sup- plements, ultimately became the Corning and Blossburg Railroad Com- pany. The Arbon Coal Company was incorporated April 13, 1838, by Dr. Lewis Saynisch, Dr. Joseph P. Morris, William Frederic Siebel, Dr. Franklin R. Smith, James H. Gulick, James R. Wilson and Bowen Whit- ing. James R. Wilson was the first president ; James H. Gulick, sales agent; capital $150,000. On May 30, 1838, another company composed of the same persons was organized and chartered as the Arbon Lapd Company, the object being to promote the building of a railroad from Blossburg to Lawrenceville. The coal mines were operated at Blossburg from their opening in 1840 to 1845 by the Arbon Coal Company, succeeded by John Ward & Co., and they by William M. Mallory & Co., and they were succeeded by John Magee until 1859. The total amount of coal mined by all the above nam- ed parties was 533,745 tons. This brings us up to the incorporation of the Morris Run Coal Co., in 1852. It and its successors have mined up to January 1, 1904, 15,000,000 tons. The Fall Brook Coal Co. was incorporated by the Legislature of Penn- sylvania by John Magee, Duncan S. Magee and James H. Gulick, April 7, 1859. It has mined 4,950,000 tons. The Blossburg Coal Co. was incorporated by the Legislature of Penn- sylvania by Constant Cook, John Arnot, Charles Cook, Henry Sherwood, Franklin N. Drake, Ferral C. Dininy, Henry H. Cook and Alonzo Webber, April 11, 1866. This company has mined up to January 1, 1904, in round numbers, 17,460,000 tons. The mines at Antrim were opened by the Fall Brook Coal Co. in 1872, and have produced 6,500,000 tons. Mines were opened by the Gaines Coal & Coke Co., in 1882, and it is estimated that it mined about 225,000 tons. 174 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. RECAPITULATION. Tons. Arbon Coal Co. and its successors 533,000 Jacob Jones, presentowner 50,000 Morris Run Coal Co., and its successors 15,000,000 Fall Brook Coal Co., at Fall Brook 4,950,000 Fall Brook Coal Co., at Antrim 6,500,000 The Blossburg Coal Co 17,466,000 Gurnee and Joseph Mitchell, Robt. Brownlee and Wm. Bache, near Antrim ; William Bower, T. J. & Wm. Golden, Fred Boothe, Llewellyn & Sons, Charles Shultz, D. T. Jenkins, Scott Jenkins, Alfred & William Lewis, Hewett Bros., Alex Hutchinson, Evans & Jones, Rudolph Rudniski, William Lloyd, John Crooks and their successors, Michael Jf. Kelley, J. H. Putnam, H. Kendrick, Thomas Wilson and his suc- cessors, all in the Blossburg region 550,340 45,049,985 Making a grand total in round numbers of over 45,000,000 tons. To realize the immensity of this total I will state that it would take one miner 313 days per year and mining one thousand tons per year, 45,000 years in order to perform the task. To mine the 45,049,985 tons, it has cost the various companies in wages for miners, laborers, carpen- ters, clerks, foremen, superintendents and managers, sixty million dol- lars. The companies have recouped to a large extent by rent, profit on goods sold, etc. While the gross amount received by the companies for their coal has made it a very profitable business, paying most excellent dividends on capital invested. In the year 1860 there was not 500 miles of railroad in North America where steam was generated by coal in locomotives. In 1862 Duncan S. Magee, of the Fall Brook Coal Co. , appointed a committee to induce rail- roads to use coal instead of wood as a steam generator. Thirteen years from that time, or in 1875, out of the 175,000 miles of railroads in the United States 160,000 miles used coal as a steam generator, hence the rapid demand for coal during those years. Hon. Horatio Seymour, of Utica, N. Y., was chairman of Magee's committee and the author of this article was the active newspaper correspondent of the committee and two of Blossburg's locomotive engineers, WilUam and James Green, were what may be termed the original demonstrators of the work of changing the wood burning locomotive engines into coal burning engines. Without this great change in the fuel for engines the coal trade in this Tioga county region and many others throughout the United States would have been a dead letter. I have shown that over 45,000,000 tons of coal have been mined and shipped from Tioga county principally by New York and other capitalists not residents of Pennsylvania and that the profits of the coal trade have been spent outside of this State. There remains in Tioga county the shales and fire clays and glass sand rock that are worth many times as much as all the coal that has been mined or will be mined in the county. COAL MINES AND MINING. 