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($iintell Mniuprsity Siibtrarii 
 
 3lhara, Jveui IJDiU 
 
 THE JAMES VERNER SCAIFE 
 
 COLLECTION 
 
 CIVIL WAR LITHRATURE 
 
 THE OlFT OF 
 
 JAMES VERNER SCAIFE 
 
 CLASS OF 1669 
 
 1919 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 DeUverea Wednesday, 28th November, 1866, 
 
 IN FELLER'S HALL, MADALIN, 
 
 TOWNSHIP OF RED HOOK, DUCHESS CO., N. Y., 
 
 BY 
 
 Brevet Maj.-Gen. J. WATTS pE PEYSTEE (S. N. Y.), 
 
 UPON THE OCCASION OP THE 
 
 INAUGURATION OF A MONyiAEIIT 
 
 EKECTED BY 
 
 •■Tins IMMEDIATE NEIGHBORHOOD. 
 
 (TIVOLl— MAD-IMN,! 
 
 TO HKIt 
 
 DEFENDER^ 
 
 WHO LOST THEIK LIVES FN SUPPRESRJN'U THE 
 
 SLAVEHOLDERS' REBELLION 
 
 A.NII IN SUSTAINING THE 
 
 OOVLRNMENT 
 OF THE PKOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE." 
 
 Two Hundred Copies pp.inted as Manuscript fop. 
 PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION 
 
 BY OEDEE OF THE 
 
 " Soldiers' Monument Association." 
 
 l^e> . J^S. ST^RK CL.^K,K, ]>£uclalin. 
 
 President Soldiers' Monument Association. 
 OILKS COOI£E, Cooke's IMills, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 JOHTf STON LIVITSrOSTOIV, Esq., Tivoli, 
 
 Chairman of the Inauguration Committee. -, 
 
 1867. 
 
 it 
 

 '<Jl< 
 
 PRAYER AT THE DEDICATION OF THE SOL- 
 DIERS' MONUMENT, TIVOLI, NOV. 28, 1866, 
 BY REV. G. LEWIS PLATT, A. M., RECTOR OF 
 
 %•■ ST. PAUL'S CHURCH. 
 
 53 
 
 O Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler of tbe uni- 
 'J' verse, who hast ordained that man must live in com- 
 J^Cu '■i^ ' munitiea and states, who buildest up kingdoms and 
 '^- " empires, and pullest down principalities and powers, 
 
 we thank Thee that we are privileged still to live un- 
 der the protecting shield of that Government one and 
 undivided, that was founded by our forefatber.<!. We 
 thank Thee that the example of their noble manhood, 
 coupled with our necessity, has animated so many of 
 our fellow-citizens, when that Government was in 
 peril, to go forth to battle, that the blessed heritage 
 of our free republic might be pre-served to us, and 
 transmitted to those who come after us. We thank 
 Thee that we are permitted to-day to show our regard 
 for the citizen-soldier, who answers the call of his 
 country, and who, doing his duty manfully, returns to 
 live among us, bear ng, in many instances, tbe honor- 
 able marks of bittle May we ever respect them for 
 their work's sake, and ma}- our hearts ever be warm 
 towards them, and the hand of kindness never be 
 turned awa)' from them. Specially we thank Tliee 
 that Thou hast put it into our hearts to erect a lasting 
 tablet to commemorate the noble self-devotion of 
 those of our neighborhood and friends who fell in 
 this war to preserve the Union. We would fittingly 
 honor them to-day ; yet in honoring ihem we do re- 
 member that we can but honor ourselves It is 
 indeed a privilege to award them the meed of praise. 
 In doing it we lift our own manhood to a higher level ; 
 and we trust and pray that the monument, now in 
 fitting words to be dedicated to their honor may 
 stand to tell our children's children a'.d those who 
 follow them, who among us nurtured the tree of 
 human liberty with their heart's blood, and who 
 hence deserve to be had in lastino; remembrance 
 May their gilded names stand in the gaze of many 
 generations; may their memories be cherished as 
 long as liberty, justice and manhood are maintained 
 among us, and may the example of their self-devoted- 
 ness be repeated, if need be, in the coming years, 
 that a people's government may be perpetuated We 
 pray Thee, God, heal our land. ^Give all citizens 
 understanding hearts. Bless our rulers Give wis- 
 dom to all in authority. Still the turbulence of pas- 
 sion, and in Thine own good time, clear away the 
 clouds that still hang over our n,.tional horizon; and 
 may all be settled upon the best and surest founda- 
 tions, that peace and justice, prosperity and piety 
 may henceforth prevail throughout our country. 
 Hear us from Heaven, Thy dwelling-place, and answer 
 us in peace. We ask through Jesus Christ our Lord, 
 to whom, with God the Father and God the Holy 
 Spirit, be all honor, glory and praise, now and for- 
 ever. Amfn. 
 
ADDRESS. 
 
 " Who dies in vain 
 
 Upon his country's war-fiolds and within 
 The shadow of hpi- altars ? — 
 
 Feeble heart ! 
 
 I tell thee that the Voice of Patriot blood, 
 Thu'! ponr'd lor Faiih and Freedom, hath a tone 
 Wbich from the ni^ht of apes, Irom the gulf 
 Of Death shall burst and make lis high appeal 
 Sound unto Earth and Heaven t" 
 
 Friends, Neiglihors, and Fellow-citizens : 
 
 I looked forward to my preparations of an Address, in 
 connection witli siicli a Eolemn and interesting occasion, 
 as a privilege and an honor. For nearly one and a half 
 centuries my race has been connected with this township. 
 Ecade Hoek derives its name from a'near connection of 
 my family whose blood flows in my veins. JMy grandmother's 
 home stood in your midst, before the first Revolutionary 
 war was even the basis of a dream. My great-grandfather 
 lived within the town limits when the Indian still encamped 
 upon his clearings, and the wild Iseasts, which have disap- 
 peared from our midst, still nightly prowled about his 
 dwelling and his betterments. 'L'herefore, to address the 
 people of this portion of the upper district of the 
 town of Red Hook, in relation to the part which 
 its inliabitants played during the most momentous 
 period of our country's life, is a very proud and happy 
 duty tor a member of their community. This is especially 
 Fo in my case, whose faihci's spake to your fathers 
 when the Frenchman was still their most dangerous enemy 
 and the shores of this river were the seat of a Dutch 
 colony. To speak to this my, our people, in remembrance 
 of their patriotic dead, should be an inspiring theme : it is 
 an honorable and grateful duty — it almost seems like 
 speaking of my own. 
 
 It is very doubtful, considering the state of parties in this 
 district, if any territory of like population, similarly situa- 
 ted, sent forth anything like the same number of its patri- 
 otic sons to the battle-field. 
 
 You will be astonished when it is told, and can be shown 
 from official reports, and private data, that nearly one- 
 sixth of our population (about 3,300 in all), were present or 
 represented in the field, at one period or another of the 
 ■ war. Red Hook, in person or by substitute, between 
 l.'ith April, 1801, when Abraham Lincoln called for his 
 lirst levy of 7.o,000 men, and 2d April, 1806, when Andrew 
 JonxsoN declared that the war had ceased, had nearly, if 
 
 fc 
 
not altogether, 510 representatives under arms and under 
 fire. 
 
 This is the more remarkable and praiseworthy since 
 this township is not like a frontier district in which the 
 menace of invasion compels its men to seize their weapons 
 to prevent the plunder of tbeir property and the confla- 
 gration of their dwellings, and to avert from their families 
 those worst injuries whfch war can iiifliot. In sncba case 
 the first law of nature, sell-preservation, echoes the sum- 
 mons to arms ! It is not like a great seaport town into 
 which immigration pours its needy adventurere or foreign 
 poor, to enlist under the temptation of bounties, which are 
 wealth to the working classes of the Old World. It is not 
 like a city or large town filled with those Arabs of the 
 streets, to whom the privations of a soldier's life are positive 
 comforts and even luxuries, in comparison to the risks and 
 hardships of their every-day existence. It is not like 
 a newly-settled district exposed to the inroads of the 
 savage, to whose inhabitants custom has- rendered military 
 service almost second nature, and danger has made the 
 rifle and the hunting-knife as familiar tools as the imple- 
 ments of husbandry. 
 
 No, dear friends, our district was like none of these ; it 
 was remote from danger : the foot of war could never 
 trample its fields. Nor were our people like those classes 
 to which I have referred. They were peaceable and in- 
 dustrious countrymen. To them the summons to arms 
 would have proved no invitation had it no.t been the voice of 
 their country, the voice of a dear and endangered country, 
 which appealed to their honest sentiments and their 
 brave enterprise, their love ol liberty, and their patri- 
 otism, calling upon them to go forth and peril their lives 
 upon the battle-field, and to risk their health in the camp 
 and in the hospital to maintain freedom, and to extend the 
 blessings of liberty and to preserve that glorious country 
 which less than a century ago was a strip of settlements 
 clinging to the shores of the Atlantic— .a ribbon of culti- 
 vation and civilization, which has grown broader and broad- 
 er under the impulse and protection of liberal institutions, 
 until its western edge is silvered by the surf of the Pacific, 
 and the influence and majesty of those institutions shed their 
 light eastward and westward over the whole world. 
 
 Well might Paeodib chaunt — 
 
 *' Our country ! — 'tis a glorious lar.d ! 
 
 "With broad arms stretch'd from ."hore to shore, 
 The proud Pacifvc chafes her straud. 
 
 She hears the dark AUantic roar ; 
 And nurttir'd on her ample breast, 
 
 IIow many a poodly prospect lies 
 In nature's wild st grandeur drest, 
 
 Enamell'd with the loveliest dyes." 
 
 Or as Bebanger, the French poet ot Freedom, sang — 
 
 *• Thou seest European, fir and near 
 
 TJpon this strand, whence joyous shouts resound, 
 Thou seest, free from pain or servile fear. 
 
Peace, Labor, Liw and Charities abound. 
 Here the oppressed a Refuge find from strife ; 
 Here Tyrants bid our deserts teem with life . 
 ^lan atid his Rights have here a Judge- divine. 
 O'er all the Earth, O day of triumphs thiae I '* 
 
 To the majority of the people of this district the infernal 
 agencies which had been at worlc for over sisty-three years 
 (since 1798), to enlarge the Slave-power and produce Se- 
 CKssiox, were either entirely unknown or misunderstood. 
 Many of those who, for a long succession of years, had 
 voted, indeed, willi the party which fostfered those South- 
 ern leaders who brought on the Rebellion, had not the 
 remotest idea of their treasonable views or intentions. The 
 mass of the Northern pro-slavery voters were totally un- 
 aware of the individual meanuess, the vileness of the 
 measures, or the enormity of the criminality of those who 
 engineered the working out of the plot which plunged our 
 country in blood and tears and debt. Fr6e themselves, and 
 happy among themselves, the Northern people could Dot 
 understand the degradation of the sentiments or the fierce- 
 ness of the prejudices which Slavery ' unavoidably and nat- 
 urally engendered. Except in rare cases, they could not 
 comprehend the pei-secutions to which our Northern 
 settlers hiid been subjected in slave-holding and slave- 
 breeding States. Few could be made to believe that 
 liberal ideas, such as we were accustomed to speak of 
 without resvtraiiit, and opinions such as we daily inter- 
 changed, were forbidden within t)ie area wherein the crack 
 of the slave-driver's lash found continual echo in the slave- 
 driven's agonized cry. Southern orators, with the cunning 
 of the evil one himself in their hearts, and arguments der 
 rived from the same father of lies on their lips, had been 
 permitted to come North and pour forth freely the poison 
 of their deliberate and unmitigated fabrications. Among 
 our frank and loyal people, unaccustomed to such specious 
 and brazoned falsehoods, they passed for honesty and truth. 
 Few, very few. even of their opponents, who had not been 
 conscientious ear and eye-witnesses of the true state of 
 affairs, could understand that such barefaced perversions 
 of patent facts, that such treasonable wiles, and that such 
 fearfully atrocious misrepresentations, could, indeed, be 
 falsehoods, inexcusable except to minds permeated with 
 dislovalty, treason, hatred to the laborer, to the poor white, 
 to Iree tliought, to open discussion, filled with contemptu- 
 ous ignorance of the dignity of labor. 
 
 Few could be brought to believe at that time when, on 
 the 2d of December, 1859, Henry A. Wise hung John 
 Brown, that the Virginian Governor hung him for a polit- 
 ical object, and not in vindication of the violated laws of 
 his State. AVisE hurried his pre-judged victim to the 
 gallows with such a vindictive hate as to call forth the re- 
 monstrance of one of the wickedest of Northern politicians 
 in the Southern interest. Fernando Wood himself, urged 
 upon Henry A. Wise the impolicy of the poor old man's 
 
execution ; but AVisE was inexorable. The liangin,ij of 
 John Brown was the immolation of a human being' to 
 SL-curc political supremacy, anJministerto poi-soual eleva- 
 tion. It was the deliberate sacrifice of life to propitiate 
 that class or party who, since the nomination of Fke.mo.nt, 
 had adopted as their fundamental principle to ritJe in the 
 Union, or to destroy the Union 'J'he basis of ih2ir plan 
 wa-; Ti-eason ; its result was to be, and could be, nothing- 
 less than the overthrow of liberal institutions, the dcg-rada- 
 tion of the, jnst-now generally acknowledged, dignify of 
 free labor, the death-blow to liberty in ifc last asylum, this 
 our country, this the world's refuge, a New W'orld. 
 
 On the 2d of December, ]8f)9, John Brown and his as- 
 sociates suffered as felons. Even the reckless Virginian 
 boispur did not dare to fry them as traitors ; they died 
 like heroes — they perished like martyrs for freedom ! 
 
 The South, which hoped to profit by their death, by 
 their execution suffered irretrievable damage. John 
 Brown, by dying as only heroes and martyrs can die, awoke 
 the North to looking upon slavery in its horrible, blood- 
 stained, immoral lilacknftss of deformity. The judicial 
 murder of John Brown elected Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 " Cut down his corpse, trample the martyr's mound : 
 liut lo ! the seed 's scarce planted in the f^rouad, 
 When, forth, prolific, sprouting bliides appear, 
 Thousands on thousanns in the comin-r yea--. 
 Whose blosoms, scarlet. Wo aro Wiiste and War ; — 
 From lakes lo gulf, from Oaeaii's shore to shore ; — 
 But as iheir fruit the world astonished saw 
 Freedom secured and reestablished law ! " 
 
 Oar horackeepiiig Northern rural popidation, and stiil 
 unawakened Northern masses, could not see through this 
 atrocious plot, or imagine the extent of its deep-laid prep- 
 aration. One thing, however, the majority proved that 
 they could understand. From their boj'hood up they felt 
 that t'ney were free men and free men's children. They 
 knew that they were citizens of a great country, and thev 
 had learned to love and honor their free Fatherland. That 
 country had an emblem, appropriate and indicative, and 
 they Inved and honored that emblem. 'J'hat emblem, or 
 symbol of our Might and Rights, was our Flag — the Na- 
 tional banner — " Old Glory 1" as the soldiers termed it. 
 Well might they term it '-Old Glory," for its short-lived 
 history of cighfy-four years had crowded into its pages a 
 long-lived succession of glories such as centuries upon 
 centuries of existence had not aecnmulated in the annals 
 of any other nationalit}'. Wellmightthepoet pour forth his 
 enthusiastic salutation to that ting, the first banner which 
 ever waved over a truly free people : 
 
 *' Flag of the free heart's hoP'' .and home, 
 
 By angel hrinds to valor aivon ; 
 Thy stars have lit the welkin dome 
 
 And all thy hues were born in heuT^n ! 
 And fisi'd as yonder orb divine. 
 
 That i^aw Ihy bannoiod blaze unfuvled, i 
 
 Shall Ihy piuud stars resplemli-nt shine. 
 
 The guard and glory ot the world ! " 
 
New as tbo fact may bB to many pres'ent, the National 
 banner, as we now behold it, was not, however, the flag 
 nn'br which the Signers of our Declaration oflndepen- 
 cl:'nce deliberated and resolved, or the first opening cam- 
 paigns (of 1776-1777) of the Revolution were fought. Its 
 galaxy of stars, significant of harmony, and its alternation 
 of stripes, indicative of purity and valor, the whole ex- 
 pressive of an everlasting union, like that of a heavenly 
 (■onstellation — equality of rights, purity of intention, and 
 invincible deterniinatiou to defend all that of which our 
 flag is emblematical — were not conceived, and combined, 
 .-md adopted, until nearly a year after our Independence 
 had been declared. 
 
 The Stripes and the Colors, it is true, had long 
 since been connected with New Kngland and New York. 
 The settlers of New England, cast of the Connecticut, 
 brothers, cotemporaries, or descendants of the men who 
 established England's invincible commonwealth, sailed 
 16(i years ago under a flag of thirteen stripes, exactly like 
 our own, with a red cross in the field instead of tbo stars ; 
 and the settlers of the New Netherlands, west of the Con- 
 necticut, sprung from the loins of the indomitable free 
 citizens of the United States or Provinces, commonly 
 known to us as Holland, marched, conquered and navi- 
 gated under the same " Red, White and Blue," disposed 
 in horizontal stripes. 
 
 But it was under the folds and colors of a similar repre- 
 seatalive flag, bearing the same relation to " Old Glory " 
 which the cliild bears to the man, that from Bunker's 
 Hill to the east, and at Quebec to the farthest north, a 
 AVakren from Massachusetts, and a Mo.ntgomery from 
 this very town, fought like heroes and died like the martyrs, 
 to whose honor Red Hook has contributed and raised a 
 memorial. 
 
 *' Here, glorious Waerkn, thy cold earth was seen, 
 Here spring thy laurels ill immortal frreen ; 
 Dearest. of chiel's ihat ever prest the plain 
 In Freedom's cause, with earthly honors slain ; 
 Still dear in dearh, as when before our sight 
 You graced the Senate or yon led the fight. 
 The grateful Muse shall tell the world your fame. 
 And unborn realms resound the deathless name." 
 
 There the revolutionary soldier and general of Red 
 Hook, 
 
 " With eager look, conspicuous o'r the crowd 
 And port majestic, brave Montgomery strode, 
 B ired his tried bludc, with honor's call elate," 
 Claim'd (he first field and hcsten'd to bis fate." 
 
 Under a like representative flag Washingto.v, from 
 once honorable but lately traitorous Old Dominion, and 
 honest, unselfish, tower-like Schuyi-er, from the neighbor- 
 ing County of Albany, who saved our State in 1777, had 
 won imperishable honor, and fulfi led the highest duties of 
 patriots, soldiers, statesmen and citizens. 
 
 On the 14th of June, 1777, cighty-ninp years ago, the 
 Stars and Stripes were born. 
 
".Old Glory " first sawjight on that never-to-be-forgotten 
 14th of October, 1777, when ou the shores of our own ma- 
 jestic river the sun looked down upon the greatest triumph 
 ever achie-ved by freemen over oppressors — upon the 
 greatest succtss ever won by a citizen soldiery over vet- 
 erans and barbarian allies. 
 
 The Stars and Stripe-s were first unfurled to float over 
 the " Surrender of Saratoga." 
 
 " When sad Buagov.ve, in one disastruus day, 
 See-* future crowns and former wreaths decay. 
 His banners furled, his long battalions wheel'd 
 To pile their muskets on the battle-field.*' 
 
 This incomparable success, the thirteenth decisive vic- 
 tory in the history of human progress, won for us the al- 
 liance nnd assistance of France. This capture of the 
 magnificent royal army determined the fate or result of the 
 Revolution, and set up for ever in a blaze of glory the pil- 
 lars of our nationality. 
 
 But, friends and neighbors, when I thus call your atten- 
 tion to that Surrender of Burgoyne, it is not alone for 
 the purpose of announcing to you the first display of the 
 national flag. That triumph is one of the brightest among 
 the many military achievements of this, our, the Empire 
 State. The military sagacity and calm common sense of 
 a Xew York general and farmer, Philip Schuylek. and 
 the fearless tenacity of New York farmere and woodsmen 
 troops so checked and harassed Burooyne that the latter, 
 an able commander, felt he was whipped long before he 
 -reached, and fought, and laid down his arms at Saratoga. 
 
 *' Those gallant yeoman " 
 
 New York's '* peculiar and appropriate sods. 
 
 Known in no other land. Eacii boa.'^ts his hearth 
 
 And field as free as the best lord his barony, 
 
 Owing subjection to no human vajsalage 
 
 Save to their *' God " and law. Hence they are resolute 
 
 Leading the van on every day of battle. 
 
 As men who know the blessings they: defend. 
 
 New York troops bore the bnrden and heat of the day, and 
 although New England co-operated, nobly co-operated, and 
 helped to complete the work, our deliberate New York 
 leader and our sturdy New York men paved the way to 
 success and insured it, hoping against hope, but never re- 
 laxing their eflbrts ; compelling fortune by their indomita- 
 ble tenacity and laborious energy, their self-sacrificinf 
 patriotic determination. 
 
 " Such were Saratoga's victors — such 
 
 The Yeoman Rrave. whose deeds and death have given 
 A glory to her skief, 
 A. music to her name " 
 
 ■ Yes, it is a proud thing for New Yorkers to be able to 
 say, pointing to our Stars and Stripes, that the Flag made 
 in pursuance of the resolution of Congress of the i4th of 
 June, 1777, made public on the 3d of September, 1777, 
 first gave its Stripes to the caresses of the winds, and its 
 Stars to kindle in the sun on New York soil, on that de- 
 cisive day which was the baptismal epoch of these free 
 
United States ol' America. And New York State has 
 proved woi'tliy of tlie honor, for she sent forth 473,443 
 (500,000 to 600,000, B. If. S. Alhy) meu to maintain, 
 preserve, restore, and consolidate the Union. 
 
 Thenceforward in every quarter and in every colony it 
 was equally the emblem of Liberty and of Victory. Wash- 
 ington perfected his great work under it at the North, 
 and in the Centre, and under the same " Old Glory," 
 
 " Grekne rose beside him emulous in arms, 
 Hi? geniu'i brigbtning as the danger warms. 
 In counsel great, in every science skill'd. 
 Pride of the camp and terror of the field," 
 
 and completed the deliverance of the South. 
 
 Meanwhile, in the midst, that same glorious banner 
 witnessed at the same point where McClellan commenced 
 his inglorious career, that Surrender of Yorktowu which 
 should have inspired him or any other Northern leader 
 with the force and will to emulate the wisdom, the energy 
 and the success of that Father of his Country, who. on the 
 banks of the York Kiver, 19th of October, 1781, saw 
 England's ablest general and best veteran army, lay down 
 its arms before our Continental Line and farmer-soldiers. 
 The war-worn English banners saw, 
 
 " Fhigs from the forte and ensigns from the fleet," — 
 
 which had waved over so many conquests and victories, 
 and had ruled through so many centuries, 
 " KoU in the dust and at 'Columbia's feet." 
 " Here Albion's crimson cross the soil o'erspreads. 
 Her Lion cmuches and her Thistle fades; 
 Indicant Erin rues her trampled Lyre, 
 Brunswick's pale Steed lorgets his foamy fire, 
 Priiud Hessia's Castle lies in dust o'ertbrown. 
 And venal Anspach quits her broken crown." 
 
 Banners invested with the glories of seventeen hundred 
 years, bowed in defeat and capitulation, to that new-born 
 Flag exactly four years old. 
 
 Need I more than refer to the Second "War of In- 
 dependence so full of honors to that dear old flag, 
 young in years, but old in triumphs. Did it not float 
 over Pike, dying in the arras of victory, at Little York 
 (now Toronto), (27th April, 1813) ; over the invincible 
 Backus, at SacJcetfs Harbor, on Lalce Ontario (29th 
 May, 1813); over Pebry, on Lalce Erie (10th Septem- 
 ber, 1813); and over Haekison, at the Thames (5th 
 October, 1813) ; over Soott, at Chippewa (5th July, 
 1814), where my uncle Geoegb Watts, of the Dra- 
 goons, preserved a life so valuable to his, our coun- 
 try ; over ^' Tll-try-sir f^ Millek, at Lundy^s Lane 
 (25th .July, 1814); over the indomitable Beown, at 
 Fort Erie (3d August— 21st September, 1814); over 
 Izard, Macomb and Wool, victorious at Plattsburgh 
 (1st— 12tli September, 1814), over the British Gen-, 
 eral Peevost, envious of .succeeding where Bhr- 
 GOYNE had failed ; over the gloriuus MACD0N0T7Gn, 
 the second victor in a combat of fleets on Lalce Cham- 
 
plain (lltli Sfpteiiibfi', 1814) ; over "Old IIiokoiiy,"' 
 at Hew Orleans (8th JnTmary, 1815) ; and over tlie 
 fearless Aiuiistead, at Baltimore, to \j-hose jrallant de- 
 fence of Fort McHenry (13lh Seiitember, 1814,) the 
 country owes that gem of National sonj^s, the ''Stai'- 
 Spangled ]5anner." 
 
 Yoii, indeed, " Old Glory !" Through ifty years of 
 trinmpli, at New Orlean?, at the fartiiest Soath ; in 
 Mexico, at the Aztec capital ; at Biiena Vista in the 
 wild, niidhmd gnrj^es of the Continent; and iu Cali- 
 fornia, at the farthest West ; a Jaokso:^, a Scutt, a 
 Taylor and a Keaeny had fought and conquered 
 in the light of its stars. And then, within five \ears 
 at S^n-ingfield (10th August, 18G1), at the West; at 
 S.xvannah. on the Tennessee (abolil April, 18ti2), 
 at Ohantilly, at the East (1st Septenjbcr, 1862); and 
 before Atlanta, at the ' South (22d July, 1804); 
 a LvoK, a S.MiTn, a Stevess and another Keakxy 
 and a McPiieeson had fought like heroes, and liad 
 die 1 like soldiers under its folds. 
 
 Nor was the brilliancy of that same Old Glory 
 conHned to this Continent or the firm land. In the 
 hands of peaceful, but fearless explorers, its constella- 
 tion had reflected the midnight sun of the Arctic and 
 Antari'.tic zones — farther North, in the grasp of Kas'E 
 and Morton, than any human hand liad ever carried 
 any flag — farther South than any vessel, before Wed- 
 DELL and Wilkes, had penetrated the fearful fissures 
 of the everlasting Antarctic ice-fields.* 
 
 Nay more, amid the sulphureous steam of battle 
 that same " Old Glory " has sailed triumphant, or 
 with honor, on every sea. 
 
 Streaming from the masthead of Paul Jones, it had 
 ravaged the coasts of Great Britain, and In the most 
 ilesperate naval battle of all times (23d September, 
 1779,) had seen the haughty, meteoj- flag of "England 
 hauled down in humiliating defeat. Twice with 
 Tkuxton, in tlie Constellation (9th February, 1799 ; 
 2d February. 1800), "Old Glory " saw the French tri- 
 color, which, on land, had beheld every other stan- 
 dard fall before it, yield to the skill and courage 
 of America's infant navy. 
 
 And, even as in 1799 and 1800, the Stars and Stripes 
 dared to brave the power of the omnipotent first Na- 
 poleon, oven so, in 18G.j-'G, again it boar<led his no 
 less astute and ambitious successor, third of the name. 
 To the Litin eagle of Franco our American bird 
 screamed its defiance and warning, and iho talons of 
 the former relaxed at once their throttling hold on 
 fie prostrate Aztec eagle. So grand and so imposing 
 was the attitude of our Republic that it called forth 
 the unfeigned applause of England-herself, and the 
 
honest acknowledgment that no other power upon 
 earth would have dared thus, and thus successfully, to 
 l);-:iv8 and compel the despot of the Tnilleries. 
 
 But simply to refer to all the triumphs which our 
 flag has achieved, would require not honrs, but days, 
 where I have only minutes, to do them adequate jus- 
 licc. 
 
 Flapping at the peak of STEnuETT (1st August, 
 1801) ; of Pkeble (3d, 7th, 24th and 29th AuRust, and 
 5th September, 1804); of Decatuk (17th and 19th 
 June, 1815); of CnAu.voT (August, 1810), "Old 
 Glory" looked on, approving, while our tars chastised 
 the barbarian pirates of ISorthcrn Africa in their 
 srongholds — pirates the terror of tlie oldest and most 
 powerful neighboring Nationalities. 
 
 Upon those waves which had borne, for three 
 thousand years, the contending navies of the Ancient 
 and Old World, freemen from the New World, under 
 the Stars and Stripes, were the first to teach to those 
 who exacreil tribute from every othjir flag, that the 
 seamen who sailed with the Stars and Stripes as their 
 emblem, would pay millions for defence, but not a 
 cent fur tribute. 
 
 Wiien the Oliristian-despising Dey of Tunis saw 
 Decatde sail (2Cth July, 1815,) into his harbor, and 
 heard him dictate terms from the deck of a captured 
 English frigate, the Guerriere^ while a second frigate, 
 taken from the same Nation, with the conquering 
 •" Old Glory " at the peak, lay by, he was lost in amaze- 
 ment. 
 
 "You told me," said the Dey to the British Consul, 
 "tliat you English would sweep the Americans from 
 tiie seas. And, now, behold, they come to make war 
 upon me Avith the very ships they have taken from 
 you!" 
 
 Dear old flag, how often against odds upon the 
 farthest oceans, in single encounters, and twice in a 
 combat of fleets on our own inlaml seas, partially 
 emtiraced by the territory of the State of New York, 
 liave the Stars an^ Stripes, triumphing, supplanted the 
 Union Jack of England. 
 
 " Whoso smoliing decks are these T 
 
 I know Saint George's blood red < ross, 
 
 Thou Mistross of the Seas, — 
 But what is she, whose streaming Stbipes 
 
 Koll out before the breeze ? " 
 
 * ♦ * ♦ 
 
 " 'i he mist was clear'd — a 'Wreath of Stars 
 Ilose o'er the crimson swell, 
 And wavering from its haughty peak* 
 The Cross of England fell." 
 
 One exploit of more recent date had added sucli 
 lustre to our flag that, until the Rebels hauled it down 
 south of the Potomac and the Ohio, the world looked 
 up to it with awe and admiration. When the fugitive 
 
10 
 
 and the exile appe:iletl to it for protection, despotistu 
 saw itself compelled to respect the rights of thu»e 
 whose trembling limbs had borne them to ihib 
 sanctuary of freedom to clasp as would-be-citizens the 
 horns of that altar upon which the American people 
 had kindled, in 1770, the perpetual fires of liberty. 
 
 Let no American ever forget how. in the harbor of 
 Smyrna, our sailing sloop-of-war, St. Louis, dared to 
 confront a squadron of Austrian .steamers and com- 
 pel the Satrap of the despot to deliver up Kozta, 
 who •claimed the protection of the Stars and Stripes, 
 simply because, while in tliis country, he li.ad registered 
 his intention of becoming a citizen. The Austrian 
 Commodore had ordered the poor Hungarian to lie 
 bound to the mainmast of his flagsliip, in lioiies that 
 if tlie St. Louis fired, its broadside would destroy 
 Kozta, a[id thus preclude liis surrender. The Austrian 
 Vulture, however, which had preyed on older emblem- 
 atic birds and beasts of injperial anif royal dignity, 
 did not dare to encounter the beak ajid talons <if the 
 young Republican eagle. So Kozta was saved, un- 
 hound, ami delivered safe upon tlie deck of the St. 
 Louis, under the shadow of that liag to which he o • ed 
 his life and his freedom. 
 
 Aud. tlien, again, when British naval archittcls and 
 mechanics had constrncted and launclied the Ala- 
 lama, and had sent her forth, maimed with British 
 sailors and gunners, trained in British schools of naval 
 gunnery, all English but her Rebel pirate commander, 
 «o English it needed but the English flag to constitute 
 her the National sea-champion of England — Mow 
 nhort a space did it require for the Kearsarge, with 
 Old Glory at her peak, to send the perfidious corsair 
 down Into the depths of that ocean whose surface 
 she had polluted by her cowardly career of theft 
 and of injury to the peaceful and defenceless. 
 
 Yea, verily, friends and neighbors, by land and Ijy 
 .sea, on the lakes and on the oceans, wherever Old 
 Glory waved aud waves, and wherever it floated and 
 now again floats, it proclaimed a stupendnns stride of 
 ■human progress ; it demonstrated the»result of dignify- 
 ing labor, and it promised liberty to the oppressed, 
 and declared the freedom of the seas. 
 
 Such is a hrief allusion to the history of tl;at flag 
 which Rebels were sufficiently insane to insult, and 
 which Rebels saw floating victoriously over their 
 captured stiongholds and their disconitited armies. 
 
 Flftg of the Frpo, humiliatfirt 
 By Treison'8 crime nnd llebel guile, 
 
 Bt Freemen's efforts rein-stated. 
 Now floats victorious o'er the pile 
 
 Of States redeemed and recreated — 
 Vast Freedom's temple in whose aislfi 
 Our Flags in fight. 
 
11 
 
 witness of efforts never mated 
 Shall ware forever permeated 
 With Glory's lisht ! 
 
 ***** 
 
 Two or three jears since one of the citizens of this 
 town (Db. Thomas Bakton) visited England. On 
 liis rctnrn ho was asked what had impressed him most 
 during his tour, or in what particular onr people dif- 
 fered most from tliose ahroad ? His reply — the reply 
 of an observing and thinking man — was, " I was struck 
 with the contrast between the brutality of the English 
 and the Patience of the American people." A true 
 remark — a sagacious observation. This it was, this 
 PATIENCE, this moral discijdine, the self-restraint, 
 which made the Northerners such good soldiers in the 
 battle-field : such good citizens on the field of indus- 
 try, since their mustering out and their return to tlieir 
 former avocations. Yes, perhaps patience or moral 
 discipline is the distinctive characteristic of the 
 Northern masses. Nothing like it ever belonged to the 
 Southern character. 
 
 The incomprehension of this niagnnnimons phase of 
 mind led the Southerners, rebels in heart, but not yet 
 rebels in act, into a fatal error, and doubtless was the 
 real occasion of tiie "Slaveholders' Rebellion;" "the 
 Rebellion of a few arrogant land and slaveholders 
 against a popular government ;" •'tbeEebellior; oi an 
 Oligarchy against the People." 
 
 The Slavocrats and Secessionists presumed upon the 
 merciful fortiearance of a patient people, foi'getting 
 that there is a period when forbearance ceases to be a 
 virtue. They deluded themselves into the ridiculous 
 idea tliat Northern patience and -long suffering were 
 the result of want of manliness — yes, of courage — not 
 the consequence of the most dignified composure and 
 the noblest self-reliance. No section ever made a 
 greater mistake. Carried away by this self-deception, 
 they crowned twenty-eight (1832-'3,-'60) years of folly 
 by an act of madness. 
 
 Led olf liy the aristocratic slaveholder*! of South 
 Carolina of theRiiFFHa)N type, the Rebels fired upon 
 '■Old trlory "—they dared to fire against the Stars 
 and Siri])es, the sacred emblem ot a free people. 
 
 As Major-General Bahnabd wrote, •' In the little 
 and contemptible oligarchy of South Carolina (con- 
 temptible as all little oligarchies are), *as found a 
 large enough proportion of demented men ' to set this 
 ballin motion.'" 
 
 The Soutli fired upon our flag and the North awoke. 
 Such an awakening the world had never yet seen ; it is 
 very likely the world will never again see. It was the 
 uprising of the People, the great free Northern people, 
 roused from patient repose into indign.int activity. It 
 proved that within this, the real area of Freedom, 
 
12 
 
 " Man is one : 
 
 And he hath one ereai: heart. It w thus we feel, 
 
 WitI a ^i;j;antic throb athwart the sea; 
 
 E.ich other's rights and wrongs ; thus are we men." 
 
 The Free Nortli arose like a gitint refreshed liy sleep ; 
 awoke from the toi'poi" of dreams to a full conception 
 of the magnitude aud magnificence of the occasion. 
 Freedom and Slavery at length looked each other in the 
 facj ; Oligarchy and true lie[)ublican-Democracy. 
 Every thinking, patriotic man at the North knew well 
 that the halls fired at Sumtek, the insult to the Flag, 
 was a shot fired at the heart of Progres.-s — adealli-blow 
 aimed at the life of the Nation. No more folding of 
 the hands to sleep. It was sleep on ajid perish, wake 
 and live! 
 
 Pine-clad Katahdin^^ summon *s blending 
 
 With call Irom Santa Itosa's bight — 
 P.ieili'2 cheering answer sending 
 
 To lone Mount Desert's fea-g>t light — 
 From East to We-t, one voice ascendiDg, 
 From ev'ry State tiie arch subtending — 
 
 To arms and fight ! 
 The liocky Mountains echo lending, 
 Along the Lakes that echo 's wending, 
 God save the right. 
 
 The people became at once transmuted into an array, 
 permeated with an Idea. Every Arfrf.y which Jias eter 
 been inapiredirith an Idea has proved \tse]( invinciile. 
 TheFrench Army of 1789-1812, which conquered in suc- 
 cession every European Continental Nation, had caught 
 a sort of delirium, together with Ideas of True Liherty, 
 from fighting in America. If auxiliaries nurtured, 
 trained, and directed by Despotism, merely by figlit- 
 ing at the side of our Revolutionary sires had, by their 
 example, been rendered unconquerable, was it not in- 
 consistent or unwise to believe that the sons of those 
 sires had degenerated or had forgotten the lessons and 
 traditions which their fathers had learned at the knees 
 of the Patriots of '76. It could not be so. Bitnkee 
 Hilt, and Benninston, Okiskant and Stone Poixt, 
 Stillwater and Sakatoga (the last five fought on 
 New York soil), could not have been forgotten while 
 those, who participated in their glories, still survived 
 to teach the generation, still living, how the Sons of 
 Liberty battled for Freedom and for Independence. 
 
 On the 13th April, 18H1, apparent peace still reigned 
 in the land. Since the 19th October, 1781, when the 
 British capitulated at Yorktown, no hostile force liad 
 traversed our country. Eighty years ot internal tran- 
 quillity had laadii us the most prosperous and happy 
 people in the world. The accursed slaveholder.*, to 
 maintain their property in man, fired upon our Flag, 
 and within the ensuing four years 2,088,523 men ha'd 
 been arr.ayed to avenge the insult, to defend and re- 
 store that Fl;ig, and almost as many madm.-n had 
 
armed to steep it in blood and trample it in the dust 
 of defeat and hmiiiliation. On the 13th of April, 1801, 
 tliL' country was at re-t and rejoicing. By the 2d of 
 June, 1865, a little over the space of one Presidential 
 term, 600,000 men on both sides Ijad lost their lives 
 snppiirting or suppressing the Slaveholders' Rebellion. 
 Tills 600,000 does not include tlie living — sick, maimed 
 and crippled. 
 
 When the news of the " firing on Sumter "' reached 
 New York, the city was a sight to see. Its buildings 
 seemed to be clothed with the national banner. A 
 bracing wind made "' Old Glory ' stream out in all its 
 beauty and sug^'CStive grandeur. From window, spire, 
 and staff, thousands upon thousands of Flags filled the 
 air with their crin.son. white, and azure tissues. The 
 Red, Wliite, and Blue showed on every patriotic man's 
 bi'east and s-Iione on every true woman's bosom, in 
 materials more or less precious, but equally precious in 
 tlie sentiment which placed or pinned it there. And 
 so it was from day to day until, when Andeeson, 
 irom his defence of Sumter, passed up Broadway, he 
 appeared to advance under one continual canopy of 
 Stars and Sti-ipes, whose flapping folds seemed to utter 
 in chorus — " Well done, brave soldier ! Woe to those 
 who fired upon ihe Flag we honor and you defended ! " 
 The South fired upon our Flag, and the North awoke 
 and arose, and among the first to awake to the magi- 
 lude of the occasion were the people of "this im- 
 mediate neighborhood." Mountainsjiic the fountains 
 of sublimity and patriotism. Our people breathed 
 the air of the Kaatskills. Their souls had expanded 
 in their contemplation. 
 
 From this time forward the history of Red Hook's 
 participation in the ''Great American Conflict " in- 
 volves the history of the whole struggle. Red Hook's 
 quota, through its individuals, representing links, 
 runs like a chain throughout the war, and connects 
 together almost every portion of the conflict, and of the 
 theatre of hostilities by her sons or their affiliations. 
 To endeavor to give anything like a detailed account 
 of all the actions in which our fellow townsmen 
 were engaged, would be no le.ss than attempting 
 to compress the history of the four years of the great- 
 est war on record into the compass of an Address 
 which should occnpy an hour in its delivery. 
 
 In the course of tliose four years, between the par- 
 ticipation of this immediate neighborhood in the 
 initiative effort, the reopening of the route to Washing- 
 ton, and in the final grand triumph, both of ideal and 
 real importance, the occupation of Richmond, Red 
 Hook sent forth as Volunteers, by Re-enlistment, or by 
 Substitutes, as stated hereinbefore, OA'er 500 men. 
 
14 
 
 The exact count, us made up from tlik; most nccnrnte 
 accossiblw autiioritios, is 503 : Volunteers prior to 
 the draft of September, 18G3, 175 to 178; re-enlist- 
 uibnta noted, 19; enlistments at Albany in 1865, 27 ; 
 resnlt of fonr drafts imposed on tlie town, 279= 
 500 or 503. These were distribute ' into over 47 
 regiments, as so far discovered, hesidh four or more 
 Vessels of War : 14tti U. S. infantry*; 1st, 7th, and 
 14th Ne IV Jersey Volnnteers; l?f (Seiuieli/s) ISlliNew 
 York Enirineers; l^tf and 2d New York Light Artil- 
 lery, and 34th Independent Hattery, New York Vol- 
 unteer Artillery ; fitli, 13th* and i4th N. Y. Ileaw 
 Artillery ; 2d, 3<1, 4th, 5tht and Gth N. Y. Cav- 
 alry ; Scott's OOOJ ; and 1st N. Y. Mounted Eifles ; 
 
 * Lieutenant Wahukn W. Ciiambkblain, irom Lower ItKl Hook, 
 hclonged to thi-; n'[;iinent. lie hud previousb "held a commission as 
 Lieutenant in the 12ih N. Y. Militia, which left New Yoik City 2lst 
 April, 1861. He whb liilled near Qroveton, Vji., whilp acting as aide- 
 de-camp to Otneral Sykes, under Tt-ry peculiar anil dibt^e^sing cir- 
 uumsCHnces, at the second battle of Manassas or Bull liun, 30th Au- 
 gust, 18(12. 
 
 ■t Of this 1st regiment, Morgan Light Artillery, Chahlks S. "Waii*- 
 waiGHT(of bthynbeck), brevet Brigadier-General U. S. Volunteers, 
 was olonel, l861-'5 ; J. Watts de Petstkk Juiiior, Breret Lit iren- 
 ant-Colonel New Yoik Volunteers (Volunteer Aide-de-Camp t^ Gi-ii- 
 eral Philip Kearny at Williamsburg and Seren Pines ur Fair Oiik^). 
 was Junior Major in 1861-'2. 
 
 There were "nly some thirty of the men enlisted for the Ist New 
 York (Morgan) light artillery in Duchess county, whoever joined it. 
 These belonged to '* E" v oiiipany, and smne of them were engaged in 
 the following baitles : Spottsylvan.a, North Anna, Belhesda Chnrcti, 
 sieee of Peter-burg. 
 
 The regimental flag of the 1st New York artillery bears the i.ames 
 of forty-five bittles and sieees in which one or more companies of 
 the regiment took part as follows, viz : 
 
 Cross Keys, Spotteylvania. 
 
 Winchester (first), North Anna, 
 
 Lee'a Mills, Tolopatamny, 
 
 Siege of York-own, Beth< sda Church, 
 
 Williamsburg, Cold Harbor, 
 
 Fair Oaks, Petersburg, 
 
 M^echanicsrille, Weldon Railroad, 
 
 Juc ■ 25, 18G2, Peebles Farm. 
 
 Savage Station, Ch^ipel House, 
 
 White O.ik Swamp, Matcher'.^ Run, 
 
 Glenda.le, Gravelly Run, 
 
 Malvern Ililh Five Forks, 
 
 Bull Run second, Scorming ol' Petersburg, 
 
 South Mountain, Appomatfox Court House, 
 
 Antietain, Lookout Mountain, 
 
 Fredericksburg, Resacat 
 
 Cbanceilorsville, New Hope Church, 
 
 Gettysburg, ICenesaw, 
 
 Rappahannoci Station, Peach Tree Creek, 
 
 Bristoe Station, Atlanta, 
 
 Mine Run, Savannah, 
 
 Wilderness, Averysboro', 
 
 Bentonville 
 *Johnstos L. de Peyster, Brevet Lieutenant-Co?onei U. 8. Vol- 
 unteers, Brevet L'.eutcnant-Colonel New York Volunteers, Recipient 
 of Vote of Thanks from the Corporation of the City of New Yorlr , 
 1836, was Second Lieutenant and Ppst Adjutant, Fort O'Rorke, 1864. 
 
 t Augustus Bakkf.k, Second and First Lieutenant and Captain 
 (killed), in this regiment (1861-'3). 
 
 X J. Watfs de PtvsTKB, Jiinior, First Lieutenant commanding 
 company, in this regiment in July, 1SQ2. 
 
15 
 
 1st (National Guard) ; 12th (Independence Guard) ; 
 I7i!i|| (Wtstchester Ohnssenrs) ; 22d (Southern Tier 
 Ec^iuient) ; 25tli (Union Ptangeis) ; S'Gth ; 29th§ (As- 
 TOiij; 32d (1st California); 44th (Peoijle's ELLS-\voiiTi£ 
 
 ii RuiitiiT L. LiviNGRTON, Voluoteer aid to General Butterfiei.d for 
 upwiinls rf a month, when lie rtcoived a cominission aa Enpign in 
 tJie 17th New York State Volunteers, Colonel II. S. Lansing, daud 
 29th October, Util ; Fiist Litutpuaut June 20, 1862, lo lake rank 
 Irom May 27th, Ujl- day of Ihe battle ot Karo- tr Court-house. This 
 pTomotioii WHS mado by GoTcrnor Moug.vn upon the following let- 
 ter : 
 
 IlEADat- At-TEKS 3d BrIQaDE, CaMF KEAR NeaV BfilUCE, i 
 
 June 11, 1SP2. f 
 
 Cotunel H. S. Lajisuiff, I'lh Xew Tor?c Slate Volunieers : 
 
 ' oLONKi, :— On lh« day of our tiyht at Ilanover Uourt-hoiise, when 
 nil the officprs ot the 17th behaved so well, the conduce of Lieutenants 
 Buui.KiGii and Livi.vgston came lartitulaily under my pereonal 
 obtierviition, Lituunant Liviaoston, on my peisonai atull', behaved 
 uiobi adm lably, carrying my orders otttntimots under fire in the cooltet 
 inatiner. To him, not less than to ihe other members of my personal 
 Ktitli, niyscll Hnd the biigade arc indtbled. i. trust that wjeu the op- 
 poiiuniiy -^or- promotion otcui-s these officers may be nmembered. 
 While I cannot, by iuiplitalion or othurwise, do any injUBtice to 
 othtrs of your command who behaved so well, I feel it my duty to 
 biing these officers to your notice. 
 
 I am. Colonel, very respectjully yours. 
 
 Daniel BuTTERFiELD, Brigadier- General. 
 
 HEAiiaiiABTEBS 17tii Regiue.nt N. Y, S. Yoluktf.ees, \ 
 
 3d BkigaUk, I'outkk'h LiTihioN, Valley of the > 
 
 Chickahominy, June 12, 1SC2. ) 
 
 Adjutant- General Thomas Hillhoust: 
 
 Ukkkhal : — 1 inclcKe a copy ot a letter received from General But* 
 TEEFiKLD, commcndiiig the conduct of Lieutenants BuHLKien and 
 LiviNoaioN upon the field of Hano er Court houpe. It affords me 
 pleasure to add my own testimony to the coolnees and gallantry of 
 both ihfee officers, and to recommend them for promotion. Lieuten- 
 ant UuttLKiGH to be • aptain, to date frprn 27th May ; Second Lieu- 
 lenani Kobekt L Livixgston to be First Lieutenant, viceJluuLEicn, 
 promoted, to date from 27ih Mny. 
 
 I am, bir, very respectfully, &c., 
 H. S La-nbing, Colo. .el 17th New York State Volunteers. 
 He r^erved during the emire campaign of the Army of the Potomac 
 under General McClelian, attached to the oth Army Corps ; was 
 among the tirst to tuttr Yoiktown ; was present at the numerous 
 cnt-ngemfnts on Ihe i^eninsula, at the White 'House, Seven Pines, 
 Guines's Mills, Malvern Hill, returning to Xivoli on leave after the 
 retirement ot the Army of the Potomac to Harrison's Bar, to recruit 
 iroui the fatigue nnd exh.mstion ot what is styled the •* Seven Days 
 battle." In September he leturned to Harrison's Bar, and thenco 
 loinei his GeneVal iind the A. my, about the time the commana was 
 trauhierred lo General Popl, but was incapacitated, i'rcm the return 
 of his Chickahou iny lever, to go in the field, as was also hia General, 
 and made his way alone, "ith his servant, to Washington, where he 
 lemained on the sick libt during those days of contusion and mortifi- 
 cation wbieh followed the deleat ol General Pope. 
 
 Ue was still lecruitiiig when the battle ot Antietam was fought; 
 but his General returning tu his command, he once more went into 
 the field, but only to n main a short time ; the Chickahominy fever was 
 again upon him on his return. After being present in some sixteen 
 engagements, and Ecrvjug eighteen months, he tendered his resipna- 
 lion, which was accepted. >*■ L. 
 
 § Louis Livingston, afterward Captain, XJ.B. A., and Additional 
 Aide-de-camp 10 'Vuijor-Gcn. S. W. Ckawfokd, U. S.VoJunteere, was 
 elided the first Major ot this rogimtnt ; Liemcnant 11. Livingston 
 IloGFhS was Uuarteimastev. Miss Kstf.llk E. de Pkyster presented 
 this regiment its Stivte or Battle flag, ^hich, alter two years service, 
 and alter being present in eveiy combat, affair and DHttle in which 
 the29lh participated, was returned, a mere wreck and relic, to the 
 donor as a, memento, and is now kept in the dwelling of the Speaker. 
 
IG 
 
 Avengers) ; 48tli (1st Continental GuarO) ; 5Hth {Tenth 
 Legion); Gist (Clinton GuaH)"''= ; -03d {3d Irish); 
 Goth (United States Chasseurs); 76th (Corilundt)lf ; 
 80th (20th N. Y. S. M., Ulster Guard) ; 84th (l4th N. Y; 
 S. M:., Brooklyn); Olst (Meavy-Artiilery) ; OinAi ; 96tii„ 
 (Macombk) ; n4th, lloth, 125th, 128tht, 150th|| 
 156Lh, lG9th, New Y'ork Volunteer lutantry ; 8ih 
 N. Y.S. Militia, Navy. — Steamers, Minnesota, Color- 
 ado, Portsmoiith,§ Bienville, etc. 
 
 Even with the very first sound of alariTi, a num- 
 her of our youth hastened to enrol ihenjselves, or 
 hurried forward to the scene of conflict. On the 15th 
 April, 18G1, President Lincoln called for his tirst 
 levy i>f 75,000 Volunteers. Had he invoked 2,000,000 
 they would have re^^pOllded. On the 21st April, tiiu 
 12t.h N. Y. S. M. left, New York City. On the 23d 
 the 8th N. Y. S M. (Washington Greys), was on its 
 
 * Dr. Wili-iam p. Bus.i, of Madalin, died m service, Assistan, 
 Surgeon. 
 
 Tl Wm. p. Wainweigiit, « olonel 22ii New York State Militia, which 
 compiiscd this luwn, 1656, olonel, wi^unded in command of Doubli:- 
 uay's brigade at South Mountain, after saving the day in that 
 quarter; present at Bui Hun ; tirst Gro.sg-Keys ; under fire at Giiiues- 
 ville, Rappahaunock Station, Bull itun s.cond — two dnys. South 
 Mountaiu— wounded, Fredericksburg first; jirescnt at ChancelJor!:- 
 ville ; rc&lgnt-d, broken in health, t'lom which be t>till sutlers, ISCfi. 
 CiiAKLRS il. LiviNcsi ON, (grandson o Robkkt S Livingsion, Esq , 
 of Hed Hook,) Lieutenant-^-oloneJ, etc., in this 76ta tegiment. 
 
 t John II. IIagau, of Madalin, rose from Private to First Lieuten- 
 iint commanding Color Company C. 
 
 n Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston Livingston de Petstkh 
 h^ld dOnimi^&ion of Captain in this regiment in 1865, and at the 
 time when it was mustered out. 
 
 I Stkphen Vah Ke^sselaer Cscgkr, supposed to have been mor- 
 tally wounded in two place:*, at Resaca, Adjutiiiit and Captain Com- 
 pany A, Brevet Major U. S. Volunteers, Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel 
 New York Volunteers. 
 
 § Charlks Henkt TiLLOTTSos, Aide, etc., to Captain Swarthout, 
 commanding the Portsmouth in the Miasibsippi Hiver Fight under 
 Faruagut l861-'3. November II, 1861, received appointment an 
 Clerk and Aide to Captaiii S-wartiiout, U. S. ship Portsmouth ; 
 December 2. I 61, sailed from Portsmouth ; January 5, 18C2, came to 
 iinchor at ICty West ; January 16, 1863, reported to commander 
 McKean. at Ship Island— oidered to blockade cff Rio Grande ; FVb- 
 ruary I, 1862, came to anchor off lUo<iraade — captured here English 
 steamer Labuaa, loaded with Confederate cotton, sthooner Wave, 
 loaded with sugar, sloop Pioneer, loadeil with tobacco ; April 5, 
 sailei fur Mis^id^ippi ijver on short allowance of water ; April 9th 
 came to anchor at S. W. Pass; April 12th ordered by Commodore 
 FAaRAGuT to join his fleet in the attack on Forts Jackson and Philips 
 below Kcw Orleans ; April 16th passed the bar nnd commenced put- 
 ting ship iu fighting condiiion ; April 17 h joined flvet below forts ; 
 April 18th, attack commenced with mortar easels; April 24, fleet 
 moved to attack and pass lorl 8 we were ordered to come to anchor 
 and take position close to Fort Jacknon, that we might draw upon us 
 the fire of that fort and water buttery below it, so as to relieve the 
 fleet, if possible, as they passed up ; remained in this position until 
 the fleet had passed, and the lire of the three batteries— Forts Jackson 
 and Phillips and water battery— was concentrated upon us, we then 
 slipped our oib'.o and floated out of range, the end being accomplished, 
 it would hare been suicidal to remain Jongct ; May 10th, ordered to 
 take position in front of Fort. Parapet, about twelve miles above 
 New Oi'leans, to susta.n it in case of an attack ; June 26, went with 
 
17 
 
 ■way to Washington. In tlie former wa' Waueen W. 
 CnAMBEBi.ATN, of Lowei' Eed Hook, Lieutenant in the 
 Line. In the latter, Feedeeic de Petstee, Jr., of 
 Tivoli, aged ]8, Junior Assistant Surgeon.* 
 
 Almost sinuiltaneiiusly, on the 33J-28th April, 
 the Ulster Guard, 20Mi N. Y. S. M., was likewise in 
 inarch for tin- theatre of liostilities. Eight young men 
 from the village of Madalin volunteered in it, and 
 eight more from tlie town in this 'and other regi- 
 ments. Tiiese first men were true patriots, and de- 
 .■<erve to bo remembered by their fellow town.smeu. 
 If there were oihers, it is a great pity that their 
 names have not been preserved 
 
 Andeett Deckei!, OnAiti.ES Deokee, Oitaeles 
 HouGiiTAi.ixG, Montgomery MARsnALi., Adam Mooee, 
 
 On ari.es Stati.et, AVilliam II. Stocking, E S , 
 
 the l;ist name is suppressed because tliis individual sub- 
 sequei.lly deserted. Tbe second eight were — John 
 Clark, Edavard CrETis Le Gkaxd Curtis, Pateick 
 Ha^es, William Holdkidge, George Kelly, Stephek 
 Sherwood, Joiia VKADENBURon. 
 
 Even already the Nortli was learning to appreciate 
 the energy, courage, and ability of a man, than whom 
 none has lieen more abused and none less deserving of 
 censure — I mean Major-General Benjamik F. Butleb. 
 Let the dogs of faction howl as they will around the old 
 lion, tbe N(Ulh owes to this improvised military leader 
 t!io salvation of Fortress Monroe, ofFort McHenry, yes, 
 I will say it, and of Washington. Just as Lyon saved 
 us at the West, just so Bctleb preserved affairs in the 
 East. He it was who reestablished the severed com- 
 munications with the National Capital, and by that 
 wonderful stroke of audacity seized and bridled rebel- 
 lious Baltimore. With less than 1,000 men, half com- 
 posed oi the Sixth Massachusetts, half selected from the 
 Eighth New York S. M., he mastered a city of 
 200,000 inh.ibitants. Bl-tleh crushed secession from 
 the " monumental city " so thoroughly and effectually 
 that he left to ihe Rebellion, a.s its only memorial of 
 temporary success, the stains of blood shed by the 
 
 U. S. steamer Tennessee, Taptain Johnson, to Vicksburp, with am-> 
 munition for the fleet— first attack on Vicksburg; June 2S, had a 
 rJcinnish with Coiil'cderates at Orand Gulf; July 9, reported on board 
 V. S. ship Portsmouth ; remained here until May 10, 1863, when re- 
 lieved and re'urned noith— an eighteen mouths': cruise. C. H. T. 
 
 * As this regiment had more Surgeons than the United States 
 would muster in, he coni^ented to he sworn in as Hospital Steward at, 
 Arrtit*ton eights, in June, 1861, rather tlian be debarred from 
 further UFefulness. The. regiment bad, however, already done its 
 chief work ol opening the road to'Washiiigton and bridling lialtimore. 
 Young DP. Peyster continued to act as Assistant Surgeon, and to 
 be rrc gnizert afi such, lie was brevelted Captain New Tork Vol-- 
 unieers for unusual energy, coolness and meritorious conduct at Iho 
 first Bull lliin. When the three surgeons (f older rank were captured 
 ar. Sudley Church all the wounded and .sick fwhn would otherwise 
 have been left without medical aid) came under his charge- 
 
18 
 
 martyrs of tlie MassaclmsettsSistli— blood s-licd on Uie 
 anniversary of Lexington — stains not yet waslied out 
 by the tropical Spring rains. Ouo of tlio officers 
 with him was Assistant Surgeon De Petstki:, from 
 Eed Hook. 
 
 The capture or rather bridling of Baltimore (13ih 
 and 14th May, 1861), was the initiative military move- 
 ment at the East. Its triumphant conclusion in the 
 same quarter was the fall and occupation of Riclmiond 
 (3d April, 1865). Here again Red Hook w.-is in the 
 van, and the "first real American flag" disjjlay ed over 
 the Rebel eapitol, wherein for four years the Kebel 
 Congress had deliberated and resolved treason, was 
 hoisted by another son of Red Hoid;, Lieutenant 
 JonxsTON Livingston De Peyster,! Aide-de-camp t(^ 
 Major-General Godfrey Weitzel, Commanding. 
 
 As Johnston L. de Peyster was brevett.ed Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel before he had attained the age of 19 
 years, he must have been the youngest ufiieer of that 
 rank in the service 
 
 A very eurious concurrence of circumstances is con- 
 nected witii this first display of the" American Fhig 
 over Richmond, after its evacitation. It was raised on 
 the staff at the west end of the Rebel Capitol. From 
 this staff, throughout the four years of KebelHon, the 
 State flag of Virginia liad floated. This display of the 
 Virginian standanl had been kept up as indicative not 
 only of the State Riglits of Old Dominion as an inde- 
 pendent sovereignty as regarded the Union, icithout, 
 i. e., towards the North, buta'so as legarded the Rebel 
 Confederation, to which it had joined its destiny, 
 within, i. e., towards the South and West. The flag 
 ot Virginia was not (mly a signal of defiance hung out 
 against the Stars and S ripes investing Richmond, but 
 towards the mammoth Rebel Conledei'ate fia-r 
 which had already been torn down irom the staff 
 at the cast end of the traitors' capital. Tlius 
 the banner emblazoned witn " Si'c semper tyran- 
 
 t lirevefc Jjieutenant-Uolouet JoiiN'sToy I.ivuvcston di-: TjiYSTKR, 
 XJ.S.V. New Vork Volunteers. li>cn Hsaii tlder biollier was umung 
 tho first to enter the Eervice, the younger wajs on of the Inst to .euve 
 it. At the earnest rcc mmeudatlon of-Mrtjor-General S. W, Chaw- 
 Fonu. he was promote.I to a captaincy in the Oiith New York Volun- 
 teer Infjntry. This regiment was one of the last two New York rcg- 
 iment.s to be mustered out (A<Jjutant~0'eneral\f [State of S\'ew J'ojfr] 
 Rfporl, ISeii, 1, 2S1). on the Gth February, SliC. I'lie Tliird Annual 
 Report aflUr. Nkw Ymk Bureau, of Mililanj Statistics (page 319 stales 
 that the 20lh N.-w York State Militia (ov 8 Hh Ntw York Volunteer 
 Infanti Y) was " the last regiment ot the ' Army of the Potomac' to 
 leave that field," Virginia The date of its "muster out." however, 
 is 29th January, IStjG. It matters not, however, which was the last 
 to lay aside its niilitarv responsibilities. In both, lied IIo k wa,s 
 represenleil, and weU represented. See Appesdi.k, '■ liioffraphical 
 Sketch," also, II. B. Dawsh.i's " The First flag over Bidimond," or 
 " riie Cni.OBS of Ike U.N-iri.;i) SrATES /i/s; raised ooer the Uapitol nftlie 
 Co>»FEDRRATP, Statks, April 3, 18G5, Mornstnia, JV. Y, 1866 " 
 HoiiACK GHEEi.EY'fi " The American Conflict," ii, 731-'6, etc., etc. 
 
19 
 
 nis," tho sentiment misapplied by Lincoln's parri- 
 oi l;il assassin, liad waved for nearly four years as the 
 arrogant symbol of an unmitigated and uncliangeablo 
 expression of the doctrine of State Riglits. Accord- 
 ingly, when it was hauled down, and the supplanting 
 Stars and Stripes streamed out distended by the gale, 
 no one who beheld it coidd misunderstand the inter- 
 pretation. Like a rich jewel, set in a gorgeous 
 frame of ebony and gold, " Old Glory " shoue amid 
 the conflagration which filled the air with roar and 
 ruin. It was as clear in its significaHon as the hand- 
 writing on the wall to the abandoned and doomed 
 Bei.siiazzae. State Rights and Southern principles 
 had been weiglied in the balance, and had been found 
 wanting ; the might and dominion of slavery had 
 been broken and departed for ever. Babylon the 
 mighty had fallen! Lucifer, the son 'of the morning, 
 had been brought low. 
 
 " An end at last ! the echoes of the war— 
 
 The weary war beyond the western waves — 
 Die in the distance ; Freedom's rising star 
 
 Beacon.) above six hundred thousand graves ! " 
 
 *' Thf graves; of heroes who have won the fight — 
 Who, in the storming of the stubborn town, 
 Have rung the marriage peal of Might and Right, 
 And scaled the cliffs and cast the dragon down." 
 
 The tirst American flag over Richmond was not 
 only the testimony of the total suppression of the 
 "Slaveholders' Rebellion," but of the Nation's tri- 
 umph over Secession, and Nullification State Eights — 
 tho Rebel Confederacy. 
 
 Before the Rebels tired on Sumter, the Stars and 
 Stripes had been the harbinger of liberty and pros- 
 perity. The Rebel rag had brcught with it and upon 
 its supporters, misery iind ruin. Now again "Old 
 Glory " floated majeftically <.>ver the destruction which 
 the substitution of the Rebel ensign had occasioned — 
 over the waste and woe Avrouglit out by tho fire 
 and sword, evoked by the South as their cho?en 
 iirliitrators. Tlie display of our Flag on the 3d April, 
 1865, in the Capital of Virginia, up"n the State flag- 
 staft', was the token of the termination of four years' 
 inexcusable rebellion against the best Government on 
 earth. 
 
 From Baltimore to Richmond — to the surrender of 
 Lee and Joiixston — Rad Hook was al ivaysw ortliily 
 and numerously represented. 
 
 At the first battle of Bull Run, a son of Red Hook, 
 FrtEDEEic DE Petstee, Junior, was present, and dis- 
 charging his duty when the Union rear guard re- 
 pulsed the Rebel cavalry like jackalls snapping at the 
 iieels of the mishandled, overtasked, wounded and 
 exhausted, but unconquered lion. 
 
20 
 
 Aiiotlier officer, wlio might be said to belong to 
 ■ this district, since for years lie commanded -its Mi- 
 litia, and drilled many ol its men, who afterwards dis- 
 tinguished thempelves, was a Major in the 1st Brigade, 
 Blen'KEp/s 5tli Division, wliicli covered the Union re- 
 . treat at this same first Bnll Rnn. 
 
 , This officer, William P. Wai.vwrigiit, bel n,;ed to 
 Iho 29th New Yoik, whoso lieantiful Battle Flag 
 ' was presented liy a lady of this vicinity (Miss Estelle 
 Elizabeth de Petstei:), by the hands of the sfieaker, 
 in their camp near Alexaiidri.i.Va., jnstas tlio regiment 
 was moving off to the first grand conflict of the war, 
 and onl a few days before it occurred. 
 
 Tliis flag was present in everj aff.iir, combat or 
 battle in wliioh that regiment was engaged, and it 
 was returned blao'-ened and torn, But covered with 
 ■glorious scars, toTivoli, when the 29tli fl-asmus:tred 
 .out, Oth Jnne, 18G3. 
 
 In the crisis of Buil Rnn, Surgeon de Pevsteb per- 
 formed a marvellous feat of energy and enduranc . 
 He saw the last shots lined which repulsed that 
 famous mythical Black Horse cavalry in their attemjit 
 to pick up prisoners. This was just before our re- 
 serve pickets were withdrawn and our unbroken rear 
 fell back, not beaten, but retiring in obedience to 
 orders. Would that time permitted an exposition of 
 ,the true history of this battle Ourisoldiers did not 
 not lose this battle, nor was the battle necessarily 
 lost when the Reserve division was withdrawn. 
 - Surgeon de Petster's coolness, courage, prompti- 
 tude and energy won him the commendation and 
 .Warm remembrance of General BleSker, of Colonel, 
 then Major Wainwrioht, and of Assistant Surgeon 
 Williams, 1st N. Y. Artillery. The wounded in the 
 temporary hospital at Centreville owe what atten- 
 tion they received to Surgeons Williams and dk 
 Peyster and another whose nauie has never been re- 
 ported. They may not remember our Red Hook youth 
 b)' name, for all was hurry and confusion — as is almost 
 invariably tht- case with a retreating army — but they 
 will remember the apparent boy who lavished his 
 attentions upon tliem with such assiduousness. 
 
 R-turning homeward on horseback after being mus- 
 tered out, he followed the Old Post R ad along the 
 Hudson, and, in the mountains of Putnam County 
 wasovertaken by niglit anu an almost tropical tem- 
 pest. He soon lost his way in the rain and darkness, 
 and wandering at random, applied at a farm house 
 for shelter. On the plea that no man was at hiime 
 he was refused admittance by the wotnan who came 
 to the doo'. He then requested permission to harbor 
 in the barn until daylight ; the woman conceded a re- 
 reluctant consent, more by silence than by words. In 
 
21 
 
 tbe barn then the yoiingofBcer lay d&ivn on the straw 
 beside his faithfnl gray which had carried him over 80 
 miles on half a feed to and from the famous Stone 
 Bridge, over the red Bull Run. "Wet, worn out and 
 hungry he soon fell asleep. A short time afterward 
 he Was roughly awakened and saw a man standing 
 over him with a lantern. "Are you a Union sol- 
 dier?" were the first words addressed to him. 
 ' Yes, I am, and I am on my way home from the 
 battle on the Potoma<i."' '' If you are a Union sol- 
 dier," said the brute, doubtless a good peace demo- 
 crat, ''j-ou cannot harbor here." Little more passed 
 between them. The owner would neither furnish 
 lodging for money nor concede a shelter for love of 
 ci'untry or respect for the National uaiform ; forth the 
 yoUng man had to go and wander on in the rain and 
 darkness until daylight. Then he found the road 
 which brought him chilled and half famished into 
 Cold Spring. 
 
 It i.s a pity that the name of this Putnam County 
 ."yinpathizer with the Rebellion cannot be made 
 known. The officer could furnish no clue, for few dis- 
 tricts are rougher and wilder than the one he, a per- 
 fect stranger to had traversed amid the darkness and 
 storm. It was not likely that a man who had acted 
 so meanly and inhospitably would tell the story of his 
 own shame. This incident, however, iiemonstrates 
 what numerous examples afteward proved, that there 
 was a party at the North perfectly worthy of affilia- 
 tion with the Southern chivalry and as ready as the 
 latter to do all the evil that thi-)' dared do to li 
 Northern soldier. 
 
 Previous to the month of Angnst, 1862, volun- 
 teering in the town of Red Hook was only the result 
 of individual, patriotic impulse. It was exceptional. 
 This renders the enlistments in the Spri g of 1801 
 the mure remarkable, inasmuch as they were the re- 
 sult of mere energetic thought and action. Conse- 
 quently, they are the mure worthy of attention and 
 record ; just as in epidemics, the first scattering or 
 sporadic ea»es are always the most violent and fatal, 
 and, therefore, the more deserving of careful remem- 
 brance.J 
 
 That this Town did not furnish a Wing of a Ei gi- 
 ment, or at least several Companies in the Spring and 
 
 4 From tbe records ot -lustico Fredebic H. Buhnett, Madalin, 
 very impertVct but the best acce&.'^ible, Ked Hook furnishedt T86i, 
 Ajji-il, noted, 18 Volunteers; August, 34, when the 20th New York 
 State Militia went out t-.a the 80tli New York Volunteers; September, 
 28 ; October, 4 ; November, 1 ; December, 1 ; 1862, May, 1 ; .June, 1 ; 
 August, 32 (during this mouth tbe first War Meeting was held at 
 MaUaliu, and the result shows the benefit of such Convocations) or, 
 according to another account, 69 ; September, 41 ; October, 4 ; 1863, 
 January, 3 ; February, 1 ; Apiil, 1 ; September, prior to draft, 3. 
 
22 
 
 •early Siiinraer of 1861, was more owing to Sewakd's 
 ISIinety days' w.-ir PredictioD, and the eiTODtons calcu- 
 lation of thosL- in autljoi'ity, than to the fault of tlio 
 leading patriotic men of Red Hook. An oftV-v of 
 three picked regiments from tlie Coimties of Duchiss 
 and Columbia was made to President Lincoln him- 
 self, at the White House, by tlie Speaker, in May, 
 1861. These regimi-nls were to have been oflEcsred by 
 the tirst men of our Senatorial District. The Colonel 
 snggested for the Isi was 'William P. WainwkioiT, 
 of Rhinebeck. in May, 1861, Mnjor 29tii New York 
 Volunteers, then LitulenaTit-Colonel 54th New York 
 Volunteers, then Colonel 76th New York Volunteers. 
 The Colonel of the 2nd was to have been CnAiiLES S. 
 Waixweiomt, -f Rbinebeck. 12th November. 1861, 
 Major 1st June, 1862, Colonel 1st Morgan N. Y. Li;iht 
 .Vrtiller3'. James MtiLEOED, of Hudson, my dear and 
 valued friend, was designated Cohnel of the 3rd. 
 He was formerly Lieutenant-Colonel of the 22nd 
 N. Y. S. M., and Assistant Adjutant-General, S. N. Y., 
 in the Winter of 1855. It is scarcely possible to doubt 
 tliat he owed his death to his untiring efforts in assist- 
 ing Colonel David S. Cowles to complete the organ 
 ization of the 43d (?) New York Volunteers. Colonel 
 MuLFOED finally fell a victim, after months of indis- 
 position, to lyphoid fever in the Fall of 1861. 
 
 The rejection of tbis offer, when related to the vet- 
 eran Genera] Maxsfield, wlio fell at Antietam, it 
 called forth his indignant remark, that if the war 
 authorities pursued such a policy the Rebels could not 
 he kept South of the Potomac. 
 
 The months of August and September, 1801, wit- 
 nessed quite a lively movement i this Town. When, 
 on the 25th of October, the 20th New York State 
 Militia returned to the field as the 80tii New York 
 Vtdunteer Infantry, Company B comprised twenty- 
 five young men fromTivoli, Madalin, and their vicinity, 
 besides otbers in Company A and dispersed tlironghout 
 the organization. This constitutes ojic of Red Hook's 
 three representative regiments. As they will be re- 
 ferred to more at length hereafier, in an appropriate 
 place, let us resume the consideration of individuals 
 who went out froT our midst, rose to high rank, and 
 survived. 
 
 While thus our sons and brothers were stemming 
 the tide of battle on the land, arrother from Red 
 Hocik was assisting to maintain the honor of the Flag 
 in the Gulf and upon the Mississippi's flood. This was 
 Charles Heney Tillotso"n, belonging to a race connect- 
 ed with the glories of ths war of 1812. As Aide to Cap 
 tain Swaetuout, of the Portsmouth, he participated 
 in that " River Fighr," which will live in naval story 
 
while navits ride the waves. With Faeeagut "the 
 Peerless," he assisted ia that fearful combat which 
 "lUKjed the passage of those forts which were deemed 
 tlie impassable barriers of the ascent to New Orleans. 
 Wl en our unequalled sea-chief, who, in himself, 
 united the highe.st qualities of Holland's Kutter, 
 Gaul's DD QuESNE, and England's Nelson — that tri- 
 umvirate of inariiinie skill, audacity and valor — had 
 overcome the opposing batteries and fleets, and made 
 the Orescent Oity once more tbo property of the 
 Nation, young Tili.otson volunteered on board the 
 Tennessee, to ascend the Missisr^ippi and carry stores to 
 our array and navy above, which were descending and 
 vjiiiquishing he upper river defences of the Rebels. 
 After a varied service in the Gulf and Eiver he re- 
 turned home, enjoying the jiroud satisfaction of hav- 
 ing been one of the heroic band who were with Fae- 
 eagut when he smote the Rebellion in the far South- 
 west by seu and by shore. 
 
