MV6EVMoFTHEAnER.lCAN INDIAN ||| iniini]hi]MJjiN]inii]Uiiii|ifiiliii]iiii»iiiiiii]lJiLH[i]liiJiiULii[ihiii [ i iLl'llii'IUiiiJJi (^iiiiiii;iliiiaiiliiiiiii)iil[ | iii^f|Uiiii^ FREDERICK W. HODGE COLLECTION Huntington Free Library Native American Collection :«=>-»«««Pi=portunity opening of the Exposition on New Year's Day, 1915, eleven months before the last of the taxes had been col- lected out of which the last balance of the $30,000 appro- priated was to be paid. This work devolved upon a com- mission whose members gave their time and energy with- out compensation. The New Mexico Board of Exposition Managers, at the very outset of its undertaking, asked for the submission of designs and specifications for a building in the typical New Mexico architecture as exemplified in the mission churches and public buildings of the Franciscans and the Spanish conquerors of three hundred years ago. The plans submitted by Architect I. H. Rapp, who had charge of the construction of the Capitol, the Executive Mansion and other notable New Mexico public buildings, were ac- cepted. There were some misgivings as to the commission being able to meet the cost of so noble an edifice, but through able financing, it became possible to erect it for a sum far below what had been deemed possible. The commission attacked the problem with vigor. It formulated plans that expressed lofty ideals. The innum- erable details of which an outsider can have no adequate idea were worked out conscientiously. There were doubts and misgivings, it is true, but the work accomplished has justified the course mapped out at the beginning. The result has been a building and exhibits of which the commonwealth is justly proud. The publicity already gained, were it charged up at space rates, could not be paid for by three times the amount spent altogether. The exhibits are such that they may be deemed permanent and can be utilized for publicity work for many years, and finally become a permanent historical record increasing in value with each decade. The educational exhibit was prepared under the direc- tion of a Woman's Auxiliary consisting of the following: executive committee; Chairman, Mrs. W. J. Fugate of East Las Vegas; Vice-chairman, Miss Flora Conrad of Santa Fe; Secretary, Mrs. Rupert F. Asplund of Santa- Fe ; Assistant Secretary, Miss Aurora Lucero of Santa Fe, and Mrs. A. B. McMillen of Albuquerque, and the fol- lowing members representative of the twenty-six counties: Bernalillo, Mrs. A. B. McMillen, Albuquerque; Chaves, Mrs. W. A. Johnson, Roswell ; Colfax, Mrs. J. J. Shuler, Raton; Curry, Mrs. A. W. Hockenhull, Clovis; Dofia Ana, Mrs. G. W. Frenger, Las Cruces; Eddy, Mrs. E. B. Kemp, Artesia; Grant, Mrs. G. K. Angle, Silver City; Guadalupe, Mrs: C. H. Stearns, Santa Rosa; Lincoln, Mrs. W. L. Gumm, Carrizozo; Luna, Mrs. J. C. Moir, Deming; McKinley, Mrs. Stella Morris, Gallup; Mora, Miss Lena Fenton, Wagon Mound; Otero, Mrs. G. W. Young, Tularosa; Quay, Mrs. R. P Donohoo, Tucum- cari; Rio Arriba, Mrs. Samuel Eldodt, Chamita; Roose- velt, Mrs. A. A. Rogers, Portales; Sandoval, Sister Mar- garet Mary, Bernalillo; San Juan, Mrs. R. M. Jackson, Aztec; San Miguel, Mrs. W. J. Fugate and Mrs. Elmer E. Veeder, East Las Vegas; Santa Fe, Mrs. Rupert F. Asplund, Miss Flora Conrad, Miss Aurora Lucero, Santa Fe; Sierra, Mrs. Charles Anderson, Kingston; Socorro, Mrs. J. G. Fitch, Socorro; Taos, Mrs. Alexander Gus- dorf, Taos; Torrance, Mrs. Harry Fincke, Moriarty; Union, Mrs. John A. Pace, Clayton; Valencia, Mrs. Eduardo M. Otero, Los Lunas. This board after a pub- lic contest awarded to Mrs. Florence Bartlett of San Acacio, Socorro County, the prize for the best scenario of a New Mexico motion picture play. The motion picture camera was recognized as the great- est aid in presenting vividly and convincingly New Mex- ico's attractions to the Exposition visitors. From it was evolved the New Mexico idea of a continuous daily per- formance at the State building. More than 30,000 feet of motion pictures were taken and more than 3,000 colored slides for stereopticon purposes were collected and will tell the world New Mexico's story graphically as it never has been told before. Supplementing this, a complete mineral exhibit has been gathered. Artistic models have been made of notable landmarks. Provision has been made for a striking exhibit of gems, of native handicraft, of art. The State owes much to the public spiritedness of a number of private citi- zens and several business enterprises, who contributed in the way of material or cash for the exhibits. Several of the boards of county commissioners also took advantage of the opportunity to gain desirable publicity for their coun- ties and appropriated sums of money so that their counties might be adequately represented. All this entailed much time, considerable traveling about and consistent planning and execution. However, the board is well pleased with the ready re- sponse it met, the efficient assistance it was given, the suc- cess attained. It would be a pity if the commonwealth were not to make provision to preserve as a monument to the Spanish conquerors and Franciscan martyrs the noble edifice reared at San Diego, reproducing it in imperishable concrete as a place in which to keep protected from danger of fire and vandals the pictorial archives and other exhibits gathered with such care and thoroughness. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE jM — 9 MANUEL U.VI6IL,SEC:V.TREAS. ALBUQUERQUE. NEW f\t)(\CO. EXPOSITI iNAGERS AT PANAMA-CALIFORNIA-EXPOSITION.SAN DIEGO 1913 ^ 10 — ESTELLE BENNETT BURTON, ASST SLCRETARV CHASE BELL. CINEMATOGRAPHER JOHN PERCY ADAMS C,E. MODELER NEW MEXICO BOARD OF EXPOSITION MANAGERS — 11 — NEW MEXICO BUILDING— PANAMA-CALIFORNIA EXPOSITION B Y A. E. KOEHLER N INSPIRATION, it has been called, the New Mexico Building at the Panama-Cali- fornia Exposition at San Diego. True it is, that among the magnificent structures at the Exposition Beautiful, there is not one more appropriate, more impressive, more significant. The exterior of the New Mexico building is in greater part a replica of the Franciscan mission church on the Rock of Acoma, a fort and castle-like structure, almost severe but also magnificent in its simplicity and with many massive buttresses. In order to lighten the heaviness of the facade, the balustrade as it is found in the mission church of Cochiti was reproduced. The church has two charac- teristic bell towers and is connected with the convent by an enclosed arcade which serves as a publicity room. On the roof between the two campaniles there is a tea garden. The Patio is surrounded by an arched cloister and a foun- tain plays in the garden, recalling days of Old Castile. In the church is located the main auditorium, which has been pointed out as the most unique moving picture theater in the world. It has been furnished in mission style and seats six hundred people. Here are shown 30,000 feet of motion picture films and 3,000 stereopticon views, all being explained by expert lecturers. New Mexico's re- sources, attractions, progress, are the theme of every talk and admission is free to all. The publicity room has been made attractive with Indian rugs, comfortable chairs, tables and desks for representa- tives of commercial organizations and newspapers. In the convent are the exhibit halls, with the mineral and other exhibits, the wonderful models of historic land- marks, Indian pueblos and mission churches and various displays, maps, charts, all complying with a standard of beauty and art, set from the very start for all exhibits. There are cozy rest rooms for women, with colored trans- parencies of New Mexico's most beautiful scenery in the windows, and various offices for exposition officials. ROMANS AUXILIARY atEaVIBKRS OF THE EXECUTIVE C01M3IITTEE RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 12 I HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NEW MEXICO BY PAUL A. F. WALTER . T IS owing to the fact that New Mexico was the seat of a distinctive and advanced cul- ture of the stone age that it is the most inter- esting region archaeologically in the United States. A comparatively numerous prehis- toric population occupied the valleys of the San Juan, the Rio Grande, the Gila, and left ruins of thousands of habitations, ranging from single-chambered cave and cliff dwellings to communal dwellings of over a thou- sand rooms each, veritable fore runners of the modern apartment houses, some of them being four or five stories high and occupied in their day by hundreds of families. It the Pajarito Park, twenty miles west of Santa Fe, 20,000 such dwellings have been mapped and they are found not only in the valleys mentioned but also in the more remote hills and ranges as well as in the rugged country south and southeast of the Navajo reservation. In these cave, cliff and prehistoric communal houses, are found decorated pot- tery, stone utensils and weapons, fabrics, charred corn and beans, and other evidences of occupation by a people who had vanished when the first Europeans came, but who had a highly organized communal and religious life. It is possible, in fact, it is likely, that the descendants of these prehistoric villages and structures are to be found among the Pueblo Indians, who had built towns, were cultivating the fields, practiced elaborate religious cere- ' monies, and had advanced in certain handicrafts when the first Spaniards set foot upon what is now New Mexico soil. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and three companions were the first men of alien birth to penetrate as far as New Mexico. This was in 1 536, only 44 years after the dis- covery of America by Columbus. Spanish explorers then came in rapid succession, Fr. Marcos de Niza in 1539, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1 540, Francisco de Ibarra 1563, Fr. Augustin Rodriguez 1581, Antonio de Espejo 1 582, Castano de Sosa I 590, and Juan de Onate in I 598. The diaries and reports of the explorers and the stories of these expeditions are narratives of thrilling epi- sodes and of terrible hardships. There is nothing in the epics of ancient history, nor in the narratives of the great marches of modern times, that transscends in interest the accounts of tihe travels of Cabeza de Vaca or of the heroic march of Coronado. These explorers found the Pueblo Indians living in towns in the Rio Grande Valley as far north as Taos, as far east as the Manzanos, as far west as the Seven Cities of Cibola which are supposed to have included Zuni and the Hopi villages, and as far south as Sonora. There were clashes with the Pueblo Indians as early as in 1 540, when Coronado's army defeated the Zunis at Hawaikuh. Coronado named the country New Granada. The first Indian insurrection occurred in the year follow- ing and was ruthlessly subdued. That year, 1541, Coro- nado started on his famous march in search of Quivira which took him as far north as eastern Kansas. In 1542, the first Franciscans were martyred by the Indians. But from that date on the work of Christianizing the Pueblos proceeded heroically under the preaching of the Fran- ciscans. The first missions were established in 1581 by two Franciscan Fathers and a Franciscan Brother. It was in 1 568 that the name of New Mexico was first applied to the region which then covered part of the pres- ent State of New Mexico, included what is now Arizona, part of Colorado and extended as far north as Yellow- stone Park and east to Louisiana. In 1 583 another Spanish explorer named the province New Andalusia. In 1 590, Castano de Sosa established among the Pueblo Indians the form of government to which they adhere to a certain extent to the present day. It was Juan de Onate, however, who made the first set- tlement in what is now New Mexico. His expedition from Mexico numbered 400, of whom I 30 were colonists with their families, and at a point in the lower valley of the Rio Grande, south of San Marcial, he took possession of the country in the name of the King of Spain. He advanced up the Rio Grande as far north as San Juan and opposite that Indian pueblo established the first Spanish colony, in the summer of 1 598, a decade before the English planted a colony at Jamestown and more than two decades before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth Rock. The town established by Onate was called San Gabriel. In January of the following year occurred the memora- ble batde at Acoma. It lasted three days and the surviv- ing Acomas surrendered to Vicente Zaldivar. Upon his return from an expedition to the Gulf of Cali- fornia, Onate founded the city of Santa Fe, the date being RESOURCES AND INDUSTrflES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 13 l^sIETV^ MEXICO hthe: la isid of" c:>PRCDRTu^^TV^ 1 606, and since then the history of Santa Fe has been to a large extent the history of the Southwest and especially of New Mexico. Oiiate, between 1560 and 1608, erected a government building known to this day as the Palace of the Governors and which is without doubt the most historic structure in the United States. It is today the home of the Museum of New Mexico, the School of American Archaeology and the Historical Society of the State, a shrine for thousands of tourists and pilgrims each year. The history of New Mexico for the next fifty years is one of internecine strife between civil and ecclesiastical au- thorities, of Indian revolts, of frequent changes in govern- ors until in 1 680, a general insurrection of the Pueblo In- dians resulted in the expulsion of the Spaniards from New Mexico. The story of the Pueblo conspiracy and revolt is a most remarkable one. Juan Pope, an Indian from San Juan living in Taos, was the leader, and he formed an alliance of the Indian pueblos. On August 1 0, 1 680, the Indians rose simultaneously, killing the Spanish priests, soldiers and colonists, except the few who escaped to Santa Fe. Converging from all sides, the Pueblos by the thousands attacked the Capital. The little garrison of 150 repulsed them but could not lift the siege. On August 1 6, after a terrific battle, the thousand Spaniards, including women and children, retreated into the Palace of the Governors, which was also a castle and a fort, where for a week they were huddled together. On August 23, the Indians cut off the water supply, and Governor Otermin, in his extremity, made a sally which resulted in a stinging defeat of the Indians who left 300 dead on the battleground. The Spaniards with scant provisions set out afoot for El Paso, arriving there on December 20. It was a heart-breaking journey over almost trackless wilds, with men, women and children scantily clothed, in inclement weather, with insuffi- cient provisions and continually harrassed by Indians. About 1 50 women and girls were taken captives by the Pueblos and many of them were murdered while the sur- vivors were compelled to marry their captors. History has scarcely a parallel to this memorable march and some day it will serve for the theme of a great New Mexico epic. Efforts to reconquer New Mexico from the Pueblo In- dians failed for twelve years. Otermin, in 1681, pene- trated as far as Cochiti; Gironza Petriz de Cruzate led seventeen expeditions into New Mexico, between 1 683 and 1687. In the last-named year, Pedro Reneros de Posada sacked the pueblo of Santa Ana. In August, 1689, Cruzate defeated the Indians at Zia, slaying 600, but it was not until I 692 that Don Diego de Vargas Za- pata Lujan Ponce de Leon achieved the permanent recon- quest of New Mexico, and took possession of Santa Fe. The Indians, though at first making a show of resistance, submitted wathout giving battle. DeVargas made a peace- ful march of conquest to the various pueblos and was met with demonstrations of joy, after which he returned to El Paso. There he gathered 800 persons, consisting of troops, priests, colonists, women and children and with them set out on October 1 3, I 693, to take permanent possession of the reconquered province. This march was as memorable as the retreat of Otermin, thirteen years before and on it, thirty women and children perished of hunger. When DeVargas reached Santo Domingo he was in- formed that the Tanos Indians, aided by the Teguas, would resist further progress. December 15, DeVargas, nevertheless, resumed his march toward Santa Fe. The expedition camped at the entrance to the city, DeVargas with a small retinue proceeding into the city, planting a large cross in the Plaza in front of the Palace and taking formal possession. Among the Spaniards camped outside of the town, the cold, heavy snows and smallpox were de- manding heavy tribute. The Indians gave evidence of restlessness and a conspiracy was discovered among them to massacre the Spaniards. Reinforcements reached DeVargas as well as the In- dians and on December 29 a pitched battle occurred in the foothills near Santa Fe. The Pecos Indians aided De- Vargas and for a time stood the brunt of the attack. Fin- ally, the Spanish cavalry routed a horde of mounted Te- guas and Picuris and turned the tide of battle in favor of the Spaniards although nightfall left the battle still unde- cided. At daybreak the Spaniards and their allies as- saulted the city, easily putting the rebels to flight. Seventy of the traitorous Indians were shot in the Plaza and four hundred women and children of the Pueblos were made captives and distributed among the Spanish families as servants. DeVargas, who was by far the greatest figure in New Mexico during the Spanish occupation, redistributed the lands and completed the conquest of the Pueblos, scourg- ing also the Apaches and Comanches. On April 16, 1694, he defeated the rebels at Cieneguilla, fifteen miles southwest of Santa Fe, killing 25, capturing 300 women and children, 1 ,000 sheep and 70 horses. The final great battle took place on the Mesa Prieta near San Ildefoiiso, twenty miles northwest of Santa Fe, in May, 1694, and there the Pueblo confederacy was finally crushed, although for a short time, in June, 1696, the rebellion flared up agpin and 20 soldiers and seven priests were killed before RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE M l^EW^ AUEXICO TTHE L-ANID OF" QRPORTUNITV" DeVargas could wreck vengeance. One month later he was succeeded as governor by Don Pedro Rodriguez de Cu- bero and was thrown into prison in the Old Palace for three years, to be vindicated in 1 700 and restored to the governorship. Cubero took the first official census, reporting 1 ,500 Spaniards in the province, many of them on the point of starvation. In 1 698, a French expedition from Louisiana invaded New Mexico to punish the Navajos for a raid on a French colony, and killed many of them. In 1 699, Cubero founded Laguna and Cubero, populating them with scattered Queres Indians. DeVargas died in 1 704 and was buried in Santa Fe. His successor, Francisco Cuervo y Valdez, founded Albu- querque in 1 706. Jose Chacon Medina Salazar was the next governor who routed the Navajos and was removed in 1712, upon charges preferred by ecclesiastics. During the succeeding administration, that of Juan Igna- cio Flores Mogollon, a formidable rebellion by the con- federated Indian tribes was put down and victories were won in the Ute country as well as over the Acomas and the Navajos. But Mogollon, too, had to yield to ecclesi- astical influence and resigned. He was not permitted to go free and was imprisoned in the Old Palace, as had been DeVargas. Felix Martinez, who succeeded Mogollon as governor defacto, defeated the Moquis in two battles. During his absence, the Utes partially destroyed Taos and were de- feated upon his return in a bloody battle near Conejos, now in Colorado. Fifty Spanish women and children and many Indian women and girls of the Taos pueblos, who had been taken captives by the Utes, were rescued. Martinez was removed by force from his office and tried at Mexico City. Governor succeeded governor in rapid succession. In 1 72 1 , the Franciscans, upon a decree from the King of Spain, established the first free public schools in all the Spanish towns and the Indian pueblos. In 1 743, the first French colonists settled in New Mexico. It was during the administration of Tomas Tellez that a stinging defeat was inflicted upon the Comanches and that silver was discovered in what is now Colorado. In I 767, Santa Fe was almost totally destroyed by a flood that caused $200,000 worth of damage and the loss of 50 lives. In I 776, the year of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, an expedition under Escalante discovered the great Salt Lake, now in Utah. In the following year, New Mexico, Durango, Sanora and Chihuahua were consolidated into one province. In I 779, near where Hutchinson. Kan- sas, now stands. Governor Juan Bautista de Anza, in one of the bloodiest battles of New Mexico history, defeated the Comanche chief Cuerno Verde. During the term of Fernando Chacon, in 1 804, the first merchants from the United States arrived. In 1805, Col. Zebulon Pike and a military escort were taken captives by the Spaniards near Alamosa, now in Colorado. They wene serit to Chihuahua, tried and acquitted. In 1810, New Mexico elected and sent to the Cortez at Madrid, Spain, a representative, Pedro Bautista Pino, who served for ten years when the independence of Mex- ico also separated New Mexico from the dominion of the King of Spain. In 1812, mercantile traffic was established over the Santa Fe Trail, between the Missouri and Santa Fe. The first caravan was seized and its leader, McKnight, arrested at Santa Fe and sent to Chihuahua to be tried as a spy. In 1821, after 223 years of Spanish rule. New Mexico fell under the rule of Iturbide, emperor of Mexico, who sent two governors, Francisco Xavier and Antonio Vis- carra. Mexico became a republic in 1 824, and Bartolome Baca was the first governor under the new order of things. New Mexico being established a territory by a decree of the congress at Mexico City. After I 822, Ceran St. Vrain, David Waldo, Kit Car- son, Charles and William Bent and other pathfinders, trappers and frontiersmen came to New Mexico. In 1827 the placer gold deposits in southern Santa Fe County were discovered. A provincial deputation was organized at Santa Fe in I 822 and passed the first public school law. The first newspaper was established about 1835. That year New Mexico was made a department of the Republic of Mexico. In 1837, northern New Mexico rebelled again Gov- ernor Albino Perez because of a tax law he had signed. Perez and other public officials were assassinated near~ the capital and the rebels occupied Santa Fe. The loyal citi- zens organized at Tome and under the leadership of Manuel Armijo defeated the rebels, and four leaders of the latter were shot at Santa Fe on January 24, 1 838. Texas, after separating from Mexico, set up a claim to New Mexico and a Texas expedition invaded the depart- ment near Fort Sumner in 1841, penetrating as far as Tu- cumcari, where General Armijo took them prisoners with- out firing a shot. Other raids by the Texans followed but were all defeated. A peace delegation of the Utes attacked Governor Ma- riano Martinez de Lejanza in the Old Palace at Santa Fe, and would have murdered him had not the governor's wife F?ESOURCES AND I NDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 15 — IvrCVV^ MEXICO HTHE: land OF" OFFORnrUNIT^ir rushed into the melee with an uplifted chair and held back the excited Indian chiefs until soldiers came to her rescue. In the light that followed many of the Utes were killed. In 1 846, during the war with Mexico, General Stephen Kearny with 300 regulars, 700 volunteers and 900 cav- alry under Col. Doniphan, followed by 1 ,800 men under Col. Sterling Price, invaded New Mexico, annexing the department to the United States. Kearny entered Santa Fe on August 1 8, 1 846, Governor Armijo disbanding his troops at Apache Pass and fleeing without striking a blow. Doniphan marched southward and defeated the Mexi- can army at Brazito. Gen. Kearny, with Kit Carson as guide, proceeded to California with a large portion of the American army of invasion. Doniphan continued to Chi- huahua. An insurrection broke out among the Mexicans still loyal to the government of Mexico. Governor Charles Bent, who had been appointed by General Kearny, was assassinated at Taos on January 14, 1847, together with a number of Americans. Col. Sterling Price vfith 300 men and a company of Spanish-American volunteers under Captain Ceran St. Vrain defeated the rebels at Santa Cruz and at Embudo. At Taos, a stubborn battle was fought in which 1 50 of the rebels were killed or wounded, while the Americans lost in killed one officer and six soldiers and in wounded 46 men. On December 6, 1847, and before the formal cession of New Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February 2, 1 848, the first legislature met in Santa Fe. A convention, the following year, asked for the es- tablishment of a territorial form of government in place of the military rule. In May, 1 850, after a bitter factional fight, a state government was organized, a constitution adopted, state officials and a congressman as well as a state legislature elected which in turn chose two United States senators, Francis Cunningham and Richard Weightman. But this effort to establish a state government at that time was not sanctioned by congress, and New Mexico and Utah were admitted as territories and California as a state on September 9, 1 850. In 1853, Governor William Carr Lane provisionally annexed the Mesilla Valley, until then claimed by the State of Chihuahua. The annexation was" ratified by the Gadsden treaty signed with Mexico on December 30, 1853, the United States paying $10,000,000 for the strip taken. During the Civil War, New Mexico was in the main loyal to the Union, in fact, in proportion to population, furnished more volunteer* than any other state or territory. Several battles were fought on American soil, the most notable at Glorieta, twenty miles east of Santa Fe, at Per- alta and at Valverde in the southern part of the State. The Confederate advance unchecked at Valverde enabled them to hold Santa Fe and the country south until the battle of Glorieta in 1 862 re-established the Union officials in power. On August 7, 1 862, the California Column, after a march now famous in history, reached the Rio Grande and all of the military posts in Arizona, southern New Mexico and northwestern Texas were re-occupied by this column. In 1 868 came the final submission of the Navajos but it was not until 1 886 that the Apaches were finally conquered, Geronoimo being captured, which put an end to Indian raids in New Mexico. In 1871, another constitutional convention was held at Santa Fe and a state constitution formulated but the move- ment for statehood failed again. From 1878 to 1881, General Lew Wallace was governor of New Mexico and during his term wrote in the Old. Palace a portion of his famous book Ben Hur. It was during his term that the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad entered New Mexico. In 1 889, during the administration of Governor L. Bradford Prince, another constitutional convention met at Santa Fe but the constitution failed of adoption. On June 20, 1910, Congress passed the Enabling Act, admitting New Mexico to statehood. A constitutional convention met at Santa Fe on October 3, 1910, and drafted a constitution which was adopted by popular vote in January, 1911. It was August 29 before President Taft issued his proclamation, after a memorable contro- versy in Congress over the constitution adopted by the peo- ple and it was not until January 6, 1912, that the president signed the proclamation formally admitting New Mexico into the sisterhood of states. On January 15, WilHam C. McDonald was inaugurated governor and on March 27, the legislature elected Thomas B. Catron and Albert B. Fall to represent the State in the Senate. New Mexico has made comparatively rapid growth and progress since the St. Louis Exposition in 1904, at which it had a notable exhibit. The 1910 census showed an in- crease of population of 67.8 per cent in ten years, exceeded by only five states of the Union. The increase in the number of farms in that decade was 189.8 per cent, of improved lands in farms 348.9 per cent, value of farm property 196.8 per cent, in farm buildings 265.3 per cent, in farm land values 470.4 per cent. The amount of capi- tal in manufacturing increased more than 200 per cent, while the mineral production has increased more than a hundred per cent the past two years. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSfflNE STATE 16 "THE LAND OF HEART'S DESIRE" BY PAUL A. F. WALTER IDWAY between the Pacific Coast and the Gulf of Mexico, New Mexico, at the gate- way to the Republic of Mexico, occupies a commanding commercial and industrial posi- tion. From time immemorial, it has been on the great highways of commerce that spanned the Continent in all directions. Covering as it does, 12,000 square miles more than the Kingdom of Italy, and varying in altitude from 3,000 to I 3,000 feet, in the same latitude as Southern California, Georgia, Southern Spain and Greece, it offers sufficient range in climatic conditions, in resources and in opportuni- ties, to fulfill the hopes of its early conquerors who were in search of a new Eldorado. At present, with only three in- habitants to the square mile as against 300 for Italy and I 5 for California, it may be said to be still in the first Climatically, New Mexico is especially favored. Not in Florida, but in New Mexico, the Spaniards found the Fountain of Youth. Thousands can attest that its climate has restored them to health and they have truly named it "The Land of Sunshine." Climate is destiny, for climate prescribes the conditions under which people must live, must pursue agriculture and other industries and even de- cides the trend of art and literature. Civilization was born in the arid valleys of the Nile and the Euphrates and the countries that practiced irrigation were beehives of human industry and progress at the very dawn of history. AGRICULTURE New Mexico is first of all an agricultural state. Of 121,497 persons in gainful occupations in the last federal census year, 66,887 were employed on farms. It is signi- THK SCENIC BE.4UTY OF NEW SrBXICO IS UNRIVALED stages of development, although in point of settlement by ficant, that the value of products of farm and range is white people, it is among the oldest of American common- twice that of mining and manufacturing taken together, wealths, and as to occupation by sedentary town builders The com crop harvested in 1914, was 2,690,000 and cultivators of the soil, its prehistoric monuments show bushels; the wheat crop, 1,790,000 bushels; oats, 1,940,- it to have been a land of fertility thousands of years ago. 000 bushels; potatoes, 1,100,000 bushels; hay, 510,000 ^ FfESOURCES AND INDUSTfYIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 17 — rvIETV^ AlEXICO tons; apples, 888,000 bushels; barley, 100,000 bushels; beans, 100,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 20,000 bushels; broom corn, 750,000 pounds; cotton, 2,000 bales; kaffir corn, 1,000,000 bushels; peanuts, 2,000 bushels; dry peas, 50,000 bushels; peaches, 40,000 bushels; pears, 30,000 bushels; plums and prunes, 25,000 bushels; cher- ries, 10,000 bushels; apricots, 4,000 bushels; grapes, 750,000 pounds; strawberries, 50,000 quarts; other ber- ries, 60,000 quarts; nuts. 275,000 pounds. The total value of the crops in 1914 exceeded $20,000,000, an increase of 68 per cent, in five years, thus giving some evi- dence of the rapid development of the resources of the State and at the same time a glimpse of the possibilities that the future holds in store. GREAT AGRICULTURAL VALLEYS The valleys of the large rivers and their tributaries, naturally, were first occupied and cultivated. The Rio Grande bisects the State from north to south, and along it and its tributaries were the first irrigation systems and cul- tivated fields. The longest tributary of the Rio Grande is the Pecos, and it, too, furnishes water for irrigation of tens of thousands of fertile acres. Another large basin is that of the San Juan m the northwestern part of the State. Smaller, only by compari- son, are the valleys of the Arkansas drainage area, of the Mimbres, Gila and lesser streams. The lower Pecos Val- ley alone shipped 6,000 carloads of alfalfa, 1 ,000 car- loads of apples, 400 cars of cantaloupes, 1 00 cars of to- matoes, 50 cars of canned tomatoes, 20 cars of cotton, 22 cars of onions, 1 5 cars of honey, 1 ,000 cars of cattle, 2,500,000 pounds of wool this year. Artesian and pumping wells supplement the water sup- ply from running streams. The artesian belt in the lower Pecos Valley is a wonder and a delight to every visitor and it has transformed a portion of the forbidding Staked Plains into a Paradise of Verdure. Here, alfalfa is king, and orchards make fortunes. A net profit of .