'. v ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University Cornell University Library S 559.J3A2 1893 A descriptive catalogue of the agrlcuitu 3 1924 003 227 083 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003227083 ■€■'//? c r? / V /S -rt- / / / (0) Awa-Ame. 0.40 j> Ame being a sweet and agreeable aliment is used by all classes of people ; and on account of its being a mild and nourishing food and, at the same time helping digestion, it is largely used by women in childbed, invalids and infants. It is also used as the ingredient for making various kinds of confectionary. Ame can be preserved for many years without changing, even a little, in its quality. The following table shows the average percentage com- position of " Awa-Ame ". Water. 15.14 Albumen. 1.16 — 21 — Fat, 0.04 Dextrin. 33.60 Maltose. 50.05 Ashes. 0.28 {jo ) Shiratama (Glutinous rice starch). The method of preparing " Shiratama " is as follows :— The whitened glutinous rice is steeped in water, then ground with some water in a stone mill, filtered through fine sieves, and the filtrate is poured into cotton cloth bags, and pressed ; until the milky fluid is subsided, and supernatant clear water is poured out and these processes of subsiding and decanting are repeated several times, and finally the starch thus obtained is dried over a charcoal fire. For preparing Shiratama for food, it is made into dough, and formed into balls of the size of kidney beans, steamed and cooled in cold water or ice, and served with sugar in summer time otherwise it is eaten with soup. It is also used for manu- facturing confectionary. The specimen of Shiratama here exhibited, is produced by Mr. Otsuka Jinyemon, Sogamachi in Chiba prefecture, and its price per pound is 5.3 Sen. {q) Domioji (Steamed and dried rice). Domioji is prepared by steaming the whitened glutinous rice, drying and grinding it into coarse powder, during about 30 •days in the coldest time in winter. _ The most famous district for its produce from very ancient time is Domioji-mura, Shiki-gun in the province of Kawachi ; and the specimen here exhibited is the produce of that district. For using as food, hot water isjpoured upon it and before it gets too soft it is eaten with sugar, salt, etc. so that it is a very convenient provision for troops. It is also largely used for mak- ing confectionary. The price per bag containing about Vs pound is 6 sen. ( r ) Kori-mochi or Frozen Mochi. — 22 — Kori-mochi is one of the famous products of Nagano pre- fecture. It is prepared from glutinous rice in the coldest time in winter, by steaming the glutinous rice and pounding it in a mortar into thick paste known as " Mochi", it is dissolved in hot water and filtered through hemp cloth by applying pressure, the filtrate is poured into wooden moulds specially constructed, and frozen upon deep snow and dried by exposure to the sun. When softened by pouring hot water or made into milky juice by dissolving it in hot water and served with sugar, it makes a very delicious food especially suited for invalids and infants. The specimen here exhibited is manufactured by Mr. Maye- jima Mohei of Nagano and its price per lb. is 18 sen. II. BARLEY. Barely is one of the most important cereal crops next to rice in Japan and is cultivated in almost all provinces, extending from Kiushiu to the Hokkaido. The acreage of barley grown in the Empire in the year 1892 is estimated to be 6,513,514 tan or about 651,351.4 hectares. The following shows the yearly amount of the produce of barley during the last five years ending in 1892. 1888 7,087,150 Koku. 1889 " 7,190,523 „ 1890 5,417,333 „ 1891 8,114,959 „ 1892 6,789,529 „ The specimens here exhibited are as follows : — (15) Golden melon (Hordeum distichum). (Produce of Takinogawa-mura Kitatoshima-gun, Tokio). (16) Honkan (Hordeum hexasticlium). — 23 — (Produce of Sanuki-mura Ofura-gun, Gunma pre- fecture). (17) Chevalier (Hordeum distichum). (Produce of Sapporo-mura Sapporo-gun, Hokkaido). The Golden melon and Chevalier above mentioned, were first introduced from America and Europe, respectively to Japan some years ago. Barley, either as flour or whole grain, boiled with varying quantities of rice, is used as common food both by farmers and other classes of people in Japan. For this purpose it is whiten- ed like pearl barley, steeped for 5 or 6 hours in water, and then boiled. It is much used as the material for making Miao— Miso is prepared by pounding together boiled soy bean, salt, and the Koji (yeast)* prepared from common barley or naked barley, and is one of the most common articles of food in Japan. It is also used for brewing beer, making Ame and several con- fectionaries and as food for horses and cattle. When its stalk is bleached and plaited it is much used for manufacturing summer hats and several other articles. Price : — The price of barley in Tokio in each year from 1887 to 1891 is as follows : 1887 3.460 Yen per Koku. 1888 3.940 „ 1889 2.240 „ „ 1890 2.202 „ 1891 ' 3.250 „ Export : — ^A small amount of barley is annually exported to foreign countries and its chief destination is Hongkong and Vladivostock. The following shows the annual quantity and value of barley exported during the last five years. * Eurotium oryzae. — 24 — Year. Quantity in Kin. Value in Ten. 1887 154,607 3,310 1888 979,752 9,034 1889 48^,906 4,807 1890 16,450 397 1891 23,073 353 Cultivation : — The time of sowing barley in Japan is generally speaking in the months of October and November. The seed is sown in deeply cultivated and well prepared land in ridges of about 2 Shaku apart, in ordinary dry fields or " hata," while in. well drained paddy fields or "ta,"in ridges of 3-4 Shaku apart. The common manures used for barley crops are ordures, farm yard manure, compost, oil cake, fish manure, rice bran etc. The quantity of seed sown varies from 4-8 Sho per Tan, according to the character of soil and seed. The time of harvest- ing is from the beginning to the end of June. The average yield of barley is about 1.8 Koku but the produce of certain varieties of barley such as Golden melon and Chevaher in Tokio IS 2,5-3.0 Koku per tan or 0.3-0.4 Bushels per acre. PRODUCTION OF BARLEY. (a) Straw (nagawara) for straw plait.) Produce of Omori-mura (b) „ (kiriwara) „ „ „ ) Yfebara-gun T5ki6. Straw nagawara (a) and kiriwara (5) are the bleached stalks of barley and used as the material for making straw plaits and other straw work. Some farmers bleach barley straw cultivated by themselves in the leisure of field work and sell it to manufacturers of straw plaits, but genrally, the farmers after harvesting and thrashing the barley, cut the upper part of the straw to the length of 3 decimeters and sell it to the straw plaiters. Although the straw for plaiting in Japan is not so good as that of Italy, yet it is better in quality than that of China and other countries. In Japan several articles of straw especially playthings have been made of 25 straw from old time, but recently, on account of straw plait being much exported to foreign countries especially to the United States of America, the manufrcturers of the plaits have increased year by y^ar. The fallowing shows the price per Kuwamme of the straw ^t Omori-mura Yebara-gun, Tokio, in 1892. {a) Straw (nagawara) - ist qi 2nd lauty u.j)U ler 0.35 „ 1. 3rd j» 0.25 „ • 1 1st quality 2.00 „ ib) Straw (kiriwara) 2nd jf 1.70 „ , 3r(3 I Jt 1.00 „ straw plaits (c)— (u) Price per 60 Yards. *(c) Straw plait (Maruw ara) 4 mm. 0.60 Yen. id) \ >» 5 mm. 0.60 33 (e) \ " 6 mm. 0.60 33 if) \ J J 7 mm. 0.60 33 (9) \ >t 8 mm. 0.60 33 ih) \ JJ 9 mm. 0.50 JJ ii) \ )> 10 mm. 0.50 )J (i) »> \ ff 11 mm. 0.40 >> (k) \ Jt 12 mm. 0.40 33 (l) ?» (Maruv\ ^ara nokogiriuchi) 0.50 33 (m) 33 hishiuchi) 0.45 )) («) JJ \ J> nokog iriuchi kobadate) 0.35 J) (0) JJ (Wari, 1st quality) 5 mm. 0.45 J» ip) \ Jt 33 , ) 6 mm. 0.45 J> (?) >J \ >t 33 J . } 7 mm. 0.45 33 (r) (Nijiuu 3hi) 0.65 J) (s) (Hishiu ch'i) 0.35 )> it) (Mikobs 1) 0.35 J» iu) (Nekobs >■) 0.45 J> • c — q are the produce of Kobe, Hiogo prefecture ; and r — u are that of ■Omorimura Yebara-gun, Tokio. — 26 — The straw plaits from ( c ) to ( ?/ ) are made of the straw ( a > and ( h ). They are used for manufacturing hats and several other straw work. The plait is mostly exported to the United States of America, England, and France, following one after another of those count- ries in quantity. The following table shows the annual quantity and value of straw plait exported during the last five years. Tear. Quantity in Bundle.* Value in Ten. 1887 1,232,513 850,450 1888 992,140 268,557 1889 668,763 146,847 1890 425,073 87,196 1891 744,906 193,777 {y) Beer (Brewed by Osaka Beer Company at Suita-mura, Shimashimo-gun, Osaka). It was about 16 years ago that beer breweries were first established in Japan, since that time, not only large quantities are brewed for the supply of the home demand but some quanti- ties are exported to foreign countries. Beer {y) here exhibited is brewed at the Osaka Beer Brewing Company from barley (a) (Golden melon) produced in Japan. The price per case containing 4 dozen quarts was 7.80 Yen at Osaka in 1892. III. WHEAT. "Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops of Japan and is cultivated in nearly all provinces. The acreage of wheat caltivated in the year 1892 was 4,325,860 Tan or about 432,586 hectares. The following shows the annual amount of the produce of wheat during the last five years. * The length of one bundle =60 yards. — 27 — 1888 3,104,120 1889 3,227,745 1890 2,455,008 1891 3,541,732 1892 3,060,217 Kolm. The specimens of wheat here exhibited are as follows : — (18) Soshiii. (Produce of Tomizu-mura, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa prefecture). (19) Cahfornia. (Produce of Takinogawa-mura, Kitatoshima-gun, Tokio). California above mentioned, was first introduced from the United States of America some years ago. Wheat is used principally for preparing soy, vermicelli, onmen, undon, and several kinds of confectionary. Its straw is used for thatching roofs, litters, etc. The following shows the percentage composition of wheat analyzed at the College of Agriculture, Komaba, Tokio, Japan. Water. Crude protein. Fat. Crude fibre. Nitrogen free extract. Ash. Total nitrogen. Starch. Weight of 1,000| 4Qo^ 35 gQ g^ ^g seeds in grms. ) The yearly average price of wheat during the last five years in Tokio is as follows : — 1887 5.266 Yen per Koku. 1888 4.980 * These three specimens are especially suited for the preparation of soy. ' * Soshiii. * Punabashi. * Iwatsuki. 12.58 13.53 13.01 12.35 12.74 12.01 1.82 1.73 1.75 2.85 2.90 3.08 69.48 67.66 68.54 1.54 1.64 1.61 1.901 1.954 1.849 57.80 54.85 58.35 — 28 — 1889 3.970 „ 1890 4.050 „ 1891 4.160 „ Wheat is exported both in the form of grain and also as flour ; the former is exported to Hongkong, England, &c., and the latter to Eussia, Corea, &c. The following shows the animal quantity aaid value of wheat (grain) exported during last five years. Year. Quantity in Kin. Value in Ten. 1887 7,571,407 122,155 1888 12,493,121 205,757 1889 15,270,057 250,773 1890 6,591,008 118,339 1891 2,974,518 68,601 Cultivation : — The mode of cultivating wheat is, in nearly all respects the same as barley, only the time of sowing is a little earlier. The average yield of wheat per Tan is about 1.2 Koku. PRODUCTION OF WHEAT. (v) Onmen (a land of vermicelli). (Manufactured and sold by Mr. Ajisaburo Suzuki, Shiroishi- machi, Katta-gun, Miyagi prefecture). For preparing " Onmen " wheat flour is made into dough with brine and it is drawn out into fine threads with a com- plicated process and cut into certain lengths. " Onmen " differs from common vermicelh by not using oil in its preparation. Onmen as food, is immersed in boiling hot water for about 3 minutes, washed two or three times with cold water and served with soup, or a souce prepared with several flavouring articles and in hot summer days it is cooled in cold water or with ice and eaten with cold sauce. The pric3 of " onmen " at Shiroishi-machi in Mij^agi Pre- fecture in the year 1892 was 11.7 yen per 100 kin. Prepared by Mr. Nobusada Ito, Sapporo-ku, Hokkaido. — 29 — The avferage yearly quantity of vermicelli exported to foreigii: countries amounts to about 200,000 Kin and its chief destinations are Hongkong and Corea. (w) Undon (a kind of macaroni). (x) Tamago Undon (a kind of macaroni). For preparing " Undon " 10 parts of wheat flour and 3 parts of potato starch are kneaded by hand with a certain quantity of brine and rolled, out thin, holded into layers and cut into fine threads and dried by the sun. For preparing " Tamago Undon," besides above materials, 4 eggs are added for every l-J- lbs. of wheat flour. The price of " Undon " at Sapporo in Hokkaido is 6.4 Yen per 100 Kin and that of " Tamago Undon " is 15.0 Yen per 100 Kin. (z) Eoast fu (prepared by Mr. Torakichi Yoshimura, Kioto}.. The principal constituent of " Fu " is the gluten of wheat. It is prepared by kneading with the feet crude wheat flour— flour containing bran — with brine and washing out the fibres and starch with water, the latter of which is further utilized for many purposes. The precess of kneading and washing is repeated several times, and the sticky mass remaining is mixed with a certain quantity of the flour of a glutinous rice and a small portion of wheat flour. The mixture is moulded into various shapes and roasted by a charcoal fire. The wheat best suited for manufacturing " Fu " is the variety called Soshiu which is here exhibited. Eoast " Fu " is used as food by boiling it with soup, soy, mirin, etc. For cooking the heavy kind of " Fu " it is recom- mended to steep it in cold water for about two hours before boiling. The specimens here exhibited and their price are as follows :— Tamagawa fu (length of 1.3 Shaku). 0.30 Yen per 10 pieces. — 30 — Tamagawa fu (length of 1.3 shaku;. 0.15 Yen per 100 pieces. Jigami fu. 0.08 „ „ „ ,, Yuki. ' 0.07 „ „ „ Choshi fu (light kind). 0.08 „ „ „ „ „ (heavy kind). 0.30 „ „ „ „ Kosaiku fu. O.lO Yen per 1 Sho. Komomiji fu. 0.08 „ „ „ „ IV. NAKED BARLEY {HORDEUM NUDUM). HADAKAMUGI. Naked barley is as equally an important cereal crop as ordinary barley in Japan, so that the tract of land devoted to its cultivation is nearly equal in extent with ordinary barley but it is chiefly grown in the western and southern provinces. The specimens here exhibited are as follows : — (20) Hanaoka. (Produce of Shingu-mura Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka pre- fecture). (21) Choshiu. (Produce of Takinogawa-mura Kitatoshima-gun, Tokio). Acreage of naked barley cultivated in 1892 is 6,484,011 Tan. The following shows the amount produced of naked barley during the last five years. 1888 5,120,388 Koku. 1889 4,898,629 „ 1890 2,840,624 „ 1891 6,421,282 „ 1892 6,042,498 „ Naked barley is used for the same purposes as ordinary barley. The price per Koku of naked barley during last two years in Tokio is as follows : — 1890 4.367 Yen per Koku. 1891 4.524 — 31 — Cultivation :— There is no essential difference in the cultivation of naked barley with that of common barley. An average yield of naked barley is about 1.8 Koku per Tan. V. JOB'S-TEARS (?)• {COIX LACHRYMA). HATOMUGI. This cereal is cultivated to some extent from a remote age for its having medical properties of strengthening, it was first introduced to Japan from China. The specimen of " Hatomugi " here exhibited is the pro- duce of Funaho-mura, Imba-gun, in the prefecture of Chiba. No. 22. Hatomugi, husked. No. 23. „ , husked and whitened. It is, in fact, one of the most nutritive girains among the cereals, and there is no grain belonging to the natural order Gramineae which comes near it in its quality of containing so large amount of albuminous matter, it also contains a very large quantity of fat and gluten. The following table shows the chemical composition of husked " Hatomugi." (Analysis made at Agricultural College, Komaba.) Water. 12.09 In 100 parts of dry matter. Crude protein. 19.98 Fat. 6.60 Crude fibre. 0.98 Starch. 62.05 Other N. free substance. 8.91 Ash. 1.48 In 100 parts of the ash. Potash. 22.04 Soda. 3.30 32 Lime. 2.63 Magnesia. 13.33 Ferric oxide. 4.46 Phosphoric acid. 36.82 Sulphuric acid. 4.47 Silica. 10.06 Chlorine. 3.40 This grain is used as food, chiefly, by boihng it mixed with rice, just in the same manner as pearl barley is used. It is also appropriated as a material for brewing liquors and of manufacturing confectionaries. The grains roasted and coarsely ground are sometimes used as a substitute for tea and coffee. The following table shows the local price of both husked and whitened " Hatomugi " at Funaho-mura, Imba-gun in Chiba prefecture — for transportation from there to Tokio Market requires 25 Sen for every 8.4 To.* or 151.5 litres. -y. Husked Hatomugi Whitened Hatomugi ^^'^' per Koku in Yen. per Koku in Yen. 1887 5,263 6,993 1888 4,762 6,414 1889 4,762 6,414 1890 9,091 12,121 1891 7,142 9,514 1892 7,142 9,514 Cultivation : — Hatomugi being the most hardy plant of all the grains, is easiest of culture, growing in any description of soil that admits of ploughing, provided more or less manure is applied. The time of sowing is the end of April in the prefecture of Chiba. Four or five grains of seed are dropped by hand in rows of 2.1 Shaku or about 0.64 metre apart at intervals of 0.8 Shaku or 0.24 metre, and ordures and composts are applied, and then covered with soil, and afterward hoed two or three times. * To= ^ of Koku = 18.04. litres=0.512 bushel. — sa- lt is harvested in the month of September or October. The usual produce of one " Tan " being 6 Koka or 120 bushels per acre of unhusked grain which yield 1 .8 Koku per Tan or 36 bushels of husked grains and when the latter is whitened, it loses again about '20 % in volume. VI. SOY BEAN {^Oik HISPIDA). DAIDZU. Food prepared from soy bean is extensively eaten by the people of Eastern Asia, and it is natural that such food is es- pecially liked by Japanese who eat very little meat, and chiefly subsist on rice and other vegetables which lack albuminous matter, while it is abundantly contained in the soy bean. Soy bean has been cultivated in Japan from very ancient times and is produced in almost every part, and it is regarded as one of the most important fai'm crops. According to the investi- gation made in the year 1887 the total area of arable land devoted to the cultivation of soy bean is estimated to be 4,633,162 " Tan." There are many varieties of soybeans in cultivation, having diffjrent colours, whits, yellow, green, brown, black and dapple, with different sizes and shaps. The specimens of soy bean here exhibited are the follow- ing : No. 24. Soy bean, green (Awo-daidzu). The produce of Akumi-gun, in Yamagata prefecture. No. 25. Soy bean, black (Kuro-daidzu). The produce of Sapporo-gun in Hokkaido. No. 26. Soy beau, common. The produce of Chikuba-gan in Ibaraki prefecture. No. 27. Soy bean (Itachi-daidzu). The produce of Iruma- gun in Saitama prefecture. The above mentioned four varieties of " Daidzu" or soy bean are produced in different localities and are those most largely used. — 34 — According to the census made in the year 1887', the' total produce of soy bean in the Empire is estimated to be 3,253,790 Koku. The following table shows the average market piice of soy bean in TokiO, in each year from 1887—1891. 1887 4.286 Yen per Koku. 1888 4.180 „ ,, ,, 1889 4.850 „ J, )» 1890 5.319 „ ,> 7. 1891 4.912 „ Daidzu or soy bean is extensively used in Japan, for pre- paring various kinds of food indispensable for the daily meal, such as soy or " Shoyu"* " Tamari" (a kind of soy), " Tofu"* and " Miso."* It is also largely used as food for horses and manure. The following table shows the percentage composition of 3 kinds of daidzu or soy bean analyzed at the Sanitary Experi- ment Station at Tokio. AVater. Crude protein. Fat. Nitrogen-free-Ex Fibre, Ash. As stated above, " daidzu" is abundantly produced in Japan, ])ut as its consumption by all classes of people for daily use being great, it is now imported from China and Corea in large quantity. In 1891, owing to the general failure of " Daidzu" harvest in the Empire, the total import made during that year amounted to 106,922,922 " Kin" including a small proportion of other beans, with an aggregata value of 2,010,879 Yen. However, none of the imported soy bean or Daidzu has ever been used for the manufacturing of first class " ShOyu" or soy, on account of its * Soe following; pages. Black kind. Kuro-daidzu. White kind. Shiro-daidzu. Green kind. Awo-daidzu. 11.09 13,46 12.28 40.25 36.71 42.85 18.26 17.43 13.58 ± 21.98 24.93 23.68 3.88 2.47 2.91 4.55 5.00 4.70 inferior quality to. that ■produced in Japan. Though a large quantity of foreign Daidzu, is imported as above nientioned yet a more or less quantity of Japanese Daidzu, at the same time, is going out to foreign countries. The following table shows the quantity and value of daidzu exported in each year from 1887—1891. Year. Quantity in Kin. . Aalue in Yen 1887 38,374 673 1888 84,776 1265 1889 '2,108,989 35845 1890 82,373 2031 1891 67,931 1856 PRODUCTION OF " DAIDZU" OR SOY BEAN. SHOYU OE SOY. Soy or ShOyu is manufactured in naarly all parts of the I'lmpire as it is absolutely necessary in Japan for cooking fishes, meat, vegetables etc. The spscimeus hare exhibited are tht following. /Manufactured and ( a ) Shoyu with the trade mark ^ sold by Mr. Mogi \ Shichiroyemon of ( b ) Shoyu „ „ „ „ ^ Noda-machi in Chiba , prefecture. 'Manufactured and .> , .. ® sold by Mr. Mogi gti Saheiji of Noda-machi (in Chiba prefecture. All the specimens of " Shoyu" exhibited are the produce of Chiba prefecture where an especially large quantity is manufactur- ed and is one of the most noted places for it in Japan. Of the abovefour kinds of Shoyu (a) and (o) are of first class quality and (b) and (c) the second. The annual quantity of Shoyu or soy manufactured in Japan from 1887 — 1891 is shown in the following table. ( c ) Shoyu (fZ) Shoyu — 36 — Tear. Quantity in Koku. 1887 1,180,188 1888 1,304,551 1889 1,233,594 1890 1,157,982 1891 . 1,199,053 So great is the amount of " ShOyu" manufactured in Japan as stated in the above table, that the total number of manufactur- ers according to the census made in the year 1889 reached 10,682. The price of " Shoyu" entirely depends upon the state of the crops of soy bean and wheat. The following table shows the yearly wholesale price of 4 kinds of ShOyu above mentioned in the market of Tokio since 1887 to 1892 per 10 casks, each containing 9 " To" or 162 litres and per dozen flasks, each containing i " go" or 0.72 litres. Year. Shoyu (a) ^ Shoyu {&)^ Shoyu (c) ig) Shoyu (d) @ Per 10 Casks. Per Dozen Bottles Per 10 Casks. Per Dozen Bottles Per 10 Casks. Per Dozen Bottles Per 10 Casks. Per Dozen Bottles. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. ■ 1887 12.10 1.60 10.20 1.40 12.60 1.66 9.70 1.42 1888 13.30 1.72 11.35 1.60 13.80 1.78 10.85 1.54 1889 13.30 1.72 11.35 1.60 13.80 1.78 10.85 1.54 1890 13.00 1.72 11.20 1.60 13.50 1.76 10.70 1.52 , 1891 12.92 1.66 11.50 1.50 13.40 1.72 10.50 1.50 1892 13.70 1.78 12.00 1.66 14.20 1.83 11.50 1.60 In manufacturing " Shoyu " or soy, barm is first made by fermenting boiled " Daidzu " or soy beans mixed with parched and coarsely ground barley or wheat. Then the barm is mixed up with brine of a certain strength, previously boiled and cOoled, and the mixture is kept for about 25 months, stirring it occasion- ally with a paddle, say twice a day during winter and three times — 37 — in sunimer, and when it is fermented to tlie required degree, soy is extracted by means of a soy press. The clear hquid thus obtained is pasturized by heating to about 130° F. and when entirely cooled, it is transferred into casks. As " ShOyu " is manufactured from " Daidzu," wheat etc., it naturally contains a large quantity of albuminous matter. Shoyu is used in Japan as table salt as in Europe and America ; con- sequently it is indispensable for daily use for cooking fish, meat, vegetables etc. It has a remarkable merit when applying it in the place of sauces (like " Worcestershire," for beafsteak,'fry, stew, etc. li, answers better than salt when used with cold meat, Japanese soy or " Shoyu " has long been exported to various parts of Europe where those who once taste it never fail in ex- tolling its flavour. It is said that in Holland, Japanese soy has been used by many people from long years ago and highly esteemed by them. It can be preserved for several years with- out the least change of taste, and though it is carried through the tropics it never gives any sign of mustiness or putrifaotion nor loses in the least its original taste and flavour. The following table shows the chemical composition of " Shoyu " analyzed at the Government Medical Experimental Station in Tokio :— Specific Gravity at 21"C. 1 ,1 93 Total dry residue in 1 litre. 377,120 Grams. Albuminous substance. 94,887 Ashes. 198,120 In ashes sodium chloride or common salt. 165,784 Potasium chloride. 12,215 Phosphoric acid. 4,664 Since the fine flavour of Japanese soy has recently become known to people abroad, several trial consignments were made both to Europe and America, and the result, though it has obtained a high reputation among them, still it has not yet be- come a leading article of export. — 38 — The following table shows the annual amount of soy export- ed for the period of five years from 1887 to 1891. Year. Quantity in Koku. Value in Ten. 1887 1,302.71 11,091 1888 1,679.61 14,939 1889 1,. 576.29 16,655 1890 2,136.97 23,772 1891 3,749.01 41,028 It will be seen from above table that though the quantity and value of " Shoyu " or soy is small, yet the trade is grovcing year after year. TAMAKI. The specimens of " Tamari " here exhibited are the following : — ! Manufactured and sold by Mr. Ishima Mosaku, of Yokka- ichi in Miye prefecture. (/) Tamari (common) manufactured and sold by Mr. Moiimoto Chohachi of Yokkaichi, in Miye prefecture. Tamari is manufactured from " Daidzu " and brine and chiefly produced at the prefectures of Miye, Aichi and Gifu. It is very much like " Shoyu " or soy in appearance and used for the same purpose. There is only a httle difference in preparing Shoyu and " Tamari," the former has wheat among the materials of manufacture while the latter has no wheat. (<7) Tofu (bean curd). Tofu is one of the most fa\'ourite foods of Japanese and sold in all places both in towns and villages. The specimen hero exhibited is called Yakidofu and is prepared by roasting partially dried " Tufa " over a charcoal fire. ■ As "Tofu," sometimes called bean cu'rd, being a coagulated vegetable albumen of soy beans, it contains a large proportion of — 39 — nutritious matter, most important to humen life, especially, to those who subsist mainly upon vegetables. Tofu is prepared for eating by boiling it for a few minutes with a suitably flavoured sauce. It gives a much better taste when boiled with fish or meat. The price of canned Yakidofu here exhibited is 18 Yen per 10 dozen. The following table shows the percentage composition of Tofu, analyzed at the Sanitary Experimental Station in TokiO. Water. 88.79 Albuminous matter. 6.55 Fat. 2.95 Nitrogen free extract. ] .05 Fibre. 0.02 Ashes. 