 The Fall and Winter of 1861 and 1862 were barren 
 of laurels in the Army of the Potomac, but they were 
 prolific in hardships. During this menacing lull there 
 were scores of our citizens scattered through the vari- 
 ous regiments which composed it. Several belonged to 
 that famous New Jekset Brigade which Major (then 
 Brigadier-General) Philip Keaent drilled into a 
 idialanx of iron. Others enlisted in tbe popular Peo- 
 ple's Ellswoeth Avengers (Forty-fourth New York 
 Volunteers), which belonged to the brigade command- 
 ed by General Daniel Butteefield, and a magnificent 
 brigade it was. I saw it parade on a dark and dreary 
 November afternoon in 1861, and in all my military 
 iibservationSj which have been very extensive, 1 never 
 saw a nT^i'f stalwart or more soldierly body of men. 
 General I?utteefield's Senior Aide-de-camp was 
 Robert L. Livingston, brother of Mrs. Johnston Liv- 
 ingston, of T ivoli. This handsome officer continued 
 to serve with credit and fidelity throughout all the sub- 
 sequent operations of the Army of the Potomac, 
 throughout the Peninsular Campaign, and tlie con- 
 cluding battles undfr that enigma Pope, at Antietam, 
 and at Fredericksbarg (first). After this last battle, 
 severe illness, incurred in the field, compelled him to 
 leave the service, hut not until he had proved himself 
 on m-niy an occasion a gallant and energetic soldier. 
 
 While the Army of the Potomac was still lying in 
 the mud of its Winter quarters at Washington, another 
 youth of Red Hook— J. Watts de Petstee, Junr. — 
 left the Law Scliool of Columbia College, and took a 
 prominent jdacein its ranks as volunteer aide-de-camp 
 ti) his cousin General Pniup Keaent. He was with 
 that impetuous Ci. ram ander when he struggled through 
 
24 
 
 the April minj to occupy tlie Eebcl works at Manassas 
 Junction. Among the troops who led the way u[)Oii 
 this occasion was our iirst repre?entativo regiment. 
 Twentieth New ^'ork State Militia. As it liad been 
 among the first to s-olunteer, so again it was anioiig tNo 
 first til move at the tirst opportunity, and oven so it 
 was always among the fiireniost and staunc'iest in 
 every subsequent operation unto tlie Very last day of 
 its protracted career. 
 
 General Keaent, whom lieutenant-General Scott 
 pronounced the " bravest m:in he ever knew, and the 
 best soldier," subsequently de<Iared, a few- days after 
 the battle of Fair Oaks, that liis yougg "aide was as 
 brave a? himself, and an excellent officer, and a very 
 correct young gentleman." In his repot t of Williann- 
 burg, the bloodiest battle, perhaps, of the whole war, 
 .as regards t!io troops actually ongaaed, Keaknt men- 
 tioned, "my volunteer aide Mr. Watts De Peysteb 
 bore himself handsomely in this his first action."' Re- 
 warded with the commission of first lieutenant in 
 Scott's i)00 Cavalet, Colonel, now Brigadier General 
 Swain, Engineer in Chief S. K. Y., certified that he 
 had "occasion to notice and appreciate bis zeal, in- 
 telligence, faitlifulness, and integrity." " I had occa- 
 sion," he added, " afterwards to regret his promotion 
 to another regiment as a loss to the. company which 
 he commanded in ray regiment, for I felt that with 
 experience, which he was rapidly acquiring, he would 
 have been one of the best of cavalry officers." 
 
 Promoted to a majority in tlie First New York 
 (Morgan) light artillery, he joined liis command at 
 Harrison's Landing and was present with liis batteries 
 during the famous night attack of 31st July, 1862. 
 Thence stricken with malarial fever, he managed to re- 
 turn home before he succumbed. For four months it 
 was a struggle between life and deatli, and it was only 
 in the Spring of 18G3 that he was again able to take 
 the field. At the battle of Chancellors ville or Freder- 
 icksburg second, ho was chief of artillery of the Third 
 Division, Sedgwick's, Sixth Corps. Brigadier-General 
 A. P. Howe, Commanding Division, wrote under date 
 15th May, 1863, "Major De Peystee was with my 
 division in the actions fought on the 3d and 4th inst., 
 and it gives me pleasure to say to you that he acquitted 
 himself with honor." 
 
 Finally, it is no more than just to cite the language 
 of "FiGHTtNG Joe" Hookeu in regard to this young 
 officer, who received liis liaptism of fire under his eyes 
 at "Williamsburg : "Permit mo to recommend Major 
 J. W. De Peysteb for promotion to the brevet rank nf 
 lieutenant-colonel. Major De Peysteb entered the 
 service as an aide-de-camp to Major-General Keaent, 
 
25 
 
 and was greatly distinguished for gallantry aud good 
 Conduct at the liattle of Williamsburg. Subsequently 
 lie served under me at the battle of ehancellorsville, 
 where he was no less remarked for his coolness and 
 courage, and is, in my judgment, emihently deserving 
 the distinction requested for him." 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel de Peystkk never recovered 
 troin the effects of tlie fever, and he was honorably 
 dischargsd as of date 14tli August, 1863. 
 
 Another son of Red Hook next in regular order of 
 events, played a conspicuous part in suppressing the 
 '■ Slaveholders' Rebellion," Louis Livingston, youngest 
 surviving son ot Hon. JonN S, Livinoston, of Tivoli. 
 Appointed additional Aide-de-camp U. 8. Army, with 
 the rank of captain, he was assigned as senior aide to 
 Brigadier-General, afterward Major-General S. W. 
 Oeawfoed, of Pennsylvania. At Antietam, his first 
 battle, his courage was so conspicuous tbat he received 
 the brevet of nnijor; and at Gettysburg, the decisive 
 battle of the war, he is said to have accompanied his 
 general leading a decisive charge, for whicli he was 
 brevetted lieutenant-colonel. I have seen a letter in 
 which his general attested his gallantry in the warmest 
 and most flattering language. In this charge General 
 Crawford and his aide, Captain Louis Livingston, 
 were the only two mounted officers in front of the line 
 and were exposed to a double d nger, from the Are of 
 tlie excited troops following, as well as from that of the 
 opposing Rebel force. General Crawford distinguished 
 himself on this occasion by tmulating the example of 
 the famous Archduke Charlf.s at Aspern, carrying 
 the ban er of the First Pennsylvania Reserves, which 
 was pierced and torn with bullets, just as the 
 Austrian commander excited the courage of his troops 
 by seizing and bearing forward the co'ors of Zncn's 
 veteran Austrian grenadiers. 
 
 This br ngs me in the regular order of events to 
 September. 1862. 
 
 Red Hook may besa d to have had three representa- 
 tive regiments in the field. The first, "the Twentieth, I 
 have already alluded to ; the second was the One Hun- 
 dredand twenty-e ghth New York. In the color com- 
 pany, C, of this regiment 21 of our townsmen were pi'es- 
 ent. This, one of th*- very first to volunteer, was one of 
 the very last regiments from New York in the United 
 States service. The third was the One Hundred aud 
 Fiftieth New York infantry. Its adjutant, Stephen 
 VAN Rensselaeii Cel'ger * was anotlierof Red Hook's 
 heroic young men. He went oub as First Lieu- 
 
 * A more detailed notice of this officer, likewise of Sergeant T. B. 
 Patjlmier and Corporal Petek W. Fvmk, all of l;ed Hook, will ap- 
 pear in the Appendix. 
 
2e 
 
 tenant of Compaii)' F, but was its actual com- 
 mander at Gettysburg. Subsequently transferred to 
 the staff, be acquired the confidence not only of bis 
 immediate superiors, I'Ut of all the Generals with 
 whom he came in contact, officially. After partici- 
 pating in Shehman's lamous march, he returned in 
 command of Company A. In giving an account ot 
 the services of this (his) regiment (ISOtli New York 
 Volunteersl. Colonel, now Brigadier-iGeneral Ai.feed 
 B. Smith, of Poughkeepsie, bore ample testimony to 
 the merit of yonng Op.ur.EK. He remarked : "Among 
 the wounded at the battle of Ressaca, 14tli-15tli 
 May, 1864, w s our noble Adjutant, now Brevet 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, Stephen van Rensselaee Ci;u- 
 GEK (now Brevet Major U. S. Volunteers, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel New York Volunteers), who was every inch a 
 man and a soldier of the highe-t qualitie.s. He 
 was beloved b_v all, and maintained the brightest 
 record for bravery fortitude and all the qualities that 
 go to make up a man. His wounds were pronounced 
 mortal, but, owing to his irreproachable mode of life 
 and unimpaired constitution, he recovered and re- 
 joined us at Atlanta, thence marched with us to the 
 coast, and, through Richmond and Wasliington. 
 home.'' Thi.s young officer, aged 20^ belonged to the 
 Upper District of Red Hook. It is a .pleasant thought 
 for those who are connected with him, to feel that his 
 native town was in him so ably, bravely and worthily 
 represented. Although our immediate vicinity was 
 not numerously represented in this organization, 
 it included many volunteers from the town of Red 
 Hook, but principally from the Lower District. One 
 young man of 25, John McGill, of Upper Red Hook, 
 made for himself an honorable record. Two weeks 
 after his enlistment (1st October, 1862), he was made 
 a sergeant (15th October). On the 29th July, 18C4, 
 he was promoted to be first or orderly sergeant, and, 
 for meritorious conduct, be was commissioned second 
 lieutenant Company B (30th November), with rank 
 from 6th September, 1864. 
 
 The last individual to be especially referred to, de- 
 serves a particular mention, if for no other reason 
 than becatise he went out a private, and returned as 
 first lieutenant, commanding his (color) company (C) 
 in the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth regiment. 
 His rank dates from 19th December, 1863. His first 
 commission of second lieutenant was conferred for 
 good conduct before Port Hudson, in June and July 
 of the preceding year. He had been made sergeant a 
 few days after the organization of his regiment. 
 
 In the Spring of 1864, the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 eighth formed part of that ill-planned and ill-starred 
 expedition under Banks, suggested or prescribed by 
 
the ever- blundering Halleck. Destined to capture 
 Slireveport, disperse Kirey Smith's Trans-Mississippi 
 army, recover Texas, and gather a boundless booty 
 of cotton, it resulted in calamities which fell the most 
 severely on the least deserving of them— the rank and 
 file of the sacrificed troops. 
 
 Although the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth 
 covered itself with glory, none of its laurels were re- 
 served for the subject of this notice. While his com- 
 rades were fighting, he was tasting the bitterest fruits 
 of captivity among the most barbarous of the Rebel 
 barbarians. Hi;* experience is worthy of narration 
 and attention. 
 
 Near Alexandria, Lieutenant John H. Hagar — de- 
 taclied to superintend the loading of a steamer with 
 the Southern staple, inasmuch, as was remarked, 
 Pop.TER ■' had cotton on the brain" — was taken pris- 
 oner, 28th March, 1864. The ini idents of his cip- 
 tivitj' are too interesting for omission, since thej' afford 
 reliable testimony of what our Northern men suffered 
 when they were exposed, without means of resist- 
 ance, to the tender mercies of the wicked, those devils 
 in human form, the border Rebels. What is more, his 
 story i.s corroborated in the main by the narrative 
 ofa cousin of the speaker, William R. Whitmaesh, 
 Marion, Marion County, Ohio, First Sei-geant, 
 Ninety-sixth Ohio Volunteers, who also belonged to 
 Banks's Expedition, and was captured ar Mansfield, 
 8th April, 1864, and likewise wa.s carried into Texas. 
 
 After his capture. Lieutenant Hagak was marched 
 to Homer, m North 'rn Louisiana, and kept in close con- 
 finement for about one month in a log jail eighteen 
 feet squ re inside, surrounded by guards, and daily 
 threatened with all the deviltry of treatment, for 
 which the chivalry were so famous. Thence he was 
 transferred to Shreveport,* on the Upper Red River, 
 theobjective of BANKs'scampaign, whicli, throiigli their 
 genei'al's blundering, the privatesneverreached except 
 as ill treated prisoners. On his way thither Lieu- 
 tenant Hagak was inarched 56 miles in 35 hours, on 
 two and a half rations, under a guard of cavalry. On 
 reaching the prison door he was so completely ex- 
 hausted that he not only could not stand, but fell 
 upon the threshold. At this place he was confined, 
 together with 180 rank and file, in a single room, so 
 densely crowded that all could not lie down at one 
 time. His food ech day consisted of but one ration. 
 This comprised a small piece of corn bread about the 
 size of the palm ofa man's hand, and three ounces of 
 rotten pork. 
 
 From Shreveport, Lieutenant Hagar, together with 
 
 * Third Annual Report of Burpau Military Statistic -, 1866. rape 412. 
 
28 
 
 otliei- Union prisoners, were goadtwi on about 110 
 miles to Camp Ford, in Tylei' Township, Smith 
 County,* in Northeastern Texa^^. Here he was kept 
 for about Hve months, up to Ootobtir 3d, 1864. He 
 was exchanged about the time that his i omrades had 
 harvested their laurels in the Shenandoah Valle}'. 
 
 The journey from Shreveport to Camp Ford, 110 
 miles, was performed in five days, under a guard of 
 semi-barbarous Texan cavalry. These forced marches 
 were made on such rations that it is hard to under- 
 stand how the prisoners maintained sufficient strength 
 to crawl along. Each man received per day two 
 ounces of poor bacon, and six ounces of the coarsest 
 corn meal, cob and grain ground up together. 
 
 Each of the Texan mounted guards carried liis 
 larriat (a long cord with a noose) hung at his saddle- 
 bow, and ready for use. If a Union prisoner gave out 
 and fell, too weak to walk, a Texan Ranger would 
 throw this larriat over him, so that the noose would 
 catch him around the waist or neck, and try and 
 force him on his feet. If unable to totter on, the 
 Texan savage would drag him wlong the ground. 
 Hagar often saw Union prisoners killed in this way. 
 Not one man recovered or survived who was treated 
 in this barbarous manner. President Johnson is said 
 to have stated that, upon one occasion, the Rebels 
 got him down, choked him until he opened his mouth, 
 and then squirted tobacco juice down his throat. 
 Painful and disgusting as such treatment must have 
 been, it was merciful and decent to that which North- 
 ern men experienced, svstematicall)', from their 
 guards, as ferocious as the wildest Indians. 
 
 On this march, while passing a settlement, Lieu- 
 tenant Hagar saw a comrade, faint with fatigue and 
 worn down with fever, step desperately out of the 
 ranks, pass through a little gate, and enter a front 
 yard, with a guard following him, and a lot of half 
 wild dogs barking and snapping around him At th-i 
 door stood a woman with a broomstick in her hand. 
 To this female devil he addressed his petition for some- 
 thing to eat to save him from utter starvation, stating 
 how long he had been sick, and how very sick he had 
 been 
 
 Under similar circumstances Munoo Park, the 
 celebrated African traveler, dropped by the wavside 
 in the midst of a district, inhabited by a race whom 
 white men are accustomed to style the mosr. savage 
 negroes. Was he left there to perish ? No! Negro 
 women found him, nursed him, nourished him, and 
 sent him away cured and reinvigorated. 
 
 Let us see how a Texan white farmer's wife will 
 
 * Third Ann. Report Bureau of Military Statistics, 1866. Ps. 413-'I7. 
 
29 
 
 compfire witb a negress in the state of nature To 
 our Northern brother's piteous appeal the she-fury 
 
 replied : " Get away from my house you d d 
 
 Yankee brute; I would not give you a mouthful to 
 eat if you were lying starving at my feet." With 
 this, simultaneously, she struck at him with her 
 broom and set her dogs, less ferocious than she 
 was, at the poor, famished, exhausted, fever-stricken 
 Northerner. There are men in this town, indeed — 
 tliey are to be talked with every day — who justify 
 and excuse the Rebels. They are willing to vote 
 with tliem, and vote against their Northern brethren, 
 and, doubtless, would fight, side by side with the 
 Rebels, against them if they had the oppori unity. 
 There are rich men at the North feel so— educated 
 men, and they have misled others, well to do and sen- 
 sible in their business, into holding the same wicked 
 opinions. Witli such experience before us, if they 
 have not a hell in their bosoms, there must he a bell 
 hereafter. 
 
 The poor p isoner alluded to, was forced liack into 
 the ranks and dragged along. 
 
 At Camp Ford tlie prisoners were somewhat better 
 treated. They re eived at times a little poor beef, 
 but the rations were never sulBcient to satisfy a heart}' 
 man. A small man could manage to exist; a large 
 man was always half starved. If an}' one attempted 
 to escape his treatment was brutal after his capture. 
 
 The speaker's cousin, a fine, brave fellow, enlisted 
 at the commencement of the war, at Marion, Marion 
 County. Ohio, in the Ninety-sixth 6hio Volunteers. 
 He is brother in-law to a gentleman, Thomas Stkeat- 
 FiELD Clarkson, residing only a few miles from 
 Madalin He did not want a commission, ►•ut tor per- 
 sistent gallantry, especially at the siege of Vicks- 
 bu'g be ro-e to be First Sergeant of his company. 
 Like Lieutenant Hagar, he was captured in the Red 
 River Expedition, near Mansfield, on or "I'out the 8th 
 April, 1804. He, too, was carried into Texas, and con- 
 fined in a prison camp, or corral in that State. He 
 made his ■ scape, and got away sixty miles, was hunted 
 with bloodhounds, taken, dragged back, and upon 
 his arrival at the prison, was tied up by the thumbs 
 for forty-eight hours. This is a terrible punishment, 
 especially forsuch a heavy roan as be is, weighing in full 
 health near 200 j ounds. Those who escaped with him 
 and were brought back, in addition to being tied up 
 bv the thumbs, wore flogged like dogs. Sergeant 
 Whitmarsh does not say that he was flogged. A 
 proud man does not like to admit that he has suffered 
 
 BU h an indignity. 
 
 « * * * * * * 
 
 Through these three reg ments, and through it^ 
 
30 
 
 townsmen scattered over 47 to 50 regiments, Red 
 Hook became and continu d to be connected witli the 
 war in everv section of tin.' oountpy. 
 
 Subsequently the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth 
 formed part of tlie disastrous Red River expedition. It 
 belonged to Emoey'.s famous Nineteenth Corps and 
 Gkover's distinjuished fighting First Division. This 
 corps and this division saved the Army, and on various 
 occasions, where o'her regiments were compelled to 
 give wa3', the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth re- 
 trieved tlie fate of the day. 
 
 While fighting- on the Ked River the One Hundred 
 and Twenty-eighth found a memorial of Red Hook re- 
 plete with rocollections uf the past, and auguries for 
 the future 
 
 Some years ago, a friend of the speaker, the Rev. 
 Thomas Scott Bacon, founded a Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church in the old, bigoted Roman Catholic 
 town of Natchitoches, an advance-guard of proirress in 
 the midat of moral and religious stagnation. This Mr. 
 Bacon, atrueUnion patriot, was forcedby the Rebels to 
 abandon his home, and his plantation near Alexandria, 
 was ruined. He then acted as chaplain in our Navy, and 
 when the steam frigate Richmond passed the batteries 
 of Port Hudson, batteries which destroyed her consort 
 the Mississippi, he stood beside her captain on the 
 bridge between the paddle-boxes, amid that rain of 
 ball and shell, to set an example and to show that a 
 Christian pastor wa,s as willing to risk his life as any 
 soldier or sailor for his country. 
 
 Prior to the war, the speaker sent out a beautiful and 
 costly bell for Mr. Bacons recently completed church. 
 When Beauregard called upon thf Southern peuple 
 to give him all their bells, from church to planta- 
 tion bells, to melt into can ion, this Northern bell 
 was one of the few which was not transferred from 
 God's service to the devil's service. Well may the 
 term devil's service be used, for if ever the devil had 
 a fyiuse upon earth it was the caue of the Rebels, and 
 they performed his service consistently and are at it. 
 still, as far as they are able. 
 
 This bell rang our boys into Natchitoches. George 
 F. 81MMONS saw it there. It rang out a joyful peal 
 when the Stars and Stripes were hoisted over that 
 eminently Rebel place. And although it witnessed 
 our disastrous retreat, it continued to hang in its 
 tower to ring out another joyful peal — that peal 
 which announced the universal triumph of the Union 
 arms. Hereafter it should be deemed sacred, for no 
 bell ha"* ever survived greater perils at the hands of 
 sacriligcous men. 
 ********* 
 
31 
 
 While the service of the 20th N. Y. S.M. was confined 
 to the operations of the Army of tlie Potomac, discharg- 
 ing in the latter part of its term the vexatious but 
 most necessary duties of the provost guard, the 128tti 
 ;ind the 150th moved in orbits far more eccentric and 
 extensive. 
 
 Of these thi-ee Regiments the 20tli had undoubt- 
 edh' a larger share of the hardest fighting during the 
 war ; tho 12Sth had a proportionate share in the suf- 
 fering and exposure ; while for the 150th was re- 
 served a Benjamin's portion of that exercise in whose 
 judicious application, Marshal Saxe safd, lies the secret 
 of success. His words were that the victory dep>nds 
 rather upon the soldiers' legs than upon the soldieis' 
 arms. In this part of tlie soldier's dutj', marching, 
 the palm must be certainly concede'd to the 150th, 
 since, after participating in the decisive battle at the 
 East, Gettysburg — a bloody, startling, first appear- 
 a ce for them -they were transfer!- d to Grant. 
 Then, under Sheeman, the)"- fought their way, by 
 months of almost uninterrupted skirmish and battle, 
 to Atlanta, and, thence, made that march, pre-eminent 
 among all famous marches, which carried " Old 
 Glory " with forbearance through Georgia, into 
 Savannah ; and thence, with fire and sword, through 
 South Carolina, the birthplace of Secession, winding 
 up their tramp or circuit of between 1.500 and 2 OOO 
 miles with their triumphant procession through 
 
 Washington. 
 
 ^ ^ ->:- * .:> * * * 
 
 The history of the first, the Twentieth, is the his- 
 tory of vhe .4.rmy of the Potomac. In part of 1861 and 
 1862 it was un<ier Colonel George W. Pratt, mortally 
 wounded at Bull Run, second. Among the killed 
 were 5 privates, Oonipany B, from Madalin, and ?, 
 wounded from the neighborhood. Sub.^eqiiently it 
 was commaded by Colonel, now Brevet Brigadier- 
 General, Theodore B. Gates, whom his men looked 
 up to as a father. General Gates testifies that "this 
 (his) regiment was a model of discipline and good con- 
 duct, as orderly in camp as it was brave and efficient 
 in battle." Gener 1 Patrick, af erwards Provost 
 Marshal- General of the Army of the Potomac, who had 
 it in his brigade in 1862, was never satisfied until he 
 o-ot it back under him after he had been transferred to 
 a more extensive, difiicult and influential sphere His 
 opinion of it was as high, if not higher, than that of its 
 immediate commander. '-'Nine color-bearers (2d Ann. 
 Rep, Bur. Mil. Stat., 1865, p. 165) fell under its 
 National Flag at the second Bull Run, and the regi- 
 ment lost 35 killed and 232 wounded, in the campaign 
 of 1862. while fighting under these colors." Under 
 McDowEi.i., McClt.li.an, Pope, Burnsipe, Hooker, 
 
32 
 
 Meade, and Grant it was present in almost every 
 battie fought by the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Tliey participated in the operations which reopened 
 and kept open the road to Washington n the Spring 
 of 1861. and m the taming of rebellious and blood- 
 stained Baltimore. This was one of the boldest feats 
 of audacity which the annals of war record. They 
 garrisoned beleaguered Washington and did their duty 
 glorioui^ly in the first disastrous conflict of Bui Run — 
 disastrous b' cause it was accepted as a defea' by a 
 general who, neither at that time nor any future time, 
 showed that he was capable of making himself the 
 possessor of his soldiers' confidence. A general who 
 cannot win the affections of his subordinates and in- 
 spire them with a saving faith in his ability is not the 
 general to accomplish great things either for his coun- 
 try's glory or his own reputation, however high a rank 
 he may hold ms a strategist or as a tactician. Still in 
 justice it must bo said that (ew plauvS of operations 
 were moi'e ably conceived than those which emanated 
 from the brain and pen of General McDowell in July, 
 1861. His subsequent and subordinate movements, 
 however, were so faulty, and his troops so bidly 
 handled that the boastful aggressive which was to 
 carry " Old Glory " on and into Richmond, terminated 
 
 X The regiment left Kingston, N. Y., October 28, 1861 ; was attached 
 to V^adsworth's brigade, McDowei<l's divisioa; and, (iuring the 
 Winter of 1861-'J, lay at Upton's Hill, Va. There appears to be no 
 Annual Report which is acces'^ible for 1801. This egiment advanced 
 to Cent reville with the Army of the ''■•totnac Mateb 10, 1862,; returned 
 to Upton's Hill March 16th; left Bailey's Cross Hoads, April 4th, 
 under General Patrick ; reached Falmouth, April 19th, being tbe 
 2d brigade to arrive ; crossed the Rappahannock May 18th, and was the 
 first and only brigade which at that time entered Fredericksburg, and 
 was picketed on the heigh s in sight of the enemy ; started by the 
 overland route lor Richmond May 2Bth, but when eight miles out 
 was ordered to the Shenandoah "Valley af or " Stonewall" Jackson ; 
 from Haymarket returned to Falmouth, via Warrenton, arriving on 
 the 24tb of June ; crossed to Fredericksburg with the 21«t New York 
 Volunteers, July 28th, and establiphed a chain of spntinels entirely 
 around the city, cutting off its communication with the surroundias 
 couatry ; marched for Culpepper, August 9th, to join Pope on, the 
 Rapidan ; retreated from the Rapidan, August I9rh ; engaged at 
 Norman's Ford on the Rappahannock August 21st, loss ten killed and 
 wounded; at Sulphur Springs August 26th, loss sis: wounded ; 
 marched fir Centreville August 27th. Our division ( King's), 6 000 
 strong, engaeed the enemy under "Stonewall" Jackson, 30th 
 August, at ManassaF, second Bull Run, where the regiment lost 
 248 killed, wounded and captured out of 420 engaged ; returned to 
 Cetreville, and, in Doobledat's division, just on Kearny's right, 
 engaged at Chantilly September Ifit, loss sixteen killed and wounded 
 out of ninety ; returned to Upton's Hill Septembbr 2d ; maicfaed into 
 Maryland September 7th, and engaged at South Mountain, without 
 lo9s ; and also at Antietam, loss forty-seven killed nnd wou ded out 
 of 127 engaged ; crossed into Virginia October 30rh. and marched 
 towards Fredericksburg ; took part in the bittle of 13ch and 14th 
 and 15th of December. January 9, 1863, the. brigade to which it 
 belonged wan detailed as Provost Guard of the Army of the Potomac, 
 find continued on that duty at Aquia Creek, Va. For full and fur- 
 ther details of the '* Movements, Service and Discipline " of his reg- 
 iment, during the years 1862-*3-'4-'5, until mustered out, fee Appew- 
 
 PTX. 
 
33 
 
 in a rout which, although more partial than was rep- 
 resented at the time by prejudiced writers, was 
 sufficiently complete to convert that advance to an 
 assured victory into a humiliating retreat back within 
 those defences thrown up for the preservation of our 
 capital. 
 
 The representatives of our town upon that occision 
 were not among the flying thnusands, and oneof them, 
 Assistant Surgeon Fbedebic db Petstek, Junr., saw 
 the last shots fired which repulsed the pursuing enemy, 
 and only retired in obedience to imperative orders. 
 
 Our gallant boys were with the •' unready " McOi.kl- 
 LAN in the Peninsula and shared in all the labors, 
 privations, and dangers which — had it depended upon 
 the valor and fortitude of the Northern soldiers and 
 not upon the incapacity of their commander— would 
 have carried the Stars and Stripes triumphantly into 
 Richmond. 
 
 At Antietam, " the corps commanders' battle." the 
 first acknowledged ch^ ck upon the victorious nn-march 
 of the famou« Army of Northern Virginia, our fellow- 
 townsmen bore their part in the burthen and heat of 
 that decisive day. Again, at Gettysburg, that 
 '• soldiers' battle," that turning point at the East — 
 parallel »s a crisis to Roseceans's great victory at 
 Stone River, at the West — a green regiment from our 
 Senatorial District, in which this town had numerous 
 repre-entatives, baptized its young eagle in the min- 
 gled blood of its victoriou^ brethren and the discomfited 
 foe. Gettysburg may well be styled the " soldiers' 
 battle." since it cannor justly be conceded to the 
 strategy or grand tactics — antecedent to the conflict, 
 or during its three days' continuance— of either the 
 supreme commander of the Army of the Potomac, or 
 any of its nrominent leaders. That the desperate in- 
 vasion o'' North-rn soil by that vaunted Army of 
 Northern Virginia, which cl .imed to hav conquered 
 so hrilli.antly at Chancellorsville, was arrested ; that 
 Pennsylvania was delivered ; that the omnipotent Lee 
 was hurleii ' ack with disastrous liwses across the Poto- 
 mac ; was due remotely and in some degree to the ad- 
 mirable organization of Hookee, but immediately and 
 almost entirely to the patrioti m and moral energy of 
 those Northern masses which had followed up the 
 R bels wif 11 thestrid ,s of a giant, and after overcoming 
 every labor and privation, primary vicissitudes which 
 11 soldier is called upon to endure, had consummated 
 their glorious work with their valor — a quality which 
 the sfreat professor of the military art pronounced as 
 but secondary to those properties which test the for- 
 titude and moral strength of an army. 
 
 Some persons who have not given a close a tcntion 
 to the subject have stigmatized the battle of Chan_ 
 
34 
 
 oellofsville as a defeat It was indeffed a reuerse for 
 our ai'iiis, and. in some points of view, a disaster. In 
 many respects, however, it was equivalent to a victory, 
 because, although our loss was great, we inflicted m. 
 still pireater loss upon the Piebels.* Their loss they 
 could not afford to suffer, particulary the loss of 
 Stonjswalj. Jackson. That alone was equivalent to 
 a depletion of 10,000 men. Ev. n as at Shiloh, the 
 matured brain of the Eebel military power was par- 
 alyzed in the death of Albekt SyDKEy Johnston, even 
 so at Ohancellor.sville, it-s right arm was lopped off in 
 the fall of Stonewall Jackson. 
 
 The soldiers of the Army of the Potomac were not 
 disheartened by the failure, the reverse or defeat, 
 whatever the critics may be pleased to term it, of 28th 
 April to 0th May, 1863. They neither lost beart nor 
 had their pluck been diminished by it. Hookee's con- 
 fidence in himself and in bis soldiers Was as great after 
 as before the battle, lie showed it b}' repeating; 
 almost word for word the ideas embodied in tliat 
 general order issued by the indomitable Bluchep. — 
 that Prussi tn hero cast in the same mould as Hooker, 
 after his parallel reverse in June, 1815. The conclud- 
 ing words of this order strikingly and characteristic- 
 ally manilested the confidence of the general in his 
 patriotic troops. It was issued to the Prussian Army 
 on the morning after the bloody conflict at Ligny. 
 which, in results, might be said to J^orrespond with 
 HooKEP/s failure in the Wilderness. '■ I .■shall immi'.- 
 diately lead you (agai ) against the enemy ; v:e shall 
 beat him because it is our duty to do so." 
 
 Both Generals we e justified in their conclusions. 
 The Army of the Potomac — our brothers in the 20th 
 N, Y. S. M.. in the ISOtb N. Y. V., in the 1st N. Y. 
 Light Artillery, in every regimen wjierein tuey were 
 to be found — proved this. Y'es, as Greeley remarks 
 with so much truth, "Whatever his faults, Hookep. 
 was loved and trusted by bis soldi rs, who knew less 
 of Meade, and had le^s faith in him. Had that army 
 been polled, it would have voted to flglit the impend- 
 ing battle under Hooker without the aid of French's 
 11,000 men, rather than under Meade with that re- 
 enforcement." 
 
 Oh, what a spectacle of invincible determination 
 did our Northern brethren in arms present at Gettys- 
 burg. Philosophy and freedom of thought which had 
 found shelter under the Stars and Stripes, now repaid 
 their debt. How magnificent in its impregnability of 
 
 * Examine Monograph (50 copies printed) " CHANCELLoasvii,i,K 
 AMD ITB "Rbsults," or " Major-Geueral Joskph Hookbr in command 
 of th» Aiiny of the Potomac," by Anchor (Brevet Maior-General 
 J. WiTTS Dk Peysteh), etc., etc , N. T., 18G5, particularly pages 11, 
 12, 13, etc. 
 
moral strength that long curved line of "boj's in blue" 
 crowned the lieigbts of Gettysburg, cropping out like 
 granite ridges along the crest of a mountain range. 
 The hills themselves were not more firmly rooted 
 than the loyal lines. Their physical vigor — unshaka- 
 ble as it proved — was not as dangerous to the enemy 
 as the determination of their souls to conquer, there, 
 or die. The Rebels' shouts sounded on the distant 
 ear, like the ominous roar of breakers drfvcn by the 
 tempest, bursting in thundering shocks upon the shore. 
 Like waves, following in quick succession, the Rebel 
 lines of attack appeared to roll upon o r opposing 
 loyal ranks. Tlie curling smoke resembled the foam 
 and spray thrown up by the mighty billows as thej' 
 dash themselves to pieces on the granit" ledges and 
 beetling crags of an iron-bound coast. Fur three da3's 
 lon<;' that storm continued to rage with a violence un- 
 equalled in the four years' war. Our devoted lines 
 of battle seemed ^limost swallowed up, at times, in the 
 tumultuous onset of the desperate E,ebel hosts. In 
 vain, however, did Lek's maddened masses chafe and 
 fret away their strength against the impregnable 
 barriers of the sons of freedom. The Annj^ of the 
 Potomac stood proudly unmoved and invincible in this 
 the supreme crisis of the nation. The}' could not be 
 shaken ; they conquered, for every regiment stood 
 based upon the sacred principle of honor, discipline 
 and duty, and the brigades and divisions were 
 cemented together by the ties of patriotism and the 
 impulse of national glory. Our j'eomanry soldiers set 
 up the pillars of the Union on the field of Saratoga, 
 1777. Our Niirtliern arniv re- stablished those col- 
 umns asain, and iuimutably, on the heights of Gettys- 
 burg, 186?,. 
 
 About the same time another regiment fi-oin i ur 
 Senatorial District, 128th. was playing a notable part 
 on war's checker-board upon the banks of the ' father 
 of waters," where it lost its respected iind lamented 
 Colonel. He was one of those rare men who, like 
 LucuLLUs and other Romans, left the forum for the 
 camp, and — in a like manner, but in a smaller de- 
 gree and upon a much more circumscribed space — 
 displayed an aptitude for military command. He dis- 
 tinguis' ed himself as much in his sphere a.s a sagacious 
 organizer and strict disciplinarian in the camp as he 
 showed himself an able commander and brave soldier 
 in the field. One company of this regiment was re- 
 rruited in a great degree in this locality. Of the brave 
 youth who went forth from our midst at that time, 
 all did their duty well, and the majority acquitted 
 themselves with the highest cedit in the different 
 stations to which they were assigned and promoted. 
 
 Raving thus disposed of the history of the regi- 
 
36 
 
 merit to wbicb trni- neighbors and friends first con- 
 tributed recruits (20th N. Y. S. M.), the next which 
 c aims our attention is one which may be considered pe- 
 culiarly our own, since the N. E. corner of the Upp'^r 
 District of the Town of Red Hook contriliuted 21, 
 nearly one-half of Company C ; and the very village 
 in which the Memorial Stone is located, supplied 
 one-quarter of that same company as the result of 
 an impromptu meeting for the purpose of pro- 
 moting volunteering. What is more, a youth of 
 tbis neigliborhood, between fifteen and sixteen, 
 Johnston Livingston de Peystee, a pupil of 
 the Higbland Military College, was ,tbe officer with 
 whom our brave young men enlisted ; and, had he not 
 been tricked out of the rewards of his labor, he would 
 have commanded Company C, (even as he did command 
 it for a few days in camp at Hudson), until he had 
 either been killed or wounded at the head of his men, 
 or promoted for good service. 
 
 What should make the following narrative of this 
 regiment so inteiesting to this auditory is the fact, 
 that the incidents are mainly derived from a gallant 
 young man who was among the first to enlist, and went 
 forth from us as a private, was made a sergeant about 
 a month afterwards, and returned in command of his 
 company wearing the shoulder-straps of a First Lieu- 
 tenant. What is more, through self-denial and good 
 conduct, and by s rict economy, he was not only en- 
 abled to pay for the support of h s familv during his 
 absence, but to retain sutflcient, after the payment of 
 his debts, to bo enabled, by the judicious investment 
 of the remainder, to place himself in possession of a 
 farm. This volunteer, who furnished the particulars 
 whicli have .served as the framework of this regimental 
 biography, may be looked upon as a perfect type of a 
 sensible, judicious, brave American soldier; and the 
 same remark will apply to almost every one enlisted 
 at that time from this vicinity. Among them are men 
 whom it is an honor to take by the hand, and say to 
 any one standing by, "This brave man is a type of 
 our countrymen ; he has done his duty worthily by 
 his comrades and to his c untrj'. He s a fair specimen 
 of an American soldier, such as no other country can 
 produce." 
 
 The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Regiment 
 was organized and mustered at Hudson, 4th Septem- 
 ber, 1862. and despatched at once to Baltimore. It 
 remained in that city from the 7th Septeml'er to the 
 5th November. From Baltimore it was transported 
 to Fortress Monroe, and there shipped on board the 
 ocean steamer Arago- There were 1,500 men, in- 
 cluding the whole One Hundred and Twenty-eighth 
 regiment ai.d four companies of the One Hundred and 
 Fourteenth New York Volunteers, on board this 
 
37 
 
 transport, besides the crew, which must have swelled 
 tlie imraber toabout 1,000. As may well be supposed, 
 sickness soon followed such close packing, and, doubt- 
 less, had H good effect in making anti-slaverj' votes, 
 since those who experienced the results could form, 
 at once, some idea of the horrors of the Middle Pass- 
 age in the palni_v days of the Slave Trade. 
 
 Fortunately science, though it cannot prevent, can 
 still mitigate and care the wrongs arising from the in- 
 humanity ofman to man. [t does not appear thatanyof 
 the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth died, but they 
 suffered immensely, since there was not only a great 
 many cases of typhus and typhoid fever and measles 
 among them, but also of that dreadful malady, the 
 smallpox. After a voyage of 1,600 miles, they 
 reached Ship Island, famous as the original rendez- 
 vous of Butler's forces previous 'o the capture of 
 New Orleans in the previous Spring of 1862. Thence 
 they were transferred to the Quarantine Station, on 
 the Mi.ssissippi, just above the famous defences of 
 that river. Fort Jackson and Fort Philip, between 
 which Farragitt forced his way to unsurpassed tri- 
 umph, and eighty miles below the "Crescent City." 
 Next they encamped at (Jhalmetter on "Old Hick- 
 ory's," that is Andrew Jackson's, famous battle 
 ground in 1815 ; and then tho}' were stationed at 
 Camp Parapet, a few miles above Now Orleans. 
 
 While Mt the front, Colonel D. S. Cowles. of Hud- 
 son was placed in command of a brigade, which in- 
 cluded the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth, with 
 orders to cross L'ke Ponchartrain, and proceed up 
 Pearl U'ver Tliis stream constitutes the dividing 
 line, at that point, between the Stfttes of Louisiana 
 and Mississippi. The object of this expedition was to 
 di.scover facilities for getting out lumber. In their 
 first skirmish our boys killed, wounded and captured 
 fifty Rebels ; and on their return they brought bai k 
 as prizes three schooners and one steamboat loaded 
 with cotton, tar, etc. 
 
 Here the remark may be permitted, that one of the 
 most unjust features of this whole w-ar has been the 
 concession of the right of prize-money to the Navy, 
 without any similar equivalent to our " Boj's in 
 Blue." A sailor in reality undergoes nothing like the 
 labors, privation.s, sufferings and dangers to which a 
 soldier is necessarily expose<l. Oltentimes his cap- 
 tu'es are unattended by any p-rilous circumstances. 
 In many cases he is a more eye-witness o( a chase in 
 wh'ch he can .scarcely be termed a participant. On 
 the other hand, the soldier scarcely over makes a cap- 
 ture wliici) is remunerative, without long previous 
 labors, either in marches, or in constructing works, 
 and without undergoing many other dangers, beside 
 
38 
 
 the risk of life or wounds. Had tho prize-money 
 which our Army earned been distributed to that 
 Army, many of our young men would have brought 
 borne sufficient to make them comfortable for life, 
 or, at all events, sufficient, with economy, to place 
 themselves and their families beyond the reach of 
 want. 
 
 Time will not permit me to dwell upon this bloody 
 siege in which the One Hu idred and Twent)- -eighth 
 lost its estimable colonel, but I cannot refrain from 
 iiientiiming a few inc dents too memorable and sug- 
 gestive ever to be forgotten. 
 
 On the night of the 25th May, 1863, General Banks 
 invested Port Hudson. On ti e 26th, the One Hundred 
 and Twent3--eighth joined the besieging force under 
 that general, and thenceforward took a prominent 
 part in one of the most difficult and dangerous enter- 
 prises of the war. On the very night of their arrival 
 they participated in the first assault and gained a great 
 deal ol credit for bravery. On the 27th, a general as- 
 sault was made. Our men made desperate eflorts but 
 failed, notwithstanding we had lost in vain 293 killed 
 and 1.549 wounded. All the general officers engaged 
 were disabled. Brigadier-General T. W. Sherman, 
 commanding the division, lost bis leg through a 
 cannon-shot wound received in midmost fight. Briga- 
 dier-General Neai> Dow was slightly wounded and 
 was carried off. Colonel Clark, Sixth Michigan, who 
 succeeded, was knocked ofi' his horse by the concussion 
 of a shell, and was borne from the field for dead. 
 Colonel D. S. Cowles, of the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 eighth, who commanded a brigade at the commence- 
 ment of the attack, was the next victim. Th- Four- 
 teenth Now Hampshire, whose colonel had also been 
 wounded, was wavering While endeavoring to keep 
 this regiment up to its work, and while gallantly lead- 
 ing his men, Cowles was killed. The manne ■ of his 
 death is not exactljf known ; all that is certain is that 
 he lost his life in the brilliant performance of his dutv. 
 According to some accounts, the cause of his death was 
 a musket shot in the groin, which carried into his 
 body, with it, the frame of his port-monnaie. The 
 jagged and sharp steel, lacerating his intestines, occa- 
 sioned the most excruciating suffering before he died. 
 Horace Greeley, in his "Gror.t American Conflict," 
 states that be was transfixed by a bayonet and bled 
 to death. If this latter was the case, it is all the more 
 creditable to Oowlks, since it proves that he had 
 made his wa} so far into the enemy's works that our 
 men were engaged in a hand-to-hand confli't with the 
 Rebel defenders. This crossing of b§iyonets is (me of 
 the most brilliant and rarest occurrences in war. One 
 of our fellow-townsmen, Dr. Thomas J. Barton, a 
 
39 
 
 natural poet, composed a few verses on the fall of 
 Colonel Cowi.ES, whicli have been set to music. They 
 possess so much real merit that we cannot forbear 
 their quotation ; 
 
 Columbia sent iorth her legion, 
 Their chief was our hope and our pride ; 
 They foueht in that far sunny region, 
 He fell by that great riser's side ; 
 And the^e were the words of the wafrior, 
 As his life's blood was ebbing forth slow : 
 " Oh, tell to m" poor old mother. 
 That I died with my face to the foe." 
 
 " Though others of loftier fortune 
 Their praises may hear from afar— 
 Return from the fields of the valiant 
 All crowned with the laurels of war. 
 Though hi-t'ry my name may not mention 
 When this body is mouldering low, 
 Yet 'twill comlort my poor old mother. 
 That I died with my face to the foe." 
 
 Sleep on with the brave, gallant soldier ! 
 Thy country shall cherish thy fame ; 
 When we speak of the deeds of the valiant 
 A place is reserved for thy name. 
 "When the hosts of Rebellion are scattered, 
 When peace crowns their grand overthrow. 
 We will tell to the la^t generation 
 How Cowr.Ej died with his face to the foe. 
 
 In this rash or reckless assault and desperate strug- 
 gle, besides the casualties already mentioned, the 
 Twenty-sixth Connecticut lost two field officers; the 
 One Hundred and Sixty-fifth New York had three 
 field and all its line officers killed or wounded, so that 
 the regiment was left under the command of a first 
 lieutenant; in the One Huu'lred and Twentj'-eighth 
 the officers had suffered so severely that, after 
 CowLES was killed, the regiment was commanded by 
 a captain. 
 
 During the assault onr company, G, had b en de- 
 tached to support a battery. Strange to say it did 
 not lose a man. This is one of those marvels in war 
 which cannot be explained or accounted for. except 
 as a celebrated military writer, Beamish, in h\s 
 work on Cavalry remarks, " There |s no protection 
 against bullets but good luck," or, as a Christian would 
 put it, " the interposition of a special Providence.'' 
 
 From the 27th of May to the 10th of June, there 
 were no more attacks. The operations were confined 
 to digging, battering, skirmis'ing, and sharpshooting. 
 This was sufficiently hot work to satisfy even a fire- 
 eater, since all these dnlies were discharged under 
 the torrid sun of a Southern June. Our boys were 
 very livelj', and the Rebel sharpshooters equally fo. 
 Both were on the keen watch to obey the rule of 
 Donnybrook Fair, namely, " Wherever you see a head, 
 lad, liit it.'' 
 
 ()n the 14th of June a second general assault was 
 
40 
 
 made. The One Hundred and Tnenty-eigl.tli opened 
 the ball Thev assaulted ov rather charged the works 
 in skirmish line, supported by two brigades These 
 supports got cluhhed or disordered in a ravine, and the 
 One Hundred and Twenty-eighth, having no longer 
 any backers, had to"getouto/i/!«<" rtie best way they 
 could On this occasion Company C lost heavily, but 
 lo ! strange again to say, the loss did not fall upon 
 volunteers from our midst. Sergesnt Johx H Hagar 
 and Albert Cole, son of John Cole, of 'livoli Land- 
 ing, were struck by pieces of shell. 
 
 A few days after.ward, again, Banes determined to 
 make another desperate attempt to carr}' the works 
 bv luaiu force. From previous experience he should 
 have known that this was nothing be|ter than a reck- 
 less waste of human life. No better proof can be ad- 
 duced of ihe inferior capacity of our generals than the 
 manner in which they threw away the lives of their 
 best soldiers, since the best and bravfist always fall in 
 such enterprises. At all events, he determined to 
 make another desperate venture, and called for volun- 
 teers to compose the Forlorn Hope,* and thus from his 
 boldest men formed a storming party wliose fierce 
 valor must carr}' the works. To prove of wbat stuff 
 our American men are made, so many volunteers 
 stepped forward that they were organized into two 
 battalions, each of which comprised eight companies, 
 in ail about 1,000 men. The whole was under th.e 
 command of Colonel Biegk. The second in command 
 was Lieutenant-Colonel Von P.^tte^. Both these field 
 officers were hkewise volunteers. 
 
 Friends and neighbors, do you not think that the dis- 
 tricts which furnished the men for this Forlorn Hope 
 to carry, by storm, works which pi'esented no breaches, 
 and were as susceptible of defence as when our Army 
 first sat down before that Rebel stronghold, should be 
 proud of their men 1 Twice, nay, thrice, at previous 
 dates, had our assaults been repulsed with fearful loss, 
 although upon those occasions the'e appeared to be 
 greater chances of success than at this time. Do ycm 
 not think that the men who volunteered for that death- 
 struggle must have been fashioned out of the stuff 
 which makes heroes ? Was the Upper District of Red 
 Hook r.-presented there 1 Was Madalin ? Tivoli ? 
 Yes, both. IV nty-onc men from Company C — -after 
 such long, trying service thej' must have constituted 
 a'inost tlie whole company — volunteered for this 
 Forlorn Hone. From this immediate neighborhood 
 there were seven. 
 
 L John H. Hagar, Sergeant, made Second Lieu- 
 
 * F(tr the Hetails of the Forlorn Hope, consult t^uTCKi.s'CK's History 
 nf the Warforthe TJmon, page ISO, tie., part 57, 53 
 
41 
 
 tenant in Louisiana, 5th November, 1863, from this 
 very circurastanco ; 2. Sergeant Henry A. Brun- 
 dage; 3. George A. Norcutt; 4. Albert Cole; 
 5. Peter Wyer. or Dwver, afterwards killed under 
 Sheridan at Winchester \n thu Slienandoali Valley, 
 
 19th of Sept., 18C4 ; 6. D N , one whose name 
 
 is suppressed for after conduct in 1864 deemed repre- 
 hensible by his comrades ; 7. George F. Simmons. 
 
 I mention Simmons last because he has so often 
 been cited by his comrades as a brave fellow. One of 
 his ofBcers said, "George is a tiger;" Now, there 
 is no animal braver than a tiger ; not even the lion is 
 as brave. So this comparison of George to the tiger 
 is by no means a small compliment, especially when 
 a man has won the right to such a title on the battle- 
 field. And yet, he was as gentle and generous, as 
 he was brave, to his sick comrades. 
 
 It was this fact, the knowledge of this volunteering 
 for this Forlorn Hope, which led to the consideration of 
 the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth as the repre- 
 sentative regiment of this neighborhood. Judge as 
 men will, there is verily reason to believe that our 
 brethren were preserved upon so many occasions be- 
 cause our Father in Heaven spared them to us as ex- 
 amples for imitation as soldiers in the field and as 
 citizens at home. 
 
 This Forlorn Hope was to assault the Rebel werks 
 on the night of the 3d July. Orders had been issued 
 for them to move farward at midnight of that date. 
 They were actually formed in order of attack, and 
 never did men evince a firmer determination to do or 
 die than the soldiers composing those two devoted 
 battalions. At the very moment they expected the 
 orders to "forward," the assault was countermanded. 
 Banks had received .nssurances of the certain, immedi- 
 ate, surrender of Vicksburg, and he knew that the fall 
 of Vicksburg involved the capture of Port Hudson. 
 Such circumstances would not justifj' another assault. 
 Banks, personally, is a very brave man; he is an able 
 politicion or statesman, but he has not proved a great 
 general. Those who served under him say that he had 
 no confidence in his troops, and his troops had no con- 
 fidence in his generalship. Greeley considers that 
 his loss in forty five days before Port Hudson amount- 
 ed to 3,000 men. 
 
 On the 8th of July, the two battalions forming the 
 Forlorn Hope were the first troops to enter the sur- 
 rendered Rnbel works. They were composed of men 
 from eight difi'erent States, loyal States, and if they 
 did not march into Port Hudson arm-in-arm like the 
 delegates of South Carolina and Massachusetts, amid 
 the hvpocritical tears of a humbug convention, they 
 iiiarclied in elbows touching, a much firmer bond of 
 
42 
 
 military union than any political jcrm-in-arm, amid 
 the admiring cheers of the rest of their Array, who 
 knew how to estimate their worth. The men of Tivoli 
 and of Madalin had volunteeredinto thecolor company 
 of the battalion, and they entered Port Hudson with 
 the Stars and Stripes floa ing over their heads to the 
 tunes of " Yankee Doodle," and "Hail Columbia," and 
 the " Star Spangled Banner.'' 
 
 The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth ever alter 
 had a varied and extensive theatre on which to play 
 Its part Its first scene of active duty was in the 
 valley of the Mississippi, and it participated in 
 ever}' one but one of the bru al and futile assaults 
 upon Port Hudson. 
 
 From Port Hudson the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 eighth was ordered to Baton Rougt, whither th y 
 escorted 56 (42?) pieces of artillery. Betive-n 4p. .m. 
 of the 11th, and 3 A. M. of the 12ch, th'ey marched 27 
 (25?) miles. Thence they were ordered to Fart 
 Butler, Donaldsonville, on the Mississippi, to restore 
 the Union affairs in tliat vicinity. The Te.van Cav- 
 alry General (Green) had attacked the Union forces 
 stationed at that point, and had whipped them. " The 
 brigade to which the One Hundred and Twenty - 
 eighth was attached was sent to restore affairs, and 
 upon their arrival cleaned the Te.^ans out." 
 
 The next station of the regiment \S'as Old Hickory 
 Landing, on the Mississippi, about eight miles above 
 Fort Butler. Here they received orders to join 
 Fr-INKlix's Texan E.vpedition, in September, 1863. 
 Fortunately the orders were countermanded, and they 
 were sent back to Baton Rouge. This failure of 
 Franklin was, perhaps, one of the most disgraceful of 
 the war. Througii some one's inefficiency there was so 
 much suffering, that the One Hundred and Twenty 
 eighth may be thankful it did not constitute a part of 
 his command. Had the wind risen and blown a gale off 
 shore, one-half of the troops, if not the greater por- 
 tion, would have perished of thirst, the most horrible 
 of deaths, or of hunger, or by drowning. 
 ******* 
 
 Greeley sums up this matter in a few words of 
 grim humor : " Instead of taking tlfese poor earth- 
 works at Sabine Pass, defended by a Captain and 250 
 Rebels, or even trying, FRANKLiN^tredireg' no place to 
 landwhere he might not get hisfeetwet — slunk meekly 
 back to New Orleans, leaving the Texans to exult, 
 very fairly, over a fruitful victory gained against odds 
 of at least twenty to one." 
 
 Although the opinion of private soldiers in regard 
 to a general may be deemed of little weight, it, never- 
 thele.ss, has its weight. Several of the privates or 
 non-commissioned officers who served tinder Prank- 
 
43 
 
 MN, and famished materials lor this and accom- 
 panying sketches, say he displayed little military 
 ability. One Sergeant Charles R. McNirr added, 
 "he never lieard a man speak well of him." The 
 same men dissected Banks's character, as well 
 as those who held higher positions, and thought 
 Emory, Dwight and Gkoveh were as good gen- 
 erals as any in the armies they served with. 
 Qrovkr, who commanded a division in the Sixth 
 Corps, in 1864, was oneof Hooker's generals, and the 
 men of ihe One Hundred and Twenty-eighth, who 
 formed part of his command, remarked he was a 
 'very dashing' (Kearny type?) man, adding, he 
 '■ seemed satisfied V>est when up to his neck in 
 l.lood." 
 
 The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth lay at Baton 
 Rouge until the 17th of March, 1864. It was now 
 commanded by Colonel James Smtth, of Pough- 
 keepsie. The regiment which had left Baltimore six- 
 teen months previously 950 strong, was now reduced 
 to 300 fit for duty. Nevertheless, wonderful to relate, 
 not one man from our district had as yet lost his life 
 by sickness o any casualt}'. This exemption from sick- 
 ness speaks volumes in favor of the morality of our 
 men, if nothing else. And here it seems proper to re- 
 mark, not one of our Red Hook men died from dis- 
 ease during their whole three years' service. One 
 JoH.N VAN Etten, an old man, died of co gestive 
 chills, at Savannah, after he was mustered out. 
 
 Durint; the previous Winier, 1863-'4, Lieutenant 
 Hagar, with eighty men, including our Company C, 
 had been acting as a River Patrol, guarding, scouting, 
 and preventing smuggling and contraband trade on 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 On one occasion thirteen of our men, while stationed 
 in Louisiana, wentou: thirteen miles into the enemy's 
 territory, staid out two days, ransacked a Rebel vil- 
 lage, and brought back .^30,000 worth of contraband 
 
 goods destined for the use of the Rebel army. 
 
 if -f * * * * » 
 
 In March, 1864, the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 eighth was back again at Baton Roug^;, and started 
 thence in the same month, to form part of Banks' 
 madly planned, and as badly executed, and ill-fated 
 Pied River expedition. Every one connected with 
 this op ration, who could control its movements, seem 
 tp have contributed thereto all iheir foil}' and none 
 of their judgment. It began in miscalculation and it 
 ended in disaster. The part played by the One Hun- 
 dred and Twenty-eighth stands forth, however, amid 
 the gloom like a principal star amid the constellation 
 formed by Emory's brilliant regiments. 
 
 The Union forces reached Natchitoches, 150 miles 
 
44 
 
 by water above Alexandria, 2d and 3d April, 1864. 
 Between these towns the march of 55 to 65 miles had 
 been one continued skirmish. 
 
 On the 6th of April " forward " was the word, and 
 Franklin's command led off westward on the road to 
 iSAreyeport, the objective of tlie expedition. At Sabine 
 Cross roads, 3 miles below Mansfield, the Union van 
 encountered the Rebel Army of the Trans-Mississippi, 
 and was terr biy handled. Advised of the disaster by 
 the torrent of fugitives, Emory had assumed a posi- 
 tion at Pleasant Grove-. 3 miles in the rear of the first 
 scene of collision. There his ^'magnificent division'^ 
 (the words in ita'ics are not mine, but those of an eye- 
 witness, or of a grand historian), posted i'selfto re- 
 trieve the day. Formed in " •magnificent order in line 
 uf battle across the road," it opened its ranks to per- 
 mit the retreating troops to pass through, and then 
 closed up like iron walls to receive and repulse, 
 and shatter the pursuing Rebels flushed with victory. 
 In this terrific conflict " Emory's Division," says 
 Greeley, ''had saved our Army, and probably our 
 fleet also." 
 
 During the niihtBANKS withdrew to Pleasant JSill, 
 15 miles, Emort covering the retreat, after bur; ing 
 his dead and caring for his wounded. 
 
 At Pleasant Hill there was another fearful battle. 
 In it the same heroes of Pleasant Grove won laurels 
 as glorious. In this action a friend of mine, a capital 
 soldier and gallant man, fell. He had been wounded 
 earlier in the day, but continued to command a bri- 
 gade. Charging at its head, he was again wounded 
 mortally, piercedby five balls, and died with the shout 
 of triumph on his lips. This friend and comrade of 
 former days, was Colonel Lewis Benedict, of Albanj'. 
 lie has left a proud record, for he not only fought 
 bravely but he belonged to the class of " Die hard's," 
 such as the ■' Iron Duke," Wellington, loved, and 
 fought victoriously to the last moment of his life. 
 
 At Pleasant Sill an eye-witness said, " it was evi- 
 dent Emory's Division was fighting the whole Rebel 
 Trans-Mi.=sissippi Army;" and again "our victorious 
 Army slept upon the battle-field, which was one of the 
 bloodiest of the war." Who can refuse their applause to 
 our One Hundred and Twenty-eighth when told that it 
 belonged to, and did its duty in this grandly superior 
 division, although not present in all its battles? This 
 absence was owing to the fact that our troops, strung 
 out for twenty miles, always fought, and, when beaten, 
 were crushed in detail. 
 
 Throughout the ensuing retreat, so discreditable to 
 our commanders, but so honorable to our indomitable 
 rank and file, the One Hundred and Twenty- eighth 
 did its duty in the most creditable manner. On tlia 
 
45 
 
 23d of April, at. the Cane River Heights, it liad an op- 
 portunity to mako a mai'l< and made a bright one. 
 
 The Kebol General Bee, had got ahead of Banks, 
 and in a very strong position, on ik/ic Elver, and 
 hoped to hold him fast until the pursuing main Rebel 
 Army could fall upon tlio Union troops and pound 
 them to pieces.. Here I will lee a soldier of tlm One 
 Hundred and Twenty-eighth, Color Corporal Geokge 
 F. Simmons, of Madalin tell hiso\rn story. •' We left 
 camp at Grand Ecore, (just above Natchitoches on the 
 Red River), at 5 p. M., April 21st ; m irched all night, 
 a distance of 23 miles ; halted for breakfast April 22d ; 
 at 8 A. jr., took up a line of march and marched until 
 night, when, after 40 miles, we overtook, or rather 
 came upon the enemy by surprise, our advance skir- 
 mishing, and encamped. Next morning, April 23, wo 
 •igain took up our line of march, but did not go far 
 before we found the enemy in a strong position." Bee 
 did occup3' a strong position, and had one flank, his 
 right, protected by Cane River, quite a large and nav- 
 igable stream at seasons, and the other, his left, by an 
 impenetrable swamp. " General Banks rode forward to 
 reconnoitre the Reljel position, and while at the front 
 was struck by a piece of shell. While the heavy can- 
 nonading was going on, a Negro (one of that race 
 always devoted to our service, and now so ungratefully 
 Ignored), came running to the rivcr"s bank, on the op- 
 posite sid-, and told us he would show us how to get 
 in the rear of the enemy (Rebels). The men (One 
 Hundred and Twenty- eighth), told our co onel, James 
 Smith, of Poughkeepie. and he told General Banks. 
 Immediately two brigade.^;, of which ours (GnovEK"s) 
 was one, comprising One Hundred and Twenty-eighth, 
 One Hundred and Fifty-sixtli, One Hundred and 
 Seventy-fifth, One Hundred and Seventy -si.xth, N. Y , 
 and Eighth Jlassachusetts. The division, which was 
 commanded byGeneral H. TV. Bieoe, were ordered to 
 ford the river. We moved very cautiously to the 
 rear, through an almost impassable wood, through 
 swamps and mud, knee deep, and at last struck the 
 enemv's picket lines. Then wo began to skirmish, 
 driving them Irom one position to another until they 
 finally made a stand on a high bluff. From this we 
 were ordered to drive them. We charged their lines. 
 The first Union line faltered and hung back, the fire 
 ■was so heavy and the position so strong. Then 
 Grover's line, commanded by Colonel James S.mith, 
 
 , (One Hundred and Twenty-ciglith) Of Poughkoepsie, 
 Grover being absent with another tlivision, charged 
 through the iirst line — the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 eighth thi-ough the Twenty-first Maine — and carried 
 
 ' the heights, capturing many prisoners," Bee was com- 
 pletely Whipped, and t'o road open for our Army. 
 
46 
 
 On this occasion GeoegE Minkler, from near our 
 old "Red Cliurch," won for himself the soQ*'riquet of 
 " Lieutenant" by his coolness. As our boys charged 
 up the heights, George sang out, '' Don't get excited, 
 bovs! Tbe Rebs are going; we've got them ! Don't fire 
 high. Aim low and we've got thfra !" The event cor- 
 responded with his clear judgment. George was badly 
 hit at Cedar Cre«k. A ball went through his head 
 diagonally, entering near the right ear and coming out 
 on the side of the nose, injuring but not quenching the 
 left eye, leaving an ugly bat honorable-scar. 
 
 "After the combat of Cane River Heights the One 
 Hundred and Twenty-eighth took up its line of march 
 on the 24th ; moved through pine wobds a distance of 
 19 miles, and encamped. On the 25th, after marching 
 23 miles, occupied Alexandria again. Tliis was a ter- 
 rible day's work, carrying over 61 lbs.., under a South- 
 ern sun, through sand, ankle deep. Tbe men were so 
 used up that they could not raise their feet but dragged 
 them along. AVhen the muskets were stacked they 
 threw themselves down, too exhausted to make the 
 usual arrangements for the night." 
 
 The next operation of this sorely tried expedition 
 was the building of that f mous Red River Dam, by 
 which the common-sense Wisconsin lumberman, Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Joseph Bailey, Fourth Wisconsin, 
 saved our fleet, when no West Point engineer, or 
 Annapolis graduate could suggest a means for its sal 
 vation. 
 
 On the 1st of May, before the Army left Alexan- 
 dria, the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth was engaged 
 in an action which merits par iculai" mention. Colonel 
 James Smith, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth, with 
 his own regiment, also the One Hundred and Fifty- 
 sixth and One Hundred and Seventy-sixth New York 
 Volunteers, was ordered back to the Red River 
 Rapids, 2 or 3 miles above the town, jvhere the Rebels 
 had assumed a very strong position behind a large 
 levee. Corporal Simmons says it looked as formidable 
 as the Port Hudson works. Colonel Smith was to 
 drive the Rebels away so as to allow our vessels to 
 pass down unmolested through the Dam. Colonel 
 Smith attacked them about daylight and completely 
 rou'ed them, killing and capturing about 50 or 60 
 Besides whipping the Rebel land forces our infantry 
 boarded the Rebel flotilla and captured several float- 
 ing batteries armed with heavy guns. In this action 
 the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth, and forces, 
 only lost three men, although they encountered a 
 noted Texas Brigade, formerly under the notorious 
 Texas Rebel, General Green, whose head had been 
 blown off, April 12th, in an insane attempt to storm 
 gunboats with infantry. 
 
47 
 
 In the retreat from Alexandria, on the Red River, 
 to Semmesport, on the Atchafalaya, and thence to the 
 Mississippi, the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth was 
 constantly engaged skirmishing with the' enemy, and 
 acting like feelers for the Army which followed. They 
 were in an action at Mansura on Marksvjlle Plain, 
 16th May, and in a second affair at the Yellow Bayou 
 (Grosse-'iete District). Here the Rebels, under a 
 French nobleman, Prince Polignac, attacked our 
 I ear. the 19th May, 1864, about daylight, and got 
 tremendously flogged. Our "Boys " lay in ambush to 
 receive them, and the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 eighth had very few casualties, whereas the Rebels 
 suffered a heavy loss in killed, wounded, and pris- 
 oners. 
 
 AftT this the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth was 
 stationed at Morganza, 175 miles above New Orleans, 
 then at Algiers, opposite that citj', and then in that 
 city itself. 
 
 Thence W'th the rest of Emory's cofp.f on the 19th, 
 it was ordered to Grant before Petersburgh and 
 Richmond. Simultaneous with its arrival in Hampton 
 Roadf, Early struck at Washington. Thus, opportune- 
 ly, from the Army of the Mississippi, the One Hundred 
 and Twenty-eig'ith was transferred back to the Atlan- 
 tic Slope to reinforce the Army of the Potomac. It 
 arrived at Fortress Monroe just in time to save the 
 National capital in July, 1864. It was then assigned 
 to the Array of the Shenandoah, and was present »nd 
 distinguished itself in almost every skirmish and in 
 every battle won by fiery Phil. Sheridan. 
 
 The following verse, a perfect piece of word paint- 
 ing, is too appropriate to be omitted. Still full of 
 praise and fire as it is, it scarcely presents a full por- 
 traiture of great little Phil , who glbrious as he rode 
 at the head of his troopers, was just as eminent in the 
 conduct of an army or the administration of a depart- 
 ment ; more eminent in his refusal to falsify facts in 
 his reports of the New Orleans massacre, to save the 
 reputation of his superior, an apostate President : 
 
 Shbridan, Shkbidam, Cavalry Sheridak '. 
 Him of the horseB and sabres 1 slog. 
 
 Look how r e drove them ! 
 
 Look, how he clove them I 
 Sabred, belabored, confused and confounded, 
 The whole Rebel rout, as they fell ba"ck astounded 
 
 At the fierce stride and swing 
 
 Of our men galloping; 
 Shouting with vengea' ce, roaring with laughter, 
 Cheering with victory, as they plunged after 
 Sheridan, Sheridan, Cavalry Sheridan ! 
 
 Attracted by its efficiency and valor, this able and 
 audacious general, of the true Kearny stamp, made 
 the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth his body 
 or headquarters' guard. To have satisfied such 
 
48 
 
 !i figlifmg comnianclcr demonstrates that it must 
 Laxe been a hard fighting regiment. As a proof of 
 tliis, tlio (lay before the battle of Cedar Creek, it 
 numbered 300 men and had received 80 recruits. 
 On the day after the battl« it p radud 70 efFectives, 
 10 less than the reinforcement added to it48 hours 
 previously. Th's will do for the One Hundred and 
 'iVenty-eighth. Regiments as good, it would not 
 be just to s y there wer- not, but better there were 
 
 none. 
 
 + ***** 
 
 To those who are desirous of following out the 
 career of the 128tli more in det.iil, the following par- 
 ticulars may prove interesting: Eaklt luade his dash 
 npon Wasliington, 12th .Tuly, 18G4. Without. debarking, 
 the 12Stb, still (19th) on board the Daniel Webster, was 
 ordered up the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac, and 
 arrived (24th July) jnst in time to assist in preserv- 
 ing our Capital, and very nearly in time to catch and 
 crush Eaklt. Notwithstanding Earlt'^b repulse, he 
 hovered upon the Potomac, and sent out that cavalry 
 raid which laid ClMrtibersburg in aslie?. 
 
 On this, the 19th Corps was ordered to Monoo- 
 acy Junction, thence to Harper's Ferry, and thence- 
 forth made part of the Army of the Shenandoah, oc- 
 cupying successively Halltown, Oharlestown, Berry- 
 ■ville, AVinchester, Middletown. But this is antici- 
 pating. When SnEEiDAsr took the command, Ijc re- 
 organized the 8th and 19th Corps, merging the former 
 in the latter. This was in August, 1865., 
 
 In the next month, September, that famous cam- 
 paign commenced whose first great battle, Winches- 
 ter, sent Early whirling up the valley, and ended 
 with the devastation of that region w-hich had hither- 
 to been synonoraous with abundance, and had almost 
 served as a granury for the constantly returning Rebel 
 armies. 
 
 In the skirmish at Berryville, or Battle Town, 13th 
 September, and in a previous spirited brush between 
 Halltown and Gharlsstoion, the 128th was the first 
 to load off, and took a lively part in the dance. 
 
 After two or three bours' skiimish at Berryuille, 
 the 128th lay all night, in a drenching rain, in Hue of 
 batlle, as it had fought the previous day. In the 
 morning it fell back and threw up works, which were 
 held until orders "ere given for the advance on Win- 
 chester. 
 
 Up to this time, despite of Eaki.t'b asserLions to 
 the contrary, Siieeidan had not had men enongh to 
 •make head against the Kebeli. Now, as KosECEAsg 
 was wont to say, " liavitg got a ffood ready," in ac- 
 cordance with Grant's suggestion, ho begun to '■'■go 
 m." On the 19th September, the 128rii fnu^rli' do-- 
 
49 
 
 peratx.ly in the battle of Winchester, also, variously 
 styled, of the Opequan, from the creelc on whose bank 
 it occurred ; or of BvnJcer's Hill, a limestone ridge, 
 about ten miles west of Winchester, where the Rebel 
 right was posted, wliich flanlc was first attacked. 
 
 In this battle, Grover's division of the 19th Corps, 
 "still glorying in its achievements, at Port Hudson, 
 on the Mississippi, and at Pleasant Bill " (and Oano 
 River Heights), "on the Red River," did most des- 
 perate fighting. The I)i\ision. including the 128th, was 
 in the advance, and the 128th was in the first line. 
 They left camp 19t.h September, 2 a. m., and advanced, 
 skirmishing continuously, until 1 p. m., when orders 
 were given to assault the Rebels' strong position. 
 The Federal losses in this attack were lieavy, and fell 
 chiefly on the leading division. Here it was that one 
 of our Upper District men, Peter Dwyer, or Wyeb, 
 was killed, and George F. Simjions very severely 
 wounded. 
 
 Simmons was the right general guicle, and was in 
 advance carrying the marker or guidon — a small 
 American flag with the number of the regiment in its 
 centre. He was first shot through the left foot. The 
 ball broke all the bones of the small toes. Notwith- 
 standing liis pain and faintness, he remarked that us 
 his musket was loaded he would take a last shot at 
 the Rebels before he fell back. While firing, a second 
 ball tore thi"ongh his right foot, breaking the bones of 
 his big toe and those of the two next. His only 
 thought was now to save the little American flag 
 which he carried, and he actually tottered ofl^ to the 
 rear on his lieels, and thus preserved it. His company 
 went into action thirty-three strong. When lie was 
 bit, seventeen of them had been already killed or 
 wounded. 
 
 After his defeat at Winchester, 19th September, 
 Early fell back to Fisher^s Hill and assumed a posi- 
 tion regarded as the very strongest in the Slienandoah 
 Valley. Here he was attacked by Sheridan on the 
 22d. |The assault of the Rebel left was assigned to 
 Iho 19lh Corps. The lUth, 116th and 128th N. Y. 
 Volunteers led the way in skirmish order. These 
 three regiments together comprised only 500 men. 
 Nevertheless, such was their impetuosity that they 
 converted what was intended simply as a cover for 
 the main attack into an actual attack. Sweeping in 
 skirmish order over the Rebel works, tliey captured a 
 whole Rebel brigade and 1,500 muskets stacked. 
 Thus quickly and eflTectually the 128th and two others 
 solved their problem. 
 
 There is no need of going into further particulars of 
 this caii'paigr.. It is well known how Sheridan fol- 
 
op 
 
 lowed np Eaelt, " rubbing him graduallj out " until 
 Eaelt liad fallen back into the pas-^es of the Blue 
 Ridge: Thereupon Shbeidan, having laid waste the 
 Shenandoah Valley, withdrew to Oedar Creek, near 
 Strasburg. Having been reinforeed by 8,000 fresli 
 troops from Kioliraond, Early resumed the oflensive, 
 and tell upon us like a thunderbolt at Cedar Creek. 
 In this surprise and battle, on the 18th October, 
 
 1864, the 128th suffered severely. After that wonder- 
 ful recuperative victory, the 128th could only muster 
 70 men out of the 300 who were in liae when the fight 
 began. This is the more remarkable since they had 
 received 80 recruits — none, however, from the Upper 
 District of Red Hook — "n the 17th October, the day 
 previous to the battle, so that in reality they counted 
 (on the 19th) 10 effectives less than the reinforcement 
 which they had received 24 hours previous. 
 