$10,000 a year from a twenty-acre apple orchard, has been recorded, and the yield from small parcels of land, mtensely culti- vated, seems almost incredible. Pumping wells have reclaimed thousands of acres in the Portales and Mimbres Valleys and indicate possibilities that had been only barely surmised ten years ago. The net profit on an acre of cantaloupes in the Portales Valley in 1914, averaged $57.58. There sweet potatoes yield 200 to 300 bushels per acre. Dairying is proving a money- making proposition and 1 ,500 acres in alfalfa irrigated from wells attest to possibilities in raising forage crops. IRRIGATION But the mainstay of the irrigation farmers is the irriga- tion project, big or small, that impounds the waters of the flood season for the day that they are needed by the crops. CASTLK JiOCK IX TIU: CIJIAKKON CANYON RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 18 — iljFALFA FROM THE FIELD TO THE SHiO IN THE PECOS VALLEY 1. Alfalfa Field. 3. Cut AUalfa. 3. Ready to Stack. 4. Stacking. 5. At the Silo. 6. Storing In the Silo. RESOURCESr^OD INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSfflNE STATE M 19 TV[E:V^ AlEXICO THE LAISJD OF" QF='F*OR'rUNITV^ The largest irrigation system in the State is that which suppKes the Mesilla Valley with water. It is a federal Reclamation Project on which $8,000,000 are being ex- pended and which supplies water to as many acres as were irrigated in the entire State in the year I 900. Next in size is the Carlsbad Reclamation Project in the lower Pecos Valley, also in the hands of the Government. Both of these valleys, being the lowest in altitude in New Mexico and also the most southern, are marvelously productive, for the soil is deep and fertile and the water supply perman- ent and assured. Private enterprise has built large irrigation systems in Colfax County, and so-called community systems supply the irrigationists m other counties. Careful stream mea- surements indicate that New Mexico has sufficient running water to irrigate 2,350,00 acres. Less than one-third of that amount is under cultivation at present, thus demon- strating that here is a promising field for further develop- ment. The land is there, the water can be stored, the soil is fertile and the climate favorable. All that is needed is capital and enterprise to triple the area of irrigation farms and the agricultural production. The College of Agricul- enterprises, 50,000 acres; under co-operative enterprises, 300,000 acres; under the U. S. Reclamation Service, 1 50,000 acres. There are almost a thousand artesian wells supplying 50,000 acres, 500 pumping wells supply- ing nearly 10,000 acres. A thousand storage reservoirs and ten thousand miles of canals and ditches pour their waters upon the fertile lands during the growing season. The United States Census Bureau gives the average cost of construction in New Mexico of irrigation enter- prises at $14.19 per acre and the cost of maintenance at $1.36 per acre per year. The Census Bureau also has found that irrigation increases the yield of corn 1 39 per cent, over non-irrigated areas; oats, 34 per cent.; wheat, 1 68 per cent. ; barley, 98 per cent. ; dry edible beans, 191 per cent.; dry peas, 50 per cent.; timothy, 44 per cent.; alfalfa, 168 per cent.; other forage plants, 11 per cent.; wild grasses, 122 per cent.; coarse forage, 186 per cent.; potatoes, 79 per cent. Dona Ana County leads in the acreage irrigated for it is the main beneficiary of the Elephant Butte Project. The Mesilla Valley, which is the section reclaimed, re- sembles in its productiveness the irrigated valleys of South- STOIt AGE KKSKllVOIRS ADD MUCH TO AGRICULTURAL PROSPERITY ture and Mechanic Arts, the State Engineer's Department, em California. Chaves County, including part of the each and every community to be benefited, are all eager to lower Pecos Valley, is second in its irrigated area, more assist in developing and utilizing this latent resource. than 60,000 acres being under irrigation. Eddy County Under individual and partnership irrigation enterprises, is a close third with more than 50,000 acres. It, too, has 200,000 acres are under cultivation; under commercial a federal reclamation project like Dona Ana County and RESOURCES AND I ND USTFflES OF T HE SUNgSNE STATE~ Ig — 20 — HTHEZ LArvJD OF" QPRORTUNITV^ artesian wells like Chaves. Then come Rio Arriba and Taos Counties with close to 50,000 acres each. Valencia and Colfax Counties have almost 40,000 acres each. San Juan County has more than 30,000 acres but water enough for 300,000 acres. Santa Fe, Sandoval, Socorro, Sierra, which is in part under the Elephant Butte Pro- ject; Mora, San Miguel, Bernalillo and Grant, have from 20,000 to 25,000 acres under irrigation. There are only two counties among the tweny-six, without any irrigation system, Curry and Torrance, and these have small gar- dens which are irrigated from wells. Wherever water touches the soil in New Mexico there is growth and promise of prosperity, and with intensive cultivation, the Sunshine State will become the granary of the Southwest. DRY FARMING Of late years, more than a million acres, or almost twice the area under irrigation, have been placed in cultivation by so-called dry-farming methods. Entire new counties and scores of towns and villages have been created in New Mexico the past decade and a half, by dry farmers. The success of dry farming has depended much upon the selec- tion of drouth resistmg crops, the application of scientific higher mountain valleys, where the ramfall is heavy enough for what is called temporal farming, or the raising of crops without irrigation or dry farming methods. In the Moreno Valley, for instance, 15,000 pounds of potatoes per acre are produced on temporal farms. In the Sacrarnentos, on the upper Pecos, on Johnson's Mesa and in other sections, thousands of acres are m temporal farms on which, despite short seasons, satisfactory harvests are garnered. FREE LAND STILL ABUNDANT Less than 2,000,000 acres out of the 78,000,000 acres in the State are under cultivation. Although there are almost 10,000,000 acres in forest reserves, 15,000,- 000 acres of state lands, huge areas in private land grants and Indian reservations, there remain subject to entry un- der the public land laWs of the United States 30,000,000 acres, an area exceeding that of the State of New York. Much of it is subject to the 320-acre Homestead Act and will come under the proposed 640-acre Homestead Act, which assures the homesteader a living even in the newest of dry farming sections, by giving him sufficient pasture for dairy and poultry purposes. There are five federal land offices in the State at which entries may be made and having jurisdiciion over a dsfinitely defined portion of the ONE OF NEW JIEXICO'S MANY BEAUTIFUL WATER SUPPLY LAKES methods, supplementary dairying, poultry raising and silos. There have been lamentable discouragement and failure occasionally, due to inexperience or lack of energy or sufficient capital. Further experimentation is necessary to make certain the growing of crops in sections with less rain- fall than fifteen inches a year. There are portions of New Mexico, especially in the State. In the Las Cruces district, almost 1 2,000,000 acres are still subject to entry; in the Santa Fe land dis- trict almost 8,000,000 acres; in the Roswell district, 7,- 500,000 acres; Fort Sumner district, 2,000,000 acres, and the Clayton district, 750,000 acres. The state lands covering almost 15,000,000 acres, are open to lease and in part to purchase at competitive pub- RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF TH E SUNSHINE S TATE — 21 — IVJETV^ JVIEXICO lie sales. There exist colonization projects under which irrigated lands may be purchased on long-time payments. Under the U. S. Reclamation projects, a long time is granted to pay off the cost of water rights. Under com- munity systems, the landholder pays his pro rata either in money or in labor for maintaining the headgates and ditches. Under irrigation, the farmer regulates his show- ers to suit his crops; the sunshine which is so constant in New Mexico helps him to produce the maximum that the land can be made to yield, makes certain the garnering of New Mexico has been one of the leading wool producers of the Union. Conditions are very favorable for sheep raising and the number of sheep in the State has been as high as 6,000,000, though at present less than 4,000,000, as the grading of flocks has a tendency to decrease them numerically. The wool shipments exceed 20,000,000 pounds annually, yielding a return of $3,000,000. The vast extent of the public range, the comparatively open winters, the protection of the range and its equitable appor- tionment by the forest service, all conduce to make the r>OUND-UP TIME ON THE RANGE 1. The Round-up. 2. In the Branding Pen. 3. Cliuck Wagou and Cowboys at Mess the crops in their season, to a large extent eliminating the business a profitable one. To it will be added sooner or elements of uncertainty. It is the ideal method of farm- ing. It makes possible the community life, for under irri- gation the small farm unit is the most profitable. LIVESTOCK Next to farming, the raising of livestock is the principal industry of the Sunshine State. For several decades past, later, the feeding of livestock for market. It is along this line, that capital and enterprise would find profitable open- ings immediately, for New Mexico has not only the public range and large areas of state lands which can be leased for a few cents an acre, but also raises the fodder and has the farms on which the fattening of muttons and beeves should be exceedingly profitable. RESOURCES AND INDUSTFflES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 11 nrHC LAISID OF" CDPRCDR-TUNITV" With a million cattle on its ranges. New Mexico is in 1910 it had 35,678 farms, according to the census among the heaviest cattle growing states. Here the typical bureau, or an increase of 750 per cent, in twenty years. cowboy of western song and story is still swinging his lariat. To the larger cattle outfits have been added smaller concerns and more than one cowboy, beginning with an mvestment in a few head of stock, has prospered and is now a cattle king. More than half a million goats browse on the under- brush of New Mexico foothills, delectable range for the sure-footed and hardy animals. In Sierra and Grant Counties especially, the raising of goats has been very suc- cessful, but in all of the other mountainous sections of the State also, particularly in Sandoval, Socorro, Santa Fe, Lincoln, McKinley, Mora, Otero, Rio Arriba and even in Chaves and Eddy Counties, tens of thousands of goats are to be found on the ranges. SULPHUR CAVE AT JEMEZ SPRINGS In 1890, the value of farm property was $33,543,141 ; in 1900 It was $53,737,824, and in I 9 1 it had climbed to $159,447,990. Domestic animals were valued at $25,111,202 in 1890, at $31,727,400 in 1900, and IRRIGATION IX THE MIJIBRES A'ALLEY Of horses. New Mexico has a quarter million and the State is apt to become a heavy producer of horseflesh for army and commercial purposes. Of hogs there are more than 50,000, and hog raising on a large scale has proved quite profitable. Mules number more than 20,000, and the burro has been a transportation standby for centuries. Dairying and poultry raising are growing to be important specialized occupations and will add materially to the in- come of farm and range. MARVELOUS GROWTH In 1890, New Mexico had 4,458 farms of more than aiORA COUNTY SHEEP $43,494,679 in 1910, while today, the value exceeds three acres each; ten years later it had 1 1,834 such farms; $50,000,000. The value of farm buildings increased RESOURCES AND IhJ DUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE S TATE — 23 — TvJESV AlEXIOO T^MEZ LA NIP OF' C:>F=»RCDFrTUIsnTV" from $3,565,105 in 1900. to $13,024,502 in 1910; farm implements and machinery from $29 1 . 1 40 in 1 890, to $1,151,610 in 1900, to $4,122,312 m 1910. and to exceed $5,000,000 in 1914. The area included in farms was 782,882 acres in 1890, in 1900 it was 5.130,878 acres; in 1910 it had increased to 11.270,021 acres, while m 1914 it was 15,000,000 acres. Public land entries have fluctuated between 1 2,000 and 20,000 annu- ally the. past decade and a half. It is readily understood therefore that now is the time to take advantage of growth and development of the State by filing on a homestead or purchasing lands. In another decade, the lands adapted to agriculture will all be m private ownership. MINING Gold was mined in New Mexico long before the famous gold discovery in California in I 848. The State produces a million dollars worth of gold annually and has in its time added something like $100,000,000 to the nation's stock of that metal. Silver is produced to the extent of $2,000,000 worth annually. Of copper. New Mexico produced last year 54,000.000 pounds placing it high in rank among the states of the Union. Zinc production last year amounted to 21.566.637 pounds; lead. 4.694.018. As a coal producer. New Mexico has been steadily in- creasing its output, the production last year having been 3,634,217 tons of coal and 71,135 tons of coke. Five HOME OF CHjVRLES .SPKIXGEU IX COLFAX COVXTV It must be emphasized, however, that it requires some capital to create a profitable farm even though the land may be had for a nominal filing fee. The prospective set- tler should have resources enough to tide him over for at least a year, to erect comfortable buildings, to stock the ranch with domestic animals, to buy farming implements and seed. He should have money for the sinking of a well and the erection of a pumping plant in those sections where irrigation is from wells or in the dry farming counties. In the irrigation districts he should have the means to acquire water rights and to divert the water upon his land. But given a moderate capital, energy and intelligence, there is no part of the country at this day where the returns will be so satisfactory and the values increase so steadily as in New Mexico. thousand men are employed in and about the coal mines. But these figures give no adequate idea of the immensity of the coal deposits in New Mexico. These amount to billions of tons in San Juan. Colfax and McKinley Coun- ties. In Santa Fe. Rio Arriba, Socorro, Lincoln Coun- ties, the coal veins that have been prospected or are being worked, are also extensive. In fact, the coal area of New Mexico exceeds that of France and Belgium combined, or that of Germany. San Juan County has coal veins 40 feet thick. The supply available runs into bilKons of tons. What that means toward the development of industry and commerce, can hardly be estimated in its vastness. There is not a county in New Mexico without its mineral indications. From gold placers to marble quarries, from iron deposits to coal veins, from mountains of lime to beds RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSfflNE STATE 24 — the: land OF" QPPCDRTUNITV of clay, from inexhaustible copper resources to mines of precious turquoise, the world hardly yet realizes the extent of the Sunshme State's mineral wealth. Its surface has been scarcely scratched and the prospector finds a virgin field, the investor rich promise of returns. Most import- ant, however, will be the utilization eventually, of the raw materials and of the fuel for smelters, rolling mills and factories. MANUFACTURES. It is this limitless wealth in raw material that destines New Mexico to become another Pennsylvania. There are in the State 500,000 horsepower of unutilized water power; it has the material for making cement, glass, china- ware. Its supply of gypsum and lime is almost limitless. It has the ores and fluxing materials for smelters, iron and steel mills. It has the hide for tanneries, shoe and glove factories, the wool for woolen mills, raises sugar beets of the highest percentage of purity and sugar content for beet sugar mills, the cotton for cotton gins and mills; the cheap fuel, the transportation facilities, the proximity to great, undeveloped markets. Only a small beginning has been made in manufacturing and therefore competitive pressure is absent, labor conditions are of the most advan- tageous. Municipalities are ready to grant subsidies and the state tax exemptions to foster industry. Outside of rail- road shops, a few cement and plaster mills, several fruit canneries, manufactures of silver filigree on a small scale, the making of pottery and weaving of blankets by the In- dians, and a number of ore reduction plants, there is a dearth of manufacturing industries. Though the State's ore production exceeds $10,000,000 annually, it has not a single smelter or steel mill. It seems an obvious economical waste to ship raw ma- terial 2,000 miles to the Atlantic seaboard and then to reship it to the Rocky Mountains in manufactured form, or to pass it through New Mexico on its way to the Pacific, or the Orient, when it might just as well be manufactured in New Mexico and the freight charges of 4,000 miles saved, for New Mexico has the raw material, the fuel, the water power, the climate, the available labor and skill, and offers special inducements to manufacture those things for which a ready market is found within the State or in tributary trade territory. The value of manufactured pro- ducts turned out in New Mexico annually is $10,000,000, and 5,000 persons are given employment. LUMBERING. New Mexico has 9,000,000 acres in national forests, 5,000,000 acres more in private timber tracts or in timber on state lands. In other words, an area twice that of the F?ESOURCES AND INDUSTF?IES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 25 IVFETW^ MEXICO "THE LAND OF" CDFRORHrUNIT^y" State of Maryland is covered with timber. This has re- sulted in extensive lumbering operations. Under the for- est regulations of the government, the industry is now placed upon a self-perpetuating basis. Large timber areas are still on the market and the government is eager to let contracts on advantageous terms for the cutting of billions of feet of matured timber. COMMERCE. From ancient times, New Mexico has been on the high _roads of commerce across the Continent. The oldest trail in America, that from Vera Cruz, terminated at Santa Fe. are fair — the thousands of miles of wagon road are in splendid condition for automobile travel. The State, how- ever, is building roads in accordance with modern en- gineering, roads that are links in the main highways from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada to Mexico. E! Camino Real, the Royal Highway, bisects the State from south to north and is part of the Old Trails High- way. The Southern Trails Highway crosses the State as do the Panhandle and Gran Quivera highways. Thus the motorist from the east and the north is offered the choice of roads to the west and the south, each of which r — MBKT fe.J Pfipw^-; -\ ■ ;. rr:-"y'U-:^0'"' ^■;^-:;>^.. _'■■■ ^■:J'''ii';* tai^^^4' M^ ..^s" ».-' < o^^KHH^H HOJiE OF GEORGE H. WEBSTER, JR., NEAR CISIARROX So did the famous Santa Fe Trail, and at Santa Fe started the first trail to California. The amount of traffic over those early trails was enormous. Since 1 880, the railroads have supplanted the caravans, and the automo- bile the ox team. But New Mexico is still on the great transcontinental traffic arteries, the Santa Fe, the Southern Pacific and the Rock Island Systems. In addition, it has quite a complete system of local railroads and feeders, the total mileage exceeding 3,00C Of course, in a state so vast in extent, there is ample room for further transporta- tion development. GOOD ROADS. New Mexico is building good roads as rapidly as its financial resources permit. The past year a million dollars was expended by the State, counties and the Federal Gov- ernment. As a rule, when the weather is fair — and the climate of New Mexico is such that nine of every ten days has attractions of its own and all of which are traveled the year around, because of the open winters of this latitude. FOR THE TOURIST. New Mexico is both a winter and summer resort. It is in addition a land of a thousand wonders, — scenic, his- torical, archaeological. No other state has such tourist attractions. Its mission churches are I 50 years older than those of California, and many of them are shrines for wor- ship to the present day. Cave and cliff dwellings number tens of thousands and are vestiges of a culture thousands of years old. Indian pueblos and hogans are as quaint and mysterious as any of the ancient habitations of the Orient. Indian dances, such as may be witnessed in New Mexico, and church ceremonials, are more interesting and as full of poetic and symbolic meaning as any of the Greek mysteries. New Mexico has been the meeting place of successive cultures, of many races and tribes and each RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE - 26 ^4EV^ A4E:XiCO has left its imprint, each has its survivors, making the land a treasure trove for archaeologist and ethnologist. No- where else in the United States can be found so great a variety of unique sights, glimpses of Old Spain and of scenes that hark back to prehistoric times. It is Egypt and Babylonia, Spain and Mexico, Colorado and Cali- fornia, Switzerland and the Orient, combined. Stupen- dous mountain masses, the loftiest peaks more than I 3,000 feet high, are accessible by easy trails to their very pinna- cles ; shadowy canyons, flower spangled mountain meadows, picturesque waterfalls, whispering pine forests, babbling trout streams, vast game preserves, the all-pervading sun- hospitals, orphans' homes, reform school and other institu- tions, all housed in modern buildings and endowed with immense land grants. A museum of art and archaeology is located in the Palace of the Governors at Santa Fe, a structure more than 300 years old and in many respects the most historic building in the United States. In it are found priceless historical and archaeological collections, precious heirlooms, paintings and ancient manuscripts, his- toric and linguistic libraries, such as are not duplicated anywhere else. Every community has its churches, learned and fraternal organizations, charity boards and civic bodies. Taxation is equitable and not crushing and wher- TOOTH OP TIME" OX I JIACCA RANCH shine, the mystery of the desert, the invigorating atmos- phere of the higher altitudes, the unique aspects of irriga- tion, the smile of orchards and alfalfa fields, the un- spoiled hospitality of flat-roofed adobe homes in which the mellifluous Spanish is spoken, are all spanned by perfect turquoise skies that rival those of Naples and of Andalu- sia. Yea, verily, here is a land of delight, of myriad charms, of the heart's desire, well worth a visit and a stay. EDUCATION. New Mexico is a commonwealth of school houses, churches, handsome and substantial public buildings, of law-abiding, progressive citizenship. In Santa Fe County alone, with about 15,000 inhabitants, fifty-two modern school houses were built the past year. The State main- tains a University, an Agricultural College, a School of Mines, a Military Institute, three normal schools, besides ever the tax rate appears high there the assessment rate is low. Every head of a family is given a liberal tax exemp- tion. The indebtedness of state, counties and municipali- ties is comparatively small. New Mexico is law-abiding, its people are liberal, hospitality is the rule and the social side of community life is extraordinarily well developed. CLIMATE. In a domain so extensive, covering several degrees of latitude and varying 1 0,000 feet in altitude, there is naturally a considerable variety of climatic conditions, al- though, generally speaking, the so-called mountain and arid conditions prevail. Nights are always cool even in the lowest and most sheltered portions. In the higher Sierras, the winters are long and cold, but the sunshine modifies even the coldest day to a certain extent. There are mountain valleys where the rainfall is suf- RESOURCES AND IN DUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 1 ™— —•-> _ 27 — imew^ a1ex3co tthe: land qf^ orf^or-tunitn^ 1. LUIVIBER CAMP. 2. RIO GIIANDE KIVElt AT EMBUDA. 3. FLOATING THE LOGS DOWN THE RIVER 4. STARTING THE LOGS. 5. LOGS AWAITING THE BREAKING OF THE BOOM. RESOURCES AND I NDUSTmES OF THE SUNSHINE STATTD J^\ " ~'" •" III IBIII I III i n ■ ! I I I J 28 T^HEZ LAND OF" QF'RORnrUNITV" ficient to raise crops without irrigation. There are sections where the rainfall averages only four or five inches a year, although the normal for the State is between 1 4 and 1 5 inches. Every portion of the commonwealth is salubri- ous. There is an almost total absence of endemic epi- demics or of malaria. New Mexico's climate is a specific for tuberculosis. There are thousands of people in the state who came as health-seekers, who liked it so well as to remain after they were restored to health, and who prospered in business, farming, stock raising or other pur- suits. Physicians agree that climate is an important factor in bath houses have been erected, at others, the accommoda- tions are more crude. These springs have been famous for hundreds of years among the Indians who often came long distances to benefit from their healing powers. POPULATION. The rural population exceeds that of town and city by far in New Mexico. In fact. New Mexico has no large urban centers. Up to the last census, it had not a single town officially accredited with 1 0,000 population. That census lifted Albuquerque alone into that class, and that city today, with its widespread suburbs has probably 20,000 people. It boasts also of the baijED alfalfa in the sumbkes valley the cure of tuberculosis and the United States govern- ment has so far recognized that New Mexico's climate is the best suited for restoring to health the consumptive, that it maintains a sanitarium at Fort Bayard, Grant county, for the Army, and another at Fort Stanton, for the Marine Service. Well-equipped sanitaria are found in the larger towns but as the main essential for the health- seeker is outdoor life, abundant but well-selected food, sufficient means to support himself without work or worry and a deep interest in his surroundings in order to ward off homesickness, he will find restoration to health also on ranch, range or forest, though, perhaps, not with the ease and comfort to be had in a sanitarium where a special study has been made of his needs. New Mexico has a considerable number of hot and mineral springs whose waters are specifics for various chronic ailments. At several of these springs, hotels and improvements and facilities of a metropolis of 50,000 and more mhabitants. Next in population is Roswell, the metropolis of the Pecos Valley, which with suburbs has more than 7,500 people. A close third is Santa Fe, the capital, a town more than 300 years old and most picturesquely situated. No other incorporated commu- nity reaches the 5,000 mark in population, although Las Vegas and East Las Vegas together exceed it and Las Cruces and Raton come near to it and with suburbs prob- ably exceed it. There are 32 incorporated places in the state, the smallest of which has 300 inhabitants. New Mexico's population is not quite 400,000, al- though it is expected that the end of 1915 will pass that mark and the next census will find half a million in- habitants. The growth in population has been rapid of late years, the percentage of increase between 1900 and 1910 having been 67.6 per cent. In 1850, the state. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSfflNE STATE 29 IVIEVV^ A'lEXICO T"HC LAND OF" OFRORTUNITN^ which then included Arizona and southern Colorado, had a population of only 61,547. In 1870, it was still less than 100,000 and in 1900 it was less than 200,000. Towns have grown even more rapidly. Albuquerque had only 3,785 people in 1890, Roswell only 2,049 in 1900, experiencing a growth of 201 per cent in ten years, Albuquerque increasing its population 76.7 per cent in the same decade. A tier of new counties has sprung into existence the past two decades that cover areas which a quarter of a century ago had not a single habitation. Of the 327,301 people in New Mexico in 1910, 26,- 331 were of foreign born or mixed parentage; 20,573 Indians, 1,628 negroes, 258 Japanese, 248 Chinese. Of the native-born white population, 164,267 were born in New Mexico, and of these, about 1 30,000 were of Spanish-American parentage, either as to both or one ui the parents. Of the persons born outside of the state, 30,- 506 came from Texas. 