0.64 (h) KOri-tofu or frozen bean curd. Produce of Minanii Adzumi-gun, Nagano prefecture. Kori-tofu is prepared by freezing common " Tofu " during winter, and when it has congealed it is immersed into fresh water for a little while, and then picked out and dried. The method of cooking it is almost alike with that of Yakidofu or roast " Tofu," the only difference being that Kori-tofu is softened by steeping it in water before it is boiled. As it can be preserved for many years it is a suitable for provision for vessels undertaking long voyages. The price of " Kori-tofu " here exhibited, per 800 pieces at Minami Adzumi-gun iu Nagano prefecture during the last five years is shown in the following table. Te.ir. Yen. 1888 0.85 1889 1.10 ■ ■ 1890 0.90 1891 0.90 1892 1.00 40 YII. ADZUKI {PHASEOLUS RADIATUS). Adzuki is grown in nearly all provinces of the Empire ; HokkoidO is especially noted for its abundant produce and good quality. It is mostly used for preparing " An " — a pulpy mixture of boiled Adzuki flour and sugar, and in that state is largely used for making various kinds of confectionary. The specimens of " Adzuki " here exhibited are as follows : — No. 28 Adzuki, red, the produce of Hokkaido. No. 29 Adzuki, white, the produce of Yomoku-mura, Higashi Tagawa-guu, Yamagata prefecture. The price of the red Adzuki (No. 28) above mentioned is 4.85 Yen per koku at Hokkaido, and that of the white Adzuki (No. 29) is 8.00 Yen per Koku at Yomoku-mura, Yamagata prefecture. The following table shows the chemical composition of Adzuki (red) analyzed at Agricultural College at Komaba, Tokio. Water. 12.20 In ] 00 parts of dry matter. Crude protein. 20.84 Fat. 1.62 Crude fibre. 6.89 Starch. 6-5.38 Other N. free substances. 2.3 L Ashes. 2.69 Total nitrogen. 3.33 In 100 parts of pure ash. Potash. 45.14 Soda. 2.61 Lime. 3.49 Magnesia. 9.98 Oxide of Iron. 1.09 — 41 Phosplioric acid. 33.05 Sulphuric acid. 0.91 Silica. 0.5.5 Chlorine. 2.35 Cultivation : — The early varieties are sown the end of March or the beginning ■ of x\pril, and the late varieties vyhich are more usually called Aki-Adzuki or Autumn Adzuki are sown the end of June at the rate of 2.0-2.5 Sho per " Tan ;" the former is ready for harvesting in the month of July and the latter the end of September. The yield of red " Adzuki " in the vicinity of Sapporo in Hokkaido is 1.5 — 1.8 Koku per Tan and that of white, at the districts of Tagawa-gun, Yamagata prefecture is about 1.7 Koku per " Tan " or about 34 bushels per acre. PRODUCTION OF ADZUKI. (a) Sarashi-an or refined flour of "Adzuki." Sarashian is used for preparing various kinds of confection- ery and " Shiruko " — a juice prepared by boiling the flour with a suitable quantity of water and by adding sugar at a proportion of about 120 Momme for every 160 Momme of the Sarashi-an. Women and children are especially very fond of " Shiruko." The specimen here exhibited is manufactured and sold by Nagata Hagemu of Hakodate, Hold?aidO, and its price is 6 Sen per Kin. Preparation : — For preparing Sarashi-an, well washed " Adzuki " is steamed and crushed in a machine specially constructed, and decorticated by passing through sieves, rinsed ont several times in water, pressed in cotton cloth bags and dried over a charcoal fire. It is then ground to fine powder by a stone mill and sifted, and a certain quantity is packed into the paper bags as here exhibited. — 42 — VIII. SASAGE [DOLICHOS UMBELLATUS). There are many varieties and sub varieties of " Sasage " pultivated in Japan ; the specimens here exhibited are as follows. No. 30. Shiro Sasage (white), the produce of Noda-mura, Sosa-gun, Chiba prefecture. No. 31. Ordinary red Sasage, the produce of Ivawagoye, Iruma-gun, Saitama prefecture. Sasage is used for preparing " Seki-han " — glutinous rice steamed with " Sasage " and is used customarily at festivals and birthdays — and for making various kinds of confectionary. The price of white " Sasage " iu the districts of Sosa- gun in Chiba prefecture is 7.00 Yen per Koku, and that of common " Sasage " at Kawagoye in Saitama prefecture is 5.80 Yen per Koku. The percentage composition of common Sasage (red) analyzed at Agricultural College at Komaba, TokiO is as follows : — Water. ] 2.05 In 100 parts of pure ash. In 100 parts of dry matter. Potash. 52.79 Crude protein. 25.66 Soda. 1.06 Fat. 2.02 Lime. 4.40 Crude fibre. 7.96 Alagnesia. 8.12 N. free substances. 59.41 Oxide of iron. 0.80 , Ash. 4.95 Phosphoric acid. 27.16 Sulphuric acid. 5:93 Total nitrogen. 4.105 Silica. , 0.28 N. in amides etc. 0.390 Chlorine. 0.61 The cultivation of Sasage is in nearly all respects the same as that of " Adz.uki. " Its average yield is also the same as "Adzuki. " PRODUCTION OF SASAGE. (a) Ainanatto or sugar preserved Sasage. (h) Tsuyu-shigure or syrup preserved Sasage. — 48 -- The above two specimens are produced and sold by Mr. Fujita Taldjiro of Nishinokulio, Shiba, ToldO and tbe price of the former (a) is 13.5 Sen per Can, and that of the latter 15.0 Sen per Can. Preparation : — Amanatto is prepared by boiling well washed Sasage in distilled water with sugar and evaporating it to dryness over a charcoal fire, and Tsuyu-shigure is also treated in the same manner as Amanatto but it is not evaporating to dryness, and it is eaten together with the syrupy fluids. IX. HARICOT BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIES). INGEN-MAME. There are two distinct species of Haricot beans grown in Japan, the one is dwarf, and the other climbing, and each of these species comprises several varieties and subvarieties. The followings are the specimens here exhibited. No. 32. Ingen-mame, known as Otafuku. No. 33. Ingen-mame, „ „ Udzura. No. 34. Ingen-mame, ,, „ Anego. No." 35. Ingen-mame, „ ,, Shiro (white) Ingen. The above mentioned four varieties of Ingen-mame are the produce of Hokkaido. The following shows the market price of 4 specimens of " Haricot bean " or Ingen-mame, the first three being the price in Sapporo, HoJckaido and the laet ona being that in TokiO. Otafuku-ingen, 7.50 Yen per Koku. Udzura-ingen. 4.70 ,„ ,,_ „ Anego-ingen. 4.00 „ ,, „ Shiro-ingen. 10.30 ,, ,, „ In some varieties, their fresh unripe pods are eaten as food while in others, the pulse only after ripsned is used as food. Besides being used for cooking purposes they are utilized in making various kinds of confectionary. — 44 — The seed is sown from the end of April to the middle of June and it is fit for harvesting in the months of August and September. The average yield of three varieties grown in the vicinity of Sapporo, Hokkaido, are Otafuku 2.0 — 2.5 Koku, Udzura 2.0 Koku and Anego 1.2—1.5 Koku per " Tan. " PRODUCTION OF INGEN-MAIWE. (a) Eefined Haricot bean flour or " Sarashi-an" made of Shiro Ingen-mame (No. 35). (6) Eefined Haricot bean flour or " Sarashi-an " made of Udzura-mame (No. 33). (c) Amanatto or sugar preserved Haricot beau. Of the above mentioned three specimens, the first two (a) and {b) are produced and sold by Mr. Nagata Hagemu of Hakodate, Hokkaido and the last (c) by Mr. Fujita Takijiro of Nishino- kubo, Shiba, Tokiu. The uses and method of preparation of "Sarashi-an" (a) and (&) made of Ingen-mame or Haricot beans are just the same as those already described under the head of Adzuki. YII {a), and also those of Amanatto made of "Ingen-mame" is, in all respect, the same with Sasage Amanatto VIII (a). The price of these specimen where they are produced is as follows : — (a) Sarashi-an, of white Ingen-mame 12 Sen per Kin. {b) Sarashi-an, of Uzura Ingen-mame 12 „ „ „ (c) Amanatto of Ingen-mame 13.5 ,, ,, „ X. PEAS (GREEN). NO. (36) AWO-YENDO (PISUM SATIUM). Peas are one of our ordinary farm crops and is cultivated to more or less extent iii every district of Japan. The specimen hei-e exhibited is the produce of Hokkaido where it is abundantly cultivated and it is noted for its fine quality. Though we have no — 45 — accurate statistics of the total amount of the produce at pr^esent, yet from the result of investigation made in 1888, it may be estimated to be more than 200,000 Koku. The price of peas depends much upon the quality. The specimen exhibited costs 4.30 Yen* per Koku in the market of Sapporo, in Hokkaido. (a) Preserved Saya-yendO or green pods of peas. The sp3cimen of preserved green pods of peas here exhibited is prepared and sold by Mr. Nakagawa Koshichi of Giuza, TokiO, and the price is 16 Yen par 10 dozen Cans. XL BUCKWHEAT. " Soba " Fagypyrum esculentum, Mssnch. The two speci- mens and one product, in appendage, are exhibited as in the following : — No. 87. Buckwheat. Produce of Togakushi-mura, Kami- midsuuchi-gun, Nagano prefect are. No. 38. Buckwheat. Produce of Tokinogawa-mura, Kita- toshima-gun, Tokio-fu. PRODUCTION OF BUCKWHEAT. (a) Kori Soba (frozen buckwheat cake). — Prepared by ]Mr. Nakamura Chiyokichi of Kashiwabara-mura, Kami-midzu- uchi-gun, Nagano prefecture. The two specimens. No. 37 and No. 38, of backwheat grain differ in quahty and in the lacality where they are grown. The Japanese are very fond of " Sobakiri " which is made from buckwheat flour. To prepare this diet, the flour is well kneaded, making it into a thick paste by adding a little wheat flour and water ; sometimes mixing at the same time, either some eggs, or finely grated root of Yamanoimo (Dioscorea Japonica, Thumb.), or green Tea flour to add the flavour. The thick paste is now by means of a wooden roller, spread thin on a wooden board * The rate of price on Xovember, 1892. — 4;6 — and carefully folded to the breadth of about three inches, ajidcut; transversely from one end so as to make the long and thin square threads which are known by the name of " Sobakiri ". To serve this, it is once boiled and eat either hot or cold with soy sauce flavoured with various condiments, or boiled with soy together with fried fish, fowl's flesh, eggs, and vegatables &c. The " Kori-soba," exhibited as the product of buckwheat flour, is made during severe winter from " Sobakiri " which is jjrepared as described above. The boiled " Sobaldri " is exposed to severe cold and frozen during the night and then well dried by means of fire, the product being spongy like in texture. This Korisoba or frozen buckwheat cake is chiefly produced in the pre- fecture of Nagano where the low temperature is taken advantage of to let the " Sobakiri " freeze, the thermometer standing at the time about 10° C. below zero. To serve this, it is thrown into boiling water and after about a minute, or two, cold water is poured in. Then, it is taken out of the vessel and washed twice or thrice with cold water and eaten with soy sauce or other- "vvise variously flavoured. " Korisoba " can be stored for any length of time without any change in taste and flavour. The value of " Korisoba " in the place where it is produced is :— One pound packed in a box of Kiri (PauUownia Imperiahs)... 35 Sen. Two pound packed in a box of Kiri (PauUownia Imperialis)- 65 Sen. Cultivation : — Buckwheat is sown broadcast or in rows, with ashes and farmyard manure, either at the beginning or middle of March, or at the end of May qt at the beginning of August, each maturing at about seventy five days from the time of sowing and consequently it can be raised thrice in a year from the same plot of land, if the district is in the temperate, subtropic or tropic zone. For this purpose, the seed of an early variety kjiown by the name of " Sando-soba " is highly esteemed. It is suited to the light and deep soil of inferior quality, especially to 47- the soil of old quarternary loam rich in vegatable mold or newly reclaimed and burnt soil of the same nature. The most noted place for the finest quality is Nagano prefecture, the locality where the specimen, No 37, shown is produced. The average produce of buckwheat is estimated at about 'i>\- kiloHtres per acre and the total sum for the year 1887 through- out the empire is recorded at 205, -535, 544 litres. The local market value of the specimen exhibited during the last six years from 1887 to 1892 per "Koku" ( = 184 litres) is as follows : — Tears. Xagano (No. 37). Tokio (No. 38). 1887 4.50 Yen 3.13 Yen 1888 4.50 3.70 1889 4.50 3.57 1890 6.00 4.55 1891 5.00 4.17 1892 5.70 4.17 There is also husked grain sold, the price being dearer by about fifty silver Sen, and moreover, it requires 1 .66 silver Yen to transport from Nagano to Tokio per 880 litres including the expense of packing. Buckwheat contains a good deal of nutriment and supplies. a large part of human food in Japan as well as abroad. In the Japanese Empire it is used as "Sobakiri" or as in cakes by baking. It is also a very valuable food for fowls and also culti- vated to a large extent for green manure. Buckwheat flour has been analysed by the Sanitary Experi- ment Station at Tokio and the following result was as obtained. Water. Crude protein. Eat. 12.90 13.13 2.72 Non-nitrogenous matter. Fibre. Ashes. , 68.66 1.16 1.43 — 43 — XII. RAPE SEED {BRASSICA CHIHENSIS). NATANE. Bape was formerly cultivated to a great extent but since the introduction of Kerosene Oil, the acreage of its cultivation has been much diminished, yet it is grown in nearly all parts of Japan and forms one of the important farm crops. No. 39. Eape seed — INIediiim variety, from Fucumiya-mura, Yasuhachi-gun, Gifu prefecture. No. 40. Eape seed — ^Variety known as Shikishima from Kiofcsi-mura, Takasbima-gun, Shiga prefecture. No. 41. Eaps seed — Variety laiown as Hoki, from Oyachi-mura, Asaake-gun, Miye prefecture. No. 42. Eape seed — Early variety, from Kamisashi-mura, Aidzu-gun, Fukushima prefecture. Besides the above mentioned four varieties of rape seed; there are numerous varieties and subvarieties in cultivation, dif- fering more or less in their qualities and in time of ripening ; but tbey are all invariably used for expressing oil which is exten- sively consumed both in town and country. According to a return furnished in the year 1887, the total produce of Eape seed amounted to 1,157,555 Koku. Eates of price : — The Eape seed is mostly exported from Kobe to foriegn countries, and following table shows the yearly rate of price at Kobe for the period of six years from 1887 to 1892. Year. First quality per Koku. Second qunlity per Koku, Third quality per Koku. 1887 5.70 Yen 5.30 Yen 4.80 Yen 1888 5.50 „ 5.20 „ 4.70 „ 1889 7.20 „ 6.60 „ 6.00 „ 1890 7.00 „ 6.40 „ 6.00 „ — 49 — Tear First quality Second quality Third quality per Koku. per Koku. per Koku. Yen. Yen. Yen. 1891 6.20 „ 5.70 „ 6.20 „ 1892 5.50 „ 5.00 „ 4.70 „ Export : — There is a tendency to increase annually in the export of Japanese rape seed, and its principal destinations are England and Hongkong. Its chief ports of export are Kobe and Nagasaki. The annual quantity and value of rape seed exported in the last ten years ending in 1891 is shown in the following table. Year. Quantities Value in Kin. in Yen. 1882 1,900 57.000 1883 559,475 11.571 1884 6,570,608 141.320 1885 611,628 13.747 1886 11, .509 0.408 1887 138,230 3.689 1888 1,444,639 39.395 1889 6,890,557 231.741 1890 783,073 24.950 1891 6,159,337 187.164 Cultivation : — In Japan, there are two kinds of fields on which rape is cultivated. The one is the ordinary upland field or "Hata" and the other is the rice field or "Ta" which can be well drained and dried when necessary ; the former is mostly em- ployed in the north-eastern provinces of Japan, while the latter is in the south-eastern part. Time of sowing the seed differs in different districts, but generally speaking it takes place from the middle of September to the middle of October. In the ordinary upland field or " Hata " the seed is sown at the rate of 1.2 Sho* per acre, on well prepared and manured soil, * Sho = rj To = :i^o Kol^" = 1-8 litres. — 50 — iu rows of about 2 feet apart and afterward thinned out to a pro- par distance, hand hoed two or three times at due intervals and the crop is obtained in the month of June in the following year. In the rice field or " Ta, " the land is ploughed up to ridges of 2-4 feet wide as soon as the rice is harvested, and on these ridges the rape plants previously sown in seed beds is transplanted in the month of November or December, and the crop is ready for harvest in the month of June in the following year. Soon after the harvesting of rape, the land in prepared for sowing either cotton seed or transplanting rice plants which have just grown to the suitable size in the seed beds. PRODUCTION OF RAPE SEED. EAPE SEED OIL " KATANE ABURA." ( a) Common rape seed oil, the produce of Osaka. ( b ) Common rape seed oil, the produce of Yokkaichi, Miye prefecture, (c) Eefined rape seed oil or " Shirashibori Abura " the produce of Osaka. The above specimens of oil are all extracted from rape seed ; and the specimens ( a ) and ( b ) are most commonly sold in our markets. There is no essential difference in quality of these two specimens of oil the only thing is that, they are produced at dif- ferent localities. The specimen (c) " Shirashibori Abura " is obtained by refining common rape seed oil and its quality is far superior. All the33 kinds of rape seed oil are produced at everj'' part of Japan. According to the result of an investigation made in 1887, the total produce of the oil, in Japan, including " Shirashibori Abura " is said to be 2.57,124 Koku, with an aggregate value of 4,014,94'2 Yen. The following table prepared by the Tokio Oil Merchant Coiumon. quality in Yen. Good quality ia Yen. 7.27 7.80 6.75 7.28 9.96 10.49 — 51 — Association shows ths yearly rate of price at the market of Tokio, for the period of six years from 1887 to 1892, per cask of 0.38 Koku or 68 litres. Year. . 1887 1888 1889 1890 8.45 8.88 1891 9.90 10.43 1892 (in November). 7.42 7.96 Note. The above rates of price have been obtained by averaging the prices on the 1st March and 1st September every year. The following table given by Mr. Fujita Kinnosuke the Oil Merchant of Tokio, shows the annual rate of the wholesale price of " Shirashibori Abura " or refined rape seed oil for the last ten years ending in 1892, per cask of 0.4 Koku or 72 litres. Year. Yen. 1887 8.80 1838 9.80 1889 11.70 1890 12.30 1891 10.51 1892 9.60 Both " Shirashibori Abura " and common raps seed oil are used as food and for mechanical, lighting, and veterinary pur- poses. As food it is exclusively used for making " Aburage " — for frying but it is seldom used in , first class cooking. In mechanical purpose, it is applied to various machines, wheels etc. as lubricant. As hghting purpose, candles are made of it, besides it is used as lamp oil ; though its illumination is far in- ferior to that of kerosene but no risk of fire is apprehended from this oil. For veterinary purpose, owing to the cheapness of — 52 — price it is often used in lieu of olive oil ; various ointments, and also emulsions are prepared from it. As an article of foreign export, though the oil has not yet become important yet it is largely exported from Kobe to Corea, Hongkong, United States of America, Australia, and Russia. The quantity and value of the export of the oil for each year from 1883 to 1891 is shown in the following table. Year. Quantities in Kin. Value in Y« 1883 131,870 8,299 1884 105,236 6,583 1885 60,222 3,955 1886 25,136 1,801 1887 23,245 1,442 1888 161,152 10,792 1889 148,567 12,588 1890 79,730 7,934 1891 1,884,832 129,677 XIII. SESAME. {SESAMUM INDICUM). GOMA. Sesame is grown to a more or less extent, in nearly all pai-ts of Japan as an ordinary farm crop, and especially large quan- tities are produced in the prefectures of Ibaraki, Tochiki, and Chiba. There are three varieties of sesame, commonly cultivated in the Empire, viz. yellow sesame, white sesame and black sesame. The specimens of sesame exhibited are the following : — No. 43. Yellow sesame, " Kigoma." No. 44. White sesame, " Shirogoma." No. 45. Black sesame, " Kurogoma." The above three specimens of sesame are all tho produce of Shigura-mura, Shinchi-gun, in the prefecture of Ibaraki. Of these three varieties, yellow and white sesames are chiefly used in Japan for expressing oil, while black sesame is exclusively used for cooking purpose either in the grain or after grinding it into coarse powder, and rarely used for expressing oil, in fact, black sesame yields comparatively less quantity of oil than the Other two varieties. All lands of sesame posses a very fragrant scent, so that, when they are mixed with food either in grains or in powders after being parched, furnish an agreeable relish, they are sometimes used as spice. The chemical analysis of black sesame performed at the Agri- cultural University, Tokiu, gave the following percentage com- position. Water. 5.85 In water free substance. Crude protein. 20.80 Fat 52.16 Crude fibre & N. free ext. 11.88 Ash. 3.63 For the amount of the produce of sesames there is recently no accurate return, but according to the statistical investigation made in It^SS the approximate amount is said to be about 34,000 ]<:oku. The yearly rates of the market price of sesames per Koku in Tokio, from 1887 to 1891 are given in the following table. "Wliite Sesame Black Sesame Year. in Yen. in Yen. 1887 6.557 5.333 1888 0.557 4.544 1889 9.004 6.061 1890 9.756 7.843 1891 8.264 6.897 The above rates of price have been obtained by taking an average of prices at the ' early part of March and September, every year. The price of yellow sesame is nearly the same with that of whits. — y4 — Japanese sesames are not yet largely exported. Some years ago only a trial export was first made, but the amount is still very small. Cultivation : — The seed is sown in the month of April or May in weU prepared and manured land, and in good time after- ward, the land is hand-hoed two or three times as may be neces- sary, especially taking care to keep the land free from weeds. At August or September, when some of the first grown capsules are found well ripe and about to shell out their seed, the plant is ready for reaping. When the plants are reaped, they are heaped up on straw mats laid on the ground, and kept two or three days covered with other mats ; by this process, the leaves of the plants gradually die away and fall off the stems. The stems with the capsules but liberated from leaves are dried on mats carefully pro- tecting them from wind and wet, and the seed is shaken off on mats as frequeintly as the drying is carried on, until no more seed remains in the capsules. SESAME OIL. (a) Oil of yellow sesame (6) Oil of white sesame. The above two specimens of sesame oil are manufactured by Mr. Y. Tamura of Iwatsuki, Minami Saitama-gun in the pre- fecture of Saitama. Sesame oil is produced in nearly all parts of Japan, but naturally the larger produce is obtained at Chiba, Ibarald, Tochigi, and Saitama prefectures where the crop is abundantly raised. As to the quality of oil, that produced at Saitama and Tochigi is regarded as the best and that of Ibaraki and Chiba consecutively comes next in order. There is not much difference both in the quahty and price between the kinds of yellow and white oil, though the former somewhat surpasses the latter in point of fra- grance. In Japan, the oil is mainly used for preparing food, and it is also used for preparing hair oil, surgical ointment, and ■ 00 — lubricating various machines. As an article of food, it is used for maliing frying " Aburage" etc. and furnishes a superior taste and flavour than any other common vegetable oil and it is an excellent substitute for oHve oil. When appUed for lubricating purposes it has better merits than' rape seed oil, and when used as hair oil, it not only smells sweet but at the same time it renders the hair easy to comb and gives it a glossy look. The following table prepared by the Tokio Oil Merchant As- sociation shows the rates of the market price of the oil produced at Iwatsuki in each year from 1887 to 1892. Superior quality per Koku. Common quality per Koku. Tear. in Yen. in Ten. 8.80 8.75 12.78 12.80 9.57 ■ 1892 (in November). 11.00 10.60 The above rates of price have been obtained by taking an average of prices on 1st of March and September every year. XIV. YEGOMA {PERILLA OCIMOIDES, L). YEGOMA. No. 46. Yegoma, produce of Kamitsuga-gun Tochigi pre- fecture. No. 47. Yegoma, produce of Kita-Aidzu-gun, Fukushim;i.. prefecture. PRODUCTION OF YEGOMA. (a) Yegoma oil, produce of Kami-tsuga-gun, Tochigi pre- fecture. (6) Yegoma oil, Kita-Aidzu-gun, Fukushima prefecture. Yegoma plants (perilla ocimoides) are widely cultivated for 1887 9.27 1888 9.46 1889 14.30 1890 13.82 1891 10.50 — it) — the seed in the manufacture of oil. The most noted place, is Tochigi prefecture the district where the specimen No. 46. is pro- duced, and whence a large amount of the oil is suppHed to other prefectures. The total produce of seed throughout the Empire is estimated at 7,200 kilolitres. The local average cost per 180 litres in each of the six years from 1887 to 1892 is as follows: — ■ Year. Specimen No. 46. Specimen No. 47. 1887 4.33 yen. 4.17 yen. 1888 5.10 5.00 1889 G.25 6.25 1890 6.02 5.56 1891 5.38 5.00 1892 6.17 5.26 The oil prepared from the seed is extensively used for various industries but it is not exported to foreign countries at present. ' Cultivation. — The seed is sown in a nursery bed in May, at the rate of about 0.9 litre per " Tan " sprinkHng urine over the bed, and covering lightly with earth. When the young plants have grown to about fifteen centi- metres high, they are transplanted in rows, and after about a week urine is given, and again, after two or three weeks the field is hand hoed giving at the same time liquid manure consisting of water and urine with the admixture of rice bran or powdered rape cake. After the second manuring, hoeing is done twice until the time of harvesting which usually takes place at the end of September or beginning of October the produce being about 198 htres of seed per Tan. The two products, (a) and (b), exhibited are respectively pre- pared from the specimen No. 46 and No. 47 differing in no respect in quality but only differ in the locaHty where they are produced. One thing to be considered here is that the oils exhibited are — 57 — not of superior quality aor specially prepared, they being the common sort sold in the market. The oil of Yegoma is of a drying character. It stands severe cold without freezing and when mixed with other oils lilce rape seed oil which freezes easily in winter, at the proportion of about 10 per cent., it does not solidify in cold tempratures. The following statistical returns of six years from 1887 to 1892 from the Tokio Oil Merchants Association shows its value per cask containing 72 Utres. Yalne in Yen. Year. Best Goods. Common Goods. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 10.00 9.10 11.60 11.10 13.45 10.60 9.00 8.10 10.60 10.10 12.45 9.60 Average. 10.98 9.98 Extracting the oil. — Yegoma seed contains about 17 per cent, of oil. The seed is lightly charred at first and put into a large wooden mortar in which it is powdered by beating with a wooden pestle ; it is then sieved and steamed for several minutes. The steamed powder is now wrapped with the cloth, woven with the fibre of palmetto (Chamserops excelsa, Thuub.), and the oil is pressed out under a wooden franpie. The proportion of oil extracted from the seed is about 17 per cent, by volume. The expressed oil is now filtered through Japanese paper known by the name of Nishinouchi and it is then the common Yegoma oil of trade. — 58 — XV. HAZE FRUIT [RHUS SUCCEDANEA). No. 48. Budohaze fruit. This is a variety of Haze higbly esteemed and so-called from the large fruit, which derived the name of Budo meaning grapes and is the produce of Higashi Nogami-mura, Naka-gun, Waka- yama prefecture. No. 49. Haze fruit, the produce of Higashi Nogami-mura, Naka-gun, Wakayama prefecture. XVI. LACQUER FRUIT (RHUS VERNICIFERA). No. 50. Lacquer fruit, the produce of Nagaye-mura, Minami-Aidzu-gun Fukushima prefecture. PRODUCTION OF HAZE AND LACQUER FRUIT. (a) Whitened vegetable wax. — Trade mark :;^_t.33 (i) ,, J) )j • — » '> BH rI (e) „ „ „ .- „ „ ii R] {d) „ „ „ .