 In this connection it is worthy of remembrance 
 that Ghovee's famous, fighting, first, infantry di- 
 vision, which landed at Washingtondn July, and com- 
 menced its fighting on the 19th September, 7,000 
 strong, on the 20th of October, 31 days afterward, 
 could only parade 3,000 effectives. One rrjonth of 
 Shekidan's style of fighting and Geovbr's " die 
 hard " work had placed under ground or in the hos- 
 pital 4,000 men. 
 
 .After this, Sheridan sent to Grovbr to select from 
 his division his best Regiment to serve as a guard at 
 Headquarters. The latter detailed the 128th. It now 
 comprised only about 100 all told, although it had been 
 constantly receiving recruits from drafted men. 
 
 By this time fighting was over in the Valley, and 
 on the 8th January. 1865, the 128th was at Baltimore. 
 Thence, with the rest of Geovek'b division, it was sei.t 
 to Savannah, where it arrived on the 18th January, 
 
 1865. It constituted a part of the garrison of this 
 city until about the 18th February, 1865, when it was 
 sent to Marehead City, North Carolina, and served ais 
 pioneers to General Slooum's cidumn. It joined Sher- 
 man at Ooldsborough, N. C, and reniained with him 
 until after the surrender of Job Johnston. 
 
 Thence it was dispatched back to Savannah ; 
 thence to Augusta, Ga., where it remained about one 
 month. Whilst there Lieutenant Hagar, of our Dis- 
 trict, commanding Color Company C, was placed at 
 the head of the permanent picket line around the city, 
 to prevent stealing, and to break up the illicit trading 
 with the Rebels. From Augusta it was sent back to 
 Savannah to prepare its muster out rylls; and on the 
 12th July, 1865, it was mustered out in that city. 
 When the officers were sent on to New York, they 
 were ordered on without a mouthful to eat or a cent 
 
51 
 
 in tljeir pockets. For 24 hours they Lad uo food 
 whatever, although there was 10 months' pay due to 
 a majority of the officers and men of the regiment, 
 besides the three months' extra pay. The principal 
 authority for this narrative. Lieutenant Hagar, had 
 1,500 dollars due him. 
 
 At Albany, on the 26th July, 1865, the Kegimeut 
 was under arms for the last time, and on that day it 
 was paid and mustered out. 
 
 The third and last of our representative regiments 
 was the One Hundred and Fiftieth. This connects' 
 Ked Hook with the Army of the Centre and with 
 SiiEEMAN. The first, the Twentieth New York State 
 Militia, was a tj-pe of the Arpiy of the East, the suffer- 
 ing, enduring, and preserving; the second the One 
 Hundred and Twenty-eighth, with the Army of the 
 West, the capturing ^ nd thi- holding, which freed the 
 Mississippi; the third, the One Hundred and Fiftieth, 
 with the Army of the Centre, the conquering and 
 avenging- 
 
 The One Hundred and Fiftieth had its baptism of 
 fire at Gettysburg, '"the sqldiers battle" — the Waterloo 
 of the -'Slaveholders' Rebellion," its appropriate title, 
 which has been properly pjaced as the chosen inscrip- 
 tion upon the memorial erected by this " iminediate 
 neighborhood" to its patriotic defenders. Thence 
 the One Hundred and Fiftieth was transferred to 'ten- 
 ne-ssee and soon came under that " Passer of the 
 Mountains," Shekman. 
 
 ■* To bold Dehetbivs, Greece in talee and ditties, 
 y\scrita.ed the title " Gapturer of Cities,'* — 
 Thine be the appellation Xtussian Diebitbch bore 
 
 *' The Passer of the Motintains !" — 
 Despite ol armies, guns and all the craft of war ; — 
 Tbou, who. like Leman-born, impetuous Rhone, 
 Fed by far-distant' Alpine fountains, 
 Qorp'd by the furious 'winter rains, 
 Eoll'd through the Apalachian chains, 
 Whirl'd, tore through Georgia's biilwark zone,— 
 And in a surge of men, of Cannon, steel and fiame. 
 Burst like a pent-up flood on Macon's fertile p aina 
 •' He who BHfAHS THROUGH THE Alleghanibs" be thy name I 
 "Atlanta's takbr!" Sh^rkian ! Expert in "War's dread game." 
 
 Even as at Gettysburg it had inaugurated its career 
 by the capture of cannon, even so it performed first- 
 class work in every battle of that stupendous cani- 
 paign — 
 
 ** The advance to Atlanta, a combat each mile. 
 The supplying oUr troops one long battle the wbile,"- 
 
 in the romantic gorges of the Apalachian Mountains. 
 With Sherman it swept through Georgia yrith the 
 dignity of a triumphal procession. 
 
52 
 
 ** By Henven ! *twas a gala luarcbp 
 
 •Twas a pic-nic or a play ! 
 Of all otir long w^ir 'twas the crowning arch. 
 
 Hip ! hip ! for Shebman's way ! 
 Of all our long wai this crowned the aroh — 
 
 For SoEaaAN and Osani hurrah 1" 
 
 With Sherman it was at Savannah and assisted in 
 that magnificent capture, which enabled him to pres- 
 ent such a Cliristmas gift to the Nation as was never 
 before presented by a general to a President. With 
 Shekman it swept through South Carolina like the 
 sc3'the of death driven by Ihe wing of the destroying 
 angel. With Shekman it again confronted Joe JonN- 
 STON, on the western slopes of the AJleghanies, as tri- 
 umplianily as it had, in the previous year, in the defiles 
 and western valleys of that range. With Sheeman it 
 marched homewards, through Eichmond and through 
 Washington, amid the grateful applause of the Nation, 
 and the admiration of all who had studied its achieve- 
 ments in fighting and endurance.* 
 ******* 
 
 Other regiments and other commands constituted 
 lesser links in the chain of connection between Eed 
 Hook and the Union Armies. Citizens of Red Hook 
 served in the N. Y. First Artillery, in which, as already 
 mentioned. Brevet Colonel De Petstee, was Junior 
 Major, 18G2-'3. This regiment was commanded hy 
 Colonel, now Brevet Brigadisr-Gencral, Charles S. 
 WAiNWEionT, who in 1850 and 1851 was the chief of a 
 splendid section of artillery in this district. This able 
 oflBcer whose guns saved us on the afternoon of the 
 first day, July 1, 1863, at Gettysburg, performed his 
 first service with artillery in this vicinity. He might 
 almost be claimed as one of our representative men. 
 His regiment was present in forty-five battles. One 
 company, filled with recruits from Dutchess County, 
 amo:;g whom were men from Red Hook, deserves 
 a special mention. It performed notable service, with 
 those little, spiteful mortars known as Ccehoens, at the 
 siege of Petersburg and Richmond. The men learned 
 to handle their pigmy engines of destruction with a 
 celerity and dexterity which must have been as grati- 
 fying to the Union troops as it was annoying and fatal 
 to the Rebels. 
 
 Thus from 21st April, 1861, down to 6th February, 
 1866, men of Red Hook wore under arms protecting, 
 ennobling, and maintaining the Rights of the North, 
 the Unity of the Nation, the Liberties of the People, 
 and the Honor of their Flag. As Engineers, as Light 
 and Heavy Artillery, as Cavalry, as Mounted, Blue 
 legged and Red-legged Infantry, as inen)bers of the 
 Medical and General stafi", citizens of Red Hook dis- 
 
 * For a detailed history of the 150th Hegiment, N. T. Volunteer In- 
 fantry, fioe Appendix. 
 
53 
 
 charged their diities :is soldiers, as officers, and as 
 citizens faithfully to their Country, gloriously to the 
 Union, and creditably to themselves. May their laurels 
 be immortally green ! 
 
 " The soldier's glory lives in story, 
 
 His laurels grow green as his locks grow gray." 
 
 Let Ked Hook never be wanting in gratitude to her 
 soldiers. 
 
 ******* 
 
 I now approach the most sad and solemn purtion of 
 my duty — tlic consideration of the crippled and suf- 
 fering invalid and the requiem of the dead. Before 
 entering upon the subjects of our invalids and mar- 
 tyrs, it is fitting to observe that the War is not an 
 unmiscd evil. There is an immense deal of good 
 mingled with its miseries. It develojjs the manliness 
 of a people, and tempers them as iron is converted into 
 steel. Bur, setting aside the mere physical advan- 
 tages of war, its moral influences are no less striking 
 upon the intellectual qualities of men. To have par- 
 ticipated iji this conflict is to have witnesstd some of 
 the most gigantic improvements in mechanics. Verily, 
 it mi^ht be said that in our four years' conflict, War de- 
 rived its grandest forces from an abnormal applica- 
 tion of the Arts of Peace, and its greatest resources from 
 prostituted efforts of Industrj'. Thus Peace in turn 
 will receive a new impulse and find fresh sources of 
 wealth in the very inventions which owe their origin 
 to the necessities of war. Even as in common life, 
 just as BirtU, and Life, and Death walk band in 
 hand, and mutually succeed and assist each other, 
 even so War aud Peace, or Destruction and Reproduc- 
 tion (sad as it is to contemplate the truth), minister 
 to human progress, and constitute the elements re- 
 quisite for the healthy development of a Nation. 
 
 What is more, the Nutional soldier can look abroad 
 with pride and witness the effects of our Civil War 
 upon Foreign War. An iron-clad Navy had its prac- 
 tical birth in our conflicts. Our Monitors are the 
 models for the world. Our Nival system stands first 
 in the world, humbly to be imitated by the hitherto 
 superior Naval Powers. From a third-rate, at best a 
 second-rate, Naval Power, we have risen so high, that, 
 relatively, former first-class Powers have sunk as far 
 below our former condition. Such a change is unex- 
 ampled in the world since the Romans, a military 
 power, by one effort surpassed the Carthagenians, 
 essentially a naval one. And all this was due, not 
 to the Government officials, but lo the mechanical 
 adaptativeness and intelligence of our people. Again, 
 oven as the Old World received a new impulse a 
 ceuturv since from this our New World, which im- 
 
54 
 
 pulse was the day-dawn of liberal institutions to tbe 
 Old World, even so our Civil War has been an ex- 
 ample to the Prussians, which has wrought out the 
 deliverance of three parts of Middle Europe, and over- 
 thrown the greatest despotism which has ever ex- 
 isted — that Austrian despotism which was based on 
 enalaving not only the bodies and miads, but the very 
 souls of men. The ideas — Civil, Political and Mii- 
 tary — which were learned in our American Revo- 
 lutionary stY-uggle by Foreign Officers, who served 
 under Washington, and were carried back by them 
 to Europe, led to the great French Revolution. 
 These ideas occasioned its Declaration of Rights and 
 Principles, and determined their success. For this the 
 down-trodden millions of Europe ow=e to our Fathers 
 an incalculable debt of gratitude. The recently de- 
 livered Germans owe to the present generation of 
 Americans an almost equal debt of gratitude, since 
 liberal and progressive Prussia must ascribe her mar- 
 velous success to the wise application of the lessons 
 learned from and during our Civil War. Accord- 
 ing to foreign advices, all the inventions, adoptions, 
 adaptations, developments and improvements which 
 insured our triumph over the Rebellion were adopted 
 and applied by the Prussian war-authorities, and the 
 result of their own observation was a success unparal- 
 lelled in the history of nations. 
 
 But these philosophical and gratifying reflections, 
 however important and interesting, are more appropri- 
 ate to other occasions than the present, when all our 
 thoughts should be directed towards our soldiers who 
 survive, and to our martyrs who are dead. 
 
 In casting a retrospective glance upon the minor 
 events of the past war, it is painful to recall how 
 little the faithful soldier had to boast, as far as the 
 Government was concerned, over the unfaithful. To 
 be sure, every honest man has a great reward in his 
 own conscience ; but a great country owes something 
 more than that to fidelity and patriotism. In this 
 war there was a perfect realization of the words of 
 Solomon, that " all things come alike to all, * * * 
 to him that sacrificeth and to him that sacrificath 
 not." We are seeing this every day. Copperheads. 
 Peace Democrats, and even Rebels stand as well with 
 the Administration as the strongest and most en- 
 during Union men. Even so it was'during the war 
 in regard to the good and bad in our Army, He who 
 was in favor received a reward often unmerited and 
 he who was in disfavor the stripes o.ten undeserved. 
 I was sufficiently struck with this fact the other 
 night in reading over the letters of a soldier. Ser- 
 geant Ohakles K. McNrrr, Company B. 20th N. Y. 
 Militia, from Madalin, to deem his words worthy 
 
55 
 
 of repetition before his fellow-citizens. He is one 
 to whom Miss Landon's words exactly apply: 
 
 " And telling a tale of gallant war,. 
 On his brow wae a slight but glorious scar." 
 
 '• Mr. Stockings is a good and faithful soldier; also 
 J. Hatton ; they have respect ; a]s& the rest of the 
 boys What do you suppose a deserter is thought of 
 here? Nothin"; at all, and I .suppose but little at 
 home. Might not a man rn-ther be killed on the 
 battle-field than to desert his regiment, flag and 
 country, and have no respect for his parents?" 
 
 And yet how little respect was paid to the merits 
 of such soldiers ; how little consideration or justice for 
 their feelings, in the true sense of the word. 
 
 The same soldier quoted was promoted for good 
 and faithful service, and placed in a very responsible 
 situation, as Sergeant in charge of three ambulances.. 
 Writing fron City Point, July 9th, 1864, he says : 
 " I will tell you of a little affair that transpired last 
 Winter. There was a young fellow in Company B 
 who wont to Alexandria, overstayed his (leave) 
 three days, and came back and was put in the Bull 
 Ring (prisoners' pen) for four months and had six 
 months' pay stopped Now mark the difference. A 
 
 young rogue by the name of B , deserted, and 
 
 was gone eighteen months, comes back, gets all his 
 back pay, no punishment, bat favored with a good 
 job as cl rk in the Hospital Department. The reason 
 was.his father was rich, and cashier of a bank.'" 
 
 This is not a solitary case. The impunity accorded 
 to the most disgraceful desertions almost put a pre- 
 mium on Bounty Jumping and Desertion. Many a 
 man who deserved a bullet or a halter came back 
 with a brevet, and many a man who deserved a 
 brevet returned unnoticed. RosecbAiSS — one of the 
 greatest generals, in the real sense of the word, 
 who outmanoeuvred Lee and drove him out of 
 West Virginia, who was the only Union general who 
 gained victories over the Rebels, fighting four to five, 
 two to three, one to two, and again, one to nearly 
 two, «t luka, Corinth, Stone River and Chattanooga — 
 not only did not receive any promotion, but none of 
 his immediate Staff ever received promotion. Why? 
 Because he fell under the disfavor of the War De- 
 partment. On the other hand, another general 
 ( I will not mention his name because he was a 
 good Christian man), who occasioned i he loss of one 
 of the most important and gigantic battles of the war, 
 was not only promoted, but placed in command over 
 the head of one of the best and bravest, who subse- 
 quent to his failure, achieved a success — a success 
 which will remain in story as long as history continues 
 
56 
 
 to be irrittcTi. Tlio first was placed over tlie head 
 of the very superior whose downfall had been oc- 
 casioned by his fault or iiirapacity. 
 
 Every American soldier wlio feels in his own bosom 
 that he has discharged his duty with fidelity, and ful- 
 filled his term of service bravely and conscientiously, 
 can say with the British hero of the Spanish Peninsula, 
 "These gewgaws (pointing to his stars, medals, clasps, 
 and orders, represented in this country by brevets), 
 these gewgaws prove nothing, b> cause every soldier 
 knows that a man maj' have deserved without obtain- 
 ing, and have obtained without deserving them." I do 
 not mean to say that a brevet is without value. It is 
 valuable, and eminently valuable, but only when it 
 lias been deserved and when the act for which it has 
 been conferred has been set c'early forth in the com- 
 mi.ssion. "What I mean to say is this, that every 
 soldier that went fortli without the incentive of those 
 outiageous bounties which were held forth as induce- 
 ments, in the latter years of the war especially — I 
 refer particularly to those who volunteered in 1861 
 and 1862, or vo unteered at any time without bountj', 
 whether as an officer or as a private, and served out his 
 whole term or served until incapacitated by W' unds 
 or ill health, deserves as iruch consideration iron his 
 fellow-citizens as General Gr.ikt or Lieutenant- Gen- 
 eral Sheeman. Yes, more personal consideration than 
 either, and should such a patriot be broken down by 
 woinds or in consequence of ill health, and be suffered 
 to come to want through the ingratitade of the Gov- 
 ernment or of his neighbors, it is a divraning disgrace 
 not only to the General Government but to the State 
 and to the County and to the Town to which he belongs, 
 and in which be resides. These last remarks, in re- 
 gard to personal consideration, do not apply to those 
 who received the enormo is bounties paid in 1864, or 
 to those who sold themselves as substi'utes in the 
 previous year. They put their own estimate upon 
 themselves, pocketed the money, «nd their accounts 
 are balanced. To the men particularly wl o went to 
 the front in 1861 from motives of patriotism, or who 
 volunteered in 1862 and in the begining of 1863, every 
 honor and recompense is due which a country, pre- 
 eerved and a people saved, can show and pay to the 
 men ; — to the boys, to the yonths, to the young men, 
 and to the old men who counted their lives as nothing 
 so that the Constitution which their forefathers had 
 signed and supported could be maintained ; so that the 
 Union could be re-established ; so that the curse of 
 Slavery could be abolished ; and so that this great Re- 
 public could continue to exist as the greatest temple 
 of freedom in the universe, as the asylum of the down- 
 trodden of other lands, and the refuge of the nppres.sed 
 t'irvU-"0-it tlie woi'ld. 
 
0/ 
 
 There is another class, however, who present them- 
 selves in direct contras- with these patriotic and 
 glorious defenders of our country — a class which 
 stands even below those who denied to that 
 country and those institutions the support of their 
 votes and their influence, when both seemed in their 
 death throes, I mean " Bounty Junipers, and Desert- 
 ers " — deserters in the true sense of the w^rd. These 
 last deserve nothing but the execration and contempt 
 of every honest man. A minority received their dues 
 on the gallows and at the place of execution by the 
 rope and by the bullet. Of the majority some are in 
 Canada, and some present their faces of brass in 
 the presence of brave soldiers whom they deserted 
 and sought to disgrace. A bounty jumper should be 
 placed under the ban and interdicted from bread and 
 water for evermore. Every deserter should be placed 
 on trial by his fellow-citizens, and former fellow- 
 soldiers, and if he cannot produce such proof in justifi- 
 cation, as only one in a thousand can show, such as hav- 
 ing been entrapped when drugged, or having been the 
 victim of the grossest injustice by those who enlisted 
 him, be should be placed under the ban by every 
 honest man as long as he lives. 
 
 This monument is but a small memorial of Red 
 Hook's parti ipationin thegreatstruggle. Manyahead- 
 ston" in our quie' country Church-yards will record 
 the name of another victim to the vast conflict; — one 
 who came forth unmu dated and without a scar, who, 
 like a gallant ship had ridden out the tempest with- 
 out any perceptible injury, but, nevertheless, strained 
 in every timber, subsequently founders in a calm sea 
 and under a cloudless sky. To such, as well as to 
 those who actually perished in the discharge of their 
 duty, and to those who came home to die from the 
 effects of arduous -ervice, a monument is equally due. 
 If their fellow-citizens, however, were to attempt to 
 place over their sacred remains an honorary token, not 
 one "■ God's Acre " in our land but would present one 
 or more such memorials of patriotism It is due to 
 them that they should receive it. But, alas ! constituted 
 as men are, how seldom do we pay the debt of grati 
 tude to those who saved U'* from the most imminent 
 personal peril, much less and far more to those who 
 saved what should be dearer to all, our national in- 
 stitutions and our Fatherland. There are others again 
 among us living memorials of the great Rebellion, mu- 
 tilated, crippled, and scarred. Will they receive the 
 reward due to their sufferings ? Will the living but 
 mu'ilated heroes of the vas-est conflict vvhich has ever 
 been waged on earth's face, receive the recompense 
 commensurate to the perils they have gone through, 
 and the sufferings they have experienced ? In too 
 
many cases their o ily reu-;u-fl vrill he the approval nf 
 tbeir own coJisciences, and the -,:iti.sfaf;tioii (■uii.-,ef|iiciit 
 upon services manfully ili-clmr^t^'l, and privatiuns 
 cheerfully und r;r<iiH_- in the nuljIi.-.-it nl cau-ii-, This to 
 aching, frjendles-. and limbless uld ait; i^ a reward as 
 cold and unsatisfactory as. the ordinatv charity ol the 
 world, in the majority of ca-e^, at om'-« df--.titut'- of 
 the hands to give and the le^'s to carry it to tho-,c,- 
 who need it. Eaten bread i> ~,uon forjroiteri is a com- 
 mon proverb, but too tiuo. and repiililic> are proverb- 
 ially ungrateful. Such bein;.' the oa^e, it is a duty 
 incumbent upon every man who dill not tn> to the 
 front, not only upon ilio>e who live in large housps 
 at their ease, and an- considered in duty b<jund 
 to di-pen.5e freely to every on<-, but upon the 
 farmers and the mechanic^ who prospered by the 
 war; upon every one. in every cla-.^ of lile and in 
 every calling, who were saved from the visitations of 
 war by the valor and labors of those .who went forth 
 from their mids;t to meet the enemy jit tlie tlire.^hold 
 of the North ; to si-ethat those wlio.did tlie fixhtin^:. 
 and underwent thepuffering in thei' youth or in ' heir 
 prime, shall not renew the struggle with want, and 
 repeat the suffering with di.sea.se in.tlieir native dis- 
 tricts, a d in theini<l^t of tho-e who p-ere saved from 
 the dangers and vici^iitudes which they voluntarily 
 or compulsorily encountered and iriliniphed over, on 
 the blood-flown battle-field, the gory deck, the tem- 
 pestuous ocean, the laborious march the exposed 
 camp ground, the infectioas hospital, and the drearv 
 bed of sickness and o( a'/onv. 
 
 This niarbh' testimonial of this nei^'bhorliooii's ^'i-aie- 
 ful remembrance of its patriotic iie:jd, is but a feeble 
 token of the r>-.spect which is fine to them. Ii i~ as 
 .small in comparison .as the actual evideiici- at .Alhanv 
 and Xew York, in retf.ird to the real jiirticipation of 
 Red Hook in the gr<-ar • Anieri'-an Conflict," «hii-li 
 wiis a Xatio *s strii^rgle for cxi-teri'-e, 
 
 U[(oii \i?, western side it bear- an ifiscnption ulriij) 
 is worthy the calm, reflective examination of .verv 
 American citizen; of every man whojoves hi^ couiit-v 
 ai/(l its free institnti'ins. 
 
 Tnifl TMlfkBIATK .S' >:lGeE01iH^K.D 
 
 1 ri h *-T 
 
 IiEFEKIjEKS, 
 
 WHO MJBT THKIE I.1VE8 IJI BUPPBI-J-Sl 'i TBB 
 
 SLAVEHOLDERS' EEBELL10.V 
 
 and .-u^t^ining thir 
 
 OF THE PEOPLE, FOE THE PEOPLE, By THE PEOPLE. 
 
 The southern and eastern, sides bear the names ot oar 
 
59 
 
 fflldw citizens who were killed i]i liattle or died ut' 
 wimmls re<-ei\"ed n|ioii ihe liattle-field. 
 
 At Ufton Hill. Miircli 17, 1862. John Dkckhr. 20th 
 S. Y. S. M. 
 
 Alannsms. .\ii<j:ust 30, 1862, LieiUeiiiftit T\ akren Vi . 
 CnAMKERi.Aix. 14tli U. IS. I. Alfred I asher, George 
 Kelly, Lewis Redder, C Geuntler, Junr. 20th N. Y. 
 S. M. 
 
 Chantilli/. Qf]t^ein\ierl, 1862, M;i.ior-General Philip 
 Kear.s-t, U b. V. 
 
 Antietam, September 17, 1862. RuFus Wareinger, 
 20(h N. Y. S. M. 
 
 Chaidilly, June, 1863, John Shletbkkr loOth 
 N. Y. V. 
 
 Kelly's Ford. September 17, 1863, Captain Acgustos 
 J3AEKEK 5th N. Y'. C. 
 
 Dallas. Mav 24, 1864. Corporal I. F. Smith. 150th 
 N. Y. V. 
 
 Cold HarhoT, June, 1864, Hknrt Eline. 
 
 Atlanta, September 12, 1864, J. E. Pultz. 150th 
 Is. Y V. 
 
 Wmcheiter, September 19, 1864, Peter Wtee, 128th 
 N. Y. V. 
 
 Cedar Creeh. October 19, 1864, Andrew Decker, 
 6tb N. Y. V. Cav. 
 
 Five Forks, March 31, 1865, Andrew Fbaleigh. Qlst 
 N. ■■ . T. 
 
 Tlie nor*^ side bear.s the names of those who died 
 of disease v-hile in the Army, or after their return 
 hoiue, immediately in consequence of maladies incur- 
 re<l in the service. 
 
 JoHS CoREiOAN, May 22, 1861. 
 
 John D. Martin. 7th Jj. J. V.. on Lower Potomac, 
 -JunnMrv (June?) 3. 1862. 
 
 HiKAM RisEDORF, 20th N. Y. S. M., at Upton Hill 
 March 4, 1862. 
 
 Eugene Livinqstoiv. 95tli N. Y'^. V., December 31, 
 1862. 
 
 H. N. FiSHEH, Assistant Surgeon, March 12, 1863. 
 
 II. C. Mlllek, May 14. 1868. 
 
 "W. P. Bush, .\.<sistant Surgeon, October 3, 1863. 
 
 Wm. Gaston, 7ch N". J. V., June, 1864. 
 
 Christian Gruntler, Senr.. 20th N. Y. S. M., July 
 4, 1864. 
 
 John Showerman, 128th N. Y. V., in New Orleans, 
 1864. 
 
 Stephen H. Paulmikr, 91st N. Y. "V^., in Washington, 
 May 21, 1865. 
 
 Ezra J. Stickle, 150th N. Y. V., in Raleigh, K C, 
 May, 1865. 
 
 John tan Etten; 128th N. Y. V., at Savannah, 
 July 8. 1865. 
 
60 
 
 " Rest on, embalmed and sain led dead^ 
 
 Dear as the blood ye gave ! 
 No impious footsteps here shall tread ' 
 
 The herbage of your gxa^'e ; 
 Nor shall your glory be forgot 
 
 While Fame her record keeps, 
 Or honor points the hallo\yed spot 
 
 Where valor proudly sleeps. 
 
 Yon faithful herald's blazoned stone, 
 
 With mournful pride shall tell. 
 When many a vanished age hath flown. 
 
 The story how ye fell. ^ 
 
 Nor wreck, nor change, nor winter's Sight 
 
 Nor time's remorseless doom. 
 Shall mar one ray of glory's light 
 
 That gilds your deathless tomb." 
 
 The patriots to whom this monument is erected, dieil 
 for their country. They were patriots in the truest, 
 fullest, and rlearest sense of the word. This marWe 
 should be held sacred and thegronnd be deemed holy. 
 The one should be maintained with care and the other 
 be held inviolate, for both are confided to the safe- 
 guard of the gratitude of those who survive, towards 
 the dead, and the respectful solicitude of coraiog gen- 
 erations. 
 
 'Twas theirs to shield the dearest ties 
 
 That bind to life the heart. 
 That minglo with the earliest breath. 
 
 And with our last depart ! 
 
 They were the guardians of a Nation's destiny, vre 
 and ours are the guardians of their dust, their memo- 
 ries, and the honors due to them. Their bones, it is 
 true, do not repose beneath this obelisk. 
 
 Their bones are on the Northern hill 
 
 And on the Southern plain. 
 By brook, by river, lake and riU, 
 
 And by the roaring main. 
 
 The land is holy wherp they fought. 
 
 And holy where they lell ; 
 For by their blood that land was bought. 
 
 The land they loved so well. 
 Then glory to tiat valiant band. 
 The honored saviours of the land ! 
 
 Of the sixteen killed and thirteen who died of various 
 maladies, to whom this memorial is erected in per- 
 petual remembrance, two perished in the discharge of 
 the noblest duties of humanity, in the alleviation of 
 suffering and disease. Thf first to succumb to the 
 very evils he went forth to assuasre was Dr. William 
 P. Busii, Assistant Surgeon Gist N. Y. V. ; the second 
 was Dr. Henkt N.Fisher, Assistant Surgeon, assigned 
 for general service in the hospitals. Both died in con- 
 sequence of their close attendance upon the victims of 
 those maladies which are inseparable froMi war and 
 follow in the train of armies, maladies more fatal than 
 the steel and bullet. Thousands are slain by the arrows 
 of pestilence, where hundreds fall by the sword. Dr. 
 
61 
 
 Bush died far away from Lome dnd sympathetic 
 friends. Dr. Fisheb >vas more happy io that gentle 
 hands and loving looks sootljed Ids last hours. 
 
 It is commonly supposed that a surgeon's position in 
 the Arrn}' is one of comparative safety. This is a very 
 great error. "Wljtn the soldier is most secure the sur- 
 geon i!> most exposed. Tlje hold surgeon, and there 
 are very few surgeons who are not bold, almost always 
 occupies a dangerous position. He is in danger in the 
 field, and often discharges his duty under fire, with a 
 coolness of which the m^ijority of the best sold'ers are 
 not capable. The surgeon must be cool, otherwise he 
 cannot perform his operations or discharge his func- 
 lions. And then when tlie temporary toils, consequent 
 upon battles are over, he nmsi live aiid breathe, as it 
 were, in the miasma of the hospital. 
 
 It is true that the laurel of the soldier and of mili- 
 tary glory is wanting on their brows and to their 
 tumb;-, but the halo which attends the conscientious 
 discharge of the highest duty of a Christian, throws a 
 light no less glorious upon their names and around 
 their memories. 
 
 He who was our great exemplar exhibited his high- 
 est attributes of power and mercy in healing the sick 
 and restoring the maimed. All those who perish in a 
 like ennobling service are entitled to as much con- 
 sideration as the soldier or officer wlio falls at his post 
 in the discharge of a different, but no.traore dangerous 
 duty. Yes, indeed, those who wore the green sash 
 were patriots as noble as any who wore the Ted or the 
 iuff. With their lives and deaths they demonstrated 
 tlieir patriotism, that virtue of all virtues : 
 
 '* The Deity himself proves it dlTine " — 
 " For, when the Deity converBed with meo, 
 
 He was himyelf a Patriot ! — to the Earth — 
 
 To all maiiliind a Saviour was he sent ; 
 
 Aijd, all he loved with a Kedeemer's loTe ; 
 
 Yet still, his warmest love, his iimderest care. 
 
 H'S life, hie heart, hie blessings, and his mournings. 
 
 His smile.s, his tears, he gave to thee— Jerusalem — 
 
 To thee his country !" — 
 
 With regard to those who died of diseases, I have 
 not been able to learn the particulars in every case. 
 Of seven out of the twelve nothing has been reported, 
 except name. dare, and in four instances, the locality. 
 Despite my diligent inquiry my research has been suc- 
 ces^ful only as to those who enlis'ed from "this immedi- 
 ate neighl orliood," in the strictest sense of the ternr. 
 Ol" these last, four, two died far away — Hikam Eise- 
 DOEF, 20th N. T. S. M., 80th Volunteers, and John 
 Van Ettbn, 128th N. Y. V. The one of congestive 
 biliary disease or contumptjon. upon the very thresh- 
 old of his military career, at Upton Hill, opposite Wash- 
 ington ; the other from congestive chills, a fearful 
 
62 
 
 malady, at Savannah, Ga., when, actually, his soldierly 
 course was ended, and he was looking tbrwiird, after 
 three years' service, to a happy rerurn to his home and 
 friends and natal soil. 
 
 Poor HiHAM RiSBDOEF, his fate was a sad one. No 
 American hut has tasted sometimes, in some degree, of 
 the comforts of liome. He was sick with consumption 
 or disease of the liver, either a most dtlyiressing malady. 
 He applied to his surgeon to he relieved fruTn guard 
 duty, because be felt too unwell to perform it. The 
 doctor, grown hard in dealing with shams, thought he 
 likewise was shirking his duty. So the poor sick fellow 
 went on his cold, wet, and dreary guard, doubtless 
 with the shadows of death darkening around hira in 
 his solitary vigil. Deatli, unless sudden and uoei- 
 peoted, is fearful to the boldest, though pride may 
 suffice to conceal the pang as the skeletun hand slowly 
 draws aside the veil between life and eternity. He re- 
 turned to his teut, there without sympathy or solace 
 to wrestle it out with the grim conquerer of all the 
 living. And when, a few hours after, they came to 
 seek him he was dead. And so they carried him out 
 to his soldier's grave, near Falls Church ; the accus- 
 tomed vollies rattled over the carelessly heaped turf, 
 and one more man was lost, but not forgotten in the 
 Armies of the Union. 
 
 Well might the poet declare of deatli that if it 
 
 ** Come in consumption's ghastly form, - 
 Come when the heartbeats hi^h and warm, 
 
 And thou art terrible. 
 But to the hero when his sword 
 
 Has won Ihe battle tor the free, 
 Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word. 
 And in its hollow tones are beard 
 
 The thanks of million!^ yet to be." 
 
 And so died Keakny and our brave brothers wlio 
 fell amid the shock of battle, the crash of musketry, 
 the diapason of the cannonade, and all the hundred 
 cries and sounds which swell the fearful music of tlie 
 churm of battle. 
 
 Thus died Philip Xeaeny. Major General tJ. S V., 
 and thus died Warren W. Chamberlain, Lieutenant 
 4th U. S. Infantry, Aide-de-camp to General Stkes, 
 unequal in fame, but equal in many grand or at racive 
 qualities. In one respect, however, they both deserve 
 especial honor, since both fell refusini; to surrender, 
 and preferin^ the chance of death to becoming ])rison- 
 ers to Kebels. The first was hit by a single ball out 
 of a volley delivered by a Louisiana regiment. In the 
 night action of Chantilly, l*t September; the second 
 was picked off by two Texan scouts or sharpsht)oters 
 in the battle of Manas-* s or Bull Kun. second, on the 
 30th Augn.^t, 1862. 
 
Thus, indeed, died Major-General Philip Kbarny, 
 N. Y. Volunteers, who fell in tlie night action of 
 Ghanrillv, 1st September, 18C2, "refusing to surren- 
 der,'' and preferring the chance of death to becoming 
 a prisoner to Rebel;!. Had he lived she was destined 
 to th*' highest honors, comtnon report designating 
 him, our General " Forwarbs," always ready, as the 
 successor of the " unready" McClelj,'an. 
 
 •' Death makes no conquest of this conquerort 
 For now he livi s in lame, it not in lile " 
 
 Gt-nerai Keakny was born in the city of New York 
 in 1815, and entered the First U. S. Dragoons 8th 
 March, 1837, as from New York. Subsequent to that 
 assumption of a soldier's duty, his military career 
 stands almost unparallelled in its variety and honors. 
 He was the Bayard of America froin the day when 
 he lost his arm at the San Antonio gate ol Mexico, 
 down to the hour when he left his body on the field 
 of Chantilly The Prairies of the farthest West, the 
 Atlas " Gates of Iron," the valleys of the Hispano- 
 American Sierras, the Pedrigal of Mexico, the moun- 
 tains of the far d stant northwestern Columbia, the 
 plains of Lonibardy, the swamps of the Chickahominy, 
 the shores of the Potomac — regions the most remote 
 — were to him the theatres of glorious combat and 
 the scene^ of invariable distinction. The most savage 
 American Indians, the untamed and untamable 
 Kabyles, the Aztec and his hybrid Spanish successors, 
 the Austrian, the Frank, the Italian,, and the fiercest 
 Rebels, all, equally, bear testimony to his surpassing 
 merit as the dashing dragoon, the reliable aide-de- 
 camp, the daring captain, tlie intrepid volunteer, and 
 the consummate general. 
 
 Three Contii.ents — America, Europe and Africa — 
 hail him equally as one who, against Southern au- 
 dacity, European discipline, and Barbarian ferocity, 
 manifested the highest type of chivalric soldiership. 
 
 " 'Mid the bravest, the bravest, wherever war's tide 
 
 Iq itfr inaddeiiing turbulence poured 
 O'er the iremulouG {'lain, when the smoke rolled aside, 
 
 How glittered our Paladin's sword '. 
 Where the cactuses flowered and giant pines towered 
 
 Till a cloud-crown encircled each head ; 
 Where date-palms droop'd o'er and the laden vines bowered 
 
 The heaps of the stiffening dead ; 
 On the Aztec Sierra, Algeria's sand. 
 
 Shone his panache a guiding star, 
 'rill 'mid tempest of battle he seemed to command. 
 
 Like very war-god's Avatar. 
 
 With the sword i ' his right hand, the pistol in left, 
 
 When the enemy swarmed about, 
 While his teeth held the bridle, he shot and be cleft, 
 
 His way through the Bedouin rout ; 
 Then of one arm bereft, with a smile on bis face, 
 
 lie brea-sted the bayonet's gleam ; 
 
64 
 
 "While he spurred on hi? gray with a chivalrous grace, 
 RecalliTip; bright middle age dream, „ . 
 
 Wben the breast of the knight was the fortress and shnne 
 Of all that was noble and true; , 
 
 Till he fell in his harness, the last of his line, 
 Maintaining the red, white and blue. 
 
 By the camp-fire's gleam will French chaEseur relate 
 
 The tale of hi£ soldierly bearing ; 
 And wild Kabyles tell, how like the sabre of Fate, 
 
 The American volunteer's daring ; 
 Savage chiefs will repeat to their wondering braTes— 
 
 All his followers' hardships sharing— 
 How h>* fought thro' tfieir forests, dells, mountains and waves. 
 
 Like Manitou'a arrows unsparing ; 
 And when rebels are crushed, how they stories will sprea'l 
 
 Of that terrible " one-armed devil," 
 "Who retreating, the hiudm st, e'er charging ahead, 
 
 Seemed the " incarnation of evil." 
 
 A heart more intrepid in mortal man's breast 
 
 Never echoed the trumpet's tone ; 
 A spirit more generout; never confessed 
 
 Compassion for suflferer'a groan ; 
 A brighter eye kindling with eagle-like glance 
 
 'Mid the death struggle never shone ; 
 And blither a chevalier never couch'd lance 
 
 "When the signal to charge was blown ; 
 *Mid battles wild churm he led off the dance 
 
 With a recklessness all his own. 
 And when others but loo£'d at death's revel askance. 
 
 He rattle death's skeleton throne. 
 
 America's Bayard, sans fear or reprcach ; 
 
 His head full of strategy's lore ; 
 No rival in arms can his merits approach 
 
 Or w#ar the proud title he wore. 
 To his comrades a model, to foemen a dfead ; 
 
 To his country a sWord and a shield ; 
 A war-cry while living, a watch-wr-rd when dead. 
 
 Brave Kearny still marshal'd the field. 
 As long as our martyr's dear banner shall wave, 
 
 So long shall his prestige survivfi ; 
 So long shall his countrymen honor his grave, 
 
 And each conflict his ei;jloitE revive. 
 In the forefront of battle, as hoped for, he died ; 
 
 In the forefront of glory he stands ; 
 And as long as the stars and the stripes are our pride 
 
 Phil. Kearnt's the pride of our lan^Js." 
 
 How well he showed himself in h's true colors when, 
 after the demoralization of the "first battle of Bull 
 Run, he assumed an advanced position beyond the Po- 
 tomac at^ainst the general opinion, with his little Nfw 
 Jersej Brigade, and made it the magnificent unit it 
 became in the face of the whole Rebel host — the out- 
 post, as it were, of the massing and organizing Fede- 
 ral Grand Army. 
 
 When grateful America affixes l^s tablet to the 
 walls of her Federal Temple of the Immortal dead, in 
 memory of her faithful son and soldier, it will be suffi- 
 cient to inscribe beneath his name th^ose ever-memor- 
 able words which have become historical — words 
 spoken at a time when the Rebels themselves conceded 
 that all th't was required to carry our Army victori- 
 ous at Malvern Hill, through the flying and disorgan- 
 ized ranks of the discorafitted Secessionists, into 
 
65 
 
 Ricliiuond, was tlie will of the Union commamU'r, aud 
 tbe worfi ' Porwani," instead of ^' F",v/,L Back," from 
 liis lip.. 
 
 When the command fof the retreat at Harrison s 
 Lauding was received by an indignant ai d eager 
 Army, lost m amazement at such a resolve, the brave 
 and chivalrous Kkar.nv said in the pesence of manv 
 officers : 
 
 " I, Philip Kearnv, an. old soldier, enter my 
 solemn protest against this order for retreat- We ought 
 instead of retreating to follow up the enemy and taka 
 Richmond- And, in. full view of the resj)onsrbility of 
 siicli a declaration, I say to all, snch (In order can only 
 he 2:>rompted hy cowardice or theasok." 
 
 The news of the breaking out of the " Slaveholders' 
 Rebellion '' reached General Kearny in Europe. He 
 at once returned home to offer his tried sword and 
 matured experience to his country. He first repaired 
 to Albany to obtain the recognition of his native 
 State (iSTi w York), by his appointmeritas general. For 
 reasons unexplained and nnexplicable his application 
 was rejected, while men far less able -were accepted. 
 Then it was that he received an appointment through 
 friends from iSew Jersej', and thus became identified 
 with that State. His body rests in his and my family- 
 vault in Trinity Church-yard, New York City. Thus 
 through his ftimily, b}' birth, bj' his first appoint- 
 ment in the Army in 1837, and in death he was a New 
 Yorker. 
 
 Meanwhile, throughout life his heart was ever in 
 this beautiful region. He returned hither, again and 
 again, to select and buy a home. By predilection he 
 belongs to this neighborhood. 
 
 After voyages to fnA from and around the world, and 
 travelling to countries — such as Otahcite, China and 
 Ceylon — seldom visited, except in pursuit of gain, he 
 came here, again and again, to Tivoli, and standing on 
 our pine-clothed shore, with our magnificent moun- 
 tains before his eyes, our majestic river at his feet, 
 and the murmur of air. of trees, and of waves whisper- 
 ing music in i is ears, he was wont to exclaim, " T have 
 been throughout the world, and, after all, when I get 
 back her-- and look around me, I feel I have seen 
 nothing more beautiful, nothing so beautiful else- 
 where." Or, as remarked at another time, " The more 
 I gaze upon this scenerj-, the more it satisfies. One 
 can dwell in its midst or return to it again and again, 
 without its tiring. It is satisfyingly lovely. Alvraya 
 the same in its features and effects, yet ever changing 
 in its expression, and ever presenting some now or 
 hitherto unnoted charm." 
 
 If strangers are thus effected by our natural sur- 
 
66 
 
 foundings liow dear shoulrl they be to those to whom 
 they are the birth-place and home. 
 
 " Sweet clime of my kindred, bleet home-of my birth 1 
 The fairest, the dearest, the brightest on earth ! 
 "Wher*er I may roam — how*er bleet I may be, 
 My spirit instinctively turns unto thee !" 
 
 General Kearny was not an angel, as some people 
 think thej' or their friends are. Some persons con- 
 sider themselves, some deem particular friends, for the 
 time being, angels. I have never seen one yet. 
 
 *' But we are all men. 
 
 In our own nature frail ; and capable 
 Of cur flesh, FEW ark angels!" 
 
 With other men. and like bluff King Harry, " I love 
 to look upon a man " capable of planning, daring, en- 
 during, executing. Such was Genernl Philip Kearny, 
 nothing less, nothing rai>re. " The bravest man I ever 
 knew," said Lieutenant-General Scott, "and the most 
 perfect soldier." 
 
 Strangers honored him, could T and mine do less? 
 When his funeral procession passed through Newark, 
 its population was poured into the streets, militia, 
 firemen, civilians, men, women and children, and as 
 the body was borne along in solemn .silence, through 
 those long miles of living men, strangers to the dead, 
 there was tears, and plentiful tears upon the cheeks of 
 those who knew him only as in life he moved among 
 them. But they knew his glorious qualities. Tf 
 strangers were thus moved, would .1 not have been 
 recreant had I not appealed to you, dear neighbors, to 
 assist me in doing honor to the — my, illustrious tead ? 
 
 This was the reason that I was so anxious that his 
 name should appear on this monument, that it might 
 be associated with the names of brave men, from this 
 neighborhood, who fought by his side on the field 
 where he fell — names which it will ever be my own 
 and my children's pleasure to honor. Moreover, 
 while I and mine should always have had an interest 
 in the other names, we shall have a double interest 
 now, in hold ng this monument and site as sacred, be- 
 cause my honored cousin's name is there. He and I. 
 too, were the last males of an old and honored race. 
 We were brought up together as brothers in a child- 
 less grandfather's house, in which our mothers had 
 died. My eldest son was his aide-de-camp, and first 
 saw fire under him. My early companions and con- 
 nections were his associates. My (ricnds were his 
 friends. Red Hook men fought with him, near him 
 and beside him when he fell. Revalued Hooker and 
 "Fighting Joe" valued him. They fought in the 
 same corps and they relied upon each other. When 
 
67 
 
 Hooker, hard pressed and his own troops nearly ex- 
 hausted at Wi liainsburgh, saw himself abandoned by 
 those who should have been the flrgt to supp rt him, 
 he sent word back, through storm and mire and 
 loitering after loiteringdivisions, to Kearny, far in the 
 rear, " to hurry forward." Other brigades and regi- 
 ments intervened, but his trust was in Kearny. " Tell 
 HoOKEE I am coming," said Kearny, to the Aide who 
 carried Hooker's message. And Kearny did come 
 and saved HookeE. 
 
 Do you wonder, now, that I wanted his name upon 
 this monument ? I, who thought so much of him 
 living, and honor bin; so greatly when dead. I, who 
 was bound to him by blood, by as.sociation, by ad- 
 miration wliile he was living, and by greater admiration 
 and duty now that be has fallen on the field of honor, 
 for you fellow-countrymen and neighbors, for me. and 
 for our country. 
 
 Other States and oth-r localities may rear taller 
 and statelier monuments to his memory, but he would 
 value none as much as this — his first memorial — set 
 up nmong scenes he loved so well, and coupled with 
 the names of soldiers who fell like him in defence of a 
 common Fatherland and Flag. 
 ******* 
 
 The incidents attending the fall of Lieutenant Cham- 
 BBELAiN were as unusual and sad as the fallen man was 
 remarkable for moral and physical attractiveness. 
 Few men are jauntier and handsomer than he was, few 
 more genial and agreeable, 
 
 ** Generous as brave 
 
 Affection, kiodnesA, the sweet offices 
 
 Of lo^e and duty, were to him as needful 
 
 As his daily bread." — 
 
 As an evidence of his fine personal appearance, I 
 
 was passing through the hall of Willakd's Hotel, 
 
 Washington, in the Summer of 1861, when my attf n- 
 
 tion was struck by the graceful carriage and form of 
 
 an officer, whose face was turned away examining 
 
 prints or papers lying on an adjacent table. Satisfied 
 
 that so fine a figure must have corresponding features, 
 
 I made a movement which induced him to turn. As 
 
 he did so, I recognized Waeren W. Chamberlain, of 
 
 Lower Red Hook. Were the details of his last hour 
 
 generally known, romance would make them her own 
 
 and poetry breathe its sweetest numbars in doing just' 
 
 ice to them. 
 
 ** A sweeter and a lovelier gentleman, 
 
 Fram'd in the prodigality of nature, 
 
 Young, valiant, wise, and, as he proved, right loyal — 
 
 Were seldom to be found." 
 
 Daring the second battle of Bull Run, Chambbrlain 
 Aide to General Stkes, was sent with orders to Colonel, 
 
68 
 
 (now Major-General) G. K. Wakeen, tlieii cmoinand- 
 5th N. Y. v., (Ddeyea's Zouates.) On his way he 
 was hailed by an ontlyinir Rebel picket, composed of a 
 Texao scout named Ha&gjrtv anil his son. Chambek- 
 LAIN kept on, without heediug tlje call to halt and sur- 
 render. Thereupon botli riflenieu fired and lodged 
 their balls in his body. Ohambehl^in fell from his 
 horse, and his slayers came up to him ; then won liy 
 his gentle bravery, they remained liy his side offeriug 
 what rude consolation they could, :ind about half an 
 hour afterwards closed his eyes. Before he died 
 Chamberlain drew a lett<^r from his pocket which be 
 had written to his beloved brother before the battle 
 commenced, and with enfeebled hand and failing 
 strength, but unfaltering courage, added in pencil, " / 
 am, dying,, August 30, God bless you,,'' and died. The 
 Texan Hagoerty is reported to have "said tliat daring 
 the war he had killed many without compunction, but 
 the instant that Chambeelain fell he expressed his 
 regret to his sou, as he knew by his bearing that the 
 officer was a gallant fellow, and with this cunviction 
 he remained with his victim uniil he di«d, and promised 
 to see that the letter — which then and there received 
 a postscript so terribly mournful — should beforwardeil 
 to its direction. "Tlie officer," continued Haggektt, 
 " said but liitle, yet enougli to melt my heart and to 
 compel me involuntarily to ask his forgiveness which 
 was freely and nobly accorded." 
 
 No one who knew Warren W. CnAMBERLAiN could 
 fail to recognize in the dying soldier the " gentle 
 gentleman " tliey had so often gl.-idlv met in happier 
 hours. 
 
 *' Of thope who fell on that disastrous day 
 Their pra se i'^ hymn'd on loftier harps than mine ; 
 Yet one 1 would selecr from that proud throng, 
 ♦ ♦ * ♦ * » 
 
 • » # ♦ * 
 
 And partly that hripht names will hallow song ; 
 And his was of the bravest, and when show&rM 
 The dcath.bolts deadliest the thiiinM files along. 
 Even where the thickest of war's tempest lower'd, 
 They reach'd no nobler breast than t^ine, younp, gallant 
 HoWAED." 
 
 The eleveith from this vicinity, John Deckek, 20tli 
 N. T. S. M., or 80th N. Y. V., lost his life by a chance 
 shot, young in years and young in a soldier's triads. 
 His regiment had been detnched in the direotiun nf 
 Alexandria to meet an expected attack. Tuis did not 
 occur. Returning homewards a careless soldier be- 
 longing to the I4th Brooklyn, encamped on their line 
 of march, discharged his piece at random, and the ball 
 passed through the Viowels of uniortuuate Decker. He 
 lived a few days in great sutfering, ;intl tlien died 21st 
 March, 1862. His comrades from this neighborlioml 
 contributed to pay the expenses of sending his body 
 
69 
 
 home, and it now lies buried under the shadow (north) 
 of the old Red Church by the side of his father and , 
 friends. To perish thus by a friendly bullet was sad, 
 indeed, but his death was as honorable to him as 
 though he had died in battle, for he fell in the service 
 and in the uniform of his country. 
 
 When the patriot falls, must he fall in the battle. 
 Where the cannon'R loud roar is his only death rattlejT 
 There's a warfare where none but the morally brave 
 Stand nobly and firmly, their country to^save. 
 'Tis the war of opinion, where few can be found, 
 On the mountain of principle, guarding the ground. 
 With vigilant eyes ever watching the foea. 
 Who are prowling around them, and aiming their blows." 
 
 To those who would regret or murmur that this 
 young man died so early, and to so little purpose, let 
 them remember blind old Milton's consolntion, that 
 in the discharge of duty 
 
 •* They also serve who only stand and wait." 
 
 Two Others came home to die. Of these, one, Eu- 
 gene Livingston certainly deserves the highest credit 
 if there is any degree in patriotism. Even with the 
 first sound of alarm he hastened to enrol himself. A 
 pupil of the Highland Mili ary College, established at 
 Newbnrgh, on West Point principles, he seemed to feel 
 that even young as he was he might be of service. 
 This brave lad abandoned ever^ thing which could 
 make life attractive. Re had not yet attained the age 
 when his eoiiniry could legally demand his services, 
 Mild his feeble constitution would have txempted him 
 from military duty under any circumstances. But, 
 however frail the tabernacle, it enclosed an adventur- 
 ous spirit. His great-grandfather had taken a promi- 
 nent part in establishing and building up our country. 
 A kindred patriotic ardor glowed in the bosom of our 
 first Chancellor's great-grandchild, and inspired h'ln 
 to oft'er his feeble arm to save that which his ancestor 
 had assisted to inaugurate. Ninety years ago Eobeet 
 R. Livingston signed the Declaration of our Independ- 
 ence. Five years ago his youthful descendant conse- 
 crated his frail life to maintaining that free govern- 
 ment which that declaration may be said to have called 
 into being. 
 
 After a first enlistment, of whose particulars there 
 is no record, he was mustered in the 95th N. Y. V., 
 (Waekkn Rifles). Placed on guard at Camp Thomai, 
 near Washington, he died, eventually, after eight 
 months sufi'ering on the 31st December, 1862, a victim 
 to one night's unaccustomed exposure, a martyr to 
 what the world would call hereditary patriotism. The 
 man and the youth both deserve equal remembrance 
 from their countrymen. Success crowned the efforts 
 of the one, and death the resolution of the other; bnt 
 
70 
 
 in tte judgment of the impartial, thefcrowa i~ doe f. 
 the brave yoath whose name 15 inscribed upon the 
 memorial we have contributed to raise and establish. 
 He was one of tho-e who were borp to feel 
 
 " Out Co miliy first, ttfir glory aJid their prides 
 Land of their hopes, land whert thax i&ihtT^ died. 
 When in the right, th^T'l! ke*p thy tor.cr bright. 
 When in the wrong, tn'ty''! die to ?et t-. ri^h:. 
 
 ErGEJTE LiTisssTos. of thee, vouth. patriot, martyr, 
 may we truly say that 
 
 While the tree 
 
 Of freedom's ■wiiher'd trtmk puts fftrth a It^f, 
 Even for tn7 tomb a garland let it ofe 
 
 The second in thi^ category was Cheistias Gecst- 
 tEE, Senr., a German, who likewise may be said to 
 -haTe given his life for hi: adopted country, and that 
 country owe- a debt to Ijis surviving family. 2seitLier 
 his age ni.r hi; phy:»ical strenth justilied bi^ enrolment 
 as a soldier, 1/ut he tcoui enroled, and went forth and 
 pertbrmed what duty be wa-. able to perform. \j\-- 
 charged in conseqnence of iU health, he came home 
 and died of disease, dropsy, engendered by the hard- 
 stiipi to which he had been exposed, which he was 
 incapable of supporting. 
 
 Three others of our brethren, Alfeeb La.^hee. Geo. 
 H. EIellt, and Lewis Reddeb, all belotging Company 
 B, 20th N. Y. S M., or ^Oth y. T. V..' were =tmck 
 down in the forefront of battle in Pope's disastrous 
 combat, on the 30th .\n2u5t. 1862, op the same field 
 of Bull Ran, second, or Manassai. iupon wi ich our 
 Army had been (fi;comfited on the 23d July, of the 
 previous year, 1861. If cotetnporaneons history is to 
 be believed, bad McClet.la:s and his proteges done 
 their duty at the time by their country, as these our 
 fallen neighbors, these latter might have enj'>ved the 
 dying satisfaction of feeling that they feli on the theatre 
 of triumph. In snch a case the success of our arms 
 might alleviate, in a measure, our sorrow at their 
 loss. 
 
 Of the incidents attending their d^ath, we have no 
 account. They were standing up to their work like 
 men wnen the victorious Rebel wave ^wept over thetii ; 
 our Army was forced fr<>m the fi^ld. and nameless 
 graves received our Union dead. 
 
 Afonrth member ofthis company. CftRisTiAs GsrsT- 
 LEE. Jnnr.. had his lower jaw 5.iatt«red hy a mu.ket 
 shot in this same battle. Although he lived for tweu- 
 ty-tour hours, and survived his transport to the AJei- 
 andria hospital, the wound was fatal, H^ ma-t have 
 suffered the acutest agony since it was impossible for 
 him to swallow, ami he wa.s thus incapable of taking 
 either stimulants or nourish cnent or medicine. 
 
71 
 
 On ihelTlh September following, Rtjfus Wareingee, 
 of the same company and regiment, was shot through 
 the bowels at Sharpslurg or Antietam, as it is variously 
 styled — the battle whicb "our soldiers won and their 
 gener.il lost." He died in the arms of a comrade, Ser- 
 geant CnAKLKS K. McNiFF, and that same comrade 
 consigned him to his grave on the battle-field. 
 
 Oue year afterwards, but under a fiir different style 
 of coramandf r from MoClellan, fiery PaiL Sheeidan, 
 Peteb Wteb of Color Company 0, 128th Regiment N. 
 Y. v., an Iriehmaii by birth, but an American in heart 
 and action, fell shot throiifrh the heart, in the victori- 
 ous conflict of the 19th September, 1864 — a conflict 
 whose result sent the discomfited Rebels whirling 
 homewards up the Slienandoah Valley. In this battle 
 variously known as Winchester, or BvnTcer Hill, or of 
 the Ojieccan Creek, the regiment to which Wtbb be- 
 longed greaily distinguished itself. According to his 
 comrade, Sergeant Henry Brcndage, who stood be- 
 hind him when he fell, Peteb Wter was a neat and 
 brave and eflBcient soldier, and so he died. Prompt, 
 unflinching and reliable at all times, he died like a 
 brave soldier, liappily without a pang. 
 
 One month afterwards, 19th October, 1864, Alfeed 
 Decker, of the 6th N. Y. Cavalry, was killed at Cedar 
 Creek, that remarkablt) double-battle, at once a disas- 
 trous defeat and a gloriously decisive victory. The 
 early morning of that day witnessed a surprise and 
 almost a disorganization of the Union Army. The 
 genius, audacity and influence of one man converted 
 that defeat and flight into an advance and victory, and 
 a pursuit almost without example to' the discomfited 
 Rebel:,. 
 
 The last in order in this brief necrology is Captain 
 Augustus Barker. 
 
 " Brief, brave and g^lorioua was hie young career." 
 
 At the age of 19 years he was commissioned Second 
 Lieutenant, 4th December, 1861, in the 5th N. Y. V., 
 Cavalry. Twice promoted for gallant and honorable 
 service, he was shot by guerrillas at Hartwood 
 Church, near Kelly's Ford, in Virginia, on tlie 17th 
 September, 1863. On the ensuing day he died, a vic- 
 tim at the murderous hands of Rebels, who for every 
 hundred killed in honest fight, have assassinated thou- 
 sands either singly, as ihey killed Baekee, or whole- 
 sale as at Fort Pillow, or in thousauds by slow tor- 
 ture in their loathsome prison-pens and hospitals. 
 
 And now these Rebels who have been slaying onr 
 brethren for five years, come and ask from us equality 
 of rights for the future, and oblivion for the past. 
 There are men, like an accidental President, would 
 elevate them anove the patriotic citizens who defied 
 
72 
 
 them in the field, ooly to be betrayed for them in the 
 cabinet. 
 
 In perfect contrast to this policj' of Andbew John- 
 •oN was the action of loyal tiery Phil Shebidan. 
 
 Ah ! fair Shenandoah, thou nest of the robber, 
 How itands the count with thy people to-day 1 
 
 Where is the fire now, 
 
 Showing thy ire now, 
 Blazing, while gazing with fear and amazement, 
 As on it crept swiftly from door-post to casement. 
 
 Weeping with pale dismay. 
 
 Stood muids and matrons gray t 
 Has it not spread to the end of the valley ! 
 Bid it not follow thee in thy grand rally, 
 Sbkridah, Sheridan, cavalry Suebidan ! 
 
 in requital ot this murder of Captain Baukbb and 
 other similar atrocities, Shekidan laid waste the Rebel 
 territory which harbored such assassins, and raised a 
 wail whose warning voice doubtless .laveil many a 
 Northern man from a similar fate to that of the 
 unfortunate young oflBccr. 
 
 ** What thongh the mounds that markM each name. 
 
 Beneath the wings of Time, 
 Have worn away T— Theirs is the fame 
 
 i mmortal and sublime ; 
 For who can tread on Freedom's plain. 
 Nor wake her dead to life again ?" 
 
 In conclusion, let me remark that results are often 
 determined by a concurrence of circnmstances, the wis- 
 dom of whose co-operation those, who are most op- 
 posed to them at the time, afterwards see and under- 
 stand. Such has been the case with the hication of 
 this monument. Divers sites were canvassed and the 
 one selected was a compromise. Calm reflection must 
 decide that it is the best. It stands in the midst not 
 only of the present generation, but of those who are 
 growing up to succeed t.hem. As long as its material 
 endures, be it a hundred, be it a thousand years, its 
 inscription will preach a sermon of Republican-Demo- 
 cracy — that is Democracy in the true, and not in the 
 perverted sense of the term — and of Patriotism. When 
 the men of this generation have passed away, some 
 child will ask one of those who are children now, 
 " Father, what does it mean for men to lose their liv.'s 
 in suppressing a Slaveholders' Rebellion ? " Then the 
 father will tell the astonished child how 300,000 Free- 
 men had to lay down their lives to put an end to a 
 curse which had demoralized and almost incurably 
 poisoned a large portion, even of our Northern free- 
 men, so that they were willing their country should 
 perish rather than a political party should fall. Then the 
 kind parent will go on to explain to that little one be- 
 longing to a generation which will scarcely be able to 
 comprehend such depravity, how 260,000 slave- 
 holders or oligarchs were able to rule nearly 
 
30,000,000 of people, thi-ongh the wealtli and power 
 which they had iicqiiii-ed by trading in human beings, 
 like cattle, and by bnying, selling, and breeding men 
 and women with souls wbitei- than their own ;— slave- 
 hoidei-s, or oligarchs, constituting the basis of a domi- 
 neering tyranny, whose boast it was that it took the 
 fresh moulded image of God from his hand and stamped 
 upon it, in the hour of its birth, " Gvods and cliatteU 
 pernonal.^'' 
 
 Afterwards, doubtless the rest of the inscription will 
 likewise demand an explanation. Very likely the 
 question will he asked, '■ Where did tliey get those con 
 eluding words? " What must he the answer? Those 
 emphatic n ords are from a speech adftiitted by critics, 
 foreign and native critics of the highest order to be 
 the finest which over fell from human lips. 
 
 This speech, it will have to be told,- was made by a 
 man who, from a ^Yestern rail-splitter or day-laborer, 
 •■ose to he President of the United States, to live for 
 ever in history as America's second Washington. This 
 speech was made bv a great and good man, who began 
 by piloting a flat boat on the Mississippi, and ended by 
 directing the helm of Goveriunent ; who, after piloting 
 this country through four years of tlie most fearful war 
 which ever raged ; and after having been re elected to 
 the Presidency by a satisfied and victorious people, 
 was assassinated by the side of his wife, by an .igent 
 and exemplar of that very spirit which produced the 
 'Slavehohlers' Rebellion," a treas^on which our brethren 
 died to o])|)o9e and suppress. This spbcch was made 
 by that wise but uuprt-tending ABKAiiAMLiKCOi.K, who 
 enjoys the suyircmc bonoi', the blessed and glorious 
 distinction, of having emancipated, at once and forever, 
 4,000,COO of human beings, hitherto as destitute of 
 rights as the beasts of burthen, reasonless and soulless; 
 chatties according to Southern legal language, classed 
 with their mules and their cotton gins. This speech 
 was njade at the dedication of a National Cemetery to 
 receive those who fell at Gettysburg, that battle won 
 by our soldiers and not by our generals, which deter- 
 mined the fate of tlie war and of slavery. 
 
 I caniiot finish iny address to-day, fellow-citizens, 
 better than by appropriating some of the language of 
 that speech and adapting th.o rest to the change of 
 locality and season. 
 
 Ninety years ago our fathers brought fortb upon this 
 contine t a new Nation, conceived in liberty and dedi- 
 cated to the proposition that all men are created equal. 
 For over four years we were engaged in a great civil 
 war, testing whether that Nation, or any Nation, so 
 conceived or dedicated, could long jndure. We are 
 met to set up a memorial of those who perished on the 
 
battle-fields "^f that war. We are met to dedicate or 
 inaugurate a momnnent t<> those who gave up their 
 lives that that, Nation inight live. It is altogether fit- 
 tinf^ and proper that we should do this. 
 
 But in a larger sense, we cannot consecrate, we can- 
 not hallow any ground dedicated to the memory of onr 
 patriot niartys. The brave men, dead, whose names 
 are inscribed upon this marble, have consecrated it far 
 above our power to add or detract. The world will little 
 note nor long remember what we say or do here ; but 
 it can never forget what our dead soldit-rsdid. It is for 
 US, the living, rather to be dediouted to the uofinibhed 
 work that they so nobly carried on. It is rather for 
 ns to be dedicated to the great task remaining: before 
 us — that from the honored dead we take increased de- 
 votion to the cause for which they gave the last, Jul! 
 measure of devotion — that we ht-re highly resolve that 
 the dead shall not have died in vain — that the Nation, 
 under God, shall iiave a new birth of Freedom, and that 
 the Government of the People, by the People and for 
 the People, shall not perish from the earth. 
 Amen ! So be it ! 
 
 N. B. — Rt-marks referring to pages 25-51. In these 27 pages there 
 are many things in expression, style and typography for which the 
 author cannot h Id himself responsible. Had the work been carried 
 on as he had reapon to expect it would have been, they would ha^e 
 been remedied. The remarks in regard to gentrals are not his own, 
 but those of the parties who furnished the facts or reviewed the copy. 
 
 Omission — Appendix to Note 11, Page ISt — Kobert L. Living- 
 ston. — This officer accompatiied the Srst Union sdvance to Manassas 
 in 1862 ; was present at Big Bethel ; at Yoiktown ; at Hanover 
 Court-house, where he received his firsc promotion for bravery ; at 
 MGOhanicsville, simply in support, however ; at Gaines's Mills, where 
 he behaved remarkably well. There, having reformed the 12th New 
 York Volunteers, he led it forward, carrying the regimental fiae, on 
 horseback, until it was taken from him and borne by his Geueral, 
 Btjttbefield. At Mechanic^ville he, likewise, rallied the 16th 
 Michigan, which, subsequently, behaved magnificently. In thie 
 effort he was finally assisted by ihe Prince de -Join ville, who had 
 ridden up to compliment him on his conduct. Lieutenant Livig- 
 STON passed through all the terrible conflicts, in which he was p? esei t, 
 without- a scratch, except upon one occasion. This was at Turkey 
 Bend, the day before Malvern Hill, July 1, 1863, where a shell burt^'t 
 under his horse, and threw over both animal and rider. Captain 
 HoTT, Assistant Adjutant-General on Major-General Bdttkrfi eld's 
 ataff, who was near the spot, thought Aida-de-Camp Livingston waa 
 killed. During this campaign Lieutenant Livingston carried orders, 
 everywhere, under fire, not only for his own General, but for Gen- 
 erals Grippin, F — P , and others. He resigned at Fred- 
 ericksburg, on account of an accident 'received, according to the 
 official report, in the line of his duty. J L. 
 
NOTE I. TO PAGES 3-4 
 
 HOW THE KOTJTHERN MIND BECAME PERMEATED WITH 
 DISUNION SENTIMENTS. 
 
 (intended as chapter I. OF A CONTEMPLATED WORK, TO 
 BE entitled: "the campaigns OE THE GREAT AMERI- 
 CAN WAR," TO SUPPRESS THE SLAVEHOLDERS' REBEL- 
 LIOX, TO HATE BEEN WRITTEN OONJOINTLT BY BREVET 
 MAJOR-GENERAL J. WATTS DE PEY8TER AND JOSEPH B. 
 LYMAN, ESQ.) 
 
 Tbe whirlwind of war that for four years has been 
 careering over the face of the land has at last died 
 away and sunk to peaceful silence- on the far-off savannas 
 of Texas. The streams that have divided great hosts 
 of fighting men, and sometimes been dyed with the 
 blood of the combatants, from the Potomac to the Kio 
 Grande, have ceased to be tbe objects of strategy, and 
 are again devoted to the peaceful activities of com- 
 merce. The long rows of polished bayonets that 
 bristled along a hundred hillsides are replaced bj' 
 rows of maize, that grows all the richer for the hu- 
 man blood that has lertilized the soil. Americaturns 
 her amazing energies that have been so conspicuously 
 displayed in war to tbe blessed labors of reconstruc- 
 tion, the rearing again of the houses consumed by 
 invaders, the organization of newer and fairer forms 
 of life and power out of the charred timbers and 
 dilapidated walls that mark ihe ruin of what is past. 
 There remains for us another great duty, that of 
 studying this epoch of our histor)' as we have studied 
 no other in the tide of time, and deriving from it all 
 the wisdom, all the instruction, all the valuable and 
 salutary lessons for futuie guidance that can be learn- 
 ed in the broad field where philosoph}' teaches by 
 example. Nor is our duty accomplished till fitting 
 tribute is paid to the memory of the great multitude 
 of the patriotic dead. Their dust is not to sleep in 
 forgotten resting-places. The well-ordered and de- 
 corated burial place, the towering granite, the deep- 
 cut marble, the enduring bronze, will do all that mute 
 things can do to perpetuate the memory of all who 
 have fallen in tbe great wnr of freedom. 
 
 From the obedient soldier who marched to certain 
 death in the cross fires of the fatal batteries at Fred- 
 ericksburg and Chancellorsvile. to the glorified dust of 
 the Great Martvr whose assassination crowned and 
 
7Q 
 
 completed tlie heroic Avork. closinirthclongsacrifices hy 
 tlie blond of tlic noblest victim, the deeds of the wholo 
 host of laborers and of Minityr.s need to be cuinuiemor- 
 ated by the whole power of monumental and historic 
 eloquence. Forma mentis cetcrna. And be will con- 
 tribute most to the history of these times who sliall 
 show- how, in the decrees of Piovidence it was orderi d 
 that Slavery should perish by the sword which, in 
 an hour of political madness, she drew upon the august 
 image of Constitulional Liberty, '.s seen in the Union 
 of tlic American States: how it was permitted this 
 institution to grow apace and rear her bronzed front 
 in the eyes of tlie world a defiant relic of dead bar- 
 barisms, till her assurance became the seal of her de- 
 struction, and tht- haughtiness of her step was seen to 
 be the pride that goeth before destruction. 
 
 Injustice to human nature, and tt> historic proba- 
 bility, wo should tra e, as we can, the causes which 
 led to this political upheaval. Foreign nations and 
 future ages will hardly see in the mere fact of the 
 election to the Presidency of t candidate distasteful to 
 the Southern people, a sufficient reasoDifor the prompt, 
 united, deliberate and defiant revolt that ensued. 
 Nobody contended that the Constitution had been 
 violated in any important particular. The South had 
 ever enjoyed an ample share of the c=xecutive patron- 
 age. Sons of her soil had fil ed the Presidential chair 
 four-fifths of the time from the election of Washington 
 to that of Lincoln. Free labor throughout the South 
 was well rswarded. Theii- soil w.a.s fertile, their 
 climate genial, lUcir taxes moderate, their rights, 
 their immunities, and even their whims and prejudices 
 had been respected l>y every administrat on from 
 1787 to 1860 and yet, in ihe winter and spring of 
 1801, eleven States, in well-studied concert and with 
 singular unanimity, and often by overwhelming ma- 
 jorities, passed ordinances s parati^jg them forever 
 from all political connection with the government 
 which had been thr constant devotee of their inter- 
 ests, their pride, and the bulwark of thcr glory. 
 
 Madness and folly seem to be sometimes inherent 
 in a parlicubir family and may be e.xpected in most of 
 their acts, and human nature may be so exasperated 
 by generations of depotism and abuse that, when oncc- 
 the crust of the earth above the heaving mass is 
 broken, a deluge of lava may burst our and bury, in 
 desolation and ashes, everything fiiir and lovely that 
 grew above the volcanoes, as the world saw with 
 amazement in the European earthquake seventy 
 years ago. 
 