175 Fire clays, shales and glass sand rock are now being shipped outside of the county to be manufactured. There are in the Blossburg region inex- haustible quantities of the very best fire clays in North America, also clays that can be pressed into indestructible building brick, sewer pipe and torra cotta. We have five banks and one great banking and trust company who are seeking investment for their surplus capital. Do not let the man who one hundred years hence writes history as I write to-day recite the mil- lions of tons of fire clays, shales and glass sand rock that have been min- ed in Tioga county and shipped over into New York to be manufactured into furnace brick, building brick, sewer pipe and terra cotta, or single and double thick glass. But rather let him point with pride to the dwell- ings, barns, churches, school houses and manufactories, not only in this county, but all over this country, that have been made from Tioga county clay and fehales or Tioga county glass sand rock in Tioga county. Stimu- late home industries and he who writes for history one hundred years from now will not be embarassed as I am to-day when I am compelled to state that 45,000,000 tons of coal have been shipped from Tioga, the profits of which have been spent beyond the limits of the State. Here we are blessed as no other county in the State is blessed with a commo- dity which if utilized will bring millions of dollars into the grand old county of Tioga. The capital is here. All it needs is enterprise, energy and good business methods to make Tioga county more famous for its brick and glass than it has been for its coal. The material for the brick and glass industries cannot be exhausted in the next hundred years. Plenty of it will remain when the second centennial of the organization of Tioga county is celebrated, although many, very many manufactories are run day and night during that period. I close with high hopes for the future of old Tioga. CLOSING WORK OF THE COMMISSION. July 14, 1904, the Centennial Commission appointed President Charles Tubbs, Secretary Arthur M. Roy, George W. Merrick, Francis M. Shef- fer and W. R. Longstreet as a Committee on Publication to arrange for printing a book containing the historical matter pertaining to the centen- nial celebration. President Tubbs reported a vacancy on the Commission by the death of Dr. A. M. Loop, of Nelson, one of the Vice-Presidents and a mem- ber of the Executive Committee. Dr. Loop had anticipated the Cen- tennial with much pleasure. He was present at the preliminary meeting and assisted in the work of organization, expressing the hope that he might live to witness the celebration. He died May 28, 1904, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. A sketch of his life will be found In the monograph, "Our Early Physicians," in this volume. Major George W. Merrick was elected to succeed Dr. Loop as a mem- ber of the Centennial Commission and the Executive Committee. The Secretary was instructed to accept the offer of the Potter Coimty Centennial Committee to buy the cases and glass used for the antiquar- ian exhibit. At a meeting in the Bar Association rooms in the court-house in Wells- boro, November 11th, all the members of the Publication Committee were present— Hon. Charles Tubbs, Major George W. Merrick, W. R. Long- street, Francis M. ShefiEer and Arthur M. Roy. There was considerable discussion about printing in book form a report of the celebration and the historical monographs assigned to writers. The style of such a book was considered and also the arrangement of the matter. On motion of George W. Merrick, seconded by W. R. Longstreet, the following resolution was passed unanimously : "Resolved, That a memorial volume be published in accordance with the resolution of the Centennial Commission, on July 14, 1904, out of the funds remaining in the hands of the Commission. ' ' March 7, 1905, the Executive Committee and Publication Committee considered the merits of the historical monographs presented fci' the book, the cost of publication, the quahty of paper to be used and the style of binding. Some of the authors were reported to be still neglect- ful of their duty in preparing their papers. Treasurer L. L. Bailey's report of receipts and expenditures for the celebration of the centennial was read, but no action was taken on it at that meeting. That report showed cash receipts of $2,547.92; expendi- CLOSING WORK OF THE COMMISSION. 