1 1 ,605 from Missouri, 7,607 from Illinois, 7,348 from Oklahoma, 6,281 Kansas 4,764 Tennessee, 4.386 Kentucky, 4,353 Arkansas, 4,266 Colorado, 4,184 Iowa, from Ohio 4,087, Indiana 3,564, Pennsylvania 2,640, New York 2,381, Ala- bama 2,324, New England States 1 ,246, Pacific States 1 , 1 96. Of the foreign population, Mexico contributed 21,948, Germany 6,143, England 3,394, Italy 2,826, Ireland 2,722, Canada 2,228, French Canadian 404, Austria 1,707, Scotland 1,419, these figures including not only those foreign born but also the children born in this country to foreign parents. A CORDIAL INVITATION. What was stated as true ten years ago in the official book for the St. Louis Exposition, applies at this time: 'New Mexico wants more people, it needs them; it has room and resources for them. It offers to immigrants a fine climate, free homesteads under the land laws of the United States, great natural resources; to the healthseeker, health; to the tourist, scenic, historic and archaeological attractions; to the sportsman, good fishing and hunting; to the summer and winter guests, the best summer and winter climate on earth, hot and cold mineral springs, mountain retreats, ranch resorts, good hotel accommodations and the comforts and luxuries of modern communities; to the farmer, good crops; to the coal miner, permanent work and good pay; to the prospector, extensive mineral depos- its; to the mechanic and- professional man, the same and better chances than any other country that is settling up, room on the top if they deserve it; to the stockman a free range and a climate favorable to stock raising; to the manufacturer, cpenings to establish factories and mills that should yield good profits; to the real estate man, cheap lands and a chance to make money, and to the capitalist, opportunities to make big dividends and to buy anything that his heart desires, from a gold or cop-er mine worth a million or more, to a game preserve as big as a European kingdom. "Healthseekers shculd come to New Mexico by all means. They should come before , disease has made in- roads upon the system, if they want to be sure of recovery; they should come even if the disease has advanced notice- ably, for possible cure or at least, prolongation of life, but they should not come without means to pay their way, the first year at least. The joVis for healthseekers are fe ■' and far between and a healthseeker should not work for a living if he desires to regain his health speedily. Living is as reasonable in cost in New Mexico as anywhere else in the United States. "The laws of competition and trade are the same in the Sunshine State as elsewhere. Fortunes are very sel- dom made in one day. The poor man who comes west must expect to work, and work hard for a living; the capi- talist must invest and invest judiciously to make money. After this is said, however, it can be truthfully added that New Mexico offers great opportunities to the honest and intelligent worker to become independent and to gain afflu- ence and civic and political prominence in lime; and to the shrewd and careful capitalist, greater and surer returns on his investments than any other portion of the Globe. "It is to the homeseeker, to the farmer, to the stock- raiser, to the miner, to the merchant, to the manufacturer, to the capitalist, that New Mexico is an undeveloped em- pire of magnificent resources, which throws a peerless cli- mate into the bargain with the rich returns that are offered to the man with capital to invest, or with brain and brawn to apply." RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 30 THE PALACE OF THE GOVERNORS BY PAUL A. F. WALTER HAT the Pathenon was to Greece, the Forum to Rome and what Liberty Hall is to Phila- delphia and Faneuil Hall to Boston, that the Palace of the Governors at Santa Fe is to New Mexico. Reared more than three hundred years ago, as a fort, castle and gov- ernment building, it antedates the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth Rock by a decade. That it was buill upon a pre-colonial village site appears to be indicated by the findings of archaeologists. History has graphically recorded the stirring events thai have been staged in the venerable structure that to this day- faces the Plaza in the Capital City of New Mexico. All roads led to Santa Fe in the early days and that meant to the Palace. From here was governed a domain greater in area than the German Empire and here were held the counsels that determined the fate of the aboriginal people and their conquerors. An unbroken line of one hundred governors here held sway under Spanish, Mexican, Indian and American regimes. From here essayed expeditions to explore the unknown regions or to conquer turbulent and rebellious tribes. Here were received the emissaries and the deputations from near and far. It was here, too, that in the dark days of the Pueblo rebellion, were huddled to- gether the inhabitants of Santa Fe, men, women and child- ren, for several days resisting the attacks of the Pueblo In- dians, and from here sallied forth Governor Otermin and his handful of brave soldiers to inflict defeat upon the piti- less hordes of savages so as to clear the way for the mem- orable evacuation of Santa Fe and that terrible retreat to El Paso. Here in later days Lew Wallace wrote chap- ters of Ben Hur. The memories that cling to those massive adobe walls have made the Palace a shrine, an imperish- able monument that typifies the spirit of the Sunshine State. New glories have come to the Palace of the Governors in its latter days. Just when it had been deserted by the State's executives, when it was falling into ruins, when it was in evident state of neglect. Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, di- rector of American Archaeology for the American Insti- tute of Archaeology, raised his voice for the reconstructioi and preservation, of the venerable pile. His efforts saved to the commonwealth its most precious heritage. He made the plans for its restoration, reverently clinging to the an- cient outlines, tearing away the later garish innovations and giving back to the people the Palace as it stood in the days of its greatest glory. The building was dedicated to science and art. It was placed in the custody of the Board of Regents of the Museum of New Mexico, a body of public spirited men with a vision who give their time and services to the State free of charge. In the eastern end of the Palace have been housed for years the valuable collections of the New Mexico Historical Society and the priceless historical li- brary, rich in New Mexicana. This museum is open to the public free of charge and tens of thousands of people from all parts of the world have viewed and studied the historical relics and the books. The western end of the Museum is devoted to the archaeological collections and is occupied by the School of American Archaeology. The Museum is also open to the public free of charge. Its collections are scientifically arranged and priceless. The Museum rooms are mads lovely with mural paintings depicting the life and environ- ment of the pre-Columbian Cliff Dwellers. In the main entrance hall, mural paintings tell the history of Santa Fe. All the mural paintings have been installed through the generosity of a private citizen, Hon. Frank Springer of East Las Vegas. In the lecture room, Mr. Springer has placed the Finck Linguistic Library, one of the most valu- able libraries of that kind ever brought together. In the ancient reception room, art exhibits are constantly held. One can profitably spend days and weeks in the Palace, studying its exhibits, viewing its collections, admiring its pictures, recalling its history. No tourist bound to or from the Pacific Coast should fail to visit it, for the Palace of the Governors is the most historic structure in the United States and more than that its exhibits are altogether unique and distinctly worth while. The School of American Archaeology which from here directs its activities, sends expeditions to all parts of the Western Continent, studying the prehistoric cultures. It is a sister school of one maintained at Jerusalem, one erected in Athens, another in Rome and a fourth planned for China. It has made important contributions to science and RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 31 — IVJE:W^ MEXICO T^HEZ LAND OF" QP'RORTUNIT^k^ to art and is altogether a school for research, doing its work in the field and in laboratories and studios, enclosing one side of the Old Palace patio, rather than in class rooms, although each summer it has held a popular Chau- tauqua in the Palace which has been drawing attendants from all parts of the world. Upon the register of the Museum of New Mexico, are the Iiames of tens of thousands of people, among them the names of men of affairs, of scientists, of artists, of authors of many nations, men who have gained fame m the world's arena, and who have found the Museum a veritable Palace of Delight. 03 K K e a a H The Palace of the Governors has become a new civic center for the entire Southwest. Men and women of means and of artistic perceptions are enriching its collections with gifts that there enshrines their names forever. The throng that comes to visit it increases with each day and its work al- ready spans two oceans. This much is certain, it has brought new fame to New Mexico and its sphere of influence has ex- tended far beyond the imperial domain governed by the proud Spanish Conquista- dores who reigned from it centuries ago. RESOURCES AND INDUSTFflES OF THE SUNSfflNE STATE jS — 32 PRESERVING THE PAST BY PAUL A. F. WALTER . EW MEXICO has two organizations work- ing side by side to preserve the monuments and relics of the past, assisted by other socie- ties whose objects also include other interests, such as the Daughters of the American Revo- lution who are marking the Santa Fe Trail with suitable granite monuments, or the New Mexico Pion- eer Society, or the Society for the Preservation of Spanish Antiquities, while organizations such as Montezuma Lodge, A. F. & A. M., have also carefully preserved relics of the early days that are of value and of interest. But it is to the New Mexico Historical Society and the New Mexico Archaeological Society that the common- wealth owes the preservation of much that otherwise would have been irretrievably lost. The Historical Society is the older of the two organizations and is incorporated under the laws of the State. More than thirty years ago it began the work of collecting manuscripts, books, photographs, relics of the days that reached back not only to the Spanish conquest but even to prehistoric days. Of course, there is no other collection like it .in existence. For decades that collection has been housed in the Palace of the Governors. The library of New Mexicana is remarkably complete and is frequently consulted by historians and other scholars. Bulletins, such as "Kin and Clan," by Adolph F. Ban- delier; "The Stone Idols of New Mexico," and "The Stone Lions of Cochiti," by L. Bradford Prince; "The Franciscan Martyrs of 1680," "The Defeat of the Co- manches in 1716," "Journal of the New Mexico Consti- tutional Convention of 1 849," "The California Column," "Carson's Fight with the Comanches at Adobe Walls," "The Spanish Language in New Mexico and Southern Colorado," by Aurelio M. Espinosa, in addition to re- ports and other monographs, are contributions of the So- ciety to the written history of the State. "Old Santa Fe," Col. Ralph E. Twitchell, editor, a high-class historical quarterly, is the oificial mouthpiece of the Society, as it also is of the Archaeological Society. The officers of the Historical Society are: President — Hon. L. Bradford Prince, L. L. 'D., ex- Governor and ex-Chief Justice of New Mexico. Vice-Presidents-^Ex-Governor William J. Mills, At- torney General Frank W. Clancy, Col. Ralpl) E. Twitchell. The Archaeological Society owes its origin to a series of lectures given by Dr. Edgar L. Hewett at Santa Fe, some two decades ago, and since, by co-operation with him, has given yeoman service in preserving the antiquities of the State, in helping to create the Museum of New Mexico, restoring the Palace and in locating the School of American Archaeology at Santa Fe. Its constitution declares its purpose to be the preserva- tion of "historic and prehistoric remains, ancient monu- ments and noted landmarks of the Southwest and make them known to the world; to promote archaeological and ethnological research; to collaborate with the State and National governments, state institutions, scientific and edu- cational organizations and private individuals in the con- servation of the native arts and architecture of the South- west and in general to promote all worthy movements that have for their object the advancement of the knowledge of, and interest in, the Southwest's historic past." The Society has a membership of three hundred, in- cluding men of note in all parts of the United States. It meets monthly in the Palace of the Governors and has for its official bulletin. El Palacio, an illustrated monthly edited by the secretary of the Society. The officers of the Society are: President — Judge John R. McFie. Vice-President — Hon. B. M. Read. Secretary — Paul A. F. Walter. Corresponding Secretary — Miss Ruth Laughlin. Treasurer — -Dr. James A. Rolls. Directors — John R. McFie, B. M. Read, Paul A. F. Walter, Miss Ruth Laughlin, James A. Rolls and Charles E. Linney. The New Mexico Museum, housed in the Palace of the Governors, is gbverned by a Board of Regents, consist- ing of Judge John R. McFie, president; Hon. Frank Springer, Judge N. B. Laughlin, Col. Ralph E. Twitch- ell, Postmaster Jas. L. Seligman. Its director is Dr. Edgar L. Hewett by virtue of his position as director of the School of American Archaeology. Paul A. F. Walter is acting director and secretary, Mrs. H. L. Wilsoii, librarian, John P Harrington, ethnologist, and Wesley Bradfield, museum assistant. Judge N. B. Laughlin is the treasurer. The Museum has an incomparable collection of pre- historic pottery,' st6ne utensils- arid relics of the past in the FgESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE: STATS — 33 — t^mf:: land QF' qrportunitv^ Southwest. It has been deeded the site of the ruins at Cuarai and at Pecos and has acquired part of the site of the Tabira or Gran Quivira ruins. It is collecting a valuable archaeological library, which includes historical docu- ments of great rarity, maps, photographs, and relics of his- toric interest. The Museum rooms are embellished with mural paintings by Carl Lotav, placed through the gener- osity of Hon. Frank Springer, water color paintings, en- larged photographs, and the collections are scientifically displayed. In the lecture room has been placed the great Finck Linguistic Library by Hon. Frank Springer and here too, are exhibited the fine models of the Pecos and Cuarai pueblos and churches constructed for the Exposition at San Diego by the New Mexico Exposition Board. From time to time art exhibits are made in the historic reception room, and the nucleus is on hand for an art gallery, a number of paintings having been given by noted artists in addition to the mural paintings placed by Mr. Springer and the art work of men on the staff of the School of American Archaeology, which includes paintings of the Indian pu- eblos, Franciscan missions and the cliff dwellings. The Museum has been pronounced one of the most attractive and interesting in the world and is open daily to visitors as is also the Museum of the Historical Society in the same building, the Palace of the Governors. More than 1 5,000 people from outside of Santa Fe visited these two museums in the past two years. Not the least work of the Museum of New Mexico in co-operation with the School of American Archaeology, has been the restoration of the Palace of the Governors. The State appropriated generously for the purpose and to these appropriations were added substantial gifts by the Santa Fe Woman's Board of Trade, Hon. Frank Springer, The Archaeological Society, and other organizations and individuals. The School of American Archaeology, which from the Palace directs its activities, is a school of research, with Edgar L. Hewett as its director, and governed by a man- aging committee for the American Institute of Archae- ology, a scientific organization chartered by Congress. W. H. Holmes, of the National Museum at Washington, is the chairman of the Managing Committee, Miss Alice C. Fletcher of Washington, D. C, the chairman emeritus, John R. McFie, the treasurer, and Dr. Charles A. Pea- body, the secretary. The school for the past four years has conducted im- portant excavations on the site of the ancient Maya city of Quirigua in Guatemala, at Cuarai, Pecos and Jemez in New Mexico, and has co-operated with universities, the National Museum, the Panama-California Exposition, in expeditions and research work extending from Central America to Siberia. Pueblos and Utes. The school is one of five maintained by the American Institute of Archaeology, the others be- ing at Athens, Rome, Jerusalem and in China. Annually, for the past six years, a summer school has been held at Santa Fe and in the field which has attracted scholars not only from all parts of the United States but from as far away as the University of Oxford in England and the L'niversity of Warsaw, Russia. INDIAN KIV/V IN PAJARITO PARK, RESTORED BY SCHOOL OF AJMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY F?ESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 34 CLIFF CITIES THOUSANDS OF YEARS OLD BY PAUL A. F. WkLTER WENTY thousand cave, cliff and communal dwellings have been mapped in the Pajarito Park, twenty miles west of Santa Fe. New Mexico, as Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, the great authority on American archaeology puts it, "is the most interesting archaeological region in the United States." The Pajarito Park which is about to be established as the National Park of Cliff Cities, is a volcanic plateau lying between the Rio Grande and the Jemez Range, with the pueblo of Cochiti at its southern boundary and the Santa Clara Indian reservation on its northern boundary, facing the pueblos of San Ildefonso, Santa Clara and Po- joaque on the east, and the crest of the Valles range on the west. It is a park some thirty miles long by ten to fifteen miles wide, and within that comparatively small area offers the tourist and the scientist more attractions than any region of similar area in the United States. The plateau is cleft by deep canyons, a few of them with running water and waterfalls, but most of them dry. In all of them, practically, the precipitous sides are lined with caves, some natural and others excavated by human hands in the soft tufa, but each one giving evidence of human occupation, many of them in three successive periods. At the foot of the cliffs, there are heaps of debris under which have been found the ruins of so-called talus villages, that is communal buildings erected against the cliffs like a lean-to. On top of table lands that look like islands rising from the general plateau, are ruins of other communal dwellings, some of them like vast prehistoric apartment houses of 1 ,200 and more rooms. The School of American Archaeology has excavated a number of these, taking from OTOWI — IN PAJARITO PARK RESOURCES AND INDUSTFflES OF THE SUNSHINE: STATE M — 35 — "TME: land OF" QF*F*ORTUNnTV" them pottery, stone utensils and other artifects, specimens of which, scientifically classified, may be seen in the Mu- seum of New Mexico in the Palace of the Governors. All this gives no adequate idea of the scenic grandeur, the air of mystery that seems to hover over the plateau, the overwhelming beauty of the canyons, forests, mountains, panorama, that are the setting of this prehistoric world. There is every evidence that at one time this plateau was inhabited by thousands of people while today, outside of a few ranches, notably that of the Seven Alders in the Rito de los Frijoles and the Pond ranch on the Pajarito, the entire park is without human habitation. The park is reached over good highways from Santa Fe. The stations of Buckman and Espanola on the Den- through the Tesuque valley, by the Indian pueblo of Te- suque, through the quaint settlements of Cuymungue and Jacona, the Indian village of San Ildefonso with its kivas and mission church, over the Rio Grande and up the switchbacks of Buckman hill to the lop of the Pajarito Plateau with its thousand wonders. But not only in the Pajarito Park are the cliff and com- munal dwellings of a prehistoric people found. There are two more noted cliff city parks, though neither is quite as accessible. One is on the upper Gila, in a region watered much better than the Pajarito Park, and also in the depth of forests and canyons within the shadow of majestic mountains. The other is in the San Juan region, where prehistoric villages cover a vast extent of country from the TSANKAWl TUAII. IN PA.IAlilTO I'ASIK ver & Rio Grande are within a few miles of the cliff Santa Fe Pacific railroad to the San Juan river and as far dwellings. Within the park itself, wagon roads and trails west as Flagstaff in Arizona. This high plateau region make the principal communal and cave dwellings, shrines has been divided into the Chaco Canyon, the Aztec, which and canyons easy of access. The trip is one of unalloyed adjoins the Mesa Verde district, and the Canyon de Chelly dehght from Santa Fe, for one of the main roads passes districts. The most accessible rums are those near Aztec RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 36 in San Juan County, the most exten- sively evacuated at Pueblo Bonito, the weirdest and most spectacular in the Mesa Verde and Canyon de Chelly districts. Adjoinmg the Pajarito district on the west is that of the Jemez in which seventeen ancient pueblos have been mapped. In the Acoma dis- trict, too, a number of most interest- ing pueblo ruins are found. In fact, Acoma itself, has the reputation of being the oldest continuously in- habited settlement in the United States. On the Zuni reservation pueblo ruins exist, some of them abandoned within the historic period. On the upper Pecos, the chief and most famous ruin is that of Pecos, abandoned less than a hundred years ago, and which at one time, accord- ing to Castenada, had 1 0,000 in- habitants. Tributary to tit are a number of lesser pueblo ruins. On the Mimbres and in the Las Animas Valley in southwestern New Mexico, vestiges of prehistoric vil- lages are found and have been re- cently explored, yielding rich treas- ures of pottery and stone implements. South of Santa Fe, within six miles of the city, are ruins of com- munal d w e 1 1 i n g s on the Arroyo Hondo and at Rgua Fria. Farther south is the abandoned pueblo of San Marcos. Across the A. T. & ' S. F. tracks are the ruins of the GaHsteo and Sandia districts, some of them being excavated only lately, the most noted being those of San Cristoval. Farther east are the ruins of the Canyon Blanco, and farther south, most spectacular of all, the ruins of the pueblos of the Salines, the largest of them, Tabira, Abo, Cuarai, abandoned since the coming of the Spaniards, and easily reached from Albuquerque, Mountainair and Willard. The mere enumeration of these ruins gives some idea of the extent of the prehistoric occupation of the Southwest, but no pen picture can convey the beauty, the mystery, the strange attractiveness of these sites. Besides the School of CEI'vEMONIAL CAVK, KESTOKED BY SCHOOL OF ASIERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY American Archaeology, the Museum of Natural History, New York, the National Museum, and the big universi- ties have scientifically explored a part, but only a small part of these regions. Ruins located on public lands or within forest reserves or within national parks and Indian reservations, are pro- tected by the government. The State, too, is taking steps to preserve these ancient landmarks on state lands. To the Museum of New Mexico has been given the title and cus- tody of such important ruins as those of Pecos and Cuarai. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 37 — NEW MEXICO'S MISSION CHURCHESi BY PAUL A. F. WALTER ALIFORNIA is justly proud of its twenty- one mission churches founded between the years 1 769 and 1 823 by the Franciscans. They are in part in ruins, in part reverently preserved and still used for divine worship. They attract each year thousands of tourists. But what are the missions of California compared with those of New Mexico, also founded by the Franciscans, but much earlier and the scenes of episodes far more thrill- ing and romantic than any connected with the history of the Cahfornia missions? What is more, the New Mexico mission ruins as well as the mission churches still in use, are located amidst surroundings which are much the same as they were in the days before the California missions were even thought of. The Spaniards founded the first mission near San Juan de los Caballeros, forty miles north of Santa Fe, in 1 598, or 171 years before the foundation was laid for the San Diego mission, the oldest in California. True, this first church no longer exists, but in its place have been built a beautiful chapel and a new mission at the Pueblo of San Juan, which with its statue of the Virgin of Lourdes, an- nually attracts thousands of worshipers from far and near to Its shrine and to which are attributed some miraculous cures. Other mission churches were established in rapid suc- cession by the Franciscans, for the Spaniards came to New Mexico fired with a holy zeal to convert the Indians. As early as 1 606, a mission church was built in Santa Fe. Benavidez laid the foundations for another church in 1626, which was finished in 1 629. According to Lummis, San Miguel's church was not built until after 1 636, partly de- stroyed in 1 680 and restored in 1710, but some authors still cling to the tradition that it was reared in 1541. But be that as it may, San Miguel's church is much older than the mission at San Diego, even accepting the dale of its restoration in 1 710 as that of its founding. Santa Fe had other churches built before the San Diego mission. Em- PECOS MISSION RUINS F? ES PURGES AND INDUSTFTIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE ' ■ ' i -i — — 38 — "the: land OF" QFF=*ORTUNITV^ bodied in the cathedral, with the old walls "' still standing, is the ancient parochial church, with parts of the Church of Las Castrensas used up to fifty years ago as the principal church in the city. Guada- lupe church also has an antiquity extend- ing back to the time of the founding of the California missions. In 1617, three years before Plymouth Rock, there were already eleven churches in New Mexico according to Lummis. Many, if not all, were destroyed or partly destroyed during the Pueblo Revolution of 1 680, but upon the re-conquest by the Spaniards in 1693, most of these and many others were ordered rebuilt immedi- ately and many of them on the old sites, so that at least twenty-one of the parish churches, to parallel the twenty-one Cali- fornia missions, date back to a time an- terior to that of the oldest mission church in California. Prior to 1617, Galisteo and Pecos had each a mission church, Jemez had two, Tao§, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Sandia. San Felipe and Santo Domingo, each one. Among the Zunis, six churches were built soon after I 629, the year in which the church at Senecu was built. The church of Picuris, from which the body of Fray Ascencion de Zarate was brought to the church at Santa Fe, where it was =■ -'^~'' '* I. reinterred, was built prior to 1632, about *^j~ which time the church at Isleta was reared. ;':v . ' - , - /i The church at Pecos was built almost 300 years ago and part of the walls are still to be seen from the Santa Fe railroad trains as they pass on their way to Glorieta from the east. Even the small pueblo of Namba had a church in 1 642 and soon thereafter the churches at Cuarai, Tabira and Abo were built in the Saline country, where the ruins are still noteworthy sights. Tajique and Chilili in the same country had churches dating back 250 years and more. The church at Acoma was built in 1 629 and prior to 1 680 there were mission churches at Zia, Santa Ana, Te- suque, Pojoaque, San Juan, San Marcos, San Lazaro, San Cristobal, Santa Cruz and Cochiti. In addition to these churches, many chapels had been built in outlying settle- hallowed by the romance of centuries. Guadalupe church ig is noted for its elaborately carved reredos. The Cathedral ,' -t* ■■^' r^-'^V GR.'VN QUIVIRA This being the case. New Mexico abounds in picturesque old ruins of sacred edifices and in churches which today are more ancient and more quaint than any other edifices used for worship in the United States. Most accessible, of course, are the old churches at Santa Fe, which are especially interesting because of their art and other treasures. Next to the Palace of the Governors, San Miguel's church is probably the most visited shrine by tour- ists in the Southwest, and lays clam to being the oldest church in the United States still used for regular worship. Rosario chapel overlooking the city from the west has been RESOURCES AND II^USTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 39 hthe: land of^ qprortunit^^^ church is one of the most beautiful houses of worship in both of them. The Acoma church gives the impression of the West, though still uncompleted. It has art treasures, a castle or fortress built on a high cUff overlooking a vast archives and relics of great value dating back three cen- extent of country. Its severely plain sides are heavily but- turies. The Loretto chapel is considered one of the finest tressed, its torreons or tov^'ers might as well be used as bas- specimens of pure Gothic archi- tecture west of the Mississippi. There are also churches and chapels in the vicinity of the Capital that are quaint, old, pic- turesque. At Agua Fria, there is a church that is typical of the rural settlements of New Mexico, and it is less than six miles from town. The chapel on the Bishop's ranch built by Arch- bishop Lamy, four miles from the Capital, attracts many tourists. The church at the Tesuque In- dian vollage, nine miles from Santa Fe, is noteworthy. At Canyonsito, fifteen miles from Santa Fe, is also an interesting structure. The churches at San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Nambe, and especially at Santa Cruz, all within Santa Fe County, are well worthy a visit. At Sanctuario, is a chapel, to which are attributed miracles of healing, the clay found in its vicinity being con- tions for cannon as for bells calling peaceful worshipers to- sidered efficacious for various kinds of diseases. gether. There is only one small window in front, a low Thus one may go from county to county and find old door, no windows in the massive wall toward the village time churches, about which cluster traditions and romances and the attached convent which is also heavily buttressed, fully as interesting as the chapels one finds in the older The church and convent serve as models for the superb setdements of England, or Spain, or Italy. One of the New Mexico building at the Panama-Cahfornia Exposi- more pretentious mission churches is at Old Albuquerque tion at San Diego, the severe simplicity being relieved by and it attracts many pilgrims annually. In every Indian the addition of the exterior second-story portico between village there is a church, if not very ancient itself then the two towers and the addition of windows and other SPANISH MISSION CHURCH AT ACOMA I'lototyiie of New Me.xico Building at Panama- California F.xposition at San Diego features which characterize the church at Cochiti, a later structure than that at Acoma and still one of the mission churches older than those of California. Truly, the tourist must not miss these old, old churches, located on the site of old missions. Of more than passing interest are such edifices as the church at Santo Domingo, or San Felipe, or Taos. There is great attraction in the impressive ruins of the mission churches at Pecos, Cuarai, Abo, Tabira or Gran wilh their crude altars, dirt floors, many of them without Quivira, Ranches de Taos, whose massive walls are crumb- pews, most of them proud of some precious painting on ling and gradually disappearing, silently eloquent of an wood or leather which has been cherished for generations. age that has passed. „ '.L i_ l i i i • i ■ i • i or witti church records and archives which give but a mere More remote from the beaten paths of travel are the glimpse of hardships, heroic deeds, martyrdom, intermingled mission churches of Cochiti and Acoma and no tour of the with the humble annals of the Indians and their conquerors, mission churches of the West is complete without a visit to conquerors not so much with the sword as by the cross. ^ f?ESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 40 ifr - m INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST BY PAUL A. F. WALTER 1^ — -m EW MEXICO has 20,000 Indians. Okla- the tourist who can leave the railroad train, but even the homa and Arizona, alone among the states, traveler who does not take the time to linger, comes in have a greater number. Much of the color contact with the Indian while passing through New Mexico and picturesqueness of the Sunshine State it for the main line of the Santa Fe passes through several owes to the Indians, yea, even its history and Indian villages and the Denver & Rio Grande passes not its archaeology are inseparably associated ••»»rrrc::rsrS2r.