 But that an entire population should go crazy and 
 commit acts that involved political suicide and the 
 destruction of most of those blessinizs that make life 
 
desiniVjle, is so fur an anomaly- in buman nature that 
 some more rational hypothesis than madness iss ught 
 by any tlionglitfiil student of this epoch. Besides, 
 our modern Romes are not built in a day, any more 
 than the crowned city of the seven hills was built in 
 that space oi time. Great results now, as they have 
 ever been, are the culmination of forces that have been 
 in operation for generations of men Morall}' speaking, 
 the metal of that historic tirst gun at Sumter was 
 moulded in the da; s of Queen Elizabeth, and the 
 powder was mixed before Washington was in his 
 honored grave, and it was planted and sighted not 
 by a gasconading Louisiana Creole, but by the great- 
 est master of metaphysics and polilical sophistry the 
 world ever saw, but who had been quietly reposing 
 in the soil of the Carolina, that so loved and honored 
 him. for ten years previous to the 12th of April, 1861. 
 Immediately after the war of the Revolution there 
 began to appear the germs of what we, of this genera- 
 tion, see in full growth and loaded with its noxious 
 fruits. The essential tendency of the slave power 
 and the slave influence is to personal isolation and 
 political disintegration. It was so in Jew'ish and 
 Greek and Roman slavery, and our American slavery 
 furnishes no exception to the rule. He who com- 
 mands the services of others by the simple right of 
 might, is in a way to emancipate himself from all ne- 
 cessit}' to conciliate the good will of others or secure 
 their social co-operation. In democratic communities, 
 generally, every man is under the necessity of winning 
 the kind feelings of his neighbors by reciprocal acts 
 of kindness, and gaining by as.sociation the necessary 
 strength to accomplish what he cannot do by his un- 
 aided labor or skill. The Pennsylvania fjirmer who 
 needs the strength of twenty men to raise the heavy 
 timbers of his barn, invites his neighbors to come and 
 lift with him, and holds himself in readiness to re- 
 spond, at once, to a similar invitation from any of them. 
 But th'- Virginia planter needed no such gratuitous 
 and reciprocal assistance. At the blast of his planta- 
 tion horn, he could summon from the tobacco field 
 twenty stout slaves, whose services were absolutely 
 his by the law of the land. A group of settlers in 
 Ohio when they are touched with the importance of 
 furnishing good schools for their children, u.ust meet, 
 contribute their money or their labor to the erection 
 of a school house and the payment of a teach> r's salary. 
 The Mississippi planter, when he wanted his children 
 educated, could order his colored carpenter to build a 
 suitable house, and employ some erfucated person as 
 a family teacher, without once seeking or needing a 
 word of advice or any act of co-operation from any 
 
78 
 
 of the ncigbboriiig aristocrats. The unit of Southern 
 society was tUK petty but indepc-ndent despot, and 
 the fijst combination, and in fact the only combina- 
 tion natural in such livilzation, was ingroups of petty 
 despots, each supreme in his sphere, but independent 
 of each other, under no necessity of mutual concession, 
 mutual forbearance, or mutual aid. As a necessary con- 
 sequence, associations of all kinds always languished 
 and drifted toward dissolution under that exploded 
 system. In that first representation of associated 
 labor, 'he common road, this was painfully apparent, 
 and the surprised traveler saw the first great incon- 
 gruity in tho narrow, n-glected, and circuitous wagon- 
 road that was the only moans of communication be- 
 tween princely landed estates. Gomnion schools 
 never flourished south of the Potomac. Their colleges 
 were tlie abodes of literary indolence or the haunts 
 of youthful debauchery. Associations for the dissem- 
 ination of useful knowledge were hardly known, and 
 the voice of the lecturer was route. The concert and 
 tho theatre were theonly successful social institutions ; 
 for these are mainly supported by tho crowd of pleas- 
 ure-seekers who are above the useful necessity of 
 pleasant exertion. 
 
 When the Constitution of 1787, the great charter 
 of our liberties, that has cotne out bright with new 
 glory from the baptism of blood, was first propounded 
 to the States south of the Potomac, bow was it re- 
 ceived? South Carolina fought it with her whole 
 vigor, and in the General Assembly of Virginia, that 
 great and eloquent voice which, thirteen yeai's 
 before, had raised the heroic battle-shout of the war 
 of Independence, was now, and for'the last time on 
 earth, raised in protest against Unionism. 
 
 " When I observe," said Patrick ITenhy, "that the 
 war-making power and the moneji^-inaking power are 
 by this Constitution, monopolized by the Federal 
 Government, 1 see no foothold left for State .sovereign- 
 ty to rest upon, and I tremble for the liberty of Vir- 
 ginia.'' And John Randolph, wbo was then the 
 young and ardent champion of the Constitution, and 
 secured its ratification despite the powerful opposi- 
 tion of Patkick IIenrv, became, under the disinte- 
 grating effects of that society, so thoroughly a state- 
 rights man that lie ever placed Ins State "above his 
 nation, and esteemed it a greater honor to be a Vir- 
 ginian than to be an American Was it strange, then, 
 that the famous resolutions of Virginia and Kentucky 
 ori799, the Magna Charta of Secession, were adopted 
 and given to the world as the first deliberate, formal 
 and well-pronounced utterances of the disintegrating 
 spirit. 
 
 Thus cotemporaneous with our Constitutional birtb 
 
79 
 
 as a nation, and iidvancing,pa)-ipasOT{, with American 
 greatness, \vc tind tins conception of the nation as no 
 more than a compact between independent, irrespon- 
 sible and sovereign St.tes ; tliis advocacy otthe right 
 of a State to challenge, adjndicato upon, and deliber- 
 ately disobey a Federal law which was deemed 
 obnoxious to her local interests, was ever a Southern 
 doctrine, emanating from the bosom of those disinte- 
 grating social tendencies that are inherent in the 
 relation of master and slave. 
 
 From the death of Washington till the presidency 
 of Jackson, an interval of nearly thirty years, the 
 ruinous dogma slept on the shelf where the almost 
 forgotten Virginia resolutions were gathering dust. 
 Meantime the commercial and manufacturing interests 
 of the Northern communities were constantly on the 
 increase, and with the far-sighted sagacity of a traffic 
 tliat had whitened every ocean with our sails, the 
 commercial cities were asking Congress for a species 
 of legislation that would at once stimulate these vast 
 activities to fresh enterprises and place them on a 
 secure foundation in national law. Against tlii.-i leg- 
 islation the South, that had but her one interest of 
 agriculture to foster, and that was now fast becoming 
 jealous of the rapid increase of Northern power, took 
 a position of firm and almost rebellious opposition. 
 The couimunity where this antagonism was most 
 active was t c Southern city that bad for a time hoped 
 ti) rival Nun- York as an emporium of trade, and 
 Oliarleston found i champion in national debate, the 
 most subtle and powerful reasoner from given prem- 
 ises, right or wrong, tliat the Senate of the United 
 States ever saw, in the p rson of Johk 0. Calhoun. 
 
 The doctrine then invoked, for commercial reasons 
 oul}', was vigorously discu.ssedand its fallacy thorough- 
 ly'' exposed in those famous debates of 1831 in which 
 selected champions of both constructions of the Con- 
 stitution met in the Senate of the nation and the 
 Southern combatant was thoroughly worsted and 
 unhorsed. Four years later, in 18o5, arose the first 
 agitation on slavery, and then were coupled for the 
 first t me those farnous dogmas of which the scenes of 
 the past four years have been but the bloody acting 
 out. They appear in the elaborate and able report 
 drawn up t>y Mr. Calhoun on the right of Congress 
 to prevent by law the circulation of abolition prints 
 or books through the Southern States. He there 
 lays down those principles, which, from that time on, 
 were the accepted principles of Southern politicians, 
 which they steadily advocated and defended by all 
 the power ol words, and for which, twenty si.K years 
 after their enunciation, they drew the sword in delib- 
 erate revolt: 
 
1. Tljat American » arerr iie<;i]e'] no apology on 
 moral jToand- : that it i- a t-.':-lV.'::i ii::iit. y.,~l and 
 admiiablo in it-'rlT. a -ourc'- of '_-ii.-al inurua: benefit 
 to bo;b master and slave, and its a'oMit.on would be 
 ti^e i'reate^t social disaster to IjOtL. 
 
 2. Tnat when antazronb-m to t^i^ institution, on 
 tLe part of tliosfe who i--]t tijemselvi.-= called upon to 
 prot'.sr against and oppose it. r'ric .jM a point where 
 any material intero-it uf siavery was tn'ianjered, t;jt 
 remedy of xi.e .?outL '.va- to witjjdr.iw Irvi, the Union ; 
 and the defence of sucj withdra'.vn! ^-as found in tl.e 
 doctrine of .State Rifrlit-. wbicb iea* e- with the -epa- 
 rate .States t.^^ ri?:jt of =ayirj2 -.viot jer I'-e Federal 
 Union wai anv loriC,"-r conduo-ivo to tueii Oest niterest-«. 
 
 Tljesfe d'X-rrine- is=ijed witn audacity. citayD'rs- and 
 atiihtv.bv Mr. C-ii.Tiot;.'. weret;.e rna'xinis of .SiutLerri 
 lo^io and t^e rail'.'iri;: p-^ints of .slaverv from J'^'iS tili 
 lei-jl. w';:frn tLey becatfj'; her battle-cfj'. 
 
 But simultaneously witi. tbi? revival of t:,o; secession 
 dogma of 17^^:^ and the chanso of baee on r.h part of 
 -Southern Coneres^men and tne So:,tLf-rr. pre.ss a.-i to the 
 propriety of apoiojizin;; for tLeir institution, another 
 material circ iinstince neea^ To be b-jme in mind. 
 Dunne tne fir^: quarter of tni= century American 
 s'.avtr.- iiad advanced from bein^ a source of doubtful 
 pjcuniarv ndvar.tai'e to be regarded tLro'.a-Lout ti.- 
 South as tbt easiest and surest road jo wealrt. and all 
 t:.e a?2ranoiz;iijent tliat ever zoc-; wifLi ample fortune 
 J'i't as western emigration wa* op<-inni' tL'; mellow 
 and loamy uplands and t:.e ine.xi.a .-tiole alluvions cf 
 the soutnwest to aaricuiture, ti^e iilTention of the 
 cotton-^-in at once raised cotton-jr ■':' in^ from t.i-.e 
 productions of a modicum for bonseL'old consumf tion 
 to t:.e pianlinj and ;.'aT_tr'nt- of a "ereat expoi tin.- 
 stapk 
 
 Untii the development of ti.e cot'on interest. a;ri- 
 calture at t'ne .^out'.. was es-ef,t:a;ly joni'/u'^j ; out 
 after tne stanie as-umed a p ositi- n of contr/i T;je sys- 
 tem was cuarixed, farming was abando,rfed smApJaidb'y 
 became the one oasint-s which rnonoD' ized ail tbe 
 capital, subsidized all tLe science, and bounded ail 
 the worldly ambition of ti^>; S .■uthemer. Tueprodu.- 
 tion of cotton demands b it ittie skill and but iittie 
 heavy or esuaastinj labor. E .^t it req .: res a per.^i^t- 
 ent and unremitting- irda-try, from Sew Tear s d.av 
 until CLrlstrnas ; an industry wijisii is mor.otonoirs 
 and uninterestiiij: and requiring constant eipoeure to 
 tue burnini of a serni-tronical sun. 
 
 For tliC-se rea.son5 it soon zr'jw t|) be a conviction 
 on the part of tbe planter that tLe conditions e=se-- 
 tiai for the production of cotton are co:r;p risorr labor 
 on t..e supposition tLat free labor will n-ver V^end t.. 
 tl^e saUing voke of an industrv so tLonotonous ; t_at 
 
81 
 
 sucli compulsory hibnr most bo enforced upon a trop- 
 ical race whose Kl-:in luiJ been, by original creation or 
 from centuries of cqe.atonal life, fitted to resist tbu 
 effects of tirent and continued beat. 
 
 In connect! jn with tbese opinions and circumstances 
 is to be mentioned the fact, that England bad found in 
 the gi'cat expansion of her manufacturing interest a 
 safe inve.-tmeut for her surplus capital and safe occu- 
 pation for her large sui-plus population, and was pre- 
 pared to buy at handsome prices all the cotton, that 
 enforced industry, on a virgin soil could produce. 
 Thus will be seen the stilts upon „wbich Southern 
 pride U-.1S lifted up until this ucciilental, and. i.s it 
 were, mechanical elevation was, by her, mistaken for 
 colossal superioi itj'. 
 
 The planter was inflate ' fir.^t by the possession of 
 a l..rge landed estate. From his veranda his eye 
 could sweep over several bundred and often ovar sev- 
 eral thousand acres to which bis title was absolute 
 and indefeasible ; and one-half or two-thirds of the 
 area, thus gratifying his love o'' possession, was cover- 
 ed with a crop either growing o' being gathered, the 
 proceeds of which were cert -in to fill his pockets 
 with glittering crown pieces from t|lic vaults of tbc 
 Bank of England. Those fields were tilled and all 
 the offices of his household were performed by ser- 
 vants whom the law of bis Stite made his property; 
 whose services be could always coepel ; wbose n.isdc- 
 meanors be bad full p ^wer to punish, even to the 
 extent of death, where the offence committed was 
 against society as well as against plantation rules. 
 He v>-as under tbc necessity ot performing no physical 
 labor, and the care of b s planlingvestatq gave bim 
 ample leisure for amusement, conveisation, tlie rites 
 of ho.ipitality and the pleasures of the chase. Tlien, 
 whenever bis attention was arrested by the steady 
 inroads tiiat public opinion were making upon that 
 form of society, and the fact that slavery bad already 
 disappeared in all civilized countries, he looked to 
 the doet ine of State Sovereignty, as propounded by 
 the great South Carolinian, for his remedy, and flat- 
 tered himself that whenever si .very became unsafe 
 and not fully prote.:;ted and fortified by public law 
 under the Constitution and in the Union, it couIl, at 
 any time, be made absohitcli secure and perpetual by 
 go ng out from the Union and founding an oligarchy 
 of the skin and of property in man. wi li chattel- 
 slavery as its corner-stone and Leviticus for its New 
 Testament. 
 
 Thus it was, and by the dogmas and circumstances 
 above described that the minds of planters were 
 uiolded and prepared for tbc events of 18G1. A gen- 
 eration bad been educated in the belief that it was 
 
82 
 
 not only riglit but a duty to conserve their character- 
 istic institution and that. \v lien, by any means, slavery 
 was at all endangered in the Union, the Southerner 
 had a full right by the first principles of American 
 republicanism to retire from all political connection 
 with tlie non-slaveholding States and place slavery on 
 a basis which could neve be threatened by the con- 
 stantly swelling majorities of free la' or. 
 
 This sentiment, this conviction well instilled into 
 the Southern mind and all that followed .was easy. It 
 onl3' remained to convince the South that the election 
 which tuok place in the Fall of 18G0 was an act of 
 hostility to slavery sufficient to justify the long- 
 meditated revolt. It was not urged that the election 
 of Abraham Lincoln was in any respect conducted in 
 an unconstitutional manner, or that he was not. fairly 
 cho.^en by a decided electoral, though not a popular, 
 majority. The principal upon which he went into the 
 canvass and on which he was elected was only a polit- 
 ical opinion, and eleven States declared that he should 
 never be their President or President of the United 
 States because of tha' political opinion. 
 
 He held that in the nature of things the system of 
 compulsory labor and the law giving property in man 
 are unjust in themselves and can have no sanction in 
 the general principle of jurisprudence, but rest wholly 
 on the provisions of special and local law ; that in re- 
 spect to the unsettled territories, the Constitution 
 ought to brt so construed as to consecrate them 
 forever to free labor, and leave them open for 
 the immigration of white laboreVs who should 
 own the soil they tilled, rather than to immigrants 
 who sought to make property of both soil 
 and its tiller : that while the Constitution does not 
 interfere with the local law that sustains slavery in 
 certain States, it can declare whethi-r territories shall 
 or shall not be slaveholding, and that wherever a 
 doabt exists, a construction should be given favorable 
 to freedom and progress, rather than a concession to 
 an unfortunate relic of despotism left in the constitu- 
 tion of a democratic republic. In the canvass of 
 1860, Mr- LiNCOLK had, moreover, expressed Lis con- 
 viction that a natural and insurmountable anagonism 
 ex sts between the two systems of fi'ee and slave 
 labor ; and that the nation would not long exist half 
 slave and half Irec, but would at some tiii:ie, not far 
 distant, become all one thing or all the other. 
 
 The opinions of the candidate for whom most of the 
 Southern votes were cast were understood to be that 
 congressional discussions of the inherent right of 
 slavery were unnecessary, ill-timed and impolitic; 
 that, as the Constitution guarantees security to 
 slavery in neany one-half of the States it ought to be 
 
so construed as not to prevent tlie slavebolder from 
 migrating with his slaves to territories purcbased by 
 tlie tr asiire or won liy the valor of citizens of all the 
 States; that slavery ought to have an equal repre- 
 sentation with free labor in the Ni'ional Congress, 
 and in order to secure such equality no check ought 
 to be imposed on the formation of slave States. 
 
 The defeat of the candidate representing these ideas 
 was understood by the South to be the excius-ion of 
 these princi|jles from all future control in national 
 councils. It was not said or believed that the suc- 
 cessful candidate would, upon taking his oath of 
 office, proceed at once to open a crusade ui.on slavery 
 as existing in the States. All that was feared, and 
 all that was urged as ground for protest even to rev- 
 olution and blood against the recognition of Lincoln 
 by the South was, that by the principles announced 
 in his canvass, he was pledged to oppose and veto the 
 admission of any more slaveholding States ; that he 
 would favor the action of Congress abolishing slavery 
 in the District of Columbia, and that in case of a 
 vacancy occurring on the bench of the Supreme Court, 
 a man ^^ould be appointed who would think with 
 CuRTissand with McLean, rather than with Campbell 
 and with Tanev, on the vexed question of the status 
 of the African by general American law. In other 
 words, the South saw in the administration of LI^•C0LK 
 the settlement of three important issues, each adverse 
 to slavery and tending to its extinction: no more 
 slave States ; no more slavery on soil belonging to 
 the National Government ; and no more Dred Scott 
 decisions. 
 
 One sentiment became almost universal in the 
 slaveholding Sta'es as soon as the election of Lincoln 
 was a.ssured : that the South owed it to herself and 
 her principles to accept a magistrate, if he were ac- 
 cepted at all, under protest, and to show by proofs 
 unmistakable that each of tho=;e points adverse to the 
 South would be carried, if at all, only in the teeth of 
 a fierce and unyielding opposition. It was, moreover, 
 urged bv the orators in all the slave States that no 
 man would be worthy of the respect or confidence of 
 his fellow-citizens who would accept any appoint- 
 ment, whatovfr, from the obnoxious msgistratc, and 
 that a Lincoln collector of customs or a Lincoln post- 
 master would be liable to mob violence and death 
 itself. In South Carolina the teachings of their be- 
 loved and admired statesman were recalled and his 
 doctrines followed with unflinching logic to the des- 
 perate extreme. With one accord the leading men 
 of tliat State believed tiiat the crisis predicted by their 
 gi'oatcst citizen, when all the advantages of the Fed- 
 eral Union wou'd be outweighed by the danger to 
 
84 
 
 slaverj' from tlie Federal Government had come ; that, 
 in tlieir opinion, the great ends sought by the Union, 
 so far as tlie South was concei'ned, could no longer be 
 secured ; that Unionism had been tried and haribeen 
 lound insufOcien;. to protect Southern institntions, 
 and was, therefore, dangerous and obnoxious to tlio 
 South ; that American politics had become whoHj- 
 sectional, and the weiiker sectiim was now at the 
 mercy of a bold, triumphant and increas lig majority. 
 It must be remembered, too, that aside from, yet 
 springiiiK out of this radical difi" rence on the subject 
 of the agitatiim of slavery, there had been growing 
 for generations a personal antipathy between the 
 citizens of the Northern and Southerfi States. There 
 were differencss in the form of worsb p, differences in 
 social ideas and habits, differences in personal man- 
 ners that divided the Southern planter from tiie mer- 
 chant or artisan at the North by an interval almost 
 as wide as that which separates Americans from the 
 English. In some States this antagonism was as 
 ancient as the English revolution of 1C44. Massachu- 
 setts even then, though but an infant colony, was in 
 hearty sympathy with the Puritans and tlieir valiant 
 leader ; while Virginia, with her hereditary aristocra- 
 cy, her large landed estates, and with the established 
 Church of England for her religion, never lost her ad- 
 miration for monarchy, nor ceased to sympathize with 
 the sufferings of tlie dethroned and beheaded Ch aulks. 
 The social ideas in a country where lands are divided 
 into tracts of a thousand acres each are neceisurially 
 different from the institut ons and hi .nners of com- 
 munities where the average size of the farms is sixty 
 acres. With her single and all-monopolizing interest 
 of agriculture, hardljr conceiving of a fortune that did 
 not consist to a great e.Ntent in landed estate spend- 
 ing lavishly the ample reurns of a virgin soil, and 
 conscious of the ability to remove at any time iVom 
 an exhausted to a lies h plantation, jt was hardly to 
 bo e.vpccted that Virginia planters should admire or 
 even respect the energy, the thiift, the rigid economy 
 by which the Northern communities maint.iined 
 themselves in comfoit, notwithstanding the sterility 
 of their soil and the severity of their climate. The 
 Southern planter was naturally jealous of those com- 
 mercial and manufacturing interests by which fortunes 
 were accumulated beside which his possessions ^hrllnk 
 to a mere competency, and cities were built which 
 far outshine anything that ho could boast upon his 
 soil. Wlii c (iicts and figures convinced the planter 
 that his section was numerically and in all the exter- 
 nal signs of power the inferior of the free States, and 
 while he admitted the intelligence and superior culture 
 of the Yankee, he ever plumed himself on what he 
 
85 
 
 considered his superior qualities. Tbe habit of com- 
 mand wliich his institution had given him, and the 
 slavish deference and obedience of the subject race, 
 tenHed to exaggerate this idea of his personal import- 
 ance ; and tbe promptness with which lie was educated 
 to resent even a trivial affront convinced him that in 
 point of high-breeding, gallantry and courage he was 
 the superior of the Northern man. This, as can easily 
 be seen, bad a double effect, in embittering the reflec- 
 tion that he was politically overruled by tbe nnmer- 
 ical superiority of those whom he regarded as singly 
 bis inferiors, and to make him look with complacency 
 and personal confidence upon tbe likelihood of an 
 armed collision with this same numerical and sectional 
 majority. In brief, the most prominent feelings in 
 tho mind of the defeated champions of national sla- 
 very was that if the time had come when they 
 could no longer contend with the North at tbe 
 hustings there yet remained the wager of battle; and 
 there was manifested a general wish to appeal from 
 tbe contest by ballots to a contest with bullets. 
 
 There was but one division of opinion among the 
 influential planters of the Gulf States after the elee 
 tion of Mr. Lincoln, and that related not to tlr right 
 or propriety of secession, but to the time and mode of 
 taking the step. 
 
 Soutli Carolina, and with her all the radical men 
 of the South and all tbe disciples of Oalhoun, held 
 that the fact of his election was enough for them to 
 know ; that no one act of his was likely to be so direct 
 an attack on the Constitution as to form a basis for a 
 bill of grievance that they could lay before the world 
 in justification of revolt. They contended, also, that 
 the mere fact of h'S election wholly by Northern 
 voters and his representing ideas wholly sectional, and 
 surrounding himself with men who?c lives bad been 
 devoted to the business of abolishing slavery, was in 
 itself an affront and an indignity to the South which 
 u proper sense of honor summoned her to resent by 
 taking the po-ition of open defiance. 
 
 Others were calmer and, doubtless, a little wiser. 
 They were for waiting awhile for some flagrant and 
 decisive attack upon the South ; for an overt act 
 against which they could protest even to revolution ; 
 and there were those, also, with an American instinct, 
 who believed in Union, even in secession, and that all 
 the aggrieved States should combine and concert a har- 
 monious separation, a united-disunion. These, b}"^ a 
 significant political i-olecism called themselves co- 
 operation disunionists. But in the secession conven- 
 tions that assembled in tbe several Cotton States in 
 the Winter and Spring of 1861 tbe co-operationists 
 were overruled by the more fiery and radical element 
 
86 
 
 from Soutli Carolina, and all tlio pratory and tlie 
 combined influence of the press and the pulpit was 
 directed to the rash and suicidal policy of immediate 
 secession. 
 
 It is erroneous to suppose that secession was a trick 
 practiced upon an ignorant and misguided populace 
 by a clique of disappointed aspirant;s and ambitious 
 dem;igogue5. Doubtless the secessisu leaders acted 
 in concert and seized upon the election of a sectional 
 President as a fitting occasion to flje the Soutliern 
 heart. But they found it an easy tns,k. The prepara- 
 tory steps had been taken long Ijeforc. The material 
 upon which tlie in endiary orators operated was in 
 tlje highest degree inflammable, and little skill was 
 reqTiired to apply the torcb. (Jai.houn in ISSobesun 
 the movement that was completed^ in 1861. For 
 twenty-six years the poison of the arch-traitor bad 
 been working in the body politic, and though he bad 
 died in peace and was sleeping in a grave which the 
 whole country honored, l]is doctrines have wrought a 
 mischief which plunged the entire couniry into blood- 
 shed and brought hopeless ruin upon the institutions 
 to the support of which the whole o\ his long public 
 life was dedicated. 
 
 He it was that resuscitated the dead corp.se of Nulli- 
 fication, breatbing upon her the breath of metapbys- 
 ical sophistry, gave her the move captivating name o(' 
 State Sovereignty, and recommended her as the guard- 
 ian Genius of Slavery and the tutelary Goddi-.^s of tbe 
 South. 
 
 Tbe revolt of the South was the movement of an 
 oliga'chy embracing nearly all the education, all the 
 popular talent, all the editorial ability in those .**'tates, 
 and operating from above downward until nearly all 
 the white population of the planting States and final- 
 ly of the South generally were involved in the cur- 
 rent and swept into the vortex. .Secession was urtred 
 not merely as a right that might be expressed, but as 
 a duty that ought to be discharged. On the 29tb of 
 November, 1S60, it being a day of National Thanks- 
 giving, the most eloquent and highly gifted orator 
 South of the Potomac, and pastor of the leading 
 church in the Southern metropolis, syscended his pul- 
 p t steps with a manuscript in his hind which did 
 more than any one document, composed by any livin"- 
 man,tohurry thebestclassesofSouthemsociety tosnap 
 the ties that had held them in the Union and plunge 
 them into the cloudy abyss of civil war Tbe scru- 
 pulousness with which he had ever avoided the niin<»- 
 Hng of political discussions with theological orations 
 or exhortations to personal virtue gaye all the more 
 weight and significance to this carefully elaborated 
 address. 
 
87 
 
 After nn introduction in which he spoke of his pre- 
 vious silence upon all questions of politics; of the 
 nioniontious nature of tlio questions then ngitating 
 the public mind, and of the fact that he spoke as the 
 representative of that large class wdiose opinions in 
 such a controversy arc of cardinal importance ; the 
 class which seeks to ascertain its duty in the light 
 simply of conscience and religion, and which turns to 
 ibe moralist and the Christian for support and guid- 
 ance, declared that one distinguishing characttristic 
 of the South as a people was that unto it in the Prov- 
 idence of God had been committed the sacred trust 
 of conserving and perpetuating the institution of slav- 
 ery as then exi-ting. 
 
 •' Let us, my brethren," exclaimed the orator, " lift 
 ourselves intelligently to the highest moral ground, 
 and proclaim to all the world that we bold this trust 
 from God, and in its o",cupancy we are prepared to 
 stand or fall as God may appoint Without deter- 
 mining the duty of future generations, I simply say 
 that lor us as now situated the duty is plain of con- 
 serving and transmitting the system cif slavery with 
 the freest scope for its natural development and ex- 
 tension. As the critical moment hasjirrived at which 
 the great issue is joined, let us say thnt in the light 
 of all perils we will stand by our trust, and God be 
 with the right." Farther to enforce this duty he de- 
 clared it i)ound upon t e Southern communities as 
 the constituted guardians of the slaves themselves. 
 " That slavery was a blessing to the African, and their 
 worst foes were those who intermeddled in their be- 
 half ; that freedom would be their doom, and their 
 residence here in the presence of the vigorous Anglo- 
 Saxon race would be but the signal for their rapid 
 e-xtermination before they would had time to waste 
 away through listlessness, filth and vice." 
 
 Furthermore, he urged this duty as imposed upon 
 them by the civilized world ; that slaverj', notwith- 
 standing all the attacks upon it, had steadily increas- 
 ed for thirty years, and had enlisted th^ material 
 interests of England in its support; that the enrich- 
 ing commerce which had reared the splendid cities 
 and rocrble palaces of England as well as America, had 
 been largely established upon the products of Southern 
 soil ; and the blooms upon their fields gathered by 
 black hands had fed the spindles and looms of Man- 
 chester and Birmingham not less than of Lawrence 
 and Lowell, and if a blow were to fall on this system 
 of labor the world would totter at the sjroke. And, 
 finally, he declared that in the great struggle the 
 South were the defenders of God and religiou ; that 
 the abolition spirit was but Jacobinism in anothi r 
 form, and availing itself of the morbid and misdirected 
 
>yinpatbies of men. it had entrapped Wenk consciences 
 in the meslies of its treachery, and n6\r. at last, bad 
 seated a high priest upon the thionc ^lad in the black 
 garments of discord and scbism so symbolic of its ends. 
 What does this declare, wliat can itidecl.re bjt that 
 from hencefor li this is to be a government of section 
 over section; a government using constitutional forms 
 only to embarrass and divide the section ruled, and 
 as a fortress through wliose embrasures the cannon of 
 leg:is!ation is to be employed in demolishing the guar- 
 anteed institutions of the South. "I sav it with 
 solemnity and pain." continued flic orator, ''this 
 Union ot our forefathers is already gone. It existed 
 but in mutual confidence, the ' onds of which were 
 ruptured in the late election. Fdr myself. I s,iy, 
 under the rule which threatens us, I tlirow off the 
 yoke of this Union as readily as did our ancestors the 
 yoke of Kin^ George HI., and for causes immeasura- 
 bly stronger than those pleaded in their celebralied 
 declaration.'" After suggestinc the various obj ctions 
 then urged for quiet submission to tbc President elect, 
 and giving what seemed to his audience asatisfactorv 
 refutation, the oration concluded with the following 
 pardgr ^ph : ■ We may for a generation enjoy compra- 
 ativc ease, gather up our feet in our 'beds and die in 
 peace ; but our children will go fortli beggared from 
 the homes of tbeir fathers. F shcrmen will cast their 
 nets where your proud commercial ifiiw now rides at 
 anchor, and dry tbeiii upon the sbtjre now covered 
 with your bales of merchandize. Sapped, circumvent- 
 ed, undermined, the nisiitntions of your soil will be 
 overthrown, «nd within five and twenty years the 
 histo yof St Domingo will be the reejord of Louisiana. 
 If dead men's bones can tremble, ours will move under 
 the muttered curs s of ^ons and daughters denounc- 
 ing the blindness and love of eas^ which Lave left 
 tliem an inheritanc- of woo 
 
 ' I have done my duty under as deep a sense of 
 responsibility to God and man as I have ever felt. 
 Under a full conviction that the salvation of the 
 whole count y is depending upon the action of the 
 South, I am impelled to deepen the jentiment of re- 
 sistance in the Southern mind, and to strengthen the 
 current now flowing toward a union of the South in 
 defence of her chartered rights. It is a duty I shall 
 not be called upon to repeat, for such awful junctures 
 do not occur twice in a century. B<5fore another po- 
 litical cirthquake shOl shake the continent I hope to 
 be ' where the wicked cease from troubling and the 
 weary arc at rest."' 
 
 Probably no discourse of these times had so great 
 an effect upon those who heard it, or On the thousands 
 and tens of thousands who read it in the numerous 
 
89 
 
 and large editions tbat were immediately issued. A 
 iiiaJDiitv of Dr. P a i.jier's congregation at once became 
 secessionists Tbe papers and pamphlets iu which 
 his views were published were scattered all over the 
 s avehokiing States and were read, r.--read and passed 
 from hand to hand and from family to family till in 
 ma y c.ises the paper was so worn as to be barely 
 legible. It was rtad to groups of eager listeners in 
 the obscure grocery in the depths of the pine forests ; 
 by the lordly planter amid the rich perfumes of his 
 orange grores or of his sugar-house ; in the temples 
 dedicated to religion, in the halls of legislation, and 
 may be taken as the most glowing, tbe most emphatic 
 and general!}' popular sevtiny forth of the sentiment 
 of the most cultivated and moral people in the South, 
 that any public man has made. 
 
 And Ur. Palmep. was a disciple and admirer of Cal- 
 HODN. and his friend and co-laborer in South Carolina, 
 Rev Dr. THORNwjiLL, took ground precisely similar 
 and counselled prompt secession for the protection of 
 slavery, even though it launched the South upon a sea 
 of blood. As with these leaders in the Presbyterian 
 Church, so in the Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist. 
 The ministers of Christ were all clamorous for war. 
 Pf.tee did not draw his sword with more zeal to smite 
 the capt r of our Savior, than they counselled war, and 
 in many cases, entered the military service to tight 
 for the perpetuation of slavery ; and the ground univers- 
 ally taken was that so clearly stated by Dr. Palmer, 
 that the South was the Heaven-apW)inted guardian 
 of slaverj-, and it was their sacred duty to see that 
 the institution suffered no barm nor submitted to any 
 threat of attack from the numerically superior North, 
 
 Thus will be seen the degree to wBich the virus of 
 South Carolina doctrine had inoculated all the influ- 
 ential and cultivated cla.ss of Southerners. A gener- 
 ation had been educated iuto the conviction tbat the 
 preservation of slavery was a matter of more import- 
 ance than the preservation of the Union. 
 
 Loyalty and devotion to the Union had for a gener- 
 ation been growing less in the Southern heart, and 
 could hardly be said to have existed in 1861. The 
 planter was loyal to slavery and determined to pre- 
 serve and extend it at all hazards, and this resolution 
 was paramount to any sentiment of Unionism, any 
 love of the whole countr}'. With him the Union was 
 an equivocal ble:-sing, good, indeed, if it left him and 
 would leave bis children in full and perpetual enjoy- 
 ment of slavery and tbe right of extending its area 
 equally with the extending area of free labor, but 
 when it failed of that, to be cast aside as a forgotten 
 garment or loft to be consumed in the fire of a gen- 
 eral revolution. 
 
90 
 
 In the chapter which succeeds, there are detailed the 
 political manoeuvers by which secession became an 
 accomplished fact. But every attentive student of 
 American history must see that the elements of the 
 storm had long been in ferment, and an instrument 
 far less potent than Prospero's wand would be able 
 at any time to unchain the powers of the air and put 
 the wild waters in a roar. 
 
 For more than a generation agencies h»d been quiet- 
 ly but actively at work which culminated in a violent 
 and bloody civil war, raging, for four years, over 
 thousands of square miles, destroying half a million of 
 lives and thousands of millions of property ; yet aris- 
 ing, apparently, from no circumstances more exasper- 
 ating than the election by legal voters and through 
 constitutional forms of a President distasteful to the 
 States lying Sonth of the Potomac. 
 
 The disintegrating and centrifugal tendency of 
 Southern institutions ; the slow and reluctant adhe- 
 sion of several of the Southern States to the Federal 
 Union ; the doctrine of State Sovereignty first pro- 
 pounded by the States of Virginia and Kentucky, 
 revived by South Oaiolina ; first to enforce the doctrine 
 of local free trade in the teeth of a national tariff ; and 
 again, as a refuge and remedy for anti-slavery agitation, 
 and for that purpose recommended and enforced 
 by the deepest thinkers and the mos.t fiery orators 
 of the South; the ambition I'f Southern cities hoping 
 to become independent of Northern ports of entry ; 
 and the doctrine widely disseminated by the whole 
 Southern pulpit that the perpetuation of slavery was 
 a great moral trust committed by G.od to the slave- 
 holding States, these were the facts, the doctrines, 
 the influences by the action of which the Southern 
 mind became ripe for revolt. 
 
 COLONEL CHARLES E. LIVINGSTON. 
 
 Note 2 to Pare 16. Foot Note ^\. 7th Line 
 
 Having applied to parties who were supposed to be 
 cognizant of the military service of Colonel Ohaeles 
 E. Livingston, without receiving the desired infor- 
 mation, I am compelled to rely upon the reminiscences 
 of one of his former associates in command. He is 
 stated to have been a pupil of the United States 
 West Point Military Academy, but was forced to re- 
 linquish his studies, there, in consequence of ill health , 
 Wben Colonel W. P. W. assumed command of the 
 Seventy-sixth New York Volunteers, Colonel C. E. L. 
 was its Major. The latter acted tor some lime as 
 commandant of the city of Fredericksburg, and is said 
 
91 
 
 to be handsomely mentioned in Gaptain Noyes' 
 "Bivouac and Battlefield." Subsequently he was 
 attached to the staff of Major-General Doubledat. 
 At the two battles of Gainesville and BuU Run 
 Second, he was serving with his regiment and his 
 colonel had occasion, each time, to speak of his cour- 
 age and good conduct. At Gainesville he was of the 
 greatest assistance in encouraging the men and main- 
 taining the line under a very hot fire — a fire so severe 
 tliat the Seventy-sixth lost one-third of its men in 
 line. Upon this occasion his behavior could not 
 have been better. At Bull Run, Second, he was also 
 most efficient. Colonel L, was captured in this fight, 
 as was report' d. through his horse rearing and falling 
 upon him. In several other battles he was on General 
 Doubleday's staff', and until the time Colonel W. 
 resigned the command of the Seventy sixth, after 
 Chancellorsville (in consequence of severe sickness in- 
 curred in service, from which he has not yet entirely 
 recovered), excepting when Colonel W. was on sick 
 leave from middle of September to beginning of No- 
 vember, 1862, during which period also, Colonel L. com- 
 manded the Seventy-sixth N. Y. He was also in com- 
 n.andbefore Petcrshti/rg. Colonel L. suffered a great 
 deal from ill health, but on the battlefield his conduct 
 was unexceptionable. Further particulars of the 
 .services of Colonel L. will appear in the "History of 
 the Seventy-sixth N. Y. V.," by Captain A. P. Smith, 
 of Cortland Village, which ought to issue from the 
 press in a short time. 
 
 Note 3 to Paragraph 2, Page 20, 29th N. Y. V. 
 
 Lieutenant Henry Livingston Rogers, grandson of 
 Hon. John Swift Livingston, of Tivoli, was bom in 
 the city of New York, hut brought up in his grand- 
 father's house, and consequentlj' may be claimed as 
 another representative of Bed Hook. He went out 
 early in 1861, as Quartermaster of the Twenty-ninth 
 New York Volunteers, and throughout his service 
 proved himself a very efficient officer. When his 
 Coloi'el, von Steinwehb, became acting Brigadier- 
 General, Lieutenant Rogers continued with him and 
 acted with equal energy as brigade quartermaster, 
 proving himself under all circumstances, not only 
 brave but energetic and reliable. His mother, Mrs. 
 Rogers, presented a beautiful silk. National (U. S.) 
 flag to the Twenty-ninth New York Volunteers, 
 before it left New York, which flag is now deposited 
 in the Trophy Hall of the Bureau of Military Statistics 
 at Albanv. 
 
9-2 
 Note 4 to Page 22, 11 3d. 20 N. Y. S. M. 
 
 Immediately after the ne\rs of tlie tiring upon Fort 
 Sumter, and responsive to President Lincoln's call 
 for 75,000 Volunteers, tiiis regiment offered its 
 services. Although at once detailed, some delay oc- 
 curred before it was accepted. From Kingston it 
 proceeded to Annapolis, thence to Annapolis Junction. 
 Baltimore, etc. It lay in camp, for the greater part 
 of the time, to the right or the South and Eaot of the 
 Baltimore and Washington Railroad, guarding the 
 same and coterminous districts. As representatives 
 of this company district (fjrmerly Twenty -second, 
 now Twenty-first Regiment, Ninth Brigade, Third 
 Division N. Y. S. M.) there were a number of men 
 from the Upper District of Red Ilook, of whnm the 
 following have been reported : 
 
 Andrew Decker. — He eidisted throe consecutive 
 times and served honestly and faithftilly until killed 
 under Sheridan at Cedar Creek, in the Shenandoah 
 Valley, I9th October, 1864, either in the Sixth New 
 York Cavalry, or, as some say, the Fifty-sixth New 
 York Infantry or the First New York Chasseurs. 
 
 Charles Decker. 
 
 Montgomery Marshall. — Returned home broken 
 down in health. 
 
 Adam MooRJi. 
 
 Edward Snvdee. — Afterwards de.serted. 
 
 Ch.aeles Stailey. — He enli.sted three consecutive 
 timess and came home Orderly Sergeant. 
 
 Wm. H. Stocking. — Served honestly and faithfully 
 three enlistments ; at Gettysburg he was shot through 
 the leg above the ankle, so bad a wound he was offer- 
 ed his discbarge, but refused it. He was iu swimming 
 at City Point when the famous explosion t ok place in 
 ■June, 1864. and although 5 were killed and 17 were 
 wounded in the detachment of his own regiment 
 stationed there, and an immense destruction occurred, 
 he e.scaped without the slightest injury 
 
 In the Pall of 1861 the Ulster Countj' Guard again 
 took the field as a regular United States Volunteer 
 R giment, and was known as the Eightieth New 
 York Volunteers. 
 
 For details of the services of this regiment see Ap- 
 pendix, page i. to liv. 
 
 There were twenty-five men from the Upper Dis- 
 trict of Red Hook in Company B. Their names were 
 as follows : 
 
 1. Wansbrough Bloxham. — Shot through the arm 
 in carrying the colors at Gettysburg. 
 
 2. John Decker Shot by accident at Upton Hill, 
 
 opposite Washington, died 2Ist March, 1862, brought 
 home and buried at the Old Red Church, northeast 
 
. 93 
 
 of Madaliii. See pages 08-69. 
 
 3. Oswald Decker. — Wounded with a buckshot 
 in the brea.=;t at Manassas or Bull Run, Second, where 
 Colonel Pratt was likewise mortally wounded by a 
 buckshot wbich lodged in bis spinal marrow, from 
 which he died in a few days. 
 
 4 Morgan Denegar. 
 
 5. Charles Garrison. 
 
 6. Theodore Garrison. — Shot through flesh of 
 thigh at Manassas or Bull R'ln. Second. 
 
 7. CnRrsTiAN Gruntler, Senior. — Discharged and 
 died of dropsy, brought on bj' effects of severe service, 
 after his return home. See page 70. 
 
 8 Christian Gruntler, Jr. — Died of wounds re- 
 ceived at Manassas or Bull Run, Second. See page 70. 
 
 9. John Hatton. See page 55. 
 
 10. Wm. H. Hoffman. 
 
 11 Geo W. Kellv. — Killed at Manassas or Bull 
 Run Second. 
 
 12. Alfred Lashf.e (son of Widow'SARAH Lasher). 
 — Killed at Manassas or Bull Run, Seicond. 
 
 13. Pftee W. Lashee. 
 
 14. Robert McCarrick. 
 
 15. Charles Macniff. — Twice wounded, slightly 
 in the arm under Bubnside at Fredericksburg First, 
 and above the forehead at Gettysburg. This brave 
 soldier was finally appointed Sergeant and detailed 
 for Ambulance service at headquarters. 
 
 16 James or Jacob Minklee. 
 
 17. Adam Moore. — Twice severely wounded and 
 then injured in a blowor tornado at Point Lookout. 
 
 18. Frederic OvERMiER (Sergeant). — Twice wound- 
 ed slightly in the breast at Manassas or Second Bull 
 Run, 30th August, 1862, the bullet lodging in a testa- 
 ment in his pock t, and in the foot at Gettysburg. 
 
 19. David A. Paulmatier. 
 
 20. Lewis Redder. — Killed at Manassas or Bull 
 Run Second, 30th August, 1862 
 
 Hiram Risedorf. —Died of typhus fever at Upton 
 Hill, opposite Washington, and was buried at Falls 
 Church, Va. See pages 61-62. 
 
 22 Frederic Simmons. 
 
 23. John H. Swartz. 
 
 24. Rufus Warringer. — Killed at Antietam, 17th 
 September, 1862, by a Minie ball through the bowels. 
 
 25. David Wool (colored). 
 
 Tn Company A, which was entirely composed of 
 Duchess County men, there were several, perhaps 
 quite a number, from the Lower District of Red Hook. 
 Their names have never been furnished to the writer, 
 nor has be any means of ascertaining them. 
 
 From the Upper District there were two brothers : 
 
 26. Marcellus Stocking. See page 55. 
 
 27. Wm. H. Stocking. 
 
94 
 
 It is said there were no other Red Hook men in 
 any other companies than A and B in this regiment. 
 
 After Gettysburg, this regiment, which went out 
 about 1,000 strong — it brought home only 150 men — 
 on'y 60 men could be brought into line of battle. In 
 the three days fight it did magnificently and suffered 
 severely, having 34 killed and 110 wounded. During 
 this battle, at one time, Colonel Gates himself carried 
 the colors while mounted and under fire. Wm. H. 
 Stocking says that he counted the marks of IC gun- 
 shot wounds in the co'onel's horse, aod yet the animal 
 survived to come home 
 
 BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 
 
 Note 5 to Page 25. — Dehived from Gorrespondence 
 WITH Major-General S. W. Orawtord. 
 
 Third Division, Fifth Ookps (Okawford's). 
 
 In the general march of the Anny of the Potomac, 
 northward, my division pasj'ed through Hanover nn 
 the night of the 1st of July. I marched aU night and 
 just before morning halted at a little town called 
 Brushtovm to rest. The men lay down in the road. 
 It was not yet day when an aide of General Sykes. 
 who commanded the Fifth Corps, came to me with 
 orders to push on, at once, without letting the men 
 have coffee. I moved as soon as we could dis- 
 tinguish the road, but was soon obliged to halt and 
 give the road to Gregg's cavalry, who were going to 
 the froi;t. In my rear was Sedgwick with the Sixth 
 Corps. I pushed on after the cavalry to BonaugTi- 
 town, sending my ammunition train to the left, at the 
 edge of the town, with orders to strike the Baltimore 
 turnpike. I marched on to the middle of the town, 
 and striking a road, to the left, crossed to the turnpike, 
 and after a short inarch crossed Eoek Greek, turned 
 in to the left, in rear of Wolfs Hill, and halted. It 
 was not yet noon, aiid ray n-en enjoyed several hours 
 of mach-needed rest. 
 
 Meantime a staff ofiicer from General Stkes came 
 to me to learn the situation of the division, and stated 
 that a staff officer would report to me at 3 o'clock 
 to conduct me to my posiiion on the field. 
 
 About 3i a staff ofiicer from General Sykes (Lieu- 
 tenant Ingham) came to me with .orders for me to 
 march to the battlefield, following the Sec^iud Division 
 of my corps. He had no orders to conduct me i'l 
 person. The Second Division lay in my fi-imt among 
 the rocks and ravines of Wolfs Bill. 1 had recon- 
 noitered the position and had found a by-road leading 
 around the left of Wolfs Hill. It led through the 
 
95 
 
 woods and struck the road along which the Second 
 Division was marching. When the head of my col- 
 umn struclj the road I haltod to allow the Second 
 Division to pass. Before it could pass, it halted, 
 facel about, and returned ; its new route leading away 
 from the field. I could get no infoimation, but, dis- 
 patching a staff officer to General Sykes, I awaited 
 his return. 
 
 About a mile in my front and to the southwest the 
 battle was raging fiercely, and in a few moments, a staff 
 officer, named Captain Moore, came to me in a state 
 of great excitement and begged me to go at once to 
 '•those hills," as the enemy had driven our men back 
 and were trying to get the hills and if they did, the 
 Army could not hold its position. H% said he was an 
 aide iif General Meade's, as I understood him, and 
 that General Sickles had direcled him to get any as- 
 sistance he could, and to order any command there he 
 could find. The following colloquy then took place : 
 
 General Crawford — ''I am perfectly willing to go 
 with you at once if you c m give me the proper 
 Oi-ders. I have heanl the firing, and am anxious to 
 get to the field. If you are an aide of General Meade 
 you can give me his order." 
 
 He then interrupted me — " I am not an aide of 
 General Meade but of General Sickles, and he ordered 
 me to tiike any command I found." 
 
 Geueral 0. — ''I cannot take orders from General 
 Sickles. You must go to General Stkes, who has 
 already ordered me to join him on the field — or if 
 you can find any general officer commanding here 
 who will give me orders, and I 'believe General 
 Slocxtm is near, and will say to him that I think I 
 should go at once to that point, I will accompany 
 you." 
 
 Captain Moore galloped down the road to General 
 Slooum's headquarters at Wolf Hill on the right of 
 oar line, saw him, and returned with the order to me, 
 and I moved at once across the fields and by cross 
 roads toward the Round Tops. We pushed, on and 
 in passing through a piece of woods not far from the 
 Taneytown road I met a large company of officers 
 and men coming back with a wounded general. As 
 my march was impeded, I rode forward, and in di- 
 recting them to turn oiT the road unrtil my command 
 passed, I asked why so large a number of men were 
 going to the rear with one wounded officer. An officer 
 replied it was General Sickles, and that he had lost a 
 leg. I asked if General S. had directed so large a 
 party to accompany him, and was told he had. I pass- 
 ed on, crossed the Taneytown road, on a cross road 
 leading into the Emmettsburg road, at a peach orchard. 
 
This road led along the riffhr of Little Hound Top 
 across a ravine, deep and wide, traversed by a niarsliy 
 run and through a wheat field, gradually risinj;, skirt- 
 ed by a stone wall toward the ravine, and bounded 
 on the right and left by open woods. 
 
 Shortly after cossing the TaneytoVn road. I rode 
 forward, and turning into a field on the right met 
 General Stkes, who nompliniented me for arriving so 
 promptly on the field (I had arriveil at the same time 
 with the Seoond Division), and who directed me to 
 mass ray division in thai field and av\'Mit orders from 
 him. I had not massed one brigade, when I rereive<l 
 orders to cross the road, form in line of bittle and be 
 prepared to support the troops fighting in front, in 
 case they were compelled to fall back. I made the 
 movement at onoe, l)nt it was not copnplfted, and my 
 rear brigade was marching into position, when I again 
 received order.s from General Sykes to send a brigade 
 to the support of General Barnes (as the staflf officer 
 stated), who had been fighting on my immediate left, 
 in the gorge between the Mound Tops. This order 
 was very unnecessary. Vincext's brigade had already 
 repulsed the attack and he had lost his life. General 
 RioE was commanding. Gensral Barnes who was. 
 temporarily commanding Griffin's Division (First of 
 Fifth Corps) was not on that part of the field. I sent 
 Colonel Fisher, commanding my Third Brigade, to 
 Rice's support. Before he could move out, the firing in 
 front became more and more continuous and determin- 
 ed, as well as closer. The enemy were ad- 
 vancing rapidly. He had broken Sickles at the 
 Peaah Orchard, and was advanciag directly on 
 tlie right flanks of the brigade's to the right 
 of the cross road above spoken of, and driv- 
 ing them in, with great loss. Zook, Brooks, and 
 finally Atres, with his division of Regulars, all were 
 retreating. The space in my fron*. the ravine and the 
 woods were filled with fugitives. Seeing the condition 
 of things I sent Captain Louis Livingston, one of my 
 aides, to General- Stkes, reporting that our men were 
 all breaking, and asking him for orders. He brought 
 me a message from General S. to the eflfect that '' Gen- 
 eral Crawford was on the gr'und, and must judge 
 what to do for himself." My command was drawu 
 up on the slope of Little Round Top, and was about 
 half way between the cross road and the crest. 
 Whbaton's Brigade (Sixth Corps) had come up, and 
 was drawn up nearly in prolongation of my line, 
 crossing the cross road to the right. Meantime Atees 
 had crossed my front in retreat, and the enemy had 
 followed him, driving the troops in his front, down 
 through the woods and wheat field to the stone wall. 
 
Here the enemy re- arranged his line, erossed the stone 
 wall, and was coming in line of battle across the 
 ravine, toward the Sound Tops. Biding in front of 
 ray line, I ordered a forward movement, directing 
 Captain Livin»ston and Captain Auohmutt to assist 
 me in leading on the men. The entire command 
 moved at once. I found myself in the front line and 
 beside the color.-s of the First Pennsyhania Reserves. 
 Captain, now Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, Livingston, 
 was on one side of /ne, and Captain, now Brevet 
 Lientenant-Colonel, Auohmutt, my Acting Adjutant- 
 General, on the other, both engaged in animating the 
 men. The color sergeant of the First Regiment had 
 been shot in the hand, and the colors were being car- 
 ried by a corporal (Swope). I leaned bver, and seizing 
 the flag, lifted it above and called ^^Forward Reserves! " 
 and away we went down the slope, across the small 
 branch and on toward the stone wall. Between the 
 sione wall and the branch, we met the enemy's skir- 
 mishers, drove them hacl< with a ran on their line of 
 battle, which we encountered just in rear. My whole 
 line opened on it with great enthusiasm and shouting. 
 Recrossing the stone wal', the enemy endeavored to 
 resist our approach, but on «e went, When the enemy 
 hastily retreated, leaving a stand of colors and many 
 prisoners in our hands. In crossing the stone wall 
 Colonel Taylor of the Pennsylvania Rifles (Buch- 
 tails) was killed at the head of his regiment, 
 shot through the heart. We had crossed into the 
 wheat field, when finding myself without support, 
 and the enemy holding a ridge in mj front as well as 
 the woods on my left, I refused my left and establish- 
 e ' uiy entire command behind the st ne wall, skirting 
 the woods. General Stkes having declined to send 
 me support, my left was tlirown along HoucVs Hill, 
 yiy skirmishers were thrown forward into the wheat 
 field, hut a severe fire was kept up on their left flank, 
 and in visiting the skirmish line at midnight, crawling 
 carefully out to it with Captain Auohmutt, I found 
 it within pistol shot of the enemy, who had establish- 
 ed himself in front, on a ridge beyond, and who en- 
 filaded my skirmish line from the left. Seeing this, I 
 directed the brigade commander to draw his skirmish- 
 ers closer and consolidate his oomin .nd behind the 
 stone wall. At daylight the enemy seeing my poH- 
 tion opened with musketry, but failed to make any 
 impression. Babtlktt's Brigade or Division of the 
 Sixth Corps was now moved up to my right and 
 rear toward TroatWs house. 
 
 When General Mkade had the disaster of Sioklbs 
 reported to him, he directed Williams' Division of 
 Twelfth Corps (Slooum) from the extreme right, with 
 
98 
 
 soine troops from the First Corps (Newton, centre) 
 to proceed at once to the Round Tops, which were 
 reported lost, and to retake the ground. Tliey were 
 met with the report that we had ah-eady driven 
 back the enemy, and they were urdered back to tlieir 
 own works, into which Early's troops had pene- 
 trated on Quip's Hill. 
 
 Meantime Fishbb liad moved witli his brigade to 
 the left, crossing the top of Little Round Top in rear 
 of the batteries ("Weed) and joining Vincent's Brig- 
 ade, now Kioe's. The enemy under Hood had endeav- 
 ored to penetrate the gorge between Round Top and 
 Little Roxmd Top. Hood's Division was on the ex- 
 treme right of the Rebel line, and this actack was 
 part of the general movement in following up the 
 attack on Sickles. Hood was repulsed, and Fishek 
 arrived with ray Third Brigade just after the enemy bad 
 fallen back. Wedid not, at that moment, holdiJo'UTwiT'op 
 proper. Tlie troops under Fisher and Rice fared tow- 
 ard it. About dusk an aide-de-camp fr(mi Colonel 
 Fisher came to uie ivith a report from the Colonel 
 that the enemy were on Round Top, and asking 
 permission to take it. .1 rode to the spot and me 
 Colonel FisHEE and gave him the urder in person to 
 take the hill. He and Rice moved up the hill in line 
 of battle; the Twentieth Maine being deployed as 
 skirmishers in their front. A few shots were fired, 
 and a few stragglers of the enemy taken prisoners. 
 Heavy breastworks were thrown up from the top of 
 Round Top, down its slope and aoros.'* the gorge tow- 
 ard Little Round Top. 
 
 Thus ended Thursday's fight on the left. The Sixth 
 Corps, under Sedgwick, had not participated, and 
 were now massed in the rear of our left, now secure 
 against attack. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 That the movement above described saved the 
 Round Tops from seizure by the enemy, I have no 
 doubt. That the enemy could and would have taken 
 them is to me unquestionable, and because — 
 
 1. They were the key of our positiou, and it was 
 his second attack upon them, and once in his pose»- 
 sion our trains and depots at Westminster,were exposed 
 to capture, and we would have been olliged to fall back. 
 
 2. Because our own troops, on and about the Round 
 Top$ (we had none on Round Top proper), were 
 shaken by the repulse, and were not in a condition to 
 resist unless the Sixth Corps cuuld have been made 
 available, and, even then, the enemy would have been in 
 possession of the ridges Oefore it could have been suyi- 
 pu;eid. The artillerists tm Little Round To^ had given 
 
99 
 
 up hope of saving their guns, and were about moving 
 their horses to the rear wiien my movement was made. 
 
 3. Niglu was 30 near thnt any repulse or disaster 
 could not have been retrieved, and although we 
 might have retaken the hill, it would have required 
 daylight. 
 
 4. The question is not one of infinite probabilities, 
 but what force actually repulsed the enemy. This 
 has been shown above, 
 
 Friday^ July 3. — After Piokktt's charge and attack 
 and subsequent repulse, General Meade, with Weight, 
 Sedgwick iind others, came to Little Round Top. 
 Straggling Rebels were seen going toward their lines, 
 which, on their extreme right, were still held by Hood, 
 whose troops lield the woods on my left ilank, as well 
 as Houch's Hill in front of Round Top. His sharp- 
 shooters were so annoying, that no one could show 
 themselves near any of the rocks on Little Round Top, 
 without drawing their fire. Seeing my command in 
 position near the stone wall. General Meade ids'ked 
 whose it was. General Stkes replied thatit was Ceaw- 
 pohd's. General Meade then directed th:it I should 
 take my command anil " clear those woods," pointiugto 
 the wiods opposite to the Round Tops. Said he, "I 
 do not know what force you may find there, but if 
 you find lliey are too strong for you, you can come 
 back." 1 joined the command and directed the move- 
 me[it. I moved the whole command to the right 
 nniil ir was parrallel to the cross road skirting the 
 wheat field. The moment the movement was begun, 
 the enemy opened from a battery on the ridge, throw- 
 ing grape and cannister. Fortunately the woods 
 screened my command from view, and, under their 
 cover, I detached a regiment to move cautiously tow- 
 ard the battery and throw forward skirmishers to 
 control its fire, and if it should not be supported to 
 charge upon it and take it. The reKiment moved as di- 
 rected, and after a few shots, the section,which was not 
 supported, limbered up and fled. I then directed the 
 brigp.de commander (Colonel MoOan-dless) to move 
 forward in line of battle and clear the woods in his 
 fj-oi)t. This order was sent by Captain Livingston, 
 and in conveying it he had to pass over the most «a;^os«tZ 
 part of the field. He conveyed it coolly amid the 
 enemy's fire, and returned under the same fire to me. 
 I did not expjct he would escape. When MoCandlesb 
 moved I directed General Baetlett, who was order- 
 ed to support me, to advance two of hia regiments to 
 the stone wall, and to bold the position, while another 
 regiment was sent toward TrostWs House to relieve 
 the regiment previously sent to silence the battery on 
 the or-'st. MoCandlkss moved into the woods, but 
 inclined too much to his right, when I sent a staff 
 
100 
 
 officer to change hia direciion. Tliis was done, aud 
 changing front to rear, his men, with a loud shont, 
 came upon the flank of a brigade of iiooD's Division, 
 wiio were entrenched in ihe woods <)n the left flank 
 of my previous position and aX right angles to it. After 
 a snort fight the enemy retreated, lianning ovej- one 
 of hi-i own brigades, who were massed in the rear of 
 the command, entrenched in the woods. They were 
 in a deep hollow, perfectly prolected and were sup- 
 plying the sharpshooters at work on HoueVs Hill, 
 who were firing ou the Round Tops. They ran with- 
 out firing a shot, abandoning their arms, etc. Another 
 brigade of Hood, uuder Bennins. wJto were further 
 to the right, also hastily retreated. Hood's wholu 
 Division were by this movement surprised and driven 
 from the field. The woods v/era cleared and the 
 enemy retreated a mile distance, where he strongly 
 entrenched himself. 
 
 Nearly 200 prisoners. 2 guns and S caissons, and 
 over 7,000 stand ot arms were recovered by this 
 movement. Many of these arms belonged to our own 
 men, and the Rebels had piled them in huge heaps, 
 ready to burn them. 
 
 A question has arisen whether this was not the 
 moine t to move with a large force, from our left, 
 upon Lee's shaken forces. The Sixth Corps were 
 fresh and we could have sent a large body, and Lee's 
 extended lines were very thin. (See Hancock s testi- 
 mony before the " Committee on the Conduct of the 
 War:') 
 
 This closed my fighting at Gettysburg. On Sunday 
 I went out with the skirmish line and found the 
 enemy had retreated before day. 
 
 The conduct of Captain LitingstoIi and of Captain 
 AuoHMDTY was highly creditable to them. The> 
 were untiring in their efforts, and did very much to 
 contribute to the success of my operations on botli 
 Thursday and Friday. 
 
 *** * **** 
 
 In an interview with theKebel General J. B. Hood, 
 of the late Confederate Army, and his Adjutant-Gen- 
 eral Colonel Seldkn, on December 2d 1866, Major- 
 General S. W. Crawford elicited the following facts 
 in regard to the battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 Hood said he had early perceived the importance of 
 the Round Tops, and had urged an attack upon the 
 Union flank from the Rebel right; their forces to be 
 massed in the plain, South of the Round Tops, on 
 Thursday, July 2d, 1863. General Longstreet, how- 
 ever, his corps Commander, would not assume the re- 
 sponsibility. Thiswas early on Thursday. Again, 
 after Hood was wounded in the general attack on 
 Sickles, Colonel Selden urged General Law (who 
 commanded Hood's Division, after Hood was wounded) 
 
101 
 
 to push on to the Round Top after McLaws' attack, 
 tint he, likewise, would not take the responsibility. 
 He was stterwards reproved by Longsteeet, who 
 was entirely convinced of the importance of the 
 movement. Colonel Sei.den was earnest in urgino; 
 the occuparcy of Round Top, on Thursday, and said 
 that Pickett's division would be up liy night, and they 
 would have plenty of men. It was ordered that 
 McLaws should attack simultaneously with HooD. 
 McLaws was s'ow, in fact lie was an hpur behind hand 
 in coming to the field. McLaws' led Longstkeet's 
 Corps, and should have been on the right and in 
 front. He was so slow in his movements that Hood 
 was ordered to pass bini, and thus was on the right of 
 the whole Rebel Army. In the attack on Sickles, 
 McLaw did not attack until after Hood's repulse ; in 
 the latter's attempt to get between the Round Tops. 
 
 Hood's O' ders were for him to move up the Emmetts- 
 hurg Road to cro.s,s it, and swing round, with right 
 toward the Round Tops, and move towards Gettys- 
 burg. He, at once, explaine.Ithe peril of so doing; that 
 his right fl nk and rear would be very much exposed, 
 if notpositively endangered ; but Longsteebt insisted 
 that this was the movement ordered by General Lee, 
 and asain directed it to be carried out. Hood then 
 asked Longstreet to come in person and look at the 
 position. He did so, and the order was then modified, 
 so as to combine a direct attack upon the Round Tops. 
 McLaws then drew back on Thur.«day evening, and 
 retired beyond the Euimettsbnrg road. 
 
 On Friday, Law, with part of bis old brigade, 
 Jennings' brigade, and Robertson's brigade was 
 in the woods, opposite to the Round Tops, 
 bej'ond Houcks' Hill. Anderson's brigade and the 
 First Texas Regiment were down the Bmmettsburg 
 Road watching the Union cavalry, whither they were 
 posted by Colonel Selden, the Adjutant-General of 
 Hood's Division. There was no connec tion between 
 this force and the main body in front of the Rovnd 
 Tops. The Union Cavalry came in on the left of the 
 First Texas, and passed through their lines. Rii.ey 
 now opened with his battery, which had no sup- 
 ports or force with it, and they were thrown into con- 
 fusion. 
 
 Colonel Selden then detached the Second Georgia, 
 which deployed and opened on the Union Cavalry ; 
 when they retreated. 
 
 Hood spoke of Lee, as saying, before Gettysburq, 
 '' The enemy (Union) are here and if we do not whip 
 him. he will whip us.''' Previous to this, his former 
 confident assertion used to be ■' The enemy are here 
 and we must (or wiU) whip him-^' HdoD spoke of the 
 value of moving down the mountains to Em,mettsburg, 
 
102 
 
 as the morement the Rebels should liave made, and 
 was of opinion tbey should not have foiightat Getti/s 
 burg- (The features of that battle-flekl prove that 
 Lee, if he was the general, Rebels and sympathizers 
 and' panegyrists made him out to have been, was 
 either not himself upon this occasion, or as is most 
 likely, one of the most over estimated phantasms mili- 
 tary annals describe.) Hood's opinion as to moving 
 on Emmettsburg, rather than fighting at Gettysburg, 
 led to the remark of Lee, with which this paragraph 
 opens. Never before had he shown such lack of con- 
 fidence, or seemed to be so shaken in his conviction o( 
 what the result was to be. Hood spoke of theKebel at- 
 tacks from Ewei.l's Corps on their right, along their 
 whole line, as being like (the see-saw on the swingle- 
 tree, neither corps pulling together, or applying its 
 force simultaneous!}') that of a halhy team- (In this as 
 in many other particulars, there is a great similarity 
 to the French aggressive, lic, at Waterloo likewise 
 in the respective attitudes of the Rebel and Union 
 and the French and British armies). He snid there 
 was nothing done in unison. Lo^gsteeet, who did 
 not wish tu attack on Thursday until Pickett came 
 up, expressed ex ctly this want of military simulfa- 
 neousness when he said, " He did not want to walk 
 with one boot off." 
 
 Captain RicH.iRD Tylden Auchmuty, mentioned in 
 General Oraweord's narrative, was one of the most 
 distinguished staff officers who emerged from civil life 
 to discharge the duties of a soldier. In lS61-'2, par- 
 ticularly during McClellan's " Oampaign on the 
 Peninsula,"' he served on the staff of Major-General 
 MoRP.Ei.L. At Chancellorsville, 18G3, he was attached 
 to the Stafi' of General Griffin, but was among those 
 at the Ohancellorville House, during the hottest fire, 
 by which the Commanding General suffered so 
 severely. At Gettysburg, and whenever and wherever 
 he was on duty, in the field, his conduct was unex- 
 ceptionable. Brevet, d Lieutenant-Colonel United 
 States "Volunteers, for distinguished service, he only 
 left the Army when the Rebellion w.is subdued. He 
 .is the grand-nephew o, the famous Sir Samuel Auch- 
 muty, wtio distinguished himself in the British 
 Campaign against Buenos Ayres in 1806-'7, when he 
 captured Monte Video, and by his ability redeemed 
 thf incapacity of his superior, General Whitei.ock. 
 Brevet Lieutenant-Oolonel Auchmuty's father was 
 a Captain of Marines in the United States Naval 
 service, and. airn):ig other cruises, was in the Me'Mter- 
 riinean in 1816, whon Ohaukcy dictated terms to the 
 Dey of Algiers. As Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel RiOH- 
 AED Tyldest Auchmuty was born and b ought up at 
 
103 
 
 tlie country seat now owned by Johnston Livingston, 
 Esq., next south of Tivoli, lie may be claimed as 
 another one of those sons of Red Hook, who did honor 
 to their birth-place by their patriotism and military 
 conduct, and, as such, he is enti'led to this notice in 
 an Addr ss dedicated to the soldiers of that town, 
 whose exploits are tl'e pride and property of its citi- 
 zens, especially of the "immediate neighborhood "of 
 Tivoi.i and Madai.in. 
 
 Note 6 to Page 25, 7th Line from Bottom, Text, 
 128th N. N. V. 
 
 On the 12th of Augnst, 1862, a War Meeting was 
 held at the village of Madalin, which resulted in mus- 
 tering in nineteen Volunteers, of a better class than 
 those who generally respond, upon the spot, to an 
 invitation ti enlist 
 
 Their names, worthy of commemoration, are as fol- 
 lows. They are set down in the order in which they 
 offered themselves to their country : 
 
 1. Benjamin II. Coopee, 19, Tivoli, a highly intel- 
 ligent and active youth (educated at General de 
 Peyster's Fr. e School), whose acquirements soon led 
 to his detail, although against the promptings of his 
 spirit, to Bureau Service. 
 
 2. Geo. A Norctitt. 18, Tivoli, who evinced upon 
 all occflsions, a d especially before Port Hudson, a 
 gallantry of the highest type. See pages 40-41. 
 
 3. Iewis 'W. Cashdoi.i.ae, 19, Tivoli. He was 
 with his regiment at Port Hudson,*on the Red River, 
 and in the Shenandoah Valley. In the charge of the 
 One Hundred and Twenty-eighth upon the Louisiana 
 Tigers, in which the Rebel General York lost his 
 right arm. he was hit at the upper edge of the middle 
 third of the right leg. The ball penetrated six inches 
 along the fibula bone, thence to the tibia, and descend- 
 ed to the ankle joint. A portion of the lead was 
 found in his shoe, and the same shot knocked off the 
 heel, lie lay on the field until 7 p. M., and was six 
 hours in thehands of the Rebels. They did nothing 
 for him except to give him a drink Of water. This 
 was little enough, since they stole his canteen, panta- 
 loons and shoes Finally two dismounted United 
 States cavalrymen came along and gave him therr 
 shelter tents, but left him. Afterwards he saw Hugh 
 McGuAEE, One Hundred and Fifty sixth N. Y. V., 
 from Sauger'ies, just opposite Tivoli, with whom he 
 was well acquainted. McGuibb stopped three other 
 soldiers and the four carried him a mile and a half 
 from the battle-ground to the Sixth Corps Field Hos- 
 pital. The surgeons, at this point, would have nothing 
 to do with Oashdollae, as he belonged to the Nine- 
 teenth Corps. McGuiKE and a Dr. McLawkt, of the 
 
104 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-sixth, tlien pu Cashdollak 
 in an ambulance, whioh transported bim to the Sivth 
 Corps Hospital, four miles further on. Her Cash- 
 DOi.LAK refused to be taken out, as he wanted to get 
 on to his own surgeon, Dr. A]SDEEWS,nf Poughkeepsie. 
 He lay in the ambulance from 8 to 11 p. m. He was 
 then driven 3 miles to the Nineteenth Corps Hospital, 
 Wiich he reached about midnight. Next day, about 
 11 A. M.. his leg was amputated below the knee ; 
 about 5 p. M. he came to, from the eiFects of chloro- 
 form ; at 6 p. M. he was put in an ambulance and 
 driven nine mile^^ to Winchester. On the way thither 
 secondarv hemorrhage came on; the stump had 'obe 
 out open and th- arteries again t^^cen up. At Win- 
 chester the accommodations for the sick were very 
 defective in the way of sinks. A soldier shot through 
 the hips, fell, from want of attention on the part of 
 his nur-ies, and in falling, to save himself, caught 
 Oashdollae's stump and burst the flap, so that the 
 bone protruded three inches. The surgeons had to 
 cut or rasp the edge of the bone off and allow the rest 
 to slough. From Winchester, Oashdoli-ae was trans- 
 ferred to Martinsburgh ; thence, in a Cattle car, to 
 Baltimore ; thence to Philadelphia ; thence to Chestsr, 
 Penn., to receive his discharge. This seems to be a 
 wonderful case of endurance and recuperative power, 
 and attests a constitution such as few possess. 
 
 4. Jno. H, Hagae. 23, Madalin, mentioned at 
 length in Address. See pages 16t, 26-' 9, 36, 43, &c. 
 
 5. Geo. F. Simmons, 24, Madalin, the subject of 
 particular notice'in Address. See pages 40-'l, 49 &c. 
 
 6. Samuel Simmons. 25, Tivoli, rejected for consti- 
 tutional defects. 
 
 7. Lewis Simmons, 16, Madalin. 
 
 8. Montgomeet Finsbe, 18, Madalin (a pupil of 
 General de Petster's Free School), a bright youth, 
 but a victim to inflammatory rheumatism, who, 
 although incapable of much field service, was of great 
 use as a clerk and in the hospital. 
 
 9. Henet a. Brtjndagb, 27, Madalin, a coolly 
 brave, solid soldier, and a worthy citizen. See page 71. 
 
 10 James Doyle, 23, Tivoli. 
 
 11. Geoegk Waeringee, Madalin, rejected for con- 
 stitutional defects. 
 
 12. RoBBET Kbotoe, 28, Tivoli 
 
 13. Petek Mooke, 18, Madalin. 
 
 14. Gilbert Dedkeiok, 19, Upper Red Hook. 
 
 15. Albert Cole, 20, Tivoli. 
 
 16. Daniel Neenan, 35, Tivoli. His comrades do 
 not endorse his record. 
 
 17. Peter Wyer or Dwyer. 26, Tivoli, killed at 
 Winchester. See page 71. 
 
 18. Augustus Gcebel, 21. Madalin. 
 
105 
 
 ly. John Van Etten, 47, Upper Red Hook ; died 
 at Savannali. See page.s 61-62. 
 
 20. Geoege W. Mixki.er (nicknamed Lieutenant 
 Jurge), 18, MadalLii, a cool, Rallant fellow. See 
 page 40. 
 
 21. WiLUA.M lIovEE, 23, Madalin, a gallant soldier, 
 badly wounded m the left arm at Fisher's Hill, under 
 
 SllEKIDAN. 
 
 22. JodiN' Eaioky Cole, 23, Madalin. 
 
 2o. Robert M. Harris, 21. The Volunteers from 
 Tivoli and Madalin say he did not muster in with the 
 One Hundred and Twenty-eighth ; must have be n 
 in some other regiment. 
 
 With the exception of No. 23, all these enlisted 
 under Acting Company Commandant Johnston Liv- 
 ingston DE Petstee, aged 15-16 (now Brevet Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel United States Volunteers and New 
 York Volunteers), at this time a pupil of the Highland 
 Military C.dlege, established on West Point principles 
 and plan. 
 
 Note 6, to Foot Note * Page 25. 
 
 {Lieutenant John McGill. Sergeant T, B. Paul- 
 MiER, and Corporal Peteh W. Fdnk, 150th Regt. 
 N. Y Vols.) 
 
