Dim ■PA CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 081 814 539 DATE DUE jyN— f* BWP* GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.SA Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924081814539 BENNETT'S LATIN SERIES. LATIN GRAMMAR. 12mo, doth, 288 pages. LATIN LESSONS. 16mo, cloth. 191 pages. FIRST YEAR LATIN (preparatory to Caesar). 12mo, doth, 288 pages. FOUNDATIONS OF LATIN. 12mo,_doth, 250 pages. NEW LATIN COMPOSITION (based on Caesar and Cicero). 12mo, cloth, 286 pages. PREPARATORY LATIN WRITER (based on Caesar). 1 6mo, cloth, 202 pages. LATIN COMPOSITION (based on Cicero). 16mo, cloth, 172 pages. QUANTITATIVE READING OF LATIN POETRY. I2mo, paper, 4-9 pages. CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, Books I.-IV. 12mo, cloth, 354 pages. CICERO'S SELECTED ORATIONS. 1 2mo, doth, 374 pages. VIRGIL'S AENEID, Books I. -VI. 12mo, cloth, 491 pages. 36mnett's Hatm Series A NEW LATIN COMPOSITION BY CHARLES E. BENNETT GOLDWIN SMITH PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY Boston ALLYN AND BACON 191 2 COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY CHARLES E. BENNETT Notfaioati ^reee J. S. Onshinff Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Maas., U.S.i. PKEFACB. Part I of th.e present work is based exclusively on Caesar. The illustrative examples are drawn directly from Caesar's own writings, either unchanged or with unessential alterations designed to adapt the passage for practical use. The sentences of the Exercises bring into use only Caesar's vocabulary — chiefly the common words — and Caesar's constructions. The passages of continued discourse in Part I are devoted partly to a summary of the familiar episodes of the early books of the Gallic War, but deal mainly with the stirring events of the year 54 b.c. as narrated in Book V. Part II is based on Cicero, and follows in detail the plan of Part I. The passages of continuous discourse interspersed among the Exercises deal with Cicero's life up to his consulship. The remainder give a somewhat detailed account of the career of Verres. Part III is intended for the last year of the high school or academy, and consists of some thirty passages of con- tinuous discourse, dealing with the subject-matter of the Fourteen Philippic Orations of Cicero. CHARLES E. BENNETT. Ithaca, May, 1912. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. LESSON PAGE I. Subject Nominative. Predicate Nouns. Apposi- tives. The yocative 3 II. Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs ... 6 III. Relative Pronouns. Possessive Pronouns . . 9 IV. The Accusative. Accusative of Direct Object . 12 V. The Accusative (continued). Two Accusatives. Accusative of Time, Space, Limit of Motion, etc 15 VI. The Dative. The Dative of Indirect Object . . 18 VII. The Dative (continued). Dative of Agency, Pos- session, etc 21 Vni. The Genitive. Genitive of Possession. Subjec- tive Genitive. Objective Genitive, etc. . . 24 IX. The Genitive (continued). Genitive with Adjec- tives ; with Verbs 27 X. The Ablative. Ablative of Separation; of Source; of Comparison, etc 30 XI. The Ablative (continued). Ablative with Depo- nents, etc. ; Ablative of Cause .... 33 XII. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Manner ; of Attendant Circumstance; of Accompaniment; of Degree of Difference ; of Quality ... 36 Xni. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Specifica- tion ; Ablative Absolute ; of Place Where ; of Place from Which 39 V VI Table of Contents. LESSON XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. The Ablative (continued). The Locative Case. Ablative of Time. Roman Dates . . 42 Syntax of Adjectives. Adjectives used Sub- stantively ; with the Force of Adverbs ; the Comparative and Superlative ; Adjectives denoting a Part ; primus, first who ; ultimas, last who ........ 44 Pronouns. Personal, Reflexive, Reciprocal Pronouns; Demonstrative Pronouns . . 48 Pronouns (continued). Indefinite Pronouns. Pronominal Adjectives 51 Tenses of the Indicative 55 Purpose Clauses. Sequence of Tenses . . 57 Clauses of Characteristic. Clauses of Result . 60 Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses with post- quam, ut, ubi, simul ac . . . . .62 Temporal Clauses (continued). Cum-Clauses; antequam and />riusguam-Clauses ; dum, donee, and guoad-Clauses 65 Substantive Clauses. Developed from the Jus- sive ; from the Deliberative ; after Verbs of hindering, preventing, etc. .... 67 Substantive Clauses (continued). Developed from the Optative; of Result; introduced by quod 70 Indirect Questions 72 Conditional Sentences ..... 75 Indirect Discourse 78 The Infinitive. With Subject Accusative; without Subject Accusative .... Participles. Tenses of the Participle ; Use of Participles 81 Tahle of Contents. vii l-ESSON PAGE XXX. The Gerund. The Gerundive Construction. The Supine 87 Supplementary Passage.? in Continued Discourse . . 91 PART II. 109 111 113 115 I. Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs . II. Relative Pronouns. Possessive Pronouns . III. Questions IV. The Accusative. Accusative of Direct Object V. The Accusative (continued). Two Accusatives. Accusative of Time and Space ; Limit of Mo tion, etc. . VI. The Dative. Dative of Indirect Object ; of Ref- erence ; of Separation .... VII. The Dative {continued). Dative of Agency; of Possession ; of Purpose ; with Adjectives . VIII. The Genitive. Genitive of Possession; Subjec tive ; Objective ; of the Whole ; of Quality, etc. IX. The Genitive (continued) ; with Adjectives ; with Verbs X. The Ablative ; of Separation ; of Source ; Agent Comparison; of Means .... XL The Ablative (continued). With Deponents, etc. Way by Which ; Cause .... XII. The Ablative (continued). Manner; Attendant Circumstance ; Accompaniment ; Degree of Dif- ference; Quality; Price . . . . 139 XIIL- The Ablative (continued). Specification; Abla- tive Absolute; of Place Where; of Place from Which 142 118 121 124 127 130 133 136 viii Table of Contents. PAGE The Ablative (continued). The Locative Case; Ablative of Time ; Roman Dates . . . 145 Adjectives and Pronouns. Adjectives used Sub- stantively ; with Force of Adverbs ; Compara- tive and Superlative; Adjectives denoting a Part ; primus, first who ; vltimus, last who ; Per- sonal, Reflexive, Reciprocal, and Demonstrar tive Pronouns 148 XVI. Pronouns (continued). Demonstrative Pro- nouns ; Indefinite Pronouns ; Pronominal Adjectives 153 XVII. Tenses of the Indicative. Subjunctive in Inde- pendent Sentences ...... 156 XVIII. Independent Subjunctives (continued). Pur- pose Clauses 159 XIX. Clauses of Characteristic. Clauses of Result . 162 XX. Causal Clauses. Tempor?,! Clauses with post- quam, ut, ubi, simul ac. 165 XXI. Temporal Clauses (conftnuerf). With cum; with antequam and priusquam; with dum, donee, quoad 168 XXII. Substantive Clauses. Developed from the Jus- sive; from the Deliberative; after Verbs of hindering, preventing, etc. ; developed from the Optative ; of Result 171 XXIII. ^uod-Clauses. — Indirect Questions . . 174 XXIV. Conditional Sentences 177 XXV. Use of nisi, si non, sin. Conditional Clauses of Comparison. — Subordinate Adversative Clauses introduced by quamvis, quamquam, etc. Provisos 180 XXVI. Indirect Discourse 184 XXVII. , Indirect Discourse (con(muerf) .... 187 LESSON XIV. XV. Table of Contents. ix LE880N PAOR XXVIII. The Infinitive 190 XXIX. Participles 193 XXX. The Gerund ; the Gerundive Construction ; the Supine 196 Supplementary Exercises in Continued Discourse . . 