-'4E:W^ MEXICO T^ME LAND OF" QF=*F='ORT"UNITV^ bres, or of Indian raids, as along Gila. Or there are his- bars but the day is not far distant when they will be amal- torlc battlegrounds like that of the Black Mesa, or places gamated, full-fledged citizens and will necessarily lose their where the Indians held council, like the Comanche meeting picturesqueness and will abandon their dances and customs place a few miles south of Santa Fe. Of late years, the that at present make them an attraction for the student and Indians in New Mexico have actually increased in num- the tourist. THE DANCE IN FULL SWING MESCALERO APACHE INDIAN VILLAGE FfESOURCES AND INDUSTFTIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 46 — IVIEW^ MEXICO THE! LANID OF" ORI^ORTUNITV" 3 E U FfESOURCES AND INDUST^ES OF THE SUNSHINE SXaTE Jg 47 A NAVAJO HOME AND BLANKET WEAVER NE might drive for days on the twelve thou- sand square miles reservation of the Navajos, and, although there are from sixteen to twenty thousand of the Indians, he would meet with not more than a score in a week. The Navajo is a great lover of seclusion, and his "hogan," or "family residence," is generally to be found where the looker for it would least expect. Simple and primitive, it offers no attraction at first sight but novelty. No loom could be more simple than hers — two upright poles, across the top of which a third pole is fastened, with a fourth one as a cross-beam at the bottom. Below the upper cross-beam another beam is suspended by lashings of rawhide, and to this the yarn-beam is fastened. On this yarn-beam the vertical threads of the warp are tied to a corresponding beam answering the same purpose at the bottom. The rawhide above serves to draw the threads tight, and, when thus fixed, the loom is ready for the weaver. POTTERY VEjVIX>KS PUEBLO INDIAN FASHLY: BIOTHER, FATHEF., DAUGHTER With her different "shuttles" of yarn she squats on the ground, tailor-fashion, and, thrusting a stick through the warp, she divides the cords so that she can run the different threads of the woof without delay. The "shuttle" is a simple piece of stick, on the end of which the yarn has been wound. As soon as a thread is placed in position, a "bat- ten stick," which, like the woof stick, is always kept in the warp, is brought down with such great force as to wedge the thread into a firm and close position. And thus every thread is "battened down" with such vim and energy that one does not wonder to find the blanket, when finished, capable of turning the heaviest rains. The term "blanket" is generally used to describe any- thing of Navajo weave, largely because of the fact that in the beginning, and for many years after, the Navajos only had such sizes as would serve as a serape, or as a blanket for sleeping purposes. As the demand for these goods in- creased, smaller sizes were woven and used as rugs, and, at the present time, they are woven in various sizes from a pillow top or small rug. But the term "blanket" seems to be fastened on them by common consent, and by that term they will probably continue to be known. RESOURCES AND INDUSTF?IES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 2 — 48 THE NAVAJO INDIAN BLANKET BY GEORGE WHARTON JAMES VERY nation has — and, in most cases, highly values — examples of the handicraft of its ancient and prehistoric forebears. In one in- stance it is tapestry; another, laces; others, jewelry, metal work, etc., all of them stand- ing out unique in their particular class, and, in most cases, superior in many ways to their modern counterparts. The Americas, particularly that part of them occupied by the United States, are especially favored in the above respect in the handicraft of the North American Indians. This, because of the marvelous skill indicated in much of their work, its barbaric beauty and its absolute dissimilarity to the work of any other nation in the world. Most prom- inent among their varied product of bead, metal, clay and textile works is the Navajo blanket, this because of its wider and more varied possibilities of practical utility, which will be mentioned again later. And we have the satisfaction of still being able to secure these blankets woven in all their primitive and barbaric splendor and woven in the same way they were countless years ago, giving us a finished product impossible to duplicate on modern looms. The Navajos are of the Diniie stock, and a portion of the branch live in Alaska, where they are weavers and sil- versmiths, same as the Navajos, with the exception they only weave a ceremonial robe from the wool of the wild sheep. Spaniards introduced sheep into this country, and shortly afterward the Navajos secured their share with but little scruple as to how they acquired it. From the Span- iards they learned the value of wool as a material for weav- ing. The Navajo women had inherited the simple arts of making primitive fabrics of yucca and grass for sleeping mats, and screens of shredded bark to hang over the en- trance to their huts; hence it was rather an easy transition than a radical innovation for them to adopt the vertical loom and make spinning and weaving a favorite pastime. They substituted woolen fabrics in place of the grass sleep- ing mats. As the flocks yielded about equal quantities of white and black wool, the simple effort to dispose of it produced the characteristic pattern of the common bed blanket, which displayed broad alternate bars of black and white running across its width. With the weaving art they also acquired the knowledge of dyeing, and today are making the blankets of the wool from their own flocks which are as beautiful as the most expensive blanket they make from the Germantown yarn. Indian designs are never mechanical, but are, to a great degree, historical and always full of significance. The Navajo squaw is a natural artist, and, in addition to putting into her blankets religious and tribal symbols emblematic of faith, custom or tradition, frequently weaves into the fabric the story of her own life replete with all its joys and sorrows, trusting to some mystic power to translate its message to its future possessor. And the finished result is a gem of barbaric weaving that to many would appear al- most hideous were it not for the perfect blending of colors. The tendency towards mythologic symbolism seems to be instinctive with the Navajos. Apparently, from their earliest condition their decorations have always shown this bent. The designs in their textile fabrics suggest their derivation from basketry ornamentation, as the angular, curveless forms inherent to the process of depicting figures by interlaying plaits are predominant; and the principal subjects are conventional devices representing clouds, stars, lightning, the rainbow, and emblems of the deities. But these simple forms are produced in endless combination, and often in brilliant kaleidoscopic grouping, presenting broad effects of scarlet and black — a wide range of color skill- fully blended upon a ground of white. But the greatest charm of these Navajo fabrics is the unrestrained freedom shown by the weaver in her treatment of primitive conven- tions. To the checked emblem of the rainbow she adds sweeping rays of color typifying sunbeams; below the many- angled cloud group she inserts pencil lines of rain; or she softens the rigid meander signifying lightning with graceful interlacing and shaded tints. Not confining herself alone to these traditional devices, she invents here own method to in- troduce curios, realistic figures of common objects — her wooden weaving-fork, a bow and arrows. None of the larger designs is ever reproduced. Each fabric carries some distinct variation, seme suggestion of the occasion of its making, woven into form as the fancy arose. RESOURCES AND INDUSTrTIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE ^S 49 — STATE SCHOOL OF MINES MINING IN NEW MEXICO BY FAYETTE A. JONES PRESIDENT HE State of New Mexico is the vanguard of mining in the United States. The story of New Mexican mining is interwoven with the warp and woof of romance and adventure. It was here that the conquest of the mineral resources of the United States had its be- gmmng. Gold and turquoise were the first mineral products spoken of in New Mexico; this was in the year A. D. 1534 by Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions in their wan- derings after reaching the Pueblo tribes of the Rio Grande. Doubtless the turquoise mentioned by these unfortunate wanderers came from the prehistoric diggings at Mount Chalchiuitl in southern Santa Fe County. The first real conquest for gold within the present con- fines of the United States was made by the celebrated Spanish commander Francisco Vasquez de Coronado and his army in 1540-42. Only a few trinkets of gold, worn by the Pueblo tribes, were secured by the invaders and the expedition felt keenly the disappointment. The gold so ruthlessly appropriated by the conquistadores must have come originally from the gravel beds of Taos and Santa Fe Counties. Finally, the exploits of the Spanish conquest became bedimmed with the passing of the years and not until three centuries later was the first modern discovery of gold made west of the Mississippi. This was in the year 1 828 at the base of the Ortiz mountains in southern Santa Fe County. It should be noted that this find was made twenty years before the discovery of gold by Marshall at Coloma in California and thirty-one years before the find made on Cherry Creek in Colorado. The discovery of gold in New Mexico was, in effect, the most important ever made. By this discovery the great West had its awakening. Political and geological boun- daries no longer had significance. Trackless plains and mountain barriers offered no resistance. The impetus of this mighty force of civilization set in motion in the year 1 828 has lost but little of its momentum, even unto the present day. Today, the industry of mining is the greatest of all in- dustries in New Mexico. It overshadows the combifled industries of both agriculture and stockraising. The in- dustry is expanding yearly at a rapid rate in both the me- tallic and non-metallic products. The mining output has doubled within the past four years. The production in 1913, according to the U. S. Geological Survey, was $ 1 7,862,369. In 1 9 1 4 the output totaled in round num- bers $18,000,000, notwithstanding the paralyzing effect on the industries of the world due to the European war. The production during the year 1915 will in all proba- bility, exceed $20,000,000. By the year 1920 the min- eral output of the State will reach the magnificent sum of $30,000,000, judging from the present rate of increase. New Mexico is, therefore, to be classed strictly as a min- ing state. The geology and mineralogy of New Mexico have been, as yet, but meagerly studied. The exposed rock sections lie before the student of nature as an open book. The geo- logical column is practically complete, most every period in geological history being represented, from pre-Cambrian times to the present. The core of the principal mountain ranges, more especi- ally in the northern part of the State, is composed chiefly of pre-Cambrian rocks. In the pre-Cambrian formation occur the economic minerals of gold, silver, copper, lead, mica, etc., and many of the rarer metals. This mineral- ogical horizon in the basal rock-system of New Mexico has never proven so prolific and profitable to mine as in some of the more recent formations. The chief mining conducted in the pre-Cambrian rocks is in the northern part of the State. Superimposed on the pre-Cambrian series occur, most usually, massive plates of Carboniferous limestone; the lower Palaeozoic rocks, embracing the Ordovician, Silu- rian and Devonian, are generally lacking. The lower series of the Palaeozoic rock-system are important mineral horizons — especially in silver, lead and zinc. In fact, the Palaeozoic system contains most of the important mineral- bearing horizons in the State (not including the copper- bearing porphyries of later age). The red series or "red beds," comprising the Permo- Carboniferous and Jura-Trias, contain both copper and lead, though not so important as the deposits described in the preceding paragraph. The "red beds" formation, how- ever, constitutes the chief saline and gypsiferous horizon of the State. The gypsum deposits are the most important in the United States. Moreover, it is claimed that the plain of the "white sands" in southern New Mexico is the most RESOURCES AND IhJDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 50 — rsIETV^ MEXICO nrHC LAND <3F" QFPORTTUNITV^ extensive deposit of gypsum in the world. The Permo- Carboniferous rocks are petroleum-bearing ; the Pecos Val- ley being the chief field. The most extensive rock-system in New Mexico is the Cretaceous. This great system covers more than one-half the surface of the State. It is important as a fuel horizon, since it is prolific in coal, gas and oil. There were mined from this horizon during 1914, according to the state mine inspector, 3,826,885 tons of coal valued at $5,588,352 and 405,127 tons of coke valued at $1,341,732, aggre- gating $6,930,084. The coal production now comprises one-third the value of the mineral output of the State. Beds of splendid quality of fire-clays occur in proximity to the various coal fields. The Tertiary period in New Mexico was one of intense volcanic activity. Most of the great basaltic lava flows took place during this period. Dikes of various types of igneous rocks were formed during the Tertiary. This period was important in the formation of mineral-bearing veins. Most of the active mining now conducted in the State is being done on deposits and veins of Tertiary age. This is especially the case in the southwest part of the State. The most productive and largest operations are conducted in this section. The geologic structure of many of the mountain ranges is complex and difficult to comprehend. This complex variation in geologic structure doubtless had a correspond- ing effect in the genetic occurrence of the varying types of mineral.. Many of the rare and heavy metals occur in the older metamorphic rock. It is believed that no state in the Union is endowed with so great a variety of mineral species as is New Mexico. The recent discovery of uranium and radium-bearing minerals tends to encourage prospecting. A new deposit of wolframite (tungsten ore) has been recently found in Taos County. The magnitude, extent and lo- cality of the coal and gas areas of the State remain, to a great extent, an unknown quantity. The same may be said about the metalliferous deposits. New Mexico is, per- haps, the most favorable field in the United States for pros- pecting. The chances of success here are far greater for the prospector than in any other part of the United States. The mining and production of copper at Santa Rita and in the Burro mountains are classed among the big enter- prises of the world. The ore occurs principally as a low grade sulphide disseminated through porphyry. These ore reserves are of such magnitude that it will take a half century to exhaust the deposits, mining six thousand tons per day. The principal zinc and lead deposits occur near Silver City, Cooks Peak and Kelly. In magnitude . zinc mining stands next to copper and coal. Most of the stream gravels carry placer gold; this is especially true in the northern part of the State. Placer mining about Elizabethtown has been active since the dis- covery of gold in 1866. The placers at Hillsboro in Sierra County and in southern Santa Fe County where the first discovery of gold was made in 1 828, are still being worked in a small way. The chief lode mining in gold and silver is in the Mo- gollon district in western Socorro County. This camp is among the best in the West. The mines pay a handsome dividend, although they are handicapped by a ninety-mile haul between MogoUon and Silver City. At Rosedale, in the Red River district, and in western Colfax County gold mining is successfully conducted. ^•='5^.. '"e^. •SVJ S.Q.7L era /V />fttflsm Moose. 'Sand'S. (^ Caa.1 ^^^^ RESOURCES AND INDUSTFTIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATS "3 — 51 — the: IVIETV^ MEXICO Gypsum plants are being operated at Ancho, and at three or four places in the Pecos Valley. The supply of gypsum in the State is practically unlimited. A fire-clay plant at Gallup is supplying many of the smelters in Arizona and other points with a very excellent refractory brick for converter linings. At Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Raton and Tonque in southern Santa Fe County an excellent quality of good building brick is had. In western Socorro County, at Estancia and in the southeastern portion of the Stale abundance of salt exists. In a prospect hole for oil southeast of Carlsbad the drill penetrated and passed through a bed of salt almost one thousand feet in thickness. Large deposits of fluor spar have been opened and mined near Deming, on the Gila river. Sierra Oscura, and Sandia mountains east of Albuquerque. All of these deposits of fluor spar are quite pure and are valuable for smelting iron ore in the open hearth furnace. Extensive bodies of hematite exist at the Jones district in the Sierra Oscura, about White Oaks, at Orogrande, in the Gallinas mountains, at Fierro and other points. This iron ore is uniformly of a very high grade and is desirable for making steel. These economic deposits possess great commercial value. Economic deposits of molybdenite are being successfully worked northwest of Las Vegas. These deposits will be- come important in the near future. Molybdenite also oc- curs just east of the city of Santa Fe, but these deposits are undeveloped. At Petaca in Rio Arriba County some exceedingly important deposits of mica occur in pegmatite dikes. These dikes extend through a distance of six or seven miles and vary in width from fifty to six hundred feet. The mica is classed as muscovite and is very trans- parent. Large sheets from eight to fifteen inches square are not uncommon. The rare mineral samarskite is asso- ciated with the pegmatite dikes at Petaca ; this mineral car- ries radium. Taken all in all the possibilities of the mineral wealth of New Mexico appear unlimited. But few people realize or comprehend the importance and magnitude of the min- eral deposits of the State. The greatest heritage possessed by New Mexico is embodied in her mineral resources. CHURCH LIFE IN NEW MEXICO T WAS to Christianize the Indians that the Franciscans accompanied the Conquistadores from Mexico to New Mexico more than three centuries ago. The house of worship was among the first buildings to be erected by the Spanish invaders wherever they went and to this day there is no village, however poor or isolated, but has its chapel. Naturally, the Roman Catholic church has had the predominant religious influence in the State. Santa Fe is the see of an archbishop and has large Catholic institutions, including St. Vincent's Sanitarium, Hospital and Orphanage, St. Michael's College, Loretto Academy and Convent, the Cathedral, Guadalupe church and San Miguel and Rosario chapels, besides the archbishop's palace, parochial schools and secular property interests. More than one-half of the population of the State is Catho- hc and it is not only at Santa Fe that hospitals, sanitaria, academies, schools are maintained but also at various other points. Among the Indians, missions are maintained but the Protestants are also active in their work among the Pueblos and Navajos and have established mission schools at Santa Fe, Albuquerque and other points, where native children are given training in household arts and practical trades in addition to schooling. Among the Protestant denominations, the Presbyterians have the largest number of communicants. They have fine churches in the larger towns and in a number of rural communities. They maintain mission schools and mission churches and a sanitarium for consumptives, the latter at Albuquerque. The Methodists come next in number and also maintain missions and schools at various points. The Episcopalians are stroiig, especially in the larger towns and a resident bishop has selected Albuquerque as his see. The Baptists, Congregationalists, Christians, Lutherans and many other denominations are represented in the State. The Mormons have settlements in San Juan and McKinley Counties and a scattered membership in Rio Arriba, San Juan and Socorro Counties. There are two or three purely religious colonies of religious sects in the State. Such organizations as the Christian Endeavor and Epworth League have a large membership. Of the Catho- lic organizations, the Christian Brothers, the Franciscans, the Jesuits, the Sisters of Loretto, of St. Vincent's and of the Holy Sacrament are accomplishing noble work in edu- cation and charity. There is a State Sunday School Association and a state -Sunday school missionary is establishing Sunday schools in the new communities or in sections where homesteaders are settling. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 52 -^ THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF NEW MEXICO BY ALVAN N. WHITE, STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION HEN New Mexico became a territory under the United States flag, it had but a few pri- vate schools and these were conducted at ir- regular intervals by individual teachers and without any organization. Governor Vigil in his message to the first New Mexico Leg- islature, in 1847, made this statement in discussing educa- tional conditions: "There is at present but one public school in the territory, that located in the city of Santa Fe, and supported by funds of the county, which are insuffi- cient to employ more than one teacher." When New Mexico became a portion of the United States, it was under a solemn treaty, the terms of which gave an absolute promise of admission to the Union. Under this promise, and also under the pledge of citizenship, there were brought into the United States about ninety thousand alien people who did not speak English, who knew but little of our cus- toms, our constitution or our laws. The United States government did absolutely nothing for many years to im- prove conditions in education among the Spanish-American people and to this day not one dollar has been given for public school purposes outside of lands granted by the federal government and in no way has our government di- rectly assisted these people to become worthy citizens, as it has since done in Porto Rico and the Philippines, to which islands regiments of competent teachers have been sent and millions of dollars expended for school buildings and education. For sixty years, the government failed to keep its pledge for the admission of New Mexico as a state of the Union and during all this time expended nothing in New Mexico for public school purposes, excepting a dona- tion of sections 1 6 and 36 of each township as school sec- tions which became available for school purposes in I 898. During the greater portion of these sixty years of territorial regime but little educational progress was made. The territories of New Mexico and Arizona were governed as provinces; their officials, the majority of whom were to- tally unacquainted with local conditions, being sent under appointment from Washington. Not until 1891, forty-one years after New Mexico be- came a territory, was a public school system in reality created. This law provided for the establishment of com- mon schools throughout the territory, created the office of superintendent of public instruction and a territorial board of education. Educational matters began to improve rap- idly. From time to time, this first public school act has been wisely zimended and additional beneficial school laws passed, until today New Mexico prides itself upon having one of the best harmonized and effective school codes and systems of any state in the Union. At first New Mexico people were unaccustomed to any direct tax for school purposes. Ih 1855, when a proposi- tion for levying a general tax for the support of public schools was submitted to popular vote, there were only 37 ballots in favor and 5,016 opposed. Today, the people are quite willing to vote special taxes in addition to the general levy for school purposes. The New Mexico system of raising school funds is one which is intended and does secure the hearty cooperation of all the people ; for provision is made, ( 1 ) state funds, (2) a county general school fund, and (3) a district fund. The state funds include a permanent school fund the inter- est on which only may be used; the current school fund, which is distributed by the state superintendent of public instruction among the various counties according to the number of bersons of school age (5 to 21 ) ; and the re- serve fund to be used to aid those districts which are unable to hold the minimum five months term, with the proceeds of the local district levy and other funds allotted to such district. This permanent school fund is made up of five per cent of the proceeds of United States land sales and of the sale of school lands, which now comprise four sections in each township. This fund on December I, 1912, amounted to $ 1 2 1 ,040. 78 and on the same date of 1 9 1 3 it amount- ed to $127,040.78. The interest from banks where this fund is deposited during each fiscal year amounts to several thousand dollars, this being placed to the credit of the cur- rent school fund. This fund receives also the proceeds from the leasing of the four school sections in each town- ship, certain licenses, all fines, forfeitures, etc., collected under general laws; and one-half mill state tax. The state reserve school fund, a fund that is needed and used to aid weak districts in having at least five months term of school, includes half of the current school fund. The unused portion of the reserve school fund is now used to aid weak districts in building schopl houses. During the past year, there were used for this purpose approximately M RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHmE STATE _ 53 — ISJEW^ MEXICO HTHC LAND OF" OF»RCDRTUINnTy $40,000, thus assisting 135 school districts to erect suit- able school buildings. Again, the willingness of the peo- ple to contribute of their means for school purposes is il- lustrated; for, under the terms by which a weak district may receive state aid for building purposes, the district must levy the maximum district tax of fifteen mills and the citizens must further contribute one-third of the cost of the building either in money or labor. The county general school fund is composed of each county's portion of the state current school fund, the pro- ceeds of a three-mill county tax, a portion of the liquor licenses, and eighteen of the twenty-six counties share in twenty-five per cent of the proceeds of the earnings of national forest reserves, this income being placed in the county general school fund. This county general school fund is distributed among the districts, cities and towns by the county superintendent of schools on a per capita basis. .The district funds are composed of the proceeds of a local levy which may not exceed fifteen mills in rural dis- tricts and twenty mills in incorporated cities and towns. The rural school levies are made by the county commis- sioners on request of the district directors, but such levies must be made to produce sufficient funds with other moneys allotted to the district necessary to maintain at least five months of school on the basis of an annual expenditure of three hundred dollars per school room. The district fund receives also its portion of the county general school fund, poll taxes and a part of liquor licenses. Thus it may be clearly seen that the State acts first, do- ing its share, then the county, then the district and finally in weak districts the citizens supplement the fund for build- ing purposes. The result is that there is hearty cooperation among the people of the various communities, villages, towns and cities when it comes to educational matters. Under the state constitution, a state board of education consisting of seven members, including the governor as chairman ex-officio, and the superintendent of public in- struction as secretary ex-officio, and five other members ap- pointed by the governor, by and with the consent of the state senate, for a term of four years, one to be a county superintendent, one the head of a state educational institu- tion, and one other a practical educator, was created and given the "control, management and direction of all public schools, under such regulations as may be provided by law" The board issues all teachers' certificates, prepares institute manuals, courses of study and other publications and assists the state superintendent who is the executive officer of the board, to shape the educational policies of the State and to put into effect rules and regulations. The state superintendent of public instruction is an elective of- ficer, his term being for four years and he is eligible to succeed himself. He is required to make official visits to all counties of the State each year for the purpose of super- vision, investigations, and rendering assistance generally in educational matters. He is also authorized by law to in- terpret all school laws, see to their enforcement, apportion state school funds and issue any publications of interest educationally. Each county elects a county superintendent who has general supervision over the schools of his county. The district is the school unit of organization. In rural com- munities, there is a board of three school directors, and in the incorporated villages, towns and cities there is a board of education of five members, elected at large, with an ap- pointed city superintendent as administrative officer. These directors and boards in school districts hire the teachers, ex- pend the school funds, and have the general care and keep- ing of school property, hold school elections, make annual enumerations of school children, collect poll tax, and assist in enforcing the compulsory school attendance law. Other provisions of the law are : All children, seven to fourteen years of age, must attend some school during the whole time that it is in session; school terms in every dis- trict of the State must be at least five months in length; women may hold the offices of county superintendent of schools, school director or member of boards of education, and may vote at all school elections, which elections, except that for county and state superintendents, must be held at different times from general elections; the nature and effect of alcohol and narcotics, also civics and history of New Mexico, must be taught in all the schools of the State; county high schools may be established on majority vote of those qualified to vote at school elections in the county, such high schools being supported by general county levy and in which schools in addition to the usual subjects taught, vocational branches must be added, tuition bemg free to all children of the county who have completed the first eight grades. The law provides for industrial instruc- tion and for a state director of industrial education ap- pointed by the state superintendent of public instruction. Such state director is required by law to introduce the teaching of vocational branches in all the public schools of the State. In I 89 1 there were considerably less than five hundred public schools in the then territory of New Mexico and there were but 552 public school teachers. Today there are 1,01 7 public schools in operation, in charge of 1,7)7 capable and efficient teachers. The past year, expendi- F?ESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE ^ it 54 THE LAND OF" CDFRORTUNITV" tures for maintaining the public schools, were $1,254,470. The public school census shows more than 105,000 per- sons between 5 and 21 years, an enrollment of 64,845, with an average daily attendance of almost 50,000. The value of public school property is approximately $1,500,- 000; that of the state institutions more than $1,000,000; of private schools about $500,000, and of the Indian schools something over $500,000. The percentage of illiteracy has been greatly reduced by the rapid growth and improvement of the public schools. The slate educa- tional institutions offer comprehensive courses and have high-class faculties. Each year shows a very satisfactory increase in attendance and the interest of the people of the State is rapidly reaching the point of enthusiasm for their home institutions. The State University at Albuquerque,, the School of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts near Las Cruces, the Normal University at Las Vegas, the Normal School at Silver City, the Spanish-American Normal at El Rito, the School of Mines at Socorro, the Military Institute at Roswell, the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Santa Fe, and the Institute for the Blind at Alamogordo, have extended their scope materially since statehood. While the problem of providing