 [These sketches are printed almost verbatiw from the 
 anginal manuscripts furnished by the individuals to 
 ivhom they relate. The only material changes made 
 "Were from the first to the third person -\ 
 
 John McGiLL, born in the i own of Red Hook, in 1836 
 enlisted, aged 25, as private, Oct. 1st. 1862, in the 
 150th N. Y. v., and was assigned to Co. F.. Capt. John 
 L. Green. The ISOth, ordered off Oct. 11th, reached 
 Baltimore, Oct. 13th, 1862. Here, Oct. 15th, McGill 
 was appointed third Sergeant, Co. F. The 150th lav in 
 c.mp in Baltimore, durinn the winter of 1862, "and 
 spring of 1863. January 1st, 1863, Mr. McGill, to- 
 getlier with three Corporals and twelve privates, was 
 detached from the Regiment, and St ..f ioned at Locust 
 Point, Md , to guard the Government Warehouse and 
 llaiiro d, where he remained two months. While 
 there, he reported that no fault could be found with 
 the behavior of the men, and that he had reason to be 
 grateful tor the trict performance of their duties, bv 
 corporals Funk, Paulmier and Osteander of Red 
 Hook, who did all in their power to discharge every 
 duty assigned to them Feb. 26th, 1863, this detach- 
 ment was recalled. Lieut Bowman, Co. F., acting 
 Provost-Marhal ; Sergeant McGill commanding Pro- 
 vost guard consisting of Corporal Ostkander and 
 thirteen privates, next proceeded to Westminster, Md. 
 There they found themselves in the midst of an 
 " Order of the Knights of the Golden Circle," backed 
 
106 
 
 by numerous Rebel sympathizers ; likewise deserters. 
 The men of the 150th, besides d(«ng other duty, 
 arrested many of the above and took them to Balti- 
 more, for trial. With four men, McGii.i. was then 
 ordered back to Westminster, to takb possession of a 
 Palmetto flag at the bouse of one Dr. Showers. Placing 
 two guards at each door, despite a rrowd gathering 
 around, he entered the house of Dr Showees and 
 searched for the flag, which he found,, up stairs, hidden 
 in a barrel. As the sympathizers swore the flag 
 ought not to be carried off, McGili. expected every 
 minute an att ick from the exasperated crowd. Never- 
 theless, after numerous adventures, he succeeded in 
 getting back to his main post, with tbe captured flag. 
 June 30th, this post was attacked by Genl. Stewart's 
 forces, when that Rebel general made his raid into 
 Maryland with 7,000 men. In th-e placie ( We.'itJiiinster?) 
 was Gapt Coebett, commanding sixty of the First 
 Deleware cavalry. Beside Mc(iLi.'s detachment, ihese 
 constituted the whole garrison Corbett made a 
 gallant charge on Stewakt's advance cavalry, belong- 
 ing to the Fiist Virginia Horse. McGii.i. attacked 
 the Rebels from behind buildings and drove them 
 twice; but, being surrounded by a large force, the 
 loyal garrison was taken prisoner. Of the Federals 
 two were killed and seven wounded. The Rebels lost 
 one captain and two lieutenants killed, and had 
 seventeen men wounded. The Rebels then marched 
 their prisoners, through Pennsylvania, to Hanover, in 
 that State. At this place, being attacked by the 
 Union forces, the Ptebels compelled their prisoners to 
 form in line of battle to support one of their own bat- 
 teries. 
 
 While apparently supporting the liattery, they were 
 shelled by Kilpatkick's guns. McGili, said. "Boys 
 we will not support that batrerj'any longer." The Reb- 
 els then tried to compel them to serve against their 
 own people, but the loyal prisonei-s would not, and re- 
 lired about fifty paces. Then Kii.patrick attacked 
 the Rebels and drove them. The oyal prisoners were 
 next marched 118 miles to Dover, Penna., without 
 provisions or shoes ; in fact the Rebels gave them nei- 
 ther victuals nor drink. After this they were pa- 
 roled by General Stewahi and sent to camp Paoli, 
 Westch'ster, Penna. Here they remained ten days, 
 when McGiLL was ordered to report back to West- 
 minster, to perform Provost duty again. Promoted 
 Second Sergeant, Co. F.,he remained there until Aud-. 
 27th, when be was ordered to join bis regiment, 150th 
 and did so about September 1st, at Kelly's Ford ■ 
 marched thence to the Raccoon Ford ; thence to 
 Brandy Station ; thence the regiment took transporta- 
 tion for Stevenson, Alabama. It lay there a short 
 
107 
 
 time and then was sent hack to Normandy, Tennessee, 
 where it laj- during the winter, doing garrison duty 
 and suffering extremely from the cold. 
 
 From Normandy, McGill was detailed to go 
 North for recruits. Together with Capt. Cogswell, 
 he remained home seventeen days, and then was 
 ordered back to his regiment, which he rejoined May 
 23d at Cassville, Georgia. The 150th marched May 
 24th and took part next day, 25tb, in the battle of 
 Dallas, in which the 150th suffered severely. The 
 150th also participated in ihe battles of Pine Knob, 
 June 14th, Gulp's Farm, June 22d., Marietta, July 4th, 
 Chattachoochee River, July 7-17th. 
 
 Within two mile's of Atlanta, a general engagement 
 ensued which resulted in driving and confining the 
 Rebels within their inner works. July 29th McGili. 
 was promoted to Orderly Sergeant, vice Ryan, died 
 of ickness. The 150th la}- there under fire about six 
 weeks, and then fell back again to the Chattachoochee 
 Sept- 1st, Atlanta having capitulated to Sherman, the 
 150th was the second regiment to enter the city. 
 After its rest at Atlanta the army started Nov. 13th- 
 15th for Smuunmli.. During 'he whole match, the 
 150th was cnjraged in on y one skirmish, at San- 
 denciUe Ga., (Nov. 25th) with Wheelek's cavalry 
 until the army reached Ten Mile Fort-, near Savannah. 
 The brigade to which the 150th belonged having 
 formed in line of battle in a rice swamp to charge on 
 the fort, the Rebels let the water it. upon them, nearly 
 drowning the Union soldiers. Gorporal Funk, being 
 ohort of stature, had to swim for his life. The 150th 
 then changed position by the left flank, charged the 
 fort, drove the Rebels and captured all their guns and 
 ammuniiion. While lying before Savannah, the 150th 
 Regiment, together with the rest of the 2d Brigade, 
 1st Division, 20th Corps, was sent to Askill's Island 
 to gather rice, the men being in a starving condition, 
 since they had nothing but rice to eat. This they had 
 themselves to pound out of the hulls, hardly getting 
 enough to sustain life. During the whole time the 
 2d Brigade was on this island, it was subjected to a 
 continued fire from the Rebel gun-boats. The 2d 
 Brigade then crossed over to the Carolina shore and 
 formed with both wings resting on the river, having 
 the Rebel skirmishers in their front and gun-boats in 
 their rear The 2d Brigade held its position until 
 Savannah was evacuated, when it was ordered to re- 
 port to Corps Headquarters in that city. The 150th 
 crossed and re-crossed, followed up by the Rebel skir- 
 mishers. Tt was on this occasion, whjle subjected to a 
 flank fire from the Rebels, that Colonel Ketcham, now 
 Brevet Major-General and Member of Congress, was 
 wounded, w4iile riding along the line, giving 
 
108 
 
 orders. Colonel Ketiham continued to command 
 until he had to be carried off the tieJd. He was suc- 
 ceeded b}' Major (now Brevet-Bric;;adier-General) Al- 
 fred B. Smitd, The 150tu finally reached Savannah 
 and lOniiuned there doing n-eueral guard duty until 
 January lltli. After this it crossed the river into 
 South Carolina, having a skirniisli with the enemy at 
 R.ibertsville. From that time up to* the date of the 
 l)attle of Averysboro. N. C. the 150th had no fighting, 
 but plenty of privation and hard wDrk. During its 
 long and arduous niarcli, ii built mil s of corduroy roads, 
 swam or waded niimliers of swamps a'nd rivers, living 
 upon the country. The boys subsisti-d bythc^irown 
 foraging and through the loragiug ol Sherman's " Bum- 
 mers ;" some days getting lots of good things, and then 
 again coming down to corn meal. At length alter 
 numerous adventures and accidents, with the help of 
 God and through the management: of General Shek- 
 MAU, the Union Army reached Averysboro, where the 
 Reluls mustered courage enough to attailv the Lo} al 
 forces . 
 
 They had just gone into camp ana settled for the 
 night, when orders came to fall in and march about 
 eight miles to support Kii.patiuck. Wading througli 
 muduptothe arm-pits — some of the boys going all un- 
 der — the ISOtli reached Kilpatrick about midnight 
 and went into action at dayiiglit. The 150th fought 
 all day in the rain and drove the enemy two miles. 
 Thence the 150th proceeded to Bentonsville, wher^ it 
 arrived March 19th. 1865. Here a general engagment 
 ensued. The Rebels were routed in. all quarters and 
 finally driven from the field. Thence the march was 
 resumed, and the 150th ev ntually arrived at Golds- 
 boro, in a pitiful condition The rnvn were without 
 shoes or hats, and tlie majority had nothing on but 
 drawers, or one leg of a pair of pantaloons, without ra- 
 tions, tired om and hungry indeed. At G Idsboro the 
 150th was re-fed and re-clothed, and as the boys said, 
 '•they felt themselves again new men.'' Bere McGill 
 was proraiited for meritorious conduct to lid Lieuten- 
 ant. 
 
 Thence the army marched to Raleigh ; near this, at 
 Jones's Cross Roads, Johnston surrendered much to 
 the joy of the men and of the nation, for (as McGill 
 concluded the letter from which these facts are de- 
 rived) "if he, bad kept on to Texas I might not have 
 been spared to write you the above simple narrative 
 of my share of duty assigned me, in tie 150th N. Y., 
 Vols., — always from one promotion lo another winning 
 the esteem and approval of my superior officers, and 
 endeavoring (conscientiously) to fill whatever capacity 
 I was placed in " 
 
100 
 
 Corporal Petkr W. Funk, born in Red Hook, enlist- 
 eci in tlie One Hiind ed and Fiftieth N. Y. V.. at the upe 
 of eiojiteen, was assigined Anp:ust 28th 1862, to Com- 
 pany P. ; joined it at Poughkeepsie, and was there ap- 
 pointed Corporal, Company F. The regiment left Octo- 
 ber 11th, arrived at Baltimore. October 13th, and 
 went into Cii.mp Millwgton, tbence to Camp Badger, 
 near Druid Bill Park, where thej' put up a new bar- 
 racks dnrintr the wintei- of '62 and '63. It lay there 
 until it wa.s ordered to join the Aimy of the Potomac, 
 on its march to Getty sbi(r g. Sind joineci it at Monocacy 
 Bridge. The One Hundred and Fiftieth continued with 
 tlie army until within two days' march of Gettysburg. 
 Theie the men of the One Hundred and Fiftieth were 
 ordered to leave their knapsacks by the sidf of the 
 roaa and proceed on to Gettysburg, where they could 
 already hear the roar of the artillery ; reached the 
 battle-field about noon, July 2d, and lay as reserve in 
 a stubble field. They were finally ordered up, towards 
 night, to retake two pieces of artillery. They did so and 
 then fell back again, lying all night oil their arms. The 
 next day, July 3d, the}' were ordered into the engage- 
 ment. They participated throughout the battle, and 
 came out scot free, and began chasing Lee, and chased 
 him to Williamsport, but did not caieh him ; thence 
 to Warrenton Junction, and finally to Kelly' s Ford, 
 thence to Raccoon Ford, thence to Brandy Station. 
 From this last place the One Hundred and Fiftieth 
 proceeded by rail to Stecenson, Ala ; thence to Nor- 
 mandy, Tenn., doing garrison duty until the following 
 April, 1864. Then the One Hundred and Fiftieth 
 started on the Atlanta Campaign. Funk participated 
 in the engagement at Resacca. Here our ''Boys in 
 Blue" defeated the Rebels, as they did also at Dallas, 
 Chdp's Farm. Fine Knob, Kenesaw Mottntain, Peach 
 2'ree Greek, and in the general engagements, around 
 Atlanta, July 22d, giving them cause to always re- 
 member Shekman, and his fighting men from the 
 Army of the Potomac. They then resumed their march 
 for Savannah, arrived before that city, and from that 
 time forward participated in all the marches and 
 battles and privations which are related in Lieutenant 
 John McGill's narrative, ever doing their whole 
 duty ; always thinking of home and loved ones there ; 
 often drsponding, heart-sick, weary, worn-out, only 
 kept alive by the prospects of a speedy termination of 
 the war. Thus, ever hoping, ever watching, at last, 
 the Oiie Hundred and Fiftieth with the others, re- 
 ceived the r reward in the final surrender of Joe 
 Johnston's forces, the closing of the war, the march 
 homewards and arrival there. The reception of the 
 One Hundred and Fit leth by the people of Duchess 
 County was a fitting one from a grateful people to its 
 
no 
 
 brave sons, who had gone forth to battle for a nation's 
 rights. AH th»-ir hardships were now.forgotten. With 
 their armor and arms, the men of the One Hundred 
 and Fiftieth lay aside all remembrances of their 
 troubles and grievances. 
 
 In the narratives of Lieutenant McGill and Cor- 
 poral Funk, the language of tbeir autographs was 
 followed wherever it was s\ifficiently clear to need no 
 change to make it so. Fn the account of Sergeant 
 Paulmier, it became necessary to re-model com- 
 pletely, since his remarks were too severe for this 
 book. In fact, throughout, it is matter of regret 
 that all strictures were not discarded and alti ough 
 they were not, with rare exception, those of the 
 speaker and compiler, still it is to be regretted that 
 they were not omitted, and, even -offered as they 
 have been, had the pages been printed otherwise than 
 they were, disjointedly, and piece by piece, the stric- 
 tures, referrrd to, would have been left nut al- 
 together -J. W. de P 
 
 Thomas B. Paulmier, a citizen of Red Hook, aged 
 thirty-one, by occupation a painter, volunteered in the 
 One Hundred and Fifteth N. Y. V., Company F. com- 
 manded by Captain John L. Green. August 26th, 
 1862, he was appointed Corporal ; Mar h, 1863, Color- 
 Corporal ; June 27th, on the march to Gettysburg, 
 Color-Serge-nt Brandt, having been taken sicK or 
 otherwise incapacitated, Paui.miek received and 
 carried the State Color. In the battle, July 2d, p. m., 
 when the One Hundred and Fiftieth and First Mary- 
 land were ordered to advance, re-take two pieces of 
 anillery, and re-establish their lines, which they did, 
 Paulmier volunteered to carry the County (U. S. ?) 
 Colors (the bearer having given out), which, during 
 the two days' fight, were torn in fourteen pieces by 
 bullets " The boys all behaved manfully, sustaining 
 the good name with which they left i ome." While 
 chasing Lee, Paulmier was taken sick, but still c'ung 
 to his colors until they reached Kelly's Ford, when 
 he was forced to give up and go into the hospital at 
 Washington. Thence he was " sent home to vote for 
 Lincoln."' After election he was transferred to 
 David's Island, N. Y. Harbor, where he acted for one 
 year as Ward-Master ; thence to Bedloe's Island, 
 where he acted for five months as Commissary's 
 Clerk. In January, 1865, he re-joined his regiment, at 
 Savannah ; marched with it through the Carolinas, 
 up to the date of Johnston's surrender, and until it 
 was mustered out at Poughkeepsie. Sergeant Paul- 
 mier claims for himself (as a representative of Red 
 Hook), the credit of having carried our County 
 
Ill 
 
 (eoiintrj', i y. U. S ?) Colors into its first battle, 
 Gettysburg, and bringing them oQt with honor, 
 although Sergeant Smalley of Companj' G. received 
 the name. Lieutenant McGill mentions him as a 
 good, brave, and reliable soldier. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ONE HUNDRED AND 
 FIFTIETH REGIMENT N. Y. VOL., INF. 
 
 Notes. Note to Page 31. LineIO. 150th N. Y.V. 
 
 The I50th was mustered into the service October 
 Uth, 1862 It arrived in Baltimore, Md., on the 13th, 
 and early in November was put on guard duty in that 
 city, subject to all the temptations of a populous and 
 busy seaport. It lequired the utmost vigilance to 
 in intain discipline. In December, 1862 it was sent 
 on an expedition to Adamstown, near Monocacy 
 Junction, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. This 
 movement, intended to cleckan expected Rebel raid, 
 occupied about one week. The troops on their return 
 to the city resumed their former guard duty. 
 
 On the 25tli day of June, 1863, the regiment moved 
 with the 1st Maryland-Potomao-Home-Brigade. Gen- 
 eral LocKWGOD, U S.A. in command, to join the Army 
 of the Potomac. It reached Monocacy Bridge, near 
 Frederick City on the 28th, and joined the 12th Corps 
 forming a part of 3d Brigade 1st Division of that 
 Corps, commanded by General Alpheus S.Williams. 
 General Alfred B. Smith .says, A. S. Williams com- 
 manded the 12th Corps; Brigadier-General Thomas H. 
 RuGEB, the 1st Division ; and General Lockwood the 
 2d Brigade. This Corps reached Gettysburg, Pa., on 
 the morning of the 2d July, and supported the 3d Corps 
 during the day. When O" the afternoon of that day 
 the 3d Corps was pressed hard andf -forced back, the 
 1st Division, 12th Corps, drove the Rebels and the 
 150th captured i wo cannon, and participated with much 
 credit in the general engagement of the next day the 
 3d. The 150th had 8 killed and 40 wounded in this 
 action, and withstood, behind frail works, the furious 
 attack which Ewell, the successor to Stonewall 
 Jackson, made upon their left on that terrible day of 
 conflict. Many of the men went into that fight bare- 
 footed. The light boots, appropriate to guard duty 
 in Baltimore, had given out, and Major Smith ti-stifies 
 that he saw many a rock marked with the blood of 
 lacerated feet. With scarcely an exception, men and 
 officers did their duty well ; all were eager for the 
 fight. The long and tedious march after this battle 
 is well known. The 12tb had the reputation of being 
 one of the most active corps in the army. It re- 
 mained as rear guard one day near the scene of con- 
 
112 
 
 flict, and then with marcbes of 30, 28, and 27 
 miles per day, reached the vicinity ot Williamsport. 
 Major Smith of tiie 150tU was on picket the 
 night the Rebels crossed the river, and with his 
 brigade-picket made an advonce on the Kebel lines, 
 driving them hait a mile, and was thus enabled .to 
 discover the retreat ot the enemy. Upon that very 
 report a general advance was ordered. The armv 
 inarched down to Harper's Ferry, and crossed the 
 I'otomac there, pursuing Lee, and keeping him west 
 ot the mountains ; thence inarched to the Rappahan- 
 nock river. There it lay a month with a sick list 
 averaging from 100 to 250 per day. The disease was 
 typho-malarial fever, but through the excellent care 
 and experience ot its noble surgeon, Dr. C. N Camp- 
 bell, of Duchess county, it lost but very few men. 
 I'wo officers. Lieutenants Makshall and Welling, 
 I'Oth of the same Company, C, and both from the 
 town of Pleasant Valley (where their fathers now re- 
 side, and where their bodies now lie. buried), died of 
 this disease. Marshall was sent to the hospital at 
 Washington and died there. Wellinw stuck to his 
 post and went with the regiment to the far West, re- 
 taining the command oi his company until the 150th 
 reached the far-famed TuUahoma, one of the scenes of 
 RosECRANs's glory, the Thermopylae (of Bragg), of 
 Tennessee. There, at length, worn out, he died, a 
 true hero. None nobler ever fell on the battle-field ! 
 The regiment renched the place of winter quarters, 
 Normandy, Tennessee, about _lhe 1st ot November 
 after having twice marched over tue Cumberland 
 Mountains to take part in the advance on Chatta- 
 nooga. Twice the Rebels cut the road behind them, 
 and the 1st Division, General A. S. WIlhams was 
 ordered back to protect the road. The winter passed 
 most tediously in the discharge of guard duty, watch- 
 ing the railroad, and hunting Guerrillas. Once they 
 were sent down into Lincoln County and collected 
 $135, 600 out of the Rebel farmers and property 
 holders. ^10.000 of this was paid to each of the 
 families of three Western soldiers who had been 
 cruelly murdered in that vicinity. Ou their return 
 to Tullahoma the band of robbers who had been 
 prowling around them killed M. E. Odell, of Rhine- 
 beck, Company F, 150th, and George Lovelace, of 
 Stanford, Company C, 150th. Through the efforts of 
 Colonel Ketcham the balance of the money ($5,000), 
 was procured and assign d for their families and, was 
 sent home to be paid to theln. While on the railroad 
 the 150th could procure no sanitary supplies, as all 
 trains ran through without stopping, and all were 
 effected by the scurvy, badly. When spring opened, 
 this terrible disease had a hold, to some extent, on 
 
lis 
 
 every m ti and officer in the regiment. On the 25th 
 of April, 1864, the 150th commenced its march, for 
 the last time, for the front. On the l.=^t of May it 
 reached Chattanooga, and im the 5th. at Buzzard 
 Hoo-st and Tunnel Hill. 25 mil. s .south of Chattanooga, 
 the Du hess Boys fir.st took pa't in that fightini; 
 which wa« going on either in the forfn of a skirmish 
 or a battle, in front of our advancing army, until the 
 1st of September, when the army left Atlanta. The 
 campaign was most vigorous, and" wi'lh the exception 
 of two days rest at Cassvjlle, Ga.. there was not an 
 hour of the day or the night that did not ' ring with 
 it, like the tick of the death watch, the sound of the 
 bursting shell and the whistling bullet. The order 
 was "advance" all day skirmishing and fighting, and 
 " build a line of works," before resting at night ;'thus 
 liberating the second line for flanking 
 
 On the 15th of May, 1864, the battle of Resacca was 
 fought. At tirst the 150th was advknced in the 2d 
 line; but as soon is the intrenchments of the enemy 
 were reached, and they opened upon the 150th, this 
 regiment was ordered to a hill on the extreme left in 
 the front line, to hold it and prevent a flank move- 
 ment of the enemy. At the time it took up this posi- 
 lion th re was quite an interval be^w.enthe 150th 
 and the remainder of the line. The itnportance of the 
 position was evident ; so, with permission from the 
 Brigade Commander, the 150th constructed a rude 
 pile of rails and logs into a breastwork, and to this 
 little precaution we owe the success of that dav. No 
 troops, unpotccted, could have heldthe position un- 
 der the terrible assault of a whole Rebel division 
 which came upon them in a few moments. Never did 
 a Rebel column advance in betier Order than did 
 those eight regiments, in double column, closed in 
 mass. They wheeled in the open field in front of the 
 15th, and then moved upon it. At 30Q yards the 150th 
 opened, and 40 Rebel dead immediately strewed the 
 ground. The assailants retired a short distance and 
 then opened a most vigorous Are, making a pepper-box 
 of the house upon the hill, in which -the 150th was 
 posted ; beautifully mowing down tlje weeds in the 
 garden in front, and splintering the rails by which it 
 wa.s protected. In this battle the l50th had none 
 killed, but 9 were wounded, all of whom but one, 
 it is reported, died, for some special reason, of the 
 injuries received. 
 
 On the 25th of May, 1864, at Dallas or New Hope 
 Church, the ISOr.h had another desperate tight. The 
 Buys marched up to within 150 yards of the well-built 
 works of the Rebels, put eight of their cannon in 
 chancery, and held tiie position till midnight, when 
 they were relieved. This was accomplished notwith- 
 
114 
 
 standing a veteran regiment of our brigade, on llie 
 right, broke and went to tiie lear, early in the figlit. 
 leaving one flank entirely uncovered. This tent satis- 
 fied the men of the 150tli thattljey would obey orders 
 and stand to the last extremity. In t.liis action the 
 "Boys in Bine" were without the least jjroleetion, and 
 had 8 killed and 42 wounded. Every day froni tliis 
 time on, some oue, two or three of the regiment were 
 hit. The 22d day of June, 1864, was inarked by 
 another desperate encounter in which the 150th boi'e 
 a most conspicnour* part. This was called the battle 
 of Gulp's Farm, south of Kenefcaw Mountains. 
 Three regiments, assisted by the guns of three bat- 
 teries, witli.'jtood the charge, in four lines, of the Rebel 
 General Stephenson's whole division. Here, as at 
 Resacca, the 150th had thrown down an old rail fence, 
 z'g-zag a moment previous, but quickly straiglitened 
 by pulling in the ooi'ners and letting it fall in a wind- 
 row of rails. In single line, behind this, the ]50th, 
 without any support, expended 225 rounds of am- 
 munition per man. Lieutenant HENhy Geidlkt. of 
 "Wassaio, in the town of Amenia, fell in this fight, and 
 10 were wounded. Gkidlbv was one of the best 
 officers in the service, and was beloved by all. It was 
 remarked that it was doubtful if he had his supei'ior 
 in rectitude of character. On the 20th of July, 1864, 
 at Peach Tree Creek, the 150th was in another -evere 
 fight. There theRe.iel General Hoou, newly assigned 
 to command in place of Joe Johnson, threw his whole 
 army on the 20t)i Corp.s, and was repulsed. While in 
 front of Atlanta, August, 1864, Lieutenant John Sweet, 
 of the town of Beekman, Company G, died of chronic 
 diarrhoea, in thw field hospital. After tlie fall of At- 
 lanta the 150th worked busily at fortifying it until it 
 was decided to start for the Sea. The command of 
 the regiment then devolved upon M,<yor, now Brevet 
 Brigadier-General, Alfred B. Smith, , of Poughkeepsie. 
 This was on the 15th of October, and, from that time 
 forward, he commanded it all the time except one dav 
 at Savannah, when General Ketoham came back, and 
 was almost immediately wounded, in South Carolina. 
 The march of Sherman commenced at Atlanta, No- 
 vember 15th, 1864. The incidents of this march are 
 too well known to need repetition here. On the 10th 
 of December, 1864, Sherman captured and entered 
 Savannah, which, in his emphatic language, ho pre- 
 sented, with its enormous spoils, as a Christmas gift 
 to the loyal nation. 
 
 Throughout this march strict discipline was ob- 
 served in the 150th. Attendance to the hourly roll calls 
 on the march was a capital measure and kept up the 
 discipline. On the 17th of January, sl865, the Union 
 
115 
 
 army left Savaniia'ii. Xo line of battle uppused tbe 
 loOih ill the once arrogant !iat now well-whipped 
 Palmetto State. Moving on homeward the boys had 
 made but a short journey iu North Carolina when they 
 met the enemy at Averysboro, N. C. They lost largely 
 in r.his fifjlit, among rhem our esteemed brother officer, 
 Lieutenant Datid B. Straight, of La Grange, killed 
 leading his company in the last battle of the war. 
 Goldsborouiijh was reached on the 24tb of March, and 
 Raleigh on tlie 12th of April, 1864. On the 30th of 
 April the 150th left the capital of North Carolina, 
 and by tlie way of Richmond, on the 20t,h of May, 
 1865, defiled tliroiigli Wasliin,:t(in. 
 
 fhus has been presented a brief jOUtline of the 
 history of the loOth Regiment. Brief, indeed, but 
 glorious, much more glorious, however, had time and 
 space permitted full justice to a subject so worthy of 
 attention. Incidents of |)ersonal heroism were abun- 
 dant in tlie course ot the regiment's varied career, but 
 we sliall relate but inie. Henry L. Stone of New- 
 York City (originally belonging to the l45tli N. Y. V., 
 wlieiice he was assigned to the 150th in .Tanuary 
 1864), was strui-k with a piece of a shell while making 
 breastworks in front of Pine Knob, Georgia. The 
 ragged piece of the missile tore out his bowels. The 
 lacerated fragments were gathered together, and his 
 comrades laid him down a short distance to the rear 
 to die. Ee SHid, " Major, will you Call the Colonel?" 
 Major Smith did so. Said he, "Colonel, have I been 
 a good soldier?-' "Yes," was HETcnAii's reply, 
 •' Henry, you have done your duty." Poor, dying 
 Stone answered, "I am glad *o hear you say that, 
 Ocdonel. My work is done. Tell my mother how I 
 did mv duty. Call around me my comrades of Com- 
 pany A" They came. "Boys." said the dying 
 patriot, "My work is done. Stand by that old tiag! 
 I gave my life for it! I am glad to doit! Boys 
 stand by that old flag!" He died shortly afterward-. 
 
 There were, as near as can be learned, about 135 
 deaths in the regiment from wounds and sickness. 
 There were 1,200 on the rolls (all told, recruits and 
 original members), and 501 came home with Major, 
 now Brevet Brigadier-General Smith. It has been said 
 that there was not a better regiment in the service. It 
 did its whole duty. No stain was attached to its char- 
 acter. It was never compelled to retire an inch be- 
 fore a foe Its colors always advanced. Its com- 
 manders might well be proud to have been members 
 of it. It was favored a» a regiment, wrote Brevet 
 Brigadier General Smith, in not being under drnnken. 
 inefficient, or reckless officers. The first care of 
 Colonel Ketoham was to save his men, and every 
 
lie 
 
 officer was on hand to do his whole diity. Twelve 
 officers of the Regiment wei-e ab5;ent detached from 
 the Regiment on staff duty, at the tinre tijewar clusecL 
 It beciime tiie remark that the 150th had more officers 
 detailed on staff duty tliau any other regiment in tlie 
 hrigade. 
 
 NOTE 9 TO Page 45, Line 25—''- Negro " (Troops.) 
 
 Brevet Major-Ueneral J. Watts db PBysTER 
 (lS. N. Y.) thiiiks that he can show that he was the 
 tirst to suggest the idea of raising Colored Kegiments 
 to assist in suppressing the "Slaveholders' Rebellion," 
 — at all events thefir^twho published such a pro])o- 
 sition in a newspaper. In an article "Physical 
 Stkkngth (of the North and South) Compaeed'' — one 
 of a series on similar subjects — which appeared in 
 the Poughheepsie Eagle and neighboring prints in the 
 winter of 1859-1860, when different far-sighted men 
 looked upon a contest as unavoidable and near-ai- 
 hand in consequence of the arrogant menace con- 
 tinued usurpations and unprincipled doetr nes and 
 action of the South, the following paragraph occu's: 
 " Again, in case that the South (Private MSS-. 
 Opinions, Records and Notices, Vol. 1, No. 25, page 
 45,) should undertake to conii)el .the North into 
 respecting the Federal compact as understood by 
 her own ineu, enough (Free-Soil) citizen soldiers ■ ould 
 be mobilized and sent into the field — without the Free 
 States feeling the drain — to meet at least one-half of 
 her disposable force ; all that the South could ad- 
 vance, as she wouhl need the other lialf to meet the 
 enemy (a terrible one) within her own borders. More- 
 over, the Southern climate is liardly more destructive 
 to Northern visitants than it is to its own children. 
 No regiment withered away under the effect of hard- 
 ship and privatioas in tlie Mexican war so fast as did 
 the truly gallant South Carolina contingent. Nor 
 would it be foreign to this consideration to refer to the 
 ease with which regiments ot acclimated mixed races 
 could be organized under Northern officers, in case 
 that tlie industrial requirements of the North should 
 indicate that her white males were more valuable as 
 operatives in the ranks of peaceful productiveness 
 than as combatants in the armies if destruction. 
 
 To sum up this portion of tlie subject, it would be 
 well for the South to remember that three servile wars 
 shook the Roman Republic, a republic of soldiers, to 
 its foundation; and that St. Domingo swallowed up 
 one of the finest and strongest armies which France 
 ever sent from her shores, and acquired 'ts inde- 
 pendence despite the efforts of one of the most war- 
 like empires and mighty warriors by which the world 
 has ever been accursed. 
 
117 
 
 Finally. Govenioi- Wisk's tljreat Sf pursuing with 
 :iri iirmy, invaders of tlie sacrvd soil of Virginia, into 
 tliiise neigliliorin}; Nonhern States, 'in which they 
 rniglit take vefnge, and of invading the noii-slave- 
 hnlding States and even Canada, at the head of a 
 hundred thousand of the chivalry of Virginia, for the 
 extirpation of Aholitioiiist.s, calls to mind an anecdote 
 related hy an aged, hut highly infitfential. Christian 
 gentleman oooupving a prominent position in one of 
 our TSTorthern cities, whom sickness compelled to visit 
 the Virginia Springs. This was some years ago, when 
 ilic South was not quite so violent as it is now, yet 
 vi(deni enough in all conscience. One day, while 
 here, a young man, of good familv, remarked that if 
 tlie anti-slavery men of New-York <Iid not take care, 
 an army of twenty or thirty thousand high-siiirited 
 citizens of his State (Virginia) would pay them a 
 visit some mornii g and punish tnem at hon.e. To 
 which the New-Yorker ijuietly replied that if such a 
 number came to New York and behaved themselves 
 peHceably. they would, no doubt, be kindly received 
 and hospitably treated, but that if they came tliere 
 riotously disposed, there were plenty of roughs in the 
 streets who would doubtless give them a reception in 
 every tvay appropriate to their high anticipations. 
 
 Subsequently, in an Annual Address, delivered Oc- 
 lober 20, 1863, before the Vermont State Histoeicai, 
 Society, in the Hall of Representatives, Capitol. 
 Montpelier, entitled •■ Secession in iSvjiizerland and 
 the United States Compared:'^ General de Petstek 
 remarked (page 10, pamphlet) in connection with the 
 comparative non-productiven«-ss (jf the drafts: 
 
 "Through the ill-judged interference of rich com- 
 munities or associaiions, the administration is not 
 draw ing the expected reinforcements from the draft 
 just concluded. That so many citizens are unwilling 
 to tight out, with their own arms, tlie great battle of 
 freedom, but are willing to confide it to another race, 
 and hireling hands, is unworthy of a free people, 
 and teeming with mischief, if no remedy is at hand 
 and applicable. 
 
 '■ I fiarticularly allude to the organization of a dis- 
 proportion te number of blacks. Their undue aug- 
 mentation is pregnant with evil, if not restricted 
 within reasonable limits. Not that I am opposed 
 to negro regiments. Far from it, si7ice I believe I 
 teas the first, in print, to suggest their organization. 
 l!ut I am opposed to a negro army outnumbering that 
 composed of whites. Carthage, Venice, Holland relied 
 upon mercenaiies to maintain their policy withi , 
 extend their area without, and fight evi n for their 
 independence. Rome's TjioSifeei^ »it7iiia hurned Car- 
 
118 
 
 thnge ; the native armiys of Franoe seized Vejvice and 
 lianded htr over to Austria fi^ a prey.: and UoJland 
 dictated to hy Pnissiti and England — (the latter ns 
 false to the United Provinces as she has proved to the 
 United States,) stooped her free noof: to the yoke of 
 royalty ; stooped it to he abased a sgipoiid time and 
 plu iidered iu 1 830 -' 1—rdespite their own solemn ganran - 
 tees, hy England and France, jns' as England and 
 France would like to dismember, plunder and humi- 
 liate us. The rough edge of the loork may he taken 
 off hy our blade aiixiliarLen, hut the finishing touches 
 Ttmst he put on hy ourselves, by our ichite hrefhren.^' 
 
 CAPTAIN AUGUSTUS BARKER. 
 
 Note 10 ro P.?ge 71. 
 
 The incidents in connection witb his death are as 
 follows: On the 16th of September, 1863, his regi- 
 ment the Fifth New York Volunteer Cavalry, had 
 moved from Hartwood Church and crossed to the 
 southern side of the Rappahannock. Captain Barker 
 was left behind in charge of the troops, picketing the 
 river, and on the 17th, while on the march to rejoin 
 his regiment, as he was riding with a single man some 
 distance in front of the column, he was fired upon by 
 Guerrillas concealed in the adjoining wood. Two balls 
 took effect, one in the right side, "nd the other in the 
 left breast, each inflicting a mortal wound He was 
 immediately carried to the house of Mr. Harris 
 Freeman, near Mount Holly Church, about one mile 
 from Kelly's Ford. From this gentleman and his 
 family the dying soldier received the most tender at- 
 tentions. Everything in their power was done to 
 alleviate hi.s sufferings, but without avail ; he sur- 
 vived his wounds only twelve houi;s, dying at half- 
 past one on the morning of September 18th. Sergeant 
 McMuLLEN, of his company, remainad witli him until 
 he expired, and then saw him buried just in the rear 
 of FfiEEiiAN's house. The grave was marked, and the 
 body subsequently .Iisinte7red and brought' back to 
 New York. 
 
 The funeral of Captain Augustus Barker took place 
 from St. Peter's Church, Albany, at 3 p. m., Saturday 
 afternoon, and was largely attended. The funeral 
 cortege consisted of a detachment of the Twenty- 
 fifth Regiment, the City Volunteers, Captain Marshal 
 preceded bj Shreibbr's Band. ThE remains of the 
 gallant officer were deposited in the Cemetery, Octo- 
 ber 10, 1863. 
 
 Captain Augustus Barker was with Brigadier- 
 General E. H. Stoughton when he was betraved at 
 
119 
 
 Fairfax by that modem Delilah, M-iss Antonia J. 
 FuKD, Hoi orarj- (?) A ide-de-Oamp to the famous Rebel 
 cavalry general, J. E. B. Stuart, into the hands of 
 the famous guerrilla, Captain John S. Mosbv. It 
 would appear from contempnrarj' accounts that young 
 Baekek was the only one of the captured party who 
 behaved vnth any energy upon this occasion. He 
 made desperate efforts to escape, and onlj' surrendered 
 when it was no longer a question o.f escape, but of 
 life or death. 
 
 Captain Barker was born on the 24lli of April, 
 1842, and was a student at Harvard University, Cam- 
 bridge. Mass. whin he left to join the Army. His 
 first commission as Second Lieutenant of the Fifth 
 New York Volunteer Cavalry is dated Albany, Octo- 
 ber 31, 18G1. On the 3d of May, 1862, he was pro- 
 moted to a First Lieufenantcy. and on the 24th of 
 October of the same year, he was comn issioned Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 Capta'n Bakkep. was the youngest son of Wm. H. 
 Barker, Esq., o' Tivoli, Red Hook, and a (rrands.tn of 
 the late William James, of Albany, N. Y. He was 
 beloved by his comrades, as by all who knew him for 
 the manliness of his character, and the generosity of 
 his disposition His promotion W' s the just reward 
 of his good conduct and honorable service. His valor 
 and patriotism had been tried in many battles and by 
 the more dreadful horrors of Richmond prisons. He 
 survived all this to perish in the flower of his youth, 
 by the hands of Rebel assassins. 
 
 The following are specimens of the epistolary talent 
 of this brave youns officer, which evince so much 
 ability that, considering the circumstances under 
 which they were written, they are well worthy a 
 place, in connection with his obituary notice, in this 
 address: 
 
 In Bivouac, Fifth New York Cavalry, 1 
 Boonsbobo, Md.. July 7, 1863. f 
 Wm. H. Barker Esq.. Tivoli: 
 
 My Dear Father : — An hour ago we arrived here, 
 completely fatigued and worn out, having been in the 
 saddle two weeks, and two days without food for men 
 or horses, and with not more th n 4 hours rest out of 
 the 48. I am now sitting upon a bundle of wheat, 
 writing upon my knee, in haste, as the mail leaves in 
 an hour, and, after this day, the Lord only knows when 
 and where we may halt again. No longer are we un- 
 der General Stahl's command as he was relieved 
 at the same time as Hooker. But -General Kilpat- 
 EicK is our leader now, and we are as proud to be led 
 on by him, as (he told us in an address after the battle 
 of Gettysburg) he is "proud to command ijs." No 
 longer does the cavalry roam about the country, a 
 
120 
 
 small, timid, liesitatiiig banrl, hut it now comprises 
 three Grand Division — Major-Generals G'rkgg, Bu- 
 KOHD and KiLPATRiCK — so well orcanized and con- 
 centrated as to be irresistible wben nianneuvred ns it 
 lias been since the Northern invasion. It wonld be 
 utterly impossible tor me here to give you any idea of 
 our late doings, but as soon iis the communications are 
 established with the North, watch for Kilpatkick's 
 reports and the correspondence from thi command. 
 Within three miles of Frederick City, General Stahl 
 turned his command over, and aft,er a grand review of 
 4,500 cavalry and 6 pieces of artillery by General 
 Pleasontox (our chief) we were sent off on our mis- 
 sion, which thus far has been a toii laborious one to 
 last much longer. Out of the last seven days we 
 have been engaged six in desperate fighting and that, 
 too, against infantry, which, though we have accom- 
 plished our allotted task, we did it at the sacrifice of 
 some of our noblest officers and men — our own regi- 
 ment to-day (b_v report) mustering 150 tijjbting men, 
 out of 850 who started out with u- two weeks ago: 
 1 ofBcer killed, 2 wounded and 6 missing — just think 
 of it. It would seem silly to tell you of any hair- 
 breadth escapes on my own part, but, father. I assure 
 you, never since my enlistment in this war, before, 
 have I sat calmly upon my horse and resolved to fight 
 and die honorably ; while others falli g thick and fast 
 by my side", onlv convinced me that life was of very 
 little value. Yesterday we arrived at Hagenstown, 
 and there awaited the Rebel Army in full retreat, 
 anxious to save themselves by crossing the Potomac. 
 A mighty duty it was, a cruel fate that imposed it 
 upon us, for cavalry to oppose infanjry, artillery and 
 cavalry who were fighting for life itself After holding 
 them in check for three hours, we weTe ccmipelled to 
 yield gradually, the only time thus far, as their forces, 
 coming up rapidly, outnumbered us 5'to 1, at the least. 
 A sad and stubborn withdrawal was ours Not to 
 speak of other regiments which lost equally, ours lost 
 that day 100 killed, wounded and missing. In my 
 own Company two sergeants had horses knocked 
 from under them by shell — one wounded, and how 
 many of the missing ones are wounded remains to be 
 seen ; but I only had three men after the fight — my 
 own horse shot, and a bullet through my blanket, 
 which was rolled behind my saddle, and a round shot 
 striking so near me as to spatter the dirt upon me I 
 have to be thankful that I was spared when so many 
 fell. At the battle of Gettysburg we fought all day., 
 and, by keeping a whole division pf the Rebels in 
 cheek, decided the day in our favor; tuen swinigng 
 around to the extreme left we cut our way through 
 the enemy, capturing his wagon train, 300 wagons and 
 
121 
 
 1,500 prisoners of war, and gaining his rear, inflicted 
 a paralyzing blow upon hira, as to cause him to think 
 again before his tMrd attempt at invasion will be un- 
 dertaken, etc., etc. I would write much more, but 
 cannot. Tour affectionate son, 
 
 [Signed] A. B. 
 
 In Bivouac, Purcellville, Va., 1 
 July 18, 1863. / 
 My Dear Fathek : — Since the inauguration of the 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland campaign, now four 
 weeks ago, the cavalry have been so entirely engaged, 
 and so constantly employed as to render letter writing 
 ne.xt to an impossibility, though I have managed to 
 write you once or twice. Did you ever receive any 
 of them ? Contrary to its usual custom thus far, 
 this division has halted for a day, from actual necessity, 
 to rest and feed both our horses and men. Either to- 
 night or to-iporrow morning we will probably start 
 after the enemy, as we are already close upon his 
 heels, annoying him, capturing his stragglers and 
 wagon trains. Stuakt is very cautious how he meets 
 us now. We have high hopes and feel proud of our 
 commanders, though they are killing us off at a fe^irful 
 rate. Our force of cavalry is well concentrated and 
 works in perfect unison. What do you think of our 
 recent victories? From what I have seen myself, I 
 should judge Lee retires to Richmond, or perhaps 
 more correctly, to his own soil, with, at the least es- 
 timate, 35,000 men less than when he invaded the 
 North. I sincerely believe he is a badly whipped 
 man, and a vigorous pursuit will go wonderfully to 
 close the work so gallantly achieved by the Western 
 forces. Our whole Arm)' is in fine spirits, and Meade 
 is pushing on well. Lee gave us the slip at Hagers- 
 town ; but from all information and actual observa- 
 tion, we thought he was preparing for a las', despt-r 
 ate and final struggle ; for, from the Observatory on 
 the Cemetery Hill, at Hagerstown, I saw, myself, 
 these rebels distinctlj' working, like beavers, on the 
 intrenchments. I even saw plainly the headquarters 
 of General Longstreet through the powerful glasses 
 of the ' Signal Corps." Meade was about to attack, 
 when the news came that Lee was hurriedly crossing ; 
 and on dashed Plbasonton, coming up « ith the rear 
 brigade at Falling Waters, capturing nearly the whole 
 of it. It was a desperate thing for the cavalry, 
 without infantry support, to charge infantry behind 
 redoubts, yet the order was given ; it was done, the 
 charge was repulsed ; it was repeated and successful, 
 but then no one who witnessed that scene, even Joe 
 HooKEB, could say they never saw a dead cavalry- 
 man, for their bodies strewed the ground. I could 
 
122 
 
 write pages on the scenes, incidents and almost daily 
 desperate fighting of the past four weeks ; but it is 
 useless now, as much more is to be accomplished. A 
 man who would not fight in a country, where, in pass- 
 ing through the towns and villages, the females, youth 
 and aged, assemble to greet your arrival with baskets 
 of fod, pitchers of water and wine, and shower all 
 kinds of kindnesses upon you — is no man. Thus for 
 the first time our men realized the difference between 
 fighting on your own soil and that of the enemy, 
 where everything is gall and bitterness before you. 
 Here 1 must close, witii best love to you and all. I 
 would like to hear from you, as it is some time now 
 since I have. In my last letter I spoke to you about 
 sending me some money, as "pay day" was passed 
 last day of June, aud no ''pay rolls" have gone in as 
 yet, and cannot be sent in until we become settled in 
 camp somewhere, where they can be made out. And 
 when that time will come, no one now can fortell. It 
 is impossible for an officer to live without some 
 money, as "Uncle Sam" does not provide him with 
 rations, and he must feed himself, besides the incon- 
 venience. In the best of spirits and health, I remain. 
 Your affectionate son, 
 [Signed] Aug. Barker. 
 
 VALEDICTORY. 
 
 N. B. ^^E" I had much more information collect- 
 ed, rather of interest, however, to individuals than 
 to the public ; but time did not permit for collation, 
 and other reasons prevented its publication. There 
 are many facts connected with the great civil war, 
 which, while they are of vital interest to the proper 
 comprehension of it, cannot, as yet-, be given to the 
 public without effecting individuals, as there are so 
 many persons interested in deceiving the public and 
 keeping them deceived. Several of the works on the 
 Rebellion seem to have been artfully prepared with 
 the view to prejudice public opinion ; others again 
 hnve been spiced, if not animated, by personal ana- 
 mosity ; '■ envy, hatred, and all uncharitableness ; " 
 others again wre mere "Words, words, words!'' and 
 pictures strung together. '• Sooner or later all will 
 be made manifest " and then the American nation will 
 learn how much it owes to its subordinate officers and 
 private soldiers, and how comparatively little to its 
 generals and political leaders. The Southern Leaders 
 brought on the Rebellion, the Northern Peolpe 
 crushed it, restored affairs and saved the country. 
 
BB PeYSTERS 123 xiDDRESS. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Major J. Watts de Peyster, Junior, Brevet 
 Colonel, U. S. V. Additional Note to pages 14t, 
 14t, 23-'4, 52, &c. 
 
 Washington, D. C, Feby. 24th, 1867. (See N. Y. 
 Daily Tribune, Feby. 28th, '67.) '• To he Colonel 
 hy Brevet — to date from March 13th, 1865 — Brevet 
 Lieutenant- Colonel J- Watts de Peyster, Junior, 
 late Major of the 1st N. Y. Art., /or gallant conduct 
 at the battle of Chancellorville, Kt ; " as Chief of 
 Artillery, Howe's Division, Sedgewick's Corps, at 
 Marye's Heights, May 3d, and Salem Heights, May 
 4th, 1863. 
 
 "Iain not aware," said Brig.-Gen : Brevet Major- 
 Gen: Alexander Shalbr, commanding IstDiv. N. T. 
 S. Nat. Gd , Jany. 28th p. m., 1867, (at house 59, late 
 63 E. 21st St., N. Y. City, of Brevet Major-General 
 J. Watts de Peyster, Senior, N.Y. S. Nat Gd.,) " of 
 the name of the officer who commanded Howe's 
 Division Artillery; but all 1 can say is, that he did 
 his duty well, and covered the retreat of the 6t,h 
 (Sedgewick's) Corps in the most admirable manner. 
 Had not Howe been the obstinate (as to hard fight- 
 ing) and superior (as to ability) officer he ever proved 
 himself to be, the 6th Army Corps would have " gone 
 in" under the rebel pressure at the United States Ford, 
 Howe fought his division with distinguished ability 
 and tenacity, sind the combined acton of his infantry 
 and of his Chief of Artillery," (this chief was Major 
 J Watts de Pey'ster, Junior, 1st. N. Y. Vol. Light — 
 Bailey, sometimes, by mistake, styled Moegan — Art : 
 although Gen. Shaler was not award of the name of 
 the officer until informed of it subsequent to his re- 
 marks,) " deserves the highest praise for the admira- 
 ble manner in which they discharged their responsible 
 duties. The Howe Div: Art: was handled with great 
 gallantry and effect, and in conjunction with its 
 (Howe's) infantry supports, they, together, had a 
 marked effect in preserving the 6th Corps, and in 
 enabling it to make a successful retrograde in the 
 face of a victorious " (as to the general result) ' enemy. 
 Howe's guns were distinctly heard on our (Shalee's 
 Brig., Newton's Div.,) left on the afternoon of the 
 4th (May, 1863). covering the retreat. The Rebels 
 got in our rear, retook the Marye Heights, and came 
 near cutting off the Federal retreat. Had we had a 
 les.s resolute man than Howe " (to cover the retreat), 
 it would have been ' all up', with the 6th Corps. Thi.« 
 was common talk in camp." 
 
 On the 22d Feby. '67, Brev. Maj.-GBn. de Peyster, 
 N. Y., addressed a letter to Brev. Maj -Gen. A. P. 
 Howe. U. S. A., in regard to his son. Major de Pbys- 
 
124 
 
 TER, his (Howe's) Chief of Artillery, April—May, 
 1863, and the following is the reply of that tenacions, 
 able and distinguished leader: 
 
 Washington, D. C, March I4:th, 1867. 
 Mt Dear Sib: 
 
 Your favor of the 22d ult. T have just received. 
 
 I well remember your S-in, Ool. Db Peystee, of the 
 New York Artillery, who wn.i assigned to my Division 
 of the 5th Corps, as Chief or Artillery, in the spring of 
 1863. At the time the Colonel joined the Pivision 
 I found that he was sufiering from impaired health, 
 but so earnest was his purpose and so determined was 
 his resolution to take part in the active service about 
 to commence, that he seemed entirely to disregard the 
 condition of his health. Being an artillery officer 
 myself, I endeavored to relieve him from as much of 
 the duty of chief of artillery as circumstances would 
 allow, hoping that he might be enabled to somewhat 
 recruit his strength before active operation.? com- 
 menced, and be able to meet the requirements of his 
 ofiSce, which events then indicated would soon be 
 required of his position in no small measure. From 
 tlie spirit and zeal with which he entered into all and 
 every duty of his office I met with little or no success 
 in my attempt to improve his strength by sparing his 
 exertions, before the operations began on the 3d of 
 May, 1863. 
 
 On the 3d May the attack upon and carrying of 
 Maryes Heights was successfully executed, and in 
 that engagement the artillery of the 2d Division per- 
 formed a most important part. 
 
 By a reference to the reports of that action it will 
 be seen that the credit of the operations belong 
 mainly to the 2d Division, and I do not consider it a.s 
 unmerited when I say, thnt the artillery of the 
 Division, of which Onl. De Peystee was chief covered 
 itself with glory on that occassion. 
 
 On tLe 4th May, the 2d Division held the left of 
 the Army of the Potomac. As the 6th Corps stood 
 before Chancellorville, the Division w>i.s then less 
 than six thousand strong, and it occupied a position 
 that was exposed to an attack for a distance of two 
 miles, with the character of the country such that 
 the enemy could deliver an attack upon any point of 
 our line without giving us any information of the 
 point or mode of attack until it was made. By a 
 reference to the report of the 6th Corps commander 
 it will be seen that the 2d Division was attacked that 
 day by a force of fifteen thousand of the enemy. To 
 successfully resist that attack, I had to depend largely 
 in the early part of the engagement on my artillery. 
 It is but justice to the artillery of the Division to say, 
 
125 
 
 that they performed their part nobly and gaUanth/f 
 and enabled the Division triumphantly to drive back, 
 broke)i and ivhipped, the whole of tbe attacking force. 
 Lo iking at that unequal contest, with the surround- 
 ing features, from a military standpoint, I have ever 
 felt that every oflBcer and man engaged in it won 
 for himself an immortality of fame. In the operations 
 of that day, Col. De Peystee took a-i'i active and bore 
 a conspicuous part. 
 
 I am satisfied that the condition of the ColoneFs 
 health on the 3d May was not such as to warrant his 
 going into action, and it was a matter of surprise to 
 me that he was able to bear up under the heavy 
 pressure upon him that day, and I was still more 
 astonished to find him able to acquit himself in tlie 
 gallant and chivalrovs manner that he did on the 
 following day. 
 
 It seems to me that he could not have borne the 
 part he did except by an extraordinary strain upon 
 the nerve and will-power of the man, and I have no 
 doubt that, in itself, is sufBcient to account for his 
 present impaired state of health. 
 
 I regret very much that his health is in the con- 
 dition that you state, and I earnestly hope that time 
 ' and attention will restore it again. 
 
 The many manly qualities the Colonel exhibited 
 while on duty with me produced in me a strong 
 friendship for him, and 1 shall always feel an interest 
 in his welfare. 
 
 I have not the record of the 2d Division, 6th Corps, 
 with me now, but any data that I ean furnish you 
 with, in relation to the Colonel's services, it will give 
 me pleasure to do so. 
 
 Your friend and ob't servt, 
 A. P. HOWE, 
 
 Brev. Maj-Gen,. U. S. A. 
 
 Sergeant Thomas B. Paulmier, 150th Regt., N. T. V. 
 
 Additional Note to pages llO-'l. 
 Brev. Maj.-Gen. de Peyster: 
 
 March 16th, 1867, Upper Red Eook. 
 
 Dear Sir: — 
 
 I received yours on Thursday, but have been 
 unable to answer until now. I hope you will be able 
 to get me a copy of your work, as I have a brother 
 whose name is recorded in it, and who fell in his 
 country's defence ; therefore, my family, through me, 
 are desirous of getting a copy. 
 
 You requested me to write out my service in detail. 
 I'll endeavor to do so. 
 
 I enlisted, with others, Aug. 26, 1862, under your 
 son (now Brev. Lt.-Gol. Johnstqn L. de Petstee, U. S. 
 
126 
 
 and N. Y. V.), through J. McGill, but was transferred 
 to 150th N. Y. Vols., and by Col. Ketcham assigned 
 to Co. F., Capt. JoHM. C. Green, and by the last was 
 promoted to Corporal,Sept. 1. 1862. Detailed with four 
 men whilst regiment lay in Poughkeepsie, to pioceed 
 to Lafayetteville and there arrest two deserters, 
 KiLLMER and Melius I caught both of them, and took 
 them under guard to camp. Melius subsequently 
 deserted again, was caught, and confined in Fort Mc- 
 Henry, Md. We left Poughkeepsie, Oct. 11, arriving 
 in Baltimore 14th We lay iu depot all night, next 
 day proceeded to Camp Millingtou, where we lay in 
 company with 128th Reg't, N. Y. V. and others. In 
 November moved to Camp Belger, where we lay in 
 canvass tents, until the barracks were put up. All 
 this time I was doing my ordinary duties, part of the 
 time in camp and the rest at Newton University, 
 where we were guarding hospital, under coramaDd of 
 Lieut, (now Brev. Maj. U. S. V., Brev. Lt, Col., N. 
 Y. V.) Crugee. Shortly after sent ik> Locust Point, 
 with Sergt. McGiLL, from thence to Camden Hospital ; 
 from thence to Union Relief Rooms, Baltimore, where 
 I was quartered with four men about three months. 
 We here used to feed over 500 a day. I, in the mean- __ 
 time, had to visit the Fortress Monroe boats every - 
 morning ; also waiting on every train from Washing- 
 ton. Many is the poor soldier I have taken into the 
 quarters and provided with bed and board ; many a 
 discharged man seen to the cars on his way home. 
 As to my arduous and efficient duties there, the 
 gentlemanly superintendent, Mr. Swindel. can at- 
 test. I was there until June, when we were ordered 
 into camp, and I was assigned to the Colors, We left 
 Baltimore, June 27, '63, and after a weary march ar- 
 rived near Gettysburg, July 2d, I carrying the colors 
 for Sergeant Smally. We lay in reserve in a wheat 
 field. Whilst lying here Sergeant Brakt made a 
 trivial excuse, and requested Corp. Weekes, of Hyde 
 Park, to hold the colors until he returned. He did not 
 get back until weeks after ; was then court-martialed ; 
 again deserted, was again court-martialed and pun- 
 ished. Towards night we were ordered to i^dvance 
 and recover some pieces which the Rebs. had taken, 
 passing on our way through crowds of men of the 11th 
 Corps, mostly Germans, some wounded, the largest 
 part frightened. It was enough to frighten any one, 
 to hear the shell and shot shrieking through the air ; 
 even pieces of railroad-tire was hurled !it us, and 
 came in fearful proximity to our ranks. Whilst on 
 this advance Sergeant Smally, County Flag bearer, 
 gave out from some cause, and told Col. Ketcham 
 (who was near him) he could go no farther. The Col. 
 then called out for one of the corporals to take it. 
 
127 
 
 I was the only one responded. 1 was the lightest 
 and shortest of siature. He then directed me to take 
 them and take care of them. I did so until forced to 
 relinquish them by sickness. It was the County flag 
 I bore. We recovered the pieces, advancing over the 
 brow of a hill on a double quick. Wte then fell back 
 and lay on our arms all night. The next day we 
 were ordered behind entrenchmencs to repel advance 
 of Ewbll's Corps. We lay there svi hours, giving 
 and receiving. Fourteen bullets passed through the 
 colors ] carried, besides one through the staff above, 
 about one foot above my hand, cutting it almost in 
 two. We held our position until relieved by 5th 
 Conn, then fell back, and next day started with 
 army after Lee (whom we didn't catch). Marching 
 from 10 to 31 miles per day, I carrying those heavy 
 colors all the march, sick all the time, until we 
 reached Kelly's Ford, Va. Here I and Corporal 
 Wkbkes, who carried the Government (U, S. "?) flag, 
 and never got any credit, gave out and were sent to 
 the Division Hospital. The troops moved to Bran- 
 dy Station. We were then sent to Washington. I 
 was quartered in Columbia Hospital, and remained 
 there until ordered home to vote for '■ Honest Abe," 
 " The Martyr." After election 1 was sent to David's 
 Island, where I recovered and was appointed Ward 
 Master. I had 170 men under my charge, losing some 
 every day. One of our Red Hook boys here came 
 .under my charge, Henry Kline, wounded at Coal 
 Harbor, losing leg. I wrote to his father, who got 
 there in time to see him die. During Grant's ad- 
 vance we received 2,000 to 3,000 a week, losing 25 
 and 30 per day. All hours of the night we -were 
 called out. After being here 8 months, a number, I 
 among them, were ordered to the front. But at this 
 time we got no farther than Bedloe's Island, where we 
 lay 5 months ere we could rejoin our reg't. Whilst 
 here, I acted as Commissary's Clerk, under Col. 
 Merchant of the Regular Army ; in both situations 
 as Wardmaster and Commissary's clerk giving entire 
 satisfaction. Col. Merchant remarked to me when 
 I was ordered oft' that he was sorry to part with me, 
 but the orders were imperative and I had to go. We 
 left Jan. 1, 1865, and I rejoined my reg't Jan. 14th, at 
 Savannah. The boys were all glad to receive me. I 
 here found I had been reduced to ranks in conse- 
 quence of long absence from reg't, although I could 
 not rejoin them, Sherman being ever on the march, 
 and theref'jre men to the rear could only join him at 
 stated times. But that did not affect me. I went at 
 once into my duties again. We shortly left Savannah. 
 I always kept up. At Averysboro and Bentonsville, 
 I was on the skirmish line. We, one Stikles of this 
 
128 
 
 place (Upper Bed Hook) and I, were the first over 
 the enemy's fortifications at Averysboro, collecting 
 there some trophies, which we brought boir.e ; then 
 on to Raleigh ; thence to Washington, after Johnson's- 
 surrender, where I was again brought in play, mak- 
 ing out Rolls and Discharges. From the capital we 
 returned to Poughkeepsie, where we were discharged. 
 All through my course I gave entire satisfaction and 
 was well pleased with all the officers I was under, 
 going out as private, rising to Corporal, serving as 
 Color- Corporal, then Color-Sergeant, then Ward- 
 Master, then Commissary's Clerk, and, at last, arriving 
 home a private ! but such are the fortunes of war. I 
 do not find fault with any one, conscious of having 
 done my duty. I am now serving as 2d Serg't Co. B, 
 21 Reg't, N. G. ; being ofiered the position of Orderly 
 Sergeant. I declined it in consequence of not residing 
 near the drill room. I am now in for it, 7 years, 
 always holding myself in readiness to march at my 
 country's call. This is a succinct account of my share 
 of the war, hoping it will prove satisfactory to you, 
 I sign myself your obed't servant. 
 
 Sergeant T. B. Paulmieh. 
 
 George Wagkeehagkn enlisted as private in Co. I, 
 156 N. Y. Vols., Aug. 31st, 1862, at Oastleton, S. I. ;. 
 Commanding-Offlcer of Co.: Oaptaiff O. D. Jewett ; 
 Commanding Reg., Col. Cook. The Regiment was 
 mustered into U. S. service, Nov. 17th, '62, at New 
 York City; sailed with Genl. Banks' expedition for 
 New Orleans, Bee. 3d, '62, on board steamer M. Sand- 
 ford; was wrecked on Florida Reefs, near Keresford 
 Light, Dec. 10th ; taken on board U. S. Steamer 
 Gemsbok ; landed at Key West; was quartered at 
 Fort Taylor ten days ; transported to New Orleans bj' 
 steamer Genl McClellan; landed at Carrolton ; re- 
 mained at Carrolton, until March 1st, '63 ; left for 
 Baton Rouge ; marched within three miles of Port 
 Hudson ; returned to New Orleans; was ordered up 
 the Teche Country as far as Alexandria, La., a distance 
 of 300 miles; engaged the Rebels atBeasland Planta- 
 tion, driving them beyond Alexandria, where our 
 troops were encamped ; from Alexandria marched to 
 Port Hud.son ; was engaged during the siege, also in 
 a number of cLarges. After the surrender of the Fort 
 to Genl. Banks, Geoege Wackehhagen was sent to 
 the Baton-Rouge-Genl. Hospital, as unfit for active 
 service, being unable to walk, in consequence of rheu- 
 matism brought on by constant exposure. 
 
 It is related of G. W., that during the engagement 
 he was one of the first to rush forward, crying '■ Come 
 on boys, we'll take it this time !" He was not quite 
 18 when he enlisted. Sometimes bis cister diii not 
 
129 
 
 get letters for a long time. Occasionally she met on 
 the S. I. ferry boats different captains on leave of ab- 
 sence. Their answers to her enquiries were always 
 " Oh ! he is doing well ; he is a brave fellow ! " Being 
 sick and unfit for active service, and, by profession, 
 a druggist, he was ordered to take charge of the dis- 
 pensary. G. W. served as Acting-Hospital-Steward 
 till April 12tb, '64. Having been recommended by 
 six Medical OfBcers for a position in the Medical Corps 
 of the Regular Army he was recommended by th« 
 Surgeon-General as a tit person to receive the appoint- 
 ment of Hospital Steward U. S. A., and was accord- 
 ingly enlisted and appointed April 12th, 1864. He 
 served at Genl Hospital as Executive 
 
 Steward for a period of two years, when he was dis- 
 charged on his own application, as he wished to 
 attend Medical Lectures the coming fall and Winter. 
 During his service as Hospital Steward he was Acting- 
 Assistant Surgeon, but could not receive the pay nor 
 emoluments of that rank, not being a graduate of any 
 Medical College. He was discharged from the U. S. 
 army, June 14th, 1866, making a total of four years' 
 service. George resided in Red Hook from 4 years 
 of age till his fourteenth, when he left for N Y., to 
 "do for himself," as he termed it, and in time assist 
 his mother. He received his first instruction in Genl. 
 DE Petstek's Parish School, 
 
 Of Charles and EnwAnn Wackekhagen there is 
 but little information furnished. Oharlbs A. Wacker- 
 HAGEN enlisted at St. Paul, Minnesota, in Co. A, 7th 
 Minnesota; served two years as private; was pro- 
 moted to a 2d Lieutenancy 68th IJ. S. Colored Tnfy.. 
 then to a 1st Lieutenenoy, and was mustered out as 
 Captain. He was engaged in the Indian battles on 
 the frontier, also at Fort Blakely, Mobile Bay, and 
 was the very first officer to enter the Rebel works. 
 Charles resided in Red Hook from his ninth year till 
 his twentieth. He was a Harness and Saddle Maker, 
 and learned his trade of Mr. Edwin Knickehbackbb, 
 who will say that Charles was a very profitable ap- 
 prentice. 
 
 Edward Wackekhagen enlisted in the 14th Brook- 
 lyn and was amongst the first to volunteer. He was 
 at the Battle of Bull Run, 1st, and shared the labors 
 and dangers of his regiment. More is not related. Ed- 
 ward was a clever, good lad. 
 
 Brevet Captain Fredeeio de Peyster, Junior, — 
 Additional Note to Pages 17* 18, 19, 20-'l, 33, &c. 
 Albany, 4th April, 1867. To be Major, by Brevet, 
 for ^'■faithful and nimton'ozt* services in the late war," 
 in accordance with Certificates of Brig: Gen: LoniB 
 Blenkeb, U. S. v.; "for peculiarly meritorious con- 
 
130 
 
 duct near the Stone Bridge, Battle of Bull Run, 1st, 
 Col: Wm. p. Wainwright, U. S. V., and other offi- 
 cers witnesses of Brevet Major de Psystbr's faithful 
 and energetic discharge both of Medical as well a- 
 strictly Military duties. 
 
 23 East 28th Stbebt, New York, > 
 2d January, 1867. S 
 My Dear General: — -You speak of asking for a 
 brevet for your son Frederick, formerly on the Surgi- 
 cal Staff of the Eighth New York Militia, and ask 
 me to state what I know of his soldierly conduct at 
 the first battle of Bull Run. 
 
 On that occasion, being one of the ofBrers of the 
 outposts who were placed along Cub Run to cover 
 the retreat, I met him, at early dawn of the day after 
 the battle, and when his regiment must have been 
 far on its way toward Washington, entirely alone, 
 and on the outer line toward the enemy, looking out 
 for any call in the way of his official duties as a sur- 
 geon. 
 
 I was particularly struck hy the cool way in which 
 he took things when in a position so entirely novel to 
 him. You have, I believe, testimony to his brave be- 
 havior from other sources than myself; but it occurs 
 to me that the merit of his conduct may be easily 
 measured by ascertaining how many other surgeons 
 were then at a post so much requiring their services, 
 whether ordered there by the calm forethought of 
 superiors, or, like your son, brought to the spot by 
 the spontaneous promptings of a gallant spirit when 
 obliged themselves to choose their line of duty. 
 Always, my dear General, 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 Wm. p. Wainwright, 
 formerly Major 29th N. Y. V., 
 
 and Ooloilel 76th N. Y. V. 
 To Brevet Major-General J. Watts dk Petstbr. 
 
 Brevet lAeutenant- Colonel Johnston Livingston de 
 Peystee, U. S. and N. Y. Vols. — Additional Note to 
 Pages 14* 2d, 11, 16||, 18, 18t. «fcc. Albany. 4th 
 April, 1867 ; to be Colonbl by Brevet for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the late war in accordance 
 with Certificates and Letters of G. E. Wabben. Mai: 
 Gen: U. S. V:, Brev: Maj: Gen: U. S. A:, Commde 5t'h 
 Corps, Army of the Potomac, in 1865; S. W. Craw- 
 ford, Maj: Gen: U. S. V:, Brev: Maj: Gen: U. S. A: ; 
 Charles K. Graham. Brev: Maj: Gen: U. S. V., 
 Commdg, 1865, Naval Brigade in the James River, 
 &c., and others. 
 
THE IMMEDIATE AGENCIES BY WHICH THE 
 SOUTHERN STATE?^ WERE PRECIPITATED 
 
 INTO SECESSION. , -.--;• ■,. 
 
 Intended as Chapter II., o/ a Gontempla,ie(f Work, 
 "The Campaigns of the Great Ambrioan Wjtii,- 
 to suppress the Slaveholders' Rebellion'" {o/vMifih. 
 Chapter i., was published at Pages 15 to 90, Gen:' 
 DE Peyster's Address) ; to have been written con- 
 jointly by Brev: Maj.-Gen; J. Watts de Peystkr and 
 Joseph B. Lyman, Esq. i • i.; 
 
 Wi have seen how for more than a generation in- 
 fluences had been operating on the Southern minril, 
 that had gradually substituted a determined support 
 of Slavery in place of attachment to the Federal, 
 Uiiion. and made that Unior dear apd sacred to them 
 only so far as it sustained and perpetua,ted the cher; 
 ished institution. 
 
 With their loyalty thus qualified, and their Union- 
 is^m only a relative and contingent principle, the work 
 accomplished by a clique of restless politicians during 
 the Winter and Spring of 1861, of plunging, first the, 
 Gulf, and then the Border Sates into the abyss of 
 disunion, was not a task which required the highest 
 degree of political skill. 
 
 Among a variety of lesser influences all of which 
 went to strengthen the antagonism between the 
 alienated sections, and to exasperate the champions 
 of slavery to immediate and desperate measures, the 
 following deserve special mention : — 
 
 I. 
 
 In the Compromise measures which distinguished 
 the legislation of 1850, the complaint most urged by 
 Southern Congressmen was, that a clause in the Con- 
 stitution which was intended to provide for the return 
 of fugitive slaves to their masters had remained for 
 years a dead letter on the statute book, and that, 
 while such clause remained in the Constitution the 
 South was entitled to a Federal Law to make opera- 
 tive and effectual, this provision. Accordingly, in 
 in 1850, after the agitations of the times were com- 
 posed by the Compromise measures, the Fugitive 
 Slave Bill was proposed and passed Congress by h 
 majority of 84 in the House and 15 in the Senate 
 (Grxeley's Grand Amn- Conft, Vol. I., p. 212). 
 
 The passage of this Law had diverse effeets on dif- 
 ferent classes of citizens, all of which tended directly 
 to consummate the result which followed ten yean 
 later. 
 
 The Bemoeratic Party of the North sustained the 
 
II 
 
 Law as being a constitutional right of the South with- 
 out regard to appearances or general principles of 
 justice, and as another bond uniting them with the 
 whole pro-slavery interest. 
 
 The Northern Whigs with Webster at their head 
 generally sustained it on grounds purely technical and 
 because the article upon which it was based is unde- 
 niably a part of the Constitution, and as such deserv- 
 ing the support of law abiding men ; while to the 
 South this concession was peculiarly gratifying as a 
 proof of the growing power of slavery and as a type 
 of the concessions that might be obtained by an un- 
 broken front and a threatening mien on the part of 
 the slave power. 
 
 The passage of this Law was in effect the death 
 blow of the old Whig party of which Clay and Web- 
 ster had been the gieat leaders. That large wing 
 which was composed of the more conscientious as well 
 a.s the more radical and free-thinking classes wheeled 
 over and gave their strength to thu Abolition party, 
 while some to avoid being left in a hopeless minority 
 and others, out of deference to the legal propriety of 
 the fugitive slave Law under the Constitution, coat- 
 isced with life-long antagonists and became incorpo- 
 rated in the Democratic party. 
 
 The promptness with which the provisions of this 
 taw were in many cases carried out by oflBcials in 
 northern cities; the firmne-ss wiih wbich United 
 Stated judges sustained tbe law, although revolting 
 to their personal views of natural justice, and the ex- 
 citing scenes which occurred in its execution all tend- 
 ed the same way, to embitter the controversy and 
 enlarge the breach. 
 
 In consequence of this Law, and the degree to 
 which it infringed on northern ideas of natural right 
 and the liberty of every person and their equality be- 
 fore the Law, antagonistic and conflicting laws were 
 passed by the legislatures of several of the northern 
 states under the name of Personal Liberty Bills, by 
 the operation of which the execution of the Fugitive 
 Slave Law became impossible and thus a Con-titu- 
 tional protest was afforded the South which " when 
 the times were ripe," South Carolina and other states 
 were prompt to seize. 
 
 II. 
 
 About the time of the passage of the Fugitive 
 Slave Law, there was pronounced the famous decision 
 in the case of Dred Scott, where the Supreme Court 
 of the Nation solemnly declared as fundamental 
 American law that " the black man has no rights 
 which the white man is bound to respect." 
 
Ill 
 
 DiJED Scott was previously to 1834 held as a slave 
 in Missouri by Dr. Emerson, a Surgson in tbo Uiiitud 
 States army. Dr. Embrsoit removed to Rock Island 
 in Illinois, taking Deed with him, and there he, with 
 the consent of Dr. Emerson, married Harriett, who 
 had also been held as property in a Slave State, but 
 whose owner had removed with her to that part of 
 the national territory now embraced in the State of 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Afterward, Dr. Emerson, with Dred, Harriett, 
 and their child Eliza, returned to Missouri, where he 
 continued to hold them as slaves, and sold them to 
 one Sanfoed, a citizen of New York. 
 
 The suit was brought by Deed Scott for his free- 
 dom under the facts as above stated, which was gained 
 in the State Circuit Court of Missouri, lost in the 
 Supreme Court of that State, and taken by appeal to 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, where it 
 was argued in May, 1854, but, for political reasons 
 doubtless, the decision was not pronounced till the 
 Spring of 1857, after the Inauguration of Mr. Bu- 
 chanan. 
 
