mm. vmii AE 111 MMGiD •ry-; ;^V :Op>pHE BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrs m. Sage 1891 A-m?-!^...^ y)^/^.. Cornell University Library arY206 v.1-2 A biographical cyclopedia and portrait g 3 1924 032 193 561 olin.anx The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032193561 ^i. ^^z-- ^'^.'-^'^y'-yJ.j-;^ .^ 'T.'i:^ :^€J.i^i^ 'j^c^Z^ THE Biographical Cyclopedia PORTRAIT GALLERY distinguished men, with an historical sketch, STATE OF OHIO. EDITED BY J. FLETCHER BRENNAN, FROM 1857 TO 1861, AND FROM 1867 TO 1871 EDITOR OF THE "AMERICAN FREEMASON," AND TRANSLATOR AND COMPILER OF THE "GENERAL HISTORY 0?VrEEMASONRY IN EUROPE," Etc., Etc. Illustrated urith ouer 200 Portraits on $tee\, executed expressly for this Worh, hij the best American and English Jirtists. VOLUME I CINCINNATI: JOHN C. YORSTON & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1880. COPYRIGHT, 1879: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. V. ',/ V.I COPVRIGHT, JOHN C. YORSTON & CO., 1879 . ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY COHEN k CO., CINCINNATI. TO President RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NATION'S GOVERNMENT; Chief Justice MORRISON R. WAITE, AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NATION'S CIVIL LAW; Honorable JOHN SHERMAN, AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NATION'S TREASURY; General WILLIAM T. SHERMAN, AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NATION'S ARMY- EDWARD D. MANSFIELD, LL.D., AS THE PIONEER REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NEWSPAPER PRESS, AND STATISTICIAN OF OHIO; WILLIAM H. MUSSEY, Physician and Surgeon, AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SCIENCE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY IN OHIO; HENRY CHISHOLM, Esquire, AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURE OF OHIO: JOHN H. DEVEREUX, Esquire, AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RAILROAD INTERESTS OF OHIO ; JEPTHA H. wade, Esquire, as a representative of the telegraph interests of ohio, and WILLIAM N. WHITELEY, Esquire, AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANUFACTURE IN OHIO OF AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, THIS STATE WORK FOR OHIO is respectfully dedicated by the publishers. Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing leave behind us Foot -prints on the sands of time; Foot- prints, that perhaps another. Sailing o'er life's stormy main — A forlorn and shipwrecked brother — Seeing, shall take heart again. -Henry W. Longfellow. From his wild covert, (in the visioned Past?) The jealous Red-Man sees The settler's cabin, near; on yonder stream. The boat fire-driven; far-off, over these, The spire-lit city: — if to him they seem Shadows of pitiless doortj that travels fast, They realize our fathers' eager dream. — John James Piatt. iHIOANS have reason to feel proud upon this, the one hundred and third anniversary of our National M^ Independence, when they look around and observe the eminent position held by the representative citizens of their great State, in the direction and management of the affairs of the Nation; and more especially so when they consider that but ninety of the years of a century have passed since Ohio was first settled by our noble pioneer ancestors, and her improvement from the primeval condition of a howling wilder- ness began. To-day Ohio stands second to no State of the Union in her educational facilities, her intelligent citizenship, her manufacturing, agricultural and commercial interests; and she ranks but third among all the States of the Continent in wealth and population. For three terms her native-born sons" have, as Presidents, administered the affairs of the National government, while, for nearly a quarter of a century, she has been the pivotal State of the Union, and to which all eyes were turned, watching for her party success as the indication of triumph for their favored Presidential candidate, or the reverse. With these facts before us we believe we can be excused for the pride we entertain in this, our work, for the "Buckeye State," and, in presenting to her citizens this very presentable volume, the principal contents of which are the biographical sketches of men who have contributed so much to the present condition and the enviable position Ohio holds before the countries of the world to-day. 6 INTR O-D UCTION. History comprises little beyond a narration of events, combined with biography of persons. Let the work of the photographer and steel-engraver be also engaged, and portraiture of a truthful, and pleasing because truthful, character be used, to illustrate biography, and we exhaust the most satisfactory manner of historica! production. It is in this manner the publishers have produced the work they here introduce to the public. Many persons, as in the production of this work has been discovered, are of opinion that biography should be exclusively posthumous, and hence such persons decline positively to appear with living subjects, remarking, in manner intended to be a non