proper financial support for our state institutions has not been fully solved, each institution has received a liberal appropriation of public lands which, supplemented by direct appropriations of the legislature, provides a substantial support for each of them. Certainly one of the most striking advances made in education in New Mexico, since it became a state, has been the aroused pubUc sentiment in favor of the establishment of standard high schools. The New Mexico legislature in 1912 enacted a high school law said to be unique in some of its provisions. This law contemplates the establishment of one or more county high schools in each of the twenty- six counties of the State, upon the approval of the proposi- tion by a majority vote of the electors of the county. The control of each school is vested in the board of directors, or board of education, of the district in which the high school is located, with the county superintendent as an ex-officio member. The high school board may levy a special tax not exceeding two mills upon all property in the county, the receipts thereof to be used for the maintenance and operation of the county high school. The site and build- ing must be furnished by the district and all children of the county who have completed the eighth grade may attend gratis. The course of study of every county high school must include manual training, domestic science, the ele- ments of agriculture, and commercial science. If more than one county high school is established in any county, the receipts from the special tax must be apportioned be- tween the schools on the basis of the number of pupils who attended at least half the regular sessions of the previous year. Under the provisions of this legislation, there have been established 1 4 county high schools. The state depart- ment of education gives state-wide examinations for pupils who have completed the eighth grade for a certificate of promotion, which entitles them to enter any of the state's high schools without further examination. The present year shows an increase of twenty-five per cent in the enroll- ment of the high schools. Recently the state board of education fixed a standard course for the high schools of the State and practically all of these schools are now com- plying with this requirement. Credit must be given to the many denominational and private schools in all parts of New Mexico which are increasing their capacity and usefulness from year to year. There were enrolled last year in the mission and non-sec- tarian private schools 4,995, and more than 2,000 pupils in the government Indian schools. New Mexico is thoroughly aroused to the importance of education and will always consider it a solemn obliga- tion to give the largest opportunity to every child to obtain an education. The people of New Mexico have in recent years been more than willing to vote the maximum levy for public school purposes and when that limit was reached under the law they have by private subscriptions and dona- tions supplemented the state, county, and district funds. By the act of Congress of June 21,1 898, New Mexico received for her common schools a donation of land aggre- gating 1 4,244,480 acres and under the Enabling Act an additional amount of 4,219,520 acres, a grand total of almost eight and a half million acres. The revenues de- rived from the sale and lease rentals, under a proper ad- ministration of these lands, will each year materially in- crease. The statistics for the year 1913-14 show an aver- age term of school for the more than one thousand school districts of almost eight months. It is the exception rather than the rule to find an unqualified or incompetent teacher in charge of a public school. In the large majority of the schools there will be found a teacher who has had two to four years of high school education and in addition, nor- mal training. Without question, there is no state in the Union which can show that . more than one-third of the teaching force of the State, spends eight weeks of the sum- mer vacation in the summer normal schools of the State. New Mexico last year established this record. New Mex- ico challenges her sister states to show an attendance of RESOURCES AND INDU STRIEIS OF THE SUNSHINE STATE S==3"' , ■ ■'■■ ' — 55 — IVJEW^ AUEXICO htme: land CDF" opportunity^' more than 50 per cent of teachers in attendance at a state educational association meeting. At such meeting last year the enrollment showed 1,248 out of 1,717 New Mexico teachers in attendance. This year the enrollment was 1 ,820. In interest, in enthusiasm, and in a desire for self-improvement, the teachers of New Mexico cannot be surpassed by the teaching force of any other state. It was this remarkable interest and enthusiasm, as well as the un- precedented attendance, which led United States Commis- sioner P. P. Claxton, the principal speaker at last year's meeting, to commend most highly the educational progress being made by the commonwealth. Progress is not being made along one or two lines only, but in all phases of educational advancement. So soon as a step forward has been taken, another is planned and ac- complished. Industrial education has been neglected un- der territorial rule, but the state legislature embraced the first opportunity, after statehood, to provide for the teach- ing of industrial branches, not only in the county high schools but in all the grades as well. The state director of industrial education supervises and encourages the work, traveling and lecturing almost continually during the year. That phase of educational progress has now become firmly established in the State. At this time, sentiment has crys- talized into a state-wide movement for an increase in the minimum school term from five to seven months and the approaching legislature will undoubtedly comply with the demand. Provision is also to be made to provide for every community, having fifteen or more school children, a suit- able school house, with state aid if necessary, giving a minimum term of school for seven months at least, under the direction of a capable and efficient teacher, certificated by state authority. The state does not discharge its full duty by making the largest provision for the education oi its future citizens, but it must require such future citizens to take advantage of the opportunities offered. New Mex- ico has fully met this situation, for it has a most effective compulsory attendance law which, through its various ad- ministrative officers and in the larger cities and towns by a paid truant officer, is being rigidly enforced. While New Mexico is developing rapidly its various natural resources, with which she has been abundantly blessed, the common- wealth is not neglecting the proper education of her future citizens and desires to be known far and wide for the educational advantages offered to her citizens and those who contemplate locating within her boundaries. Always she may be found striving to reach this end with every as- surance of success! NEW MEXICO FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS BY MRS. RUPERT F. ASPLUND HE New Mexico Federation of Women's Clubs was organized in 1911 by Mrs. Philip N. Moore, at that time president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. The organization was held at Las Cruces, and seventeen clubs became charter members of the organization. Since that time, four conventions have been held; the federated clubs number thirty-five and the total membership is about fifteen hundred. The work of the federation is carried on through seven departments: civic, legislation, literature, library and reci- procity; education and child welfare, home economics, music and art, pubhc health; and there are three standing committees: history, conservation and club extension. The work of each department is directed by a chairman and two directors, and the management of federation business is vested in the executive board which is composed of the officers and chairmen. Much of the work of the federation is of the same char- acter as that carried on by the departments of the general federation, while some of it belongs especially to New Mexico and grows out of its conditions. In the department of civics, in addition to the usual war oii the fly and efforts for clean-up days all over the Stale, especial attention is being given to inexpensive and efficient disposal of garbage in small towns, and this department is also planning a cam- paign for the utilization of the school house as a social center. The legislation department will maintain headquarters in Santa Fe during the coming legislature and will en- deavor to get much-needed legislation on the property rights of married women, the placing of women on the boards of regents of the state institutions, proper charity and correction laws and a code of library laws. This de- partment has assisted in the publication and distribution of a pamphlet which summarizes the statutes of the State which especially affect women and children. The department of literature, library and reciprocity RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE m — 56 — IVIEW^ Ai£:5aco maintains a bureau of reciprocity for the exchange of papers among the clubs, and assists in the making of club programs. This department has helped a number of clubs in the starting of small libraries through the State and has interested itself in the matter of library legislation. In a state so new as New Mexico the department of education and child welfare has a work of the greatest im- portance. Most of the city schools have already received help from the clubs, and the department is now making an effort to give the same assistance to the rural districts. The matter of women voting at school elections and the election of women to the school boards also receives attention. The first work of the department of home economics was the effort for the creation of a supervisor of industrial education in the State and for the including of all forms of industrial training in the curricula of the schools. This has been so successfully accomplished that the department is now turning its attention to cooperating with the State Agricultural College in its extension work among the women of the State. The public health department makes a specialty of the campaign against tuberculosis and is planning a systematic campaign of education on the subject of child hygiene and diet. The music and art department assists clubs in preparing programs and in planning to aid substantially in the musi- cal and artistic development of the State. A committee on conservation is working for the creation of national parks in the State, for the preservation of his- toric places and for the building and maintenance of good roads; while a history committee is planning to recover and publish some of the very interesting though unwritten his- tory of New Mexico homes and families. The activities of the individual clubs are so many and varied that it is difficult to select from them, but a few may be mentioned here. A number of clubs have started and maintain public libraries; others have parks, play- grounds, rest rooms for strangers and care for otherwise neglected cemeteries. Several clubs own their own build- ings which are centers of civic and social life in the various towns. The intellectual life of the community is in many places enriched by the classes in art, music, archaeology or literature offered by the clubs which often bring also the opportunity for hearing high-class lectures, concerts and entertainments. Almost every federated club does some- thing along civic lines. Cleaning up the town, killing the flies, disposing of garbage, inspection of foods, tree plant- ing, etc., show the interest of the women's clubs in the ma- terial side of city government, while their efforts for police women and against saloons and "segregated districts" show that their interest in the moral side is no less keen. In many of the towns of the State manual training and domestic science were placed in the schools because of the demand of the women, and the same is increasingly true of physical education. Many mothers' clubs work with the teachers in their efforts to better the schools and some are now reaching out to the country schools and aiding the teachers in the poorer districts by gifts of books, pictures, equipment and even clothing for the children who might otherwise be prevented from attending school in cold weather. A number of "better baby shows" were held last year, "municipal Christmas trees" will gladden many towns in New Mexico, the "Belgian relief commission" and the "Red Cross" have been generously assisted, not to mention many purely local activities which have received a helping hand from the clubs. The motto of the New Mexico State Federation is, "And the desert shall bloom as a rose". The women who compose the membership of the clubs in the State feel that as the men of the great Southwest have brought smil- ing orchards and fields of waving grain from the seemingly barren sands of the desert, so their women-folk are doing their part by cultivating in this new State just emerging from her pioneer period, the flowers of the intellectual, artistic and social life. So shall men and women working together carry New Mexico to that high state of develop- ment both material and spiritual which is the goal of all civilization. PL RESOURCES AND INDUSTmES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE M — 57 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MEXICO'S HIGHWAY SYSTEM BY D. R. LANE , T TOOK the stimulus cf the transcontinental automobilist to awaken the good roads spirit in New Mexico and set the community to work building highways that should make accessible the State's many scenic resources as well as satisfy the demands of the farmers for better hauling facilities. The influence of the automobile IS strongly felt still and will be for many years, as is evi- dent in the great number of trunk roads the State is build- ing as compared to the few laterals. Ever since the legislators of territorial days were in- fected with the goad roads germ and authorized the build- ing of El Camino Real from Raton on the north to the Texas line on the south, that great road has been the back- bone of all real, practical or tentative highway systems in the State. This is fitting, for as the Rio Grande divides the State from north to south and provided the conquista- dores with an avenue of entrance, so should the main artery of traffic do likewise. El Camino Real, or the Royal Road, to put in into English, will be open to traffic along its entire length early in 1915. It is at present open for all but a few miles of the way, where traffic is detoured over a very good parallel road. This great highway enters the state through the Raton pass, a region of great alti- tude, splendid mountain scenery and wonderful road building. The road winds about, in and out, twisting and turning through the pass, following . closely the old toll road set up by the Woottons in the early days, when every wagon that went through the pass on the road to Santa Fe had to pay tribute. Then for half its length it follows the Santa Fe trail, the first real highway of the west, to Santa Fe. Down from the mountains it comes and southward across the lower reaches of Colfax County until in Mora County it reaches the hills again, and in San Miguel County is once more in the mountains, though not such high ones as the Raton range. However, they are high enough. Along the crests of seme of them runs a scenic highway the like of which is not to be found in any OX THK sckxk; highway between alamogordo and cloudcroft F?ESOURCES AND INDUSTrYIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — ' ~ ' - — lifi — — 58 — hthe: laisid of" qfrqrtunitv^ and earlier ones. Past the once vasi pueblo of Pecos it comes, through the town of Canyoncito and into the ancient city of Santa Fe, capital of New Mexico and the oldest of the famed districts mentioned in the guide-books. For days and locale of many an Indian battle in those days miles this road progresses at an altitulc of 6,000 feet, with a whole wide New Mexico valley full of timber below and the pine-clad slopes of the eternal hills above. Valley and canyon, rolling plain and valley glen, they open to the inspection of the tourist motoring along comfortably above them and each appeals to the visitor to stay awhile until the very number and variety of beauties gluts the sense of the traveler and he no longer appreciates. Into Santa Fe County the road winds, through the Glo- rieta pass, scene of a famous running light in Civil War IN CIMARRON CANYON ON THE CAMINO UEAIj I'lJiier and Lower Stretches on tlie Scenic Higliuay Xciir Las Vegas seat of government m the territory occupied by the United States. From Santa Fe there are side-trips almost without number to be taken : to the cliff dwellings in the Canyon de los Frijoles, to the Pajarito cliff dwelling ruins, to Puye canyon, to the pueblos of Taos, Tesque, San Juan, San Ildefonso and a dozen others, each lemarkable m its own way; to the typical old Mexican town of Agua Fria, to Chamita, scene of the first white settlement in the United States, down to San Cristoval to see the ruins of the pueblo the Comanches destroyed m 1 680 and to examine the pic- tographs which the Indians chiseled into the rocks above the pueblo, to dozens of other places, including the famous turquoise mine near Los Cerrillos. From Santa Fe the road crosses the mesa south to the famous La Bajada, where it descends 630 feet in a mile and three-fifths, giving at every turn along the way a new- view of the valley of the Rio Grande, then seen for the first time, and the mountain ranges which bound it. Some of these ranges located as far south as Socorro can be seen from La Bajada's crest on a clear day. Thence the Royal Road runs south and east past the pueblos of San Domingo and San Felipe, over the hills and mesas into the real Rio Grande valley, the irrigated section, and so south to Albuquerque, the State's metropolis. It was near Albuquerque that Coronado, on his mem- orable trip in search of the seven cities of Cibola, spent the winter of I 540. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE _ 59 TTHE: IwAND OF" OF PORTUNITV^ From Albuquerque the official route of the road is south on the west side of the river, but because there is still a small section to be graded and topped between Albu- querque and Los Lunas, a detour is made nowadays to TYPK OF ItOAD COXSTKUCTED BY THE FOREST SERVICE the east and the run taken down over the great mesa which borders the eastern side of the Rio Grande for two-thirds of its length to "the cut-off" or, if one likes, to Carthage, oldest coal camp in the West, and so to Socorro over a new bridge and a splendid road, or else to San Antonio by an older bridge and fair road. From Socorro one goes south to San Marcial, where the new bridge allows a cross- ing to the eastern side again, and then on down the east bank of the river to the state line, passing through Rincon, Las Cruces and several smaller towns, each remarkable for some historic or scenic attraction, as it goes. At San Marcial one has a choice of another route, that through the Cuchillo-Monticello cut-off", which affords some wonderful scenery of canyons, mountains and daring road engineering. The road in some of the canyons of this cut-off is said to excel La Bajada and the scenic route over Raton Pass for daring and grandeur. In Sierra County, a dozen miles west of Engle, is the site of the Elephant Butte dam, the largest of the govern- ment's reclamation projects. There is a good road from Engle, which is on the Camino Real, to the dam and the trip is well worth making. This dam is impounding waters for a reservoir which will ultimately be forty miles long. A fine road is being constructed along the edge of the reservoir. Closely connected with the Camino Real, and partly in it, is the highway system of Dona Ana County, an ex- ceptionally good series of roads which lead all through the most populous and prosperous irrigated valley of the State. These roads lead to many points of interest, the Organ mountains, the old Mexican towns, the State Agri- cultural College, and elsewhere in the county. There are other routes which may be taken in prefer- ence to the direct line of El Camino Real, for after all, a main road must be built for speed and ease in traffic, but detours may be built entirely with an eye to the beauties of nature. These begin almost as soon as the highway enters the State. In Colfax County, detours may be made to the famous Elk Park region, west of the Camino Real, to Red River, or to Cimarron, and thence on through rugged, majestic, mountainous Taos County, past the OX THE OCEAN-TO-OCEi\N HIGHWAY WEST OP ALBUQUERQUE FfESOURCES AND I NDUSTFflES OF THE SUNSHINE S TATE — 60 C 3 5 > - 3 a: = P P n 3 P o =^ o u RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 61 IMETW^ MEXICO TTHE LAND OF" QFRORTU^^TV" ancient pueblo and through the oldest cultivated fields any- where in the West to Santa Fe, where the main route may be regained. Near Cimarron, and passed through by a part of the IN COMKSCREW CANYON Near Socorro, on tlie Ocean-to-Occan ]\oute great scenic route south parallel to the Camino Real, is Cimarron canyon, perhaps the finest single piece of natural grandeur in the State. This canyon is many hundred feet in depth, its rocky side-walls rise perpendicularly and in places are broken and eroded to form "palisades" which excel in beauty those famous features of the Hudson river valley. The broad floor of the valley is carpeted with splendid growths of pine, except where the land is being farmed, though there are numberless little parks and glens all through the region. The Cimarron canyon is rapidly becoming known as one of the State's greatest assets in the line of beauty. Or a trip may be made to the east from Raton, over into Union County, and so down the Gulf-Colorado main route, which passes through Clayton, into Texas. Though a splendid road, the scenic and historic attractions are not so marked on this as upon some others, though at the north- ern end of the road, that portion which is in New Mexico, they are quite noteworthy. From Las Vegas, the Meadow City, one may swing off to the southeast from the backbone highway and run down to Santa Rosa, or to Vaughn, or even to Rosweli, if one so desires, over very good roads. Some good mountain scenery is available along this route, especially in the Es- tancia valley and near Santa Rosa. At Santa Fe a diversion may be taken to old Galisteo, a typical old Mexican town. Thence the main road may be rejoined or the diversion may be continued to Rosweli, the road for part of the way being the same as that from Las Vegas. Northwest from Las Vegas runs the road to Mora, which is entirely practical for automobiles and is well worth taking if there is a desire to see a Mexican agricul- tural community in process of Americanization. Also from Las Vegas side-trips may be taken into the nearby mountains, to Las Vegas Hot Springs, to El Porvenir, over into the Pecos national forest, the great playground of the State, which is also accessible from Santa Fe, and to many little fishing streams not too far away. At Albuquerque begin the series of east and west shoots from the parent stem which are main travelled roads, though of course there are minor cross country highways all along. Eastward from Albuquerque, through the canyon of Tijeras ,or "scissors," so-called because in shape it re- sembles an open pair of scissors, and south through the Manzano range, goes the first leg of the Panhandle-Paciflc route a road intended to link up Texas and Oklahoma ROAD ON AN INDIAN RESERVATION Constructed liy the Federal Government RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE: STATE M 62 ox THE Sirj\ ER CITY-HURLEY ROAD A Pine Tji)o of County Highway with a main road to California. This it does, for if the Ocean-to-Ocean route ends officially at Santa Fe, at Albuquerque is located its real ending, its first digression from the Santa Fe Trail or El Camino Real. The Panhandle-Pacific route follows the general line of the Santa Fe railway's Belen cut-off eastward from Wil- lard, where it debouches from the mountains, to Vaughn, then north to avoid the bad crossing at Fort Sumner (this northward swing will be eliminated early in 1915, when the new bridge is completed at Fort Sumner) and south again to Clovis, whence it follows the general line of the Santa Fe railroad to Amarillo, Texas. The Ocean-to-Ocean route leads from Albuquerque along the eastern mesa of the Rio Grande valley to a point THE SOCORKO-JIAGDALENA ROAD Seen From the Highest Point in Blue Canyon A\aiITE ROCK CAXY'ON A Picturesque Spot, Xear Santa Fe, Reached Over El Camino Real and Other Routes opposite Socorro, where it crosses the river, passes through Socorro and swings up the long grade toward the continen- tal divide. It passes through the beautiful Blue canyon in the mountains just west of Socorro, continues past the Mount Magdalena, where a natural rock outcropping por- trays the face of the Virgin, or so the Spaniards said, on through the Datil mountains and the Datil national forest to the San Augustine plains, which are crossed, past Que- mado and so to Springerville, just over the line in Arizona. There is another through route westward which has found some favor with motorists and which deserves a great deal of attention. This is the "Northern Arizona Route," the "Grand Canyon Route" or the "Western Extension of RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 63 the Camino Real". It is called by all three names. This route, which will be ready for use January 1 , 1915, leaves the Camino Real at Los Lunas and runs almost directly west to the State line. The difficult sands of the Rio t<)S(R]:TK isiuixii: at cuiakron Siicciiucu ol' tiic Si)lfiuli(l (Onsti'iiction Done in New Mexico Since tlie Ciood Koads Awalcening. Puerco, where many cars have been stopped for hours, are crossed on a modern steel bridge. The general route is that of an old right-of-way of the Santa Fe line, abandoned years ago. The maximum grade is two per cent. This route leads past the pueblos of Laguna and Acoma, through the very interesting Navajo Indian country at Tho- reau and Gallup and is the route for many of the interest- ing southwestern pueblos, Zuni, Hop], Moqui and others. A few miles from Gallup, and easily reached by a short detour from this road, is the famous Inscription Rock, or El Morro, whereon are to be found the names of most of the conquistadores, some of these dating from the very earliest days of Spanish occupation. This rock is now a national monument and is protected from the acts of van- dalism which a few years ago defaced some of the in- scriptions. Though the road also ends at Santa Fe, Albuquerque is the practical terminus of the Gran Quivira highway, a route which perhaps has more of historic interest to offer than any other in the State. This highway leads southeast from Albuquerque through the Manzano mountains, past Tajique, where stands a mound of adobe, the only remains of an ancient pueblo, the only one in the region which was not built of stone; past Manzano, where there are apple trees two centuries old that are still bearing, and past the great ruins of the Gran Quivira and Cuarai, from which it takes its name. These are huge piles of stone, built no man knows when and abandoned in 1670 or so. The sole survivors of iheir once numerous population are now living in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, to all in- tents and purposes Mexican though really they are the last of the Piro Indians. This road continues down through the old cattle country of Lincoln County, through gloomy IN .SAX JXJAN COUNTY SJioulng the Excellent Highways of This Region FfESOURCES AND I NDUSTF?IES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE '— ' -' — — 64 - r^JETW AUEXICO THE SOUTHERN NATIONAL AND GRAN QUIAlllA HIGHA\ AYS BKTW EEN CARRIZOZO AND ROSWTELIy 1 On the Road to RosiveU fi-om Can-lzozo. 2. In the Piiies. 3. The Highway Winds Beside tlie Ruidoso. 4. Every Variety of Scenery Abounds Along the Highway. 