 The two points established by this decision as fun- 
 damental Law in this country, which were not to be 
 unsettled except by important changes in the organi- 
 zation of the Court, were, 1. That colored men are 
 not, under the Constitution, Citizens of the United 
 States, and no State had the right oF ordering biack 
 pcr.sons to be citizens, and therefore the court bad no 
 jurisdiction, and could have none, in the premises. 
 
 2. That the Act of Congress commonly known as 
 the Missouri Compromise, which prohibited a citizen 
 from holding slave property in the territory of the 
 United States north of the line therein mentioned, is 
 not warranted by the Constitution, and is therefore 
 void ; and that neither Deed Scott himself nor any 
 of his family were made free by being carried into 
 this territory, even if they had been taken there by 
 the owner with the intention on his part of becoming 
 a permanent resident. 
 
 Two Judges and only two of the bench of nine 
 gave opinions of dissent on the main points thus 
 enunciated by the majority, and these were Judge 
 McLean, of Ohio, and Judge Curtis, of Massachu- 
 setts. (Greeley's Am. Con. Vol. 1, p. 252: How. 
 Eep. Vol 20.) 
 
 Thus by the Supreme tribunal of the land inter- 
 preting the fundamental Law of the Republic, a doc- 
 trine in the last degree anomalous and inequitable 
 was announced as th« established law, namely, that 
 an African in America is, in the eye of the Criminal 
 law, a person, and liable to punishment for personal 
 offences, and at the same time, in the eye of the Civil 
 
IV 
 
 Law, is a thing, and regarded simply sas property : in 
 other words, be is at one and the same time a respon- 
 sible, moral character, and an irresponsible Chattel. 
 
 It thus became apparent that, wbejiever a question 
 relating to the status of the black man or the right 
 of slavery to make itself perpetual and national, 
 might come to the Supreme Court for adjudication, 
 seven out of the nine Judges would be found 
 thoroughly committed to pro-slavery by this direct 
 and clearly pronounced opinion. The bearing of this 
 truth on the issues of 1860 was very direct and im- 
 portant. The only hope for aggressive slavery was 
 by securing for itself a Supreme Court of similar 
 temper and complexion ; while the opponents of 
 slavery, and especially those who were adverse to its 
 extension, saw that little could be accomplished as 
 long as the pro-slavery party embraced so powerful a 
 majority of supreme judges, holding their offices for 
 life. 
 
 The indignation with which this decision was as- 
 sailed throughout the North, and the bitterness with 
 which the seven pro-slavery judges were impeached 
 at the bar of popular sentiment, showed the South that 
 the reorganization of the Court in ithe interests of 
 freedom would be the first step in an anti-slavery ad- 
 ministration as soon as Death might vacate any of 
 its chairs. 
 
 III. 
 
 During the first nine months of Mr. PiEncE's Ad- 
 ministration, the country was in a state of deep re- 
 pose and high prosperity. Though the Fugitive Slave 
 Law was reluctantly sustained in some Northern 
 cities, and the compromise measures of 1850 were re- 
 garded by many as unwarrantable concessions to 
 Slavery, yet the disposition to give a quietus to the 
 long vexed question was very general, and there was 
 a hope that this apple of discord had been at last 
 bowled out of the halls of Congress. 
 
 But the repose w«s brief In the winter of 1854 
 was commenced the campaign of slavery propagand- 
 ism, which, with intermissions, hardl)' noticeable, con- 
 tinued for more than ten years ; first in Congress and 
 on the Missouri border, and finally in a general civil 
 war. 
 
 On the 23d of January, 1854. Mr. Douglas, Senator 
 from Illinois and Chairman of the Committee on Ter- 
 ritories, proposed a Bill dividing the region west of 
 Missouri and east of the mountains into two terri- 
 tories, Kansas and Nebraska, with described bounda- 
 ries and a provision on Slavery as follows 
 
 " Sec. 21. And be it further enacted that, in order 
 to avoid all misconstruction, it is hereby declared to 
 
be the true intent and meaning of this act, so far as 
 the question of Slavery is concerned, to carry into 
 practical operation the following propositions as estab- 
 lished by I he compromise measures of 1850. 1. All 
 questions pertaining to slavery in the territories and 
 in the new States to be formed therefrom are to be 
 left to the decision of the people residing therein 
 through their appropriate representatives. 
 
 2. That all cases involving title to slaves and ques- 
 tions of personal freedom are referred to the adjudi- 
 cation of the local tribunals, with the right of appeal 
 to the Supreme Court of the United States. " 
 
 3. That the provisions of the Constitution and Laws 
 of the United States in respect to fugitives from jus- 
 tice are to be carried into faithful execution in all the 
 organized territories, the same as in the States. 
 
 In the vigorous debate which ensued upon pro- 
 visions so unexpected, Mr. Dixon, of Kentucky, who 
 had before given utterance to similar views, expressed 
 himself as pleased with the Bill, and understood it as 
 repealing the provisions of the Missouri Compromise 
 of 1820, by which all the national territory north of 
 36° 30' had been solemnly consecrated to free Insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 This was admitted to be the effect and the inten- 
 tion of Mr. Douglas' Bill, and as such was vigorously 
 defended by even the extreme Calhoun wing of the 
 Democracy, It passed the Senate by 35 yeas to 18 
 nays. In the House the opposition was more vigor- 
 ous, but Mr. Stephens, of Georgia, became its cham- 
 pion, and by some remarkablemovement of legislative 
 diplomacy, carried it by a vote of 113 yeas to 100 
 nays. 
 
 When it appeared by this Congressional action that 
 those regions had been opeued to the rush of slave 
 immigration, there at once arose an angry struggle 
 between free-state and slave-state immigrants as to 
 which should possess and impose law in these terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Organizations had been formed in Missouri for some 
 time before the Indian title to the eastern counties of 
 Kansas was extinguished, for the avowed purpose of 
 taking possession of that State in-behalf of slavery. 
 Within a few days after the passage of the Act, hun- 
 dreds of leading Missourians cros.=ed into the adjacent 
 territory, selected each his quarter section or larger 
 area, and endeavored by marks, and by the resolu- 
 tions of irregular meetings of such settlers, to impose 
 a pre-emption on the whole region. These resolu- 
 tions expressed the most undisguised hostility to all 
 abolitionists, and recognizing slavery as already in 
 the territory, advised slaveholders to remove thither 
 
YI 
 
 as rapidly as possible, bringing thei« property w th 
 them. 
 
 A counter movement was speedily inaugurated in 
 the Eastern cities, under the name of Immigrant Aid 
 Societies, for the avowed purpose of encouraging a 
 rapid immigration of free-soil settlers, whose votes 
 might avail against the influx of Southerners, and 
 thus impose free and not slave labor as the law of 
 these virgin territories. 
 
 Andrew J. Reedek, of Pennsylvania, was appoint- 
 ed by Mr. Pieeci: as Governor, a Democrat be'ieved 
 to be of decided pro-slavery convictions, and the first 
 election held in Kansas was" for Delegate in November, 
 1854. There were not two thousand, probably, in all 
 of adult males then in the Territory, but nearly three 
 thousand votes were cast, of which 2,268 were for 
 Whitefield, a pro-slavery man and .1 Missouri Indian 
 agent. 
 
 In the Spring of 1855, another election was held for 
 the first territorial legislature in which the voting 
 was still more irregular and fraudulent. At Marys- 
 ville, for instance, 328 pro-slavery votes were cast 
 when there were only 24 legal vot>;rs in the place. 
 The election was conducted with so little pretence of 
 legality or regard for decency that Governor Reedbe 
 set aside the election in six of the districts. But 
 force carried the da)'. Reeder was S-emoved on peti- 
 tion of the legisliture thus elected, and William 
 Shannon, of Ohio, who declared thnt he was for 
 slavery in Kansas was made Governor. 
 
 In the fall of that year two rival elections took 
 place, one for Whitefield, Delegate, pro-slaverj-, 
 and the other for Reeder, freesoiler. and on the 23d of 
 October a free state convention was assembled at To- 
 peka, which formed an anti-slavery Constitution, under 
 which they asked admission into the Union as a State, 
 and in Congress, in 1856, a Bill for the admission of 
 Kajinas with the Topeka Constitution was carried in 
 the house after a long and stormy debate by 99 yeas 
 to 97 nays, but defeated in the Senate by a hopeless 
 majority. Meantime, in 1855 and 'G, the pro-slavery 
 or Border Ruffian party in Missouri and Kansas had 
 been reinforced by Colonel Bdfoed from Alabama 
 with a troop of wild youths and reckless adventurers, 
 who made a number of marauding expeditions into 
 Kansas at election times, for the purpose of de- 
 stroying free-state presses and mobbing or killing 
 prominent free-state men. These expeditions were 
 headed sometimes by Stringfellow and sometimea 
 by Atchison, and their exploits consisted in the 
 sack of Lawrence and of Leavenworth, the killing of 
 sundry individuals, whose sentiments were known to 
 be anti-slavery, the burning of the offices of free- 
 
VII 
 
 stite papers, and many other riotous acts and mur- 
 ders. During this Kansas war and the most consider- 
 able of its skirmishes occurred the battle of Black 
 Jack, in which 28 free-state men headed by 'Old 
 John Brown ' defeated in an open prairies 56 Border 
 Ruffians under Captain Clay Pate, a Virginian. 
 
 The villages of Ossawataniie and Palmyra wer« 
 sacked about this time, and the Topeka legislature of 
 July, 1856, dispersed by order of President Pierce 
 to Col. Sumner commanding a force of United States 
 Regulars. But dissipation and exposure were thin- 
 ning the ranks of the pro-slavery marauders, and 
 there was a steady and preponderating immigration 
 of free-state settler.", so that on the whole the anti- 
 slavery sentiment in the State was on the increase. 
 
 In the fall of 1857, soon after the commencement 
 of Mr. Buchanan's term, a constitutional convention 
 was held at Lecorapton, where a pro-slavery cousti- 
 tufion was passed and this Lecompton Constitution 
 was the chief topic of heated debate during the ses- 
 sions of 1857 and 1858. But by 1859, the territorial 
 legislature had now passed wholly into the hands of 
 the free-.state party and a free constitution was formed 
 at Wyandotte, under which, in January, 1861, Kansas 
 w-s admitted as the thirty-fourth State in our Feder- 
 al Union, by a vote of 36 yeas in the Senate to 16 
 nays and in the House by 119 yeas to 42 nays ; when 
 the angry legislative controversies that had agitated 
 the country for six years were merged in the fiercer 
 passions and more deadly strife of civil war. The 
 Kansas troubles, considered in their various effects 
 were most cfHcient in precipitating the issue of 1861. 
 In the history of this struggle, we find the first dis- 
 tinct appeal from rhe ballot to the bullet, the first 
 violent and armed movement for the extension and 
 perpetuation of slavery- 
 
 When the aggressions and manoeuvres of the pro- 
 slavery Kansas party were fairly and finally defeated 
 by a clear majority of free state emigrants, the South 
 sullenly fell back from any further contest in Congress 
 Hnd drew what she conceived to be the last weapon 
 in her arsenal by which slavery could be made nation- 
 al and perpetual. The congressional discussions which 
 in former issries had been for the most part temperate 
 and dignified, became on the Kansas question violent, 
 personal and inflammatory. Ruffianism in Kansas 
 was sustained and equaled by atrocities in the Halls 
 of Congress. Our language was exhausted on both 
 sides of the controversy in the use of terms of insult, 
 contempt, reproach and dishonor. Nor was this all. 
 Blows were resorted to. Charles Sumner, of Massa- 
 chusetts, in the discussion of the admission of Kansas 
 under the T"peka Constitution, described the efforts 
 
VIII 
 
 of the Southern Senators in language and by compari- 
 son so loathsome as, to say the least, ti> transcend the 
 rules of public decorum, and soon after resuming his 
 seat was assaulted by a Congressman from South 
 Carolina and battered to such extremes as seriously to 
 impair his health. It thus grew daily more apparent 
 to all thoughtf'il observers that a sectional antago- 
 nism was mounting by degrees to a point where concil- 
 iation would be hopeless, and where no diplomacy cr 
 debate, no constitutional co vention.^ or compromises 
 of any sort could avert the bloody arbitrament of 
 War. 
 
 IV. 
 The legislation on fugitive slaves and the decision 
 in the case of Deed Scott were both concessions made 
 by the North to soothe the fears and allay the animos- 
 ity of the Southern champions of national slavery. 
 Their effect in that direction was more than neutral- 
 ized by that astounding event of the fall of 1859, 
 known as " John Brown's Raid.'' Up to the age of 
 55 this remarkable mnn had pursued the life of a 
 plain, industrious Bible reading farmer, of Puritan 
 lineage chenshine; no revolutionary sentiments, and 
 without political ambition. (Life of Jno. Brown, 
 by Redpath : Greeley's Am. Con., Vol 1, p. 280.) In 
 the year 1854, his four elder sons, residing in Ohio, de- 
 termined to emigrate to Kansas They went princi- 
 pally in order by gaining citizenship in that newly 
 opened territor}' they might by their votes help to 
 consecrate it to free labor in all the future, and at 
 the same time to secure homes for themselves and 
 their families. Thoy went unarmed, with designs 
 wholly peaceful, and settled in the southern part of 
 Kan«as, eight mile.s from the village of Oesawatamie 
 and near the Missouri border. Here they were soon 
 molested and insulted by bands of Missourians. who 
 crossed the bordtr with the avowed purpose of intimi- 
 dating and driving out the free-state emigrants. 
 They accordingly wrote to their father to send them 
 rifles for self defence and the father not only com- 
 plied with the request, but left his farm in New York 
 and went out to Kansas, not with the view of remain- 
 ing, but to join with his sons in the struggle against 
 aggressive slavery. Here his unequaled personal 
 courage and his natural turn for leadership soon made 
 him captain of the irregular bands that assembled to 
 drive back what were not improperly called Border 
 Ruffians ; and in two or three skirmishes that ensued 
 he showed thf highest qualities as a partisan leader. 
 But he was not content to act on the defensive mere- 
 ly, and after the Border Ruffians ^ere driven back 
 he made an excursion into Missouri for the purpose 
 
IX 
 
 of aiding the slavt-s along the border to escape from 
 their masters. By acts of this character he lost the 
 position in Kansas which his courage and address had 
 before gained him and on leaving the territory wai 
 hotly pursued by an armed band four or five timei 
 the number of his company, but made good his escape 
 and took with him into Iowa several slaves whom he 
 had enticed from their owners. The year following 
 thtse adventures, he appears in Canada, organizing 
 a society, the sole and avowed objects of which were 
 to be aggressive measures against the existence of 
 American slavery. In June, 1859, he visited Collins- 
 ville, Couneuticut, where he contracted for the manu- 
 facture of 1,000 pikes to be used in carrying out the 
 insurrection he was contemplating. 
 
 In the fall he visited Harper's Ferry and its vicini- 
 ty and rented three unoccupied houses on a large 
 firm, five or six miles from the village, where were 
 gradually collected the arms and munitions neces- 
 sary for the consummation of his plan. Bkowm 
 and his confederates passed much of their time 
 in the woods and mountains but their conduct 
 excited no particular suspicion in the neigh- 
 borhood. On Sunday, Oct, 17th, his plans were ma- 
 tured and the first blow was struck in a civil war 
 which raged with but temporary intermission from 
 that time till the Surrender of Lee, in April, 1865. 
 He chose for his first attack Harper's Ferry, a village 
 of some five thousand inhabitants on the Virginia sida 
 of the Potomac, and the seat of a national arsenal, 
 where some hundred and fifty thousand stands of arms 
 were usually stored. The forces which accompanied 
 him for the seizure of this place consisted of seven- 
 teen white men and five negroes, besides some who 
 co-operated in cutting telegraph wires and tearing up 
 railroad tracks. 
 
 They entered the quiet villag.; on Sunday evening, 
 rapidly extinguished the street lamps, took posses- 
 sion of tbe armory building, seizing and locking up 
 the watchmen who guarded it, and tbe Potomac bridge, 
 stopped the train coming east at a quarter past one, 
 captured the person of Colonel Washington, seized 
 his arras and hor.ses, liberated his slaves, and com- 
 menced to arrest each male citizen as he appeared on 
 the streets, till between forty and fifty were confined 
 in the armory. But soon after daybreak the difficul- 
 ties of Brown commenced and they thickened until 
 the close of the singular tragedy. The citizens who 
 had arms began to use them upon his men, and shots 
 were freely exchanged all Monday forenoon. Between 
 twelve and one, a Militia force of one hundred arrived 
 from Charleston, which was quietly but rapidly dis- 
 posed so as to command every available exit from the 
 
X 
 
 place. In taking the Shenandoali bridj;e, thej killed 
 one of the insurgents and captured another, that 
 had been a neighbor of Brown's at Elba, in New 
 York ; others were shot in the course of the afternoon 
 and by evening Brown had retreated to the engine 
 house, his company then consisting of but three un- 
 wounded whites beside himself, and some half a 
 dozen blasks from the vicinity. In that desperate 
 situation he showed the greatest coolness and courage. 
 "Holding his rifle in one hand and the other upon 
 the pulse of his dying son, he commanded his men 
 with the utmost composure, encouraging them to be 
 firm and to sell their lives as dearly as possible." 
 
 At seven the following morning. Colonel Lee, who 
 had arrived with ninety marines, burst open the door 
 of the engine-house, and all resistance was quickly 
 ended. Bbown was wounded on the head with a sa- 
 bre, and his body pierced in two places by bayonets. 
 He was imprisoned, and, after an apparently fairly 
 conducted trial, the issue of which was, however, a 
 foregone conclusion, he was, on the^ 1st November, 
 brought into court to listen to his judgment and say 
 why sentence of death should not be passed upon him. 
 In a low but firm voice, he responded in the follow- 
 ing words, which, wth the address of President 
 Lincoln at the consecration of the Gettysburg Cem- 
 etery, have been pronounced by the most acute of 
 American thinkers as th'! most memorable and the 
 noblest utterances of the epoch. 
 
 " In the first place, I deny everytl/ing but what I 
 have all along admitted, the design on my part to 
 free the slaves. I intended certainly to have made a 
 clean thing of that matter as I did last winter when 
 I went into Missouri and there took slaves without 
 the snapping of a gun on either side, moved them 
 through the country, and finally left them in Canada. 
 I designed to have done the same thing again on a 
 larger scale. That was all I intended. I never did 
 intend murder or tre.ison, the destruction of proper- 
 ty, or to excite or incite slaves to rebellion or make 
 insurrection. I have another objection, and that is, 
 that it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. 
 Had I interfered in the manner which I admit has 
 been fairly proved (for I admire the truthfulness and 
 candor of the greater part of the witnesses that have 
 testified in this case), had I so interfered in behalf of 
 the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called 
 great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either 
 father, mother, brother, sister, wife or children, or 
 any of that class, and suffered and sacrificed what I 
 have in that interference, it would have been all 
 right, and every man in this court would have deemed 
 
XI 
 
 it an act worthy of reward rather than of punish- 
 ment. 
 
 " This court acknowledges, as I suppose, the valid- 
 ity of the law of God. I see 5. book kissed here 
 which I suppose to be the Bible, or at least the New 
 Testament. That book teaches me that all things 
 whatsoever I would that men should do to me, I 
 should do even so to them. It teaches me further to 
 remember those that are in bonds as bound with 
 them. I endeavored to act upon that instruction. I 
 say that I am yet too young to understand that God 
 is any respecter of persons. I believe that, to inter- 
 fere as I have done, as I have always "admitted that I 
 have done, in behalf of His despised poor, was not 
 wrong, but right ; now, if it is deemed necessary that 
 I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends 
 of justice, and mingle my blood with the blood of my 
 children, and with the blood of millions in this slave 
 country, whose rights are disregarded by wicked, 
 cruel, unjust enactments, I submit, So let it be 
 done. Let me say one «ord further. I feel entirely 
 satisfied with the treatment I have received on my 
 trial. Considering all the circumstances, it has been 
 more generous than I expe",ttd. But I feel no con- 
 sciousness of guilt. I have stated from the first what 
 was my intention and what was not. I never had 
 any design against the life of any person, nor any dis- 
 position to commit treason or excite slaves to rebel 
 or make any general insurrection. I never encour- 
 aged any man to do so, but always discouraged any 
 attempt of that kind. Let me say also a word with 
 regard to the statements of some of those connected 
 with me. I hear it has been stated by some of them 
 ihat I have induced them to join me, but the con- 
 trary is true. I do not say this to injure them, but 
 as regretting their weakness. There is not one of 
 them but joined me of his own accord, and the great- 
 er part at their own expense. A number of them I 
 never saw and never had a word of conversation with 
 till the day they came to me, and that was for the 
 purpose I have stated. Now I have done." 
 
 Thirty days after the utterance of these words, he 
 walked out' of Charleston jail at eleven o'clock, 
 " wi h a radiant countenance and the step of a con- 
 queror," says an eye-witness, mounted his gallows, 
 and a few minutes later had expiated with his life the 
 last offence ever committed against the Black Code in 
 the laws of Virginia. 
 
 John Brown was the first, and Abraham Lincoln 
 was the last mariyr demanded by these times to the 
 great political truth announced in the Declaration of 
 Independence. 'During the interval of five years that 
 divides their deaths, half a million of men on the 
 
XII 
 
 battle-fleld, in hospitals, or in loathsome and crowded 
 prisons, met a similar fate in the sam'e cause ; for the 
 roots of the tree of human liberty afe ever wet with 
 the blood of the biaye. 
 
 V. 
 
 During the administration of Mr. Buchanan, the 
 national status of slavery had been steadily advanc- 
 ing. In the early part of his term, the Deed Scott 
 decision had done all that a decision of the highest 
 tribunal known to the Constitution could do to mnke 
 the colored man a chattel and not a person by funda- 
 mental American law ; and to deny to the Constitu- 
 tion any power to exclude slavery from the national 
 territory. The territorial legislature-of New Mexico 
 had assumed the existence of slaver;^ in h sterile and 
 mountainous region, so ill adapted to negro labor that 
 a great Northern orator in the United States Senate 
 had declared that, to exclude slavery by statute, 
 would be to re-enact the laws of God. 
 
 Not content with the strictly democratic doctrine 
 of allowing the settlers of a Territory to say by a 
 popular vote whether their institutions shall be free 
 or slave, the Southern leaders, with Jeffebson Davis 
 at their head, had submitted to the Senate an elabo- 
 rate series of resolves whose real object was to ar- 
 raign Mr, DoueLAS for anti-slavery proclivities, and 
 thug fix the entering wedge thit should split the 
 Democratic party, and with it the Union. 
 
 No. 4 of that series, and the death knell of the 
 leading dogma of Northern Democracy, Squatter 
 Sovereignty, is as follows: 
 
 ^^ Resolved, That neither Congress nor a territorial 
 legislature, whether by direct legislatipn or legislation 
 of an indirect and unfriendly character^^po sesses power 
 to annul or impair the constitutional right of any cit- 
 izen of the United States to take his slave property 
 into the common territories, and there hold and enjoy 
 the same while the territorial condiiion remains.'' 
 
 No. 7 of the series resolves that " any act of a State 
 or of an individual tending to check the operation or 
 nullify the requirements of the Fugitive Slave Law is 
 in its nature hostile in its character, subversive of the 
 Constitution, and revolutionary in effect." 
 
 The Resolutions passed the Senate by powerful 
 majorities; the first by 35 yeas to 2*1 nays, and the 
 last by 36 yeas to 6 nays. (Greeley's Am. Con. Vol. 
 1, 307-'9.) 
 
 Thus were endorsed by the highest deliberative 
 body in the country, the dic'a of its Supreme Tri- 
 bunal, so thoroughly pro-slavery, that eleven years 
 before the resolutions of Mr. Yanct to the same 
 effect, offered in a Democratic Convention, had been 
 
XIII 
 
 voted down by delegates from the Planting States, 
 So that when that party went into the canvass of 
 1860, everything necessary to assure a victory by a 
 union of all the South with one half of the North was 
 for the planting interest to be satisfied with a 
 Democracy that endorsed the Deed "Scott decision, 
 condemned the Personal Liberty Bills, stood ready 
 to execute every provision of the Fugitive Slave Law, 
 and left the settlers of a territory free to establish 
 slavery there if they wanted slavery and to prohibit 
 it if they wished to do so. Thus much immunity to 
 slavery was the North ready to guarantee out of de- 
 votion to the cohesion of the Democracy and the per- 
 petuation of the Union 
 
 Let us now see how in the Charleston Convention 
 this ample platform, broad enough for all the South 
 with all her interests, was deliberately and on princi- 
 ple broken in pieces in order to substitute for it a 
 single plank upon which only the South would unito 
 and over which the only national party would be cer- 
 tain to split and go to ruin. That convention met 
 on the 23d of April, 1860. After some protracted 
 and stormy debates, the State of Alabama, the move- 
 ment being engineered by Wm. L, Yancy, by the 
 united action of her twenty-seven delegates took the 
 ground that rather than acquiesce in the Douglas 
 creed as to popular sovereignty in the territories she 
 would withdraw from the convention. 
 
 The point upon which Alabama bolted was clearly 
 defined and distinctly stated. She declared the 
 points of difference between the Northern and South- 
 ern Democracy to be as follows: 1. The settlers in a 
 Territory have a right by a popular .vote to exclude 
 slavery: Affirmed by rhe North, denied by the 
 South. 2. The Federal Government is under a con- 
 stitutional obligation to defend slavery in the territo- 
 ries from being assailed or prohibited by a popular 
 vote so long as they remain territories: Affirmed by 
 the South, denied by the North. 
 
 On this ground precisely first Alabama withdrew, 
 then Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida, 
 Texas, Arkansas, the delegates stating in substance 
 the same reasons for their act as Alabama. A portion 
 of the Georgia de'egation withdrew because the North 
 was not ready to reopen the Slave Trade, thus reducing 
 the price of negroes and give the South a chance to 
 compete with the North in the rapid settlement of 
 new territories by filling them with large cargoes 
 direct from the Sl^e Coast. Thus and on these 
 grounds was the Democratic party split. A few 
 weeks later attempts were made at coalition in Balti- 
 more and at Richmond ; but as the South manifested 
 no disposition to recede from the Yanoy position as 
 
XIV 
 
 announced by Alabama and as the Northern delegates 
 withdrew " because they would not sit in a conven- 
 tion where the African Slave Trade, which is Piracy 
 by the laws of the country, is approvingly advocated," 
 the chasm was evidently too wide for any compro- 
 mise pontoon and the schism became hopeless and 
 irreparable. 
 
 And so in the Presidential CanvaSs of 1860, three 
 platforms were submitted to the American people ; 
 each widely diiferent from both the others on the 
 subject of slavery in the territories and each support- 
 ed by strong parties. 
 
 First : The Republican Party, with Abraham Lin- 
 coln for candidate, holding that slavery being a crea- 
 tion of local law can neither be created nor sustained 
 by Congress, but ought to be kept out of the territo- 
 ries rather than carried there by Congress. 
 
 Second: The Northern Democracy, with Stephen 
 A. Douglas for candidate, holding that Congri-ss 
 ought to say or do nothing about slavery in the ter- 
 ritories, but to leave the matter entirely with the 
 settlers in such territories to establish or exclude 
 slavery as they shall see fit without congressional 
 suggestion or interference. 
 
 Third: The Southern Democracy with John C. 
 Bheokinridge as their candidate and holding that 
 any slaveholder has a right to emigrate to any part 
 of the national territory, taking his slaves with him, 
 and Congress is under obligations to protect and 
 secure to him that slave property so long as he is in 
 the territory, no matter what might be the action of 
 a territorial legislature. 
 
 On these platforms was conducted a very excited 
 campaign, there being a general feeling that results 
 ■ the most momentous hung upon the issue. 
 
 In the South, after the bolt at Charleston, the points 
 most labored in the canvass were the Huty and the 
 right of the South in case the result should be the 
 election of Mr. Lincoln. That issue was generally 
 regarded as by far the m-ist probable, and the har- 
 angues commonly consisted of fiery denunciations of the 
 incoming administration, the insult it would be to the 
 South to impose on it a sectional and anti-slavery 
 President, the duty of the South to resent that insult 
 by nullifying each act of his adminietration from the 
 beginning, and finally, the right to secede as soon as 
 his election should be ascertained. 
 
 The election took place on Monday, the 6th of Nov- 
 ember. Mr. Lincoln obtained 180 electoral votes to 
 123 for all others! Of these Beeckinbidge had 72, 
 Bell 39, and Douglas 12. Tet in the popular vote 
 Mr. Douglas stood next to Mr. Lincoln, and in the 
 Slave States divided the vote quite evenly with 
 
xy 
 
 Breckinridge, so that in the popular vote the whole 
 Democratic vote counted together was 284,046 above 
 the whole popular vote for Mr. Lincoln, thus showing 
 that the schism at Charleston elected Mr. Lincoln, a 
 result anticipated and in fact desired by the Pro- 
 Slavery or Breckinridge Party. 
 
 The long train of agencies and preparations that had 
 for thirty years been working on the Southern mind 
 was now completed. All the important steps in the 
 path of secession have been traced. The love of the 
 Union had been slowly and surely undermined in the 
 Southern mind and a love of Slavery substituted in its 
 place. The rights and blessings of slaver}' were more 
 important in their estimation than the rights and bless- 
 ings secured by the Constitution and in the Union. 
 The belief that it was at once a right and a duty for 
 the South to secede as soon as the growth of anti- 
 slavery had secured the election of a Northern Presi- 
 dent WHS widely diffused through the Southern com- 
 munities, and the secession leaders counted upon that 
 fact so surely that in South Carolina the election re- 
 turns made known on the 7th of November were 
 hailed with enthusiasm and joy. Tn the legislature 
 of that state, then in session, Mr. Barnwell Rhett 
 offered a resolution calling for a convention to take 
 steps for immediate secession ; the vote to take place 
 on the 22d of November and the convention to meet 
 on the ITth of December. Numerous resolves of the 
 same tenor were made, and no dissenting voice was 
 heard, no plea to preserve the great heritage of the 
 Union, no recital of its blessings, no appeal for its 
 preserv ation. 
 
 The only question that divided opinion in South 
 Carolina at ttiat time, and a few weeks later in most 
 or all the Cotton States, was not as to the right or 
 the propriety of dividing the republic: but as to the 
 policy of the States separately and independently 
 breaking away from the IJnion rather than concerting 
 their action, forming a Southern Confederacy first, 
 and then declaring such Confederacy distinct, free 
 and independent of all allegiance to .or political con- 
 nection with the United States. In other words, the 
 rashest of the fire-eating crew advised immediate and 
 unconditional secession, while a few, more cautious 
 and thoughtful, counseled, not loyalty to the Union, 
 but co-operation with all the Slave States in the pro- 
 posed separation. 
 
 The South Carolina Convention met at Columbia 
 on the day suggested by Mr. Rhett, the 17th of De- 
 cember. In the address of the chairman, and in all 
 that wax said on the first day of the assembly, there 
 was no suggestion of doubt as to the right or the pro- 
 priety of secession. The minds of all present were 
 
7XVI 
 
 directed to the one subject of scTering the bonds that 
 connected the State with the Federal Union as quick- 
 ly and as effectually as possible. At the evening ses- 
 sion of the first day, commissioners sfrom the Legis- 
 latures of Alabama and of Mis-issippi were intro- 
 duced, who said they were advised by the Governors 
 of their respective States to take the most pr- mpt 
 and decisive steps in secession as tending to hasten 
 a similar action in other States. An address from 
 fifty-two members of the Georgia Legislature suk- 
 gesting delaj' and consultation wi^th other Slave 
 States was suppressed as not proper at that time to 
 be given to the public. 
 
 The motion of Mr. Inglis, that South Carolina 
 should forthwith secede from the Federal Union, was 
 carried unanimously and with tremendous cheering. 
 From the 18th to the 20th of December, some signifi- 
 cant speeches were made and some discussion on 
 minor and collateral points took place, but no breath 
 of opposition to the movement as a whole was 
 stirred. 
 
 The utterances of Mr. Parker, Mr. Inglis, Mr. 
 Rhett and Mr. Keitt were all of the same tenor 
 and to the one issue of prompt and unconditional se- 
 cession. They declared that the movement contem- 
 plated and about to be consummated was no spas- 
 modic effort, but had been culminating for thirty 
 years. Keitt declared that he had been working to 
 this end ever since he entered public= life, and Rhett 
 avowed that it was not Mr. Lincoln's election nor 
 the non-execution of the Fugitive Slave Law which 
 produced the Secession of South Carolina, but that it 
 was a matter which had been gathering head for 
 thirty years. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Hayme, it was resolved that a 
 commissioner be sent to each Slave State with a copy 
 of the Secession Ordinance to hasten a similar action 
 on their part and co-operation in the results that 
 might ensue, and that three commissioneis be sent to 
 Washington, with a copy of the same to he submit- 
 ted to the President, and to confer with him on the 
 delivery of United States property in South Carolina 
 to the State Authorities, and on the subject of the 
 public debt, etc. 
 
 On the 20th of December, the committee of seven, 
 to whom the drafting had been referred, reported the 
 ordinance of Secession, which was at once passed 
 unanimously by 169 yeas. This ordinance is simply 
 a formal repeal of the Act of the Convention of the 
 23d May, 1788, by which South Carolina then, rati- 
 fied the Constitution of the United States nnd all 
 subsequent Acts of Ratification or Amendments to 
 the same. It declares the union between South Caro- 
 
XVII 
 
 Ima and the other States known as the United States 
 of America is herebj' dissolved. 
 
 2. This ordinance is accompanied by a somewhat 
 extended manifesto or bill of grievances purporting 
 to give the reasons for secession. It begins by recit- 
 ing the outline of the history of the separation of the 
 American colonies from the British crown, and their 
 erection into free and independent States, the forma- 
 tion of the Constitution of 1787 and its ratification 
 by South Carolina, argues the reservation in the 
 State of all powers not expressly delegated to the 
 Federal Government, and that s^uch compact, when 
 violated by any of the contracting parties, ceases to 
 be binding on any ; that a clause in the Constitution 
 provides f r the rendition of fugitive slaves escaping 
 to non-slaveholding States, that many of the Free 
 States have passed Personal Liberty Bills, whose op- 
 eration rendered it difficult or impossible for a slave 
 owner to recover a negro who had made his escape 
 into any of those States. (Moobe's Behdlion Record, 
 
 Tbis is the only legal and technical ground claimed 
 as a cause for Secession. The bill, however, goes on 
 to recite that the ends for which the Constitution 
 was formed, namelj', " to form a more perfect union, 
 to establish justice, to ensure domestic tranquillity, 
 provide for tUe common defence, promote the general 
 welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
 selves and our posterity," have been defeated by the 
 action of the non-slaveholding States in the opinion 
 there freely expressed that slavery is sinful, in the 
 toleration of anti-slaverj' lectures and books, in the 
 efforts made to entice slaves from their masters, in 
 the formation of a party hostile to the extension of 
 slavery, in the election of a President who had ex- 
 pressed a conviction that the Government could not 
 eudure permanently half slave and half-free, and 
 prospectively in the attacks on the South that might 
 be expected from the incoming administration, by 
 preventing an extension of slavery and by such a re- 
 organization of the Supreme Court as would make it 
 anti-slavery (sectional) and reverse the Deed Scott 
 decision. 
 
 The eflect of such prospective acts is deprecated as 
 destroying the equal rights of the South, taking from 
 the slaveholding states the power of self-protection 
 and making the constitution of the Federal Govern- 
 ment their enemy and not their friend. 
 
 All hope of remedy is declared to be vain from the 
 fact th it " public opinion in the North has invested a 
 grent political error with the sanctions of a.more er- 
 roneous religious belief."' 
 
 These are the reasons, and all the reasons, that 
 
XVIII 
 
 South Cai'olina assigned for ber withdrawal from the 
 Federal Union, and one of her most logical reasoners 
 and glowing orators has declared that these reasons 
 aro infinitely more weighty and cogent than any 
 which prompted our forefathers in the revolt against 
 George Third. 
 
 The fire thus lighted by South Carolina ran swiftly 
 along all the Gulf of Mexico, and we find six States 
 seceding in the same manner, and generally by very 
 large majorities. On the 7th of January, 1861, Flori- 
 da passed her Secession Ordinance by a vote of 62 yeas 
 to 7 nays. On the 7th, Mississippi passed a similar 
 ordinance without a single dissenting vote. In Alaba- 
 ma more caution and greater attachment to the Union 
 appeared, especially in the northern counties, so that, 
 on the 11th of January, 1861, 39 voted against the 
 ordinance to 61 in its favor. On the 19th, Georgia 
 went out by a vote of 208 yeas to 89 iiays, and on the 
 26th, Louisiana by 113 j'eae to 17 nays. On the 7th 
 February, Texas became the seventh in the line of se- 
 ceding titates by a large majority, and on the day fol- 
 lowing, the 8lh of Februarjr, these seven States sent 
 their delegates to Montgomery, Alabama, w'here, on 
 the following day, Jefferson Davis .was chosen Pro- 
 visional President of the Confederacy, and A. H. 
 Stephens Vice-President. 
 
 Thus, with a celerity which characterizes the move- 
 ments of a revolution which had been long culminat- 
 ing to the feverish crisis of action within less than 
 seven weeks, seven S'ates, with a population of about 
 five millions, nearljr one-half of whom, or two million 
 three hundred and twelve thousand, were slave."!, had 
 passed Ordinances of Secession, elected delegates to a 
 convention, niet in convention, elected executive 
 officers, adopted a constitution, and started all the 
 working machinerj^ of a democratic republic, inde- 
 pendent and self supporting, and laving ns its corner- 
 stone the doctrine of the essential Biequality of the 
 white and black races, and the consequent right of 
 the white man to make slavery constitutional, funda- 
 mental and perpetual. 
 
 Simultaneously with the passage tff these secession 
 ordinances or immediately after, the forts and arsenals 
 of the Cotton States had been seized by the State 
 Authorities, generally with feeble rpsistance and in 
 some cases with the co-operation of the Federal offi- 
 cers commanding them ; Fort Moultrie and C.istle 
 Pinckney had been captured by South Carolina Mili- 
 tia under instructions from State Authorities ; Fort 
 Pulaski, the defence of Savannah, had been similarly 
 taken bj' the State Authorities of Georgia; the State 
 Arsenal at Mount Vernon had been taken with 
 20,000 stauds of arms by Alabama troops ; as also 
 
XIX 
 
 Fort Morgan in Mobile Bay ; in Louisiana a similar 
 posses? ion of Forts Jackson, St. PLilip and Pike. The 
 New Orleans Mint and Custom House, the Baton 
 Rouge Arsenal had been taken by State troops, the 
 arsenal at Little Rock had been seized by State 
 Militia, although the State had not yet taken the 
 plunge of secession ; and in Texas, General Twiggs 
 gave up to the State all the United Stat, s property 
 in his charge, amounting to more than a million of 
 dollars in value. (Pollard's History of the War, 
 Vol. 1, p. 40.) 
 
 The forts of Key West in Florida, Pickens off Pen- 
 sacola, and Sumter in Charleston Harbor were so 
 situated that some naval force or powerful seige 
 batteries were needed by the Seceding States in order 
 to capture them, and as they were whollv destitute 
 of a Navy aud the erection of seige batteries requir- 
 ed much time and labor, the shock of war was natu- 
 rally delayed several weeks after the political events 
 abeve recited. The military preparations made by 
 the Cotton States, the removal of 115,000 stands of 
 arms from Northern and Southern arsenals by Floyd, 
 while Secretary of War under Buchanan, the uni- 
 versal attention paid to military science and tactics, 
 the formation vf volunteer companies in almo.-t every 
 county, the sound ot the drill-master's orders heard 
 from a hundred public halls, on all the commons and 
 wide streets and parade grounds throughout those 
 States, proclaimed louder than any words how well 
 tho South comprehended the issue and how clearly 
 she saw that no compromise was possible, no peaceful 
 settlement, no constitutional remedy, nothing but 
 the might of the strongest to be ascertained by the 
 shock of warring hosts. 
 
 Yet during the interval of two months, from the 
 middle of February to the middle of April, peaceful 
 settlement was attempted by a large number in both 
 sections who could not see in all that had occurred 
 liny proper cause of war. The most important of 
 these efforts was that made by Mr. Chittenden of 
 Kentucky, wuo drew up several articles of compro- 
 mise between the antagonistic sections which he 
 proposed to have incorporated in the Constitution. 
 These were in substance as follows : That slavery on 
 the continent of America should forever remain unmo- 
 lested in all those states and territories acquired or 
 to be acquired south of the parallel of 36° 30', and in 
 the District of Columbia ; that the provisions of the 
 Fugitive Slave Law should be faithfully carried out 
 by the North, but so modified as to admit of trial by 
 jury, and in other respects so as to be more humane 
 and in accordance with Northern ideas of personal 
 
XX 
 
 liberty, and the laws ag-inst the African Slave Traid'e' 
 rigidly enforced. 
 
 As might be anticipated, this concession to slavery 
 and abandonment of free soil principles found ho 
 favor with the flushed and triumphant party that 
 had recently elected Abraham Lincoln, and as little' 
 among those who six years before had broken the 
 peace of the nation by an endeavor to repeal the 
 Missouri Oompromise. For one section it would be 
 to give up everything that had been gained in a long 
 and arduous campaign. For the other it would be to 
 place devotion to the Union above a desire t6 set 
 slavery upon the basis of a perpetual and national ih- 
 st^itution and the education of a life-time must be for- 
 gotten before that would be possible. 
 
 With a, chasm so wide as this, and ibe' parties on 
 either side, profoundly excited by a controversy that 
 bad been growing hotter for thirty years, was any 
 amicable adjustment in the nature of things possible ? 
 
 .The conflict had thus far been fought mainly in 
 Congressional debates and in the double-leaded edito- 
 rials of leading journals. From this time on the 
 attack and the defence were to be physical not intel- 
 lectual. The arbitrameint. of gunpowder is grim and 
 tewible, and it would seem when nations resort to it 
 that 
 
 — ** O, jQdgment thou art fled to brutish beantn 
 Aiid men hare lost their reason I " 
 
 But SO it ever must be when a purely selfish inter- 
 est and a gigantic wrong are brought face to face 
 with a conviction deep as the springs of moral a,ctibn 
 and broad as ihe foundations of absolute justice. 
 
ANNUAL REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MOVEM[NTS, SERVICE fi OISCIPLIIIE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 "ULSTER GXJ^RD," 
 
 Twentieth Kegiment New York State Militiai 
 
 (80th N. T. Vol. Infantry.) 
 
 COMMAITDED BY 
 
 COLOHEL THEODORE B. GATES, 
 
 FOB. THE YEAE ENDING DECEMBEE. 31, 1862. 
 
 (Company A recruited alxuost, if not altogrether, in 
 ."Ductless County, Newr York. Company B comprised 
 25 irolunteers from the First or Upper district of Ked 
 Hook, from the villages of Tivoli and Madalin and 
 their vicinities. The names of these volunteers are 
 designated by " T!"J 
 
 January 1. — -Regiment in camp at Upton's Hill, Va. 
 ■ Jaimari/ 12. — Regiment on picket for forty-eight 
 hours in front of Falls Church, Va Prom this date 
 until March 10 engaged in drill, forage, and picijet 
 duty. 
 
 March 10 — Regiment marched at 6 a.m.. witji 
 General VVadsworth's Brigade, McDowell's Division, 
 and bivouacked at 6 P. M., 16 miles from Upton Hill, 
 and 2 mile.s east of Ceutreville. 
 
 March 14.^Tw() Hundred and Twenty-two men 
 under Captain Tappen marched to and bivouacki d on 
 Bull Run battle field 
 
 March 15 T'ds detachment marched from that 
 
 bivouac, joined the rep:iment, and the entire command 
 inarched to '' Three Mile Run," near Alexandra, in a 
 terrible storm of riin, 17 miles. The detachment 
 marched 25 miles. 
 
 March 16. — Regiment marched to Upton's Hill, ,6 
 miles. 
 
 March 18. — Marched 2 miles below Bailey's Oross- 
 Roads, and bivouacked with brigade. 
 
 April i. — Regiment marched with General Patrick's 
 Brigadt!, from camp near Bailey's Cross- Roads, at 3 
 p. M., and bivouacked at 7 p. m., 2 miles south of An- 
 nandale. Distance marched, 6 miles. 
 
April 0. — Kegimont resumed its luaicL at 8 a.m., 
 aud marching through Fairfax Court-house and Oen- 
 treville, crossed Bull Run, and bivouacked 1 mile south 
 of Blackburn Ford. Distance marched, 15 miles. 
 
 April 6. — Regiment continued its March at 8 a. v., 
 and passing Manassas JunC'ion, crossed Broad Run, 
 and encamped near Bristow Station, at 2 p. m. Dis- 
 tance marched, 17 miles. 
 
 April 7. — A terrible storm of rain, snow, and sleet, 
 against which .thelter-cents afford little protection, 
 began to-day, and continued sixty hours, occiisioniiig 
 much suffering. 
 
 April 16. — Marched to Catlett Station. Distance, 
 7 miles, 
 
 April 18, — Regiment marched at 6 a .m. ; obliged to 
 leave forage, ammunition, and sundries on the ground 
 for want of iransporcation, reaching a station 12 mlies 
 north of Falmouth, in a storm of raiu. Di.stance 
 ni;irched 18 1-2 miles. 
 
 April 19. — Marched at 7 A. ,vi.. reaching the hill 
 side directly opposite and in front ot the City of 
 Fredericksburg at 5 p. m., a distance of 14 raiUs. The 
 enemy have retreated after a little sl^irmisliing, across 
 the Rappahannock, burning the three bridges and all 
 their shipping, including the notorious .steamer St, 
 Nicholas, captnredby the French Lady, Thomas. 
 
 April 28. — Moved camp half a mile further south. 
 
 May 5 — Three companies of tliis. regiment, with 
 two from the Twenty-third and one from the Thirtv- 
 tifth N. Y. Volunteers, all under couimand of Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Theodore B. Gates, crossed the river at .i> 
 p. M., and occupied the City of Fredericksburg, Ta, 
 
 May 10 — Regiment cro,ssed the river at 8 o clock, 
 p. .VI, marching to a point 1 1-2 niiles'beyond the City 
 of Fredericksburg on the Telegraph Road to Rich- 
 mond, where encamped. Distance marched, 3 1-2 
 miles. 
 
 May 11. — At 3 p. M.,.the regiment was ordered, 
 and moved some 2 miles down the Bowling Green 
 Road, to repel a threatened attack of the enemy, un- 
 der General Anderson, who was driving in a recon- 
 noitring party, and advancing towani the city in 
 considerable force. A few sbots were tired, with a 
 loss of one horse on our side, when the enemy with- 
 drew. 
 
 May 14.— Companies B, C, H. and G, under Major 
 Jacob B. Hardenbergh, on picket for twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 May 17. — Companies A, B, C, D, E, F, (.i, and K, 
 relieved Thirty-fifth N, Y. Volunteers on picket for 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 May 20.— Companies A, B, C, D,E, T, and H, on 
 picket for twenty-four hours. At 10 o'clock, p. m. 
 
advanced oiii- picket line 1 mile, driving in tlie eneniv. 
 and occupying: tlie Toll Gate on the Plank Uoad. 
 
 May 23,— Companies B, G, D, E, Fj G, and K, on 
 picket for twenty-tour liours. Enemy keeping up a 
 brisk fire on our men at tLe Toll Gate. Regiment 
 leviewed by President Lincoln. 
 
 May 2fj. — Regiment marched with brigade at i 
 p. .M., up the Telegraph Road to Massaponix Creek, 
 and encamped at 7 p. M., on the ground occupied by 
 the enemy (the day before) under General Anderson. 
 J)istance marched, 6 miles. Companies C aud G, un- 
 der Major Hardenbergh doing picket dutv through the 
 night. 
 
 May 29. Regiment marched at 12 m. to Hazel 
 Run; joined brigade, and continued its March througii 
 Frederick.'*burg, crossing the Rappahannock, through 
 Falmouth, to a point 6 miles beyond. Bivouacked at 
 9 V. M. Distance marched, 14 miles. 
 
 May 30. — Regiment marched with brigade at 8 
 A. M., and after a very fatiguing march of 20 miles 
 crossed Elk Run, and bivouacked at 7 p. m. Frequent 
 heavy rain storms. 
 
 May 31. — Regiment marched at ti A. vi , with brig- 
 ade, crossed Cedar Run, and bivouaiked at Catlett 
 Station, on Orange and Alexandria Railroad, awaiting 
 cars to transport it to Front Royal, Va. Wagon 
 train sent to Thiu'oughfare Gap by road ina llaymar- 
 ket, accompanied by Co. II as escort. Heavy rain 
 s.torms during the night. 
 
 June 2.— Regiment marched with brigade at 12 
 .Ari., from Catlett Station, Ya., and bivouacked in a 
 violent storm at 6 P. M. on the bank of Kettle Run, 
 on the road to Haymarket. Distance marched 8 
 miles. 
 
 •Jane 3. — Regiment marched with brigade at 7 a. m., 
 and crossing Broad Run reached Haymarket, a dis- 
 tance of 5 miles. Marched 1 mile s<mth, and en- 
 camped near Bull Run. 
 
 June 6. — Regiment marched with brigade at 8 
 A. M., and crossing Broad Run and Cedar Run, passed 
 through the villages of Buckland and New Baltimore, 
 and encamped 1 1-2 miles nortij of Warrenton, Va. 
 Ki.stance marched, 12 miles. 
 
 June 8. — Regiment marched with brigade at 4 
 p. M , passed though Warrenton. and bivouacked at 7 
 p. M., t> miles beyond and 2 miles noi'th of Warrenton 
 Junction. Distance marched, 6 miles. 
 
 June 9. — Regiment marched with brigade at 6 a. m., 
 pas.sed through Warrenton Junction, and encamped on 
 the bank of Elk Run, at 11 a. m. Distance marched, 
 6 miles. 
 
 June IS. — Marched with brigade at 3 p. m., crossed 
 Elk Run, and encamped 4 miles south of Catlett Sta- 
 tion at h p. M, Distance, 3 miles. 
 
June 21. — Marched with brigade at 2 p. m., crossed 
 Power Run, and encamped at p. m., 12 miles south 
 of Fredericksburg, Va. Distance marched, 8 miles. 
 
 June 24. — Regiment marched with brigade »t 
 A. M., passed through Hartwood and Falmouth, reach- 
 ing old camp opposite Fredericksburg at 2 p. in. Dis- 
 tance marched, 13 miles. 
 
 June 27- — Moved camp 2 miles back Irom the river. 
 Company C, Captain J. B. Tappen, ordered on special 
 duty on the Railroad lietween Fredericksburg and 
 Richmond. 
 
 July 7. — Company C rejoined the regiment. 
 
 Jaly 28. — Regiment marched from Camp two miles 
 back from the Rappahannock, to and across the river 
 to Fredericksburg, where it divided, the four right 
 companies. A, C, H, and K, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Theodore B. Gates, marching to 'Mrs. Stanbury's 
 hou^e above Fredericksburg; the rest of the regiment 
 to near Mrs. Fennihoe's house below Fredericksburg. 
 The regiment enclosed the city with a cordon of sen- 
 tinels, preventing all communication with the interior. 
 Distance marched by right companies, five miles ; by 
 ■rest of regiment, three miles. 
 
 August 4. — Right companies marched from Mrs. 
 Stanbury's house und rejoined the regiment at 2 p. M. 
 
 August 6. — Companies A, E. K, T, and C, two com- 
 panies of Twenty- third New York Volunteers,! sec- 
 tion of artillery, the whole under command of Colonol 
 George W. I'ratt, marched on a reconuoissance toward 
 Bowling Green at 6 p. M., in consequence of a report 
 that the Rebels had taken possessioA of Hick's Hill, 
 and returned at 3 a. m.. August 7, having march, d 17 
 miles without seeing the cneni). 
 
 . Aiigiiit 7. — Regiment relieved from the duty of pre- 
 ventng communication between the .city of Freder- 
 icksburg and the interior, by the Oii.e Hundreth regi- 
 ment Pennsylv nia Volunteers. 
 
 August 8. — Companies B and D. six companies of 
 Twenty-third New York Volunteers, four companie.s 
 Thifd Indiana cavalry, and a section of the P'irst New 
 liampshire battery, under command of Colonel Pratt, 
 marched on a, reconnoitring and forngiiig expedition 
 at 7 p, M, to Round Oak Church, while Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Gates with four companies of the Twentieth 
 marched up the Telegraph Road to Massaponix Creek, 
 the bridge o» er which was found to be on fire, but the 
 enenij' had fallen back. This detachment then march- 
 ed across the country to the Bowling Green Road and 
 joined Co onel Pratt. The entire force returned at 
 3J A. H., August 9, having marched 20 miles and cap- 
 tured two prisoners, 25 mules, 30 l.otses, and 50 head 
 of cattle, * 
 
 August 9. — Regiment marched with brigade at 5 
 
p. lM., to reenforce General Pope, then engaged in bat- 
 tle near Culpepper Court-house, and bivouacked at 10 
 p. M., on the Plank Road, 11 miles from Fredericks- 
 burfr. 
 
 August 10. — Regiment marched with brigade at 5 
 A. M.. crossed the Rapidan River at Ely's Ford at 11 
 A. M,,and bivou'ioked at 4 p. M. at a point 4 miles north- 
 west of that river near the road from Burnett's Ford 
 of the Rappahannock. Distance marched. 14 miles. 
 
 Attgu.it 11. — Regiment marched with division at 5 
 
 A. M., and bivouacked in line of battle 3 miles from 
 
 Culpepper Court-house near battle-field of Cedar 
 
 . Mountain, at 12 o'clock midnight. Distance marched, 
 
 22 miles. ' 
 
 Aii.gu.1t 13. — The enemy having retreated, the regi- 
 ment marched with brigade 1 mile nearer Culpepper 
 Court-house, where encamped. 
 
 August 16. — Regiment marched with division at 8J 
 A. M., to Cedar Mountain battle-field, and encamped at 
 1 p M. Di.''tance marched, 6 miles. 
 
 Augu.tt 18. — Orders to prep;ire three days' rations, 
 and to be in readiness to march at a moment's notice, 
 were reci ived at 2 p. m. The baggage of the regimeiTt 
 was loaded immediately nnd sent off. 
 
 August 19. — Regiment marched with division at 9 
 A. M., and bivouacked at 11 p. M , 3 miles westof Rap- 
 pah'vnnock Station. Distance marcbed, 17 miles. 
 
 August 20. — Regiment marched at 4 A. M., cro sed 
 the river at the Station at 5J o'clock A. M. ; encamped 
 in the afternoon 2 miles north of the Station, 1 mile 
 east of the river. Marched, 5 miles. 
 
 Auguitl^- — Were ordered forward to near the river 
 at 9 A. M., to supjjort Captain Reynolds' Battery L, 
 First New York artilb ry ; and were there occupied 
 during the day, the most of the time under a heavy 
 fire from the enemy's batteries, and a part of the time 
 from his sharpshooters also. At night companies Dand 
 G, under command of Lientenant-Colonel Gates, did 
 picket duty along the river bank and at the crossing 
 at Norman's Ford — the residue of the regiment, under 
 Colonel Pratt, forming the reserve. 
 
 [J. Watts DE Peystjer, Jr., of Tivoli, Duchess Coun- 
 ty, N. Y., 1865, Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel N. Y.Vols., 
 was JuniorMajor of the First N. Y. Light Artillery.] 
 
 August 22. — Were relieved at 5 a. m., by Twenty- 
 second Regiment New York Vol uuteers, and returned 
 to camp, which proved to be in range of some of the 
 enemy's guns. Our loss was Sergi ant Dopp, G com- 
 pany, mortally wounded, and several others slightly 
 
 August 23 — Marched with brigade at 10 a. m., and 
 bivouacked at Warrenton, Va., at 8 p. M. Distance 
 marched, 12 miles. 
 
 August 24.— Marched 2 miles beyond Warrenton, 
 toward White Sulphur Springs, and encamped. 
 
August 26. — Regiment marched at 6 o'clock (or tbe 
 Springs. As we approached them the enemy opened 
 firc! upon us from i wo guns planted near a large yeHon- 
 house on the noposite side ol the river. Gaining the 
 cover of the trees and buildings around the Springs, 
 company C was deployed as skirmishers. Subsequently 
 the regiment marched across an open plain, in full 
 range of the enemy's cattery, and took up a position 
 on the hill east of the river, and about one mile from 
 the Springs. The skirmishing continued all day, 
 with a loss on our part of two men wounded. Distance 
 marched, 5 miles. 
 
 Augvst 27. — Regiment marched from the Springs at 
 12 M.,and bivouacked at midnight 8 miles beyond War- 
 renton, on tbe road to Gainesville. Distr.iice inarebed, 
 15 mile!;. 
 
 AugvMt 28 — Regiment marched at 6 a. !h. and 
 rejicbed a point on the CentreviHe ro-d 2 miles 
 beyond G.*in esville, when halted, while the roads and 
 Woods ill front were reconnoitred by General Hatch's 
 brigade, which, with General Gibbons, were in ad- 
 vance. The enemy we're found in considerable fo-ce, 
 and a brisk engagement ensued. The regiment was 
 ordered up to support the troops engaged, but dark- 
 ness put an end to the battle before it reached the 
 field. Picketed roads the rest of the nig;ht. Dis- 
 tance marched, 7 miles. 
 
 August 29. — Marched at 2 A. M for Manassas 
 Junction, wbi h was reached about daylight. At 10 
 A. M. "ere ordered back to yesterdav'.s hattle-tield, 
 where the action had been renewed ;some 3 miles from 
 Manassas, were ordered back, and returning to witbin 
 1 mile of tbe latter place, filed to the left, and 
 marching by the Sudley Ford road across a portion 
 of the Bull Run battle-field, were posted in support 
 of Reynolds' battery on the left of the mad and 
 about 1 mile from Chin's house. About dusk were 
 moved forward toward Groveton to support Elatcbs 
 brigade, which was engaged and likely to be turned 
 on the right; were withdrawn about 10 p. m., and 
 posting a portion of the regiment with Heynolds' and 
 Campbell's batteries, tbe residue were detailed for 
 picket on the front under command of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Gates. 
 
 MANASSAS OR BULL RlTN SECOND. 
 
 Augtist 30. — Action opened by Campbell's batterj 
 Regiment moved some mile at d a half to 'he right of 
 Siegel, where it remained until 1 o'clock h. m., part of 
 the time under fire ; were then moved back to near 
 Groveton, where the brigade was formed in two lines 
 in tbe following order: First line, Twenty-first N. 
 y. Volunteers on tbe right, Tbirtv-fifth N. Y. Volun- 
 teers on the left. Second line. Twentieth N. Y. 
 
State Militia on the right, Twenty- third N. Y, Virluti- 
 teers on the left. In this order advnnced aRross an 
 open tield separating, the right of our army from the 
 enemy's left and entered the woods, near toand on the 
 right of Groveion. Here the Fourteenth N. Y. State 
 Militia and Thirtietli N. Y. Volunteers were drawn 
 up in one line; the\ formed on the right. The order 
 was then given to advance, and the tliree lines moved 
 slowly forward, receiving the enemy's mnsketry, 
 grape and canister, which increased ixs we advanced. 
 The regiment advanced to within n few yards of the 
 railroad embankment, behind which the enemy were 
 posted, when, a large proportion of officers and men 
 being l<illed or wounded, the line fell back a few rods, 
 closed up, advai\ced again with the same result, and so 
 for the third time the effort was made to rea. h the 
 enemy behind his cover, but the fire was too heavy 
 and the men had now become too few to give a hope 
 of success. At this juncture an a de-de-camp rode 
 up and delivered an order from General Porter for all 
 the troops to retire from the woods. This wa* 
 obeyed in good order, the enemy following and firing 
 in heavy volleys. Colonel Pratt was mortally wounded 
 early in the action and borne from the tield. In the 
 course of the niglir the regiment marched to Cub Kun, 
 where bivouacked. 
 
 Auffiust 31. — Regiment marched at 4 A. M. to Cen- 
 treville and joined brigade. 
 
 CHANTII.1.V — ^MA.IOR-Gr,NERAI. KEARNV KILLED, 
 " REFUSING TO SUR KENDEE." 
 
 Septumher 1. — Marched at 3 a. m and proceeded to 
 Fairfax Oourt-bouse; at 11 a. m. were ordered to re- 
 turn to Centreville ; after marching some 2 miles, 
 were counter-marched and proceeded out on the Brad- 
 dock Road, and were posted in line of battle behind 
 works erected by the enemy heretofoi'e to defend the 
 approach to Fairfax and Centreville by that route. 
 At 3 p. M. were ordered to proceed up the Little River 
 Turnpike scmie 2 miles, and take possession of, and 
 hold at all hazards, a piece of woods on the lett of 
 that road. The regiment reached the further ex- 
 tremitv of the woods as the enemy's skirmishers 
 were rapidly approaching and within 150 yards of it. 
 Firing was immediately commenced, and continued 
 briskly for two hours. The enemy ran up within 
 200 yards of the woods a mountain howitzer, sup- 
 ported by a considerable body of cavalry, and opened 
 a fire of grape and canister. The sharpshooters of 
 the regiment picked off several of the gunners, and 
 the piece was withdrawn. Soon afterward the 
 enemy opened with shot and shell from a gun posted 
 by the roadside three fourths of a mi!e further up the 
 
turnpike. About 5 p. m., having been unable to effect 
 a lodgment in the woods, the enemy retired, and firing 
 ceased here, while, nearly at the same tiine, to the 
 left and in front, a severe engagement opened between 
 the troops of Generals Stevens and Kearny. At 10 
 p. M. the regiment was relieved by the Ninetieth 
 Pennsylvania Volunteers. Our loss was two officeis 
 and twelve men wounded. 
 
 September 2 — Rejoined the brigade at 8 a. m., and 
 marching with it at 2 p. M., passed through Fairfax 
 Court-house and Annandale, and reached Upton's 
 Hill at 10 p. M. Distance marched. 13 miles. 
 
 September 4. — Regiment marched to Falls Church to 
 repel a demonstration of the enemy, who had planted 
 some guns on Bassetc's Hill and driven in our cavalry. 
 Did picket duty that night. DiStaTice nif.rched, 2 
 miles. 
 
 September 5- — Regiment returned to camp on Upton 
 Hill at 1 p. M. Distan.?e marched, 2 miles. 
 
 September 6. — Marched at 2 a. m., crossing the Aque- 
 duct Bridge at Georgetown, and marched through 
 Washington, D. C. to Leesboro. Md., and bivouacked 
 at 5 p. M. Distance marched, 16 mrles. 
 
 September 8. — Marched with brigade 4 miles and 
 bivouacked, 
 
 September 9 — Marched with brigade to Mi-chanics- 
 ville. Distance, 9 miles 
 
 September 10. — Marched from Mechanicsville with 
 brigade to the farm of a Mr Davis, 6 miles di.stant. 
 
 September 11. — Marched with brigade through 
 Lisbon to Newmarket, a distance of 15 miles. 
 
 Smteinber 12. — Marched with brigade to Monoc- 
 .acy Bridge and bivouacked. Distance marched. 12 
 miles. 
 
 SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 September 14.— Marched with brigade at 7 a. m. 
 passing through Frederick City and Middletown. 
 reaching Katocton Creek about 12 in. At about 2 
 p. M. were ordered forward, and pa.ssing a short dis- 
 tance beyond the creek on the Great We.stern Turn- 
 pike, turned to the right, following an obscure road 
 along the foot of South Mountain fur a mile and then 
 turned to the left to support the Thirty-fifth N. Y. 
 Volunteers, which was thrown forward ai d up the 
 mountain side on the right of the turnpike as skir- 
 mishers. The regiment was then deployed and fol- 
 lowed the movement of the line df skirmishers, who 
 advanced over the ridge of the mount lin at that 
 point and descended nearly to the turnpike. The 
 skirmishers were recalled, and the regi ent was 
 ordered to join the Twenty-first N. Y. Volunteers, 
 which was on the mountain side and about midway 
 between the two roads crossing the mountain in front 
 
of Middletown. Forming on the left of tlie IVent}-- 
 first, the two regiments advanced up the rnountain 
 side in line of battle, preceded by a line of skirmish- 
 ers ; arriving at the crest of the mountain, the skir- 
 mishers became engaged with the enemy. Soon 
 afterward the two regiments pushed forward, and 
 passing over the n.ountain crest at this j.oint, this 
 regiment passed the line of skirmishers and poured a 
 volley into the enemy who were lying behind a fence 
 and in a cornfield. The action continued until some 
 time after dark, when the firing ceased. 
 
 September 15. — At daylight it was discovered that 
 the enenij- had retired, leaving his dead and wounded 
 <in the field. Tlie regiment then rejoined the brigade, 
 and soon after resumed its march toward Boonesboro, 
 at which place it bivouacked 2 miles further south, 
 near Antietani Creek, at 6 p. M. Distance, 10 miles. 
 
 ANTIETAM OR SHARPSBUKG. 
 
 Scpternher 16. — Regiment marched with brigade at 
 6 A. M., 3 miles toward Sharpsburg, Md.,. when the 
 enemy opened fire upon us with his ai'tillery from the 
 heights above Sharpsburg, compelling the brigade to 
 fall back about half a mile. During; the morning it 
 i hanged postion S' veral times, and at 3 p. M. forded 
 Antietam Creek and marched toward a road leading 
 from Keedysville to the Williamsport road. On 
 reaching the road the enemy opened fire with his ar 
 tillery, compelling the regiment to pass through a 
 shower of shell, grape and i anister to our position 
 in a small piece of woods on the Williamsport road, 
 which was reached at 8 p. M. Regiment slept on its 
 arms to-night Distance marched, 9 miles. 
 
 September 17.— Regiment marched with brigade at 
 A. M. in line of battle, deployed across the fields and 
 through the woods on the left of the road until it 
 reached a narrow meadow lot between an orchard 
 and a cornfield, in the latter of which the enemy were 
 posted, keeping up a brisk fire of musketry. On the 
 road leading to the right and a little to the front of 
 this position, two sections of Battery B, Captiin Camp- 
 bell, were stati(med between some stacks of straw and 
 a barn, and in range of the enemy'ssharpshooters. The 
 brigade crossed the road and moved toward the right. 
 After crossing the road the regiment was detacjied to 
 support Battery B, which was said to be in great 
 danger, and moved back at a double-quick, the right 
 wing taking position near the Battery, and the left 
 wing, under Major Jacob B. Hardeiibergh, advanced 
 along the road next to the cornfield. The infantry 
 fire was very heavy during all the time, commencing 
 near the cornfield and over a knoll in front of the 
 battery. Major Hardenbergh pushed forward down 
 the road, driving the enemy from the fences and the 
 
edge of the cornfield, and in supportof the Sixth Wis 
 consin Volunteers, which was on our left and in some 
 disorder. For a time the en^ my were . ompletely 
 driven from their cover, and in their flight abandon- 
 ing their battle flag (the bearer being sliot down by 
 Private Isaac Thomas of G Compa"ny), which was 
 brought off by Major Hardenbergh, as was also the 
 regimental color of the Sixth Wisconsin, which tbey 
 had been compelled to leave on the tteld. Tlie Wis- 
 consin regiment falling back and the pnemy advancing 
 strongly reenforced, Major Hardenberjih fell back 
 with his small party to the right wing. The enemy 
 advancing, apparently with the intention of taking 
 the batterv. and drove the gunners from their pieces 
 for a time, but the steady fire of the regimen i checked 
 and drove them back until the other regiments ol the 
 brigade reached the field to the right and in front, 
 when the enemy were driven to the lelt and his 
 reiir The liattery being no longer of service tliere, it 
 was reuKived to the hill on the left of the road. After 
 remaining in position some half an hour longer, and 
 no enemy appenring, fell back to a piece of woods on 
 the same side of the road and subsequently rejoined 
 the brigade. Our loss was 49 killed and wounded. 
 The regiment slept on its arms to-night. 
 
 Septemher 18. — In line of battle all d»>^ but the 
 action was not renewed. Endeavored to remove some 
 of our dead where we were engaged yestord y, but 
 the enemy '.'i sharpshooters have the range of the held. 
 
 September 19. — Regiment marched with brigade 
 (the enemy have retreated) at 5i a. m. to the Wil- 
 liamsport Road over the battle-field, and bivouacked 
 in a wood half a mile northwest of the field. Distance 
 inarched, 2 miles. 
 
 September 20. — ^Information of the death of Colonel 
 G. W. Pratt having reached the regiment, the fol- 
 lowing order was issued: 
 
 HEADaUAHTERS, UlSTKE GuAKl), i 
 
 Twentieth Regiment, N. Y. S M., > 
 
 Near Sharpsburg, Va., September 20. 1862. j 
 General Orders No. 47 
 
 It is with feelings of profound sorrow that the 
 Lieutenant-Co onel OJinmanding announces to the 
 "Ulster Guard" the death of its late wortliy and 
 honored commander, Colonel George W. Pratt. 
 
 While gallantly encouraging his officers and men in 
 the final hour of the fearful combat at Manassas, on 
 the 30th of August last, he was shot down and borne 
 from the field. Though conscious of the serious 
 character of his wounds, he maintained his habitual 
 serenity and cheerfulness and forgetting self, seemed 
 only concerned for the safety of his command and the 
 
issue of the battle in wbich lie liad 'borne so noble, 
 and, as it proved, sii eostly a part. 
 
 He was removed to Washington, and from thence to 
 Albany, N. Y., where, surrounded by his kindred and 
 friends, death terminated liis career of usefulness and 
 promise on the 11th inst. Though cut down in the 
 Spring of his manhood, he has not lived in vain. Born 
 to wealth, and f;rowing up in affluence, he spurned the 
 ease and indolence which too often beguile fortune's 
 lavorites, and with an earnest energy and tireless 
 industry, he sought to win for himself a n^me honor- 
 able in the highest walks of life. Ho^ well he suc- 
 ceeded, the general and deep sorrow for his early death 
 attests. When the present unhol}' war broke out, he 
 was loremost in tendering his services to the Govern- 
 ment, and suirendering the comforts and enjoyments 
 of a home nnusuiilly attractive, he became a patient, 
 tireless and devoted laborer in behalf of the Union. 
 Finally, he has given his I fe to the cause, and has died 
 a soldier's honored death in the faithful discharge of 
 his self-imposed duties. We who have been so long 
 associated with him in the camp and field ; we who 
 have shared with him the hardships, privations, 
 fatigues and dangers olthe soldier's life ; we who have 
 witnessed his self-denial, his dauntless courage, his 
 ready obedience to the authority of his military 
 superiors, and his mildness and moderation in the 
 e.xercise of his own authority — we, next to those who 
 are bereaved of husband, father, son, can best ap- 
 preciate the loss sustained in the death of Colonel 
 Pratt. Let us emulate his e.\ imples and be stimula- 
 ted to increased diligence in duty, an!d a more entire 
 devotion to our countrj' and the struggle for ita 
 preservation, by the recollection of his virtues and his 
 sacrifices. The Lieutenant-Colonel commanding avails 
 himself of this opportunity to express his satisfaction 
 with the conduct of the officers and men of the regi- 
 ment who participated in the marches and battles 
 which have rendered memorable the last forty days 
 of this campaign Within that time you have 
 inarched upward of 170 miles, without tents or 
 blankets, and often without food, in the burning heat 
 of mid-day and the i old dews of night, resting fre- 
 quently but four hours in twenty-four, and then upon 
 the bare ground. Therr has been no murmur or com- 
 plaint, no relaxation of obedience or discipline. The 
 battle-fietds of Normau's Ford, Warrenton Springs, 
 Groveton, Manassas, Chantilly, South Mountain and 
 Antietani, boar witness to your prowess and courage. 
 Your coolness and steady bearing under heavy fire of 
 nrfillery and musketry were equal to veterans, and 
 entitle you to the highest praise the soldier can earn. 
 Let the future correspond with the past in diligence, 
 
in discipline, in couiago, and our friends will have no 
 cause to Vilush for the reputation of the '■ Ulster 
 Guard." 
 
 By order of Theodore B. Gates, 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding. 
 (Signed) A. S. Schutt, 
 
 First Lieutenant, Actii g Adjutant. 
 
 September 29. — Marched with brigade at 2J v. m. 
 to a pomt one mile northwest of Sharpsburg, near 
 the Potomac River, where encamped. Distance 
 marched, IJ miles. 
 
 October 7 — General Patrick having been assigned 
 to duty at General McClellan's Headquarters, as 
 Provost-Marshal-General of the Army of the Potomac, 
 took leave of the brigade in the following order : 
 
 Headquaeters, Third Brigade, l 
 First Division, First Army Corps, > 
 Camp Barnett, October 7, 1862. } 
 
 Genera! Orders No. 64 
 
 The Brigadier-General commanding having been 
 assifined tn duty at the Headquarters of the Army of 
 the Potomac by Gener.l Orders No. 161, of the 6tli 
 inst., hereby relinquishes to Colonel Rodgers, of the 
 Twenty-first N. Y Volunteers, the command of the 
 brigade he received from him 7 months ago. Only 
 7 months ago he assumed command I yet the ties that 
 bind those who, like ourselves, have shared each 
 other's hardships and dangers, who have followed the 
 same standard through so many battles, and gathered 
 around it with th^ ir ranks thinned, but unbroken, 
 when the co]ni)at was over — such ties cannot be 
 broken by the orde that relieves your General from 
 the command. 
 