199 PART III. SENIOR EEVIEW. The Philippic Orations of Cicero 217 General Vocabulary 245 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Grammatical references not preceded by any initial are to the Eevlsed Edition of the author's Latin Grammar, A. & G. . . Allen & Greenough's New Latin Grammar abl. . . ablative. ace. . . accusative. ady. . . adverb. c. . common (gender). cf. . . compare. conj. . . conjunction. dat. . . dative. dep. . . deponent. e.g. . . for example. f. . feminine. gen. . . genitive. H. . . Harkness's Complete Latin Grammar. i.e. . . that Is. impers. , impersonal. indecl. . Indeclinable. intrans. or intr. . intransitive. lit. . . literally. m. . masculine. n. . neuter. obj. . . object. pi. . . . plural. pred. . . predicate. prep. . . preposition. semi-dep. . . serai-deponent. subj. . . subject. trans, or tr. . transitive. NEW LATIN COMPOSITION. PART ONE. BASED ON CAESAK. LESSON I. SUBJECT NOMINATIVE. PREDICATE NOUNS. APPOSITIVES. THE .VOCATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Subject Nominative. 166, 166. 2 ; A. & G. 339 ; H. 387 and 1. 2. Predicate Nouns. 167, 168. 2; A. & G. 283, 284; H. 393 and 8. 3. Appositives. 169. 1, 2, 5 ; A. & G. 282 ; H. 393 and 4. 4. The Vocative. 171 ; A. & G. 340 ; H. 402. EXAMPLES. The heavy-face figures in parenthesis following the examples correspond to the heavy-face numerals under the Grammatical References. Thus (1) indicates that the Example illustrates the Subject Nominative ; (2) Predicate Nouns ; etc. The other numer- als refer to the Notes on the Examples. 1. Mosa ex monte Vosego pr5fluit,i the Meuse flows forth from the Vosges Mountains. (1) 2. Germani impetus gladiorum exceperunt,! the Qermans met the attack of the swords. (1) 3. Usipetea et Tencteri flnmen Bhenum transiemnt,^ the Usi- petes and Tencteri crossed the Biver Bhine. (1) 4. aperto litore naves coustituit,^ he stationed the ships on an open beach. (1) 6. "is'lSgationemadcivitates suscepit,i he undertook the embassy to the states. (1) 6. eya.ahdSx'h&ec taii'^ caM.%3., this was the cause of that war. (2) 7. extremum oppidum AUobrogum esti Oenava, the outermost town of the AUobroges is Geneva. (2) 3 Subject Nominative. 8. in vico qui appellatur^ Octodurua, in the village which is called Octodurus. (2) 9. vir fortissimua, Piso Aquitanus, a very gallant man, Piso, an Aquitanian. (3) 10. duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una' Sueba, altera ' Norica there were two wives of Ariovistus, the one a Suehian woman, the other Noric. (3) 11. desilite, coramilitones I * jump down, comrades ! (4) Notes on the Examples. 1. The verb in the Latin sentence regularly stands last (348 ; A. & G. 596 and a ; H. 664) , but it often precedes a predicate noun or adjective. 2. The subject is here emphatic ; hence the pronoun is ex- pressed. 3. una and altera are in partitive apposition with the subject, uxores. 4. The Vocative regularly follows one or more words of the sentence. VOCABULARY. alarm, commOTeo, ere, movi, motus.* barbarians, barbari, orum, m. brother, frater, tris, m. build, facio, ere, feci, factus. camp, castra, orum, n. centurion, centurio, onis, m. come, venio, ire, veni, ventum. direction, quarter, pars, partis,/, draw up, instruo, ere, iixi, uctus. foot-soldier, pedes, itis, m. friendship, amicitia, ae,/. horseman, eques, itis, m. lead across, traducS, ere, diixi, ductus. leader, dux, ducis, m. lead forth, ediico, ere, duxi, ductus. messenger, niintius, i, m. tribe, gens, gentis, /. troops, copiae, arum, /. winter quarters, hiberna, onim, n. woman, mulier, eris, /. *In giving the principal parts of verbs, the perfect passive parti- ciple is given instead of the supine; if the verb is transitive, the participle is given in the masculine form, otherwise in the neuter. Where the perfect passive participle is not in use, the future active particif le is given, if it occurs. Subject Nominative. EXERCISE. 1. You, Titus,^ were the leader of these horsemen. 2. The Ubii, a German tribe, had made friendship with the Eomans and had already given many hostages. 3. Children and women were seen on the wall. 4. We shall lead forth all the foot-soldiers and draw (them)^ up. before the camp. 5. The barbarians were alarmed and sent messengers in ^ all directions. 6. Quintus, brother of Marcus, was a lieutenant of Caesar. 7. Narbo and Tolosa, most flourishing cities, were in the Roman Province. 8. In this great forest were many strange animals. 9. The Germans slew Sextus Baculus, a cen- turion and brother of Publius Baculus. 10. He quickly built the bridge and led his troops across. 11. Divi- tiacus, the Haeduan, brother of Dumnorix and friend of Liscus, came to Caesar. 12. Vesontio, the winter quar- ters of Labienus, was a town of the Sequani. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. Words not given in the special vocabularies may be found in the general vocabulary at the end of the book. 2. Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. 3. in : translate : into. LESSON II. AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Attributive and Predicate Adjectives. 233. 2; A. & G. 285. 1 and 2. 2. Agreement of Adjectives. * 234 and 1, 235 to bottom of p. 153; A. & G. 286 and a, 287. 1; H. 394, 395. 1, 2. 3. Agreement of Verbs. 254. 1-3, 255. 1-3, 5 ; A. & G. 316 and 6; 317 and b-d; H. 388, 389. 1 ; 390, 391, 392. 1, 4. EXAMPLES. 1. magna alacritas et studium, great eagerness and zeal. (2) 2. rea multae operae ac laboris, a matter of much effort and labor. (2) 8. C. Volusenus, vir magni consili et virtutis, Gains Volusenus, a man of great wisdom and valor. (2) 4. locus oastrorum erat editus et acclivis, the site of the camp was elevated and sloping. (2) 5. f ilius et fratris filius a Caesare remissi sunt, his son and his brother^s son were sent back by Caesar. (3) 6. eq\iita,tvLaii.bnAxxja.venera,t,^ the cavalry had not yet come. (3) 7. mittitur ^ ad eos C. Arpineius et Q. Junius, Gains Arpineius and Quintus Junius were sent to them. (3) 8. quarum return magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat,^ a great part of which things the short- ness of the time and the onrush of the enemy prevented. (3) * Note that the principles for the agreement of adjectiyes cover also the use of participles in the compound tenses of the passive, as well as in the ijeriphrastic conjugations. • 6 Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs. 7 9. neqne agrioultura neque usus belli interinittitur, neither farm- ing nor the practice of war is interrupted. (3) Notes on the Examples. 1. -When the subject is a collective noun, the verb usually stands in the singular. 2. The verb here agrees with the nearer subject. 3. The two subjects are here felt as constituting one idea; hence the singular verb. VOCABULARY. chieftain, princeps, ipis, m. construct, aedifico, 1.* consul, consul, is, m. district, regie, onis, /. either ... or, aut . . . aut. gate, porta, ae, /. influence, auctSritas, atis, /. neither . . . nor, neque (nee) neque (nee), pilot, gubernator, oris, m. praise, laudo, 1.* prudence, priidentia, ae, /. rower, remex, igis, m. see, video, ere, vidi, visus. send, mitto, ere, misi, missus, ship, navis, is, /. ; ship of war, navis longa, lit. long ship. steadfastness, constantia, ae, /. surround, circumeo, ire, il, itus. tear down, diruo, ere, rui, rutus. wall, murus, i, m. wife, uxor, oris, /. EXERCISE. 1. Messala and Piso had been consuls. 2. Neither the gate nor the wall will be torn down. 3. We praise Sabinus, a man of the greatest prudence and steadfastness. 4. In this district we saw many towns and villages. 5. Either the father or the son was sent. 6. Many ships of war had been constructed, and many rowers and pilots had been secured. 7. The influence of these maritime tribes was very great. 8. A large multitude of * Regular verbs of the first conjugation are indicated by the nu- meral 1. 8 Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs. men had surrounded the town and was hurling stones and javelins. 9. The Senate and Eoman people' decreed a thanksgiving. 10. The camp had been placed on a small hill. 11. The wife and daughter of this chieftain had been captured. 12. These two great wars had been completed in one summer. Suggestion on the Exercise. 1. Senatus populusque Romanus : this phrase regularly takes a singular verb. LESSON III. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. GRAMM.AT1CAL REFERENCES. 1. Relative Pronouns. 250. 1-3, 251. 1, 5, 6 ; A. & G. 305 and o, 306, 308. a, /and N.; H. 896 and 2, 398 and 1. 