5. Along the Hondo. F?ESOURCES AND INDUSTfflES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 65 -^ I^4KW^ a4e:xico t^he: IwA^4D OF" CDF PORnruNiTV" c o ft o o o M z canyons lit at the bottom by sparkling streams and over slopes clad m giant pines and spruces, until it comes to Car- rizozo. And then it turns east to Roswell, where it joins the Borderland route and the Southern National Highway. The Borderland route enters the State in the southwest corner, passes into Texas, re-enters again in Luna County and continues across to the Arizona line, passing through Deming and Lordsburg. It is in general use, especially in the winter by transcontinental tourists. The splendid roads of the Pecos Valley, which are in- cluded in this route, uphold New Mexico's fair name as a good roads state well. Roswell and Carlsbad are touched by this route. The Southern National highway is a com.paratively re- cently organized route which makes use of the lately devel- oped highways which cross southern New Mexico. Some of these roads are very fine. From Roswell to Carrizozo there is a splendid road and from Alamogordo to Roswell there is one which is almost beyond praise as a scenic route. This road is very well built, with good grades and wide curves and on it one can enjoy the unusual sensation of fast driving actually above the clouds. There are points on this route where a downward look reveals a sea of fleecy cloud. The Southern National route passes through Ala- mogordo, the Mescalero Indian reservation, where some wonderful roads have been built by the government, and on to Las Cruces. This section of the road is also very fine. Thence the route goes west through Deming and Lordsburg. From Alamogordo extends one of the finest roads in the State. This is the scenic highway to Cloudcroft, which is in truth a city within the clouds, being located at the top of the Sacramento mountains. This road cost over $60,- 000 and is a splendid asset to the community, not only as a scenic highway, in which capacity it excels, but as a com- mercial road, many farmers using it to bring their produce down to market. This road runs through canyons and along cliffs, around curves and up tangents, but always up, up, and always amid the smell of the pines. The engineer- ing work on it is very fine but is lost to the ordinary person because of the vast beauty of the surroundings. Splendid views of mountain and valley are obtained from almost every point along it. The roads of San Juan County are more or less isolated from those of the rest of the State but will shortly be con- nected both at Gallup and through central and northern New Mexico. The roads in this county are very good. Considerable road improvement is under way by the State, the counties and the forest service. »iv^_ F?ESOURCES AND INDUSTfTIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE ^- 66 -^- ORIGIN OF GOOD ROADS MOVEMENT BY FRANCIS E. LESTER HE effect of New Mexico's good roads awakening has been wide and has reached every man, woman and child in the State, either directly or indirectly. Though actual road building on a scale commensurate with the dignity of the State has been going on for only a few years, much less than a decade, the country had good natural roads at the start. Improvement was not an expensive matter, mainly consisting of grading and drainage rather than the installation of expensive top sur- be state-built, the counties generally confine themselves to lateral, county seat, or other minor highways. Much of the heavy state work is done by convicts under the honor system, which, all other claimants to the contrary notwith- standing. New Mexico originated. The roads built by state funds are mainly gravel, with substantial bridges and culverts, well drained, laid out on the best possible grades. The county roads are frequently gravel but more often sand-clay, are usually well laid out and drained and often have just as goad bridges as the stale roads. The quality COL. K. E. TWITCHELL Pi'esident of the New Mexico Good Roads Association FKAXCIS E. LESTER President Xe« Mexico State Highway Officials' .Association '^^^^'^ faces. The native gravel, the native clays and sands, have been used with marked success in gravel and sand-clay roads, of which there are many miles in New Mexico. Gravel roads are the best in the State, but where the traffic is light, sand-clay roads have been very successful. The only large general improvement has been on the Camino Real, the main north and south road, but there are numberless pieces of isolated road improvement, in moun- tain districts, along scenic routes, and elsewhere. Road improvement in the State is done largely through the State road board, though many counties are doing some of the work. However, as the sentiment is that state roads should of county roads, of course, varies in the different counties. Probably the county roads are best in Dona Ana County, the first subdivision of the State to vote a county road bond issue. This is not saying that individual pieces of other roads are not as good or better than Dona Ana county's general system average. At present, the Camino Real is an improved road from end to end. And lest the mere statement that it is im- proved but construed to mean that it has merely been dragged a few times, it is well to add that the State has had from- three to seven convict gangs at work on it for nearly five years. Also it is well to note that a road in New RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE -^ 67 -- hthe: land OF" opRORTursnTV" Mexico has not the tremendous traffic of a densely popu- board has full jurisdiction over state road funds. It also lated region to sustain and that if some means are provided appoints county road boards, of three members each, in all for draining off the torrential but rare rains which are char- the state's subdivisions. These county boards are in con- acteristic of the country, it requires only a small amount of trol of the county road funds but cannot make tax levies, maintenance to keep it in first-class condition. There are that important duty being allotted to the county commis- mile after mile of New Mexico roads where forty miles an sioners, an elected body. The county roads are in direct control of all load matters in their respective counties, may open, close, condemn and othervi'ise ac- quire or dispose of highways, and have the responsibility of collecting and expending the per capita road tax, which usually goes for maintenance wcrk. The State Board has the power to declare certain roads state high- ways and to do work on them, to handle the state road funds and to appoint or remove county road board members. So far as high- ways are concerned, it is the supreme author- ity of the community. In many instances State and county au- thorities work together on one piece of road and there are cases on record where the county commissioners have levied special road SINCK lU'ILDING GlIAVEi; lioADS IX DONA ANA COUNTY faxes to be expended by the State Board. FARMERS HAUL TIIIIKK TiMES THE LOAD r- i n i a THEY DID FORMERLY' 1 here is a State (jood Roads Association, numbering 1 ,200 members. This organization is mainly a hour in a touring car is comfortable riding — if one cares to publicity and "boosting" one. The State Highway Offi- ride too fast to get the beauties of the scenery. cials' Association, composed of the state and county road Road building in New Mexico is directly in the hands authorities, with the county commissioners who make the of the State Highway Commission, a body created by the levies, is an active force in obtaining needed road legisla- first State Legislature. This is composed of the Governor, tion and in standardizing practices and methods and gather- State Engineer and Commissioner of Public Lands. This ing cost data. rf: j\ m '^■: -»^^jffl __, Jr'^ THE OLD SANTA FE TRAIL RESOURCES AND INDUSTr?IES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 68 NEW MEXICO"-SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE T. C. DE BACA. STATE GAME WARDEN PAGE OTERO, DEPUTY GAME WARDEN OR the benefit of sportsmen and tourists who may care to visit New Mexico I have con- cluded to give a little general information as to the hunting and fishing grounds in the State and the routes to be taken in order to reach them. The entire country on the northern line of New Mexico, from Union County in the northeast to San Juan County, in the northwest, is one continuous chain of mountains. Tourists from the eastern states usually come over the Santa Fe system through Trinidad, Colorado, though many travel over the Rock Island railroad. There is very little in the way of hunting and fishing to be found in Union County except in the northern part where there are a few blacktail deer and an occasional bear. This country may be reached by taking the Colorado and Southern railroad from Trinidad. From Trinidad, Colorado, to Raton, New Mexico is only about twenty-six miles. The St. Louis, Rocky Mountain & Pacific railroad runs trains from Raton to Ute Park and at the latter station the tourist or sportsman finds himself in Taos County at the gate of one of the finest hunting sections in the State. A stage or sled line is operated between Ute Park and Elizabethtown, a distance of twelve miles and from Eliza- bethtown to Red River, a distance of sixteen miles. At Red River City the heart of the game country is reached. Mr. C. B. Ruggles, famous in that country as guide, hun- ter and all round good fellow, lives at Red River and it has yet to happen that hunting parties in his care have not had splendid sport and have failed to bring home either bear, lion or deer. Mr. Ruggles has the finest pack of bear and lion dogs in the Southwest, and is always pre- pared to furnish saddle horses and pack animals for hunt- ing parties. Red River itself is a well-knowTi trout stream and has always furnished excellent sport. This country may also be reached by coming to Santa Fe and from there to either Barranca or Servilleta stations over the Den- ver & Rio Grande railroad. At the latter station arrange- ments for transportation may be made with. Mr. J. H. Dunn, who has fine livery and auto service. Rio Arriba County lying next to Taos County on the northern line has many attractions in way of sport. From Chama, the principal town on the Denver & Rio Grande railroad, the hunting grounds and trout streams are easily accessible. L. M. Gilliland, who resides in Chama, is a famous bear hunter and to all those who desire a sure enough bear rug, I would advise them to interview "Doc" as he is familiarly known. The Brazos, Los Pinos and the Chama and tributaries, are ideal trout streams. In years gone by, native trout, some weighing as much as eight pounds each have been taken out of the Brazos river. GROtrP OF KEW StEXIOO PElAItS Hainilton Mesa, East of the Pecos, 10,000 Feet; Lake Peak, 13,000 Feet; The Tnichaa Peaks, 13,400 Feet; Santa Fe Baldy, 12,661 Feet. pircrMiT?rF.S AND INDUSTmES OF THE SUNSHINS STSTE 69 INJEV^ AlEXICO T^HE: LAIMD OF' QF'PORTUNnTN^ but at the present time a three or four pounder gives the angler a record. In the northeastern portion of this county are a chain of lakes, Boulder lake, Horse lake and Stink- ing lake, the latter having a shore line of seventeen miles. Fine duck shooting may be enjoyed on these lakes. In the southern portion, wild turkey are to be found in greater numbers than in any other section of the State. In the adjoming county of Sandoval, excellent sport may be had, as bear, deer and turkey are fairly plentiful in the Jemez mountains. Here are located the celebrated Hot Sulphur and Jemez springs. Many wonderful cures have been ef- fected by the use of the baths and drinking the waters of these sprmgs. The waters are especially beneficial in cases of rheumatism and kidney troubles. In the counties in the central part of the State, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Bernalillo and Torrance many differ- ent species of game animals and birds are found. The Pecos range in San Miguel and Santa Fe Counties is con- sidered to be about the greatest game country in New Mex- ico. Several resorts have been established along the beau- tiful Pecos river so that parties desiring an outing will find .N.XMBK I'ALLS, ONE OF II IK MULTlirDE OF BEAITY SPOTS good accommodations within a short distance of the hunt- ing grounds. Tents, saddle horses and pack animals, and camp outfits can be obtained at reasonable rates at these resorts by those wishing to spend a few days and nights in Ski* £* ^M^Bw^^ jj^^^^ GOOD GHOUSE COUXTRY the open. There are probably more bear, lion, bobcats and lynxes to be found in these mountains than in. all other portions of the State combined. Many silvertip or grizzly bear have been killed during the past few years and there are some left. Blacktail deer and grouse are abundant and wild turkey are plentiful at intervals. The Pecos river is probably the best known trout stream in this part of the Southwest. This stream is regularly stocked each year and now contains four varieties of trout: blackspotted, rainbow, eastern brook and German brown. To persons desiring to enjoy an outing in this magnificent and picturesque coun- try, I will advise that the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe trains always stop at Glorieta station. By notifying Mr. J. W. Harrison in time at Pecos, N. M.. comfortable wagons, splendid teams and careful drivers will be on hand to convey parties to their destinations in the hunting country. In Torrance County quail are found on the fiat lands while a few blacktail deer and an occasional flock of wild turkey may be seen in the hills. Outside of ducks along the Rio Grande river, there is nothing in the way of outdoor sport in Bernalillo County. The eastern counties of the State are barren of game with the exception of a fe\v quail and prairie chickens. The latter, however, are protected indefinitely by the game laws. The entire southern portion of New Mexico, from Grant County in the southwest to Eddy County in the southeast, is an ideal country for game of all species. Of tlie limited number of antelope in the State, most of them are found in the flat plains country in the counties of Si- 1 a nzsouncE s and industries of the sunshine state 70 erra and Dona Ana. Shooting antelope is prohibited in- definitely. The only band of mountain sheep existing in this section of the Southwest is located in the Guadalupe mountains in the southwestern part of Eddy County. The CAMP SITE IN BOX CANYON band numbers about 200 and they always have been, and are at present, given the closest protection by the laws. Native crested, Gambel and Mearns quail are plentiful in all the southern counties. Silvertip, black and brown bear, lions, lynxes, bobcats, wolves, coyotes and foxes furnish exciting sport for the trophy hunter in all the ranges, while blacktail and whitetail deer, turkey and grouse are plenti- ful enough to keep the larder well supplied. In Socorro County and certain parts of Grant County a few specimens of the "Sonoran deer" have been observed. This small species of the deer family is a recent arrival from Mexico and will doubtless be given special protection in order that it may increase and become permanent. Conditions in Grant County are all that could be desired. Owing to the splendid protective system of the Sportsmen's Associa- tion of the Southwest, with headquarters at Silver City, N. M., the different species of game animals, birds and fish are plentiful. Every trout stream in the county has recendy been generously stocked with fish. Almost every section which has been described can be conveniently reached by railroad. At all stations along the different lines in the State, supplies and outfits may be obtained and good roads leading into the mountains make such trips easy and pleasant. At no time of the year will weather conditions prevent the sportsman from getting into, or out of, good hunting country. In all the National Forests, the officers are constantly in the field. The Ranger stations are located at different points in the reserves and the trails are kept open during the entire year. NATIONAL FORESTS OF NEW MEXICO BY A. C, RINGLAND HERE are nine national forests in New Mex- ico, comprising a gross area of approximately ten million acres and bearing a timber stand of fifteen billion board feet of lum.ber and other forest products. These areas are set aside and administered by the government with the purpose of insuring a permanent timber supply and to prevent the destruction of forest cover which regu- lates the flow of streams. The national forests of New Mexico provide for a permanent lumbering industry ; sup- ply material for the development of ranches, farms, and cities ; protect the watersheds essential to agricultural de- velopment; add stability to the livestock industry; pro- mote the development of facilities for transportation and communication on the forest areas, and contribute through the receipts derived from their administration to the road and school funds of the counties in which they are situated. Mining, agriculture, and all other uses of the forest areas not incompatible with their primary purpose are encouraged by the forest service. The timber resources of the New Mexico national for- ests, under forest management, are estimated to have a present annual productive capacity of about eighty million board feet of lumber, sufficient to build each year 8,000 homes for the people of New Mexico, without diminishing the stand or forest capital. This annual production may be confidently expected to increase largely with the prac- tice of better methods of management. The watersheds which the forests protect affect the flow of most of the important streams in the State, and all of the larger irri- gated districts derive a large part of their water supply from the national forests. The greatest enemy of the tim- ber and water supply of New Mexico is fire. Before the creation of the national forests, forest fires des'troyed mil- lions of feet of timber annually in New Mexico. But now, with its system of lookout towers, telephone lines, and RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 71 ISJEW" AlEXICO the: LAISID OF" OF=*RQR'TU^^TV" trails, the forest service is enabled to detect and reach all fires with great promptness and over ninety per cent are extinguished before they have covered ten acres. The forest ranges of New Mexico are a large factor in the livestock industry of the State; 98,761 head of cattle and horses and 829,729 head of sheep and goats were grazed during the season of 1914 for a nominal fee per head. The grazing regulations of the forest service pro- tect the small stockmen and are aimed to produce an equit- able distribution of grazing privileges and a permanent grazing industry. Under scientific management the pro- ductive capacity of the forest ranges is increasmg each year through the development of watering places, the construc- tion of range improvements, and the improvement of the forage crop. The forest service is rapidly improving transportation and communication facilities on the New Mexico forests. It has built 1 ,000 miles of telephone lines, 64 miles of roads, and 960 miles of trails for the purpose of facilitat- ing administration and protection of the forest areas. Its annual receipts are at present about $135,000 for New Mexico, and twenty-five per cent of this fund, or $33,- 750 is turned into the county funds for roads and schools. An additional ten per cent has by law been made ROAD nUlLT BY FORESTRY SERVICE available to the forest service for use in constructing addi- tional roads and trails. This fund now amounts to about $13,500 per year, and 47 miles of road have been con- structed with it on the forests of the State during the two years for which it has been available. With the steadily increasing receipts, these funds which accrue directly to the benefit of the State will increase correspondingly from year to year. The national forests of New Mexico offer excellent business opportunities to stockmen and lumbermen who are seeking a location for their business. With the general de- velopment of the State, new bodies of timber are becoming marketable, concerning which the forest service furnishes definite information to prospective purchasers. On some of the New Mexico forests are found extensive areas of excellent summer range for which the forest service is de- sirous of issuing grazing permits to setders who meet the requirements of the regulation for the allotment of grazing privileges. In addition to the purely economic resources of the New Mexico forests, they have a large and increasing value in the attractions which they offer to travelers, sportsmen, and healthseekers and in their increasing popularity with the people of New Mexico and adjacent states as a location for summer homes. This value for travel, sport and re- creation is largely dependent on a proper preservation of their scenic beauty, the development of roads and trails to make them accessible to the public, the protection of their historical and archaeological monuments and ruins, and the conservation of their fish and game. It is the definite aim of the forest service to accomplish these ends, and to en- courage the full use of the forests for purposes of recrea- tion and public health. Few people are aware of the de- lightful climate, the extraordinary scenery, the wealth of historical and archaeological interest, and the facilities for sport, rest, and recreation which are offered them in the mountains of New Mexico. In fact, many people who have seen New Mexico only from the transcontinental trains have the impression that it is largely desert and quite without forests of any description. This is because the railroads, in order to avoid grades, naturally avoid the mountain ranges and seek the lowest elevations. The future will see a greater appreciation of the possi- bilities of the New Mexico forests as a summer play- ground, and together with their steadily developing econ- omic resources, will enable them to contribute an increasing share of the well-being and prosperity of the State. The Ala- mo, Gila, Lincoln. Datil. Manzano. Carson. Jemez, Pecos and Chiricahua comprise the national forests of New Mexico. ^ _RESOUgCE5_AND IlsDUSTmES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 72 i^ — m MOUNTAINAIR CHAUTAUQUA BY JOHN W. CORBETT i^ — m EW MEXICO owns and maintains a regular Chautauqua assembly, the only one in all the great Southwest and this is no mean asset. It is located at Mountainair, near the center of the State, where it holds its annual sessions in a beautiful park at an altitude of 6,500 teet iibove sea level and where climatic conditions are ideal. 1 he Mountainair State Chautauqua, although founded in a village of less than 1 00 inhabitants and in a new and sparsely settled country, has held regular annual sessions since i 908 with an up-to-date platform, depart- ment work equal to many of the older Chautauquas and has taken care of the creature comforts of its guests as none of the eastern Chautauquas can. The location from every viewpoint is ideal. I he cli- mate is unexcelled, the location is central ; it is located on the Belen cut-off of the A. T. & S. F. railway, the best built road west of Pennsylvania, with splendid connections in all directions and is a radiating point to more places of historic and prehistoric interest than most any other place in all the romantic southwest country. Two automobile highways cross at this point also, making ingress and egress easy and convenient from any point of the compass. Among these places of interest, easy of access from Chau- tauqua Park, are the historic Mission ruins at the prehis- toric towns of Chilili, Tajique, Cuarai, Abo and La Gran Quivira. These missions were built by the Franciscans in the sixteenth century and were destroyed, with the cities in which they were located and from which they are named, in the general uprising of the Apache Indians about 1 680, leaving at Cuarai, Abo and Gran Quivira imposing stone structures with walls four feet thick as silent sentinels of a mysterious civilization that flourished before the landing of Columbus and has passed into almost complete oblivion, but indicating a degree of civilization and development equal to and possibly greater than that contemporary Euro- pean attainments. The Museum of New Mexico now owns the land upon which are located the ruins of Cuarai and La Gran Quivira and the work of systematic develop- ment of Cuarai was commenced in 1913, under the direc- tion of Dr. Edgar L. Hewett; in connection with Chautau- qua and enough has been done alrady to demonstrate that this interesting Tigua city may be thousands of years old, for the base of the old church building, like all the rest, built in the form of a cross, is built upon and above pre- vious buildings which may have been partially under ground but certainly terraced, several stories high with no entrance ways below the second story. From the study of pottery, skeletons and other evidence being brought to light by excavation it is hoped to form some idea of the age and history of this wonderful people now practically extinct. Of the once great Tigua race there are now left about a half dozen people located a few miles below El Paso, Texas, who have become so Mexicanized that even the language is forgotten except by one man whose age can only be conjectured and who can be induced to speak his native tongue on rare occasions. The work of preserving and developing these priceless relics of a race that has passed will be continued as rapidly as available funds will permit. The real wealth of a state cannot be measured wholly by its material resources. &i TABEKNACLK AT MOUNTAINAIK CHAUTAUQUA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 73 NEW MEXICO'S INSTITUTIONS FOR HIGHER AND SPECIAL EDUCATION BY M. L. FOX HE institutions of higher learning in New Mexico are efficient to a rennarkable degree, considering sparseness of the population by which they are supported. The Carnegie Foundation, after careful investigation, classed the University of New Mexico as one of the three educational institutions of the southern half of the United States maintaining standards sufficiently high to entitle them to the pension fund for teachers. The United States commisioner of education ranks the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts as one of the six most efficient agricultural colleges of the The University of New Mexico, located at Albuquer- que, has more than one hundred students doing actual col- lege work, and the graduating class of 1914 numbered eighteen. While the enrollment and the number of grad- uates are not nearly so large as in the average state uni- versity, the showing is an excellent one when it is consid- ered that the total population of New Mexico is little more than 300,000, and that the Agricultural College and two of the normal schools also have liberal arts courses. The State University has a teaching force of more than twenty, all of the teachers having taken degrees in the large universities and most of them having taught in the nation. The New Mexico Military Institute is rated by schools from which they were graduated, or in other schools the War Department as one of the four best military of equally high rank. schools for boys in the United States. The two normal Students able to take the required examinations of the schools are rated as among the best in the West, the nor- University of New Mexico can enter the next higher mal University at Las Vegas having the largest enrollment classes in Harvard, Yale or Princeton. and the greatest actual average attendance of any normal But students of the University of New Mexico have the school in the Southwest. additional advantage of close acquaintance with all of RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 1 " ! l - l — 74 ^sJE:^v^ a^exico THE L-AISID OF^ ORPORTUnsaTV the members of the facuUy, an advantage that is coming to be more and more understood in this country, as it long has been understood in Oxford University. The New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts has a faculty of more than fifty highly trained experts. It is fortunately located in the Mesilla Valley, the center of the great Elephant Butte dam irrigation project, where all of the phases of irrigated farming, orcharding and truck growing are encountered by the student. All that is found in the best agricultural colleges is found in the Agricultural College of New Mexico. New Mexico has three normal schools — The New Mex- ico Normal University at Las Vegas, the New Mexico Normal School at Silver City and the New Mexico Spanish-American Norm'al at El Rito. The training given at all of these schools is of high order and the combined attendance of the Normal Uni- versity and the New Mexico Normal is far higher, in pro- portion to the number of teachers in the public schools, than is the attendance in the normal schools of any other state in the Union. One reason for this fact is that hun- dreds of students go to each of them for the purpose of securing academic education, but with no thought of en- gaging in teaching as a vocation. "Although the New Mexico Military Institute offers all the studies which lead to entrance into the best universities in the United States, its chief object is to prepare boys for the great battle of life, and the responsibilities of American manhood." In these words, which are taken from the catalogue of the New Mexico Military Institute, there is expressed the ultimate ideal of every educational institution which has any claim upon the favor of the people. To prepare boys for the battle of life and the responsibihties of American manhood is indeed a noble aim. The natural inquiry fol- lows — how well does the institution fulfill this aim? To answer this question it is only necessary to call atten- tion again to the fact that the New Mexico Military Insti- tute is officially recognized as one of the first four military academies in the United States. Its graduates attain rank only second to those of West Point in Uncle Sam's array. It has received the highest possible praise from military experts of international reputation. Its standard, physical- ly, mentally and morally, is the very highest. Any young man who can measure up to its requirements is fully equip- ped for the responsibilities of American manhood. From both the State and the United States the institute has received liberal appropriations. Its equipment is equal to that of any military academy in the United States out- side of West Point. Its discipline, under the management of Col. James W. Willson, the superintendent of the in- stitute, can not be excelled by that of any institution in the world. Its alumni have taken high rank in every walk of life and have reflected the greatest credit upon the insti- tution. With each succeeding year the usefulness of the institute has increased and by the same token its popularity has grown until it is now recognized as second to none in the Southwest in the training of young men. A new swimming pool and gymnasium are among the most attractive features of the institution which have recently been installed. The New Mexico Military Institute is justly proud of the records that are being made by its graduates. Its di- ploma has been accredited and admits the holder to most colleges without examination. Graduates have been ad- mitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Colorado School of Mines, Leland Stanford and Harvard Universities, Williams College, Colorado College and Washington and Lee University. The last two colleges offer a scholarship for the ensuing year to be awarded by the faculty to members of the graduating class of this in- stitution. Located at Roswell, in the heart of the rich Pecos Val- ley, with surroundings tending to the growth of the moral and cultural side of life, the New Mexico Military Insti- tute makes a strong appeal to all who desire well rounded growth in the young man. When it is considered tha't New Mexico is one of the great mining states of the Union, that the entire world is in large part dependent upon the wealth that is locked within the New Mexico hills and that the surface of those hills has barely been scratched by the picks of the pioneers who have worked over them, it does not require any argument to show that a college which turns out trained mining en- gineers, equipped with brain and brawn to exploit the mar- velous riches of the State, is an institution which appeals in a peculiar manner to those who are interested in the ma- terial development of New Mexico. Such an institution is the New Mexico School of Mines, located at Socorro in the heart of one of the richest mining sections of the State. To turn out young men fitted to meet the problems that will confront the builders of the State for the next half century — young men who can make two blades of grass grow where only one grew before — young men who can see beyond the bleak rocks that line the highway and discern the precious metal that is hidden from the gaze of the untutored man — is the mission of the School RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 75 — nrHC LAND OF" C:>F='PC:>RTUNIT><^ of Mines, and that it is performing its mission well is shown by the record of its graduates all through the West. Under the presidency of Dr. Fayette A. Jones, one of the most skilled geologists and metallurgists in the United States and a man of international reputation as an educa- tor, the New Mexico School of Mines has made rapid strides. The growth of the institution and the increase in its attendance are a tribute to his executive ability and the intelligent manner in which he has conducted the affairs of the college. "The ideal to which the New Mexico State School of Mines tenaciously holds is the practical directing of young men to take active part in the development of the mineral wealth of the world." Such is the avowed purpose of the institution, and those who have had an opportunity to ob- serve its work will readily concede that this purpose is being accomplished. Courses in mining engineering, metallurgical engineering, geological engineering and civil engineering are given at the college. The best educational talent available is em- ployed to teach the several branches mentioned and the facilities offered the students for original research are such that no young man attending this institution who has a mind to learn and a will to accomplish the objects for which he attends college can jusdy say, after he has fin- ished his course, that he has not had the best possible ad- vantages in the line which he is pursuing. RESOURCES AND I NDUSTRIES OF TH E SUNSHINE STATE — 76 - THE CARLSBAD PROJECT OF THE UNITED STATES RECLAMATION SERVICE K FRANCIS G. TRACY RRIGATION in a large way m Eddy County had its origin under what is now called the Carlsbad Project in 1 888, whei a corporation founded by Charles B. Eddy, who was then engaged in the cattle business with headquarters near Seven Rivers on the Pecos nver, took out a small diversion ditch from the east side of the river, a few miles above the present Avalor* dam, and began to cultivate and prove up on lands in the present La Huerta; and by means of wooden flumes car- ried the water across the river to the site of the present town of Carlsbad (at first called Eddy), and beyond Dark Canyon, covering the river lands as far south as the rocky bluff above the present site of the Public Utilities Company's dam. At that time Roswell's supplies and mail were brought Torres' Lake, were the only signs of habitation in the more than 1 50-mile stretch between the settlement at Roswell and Pecos on the Texas & Pacific. All cattle watered at the streams and surface lakes; and east of the Pecos, ex- cept for Clayton Wells, there was practically