- „ » g] The three specimens (a), (b), and (c) were refined by Mr. Fujita Kinosuke, Tori street, Nihonbashi-ku, TokiO city, and the last spscimen (d) the common article of local trade . (e) Candle, painted. This is chiefly produced in the district of Aidzu in Fukushima prefecture, and the specimens here exhibited are manufactured and sold by Mr. Matsushita Eihei, of Wakamatsu town, in Ivita Aidzu-gun. (/ ) Toilet soap. {g) Washing soap. The above two specimens of soap are made fi'om vegetable wax by Mr. Suzuki Yasugoro, Nishinokubo street, Sbiba, Tokio citiy. — .59 — (A) Waxed paper. (*) The specimen (h) is prepared from paper made from the fibre of Edgeworthia papyrifera, and the sample (i) is made by- waxing the paper prepared from Wickstrsemia canescens, var. Ganpi, both specimens are manufactured and sold by Mr. Hamada Tomisaburo of Hamacho Nichome, Nihonbashi-ku, TokiO city. Haze and lacquer fruit are both important raw materials for extracting vegetable wax, the former being chiefly cultivated in the south-eastern provinces, while the latter is produced mainly in the north-western districts. The lacquer fruit is collected chiefly, as a bye product from the lacquer tree cultivated for lacquer. However, both Haze and lacquer trees were highly esteemed as mere sources of vegatable wax, for animal wax had never been used up to a lata time, and consequently the local government, in the feudal times, took great care of its cultivation and as a result, trees of many hundred years old, are found even at the present day. There are no exact statistical notes about the annual pro- duce ; yet it is estimated at least as over 45,000,000 kilograms throughout the Empire. The value of one " Kamme " ( = .3.7o kilograms) of Haz3 fruit during the last six years from 1 887 to 1 892 in the local market \a as follows : — Year. Budo-haze (No. 37). Haze (No. 38). 1887 18.0 Yen. ' 12.2 Yen. 1888 17.0 „ 11.3 „ 1889 16.0 „ 10.9 „ 1890 14.5 „ 9.7 „ 1891 13.8 „ 9.1 „ 1892 15.0 „ 10.0 „ — 60 — The average value of the last five years of lacquer fruit is reported at 3 Sen per " Sho " on the local market. It has never been exported in the form of fruit, but as wax which is to be noticed hereafter. Cultivation. — The Haze trees flourish in a warm soil free from stagnant water and conseqiuently they are extensively planted on hill sides or on the banks of rivers or ponds facing south ; though, they are also grown widely on the plains. Plants are raised in a nursery bed. When they are grown to about a foot high, after about three or four years from the time of sowing, they,'are transplanted, and begin to bear fruit after four or five years from the timeof transplantation, but to get the larger produce it requires about fifteen years growth. If there are any plants which do not bear fruit well, they are cut down above the ground and other branches are ingrafted. They bear fruit for a long time, some yeilding produce for many hundrred years when they are properly cared for. To plant an acre of land, about 100 or 150 young plants are required, giving from 400 to 600 Icilograms of fruit when they are fifteen j'ears old. The method of cultivating of the lacquer trees is nearly the same with the Haze tree. They are grown for two purposes, one being only for the sap and the other both for fruit and sap. They are propagated either from seed, or by cuttings from the old root. For the purpose of the sap only, transplantation takes playe when the. young plants are about three feet high, and after cultivating seven or twelve years, the lacquer is extracted by boxing the tree. This process is called Koroshigald. Aftor care- fully gathering the laquer, the trees are cut down above the ground and the old stamp soon gives off young and vigorous shoots. For the fruit and sap, the cultivation is quite the same as for the Haze tree. Both Haze and lacquer trees are grown with or without manure. The kinds of manure in use are farmyard manure, compost, or night soil, which is given around the root in .spring and autumn. 61 — WAX. The refined wax shown, as specimens of the product are the refined vegetable wax prepared either from the Haze or lacquer fruit. The four samples from (a) to (d), are made from Budo-Haze (No. 48) or Haze (No. 49) fruit, the quahty de- creasing from (a) to (d) by degrees. Vegetable wax is produced in almost every part of Japan, among the most noted districts are the provinces on the south-west of the Empire, whence a good deal of vegetable wax is exported. The article fit for export is of the quahty seen in the specimen (d) and those of good quality as specimen (a) and (b) are not yet exported. By the statistical returns of 1887, it is estimated at 10,995,334 kilograms. • Value. — The average value for the five years from 1887 to 1891 per sixty kilograms of whitened wax in Tokio market is reported as follows : — («) j) ^m en {c) m fu (d) IS m 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 16,580 Ten. 16,754 15,025 14,286 13,169 15,920 Ten. 16,161 „ 14,688 13,617 12,598 15,764 Ten. 15,920 14,467 13,333 12,403 14,953 Ten. 15,238 13,559 12,698 Vegetable wax is chiefly employed for the manufacture of wax matches, waxed paper, soap, and candles, and also for giving polish to cotten cloths, and dolls or models as well as for lubricat- ing machinery. In Japan, the fine quality as sample (a) is chiefly used for making pomatum and that of the lower quality for candle making. For the above purposes, it is largely con- sumed in Hamburg, Paris, and London. In China, Japanese vegitable wax is used for solidifying yellow wax. Export of vegetable wax. — The annual export is estimated at about 2,400,000 lbs, jg of which is exported from Kobe. The — 62 — following list shows tlie quantities exported and ths value for the five years from 1887 to 1891 :— Year. Quantities. Values. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 2,196,580 lbs. 2,603,137 „ 2,529,694 „ 2,048,838 „ 2,673,057 „ 326,445 Yen. 381,983 „ 350,641 „ 266,848 „ 316,835 „ The chief places of imports are Hongkong, United States of America, France, Germany, and England standing in order as to quantities. Though Hongkong occupies the first place in quantity, it is not actually consumed there, but it is re-exported to various ports. The principal destiaations for export and the quantities and value of the export for the last three years from 1889 to 1891 are shown in the followieg table: — destina- tions. 1889 1890 1891 Quantities lb. Value Yen. Quantiti es lb. Value. Yen. Quantities lb. Value Yen. Australia, Belgium . China H'gkong . France ... Germany. England . Holland... TJ. S.A. . -I'dia B'sh ,P'ne Isles jVarious K. 9,tf3b 31,363 36,692 1,298,674 161,566 443,057 283,577 7,827 249,799 4,078 1,547 1,576 1,432 4,431 5,625 180,502 21,958 60,853 39,014 i,ior , 34,715 581 20( 230 5a,695 160 23,943 1,296,08'1 220,746 134,225 64,908 206,051 21,608 25,353 3,065 6,858 20 3,252 169,563 28,820 17,595 8,396 25,892 2,926 3,149 376 15,596 24,080 13,499 8,136,834 95,090 82,711 69,415 187,735 30,000 11,049 7.046 1,849 2,833 1,612 254,832 11,263 9,283 7,779 21,826 3,443 1,287 830 Extracting wax : — Both the flesh and seed of the fruit contain wax, but mainly in the former. The fruit is bruised in wooden mortars separating the seed from the flesh by sieving which is then steamed, pressed while hot and the expressed juice is poured — 63 — into a wooden mold and left to cool. This is known as the first pressed raw wax. The seed of the fruit is reduced to powder in a stone mill, seived, steamed, and mixed with the cake of the flesh part, which has been expressed once, and together pressed as before. The product thus obtained is named second pressed raw wax. To refine the raw wax, it is transmitted into a metal vessel with a small quantity of water and liquefied by the addition of heat. When the raw wax is entirely melted a solution of potash is added, stirred thoroughly, and then transferred into a wooden tank provided with a stop-cock from which it is allowed to fall into a wooden tub partially filled with cold water. The* melted wax, in contact with the cold water in the tub, is soon coagulated and floats on the surface. The floated masses are carefully scooped out by a net of fine mesh and then exposed to sunlight during about ten days sprinkling water from time to time over the wax and thus, the wax is whitened to a certain degree as seen in the sample {d) of this product. Painted candles or Yerosoku. — The specimen (e) exhibited is a product of vegetable wax prepared in Aidzu, Fukushima prefecture from the lacquer fruit (Sample No. 50). However it belongs to art more than to practical use ; yet, it is noted for its beauty. For the manufacture of painted candles it requires a good deals of hand work especially in drawing the pictures on them. Consequently they are not cheap. They are commonly used as ornaments in Buddhist temples and are burnt at religious festivals. They are well fitted for use in religious ceremonies where candles of animal wax are not allowed, the form and picture being made according to the wishes of consumers. Painted candles, manufactured of refined vegetable wax, are noted for the brightness of flame and the unchangeableness of the colour of the pictures. Value. — They vary much but the price in 1892 on the local market was as follows :— 64 Large candles, good quality. 0.80 Yen. „ „ common „ 0.50 „ SmaU „ good „ 0.20 „ „ „ common „ 0.12 „ Soap. — The soap manufacture in Japan is a new industry, which is carried on according to the method abroad where the raw material for this industry is of animal origin; but the Japanese Empire, being rich in cheap, vegetable wax it is substituted for animal fat. The toilet and washing soap (fand g), exhibited as specimens are prepared of reiined vegetable wax, and are very economical in comparison with soap made of tallow or lard. ' Value. — The price wholesale in Tokio is as follows : — ■ Toilet soap. 60 Sen per dozen. AVashing ,, 40 „ „ ,, Mr. Suzuki Yasugoro, the manufactures of the soap are able to supply 500 dozen of each during a week. Export. — The chief ports of import are China, Hongkong, Corea, and India. The following table shows the export (includ- ing soap of animal matter) of five years : — Years. Toilet-Soap. Washing Soap. Quantities lb. Value Yen. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 2,605,287 2,611,605 1,546,452 1,319,343 1,284,117 36,684 35,530 23,244 22,379 30,026 4,884 Yen. 4,651 8,346 12,592 11,755 The export duty on soap is 48.23 Sen per 100 lbs. AVaxed Paper. — The specimens (/() and (;') are made by smearing the vegetable wax (a) exhibited upon Japaueso paper. It' is largely used for wrapping soap, cut tobacco, &c. Japanese paper, as already known, is quite soft, but very tough, and the waxed papju has the same properties which facilitate the — 65 — MSB of it beyond the wax paper from abroad. The market price of the two specimens in Tokio is as follows : — Waxed paper (h) 2.25 Yen per 480 sheets. )) jj ii) 3.50 JJ „ 500 „ XVII. HEMP [CANNABIS S/ IT IV A). ASA. Hemp is cultivated to more or less extent in nearly all provinces of Japan, extending from Kiushiii in the south-west to Hokkaido in the north-east. With regard to the fineness of quality and also its strength and durability when manufactured into rope, cordage, twine, canvas, and various cloths etc., the Japanese hemp has no rival in the world but its price being rather high a very little is exported to foreign countries, and on the contrary, recently, hemp raw and manufactured are extensively imported into Japan from China and Philipine Islands, where the price according to its inferior quality is much lower compared with Japanese hemp. Chinese hemp is used in Japan for making kite strings and various rope used for binding cargoes ■ etc., while hawsers and other rope used in merchant vessels, and twine are manufactured with Philipine hemp. However, great inducements both in the cultivation and manufacture of hemp are now given, and there is every reason to expect a time in future, when Japanese hemp of su- perior quahty will be at a much cheaper rate than at present, so as to meet both native and foreign demands. The following specimens of Japanese hemp are exhibited. No. 51. Okaji Asa, produce of Kiyosu-mura, Kami-tsuga- gun in Tochigi prefecture. No. 52. Hikiji Asa, produce of Higashi-Oashi-mura, Kami- tsuga-gun in Tochigi prefecture. 66 — No. 54. No. 55. No. 53. Itazoku Asa, produce ef Itako-mura, Kamitsuga- gun in Tochigi prefecture. Kokiso, produce of Mikawa-mura, Takamiya-gun in Hiroshima prefecture. r Kokiso, produce of Ichiyama-mura, Oclii-gun in Shimane prefecture. The following table shows the produce of hemp fibre in the years 1887 and 1888. Years. Quantity in Kwamme. 1887 2,396,856 1888 8-,016,172 The rate of price varies greatly according to the quaUty, the highest reaches to 36 or 87 Yen per 100 Kin while the lowest goes down to 11 or 12 Yen. The foUowing tables show the latest cost of the five kinds of hemp mentioned above, at the place where they are produced and also the average cost of same throughout Japan and that of Tokio, for the period of four years, 1887 to 1891. Kind of Hemp. 1st Quality per 10 Kwamme in Yen. 2nd Quality per Common Quality 10 Kwamme in per 10 Kawmme in. Yen. ~ (a) Okaji Asa. 23.333 20.000 (b) Hikiji Asa. 15.000 13.333 (c) Itazoku Asa. 13.333 12.000 (d) Kokiso, Hiroshima. (Average). 17.000 (e) Kokiso, Shimane. „ 9.000 Yen. 16.666 11.000 10.500 Average price through- Average price in Tokio Year. out Japan market per 100 Kin in Yen. per 100 Kin in Yen. 1887 20.450 17.650 1888 19.520 17.480 1889 20.990 16.280 1890 19.480 20.000 1891 19.192 — 67 — Cultivation : — The soil best suited for hemp, is said to be well drained rich, sandy loam. The method of growing hemip differs more or less according to climate and charac- ter of soil, but, generally speaking, the land manured with a heavy dressing of farmyard manure is ploughed up in the month of November, and in March of following year the soil is weU pulverized to a fine tilth. In the end of March or the beginning of April the seed is sown in drills of 1 " Sun " deep and 7 " Sun " apart, at the rate of 5 to 6 Sho per " Tan," so as to drop about 3 seed in 1 " Sun " in the drills, and top dressed with mixed manures composed of about 24 " Kwamme " of fish guano, 40 " Kwamme " of wood ashes and 80 " Kwamme " of ordure, and then thinnly covered with soil. The sorts of manures given, of course, differ greatly in different localities. About ten days after germination which usually takes place in a week after sowing, the seedlings which have grown to the height of -^ to -J- " Shaku," are thinned out and afterward the land is hand-hoed and weeded several times at due intervals. Hemp is ready for harvesting at about 120 days after sowing, about 20th of July. In harvesting, the plants are pulled out, and leaves and roots are cut off with a sickle, and the stems are sorted into long, medium and short kinds according to their length, and bound in bundles- oi i " Shaku " in diameter. These bundles are steamed for a few minutes in a steaming bath specially constructed, and dried in a sunny situation for three days, when they are fit for keeping to be manipulated accord- ing to the condition of weather if favourable or unfavourable. If good settled weather is anticipated, three bundles of the stems above mentioned are made into one bundle, exposed to the sun tirning up side down once a day for about three days ; then dipped into water and exposed again to the sun for a number of days, until they are completely dried, and they are kept in a dry place for future work. For preparing the best quahty of hemp fibres, the — 68 — drying process takes thirty days and for 2nd and 3rd qualities, respectively fifteen and twenty five days are required. For separating hemp fibres from the stalk, the bundles treated as above mentioned are immersed in water and moderately fermented by heaping them upon a thick bed of straw or straw-mats in a barn specially builb for the purpose. The number of hours depend much upon the temperature at that time ; in short, the fermentation requires great skill. When the stalks are fermented to a proper degree, the fibres are separated by hand and immersed in water, and the outer skin is scraped off also by hand with tools specially constructed, and dried in well ventilated places by hanging the fibres on bamboo, without exposing to the sun. The produce of hemp fibres varies greatly according to the quahty ; the average yield of (No. 51) Okaji, (No. 52) Hildji and (No. 53) Itazoku is about 12.5 " Kwamme," per Tan while that of (No. 54) Hiroshima Koldso and Shimane fCokiso is, respec- tively, 17.5 and 22.0 " Kwamme." PRODUCTION OF JAPANESE HEWIP. (a) Navy Canvas (No. 1.) ib) J) )j (No. 2.) (c) JJ ti (No. 3.) id) >» Ji (No. 4.) ie) }} jj (No. 5.) (f) Jj JJ (No. 6.) (fj) Hemp duck. (No. 7.) ih) Hemp thread (No. 16) (dry spinning) ii) jj 3J (No. 3i) „ ij) ij J» (No. 6^) „ (Ji) )j Jl (No. 23) (wet spinning) in it JJ (No. 45) „ (m) >) >J (No. 70) „ — 69 — ( n ) Hemp thread (No. 4). (o) „ „ (No. 8). (p ) Specimens of hemp ropes (No. 1 — No 20). ( Hemp thread for fishing nets. \ ^ ) >t JJ J) !> tt \ * / >» J» JJ >» )t \ ^ / »» JJ »J tf )» ( ** ) )> .7 J> Ji ;; ('u ) Hemp thread for angUng. {x) . Hemp cloth, " Nara-zarashi " 1st quahty. {y ) „ „ " Nara-zarashi " 2nd quality. (z) „ „ " Omi-zarashi. " (aa) „ „ " Omi-zarashi. " (ab) „ „ for mosquito net. 'fl^J 1> >> >t 11 M ^U-Ct-J I, ,, ,, ,, ,, The varieties of Canvas (a) to If) are all manufactured with Japanese hemp, No. 52 Hikiji or No. 53 Itazoku, and on account of their strength and quality they are chiefly supplied to the navy and army. They are used in the navy for making various sails, hammocks, bags for clothes and provisions, etc., and in the army for making tents and other things required for night camps. Besides these mentioned above, Omi Hemp Yarn Spinning Co. produces two other inferior kinds of canvas generally known under the name of " Merchant Navy Canvas " and " Navy Canvas " but both of them being almost ahke in quality with those made in America and Europe are not exhibited. The stability, tensity and weight of the above six varieties of canvas manufactured at Omi Hemp Yarn Spinning Co. are shown in the following table : — — 70 NumbPr Ijineal Lineal Lateral Lateral W'ghtofbolt roll of 24 ins. by 36 yards. Kilogram. of Stability Tensity Stability Tensity CanTaa. Kilogram. MUimetre. Kilogram. Milimetre. No. 1 124 80 195 30 18 No. 2 114 77 167 29 16 No. 3 102 74 144 28 15 No. 4 93 71 126 27 13 No. 5 86 68 113 26 12 No. 6 77 65 100 27 11 Note : — The figures given in above table are the results of experiments made with a small piece of the canvas — :80 milimetres in width and 300 milimetres in length, so that their intrinsic stability is far more than given in the table and their real tensity is much shorter. The specimen No. 7 a thick kind of canvas, made of the same material as those above mentioned, is also the produce of the said company and it is chiefly used for the working dress of seamen in the navy, and for beds, working dress of engineering corps, medicine bags, etc. in the Army. The thickness of the cloth may be made as required by any one who orders it. The stabhKty* of this canvas is 140 kilograms in lateral and 130 kilograms in lineal. Its tensity is 60 milimetres in lateral and 20 milimetres in lineal. The weight of one bolt of 28 inches wide by 36 yards long is 9.5 kilograms. The following table shows the market price of above men- tioned seven varieties of hemp cloth manufactm-ed at Omi Hemp Yarn Spinning Co. in the year 1892. Name of the Articles. Width and Length Price per bolt of a bolt. in Yen. Navy Canvas (No. 1) 2 ft. X 36 yards. 12.50 (No. '-^) )» X ,, 12.00 1) ,, (No. 3) >> ^ » 11.50 * The figurs here given are the result of experiment, made on a cloth of 55 milimetres wide by 300 milimetres long. 71 Name of the Articles. Widtli and Length of a bolt. Price per bolt in Yen. Navy Canvas (No. 4) 2 ft. X 36 yards. 11.00 „ (No. 5) J) ^ )> 10.50 (No. 6) jj X ,, 10.00 Hempen duck (No 7) 2| ft. X 40 yards. 8.80 Yarn (Ji) is used for weaving the stuff for soldiers' dress. Yarns ( i ) and (_;' ) are employed for manufacturing navy canvas. Thread ( jz ) is composed of 2 yarns twisted together and is used for making fishing nets. Thread (o) is composed of 5 yarns and used for sewing canvas, leather etc. These five kinds of yarns are all made of Japanese hemp. No. 52 Hikiji and No. 53 Itazoku. Yarn (k) is also made of No. 52 Hikiji and used for weaving mosquito nets and other hemp stuff, (l) and (m) are both made of No. 51 Okaji and applied for making " Omi-zarashi" or " Katabira " cloth. The following table shows the rate of price of above men- tioned eight varieties of yarn which are produced by the Shimo- tsuke Hemp Yarn Spinning Co. Kind of Yam. Per 100 lbs. in Yen. ( h ) Yarn (No. 16) dry spinning. 28.50 (i) „ (No. 3i) „ . 21.20 (i) „ (No. 6i) „ . 22.90 (Jc) „ (No. 23) wet spinning. 29.21 ( O „ (No. 45) „ . 40.82 im) „ (No. 70) „ . 92.20 («) Thread (No. 4). 28.50 (o) „ (No. 8). 34.00 The rate of price of various kinds of yarns manufactured by Shimotsuke Hemp Yarn Spinning Co. is given, in the following table. Numbers of Yam. Price per 100 lbs. in Yen. No., 5. 21.80 No. 10. 24.60 No. 15. 27.80 — 72 — )f Tarn. Price per 100 lbs. in Yen. 20. 24.90 25. 31.35 30. 36.35 33. 39.50 35. 40.94 40. 44.02 45. 49.82 50. 56.23 55. 62.70 60. 64.50 65. 77.52 70. 92.20 No. No. No. No. No. iSTo. No. No. No. No. No. Note: — Though the said company produces different staples of yarn from No. 1 to No. 80, all are not always manufactured, but only those which are in demand in the markets. The price in above tables refer to the year 1892 and only those yarns which secure now-a-days the largest demand in the markets are mentioned. Specimens of hemp rope (p) which comprise 20 different sorts are manufactured by Tokio Seiko Kwaisha or TokiS Eope Manufacturing Co. These 20 kinds of hemp rope may be divided into two classes, viz. Eunning and Standing rigging. Generally three strand ropes are used for running rigging, No. 2, No. 3, No. 5, No. 7 and No. 10 to No. 14 belong to this class. The standing rigging are usually of four strand ropes such as No. 1 ,No. 4, and No. 8. No. 6 is composed of three Hnes of three strand rope laid up left handed and used for mooring ropes of vessels etc. No. 9 laid up left handed and on account of easy handhng being much softer than right handed rope is used for gear of guns etc. No. 15 is twisted in the same manner as No. 6 and used for sea sounding line. No. 16 is used for various purposes but chiefly for fitting standing rigging of vessels. No. 17 is composed of three lines of two strands twisted together and mostly — 73 used for log lines. No. 18 to No. 20 are all small lines and used for serving large ropes to prevent chafing and many other purposes. Of these specimens of hemp rope, the smaller ones are manufactured with hemp Okaji (No. 51) or Hikiji (No. 52), while the larger ones are made of Itazoku (No. 53). Besides those varieties of rope above mentioned, the Tokio Seiko Kwaisha also manufactures different sorts of rope with Manilla hemp used for mining, civil engineering, and fisheries. The following table shows the price of above twenty sorts of hemp rope. Nrnnber. QuaUties of Eope. Circumf'ence in Milimetre. Price per 100 lbs. in Yen. 1 4 strands, white 152 18.25 2 3 strands, pale 140 17.25 3 3 strands, white 127 18.25 4 4 strands, pale 114 17.25 5 3 strands, white 102 18.50 6 9 strands, pale 98 19.25 7 3 strands, white 76 18.50 8 4 strands, white 64 18.50 9 3 strands, left h'ded, p'e. 51 17.75 10 3 strands, white 38 18.75 11 3 strands, pale 29 18.00 12 3 strands, white 25 19.00 13 3 strands, pale 25 18.00 14 3 strands, white 20 21.00 15 9 strands, white 20 22.00 16 9 thread, pale 20 19.75 17 6 thread, white 15 19.50 18 3 yarn, pale 12 19.25 19 2 yarn, white 12 19.20 20 2 yarn, pale 10 19.00 The Hemp thread {q) is used for making several kinds of fishing net such as gilt net, casting net etc. (r) and (s) are also used for netting purposes, especially for eel net and the former is — 74 — applied for making a net of fine meshes while the latter for larger nettings, and these two kinds of thread are largely used in Japan. The uses for (t) and (u) are almost the same as those for (/•) and (s). (v) and (w) are used for common hand fishing lines. Of these seven specimens of hemp thread, (q), (v), and (iv) are manufactured with Okaji (No. 51) (r) and (s) with Hikiji (No. 52) and (t) and (u) with Itazoku. The prices of netting and fishing lines in Tpkio, in 1892 are as follows :-^- f Thread. Price per 100 " Momme." in Yen. (?) 1.50 (r) 0.40 is) 0.30 it) 0.40 iu) 0.30 («) 1.80 (w) 1.70 Hemp cloth called Nara-Zarashi (x) 1st and (y) 2nd quality are both used for summer clothes ; Omi-Zarashi (z) for making under clothes for summer and (aa) for summer clothes, wrapping cloth or Furoshiki, &c. (ab), (ac) and (ad) are used for making mosquito nets. All of these hemp clothes are manufactured either with Okaji (No. 51) or Hikiji (No. 52). XVIII. MAO FIBRE {BOEHMERIA NIVEA). No. 56. Mao. — 1st quahty, produce of Nishi-Iwokawa- mura, Nishi-Murayama-gun, Yamagata pre- fecture. No. 57. Mao. — 2nd quality, produce of Nishi-Iwokawa- mura, Nishi-lNlurayama-gun, Yamagata pre- fecture. — 75 — No. 58. Mao. Produce of Chatan-magire, Nakagami, Oki- nawa prefecture. XIX. BANANA FIBRE {MUSA BASJOO). No. 59. Banana fibre. Produce of Nakagusu-magire, Nakagami, Okinawa prefecture. PRODUCTION OF IWAO AND BANANA. {a) Yechigo chijimi (Mao cloth). (6) Okinawa jyofu ( ,, „ ). (c) Bashofu (Broad banana cloth). The fibre of the Mao excels that of hemp by its flexibility, fineness and high lustre. The finest quality is consumed in weaving costly cloth which is highly esteemed by the Japanese for summer dresses, and that of the low quality is used for mak- ing fishing net, angling line &c. The Mao fibre is more or less produced throughout the Empire but the chief prefectures for its production are Yamagata, Pukushima, Niigata, Nara, and Okinawa. According to the return made in the year 1887 and 1888 the total produce of Mao fibre was : — Years. Quantities. 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 932,426 Kilograms. 899,284 2,422,200 505,515 Value.— The following list shows the value per 150 kilo- grams in Nishimurayama-gun, Yamagata prefecture during five years, 1888-1892 :— 76 — Years. Value of Superior Goods. Value of Medium Goods. 