2. Possessive Pronouns. 243 and 1, 233. 3 ; A. & G. 302 and a,c; H. 501. EXAMPLES. 1. Allobroges, qui trans Ehodanum vicoa habent, the Allobroges who have villages across the Ehone. (1) 2. genus hoc erat pugnae quo se Germani exercuerant, this was the sort of battle in which the Germans had trained them- selves. (1) 8. Castious regnum occupavit in civitate sua quod pater ante habuerat, Casticus seized the royal power in his own state which his father had held before him. (1, 2) 4. Titiirius et Cotta qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, Titurius and Ootta who had led their legions into the territory of the Menapii. (1, 2) 5. sagittarios et funditores mittebat quorum magnum uumerum habebat, he sent archers and slingers, of whom he had a great number. (1) 6. iisus ac disciplina quae a nobis acceperant, the experience and discipline which they had received from us. (1) 7. Vesoationem venit, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, he came to Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani. (1) 8. Senones quae est civitas firma inter Gallos, the Senones who are a strong state among the Gauls. (1) 9. auxilium suum polUcentur, they promise their aid. (2) 10. vestrae salutis causa suum periculum neglexerunt, for the sake of your safety they made light of their own danger. (2) 10 Relative Pronouns. VOCABULARY. ancestors, majores, um, m., lit. elders. arrival, adventus, us, m. before, adv., ante. freedom, libertas, atls, /. grant, concedo, ere, cessi, cessus. guard, servo, 1. hear, hear of, audio, ire, ivi, itus. magnitude, magnitudo, inis, /. maintain, retineo, ere, ui, tentus. pacify, paco, 1. pitch (a camp), pono, ere, posui, positus. remaining, reliquus, a, um. reproach, inciiso, 1. set out, proficiscor, i, profectus. set on fire, incendo, ere, cendi, census, surrender, dedo, ere, dedidi, de- ditus. throw into confusion, perturbo, 1. EXERCISE. 1. You ■will set out for^ your province, and I for mine. 2. The Nervii reproached the remaining Belgians who had surrendered themselves to the Koman people. 3. The Gauls were alarmed by the magnitude of the works which they had neither seen nor heard of before.^ 4. We will remain in our own camp which we have pitched here. 6. They set on fire all the villages and buildings which they had seen. 6. The enemy were thrown into confu- sion by the suddenness of our arrival. 7. We shall main- tain the glory and freedom which we received from our ancestors. 8. The mother and daughter whom you cap- tured were guarded in our camp. 9. Sabinus will with- draw his forces to the nearest hill. 10. These are the tribes which we pacified. 11. The Suebi, who had come to the banks of the Ehine, returned into their own territory. 12. Ariovistus, king of the Germans, was holding abodes in Gaul which had been granted by ^ the Sequani. Relative Pronouns. 11 Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. for: use in 'with the accusative. 2. The adverb regularly precedes the word which it modifies. 3. hy : use a with the ablative. LESSON IV. THE ACCUSATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. (ACCTTSATIVE OF DlEECT OBJECT.) 1. Simple Uses. 175. 1, 176. 1 ; A. & G. 387 ; H. 404 and 1. 2. With Compound Verbs. 175. 2. a; A. & G. 388. h ; H. 406. 3. Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used as Accusative of 'Result Produced.' 176. 2; A. & G. 890. c; H. 409. 1. 4. Two Accusatives, — Direct Object and Predicate Accusative. 177. 1 ; A. & G. 893 ; H. 410 and 1. 5. Adjective as Predicate Accusative. 177. 2 ; A. & G. 393. IST. ; H. 410. 3. 6. Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs. 177. 3; A. & G. 393. a ; H. 410. 1. EXAMPLES. 1. post eas legiones impedimenta coUooaverat, behind these legions he had placed the baggage. (1) 2. milites nostri Atrebates in flumen compuleruut, our soldiers drove the Atrebates into the river. (1) 3. Caesar in Rheno pontem fecit, Caesar built a bridge over the Rhine. (1) 4. Remos reliquosque Belgas adiit, he visited the Remi and the rest of the Belgae. (2) 5. complures equites hunc unum peditem circumsistebant, several horsemen were surrounding this one foot-soldier. (2) 6. horum auotoritas apud plebem plurimum^ valebat, the influ- ence of these was very powerful with the cummon people. 43) 12 The Accusative. 13 7. Sequani uihil^ responderunt, Jfte ySe^iiani made no answer. (3) 8. pauca " responderunt, fftey repKed Jn'eji?!/. (3) 9. aumino magistratui praeerat, quem vergobretum appellant, he was in charge of the highest office {the man) whom they called ^ vergobret.' (4) 10. hoc consilium hostes alaoriores ad pugnam effecerat, this plan had made the enemy more eager for battle. (5) 11. amicus ab senatil nostro appellatus erat, he had been called friend by our Senate. (6) Notes on the Examples. 1. plurimum valebat: lit. availed very much; Accusative of Result Produced. 2. nihil responderunt : lit. replied nothing. 3. pauca responderunt: lit. replied a few things. VOCABULARY. attack, oppugno, 1. avail, valeo, ere, ui, valitiirus. call (name), appello, 1. choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. circumstance, res, rei, /. comrade, commilito, onis, m. courageous, fortis, e. cross, transeo, ire, ii, itus. embankment, agger, eris, m. fickleness, levitas, atis, /. fortification, munitio, onis, /. get ready, trans., comparo, 1. go around, circumeo, ire, ii, itus. grain, frumentum, i, n. high, altus, a, um. precede, antecedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. surpass, praecedo, ere, cessi, ces- surus. EXERCISE. 1. This circumstance made the troops more courageous. 2. The Morini went around the fortifications of the Eomans. 3. We feared the fickleness of the Gauls, who are often changeable. 4. We got ready grain, chose horsemen, and ^ crossed the River Seine. 5. Near ^ the Ocean the Rhine makes many large^ islands. 6. The 14 The Accusative. eBemy attacked tlie foot-soldiers who had preceded our army. 7. They had made the camp more extensive and the embankment higher. 8. Our efforts will avail very little.'' 9. He called me friend and comrade. 10. The Arvemi surpassed the remaining Gauls in courage^ and steadfastness. 11. We were called friends and com- rades. 12. This speech of Liscus was of no avail.' Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. For the proper employment of connectives in enumerations, see 341. Oy-a ; A. & G. 323. c. 1, 3 ; H. 657. 6 and N. 2. near : use prope, prep, with aoc. 3. many large : the Latin says : many and large. 4. very little : compare the 6th example. 5. in courage : use the simple ablative. 6. of no avail : translate : availed nothing. LESSON V. THE ACCUSATIVE {continuecl}. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Two Accusatives, — Person Affected and Result Produced. 178. 1. a-e; A. k G. 394, 396 and a ; H. 411. 2. Passive Construction of these Verbs. 178. 2 ; A. & G. 396. 6; H. 411. 1. 3. Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs. 179. 1-3 ; A. & G. 395 and N. 2; H. 413, 4. Accusative of Time and Space. 181. 1 ; A. & G. 423, 425 ; H. 417. 5. Accusative of Limit of Motion. 182. 1-4 ; A. & G. 426. 2, 427. 2, 428. a, hj; H. 418 and 1, 419 and 1, 2. 6. Accusative as Subject of Infinitive. 184; A. & G. 397. e\ H. 415. 7. Other Accusative Uses. 185 ; A. & G. 397. a ; H. 416. 2, 3. EXAMPLES. 1. interim cottidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum flagitare, mean- while Caesar daily demanded, the grain of the Haedui. (1) 2. milites navibus fliimen transportat, he sets his troops across the river by boats. (3) 3. Belgae sunt Ehenum traducti, the Belgians were led across the Bhine. (3) 4. ab Suebis complures annos bello premebantur, for very many years they leere harried in war by the Suebi. (4) 5. Caesar biduum in his locis moratur, Caesar tarried two days in these places. (4) 6. erant duae fossae quindecim pedes latae, there were two ditches, fifteen feet broad. (4) 15 16 The Accusative. 