177 tures, per orders presented as vouchers, $2,009.66, leaving a balance in the treasury of $538.26. March 16, 1905, the Executive Committee met in the court-house. Secretary Roy presented his financial report of the centennial celebra- tion, also the report of Treasurer Bailey and Mr. Anton Hardt for the antiquarian exhibit. The reports were ordered to be filed. Messrs. George W. Williams and Francis M. Shefi'er were appointed as Auditors to examine and approve the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer. On motion Arthur M. Roy was appointed as editor of the historical volume and $25 was appropriated to pay him for the work of arranging the material for the book. June 16, 1905, Secretary Roy submitted his work in editing the matter so far in hand for the historical volume and there was some discussion relative to publication. On motion the offer of Mr. Roy to print and bind the book according to specifications was unanimously accepted. The proposition of the Tioga County Historical Society to contribute $50 toward the cost of publication and to have 150 copies of the book adapted to its use by a change in the title page was accepted. FINANCIAL REPORTS. RECEIPTS BY L. L. BAILEY, TREASURER. From subscriptions $ 2,005.25 From sale of Antiquarian Exhibit cases 56.80 From sale of privileges for celebration 157.00 Balance from medal account 4.36 Balance from Antiquarian Exhibit 1.06 From all other sources 323.45 Total $2,547.92 EXPENDITURES. Advanced to Anton Hardt for Antiquarian Exhibit | 20.00 Postage, clerk hire and printing bills 125.19 Posting bills 1.95 Guarantee special trains 225.00 Advance charges. Central R. R., for Jabour Carnival Co 254.20 Advance charges. Pa. R. R., for Jabour Carnival Co 219.25 (Of the above tvyo items, $73.45 was refunded, $400 being the contract price for the Carnival Co.) Street decorations 17.00 Decorating Antiquarian Hall 5.00 Freight on fireworks 7.83 Assistant at fireworks display 2.00 Rev. John O'Toole, for meals furnished guests, 86 meals 21.50 Wellsboro Military Band, services for three days 212.50 C. R. Enghsh, watchman 3.94 Lafayette English, watchman 3.94 Firing salutes, three days, 63 guns, labor 9.00 Lee Enghsh, watchman 5.25 Postage 16.44 Rent of Auditorium 50.00 Coles House, hotel bills 24.00 Drum Corps 12.00 Printing and advertising 40.75 Telephone bills 9.60 Baptist church, meals served firemen 8.25 Express and telephone bills 4.30 Herman Yahn, cartage 1.50 T. R. Davis, returning log cabin to Tioga 4.00 Assistant at fireworks 6.00 J. A. Culver, lumber and work on platforms, etc 80.10 Wellsboro Electric Co., lights and wiring 81.03 Printing and advertising 47.50 Expenses to Williamsport of committeeman 16.93 George Watkins, livery 6.00 Knoxville Courier, printing 2.00 Baker Brothers, fireworks 255.52 FINANCIAL REPORTS. 179 Gunpowder 35.62 S. E. Smith, livery 12.00 Cost of Antrim mining display in parade 10.00 W. J. Bowen, traction engine for parade lliso Max Bernkopf & Bro., bunting, etc 10^50 Wellsboro Carriage Co., painting signs 1^50 Roberts & Gardner, supplies for fireworks display 1.87 Clerical work 12.00 W. S. Mackey, cleaning public square after celebration 5.00 Printing bills 7.00 Boro of Wellsboro 46.00 St. Paul's church, rent of building for Antiquarian Exhibit 50.00 Repairs on old church after exhibit 7.20 Total $2,009.66 Balance in Treasury 538.26 Total $2,547.92 THE CENTENNIAL MEDAL ACCOUNT. Arthur M. Roy, Secretary and Committee on Medals, in account with the Centennial Commission : dr. To cash received from the sale of medals $ 161.95 CR. By cash paid for Centennial medals $ 150.00 Express, etc 4.09 Wages for agents on the streets selling medals 3.50 Balance cash paid Treasurer 4.36 Total $ 161.95 Treasurer's account hereto attached and forming a part of this report, with all vouchers. ANTIQUARIAN EXHIBIT. Anton Hardt, Superintendent. RECEIPTS. dr. To cash advanced by Commission $ 20.00 Proceeds from sale of tickets 306.30 Old floor matting sold 6.32 Total $ 332.62 EXPENDITURES. CR. For glass for show-cases $ 37.80 Cost of making show-cases 57.77 Floor matting 12.30 Electric lights 7.46 Freight and cartage on exhibits 38.36 Labor of ticket sellers and watchers 177.87 Cash balance paid Treasurer 1-06 Total $ 332.62 180 TIOGA COUNTY CENTENNIAL. AUDITORS' REPORT. We, the undersigned Auditors appointed by the Tioga County Centen- nial Commission, have examined the accounts and vouchers of Arthur M. Roy, Secretary, and L. L. Bailey, Treasurer of said Commission, and of Anton Hardt, Superintendent of the Antiquarian Exhibit, and we find them correct to the best of our knowledge and belief, the vouchers hav- ing been duly checked and arranged for permanent filing. F. M. Sheffer, Geo. W. Williams, Auditors. SUBSCRIPTIONS RECEIVED FOR THE CELEBRATION. W. R. Coles J. W. Sullivan L. Harrison Jerome B. Niles Merrick & Young Mary B. Robinson Anton Hardt Hugh Yomig Watrous, Marsh & Channell Arthur M. Roy Charles L. Babcock F. B. Smith, Blossburg... Charles Tubbs, Osceola . . . Frank S. Dunkle Horace B. Packer D. W. Baldwin, Westfield. W. D. VanHorn W. W. Miller William O'Connor Sherwood & Owlett David Cameron A. B. Hitchcock, Knoxville F. M. Sheffer Max Bemkopf & Bro L. L. Bailey W. B. Phelps W. T. Wilkinson W. S. Nearing, Morris Run Bailey & Blair Alfred J. Niles E. G. Schieffelin A. B. Dunsmore Graves & Mathers N. R. White John N. Bache J. H. Metcalf and others. . Blatchley & Campbell .... Hyer & Howd J. A. Wise F. A. Brooks D. C. Smith J. B. Potter Roberts & Gardner Finkelstein Bros $200.00 200.00 100.00 75.