nothing. The vision of two men gave the needed impulse to start the development which has created two of the banner counties of New Mexico, — Chaves and Eddy; and has made the Pecos Valley a household word throughout the United States. The nucleus of all this modern develop- ment was at Carlsbad. Charles W. Greene, then editor of the Santa Fe New Mexican, making a trip for his paper through veritable terra incognita, alone in a one-horse cart, became deeply impressed with the wonderful possibilities of this fertile wil- derness. A night at Eddy's Ranch, where these two en- LAJiJi Mc>lUyL,AK STOKAGE KJESERVOUV-CARLSBAD PROJECT from Las Vegas largely by Mexican freighters with ox teams. Roswell consisted of a dozen houses and a couple of stores. The nearest railway was the Texas & Pacific, eighty-nine miles south of "Eddy". A sheep camp at Screwbeam, a postoffice and two or three dwellings at Lookout on Black river, and the same at Seven Rivers; "Bob Gilbert's" house on the Penasco; and a house at thusiasts swapped dreams, exchanged air castles and be- came mutually enamoured of each others' capabilities, a compact was formed for the full development of the en- tire irrigation possibilities of the Pecos watershed from Roswell to the Texas line, and beyond to Pecos. A corporation was formed with Eddy, Greene and Pat Garrett as the chief directors and shareholders. Eddy and F?ESOURCES AND INDUS XmES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 77 — rsJEV^ AlEXICO hthe: land OF" oFPORTUNnxy Garrett were to furnish promotion funds and obtain the necessary land fihngs ; Greene was to be general manager, and went to Chicago to find wherewithal to fill the treasury and pay for the construction necessary to start the "boom" which was confidently expected to meet all contingencies and bring unlimited fortunes to the promoters. It was soon found that the expense of development was far greater than anticipated and James J. Hagerman of Colorado Springs, then in the zenith of his financial power, became interested in the work and assumed control of the company in 1 890, and had entire direction of the de- velopment. In 1893 Mr. Greene failed, and shortly afterwards both he and Mr. Eddy disposed of their interests in the Pecos Valley. Through the following years of financial stress and Financial embarassment, coupled with flood disaster to Avalon dam, necessitated the sale of water rights and irri- gation works at Carlsbad to the United States Reclamation Service in 1906. The price paid, $150,000, was ap- proximately ten cents on each dollar of original construc- tion expenditure. Since then the Reclamation Service has already, or will in the near future, have expended $1 ,250,- 000 in repairs, betterments and extensions of the work to make what, when completed, will undoubtedly represent the most perfect irrigation system that the art of man can provide. The Carlsbad Project as it now stands com- prises two storage reservoirs, formed by dams thrown across the Pecos river; the larger. Lake McMillan, ca- pacity 70,000 acre feet, twelve miles north of Carlsbad, and the smaller. Lake Avalon, capacity 7,000 acre feet, half that distance. From the latter is taken the main CONCRETE AQUEDUCT ACKOSS PECOS KIVEK — CARLSBAD PROJECT physical disasters, through flood and personal ill health, canal, starting on the east bank of the river and crossing Mr. Hagerman stood undaunted by the valley. He com- to the west side three miles below in an enormous concrete pleted the construction works as planned, and by building flume, consisting of four arches each I 00-foot span by 25- the railroad from Pecos to Amarillo assured the perman- foot spring in the clear, the intermediate supports each with ence and safety of every individual investment in the val- a contact of 25 by 8 feet upon the concrete rock of the ley, and undoubtedly brought about by his sale to the river bed, with massive approaches at each end resting upon Santa Fe the early construction of the Belen cut-off. the same rock, and a waterway above, 20 feet wide by It is a curious coincidence that, in spite of the tremen- 1 8 feet deep in the clear, and 500 feet long, with railway dous natural resources of this entire region and the wonder- iron reinforcements every four feet in the floor, sides and ful development that has taken place, creating fortunes for across the top. The piers and arches are not monolithic; many individuals and furnishing livelihood for many thou- but the forms were built and the concrete poured in upon sands, there has never been a profitable promotion scheme the principals of masonry arch construction with a "key- in the entire main program necessary to attain this success. stone" at the top of each arch, and are without reinforce- F?ESOUR CES AND INDUSTfflES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE ' ■ ■• i-i — — 78 — IVJE: V^ AlEXICO ment of any description, except that the keystone, forming miles, passing Carlsbad, Otis and Loving, crossing Black part of the floor of the waterway, contains its proportion river, and terminating a few miles beyond Malaga, of the rails above referred to. Embraced under this system are 20,000 acres originally This unique and impressive structure, standing in close watered by the Reclamation Service and about 5,000 ,^,/^rfi ^ ^^'^.mtw^ sr 1 ' *^« TIXXEL Sl^lLLWAY-OUTLET — CARLSliAl) PROJECT — IjAKE AVALON proximity to one of the great natural wonders of the Pecos Valley — the famous Carlsbad Spring, from which ■the town and project both take their names — affords one of the most popular attractions for visitors and sight-seers, and is a favorite resort for the people of Carlsbad, two SYSTEM OF HEAD-GATES USED ON MAIN I1ATEKAL.S — CARLSBAD PROJECT miles away. From here the main canal as now in use extends on the west side of the river for about twenty ■''^Y'^^-^^ss TUNNEL SPILLWAY-INTAKE^ — CARLSBAD PROJECT — LAKE AVALON acres recently alloted water which will be delivered in 1915. The McMillan Dam, a rock structure with earth apron 1686 feet long, and raised by the government to 55 feet in height, has withstood every onset of the Pecos river since originally constructed in 1893 and is felt to be im- pregnable. It impounds the most extensive and beautiful body of water to be found in the State of New Mexico, and will only be exceeded in size by the Elephant Butte reservoir. The Avalon dam is a rock fill structure similar to Mc- Millan, but owing to location necessitating spillways at each end of the dam, is strengthened with a concrete and sheet pile core wall and furnished with two spillways of unique and different types. On the west is a concrete curved overflow wall 400 feet long with a concrete spill base. On the east, two massive tunnels through solid rock discharge into the river bed, when open a seething torrent comparable only to the Horse Shoe Rapids of Niagara, and well worth a special trip across the continent to see. From the eastern shore of Lake Avalon nightly may be seen one of the wonders of the universe, constantly recur- ring but never repeated, — the magnificent New Mexico sunset, painted in the flaming colors of God's palette upon the sky above the rugged foothills of the Guadalupe moun- RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 79 HTHE: la nip or' OFF=*ORTUNnTX tains, and reflected in a thousand softer hues from the placid waters of the lake below. The main canal following the necessary contour of the valley, affords not only interesting examples of engineering skill and different types of concrete structures, among SECTION or MAIN CANAL CARLSBAD PROJECT which may be mentioned an inverted syphon 400 feet long and 6 feet in diameter passing the entire water supply under a typical torrential dry canyon; but many pretty water scenes are found and from its elevation extended views of the irrigated section between it and the river in sharp contrast with the desert plain upon the other side. Cementing of this canal is rapidly proceeding and this and a complete drainage system for the entire project are among the more immediate plans of the Reclamation Ser- vice for the comfort and security of the settlers. The skillful, substantial and permanent character of all the government engineering structures at once attracts and holds the interested attention of the prospective settler. When he reflects that this work is done not for profit of some corporation, but for the sole benefit of the irrigator himself, and that the re-payment is required in annual in- stallments covering a total period of twenty years without interest charge, he can at once appreciate the scope of op- portunity offered by his government to the man who will make two blades of grass grow where none has grown before. It is possible that some of the work done might be done more cheaply by private enterprise ; but when one considers that the payments required average only five per cent upon the total cost annually, and that the only limit placed upon the loan is the amount necessary to do whatever will pro- duce the best results, there can be no question of the im- mediate and permanent superiority of the settler's conditions and prospects under government irrigation as compared with the best of private enterprises offering only equal acreage and equivalent climatic and marketing conditions. The Carlsbad Project without fear of successful con- tradiction claims to offer the best inducements of any of the government projects in the following particulars: 1 . Climate and Health : The best in New Mexico and the best all year in the United States. 2. Diversity of Crops : The greatest of any govern- ment project not even excepting the Rio Grande. 3. Closer proximity to market, owing to geographical situation and railway connections. 4. The highest prices for staple products, such as al- falfa, grains and fruits. 5. The most favorable conditions for profitable live- stock production for either breeder or feeder. A perfect climate for winter feeding without shelter. 6. A most abundant water supply constantly increas- ing. A friable and easily tilled soil, whose large potash content is continually replenished from the irrigating water, whose nitrogen is drawn by alfalfa from the atmosphere, and which requires only occasional light application of phosphoric acid and wise husbandry to increase steadily in productive capacity. 7. All crops produced are above the average in quality. METHOD Ol UtUUJATION: YOl XG OUCllAUD— CARLSBAD PROJECT This applies not only to fruits and garden products but to the staples such as alfalfa, cotton and corn. A brief explanation of these claims may reasonably be demanded. Situated in the southeast corner of the State, and pro- tected on the west by the Guadalupe range of mountains, RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 80 — INJEV^ MEXICO the: LA^4D OF" QRPORTUNITV^ 9,500 feet high, and less than 30 miles distant, while their foothills run down to Carlsbad and cross the Pecos on the north, forming a sheltering barrier 1 4 miles wide to divert every threatening Texas norther, the Carlsbad Project has the lowest altitude and mildest climate in the "Sunshine State". For the same climatic reason every known crop suited to any portion of the temperate zone may be pro- duced: Cotton, out-grading any of the Texas districts; Indian corn, as good as the corn belt and as productive; winter oats, wheat, barley and rye, alfalfa, peaches that top the markets anywhere in the states; winter apples, to- matoes, celery, cantaloupes, watermelons, Denia onions, sweet potatoes, asparagus in March, — the list is practically unlimited. Where can it be duplicated? Situated upon the Santa Fe railway which runs through the entire project from north to south, and connects with the Texas & Pacific at Pecos, Texas, the markets of the whole country are open to the Carlsbad project, while no farm is distant over three miles from a shipping point. We are nearer the East than any other government project by many miles, while the South right at our door is the great- est alfalfa market of the United States; and the great and growing state of Texas after August 1st each year is al- ways in a state of drought, offering a market for everything we can produce. Unlimited range production of livestock on all sides of the project maintains a high local market for grains and cotton-seed, and furnishes abundant opportunity for the purchase of livestock for feeding purposes, while the con- stant sunshine and dry winters do away with need of shelter and reduce the maintenance rations of livestock from 33 1 -3 per cent to 50 per cent of those required by north- ern feeders. The same condition reduces largely the cost of living during the winter months. The topography of the Pecos Valley is such that no reservoir site is available from McMillan north for nearly 200 miles. The entire run-off of the Pecos flood waters is therefore available for storage for. use of the Carlsbad Project; another reservoir site between Avalon and Mc- Millan reserved for the use of the project will doubtless be utilized for a large increase in the irrigable area. The supply has been estimated as ample for 75,000 acres. It is confidently expected that 50,000 to 60,000 acres will soon be reclaimed. Meanwhile an extensive area of flow- ing artesian wells extending from Lakewood to Roswell, about sixty miles, is constantly increasing the return flow into the Pecos river above Carlsbad, without expense or risk to our water users. In every acre foot of irrigating water applied to our lands is contained fifty pounds of available potash — not made in Germany! For the full use of this potash the phosphoric acid must be replenished in our soils, either by manuring, stock-feeding or by applying high-grade acid phosphate. The great supply of sunlight and high mineral content bf the soil, coupled with the ability to furnish just the proper amount of moisture required by every crop, together assure the highest quality of all products. This has been repeatedly demonstrated by market returns. At the National Irrigation Congress at Albuquerque, Eddy County won the Hearst trophy for best county ex- hibit, not only in competition with the New Mexico coun- ties, but with the leading counties of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Utah and Washington. The great counties of Los Angeles, Fresno and Maricopa com- peted and were beaten. Eddy County won chiefly because of great variety of products ; secondly, because of the high quality of everything shown. While the whole county was represented in this exhibit the great proportion of products came from the Carlsbad Project itself. Under the Carlsbad Project is a good place to live because of climate and natural advantages, because of op- portunities offered, because of its people, its churches, schools, roads, telephones, electricity for lights and power. Because of its past achievements, its present opportunities and its future prospects. Come! RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIE:S OF THE SUNSTOE STATE ^ — 81 THE ELEPHANT BUTTE DAM UNITED STATES RECLAMATION SERVICE'S LATEST TRIUMPH BY JOHN LEISK TAIT HE keystone of the Elephant Butte reclama- tion project, and the most gigantic thing of its kind ever undertaken by the United States government, is the Elephant Butte dam. This huge monolith of cyclopean concrete is located at Elephant Butte, New Mexico, fourteen miles west of Engle, on the Rio Grande. It is 1 ,200 feet long on top. It is 2 1 5 feet wide at the bottom. It rises 304.5 feet from its bed upon the solid rock, 85 feet below the bed of the river to the top of the parapet wall. It is surmounted by a roadway sixteen feet wide. From solid rock in the east wall of the canyon to solid rock in the west wall of the canyon, it knits across and down to the solid rock far below the bed of the river — an immovable, imperishable door against which all the wrath and caprice of the great stream will be forever exerted in vain. It is pierced by twelve openings, and these openings are controlled by gates which the cunning of man has com- pelled the river itself to operate for him at his will. The formidable stream is bound and haltered. It is bitted and hobbled, and henceforth must obey as a well-broken steed obeys his master's behests. ]:iji:piiant hi tte d \>f site looking north j rom east bank - note stjUIce tunnel GATES AND I/ANDING PLATFORM M RESOURCES AND INDUSTrfIE:S OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 82 — nrHE LArsiD or- of^rortunitv^ There are 550,000 cubic yards of concrete in this tre- mendous dam. Reduced to avoirdupois, this means 2,200,000,000 pounds of made stone. And this enormous mass of manufactured rock is set upon foundations grouted to a depth of 40 feet below the base of the dam through THE BIG FLUMES (NOW CLOSED) RY WHICH THE KIO GRANDE WAS CONDUCTED PAST THE DAM WHILE THE LATTER WAS I5E1NG BUILT drilled holes ten feet from center to center. Grout is a cement soup. This has been forced at high pressure down mto holes bored 40 feet below the surface on which the dam rests, and, permeating all cracks m the natural rock foundation, has bound it into one unbroken and unbreak- able mass. Every possible precaution has been taken to guard against damage to the big dam, from whatever source. The chief source from which damage is to be apprehended in a struc- TIIE ELEPHANT BUTTE DAM IS NOW ABOUT 80 PER CENT COMPLETED ture of this sort is the undue absorption of water. This, in time, weakens the concrete — lessens its cohesiveness. Two measures have been taken to prevent this. The first of these consists of a double line of drainage holes running the whole length of the dam and emptying into a spacious drainage chamber which discharges near the base of the dam on its lower side. These drainage holes are eight feet from center to center. They vary in diameter from eight to twelve inches. The second is an inch-thick coating of grout on the up- stream face of the dam. This is applied at high pressure by a "cement gun". The cement gun is merely an air- brush on a gigantic scale. It uses compressed air to drive a thin spray of liquid cement mixture hard against the surface of the dam. The great force with which this is applied renders it so solid that when once it has dried it is practically water-proof. It is a great protection to the concrete fabric lying behind it. TWO OF THE BIG BALANCE VALYES BY «HIC]1 THE FLOW OF U ATER WILL BE REGULATED FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES Another menace to the dam is found in the alternate ex- pansion and contraction induced by changing temperature. This has been provided against m tongus-and-grcove ex- pansion joints placed at adequate intervals along the whole length of the dam. Piercing the dam at varying elevations are six penstocks. These are intended to be used in connection with a large hydro-electric plant m converting the water power devel- oped when the water stored behind the dam is released for irrigation purposes into electricity. This electricity is to be used to run various machinery in the valleys below, as well as to puiinp water for irrigation upon the adjacent mesas. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 83 — I ATSJD OF" QF'PCDRTUNITV The Elephant Butte dam will create the largest artificial lake of its kind in the world. This lake will have a shore line of 200 miles and an average depth of 66 feet. It will store 862,200,000,000 gallons of water. This is water enough to spread more than two feet deep over the whole state of Delaware. It is water enough to perfectly irrigate the whole I 80,000 acres of land included in the Elephant Butte project for nearly three years without a single drop added to it. In other words, if the river should dry up and no rain fall for nearly three years, there would be no water famine in the lands under the Elephant Butte project. This great dam is now so near completion that water is already being stored behind it, and this water will be avail- able for irrigating the 1915 crops. In addition to this, work is in full swing on the construction of the system of canals and ditches and diversion dams by means of which this water is to be delivered to the lands under the project. The Elephant Butte dam itself will cost, when complete, $7,200,000. The diversion dam at Leasburg, already finished, is a fine piece of concrete construction. Another diversion dam is being built a few miles below Las Cruces. This will cost $100,000 and will be topped with a per- manent roadway across the Rio Grande. The Franklin diversion dam just above El Paso is already completed. By means of these several diversion dams, the channel of the river will be utilized as a main canal over much of the project, thus vastly reducing the excavation which would otherwise be necessary. Some conception of the relative size and importance of the Elephant Butte dam may be had from the fact that it will store more than twice as much water as the celebrated Roosevelt dam. It will stpre fifty per cent more water than the great dam built by the British government at Assouan, in Egypt. It is the greatest triumph of the Reclamation bureau, not only as an engineering feat but because of the actual service it will render — a service which is at once augmented and made possible by the character of the lands which it is to serve. RESO URCES AND I hflPUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE ■ ■ ' ' '■■"- — 84 — PART TWO The Counties and Cities of New Mexico THEIR INDUSTRIES, RESOURCES AND THE MANIFOLD OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED THE INVESTOR, HOMESEEKER, HEALTHSEEKER TOURIST, RANCHER AND MINER ^« ^ NEW MEXICO'S ERA OF GENERAL COLONIZATION AGENT PROSPERITY BY C. L. SEAGRAVES ATCHISON. TOPEKA AND SANTA FE RAILWAY HE war in Europe will make a difference in the Southwest, where it will put a premium upon every remaining untilled, arable acre of its five great valleys, extensive plains and mesas. The reason is that more kinds of pro- ducts can be raised in greater abundance in this section than in any other part of the countrry. The long growing seasons, the deep, rich soils, incomparable climate, abundance of water where needed for irrigation the absence of necessity for expensive buildings for the protection of stock, and unexcelled railway facilities, make it the dependable source from which may be drawn the big demands of home and foreign markets. New Mexico has secured a three-ply guarantee from Uncle Sam. Within its borders are three government irri- gation projects, — the Hondo, Carlsbad and Rio Grande. The Elephant Butte dam of. the Rio Grande project im- pounds water from the Rio Grande river, forming a reser- voir forty - five miles long that averages one and three- quarter miles wide and sixty-six feet deep. The computed capacity of the reservoir is 2,642,292 acre feet. The project embraces about 155,000 acres of land, lying in south-central New Mexico and extreme southwest Texas. The cost of the project approximates $8,000,000. With the exception of tropic fruits, practically every requirement of the markets of the world could be supplied, at least partially, from this great valley, providing its acres all were under cultivation. The Mimbres Valley of today is a shining example of the wonders wrought by the magic of the pump when con- ditions are right. In the Deming district of the Mimbres Valley of New Mexico we find an erstwhile cattle range converted into innumerable truck gardens, producing orchards, alfalfa and grain fields, where, as in other sec- tions of New Mexico, much is being done to assist the new- comer and make straight his path in the direction of prosperity. The Carlsbad project embraces the southern section of the Pecos Valley that forms the southeastern part of New Mexico. This project is comparatively small when con- trasted with that of the Rio Grande, but is of relative im- portance to the community whose lands it reclaims and causes to produce in abundance practically everything and anything not of the tropics. Alfalfa and apples, peaches and pears, have long made the Pecos Valley famous. There is a shallow water and an artesian belt included in the territory known as the Pecos Valley of New Mexico. This territory is attract- ing many who desire assured returns on their investment of money and labor. In northeastern New Mexico, all the way from Springer to and including Las Vegas territory, there is a prosperous general farming and stock-raising country. A number of private irrigation projects have been developed successfully and a particularly promising future is foretold by a pros- perous present. ■ Although its resources are scarcely more than tapped, New Mexico is recognized as rich in mineral wealth. It also has a wool producing record to be proud of. Therefore, on the strength of its ability to deliver the goods to uncle Sam, who already has begun his gigantic task of feeding the world. New Mexico invites to share its increasing prosperity every energetic, progressive farmer who has an ambition to better his circumstances. RESOURCES AND INDUST!?IES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE MIMBRES HOT SPRINGS BY SAMUEL T. CLARK OMPARATIVELY little is known to the outside world are New Mexico's many hot and medicinal springs, of which one of the most interesting groups are the Membres Hot springs, thirty-eight miles from Deming, the seat of Luna County. These springs, acces- sible as they are to a railroad center where three transcon- tinental systems meet, and easily reached over a goad au- tomobile road, parts of which approximate a boulevarde, are rapidly becoming better and more widely known, though it would be difficult to praise them more highly than tliey are being praised at present. The reason is not far to seek, for the waters of the two score and more springs which have temperatures of 1 50 de- grees or more have demonstrated a wonderful curative value in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, anaemia, ve- nereal diseases, nervous troubles and affections of the bowels and kidneys. That this curative value is real is evidenced by the residence of a physician, not financially interested in the exploitation of the springs, in the settle- ment centered around them for the last seven years. This physician, who has employed the curative waters of the springs in the treatment of many cases, is a strong advocate of their use because of the success which he has attained through them. The Mimbres Hot springs are located amid the most SAX JUAN HILL AT IVnMBRES HOT SPRINGS picturesque surroundings, at an altitude of 6,000 feet. The temperature, however, is warmer than would be ex- pected at such an altitude because the heat from the springs affects the whole basin in which they lie. Some- times this effect is so great that plants and shrubs growing along the stream which flows from the springs remain green through bitter frosts. The springs are near the thickly wooded slopes of Mount Sawyer in the Blanck range. ^,,rfW' '\^t.»- ---^^^'■^" MIMBUES HOT SPlilXGS, SHOWING LOCATION OF HOTEL close enough to the mountain country to make hunting easy and yet not too far from a modern community for easy access. The route to the Mimbres Hot springs runs for the first half of its length along the beautiful highways of the Mimbres Valley, crossing the bridge over the dry bed of the Mimbres near that city and then heading straight for Mount Cook. When this river is next crossed it is at Dyer, where it is bankful of cool, crystal-clear mountain water, busily on its way to the fertile fields of the valley below. Then the road lies through the alfalfa fields and the famous orchards of the upper Mimbres, sheltered on either side by the hills that sometimes close up to form al- most a gorge that is barely wide enough for the river and the road. Thence to Old Town, where the old Butterfield Trail is crossed, and the remains of a pioneer days stage station are to be seen, and so beyond Schwartz to the mouth of Hot Springs canyon winds the road. In Hot Springs canyon begins the real climb which takes the highway from the 4,300-foot level of Deming up. to the 6,000-foot altitude of the springs. With motor panting and passengers entranced by the changing pano- rama of mountain and valley, the automobile twists and turns around curves and up grades, up, up, to the last final rise whence the first glimpse of the springs settlement is obtained. The upper road is worked by the management RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF TTJE SUNSHINE STATE 3 — LAfSiD OF" QFROR^^U^^TV" of the springs and is in good condition all the time, but re- quires careful driving and a steady hand for there is a precipice on the canyon side more than 200 feet deep. At the end of the trip, which takes about two hours and A P.IT O! ANDSC APi; AT .MJ>!!51^KS HOT Sl'lIINGS a half, are the buildings of the springs, some of them so old that no one knows when or by whom they were built. Among them is an old Mexican ranch house, with towered corners and' loop-holed \\'ails, built for defense against the Indians when the Apaches were a menace to all the settlers of the South\-.'est. Near the group is the ruin of an ancient bath house, built by the Indians so long ago that even the adobe walls have crumbled and fallen. It is even thought that this bath house may have been built by the prehistoric peoples who left their records carved and lined into the white faces of the cliffs along the canyon. The office stands at the end of a shaded drive, and be- fore it IS a beautiful clear pool, around which the shrubs and grasses remain green all the year because of the warmth of the water. The other buildings are detached and stand at the brink of the canyon facing an enclosure which IS given over to an alfalfa field and the hotel gar- dens. At the upper end of this enclosure the ^vaters for irrigating the few acres bet^\'een the houses and the opposite canyon wall are impounded in another pool. The hills which surround the place provide .shelter from every possi- ble wind and ser\e to confine the warmth of the waters. The springs are now under the m.anagement of Hilliard Brothers and J. G. Ccoper, who plan numerous great im- provements. Amorg these is an artificial lake ten acres in extent where Hot Springs canyon and Cold Springs can- yon jom, a new modern hotel — though the present one is verry comfortable — a pavilion, a new outdoor swimming pool, a conseivalory warmed by the flowing \>.'ater, where fruits and vegetables for the hotel tables will be raised in winter, as well as flov/ers for decorative purposes; a mod- ern bath house, a stadium, rifle range, tennis courts and all the other adjuncts to a first-class tourist and health resort. The lake is to be stocked with trout and other game fish and motor boats will be placed on it. From the waste water which escapes over the dam at the foot of this lake electricity will be generated to furnish light and power to the community. As the flow from the warm springs is es- timated at 500 gallons a second, and the cold spring flow at least equals this, it will be seen readily that there is am- ple power at hand for this project. At present the hotel has its own dairy and poultry plants. When the newer structure is erected these will be enlarged. One notable feature of the present establishment is that warm water from one of the springs up the canyon is piped to the hotel and there used for heating purposes, thus ef- fecting a considerable fuel economy. A cold spring only a few feet distant from this one supplies water for domestic purrposes. To date, only about forty of the hot springs have been walled up and their flow analyzed. Almost all of them are now running freely down the canyon, their waters go- ing to waste so far as their thermal or curative properties are concerned. This waste, however, is soon to be stopped, for as the resort increases in patronage it is expected- that more and more waters will be utilized. It is expected that the proposed additions will render the springs suitable for a large general patronage not only from New Mexico people but from those