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 95,39 Yen. 91.71 „ 84.90 „ 96.83 „ 75.00 „ 70.00 Yen. 67.26 „ 61.30 „ 71.03 „ 55.00 „ Cultivation and preparing the Mao fibre from the plant : — The following brief note is based on the method practised in Fukushima and Y'amagata prefectures. Boehmeria nivea is a perennial plant and thrives best in hot climates, but fibre of finest quality seems to be raised in colder districts than in warmer places provided that the cultivation, manuring &c. being well organized, which at least, is the fact in Japan, the produce of Okinawa prefecture in the tropic, and Nara prefecture in subtropic regions being bulky but of inferior quality, while in the northern prefectures in subtemperate region yield smaller quantities but of finer quality. In the northern prefectures it is usually harvested once and very seldom twice but in the southern pre- fectures it can be cut thrice in a year. Soil fit for the plant is deep gravel loam slox^ing to the south or on hill sides fallj- exposed to the sun or warm places with some shelter from strong wind. Such soil gives a fine and strong fibre. If the land is flat and soil clayey, the fibre is weak and rough in quality though the quantity j)roduced is heavy. It is planted once in every six or seven years and even endures and pays well for fifteen or more years if it is carefully treated. The way of propagation is quite the same with that of the hop plant, that is, it is propagated either by sowing the seed in a nursery bed or by cuttings from the old root ; but the common and usual method is the latter. Land to be planted should be deeply plowed and well pulverized. Now long ditches 90 cm. deep and GO cm. wide are dug in i5avallel rows and filled — 77 — up witli farm yard manure equally mixed with finely pulverized earth, and then raised into ridges flat on the top the face being about 40 cm., wide. At the end of March or beginning of April, young shoots which spring out from tlis old stubbles are cut off with sharp knives and made into cuttings of about 15 cm. long. These cuttings are inserted on the prepared ridges at the dis- tance of about 10 cm., leaving about 3 or 4 cm. of end of the cut- tings uncovered with earth. After they are planted water should be sprinkled if the weather is too dry. Weeding is done three or four times during a year. In the first and second year, the plants should never be cut but left to wither and decay, and a top dressing of farm yard manure and compost given. In autumn of the second yfear the plants are covered, by scattering over them straw or thin branches of trees over which liquid manure is sprinlded after snow has once fallen. Early in the spring of the third year, weeding is performed and at about the beginning of June, the young shoots will have grown to the height of about ten centimetres. At this time, the straw or branch of trees covering them in the previous year, is folked together and dried and burnt. The burning is repeated every year in order to destroy the young shoots because the shoots which come up first will usually yield very small quantity of fibre of inferior quaUty and moreover the ashes produced by burning will act as manure for after growth. Thus in the third ye^r, the plant will grow luxuriantly, thickly covering the land and give the first-heavy praduce, manure is given twice, once in June after the'burning and next in autumn after the harvest, the quantity and sort of manures being in general as follows : — Night soil 5.4 Hectolitres per Tan. Farm yard manure 185 Kilograms „ „ Harvesting : — In the southern prefectures harvesting takes place thrice in a year, each respectively at the end of May or begining of June, end of June or beginning of July and end of — 78 — July or beginning of August. In the northern prefectures it is harvested only once at the end of August or beginning of Sep- tember, produce ranging between 56-68 kilograms of fibre per tan when highly cultivated and 15-20 kilograms in ordinary case. The plants are cut just above the ground, the leaves stripped, the stems sorted and steeped in water before the outer bark is dried. After steeping about ten hours, the stems are taken out and the bark is at once stripped. These raw fibres are made into small bundles and again steeped in water for about two or three hours. The soaked raw fibre is now taken out from the water, and the exterior coarse bark is carefully scrubbed off by means of a dull edged knife. The scrubbed fibres are now dried in the shade hanging them one by one, on poles or ropes. When they are almost dried, they are arranged on the roof of the house exposed to the sun and dew for about a week, during which time the fibre becomes snow white and gets a beautiful lustre. The Banana plants are only grown in Okinawa prefecture for the purpose of trade though they are widely distributed in the districts in the temperate zone where they are planted for ornamenting gardens only, accordingly, the annual produce of the fibre is not so great. The fibre is white in colour and coarse in feehng. It is woven into cloth known by the name of " Bashofu " which is highly esteemed for under shkts for summer as it is Ughter by about f to •§■ of the weight of hemp and flax, and for not sticking to the skin when perspiring. It is highly esteemed as a substitute for wall paper. Products annexed : — Yechigo chijimi (a) and Oldnawa jyofu (b) are used for summer dresses of the higher class of Japanese. Bashofu (c) is hot used for cloth but for ornamental bordering of " Kakemono," and in place of wall paper &c. The value of this product in the year 1892 is as follows : — Yechigo chijimi. 8.50 Yen per Tan. Okinawa jyofu. 3.00 „ Bashofu. 1.75 ,, — 79 — XX. PAPAR MULBERRY BARK {BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA). KOZO. No. 69. Eaw bark. No. 61. Bleached bark. The above two specimens are the produce of Tsubodami- mura, Mugi-gun, Gifu prefecture. No. 62. Pulp made of paper mulberry. XXI. MITSUMATA BARK {EDGEWORTHIA PAPYRIFERA). No. 63. Eaw bark. No. 64. Bleached bark. The above two specimens are produced in Mutsuai-mura,. Minami-koma-gun, Yamanashi prefecture. No. 65. Pulp made of Mitsumata. XXII. GANPI BARK (WICKSTRCEMIA CANESCENS). No. 66. Eaw bark. No. 67. Bleached bark. The above two specimens are produced in Irokawa-mura,. Higashi-muro-gun, Wakayama prefecture. No. 68. Pulp made of Ganpi. PRODUCTION OF PAPER MULBERRY, MITSUMATA, AND GANPI FIBRE. In addition to the above, the products of their fibres are- shown. They are : — (a) Letter paper and envelopes ($]-> No. 13). (5) Ganpi paper {^\^ No. 27). (c) Sukikomi paper {^\^ No. 49). (d) Ink Oyoshi (paper for pen writing. ^\^ No. 54) . (e) Yakuseishi (for writing and printing. ^\> No. 55). — 80 — (/) Paper mulberry paper (${» No. 70). (g) Gaikoshi ($h No. 75). The above seven specimens are manufactured by Yedogawa- Seishi-gaisha, Tokio, (/i) Dzugashi (drawing paper No. 4). (i) Tengujyo (No. 7). (j) Torinokogami (No. 10). The above three specimens are produced by Mr. Hattori Gensaburo, Tokio. (k) Wrapping paper, bleached. (Z) Wrapping paper, unbleached. (m) Mitsumata pulp (in form of thick sheet). The above three specimens are prepared by Fuji Seiski-gai- sha, Tokio. (n) Wall paper ]t fo. 1 (0) , 2 (p) , 3 iq) J) , 4 (r) J) , 5 (s) , 6 it) J3 , 7. The above seven wall papers shown are made by Niphon- Kabegami-kaisha, Tokio. The fibres of the Paper mulberry, Mitsumata, and Ganpi are the main raw material for paper making, the last being valued especially for producing the smooth, fine, and high lustred paper. However, Japanese paper is usually made of two or more raw materials and is very seldom prepared from a single material. Moreover, the fibres of Ganpi and Mitsumata are not strong enough singly, yet they are extensively used with other coarse raw materials in order to give the tenderness, smoothness, and lustre to paper of low quality. The following table shows the yeild of the raw bark of paper — 81 — mulberry, Mitsumata, and Ganpi during tlie seven years since 1878 :— Years. Total Produce in Kilograms. Paper Mulberry. Mitsumata, Ganpi. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1888 13,899,414 20,109,571 18,568,432 23,254,173 16,874,041 18,380,289 24,180,132 1,486,395 2,659,805 3,538,372 2,873,109 24,211 6,820 30,143 33,741 Tbe local value of paper mulberry and Mitsumata bark both raw and refined, during the last five years is represented in the following table : — Years. Paper Mulberry. Value at Mugi-gun, Gifu Pref . Mitsumata. Value at Minami Koma-gun, Yamanashi Pref. Raw bark. 100 Kin (=60 Kiloarams). Refined bark. 100 Kin (=60 Kiloarams). Raw bark. 100 Kin (=60 Kilograms). Refined bark. 100 Kin (=60 Kilograms). 1888 1889 . 1890 1891 1892 8.50 Yen. 9.00 „ 8.50 „ 6.00 „ 5.70 „ 17.50 Yen. 18.00 „ 17.50 „ 14.00 „ 13.40 „ 3.78 Yen. 2.82 „ 2.66 „ 2.27 „ 1.86 „ 8.00 Yen. 7.20 „ 6.40 „ 6.08 „ 4.80 „ For the value of Ganpi bark there is no certain record for many years, and, therefore, the latest local price in Higashi-Muro- gun, Wakayama prefecture, is given : — Value of refined Ganpi, per 100 Kin. First quality 8.00 Yen Medium „ 6.40 „ Inferior „ 5.60 „ — 82 — The following brief notes give a sketch regarding the cultivation and method of preparing the bark of paper mulberry^ Mitsumata, and Ganpi. PAPEE MULBEEEY. The topographical features fit for the plant is a sloping place facing south-east, so as to receive the full light of the sun and. protected from high wind. The suitable soil is gravel loam, or vegitable mould or yellow' loam with some gravel. The propaga- tion is done either by planting divisions of old roots, layerings, cuttings, or seeds ; but the most common method is the firsts mentioned. This is performed in March, digging off young shoots from the old stubble, which is well manured once in the previous winter and again early in the spring, and the land is hand hoed at the same time. The young shoots with some rootlets are cut to the length of about one foot and planted in rows of about 2^ ft. wide, at an interval of about 3 inches, leaving the top about 2 inches above the ground, manured with some liquid manure^ and covered with straw to prevent burning by the sun. And when the buds come out at the beginning of June the covering of straw is taken off and watering is repeated several times according to need. Weak branches which come out in abundance are taken off leaving at last only one vigorous shoot. The young plants are carefully dug out after the leaves have fallen and planted tem- porarily in some place till the time for transplanting. There is no particular preparation to be done on the land where they are to be planted besides digging holes to receive the young plants which are usually transplanted at any time from the end of November to the beginning of January, or beginning of February to the end of March. At the time of traosplantating, the holes previously dug are partly filled with farm yard manure or with some oil cake, covered slightly with earth, over which the seed plants are set one by one, the remaining open part of the holes is filled up with earth — 83 — lightly trodden in round the plants. The seed plants required for an acre vary very much ; but usually range between 1,500-4,500. Manures used after transplanting are commonly farm yard manure, grasses, tree-leaves, night soil, dried fish, &c. and they are given around the plants in spring. Weeding should be done many times, especially, in the first year and weak shoots prunned from time to time. The yield from one acre varies according to the time of transplanting but the average of five years is, eatimated at 300-600 kilograms of raw bark. As the plants are cut, they are steamed and the bark is stripped off before coohng, and dried by hanging on bamboo frames under the roof. The dried bark is now steeped in water and when softened rubbed- violently in order to remove the exterior coarse and woody part which is again cleaned off by means of a small knife then well dried, and is now ready for market. MITSU1IAT4. Soil fit for the Mitsumata plant is nearly same as that for the paper mulberry plant ; but the topographical conditions suitable shows quite a contrary result, the paper mulberry flourishing in exposed situations while the Mitsumata succeeds in shaded places but free from stagnant water, and consequently, the best situation for the Mitsumata culture is the slope of mountains or hill sides, the soil gravel loam, belonging to the geological formation of paleozoic or mesozoic. It can be propagated either by seed, layering, or by cuttings ; but the most extensive and practical method is raising plants from the seed. The seed is sown between the rows of barley or wheat or any other places where they are not exposed to sunlight. When the'land is poor in nature some liquid manure is given to the rows before the seed is sown. In March of the next year, the young plants are dug out and transplanted at the rate of 5,000 per Tan on hilly place or — 84 — 6,000 per Tan on plain land. In planting out it is considered that a close plantation is rather better than an open one. Ploughing should be done two or three times during a year, manuring at the same time either with Chochin-cake (byeproduct of rice spirit brewery), oil cake, or rice bran, or sometimes with green manure. They yield the first produce in the secpnd year and after- ward, in every other year. It is harvested during the time, from November to March of the next spring, the yield commonly ranging at about 300 kilograms per acre, though there are some cases which gave over 1,000 kilgigrams of raw bark. The process of bleaching is quite the same with that of the paper mulberry bark. * GANPI. This plant is very rarely cultivated, mostly the bark being gathered from that of a wild growth. Soil fit for the plants is clay of red or yellow colour in an exposed situation, such as a moun- tain or hillside facing south. Seed is sown at the end of March or beginning of April and covered slightly with earth. After they are germinated, weeding should be performed, manuring with some liquid manure and drawing the earth around the plant. In the dry summer of the first year, litters from horse stables or cows are spread around the plant and watering is repeated as re- quired. In the succeeding years, hoeing and weeding are done during the summer, weeds being collected around the plant and let to decay there. Harvesting time varies, according to various circumstances, from the third to the seventh year froin the time of sowing. It is harvested by pulling out instead of cutting and then, new shoots come up from the old roots left in the ground and more- over seed dropped germinates naturally and they do not want to be transplanted again. The produce from! one acre of land is estimated at about 500 or at most 700 kilograms of the I'aw — 85 — bark. The bark is, at once stripped on the farm ; for if the stems become dry, the fibres are difficult to get and scraping the coarse outer bark, should be done whilst the stems contain some moisture. In performing the latter operation, the raw bark is steeped in water and scraped carefully with a knife and then,' wash- ed thoroughly with water to free it from the adhering matters and dried perfectly well by hanging on bamboo poles. The use and value of their products : — The products of the above three fibres exhibited are as follows : — ( a ) Letter paper and envelopes, @ 1 " Yen" per case, each containing loo sets. ( b ) Ganpi paper, for tracing, @ 3 " Yen" per ream. ( c ) Sukikomi paper, a substitute for napkins @ 80 " Sen" per 100 sheets. {d) Inki Oyoshi, for account-books &c., c^i' 47.5 " Sen" per 100 sheets. ( e ) Yakuseishi, for printing books, letter paper, &c., @ 19.2 " Sen" per 48 sheets. (/) Paper mulberry paper, for printing purposes, @ 33.6 " Sen" per 48 sheets. {g) GaikOshi, for bills or printing boolis, @ 2.35 "Yen" per ream. ( h ) Dzugashi, for drawings, photograph, or lithographic purposes, @ 1.62 "Yen" per 50 sheets. ( * ) Tengujyo for papering window glass used instead of ground glass, @ 0.81 " Yen" per 50 sheets. {j ) Torinoko paper for picture printing, (W, 22.50 " Yen " per 500 sheets. ( k ) Wrapping paper, whitened, @ 22 " Sen" per lb. ( Z ) „ „ , unwhitened, @ 20 " Sen" „ „ (m) Wallpaper, No. 1, @ 8. Yen per roll (36 x 3 Shaku). (n) „ „ No. 2. ,,7.70" „ „ „ (o) „ „ No. 3. „ 7.20 „ „ „ (p) „ „ No. 4. ,,6.70 „ „ „ — 86 — ( q ) Wall paper, No. 5. @ 6.00 Yen per roll (36 X 3 Shaku). (?•) „ „ No. 6. ,,7.50 „ „ „ (s) „ „ No. 7. ,,6.40 „ „ „ The above specimens from {m) to (s) are prepared for papering walls &c. for which purpose they are noted for their elegance and beauty as well as their durablility. Export : — Japanese papers are known abroad for their great flexibleness and strength, which quaUties are not excelled by any papers of other nations, and owing to their superiority the ex- portation is increasing year by year. The statistical export returns for the three years, since 1889, are as follows : — For 1889. — -~_______^ Sorts. Portsr~~~~— — -^ AVall Paper. Ganpi. Miscellan'us. Value in Yen. Value in Yen. Value in Yen. England 52,761 17,404 7,334 United States A. ... 12,632 4,019 10,797 Hongkong — — 19,933 Australia 6,795 — — France — 14,422 — China 2,201 54,945 Other ports 1,524 1,030 7,806 Total 73,712 39,076 100,815 For 1890, England 79,082 11,543 ' 14,700 United States A. . . . 15,503 12,604 10,588 Hongkong 1,944 — 13,588 Canada & B'sh A. .. 970 — — Australia 3,053 — — France — 5,218 — China — 1,547 64,326 Corea — ■ — 3,094 Various ports 1,109 3,361 8,608 Total 101,661 34,276 114,904 — 87 For 1891. England 51,142 16,645 12,257 United States A... 14,631 15,329 15,514 Hongkong ... . . 3,828 — 14,209 Canada & B'sh A... 3,043 — — Australia 1,168 — — France — 14,962 — Cliina — 3,005 58,037 Corea — — 4,322 Various ports 1,116 1,998 8,470 Total 74,928 51,939 112,809 XXIII. SNAKE GUORD {l^^^l^ PETOLA). HECHIMA. No. 69. Snake guord. The snake guord is cultivated to a more or less extent in nearly every part of Japan. There are two distinct varieties of ^'Hechima" or Luffa Petola in common cultivation ; one of which is long and slender in form and exclusively used as an article of food, and the other is long and plump from which the fibres of ■commerce are obtained. The specimens of snake guord fibres, here exhibited are the production of the districts of Minami Katsushika-gun in the province of Musashi. Uses : — The fibre is used for various purposes, for example, such as the heart of hats, the sole of socks or " Tabi," for stuffing saddles, and in the place of sponge for washing, etc. The market price of the snake guord fibres at Yokohama, in each year from 1888 to 1892 is shown in the following table. ■ 88 — Year. Length over 1.25 Shaku. Length over 1.18 Shaku underl .2-5 Shalai Length over 0.9 Shaku under 1.1 Shaku. 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 Sen. 2.0 2.0 2.8 2.0 2.7 Sen. 1.2 1.5 L7 1.2 1.8 Sen. 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.8 The fibre is mostly exported from Yokohama, and some from the ports of Kobe and Nagasaki ; and the principal destina- tions of exportation are London, Havre, Hamburg, San Fransisco, New York, Shanghai and Hongkong. The following table shows the quantity and value of snake guord fibre exported from Yokohama to foreign countries in each year from 1887 to 1891. Tear. Quantities in Xumber. Value in Yen. 1887 1,320,92!) 10,831 1888 1,392,535 S,393 1889 735,220 10,512 1890 1,192,687 16,541 1891 793,930 10,0l.s Cultivation : — The seed is sown in a seed bed in the month of March, and when the young plants bear four or five leaves they are transplanted in well cultivated fields — distance between the plants being about 1.2 Shaku, in rows of 2.8 Shaku apart — fm'nished with horizontal net work of bamboo or poles at the height of 4 or 5 Shaku from the ground, to which the vines of the plants twine up and spread all over, and thereby the fruit hanging down on vines get a proper shape. A suitable number of fruit for one plant to grow is from 4 to 5, and the average produce per acre is 24,000 in number. The gathering of the fruit generally spealdng, takes place at the end of September. — 89 — XXIV. RUSH (JUNCUS COMMUNIS). BINGO-I. No. 70. Eusb " Bingo-i," produce of Okayama prefecture. No. 71. Eush " Eiugo-i," produce of Fukuoka prefecture. XXV. RUSH {CYPERUS UNTIANS). SHICHITO-I. No. 72. Eush " ShichitO-i " produce of Oita prefecture. Bingo-i and Shichito-i are both among the most important articles of our household as " Tatami " and " Mushiro " (mats) which are indispensable to be laid down on the floors of all classes of Japanese houses, are woven of one or other of these rushes. The mats or " Tatami-omote " made of " Bingo- i" being handsome are mostly used by the higher classes while those made of "Shichit5-i" being somewhat rough in quahty are only used by the lower class of people and also for wrapping cargoes etc. Pith of " Bingo-i " is extensively used for lamp wick. Eecently various kinds of fancy mats are made of two of these kinds of rushes and largely exported to foreign countries. The total value of the export of mats during the year (1891) amounted to 650,000 Yen and still there is every prospect of increasing this trade in future. " Bingo-i " is chieily produced at Okayama and Hiroshima prefectures, and " Shichito-i " at Oita. We are unable to give the amount of their produce, as no statistics was ever made but considering the fact that there is so large a demand for various kinds of mats both at home and abroad, shows that the amount produced is by no means small. Cultivation of Bingo-i : — The soil best .suited for growing Bingo-i is of a clayey character containing, a small proportion — go- of gravel and resting upon a rather hard subsoil. The plants sprung out from the stubble cut in the previous summer, are rooted out and dipped in a dilute urine for 24 hours, and then divided into bundles of about ten such shoots which are transplanted in well prepared and manured land in the same manner as rice plants are transplanted in the paddy field. The distance from one bundle of the plants transplanted to another is about 4 Sun that is to say, a bundle of ten plants occupies 4 Sun square of ground. The time of transplanting usually takes place in the month of October or November but in the warmer districts it may be as late as the beginning of January. After the transplantation, the land is constantly watered as in rice fields and ordures and well rotten farm yard manures are appKed several times at due intervals, especially, taking care to keep the land free from weeds. In the middle of July, when fine settled weather is anti- cipated the rushes are harvested by reaping them with a shaa-p sickle, and they are immediately immersed in muddy water specially prepared in a small pond, by stirring in white clay, and then dried by spreading on grass laud. The object of dipping the rushes into turbid water is to facilitate the drying by the effect of the adhering clay, and at the same time to protect " Bingo-i " from other noxious dusts. The most important point for harvesting Bingo-i is to pay great attention to the condition of the weather and in that time, for it is necessary in obtaining a superior quality, to dry the reaped rushes as quickly as possible, not exceeding more than 2 days, otherwise they depreciate greatly in quality and value. The average yield of " Bingo-i " is about 2-50 Kwamme per Tan. Cultivation of Shichito-i: — This rush may be cultivated both in upland or "Hata" and rice field or " Ta." If it is grown in upland, soil of a moist nature is preferable, while in paddy field, too much superfluous water is undesirable. — 91 — Shichito-i is propagated from roots, and for this purpose, the bundles of three or four plants separated from the mother stubbles are transplanted in weU cultivated and manured nursery ground, in rows of 5 Sun or 6 inches apart at a distance of same length between the bundles. The plants raised in 20 " Tsubo " of such nursery ground are sufficient for transplanting in a " Tan " of the field. , For transplanting " Shichito^i " in the paddy field or "Ta" the land is deeply cultivated soon after the harvesting of .rape or wheat crops, and well pulverized and mannered with rape cake or " ShOchu-kasu," which quantity depends greatly upon the character of soil, and then the land is irrigated. Two or three root-plants together are transplanted in the rows of 5 Sun apart at a distance of 3 Sun between the plants. Ten days after the transplantation the water is withheld and the land is dried to a certain degi'ee, and weeds are eradicated cleanly, and again the land is watered. These processes of drying, weeding, and watering the land are repeated two or three times daring the summer raonths, and the second manuring is also given in the month of July. Shichito-i is ready for harvesting at 80 to 100 days after transplantation, in fact, the reaping of the plants takes place from the end of August to the middle of September. For harvesting the rushes the weather must be very fine. When the rushes are repeated, they are torn lengthwise into two parts with special tools and dried on sandy ground or grass land. The average produce per "Tan" is 120 to 260 Kwamme. PRODUCTION OF BINGO-I AND SHICHITO-I. The following are the specimens of mats made of " Bingo- i" and "Shichito-i." (a) Kinkwanyen, manufactured at Okayama. — 92 1st quality, Aya-mushiro, manufactured at Bittiu. 2nd „ Damask, Aya-mushiro, ,, Common Aya-mushiro, „ 1st. quality, Somewake-mushiro, „ „ Bingo. Common Somewake-mushiro, „ Damask Hana-mushiro, „ Common Hana-mushiro, ,, Kikaiori Hana-mushiro, Damask Hana-mushiro, ,, Common Hana-mushiro, ,, Seidaka Hana-mushiro, ,, Ordinary Hana-mushiro (best quality). Bungo. Chikugo. (c) id) (e) (/) (9) ih) (i) ij) (Jc) (0 (m) in)' (0) ip) iq) (r) Of above 18 specimens* of mats, (a) and (b) are woven with the best quality of Bingo-i (No. 70), those from (c) to (A-) with fair quality of Bingo-i, (I) to (p) with " ShichitO-i " and {q) and (?•) with " Bingo-i " of (No. 71). The prices of above mentioned 18 varieties of mats at Kobe during the year 1892 are shown in the following table. Specimens. Per Eoll of 40 yards by 1 Yard "Wide. iu Yen. (a) 1st quality, Aya-mushiro, Okayama. 20.00 ■ (b) „ „ „ „ '25.00 (c) 1st quality, Aya-mushiro, Bittiu. 13.50 {d) 2nd quality, Aya-mushiro, „ 12.50 (e) Damask Aj'a-mushiro, „ 12.00 (/) Common Aya-mushiro, ,, 9.50 (17) 1st quality Somewake Hana-mushiro, Bingo. 8.20 {h) Common Somewake Hana-mushiro, „ 5.80 (i) Damask Hana-mushiro, „ 6.80 * These specimens of mats were callected by Messrs. Sliimidzu & Co., the export marchant at Kobe. (;■) (J) (m) («) (0) ip) (.q). — 93 — Common Hana-mushiro, Bingo. )) )J M If Kikaiori Hana-mushiro, „ Damask Hana-mushiro, Common Hana-mushiro, „ Seidaka Hana-mushiro, „ 1st class, ordinary Hanamushiro, Chikugo. 5.20 5.20 9.50 7.00 5.30 5.30 4.20 6.50 6.50 The largest importer of these mats is United States of America, and England, Austria and Germany follow one after another. The following table shows the state of foreign tradet in mats from 1887 to 1891. Destination Exported. IS87. Value in Yen. 18S». Value in Yen. i««9. Value in Yen. 1890. Value in Yen. 1891. Value in Yen. U.S. A England Hongkong ... China 28,915 ■ 3,462 555 216 80 127 2,941 36,296 123,351 12,175 6,585 1,686 602 1,173 2,653 148,224 116,595 14,398 7,356 7,893 6,936 3,801 4,901 166,883 290,565 18,216 2,828 20,835 5,610 2,269 7,218 347,541 595,936 19,767 11,816 7,516 5,635 3,908 11,540 656,123 AustraHa . Germany Canada and British Other countries.. Total XXVI. TOBACCO {NICOTIANA TABACUM VAR. MACROPHYLLUM). TABAKO. Tobacco leaves here exhibited are nine in numbers, and their names and localities where they are prodaced are as follows-: — No. 73. Hatano, produce of Hatano-mura, Osumi-gun, Kanagawa prefecture. t Xo export duty is imposed in Japan on this article. — 94 — No. 74. Tate, produce of Kataoka-mura, Kataoka-gun, Gumma prefecture. No. 75. Shinden, produce of Higashiyama-shinden, Otori- gun, Osaka-fu. No. 76. Mihara, produce of Sunami-mm-a, Toj'oda-gun, Hiroshima prefecture. No. 77. Ohazama, produce of Kawame-mm-a, Hiyenuki- gun, Iwate prefecture. No. 78. Ohazamia (unstreched leaves known as Shibariha), produce of Kawame-mura, Hiyenuki-gun, Iwate prefecture. No. 79. Oyamada, produce of Oyamada-mnra, Xasu-gun, Tochigi prefecture. No. 80. Aso, produce of K.usagaya-mura, Aso-gun, Kuma- moto prefecture. No. 81. Kokubu, produce of Kokubu-mura, Nishisoo-gun, Kagoshima prefecture. Tobacco leaves of good quaKty iit for Japanese taste, are extensively produced in various districts ; but those requhed at present for exportation are the leaves (No. 73 — No. 80) here exhibited. No. 81, Kokubu is highly esteemed by Japanese for its pleasant taste and fragrant odoiir, so that it always occupies the first place in the market price. It has not been exported at present ; j'et, it is added in order to show the quality of the tobacco, much valued in Japan. AYe have stiU a great area of land suited for tobacco cultivation and consequently we are able to supply a larger quantity of leaves of any sort, if the demand increased from abroad. The tobacco is produced in every prefecture throughout the Empire ; but those prefectures which produce over 300,000 Kwamme (=1,125,000 kilograms) are four ; viz., Okayama, Fuku- shima, Hiroshima, and Tokushima, and there are also eight prefect- ures which produce over 200,000 Kwamme (=750,000 Idlograms). The following figures show the total produce in four years : — — 95 Years. Quantities in Kilogra,mR. 1883 21,124,669 1884 22,299,791 1885 — 1886 — 1887 22,756,583 1888 28,852,103 Value : — The following list gives the market value per 100 lbs. of good quality during the five years from 1888 to 1892 which is reported by the tabacco merchant Mr. Sajihei Tanaka : — ^^^^^ Years. Kiud^^^^ 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 Hatano... ... Tate Shinden Mihara Oyamada 12.50Yen 10.50 „ 10.00 „ 10.00 „ 9.50 „ ll.SOYen 10.00 „ 9..50 „ 9.50 „ 8.50 „ ll.OOYen 9.00 „ 8.50 „ 8.50 „ 7.70 „ 12.50Yen 10.50 „ 9.50 „ 9.50 „ 9.00 „ l5.00Yen 13.50 „ 13.00 „ 13.00 „ 11.50 „ Remarks : — The trade in Shinden and Mihara tobacco is usually carried on in Osaka or Kobe, Aso in Nagasaki, and all others in Yokohama. The value of Ohazama is usually the same with Oyamada. Aso is less by one Yen. Kokubu which is not exported at present, is valued at 40 Yen in the Tokio market. Export : — Tobacco has been exported for a long time, chiefly in the unprepared form and the quantities exported were much greater than the present years, the local value of them ranging^ over 200,000 Yen in the years 1872, 1873, 1874, 1877, 1880, 1881, and 1884 and specially in the year 1885 when it amount- ed to more than 380,000 Yen. The quantities, value, and ports of export during the last five years are shown in the subjoined tabular statement : — 96 Years. To Great Britain. To China. To Prance. To Various Ports. Tofcal. Q'litlties lb. Value in Yen. Q'ntifcies lb. Value in Yen. Q'ntibiea lb. Value in Yen. Q'ntifcies lb. Value in Yen. Q'ntities lb. Value in Yen. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 786,037 674,322 1,937,342 1,249,816 1,010,043 65,389 75,824 187,687 117,4.39 87.121 '10,823 78,645 17,041 26,934 674 4,968 988 2,209 1,769 2,910 231 267 52,332 414 2,496 6,166 9.380 4,344 46 318 621 1.0B4 849,192 765,160 1,969,788 1,382,916 1.019,423 74,407 81,068 189,160 120,169 88.176 Export duty.— 0.2411 Yen per 100 lbs. Cultivation : — It may differ widely, when treated in detail, in different prefectures and consequently here it is briefly describ- ed. Soil fit for the plant are loam or gravel loam of yellowish color. The nursery bed should be made in a warm place plowing and pulverizing finely at the end of December, mixing night soil or rape cake with the earth thoroughly. Seed is sown at the beginning of February, trampled upon by the feet, and covered thinly with straw. "When the seed is germinated the covering of straw is taken off and sprinkling from time to time, with the water preserved after bathing. The young plants require about one hundred days to grow to about 5 or 6 inches high, when they are ready to be transplanted. The field is now to be pre- pared, digging holes in rows, putting the manure into them, slightly covering with earth, and over which the plants are trans- planted at the rate of 16,000 to 20,000 per acre. About two weeks after transplantation, powdered rape cake or fish manure is given, weeding and moulding being performed at the same time. Picking insects is the most troublesom.e work from the first to the last and never should be neglected. It is usually done every other day and early in the morning while the dew is on the leaves. Just before the plants blossom, they are topped leaving the required number of leaves and from that time suckering is performed according to necessity. The leaves begin to mature about sixty or seventy days frOm the time of transplantation, the under most leaves presenting a light yellowish color. In some — 97 — prefectures the leaves are usually harvested four times as they ripen, naming them Doha, Nakaha, Honpa, and Tempa respect- ively. The gathered leayes are stocked a few hours in order to make them a little flexible by losing some of the water which they contain. Then they are hung under the roof of the house (by ropes of rice straw), or in the house, or in the drying room specially prepared, for the purpose. In other prefectures, they are left until all leaves are matured, after cutting the two or four undermost leaves called Doba, and harvested at once by cutting the stem above the ground. The cut stems with leaves are hung and dried in the same way as in the case of the other process. The drying process requires about forty or fifty days. "When the leaf stalks became brittle and the color turned to the required degree, the leaves are moistened by sprinkling Water upon them to prevent breaking and then stretched carefully by hand, sorted into Doba, Nakaha, Honpa, and Tempa when separately harvest- ed, or into two kinds according to the quality when harvested at once with the stem. They are made into small bundles, by tying about ten or fiftsan leaves together at the stalk, packed, aiid ready for market. XXVIl SHIITAKE. {LEPIOTA SHIITAKE). Shiitake is produced in almost all parts of Japan but most abundantly obtained in the, prefectures of Shidzuoka, Kagoshima, Oita, Miyasaki and AVakayama. China also produces this article but owing to its inferior quality they import our prodnce in great quantity. There are three kinds of Shiitake, viz. spring crop or " Haruko," autumn crop or " Akiko," and winter crop or " Kanko," and according to the manner of drying, thej^ are known in commerce by two names, one is called " Kiboshi " and the other "Yakiko." 98 The former is the best and ouly obtained when fine -n-eatUer continues for a long time, and after maturing of dries itself on the trees where it has grown, on account of the dryness of air, without using artificial means, or it is taken off from the trees and dried by the sun, while the latter is obtained by taking it raw and drying by artificial heat and is the one which is most commonly met in the market. The specimens of Shiitake exhibited are as follows : — No. 82. Shiitake (Kiboshi) of first class quality. No. 83. Shiitake ., 2ud class quahty. No. 84. Shiitake ,, common quaHty. No., 85. Shiitake (Yakiko), 2nd class qualitJ^ The above three specimens of Kiboshi are the produce of Tsuchigoye-mura, Kimizawa-gun, in the prefecture of Shidzuoka. The average chemical composition of Shiitake is shown in the following table, (the analyses performed at Agricultural University). Water 13. HO In 1 00 parts of dry substance. Crude protein 16.45 Fat 2.59 Crude fibre 15.77 N. free extract 01.55 Ash 3.G5 Total nitrogen .63 In 100 parts of pure ash Potash 55.54 Soda 7.51 Lime 1.72 ^Magnesia (;.17 Ferric oxide 1.26 Phosphoric acid 19.18 Sulphuric acid. 4.3S Silica 2.68 Chlorine 1.74 The average market price of Shiitake in Yokohama for the last six years is shown in the following table. — 99 1 Kiboshi par Picul. Yakiko per Picul. 1st Q'lity 2nd Q'ity 3rd Q'lity 1st O'litv •2nd Q'ity 3rd Q'litv Ten. Yen. Yen. Yen. Y'-en. Yen. 1887 75.00 35.00 25.00 30.00 27.00 24.00 1888 55.00 30.00 26.00 30.00 23.00 20.00 1889 60.00 32.00 24.00 33.00 26.00 23.00 1890 60.00 38.00 33.00 42.00 37.00 30.00 1891 65.00 43.00 33.00 46.00 39.00 25.00 1892 75.00 49.00 33.00 59.00 45.00 33.00 This article bas long been exported to foreign countries having, year after year, a gradual increase both in quantity and value. It is most largely exported to China and the export to other countries is but insignificant. The following tables show the yearly state of this trade* from 1887 to 1891. Destination of Export. Quantity of Shiitake exported, in Ki u. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Hongkong ... China 1,394,954 26,811 837 1,826,6,81 23,661 l;025 1,-530,609 27,910 3,935 996,741 701,559 32,620 5,115 1,009,317 495,661 35,317 8,952 U. S. America Other Cts. ... Total 1,422, iiU2 1 .Sf) 1 .HKY 1,562,454 1,736,035 1,548,887 Destination of Export. Value of Shiitake exported, in Yen. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Hongkong ... China 433,247 9,332 219 509,069 6,584 277 460,155 8,355 1,153 332,569 235,304 10,191 1,696 363,021 182,061 11,737 3,034 U. S. America Other Cts. ... Total 442,799 515,930 469,663 579,760 559,853 * Export duty is levied on this article in Japan at the rate of 1.60 Yen per Picul or 100 Kin. — 100 — N. B. The figures in colunms of 1887 and 1888 include besides Shiitake, some other kinds of dried fungi, but they are only very little in quantity and value, not exceeding one-tenth of those of Shiitake. Shiitake grows in several trees belonging to the natural order Cupuliferse such as Quercus cuspidata, Q. dentata, Q. serrata, Q. Acuta, etc. The method of growing Shiitake on such trees is as follows : — The trees of about 20 years old are ciit down at the approach of winter and after the lapse of 20 or 30 days according to the condition of the drying of the wood, are sawn off into logs of 4 or 5 feet loiag, and to each of these logs incisions are made with a hatchet, at intervals of about 6 inches, and then they are piled regularly upon a frame furnished at a height of about one foot above the ground under the trees. The position of the ground selected for piling the logs should be the slopes of a forest facing to the south-east or south-west. After keeping the logs as above described for two years, they are dipped in water for 24 hours in the middle of November, and again laid one upon another for about four days and if it is a cold district the heap is covered with straw or mats, and then the logs rest upside down against poles fixed horizontally to the trees at a height of about 4 feet, in a well ventilated and sunny situation under the trees, when Shiitake begins to issue and after 20 or 30 days of its growth, it is ready for harvesting. XXVIll. MENTHOL CRYSTAL AND PEPPERMINT OIL. HAKKA-NO AND HAKKA-YU. Pepper mint or Mentha Arvensis ^^•as cultivated from a \eiy remote age in Japan in the north-eastern part of Japan. The most famous districts for its large production are in the prefecture of Yamagata where there is an extensive tract of land suited for the cultivation of this plant ; and nearly all menthol crystal and peppermint oil exported to foreign count- ries is supplied from there. — 101 - The following specimens of menthol crystal and peppsrmint oil exhibited are all the produce of Yamagata prefecture. No. 86.* Menthol crystal, refined. No. 87. Menthol crystal, common. No. 88. Peppermint oil, refined. No. 89. Peppermint oil, common. Although there is no accurate return of the amount produced it may be roughly estimated to be over 70,000 Kin including both menthol crystal and oil. The annual market prices of menthol crystal and oil in Yokohama during the years 1887 to 1891 are shown in the following table: — Year. Menthol Crystal per Kin. Peppermint Oil per Kin. Common. Yen. Kefined. Yen. Common. Yen. Kefined. Yen. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 2.70 2.05 2.50 2.00 2.00 • 3.35 3.30 3.20 2..50 2.50 1.70 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.50 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.00 The Quantity and value of the export** in each year from 1887 to 1891 are shown in the following table : — Year. Menthol Crystal. Peppermint Oil. Quantity in Kin. Value in Yen. Quantity in Kin. Value in Yen. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 16,931 27,219 18,221 13,910 22,369 49,659 71,430 30,754 17,656 25,618 28,079 29,362 36,894 31,982 86,423 39,655 42,883 46,310 33,102 76,528 * These four kinds are sold by Mr. Nagaoka, at Yokohama. ** Xo custom duty is imposed on this article. — lo-i — They are most largely exported to England, and United States of America, Hongkong, Germany and France following in this order in quantity and value. As regards to the quality of menthol crystal exported to foreign countries No. 87 takes up nine-tenths of the total quantity and the remaining one-tenth is supplied hy No. 86 which is exclusivelj'' exported to China. Uses : — Besides being used extensively for various medical purposes, they are used as ingredients for making some kinds of confectionary and also for making tooth powder, a few drops of the oil or a few crystals of the menthol dropped on water is used for rinsing the mouth. It is also applied for counteracting nauseous smells in privies etc. Cultivation : — For growing peppermint M'hich is a peren- nial plant belonging to the natural order Labiatae, the land is well prepared in the month of October, and the roots separated from the stubble are cut to the length of about 3 Sun and planted in well prepared soil manured with rice bran, rape cake, sake- kasu, etc. in rows of 2 Shaku apart and distant about 1.5 Shaku between the plants. In the next spring a dilute ordure is given when the plants grow vigorously. The first cutting of the plant is done in the middle of July, and the second in the middle of September, and sometimes, but rarely, a third cutting is made in some districts. The plant reaped is dried under a shed , without exposing to the sun and carefully kept for future distilhng. The best time for distilling is said to be the middle of January. The average produce of dried leaves per " Tan " is 300 to 400 Kwamme, and one Kwamme of dried leaves yield about S Momme of " Hakka." — 108 XXIX. CHILLI [CASPIUM LONGUM). TOGAEASHI. Chilli or " Togarashi " is cultivated to a more or less ex- tent, in nearly all provinces of Japan. The fresh unripe fruit and leaves of certain varieties are eaten by cooking them with soy, sugar, " Katsuwohushi,"* etc., but generally speaking, they are either preserved in salt or made into powder after drying, and are used as spices. When the dried fruit is placed between or inside of any thing valuable kept in boxes it protects them from insects. The specimens of Chilli or Togarashi here exhibited are as follows : — No. 90. Chilli, var. kno%vii as Takano-tsume Togarashi. No. 91. Chilli, ,, ., ,, Yatsufusa Togarashi. No. 9-J. Chilli, „ „ „ Naga Togarashi. The above mentioned three varieties arc the produce of Fukakusa-mura, Kii-gun, Kioto-fu. The variety, heretofore, exported to foreign countries is principally Takano-tsume ; the following shows the annual quantity and value of the export from 1890-1 8y'J. Year. Quantity in Kin. VaJue in Yen. 1890 1891 1892 180,000 ■i60*000 80,000. G,500 6,400 3,500 The principal destinations of the export are Germany, England and India. The Average niarket price of Chilli in Y'okohama in the Year 1890-1892 in as follows:— 1890 3.78 Yen per 100 Kin. 1891 2.67 „ „ „ „ 1892 4.34 „ „ . „ „ — 104 — Cultivation : — The seed is sown in seed beds and transplanted in well cultivated ground in the beginning of May at the rate of 8 or 10 young plants per " Tsubo " of land, and when the seasoii is dry the land- is manured with liquid manure so as to keep the soil not too dry. The time of harvesting commences from the beginning of September and lasts until the beginning of Novem- ber. The product of fruit much depends upon the variety ; the variety like Takano-tsuma yields about 18 Koku per Tan. XXX. GINGER {ZINGIBER OFFICINALE). SHOGA. Ginger or the dried rhizoma of the Zingiber Officinale is known in commerce under two different names called " Shyokio " and " Kankio " according to the different methods apphed in ■preparation. The following specimens of dried ginger are exhibited. No. 93. Shyokio, from Nakagami-gun in Shidzuoka pre- fecture. No. 94. Shyokio, from Kita-Adachi-gun in Saitama pre- fecture. No. 95. Shyokio, from Kita-Adachi-gun in Saitama pre- fecture. No. 9G. Kankio, ft.-om Nakagami-gun in Shidzuoka pre- fecture. No. 97. Kankio, from Kita-Adachi-gun in Saitama pref fecture. (linger is cultivated throughout the Empire, but the chie- sources of supply for exporting it, either in the raw state or as dried ginger are the prefectures of Shidzuoka and Saitama. Cultivation : — In the beginning of May, the roots or rhizoma of ginger, hitherto carefully stored in under ground cellars are taken out in the beginning of ]\Iay, and trans- planted between rows of growing barley or wheat. The distance of rows of the cereals sown in Japan being generally about 2.1 Shaku or about 13 inches apart, the roots of ginger are planted at a distance of from 1 to 1.2 Shaku in the rows and manured with composts, of rape seed cakes, fish manures, etc. The shoots of the plant grow rapidly after the harvest of the cereal crops which is usually preformed in the beginning of June, and the Ginger roots are fit to be gathered in the middle of November. The average produce of an acre is estimated to be 13,780 lbs. of raw ginger or 1,655 lbs. of dried ginger or " Shyokio " in the districts of Shidzuoka prefecture. Preparation : — For preparing the dried ginger oi' Shyokio in commerce, the rhizoma are washed, the epidermis scraped off and then cut into three slices, spread thinly on straw mats where Kme is sprinkled thoroughly covering them with it, in order to insure a quick and proper drying, and then exposed to the sun, for from 20 to 30 days until the required dryness is attained. Shyokiu is also prepared by drying with lime without cutting into slices. The process of preparing KankiO is for the most part, the same with that of Shyokio above described, and the only difference of the treatment being the former is steamed before covering the rhizoma with lime. Uses : — Ginger is extensively used as spice both in the fresh and dry states. It is largely appropriated for medical purposes. The rhizoina when procured fresh are pickled in vinegar or Mumedzu — an acid juice got in salting plums — and form a popular adjunct to various dishes. The rhizoma washed, scraped, cut into thin slices and preserved in sugar or syrup, form a very delicious preserve. They also form many kinds of very agreeable sweet meat and are used to some extent for flavouring certain kinds of beverages. The average market price of dried ginger at Yokohama in each, year from 1887 to 1891 is shown in the following table : — 10'(5 tihyoJiio, t'roiL Shyokio, iroui ii.aiikio, ia-orc iianUio, from Year. Saitama-Ken Sliidzuoka-K. Saitama-Keu Shidziioka-K'n Per Picul. PerPicnl' Per Picul. Per Picul. Yen. Yen. Yen. Yen. 1887 3..50 3.60 3.00 3.10 1888 ;i50 3.70 ■ 3.00 3.10 1889 3.50 3.80 3.00 3.20 1890 3.80 4.00 3.30 3.50 1891 8.00 9.00 4.30 5.00 The following table shows the quantity and value of dried ginger, principally ShyokiO, exported in each year from 1887 to 1891. Year. Qnantitj- in Kin.'"'' A'^alne in Yen. 1887 248,481 7,60fi 1888 302,688 6,050 1889 448,961 9,26() 1890 .013,695 7,561 1891 905,362 14,881 The quantity of dried ginger exported to various foreign countries in each year from 1 887 to 1891 is shown in the follow- in."' table : — Destination. 1 8.S7 Kin. 1888 Kil). 188U Kin. 1890 Kin. 1891 Kui. U..S. A Hongkong . France England China Corea British Am... Germany Australia. British India. Austria Eussia East India. . . 550 ir7,9.-]8 69,361 16,841 .■),402 74 10,676 11,246 16,392 3,186 7,342 12,546 113,615 (hS,540 3,265 10,448 13,062 188,020 22,161 8,026 14,450 282,424 69,900 ,8,097 28,690 15,213 5,499 14,290 213,835 251,679 14,806 100 1,210 12,270 68,345 67 348, 330 61, 33, 719 883 623 520 273 * Kin = Catty = 160 Momme = O.tiOl Kilos-vniniru.. — 107 — XXX!. PEPPER (PIPEfi HANCEI). HIHATSU. No. 98. Pepper (Hihatsu). Hihatsu is a perennial plant belonging to the tj'pical order peperacese, flowering and bearing fruit from the months of spring to autumn, in -a subtropical climate. It was first introduced from China, in a very remote age, to the isles of Okinawa prefecture or Eiu-kiu Isles and at present it grows wild at several places in those isles. The common method of propagating this plant in Okinawa prefecture is that,, the vines cut into lengths of a few inches and simply planted along the stone fences which usually sur- round the dwelling houses', when the plants root out from each knot after some rain and grow vigorously by climbing up the fences or twinning up trees. Neither mainuring nor any further cultivation is necessary for growing this plaint. For gathering the fruit, there is no definite time for the plant flowers and bears fruit nearly all the year round except in winter as above described, but generally ^speaking, it takes place twice a year ; the first in the beginning of summer and the second in the end of autumn. When the fruit has nearly matured its hue becomes reddish ; then it is gathered, steamed and dried in the shade. As it dries, it changes its colour to black, ',vhen it is roasted and powdered, and used as pepper. The annual yield of Hihatsu in Okinawa prefecture is estimated to be about 1,300 Kin. Not a small amount of Hihatsu is exported to China. Its price per Kin is 10 Sen at Okinawa. — 108 — XXXII. DRIED SWEET POTATO {BTATAS EDULIS). HOSHI-SATSUMAIMO. No. 99. Dried sweet potato. Sweet potato or " Satsumaimo " is cultivated in almost all parts of Japan excepting the north-eastern region and it is used as usual food by the people of Riu-kiu Isles and some parts of Kiushu, while in all other places it is largely consumed as an intermediate food and cooked either by steaming or roast- ing. Women and children of every rank are especially very fond of it. Besides, being used as food it is used in various ways. It is made into starch and it is also dried and preserved as " dried sweet potato " a specimen of which is, here, exhibited. The following table shows the chemical compositions of three varities of fresh sweet potato (analyses performed at the Agricultural University Toldo). («) {!>) (<:) AVater. 64.27 65.56 75.01 100 parts of dry matter. Crude protein. 4.12 5.40 5.70 Fat. 3.00 1.06 1.16 Crude fibre. 2.74 3.57 3.78 Starch. 78.59 67.77 Dextrin and glucose. G.21 14.90 81.2 Other N. free substances. 3.58 4.97 Ash (free of C. and COo ) 1.75 2.30 8.0 Note. — (a) is a late variety with white flesh, (b) is also a late variety with yellow flesh, and (c) early variety with white flesh. According to the return furnished in the year 1887 the total amount produced of the fresh sweet potato is estimated Lo be 561,407,587 Kwamme. The price of dried sweet potato varies greatly according to the facihty of conveyance from where it is produced. The — 109 — following is the price per bag of dried sweet potato at Haibara- gun in Shidzuoka prefecture where the specimen exhibited is produced. 1st Quality per '2nd Quality per 8rd Quality per Year. bag of bag of bag of 9 Kwamme. 7 Kwamme. 6 Kwamme. Yen. yen. Yen. 1888 0.85 0.58 0.45 1889 0.90 0.60 0.50 1890 0.90 0.60 0.48 1891 0.90 0.60 0.50 1892 1.00 0.65 0.55 For preparing the dried sweet potato, a certain quantity of cleanly washed potatoes are placed in a suitable basket and mmersed in boiling water for a short time and when taken out of the basket, they are cut into thin slices and spread over mats and exposed to the sun for two or three days. In order to make a superior quality, the skin of the potatoes is peeled off before ithey are cut into slices. XXXIII. SWEET POTATO STARCH. No. 100. Sweet potato starch. The starch is prepared from the bulbs of Batatas edulis and its price is 2.10 Yen per 10 Kwam^ae in Tokio. XXXIV. DRIED DAIKON OR DRIED RADISH {RAPHANUS S ATI US). KIKIBOSHI-DAIKON. Daikon is one of the most important root crops in Japan,, and is cultivated to more or less extent by nearly all ' farmers in every part of the Empire, and there are several varities and subvarieties in cultivation. It is eaten raw, boiled or pickeled. It is also cut into thin — 110 — slices and dried for a provision called " Kiriboshi-daikon." Three specimens of the Kiriboshi-daikon are, here, exhibited. No. 101. Senkiriboshi, produce of Shimotsa-mura, Nakajima-gun, Aichi prefecture. No. 102. Kaikokiriboshi, do. No. 103. AVariboshi, produce of Shigo-mura, Naka- jirna-gun, Aichi prefecture. Although Daikon is produced in aU districts of the Empire those produced at Aichi and Gifu prefectures where the Daikon is most abundantly grown are regarded as the best in quality. The following is the chemical composition of fresh Daikon before it is prepared as Kiriboshi or dried Daikon (the analyses performed at The Agricultural University, Tokio). (a) (b) Water. 93.45 94.36 In 100 parts of dry matter. Crude protein. 13.39 21.69 Fat. 1.06 1.06 Crude fibre. 11.7M 13.63 Starch, dextrin, glucose etc. 44.87 1 Other N. free substances. '2-2.28) '^^■'^^ Ash. 6Xy2 9.18 Total nitrogen. 2.14'J 3.471 Note. — (a) is a very sweet variety, root cylindrical and (b) ia a common autumn variety, root conical. The prices of this produce at Nakajima-gun in the prefecture of Aichi in each yoar from lss8 to ISDl are shown in the following table : — Ill Year. Senkiriboshi Kaikokiriboshi Wariboshi Per Picul. Per Picul. Per Picul. Yen. Yen; Yen. 1888 1.70 1.50 5.76 1889 '2.00 1.76 6.80 1890 1.90 1.67 6.46 1891 1.20 1.06 4.08 For manufacturing " Senlririboshi " and " Kaikokiriboshi " well washed Baikon is cut into fine strips say 5 Ein or ^V inch in thickness for the former, and 2 Bu or -^ inch for the latter with an instrument called " Shojiki," and then they are dried bj^ exposing to the sun in the cold open air. To make "AVariboshi" an straight " Daikon " is selected and after peeling the skin, it i.s cut firstly up and down into panes of about 12 Ein or i inch thick ; then three or four of these panes are piled one upon another, and cut again vertically into fine strips leaving one or two Sun at one end and dried by hanging each piece to a stretched rope, and when sufficiently dried they are taken into the house, and after the lapse of 10-15 hours when they reabsorb a suitable degree of moisture, they are then twisted and cut into equal lengths. XXXV. KONJAK FLOUR. KONNIAK-KO. No. 104. Konjak flour. Konjak flour is prepared from the dried bulbs of Couo- phallus konjak. It is largely used as an article of food and also employed for industrial purposes. When preparing konjak flour for food, 1 " Sho" or 1.8 litre of the flour is well mixed with 40-45 litres of water, arid about 100 cubic centimetres of caustic lims dissolved in about 8 litres of water is added to the gelatinous mixture and when the latter becomes a thick paste, it is poured into flat shallow wooden moulds, and boiled in watsr for aboat 10 minutes. During the — 112 — boiling the pasty mixture assumes a soft elastic consistency which is taken out and cooled, and forms what is called " Kon- niaku." For cooking, it is cut into small pieces and boiled with soy, soup, mirin, sugar etc. The fresh bulb of konjak analyzed at The Agricultural University at Tokio gave the following percentage composition. Water. 91.76 In 100 parts of dry matter. Crude protein. • 1'2..50 Fat. 0.96 Fibre. 3.67 Nitrogen free extract. 7S.43 Ash. 4.-12 Konniaku sold in shops and ready for cooking contains the following composition (analyzed at The Sanitary Experiment Station). AVater. 96.1.5 Albuminous matter. 0.0 1 Fat. — Fibre. 0.26 Nitrogen free extract. -3.10 Ash. 0.18 For industrial purposes it is used as an excellent sizing, rich in fine lustre, and when the paste made of the flour is brushed on Japanese paper, it forms a leather-like substance giving it both water and air-tight qualities. The following specimens here exhibited are made of Japan- ese paper smeared with konjak paste. (a) Konjak paper. (h) Imitated bladder. (c) Pillow made of konjak pc)p3r. (d) Cushion „ ,, ,, ,, For preparing konjak paste, for making above mentioned - 113 - specimens 1 part of flour is well mixed with lO parts of water and heated. T?or manufacturing konjak flour, after the outer skin of the bulb is cleaned off, it is cut into thin pieces of about xV inch, dried for about seven days by exposing them to the sun ; and then powdered by pounding in a mortar by means of a water mill, specially constructed so as to fan off the lighter parts of the powder, leaving only the heavier portion. One hundred Kwamme of good fresh bulbs produces about seventeen Kwamme of flour of the best quality. The average market price of konjak powder per 45 Kwamme in Tokio in the year 1891-1892 is as follows : — First Quality. Second Quality. Third Quality. 