 That he must continue to take the liveliest interest 
 in the welfare of a brigade that has never failed in 
 the hour of peril, whether in daylicht or darkness, to 
 honor his every command, no one can doubt ; and lie 
 trusts that both officers and men will touch lightly 
 upon his i'aul's, in the full conviction that, as their 
 commander, he has endeavored to discharge his duties 
 to them to his country and his God. He leaves vou 
 with fervent wishes for yi>ur prosperity, and the ■ 
 earne-t ho))e that an honorable peace niav soon be 
 won, so that we may once more return 'o our own 
 loved homes by the broad rivers and lakes of the 
 Empire State. 
 
 B}' order of Genernl Patrick. 
 
 (Signed) J. P. Kimrall, 
 
 Assistant Adjutant-General. 
 
 October 20 — Marched with brigade at 7 a. m. to 
 Hagerstown Turnpike, up the pike about 2 miles, then 
 taking a ruad to the left, passed through Bakersville, 
 
anf] encamped about 1 mile be3'on(1. Distance 
 marched, 5 miles. 
 
 October 20. — Reojiment niarcbed at 8 p. m. through 
 a drenchine rain; but the darkness 'compelled it to 
 bivouac. Marched 1^ mile.s. 
 
 OctoSe)- 27.— Regiment marched with brigade at 
 A. M., and passing through Keedynville, took the road 
 leading to Crampton'a Gap. Bivouacked at 4 p. m. 
 Di.-itance marched, 7 miles. 
 
 October 28. — Regiment marched with brigade at 5} 
 p. M , crossed South Mountain at Orampton's Gap, 
 passed through Burkettsville, and bivouacked at 3 p. 
 ivi. 2 miles north of Berlin. Distance marched, 13 
 miles. 
 
 October 30. — Regiment marched with brigade at 6 
 p. M., crossed Potomac River on a pontoon bridge at 
 Berlin at 8 p. m., and bivouacked on the Baltimore 
 and Leesbiirg- Turnpike 6 miles from Berlin at 11 p. m. 
 Marched 8 miles. 
 
 October 31, — M'rched with brigade at 3J p, m. 
 toward Leesburg and bivouacked at 5 p. m. Distance 
 marched, 2 miles. 
 
 November 1. — Regiment marched with division at 
 8^ A. M., passing through Wheatlands, taking the 
 Winchester and Leesburg Turnpike, and bivouacking 
 near Purcellville at 3 p. m. Marched 8 miles. 
 
 November 3. — Regiment marched With division at 
 
 I p. M. down the pike about 2 miles, turned to the 
 left, passed through Union, and bivouacked at 8 p. m. 
 Distance marched, 12 miles. 
 
 November 4. — Regiment marched with brigade at 1 J 
 p. M., passed through Bloomfield, and bivouacked 
 half a mile beyond at 4J o'clock. Distance marched, 
 Al miles. 
 
 November 5. — Marched with brigade at 8 a. m., and 
 bivouacked 3 miles north of Salem at 8 p. M. Distance 
 marciied, 18 miles. 
 
 November 6. — Regiment marched with brigade at 6 
 A M., passed through Salem {General McClellan's 
 Headquarters), at 8 a. m., through Warrenton at 5 p. 
 M., and encamped at 7 p. m. 1 mile below that place 
 on the road leadng to White Sulphur Springs. 
 
 November 11. — Marched with brigade at 1 p. m., and 
 bivouacked near Fayetteville at lOJ p. M. Distance 
 marched, 5 miles. 
 
 November 12. — Marched down the road leading to 
 Nolan's Ford to do picket duty. Distance marched, 
 3 miles. 
 
 November 14. — Relieved from picket duty and 
 returned to camp at 4 p. M. Distance marched 3 
 miles. 
 
 November 17. — Regiment marched with brigade at 
 
 II a. m., and passing through Liberty, Bealtown and 
 
Morrisvillo, bivouacked at 9 p m. 2 miles south of tbt 
 latter place. Distance marched, 18 miles 
 
 Novemher 18. — Marched with division at 8 a m., 
 reached Hartwood at 2 p. Ji., and taking tlie road 
 leading to Stafford Court-house, bivoliacked at 7 p. ii. 
 Distance marched, 10 miles. 
 
 Novemher 19. — Marched vpith brigade at 8 a m. 
 (the ioads in terrible condition), and bivouacked at 4 
 p. M. Distance marched, 4 miles. 
 
 November 20. — Marched at 8 a. ii., lialf a mile, and 
 encamped. 
 
 November 22 — Marched at 3 p. M., and encamped at 
 5 P.M., near the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Poto- 
 mac Railroad,! mile southwest of-Brook's station. 
 Distance marched. 4 mi es. 
 
 December 9. — Mmched at noon toward Fredericks- 
 bui'g, and bivouacked at 5 p. m. Di.stance marched 4 
 mile,-.. 
 
 I>i:ci;iiihf'r 10 — Marched with division at 9 a. .m. ; 
 bivouacked at 1 p. M. Distance marqhed, 3 miles. 
 ' December 11. — Marched with division at 8 a. m., 1 
 mile, halted, stacked arms, and finally bivouacked at .^ 
 
 p. M. 
 
 December 12. — Marched with divisii^n at 7J a. m., to 
 the Rappahannock River; cro^sed the river at 2 p. .>i., 
 near the Arthur Bernard House. 2 miles below the city 
 of Fredericksburg. Soon after crossing the river the 
 enemy opened fire with Ijit artillery. Marched out of 
 range and bivouacked. Distance marched, 3 miles. 
 
 FKEDERICKSBURG, FIRST. 
 
 December 13. — At daylight the brigade was formed 
 in line of battle This regiment and the Twenty tir.'-t 
 New York Volunteers forming the fliLst line, and ad- 
 vanced to the le(t and toward a wooJled lavine occu- 
 pied by the enemy. The enemy having been driven 
 from this position the brigade chan]ged direction to 
 the right and marched under a heavy fire of the en- 
 emy's artillery to the Bowling Green Road, which 
 WHS occupied by the first line. We remained in this 
 position about an hour, and until th-^ advance had 
 been checked on the right, the enemy nieanwliile 
 pouring aconstant shower of shot and hell from their 
 batteries, whi'jh were not more than five or six hun 
 dred yards in front, when we were ordered at a double 
 quick toward the right. We had proceeded about lialla 
 mile in this direction when we were countermarched 
 and tooK up a position in a ravine to the rear, and a 
 little to the right of the positiun we had occupied in 
 the Bowling Green Road, in support of several batter- 
 ies, which drew on us a heavy fire of artillery. Soon 
 after r aching this position (the enemy having during 
 our march to the right planted a section of artillery 
 on tlie road leading from the Telegraph to the Bowlin'.r 
 
(ti-feii Road, and thrown forward tlieir sltirinisUeis 
 who n'V¥rfl_ annoyed our cannoniers). Company F, 
 Cnptain Corhin, Company K, Captain Baldwin, and 
 Comp ny A, Captain McEntee. were deployed ai^ 
 skirmishers. Tliey advanced rapidly under a heavy 
 tire Croni the enemy's skirmisheis ; drove them back, 
 and took up a line in the Bowiing G'C'en Road where 
 they soon silenced tlie s- ction of artillery befoi'e. men- 
 tioned, killinp: sever 1 of the f;uiinersand three horses. 
 Tliese companies remained in this posi ion until after 
 dark, wlien they were relieved I )' the Twenty-third 
 Renin. ent New York Volunteers. At dark the regi- 
 ment took up a positiim one hundred yards to the 
 rifrht ami rear, and remaned there during the night, 
 lieini; treated in the early part of the evening- 
 to a copious discharsie of grape and canister. At day- 
 light the line advanced about titty yards, and Com- 
 pany B, Captain Lesiie, and Company E, Captain 
 Cornelius, were thrown forward as skirmishers. They 
 advanced, driving the enemy back, and took a line by 
 ordei of General Doubleday, extending from a group 
 o: .straw stacks to the Bowling Green Road. The firing 
 along this line was brisk and uninterrupted dur ng 
 the wiiole day. The amtuunition of the companies 
 having becotne e.Nhauste<l. they were relieved about 4 
 p. M., by Company H. Captain A. S. Smith, and Com- 
 pany C Cai)tam Snyder. Captain Smith was severely 
 wounded while in the di.schargc of his duty. These 
 companies remained on duty during the night. 
 
 December 15. — Company G. Captain Cunningham, 
 and Company I, Lieutenant Cook, reSieved the aV)ove- 
 named companies early in the morning, and in turn 
 were relieved by Ccmipany K, Lieutenant Young. The 
 picker dutv along this line was very severe, as the 
 line extended over an open plain and the men were 
 constantly exposed to the fire of the enemy's sharp- 
 shooters, wliich was kept up during the entire day 
 and very frequently durina the night. 
 
 December Ifi- — Regiment recrossed the Rappahan- 
 nock at \\h P. J1-. and encamped on the heights be- 
 yond the pontoon bridge at 1 A. M., during a heavy 
 st(Min of wind and rain. Distance marched, 5 miles. 
 
 December 17. — Regiment marched at 9 a. m., to a 
 point opposite Fredericksburg, and a short distance 
 southeast of the railroad station at Falmouth, where 
 encamped. Distance marched, Smiles. 
 
 December 20. — Marched at 9 a. m. Passed White 
 Oak Church at 11 a. m., and encamp(!d at 5 p. M., on 
 the bank of Potomac River, three miles below Poto- 
 mac Run. Dislai'ce marched, 13 miles. 
 
 December 23. — Regiment marched at 8 a. m., and en- 
 camped near Hall's Landing, Va , at 1 p. m. Distance 
 marched, 4miles. 
 
December 27. — Marched half a mile to a point north 
 of Hall's Landing and occupied log huts erected by 
 the enemy last Winter for troops stationed here to 
 suppor: a small redoubt, and a bastion fort, designed 
 to command the mouth of Potomac Creek, and to ob- 
 struct navigation on the river. Furnished dailj' de- 
 tails for fatigue duty at Hall's Landing during the 
 remainder of the year. 
 
 ANNUAL REPORT 
 
 OP THU 
 
 KILLED AND WOUNDED IN ACTION 
 
 OP THE 
 
 "TJIL.STEI?, <3-TJ.A.R,ID," 
 Twentieth Regiment New York State Militia, 
 
 COMMAirDED BT 
 
 COLONEIi THEODORE B. GATES, 
 
 For the Year ending December 31, 1802. 
 
 Georg W. Pratt, Colonel, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Joseph Wells, Company G, P ivate, August 30, 
 Manassas, "Va, 
 • .J. P. Bloom, G, Private, August 30^ Manassas, 
 
 Michael Oats, G, Private, August 30. Manassas. 
 
 Andrew J. Smith, I, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James McAdams, I, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Edwin Miles, P, Sergeant, September 17 Antietam 
 Md. 
 
 Thomas Price, K, Private, September 17, Antietam. 
 
 William H. Knowles, 0, Private. August 30, Ma- 
 nassas, Va. 
 
 Wesley Shutlis, D, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Jeremiah T(jwnes, D, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Stephen Van. Velsen, D, Private, August 30, Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
 Michael Coffee, D, Private. August 30, ManassHS. 
 
 John H. Davis, D, Private, August 30. Manassas. 
 
 James P. Colligan, F, Corporal," August 30, Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
Hugh Wallace, P, Private, August, iSO, Maiiissas 
 
 Bernard Garrety, F, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Milton A. Smith, B, Sergeant, August 30, Manas-as. 
 
 (T) Alfred Lasher, B, Sergeant, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 (T) Geo. H. Kelly, B, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 ( I ) Lewis Redder, B, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 (T) .John Stewart, B, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 (T) Rufiis Warringer, B, Private. Auunst 30, Man;is- 
 sas. (Error — Antietani or Sharpsburg, 17th Sept.) 
 
 Adam Bisliop. E, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Miles Anderson, E, Corporal. August 30, Manassas. 
 
 11. Goldsmith, E Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James M. Almy, H, First Sergeant, August 30, 
 Manassas. 
 
 H. I. Pollock, H, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Patrick Sweeny, K, Private, August 30, Manassas, 
 Va. 
 
 H.M. Judd, K, Private, August 30. Manassas. 
 
 William fi. Dopp, G, Sergeant, August 21, Norman's 
 Ford. 
 
 Samuel J. Wliite, D, Private, December 17, Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
 John P. Post, F, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Pet<T P. Plass, T Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 
 M. H. Swarthout, H, Second Lieutenant, September 
 17, Antietam. 
 
 John R. Horner, K, First Lieutenant, August 30, 
 Manassas, Va. 
 
 Pelatiah Ward, Captain, August 30, Manassas, Ya. 
 
 J. Rudolph Tappen, Captain. August 30, Manass-s. 
 
 Abram S. Smith, Captain, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 A. N. Baldwin, Captain, Septenib(?r 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Daniel McMahon, Captain, September 1, Cbantilly. 
 Va. 
 
 Abram S. Smith, Captain, December 13, Fredericks- 
 burg, 
 
 W. II. Cunningham, Captain, December 13, Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
 Philip Deits, Seccmd Lieutenant, August 30, Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
 Edward McMahon, First Lieutenant, August 30, 
 Manassas. 
 
 Henry Clarke, Second Lieutei ant, August 30, Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
 O. A. Campbell, Second Lieutenant, September 17, 
 Antietam, Md. 
 
 George North, jun., Second Lieutenant, September 
 1, Chantillv, Va. 
 
J. M. Van Valkenburg, Second Lieutenant, August 
 30, Manassas. 
 
 J. D. France, Second Lientenant. August 30, Ma- 
 na-sas. 
 
 Nicholas Ilrynadt, First Lieutenant, August 30, 
 Minassas. 
 
 James Smith, Second Lieutenant, August 30, Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
 G. H. Brankstone, First Lieutenant, December 13, 
 Fredericksburg. 
 
 Edward S. IJennett, Sergeant, August 21, Norinan'is 
 Ford. 
 
 Amos Travis, Corporal, September 17. Antietara, 
 Md. 
 
 Henry Williamson, CorporaJ, September 1. Chan- 
 tilly, Va. 
 
 Jacob Cook, Private, September 17, Antietam, Mn. 
 
 John M. Orapser, Private, August 30, Manass », 
 Vm. 
 
 James Dykenaan, Private, Seotember 1, Ohantilly. 
 
 Abram 0. Halstead, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Russel C. Harris, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Michael Kilroy, Private, December 13, Fredericks- 
 burg. 
 
 John R.Morgan, Private, December 13, Fredericks- 
 burg. 
 
 Ona S. Payne, Private, September 1, Ohantilly. 
 
 Aaron Rhodes, Private, September 17, Antietam. 
 
 Charles H. Williams, Private, August 30, Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
 Henry Williamson, Sergeant, December 13, Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
 William A. Ingram, Sergeant, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John Stewart, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Edward Babcock, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Philip Deits, Sergeant, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 (T) Frederick Obermier, Sergeant. August 30. Ma- 
 nassas. 
 
 Michael Speedling, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Andrew Yaple, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 (T) Oswald Decker, Private, August 30. Manassas. 
 
 Thomas W. Francisco, Private, August '60, Manassas. 
 
 (T) Theodore Garrison, Private, August 30, Manas- 
 sas. 
 
 Howard Joy, Private August 21. Norman's Ford. 
 
 John Joy, Private, September 17, Antietam, Md. 
 
 Lewis Lamoyard Private, December 14, Fredericks- 
 burg, Va. 
 
 Isaac Lawrence, Private, September 17, Antietam 
 Md. 
 
 (T) Charles K. McNiff, Piivate, December 14, Fred- 
 ericksburg, Va. 
 
 (T) Adam Moore, Private, Ausrust 21, Norman's 
 Ford. 
 
Micbael O'Uonnell, Private, September 18, Au- 
 tietaiii, M(l. 
 
 Henry Ploiich, Private, August 30,°Manassas, Va. 
 
 William Rt)senberger, Private, August 30 Manassas. 
 
 Michael O'Donnell, Private. August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Cyrastui H. Beits, First Sergeant, August 30, 
 Manassas. 
 
 William Bares, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Jobn Knowles, Private, Aujjust 30, Manassas. 
 
 George Van Loan. Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 George G. Martin, Corporal, August 30, Manassas, 
 
 William Knapp, Private, August .30. Manassas. 
 
 PLilip Dillon, Private, August, 30, Manassas. 
 
 Spencer Dedericlc, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John Edleman, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Henry Rose, Private, September 17. Antietam, Md. 
 
 George H. Barnard, Private, September, 17, An- 
 tietam. 
 
 Ten Eyck 0. France, Private, Decefnber 13, Freder- 
 icksburg, Va. 
 
 Patrick Granev, Sergeant, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md, 
 
 Halsey Davis, Corporal, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 Isaac E Rosa, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 D. P. Whittaker, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Dubois Markle, Corporal, September, 1, Chantilly. 
 
 George Brown, Corporal, August 30, Mana-sas. 
 
 •John Connerv, Corporal, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Richard Burger, Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 David S. Bell, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Albert Collier, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Kbbin Higgins, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 (jeorge Hinckley, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Lorenzo Kibby, Private, August, 30, Manassas. 
 
 S. H. Lee, Private, September 1, Chantilly. 
 
 Jacob P Lattimore, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 George Moore, Private, August 26, Warreiitoii 
 .Springs. 
 
 J. M. Ostrander, Private, December 13, Fredericks- 
 burg. 
 
 Conrad Smith, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Watson A. Smith, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Peter Sparling, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Bealy Taj'lor, P ivate, August 30, Manassas 
 
 William Van Scoit, Private, August 30, Manassas, 
 
 Stephen VanVelsan, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Michael Huger, Private, August 30, Manissas. 
 
 Hugh Donahugh, Private, August, 30, Manassas. 
 
 George H. Brankstone, Fir.st Sergeant, December, 
 14, Fredericksburg. 
 
 H. H. Terwelliger, Sergeant, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Thomas- Wallace, Sergeant, December 14, Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
William Freeman, Sergeant, August, 26, Warronion 
 Springs. 
 
 James W. Whelploy, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 David H. Welch, Corporal, August 30, Manassa>. 
 
 Miles Anderson, Corporal, August 30, Manassas 
 
 George G. Barlow, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 George P. Sanders, Corporal, December 15, Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
 Ephiaim Turner, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Melvin Atkins, Private, Sept-mber, 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 James Beers, Private, September 17, Antietam, Va 
 
 Andrew Carney, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Nicholas Cooper, Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 Martin J. Deponia, Private, Augu.st 26 Warrenton 
 Springs. 
 
 .Alvin A. Hauschildt, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 ^ iPLLinia, 
 
 James Ilausfaldt, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Henry H. Legg, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Samuel McCune, Private December 13, Fredericks- 
 burg, Va. 
 
 Lewis Pavne, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Russcl Powell, Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 -John Swhab, Sergeant, August 3, Fredericksburs. 
 
 Calvin Sheely, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Eugene F. Thorpe Private, August 30, Manassas 
 Va. 
 
 Thomas J. Conlon, Sergeant, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James F. Oolligan, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Peter Foley, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James R. Burke, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James Costello, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Thomas Doyle, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James Fitz;,'erald, Private, August 80, Manassas. 
 
 Bernard Gerrety, Private, August. .30, Manasas. 
 
 Martin Jones, Private, August 30, Manassas, 
 
 John Kelly, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Valentine Lundly. Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 ■John Luft, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 •John Masterson, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 William Mayer, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Philip Post, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 George Patterson, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John Pratt, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Andrew Sweeny, Private, August 30j Manassas. 
 
 Cassander W rner, Private, August 30, Manasses. 
 
 Hugh Wallace, Private, August 30,, Manassas. 
 
 William J. Miller, Private. August 30, Manassas. 
 
Patrick Melia, T^i-ivate, August HO, Manassas. 
 
 John Tu^Hian Corporal, .September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 ■J. M- Countryman, Private, September 17, Antietam. 
 
 James Green, Private September 17, Antietam. 
 
 Tliornas McAboy, Private, September 17. Antietam. 
 
 Patriclc Nolan, Private, Sep ember 17, Antietam. 
 
 KflH-aril Nolan, Private, Septembe}' 17, Antietam. 
 
 John B. Barry, Private, September 17, Antietam. 
 
 James Smith, Fi st Sergeant, August 30, Mnnassas, 
 Va. 
 
 R. II. Barrett, Sergeant, August -'O, Manassas. 
 
 H. R. Dopp, Sergeant, August 2i. Norman's Foi'fl. 
 
 George Butler, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 William F Smith, Curporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James Iliggins, Corporal August 30, Manassas 
 
 R. S. Hammond, Corporal, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 .John W. Tolland, Corporal, September 17. Antietam. 
 
 William C. Allen, Private, Septiember, 17, An- 
 tietam. 
 
 P. S. Angle, Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 Albiner Fiero, Private August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Cliauncey Hogeboom, Private, August 30, JNIanassas. 
 
 John Haynes, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Stephen l{.napp,Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 James A Lewis, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Joseph Bell, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 William B. Hose, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 P. H Wagner, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Edward Rogers, Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 Isaac Cleaver, Private, September 17, Antietam. 
 Md. 
 
 Wellington Butler, Private, August 30, Manassas, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Albino West, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 George L. Hughson, Private, September 17, An- 
 tietam, Md. 
 
 Lewis H. Wilklovf, Sergeant, August ,30, Man-.ssae, 
 Virginia. 
 
 George B. Coyle, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 .J cob J. Conway. Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Charles Bergher, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James H. Bunto, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Thomas C. France, Private August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John Haggerty, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 James Bafferty, Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 William H. Reynolds, Private, August 30, Manas- 
 sas. 
 
 William Rosa, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
Jolin Sullivan, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Frederick Toothill, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James Van Elten, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John Van Gaasbeck, Private, August 30. Manassas. 
 
 Aaron Woolsey, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Morris Hein, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Edwin Bruce, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Edward Higham, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Apollos B. Fink, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 James Mulvehill, Private, August 30. Manassas. 
 
 M. J. C. Woodworth, First Sergeant, September 17, 
 Antietam, Md. 
 
 Michael Farrell, Sergeant, December 14, Fredericks- 
 burg, Va. 
 
 Francis Clark, Sergeant, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Henry M. Herring, Corporal, September 17, Antie- 
 tam, Md. 
 
 Joseph Leonard, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. Va. 
 
 tieorge Rossman, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Jordan A. Sickler, Corp.iral, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Michael Caughlan, Corporal, August 30, Manassas, 
 
 Jumes Brady, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Romeyn Beach, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John Camaton, Private, August 26, Warrenton 
 Springs. 
 
 Hezekiah Carle, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Myer Devall, Private, August 30. Manassas. 
 
 Barney Fitch, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 William L. Hanson, Private, December 13, Fred- 
 ericksburg. 
 
 Patrick Moran, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John McKain, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Edward McAdams, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 John 0. Brien, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 George W. Peet, Sergeant, December 13, Fredericks- 
 burg. 
 
 Peter S. Carle, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Henry J. Newell, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Joseph Hill, Sergeant, September 1, Chantilly. 
 
 John B. Brush, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 John W. Bradt, Private, August, 30, Manassas. Va. 
 
 Amos J. Carle, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Benjamin W. Dutcher, Private, August '60, Manassas. 
 
 Maynard Decker, Corporal, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Robert Drummond, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Daniel Greenwood, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 Constant C. Hanks, Private, August 30, Manassas, 
 Va. 
 
 James Hooks, Private, December 13, Fredericks- 
 burg, 
 
 Charles Hansell, Private, September 1, Chantilly. 
 
William Hapenward, Private, September 1, Uhau- 
 tilly. 
 
 Dennis Judd, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Henry M. -Ividd, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Horatio Lord Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Jolin H. Pierce, Private, September 1, Chantilly. 
 
 John Proper, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Edward L Sealy, Private, September 14, South 
 Mountain, Md. 
 
 Henry Scliutt Private, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 
 Hiram Travis. Private, August 21, Norman's Ford. 
 
 William Winegard, Private, August 30, Manassas. 
 
 HISSING. 
 
 And e\v Dile, Company I, Sergeant, August 30, 
 Manassas, Va. 
 
 John Tracy. I, Private. August 30, Manassas. 
 
 Hugh Burns, H, Private, September 17, Antietam, 
 Md. 
 
 George Woolsey, 0, August 30, Manassas, Va. 
 (Signed) Thiodorb B Gatss, 
 
 Colonel CommaDding Regiment. 
 
 (Signed) J. M. Schoonmaker, Adjutant. 
 Headquarters Twentieth Regiment New York State 
 Militia, Aquia Creek, February 1, 1863 
 
MOVEMENTS AND SERVICE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Twentieth Eegiment New York State Militia, 
 
 For the Year ending December 31. 1803 
 
 January 1- — I" camp with Third Brigade, First 
 OivisioTi, First Corps, at Hall's Landing, nnoutli of 
 PotiiTiinc Cieek, Vii., doing fati_sine dut^'. 
 
 Janvary 7. — Trans'erred from the First corps and 
 placed in a provisional brigade, under command of 
 Brigadier-General M. R. Patrick. Provost-Mar.shal- 
 General, by Special Orders No. 6, Headquarters Army 
 of the Potomac. 
 
 January 10. — Embarked on steamboat Rocldand at 
 8 A. m'. and debarked at Aquia Greek, Va. at 10 a. m 
 an'i proceeded up the Potomac, Fredericksburg and 
 Riclimond Railroad, establishing guard posts to Poto- 
 mac River Station Headquarters of the regiment at 
 Brook's Station. 
 
 J'lnnary 21. — Marched to Aquia Creek Landing 
 to do gu a-d duty. Encamped near the Landing. 
 Distance marched, 6 miles. 
 
 January 'il. — One company placed on picket duty 
 along the Potomac River from Aquia to Potomac 
 Creek. A sergeant and ten men on duty at Liverpool 
 Point, Md.. opposite Aquia Creek. The residue of 
 the regiment doing guard duty at the Landing 
 
 February 10 — Moved lamp to a hill nearer the 
 river. 
 
 .Ap«i!29. — Marched from Aquia Creek r.o Brook's 
 Station, 6 miles ; establishing guard posts along the 
 river and garrisoning the field works at Aococae 
 Creek, and tHe dupont at Potomac Creek. 
 
 CHANOELLORSVILLE, OR FREDEKICKSBURG SECOND, 
 APRIL 30 — MAT 6. 
 
 May 9. — B Company proceeded from Brook's Sta- 
 tion to Washington P. C, by rail and boat, to 
 perform provost duty on Governme-^t wharf. Dis- 
 tance, G2 miles. 
 
 May 13.— B Company returned to Brook's Station 
 from Washii.gton by rail an. I boat. Distance, 62 
 mile^. 
 
May 15. — [leariijuiirters moved from BruuU's Stii- 
 tiun til Falnioutli Station, 9 miles fconipanies A, B, 
 E iiiid H nioveil to Falmouth Station. C Company 
 stationed at Biook's Station ; D Company at Potomac 
 Civfk Station; E, I. F anri K Companies at Aqiiia 
 ('leek; G Company at Stunetnan's . switch — all perforni- 
 iiig jiiovost duty. 
 
 Miiy 16. — D Company moved from Potomac C'leek 
 to H adqiiai-ters Arn.y of the Potomdc, 3 miles. 
 
 Ma// 17. — K end I Gompanips moved from Aqnia 
 Creek to Headquai'ters Army of the Potomac. Fif- 
 teen miles. 
 
 J/r/)/ IS — E Company moved fiom Falmouth Sta- 
 tion to Headquarters Arm\ of the Potomac. Two 
 miles. 
 
 jl/c!/ 30. — C, D, E, I and K Companies, under com- 
 mand of Lieutenaiil-Coloiiel Haidenbers^h, inarched 
 to Belle Plain. Ya., to perform Provost duty. Seven 
 miles. 
 
 Jv.iif l-l. — The different detachmtfnt.s of the re;^i- 
 ment united at Aquia Creek — fifteen miles — at 12 M. 
 an<l reported to Brif;adier- General G K. Warrkm. At 
 ?t p. m. moved bv rail to Potoii ac Orei k, to parrison 
 field works perform picket duty and remove Govern- 
 ment property. Nine miles. 
 
 ./mil' 15. — Marched at 7 A. M. to Brook's Station, 
 where remained doing picket duty and protecting the 
 removal of Government property until 12 M.. when, 
 all being removed, proceeded Vjy rail to near Aquia 
 Creek, and aarrisoned Forts Nos. 1 and 2. Eight ti.iles. 
 At bout o p. M. a detachment under command of 
 Major W. A. Van Rensselaer, proceeded on a recon- 
 noissance by rail to Potomac Creek Station, and le- 
 turned at 5 p. M. Sixteen miles. 
 
 Jinie 16. — Marched at 4 p. ii. to Aquia Creek, and 
 embarked on steamer Hero, and debarked at Alex- 
 andria. Va., on the ITtli, at 6 a. m. the next morning, 
 (orty-liv. inile.-~, and marched to Soldier's Rest, where 
 breakfasted, wlien marche > to the edge of the city, 
 and fiivouacked. Marched at 5 p. M. through Alex- 
 andria, across the Long Bridye throufih Washington, 
 to the Soldier's Home, where renr.ained during the 
 night. E gilt miles. 
 
 June 18. — Marched at 5 a. m. throifgh Washington 
 and Georgetown, over the Washington Aqueduct to 
 near the Great Falls of the Potomac, where bivouacked 
 at 7 p. M. Sixteen miles. 
 
 Jwie 19. — Marched at 6 a. m. to Great Falls of 
 Potomac, where embarked on Canal Boats on Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio ( anal, and debarked at Seneca, and 
 marching througli Poolesville bivouacked at 5 p. ,\i., 
 a short distance beyond ; twentj'-four miles, 
 
 Jinie 20. — Marched at 8 a. m. to the mouth of the 
 
Monocaoy, where encai^iped. Six miles. Regiuicnt 
 engaged in performiug picket duty aloigthe Potomac 
 River, and protecting Aqueduct of Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, over the Monocacy River. 
 
 June 22. — Marched at 3 p. m. to Edward's Feriy, 
 where encamped at 9 p. m. Eleven miles. While 
 here performed provost and guard duty. 
 
 June 27. — Relieved by the One Hundred and Tenth 
 Regiment Penn. Volunteers, and ordered to join 
 First Corps. Marched at 10 a. m. to the Monocacy, 
 crossing that liver over the Aqueduct,and bivouacked 
 at 6 p M. four miles be3'ond. Thirteen miles. 
 
 June28. — Marched at 5 a. m., crossing the Katoch- 
 ton Mountains at Katochton's Pass, passed through 
 Adamstown and Jefferson, and proceeded to near 
 Middletown. where, learning that the sFirst Corps had 
 gone to Frederick, the regiment took a liy road and 
 recrossed the Katochton Mountains at New Pass, and 
 liivouacked at 8 p. M. Sixteen miles. 
 
 June 29. — Marched at 6 A. m., and passing through 
 Frederick and Lewistown bivouacked at 5 P. m. on 
 Emmittsburg Pike. Sixteen miles. 
 
 June 30. — Marched at 4 a. m. and rpachcd Emmitt.';- 
 burg at 12 m., where halted, and reported the ar- 
 rival to Major-Geneial Reykoi.ds, commanding First 
 Corps, where received orders to join Third Division 
 under command of Major-General Doubleday. On 
 joining the division, were assigned to the First 
 Brigade then on picket. Eighteen miles. 
 
 GETTYSBURG. 
 
 July 1. — Marched at 8 A. M. with brigade toward 
 Gettysburg, Pa., and reached a position near the 
 enemy about a mile and a half west of Gettysburg, 
 when the brigade was immediately formed in line of 
 battle faced due north, this regiment holding the left. 
 The brigade was soon afterward moved by the right 
 flank some half a mile to the soutlieast, and a new 
 line of battle formed, faced to the west. In this posi- 
 tion it advanced tlirough ihe open lields into a valley, 
 and to the edge of a piece of woods, where for a time 
 the fire of the enemy's artillery and musketry wns 
 quite heavy. Shortly afterward it was ordered to 
 I'eturn over the crest of a hill, in the cleared field, 
 where the men were somewhat protected. While in 
 this position a company of this regiment (K) was 
 ordered to advance, as skirmishers, to a brick house 
 and stone barn opposite the left flank, and some eighth of 
 a mile in front just across the valley before referred 
 to. At about 1 p. M. the brigade moved by the left flank 
 into the Gettysburg road, when this regiment and 
 the One Hundred and Fifty-first Penn. Volunteers 
 formed line of battle, faced to the north. During this 
 change of front the artillery fire of the enemy was 
 
severe. At 2 1-2 p. M. tbe line was advanced across 
 llie iield, and Iront changed to the left, until it re- 
 siiiiicd the third position of the forenoon. This move- 
 ment was made under a warm artillery fire. The 
 enemy soon afterward, with two very strong lines of in- 
 fantry, and driving in the skirmishers (which had some 
 time belore been reenforeed by G company of this 
 regiment), moved rapidly on our lines. Their lines 
 e.xtended the front of two regiments beyond our left 
 flank, completely enfilading our line, and pouring a 
 terrible fire into our front and left flank. The regi- 
 ment held its position until the artillerj' was removed, 
 and then fell back slowly behind a barricade of rails, 
 some eighth of a mile in their rear, and in front of 
 Gettysburg Seminary, the enemy lollowing rapidly 
 in great force. Here the men were rallied, and formed 
 behind the barricade, and checked the enemy's ad- 
 vance, and Anally compelled him to retire. He ad- 
 vanced again, however, and prolonging his line to our 
 left again turned our flank and compelled the regiment 
 to retire. They fell back through tlie town of Gettys- 
 burg to the high ground south of the cemetery. In 
 retiring from the barricade, and until thej'had reached 
 the interior of the city, they were under tire of the 
 enemy's infantry upon their rear and both flanks. 
 
 Jidi/ 2. — At 11 A. M. the regiment was relieved and 
 passed to the rear for supplies and rest. In the after- 
 noon were thrown forward again as part of the forces 
 to check the enemy, who was causing our left to retire. 
 When the fighting ceased, they were assigned to the 
 front line, a little to the left of the centre of our line 
 of battle. This regiment, with the One Hundred and 
 Fifty-first Penn. Volunteers forming a demi-brigade 
 under the command of Colonel Gates, were put in posi- 
 tion behind a rail fence, which they converted into a 
 barricade, that afterward afforded some security 
 against the enemy's sharp-shooters, and proved of 
 special benefit the next day during the artillery and 
 musketry fire. ["William Swinton's "Army of the 
 Potomnc" — see Text and Note, page 300. J 
 
 July 3 — At 12J p. M., the enemy opened from his 
 right and centre batteries, and the position occupied 
 by this regiment was swept by a tempest oi shell and 
 shot which continued nearly three hours, unsurpassed 
 in rapidity of firing and in- the number of guns em- 
 ployed by anything that has occurred during the war. 
 As the cannonading subsided the enemy's infantry 
 began to debouch from the orchard dnd woods on his 
 right centre, and moved in line of battle across the 
 open fields between their position and tbe highway 
 from Gettysburg to Emmittstiurg. His troops were 
 formed in two lines ; the second line, however, not 
 covering the lefi, battalion of the first. They advanced 
 
rapid!}', firiue a^ ihey canic-. our skiiiiiisbtr.s fallin;i- 
 Ijack before tlieni. TLe regirutnt opened fire up^ii 
 them when tbey reached t)ie further fend of the valley 
 in front of them, and the first line irnmediati;l_\ fjiced t" 
 the left 'od moved rapidly in the new dii»-';ii'<ij ; a- tlie 
 f-ecoiid line received the tire it Vjei^an to oblirju'; to the 
 ifcft, and ftnally closed it.i left upon t4ie ri;;lit of the 
 first line when all faced to the litrht and moved forward 
 in oiR-Iine of battle, tiring rapidly. It being per-ceiverl 
 that the design wa.s to bieak thriiU'.'i'iour left ci-ntte 
 and gain the heighr' and batterie-. croViiin;: tiyem be- 
 tw en the roads weeping around tiielelt of the'Jenjerei'v 
 and the open fields between the enemvF line and oui- ; 
 the demi-brigade was moved by therifilit fiank toward 
 onr centre, corresponding with the enemy's movent i-nt-. 
 and pouring a continuous fin- into their rank.- a^ they 
 advanced. The enemy moved forward with unn-ual 
 direfinin-i tii>n. and, altliongl) lii^ i'ank>- were momen- 
 ta. ily thinned. Continued to advainj'/ -until Ije reached 
 the fence at tijt foot of the hill, immediately beneath 
 our left centre batteries; this affording him cnnsider- 
 able protection, he threw some of his f.ir.- over the 
 fence and into the slashing on the Il1ll-;^id^.• made tr> 
 clear the range for our guns. The .cont'..- r for fin- 
 po'^.'-i-s-ion of this hill side and ence wn~ e-peciallv 
 obstinate, and for a considerable time tlie cliances of 
 siicce-s appeared to favor first one .^iile and th'-n the 
 other: each seemed to appreciate the fact that the 
 possHs.-ion of the heights wa^ all impwriaiit. and each 
 lunglit with the utmost desperation. * The men were 
 within quarter pi.-tol shot lange, an,d the fence and 
 fallen tiees gave the eiiemj' coiinidera l/le cover. Tin; 
 deini-brigade then advanced and pushed briskly 
 through the slashing to the fence, qbeenni; a> thev 
 went, when the em-my broke and ha-t'ily retreated in 
 great disorder, while they poured intoihi lines a heavy 
 and continuous fire. This concluded the fi^'htinir at 
 this point, and left us in undisputed pos-'-.-.-ion of tlie 
 conr.'sted ground. We took a large ifuinber of pri-i.n- 
 er-. and the giound in front was -irewn witii the dead 
 and wounded of the enemy. During tiii., alnii.»t liand- 
 to-hand conflict the enemy's Ijattei i,i- jjiaved upon 
 frit-nd and foe alike, doing quite a- njiicij oamaL'e in 
 their own ranks as .n oure. It wa- ascertained li'nn 
 the prisonei-.- that the tror>ps with which the two re- 
 giments hai! been eijgau'ed wer Pickett'.- Di»i-ion of 
 Long-t eet's Corps, and more than ,-i.\ times <jut 
 num ered them. At 6 p. ii., the regiment .h.j- re- 
 lieved and passed tr> the rear ; b/vouacked on tijc 
 battle-field. !Major-General Double^day i.--ued the 
 following order : 
 
Headqi arters, Third Division, > 
 
 First Corps. July 4, 1863. ^ 
 (ieiieral Orders. 
 
 Tlie Major-General comnianding tbe division desires 
 t(i I'etiirn bi.s thanks to the Vermont Brigade, the One 
 Hundred and Fifty-first Pensylvania Volunteers, and 
 tiie Twentietli New York State Militia, for their gal- 
 lant conduct in resisting in the front line the main 
 attack of the enemy upon this posit ioii, alter sustain- 
 ing a territic fire from seventy-five to a hundred pieces 
 ofarlillerv. He congratulates them upon contributing 
 so essentially to the glorious, and if *is to be hoped, 
 final victciry yesterday' 
 
 By command of ^lajor-General Doijbledav. 
 
 (Signed) Edw.ard C. Bairu, 
 
 Captain and A. A. G. 
 
 •Julii 6. — Marched at 7 A. M., with t e first corps, 
 and bivouacked near Emmittsburg, *Md., at 7 p m. 
 Ten miles. 
 
 Jiihj 7. — Marched at 4i A. M., and passing over the 
 Katochton Mountains, back of Lewistown bivouacked 
 beyond Hamburg on the northerl3' side of the moun- 
 tain at about 7 p. M. Twenty-two miles. 
 
 July 8. — ilarched at 5 a. m., through Belleville, 
 Middletown, and crossing South Mountain at Turner's 
 Gap, formed n line of battle on north side, where bar- 
 ricades were thrown up. Fourteen miles. 
 
 July 10. — Marched at 5J A. M., through Boonsboro, 
 to right of oup»lines, and then threw up barricades. 
 Five miles. 
 
 July 11. — Moved to the extreme right u der the 
 mountain and threw up entrenchments, putting out 
 pickets in Iront. 
 
 Jtdy 12. — Marched at 11 A. M., passing through 
 Funkntown and crossing Antietam Creek took up a 
 P'.jsitiou on Funkstown Heights, one mile south of 
 Haj;erstown, and threw up entrenchments under fire 
 ol the enemy's pickets. Five miles. 
 
 Jidy 13. — Laid in line of battle all day. Shirmishers 
 pretty active in front. Our line of battle in range of 
 enemy's sliarpshot>ters. 
 
 July 14.- Men aroused at 4J a. m., and got under 
 arms preparatory to an attack. Skirmishers advanced 
 and found the enemy's works abandoned. Marched at 
 12 M., to near Williamsport, and bivouacked at 3 p. m. 
 Five miles. 
 
 J^ily 15. — Marched at 6 A.M., vi^i Williamsport and 
 Hagerstown Pike to Funkstown, and thence through 
 JoBCS Corners, Keedysville and Bakersville to foot of 
 South Mountain and bivouacked at 7 p. m., near Cramp- 
 ton's Gap. Eighteen miles 
 
 J„ly 16 — Marched at 9 a. jM,, and=crossing South 
 Mountain at Crampton's Gap bivouacked at 4 p. m. 
 
near Berlin. Nine miles. At this place ibe regiment 
 was detached from the First Corps anil ordered to re- 
 port to Brigadier General M. R.Patrick, Provost- 
 Marshal General, for duty in h's Department. 
 
 July 17. — Two lieutenants and thirty men <•< inij; left 
 at headquarters, Provost-Marshal General, the rcjii- 
 inent took the cars for Washington ^ guard for 725 
 jirisoners of war. 
 
 July 18. — Reached there at 6 a. hi., next da}'. 
 
 July 20. — -Returned to Berlin, and crossing thePutn- 
 mac, marched ten miles to Wheatland, Va., wheri> 
 bivouacked. 
 
 Jiilil 21, — Marched at 6 a. m., and joined army head- 
 quarters near Uuiou, Va., at 1 p. ji. Ten miles. 
 
 July 22. ^Marched to De any's Farm and camped. 
 Five miles. 
 
 July 28. — Marched at 8 A. M., with General Huad- 
 qmuters and bivouacked near Markham at 6 v. M. 
 Tuenty-two miles. 
 
 July 24. — Marched at 12 m., and bivouncked at 7 
 p. 31., at Salem. Fourteen miles. 
 
 July 25. — Marched at 6 A. M., and camped at 6 p. m.. 
 in Warrenton. Twelve miles. Regiment doing pro- 
 vost duty in this town. 
 
 July 27. — Relieved by the One Hvindred and Thir- 
 tieth New York Volunteers. 
 
 July 29. — Companies C and G proceeded by rail to 
 Warrenton Junction, Va , to do prwost duty. Tsn 
 mile.s. ' 
 
 July 31. — K company ordered to gijard Commissary 
 Depot. Three miles. 
 
 Augxtst 11. — Br.'ke camp at 6 a. m., and moved by 
 rail to Warrenton Junction to do provost duty. Ten 
 miles. 
 
 September 17. — Moved by rail to Culpepper Court- 
 house to do provost duty in that tovrn. Twenty -two 
 miles, 
 
 October 10. — Marched at 4 a. m., and bivouacked at 
 Rappahannock Station at 6 p. M. 
 
 October 11. — Marched at 6 a. m., to-Bealton Station. 
 Four miles. 
 
 October 12.— Marched to Catlett's Station, ten 
 miles, where did picket duty at night. 
 
 October 13. — Marched at 6 a. m., for Fairfax Sta- 
 tion. Twenty-one miles. Genera! Headquarters train 
 being attacked by guerrillas, the regiment m«rcbed 
 out to protect it, and then returned to Station. Four 
 miles. 
 
 October 14 — Proceeded by rail to Washington a.s 
 guard for 382 prisoners of war. Twenty-four miles. 
 
 October 1!). — Returned by rail to Fairfox Station. 
 Twenty-four miles. 
 
 October 21. — Marched at 10 a. m., through Centre- 
 
ville across Bull Run ;ind Cub Run anci bivouacked at 
 C p, M , at Gainesville. Twenty-one miles. 
 
 Oetohcr 22. Marclied at 7 a. m., and camped at 
 Warrentnn, Va., at 1 p. m. Twelve miles, 
 
 Ocftihrr 26. — B company ordered t6 Manassas to do 
 provost duty. Twenty-four miles. 
 
 October 27, — Marched at 8 a. m., with General 
 Headquarters to .'Vulmrn. Six miles. 
 
 October 30.— Marched at 10 a. m., to Three Mile 
 Station. Six miles. 
 
 Novambar 2. — Marched to Warrenton -Junction. 
 Three miles. 
 
 Novemhe.r'd. — Movi d by rail as guard to 1,886 prison- 
 ers oT war to Alexandria. Thirty-tw6 raiies. 
 
 Novemhej- 10. — Returned by rail to Warrenton 
 Junction. Thirty-two miles. 
 
 lS!'orcmh':r 19. — Moved by rail to Brandy Station. 
 Sixteen miles. 
 
 JVovanber 26. — Marched at 12 M., and bivouacked at 
 8 p. M., near Germania Ford on the Rapidan River. 
 IVn miles. 
 
 Novetriber 27. — Marched at 7 a, m. Crossed tbe 
 Puapidan River at Germania Ford, and bivouacked at 
 the Lacjr House on Orange and Fredericksburg Pike at 
 7 p. M Ten miles. 
 
 November 28. — Marched at 7 A M., to near Robers- 
 ton's Tavern, where encmped. Pour miles. 
 
 December 1. — Marched at 3 p. m., recrossedthe Rap- 
 idan River at Germania Ford and bivouacked at 8 
 p. M. Ten miles. 
 
 December 2. — Marched at 7 A. M., and encamped at 
 Brandy Station at 2 p. m. Eight mile.?. 
 
 December 24. — B company moved by rail to Catlett's 
 Station and Manassas, and A company to Rappahan- 
 nock Station and Warrenton Junction, to do provost 
 dutjf. 
 
 December 26. — E company moved by rail to Culpep- 
 per Court-bou.'-e Station to do provost duty. 
 
 December 29. — Two commissioned officers and two 
 non-commissioned officers and thirty men, detailed as 
 permanent guard on passenger trains, running between 
 Brandy Station and Washington, D. C. 
 
 December 31. — Headquarters of Regiment at Brandy 
 Station, Va., doing duty as above stated. 
 
LIST OF 
 
 KILLED AND WOUNDED 
 
 OF THB 
 
 "ULSTER aXJ^RD," 
 
 Twentieth Regiment New York State Militia, 
 
 For the Year ending December 31, 1803. 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 COMMISSIONED OrPICBRS. 
 
 Joseph F. Corbin, Company F, Captain, Gettys- 
 burg, Pa. 
 
 Ambrose N. Baldwin, K, Captain; Gettysburg, 
 George H. Brankstone, E, First Lieutenant, Gettys- 
 burg, 
 
 ENLISTED MEN. 
 
 Theodore Wheeler, Company A, Corporal, Gettys- 
 burg, Pa. 
 
 Duane S. Bush, A, Private, Gettysburg.- 
 
 Henry Belcher. A, Private, Getty. ■s'burg, 
 
 Charles C. Babcnck. A, Private. Gettysburg. 
 
 Francis I Lee, A, Private, Gett)'sbur;i. 
 
 Dewitt C, Hanrin. A, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Ephraim Rosa, B, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 James Craig, C, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Constantino Van Steinburg. C. T*rivati-, Gettys- 
 burg. 
 
 Erlwarii Coogan, C, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Walter S. Tyler, C, Corporal, Gettysriurg. 
 
 Luther W. McClellan, D, S< rgeatit, Gettysburg. 
 
 Ebbin Hiagins, D, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 R. C Van Leavin, D. Private, Gett\"sburg. 
 
 Amos C. Treat, D, Private, Gettysiiurg. 
 
 Albert Collier. D, Private, Gettysb )'g. 
 
 Alexander Tice, t,, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Leonard Van Jorder, E, Private Gettysburg. 
 
 John Luft, F, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Lucius H. Decker, G, Sergeant, Ge,tt\sburg. 
 
 James L. Hallock, H, Private, G(^tt\sburg. 
 
 James E. Angevine, H, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 Eli A. Deyrof, H. Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
Ansol B. Pierce , H, Private, Gettysburg. 
 Joseph Leonard, I, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 John Ti'Hcy, I, Private, Gettj'sburg. 
 Thomas Hyatt, I, Private, Gettysburg. 
 Minard Decker, K, Sergeant. Gettysburg. 
 Nelson Southard, K, Private, Gettysburg. 
 George H. Babcock, E, Private, Gettysburg. 
 Squirr Flanders, I. Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. 
 
 W. A. Van Rensselaer, Major, Gettysburg. 
 
 J. M. Kcbooninaker, Adjutant, Gettysburg. 
 
 John R. Leslie, Company B, Captain, Gettys- 
 burg. 
 
 Andrew S. Schutt, 0, First Lieutenant, Gettys- 
 burg. 
 
 James Flemming, C, Second Lieutenant, Gettys" 
 burg. 
 
 Daniel McMahon, D, Captain, Gettysburg. 
 
 George B. Wolcott, D, Second Lieutenant, Gettys- 
 burg. 
 
 Abm. Merritt, E, Second Lieutenant, Gettysburg. 
 
 John Delacroy, F, Second Lieutenant, Gettysburg. 
 
 William H. Cunningham, G, Captain, Gettysburg. 
 
 George B. Mulks, G, First Lieutenant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Thomas Alexander, H. Captnin, Gettysburg 
 
 Alfred Tanner, H, Second Lieutenant, Gettysburg. 
 
 J. D. S. Oi ok, I, Captain, Gettysburg. 
 
 John M. Young, K, Second Lieutenant, Gettys- 
 burg. 
 
 ENLISTED MEN. 
 
 John Boyle, C, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 James Gannon, C, Private. Gettysburg. 
 
 George A. Ackert, C, Private, Gettysburgh. 
 
 John Edleman, C, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Thomas Wells, C, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 George W. Pardee, C, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 Joseph Stelightner, C, Private, Gettysburg, 
 
 John H. Dunn, C, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 Jeremiah Kerrigan, C, Private. Gettysburg.' 
 
 Jonathan Dubois, C, Private, G-ttysburg. 
 
 Abm. K. Van Buskirk, C, Private, Gettysnurg. 
 
 William Baker, A, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 James B. Doxie, A, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 John Donnelly, A, Private Gettysburg. 
 
 John Ridings, Jr., A, Sorgeau', Gettysburg. 
 
 (T) William A. S ockings. A, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 (T) Wansborongh Bloxam,B, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Frank Bowman, B, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Isaac C. Buswell, B, First Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 (T) Morgan Deneger, B, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
James Keegan, B, Private, Gettys urc. 
 
 (T) Charles K McKniff, B, Corporal Gettysburg. 
 
 (T) Adara More, B, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 William Risenberger, Jr., B, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 John H. Swart, B, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 Jacob F. Teal, B, Private. Gettysburg. 
 
 H. C. Van Buren, B, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 James Yaple, B, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 James A. Wescott, B, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Asa Bishop, D, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 John Cudney, D, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 Charles Kniffin, D. Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Jacob P. Latimore, D, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Martin Jerseneous, D, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Dewitt Rose, D, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Watson A. Smith, D, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Lewis E. Champaigne, E, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Stephen Ii. Cudne}', E, Sergeant Gettysljurg. 
 
 William Fetterman, E, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Lorenzo B. Healy, E, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 James Housfall, E, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Henry 0, Irwin, E, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 John Johnson, E, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 Lewis Sn3'der, E. Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Emos B, Vail, E, Private, Gettysburg, 
 
 John H. Winise, G, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 James Higgins, G, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 John C. Parks, G, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Peter H. Van Wagoner, G, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 John Ovendorf, H, Corporal. Gettysburg. 
 
 William L Snyder, II, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Joseph Sickler, H, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Morris Hein, H, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 William Fuller, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 William Henson, I, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 James Larrie, I, Private, Gettysburg, 
 
 John W. Plimly, I. Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Henry Tompkins, I, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Edward Wright, I, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Michael Farrell, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Moses Whittaker, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Barney Fitch, I, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 George Rossman, I, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Jehiel I. Judd, K, First Sergeant. Gettysburg. 
 
 John Chandler, K, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 
 Addison S. Hayes, K, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 George Hood, K, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Joseph Hill, K, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 
 Henry Schutt, K, Private, Getiysburg. 
 
 Bernard Halstead, G, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 N. Van Valkenberg, G, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 Charles C. Babcock, A, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
 James H. Beletier, .1, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
Samuel Norfolk, E, Private, Gettysburg. 
 William 11. Parkinson, I, Private, Gettysburg. 
 David E, Post, I, Private, Gettysburg 
 Eniorson Scott, T, Private, Gettysburg. 
 Ira B. Tait, D, Private, Gettysburg. 
 Aaron Nichols, H, Private, Gettysburg. 
 A. Mullen, F. First Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 E. Beckett, F, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 Ed. Ashley, F, Private, Gettysburg. 
 J. E. Pells, F, Private, Gettysburg. 
 T. Doyle, P, Private, Gettysburg. 
 T. Burns, F, Private, Gettysburg. 
 John Knighton, B, Private, Gettysburg. 
 Asa Jones, D, Sergeant, Gett3'sburg 
 Charles Keegan, A, Private, Gettysburg. 
 John Swart, 1, Corporal, Gettysburg. 
 N. Rossman, I, Private. Gettysburg. 
 James Bonesteel, G, Sergeant, Gettysburg. 
 T. Croaks. F, Private, Gettysburg. 
 Steplien Strong, I, Private, Gettysburg. 
 William SchafFer, G, Private, Gettysburg. 
 
ANNUAL REPORT 
 
 OP THE 
 
 mmim, service & disciplise 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Twentieth Eegiment New Tork State Militia 
 
 (SOtli N. Y. Vol. Infantry.) 
 
 COSOUITDEI) BY 
 
 COLONEL THEODORE B. GATES. 
 
 FOB THE YEAS ENDING DECEMBEE 31, 1864. 
 
 JaiiiMTi) 1. — Encamped at Brandy Station, Va., 
 with officers and detachments at every Station along 
 the Orange and Alexandria Railrojjd, from Alexan- 
 dria to Culpepper Court-house (hotU inclujjve), act- 
 ing as Provost Marshals and Guards j and one compa- 
 ny at Headquarters, Army of tlie Potomac, as guard 
 for the Provost-Marsha I- General. From this time to 
 May 4tli, the Regiment was engaged in doing provost 
 and guard duty on and along the OraiUgo and Alexan- 
 dria Railroad, having charge of all mail, passenger 
 and special trains run on that road ; the grantin" of 
 pa«^es to all persons leaving the army ; and to all 
 civilians to pass from one part of the Armj' to an- 
 other ; the reuistering of all civilians coming to the 
 Army ; the examination and general superintendence 
 of all goods coming into the Army ; and the convcj'- 
 ing of all prisoner.s from the Army to other places 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 February 13. — Colonel Theodoee B. Gates, Sur- 
 geon R. LouGHRAN, Captains J. D. S. Cook, M. S.nv- 
 DER, Dan'l McMahon, Lieutenants D. J. France, M. 
 J. C. WooDWORTii, J. Deits, and 161 enlisted tnen 
 left Brandy Station, Va., on 35 daj's' Veteran Fur- 
 lough, and arrived at Kingston, N. Y., on the 15th, 
 where they were publicly received by an immense 
 concourse of citizens, and after addresses of welcome, 
 the battalion sat down to a bounteous dinner pro- 
 vided by the ladies, whose presence graced the occa- 
 sion. 
 
 February 17. — The officers visite^ ti:e City of 
 
Alhany .mil were i.vittd to seats on the floor of tlio 
 Assembly Chiimbc-i-, On takini^seats tbe)' were address- 
 ed by Mr. Speaker Aiaoud in patriotic and compli- 
 nieiitaiy terms. He said tlie regiment was one of the 
 uld militia regiments of tlie State — from tbe good old 
 county of Ulster. Tlirice had tliey laid themselves 
 uijon the altar of their country. Their lamented 
 comrades slept upon many a well- fought battle-field. 
 Their former Colonel — Geo. W. Pk.att — fell in the 
 second battle of Bn 1 Run. As for the third time 
 they go forth, God giant to preserve their lives in 
 safety and to return them once more to our Stati'. 
 
 Colonel Gate.s replied as follows: "Mr. Speaker 
 and Gentlemen of the Assembly: I know not in 
 what language to express to you the gratilication wc 
 feel for the honor you have conferred upon the Twen- 
 tieth Regiment N. Y. S. i\I. in inviting its officers to 
 the privileges of the floor of this House. We came 
 to Albany 'odaj-, sir, on business of solemn import. 
 We came here to Jiay, in the first pluce, our respects 
 to the Governor of the State, the Commander-in- 
 Cliief of the forces of the State of New York, and in 
 the second place to tender to the widow of our de- 
 ceased C(/lonel the cotnplinicnt of a presentation 
 of a stand of colors of our regiment to her infant son, 
 —the son of our ever-lamented Colonel. Knowingthat 
 we should be detained here till evening, we determin- 
 ed to come to the Assembly Chamber to witness the 
 proceedings that might take place, but we had no ex- 
 pectation that we should be honore-i with the compli- 
 ment of scats uj)on the floor. 
 
 "In behalf of the officers here, sir — in behalf of the 
 regiment I have the honor to command, T thank you, 
 sir; and I thank the members of the Assembly for 
 the honor they have conferred upon us. The Twen- 
 tieth Regiment, is a regiment of the Militia of the 
 State of New York. On the breaking out of the 
 lebi'Uion they tendered their services to the Governor 
 of the State of New York, and through him to the 
 President of the United States, and were accepted. 
 They marched from Kingston, in Ulster Count}', on 
 the 20th April, 18C1, for three months' service. At 
 the expiration of that time they returned and were 
 mustered out of service, but were mustered in again 
 and marched in October, 1861, for the war. 
 
 "I feel it due that I should say to you, sir, and to 
 the members of the Assembly, that the regiment has 
 been faithful to the trust confided to it ; that it has 
 continued in the service up to the present time; that 
 now wc come back from the fie^d of duty for a brief 
 recreation only to return again to the defence of the 
 Government, tiiero to remain until tlio warshall close. 
 The men I now have tbe honor to command in the place 
 
of the former Colonel, Geo. W. Pratt, whose memory 
 is sacred to us, and I believe to the people of the 
 entire State — Geo. W. Pratt, who was one of the 
 princ pal men in perfecting the militia organization 
 of the State of New York; whose hearr, was in the 
 work which he took in hand; whose patriotism was 
 above party and above everything except the welfare 
 of his countr}'. On his death ilie regiment was as- 
 signed to me, and I have endeavored to be faithful to 
 the trust confided in me. I endeavored to follow in 
 the footsteps of my predec ssor, ard T only hope, sir, 
 that when this war is terminated, if I shall live to 
 see its conclusion, that T may bear as good a reputa- 
 tion for the faithful discharge of my duty as an officer 
 in the service of my country, as Coloiiel Pratt him- 
 self had. 
 
 " The regiment having passed through its three 
 months, having re-enlisted for three years, and having 
 served two and a half years of that term, has now 
 availed itself of the offer extended to it to reenlist 
 for three years more. The regiment feels that the 
 great duty now devolving upon every man able to 
 bear arms is to fight this war out to the end. They 
 feel, sir, that nothing is paramount to the duty that 
 love of country, of government, of human liberty, de- 
 volves upon them 
 
 '' Now, sir, in conclusion, I beg again to thank you 
 and the members of this House, for the compliment 
 you have paid us, and I hope and trust that you may 
 never have cause to blush that you invited the officers 
 of the Twentieth N. Y. S. M. to seats upon this floor." 
 
 February 22. — The battalion, accompanied by a 
 large delegation of citizens of Ulster county, pro- 
 ceeded to Albany, to present to Master Geo. S. Pratt, 
 son of the late Colonel Geo. W. Pratt, the old regi- 
 mental flag carried by the regiment when Colonel 
 Pratt was mortally wounded at Bull Run Arriving 
 at Albany the battalion was drawn up in front of 
 Mrs. Pratt's residence, where His Excellency, Gov. 
 Seymour, attended by his .staff in uniform, and a large 
 number of citizens were assembled. 
 
 Colonel Gates, speaking in behalf of his regiment 
 after alluding to the high-toned and unspotted char- 
 acter of the deceased, said that " sevf n years ago, the 
 officers of the battalion induced him to accept the 
 office of Colonel. At that time the militia of 
 the State was in anything but a desirable 
 condition, and the Twentieth was small in numbers ; 
 but it was not long alter Colonel Pratt took com- 
 mand before it reached proportions that none had 
 an'icipated, and occupied a position second to but 
 few in the State. He was among the first to tender 
 his services and his regiment to the country when 
 
she neeiied soldiers, and liis gallantry, his uniform 
 kindness and heroic example on all occasions, inspired 
 Ills men with a lasting admiration for him. Our love 
 for his memory — our respect for his family — bring us 
 here to-day. We corae from the battle-field, where 
 we have left many a comrade, to tendi-r to his son one 
 of the tattered banners under which his noble father 
 fell. When the Rebellion broke out. Colonel Pratt 
 was one of the very first to tender his regiment. It 
 seemed as though every missile hurled against Fort 
 Sumter shook and thrilled hi.s fragile frame, and, if 
 possible, filled him with a deeper love for his country. 
 It seemed as though he felt that he could make no 
 sacrifices ton great in aid of his country, against this 
 unholy Rebellion, On the 26th of April, 1861, the 
 regiment marched to the seat of war nearly one thou- 
 sand strong It had then enlis'ed for three months, 
 and after serving that term faithfully, returned home, 
 re-organized, and again enlisted, this time for three 
 years and again under the lead of their favorite 
 Colonel ; and it was fated that our beloved and heroic 
 commander should (iill in the defence of his country. 
 He received his fatal wound in the second Bull Run 
 battle. Always kind, always generous, always good 
 and noble, I cannot (said Colonel G.) depict the grief 
 of the regiment on learning of their loss. He has 
 gone to his long rest, and knowing him as well as I 
 did, I cannot doul)t but that his rest is both peaceful 
 and happy. We feel that his life was closed all too 
 soon. We know that it was not lived or lost in vain ; 
 and it should be, as it is, I believe, our study and 
 hope to emulate his example, to the end that when 
 peace is restored to country, and the majesty of our 
 the law is again supreme, wo may enjoy a portion of 
 the genoral respect, which was so largely his share and 
 which is now paid his memorj'. In behalf of the 
 regiment (addressing the boy), oiBcers and men, and 
 the men not less than the officers, I present j'ou this 
 battle-flag. Its wounds were received when your 
 father fell. When it was presented to the regiment, 
 he pledged himself that it should ever be religiously 
 defended. It has no marks of dishonor. All its scars 
 are honorable, and we believe that it will be beloved 
 and held sacred by you, as it has been and is by us, 
 for the sake of the memory of your deceased father." 
 
 Master Pbatt said, in reply: -'I thank the Twen- 
 tieth regimrnt for these colors. I thank them for 
 remembering my father. Iwill try and be as good and 
 brave a man as he was." 
 
 GovERNOE Seymour, responding for Master Pratt, 
 said: " Soldiers of the Twentieth Militia, on behalf 
 of a sorrowing and stricken father, on behalf of a 
 mourning family— and speaking for the orphan chil- 
 
si 
 
 dren — I tliank you for this munifustation of love for 
 the rairaory of one who distinguished himself as your 
 leader. Tliey will tieasure up this sad memento ;e5 
 aniorg their most [jreci()\is gifts. We have watched 
 the 1 istory and course of every regiment that has loft 
 our State, with anxiety as well as with piido, and 
 none have challenged greater admiration than your 
 regiment. How many of your comrades have lost 
 their lives, your diminished numlicrs tell in language 
 more eloquent than words can utter ; and let ine as- 
 sure yon that in the future there will he one house- 
 hold where you will ever be remembered with mourn- 
 ful interest ; one family that will always feel the 
 deepest interest in your career and welfare ; one house 
 where it will be felt t'at, between it and your organ- 
 ization, a new relation exists. Thisj banner will be 
 dearly cherished by him into whose hands you have 
 placed it today. It will speak to him of the spotless 
 character of his father — of liis virtnes.and ot the love 
 borne him for those virtues by his comrades in arms ; 
 and God grant thut be may emulate the e.\ample thus 
 set him." 
 
 " Once more I thank you for this eTidenco of devo- 
 tion to the memory of your late commander — for the 
 generou.=, manly, soldierly affection that has led you 
 to manifest, in this delicate way, your continued re- 
 gard for his memory, and the respect that you enter- 
 tain for bis family; and I again assure you that your 
 invaluable gift will ever be most deai'ly prized — that 
 there is one family where your happiness will be a 
 source of solicitude — one family where everything 
 that relates to your regiment will Be of fireside in- 
 :)erest.'' 
 
 Subsequently the officers were entertained at Mrs. 
 Peatt's house, and the men, as the gue.sts of Mrs. 
 Pkatt, sat down to a sumptuous dinner at the Amer- 
 ican Hotel. While there, Master Erastus Cop.nikg, 
 son of E. CoRNiKG, Jr., and a nephew of the late Co - 
 onel PiiATT, made his appearance among them, and 
 presented each of the men with a tit\ct, evidently to 
 their great pleasure. Soon after 4 o'clock, the battal- 
 ion took the cars for Kingston. Master Pratt, with 
 numerous others, accompanied tliem across the river, 
 and as the cars left they gave him rounds of cheers. 
 
 During the time the battalion was at home 140 re- 
 crnits were added to the regiment. 
 
 March 18. — The battalion, with its recruits, was 
 drawn up in line, preparatory to its departure for tho 
 Army, when Mrs. Albert Kugi.er, through Hon. 
 Geo. T. Pierce, presented a beautiful silk color to tho 
 regiment. 
 
 Mr. PiEECE spoke as follows : " Colonel Gates, 
 officers and men of the Twentieth : I am honored bv 
 
being made the iiisti-ument of yuur fL-llyw-citiz.en, Mr. 
 KuGLK.K an J his ^ 'od wife, in presenting j'ou this 
 beautil'ul stand uf colors — the work of their hands. 
 Mr. KuGi.Eu was tornierly ii membc;' qf joiir lefjinicnt, 
 who went out in the tliree rnontlis service, iind re- 
 turning would have gone again, but was advif ed by liis 
 eoumumdant that perhaps duty to an invalid wife and 
 to his fauiily, demanded that he .'tijuld remain at 
 home. But chaling under his ai'iiety to serve las 
 country, he determined to make due amends for his 
 inability to gc/ witli you to the field. And his wife, 
 desiring to make some slight compensation to the regi- 
 ment for permitting her husbiud tol-em^in at home, 
 they have acted accordingly, and this mairnificent l]a», 
 which I now present you, is the result. ^V^ould to God 
 that every man and woman in the community would 
 feel thus ill at ease with themselves^ until they had 
 doTie something half as noble for their country, in this 
 trying crisis of its existence. But ouv German fellow- 
 citizens have generally been loyal to the old (1 g, Irom 
 the very eonimeiu.-ement of our troubles — have kept 
 the Star of the Republic st adyin theireyes, and have 
 nut permitted party or personal considerations to di- 
 vert their attention or detract from their devotion to 
 one country — one Union — one destiny." 
 
 '■Yon have just returned. Colonel, from visiting the 
 shrine of your late commandant. Colonel Peatt, 
 where you went to present to his wido.i' and father- 
 less Son, the reni;iant of the battle-llag which vou 
 carried with you for two years past. It was an offer- 
 ing well and worthily made. But it was this circum- 
 stance which suggested to Mr. Kugi.er ihat you would 
 now stand in need of another flag. You have it; and 
 m view of the record which you have brought back 
 from the war already, and of the deeds whicli you 
 have performed on the Held, und which arc known i,f 
 all men, it vvcndd be presua.ptuous iu me to charge 
 you to keep that emblem sacred, and never permit it 
 to be desecrated or disgraced. When borne aloft at 
 the head of your columns, lot each man remember it 
 is no mere ornament there, but that it represents the 
 sovereignty of the nation, and the nnijesty of thirty 
 millions of people. And as it proved a scourge and a. 
 terror to tyrants in the hands of your fathers, so may 
 it prove a sc<mrge ind a terror to traitors in the hands 
 of yon, their sons." 
 
 " Men of the Twentieth : Tt was over two years ago, 
 and yet it seems but a few days, that you left us be- 
 fore, amid the mingl-d tears and acclamations of ten 
 thousand of your neighbors and friends, yonr f^ithcrs 
 and mothers, brothers and sisters, wives and children. 
 To'i rett r led to be crowned with the blessings of 
 75,000 people, who waited with ofen arms to receive 
 
you. You went out as men— 3'ou returned as heroes. 
 And if vou shall return again, haviuf; accomplished 
 the object for which you go forth, and which every 
 patriot has at heart, the restoration of the authority 
 of the government over every inch of its soil, and of 
 consequent peace and prosperity to the country, you 
 will be received by thirty millions ofipeople who will 
 be ready to fall down and worship you as little less 
 than gods." 
 
 " Colonel, you return again to the field, Heaven 
 grant, that it may be to see no more of the clash of 
 arms or of the conflict of battle — but to give the fin- 
 ishing stroke to tlie Rebellion and end the war. And 
 the hideous shriek of terror and despair which ema- 
 nates from Richmond would seem to indicate that you 
 had already struck the monster a blow in his very 
 vitals, and that he even now totters to his fall. Your 
 friends who fight from tlie m.>nntajn tops of East. 
 Tennessee, above the clouds, think they can discern 
 the beginning of the end. God grant; that; it may be 
 so ; and tliat it may be reserved to j"ou to become the 
 bearers of food and freedom to those of our brethren 
 who are confined in Southren pri-sion-houses — to plant 
 the standard of ihe Republic on the turrets and tem- 
 ples of the Southern Confederacy, and speedily to re- 
 turn to us ag.in, bringing the joyful tidings of the 
 Union restored, tlie supremacy of the laws maintained, 
 and the Rebellion crushed and overthrown.' 
 
 "But whatever may be your fate in this respect — 
 wherever your lot may be cast — whatever may befal 
 you — it will be aconsolation for3'ou to know that the 
 people of this country are a grateful people You 
 Lave had ample evidence of this at every step of your 
 progress since your return. Tliey hold in constant re- 
 membrance those of their kith and kin who have gone 
 forth to the defense of the country, and are in the 
 field as tlie protectors of their homes and of their fire- 
 sides. Tlie Twentieth, One Ilundied and Twentieth, 
 and the One Hundred and Fifty-sixth, are numbers 
 indelibh' impressed upon the memory of tlie people of 
 Ulster, and which will hereafter be engraven upon 
 the granite of her mountains. To those of you who 
 survive the conflict and return to enjoy tbe fruits uf 
 your labors in a peaceful Hiid undissevered country, 
 we pledge a heartfelt welcome and God's bcnison. To 
 those who shall leave their bones to bleach on a South- 
 ern i-oil, we pledge a place upon the monumental mar- 
 ble upon an equality with and alongside of your fathers 
 of 177G, which every returning year shall brighten 
 with the halo of glor}' which t' c blessings of increas- 
 ing millions shall shed upon it." 
 
 Colonel Gates responed in behalf of the regiment 
 
and after otber addresses and an eloquent prayer, the 
 battalion moved off amid a vast throng of people to 
 Roiidout, and embarked on boa?d the steamer Thomas 
 Cornell and proceeded to New York. 
 
 March 29. — Battalion transported to the otean 
 steamer Amorioa and sailed for Washington, D. C, 
 proceeding from thence via Orange and Alexandria 
 Railroad to Brandy Station, Va., where they rejoined 
 the balance nf the regiment. 
 
 3Iay 4. All detachments, except the one at Army 
 Headquarters, ordered to report at Brandy Station as 
 as soon as the public property at their several stations 
 was removed. At different times during the day the 
 various detachments reported at headquarters, and 
 were placed on dntj guarding the public property at 
 the depot and picketing the country in the neighbor- 
 hood. At 11 o'clock p. M., all public property having 
 been removed or burned and the station destroyed, 
 the pickets were recalled and the regiment took up 
 its line of march to rejoin the Army, then one day's 
 march ahead. Marched to Stephenshurg, a distance 
 of 5 miles, and bivouacked. 
 
 May b. — Resumed march at 6 A. M., crossed the 
 Rapidan at Gold Mine Ford, and reach, d Head- 
 quarters, Army of the Potomac, at Wilderness lavern, 
 in " The Wilderness,'' at 7 p. m. , having marched 18 
 miles. 
 
 From thi.i time until May 8th engaged in guarding 
 prisoners of war. 
 
 3Iay 8. — Marched at 1^ a. m. in charge of prisoners 
 of war, passed thr- ugh ChaiiceUorsville and encamped 
 at 7 p. M. near Piney Branch Church ; distance marched 
 20 miles. 
 
 May 9- — Marched about 6 miles and encamped on 
 nortli side of Fredericksburg and Orange Plank Eoad. 
 
 May 12. — Marched to near A^ew Salem Church, on 
 Plank Road, 6 miles from last camp. 
 
 May 13. — Marched at 6 A. M. in charge of 7,000 
 prisoners of war (Johnson's Division, Ewells Corps) 
 through Fredericlcshurg, across the Rappahannock 
 River to Belle Plain on the Potomac River, being as- 
 sisted by a detachment of dismounted cavalry and a 
 battery of artillery, the whole under the command of 
 Colonel Gates of this regiment. Distance marched 
 IT miles. 
 