7. hic locus ab hoste sescentos passus aberat, this place was six hundred paces distant from the enemy. (4) 8. domos redeunt, they return to their homes. (5) 9. in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit, he hastened to Gaul and arrived in the vicinity of Geneva. (5) 10. Bibracte ire contendit, he hastened to go to Bihracte. (5) 11. legates reverti jussit, he ordered the envoys to return. (6) 12. maximam partem lacte vivunt, they subsist for the most part on milk. (7) Beiaarks. 1. Verbs of demanding more commonly take a with the ablative, instead of the accusative of the person. This is regularly true of peto, as tribiinatum a Ca^sare petivi, I asked a tribuneship of Caesar. 2. To denote duration of time for a small number of days or years, it is customary to use biduum, triduum, quadriduum, two days, three days, four days ; and biennium, triennium, quadrien- nium, two years, three years, four years. VOCABULARY. ask, peto, ere, petivi or petli, petitus. auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n. delay, moror, 1. demand, flagito, 1. eight hundred, octingenti, ae, a. extend, pateo, ere, ui. field, ager, agri, m. forest, silva, ae, /. hasten, contendo, ere, tendi, tentum. help, auxilium, i, n. legion, legio, onis, /. month, mensis, is, m. of, with verbs of asking, a (ab), prep, with the abl. pace, passus, us, m. part, pars, partis, /. remain, maneo, ere, mansi, man- surus. tarry, moror, 1. transport, transporto, 1 . winter, hiems, mis, /. EXERCISE. 1. These fields extended about eight hundred paces. 2. The Gauls are in large part iickle. 3. You had de- The Accusative. 17 layed many days iu the vicinity of Tolosa. 4. The fortifications were forty feet high. 6. Sabinus ordered the auxiliaries to be sent home. 6. We asked help of the Britons. 7. Ariovistus had remained four months in these forests and swamps. 8. You had demanded money of us. 9. We transported these troops across the Eiver Rhone and hastened to Geneva. 10. During the remaining part of the winter these legions remained in the vicinity of Aquileia. 11. The horsemen were led across the river. 12. We tarried two days near Tolosa and then came to Narbo. 13. Caesar informed Sabinus of ^ his departure. 14. Sabinus was informed of ^ Caesar's departure. Suggestion on the Exercise. 1. of: use de with the abl. LESSON VI. THE DATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. (Dative of Ikdieect Object.) 1. Indirect Object in Connection with a Direct Object after Transitive Verbs. 187. I and a ; A. & G. 362 ; H. 424. 2. Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs. 187. II ; A. & G. 366,367; H. 424, 426. 1, 2. 3. Indirect Object with Compound Verbs. 187. III. 1, 2; A. &G. 370; H. 429 and 1. EXAMPLES. 1. unam legionem 0. Fabio dedit, he gave one legion to Gains Fabius. (1) 2. id Caesari nuntiatum est, that was reported to Caesar. (1) 3. Haednorum civitati Caesar indulserat, Caesar had favored the state of the Haedui. (2) 4. neque mulieribus neque pueris pepercit, he spared neither women nor children. (2) 5. Treviri ejus imperio non parebant, the Treviri did not ob.ey his order. (2) 6. aciem suam earns circumdederuut, they placed their line of battle around the wagons. (3) 7. minus facile finitimis bellum Inferre poterant, they were less easily able to wage war against their neighbors. (3) 8. ei mtinitioni quam fecerat T. Labienum praefecit, he placed Titus Labienus in charge of that fortification which he had made. (3) 9. Brutus huio class! praeerat, Brutus was in charge of this ifieet. (3) 18 The Dative. 19 VOCABULARY. (account) on account of, prop- ter, prep, with aoc. arms, weapons, arma, orum, n. bravely, fortiter. bring upon, infero, ferre, tulij illatus. charge, be in charge of, praesum, esse, fui, futurus, with dat. ; put in charge, praeflcio, ere, feci, fectus, with dat. of in- direct object. favor, faveo, ere, favi, fauturus. hand over, trado, ere, tradidi, traditus. hostage, obses, idis, m. lieutenant, ISgatus, i, m. obey, pareo, ere, ui, paritfirus. persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum. place around, circumdo, dare, dedi, datus. province, provincia, ae, /. reduce, redigo, ere, redegi, re- dactus. resist, resisto, ere, restiti. spare, parco, ere, peperci, par- siirus. trust, conf ido, ere, conf isus, semi- dep. young man, juvenis, is, m. EXERCISE. 1. The Eoman people did not reduce to* a province those tribes which it had spared. 2. These young men obeyed the friend who had favored them. 3. The arms and hostages had already been handed over " to the lieu- tenant who was in command of these troops. 4. The Sequani had given lands and money to Ariovistus. 5. We placed a great multitude of horsemen around the foot-soldiers. 6. These Eoman envoys persuaded the tribes to which they had been sent. 7. We saw Sabinus, who was in charge of the winter quarters near Vesontio. 8. You will spare this chieftain and his sons. 9. We put Galba in charge of this business. 10. We shall bravely resist those tribes which bring^ war upon us. 11. The commander trusts this legion on account of (its) valor. 12. I favored neither you nor your brother. 20 The Dative. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. to : use in with the ace. 2. handed over : make the participle agree with the nearer subject. 3. bring upon : use the future tense. LESSON VIL THE DATIVE {continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Dative of Agency. 189. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 374 ; H. 431. 2. Dative of Possession. 190 and 1 ; A. & G. 373 and a ; H. 430. 3. Dative of Purpose or Tendency. 191. 1,2; A. & G. 382 and 1,2; H. 433 and 3. 4. Dative with Adjectives. 192. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 383, 384 ; H. 434 and 2. EXAMPLES. 1. onrnes cruciatus Sequanis perferendi sunt, all tortures must he endured by the Sequani. (1) 2. Caesari omnia uno tempore agenda erant, all things had to be done by Caesar at one time. (1) 8. praeter agri solum nobis nihil est, except the soil of the field, we have nothing, lit. nothing is to us. (2) 4. mihi erit perpetua amicitia tecum, I shall have everlasting friendship with you. (2) 5. dies colloquio dictus est, a day was set for a conference. (3) 6. German! auxilio a Belgis arcessiti sunt, the Germans were summoned by the Belgians for aid. (3) 7. una res nostris magno iisui erat, one thing loas of great advan- tage to our men, lit. to our men for great advantage'. (3) 8. quinque cohortes castris praesidio reliquit, he left five cohorts as a guard for the camp. (3) 9. proximi sunt Germanis, they are next to the Germans. (4) 10. maxime plebi acoeptus erat, he was especially acceptable to the common people. (4) 21 22 The Dative. Hemarks. 1. Note the special neuter impersonal use of the second peri- phrastic conjugation in connection with the Dative of Agency, e.g. nobis noa exspectandum est, we must not wait, lit. it must not be waited by us ; nobis resistendum est, we must resist. 2. The chief verbs, besides sum, that take a Dative of Purpose or Tendency are : relinquo, deligo, dico, mitto, venio. 3. Among the commoner Datives of Purpose or Tendency are : auzilio, Usui, impedimento, praesidio, subsidio. VOCABULARY. abode, domicilium, i, n. army, exercitus, us, m. assistance, auxilium, i, n. at once, statim. cavalry, equitatus, us, m. do, facio, ere, feci, factus. javelin, pilum, i, n. leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus. protection, praesidium, i, n. set, appoint, constituo, ere, ui, utus. suitable, idoneus, a, um. undertake, suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. use, usus, lis, m. wait, exspecto, 1. where, ubi. EXERCISE. 1. Labienus had set this day for the battle. 2. The same thing must be done by all the Gauls which we have done. 3. We have no place ^ which we call suitable for an abode. 4. All these maritime tribes were near to the places where Publius Crassus had waged war. 5. He has already sent one cohort as (for) assistance to us. 6. Courageous soldiers ought to be praised by their leaders. 7. These soldiers have neither javelins' nor swords. 