1891 46.41 Yen 44.83 Yen 42.91 Yen 1892 39.60 „ 38.50 „ 37.40 „ For cultivating konjak land well drained and sloping is selected. At the end of April or in the beginning of May the seed bulb is planted at the rate of 180-190 Kwamme per Tan and at the same time farm yard manure, rice bran etc., are applied and the land is covered with straw or grasses. The time of harvesting the bulb is in the middle of October or the beginning of November of the third year after planting when some bulbs weigh more than 3 Kin. The average produce per Tan is 1,000 Kwamme. XXXVI. KAMPIO {LAGEHARIA VULGARIS). No. 105. Kampio. KampiO is the stripped and dried flesh of the fruit of a kind of guord, called " Yugawo " Lagenaria Vulgaris. It is used as an article of food by boiling with water, soy, sugar, mirin etc. It can be preserved for a long period, if kept in proper vessels and closed tightly. The Analysis of " Kampio " made — lU — by The Sanitary Experimental Laboratory gave the following result. ^Yater. 20.39 Crude protein. 8.32 Fat. 1.54 Glucose. 20.08 Dextrin. 15.41 Starch and other N . Free Ext. 18.69 Crude fibre. 10.69 Ash. 4.92 Kampio is cultivated in nearly all parts of Japan, but the most famous districts for its production are in the province of Shimotsuke. There is no accurate return of the amount produced, but it is roughly estimated to be more than 400,000 Ivwamme or 1,500,000 Kilograms. The market price of " Kampio " fluctuates more or less according to the fertility or unfertility of the year ; the average of the last 10 years in the town of Tochigi, the most celebrated place for its abundant produce and good quality, was 5 Yen per 10 Kwamme. In the cheapest time, the price comes down as low as 4.3 Yen, while sometimes it reaches as much as 7 Yen per 10 Kwamme. Kampio is exclusively exported to China. Cultivation : — The seed is sown in a hot seed bed in the beginning of April and transplanted in well prepared and highly manured ground in the beginning of May and harvested in the month of July. The common manures used for its cultivation are fish manure, rice bran, rape seed cake, composts and farm yard manures. XXXVII. ^A/INE< No. 106. Wine. It was very recently that wine making was introduced - 113 - into Japan, so that the quantity of wine produced is not a large amount. The specimens of wine here exhibited are of two kinds and both of them are made and sold by Mr. INIiyazaki Mitsutaro of Iwai-mura, Higashi Yatsushiro-gun in Yamanashi prefecture. ( a ) AVhite wine. ( b ) Eed wine. Of above two specimens, the white wine is made from the variety of grapes called " Koshu-budo, " indigenous to Japan and used especially for medical purposes, while the red wine is made of the varieties of grapes introduced from France and employed for table use. The percentage of the chemical composition of above two kinds of wine analyzed by Dr. N. Nagai is shown in the following table. White Wine. Eed Wiue. Specific gravity. 0.995 0.995 Alcohol. 9.850 9.850 Extract matters. 2.940 2.240 Grape sugar. 1.726 1.150 Tartaric acid. 0.392 0.424 Volatile acid. 0.272 0.286 Glycerine. 0.329 0.420 Ash. 0.136 0.140 The price of above two kinds of wine is 3.50 Yen each per dozen flasks in Toldo. DETAILS OF THE INDUSTRIAL SPECIMENS BY c "^nxtAU of €ommtr« antr Inbuslrg, ^t^nximmi ai %Qxknlimt anir Coimitfra, <|!ij3an. Peinted bt M. Onuki, Tokyo. 1893. DETAILS OF THE INDUSTRIAL SPECIMENS EXPOSED AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION BY ®;j|e ^itwau oi Commevtc aub dnbwstrg, ?3c}jai'tmcnt of ^0rimlht« anb (ffommorrc, Japan. -**^lt^lS3^S®3^- Printed by M. Onuki, Tokyo. — e, 18 9 3. CONTENTS. Page. Collection of Enveloijes, Note-pajaer and. folded jDaper.... 1 Collection of Nasliiji 2 Specimens of Metal "Work 4 Various Stages in the Mauufactureof Cloisonne 5 Varieties in the Colouring of Cloisonne' 5 Specimens of Gold and Silver Threads 5 Specimens of Ornamental Cord-knots 12 Collection of Fans used in Ceremonies 14 Collection of Fans for Home Use 15 Collection of Fans for Export . , 16 Specimens of Figured Leather 17 Specimens of Metallic Netting 19 Specimens of Joints in Wood-works 20 DETAILS OF THE INDUSTRIAL SPECIMENS. SPECIMENS OF ENVELOPES, NOTE-PAPER AND EOEDED PAPEE. (H. Department, Group 89, Class 560.) The enveloj)cs and note-jpapcrs slioulcl be of strong nature, the palmers manufactured at the Imperial Printing Bureau are strong and best suited for export pui-poses. The drawings and figures impressed upon them are in the newest style, much appreciated by the customers. The following arrange- ment will show that they are done by the noted painters. Folded-papers are used in ceremonies and in sending presents from time immemorial. The different varieties are much more than shown here. In the present days, they are used in wrapping small articles and the way in which they are used in wrapping small articles and the way in which they are used is quite many. Table of Envelopes and Note-papers. o K S CO NUMBEH. Value or One thousand Leaves. i 1 CO Numbeh. ValuJ'; oi One thousand Leaves. A From No. 1 to No. 6 Yen. 8.25 M From No. 1 to No. 6 4.400 B „ No. 1 „ No. 7 9.35 N „ No. 1 „ No. 6 5.500 G „ No. 1 „ No. 7 8.25 „ -No. 1 „ No. 6 7.700 D ,, No. 1 ,, No. 6 9.35 P „ No. 1 „ No. 7 8.250 E „ No. 1 „ No. 8 8.80 Q „ No. 1 „ No. 5 6.600 F „ No. 1 „ No. 6 8.25 K „ No. 1 „ No. 5 7.150. G „ No. 1 „ No. C 5.15 a „ No. 1 „ No. 5 0.050 H „ No. 1 „ No. 4 6.05 T „ No. 1 „ No. 5 6.600 I „ No. 1 „ No. 6 6.05 U ,, No. 1 „ No. 5 4.950 J „ No. 1 „ No. 5 12.50 V „ No. 1 „ No. 5 5.500 K „ No. 1 „ No. 6 5.50 W „ No. 1 „ No. 5 10.450 L „ No. 1 „ No. 6 6.60 X „ No. 1 „ No. 5 11.000 Table of the Fobdings. Number. Names. Value o^J each 100 LfiAVES. ] Geujo iVEoclii Fold . . Yen. 4.000 2 HozukiFoH 4.000 3 ' Genjo Mochi Fold 4;p00 ■i Heislii Medio 4.000 5 Incense S^ioou, aud Tong Fold . . 4.000 Salt Fold 4.000 7 Fan Fold 4.000 8 Senimai Fold 3.000 9 lucense fold 3.000 10 Kaorimono Fold . . 3.000 n lucense Label Fold 4.000 12 Hawk Bill Fold 4.000 13 lucense Fold 4.000 14 Heishi Ocho 4.000 15 Incense Fold 4.000 16 lucense Spoon, and Tong Fold . . 4.000 17 Floval Fold 4.000 18 Gold Fold 3.000 19 Coloured Papar Fold 4.000 20 Genjo MocU Fold 4.000 21 Hozuki Fold 4.000 22 Incence Fold 3.000 COLLECTION OF NASHIJI. (H. Department, Group 90, Class 5G7.) Nasliijiis tlie ufuiie given to one kiiul of gold lacqueringg, principally applied to the inner side of boxes and under side of tables. There are many varieties and the difference in price is also great. At one sight the appearance being almost alike, and in transaction it is sometimes iudiscriminatly dealt with, causing disadvantages to both sides. Here the class aud price are minutely shown. 3 — Table of the Valbje and Vaeieties of Nasiiiji. [From No. 1 to 20 is gold, from 20 to 42 is silver, and from 43 to Upward is till.] No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 2.5 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 30 40 41 42 43 44 45 45 47 48 Names. Yakikiii GyObu Nasiiiji Yakikiu Daiiclii Nasiiiji . . Yakikiu Daiiii Nnsliiji Yakikiu Daisau Nasiiiji Yakikiu Kauoko Nasiiiji . . Yakikiu Tamamuia Nasiiiji Yakikiu Kumo Nasiiiji Yakikiu Kasumi Nasliij L . . Y'akikin Kiriliaku Moyoiri Nasiiiji Yakikiu Tsnne no sail Nasiiiji Yakikiu Daisau no cliii Nasiiiji . . Yakikin Sliosan no cliu Nasiiiji . . Yakikiu Daini Hirame Nasiiiji Yakikin Daidni iclii Okiliirauie Nasiiiji Yakikin Tsuiieuosan Makiliirame Nasliij Yakikin Daisau Okiliirame Nasiiiji Yakikiu Sliosau Makiliirame Nasiiiji Kobaukin Tsune no sail Nasiiiji . . Kobankin Sliosan Nasiiiji.. Kobaukin (lyObu Nasiiiji . . Kobankin Daiiclii Ndshiji.. Kobanicin Daini Nasiiiji . . Kobankin Daisan Dzmne Nasiiiji. . Kobaukin Kumo Nasiiiji . . Kobankin Tamamura Nasbiji Kobankin Kasumi Nasbiji. . Kobankin Daisan no cliu Nasiiiji. . Kobankin Shosaii no chii Nasbiji Gin Gyobu Naslitji Gin Daiiclii Okibirame Nasbiji . . Gin Daisan Okiliirame Nasiiiji . . Gin Daini Okiliirame Nasbiji Gin Daisan Makiliirame Nasbiji . . Gin Tsune no san Makiliirame Nasbiji Gin Sliosan Makiliirame Nasbiji . . Gill Kauoko Nasbiji Gin Daisan Dzuine Nasbiji Giu Kumo Nasiiiji.. Gill Tamamura Nasbiji Giu Kasumi Nasbiji Giu Daisau no chu Nasbiji Giu Sbosau no clifi Nasbiji Snzu Tsunie Nasbiji Suzu Momiji Moyoiri Nasbiji Suzu Kumo Nasbiji Siizu Kasumi Nasbiji Suzu Tamamura Nasiiiji . . Suzu Cbfi Nasbiji . . Value (eacli 1 Sun sq ) Yen. 0.4600 0.1287 0.12M7 0.1178 0.1,5tiO O.08.50 0.0850 0.0850 0.3705 0.2106 0.0632 0.0577 0.2680 0.7528 0.6276 0.7631 0.5174 0.5460 0.4120 3900 0.1025 0.1027 0.0975 0.0715 0.0715 0.0715 0.0559 0.0,507 0.1105 0.1430 0.2015 0.0877 0585 0.0585 0.0520 0.0936 0.0260 0.0240 0.0240 0.0210 0.0221 0214 0.0071 0.0137 0,0134 0.0134 0,0131 0.0068 4 — COLLECTION OF METAL WORKS. (H. Dexsaiiment, Group 93, Class 585.) The art of alloj'ing is very skilful in Japan from ancient times. There are many rare mixtures such as Shakudo (Nos. 21, 22, 23 and others) and Shibuichi (Nos. 24, 25, 2G and others), •which are never known in Europe. Coloring has also a special nature, which shows and imparts beautiful appearance to the single or alloyed metals, as shown in Xo. 21 and upwards. AVith chisel and. file in numerable figures are produced on it, as shown from No. 1. — No. 20. No. Names. V.\LVE (1 sun sq.) Yen. 1 Yakikin No. 1 Nauako 7.425 2 Sliakutlo No. 1 Nanalio . . 1.700 8 Silver and Sliakntio Scale-tio^urecl No. 3 Nauako. . 2.625 4 Gold-gilded ou Silver No. 4 Naiiako 3.S4.-; o Shakudo aud Sliibuiclii Ishidatami No. 5 Nanako 2.500 6 Scarlet Cojiper No. 6 Nauako 1.000 7 SUiliuielii Nijiii Nauako . . 1.275 ,s Yakikiu Botau Yiijo (i..-|75 '.) Shakndn Tate Yujo . . . . ' . . 1.2.10 10 CTiudama Tsuki Yujo i.(;i;o u Shakudo Shibagaki Yujo . . ] .300 1-2 Gold-gilded ou silver .stfijie inlaid Yujo . . l,'.l.-:0 , 13 (Told-a;ilded on silver Nauii Yujo. . 1.9.30 14 Silver Nata Ishinie . . 1.730 1.1 Shakudo Grape Isliiiue 1.200 l(i Gold-gilded ou Silver Chidori Ishiuie . . 1.930 17 Shakudo Oresaki Isliiuie . . 1.1.50 18 Shilniichi Chidori Isliime . . 0.725 19 Gold-gilded ou Silver Nata Ishime 1.930 20 Brass Chidori Ishime 0.350 21 No. 1 Shakudo 1.550 22 No. 2 Shakudo 0.990 23 No. 3 Shakudo 0.710 24 No. 1 Shibuichi '. 1.12.-^ 25 No. 2 Shibuichi -0.920 2(j No. 3 Shibuichi 522 27 Scarlet Cojiper 0.150 28 Brass O.IGO 29 Kurumi Copper 0.150 30 Su Copper . . 0.140 31 Nashiji Copper 350 32 Brass 0.160 33 Kurumi Copper and Su Copper Jiokuuie 0.751) 34 Silver aud Shakudo Mokuuie 1.150 35 Shakudo Scarlet-coloured Mokume 0.350 36 No. 1 Kawari Copper 0.100 37 No. 2 liawari Cupper ][ 0.160 38 No. 3 Kawari Copper 0.160 39 No. 4 Kawari Copper' 0.100 40 Wrought-iron Rust Coloiuiug . . . . " . 0.180 VAEIOUS STAGES IN THE MANUFACTURE OP CLOISONNE. (H. Department, Group 93, Class 586.) In the manufacture of cloisonnes sixteen stages are to be passed. No. 1 shows the pattern. No. 2 cells laid on groundwork, No. 3 solders pasted over, No. 4 solders heated. No. 5 enamel laid for the first time, No. 6 burnt for the first time. No. 7 enamel laid for the second time, No. 8 burnt for the second time, No. 9 enamel laid for the third lime. No. 10 burnt for the third time. No. 11 enamel for the fourth time. No. 12 burnt for the fourth time, No. 13 roughly polished. No. 14 last touch. No. 1.5 last burning, No. 16 complete finish. THE DIFFERENT COLORING OP CLOISONNE. (H. Department, Group 93, Class 586.) According to the nature of paints, the tinges of colors, of course, differ. In oi'der to represent figures in enamal, all sorts of colors are to be used. This is the main differently with the manufacture of cloisonne. The colors here shown are 360 kinds, all of which are used in the manufacture. As to the price it all depends upon the execution of design and amount of labour, so it could not be shown here. SPECIMENS OF GOLD AND SILVER THREAD. (H. Department, Group 100, Class 625.) Gold and silver thread is one of the handiworks, which is never produced in Europe. Even in this country, the place of manufacture is limited lo Kyoto. Accordingly the amount of produce is very small, yet to show the real golden or silver colour in tlie fabrics, it is necessarily resorted to. In late years it found the way to foreign market, and begins to be exported. Some threads are very fine while others are large ; the way thej' are used is quite many. Catalogce of the Gold and Sir.veR THReAD. No. Two hundred No. Name. SoilT. times roand a plank of 1 shaku 1 sun of kaue measure make a Dundle Yen. (Yakiiro fun Gold) „ t, , Thread (with core - f" ( of cotton thread). ) S""''- 1 Gold- Thread. '- One Bundle. 0.048 1 2 i gake. ,, 0.053 3 li ,> ,, 0.058 4 2 ^, 0.064 5 3 „ 0.075 0.085 7 4 „ „ 0.095 8 5 „ ,, 0.105 9 6 „ „ 0.115 10 7 „ ,, 0.125 11 H „ _, 0.135 12 9 „ ^, 0.145 13 10 „ ,, 0.155 14 12 „ ,, 0.180 15 1. Muzu. 0.21(1 IG n Omiizu. ,, 0.240 17 f Daidai '' I muzu. ■ 0.270 is| „ ( Betsn " ( nmzu. ■ 0.300 19 j J Betsu 1 omuzu. ■ 0.340 20 1 Mare " I muzu. 0.380 Yaki hon Gold 8 Bii gake. 21 1, Thread (with core of cotton thread). 0.1G5 I 22 o 1 gake. ,, 0.180 23 li „ 0.200 24 .. 2 0.240 25 H !! ,, 0.290 20 3 „ ,, 0.330 27 4 „ 0.410 28 5 „ ,, 0.4Gn 29 c „ ., 0.500 .SO 7 ,, 0.550 31 S ", O.GOO 32 9 „ ., 0.040 33 10 „ ^, 0.7011 34 12 „ ,, 0.820 35 ■■ JI izu. M 0.950 No. Two hundred No. Name. Sort. times round a plank of 1 shaku 1 sun of kane measure make a Bundle. p ■< !> Yen. (Mekomi lion Gold) „ ■„ ■ Tin-end (with core r " f of silk tlivead). ) ""'''*■ \ 3(3 Gold-Thread. '■ One Bundle. 0.210 J 37 , 1 gake. ,, 0.280 38 _, li „ ,, 0.320 39 2 ,. ,, 0.390 40 n „ ,, 0.400 41 „ 3 „ ,, 0.460 42 _, i „ J, 0.580 43 n '"i n ,, 0.670 44 ^, 6 „ ,, 0.790 45 7 „ ,, 870 40 8 „ ^^ 0.980 47 ,, 9 „ ,, 1.080 48 ,, 10 „ „ 1.180 49 ,^ 12 „ ,, 1.400 50 ,, , , Muzu. j^ 1.800 51 •• „ Oinuzu. fOaka lion Gold) . _ ' Thvead (with core " f " [ of silk thread). ) S""^' " 2.100 52 ,, 0190 53 „ ,, 1 gake ,, 0.250 54 ,, 14 .. ,, 0.280 55 ,, 2 „ „ 0.320 56 ,, 2J „ „ 0.360 57 ,, 3 „ ,, 0.400 58 „ 4 „ ,_ 0.500 59 <, 5 ,, 0.570 6U ,, 6 „ ,■; 0.680 61 ,, 7 „ ,, 0.780 62 ,, 8 „ ,, 0.860 63 J, 9 „ ,, 0.970 64 ., 10 „ ,, 1.070 C5 ,, 12 „ ,, 1.230 66 .. fShin " 1 muzu. .1 1.400 67 .. fShiu " [ omuzu. .. 1.520 68 ') Tsune hon Gold mizti. 8 Bu ■gake. ^ 1.730 69 " Thread (with core of cotton thread). 0.145 70 ,, 1 gake. ,, 0.165 71 ,, 14 „ ,, 0.185 72 ,, ■ 2 „ ,, 0.210 63 ,, 2.J „ ,, 0.240 74 J, 3 „ ,, O.bOO 75 ,, 4 ., ,, 0.380 76 , 1 ,. 5 ,, ,, 0.415 77 1 ,. „ ,, 0.450 78 7 n - 0.500 No. Two hundred No. Name. Sort. times round a plank of 1 shaku 1 sun of ' kane measure make a Bundle P ■ J Yen. [Tsiiiie hon Gold) „ Thread (with core \ , , of silk thread). ) S*''*- [ One Bundle. 79 GoH-Thread. 0.540 ) 80 t' 9 „ ,, 0.670 81 30 „ ,, 0.620 '82 ,, 12 „ -,, 0.710 83 ,, „ Mnzn. J.J 0.850 [84 " , , Omuzu. Fun Gold Thread „ „ (with core of cotton " , \ thread). [§''''« )) 0.950 85 " 1 0.045 86 ,j 1 gttke. ,, 0.050 87 ,1 n .■ ,, 0.055 88 „ .1 '^ ,, 0.060 89 1, 2i ;: ,, 0.070 90 ^, 3 „ ,, 0.080 91 ,, 4 „ ,. 0.090 92 5 „ ,, 0.100 93 c „ ,, 0.110 94 7 „ ,, 0.120 95 8 „ „ 0.130 96 9 „ ., 0.140 97 10 „ ,, 0.150 98 12 „ ,, 0.175 99 , , Mnzu. ,, 0.205 100 ,, Omuzu. ,, 0.230 101 i! fDaidai " 1 muzu. ,, 0.260 102 fBetsu " \ mnzu. „ 0.290 103 fBetsu " \ Omuzu } ' 0.330 104 •■ (Mare " \ muzu. /Length, N 1 shaku 0.370 105 Hira Gold Thread. fYaIn hon KinI J 5^™" ^ 1 Eyomen hiia. J 1 Breadth, \ 2 shaku 1 7 sun. / '>• 1.780 Tsimeiro hon] Kin Eioraen I- „ hira. ) 106 „ 1.520 Yaki hon Kin] ■hon Gin t ,, 107 ,, 1.050 Eyomen hira.) 108 n Fun Kin Ey6-» men hira. J " Fun Kin hon] '• 0.310 109 " Gin Eyomen \ „ hira. J " 0.300 — 9 — No. Two hundred No. Name. SoltT. times round a plank of 1 shaku 1 sun of H kane measure «! make a Bundle. > Yen. /Length, \ 1 shaku 110 Hira Gold Thread. (Hon Gill Byo-) l^™ ' , \ men hira. ] ] Breadth, One Bundle. 0.290 2 shaku \. 7 auii. ; 111 .. Yaki hoii Kinl hira. ) " " 0.670 112 " Tsimeiro hoii 1 Kiu hira. J " Hon Silver Thread „ „ ■ (with core of cotton , „ thread). fs"''^- 1 0.590 113 Silver Xliread. 0.045 lU ,, ,, 1 gake. 0.050 115 ,, 14 „ ., 0.055 116 ., a „ ,_ 0.060 117 „ 2i „ 0.070 118 j^ :■* „ 0.080 119 •1 „ ^^ 0.090 120 ^, „ f) ,, 0.100 121 „ 0.110 122 7 „ 0.120 123 H „ 0.130 124 9 „ 0.140 125 10 „ 0.150 126 ,, 12 „ ,, 0.175 127 ,, Muzu. ^, 0.205 128 ,, „ Onnizu. , 0.230 129 ( Daidai " 1 niuzu. } •■ 0.260 130 (Betsu " \ lllUZll. 0.200 131 (Betsu " \ omuzu. 0.330 132 (Mare " I uinzu. .. 0.370 133 f Coloured Metal t Thread. Bronze Coloured. 8 Bii gake. ,, 0.045 134 „ 1 gake. 0.050 135 J li „ 0.055 136 , 2 0.060 137 , ii n ,',' 0.070 138 , H „ 0.080 139 , •i „ 0.090 140 , .. ') ,. ^, 0.100 141 , „ 0,110 142 , 7',, ,, 0.120 143 , 8 „ ^_ 0.130 144 , n „ 0.140 145 , 10 „ 0.150 146 1 12 „ - 0.176 10 No. Two hunrlred No. Name. SOMT. times round a plank of 1 shaku 1 sun of kane measure make a Bundle < Yen. 117 Coloured Metal Thread. BroiizeColoured . . Muzu. One Bundle. 0.205 148 ,, ,, Omuzu. ,, 0.230 149 -. f Daidai " J Muzu. .. 0.260 150 ( Betsu " J muzu. } 0.290 151 fBetsu " \ omuzu. } 0.330 152 (Mare ( muzu. I 0.370 153 ,, Eed Coloured . .8 Bu galte. 1) 0.045 154 ,, „ 1 gake. 0.050 155 1| „ J, 0.055 156 ,, 2 „ 0.060 157 ,, n .. ,, 0.070 158 ,^ n 3 ,, ,, 0.080 159 4 ., ,, 0.090 160 „ 5 ,, ,, 0.100 161 ., 6 „ n 0.110 162 7 ,. 0.120 163 8 „ ., 0.130 164 „ '.I ., ,, 0.140 165 ,, 10 „ ,. 0.150 166 , 12 „ ,, 0.175 167 ,, ,, Muzu. ,, 0.205 168 , ,, Omuzu. ,, 0.230 169 ' ' Daidai '' \ muzu. } •• 0.260 170 n fBetsu " 1 muzu. . 0.290 171 fBetsu " ( (iumzu. } •■ 0.330 172 n fMare ( muzu. J 0.370 173 ,, Ugniau Iro 8 Bu gake. 0.045 174 ,, 1. 1 gake. ^, 0.050 175 ,, n „ 0.055 176 ,, ,. 2 . O.OCO 177 ,, n 2V 0.070 187 ,, 3" ," 0.080 179 ., ■1 ,, 0.090 ISO ,, " ' •"' .> 0.100 J 81 ' ,, 6 '.' 0.110 182 7 ., 0.120 IMS ,, 8 ., 0.130 184 'J ,, 0.140 ]85 10 ,. 0.150 186 . 12 „ 0.175 1H7 Muzu. 0.205 188 " i> Omuzu, ,. 0,280 — 11 No. Two hundi-ed No. XaM£. Sort. times round a plank of 1 shakulsunof kane measure make a Bundle Yen. 189 J Coloured Metal ) j Tliread. J ^"""*"^™ i muzu. \ Oue ) Buudle. 0.260 190 „ : Betsu " ( muzu. .. 0.290 191 (Betsu " ( omuzu. .. 0.330 " 192 ') ' Mare " ( muzu. ,, 0.370 193 ,, Purple Coloured. 8 Bu gake. ,, 0.045 194 ,, 1 gake. ,, 0.050 195 ,, li , jj 0.055 19'> ,, 2 , ,, 0.060 197 ,, '^ . ,, 0.070 198 a . ,., 0.080 199 ,j * . ,, 0.090 '200 5 - ,, 0.100 201 J, « 1 ,, 0.110 202 ,, 7 , ,, 0.120 203 J, 8 , IT. 0.130 204 ,, 9 , 1 ,, 0.140 205 10 . ,, 0.150 206 12 , ,^ 0.175 207 „ Muzu ,, 0.205 208 ,^ „ Omu! u. 0.230 209 ,, jUaidai " 1 muzu. I J 0.260 210 .. (Betsu " muzu. } " 0.290 2U .. Betsu omuzn. 0.330 212 .. Mare " muzu. 0.370 213 ,, Blue Coloured . . 8 Bu gake. „ 0.045 214 ,, ,, 1 gake. 0.050 215 ,, IJ , 0.055 216 ,, 2 , 0.060 217 ,, 2i , 11 0.070 218 ,, 3 , ^^ 0.080 219 ,, 4 , ^^ 0.090 . 220 ,, 5 , .^ 0.100 221 ,, 6 , 0.110 222 V , 0.120 223 ,, 8 . 0130 224 ,, 9 . 0.140 225 ,, 10 ., 0.150 226 12 , 0.176 227 ■ -. ■ ■ HuZD , 0.205 228- 11 .■ . , . _ , , , Omuzn. ..' 0.230 229 •■ , Daida i u. »)■ 0.260 — 12 — No. 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 NAMJi. Sort. Xo. Two hundred times round a plank of 1 shtika 1 sun of kane measure make a Bundle Coloured Metal Thread. I Blue Coloured . ' Yellow-greeu ) 1 ( Coloured, j iBetsu ■ I niuzu. ! Betsu ^ omnzn. ( Mare I inuzu. ^ I . .SBugake.j 1 gake. IJ „ 2 „ 2i „ 3 „ 4 , 5 6 „ 7 ., 8 ,. ,. 10 „ 12 „ Muzn. Omuzu. ( Daidai. t muzu. I Betsu ] muzu. ( Betsu ( ouiuzn. J Mare ( muzu. One Bundle. Yen. 0.290 0.330 0.370 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120: 0.130j 0.140! 0.150. 0.175 0.205; 0.230, 0.2150 0.290 0.330' 0.370 HPECIMEXS OF OKXAMENT.VL C0KD-K>0T8. (H. DeiDartiuent, Group 100, Class 6o'2.) The Cord-Kuots were used from ancient time ou literary ab well as military articles, used in ornaments. Adding the beautiful appearance to the tilings to look upon, it would be suitable to be used ou cLairs, curtains and other things of furniture it will be quite an improvement. The sj'tcimens are open to the reference of visitors. 13 — No. Xamt., Value of One. yen. 1 KamasliiUi Knots . . 0.675 2 Kill Knots . . 0.200 3 Sweet Flag Knots . . 0.300 4 Keman Knots 0.180 5 Tobutsii Two-fold ^'et Knots 0.300 6 Kojima Kesa Knots 0.440 7 Crysanthemum flower Knots 0.450 8 Cherry blossom Knots 0.180 9 Sangai niatsu Knots 0.200 10 Mokiikwagata Knots 0.375 n Agemakl Dosliin Knots . . 0.375 12 Takara Knots 0.375 13 Kokiu Neo Knots . . 0.450 14 Haorio Knots 0.150 15 Kntabami Knots . . 0.150 16 Tea-pots Chiehio Knots . . 0.195 17 Eound Fan shaped Knots 0.270 18 Tobiitsu Buttei-fly Knots 0.120 19 Kake Knots 0.120 20 Kano Knots 0.225 21 Kakaobi Knots . . . . ... 0.225 22 Chiatsubo-o Knots 0.180 23 Nadeshiko Knots . . 0.300 24 Rokuyo Knots 0.450 25 Female Tobntsu Tori Knots 0.180 26 Male 0.180 27 Mosquito-nets Suspension Cord Knots . 0.180 28 Mitsa Awaji Knots 0.270 29 Dragon Fly shaped Knots 0.180 30 Kikyo Flower Knots 0.225 31 Chatsubo Chiehio Knots . . 0.225 32 Hoop Knots . . 0.225 33 Hiogi Knots 0.105 34 Shippo Knots 0.195 35 Masquito-net Suspension Cord Knots . 0.180 36 Yukimochi Zasa Knots . . 0.300 37 Dragon Fly Knots . . 0.225 38 Sweet Flag Knots 0.225 39 Dragon Fly Knots 0.300 40 The Morning Glory Flower Knots 0.225 41 Cicada Knots 0.180 42 Tortoise Knots 0.300 43 Asao Knots. . . . - . . O150 44 Mokko Knots 0.225 45 Chatsubo Nagao Knots . . 0.300 46 Okina Knots 0,270 47 Lily Flower Knots 0.300 49 Omoi Knots OI5O 49 Tobntsu Butterfly Knots 0.270 50 Crane Knots 0-225 51 Omogai Knots O.I5O 52 Tobutsu Butterfly Knots 0.450 53 Yaye Kikyo Knots 0.420 - 54 Omoi Knots O.Soo 14 No. i Name. Valve oe One. Ten. ■').") Bird Knots . . . : 0.180 56 Sazaiika Knots . i 0.150 57 Tobntsn Takara Knots . 1 0.525 58 Knyo Knots 0.525 59 Sliirikai Knots . i 0.150 (>0 Aiai Kntsmva HaiiakaTva Knots . ! 0.180 61 Mucbi-no-o Knots . . . , 0.120 62 Knsafnji Knots . i 0.330 63 Cliatsnbo Chichi-o Knots . . 0.150 61 Cliatsnbo Chiclii-o Knots . . 0.270 65 Suwo Muneliimo Knots . i 0.150 cn Sasa-no-ha Knots . . . 0.150 67 Tobntsn-Kiku Knots 0.375 118 Matsu Knots 0.150 69 Fuji Flower Knots . . 0.420 70 Yaye Chrysanthemum Knots 0.300 71 Plnm-ti-ee Flower Knots . . 0.225 72 Fuji Knots . . 0.180 73 Hokkeshiu Kesa Knots 0.600 74 Doshin Knots 090 75 Nagao Knots 0.150 76 Putatsnba Knots . . 0.225 77 Aznma Knots 0150 78 Chatsnbo Chichi-o Knots . . 0.300 79 Fuji Knots . . 0.300 80 Tsubaki Flower Knots 0.300 SI Usagi Kashira Knots 0.120 82 Tobutsn Chiysanthemnm Flower Knots . 0.330 83 Hojiu Knots 0.150 . 84 Agemaki Knots 0.150 85 Knsafnji Knots 0.225 .S6 Mnchi Knots . 0.120 87 Chatsnbo Chichi-o Knots . . _ 0.225 88 Chatsnbo Chichi-o Knots . . 0.225 81) Two-fold Kuknrikiri Fringe 0.225 90 One-fold Kukurikii-i Fi-inge 0.450 91 Hitoe Knknrikiri Fringe . . 0.225 92 Atamagakari Yoiikaeshi Fringe 0.450 93 Kanamonotsuki Yoiikaeshi Fringe 0.520 94 Atama Amiage Yorikaeshi Fringe 0.225 95 Natsumegata Atamakagaii Yorikneshi, Fringe . . i 0.450 96 Metal Ornaments Attached Yorikaeslii Fringe . . 1 0.525 SPECmENS OF FANS TO BE USED IX CEREMONIES, (H. Department, (xi-oiip lOfi, Class (JfiT.) Xo. 1 is tlie imitation of Akome fan, wliicli is said to be made by the wife of Taira no Atsumoii, to present if to Buddha, to jjray for the liappiness of her husband. The — 15 original is treasured in the Mikagedo of Kyoto. No. 2 is the treasure of the Mikagedo also, which is the imitation of the fan belonging to the Emperor Gosakuramachi (1763 — 1813). No. 3 those used in the Imperial Court. No. 4 by nobles, No. H by priest. The shapes and figures of those fans, if adaj)ted to the export articles, there is no doubt, some improvement will be made. No. Name. Value a Piece. 1 2 3 4 Akome Fan . . HiOgi HiOgi HiOgi HiOgi Yen. 25.000 15.000 15.000 0,500 0.500 SPECIMENS OF FANS FOE HOME USE. (H. Department, Group 106, Class 667.) The fans numbered 6, 8, 11 are used by nobles, Nos. 7, 9, 10 by priest, Nos. 12, 13 by samurai,. No. 14 in the time of court foot ball. No. 1.5 in the time dancing, No. 16 in the time of war (in eamj).), No. 17 in ordinary time (in peace). Eound Fans are generally used without classical forms. Pak. No. Name. Vali'e of a PlhCE. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Chukei Chukei Summer Fans Summer Fans Setsu do Fans Palace Fans Palace Fans Kodenchiu . . Meniawari Fans Dunce Fans . . Military Fans Tliin Ribbed Fans Yen. 3.000 2.,500 2.000 1..500 0.800 1.200 0.500 0.200 2.000 3.000 3..500 0.100 — 16 — EotjND Pans. No. VALufe OF A No. Value of a No. Value of a PIECE. PIECF,. PIECE. Yen. Yen. Yen. 1 1.500 7 0.180 13 0100 2 1.600 8 0.150 14 0.040 3 1.000 9 0.25o 15 0.120 4 0.380 10 0.015 10 0.040 5 0.060 11 0.150 17 0.100 6 0.060 1 12 0.100 18 0.1.50 SPECIMENS OF PANS FOR EXPORT. (H. Department, Group 100, Class 667.) As for the revolution of fans it will be convenient if the order is followed. The fans from No. 1 to No. 13 have prevailed during 1870 — 78. During that time the outside ribs of white bamboo were painted black with gold lacquering on them, or the ribs were made of bones, or the colour of paper was changed. But as to the shape and size there were no great change- In about 1879 — 1880 the modification of priests' fan com- menced but the old shape yet remained. In about 1883 — 1884 dancing fans began to be imitated and old shape began to disappear and almost all fans were ornamented with thread. About 1887 the great ribs were made into cloven shape and breadth was widened. {Tlie old shaped fans havtn}) 30 ribs, of irhk-h were lessened to 8 or 6.) The cloven ribs were again divided to ?, or 4 brandies ; but in the present daj-s, the narrow breadths prevail. The round fan came into fashion since 1877 and there is not much change. In the following price list, the fans to be sold in more than one hundred are given. — 1.7 No. Value of a No. Value of a No. Value of a PIECE, PIECE. PIECE. Yen. Yen. Yen. 1 0.015 25 0.1.50 49 0.830 2 0.055 26 0.200 50 0.300 3 0.050 27 0.220 •51 0.055 4 0.050 28 ,0.200 52 (1.018 5 0.000 29 0.395 53 0.0038 (i 0.120 30 0.270 54 O.OOpO 7 0.080 31 0.085 55 0.040 8 0.150 32 0170 5G 0.075 9 0.070 33 0.100 57 0.010 10 0.135 34 0.100 58 (1.045 H 0.060 35 0.250 59 0.035 12 0.500 36 6.280 60 0.200 13 0.300 37 0.250 61 O.KJO 14 0.180 38 0.130 62 0.035 15 0.13.5 39 0.300 63 0.120 1(5 0.135 40 0.190 64 0.075 17 0.180 41 0.190 65 0.120 18 1.300 42 0.270 £6 O.OfiO 19 0.050 43 0.200 67 0.050 20 0.180 44 0.330 78 0.0(15 21 0.300 45 0.3('0 69 0.070 22 0.300 46 0.600 70 0.005 23 0.100 47 0.530 24 0.070 48 0.300 ' The figures of 51 — 70 are the valjies of Bound Fans, SPECIMENS OF PIGUEED LEATHERS. (H. Department, Group 110, Class 702.) In the leathers t'lie figures, pictures or plaices are impressed, mostly used in the articles of war, and in pouches. From No. 1 to 60 are used in the articles of war, and from 60 to 90 for pouches. No. Name. Value (1 SUNSCJ.) Yen. 1 Tempo Leather 0.010 2 " Hauhiuian " Letter Figured Leather 0.010 3 ShoUei Leather 0.010 4 Lion Kouud Figured Leather Kouud Floral Figured Leather 0.010 0,010 () Ho-o Round Figured Leather O.OIO 7 Lion Figured Leather 0.010 8 FudOson Figured Leather 0.010 9 Lion Rouad Figured Leather 0.010 18 No. Name. VAJ.UE (1 SON SQ.) Yen. 10 Roimd Figured Picture Leather 0.010 11 Round Floral Figured Leather 0.010 12 Rouud Floral Figured Leather 0.010 13 Coloured Katsunii Leather . . 0.010 U Thunder Figured Leather O.OIO 15 Floral Diamond-shaped Figured Leather 0.010 IG Tortoise-shell Shape Figured Leather 0.010 17 Murasaki Leather 0.010 18 Shigeme Knot Leather 0.010 19 Pui-ple Yuwata Leather 0.010 iO Black Yuwata Leather 0.010 21 Yuwata Leather . . . . . . . . . : 0.010 22 Variagated Colours Leather . . 0.010 23 Roye-like Surface Leather O.OIO 24 Knotted Rope-like Surface Leather . . 0.010 25 Okatsunii Leather 0.010 26 Purple Brocade Leather 0.013 27 Tea-coloured Butterfly Figured Leather 0.010 28 Brocade Leather 0.010 29 Small Cherry Flower Figured Leather . . . ; 0.010 30 Coloured Cherry Flower Figured Leather . . 0,010 31 Black Small Cherry Flower Figured Leather 0.010 32 Minute Buttei-ily and Birds Figured Leather 0.010 33 Kakutsumagata Sbobu Leather 0.015 34 Sugitachi Shnhu Leather 0.015 35 Rogan Sliobu Leather . . . . . . . . , . 0015 30 Majiple-tree and Deer Figured SliObu Leather 01.