 May 14. — At daybreak Colonel Gates ordered the 
 cavalry to return, and at 2 p. M., having delivered the 
 prisoners to the Veteran Reserve Corps, the regiment 
 and battery took up their line of march, and at sunset, 
 having reac' ed the Rappahannock River, opposite the 
 the City of Fredericksburg, bivouacked, having 
 marched 10 miles, part of the distance tlirough a furi- 
 ous storm of wind and rain, which flooded the small 
 
xliv 
 
 streams, forcing the rei^iiiient to ouild briilges to allow 
 the artillery to ci'o^s. 
 
 May 15. — Marched iit 8 a. w., ciossed the Rappa- 
 haniiock River, passed through and encamped in rear 
 of Fredericksburg. Distance marched 2 miles. 
 
 May 21. — Colonel Gates ordered the battery of ar- 
 t ller\' to report to Chief of Arlilierj'. G and T Com- 
 panie.s marched lo Belle Plain in ehjiige of prisoners 
 of war. Reniaindei' of regiment marched af 7 p. m. to 
 and through Fredericlishurc/^Aown the Bowling Green 
 Road, and bivouacked at 12p. JI. near the Massaponix 
 Rivei-, having marched 4 miles. 
 
 May 22. — Marched at 5 a. m., following the Bowling 
 Green Road, and Imlted for the night near ^Yeluen■ 
 Distance marched, 10 miles. 
 
 May 23. — Companies and I rejoined tlie regiment, 
 having marched 44 miles. Marched at 7 a. .m. and en- 
 camped at Milford on . the Mattapojiy P^iver, having 
 marched 9 mile?. 
 
 May 24.— Marched at 3 p. m., crossing the Maltapo- 
 ny Eivor at Milford and encamped near Wriglit' s 
 Tavern. Distance marched, 4 miles. 
 
 May 27. — Marched at 7 a. it., roerossing the Matta- 
 pony at Milford and encamped a mile-west of the Mat- 
 tacocy, having marched 15 miles. 
 
 May 28. — Marched at 7 a. m., and passing through 
 Newlown, encamped near the Mat apony, opposite 
 Dunlcirk- Distance marched, 12 miles. 
 
 Ma.y 29. — Marched at 7 a. m. and encamped 2 miles 
 north of the Pamunkey, opposite .Newcastle. Distance 
 marched, 10 miles. 
 
 3Iay 30. — Crossed the Pamunkey on a pontoon 
 bridge, and encamped 2 miles from bridge, on the 
 Hanover Court-house road;— A and K Companies 
 guarding bridge. 
 
 3fay 31. — Moved back one mile nearer bridge. Dur- 
 ing this month the regiment was engaged in guarding 
 prisoners of war and bridges, protecting wagon ti'ains, 
 doing picket duty, acting as reai'-gnaprd to the Ami}', 
 and performing the general provost dut3' of the Aruiy 
 of the Potomac. The total number of Rebel prison- 
 ers received by the regiment during the month was 
 10,315. 
 
 June 1— Marched at 11 a. m. towards White Rouse, 
 Va., and bivouacked near Old Church. Distance 
 marched 9 miles. 
 
 June 2. Marching at 8 a. m.. and passing Old 
 Church, encamped at Parsley' s Corners, near Ander- 
 son's Milk, 3 miles east of Coal JScybor and 5 miles 
 from last camp. 
 
 June 11- — Marched at 3 p. m., and bivoucked at 7J 
 p. M. at TuHStalTs Station. Distance marched, 8 
 miles. 
 
xlv 
 
 June 12. — Marclied iit G p. M to near White House 
 and bivauoked. Distance marched 4 miles. 
 
 Jiuiel3. — Marclied at C A. M., and taking the Puver 
 Road passed Cumberland Landing «nd ShitersviUe 
 and bivonacked at G p. M. at Roper's Chui'ch, having 
 marched 20 miles. 
 
 June 14. — Marched at 5J a. m. 3 miles aud en- 
 camped. 
 
 June 15. — Marched at 3 p m., crossing the Chicka- 
 bominy at G p. m. on a pontoon bridge and bivouacked 
 at 12 p. M. Distance marched, 15 miles. 
 
 June 16. — Mirched at 5 a. m. to the James River, 
 opposite Fort Powhatan, crossed the river at 3 p. M. 
 on a pontoon bridge and bivouacked 1 mile bejond. 
 
 June 17. — Marched at 6 a m., passed Merchants' 
 Hope Church and bivouacked at Knox's Cross Roads 
 at 4 p. M. Distance marched, 18 miles. 
 
 Jxme 18. — Marched at 3 p. m. to City Point and en- 
 camped. Distance marched, 3 miles. Colonel Gates 
 appointed Militarj' Commandant of City Point. 
 
 June2Z. — Lieutenant-Colonel Hardenbergh, with a 
 detachment, consisting of Adjutant J. M. ScHOOK- 
 MAKER, Captain Wm. H. Cunningham, Lieutenant 
 Smith and Assistant Snrgeon Wm. II. Taylor and 80 
 men embarked on steamer Guide to proceed to Point 
 Lookout and Fort Delaware as guard for 700 prison- 
 ers o( war, 
 
 June 25 — Regiment pursu nt to orders from L eu- 
 tenant-General Grant, embarked on transport and 
 proceeded to Wilcox Landing, where it disembarked 
 and marched towards Charles City Court-house to re- 
 port to Major-General Shep.idan. After marching 5 
 miles, was ordered to occupy earth-works 2 miles 
 nearer the landing, under commandof General Getty, 
 where remained about 3 hours, when returned to the 
 landing and bivouacked. 
 
 June 26. — By order of General Sheridan embarked 
 on steamer and returned to City Point. 
 
 June 29. — Lieutenant-Colonel Hardenberg and de- 
 tachment rjoined the regiment 
 
 During this month and July the regiment was en- 
 gaged in doing the general provost duty for the 
 " Armies operating against Richmond," having charge 
 of all trains running on the City Point and Peters- 
 burg Railroad, all mail steamers running to and from 
 Bermuda Hundred. City Point and points north, and 
 the ch-arge of tlie secret service boat, a detachment of 
 the regiment being in that service and a large number 
 of the officers on staff and special duty. 
 
 August 0. — A vessel loaded with ordnance stores 
 lying in the harbor at City Point, blew up at 11a.m., 
 caiisins great destruction of property and killing and 
 wounding a large number of men. The loss of the 
 
xlvi 
 
 regiment by tljis accident was 5 killed and 17 n-ounded. 
 Fi'om this time till November the megiment contin- 
 ued doing til- same kind of duty, nwrbing wortliy of 
 note oecuring, except a march of the regiment a few- 
 miles and baclc in attempting to intercept AVade 
 Hampton's Cavalry, wbo bad stolen a large berd of 
 cttle, and tbe presenting) to Br'igadiSr-General M. Ti. 
 Patrick, Provost Marslial-General, •Armie* operating 
 agiinst Richmond'' (under \vbo?e command they had 
 been for a long time), by the enlisted men of the reg- 
 iment (whose term of service was about to expire) of 
 a magnificent sword, belt, sash and !tpurs 
 
 During the month of Novembeuj Colonel T B. 
 Gates, who bad commanded tbe regiment from the 
 time that Colonel G. W. Pratt was wounded, was 
 mustered out on account of tbe expiiation of bis term 
 of service, and Lieutenant Colonel J. B. Hardenbergh 
 assumed bis place as Colonel of the Tegiment, and as 
 Military Commandant of the Post and Defence's of 
 City Point. 
 
 Address of tbe officers and men of tbe Twentieth 
 Regiment N. Y. S. M. to Colonel Thepdoke B. Gates, 
 on the occasion of his taking leave of them at the ex- 
 piration of his term of service- 
 
 Colonel Gates : Tbe ofBcers and men of your com- 
 mand approach you with feelings oP'deep regret on 
 this occasion. Wo are well aware that it is no unusu- 
 al occurence for an ofBcer who has faithfully done bis 
 dutj' to re' ire from his command, leiving behind him 
 some of bis old companions, and almost always bear- 
 ing with him tbe resard and esteem, as also the affec- 
 tion of bis m n, but it has yet to be "learned that any 
 ofBcor has ever left behind bim in the field a body of 
 men who more sincerely and deeply feel tbe loss they 
 are sustaining than do the ofBcers and men of the 
 Twentieth Regiment N. Y. S M. 
 
 Having been so long together — having fought side 
 by side — having endured hardships together — now, 
 that you leave us, you carry with you the most pro- 
 found esteem — tbe sincerest regard — and, above all, 
 the deep affection of your fellow-soldiers. 
 
 It is, beyond all question, a matter which concerns 
 us deeply; for wo feel that, in losing you we lose one 
 whose sympathies have ever been with us — whose 
 voice has always cheered us — whoso i^mile has ever 
 encouraged us, and where xoe have fit^iled in our duty, 
 we know that you have never failed in yours. 
 
 We make no allusion to your career as a gallant 
 soldier — that is recorded in the hearts of your men, 
 and will be read in the annals of this warfare. 
 Trifling a-s may seem to you this small tribute of our 
 esteem and affection, be assured that it is dictated by 
 warm and loving hearts towards one whose life and 
 
xlvii 
 
 career amdnj us has proved him to be a true patriot, 
 a brave soldier, and an earnest-minded, Christian gen- 
 tleman. 
 
 It may not be inappropriate to say that this tumult 
 of warm afTection toward 30U which your proposed 
 departure has aroused among us, is not the spontane- 
 ous impulse of the moment, but it is the welling 
 forth from the very depths of the fountains of our 
 hearts ot that feeling which can no longer be restrain- 
 ed within bounds. 
 
 It may perhapss be some slight saiisfaction to you 
 to know that it is to 3'our esample we are indebted 
 for much that is good in us. We fee"l it and lowro it. 
 It may be a greater satisfaction to you to be assured 
 that that example shall alwaj"? stapd before us as a 
 bright and guiding star, the lustre of whose splendor 
 shall not be dimmed by any fault of ours, in an earn- 
 est endeavor to sustain the enviable reputation which 
 you have conferred on our regiment. 
 
 Now that 3'ou are returning to j-oiir home and the 
 duties of civil life, 3-ou bear with you our heartfelt 
 and earnest wishes for the future prosperity and hap- 
 piness of 3'oursclf, Mrs. Gates, and your family, and, 
 since the storm of battle for you has passed, may the 
 future which lies before you be as bright and glorious 
 in it* result, as the past has been distinguished by 
 j-our nobleness and valor. 
 
 That He who has thus far preserved j'ou may keep 
 you, with those who are dear to you, safe unto the 
 end, is the earnest prayer of the officers and men of 
 the Twentieth Regiment New York State Militia. 
 
 During the months of November ahd December the 
 regiment continued the performance of the same and 
 similar duties as thej- had done since their arrival at 
 City Point, nothing of particular interest occurring 
 except turning out twice during the night time and 
 marching to the defences to repulse threatened at- 
 tacks of the enemy. 
 
xlviii 
 
 ANNUAL REPORT 
 
 MOVEMENTS, SERVICE fi DISCIPLINE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Twentieth Regiment New York State Militia, 
 
 CO»MAin>£I> BT 
 
 COLONEL J. B. HARDEMBERGH, 
 
 For the Year ending December 31, 1865. 
 
 January 1.— Encamped at. City Point, Va., doing 
 guard duty and the provost duty for the " Annies op- 
 perating against Ricliinond." 
 
 February 15. — Colonel Hardenbeegh relieved from 
 command of post of City Point by Brevet Brigadier- 
 General C. II. T. CoLLis, and assumed command of the 
 regiment — General Collis's regiment having been 
 ordered to duty there. 
 
 February 16. — Major J. R. Leslie was assigned to 
 the temporary command of the Eighth Regiment Del- 
 aware Volunteers, lying at City Point. 
 
 During the balance of this month and the month of 
 March the regiment continued performing the same 
 kind of duties Hs heretofore mentioned; turning out 
 once and marching to repulse the enemy, who had 
 broken through our lines at Fort Stedman, but the 
 enemy retiring, the regiment returned to camp. 
 
 April 2. — Received orders about 4 a. m. for the reg- 
 imfint to march with brigade to occupy the works 
 which had rceently been thrown up on the heights 
 above City Point, to act as a reserve and support to 
 an attack which had been ordered by General 
 Grant to be made at daylight along the whole 
 front of the lines investing Petersburg and 
 Richmond. The regiment marched as ordered and 
 reached the position ■ ssigned it, just south of the 
 City Point and Petersburg Railroad, at dawn. A 
 portion of the enemy's works (including Fort Mahone, 
 known more familiarly as "Fort Damnation" ) hav- 
 ing been carried by assault by the Ninth Corps, and 
 the enemy having made several attempts to recover 
 them, which had been repulsed, and it being feared, 
 that as they were the key-point of that line, the ene- 
 my would again cndea'-or to retake them at all haz- 
 ards, the brigade to which the regiment w/s attached 
 
xlix 
 
 was ordered, at 7 a. m., to move to their support. 
 With the utmost expedition they moved accordingly 
 — most of the way at a double-qiiiKk^to Fort Sedg- 
 wick (generally known as "Fort Hell'). Upon their 
 arrival they were immediately formed in line of battle 
 and ordered to move forward and occupy Fort Mahone; 
 the enemy still occupied the line to the left of Fort 
 Mahone, and were thus enabled to keep up an enfilad- 
 ing fire over the ground the regiment was compi-lled 
 to pass in moving from Fort Sedgwick to Fort Mahone. 
 This fire was very severe during the time the regiment 
 was taking up its posilion, occasioning considerable 
 loss to it. Just after the position was attained, the 
 enemy having concentrated their forces, made a des- 
 perate charge, in hopes of recapturing the fort, but were 
 repulsed with heavy loss to them. They then re- 
 treated to their inner line of works, and opened a 
 brisk musketry fire, which was kept up until about 
 10 p. M. During the night the brigade moved forward 
 and captured a lunette work in front of Fort Mahone 
 mounting two casemate howitzers, which enfiladed the 
 works to the right of the fort. Shortly afterwards 
 fires were seen at several points along the line, and in 
 the direction of Petersburg and Richmond, and several 
 heavy explosions were heard, showing conclusively 
 that the enemy were evacuating those places. 
 
 April 3. — About o a. m. the brigade was ordered 
 forward. They advanced rapidly on Petersburg, 
 found the enemy's inner line of works abandoned and 
 reached the cit}' just at dayl'ght. The color sergeant 
 and color guard proceeded to a conspicuous house near 
 by and hoisted the Stars and Stripes over it. This 
 was the first United States flag that waved in this 
 city limits after the pasaag,e of the Ordinance of Seces- 
 sion by the State of Virginia. The regiment remain- 
 ed in Petersburg until the afternoon, when theymarch- 
 ed back to City Point and occupied their old quarters. 
 
 Apnl 7. — The following order was promulgated : 
 
 Headquarters, Post, City Point, Va., i 
 
 April 7, 1865. I 
 
 General Orders No. 12. 
 
 In the recent operations which resu'ted in the cap- 
 ture of Petersburg and Richmond the troops of this 
 command have borne a conspicuous part and their 
 gallantry is the theme of universal praise. They were 
 called upon to repulse a desperate enemy, flushed with 
 a temporary success, which thr&tened to deprive us 
 of ground which had already cost our troops dearly; 
 and the3' moved forward to the work with such en- 
 thusiasm and determination that the enemy was 
 driven from his .■stronghold in confusion. The skirmish- 
 ers of this command were the first to enter the besieg- 
 ed city, and it is believed our colors were the first to 
 
1 
 
 float over it Wc liaTC lost many valuable ofBcors 
 and men who cannot bo replaced, but it is a comfort 
 to those who survive to feel that each of his fallen 
 comrades was at his post noblj' doing bis duty. 
 By (.•ommand of 
 
 Brevet Brigadier-General C. II. T Collis. 
 
 J. M. SCHCfONMAKER, 
 
 Captain Tv\-entieth N. Y. S M. and A. A. A. G 
 
 April 14. — Pursuant to orders from Lioutenant- 
 General Grant, the regiment was relieved from dutj^ 
 at the post of City Point, and ordered to report to 
 Brigadier-General M. R. Patrick, Provost-Marshal- 
 General. On reportinc; to General Patrick they 
 were ordered to proceed to Richmond — embarked the 
 same day and proceeded to the ci v of Richmond, 
 where disembarked, marched through the city to 
 Howard's Grove, where occuoied barracks formerly 
 used by the rebels as a hospital. 
 
 April 22. — Pursuant to Special Orders Nu. 1, Head- 
 quarters, Military Commander, City of Richmond, this 
 regiment and the Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Vol- 
 unte.rs were constituted the provost guard of that 
 city, "under the direction of the Provost-Marshal- 
 General." 
 
 From tliis time until November, the regiment was 
 engaged in the performance of provost duty in the 
 city of Richmond, and the administej'ing of the gov- 
 ernment of the same. To show the extent of their 
 duties and how multifarous they were, a list of the 
 officers detached for special duty in the month of 
 June is hereto annexed : 
 
 Colonel J. B. IIardenbergh, President of a Gener- 
 al Court Martial. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel J. McEntfe, Provost Judge — 
 duties same as Mayor of the city. 
 
 Major J. R. Leslie, Provost-Marshal Fourth Dis- 
 tric , City of Richmond, 
 
 Surgeon R. Loughran, Medical Director, District 
 of Henrico 
 
 Assistant Surgeon 0. L. IIuMPHREy, in charge of 
 Alms House, County of Henrico. 
 
 Captain E. M. Mis-n±;r, Company A. President of 
 the Rrlief Committee. 
 
 Captain Isaac Busweli,, Company B, member of 
 General Court Martial, 
 
 Brevet Major, Captain Martin Sntdee, Company 
 C, Commanding ProvoSt Guard, Fomth District. 
 
 Captain J. M. Schoonmaker, Company D, Aide de- 
 Camp to Brevet Major- General Turner and Com- 
 manding Jlilitary Prisons, viz.: Libby Prison, Castle 
 Thunder, City Jail, State Penitentiary, and Depot of 
 Distribution. 
 
 Captain W. W. Beckwith, Company E, Aide-de- 
 
Camp to General Turnrr, and Assistant Pi-ovost- 
 Maishal- General District of Henrico. 
 
 Captain N. IIoyskadt, Company P, Assistant Pro- 
 vost Judge, City of Ricliinond. 
 
 Captain M. J. C. Woodworth, Company G, officer 
 Provost Guard, Fourth District. 
 
 Captain G. B. Mulks, Company H, officer Provost 
 Guard, Second District. 
 
 Captain Chas. S. Paeker, Company I, officer Pro- 
 vost Guard, Fourtli District. 
 
 Captain D. I. Fbance, Company K, Commanding; 
 Provost Guard Second District 
 
 Lieutenant John I. Smith, Company A, in Com- 
 mand of Alms House. 
 
 Lieutenant TiiiOTHY jMnEBAY, Co'mpany B, officer 
 of the Provost Guard, Fonrtli District. 
 
 Lieutenant Jacob U. Winfiet.d, Company 0, Aide- 
 de-Camp to Brevet Major-General Turner, Command- 
 ing District of Henrico. 
 
 Lieutenant -John H. Dunn, Company C, officer 
 Provost Guard, Fourtli District. 
 
 Lieutenant Jas. Hatch, Company D. Street Com- 
 missioner, City of Riclimond. 
 
 Lieutenant TiYMAN Hoyseadt, Company F, Com- 
 manding Guard at State Penitentiary. 
 
 Lieutenant Tsaac Thomas, Company G, officer Pro- 
 vost Guard, Fourth Distiict. 
 
 Lieutenant E. B. Townsend, Company G, Aide-de- 
 Camp to General Tuekee,. 
 
 Lieutenant Eugen Subit, Company H, officer 
 Provost Guard Second District. 
 
 Lieutenant Remsex Vahick, Company T, Command- 
 iiipr Provost Guard at Rockett's (steamboat landing). 
 
 Lieutenant S. F. B. Gillespie, Company I, Assist- 
 ant to Provost-JMarshal-General Department of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Lieutenant Richard E Houghtaling, Company 
 K, ofBcer Provost Guard, Second District. 
 
 Novemher 27. — Regiment embarked at Rockett's on 
 steamers under orders to report at Norfolk to Brevet 
 Majnr-General A, F. A. Toebeet, Commanding 
 District of Southeastern Virginia, leaving the follow- 
 ing named officers at Richmond, performing the duties 
 heretofore named, viz. : Lieutenant-Colonel J. McEn- 
 TEE, Captain N. Hoyseadt, Surgeon R. Loughean, 
 Captain J. M- Schookmakee, Captain E. M. Misnee, 
 Captain \V. W. Beckwith, Lieutenant J. H. AVin- 
 FiELD, Lieutenant L. Hoyseadt and Lieutenant S. P. 
 B. Gillespie. During the balance of this month the 
 regiment was engaged in performing provost and 
 guard duty at Norfolk, Portsmouth, Navj'-Yard and 
 hard labor prison. 
 
 December 18. — Pursuant to Special Orders No. 71, 
 
lii 
 
 Heudquarters District of SoutlieasternVirginia, Breve t 
 Brigadier General J. B. Hardenbergh assumed com- 
 mand of that district, with headqiiartcs at Norfolk. 
 The duties of tlie regiment during this month were 
 similar to those performed during Novemb r. 
 
 1866. 
 
 The regiment continued in the performance of tUe 
 same duties U"til January' 29th, when it was muster- 
 ed out and returned home after hiilting at New York 
 City to be paid off. 
 
 Previous to the dismissal of tiie regiment they were 
 addressed bj' Colonel IIardenbeegh, >as follows : 
 
 Officers and Soldiers of the Twen ieth : The time 
 has at last arrived — which 3'ou have so long and so 
 anxiously looked forward to — when }-ou are to be 
 lioriorably discharged the service and permitted to 
 return to your homes. We are now ab(5ut to .separate — 
 many of us forever. 
 
 What recollections come crowding upon our memo- 
 ry of common dangers and sufferings, joys and sor- 
 rows — of the monotonous camp, the weary march and 
 the terrible conflict. What silent prayers go up from 
 joylul hearts that we are spared to return to our 
 friends and homes. 
 
 I could not trust myself, if I could iind words to ox- 
 press to you all that I feel on this occasion. I have 
 been so long and so intimately connected with the '• Old 
 Twentieth," that I feel as if I were about to part wili 
 a dear old friend, whose familiar face I should see no 
 more forever. I cannot, however, permit the occasion 
 to pass without returning to you, briefly, my si;.cere 
 thanks for the uniform respect, cheerful obedience and 
 strict attention to duty j'ou have ever evinced in your 
 different relations to the regiment. Whatever my 
 shortcomings may have been (and I know they have 
 not been a few), I have the satisfaction to know that 
 "I have endeavored to do my duty." 
 
 The name and reputation of the Twentieth have 
 ever been most dear to me. and during my connection 
 with it I have endeavored to keep constantly in view 
 its interest and honor. 
 
 I exceedingly regret that the regiment could noi 
 have gone home as an organization and been finally 
 discharged at its original rendezvous. There is noth- 
 ing I more greatl)' desired, or that would have afford- 
 ed rae greater pleasure, and I am sure this is the feel- 
 ing of a very large majority of the regiment. But on 
 the account of the want of proper accommodations 
 there for the men at this season, during the time 
 they would necessarily have to be detained before 
 
receiving their final pny and discliarges, tlie matter 
 was deemed unadvisable and impracticable. It was 
 supposed tliat at tins place, which had been used so 
 long as one of the regularly established depots for re- 
 cruits and regiraenis to be mustered out, wo would 
 find everything which the season and climate render- 
 ed necessary, under the circumstances, foryourhealth 
 and comfort. But I regret to say that we have been 
 most sadly disappointed. If I could have forseen 
 the slianieful and disgraceful state of things here, I 
 certainly would have used every effort in my power to 
 liave had the regiment ordered to Kingston, for how- 
 ever we miiiilit have fared there, we certainly could 
 not have fared worse that we have here. 
 
 I regret the more that we could not hiive gone 
 home as a regiment, because I know it would have 
 afforded the friends of the regiment great pleasure to 
 have extended to it a most cordial welcome. They 
 have had in course of preparation for some time a 
 new color, which it was intended to have presented 
 to the regiment upon its arrival in New YorU. Colo- 
 nel Gates came down for that purpose last Tuesday, 
 but upon his arrival here he Ibund that it was not 
 finished, and so the presentation had to be deferred 
 to some future time. It is now proposed by the citi- 
 zens of Kingston, as a testimonial of the honor and 
 esteem with which they have ever regarded the 'Old 
 Twentielh," to give an entertainment to the members 
 of the regiment on the 22d of February next, and at 
 tliat time to present the color, aud I am requested to 
 give a cordial invitdtion to every member of the regi- 
 ment to be present on that occasion. I hope that all 
 who can possibly do so will be present in tlieir proper 
 uniform. 
 
 One word more and I am done. You are now about 
 to quit the military service and return once more to 
 the quiet walks of civil life . Y^ou belong to a regiment 
 whicli lias achieved anauie and reputation which will go 
 down through all coming time and which you and those 
 who may come after you will hereafter contemplate 
 with pride and satisfaction. As you have been good 
 and faithful soldiers, so I know you will bo good and 
 exemplary citizens, ever remembering that your du- 
 ties as citizens are no le.ss important to your country 
 than those as soldiers. 
 
 " Peace hath her victoriep. 
 No less renowned Ihan war." 
 
 I hope you may long live to enjoy, through uninter- 
 rupted peace and prospeiit}', the i-ewards you lidve so 
 ricbly earned, and tliat tlie choicest blessings of 
 Heaven may ever abide with you and yours. 
 
 And now, comrades, it only remains for me to pro- 
 nounce the parting word— Farewell. 
 
liv 
 
 February 22. — Pursuant to previous notice the reg- 
 iment assembled to receive the flag which had been 
 obtained for thera bj- the citizens of Kingston ; the 
 following extrjict from one of the village newspapers 
 na'rates the circumstances incident thereto: 
 
 "On the 22J inst, th ' ceremonies attendant upon 
 tlie presentation of a regimental flag to the Twentieth 
 N. Y. S. M. took place at the armory in this village. 
 A large number of citizens and soldiers were present. 
 Major VON' Bkck of Rondout, was called to the chair. 
 Tnat veteran vocalist, Mr. Bernard Covert, was 
 then introduced and sang an appropriate patriotic 
 song. The presentation speech was made by H. H. 
 Reynolds, Esq. of this village, and the response by 
 Colonel T. B. Gates. We have no room for their 
 speeches, and can only say of them that they were 
 in the highest degree appropriate and eloquent. 
 
 "The color 's of blue silk, with the State arms beau- 
 tifully embroidered in the centre. Over these, and 
 likewise embroidered, are the words, 'Ulster Guard,' 
 Twentieth N. Y. S. M., and worked upon the colors 
 in different positions is the following regimental re- 
 cord: 'Washington, April, 1861; Beverly Ford, 
 August 21, 1862 ; Warrenton Springs, August 27, 
 1862; Gainesville, August 28, 1862; Groveton, 
 AuL'ust 29, 1862 ; Second Bull Run, August 
 30,^1862; Chantilly, September 1, 1862; South 
 Mountain, September 14, 1862 ; Antietam, Sep- 
 tember 17, 1862 ; Fredericksburg, December 12 to 
 15, 1862; Gettysburg, July 1 to 4. 1863 ; Petersburg, 
 April 1 to 3, 1865; Richmond, April, 1865.' 
 
 " After tiie services were concluded, the soldiers 
 were invited to the upper room of tire armor}', where 
 a most bounteous collation was spread, and the tables 
 were attended by fair women who gave our brave boys 
 a cordial welcome and a luxuriant repast. The entire 
 affair was a most gratifying success. 
 
 " On the evening of the same d <y the officers of the 
 regiment held a meeting at Brown's Hotel in the vil- 
 lage of Kingston, at which it was unanimously resolv- 
 ed that the regiment should be immediately reorgan- 
 ized under the National Guard law of this State, and 
 designating (on motion of Colonel Haedenbergh) 
 as their choice for commandant, Colonel T. B. Gates. 
 It was further resolved that Colonel J. B IIaeden- 
 DERGii, Major W. A. Van Rensselaer, Captain J. 
 M. Schoonmaker and Lieutenant Qeo. Noetit, Jr., 
 be appointed a committee to assist Colonel Gates in 
 reorganizing tlie regiment. 
 
 •' Since that time the work of reorganization has been 
 going on and is now nearly finished, and it is expected 
 that next August the regiment will ressume its annual 
 encampments." 
 
Iv 
 
 Alexandra, La., 128th N. Y. S. V.46 
 
 American (Northern). Characteristic Qualities, 11. 
 
 American Union Soldiers, Honors, due to, 56-'8. 
 
 Antietam, 33, 
 
 Appendix: Official Records, 20th TST. Y. S. M., or 
 80th N. Y. v., i— liT. 
 
 Arctic and Antarctic Explorations, 8. 
 
 AsToR, Brevet Brig. -Gen. John Jacob, Jr., son of 
 Wm. B. Astoe, Esq,. Vol. Aide-de-Camp to Maj.-Gen. 
 George B. McOlei.lan. may be classed, in some 
 degree, as a Representative of Red Hook. 
 
 AucHMUTY, Brev. Lt.-Ool. (U. S. V.) Richaed Tti,- 
 DEN, 97, 100, 102-'3. 
 
 J3 
 
 Bacon, Reverend Thomas Scott, 30. 
 
 Bailey, Brig.-Gen. James, Red River Dam, 46. 
 
 Baltimore, bridled and bitted by Butler, 17-18. 
 
 Barbarous Treatment of Union prisoners by the 
 Rebels in the South West, 26-'9. 
 
 Bakker, Capt. Augustus, 14t2d, 71"-'2. 118-122. 
 
 Barnard, Maj.-Gen. U. S. A., Opinion of South Car- 
 olina, 11. 
 
 Battle Roll of the 20th N. Y. S. M , or 80th N.Y. V., 
 (1861-'3)32t 
 
 Baton Bouge., 128th N. Y. V., 42-3. 
 
 Bell presented by Brevet Maj.-Gen. J. Watts db 
 Pkyster, S. N, Y., to Trinity Church, Episcopal, 
 Natchitoches, La., 30. 
 Bounty Jumpers, 57. 
 
 Brown — John, 3 4. 
 
 BuEfiOYNE, 6. 
 
 Bush— Asst. Surgeon William T., 61st N. Y. V., 
 16,* 60-'l. 
 
 Butler — Major-General Benjamin F., 17. 
 
 O 
 
 Contingent or Quota furnished by Town of Red 
 Hook, 1-2, 13-17, 21-'2, 21J. 
 
 Contingent or Quota rarni.elied by Town of Red 
 Hook— how distributed, 14-16, 29-30, 52-'3. 
 
 Olakk — Rev. Jas. Starr, Prest. ; Cooke — Giles, 
 Secretary Soldiers' Monument Association. Resolu- 
 tion of Thanks to " Orator of the Day." 3d Page 
 Cover. 
 
Ivi 
 
 CowLKS— Col David S., 35, 37, 38, 39. 
 
 Crugeb— Brevet Lt.-Col. (N. Y. V.) S. Van Rens- 
 selaer, 16f, 25-'6. 
 
 Cane River HeighU, 128th N. T. V., 45. 
 
 Cedar Creek, 128th N. Y. V., 50. 
 
 Chamberlain— Lt. Warken W., 14*, 17, 62, 67-'8. 
 
 Chancdlorsville, in many aspects, th£ Battle of the 
 War, 83-'4. 
 
 Cochorn Mortars in the hands of Red Hook " Boys 
 in Blue," 52. 
 
 Crawford— Brevet Maj.-Gen S. W., U. S. A., 25, 
 94-102. 
 
 I> 
 
 Decker— John, 20th N. Y. S. M., 68-'9. 
 
 DE Peysteh — Brevet Oapt. (N. Y. V ) Fkedeeic, 
 Jr., 17* 18, 19, 20-' 1, 33. 
 
 BE Peystee— Brevet Lt.-Col. (N. Y. V.) J. Watts, 
 Jr., 14t, 141, 23-'4 52. 
 
 DE Pf.yster — Johnston Livingston, Brevet Lt.- 
 Col. U S. and N. Y. Vols., 14* 2d, 11 16||, 18, 18t, &c. 
 
 DE Peyster — Richard Varick, eldest son of F. 
 Augustus de Peyster, who commanded the Clipper, 
 sent out with dispatches to the U. S. Ministers at 
 Gottenburg in 1814, and, at the close of a life of long 
 and honorable service, is now Superintendent of the 
 Sailors' Snug Harbor on Staten Island, In the ad- 
 vance to Washington, Williamston, Hamilton, &c., N. 
 C, in November, 1862, young de Peyster, acting 
 strictly as a Volunteer private in Col. Lee's 44th Mass. 
 Vols , Stephenson's 3d Brig., behaved so admirably 
 that he is never spoken of, in print or conversation, 
 without the highest praise. One of his Regiment, 
 writing home from Newbern, N. C, Nov. 13th, 1862 
 (See Boston Evening Tbansceipt, Saturday, Nov. 
 22d, 1862), mentions him as follows : 
 
 " But two of our men were wounded in actual 
 fight [the skirmish at Tranters (?), Creek between 
 Washington, Nov. 3d, and a point ten miles from 
 Tarboro, Nov. 6th] ; but the most unfortunate thing 
 was the wounding of de Peyster, who was searching 
 for the same wounded man (whom the Captain was 
 trying to rescue out of the creek, since he had been 
 shot in the water). You will remember him (de 
 Peyster) as one of whom T spoke, never grumbling, 
 always ready, and in every way a niodel soldier. He 
 was wounded through both parts of the arm, shatter- 
 ing both bones. His arm (the left) was amputated 
 just above the elbow. He is cheerful now, but will 
 probably feel the loss of his arm, more and more, day 
 by day." 
 
 He did suffer, for, in the clumsy operation, the nerves 
 were taken up with the arteries, and" he has continued 
 ever since to suffer, often agony. Ke was bent over 
 
Ivii 
 
 in sucb a position when wounded, that the same bul- 
 let which shattered his arm, first-passed, lengthwise, 
 diagonally, through the fleshy part of the left thigh, 
 entering above the knee. The amputation was near 
 the shoulder. 
 
 Headlt in his "Massachusetts in the Rebellion," 
 at page 416, says ; 
 
 "This regiment presents, as do so many others, 
 noteworthy instances of the patriotic devotion of 
 Massachusetts men." (This is a mistake, de Peysteh 
 was a New Yorker by birth, the seventh generation 
 born in that city. His enlistment in Boston was the 
 result of accident or rather grew outx)f his rejection 
 elsewhere on account of his extreme short-sighted- 
 ness,) " Richard V. de PEYSTERgaveupagoodsalary 
 and came from New York to Boston to enlist in the 
 Forty-fourth Regiment He was rejected by the 
 surgeon for near-sightedness, as he had been before 
 by the surgt-on of the Twenty-fourth Massachusetts; 
 liut, not daunted by this rejection, he made a bargain 
 with Capt. Smith, of Company H, to go as volunteer 
 private, without tounty, without pay, even paying 
 all his personal expenses. In selecting a few of the 
 most trustwortliy men to act as stretcher-bearers, 
 Col. Lee included de Petstee ; and, -in the discharge 
 •of his duly, at the flght near Williamston, he lost his 
 arm " 
 
 Deserters, 57. 
 
 Disunion Sentiments — How the Southern mind be- 
 came permeated with, ci-'4, H, 75-90. 
 IE 
 
 Etten— Van-.John, 128th N. Y. V., 43, 61-'2. 
 IT' 
 
 Faeragut — Admiral — 33. 
 
 Fisher — Asst. Surgeon Henry N., 60-1. 
 
 Fisher's Hill— 128th N. Y. V., at, 49. 
 
 Flag (National) of the 29th N. Y. V., presented by 
 Mrs. Henry Livinsbton Rogers, Note 3, 91. 
 
 Flag (State) of the 29th N. Y. V., presented by 
 Miss EsTELLE E. DE Peystbr, 15§, 20. 
 
 Flag of the 20th N. Y. S. M.— Glorious Record 
 of, 81. 
 
 Forlorn Hope— 128th N. Y. V.— at Port Hudson, 
 40-']. 
 
 Force of Armies, in tlie Field, and Losses, North 
 and South, in Suppressing the "Slaveholders' Rebel- 
 lion." 12, 13. 
 
 Fdnk— Corporal Petek W., 150th N. Y. V., 25,* 
 109, 110, &c. 
 
 Gates — Brev. Brig.-Gen. Thbodoeb B., Colonel 
 20th N. Y. S. M., 31, 94, i.— liv. 
 Gettijshura, -34^-35, 94-103. 
 
Fviii 
 
 Grttntler — Cheistiak, Senior, 93, 70'. 
 
 Geuntlee — Ohkistian, Junior, 93, 7.0. 
 H 
 
 HAGAE-Lt. John H., 128th N. T. Y., 16t, 26-'9. 
 36, 43. 
 
 Hatton.— J., 20th J. T. Militia, 55. 
 
 HooKEK — Major-General Joseph, 33-'4. 
 
 Hooker and Bldohek compared, 34. 
 
 Hooker and Meade compared, 34. 
 I 
 
 Ingraham— Oapt., U. S. Navy, and the Sloop-of- 
 War St. Low's in the harbor of Smyrna, 10. 
 It 
 
 Keaent —Major-General ^ TJ. S. A. ) Stepen Watts, 8. 
 
 Kearny— Philip (U. S V.) 8, 14t, 23, 24, 62-7. 
 
 Kelly— George H., 20th N. Y. S. M., 70. 
 
 KozTA delivered from the Anstrians, 10. 
 
 Lasher— Alfred. 20th N. Y. 8. M., 70. 
 
 Lincoln— President Abraham, Speech at Gettys- 
 lurg, 73-'4. 
 
 LiTiNoaxoN — Co). Charles E., 16, IF, 90-']. 
 
 Livingston — Eugene, 69, 70. 
 
 Livingston Johnston, Chairman of Inaugnral Com- 
 mittee, Letter of Invitation to the -'Orator of the Day," 
 3d Page, Cover. 
 
 - Livingston -Brev. Lt.-Ool. (U. 8. V.) Louis. 15§,25, 
 96, 97, 100. 
 
 Livingston — Robert L., 15,|| 23, 74, Note. Omission. 
 31 
 
 Manseield — Maj.-Gt'n. (U. 8. A.), 22. 
 
 MoClbllan — ^Maj.-Gen. (U.S. 'A.) Geokoe B., 7, &c 
 
 McDowell— Maj.-Gen. (U. S V.), 32. 
 
 McGill— Lt. John, 150th N. Y. V., 25*, 26, 105-"8. 
 
 MoNiFE— Sergeant Charles, 20th N. Y. S. M., 43, 
 54-'5, 71, &C. 
 
 Minklee^Geoege W. (" T,ieutenaiit Juhge"), 128tlt 
 N. Y. v., 46. 
 
 rsr 
 
 Natchitoches, La., 30, 43-'4. 
 
 "^ew York — Volunteers, furnished bv the State of, 
 6, 7. 
 
 New York 1st (Morgan [Bailey?] ) Light Artillenfy 
 ,14t. 
 
 New York State Militia, 8th, 16-7. 
 
 New York State Militia, 12th, 16-7. 
 
 New York State Militia 20th, ^\ Y. Vohmteers 80th. 
 16. 17, 22, 31-'3, 92-4, &c.. Appendix i.-liv. 
 
 New York State FoZitnieers. 128th, 80, 35-51, 103-'5, 
 &c. 
 
lix 
 
 New York State Volunteers (128th) in the She- 
 nandoah Valley, 47-50. 
 
 New York State Volunteers (150th), 51-'2, 105-111, 
 111-116. 
 
 New York Yeomanry, 6. 
 
 Note 1 to Pages 3-4 — "How the Southern mind be- 
 came permeated with Disunion Sentiments," 75, 90. 
 
 Note 2 to Pflge 16, Foot Note ^, Colonel Charles 
 E. LiviirasTos, 90-'l. 
 
 Note 8 to 1 2 Page 20, 29th N. Y. Y.- Lt. Henry 
 Livingston Roqers, 91-'2. 
 
 Note 4 to Page 22, 20th N. Y. 6. M., Roll (of 
 Honor) ot (near to and in Tivor.i — Madalin) Volun- 
 teers. August. 1861 92- '4. 
 
 Note 5 to Page 25 -Battle of Geltysbxtrg, 94-102. 
 
 Note 7 to Page 27, 128th N Y. V., Boll (of Honor) 
 i.f (TiTOLi — Madalin) Vohinteers in August, 1862. 
 103-'5, 
 
 Note 7 to Foot Note +, Page 25, Note 8 to Line 10, 
 Page .31. Biographical Notices of the 150th N. Y. V., 
 and of Individuals, Officer.^ and Non Commissioned 
 Officers and Privates belonging thereto, 105-116. 
 
 Note 9 to Line 25, Page 45— ■■Negro" (Troops), 
 116-'18. 
 
 Note 10 10 Page 71. Captain Augustus Barker, 
 118-122. 
 
 F 
 
 Patrick — Major-Gen. (Provost -Marshal-General), SI. 
 
 Paulmiee— Sergeant S. B., 25* llO-'l. 
 
 PearlRiver Expedition— I28th N. Y. V., 37. 
 
 Platt — Rev. G. Lewis, Rector St. Paul's, Episcopal. 
 Church, Red Hook ; Dedicatorj Prayer, 2d Page Cover. 
 
 Pleasant JS,7?— 128th N. Y. V., 44. 
 
 Port IIudso7t—l28tU N. Y. V., 38-42. 
 
 Pkat-i— Col. G. W., 20th N. Y. 8. M., 81, vii., x-si., 
 xxTviii.-ix., &c. 
 
 Prize Money — Our Army entitled to — as well aa 
 the Navy, 37-8. 
 
 I£ 
 
 Eeade Hoeh — Red Hook, 1. 
 
 Jlebels— Murderousness of, 28, 27-'9, 71. 
 
 Rebels — TTiijust favoritism shown by Attdbbw 
 Johnson towards. 71-'2. 
 
 Red Hook's Three Representative Regiments — 20th 
 N. Y. S. M. (or 80th N. Y. V.), 128th N. Y. Vols., 
 and 150th U. S. V.. 25, 31, 35, 51, &c. 
 
 Red River ffnpirfs— 128th N. Y. V., 46. 
 
 Redder— Le-wis, 20th N. Y. S M.:, 70. 
 
 Remarks Explanatory and Excusatory, 74. 
 
 Risedokf— HiiiAM, 20th N. Y. S, M., 61-'2. 
 
 Rogers — Lt. Henry Livingston, 29tli N. Y. V., 
 15§, 91'-2. 
 
Ix 
 
 EosEORANS — Major-Gen. (U. S. A.), 33, 55. 
 
 Roster or Boll of Volunteers before and in August, 
 1861, for 20th N. Y. S. M., 92-94. 
 
 Roster or Roll of Volunteers in August, 1862, for 
 128th N. Y. v., 103-105. 
 
 S 
 
 Saratoga — 1777, 6 
 
 Sheeman — Major-Gen. W. T., 51. 
 
 Soldiers — The Eewards of Faithful and Unfaithful 
 Soldiers contrasted, 54-'6. 
 
 State Rights were forever defunct and disposed of — 
 Tlie Display of the first Real American Flag over 
 Richmond, April 3, 1865, decisive proof that — 18-'9. 
 
 Stars AND Stkipes — ("Old Glorj ") the National 
 Ensign — History of, 4-11. 
 
 Stars and Stripes over Richmond, 18-'9. 
 
 Stookikg — Marcellus, 20th N. YS. M., 55. 
 
 Surgeons — Honor due to. 60-'l. 
 T 
 
 TiLLOTTsoN — Ohaeles H., U. S. Navy, 16§, 22-3. 
 TJ— "V 
 
 Union — A practical and united — at Port Hudson, 
 41-'2. 
 
 Uprising of the North, 11-18. 
 
 Valbdictokt — Explanatory, &c, 122. 
 W 
 
 Wainwbight — Brev. Brig.-Gen. OHAni.ES S., 14+, 
 22, 52. 
 
 Wainweight— Ool. "William P., Ifi %, 20, 32. 
 
 Washington — General Geoege, 7. 
 
 Washington saved, 128th N. Y. V., 47-48. 
 
 War — Revolutionary, 5-7, 8. 
 
 War of 1812, 7-8. 
 
 War — Mexican, 8. 
 
 War with the Barbary States, 8, 9. 
 
 War — French — Naval, 8. 
 
 War and Peace, mutually, handmaids, 53-'4. 
 
 Waeeen — Major-General (Revolutionary), 5. 
 
 Warringee — Rums, N. Y. S. M., 7l. 
 
 Watts — Gboegb, U. S. Dragoons, saved General 
 Scott's life before Chippewa, 1814, 7. 
 
 Whitmaesh — Sergeant Wm. R., 27, 29. 
 
 Winchester— i'i.Slh N. Y. V., 48-'9. 
 
 WiNBLOwand Semmes — Kearsarge kdA Alabama 10. 
 
 Wtek orDw-jER— Peter— 128th N. Y. V., 71- 
 
 Yellom Bayou, La., Priuce Polignao licked, 128th 
 N. Y. v., 47. 
 
 Yorktown— 1781 contrasted with 1862, 7. 
 
Callendar House, Tivoli, Nov. 22, 1866. 
 
 Brevet Major- General {8. N. T.) 3 ■ Watts de Pe ystee, 
 
 Tivoli : 
 
 My Dear General: 
 
 At a Meeting of the Oommittee appointed at the 
 last Meeting- of the Subscribers to the •' Soldiers Mon- 
 ument Association " to make the arrangements for 
 the inauguration of the monument erected to the 
 memory of the soldiers, who fell in their country's 
 cause, from this neighborhood — held this day at the 
 village of Madalin, it was unanimously Resolved that 
 General J. Watts de Peyster be requested to deliver 
 the Address upon the occasion. 
 
 It was further Resolved that the 28th day of No- 
 vember (Wednesday), at IJ p. m., Fellers Hall, Mad- 
 alin, be fixed as the time and place for the delivery 
 of the same. 
 
 I am requested in behnlf of the coBnmittee and the 
 subscribers to inform you of their action, and hope 
 you wi 1 accept the invitatiOYi to deliver the Address 
 on this occasion, we all feeling that th"e subject could 
 not be entrusted to any one of our community who 
 can do it the justice that you can. It will, we are 
 aware, impose upon yori some labor, but this is a fit- 
 ting cause for your labors You were foremost in the 
 efforts of all true lovers of their country in urging 
 and pointing out the necessity of the people, one and 
 all, to shoulder the musket and go forth at their 
 "country's call," We ask you now to deliver the 
 address in honor of the soldiers of this neighborhood 
 who fell. 
 
 Trusting you will not decline this honor, I remain, 
 vours truly, Johnston Livingston, 
 
 Cliairman of the Inauguration Committee. 
 
 After the delivery of the Address of General J. 
 Watts dePeystee at the Inauguration of the Soldiers' 
 Monument in Madalin, Duchess Co., N. Y., the fol- 
 lowing resolutions were unanimously adopted: 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting be ex- 
 tended to General db Petstbe for the interesting 
 and eloquent Address to which we have just listened. 
 
 Resolved. That General dkPeystee be requested to 
 furnish a copy of his Addre.«s for publication. 
 
 Jas. Staer Clark, Pres. 
 
 Giles Cooke, Secy. 
 
 Madalin. 28th November. 1866. 
 
 Presented to 
 
 By : 
 
 Cbairman of tlie Inaugarailon Committee. 
 
 " Orator of the Day." 
 
:^ 
 
 Analytical Parallel and Criticism 
 
 ON THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 UNION AND REBEL GENERALS 
 
 •H ^ 
 
 ' ,tJ "P WHO HAVE HELD 
 
 •H i COfflMAHDS-IN-CHIEF OF ARMIES.* 
 
 U i 
 
 fi "CJ The recent editorial in the Journal, entitled "Military 
 
 *P f-l " Talent in the War," from the hasty glance which its brief 
 
 _j S space compelled it to give to the prominent soldiers between 
 
 whom it instituted comparisons, suggests some points upon 
 the same subject which deserve more careful elaboration. 
 That ai'ticle, of course, was confined to points of similarity 
 between the individuals selected for comparison ; but it is 
 evident there are points of disaiepanci/, which might be 
 educed between the same individuals, and which must be 
 presented, in anything pretending to be an analysis of the 
 characteristics of the Northern and Southern Generals. 
 For example : 
 
 With all due deference to the experience of the author of 
 that article, we would submit the following criticisms upon 
 it, as questions to be decided by the judgments of reflecting 
 readers. Is the comparison or paiallel between Lee and 
 Gkakt borne out by their records ? The former would ap- 
 pear to be as C(7!(^i'6«« as the latter is !'MCT!/<!m(S, i. e., head- 
 long, bold ; the former as tenacious, in the offensive-defen- 
 sive sense oi poiinax, as the latter is pertinacious in the 
 pure aggressive. Lee may be compared to the Arch-Duke 
 Charles, of whom we have the following testimony from 
 his opponent Napoleon Bonaparte : " Prince Charles m 
 a man ichose niuJiiH can nivir attract blame." Gbant on the 
 other hand presents a combination of the peculiarities of 
 StiWABEOw, BtucHEE, Pelissier, and kindred sjiirits, 
 whose indomitable perseverance, whose Forwards ! For- 
 wards ! fed the fire of resistance with fresh columns of 
 headlong attack, until its violence was queriched in blood 
 and extinguished beneath the feet of charging life : witness 
 the Spring campaign of 1 864.t Had Grant lived at an 
 earlier date, he might have been assigned to that ilass of 
 Commanders-in-Chief— Attila, (Jenghis-Khan, Tamour- 
 lane,:): and other Eastern conquerors— ^vho expedited mas- 
 sive columns, with resistless fury, upon awaiting entrench- 
 ments, squares and lines, and overran or overwhelmed 
 nations ; — difmiseing tens of thousands to the onset, with a 
 Buggesiive and imperative motion of command; leaving to 
 subordicate ability and vigor, courage and discipline, to 
 •,„„^f „„j , — ^:J" --ainst the details of accomplishment : 
 eon by a wave of the arm hurled 
 
forward an important attack at Eylau, or Suwakbotv, ty a 
 laconic order, indicated the onsets and manoeuvres of Novi, 
 1799 : — "Kray and Bei.legarde will attack tlie left, the 
 Eussians the centre, Melas the right !" " God wills, the 
 " Emperor orders, Sow arrow commands that to-morrow the 
 " enemy be conquered." 
 
 Taking Napoleon at his own estimate of himself, as ex- 
 pressed in his own analysis of his own tactics, many ad- 
 mirers of Grakt would not be willing to accept a com- 
 parison to him as a compliment. "It is always the most 
 " obstinate general, and the one who can stand a larger ex- 
 " penditure or mor«> profuse waste of men who gains st 
 " battle." (Montgalliard viii, 203). What a contrast 
 does this confession present to the principle of Tdrenne, 
 " to economize the blood of the soldier ?' ' This last was like- 
 wise Vauban's cherished sentiment; lavish* brain work, 
 economize life! and what is the result? Ttrenne, ac- 
 cording to Napoleon's own admission, was the only General 
 who grew greater and greater by experience as long as he 
 lived, greatest, most admired, honored by friend and oppo- 
 nent, universally lamented when he fell. The same as 
 regards Vauban. Whereas Napoleon was never so great 
 as at his rising. In the earlier stages of his career he tri- 
 umphed by address, afterwards by numbers ; at first by 
 consummate skill, at last by profuse waste of blood and 
 overpowering force, annealed into mass by iron discipline.^ 
 The Nomades of Asia have produced Napoleons; witness 
 Attila, Genghis-Khan, Tamourlane; yes, the barbarian 
 races of Africa, for example, Xingha-Bandi, Mosele- 
 KATSE, whom Moffat in his South Africa styles " the 
 " Napoleon of the Desert." Where, on the other hand, 
 have such men as GusTAvns, Tukenne, Vauban, Cohorn, 
 Washington, Wellington, arisen but in the bosom of tho 
 highest, i. e., purest phase of civilization. To this latter 
 class we must hope that Sherman belongs, whose iron will 
 is subordinate to mature judgment. 
 
 The French author of the " Battle of Mont St. Jean," savs 
 that " Bonaparte now contemplated with a look of ferocity 
 " the hideous spectacle of so frightful a butchery. The 
 " more the obstacles to his snccees multiplied, the more ob- 
 " stinate he became. He was indignant at these unforseen 
 " difficulties, and far from hesitating to expose and to 
 " annihilate an army whose confidence in him knew no 
 "'bounds, he ceased not to send forward fresh troops, and to 
 " order them to charge with the bayonet, and to carry 
 " everything before them. He was often told that at 
 " various points the affair was against him, and that his 
 " troops began to waver, " Forward ! forward !" u-as Im 
 only reply. 
 
 A General sent to inform him that he found himself in a 
 position which he could not maintain, owing to the dread- 
 ful fire of a battery, and to ask what he should do. 
 "Let him carry the battery," was the reply, and Napoleon 
 abruptly turned his back on the Aide-de-Camp. 
 
 As regards character, or extreme manliness, or mag- 
 nanimity of views,|| Grant wQl always rank A 1 ; and 
 equally as a commander of men, A 1 ; but as a. consummate 
 or finished General, as a military genius, have his antece- 
 dents shown that he can claim a higher grade than several 
 others who have manifested themselves during this rebellion ? 
 
Grant and his policy recall Philip II and his adage, 
 "Time and I against any other two," Were not the 
 movements to flank Lee, in the spring of 1864, a repetition 
 of Hookek's idea of the preceding year, more successful 
 hecause carried out with the superior prestige and power, 
 moral and material, possessed by a generally popular, a 
 successful, and a trusted supreme chief. 
 
 It is very disagreeable to cite rebels in respect to ability, 
 but A. SiDSEY Johnston, of Utah notoriety, who fell at Shiloh 
 or Pittsburg Lauding, promised a great future, as did nlso 
 our Smith, who died about the same time, Reynolds, the 
 hero and victim of Gettysburg. Stonewall Jackson 
 captivated the fancy, but he was not a great General, 
 properly speaking, although his death was Providential for 
 us, since his life fired the Southern heart. His fall was 
 almost a compensation for the failure of Chancellorsville. 
 In many respects Stonewall Jackso.m and Gkakt are not 
 so very dissimilar. Just analyze both characters and decide 
 if this remark is any disparagenieut of our Lieutenant- 
 General. 
 
 Thomas, victor of the great battle at KashviUe, is a solid 
 character, grand in its solidity. He reminds a military 
 reader of the spotless Macdonald, not brilliant but always 
 leliable, whether charging through the " 1ourmente"'<Ai\iTm 
 of the Splugen, or the chaos and crash of the Austrian bat- 
 teries at Wagram, a spectacle worthy of consideration, 
 either when ordering his drums to beat the charge in order 
 to encourage his men to dare confront the Avalanches of 
 the Lepontian (Giison) Alps in 1800, or when ordering his 
 own conduct as an example where his column had to tri- 
 umph or die, on the plain of the Marchfeid, in 1809. 
 
 " O, paint the hero, who from rank to rank 
 
 Impetuous flies, 'mid death's career, at which 
 
 Bellona even stands appall'd, to stem 
 
 The current of the Rebel arms, and rear 
 
 The impenetrable rock of granite firm 
 
 In stately mass of immobility. 
 
 Describe the brazen thuntterine; cannon's mouth, 
 
 Diseharying flames of vivid tire around." 
 
 Lee is rather a Fabius than a Marcellus, or perhaps a 
 union of the best qualities of both, showing different 
 phases of energy, as a revolving light flashes forth difierent 
 colors of briUiancy as it slowly makes its revolutions before 
 watching eyes, amid the tempest. Gkant has little or 
 nothing of the delcying talent of Fabius Cunctatoh, except 
 perseverance, a quality which was not confined to the 
 Roman Dictator. 
 
 To pass on to the next couplet of the editorial parallel in 
 question. Do Joe Johnston and McClellan resemble 
 each other in the attributes which distinguish them ? The 
 former was by no means a popular commander while in 
 actual command, whereas the latter, like the noted Marquis 
 OP Geanby, was particularly so. Joe Johnston was a 
 quick, skillful, and hard hitter, eminently cognizant of the 
 value of time, of place, and of circumstance, — witness his 
 opportune appearance, to our discomfiture, at the first BuU 
 Run : MoCldllan uas sadly deficient in a due appreciation 
 of all of these three, and particularly in the combination 
 -f 4.i.„ „,t,„i„ *hi.ge Xhat " Time is a hard horse to beat," 
 ignored. He reminds a person of Athel- 
 
STAN, " the Unready," in his tardiness, being always behind 
 the time, however wise the intent and plan ; while he does 
 not recall the Saxon prince in his willingness to adventure 
 his cloth cap and jerkin against the steel head piece and 
 armor of the Templar. McClellan always demanded 
 very great and favorable odds, Joe Johnstoij was willing 
 to supply odds by augmented vigor. 
 
 In fine, Joe Johnston resembles the Great Frbdekick at 
 the epoch of the Second Silesian war; McClellan the 
 Prince Charles of Lorraine of that era. Opposed to 
 the Prince, when manipulated and directed by old Marshal 
 Tbatin (to whom Frederick admitted he "went to school," 
 a general very much of the same stamp as our Sherman). 
 Fkedeeiok, driven back slowly but surely in the same 
 manner as Joe Johnston in the Atlanta -campaign or 
 retreat, lost pre.«tige and vantage; against a Prince 
 Charles alone, the Confederate chief acquired glory and 
 achieved victory as in the Virginian Peninsular. 
 
 The third parallel is Hooker and Hood. Is there any 
 similitude between these, except that both are bold and en- 
 terprising commanders ? In genius HookerT[ towers above 
 Hood as far as one general, i. e., a manccuvring or expert 
 general, can tower above another. The plan of Chancel- 
 lorsville was a master conception. It yet remains to be 
 explained why it failed. " Sooner or later," says Mon- 
 TEsauiEV, " aU will be made known." To Hooker, as a 
 general, may be applied in another sense the idea that he is 
 " monarch of all hssurveys." Hiscoifp d'oeil ia magnificent. 
 His plan of operations in regard to battle, which occurred 
 at Gettysburg, was excellent, and if carried out as he in- 
 tended, would have ground Lee to pieces between an upper 
 and nether miUstone. His military calibre may be best 
 explained by a comparison : ITe cannot piny chess iilindfold. 
 Any battle-field within the scope of vision, he is capable of 
 governing, but the question is, can he, by telegraph or 
 orders, direct vast and difficult combinations beyond the 
 range of vision. Lookout is a triumph, glorious enough 
 for a general to repose upon. Admirably planned, it was 
 executed as boldly. Hood, on the other hand, is simply a 
 bold and reckless fighter. If it is not considered a reflec- 
 tion, and no oflfence or depreciation is intended our 
 Lieutenant-General, the parallel between Hood's and 
 Grant's tactics is closer than many would like to avow 
 were the touchstone of analytical criticism applied, cceteris 
 paribus, to both. 
 
 As to Sherman, there can be no disagreement. He is a 
 great general, the greatest this war has produced, the 
 greatest, taking the word general in its true signifieation, 
 this country has ever been blessed with. Like all trans- 
 cendant generals, he is as able with his tongue and his pen, as 
 he is as a military leader, as an administrator, as a master 
 of logistics, strategy and tactics. The world atknowledges 
 this But the glory is to have perceived it when the world 
 did not comprehend it, at the outset of his career, when the 
 wiseacres at the metropolis of mediocrity pronounced him 
 " crazy." Their verdict reminds us of the judgment passed 
 on the immortal Wolfe, whose selection to command the 
 expedition destined against Quebec, induced the represen- 
 tation to Prime Minister Pitt that he (Wolfe) was mad. 
 The great statesman's reply is variously reported, but the 
 
'O 
 
 I 
 
 rfa . Y, no 
 
 CO g ft CD ca 
 
 c <a ■:i ^ <i> ,ci 
 
 :i^jtQ -^ +DMH-P 
 
 p te 43 <D c! s6"8^ of 8*11 l^'s answers is ^e same. " If he is mad, I >xj o ^ 
 ^^ .^ ^ eg "wish he would hite all th^lBsst of the army," or " I wish fl) cfl ^ OJ 
 
 > l_l > -P ^J " there were hundreds moreSf just such mad-men in the j^ *i! fn 
 
 C m " British army." L. .H © O 
 
 U xti ■r\ C Finally, the British militejry critics couple the name of g fn rd 
 
 <D fn -H f-i another general with, alt^ugh subordinate to, that of i 5 "*f 
 
 > c6 C © Shekjuan— EosECRANS.** 5« lias shown that he possessestH ® ;5 ij 
 O © c3 © > the attributes of a great strategist. Jealousy, or some ° ^ "2 
 
 •^ ^ ® other equally potent cause,Tliaa enveloped his glory with ^ 
 
 en Sj n *m the mists of prejudice. ButCJiis campaign from Nashville^ O d c3 
 
 J O © M Ti *** Chattanooga can never Ofte forgotten by true military qj (^ q 
 
 p &!! O © rH "1'^®''^**''°''- ^^^ ability will yet emerge from the cloud _^ jq 
 
 b3 O f-i ::3 which invests it, and its brifejicy be acknowledged by an j_, q _p 53 
 
 B . c3 to O appreciating people. ^ ,. r. wxt f^-r\T\ ^ 
 
 (0 bO ^ Sherman is the Americ^ Frederic the Great (Napo- ^ 
 
 © cS f-i ca LEON, if the word imply mo^), Hannibal, and Sertoriub tg, "^ d 
 
 H E O M ("the greatest general," sajjS. the "tactician," "prophet," bO © g 
 
 D O C <n Von Bulow, " of antiquitjti"— the greatest general for O H -H g 
 
 d .d ca Tli mountain warfare, it is adi*itted, that the world has ever-P •fj |2 © 
 
 5 E-i d ^ C seen), the hero of the war, tJCb solver of the problem, and 5 "^ rl 
 em ^'^ cynosure of military admiratteu. The North can never ^^ .^ tO 
 
 " -r § c^ ^besufficiently grateful for hM;*3r, as Decker truly says, ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ;^ '^ fl, "^ ry'" a gieat captain is the chiefgt fflft of Providence to a na- ^j ^ ^ 
 
 (D ^ c, t^"tion." S ,Ci C; • 
 
 _, hOrn O J-i " Dieu des combats, iMi-luj toujours fldele ! jj © © 
 
 J l-J t/J u M JJjg^ ijg jj^ pjjjj^ couronnRjB ^nierrier ! jj •> ^ C 
 
 DM m C5 A son genie apparUe>«*fl'iai>norteUe, "IL c, S 
 
 sj O O rH A sa valeur appartie^iUle jgurief ." "ri m ir-t n 
 
 -J © -P E !_. Q Q^^ ^j ^,j^jt,g,_ si,;^ lii^ ^tli thy power ! C d OQ 
 
 53 C 'd f^ O God of peace, his warrito temples crown! m r^ IS 
 
 J >1 4^ O Due to his genius tliepinflnortal" flower, _! -» 
 
 T3 C3 P4 The laurel has his Ta^pi| iMde his own. O -H CO 
 
 "" ?n n ^ ID There has been no combined sQiatim manoeuvring, prop- Q ^ j-. 
 
 . I m « -jerly speaking, in this war, e^pFby Eosecraks and Sheb- o © © 
 
 a .H S ^MAN. g oi- Wati. de Peysier. qj -h .^ © 
 
 " g .p Febedary 12, 186S. ^ ^ ffi rH -P ,n 
 
 H © O O <H 
 
 d TJ d -P O 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 * The following remarks are printed verbatim, as written 
 in order that it may not be charged that they were made 
 subsequent to operations, which might have occasioned 
 changes of opinion in regard to the generals cited, or have 
 induced the writer to suppress or alter or color his criti- 
 cisms in accordance with facts, circumstances, interest or 
 the times. If they are just, let them stand as a proof of 
 clear and honest judgment ; if unjust, they will fall to the 
 ground as errors, not intentional mistakes, but errors in 
 judgment, dictated by no feeUng against any one named on 
 the loyal side. 
 
 t Grant, according to the analysis of one of the best dis- 
 sectors of character, Grant is no strategist — as the term is 
 generally used — but a TBOR-striker, whose road to his ob- 
 ject is corduroyed with dead men. 
 
 :t:BA.!AZET, at Angora, Friday, 20th or 28th July, 1402, 
 although at the head of 120,000 Osmans, placed his mam 
 reliance in his 30,000 janizaries, infiantry, whom, con- 
 
Btituting his main centre, marshalled in a vast parallelo- 
 gram, he commanded in person, on foot,* in their midat. 
 
 Tamerlane led 840,000 Mongols and auxiliaries, prin- 
 cipally cavalry, whose charges, headed hy his hrave sons and 
 grandsons, wore out the whole summer day without de- 
 ciding the conflict. Finally, the lame Khan, having 
 launched in vain 10,000 after 10,000 cuirassiers, as 'well as 
 light armed horsemen against the Turks, signalled 60,000 
 —some say 100,000 horse — his grand reserve and chosen 
 column, to make a decisive efibrt. It was successful ; and 
 on a field strewn with hundreds of thousands of dead and 
 wounded, the vast majority Tartars, Timour received the 
 tokens of victory, and welcomed to the shelter of his tents his 
 , illustrious captives, among them his rival and late haughty 
 antagonist and his son MusA, hesidos several emirs and 
 oiEcers of the highest distinction. (Savage's Turkish 
 History : New York Historical Society, 144-'6 Lamar- 
 tine's La Turquie. Von Kauslbk's " Memorahle Bat- 
 " ties, Comhits and Sieges," — pp 145-'6, plate 1-3. 
 
 ^ But we must pass over in silence the Spanish wars, and 
 the times subsequent to them, or, at least, only speak of 
 them to bring up the faults committed, and to prove that 
 Fortune must have abandoned Napoleon the day he be- 
 came unfaithful, in carrying on military operations, to the 
 true principles of war, which hitherto he had respected. The 
 accumulation of men and means were useless to date from 
 those epochs of unhappy memory, and, with the exception 
 of Lutzen and Bautzen, (to which the translator excepts 
 again), we cannot recognize Napoleon in any of his cam- 
 paigns. (Maumont's " Military Institutions," 120.) 
 
 II Had the writer read the Lieutenant-General's Report 
 before this was published, he would have been more 
 restricted in regard to the magnanimity, without adding a 
 word as to the ability, of the Commander-in-Chief. Grant 
 should have been more considerate in regard to others, par- 
 ticularly Roseceans, whose laurels are laurels indeed, 
 whereas the coronal which encircles his Own brows should 
 be composed not of laurels (or at best of laurels alone), but 
 of asphodels. 
 
 ITMakmont, in his "Military Institutions," avers that, 
 with 10,000 men a general fights ; that he should be in the 
 midat of his troops, and often expose himself to the enemy's 
 
 fire. [As general of division, espe<:ially at'WiUiamsburgh 
 
 by many considered the bloodiest battle iof the whole rebel- 
 lion — Hooker fulfilled these conditions.] 
 
 A general, continues the Duke of Ragijsa, commands 
 30,000 men, manoeuvres his troops and his reserves, and 
 as a rule, with the exception of extraordinary cases, keeps 
 out of musketry {i.e., old-fashioned musketry fire at 100 
 yards) but is under artillery fire (cannon range in Mar- 
 mont's time scarcely exceeded that of rifled musketrj' at this 
 epoch), and remains within range of round shot. [At An- 
 tiotam and Look-Out, Hooker again nobly performed his 
 duty under this category of requirements.] 
 
 A general, concludes the French Marshal, directs or 
 supervises WO,mO men. He draws up the plan, issues his 
 orders before the battle, sets the ball in motion, and awaits 
 the event in a central position. [This Hooker did at 
 Ohanoellorsvdle, and hia strategical preparations cannot 
 
■well he found fault with.] During the action he heoomea 
 a sort of Pro-vidence, without the irresistible power to cause 
 his orders, however indispensable to euccese, and even the 
 safety of his troops, to be executed, he meets instantly unex- 
 pected contrarieties, and remedies greater accidents. [HooK- 
 EK, stricken down and senseless for hours, at the moment his 
 generalship was most needed, could not enact this role.] 
 He should expose himself before the battle to see every- 
 thing for himself, and judge with precision of the real 
 state of affairs. These duties performed, he gives his or- 
 ders, and leaves to each subordinate those belonging to the 
 part assigned to him. [Hooker did this emphaticallj', and 
 subordinates knocked his grand conception, by non-execu- 
 tion thereof, into pi.] If alfairs go well, he has nothing 
 more to do. If accidents occur he should avert or retrieve 
 them as far as the means in his power will allow. If things 
 are very bad, and a catastrophe is to be feared, he should 
 put himself at the head of his last reserves, and head them 
 against the enemy, and his presence at this moment of su- 
 pieme importance gives them an impulse and a moral 
 force which doubles thiir valor. [At ■Williamsburgh 
 Hookek'r piesence held his men up against fearful odds, 
 and when they had to give ground they gathered around 
 him as a centre and strong tower, to make their last des- 
 perate stand. Throughout the Peninsular campaign it 
 was everywhere and always the same. At Bristow Station 
 Stokewall Jackson encountered in "fighting Joe" a 
 moral impulse and potential fighting power equal to his own, 
 and was thei e first drwe?/., as he had been W'ont to drive. At 
 Antietam the same casualty kept Hooker's intrepidity and 
 genius from transmitting partial into complete success, and 
 in the Georgia campaign, from Lookout to Peach-Tree 
 Creek, Hooker was the prominent figure in the triumph, 
 splendid in the brilliancy of his eflective execution.] 
 
 ** Taking the word General [strategos) in its closest 
 and highest soni-e, as regards strategical, administrative 
 and supervisorj' abilities, Eoseceans is certainly the com- 
 mander who tomes nearest to the exemplification of the 
 Greek idea. The greatest general (strategos) of the Ameri- 
 can Kevolution , either on the Colonial or Royal side, was 
 Gheeme. As a strategist and master of grand tactics, no 
 other, not even WASHI^■GTO^ himself, could approach 
 him. 
 
 EosECKANS is the Geeene of this war ; but even as 
 Gbeeke had a thorn in his side — a link, very small, but 
 still a link wanting — even so must it be with Eose- 
 CBAKS, or else he would have stood forth as the Man, taking 
 man in its broadest and grandest acceptation, the hero of 
 this war. He had all the cool deliberation of Gkeeke — the 
 active energy of Wayne — and the intelligent pertinacity 
 of Schuyler ; but — and here the analysis of character finds 
 itself baffled, even as in chemistry or any other science, 
 the detection of some little remote cause of the highest im- 
 portance, eludes the earnest investigation of the philoso- 
 pher. EosECRANS is one of those men whom a West Point 
 education developes. He is a striking exception to that 
 general rule, that the inevitable result of routine education 
 is to choke free thought. "Witness Davis and Lincoln. 
 KoSECRANS issued from "West Point, not only a mere mas- 
 ter of battalion tactics, but a chemist, architect, engineer, 
 
8 
 
 miner, natural philosopher, competent to grapple with the 
 fine exigencies of any §cientific career, and develope himself 
 into a practical application of what he had learned. That 
 is to say, the germ of his education, grew through his reflec- 
 tion and experience into a plant whose magnitude was a 
 proper sequel to its origin. In the military art and science 
 he is not only a practical soldier, hut an organizing origin- 
 ator. Witness the system of inspections, which, admirable 
 as they are, were hased on his original orders. He certainly 
 possesses the mist comprehensive intellect of any general 
 the Writer has encouuted in society. Able to converse on 
 military topics with a soldier, surveying with an engineer, 
 mineralogy with a scientific miner, chemistry with an edu- 
 cated manufacturer of articles, whose productions and 
 profits are hased on that science, trade with a merchant of 
 high standing and close observation. The list of his capa- 
 bilities might be enlarged, but sufficient has been said to 
 prove that a West Point education is of untold practical 
 valueeven to a citizen, provided that citi2en has the brain 
 to receive, and comprehend, and apply the instruction. 
 
 But to return to Rosechans' military record, which alone 
 is pertinent to this occasion. In Western Virginia his 
 plans of operations, his manipulation of his troops, his com- 
 prehension of the capabilities and assignment of men, and 
 his command are faultless, as far as he was permitted to 
 act independently, and was not fettered by that injustice 
 which from the first prevented the Louvois in the War De- 
 partment from j udging dispassionately of the merits ofmen, 
 and, by blinding his judgment with his prejudices, pre- 
 vented him from perceiving that he was sometimes sacri- 
 ficing the interests of a great people, of humanity in gross, 
 his own personal dislike of individuals, and his use of 
 his power as a public officer, to gratify ah inexplicable ap- 
 petite for annoyance? Witness his answer(l) to Rose- 
 CRANS, when the latter applied to Imn for reinforcements, 
 in July, 1863, " that he (Stanton) would be damned if he 
 " would give him (Roseckans) another man." This drew 
 forth the remark of General Rousseau, that " he was satis- 
 "fiedthatmy (Rosecrans') official destruction was but a 
 " question of time and opportunity. The will to accom- 
 " plish it existed, and that it was no use to hoi)e for any 
 " assistance from the War Department." 
 
 The Same remarks apply as justly to Eosecbans whole 
 subsequent career, for the same causes produced like re- 
 sults up to the moment he was relieved from command. 
 
 „ „ Anchor. 
 
 TrvoLi, December, 1865. 
 
 *J^'/>'''"J™" Rosechans' Testimony before the Joint Committee on 
 the Conduct of the War ; Report 142, page 28, Eoseceakb' Cam- 
 paign.