8. This embassy must be undertaken by your two sons. 9. We shall order Galba to leave these two legioPiP as (for) a protection to the camp. 10. Our ships The Dative. 23 were nearest to the shore. 11. We must not wait, but must set out at onee.^ 12. The cavalry of the Hae- duans was of (for) great use to the Eoman army. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. have no place; have neither javelins : see Examples 3, 4. 2. See Remark 1. The Belgae Conspire against Caesar. Caesar had conquered the Helvetii and driven Ariovis- tus out of Gaul across the Ehine into Germany. He himself was in Hither Gaul, where he heard frequent rumors concerning the plans of the Belgians. These feared the army of the Eoman people, and were con- spiring and giving hostages to each other.^ Caesar was alarmed by the letters and messages which he received and enrolled two new legions in Hither Gaul and sent Quintus Pedius (as) lieutenant with these into Farther Gaul. After a little ^ he set out himself and came to the borders of the Belgians in about fifteen days.' Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. to each other : inter se. 2. after a little : paulo post (afterwards by a little). 3. in about fifteen days : use the simple abl. LESSON VIII. THE GENITIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Genitive of Origin. 196. 2. Genitive of Possession. 198. 1, 3 ; A. & G. 343 and b ; H. 440. 1. 3. Subjective Genitive. 199 ; A. & G. 343. KT. 1 ; H. 440. 1. 4. Objective Genitive. 200 ; A. & G. 347, 348 ; H. 440. 2. 5. Genitive of the Whole (' Partitive Genitive '). 201 entire ; A. & G. 346. a. 1-3, c,e; H. 440. 5 and N., 441, 442, 443. 6. Genitive of Quality. 203. 1-5 ; A. & G. 345. a, 6 ; H. 440. 8. EXAMPLES. 1. filius Galbae regis, the son of King Galba. (1) 2. HskedMoram tinea, the teiTitory of the Saeduans. (2) 3. signa decimae legionis, the standards of the tenth legion. (2) 4. Gallia est Ariovisti, Gaul belongs to Ariovistus, lit. is of Ariovistus. (2) 5. imperatoris est hoc facere, it is the function of the commander to do this, lit. is of the commander. (2) 6 fuga totius exercitus, the flight of the entire army. (3) 7. eorum clamor fremitusque, their crying and shouting. (3) 8. regni cupiditate inductus, impelled by a desire of regal power. (4) 9. dLoya.um.vediiiiom.sBpss, the hope of returning home. (4) 10. Orgetorigis filia atque iinua § filiis, the daughter of Orgetorix and one of his sons. (1 and 5) 11. quinque milia pasauum, five miles, lit. five thousands of ^aces. (5) 24 The Genitive. 25 12, 13 castria satis praesidi reliquit, he left sufficient guard for the camp, lit. sufficient of guard. (5) quantum auctoritatis 7 quantum temporis? how much influ- ence ? how much time ? (5) 14. vir magnae auctoritatis, a man of great influence. (6) 15. consilia ejus modi, designs of that sort. (6) 16. murus in altitudinem sedecim pedum, a wall sixteen feet high, lit. of sixteen feet into height. (6) 17. auzili causa, for the sake of assistance. (2) Bemark. Causa is much commoner than gratia in the sense : ore account of, for the sake of. VOCABULARY. accomplish, perficio, ere, feci, fectus. capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus. cut to pieces, concido, ere, cidi, cisus. departure, discessus, us, m. distant, he distant, absum, ab- esse, afui, afutiirus. enough, satis, indecl. greatly, magnopere. hate, odi, odisse. kill, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus, mile, mille passiis, lit. thousand paces ; plu. milia passuum. sake, for the sake of, causa (^abl.) with gen. ; the gen. always pre- terrify, terreo, ere, ui, itus. thousand, mille ; plu. milia. utter, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. warlike, bellicosus, a, um. EXERCISE. 1. Orgetorix was a man of the greatest inJGluence among the Helvetii, but he had no prudence.^ 2. By the de- parture of the Roman horsemen the barbarians were made more eager. 3. He had already accomplished all the things for the sake of which he had led his army across the Ehine into Germany. 4. Procillus was among the 26 The Genitive. noblest men of the Gallic Province. 5. You have not sent enough assistance ^ to these cohorts. 6. There were two daughters of this chieftain, of whom one was cap- tured, the other (was) killed. 7. The Usipetes were greatly terrified by the sudden arrival of the Eomans ; four thousand of them came into the power of Caesar. 8. The tribe of the Nervii was by far the largest and most warlike of all the Belgians. 9. The Eiver Ehone was five miles distant from this town. 10. You see the fury of all those who hate the rule, of the Koman people. 11. We cut to pieces three thousand Germans who had lost all hope of safety. 12. Some opinions of this kind were uttered. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. had no prudence : translate : nothing of prudence was to him. 2. enough assistance : see Example 12. 8. from : use ab. LESSON IX. THE GENITIVE (.continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Genitive with Adjectives. 204. 1-3 ; A. & G-. 349 and a, b, 385. c and 2 ; H. 450, 451. 1, 2 and N. 1, 3. 2. Genitive with meminl, remiriiscor, oblivlscor. 206. 1, 2; A. & a. 350. a, h,c,d; H. 454 and 1, 455. 3. Genitive with Verbs of Judicial Action. 208. 1, 2, a; A. & G. 362 and a, 353. 1 ; H. 456 and 3, 4. 4. Genitive with Impersonal Verbs. 209. 1; A. & G. 354. 6, c ; H. 457. 5. Genitive with interest. 210; 211. 1 ; A. & G. 355 and o; H. 449. 1-4. EXAMPLES. 1. DunmoiTS erat cupidus rerum novaram, Dumnorix was de- sirous of a revolution, lit. of new things. (1) 2. agri erant plenissimi frumenti, the fields were very full of grain. (1) 3. reminisceretur pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum, let him remem- ber the pristine valor of the Helvetii. (2) 4. veteris contumeliae non oblivisoitur, he does not forget the old insult. (2) 5. Vercingetorix proditionis insimulatua est, Vercingetorix was accused of treason. (3) 6. summae iniquitatia condemnatur, he is convicted of the greatest injustice. (3) 7. saepe consilia ineunt, quorum eos paenitet, they often initiate plans which they repent of, lit. of which it repents them. (4) 8. hoc communis salutis interest, this concerns the common safety. (5) 28 The Genitive. VOCABULARY. accuse, insimulo, 1. blameless, innocens, entis. concerns, it concerns, interest, esse, fuit, imp. confidence, flducia, ae, /. convict, condemno, 1. custom, consuetude, inis, /. eager for, cupidus, a, am, with gen. entirely, omnino. forget, obliviscor, i, oblitus. full, plenus, a, um. inexperienced in, imperitus, a, um, with gen. military science, res militaris, rei militaris, /. opinion, sententia, ae,/. present, be present, adsum, esse, adfui, adfuturus. remember, reminiscor, i. repent, it repents, paenitet, ere, uit, imp. republic, res piiblica, rei piib- licae, /. versed in, peritus, a, um, leith gen. EXERCISE. 1. The Haedui repented of their fickleness and -weak- ness. 2. This concerns the republic. 3. Your horse- men were all full of confidence and hope. 4. I shall never forget, comrades, the controversies and dissensions of which I was the cause. 5. These barbarians, in- experienced in our customs, had brought war on the Roman people. 6. We remember the great dangers which you undertook for the sake of our safety. 7. They will send you leaders versed in military science. 8. In the opinion^ of all who were present you had been convicted of these wrongs. 9. These tribes were eager for horses and beasts of burden. 10. You. were entirely inexperienced in this kind of battle. 11. Those men who are blameless will not be accused of avarice. 12. They have not forgotten the many wrongs they suffered. Suggestion on the Exercise. 1. in the opinion : use the simple ablative. Tlie Genitive. 