=i 37 Horse Figured Shobu Leather 0.015 38 Tomoe Figured Shobu Leather 0.015 39 Butterfly and Birds Figured Leather 0.015 40 Shida Figured Leather 0.010 41 Omodaka Figured Leather . . 0.010 42 Tea-coloured Katsumi Figured Leather 0.010 43 Cherry and Water Figured Leather . . 0.010 44 1 Diamond-shaped Chrysanthemum Small Figured Leather. 0.010 45 Tate Waku Cloud Figured Leather . . 0.010 40 Ooshiai Chrysanthemum Figured Leatlier . . 0.010 47 Wave Figured Leather 0.010 48 Buff-coloured Birds and Flower Figured Leatlier . . 0.010 49 Yukiwa Figured Leather 0.010 50 Bufi'-coloured Old Figured Leather . . O.OIO i 51 Chrysanthemum and Kiri Figured Leatlier. . 0.010 52 Buff-coloured Cbrysanthenmm Figured Leather . . 0.010 53 Waves and Cliidori Figured Leather 0.010 51 Large Quail Sliibori Leather . . 0.250 55 Tea-coloured Quail Sliibori Leather . . 0.250 50 Small Quail Sliibori Leatlier. . 0.250 57 Tea-coloured Rope-like Surface Quail Sliibori Leather 0.250 58 Uzuramaki Leather . . 0.130 59 Coloured Pine, Bamboo, and Pine Tree Figured Leather , 0.010 00 Shokkogala Figured Leather . . 0.010 01 Peony Flower Figured Leatlier 0.010 02 Coloured Osliiai Chrysantliemuni I'Mgured Leather. . 0.015 03 latewaku Floral Rouud Figured Leather 0.010 19 -- No. Name. Value (1 SUN SQ.) Yen. 64 Coloured Kodoraoe Figured Leather, . 0.013 65 Coloured Tomoe Figured Leather . . 0.013 66 Aucient Figured Leather 0.013 67 Kound Fan Sarasa Figured Leatlier . . 0.Q13 68 Lengthwise Striped Figured Leatlier 0.013 69 Diamond-shaped Figured Leather . . 0.013 70 Coloured Cloud HO- 6 Figured Leather 0.013 71 Tea-coloured Flower and Bird Sarasa Figured Leather . . 0.014 72 Tea-coloured Ancient Figured Leather 0.025 73 Tea-eoloiired Ancient Figured Leather 0.025 74 Tea-coloured Ho 6 Figured Leather . . 0.025 75 Old Figured Leather 0.025 76 Kikusni Figured Leather 0.020 77 Waves and Chidori Figured Leather 0.020 78 Old Floral Figured Leather . . 0.020 70 Water and Eabbit Figured Leatlier . . 0.020 80 Water and Tomoe Figured Leather . . 0.014 81 Kasnmi and Chidori Figured Leather 0.014 82 Flower Collection Picture Leather . . 0.020 83 Kusudama Picture Leather . . 0.020 84 Conch-shell Collection Picture Leathor 0.020 85 Sliikishi Picture Leatlier 0.020 86 Buddha Picture Figured Leather 0.020 87 Hialtunin-shu Picture Leather 0.020 US Grass Flowers Pictorial Leather , . . , . . 0.020 H!( Toys Pictorial Leather 0.020 90 Fan Paper Picture Leather . . 0.020 SPEGiaiENS OF METALLIC NETTINGS. (H. Departiueut, Group 117, Class 742.) 'I'he metallic nettings are greatly used, and tlie manu- factures are accordingly extensive. Of late years architectural changes gradually encroaching, the stoves began lo be set and the necessity of stove screen were felt, the demand for the nettings consequently increased. The most substantial and comt>ly ones are shown here below. — -20 No. Value (1 Suu sq.) No. VALuii (1 Suu sq.) No. Value (1 Siui sq.) Yen. Yen. ien. 1 0.095 15 0.095 29 0.095 2 O.O70 IG 0.095 30 0.095 8 ' 0.095 17 0.095 31 0.095 4 0.095 18 0.095 32 0.070 5 0.095 19 0.095 33 0.095 6 0.070 •20 0.040 34 0.020 7 0.095 21 0.020 35 040 H 0.070 23 0.040 36 0.020 9 0.095 23 0.1195 37 0.095 10 0.095 24 0.095 38 0.095 11 0.095 25 0.095 39 0.020 12 0.095 26 0.040 40 0.020 13 070 27 0.020 41 (1.095 14 0.070 28 0.095 42 0.020 SPECIMENS OF JOINTS IN WOOD WORKS. (H. Department, Gi-oup 117.) The joiuts are the most important part iu the wood- works. The strength of hoxes, tables, door leafs, and frame works etc. depends upon this. The waj' in which they are applied to is given below, but the price cannot be fixed as it varies according to the size and nature of timbei's. No. Name of Joints. PunposE. 1 Chigiri Uclii Hozo . . Boxes. ] 2 Ippo Tailzuuii Hozo Braziers. , 3 Uclii Hozo . . Boxes. 4 Masu Hozo . . Small Boxes. t 5 Ill \Vn Boxes. 6 Cliigii'i Hozo Braziers. 7 Gowai Hozo Iri Wa Boxes. 8 Oriumwiishi Chigiri Hozo.. Braziers. 9 Masiiginni Hozo . . Braziers. 10 Udiimiki Keslii Hozo Boxes. 11 OrimawHslii YuliuzuHoiio. . Brazier^. 12 Sliiiuoiiii Huzo Small Boxes. 13 Kudaki .\iiliO Hasliilmmi . . Slielt' (Lacquereili. 14 Uuhi Hozo Koguehi Hasliibumi . Selves (Lacquered). lu Arizuu Liu Haslubauii Keudou (box) aud Tables. 1fi t'tlii Huzo Hasliibumi (.\11 kijids of doors -whuL 1 open ou biiiges. 21 — No. Name of Joints, Purpose. 17 18 19 20 •21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Icliimai Hozo Bintadome . . Meukoslii Ucliilcoini Nimai Hozo f Sliikisan Nimai Hozo Ucliidaslii Tsuba \ dome Katamen Hokodome Marudome Nimai Hozo . . Sammai Uchidashi Hozo Mengoslii Uchidashi Mengoslii, Nimai Hozo lehimai Kawa Hozo Hakodome . . Marudome Nimai Hakoaikaki Uwaba Meukoslu Iri Wa Nimai Hozo Iri Wa Aridome Marudome Uchikndaki Ari Dai Wn Hozo Hana Aridome Nimai Kama Mendome Ryomen lehimai Hozo Hakodome Nimai Kama Hozo Mendome Katainen door frame. Door Frames. Door Kamnelii Surizan. Frames. Frames. Door Frames. Door Frames. Frames. Frames. Fire place Frames. Fire place Frames. Frames. Kings of Stands. Door Frames. Door Frames. Frames. M on THE (^JL *x«K» *Ad«A* ^# *^^ lAf (A* JL^ TO THE -^we^iiD'^^ceMMBi^N^E^pegmeN^ AI CHICAGO, U.S. 1893. CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF Japan, fef TOKIO. INTRODUCTION. The Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan was founded in 1875 in the Section of Land Survey of the Geographical Bureau, Home Department at Tokio. After undergoing several vicissitu- des, the Observatory became independent on August 3rd 1887 and was placed under a direct supervision of the Minister of State for Home Affairs, authorized by the Imperial Ordinance No. XLI regarding meteorological observatory and stations ; henceforth its administrative organization was promulgated by the Imperial Ordinance No. CLVI on August 2nd 1890. As prescribed in the later notification, the Central Meteorological Observatory controls meteorological affairs of the Empire, takes charge of the investiga- tion of its meteorology and issues weather forecasts and storm warnings. The operations of the Observatory are divided into three branches, viz., Service of Observations, Service of Statistics and Service of Indications. The business to be transacted in the service of Observations is the following : Tokio meteorological observations, Earthquake observations. Observations of atmospheric electricity. Observations of terrestrial magnetism. Examinations of micro-organisms and impurities in air. Verifications of meteorological instruments. The Service of Statistics investigates and prepares the following reports : Meteorological reports of stations. Meteorological reports of lighthouses. Meteorological reports of ships. Reports on earthquakes. Reports on precipitation and temperature at minor stations, Reports on thunderstorm, Reports on phenology. ' In the Service of Indications the following business is per- formed : Weather forecasts, Storm warnings, Meteorological signals. Our present high officials are Director : Titular Meteorologist, K. Kobayashi. Chief of the Service of Statistics : Titular Meteorologist, K. Nakamura, Rigakushi. Chief of the Service of Indications : Titular Meteorologist, Y. Wada, Rigakushi. Chief of the Service of Observations : Titular Meteorologist probationer, H. Masato. The Exhibits of the Observatory to the World's Columbian Exposition of Chicago are as follows : Organization of the meteorological system in Japan. Diagram showing the increase of meteorological stations in Japan. Chart of meteorological and signal stations and lighthouses (reporting meteorological observations) of Japan. Report of the meteorological observations at Tokio, 1876- 1890. Report of the meteorological observations in Japan, 1886- 1890. Report on earthquake observations in Japan, 1885-1890. Specimen of Tri-daily Weathermaps. Reports on the areas of low and high pressure in Japan, 1883- 1890. Charts showing seasonal distributions of air pressure and wind over Japan. Charts showing seasonal distributions of air temperature and weather over Japan. Charts showing seasonal distributions of amount of precipita- tion over Japan. Charts showing frequency of earthquakes in Japan, the great earthquakes of Kumamoto and Mino-Owari. The climate of Japan. Report on high level meteorological observations in Japan. I. Organization of the Meteorological system in Japan. It is mentioned in a certain official record the regular obser- vations once a day were commenced in August of the year 1835 at. the Government Astronomical Observatory in Yedo (namely Tokio) and that the instruments used were only the barometer and ther- mometer which have been presented from the Dutch Government to the Shogim of that day; it is perhaps the first instrumental meteorological observations made in our country. Unfortunately all the results of these valuable observations were missed, by the commotion of the Great Restoration of Meiji Era, thereupon as we have considered it proper to count the outset of our meteorological affairs from the year 1872, this volume has been prepared so as to summarize an account of all the facts and events happened on our meteorological works in the course of twenty one years, 1 872-1 892. In this not a long f)eriod, all things have progressed notably in our country; especially on the meteorological works, despite the business quite newly founded, has been made a note- worthy improvement now-a-days. All the laws and rules con- cerning the methods and calculations of observations and reports, and the organizations of the Central Observatory as well as of Provincial Stations are also contained in this volume. Among historical account of our Observatory the followings are the most important : 1875, 1st June: Establishment of the Observatory. 1877, 1st April : Commencement of international simultaneous observations. 1882, 1st July: Adoption of metric system. 1883, i6th February: Opening of weather telegraphy once a day and weathermaps first published. 1883, 26th May: Warning telegraphs first issued. 1883, 19th July: Rules for storm signals notified. 1883, 1 2th August : Foreign telegrams received for the first time. 1883, 1st November: First signal mast erected at Shinagawa, (near Tokio). 1884, 1st July :■ Commencement of tri-daily meteorological telegrams and weathermaps published. 1 886, 1st January : Hourly observations commenced at Tokio. 1887, 3rd August: Imperial Ordinance referring to the mete- orological observatory and meteorologi- cal stations promulgated. 1887, lOth August: Ministerial notification concerning the execution of the above decree. 1887, nth November: Fifty one provincial stations appointed. 1888, lOth March: Wea'ther indications first issued. 1888, 31st March : I. Arai, the Director, placed on the Retired List and K. Kobayashi succeeded the post. 1890, 2nd August: Administrative organization of the Obser- vatory promulgated. 1892, 5th May: Ministerial notification concerning the execu- tion of the decree referring to the Obser- vatory and stations revised. 1892, 1st July: Rules for meteorological signals and local weather indications decided. II. Diagram showing tlie increase of meteorological stations in Japan. Although meteorological station was first erected in 1872 as mentioned in " Organization of the meteorological system ", since the importance of the meteorological observations was not appre- ciated by the public, number of existing stations at the end of the year 1878, that is in the period of seven years, did hardly exceed four throughout the Empire. But in the course of five years since 1879, as the necessity of meteorological observations has been much recognized and on account of an execution of storm warnings had to be proposed, a rapid increase of stations has been a striking fact, the number reaching twenty three in all. Since then the regula- tion relating to the resources of meteorological services was sanctioned by His Majesty the Emperor and the positions of stations appointed by the Minister of Home Affairs. All these steps conjointly influenced a sudden rise in the number of stations, so that in 1889 six were added to the list, eight in 1890; thus we s had, in the close of the year 189 1, forty six stations in the Empire including ten stations established during the years 1884- 1888. Of course these are not sufficient for our purpose, yet we might dare to presume that, in spite of a newly introduced service, it will be a rare example not so often experienced in other countries to make any such striding progress in the course of only twenty years. III. Chart of meteorological and signal stations and lighthouses of Japan. Japan is situated between 24° 5' and 50'' 56' of North Latitude, 122° 45' and 156° 32' of East Longitude. Her principal parts lie between 26° and 45° of Latitude, 146° and 128° in Longitude, amongst which the most important are Honshu (Nippon), Kiushu and Shikoku. The remotest stations are Naha (26° N.) in the south. Soya (46° N.) in the north, Naha (128° E.) in the west, and Nemuro (145° E.) in the east. When we compute the ratio of the number of existing meteorological stations to the area of our coun- try, we will obtain in average one station in every 8,006 square kilometres. In the number stated above, nine Stations are of the first order, that is, making hourly observations, and thirty seven of the second order which execute six daily observations at 2*, 6'', ro*, am and pm. Besides, there are fifty lighthouses, lightships and lightstafifs making the same six daily observations as the stations of the second order ; but they are so many grouped in some coasts, whilst along the West and North coasts we find a great gap. At present Temperature and Rainfall Stations are two hundred and two in number. Temperature Stations one hundred and, forty four. Rainfall Stations fifty. As we have already made full allusion to in " Organization of the meteorological system " , the rules regarding storm signals was prescribed in 1883 ; thereafter at the end of the year 1891, the number of Signal Stations reached sixty three. If we calculate this number so as to be proportioned to the length of our coast, we will find a ratio approximately of one Signal Station in every 250 kilo- metres. Hitherto signal stations have been erected mostly in ports frequented by steamers, so there is a further need to extend it also to fishing villages, the project of which would be achieved by and by with an elongation of telegraphic lines. IV. Report of the meteorological observations at Tokio 1876-1890. The Central Meteorological Observatory was established in 1875. At that time, observations were made only tri-daily, viz. at 9* 30™ am,. 3*30™ pm and 9*30" pm ; on January ist 1878, they were increased to tri-hourly, that is, at 3* am, 6* am, 9* am, noon, 3* pm, 6* pm, 9* pm and midnight; on January ist 1885, hourly observations were commenced in lieu of them, that system continuing yet now. This report contains the results of meteorological observations during the period of 15 years, from 1875 to 1890; its principal subjects being air pressure, air temperature, tension of vapour, relative humidity, wind direction, wind velocity, cloud amount, duration of sunshine, earth temperature, maximum solar radiation, minimum terrestrial radiation, precipitation, evaporation and ozone amount with alL their changes, and miscellaneous remarks ; also several reports such as on high level observations of Mount Fuji, Goaaishodakc and Ontake, together with other special reports. V. Report of the meteorological observations in Japan, 1886-1890. All meteorological works of Provincial Stations are conducted in uniform system throughout the Empire ; the kinds of instruments to be used and their arrangements, methods of observations and calculations, and forms of all reports are determined by the Director of the Central Observatory. This report contains the annual results of meteorological observations of all stations for the recent five years since 1886, in which no distinctions being made between the .first and second order, all observations have been taken at 2'' am, 6* am, 10* am, 2* pm, 6'' pm and 10* pm daily. The contents are air pressure, air temperature, tension of vapour, relative humidity, wind, direction, wind velocity, precipitation, cloud direction, cloiid speed, cloud amount, cloud forms, days of different kinds of weather and various miscellaneous notes. VI. Report on earthquake observations in Japan, 1885-1830. Seismpmetrical observations were for the first time made in 1875 in the Section of Land Survey of the Geographical Bureau at Aoicho, Tokio, where the Palmieri's Seismograph was employed. Since 1884, the MUnc-Gray's Seismograph has been used; in the next year, the forms of earthquake record were distributed from the Observatory to each Station and Local Districts Office in which the methods of observations and means of distinguishing intensities have been explained, and in June 1891, all Provincial Stations were ordered to report by telegrams on every earthquake occurrence, its exact time and intensity. This report contains all observations made either by instruments or by feelings in about four hundred localities during the period of six years (i 885-1 890), and the results of seismometric observations at Tokio since its beginning, the headings treated b^ing frequency of earthquakes, areas, time, inten- sity and its distribution over the Empire. Number of earthquakes experienced on the whole country during these six years are 3,842, annual mean 640 and daily mean 1.7 ; the maximum frequency falling in August. However on July 28th 1889, Kmnamoto was visited by a great earthquake which has been followed by incessant shocks over a considerable length of days, so that the mean of six years has been affected very much. Reject- ing this we have obtained a monthly mean 49, the maximum being in May (65), the minimum in August (42); in intensities we have 55% of slight, 38% of feeble and 7% of heavy shocks (falling down of lightly placed bodies or producing cracks in walls), the maximum heavy shocks occurring in February and April, the mini- mum in June. VII. Specimen of Tri-daily Weathermaps. On February i6th in 1883, a system of regular meteorological telegrams, once a day, was organized, thereby daily weathermaps published at the Central Observatory. From July ist in 1884, tri-daily regular telegrams, \iz, 6'' am, 2* pm and 9* pm (that was changed to 10* pm on January ist 1892), halve been received at the Observatory from the Provincial Stations and tri-daily weathermaps (4 pages) published ; storm warnings and weather predictions are all based on these data. On three pages out of four, isobars, iso- therms, direction and force of wind, state of weather and warned districts are drawn, and readings of barometer, thermometer, wind direction, wind force, amount of precipitation, maximum and mini- mum temperature with changes for 24 hours and also foreign tele- grams are tabulated, in one page ; in its bottom weather forecast for each meteorological district and storm warnings, if necessary, are inserted in abbreviated and legible form of language. These are the specimen of weathermaps and they explain the cyclonic storms visited our country in autumn and winter seasons. We intentionally selected them on September 14th and December 5th 1891, as they furnish themselves the most favourable examples. VIM. Report on the areas of low and high pressure in Japan, 1883-1890. Commencement of simultaneous meteorological observations and publications of daily weathermaps in Japan were alike in 1S83, accordingly the business relating to the investigation of our storms was inaugurated in that year. This report contains solely the results relating to the movements of low and high areas of pressure, experienced during eight years since 1883. It is classified to areas of low and high pressure, days of gales, daj-s of heav}' rains, verifications of indications and storm warnings, together with isoba- ric, isothermal and precipitation charts for monthly and annual means during that period. The following are the percentage of mean verifications of indications and warnings experienced during eight years : — Indications of Month Weather Wind direction Storm warnings January- 84 77 71 February 81 84 67 March 80 79 77 April 78 75 65 May 75 80 67 June 7.9 80 66 July 85 85 54 August 86 85 69 September 82 79 65 October 80 82 65 •November 83 69 76 December 84 83 74 Mean 82 81 76 IX. Charts showing seasonal distributions of air pressure and wind over Japan. Although an earliest establishment of stations refers to the year 1872, the observations of a majority of stations now existing in Japan do not extend over ten years, therefore the corrections have been applied to them, by an interpolation comparing with adjacent stations experienced over ten years. The Charts are prepared by all these documents and adopting foreign observations such as at Fusan, Jenchuan, Yuensan in Corea, and at Vladivostok and St. Olga in Siberia. Other charts are also treated in the same manner. The Charts show seasonal distribution of air pressure and wind direction, the necessary corrections of pressure relating to altitude and gravity having been applied; wind directions given by per- centage in eight points of compass, their mean directions being represented by arrows, number of calms by the size of a circle in the centre. Now we proceed to give some description of the Charts. In winter, the high pressure area covers over the Asiatic Conti- nent, north of Corea, and the low area lies over the Northern lO Pacific Ocean. The isobaric lines run almost north and south, the barometrical range reaching as much as eight millimetres, thereby we experience in winter strong north to westerly winds frequently. But in summer, on the contrary the low area lies over the Continent and the high displays over the Pacific, the isobaric lines slightly inclining towards the northeast, the range being only two milli- metres. Accordingly light south to easterly winds generally prevail in this season. In other two seasons — spring and autumn, it may be safely said that the distributions of pressure and direction of wind are as it were in midway between the changes in winter and summer. The extreme readings of barometer and wind velocity noted since the beginning of this service are the following : — Maximum air pressure 779.8 mm on February 2nd 1883, at Nemiiro in Eastern Hokkaido. Minimum air pressure 713. i mm on September 14th, 1891, at Nagasaki in Kiushu. Maximum wind velocity 43.2 m. p. s. October loth, 1891, at Settsu in Western Hokkaido. X. Charts showing seasonal distributions of air temperature and weather over Japan. The Charts are intended to show seasonal distributions of air temperature and weather. Temperature in centigrade degrees is represented by means of isothermal lines, and number of days of different , kinds of weather by area of a circle drawn just on the position of a station; an area of outer circle proposed to denote whole number of days of weather in one season and divided into three sectors that are designed to illustrate respectively proportional number of clear, fair and cloudy days, and inner circle to point out proportional number of rainy days. A general meteorological feature to be learned from these Charts is epitomized at some length. In winter, the mean temperature ranges from 18° in Boniii Island to-7" in Central Hokkaido, its difference 25°, and the isothermal lines run northerly almost along the coast, so that the II inland is colder in this season than the coast. In summer, the mean temperature is highest also in Bonin Island (27°), lowest at Nemuro (15°), the range being only 12"^, and the isothermal lines flow in southerly direction along the coast that brings out the fact just opposite to winter, the inland warmer than the coast. The thermal condition of spring and autumn is to be considered as the intermediate status coming between winter and summer. The extreme temperatures noted since the beginning of meteoro- logical works in Japan are Maximum temperature 37-°S C on August 19th, 1886, at Hiro- shima, in the Inland Sea. Minimum temperature — 36.°/ on January 29th, 1891, at Kamika- wa in Central Hokkaido. As regards to the weather, in winter, we experience much rain or snow and least clear or fair days along the sea of Japan, while the occasion is reversed along the Pacific Coast; but, in summer, rainy days are most and fair least in Southern Japan; mostly fair weather enjoyed in Northern District. XI. Charts showing seasonal distributions of amount of precipitation. The Charts show seasonal distributions of amount of precipita- tion. It has been prepared by comparing observations of each provincial station, with no less than one hundred and fifty lighthouses and rainfall stations. We will now give the gist of its distribution. We have abundant rain as compared with neighboring countries, the average fall at places- of the Extreme South reaching 3 metres in the year. In winter there measured 400-800 mm along the Sea of Japan, only 100-300 mm on the south coast, but in summer we had 800-1,000 mm on the south coast while in the Inland Sea and Northern Japan the amount did not exceed over 200-400 mm. The extreme amount of precipitation noted since the opening of meteorological services in Japan are; Maximum amount for 24 hours, 900 mm on August 20th, 1889 at Tanabe in Kii peninsula. 12 Maximum amount for 4 hours, 177 mm on April 2nd 1891 at Naha, in Liukiu. Maximum amount for i hour, 54 mm on December 28th, 1890 at Kumamoto in Kiushu. XII. Charts showing frequency of Earthquakes in Japan, the great earthquakes of Kumamoto and Mino-Owari. The Chart shows annual frequency of earthquakes in Japan, pre- pared-from the means of 6 years since 1885, the region covered by closed lines interpreting the most frequented places. This gives a general idea that the frequency of earthquakes is greater along the Pacific Coast, that is, from Southern Kiushu up to the east extremity of Hokkaido, than along the Sea of Japan, most conspicuous near Tokio, and the least frequency in Tsushima. The violent shocks since the great earthquake of Yedo (Novem- ber nth 1855), have been as follows: — On March 5th 1864, in the provinces of Tamba and Hariina; On March 14th 1872, in the province oi Iwanii and Izumo ; On July 28th, 1889 at Kumamoto ; On October 28th, 1891 in the province oi Mino and Owari. As the former two refer to the dates before the establishment of regular services, we are unable at present to trace any of their par- ticulars, but with regard to the Kumamoto and Mino-Owari earth- quakes, as we had an ample opportunity to investigate their occur- rences, much time has been devoted to its researches, consequently many important data are now all at hand. Thereupon the separate charts have been prepared to show their intensities. The Kumamoto earthquake occurred at ii.*40'°'pm on July 28th 1891, and extended to the western extremity of Honshu (Nippon) in east, the area calculated approximately 10,000 square kilometres, wherein 1,500 square kilometres have been the parts violently shaken, destroying 400 dwellings, killing 20 persons, injuring 74. Near the epicentric region the earth crust produced many cracks, from which sand and mud have been emitted; the largest splits reaching the length of 1,300 metres, the breadth 6 metres. After this great earthquake. 