outside the State. The natural beauties of their location, the easy accessibility of the mountains with their game and the streams with their fish, the wonderful properties of the waters from the springs, the convenient arrangement of the hotel and bath facilities and many other features are believed to be strong factors in. support of the development and exploitation of these springs and the attendant resort. lAKK OX THK GROrNDS OF ^HMBRKS HOT SPRINGS HOTETj RESOURCES AT^D II^^USTFTiES OF THE SUMSfSNE STATE LUNA COUNTY ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT IN THE SUNSHINE STATE M 15^ BY WILLARO E. HOLT, Secretary Deming Chamber of Commerce (}^i .HE New Mexico Bureau of Immigration had a very practical idea of the fitness of things when in speaking of Luna County the fol- lowing language was used: "A land of promise for the homebuilder, offering every condition of climate, soil, water and successful agriculture. Known for many years as the cattleman's paradise, and with tremendous mineral resources." Further reference to the county is made by the Bureau concerning its soil, climate, etc. Concerning its climate the Bureau speaks as follows: "A climate without equal in the world for the alleviation of diseases of the throat and lungs, and at the same time adapted to the successful maturing of almost every crop grown in the temperate zone." Speaking of the soil the Bureau has this to say: "A soil that is rich, deep, enduring, easy to work and highly productive." Luna County was formed the first year of the present century, and because of its agricultural possibilities and vast mineral wealth it required a good deal of energy and well directed effort to induce Grant and Dona Ana to let go of this domain that took in by far the largest and richest portion of the Mirabres Valley. A good many prominent citizens of this region took part m the fight, but to Mayor John Corbett, J. A. Mahoney and Judge Ed- v.'ard Pennington should be given the credit of pulling the cord that unveiled fair Luna. The county is one of the smallest in the State and is fast developing into one of the wealthiest. Its chief city and county seat is Deming. The outlying towns and villages include Columbus, Hondale, Tola, Hermanas, Mimbres, Waterloo, Arena, Cambray, Akela, Myndus, Miesse, Came, Luxor, Whitney, Parma, Tunis, Mongola, Gage, Quincy, Wilna, Fayvood, Spald- ing, Mirage, Florida, Cooks, Nutt and Easley. The county's chief governing body is composed of three Commissioners elected by the people at large. There is also a full quota of county officers including a County School Superintendent. The general topography of the county makes it very attractive, the towering mountain peaks on every side and the vast level plain covering by far DEMING HIGH SCHOOL Highest Salaried Teachers in State ELECTIUC PUMPING PLx\NT 1800 Gallons per Minute RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF TH E SUNSHINE STATE — 5 — THE LA IMP OF" CPFPORTUNITV the greatest area. Beautiful mountains are in sight at every point in the county. Rich minerals abound in great value, and are as yet practically untouched. Great herds of cattle feed on the mesas and bring great wealth into the country. Agriculture, stock raising, fruit raising and every desirable pursuit of the husbandman may be followed in this delightful region from the first day of January to the last day of December. It is a region, in fact, which be- cause of its exceptionally productive soil, mild climate and abundant water supply, produces practically every product that farm and garden and orchard grow in the temperate zone, with the one exception of citrus fruits, and it is a source of much satisfaction that the seasons are all plainly marked, which is far more desirable than the raising of citrus products. The average annual rainfall is about nine inches, and comes largely at the time crops are growing. The Bureau of Immigration in its official publication says : "With fewer cloudy days than any other section of the land of sunshine, with the winter temperature cool enough to be bracing, but never severe, Luna County, particularly in the valleys where they have such altitude as 4,000 feet, offers the ideal climate for the health seeker and at the same time presents the most favorable conditions for the successful growing of almost every crop known to the tem- perate zone. The soil varies from a light sandy loam to heavy adobe. It is easy to work and responds with mar- velous readiness to cultivation. The presence of adobe in the soil renders it particularly satisfactory in irrigation, in that the soil once saturated will carry water with little loss from percolation." Concerning the market conditions, the Bureau speaks as follows: "Luna County comes very near to furnishing ideal conditions as to market, chiefly because of the exceptional transportation facilities and close connection with the larg- est markets of the Southwest. The county is literally surrounded with prosperous mining camps where popula- tion and demand are increasing very rapidly. These camps consume thousands of tons of provisions annually and the demand for fresh foods is enormous, it being dif- ficult to supply them with vegetables and poultry even during the most favored seasons. The prices paid are al- v/ays the highest. But in addition to the mining camps the railroad lines which cross the county in all directions give immediate access to the larger mining towns of South- ern Arizona, to El Paso and to the towns along the Santa Fe to the north. It is, in fact, a location as to markets that is absolutely ideal and every pound of grain and for- age, of produce and fruit that the county can produce will be in eager demand." This great valley with its rich lands and matchless cli- mate would be of eomparatively little value without water, and after four years of pl-aetical demonstration there is no possibility of a doubt concerning the matchless purity of the water and its never-ending abundance. Referring again to the State Bureau of Immigration, it has this to say concerning the water supply: "It is a water supply that is positively inexhaustible, in so far as geological and engineering experience can demonstrate, and all experience in pumping from this flow proves that tte harder a well is pumped the stronger becomes the flow and the capacity. With such a water supply the valley has a source of irrigation water that is both dependable, cheap and easy to handle." Other reliable information concerning our inexhaustible water supply is given by Mr. A. J. Wells, a noted author and writer on irrigation farming, who in speaking of the Mimbres Valley says: "In this arid land this is fundamental and the farmer and the investor want to know the facts. They want to know the source of supply, its abundance and its perman- ence. If the water is not in sight, how can we be certain that the supply is inexhaustible? Let us try to make the situation clear. It is not difficult, it is not guess work, it is not theory: it all comes down to tangible figures and evidences which are conclusive and can be grasped readily. The Mimbres, or sunken river, heads in the Black Range in the northwest. It flows in a southeasterly direc- tion, and under normal conditions keeps on top of the ground for about forty miles. In flood times it flows much farther and passes ten to twelve miles southeast of Deming, a distance of about ninety miles from its source. The drainage area of the river from its source to the point where the Government's engineer made his observa- tions is about 500 square miles. The drainage area be- low this point is much larger, the watershed of the Silver City Draw having a drainage area nearly twice that of the Upper Mimbres, so that the total is figured at 1400 square miles. The rainfall in the mountains near the source of the river is averaged at twenty inches annually and the normal discharge of the river in the upper valley, the flood water and the underflow are placed at something over nine Taillion cubic feet, or 224,710 acre feet. An acre foot, you will remember, is the amount of water which would cover an acre of land one foot deep. This, observe, is the annual flow of the Mimbres River at a point about thirty rriiles iio.rth.: of _D.ejning. The sink- ing river carrries- irito the valley about Deming — into its RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 6 LAISID OF' QF^F=*ORT^UISnTV" underground sands and gravels — water sufficient every year to cover more than 224,000 acres one foot deep. The drainage with which the Government Report deals is of the upper reaches of the river only, and is estimated at 500 square miles. But the watershed of the Silver City Draw has a drainage area nearly twice as large as shown by official maps, and comes into the Mimbres at a point below King's Ranch, where the engineer's measurements were made. This would double the underflow, or make no difference in volume during different seasons of the year, or different years, indicating a constant and uniform underflow. Pumps in use here throw from 600 to 1500 gallons per minute, and the testimony is that the harder a well is pumped the stronger is the flow and the capacity, and that wells improve from the first. One prominent farmer says that on a 72-hour continuous test the water in his well was not lowered an inch after the first head had been lifted off, and that the seepage head of thirteen feet COt'XTY COURT HOUSE Demlng, New Mexico a total of about 450,000 acre-feet feed annually into the reservoir underlying the Mimbres Valley. But this is not all. Here are the flood waters of the Cooks Range, of the lower Burro Mountains and of the mountain ranges at the southern end of the basin which diain into the underflow of the lower Mimbres. This all means vast subterranean strata of sand and gravel under this entire valley, and when precipitation is greatest, and water appears in the river-bed and comes by Deming, it is an indication that the underground river is full to overflowing. As the Government's engineer says, 'The surface water is only the surplus appearing after the underground channel is surcharged.' it is water out of sight, but it is there. It cannot evaporate in our con- stant sunshine ; it cannot leak out, and we are daily dem- onstrating that it cannot be pumped out, and that it is practically inexhaustible. A few wells have been here more than twenty years. They have been largely increased in number in recent years. Some of them are tested by pumps of large ca- pacity. They all seem to be inexhaustible. They show I>EVELOPIXG A NEW \VEI,ty Near Deming, NeAV Mexico IS restored in fifteen seconds after the pump stops." It is the experience of a number of our farmers this year that the water in their wells is from six inches to two or three feet higher than it was a year ago, and it is the universal experience that the wells that are two or three or more years old are giving a much better flow than they did when they first started. This is due to the fact that the sand is all cleared out and there is nothing to obstruct the underflow. Another important fact, that when two big wells are operating two or three hundred feet apart, as in the case of the city waterworks, the pumping of one has no effect on the other. Throwing all theories to the winds, these are facts that cannot be controverted. 1 he Victono District in the western part of the country has produced about two millions in gold, silver and lead. Nearly all of the mountain ranges in the county are very rich in minerals and at the present time it may be truth- fully said "the ground has hardly been touched". Mimbres and Faywood Hot Springs, near Deming, are among the very best health-making places in America. rai:souf?cES and industries of the sunshine state THE I^E: W^ AlEXICO DEMING SETS THE PAGE By WILLARD E. HOLT Secretary Demin£ Chamber of Commerce >F ANYONE doubts the statement that Dem- ing sets the pace, let him visit that husthiig, busthng city that has grown from an un- pretentious village to a commercial center in four years. Four years ago the Mimbres Valley be- gan to attract some of the hard-headed farmers of other Slates in the Union, and by a system of intelligent pub- licity conducted by a live commercial body that number has been steadily augmented from week to week and month to month until today no better class of husbandmen can be found in this great commonwealth. For countless years this great valley, or more properly speaking, level plain, surrounded by towering mountains, has been blessed with an inexhaustible supply of under- ground water, pronounced by government chemists to be as pure as water in its natural state can be. Numerous windmills here and there watered vast herds of fattening cattle, but no one supposed that science and American genius would devise ways and means to bring this water to the surface in quantities sufficient for large irrigation projects, and at a price within the reach of profitable farming. The first pumping plants installed and the first large wells constructed cost a good many dollars in ex- perience, but today the intelligent farmer consults other intelligent farmers and knows just what to dp to make a success. Another fact that is becoming more and more patent is that small farms are the most profitable ones, and that intense cultivation of a small area produces much greater proportionate profit than larger areas farmed in a hap- hazard manner. When people first came to settle on farnis in this great rich valley they were entirely without experience in irri- gation methods and rather imagined that they needed a vast acreage. They soon learned, however, the folly of their first idea, and it cost some of them very bitter ex- perience. They have since become acquainted with exact conditions and are now reaping the reward of knowing how to do things. The thing that appeals to people who come from all over the country to the Mimbres Valley is that the pub- licity sent out does not in any manner seek to overdraw conditions or make them appear better than they are. In fact, it has become a very common thing for people com- ing here to drop into the Chamber of Commerce and say that things are far better than they really anticipated from the information that had been given them. The Chamber of Commerce has never given its endorsement to anything but absolutely straight methods in the handling of real estate, and can say with a good deal of satisfaction that there are no real estate "sharks" allowed to operate in this vicinity. Irrigation by pumping has long ceased to be an experi- ment in the Mimbres Valley, improved machinery and a thorough knowledge of how to dig the wells and install the pumping plants have made farming conditons here such that there can be no such thing as failure when the simplest rules of irrigation pumping are followed. Farmers are learning all the time that cultivation is one of the elements that makes success certain. It is interesting to note that since the beginning of the present year every state in the Union and an even dozen foreign governments have contributed of their population to the Mimbres Valley. Sensible people are quick to un- derstand that there can never be another land crop in the United States, and they are equally quick to observe that this country is increasing in population at the rate of mil- lions each year. They also realize that the old settled slates afford no opportunity for advancement, that is, op- portunity has long since ceased to knock at the door in coirununities that have been established for a century or more. They realize, by experience, that the little old village back in New England and in many of the northern states, is smaller today than it was ten or twenty years ago. They are also not slow in observing that many of tfie counties have the same or a smaller population than they had a decade ago, and that the same is true of a state now and then. The father gets to talking it over with his sons and they arrive at the conclusion that there is very little room for expansion in the old home community, and that if they are ever going to make a success that is always de- sirable on the part of progressive people, they must go to some place where opportunity offers better advantages. RESQUBaE5_^jD IN DUSTRIES OF TH E SUNSHINE SimiE JB — 8 — Many, many years they have lived in the rain belt and have figured every spring whether or not their crops were likely to amount to anything that season. Experience has taught them that about one season out of every three or four gives them the worst of it, and they are likewise cog- nizant of the fact that it takes six months of any year to make arrangements to live for the other six months. It doesn't take any argument to convince them that these facts are true, for they have been experienced all their lives. Usually some one of a neighborhood figures out that he isn't getting a square deal in life and strikes out into the BLTJE ITALIAN PRUNES Hubbard Farm, Near Deniing, New Mexico "boundless west," or more modernly speaking, into the "Greater Southwest". He has had some correspondence with commercial bodies or some friend or relative and has acquired a very limited knowledge of what he will see when he arrives at his destination. If he comes to New Mexico, naturally his ticket is bought for Deming, as that is the chief railway center of the State, and by reason of its unexcelled natural environment is a great commercial and business center. At the present time it requires little or no argument to convince any intelligent citizen of the United States that New Mexico has the edge over all sec- tions of the country when it comes to a delightful climate. Experts from two continents have published this fact to the world, and when our own government sent out its trained experts to determine the best place to establish a military sanitarium for the treatment of invalid soldiei boys, it was only the natural thing for them to locate the gigantic enterprise under the turquoise sky of the Sunshine State. There was no coercion about it or any mfluence brought to bear. It was a straight case of the survival of the fittest. That is why Fort Bayard Military Sanitarium was established and is maintained a short distance north- west of Deming. It is the largest military sanitarium in the world. Pure water is another very important factor in the selection of a permanent home, and that is where Deming and the Mimbres Valley excel any other portions of the Union. The water underlying these great rich plains is as pure as any water that can be found in all the world. It is used for every purpose inside or outside of the house- hold with no chemical treatment whatever. The house- wife doesn't find it necessary to maintain two kinds of water in the home, hard and soft, as it is all soft. Naturally the farmer looking around is deeply con- cerned m the richness of the soil and the lay of the land, so to speak, and when he arrives in the Mimbres Valley he finds things very much to his liking. He is also concerned and very vitally, too, concerning the class of people who are to be his neighbors, and the neighbors of his friends who will follow after, and it is a matter of supreme im- portance that he finds in this progressive city of the oldest- newest state in the Union people very much like himself, who were not satisfied with the narrow environment of th: old home and had struck out for better things and had found them. It is very pleasing to him to find a better class of stores, better schools, a larger number of churches and social conditions unsurpassed in any portion of our commonwealth. This is somewhat of a revelation to him, and when he writes back home or returns to make arrange- ments to settle here permanently, his friends really find it hard to believe what he says about this great country and its opportunities. His friends appear to believe that he has become infected with the booster spirit of the Southwest, and it is only when they come down here themselves that they become fully convinced that his statements are abso- lutely true. When the farmer finds he can raise anything here that can be raised in any semi-tropical region on the globe, it is altogether natural that he should make inquiries about the markets, and right here is where the Mimbres Valley is strong again. Within easy radius of the valley and con- nected with it by a network of railroads, is a min- ing population and a string of sanitariums going into the tens of thousands that cannot raise as must as a peanut shuck, and it is certain that their food products must be either supplied by the Mimbres Valley, or shipped through Deming, as this is the gateway to the greatest mineral belt in the whole country. There is also an outlet for our FgESOURC ES AND I NDUSTFflCS OF Tig SUNSHINE STATE — 9 — LArviD OF- OF'F^ORTTUNnTV^ products east or west on the great trans-continental rail- ways, that you will note by any United States map, radiating in all directions. The farmer finds here the ideal place for dairying, poultry raising, fruit raising and general all around farm- ing. He works, at his pleasure, twelve months in the year and IS in close proximity to the greatest natural play- ground on this continent. The Switzerland of America is at his very door. Within a day's automobile drive he can strike the great Gila National Forest, where he finds states, and particularly at this altitude, that it is really a pleasant change for the whole family after having existed, because their father and mother, and perhaps their grand- father did, where life is scarcely worth while, as com- pared with the health-giving ozone with which this country IS always blessed. More than a passing notice is due to our splendid sys- tem of public schools, and the hearty support given edu- cational matters by the people. A single instance is given to show the perfect unanimity of action. Recently the county voted to establish the county high school at Dem- ing. This entailed on the entire county an ad- ditional tax of two mills, and yet, every precinct in the county, with the ladies all voting, came up with a unanimous ballot favoring the pro- ject, with the exception of two, who either mis- understood the method of casting the ballot or else had the unenviable distinction of being the DAIKY FAKM Xoar Deniing, New Jlexico big and little game, fishing and hunting in a region that is almost like paradise itself. The general attractiveness of this region and the knowledge of its marvelous opportunities, the certain return for money invested and the splendid character of its citizenship have induced large capitalists to put into development vast areas in this valley. One company is now de- veloping close to 100,000 acres in 5,000-acre units Another company has already developed ten to twelve thousand acres, and still another company has purchased upward of 30,000 acres and has taken options on 70,000 acres additional which will be put into developed farms for the people who are coming to this valley to make their permanent homes. Still another company is develop- ing in the immediate vicinity of Deming 37 forty-acre farms, all ready for the thrifty farmers of the north and east to occupy and begin the dual process of coining dol- lars and enjoying life. TTie idea of living in the open and making the body strong and vigorous and the mind quick and active is something that appeals with great force to humanity. The hot, stuffy, humid climates of the north and coast coun- tries are such a contrast to the dry, pure air of the mountain STOCK FARM Near Doming', Xew Mexico opjy two undesirable citizens in the county. Nearly all of the great men of the Nation have paid Deming a visit at various times and never one has failed to give us the seal of his approval. There has just been established in Deming a factory for the manufacture of a scientifically constructed iceless refrigerator, that bids fair to be one of the great industries of the country. By scientific evaporation of water and circulation of air refrigeration is maintained without cost. The community spirit of Deming and the Mimbres Valley has made the region famous throughout the coun- try, and it is a matter of great importance that the railroads and all public utilities have caught the spirit of cooperation and are working in harmony for the general good of the region. These are tremendous factors in the upbuilding of any community, and go far toward emphasizing the m. FTESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 10 ISTEW^ AlEXICO "THE LArsID OF^ OF^ P ORTUNIT V^ welcome that here awaits the intelligent man who seeks to better his condition and make the most of his opportunities. The sentiment of a prominent farmer of Wisconsin will certainly be of interest, and we are copying, verbatim, the letter of Hon. R. B. Dean, formerly of Orange, Wiscon- sin, for one of his home papers, a few weeks after his ar- rival here to make his home in the Mimbres Valley: "We were prepared to see a truly wonderful country in New Mexico, which is not inappropriately named "the land of Sunshine". Our two sons, Harry and Harvey, have been living here for four years, and we have been kept posted during that period, but when we say this Is a wonderful country we mean every word of it. The cli- mate is the most delightful in any part of the United States. Farmers here work in the field every day in the year if they so desire, and as they don't have to depend upon rain to water their crops there can be no such thing as crop failure. All watering is done here by means of irrigation, the water being brought from below the sur- face at an average depth of 50 to 60 feet, by means of powerful pumps, run either by electricity or crude oil engines. There are at present operating in the valley three hundred or more of these pumps, delivering from 500 to I 800 gallons of water per minute. One can scarcely ap- preciate this great volume of water, which in the larger size pumps, makes a river in the course of a few seconds, and by means of which the thirsty land is made to produce an abundant harvest. We have seen a good many splendid fields of growing crops in good old Wisconsin, but we never saw anything superior to what we have seen in this great Mimbres Val- ley of New Mexico. We call it a valley, when it is really a great level plain with only just enough slope to be easily and properly irrigated. We had 4he pleasure of a somewhat extended automo- bile drive a few days ago with State Senator C. J. Laugh- ren and Secretary Holt, of the Chamber of Commerce, who took us to both the electric and engine driven pump- ing plants, and when we say that we were surprised, it is putting it very mildly. We were simply amazed to see the volume of water, pronounced by the Government to be the purest in all the world, being pumped from about 50 feet below the surface. The secretary made a snapshot of your correspondent standing by the side of one of the main ditches and in alfalfa, the second cutting of this year, which reached fully up to his pockets. As proof of this I am going to mail you a picture as soon as they can be developed, and you can put it up in the office to prove to people that I am not exaggerating. We saw one crude oil engine in particular that had been in the service for a period of four years, and were reliably informed that this pumping plant often ran for two or three weeks day and night without lowering the water plane an inch. We speak of this to let you understand what a perfectly inex- haustible supply of water underlies this great valley. We are sure you will be interested in knowing that everything grows here that can be grown in any semi- tropical climate, and because of the great richness of the soil the abundance of production is almost beyond com- parison. Deming is one of the most modern and progressive cities of 4,000 inhabitants that it has ever been our pleasure to visit. They have here schools that would be a credit to any State in the Union, every modern convenience that can be found in any city of its size in America, and a cordial hospitable spirit that makes one feel glad he came here. The growth of the city is solid and sure; the north- ern man finds here as fine stores and mercantile establish- inents as can be found anywtiere. There are In this city nine churches, and the social life of the town cannot be bettered in any State in the Union. Nearly every day we drop into the office of the Cham- ber of Commerce, and note the fact that this little city and country supports the livest body of its kind in the whole State. We note with particular interest the fact that on the daily register appear names from all parts of this country, and frequently from foreign countries." RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — II the: i-.ArsiD or* ofportunitv" Luna County has the largest per capita weahh of any For further information regarding Luna County, the county in the Sunshine State. Here, health makes wealth Mimbres Valley and Deming, address Willard E. Holt, easier. Secretary, Deming Chamber of Commerce, Deming, N. M. SII-VER CITY J^r.erro S^ f,^ ae^^ai^ej' .^yro? Vt~ '^/t^ezr^j^ • ^/fyer "■ /^a^c^ y^f^A ^■tz^ yVoC/^ff^ Coo^S iA^. yy ^ "r- ■/r'i?e?£y' t3/0'»^<^7^^ X ■%»- I* .^ ^y^/ra^e yi j''\t ^^,.Y'V'jdj£. .''" c" ■IJEMINC: ^* H \ u i-I N >V ^ Ty^ava^oiZs N \^o<^q: l^^' ^-iso ^£tA-e/- i t i .to' '.(f- V. /f^'i^e T-Zoo N ;^ f^t .^" ,.n: U- > i\ .if" y^ ,t? ^ 7X. ^\ 9- V >)? RESOURCES AND INDDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE — 12 ROOSEVELT COUNTY W. E. LINDSEY- HE area out of which Roosevelt County was constructed by act of the Legislature, ap- proved February 28th, 1903, began first to be settled in the year 1 898, when the Pecos Valley and North-eastern Railroad was built through it, connecting Amarillo, Texas, with Carlsbad in Eddy County, New Mexico. In the first in- stance, after Territorial government, a part of Lincoln County; in 1903, the area now covered in Roosevelt County was known as Precinct Number One of Chaves County ; and Portales, the County Seat, was distant more than ninety miles from each of the two most approximate county seats, namely, Roswell and Puerto-de-Luna. Location. — Roosevelt County is a middle eastern border county of the State and as now constituted, is approxi- mately thirty-three and thirty-four degrees North latitude VIEWS AT PORTALES. ROOSEVELT COUNTY 1 Santa Fe Depot. 2. Roosevelt County Oonrt House, Portales. 3. High School, Portales. 4. Ponder Plant at Portales. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF THE SUNSHINE STATE 13 Natural Qroxvih. — Mesquite, grama and sedge grasses abound and cover the surrounding soil in its natural state. Occasional natural trees, and stumps evidence the very probable fact that in earlier times the area supported a con- siderable forest growth which was destroyed by forest fires. Each year, for several years after the writer settled at Portales, wide areas of the country was burned over by fires, destroying the abundant accumulation of grasses and all new tree growth. Rainfall. — The annual rainfall in the area of Roosevelt County, during the years measurements have been taken, has been approximately twenty inches. May, July and August are designated as the "wet" months of the year. So that in the so-called "dry farming" industry. May has PRIVATE I.AKE — ROOSEVELT < <)l XTY and is between one hundred and three and one hundred and four West longitude. Its altitude is approximately four thousand feet. Topograph]). — The area of Roosevelt County is "Plains" Country, under general description, but definitely defined, it must be said that the plains surface composes valleys and elevations that grade from one to the other ^t an almost imperceptible angle of elevation or depression. The valleys are broad and level, extending gradually into the likewise wide and level mesas. Soil. — Generally, the soil throughout, is a sandy loam, underlain, at varying depths, with a lime formation that contains inexhaustible elements of fertilization. r^^'^HP •'"S"'. -a. 7m M "^SmK *' ■ ' f - ■ WKf- >» —/^^ iaA>r-" ti^4HP"ali^