29 The Bemi alone Offer Aid to Caesar. Of all the states of the Belgians, the Kemi alone had not conspired against the Eoman people. But all the remaining Belgae were in arms, and had even summoned the Germans who dwelt this side the Rhine. These Belgians had in ancient days^ inhabited Germany, but they had been led across the Rhine and had settled on '' the lands of the Gauls whom they had driven out. They were very brave and had kept from their borders the Cimbrians and Teutons, who once had ravaged Gaul. There were many Belgian tribes and all had promised troops for ' this war. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. in ancient days : antiquitus (adv.). 2. settle on ; occupo, 1. S. for: ad. LESSON X. THE ABLATIVE. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative of Separation. 214 entire; A. k G. 400, 401, 402. a; H. 462, 465. 2. Ablative of Source. 215 entire; A. 8e G. 403. a; H. 467, 469. 1, 2. 3. Ablative of Agent. 216 entire; A. & G. 405; H. 468 and 1. 4. Ablative of Comparison. 217. 1-4; A. & G. 406 and a, 407 and c; H. 471 and 1, 4. 5. Ablative of Means. 218; A. & G. 409; H. 476. EXAMPLES. 1. Caesar TTbios obsidione Kberavit, Caesar freed the Vbii from oppression. (1) 2. murus defensoribus niidatus, a wall stripped of its defend- ers. (1) 3. Caesar proelio abstinebat, Caesar refrained from battle. (1) 4. prinoipes Britauniae friimento nostros prohibebant, the chieftains of Britain kept our men from grain. (1) 5. ex castris discedere coeperunt, they began to withdraw from camp. (1) 6. vir fortiasimus amplissimo genere natus, a very gallant man born of a very noble family. (2) 7. loco natus honesto, born in an (lit. from an) honorable station. (2) 8. Belgae erant orti ab Germanis, the Belgae were descended from the Germans, (2) 9. haec a Caesare geruntur, these things were done by Caesar. C3) 30 The Ablative. 31 10. de hia rebus per ^ nuntios certior faottts est, he was informed of these things through messengers. 11. lu sunt ceteris huiuanior|s, these are more civilized than the rest. (4) 12. non amplius oetingentos equites habuerunt, they did not have more than eight hundred cavalry. (4) 13. magno dolore afficiebautur, they were afflicted with great dis- tress. (5) 14. eos frumento juvit, he assisted them with grain. (5) Note on the Examples. 1. When a person is viewed not as an independent agent, but rather as one through whose instrumentality something is done, this relation is expressed by per with the accusative. VOCABULARY. keep from, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. oppress, premo, ere, pressi, pres- sus. pay, pendo, ere, pependi. runaway slave, fugitivus, i, m. supplies, commeatus, iis, m. tamper with, soUicito, 1. withdraw, decedo, ere, cessi, ces- siirus. ancient, antiquus, a, um. born, be born, nascor, i, natus. cut off, intercludo, ere, cliisi, clusus. dear, cams, a, um. desist, desisto, ere, destiti. fortify, miinio, ire, ivi, itus. free, verb, libero, 1. hold, regard, habeo, ere, ui, itus. EXERCISE. 1. Caesar held the lives ^ of his soldiers dearer than his own safety. 2. The Usipetes were oppressed in war ' by the Suebi and were kept from agriculture. 3. The Hel- vetii finally desisted from this attempt. 4. The Eiver Ehone was not more than five miles distant from the camp of Sabinus. 5. Ariovistus cut off Caesar from grain and supplies. 6. All withdrew from that part of the village which had been granted by Galba to the Gauls. 32 The Ablative. 7. This young man was born of a most ancient family. 8. We lost less than seven hundred foot-soldiers. 9. They fortified this place with a wall and a ditch. 10. The Belgians were tampered with by some Gauls. 11. These soldiers had already fought with javelins and swords more than, two hours. 12. This circumstance was announced to the enemy through runaway slaves of Sabinus. 13. By our help you were freed from the tribute which you had paid 'to the Germans (for) three years. Suggrestions on the Bxercise. 1. Uvea : the Latin uses the sing, in such cases. 2. in war : express by the Ablative of Means. LESSON XI. THE ABLATIVE (.continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative with the Deponents, utor, /nor, etc. 218. 1 ; A. & G. 410 ; H. 477. I. 2. Ablative with fretus. 218. 3 ; A. & G. 431. a; H. 476. 1. 3. Ablative in Special Phrases. 218. 7 ; H. 476. 4. 4. Ablative with Verbs of Filling and Adjectives of Plenty. 218. 8 ; A. & G. 409. a ; H. 477. IT. 5. Ablative of Way by Which. 218. 9; A. & G. 429. a; H. 476. 6. Ablative of Cause. 219 entire ; A. & G. 404 ; H. 475. EXAMPLES. 1. Germani jumentis importatis non utuntur, the Germans do not use imported horses. (1) 2. uai sunt eodem duce,i they used the same man as leader. (1) 3. hi omnibus conunodis fruuntur, these enjoy 'all advantages. (1) 4. eodem ille munere fungebatur, he performed the same duty. (1) 5. magno pecoris numero potitur, he secures possession of a great quantity of cattle. (1) 6. tua, amicitia fretus sum, / rely on your friendship. (2) 7. castris se tenuit, he kept himself in camp. (3) 8. proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt, they began to provoke our men to battle or offer battle to our men, lit. harass by battle. (3) 9. equestri proelio cottidie contendit, he contended daily in a cavalry battle. (3) 33 34 The Ablative. 10. totum montem hominibus compleri jussit, he ordered the whole mountain to he covered with men. (4) 11. frumentum flumine Arari navibus subvexerat, he brought up the grain in boats by way of the Arar Biver. (5) 12. levitate animi novis imperils student, on account of their fickleness of disposition they desire a change of control. (6) 13. rei frumentariae jussu Caesaris praeerat, by Gaesar^s order he was in charge of the grain supply. (6) Note on tlie Examples. 1. Note that iitor may take a second ablative in predicate rela- tion to the first. The predicate ablative may be eitlier a noun or an adjective. VOCABULARY. advance, progredior, i, gressus. arrogantly, insolenter. baggage, impedimenta, orum, n., lit. hindrances, boast, glorior, 1. " contend, contendo, ere, tend!, tentum. fear, noun, timor, oris, m. fill, fill up, compleo, ere, evi, etus. hurdle, crates, is, /. keep, confine, teneo, ere, ui. (offer) offer battle, proelio la- cesso, ere, cessivi, cessitus, lit. harass in battle, perform, fungor, i, fiinctus. (possession) gain possession, potior, iri, itus. why ? ciir. within, intra, prep, with ace. EXERCISE. 1. Why did these meu boast so arrogantly on account of their victories ? 2. The enemy gained possession of all our arms and baggage. 3. Who enjoys war and plunder? 4. All these tribes use the same langiiage, laws, and^ customs. 5. The Roman soldiers filled up the trenches of this camp with stones and hurdles. 6. You performed the duty of a brave soldier. 7. Ee- lying oa their own valor, these men advanced bravely The Ablative. 35 into the forests. 8. The Haedui had contended in war -with the Sequani more than five years. 9. On account of the fear of the Suehi the Ubii kept them- selves in the swamps. 10. Why did these five hundred horsemen offer battle to two thousand of the enemy ? 11. The arms of which we have gained possession will be carried by way of the Ehone Eiver to Vesontio. 12. On account of their confidence in'' the place, our soldiers remained within their fortifications. Suggestions on the Bzercise. 1. For the employment of conjunctions in enumerations, see Lesson IV, Suggestion 1. 2. confidence in the place : the Latin says : confidence of the place. The Two Armies Take Positions. Caesar encouraged the Remi and ordered them to bring hostages to him.^ Meanwhile all the forces of the Belgians had assembled and were approaching the camp of the Romans, as Caesar learned from the scouts whom he had sent (out). They were not far away when Caesar pitched his camp near the Eiver Aisne, which was between the territory of the Eemi and the Suessiones. This camp he fortified with a rampart ^ and a ditch. The camp of the Belgians was less than two miles distant. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. Use the reflexive. 2. rampart : vallum, i, n. LESSON XII. THE ABLATIVE (fiontinued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative of Manner. 220 entire; A. & G. 412 and a; H. 473. 3 and N. 2. Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 221. 3. Ablative of Accompaniment. 222 ; A. & G. 413 and a ; H. 473. 1 ; 474. N. 1. 4. Ablative of Degree of Difference. 223 ; A. & G. 414 ; H. 479; of. B. 357. 1; A. & G. 424./; H. 488. 5. Ablative of Quality. 224 ; A. & G. 415 ; H. 473. 2 and N. 1. EXAMPLES. 1. magna fidncia ad nostras naves procedunt, they advance with great confidence to our ships. (1) 2. moribus suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coege- runt, according to their customs they compelled Orgetorix to plead his cause in chains. (1) 3. eos longo intervallo sequebatur, he folloioed them at a long interval. (2) 4. sUentio egressus est cum tribus legionibus, he set out silently ■with three legions. (3) 5. omnibus copiis ad castra Caesaris contenderuut, with all their forces they hurried to Caesar'' s camp. (3) 6. haec gens paucis ante mensibus ad Caesarem legates miserat, this tribe had sent envoys to Caesar a few months before. (4) 7. biduo post, {100 days afterwards. (4) 8. carinae aliquanto planiores, hulls somewhat flatter. (4) 9. nondum bono animo in populum Romanum videbantur, they did not yet seem of good disposition towards the Roman people. (5) The Ablative. 37 10. Germani eraut ingenti magnitudine corporum, the Germans were of enormous size of body. (5) 11. \as\iLmxi^Si\y(Aiania,i% a man of the highest mithority. (5) Remarks. 1. The Ablative of Manner is best regarded as restricted to ab- stract words sucli as celeritas, dignitas, lenitas, prudentia, etc. 2. The Ablative of Quality primarily designates qualities which are more or less transitory. The observation sometimes made that the genitive denotes internal qualities, and the ablative external ones, is not sufficiently exact. In the phrase hortatur ut bono animo sint, he urges them to be of good courage, the quality is in- ternal : yet the genitive could not here be used ; for while the quality is internal, it is transitory. The theoretical distinction be- tween the Genitive of Quality and the Ablative of Quality is that the genitive denotes permanent, the ablative transitory, qualities. Yet where ambiguity would not result, the ablative may be used to denote a permanent quality. Thus one may say vir summae vir- tutis or summa virtiite, a man of the highest character. lu all numerical designations of weight, dimension, etc., the genitive is used. VOCABULARY. almost, paene. assemble, intrans. , conysmo, ire, veni, yentum. boundless, infinitus, a, um. common people, plebs, is, /. disposition, animus, i, m. extent, magnitiido, inis, /. incredible, incredibilis, e. infantry, as adj., pedester, tris, tre. later, adv., post, pains, dnigentia, ae, /. popularity, gratia, ae, /. preserve, conserve, 1. towards, in, prep, xoith ace. war chariot, essedum, i, n. EXERCISE. 1. This state was of the greatest povrer and influence among the maritime tribes. 2. These forces which have assembled are much greater. 3. They made this wall ten feet higher. 4. Three days ^ later we crossed 38 The Ablative. the valley and river with less danger. 5. Dumnorix ■was of the greatest boldness and of great popularity among the common people. 6. This stream is of incredible smoothness. 7. A few years before they were of friendlier disposition toward us. 8. They fortified this camp with greater pains.^ 9. In accordance with his custom Caesar preserved this state. 10. They advanced with their cavalry and war chariots. 11. The woods which' you saw are of almost boundless extent. 12. These men had advanced a little farther for the sake of water. 13. He hastened to the camp with his in- fantry forces. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. See Lesson V, Remark 2. 2. pains : use the singular. LESSON XIII THE ABLATIVE GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Ablative of Specification. 226 entire; A. & G. 418; H. 480. 2. Ablative Absolute. 227. 1, 2; A. & G. 419 and a, 420; H. 489 and 1. 3. Ablative of Place Where. 228 entire; A. & G. 426. 3, 427. .3, 429. 1, 2 ; H. 483 ; 485. 2. 4. Ablative of Place from Which. 229 entire ; A. & G. 426. 1, 427. 1, 428. a,b; H. 461, 462 and 3, 4. EXAMPLES. 1. fama nobiles erant potenteaque beUo, they were eminent in fame an^ powerful in war. (1) 2. equitata superior, superior in cavalry. (1) 3. Helvetji reliquos Gall5a virtute praeoedunt, the Melvetii sur- pass the other Gauls in valor. (1) 4. M. MessaUa, M. Pisone consulibus, in the consulship of Marcus ■ MessaUa and Marcus Piso, lit. Marcus MessaUa and Marcus Piso (being) consuls. (2) 6. re frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis iter facere coepit, having got ready grain and chosen horsemen, he began to march, lit. grain having been got ready, etc. (2) 6. Germanico bello confecto, having completed the German war, or, when the German war had been completed. (2) 7. totxs castris, in the whole camp; ommbua locis, in all places; in Gallia, in Gaul. (3) 8. multi viri fortes Tolosa et Narbone evocati sunt, many brave men were summoned from Tolosa and Narbo. (4) 39 40 The Ablative. 9. expellitur ex oppido Gergovia, he is driven out of the town Gergovia. (4) 10. a Gergovia decessit, he withdrew from the neighborhood of Gergovia. (4) 11. ex aedificiis quae habuerant demigrarunt, they moved out of the houses which they had had. (4) 12. iter ab Arari avertit, he turned his course away from the Arar. (4) 13. uxorem domo secum duxerat, he had taken his wife with him from home. (4) Remark. 1. Observe that in Latin the Ablative Absolute largely occurs where in English we employ subordinate clauses. Of the various kinds of clauses thus occurring, temporal clauses introduced by when and after are by far the most frequent. VOCABULARY. achieve, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. break out, coorior, iri, coortus. citadel, arx, arcis, /. excel, praesto, are, praestiti. flee, fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus. knowledge, scientia, ae, /. march forth, egredior, i, egressus. message, niintius, I, m. only, tantum. practice, usus, us, m. seamanship, res nauticae, rerum nauticarum, /.' (sides) from all sides, undique. subdue, pacify, paco, 1. EXERCISE. 1. lu Vesontio there was a high hill which made a citadel. 2. The Veneti surpass the remaining maritime tribes in knowledge and practice of seamanship. 3. The number of those who marched forth from home was ' ten thousand. 4. When hostages had been given and peace had been made,^ Galba settled two cohorts among the Nantuates in a village of the Veragri which is called Octodurus. 5. There was a town of the Renii, Bibrax by name. , 6. Only two states sent hostages from Britain. The Ablative. 41 7. In the consulship of Lucius Domitius and Appius Claudius, Caesar withdrew from his winter quarters into Italy. 8. The Roman ships excelled in speed alone.' 9. A sudden war broke out in Britain. 10. We received these messages from those who had fled from the vicinity of Geneva. 11. When these things had been achieved and all Gaul had been subdued,'' envoys were sent to Caesar from all sides. 12. Having received these mes- sages," we set out from Tolosa. Sug'gestlons on the Exercise. 1. Use a plural verb to agree with the number of the predicate noun. 2. Express by the Ablative Absolute. 3. Express alone by unus in agreement. Defeat of the Belgians. At first they contended in a cavalry battle. After a few hours, the barbarians withdrew and Caesar led the Eomans back to camp. Then he led the cavalry, archers, and slingers, across the river by the bridge, and hastened, toward a ford, where he found the enemy. Our soldiers attacked and killed a great number of them crossing the river, and the cavalry surrounded ' and slew those who had already crossed. Finally grain began to fail them, and calling a council,^ they decided to return home. Sug'gestions on the Exercise. 1. surround : circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus. 2. calling a council : express by the Ablative Absolute ; for call, use the compound, convoco, 1. LESSON XIV. THE ABLATIVE (continued). GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES, 1. The Locative Case. 232. 