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.25 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 A. J. Shattuck 10.00 Geo. W. Williams 10.00 Rosenbaum & Phillips Smith & Stone Hammond Bros A. P. & E. S. Dartt . Geo. M. Spalding D. L. Deane Henry C. Cox Edward B. Dorsett Fred W. Siemens . . G. P. Riberolle F. H. Rockwell R. L. VanHorn & Son Ralph Roff Geo. 0. Derby M. B. Stebbins L. A. Gardner T. M. Archer T. M. Reese S. O. Putman C. O. Dunlap Peter Fischler Locke & Kelts Jas. A. Boyce Cohen Bros Evans Bros. & Myers. . . August Petit R. Pagan R. A. Lorenz & Co E. M. Johnson & Co Arthur W. Spencer Gifford & Raish Navle & Westbrook N. W. Mastin F. H. Rose A. B. Eastman ." Fred M. Bodine , John P. Longwell C. W. Webb M. L. Bacon P. A. Johnson & Son L. Nearing, Morris Run M. Tucker C. S. Green 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 Note.— Mr. Anton Hardt very generously gave his services to the Commission as Super- intendent of the Antiquarian Exhibit ; therefore the Commission did not allow him to pay hi& subscription. INDEX. Anniversary, suggestions for the celebration " preparations for ' ' in the Public Schools ' ' in the Churches Address by President Charles Tubbs Antiquarian Exhibit suggested " " committee. . " " superintendent " " contributors to " " report of Agriculture Area of Tioga County Arrangement of Program Auditors' Report Bar, the Bench, the Bumside, Thomas Cameron, David Conyngham, John Nesbit Gibson, John Bannister Herrick, Edward Mitchell, John I. Niles, Jerome B. Olmsted, Arthur Williston, Horace White, Robert Gray Williams, Henry W. Wilson, Stephen Fowler Call for preliminary meeting, signers of Cassoday, Hon. John B., address by Coal Mines and Mining Cobb, M. H., Centennial Ode by Celebration, the place fixed . " the date fixed Committee, Executive, members of Committees appointed for celebration Centennial Celebration " " President's Address INDEX. 183 Celebration of Anniversary in the Schools Commemorative Exercises— The proceedings on Wednesday The proceedings on Thursday The proceedings on Friday County Superintendent's Address to the Schools Director-General appointed Delmar, origin of the name Early History, outline of ... . Edwards, Mrs. M. N., poem by Elliott, Hon. Simon B., address Educational Development .... Finances for celebration, raising by subscription First public meeting for celebration Financial reports Fireworks, committee, etc. . Indian Predecessors Invitation Committee appointed Lumbering .... Military Parade, preparation for Map of Connecticut Claim Map of Tioga Township, Lycoming County, inset between pages 144 and 145. Map of the Connecticut-Susquehanna Co., covering Tioga Coun- ty, inset between pages 76 and 77. Military Record Revolutionary Soldiers War of 1812 The Civil War .... Companies from Tioga County Spanish-American War Monographs, topics and writers assigned Medals ordered Old Home committee appointed " Old Home " Meeting Chairman's address Address of welcome Address by Hon. Hosea H. Rockwell Address by Hon. Simon B. Elliott Address by Rev. John 'Toole Address by Hon. Frederick W. Fleitz Remarks by Mrs. Kittle Rose Pepper Remarks by Rev. A. C. Shaw. D. D. Remarks by Hon. William A. Stone Parade, civic and industrial Page. 19 26 36 60 19 15 27 5 61 35 86 12 8 178 14 68 13 145 15 76 104 105 106 106 107 113 10 11 14 47 48 48 50 52 54 55 57 58 59 60 184 TIOGA COUNTY CENTE^fNIAL. Pioneer of Tioga County Publicity, committee on . . President Tubbs's address .... Public Schools, address to by President Public Schools, address by Major G. W. Merrick Public Schools, program for Public Schools, anniversary exercises Program, committee appointed for Physicians, Early Press of Tioga County . Pioneer, first newspaper Religion in the Early Days . . . . Religious Development and present statistics Reception Committee Rockwell, Hon. Hosea H., historical address Settlement by the pioneer .... Speakers secured .... Schools, County Superintendents of Schools, early Strawbridge, James, the pioneer Subscriptions for celebration Transportation, committee appointed Tioga County, origin of the name Tubbs, Hon. Charles, historical address Warrant located by James Strawbridge Watrous. Mrs. Fanny Shove, poem Wellsboro, origin of the name Wellsborough's Military Band, members of Page. 75 14 16 20 21 19 10 13 154 94 95 90 93 17 29 80 15 88 89 77 181 13 6 26 79 34 29 47 If ■iMlillHil