13 the people have experienced many successive shocks, amongst which on July 29th and 30th, numbers noted were 62. The occurrence of the Mino-Owari earthquake was at 6* 38™ am on October 28th 1891. Its area was nearly 240,000 square kilo- metres, comprising Gifti in the epicentre ; the region extended from Owari Bay in the Pacific Ocean to Tsuruga Bay in the Sea of Japan has been the most seriously damaged which are assuredly told to have been the greatest distress during past 40 years. The most violent shocks covers the area of about 1,000 square kilometres; indeed within this space grounds sunk in, mountains destroyed, dwellings upset, rails damaged, bridges fell down, were innumera- ble. Their important figures are summed up thus : Death 7,273; Injured 17,175; Houses destroyed 142,177; Houses partially destroyed 80,324; Bridges fell down 10,392. During several months, this great earthquake has been followed by incessant shocks in the district severely shaken, a certain occa- sion bringing several hundreds in a day. Even now after 15 months elapsed from the occurrence, we are experiencing 2 or 3 times every day. XIII. The Climate of Japan. This volume embodies the results of all kinds of observations taken at each station since the inauguration of our official meteorolo- gical services and discusses fully about our climate and the changes of meteorological elements. The different headings of this volume are as follows: — Introduction. — General geographical description of Japan. Chapter I. — Air Temperature : Diurnal and annual variations and its distribution over Japan, extremes, ranges and miscellaneous. Chapter II. — Atmospheric pressure : Diurnal and annual variations, extremes and its distribution over Japan. Chapter III.— Wind: Diurnal and annual variations, maximum velocity and frequency. 14 Chapter IV. — Humidity: Diurnal and annual variations and extremes. Chapter V. — Cloud amount: Diurnal and annual variations, number of clear and cloudy days and sunshine. Chapter VI. — Precipitation: Diurnal and annual variations, heavy rain, frequency and its distribution over Japan. Chapter VII. — Conclusion : Mutual relations of meteorological elements and ■ their nature of changes. All the essays in each chapter are illustrated by exquisite and perfect diagrams or charts annexed. XIV. Report on high level meteorological observations in Japan, 1880-1891. Since the year 1880, the high level meteorological observations have been made during the periods of- some days or over several months, by the officials of our Observatory or by our other meteo- rologists, was just 6 times. This report contains all the results of observations made on high mountains compared Avith those of lower stations, and some differences of the meteorological elements between the upper and lower air strata. The selected high level stations during expeditions are High Station : Altitude : Period of Observations. /August, 1883 Fuji 3,718 m. (September, 1887 (August, 1889 Ontake 3,062 m. August, 1891 Gozaishodake 1,200 m. September, 1888 Yamanaka 990 m. August, 1889 Kurosawa 832 m. August, 1891 Higashi Hoben 736 m. August-October ■ 1889 + + -1- _x. «!I f& ill m M. LIST 0! JAPANESE MITEOEOLOGICAL PUBUCATMS. ^^-ff^^^ — Reports of meteorolosfical Stations: Monthly and Annual means of observations made at 9'*3o'" am, jA^qot pm and ^'^t,o^ pm from 1874 to 1882 ; at 6'' am, 2'' pm and 10* pm from 1883 to 1885; at 2*, 6* and 10* am, pm from 1886 to 1891. Reports of Meteorological Observations at Xokio : For the lustrum 1876-1880 and for the ten years 1876-1885. Reports of Hourly Meteorological Observations at Tokio : For the lustrum 1886- 1890. Annual Reports of Hourly Meteorologfical Observa- tions at Tokio: For the years 1886-1891. Montbly Reports of Hourly Meteorological Observa- tions at Tokio: For the years 1890-1892. Montbly Summaries: Tracks of low and high pressure, isobars, isotherms, rainfall, storms, etc, for the years 1883-1890. Tridaily "Weatliermaps : Daily reports, remarks, indications for the years 1883-1892. Miscellaneous Publications : Instructions to meteorological observers (1880) — Additional Instructions to meteorological observers (1882) — Instructions for meteorological observations (1886)— Reports of the Seismometri- cal observations for the years 1885-1890— Reports of the Pluvio- metric observations for the years 1890-1891 — Some researches on the Agricultural Meteorology— Regulations on the Meteorological Telegrams— Regulations on the Meteorological Signals — Reports of the Expeditions to Mount Fuji (1888 and 1889), to Mount Gozaishodake (1888), to Mount Ontake (1891) — Organisation du Service m6t6orologique au Japon ( 1889)— Low Barometer in Japan (1890). DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF JAPANESEFORAGE PLANTS E)CHIBITEI>:.IN THE V " - WORLD'S-^COL(JMBIAN EXPOSITION PUBLISHED BY aGRTCULTUBAL BUERAU, DEPARTMENT OF AGiilCULTLrRE AND COMMERCE J A P AN. .1893. PEINTED AT THE SEIsfllKcfuSHA. TOKYO. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF JAPANESE FORAGE PLANTS EXHIBITED IN THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION PUBLISHED BY AGEICULTUEAL BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMEROE. JAPAN. 1893. PAETICULAR DESCRIPTION JAPANESE FORAGE PLANTS. A. Duration of growth. B. Height. C Flowering time. T). Seed ripening time. Fj. Times of cutting during a season. F. Produce per acre. O. Percentage composition. H. LooaUty where particularly found. /. Miscellaneous record. 1. NAGAHAGUSA {POA PRATENSIS, L.) GRAWIINEAE. DEAWING :— Plant J of natural f^he. Flower, parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Perennial. B. 1..5— 2 feet. C. Beginning of May — middle of the month. D. Latter part of IMay — -beginning of .June. E. 2 or 3 times. F. Total 9,180—12,920 lbs. green. 8,060—5,100 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 80.30 Hay contains — Water 11.20 Ash 11.50 Phosphoric acid 0.45 Potash 1.94 Crude protein ] 18.13 Crude fibre 22.79 Nitrogen free extract 88.12 Crude fat 3.26 H. iloist soil and grows well under trees and among other grasses. /. It is propagated both by seed and by transplanting, and its creeping nature makes it well suited for pasturage. The hay is very fine and of rich colour. 2. ICHIGO-TSUNAGI {POA ANNUA, L.) GRAWIINEAE. DEAWING :— I'lant f of natural size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Biennial. n. 1.5—2 feet. C. Latter part of April — beginning of May. D. Middle of May — -latter part of the month. _ 2 — F. Not fully known. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 83. 7C Hay contains — Water 11.00 Ash 10.42 Phosphoric acid 0.30 Potash 1.71 Crude protein 12.81 Crude fibre 21.80 Nitrogen free extract 39.81 Crude fat 4.10 H. Wet places, particularly along the road. I. This is one of the grasses, which grow very early in the Spring and is cut up with other grasses : it is suited to pasturage. 3. ZARATSUKF-ICHIGOTSUNAGI {POA SPHONDYLODES, TRIN.) GRAMINEAE. DEAWING :— ^IS'iit 4 of natural size. Mower, parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Perennial. B. 1.5—2 feet. C. Latter part of May — beginning of June. D. Middle of June — latter part of the month. E. 2 times. F. Total 6,800—8,840 lbs. green. 2,380—3,060 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 85.36 Hay contains — Water 14.49 Ash 9.42 Phosphoric acid 0.25 Potash 1.25 Crude protein i a "o Hay contains — — 5 — Water 12.96 Asli 8.88 Pliosplioric acid 0.63 Potash 2.77 Crude protein 15.24 Crude fibre 21.15 Nitrogen free extract 35.60 Crude fat 6.17 H. Shady places, river banks, and any moist soils, but comparatively rare in dry soil. I. Commonly cut with other grasses. 7. KITSUNE-GAYA {FESTUDA REMOTIFLORA, STEUD.) GRAMINEAE. DEAWING :— Plant i of natural size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Perennial. B. 3—4 feet. C. Begimiiug of July — middle of the mouth. D. Beginning of August — middle of the mouth. E. 2 times. F. Total 11,900—27,200 lbs. green. 3,740—8,500 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 64.82 Hay contains — Water 9.22 Ash 9.4U Phosphoric acid 0.77 Potash 1.98 Crude protein 10.66 Crude fibre 32.29 Nitrogen free extract 36.41 Crude fat 2.62 H. Shady place such as woods, fences, etc. /. Commonly cut with other grasses. Its chief advantage is the time, in er the wet season. — 6 — 8. TOBOSHIGARA (FESTUCA PARVIGLUMA, STEUD.) GRAMINEAE. DEAWINO :— Plant sparingly contracted. rio'wer, parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Perennial. B. 1.5—2 feet. C. Middle of May — latter part of the month. D. Latter part of May — beginning of June. E. 2 times. F. Not fully known. Q. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 73.50 Hay contains — Water 11.44 Ash 9.17 Phosphoric acid 0.55 Potash 2.37 Crude protein 10.01 Crude^fibre 23.51 Nitrogen free extract 41.17 Crude fat 4.70 H. Most abundant under trees or in moist places. /. Commonly cut with other grasses. 9. WIINOGOIVIE iBECKMANNIA ERUCOEFORMIS, HOST.) GRAMINEAE. DE AWING :— Kant J of natural size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. A . Biennial. B. 1.5—2 feet. C. Latter part of April — beginning of May. D. Middle of May — latter part of the i^jcr-^'v £■. 2 times. F. Not fully known. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 80.57 Hay contains — ■ Water 18.38 Ash 12.28 Phosphoric acid 0.55 Potash 2.68 Crude protein 21.49 Crude fibre 18.59 Nitrogen free extract 30.31 Crude fat 3.95 H. Dry^paddy fields before the cultivation of rice x^lant. I. Although this plant originally grows in the above description of land, it may also be produced in dry soil. In paddy fields the seeds ripen before the surface soil has to be cultivated for the rice plant, so it grows year after year, never failing. 10. NO-BIE {PANICUM CRUS-GALLI, L.) GRAMINEAE, DEAWING :— Plant J of natural size. Flower.'parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Annual. B. 2—3 feet. C. Latter part of July — beginning of August. D. Latter part of August — beginning of September. E. One time. F. Not fully known. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 79.82 Hay contains — Water 10.39 Ash 14.12 Phosphoric acid 0.63 Potash 5.11 Crude protein 16.75 ?6.89 — 8 — Xitrogen free extract 28.27 Cnicle fat i.r>S H. Any soil and place. T. Tliis plant germinates in the beginning of Summer and grows with great rapidity. It is among the most nutritious of fodder in the green as well as dry state. II. HIE (PANICUM FRUMENTACEUM, ROXB.") GRAMINEAE. DRAWING :— Plant i of natural size. Mower, parts of. enlarged. Seed enlarged. .■i. Amnial. B. 5— G feet. C. Beginning of August — middle of the month. 7^. Beginning of September — middle of the month. E. One time or more when cut young. F. 23,800—27,200 lbs. green. 5,100—6,800 lbs. hay. (r. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 75,88 Hay contains — Water 16.00 Ash 7 5 Phosphoric acid 0.25 Potash 1.12 Crude protein 9.3 Crude fibre 27.2 Nitrogen free extract 88.4 Crude fat 2.4 H. Any soil. T. This is the cultivated fodder plant of Japan and its seeds are used as food for lower class of men in the cold high mountainous districts and northern climate, where the rice plant is not profitably cultivated. ~ 9 — 12. KE-MEHISHIBA (PAHICUM SANGUINALE, L VAR. GIUARE, GREN ET GODR.) GRAMINEAE. DRAWING :— Plant J of natni-al size. Flowers, parts of enlarged. ' Seed enlarged. A. Auiiual. n. 2—3 feet. C. Latter part of Jtily — beginning of August. T). Latter part of August — beginning of September. J'J. Several times. F. Not fully known. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into liay per cent 82.08 Hay contains — Water 0.80 Asli 11.18 Pbospliorio acid 0.56 Potash 8.22 Crude protein 11.81 Crude fibre 27.59 Nitrogen free extract 86.71 Crude fat 8.41 //. Most abundant in the uncultivated fields arid by the roadside, but not found on a mountain or wild plain. /. This kind of grass is mostly seen in Summer and Autnmn. That in this country hay cut before the mouth of June (wet season) can not be well pre- served must be borne in mind in selecting meadow grasses. 13. HONAGAREGUSA iSETARIA EXCURRENS, MlQ.) GRAMINEAE. DRAWING :— Kant J of natural size. Flower, parts of. enlarged. — ■- - enlarged. — 10 — A. Perennial. B. 4—5 feet. C. Middle of September — latter part of the month. D. Beginning of August — middle of the month. E. 2 times. F. Total 17,000—34,000 lbs. green. 5,100—10,200 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 66.75 Hay contains — Water 11.10 Ash 9.78 Phosphoric acid 1.13 Potash 2.32 Crude protein 9.19 Crude fibre 31.25 Nitrogen free extract 36.04 Crude fat 2.64 H. Eiver banks. I. To obtain a good sweet hay it must be cut before blossoming. 14. USHINO-SHIPPEI {HEMARTHRIA COMPRESSA, R. BR. GRAMINEAE. DEAWING :— Plant i of natural size. Plower, parts of. enlarged. Seed enlarged. J. Perennial. B. 2.5—3 feet. C. Latter part of July — beginning of August. D. Beginning of September — middle of the month. A'. 3 times. /''. Total 84,000—43,180 lbs. green. 8,500—10,200 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into haj ,.<.-». ...jluj., « . — 11 — Hay contains — Water 9.01 Ash 8.24 Phospliorio aoid 0.41 Potash 2.42 Crude protein 9. 09 * Crude fibre 29.63 Nitrogen free extract 40.91 Crude fat' 2.52 fi. Almost anywhere, but does best in moist soil and commonly is met with in the dykes of rivers, ditches, etc. /. Very strong plant and may be propagated by planting the roots cut into pieces, 5 or 6 inches long. It grows year after year with a little care and gives abundant crops, but it becomes coarse and hard unless it is cut before blossoming. 15. BAREN-SHIBA (ARUNDINELLA ANOMALA, STEUD.) GRAWINEAE. DRAWING :— Plant J of natural size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Seed enlarged. J. Perennial. B. 4—5 feet. (J. Middle of September — latter part of the month. 77. iliddle of October — latter part of the month. F. 2 times. F. Total 19,380—34,000 lbs. green. 0,100—10,200 lbs. hay. (t. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 02.38 Hay contains — Water 10.26 Ash 11.14 Phosphoric acid 0.54 Potash 3.15 ,--- : -: 9.68 -12^ Crude fibre 84.09 Nitrogen free extract 32.80 Crude fat ' 1.97 TJ. Plains, woods, dykes, ridges of paddy fields all over the country and cliiefly on lull sides covered with Susuki (Eularia Japonica), which is used as- roofing ill country houses, 1. It sprouts late in the Spring and grows vigorously during the Summer, occupying a great deal of land because of its creeping underground stem. It becomes very hard if cutting is postponed to the time of blossoming. 16. YAHADZU-YENDO {VICIA SATIVA, L.) LEGUIVIINOSAE, DRAWING :— PlS'iit natural size. Flower, parts of. enlarged. Legume natural size. S®6<1 natural size. A. Biennial. B. 8—4 feet. 0. Latter part of April — beginning of May. T>. Latter part of May — beginning of June. K. One time. F. Not fully known. (t. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 83.00 Hay contains — Water g 04 Asl» 8.08 Phosphoric acid 0.91 Potash 3 j]^ Crude proteui 24.48 Crude fibre . 20.98 Nitrogen free extract 83.09 Crude fat 3 73 U. Commonly met with in the ridges of paddy fields, where it is cut with other legumes and grasses for soiling purpose. T. This is not suited for hay. Earlv srowOi in Srer^.-.D/ v' „ . V ■; • ■ advantage, — 13 — 17. KUS/V-FUJI [VICIA CRACCA, L VAR JAPONICA, 1VIIQ.~1 LEGUMINOSAE. DRAWING:— Plant uatiu'al size. Flower, parts of enlavgecl. Legume enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Pereuuial. ]j. 5 — G feet or more in advantageous circumstances. C. JNIiddle of June — latter part of the month. 7^. Middle of September — latter part of the month. y?. 2 times. F. Not fully known. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 79.02 Hay contains — Water 9.0(j Ash 9.12 Phosphoric acid 0.58 Potash 3.48 Crude protein 24.00 Crude fibre 25.43 Nitrogen free extract 31.58 Crude fat 0.80 H. Grows in groves or in waste ground dividing the fields in different parts of the country. /. When cultivated alone it is liable to lie on the ground and the lower parts become more or less damaged imparting an unpleasant odor to the fodder. The seeds scarcely ripen, but it is easily propagated by its roots, which spread rapidly. 18. OBA-KUSAFUJI {VICIA PSEUDO-OROBUS, FISCH ET WIEY.) LEGUMINOSAE. . DEAWING :— I'lS'Ot natural size. Mower, parts of enlarged. Legume natural size. paturf^l size, — 14 — J. Peremiial. B. 5 — G feet or more in favourable circumstaiioes. C. Middle of July — beginning of September. D. Latter part of September — -beginning of November. E. 2 times. F. Not fully known. t'wsaii isave ereen fodder early in Spring. — 16 — 21. RENGESO (ASTRAGALUS LOTOIDES, LAMJ LEGUMINOSAE. DRAWING :— I'lant uatuial size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Legume uatnral size. Seed enlarged. A. Biennial. B. Common kind is a small procumbent plant : tLat of Shiga prefecture and Gifu prefecture cultivated on paddy fields for the purpose of green manure, grows vigorously sometimes as high as 4 feet or even move. t'. Latter part of April — beginning of June. D. Latter part of May — middle of June. E. One time. F. 15,000—18,000 lbs. green. 3,800—4,500 lbs. hay. (t. Li flower. "Water lost by changing into hay per cent 89.46 Hay contains — Water 13.80 Ash 10.44 Phosphoric acid 0.46 Potash 2.06 Crude protein 19.96 Crude^fibre 15.12 Nitrogen free extract 36.10 Crude fat 4. .IS U. Particularly iu paddy fields of rich soil and perfectly dry after the harvest of the rice plant. In such soil it is seen throughout the country. /. As green fodder it is much relished by cattle, but it is not safe to give it alone in large quantities without the addition of some dry food, because it is so succulent as to produce a diarrhoetic effect. 22. SHINAGAWA-HAGI (MELILOTUS ARVEHSIS, WALL. LEGUMINOSAE. DRAWING :— ■^l^^t natural sirp Flower, parts Of — 17 — Legume enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Biennial. B. 3—6 feet. 0. Beginning of July — latter part of the month D. Middle of August — beginning of October. E. Several times when cut in young stage. F. 13,600—27,200 green. (t. About one foot high. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 77.00 Hay contains — Water 14.02 Ash l'J,22 Phosphoric acid ,0.88 Potash 1.25 Crude protein 28.25 Crude fibre 16.10 Nitrogen free extract 22.61 Crude fat y.90 H. Not very common : light soil in warm place I. The leaves of this plant when dry emit an agreeable odor. In blossom the stem is rather woody and is not suitable a food for animals. 23. YAHADZUSO {LESPEDEZA STRIATA, HOOK ET ARN.) LEGUIWmOSAE. DEAWING :— Plant natural size. Flower, parts of enlarged. liBgame enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Annual. B. Dwarf plant, but its branches grow from 18 inches to 2 feet resting on the ground when alone and somewhat raised when with others. C. Latter part of August — middle of September. D. Latter part of October — beginning of November. — 18 — F. 11,560—12,240 Ibs.g reen. 8,060—3,740 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by oliauging into liay per cent 68.00 Hay contains — Water 11.86 Ash 5.45 Pliosplioric acid 0.86 Potash 1.19 Crude protein 15.44 Crude fibre 26.29 Nitrogen free extract 36.53 Crude fat 4.43 //. Its extent is very wide being met with from the north of Hokkaido to the south of Kiushu and from the plain up to the mountain, but especially along the way side. I. Five years ago the Queenceland government made a req^uest to our government for 50 lbs. of the seeds of tlie plant through the English minister ; until that day its cultivation had been regarded only as an experiment of the Agricultural Bureau made on a small scale. Accordingly so many plants as were needed to produce the seeds were collected in the vicinity of the city of Tokio and transplanted. Thus plenty seed were obtained and presented to the one who requested them. From that time its name has become familiar among practical men and the experiment has been repeated at different places. When it is cut at the proper time the leaves are not much shaken off and so is not like other leguminosae and dries quickly — great advantage for tliis country, the climate of which is very changeable. The hay is very fine : horses and cattle fond of it. 24. WIARUBA-YAHADZUSO [LESPEDEZA STRIATA, HOOK ET ARN. VAR.) LEGUMINOSAE. DEAWING :— ^^^'o-t natural size. Flower, parts of , enlarged. Legume enlarged. Seed. enlarged. A. Annual. B. General appearance is much — 19 — somewhat different shaped ones sm-ronnd the flowers. The length of branches is from 2 feet to 2.5 feet. C. Beginning of September — end of tlie montli. D. Latter part of October — -beginning of November. E. One time. F. 12,920—13,600 lbs. green. 3,400—3,740 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 77.00 Hay contains — Water 13.87 Ash 4.63 Crude protein 12.26 Crude fibre 32.08 Nitrogen free extract 84.76 Crude fat 2.40 H. Almost same as No. 23, but far less iu number. /. It was accidentally found among No. 23 when the latter had been cul-. tivated in order to send the seed to Queenceland. In the first stage both are alike in appearance, but the variation becomes more and more marked as it grows. 25. HAGI {LESPEDEZA BIGOLOR, TURCZ. VAR.) LEGUMINOSAE. DEAWING :— I'la-nt J of natural size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Legume enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Perennial. B. 5—6 feet. U. Latter part of August — middle of September. D. Middle of- November — ^latter part of tlie month. E. Same as No. 26. F. Not fully known, but at least the a,mount of No. 26 from the considera- tion of general features. G. Not yet analysed. H. Deep soil. /. This is the cultivated white flowered lespedeza and is not found in wild ^' ■- '" - ' ■— ' and keeps green later iu the fall than No. 26, — 20 — Florists as well as individuals cultivate tbis plant mncL for its graceful appear- ance and count it among the seven flowers of Autumn. 26. NO-HAGI {LESPEDEZA BICOLOR, TURCZ.) LEGUWIINOSAE. DRAWING :— I'lant i of natural size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Legume enlarged. Seed enlarged. A. Perennial. B. 6—7 feet. C. Latter part of August — ^middle of September. B. Beginning of November — middle of tbe montb. E. In common practice only once, but it may be cut as often as 3 times as shown by an experiment made in the Imperial College of Agriculture and Dendrology. F. Total. 24,780—25,580 lbs. green. 6,780—8,800 lbs. hay. G. Li flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 70.00 Hay contains — Water 16.0 Ash 5.9 Phosphoric acid 0.51 Potash 1,01 Crude protein 14.7 Crnde fibre 28.9 Nitrogen free extract 80.8 Crude fat 3.7 H. Deep dry soil throughout the country and particularly abundant in billy districts. I. This is noted as a fodder plant in Japan, lately also known to foreign countries, and has been abundantly used from immemorial time by stock owners in different districts. When properly dried it makes a good sweet bay, which is excellent for horses q,nd cattle. This species also is cultivated bv the florist, " — 21 — 27. -KARIMAME {GLYCINE HISPIDA, WOENCHJ LEGUMINOSAE. DEAWING :~ ^lant J of hafcaral size. Flower, parts of enlarged. Legume '. natural size. Seed natural size. J . Annual. B. 4—5 feet. C. Middle of August — latter part of the month. D. Middle of October — latter part of the month. E. One time. F. 2,500-3,740 lbs. hay. G. In flower. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 75.6 Hay contains — Water 16.00 Ash 5.9 Phosphoric acid 0.86 Potash 3.13 Crude protein ■ 16.9 Crude fibre 35.9 Nitrogen free extract 23.1 Crude fat 2.2 H. Best suited in northern climates and may be grown in almost any kind of soil but particularly suited to soil of a strong character. I. This is one of the fodder plants under cultivation in Japan. Formerly its cultivation was far more extensive, being used to feed riding horses of the higher classes subject to Tokugawa and some of the princes called "Daimio" ; but now it is limited to the northern district — ^say Iwate prefecture, Awomori prefecture and some others. All live stock fond of it and horses eat it greedily. It is said by some practical men that when Karimame is given to horses out of order, their health wiU sooner or later be restored. Another advantage of this fodder plant is the short time in which it comes to maturity or is fitted to be cut and made into hay, that is, when sown at the end of May it is fit to be cut in the beginning of August : it is conveniently added to the rotation of crops and it leaves the ground clean "■ ' ' The hay has a pretty green color and ^ 22 pleasant odor, bat its dry leaves are very liable to break, so it requires to be treated witb great precaution at the time of liay making. 28. KUDZU {PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA, BENTH.) LEGUMINOSAE. DEAWING :— Plant i of natural "size. Koot J of natural size. Flower, parts of. enlarged. Legume natural size. Seed enlarged. A. Perennial. B. The vine reaches the length of 10—20 feet or upward. C. Latter part of August— middle of September. D. Latter part of October — middle of November. K. Several times when only upper part is cut. F. 17,000—28,800 lbs. green. 4,420—6,800 lbs. hay. G. Vines and leaves together. Water lost by changing into hay per cent 74.0 Hay contains — Water 16.0 Ash 8.8 Phosphoric acid 0.6 Potash 1.2i Crude protein 15.8 Crude fibre 27. n Nitrogen free extract -!f>.l Crude fat 3.8 H. Jlost abundant in mountainous district, where it grows twinning round the trees, but it is met with in neglected land all over the country. Provinct Tajima noted for raising excellent cattle is particularly favoured with this fodder plant. I. In breeding districts fanners cut the leaves and stems together during the Summer and preserve it after drying for Winter feed. This plant has large long fasciculated roots rich in starch which n.vp (1ii) .5 ^^ 1.024 6 ^^ 1.875 ,, 5' 7 ^^ 1.290 M t. 8 ,^ 0.790 ,, 9 ,, 0.683 ,, ,, 10 Box Measures & Togal. 0.330 Tokyo, Sliirotsuka Geiizo. 11 Straight Measure. 0.400 Nakamiua Asakiclii. 12 0.300 .■ 13 0.500 .. 11 ,^ 0.200 ,, ,, 15 ,, 0.080 ,, Nakamura Asakiclii. 16 Kujira Sliakii. 0.080 M 1. 17 ,^ 0.030 ,, ,, 18 Fold Measure. 0.130 ,, 19 „ 0.090 ,, 20 Kujira Sliiiku. 0.070 Osaka, Yoshiiuato Toku. 21 ^, 0.120 ,, • ,, 22 0.050 (Kuuagawa rretecture. ' (Suzuki Jiuiclii. 23 •• 0.150 " (Class 710). No. Name or Me.4surer. A'.ii.rr.. Name of Manufactuber. 1 2 3 i Letter Weiglits. yen. 7.500 4.500 3.000 10.000 Tokyo, Sato Yo.slnsaburo. ,, Moriya Sadakiolii. MEASURERS. (Class 710). In the measure used in drawing the bamboo measure is preferable as thsre ia no b'ending, expansion, or contraction like brass measure seconding the temperature. Name of Scale No. Measures. Value. Name of Manufacturer 24 Straight Measure. yen. 2.000 Tokyo, Nakam lira Asakiclii. 25 0.800 ,, 26 0.300 ,)• 27 0.080 28 2.400 ,, 29 1.200 ,, 30 0.500 ,, , 31 1.000 M » 32 0.500 ,, , 33 0.200 ,, 34 0.050 ,, , 35 1.000 ,, , 36 0.500 ,, , 37 0.200 ,, , 38 0.050 , , 39 0.160 ,, , 40 0.140 M , 41 0.040 tl 1 42 0.140 ,, , 43 0.120 ,, , 44 040 ,, , 45 0.500 ' ,, , 46 0.160 47 0.080 ,, 48 " 0.500 „ No. Name of Scabe Mkasubes. Value. Name of Manm-actureiis. 49 Straight Measure. yen. 0.200 Tokyo, Nakninilra Asakiclii. 50 ,, 0.080 11 )i 51 ^, 0.600 j 52 ^, 0.200 ,, ,, j 5S ^, 0.060 ! 54 ,, 1.600 <: ,, i 55 ^, 0.800 ,, 56 0.400 „ 57 „• 1.400 ,, ,, 58 ,, 0.400 t> n 69 ,, 0.200 >. 60 1.400 61 0.400 .. 62 0.200 63 ,, 0.340 1' .) 64 ,, 0.100 ,, 65 ,, O.OfiO " 66 ,, 0.800 * 67 ,, 0.S60 .. f.8 „ 0.24(J .. 69 ,, 0.2.50 11 11 70 0.100 • 1 71 j^ 0060 '1 11 72 ,, 1.000 ., ,, 73 ,, O.J 00 11 ,1 74 ,, 0.160 11 11 75 . ,, 0.800 1) 76 0.300 11 77 0.140 -1 78 ,, 0.20) 11 79 0.120 ., ,, 80 0.160 81 ,, 0.100 1 ■ 11 82 0.170 • 1 11 83 ,, 0.1 10 .. .1 84 ,, 1.800 11 85 2.000 11 86 1.200 11 11 87 ., 1.200 11 88 090 (Kjiungawa Prefecture. iHuzuki .TiuicUi. 89 0.800 ^, 90 0.700 ,, 91 ,, 0.070 Osnkn, Yosliiniato Toku. 92 ,, 0.100 93 ,j 0.080 .1 94 0.350 (Kaunsnwa J'refecture. (Suzuki Jiuirlii. Carpenter, Screen makers, Tub makers, joiners, etc., all use. The right angled measure. This measure i.s not only to measure the length, but, right-angled and inclinations calculated. It is not also used as rules. 9 — No. Name of MkasuEes. Value. Name op Manufactukkls. 95 Bight-angled Measure. yen. 2.250 Tokyo, Nakamura Asakichi. 96 1.650 97 1.500 98 0.350 99 0.350 I, 100' 1.000 Osuka, Yosliimoto Toku. 101 0.850 102 1.100 103 950 104 Plat form Scale. 15.000 „ Yamamoto Seinosuke.