1, 2 ; 169. 4 ; A. & G. 427. 3 and a; 282. d; H. 483 ; 484. 1, 2 ; 483. 2. 2. Ablative of Time at Which. 230. 1-3 ; A. & G. 423 and 1 ; H. 486. 3. Ablative of Time within Which. 231 ; A. & G. 423, 424. a ; H. 487 and 1. 4. Roman Dates. 371, 372 ; A. & G. 631 ; H. 754; 755. EXAMPLES. 1. reliqui domi remanent, the rest remain at home. (1) 2. hoc proelium Alesiae factum eat, this battle took place at Alesia. (1) 3. sex legiones Agedinci eoUocavit, he stationed six legions at Agedincum. (1) 4. prima luce Considius ad eum aocurrit, at daybreak Gonsidius races towards him. (2) 6. Heme naves aedificavit, he built ships in the winter. (2) 6. tecum proximis comitiis controversiam habuimua, we had a quarrel with you at the last election. (2) 7. eo anno in Gallia nullum frumentum erat, in that year there was no wheat in Gaul. (2) 8. eorum adventu equos Germanis distribuit, at their arrival he distributed horses to the Germans. (2) 9. bello Caasiano dux fuerat, he had been leader in the Cassian war. (2) 10. decern diebus omue opus effectum est, within ten days the wjiole loork was finished. (3) 42 The Ablative. 43 11. l^aloviS AprWoMS, on the Ides of April. (4) 12. is dies erat ante diem quintum Kalendas Apnles, that was March 28th. (4) VOCABULARY. April, of April, Aprilis, e. arrive, advenio, ire, veni, ven- tum. break (camp), moveo, ere, movl, motus. few, pauci, ae, a. happen, fio, fieri, factus. learn, comperio, ire, compen, compertus. memory, memoria, ae, /. midnight, media nox, mediae noctis, /. ravage, vexo, 1. silently, silentio, adv. EXERCISE. 1. April Tth we arrived in the vicinity of Geneva. 2. Having learned tliese things, the Gauls at midnight silently left the camp. 3. Within a few days he had built a bridge and had led his army across. 4. These things happened at Alesia in the consulship of On. Domitius and Marcus Gate. 6. Within the memory of our fathers these tribes had ravaged the Province. 6. There were great dissensions at Cenabum. 7. At Bibracte, a large- town of the Haedui, there was at this time neither grain nor water. 8. We set out for Gaul March 31st. 9. On March 1st at the third hour we broke camp. 10. Who of you was at home that day ? 11. On the same night these runaway slaves fled from the vicinity of Cenabum. 12. We shall return within four days.^ Suggestion on the Exercise. 1. See Lesson V, Remark 2. LESSON XV. SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Adjectives used Substantively. 238-238; A. & G. 288 and a, h; 289. a,b; H. 494, 495. 2. Adjectives with the Force of Adverbs. 239 ; A. & G. 290 ; H. 497 and 1. 3. Special Uses of the Comparative and Superlative. 240. 1-4; A. & G. 291. a, 6; 292; H. 498, 499. 4. Adjectives denoting a Special Part of an Object. 241. 1 ; A. & G. 293 ; H. 497. 4. 5. Primus = ^rsf who; ultimus = fasf who; etc. 241. 2; A. &G. 290; H. 497. 3. EXAMPLES. 1. om.nea con3eixva,yii, he preserved all. (1) 2. omnia perdidimus, we lost all things.'^ (1) 3. bona edrum diripiunt, they plunder their goods. (1) 4. Caesar nostros castris tenuit, Gaesar kept ovr men in camp. (1) 5. tristes terram intuebantur, they gazed sadly at the ground. (2) 6. ejus auctoritas fuit amplissima, his influence was very great. (3) 7. friimentum angustius provenerat, the grain crop had turned out rather small, lit. smaller {than usual). (3) 8 summus mous, the top of the mountain. (4) 9. ad extremas fossas castella constituit, at the ends of the ditcbes he placed redoubts. (4) 44 Syntax of Adjectives. 45 10. hi primi murum ascenderunt, these climbed the wall first. (5) 11. quam maximis itineribus, with as hard marches as possible. (3) Note on the Examples. 1. In other cases than the nominative and accusative this idea is best expressed by means of res, e.g. omnium rerum, of all things; omnibus rebus, by all things. Omnium, omnibus, par- vorum, parvis, and similar forms would be ambiguous in gender. VOCABULARY. call together, convoco, 1. (crowd), in crowds, frequens, entis, adj. (end), at end of, extremus, a, um, lit. last, fight, pugno, 1. following, posterus, a, um. (foot), at foot of, infimus or imus, superl. o/inferus. glad, laetus, a, um. massed together, confertus, a, um. powerful, potens, entis. recount, enumero, 1. scattered, rarus, a, um. seem, videor, eri, visus. EXERCISE. 1. The forces did not -withdraw far from the foot of the hill. 2. He built as many ships as possible at the end of the winter. 3. All who were present at that time seemed rather fickle. 4. The remainder, who heard this envoy, learned all things. 5. Having called together his (adherents), he recouated his wrongs. 6. The Germans assembled in crowds at^ the camp on the following day. 7. The friends whom we saw at Geneva were very powerful. 8. They marched forth gladly from camp. 9. You came first to this village. 10. Our men were not fighting massed together, but scattered. 11. The Eemi handed over all their (prop- erty) to the Eomans. 12. A few of ^ our men were too 46 Syntax of Adjectives. eager and (so) were killed by the enemy. 13. This town was full of all things * which were of use * for war. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. at : express by ad with the ace. 2. of: express hy de with abl. 3. all things : see Note on the Examples. 4. of use : see Lesson VII, Example 7. 5. for war : ad helium. The Belgians Disperse. On that night the whole multitude poured forth * from their camp. Caesar, not yet having learned^ the cause for ' their departure, feared treachery ' and remained in camp, but on the following day he placed Quintus Pedius and Lucius Cotta (as) lieutenants in charge of the cav- alry and sent them (on) ahead. Titus Labienus followed with three legions. The Eomans pursued the enemy many miles and, having slain a large multitude of them without any danger, returned to camp. More than five thousand Belgians perished on that day. Suggestions on the Exercise. 1. pour forth: se eicere (eicio, ere, ejeci, ejectus). 2. having learned : use the Ablative Absolute. 3. for : translate : of. 4. treachery : insidiae, arum, /. REVIEW. 1. They refused no danger for the sake of (their) common freedom. 2. When an oath had been given by all who were present at^ this council, we withdrew. 3. They slew Gains Fufius, a Eoman knight, who by Syntax of Adjectives. 47 Caesar's order was in charge of the grain supply. 4. Vercingetorix -was of the greatest influence among the Arverni. 5. They tarried here a few days, and then returned home. 6. Two days before, we came to Bibracte, a very large town.^ 7. We know no one braver than Baculus. 8. This wall was twenty feet high and eight feet thick. 9. The Haedui sent forces of cavalry and infantry as help' to the Bituriges. 10. All the villages and buildings which each one had caught sight of^ were set on fire. 11. They inflicted punishment on this man according to the custom" of (their) ancestors. 12. Two thousand horsemen were gathered by the Sugambri, who are nearest to the Rhine of all the Germans. Su^erestions on the Exercise. 1. at: use in witli the abl. 2. Use the prep, ad with the appositional phrase. 3. OS help : see Lesson VII, Example 6. 4. catch sight of: conspicio, ere, spezi, spectus. 5. according to the custom : see Lesson XII, Example 2. LESSON XVI. PRONOUNS. GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 1. Personal Pronouns. 242. 1, 2, 4 ; A. & G. 295. a,b; H. 500 and 4. 2. Reflexive Pronouns. 244 entire ; A. & G. 299 and a, 300. 1, 2, 301. a, J ; H. 503 and 3, 4; 504. 3. Reciprocal Pronouns. 245; A. & G. 301./; H. 502. 1. 4. Hie, lUe, Iste. 246. 1-5; A. & G. 297. a-c ; 296. a; H. 505 and 1 ; 506. 1 ; 507 and 3, 4. 5. Is. 247. 1-4; A. & G. 297. d; H. 508 and 1, 2, 4. 6. idem. 248. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 298. 6; 384. N. 2 ; H. 508. 3, 5. 7. Ipse. 249. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 298. c and N. 1,/; H. 509. 1, 3. EXAMPLES. 1. tanta contemptione nostri, toi