sequitur, that a man must first die, and after that be judged by posterity to entitle him to the privilege of appearing in biography. As it is not the duty always of the biogra- pher, especially of living subjects, to pass judgment, it is plainly a misapprehension that has given rise to this opinion on the part of the objector; and such misapprehension leaves to those who do not always estimate sufficiently high the desire of the subject for posthumous biography, a work to do, that, for this reason is often neglected. As most men are disposed to claim that posterity has never done anything for them, posterity is inclined to take them at their word, and do nothing when they most expect something done, and they die in the hope, if not the belief, that by posterity they will not be, at least biographically, forgotten. That biography of the living subject is to a certain degree valued, we have only to point to this work to prove. A majority of those whose biographical sketches are in it presented are yet living. But, as the major- ity of them have in years reached the downward turn of the road, they are rapidly passing from the scenes of their labors, joys and sorrows. If historical discrepancies, and statements of facts bordering on the romantic, shall be discovered in a few of these biographical sketches, the circumstance must be attributed rather to the memory of the individual subjects, or their representatives, than to any desire entertained by the editor not to state and reconcile histor- ical facts. His desire in the editing of those sketches was to be moderate in statement, and, at the same time, do his work faithfully and well; and he leaves it for those for whom the work has been produced, to decide to what extent he has attained that object. That the work of the publishers has certainly been well done he believes no one will deny; and, having had opportunity to see them all, he also believes that its patrons will regard this as the best work of the kind yet produced in America. . The larger number of the engravings are- much better than have been seen in this style of work; and they are far more numerous, and aU good like- nesses of the men they represent. Cincinnati, July ^.th, 1880. TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOL. L A Sketch of the History of the State of Ohio, Biographical CvcLOPiEDiA and Portrait Gallery, 57 LIST OF PORTRAITS ON STEEL. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President Frontispiece. Ulysses S. Grant, Eighteenth President, Page 59 William Henry Harrison, Ninth President "60 Brough, John Chase, Salmon P. Ford, Seabury Allen, William . Andrews, S. J. Anthony, Sister . Ashley, J. M. . Baker, William . Bartholow, Roberts Bissell, Edward . Bowler, William . BuHRER, Stephen . BuRGOYNE, John Burke, Stevenson Bushnell, William Card, W. W. . . Childs, T. p. . Clark, M. L. . ' . Coffin, C. D. . coffinberry, j. m Collins, I. C. . Comly, J. M. . Cox, Joseph Curtis, H. B. . . CowLES, Edwin cowles, e. w. Crocker, T. D. Dawson, W. W. Delamater, John Devereux, J. H. . Devol, H. F. . Dickson, W. M. . Dodge, H. H. . Eells, D. p. . . Emmitt, James . Everett, Azariah Everett, S. T. . Fassler, Jerome . follett, j. f. . PAGE. 210 114 264 260 256 179 258 276 272 190 204 176 274 266 226 108 158 186 95 300 273 278 254 212 230 236 96 280 286 224 284 292 160 198 GOVERNORS OF OHIO. PAGE. PAGE. . . .76 Tiffin, Edward 62 73 Tod, David 75 . 66 Wood, Reubi :n .... 70 MISCELLANEOUS. PAGE. PAGE. Follett, M. D. . . . 202 Perkins, Joseph • 303 Force, M. F 100 Perkins, Simon . 136 Foulke, L. W. . . . 216 Perkins, W. L. . . . 270 Freeman, Francis . . .268 Platt, E. F. . . . 263 Garlick, Theodatus . . 200 Purcell, J. B. . . 90 GiLMOUR, Richard . . 92 Putnam, Rufus 144 Halstead, Murat . . .181 QuiNBY, Ephraim . 192 Hitchcock, Peter . . 82 QuiNBY, Samuel . 122 Hitchcock, Reuben . . 206 Ray, Joseph . 248 HoADLY, George . . 124 Rice, Harvey 220 HOLDEN, L. E 170 Russell, J. W. . . . 214 Hurlbut, H. B. . . . 218 Scott, F. J. . 294 Hutchins, W. a. . . . 228 Sheridan, P. H. . 86 Keifer, J. W 128 Sherman, John 93 Kelly, Moses . . . . ' 146 Sherman, W. T. . . . 84 Kelly, 0. S. . . . . 162 SiNTON, David 252 King, Rufus . . . .154 Spalding, R. P. . 112 King, Zenas . . . . 288 Stanton, E. M. 88 Kinsman, Frederick . .150 Steinwehr, a. von . • 197 KiRTLAND, J. P. . . . 232 Stone, W. F. . . 99 Lane, W. G 168 Strauch, Adolph . . 296 Lincoln, T. D. . . . 184 Taft, Alphonzo . 78 Lowe, P. P 167 Torrence, G. p. • 130 Lytle, W. H. . . . 106 Turney, N. J. . . 239 May, Manuel . . . .142 Waite, M. R. . . 80 Matthews, Stanley . . 97 Ward, Durbin 188 McClintock, W. T. . . . 208 Weber, G. C. E. . . 238 McGuffey, W. H. . . 242 White, William . . 156 McIlhenny, J. J. . . . 222 Whiteley, W.N. . 172 Mussey, R. D. . . . no Whiteman, Benjamin . 240 Mussey, W. H 116 Whittlesey, Elisha. . 148 Payne, H. B 234 Willey, J. W. 246 Pease, Calvin . . . .140 WiLLSON, H. V. . . . 120 Pendleton, G. H. . . 94 Zinn, Peter . 153 Pendleton, N. G. . . . 244 Perkins, H. B. 282 (7) INDEX TO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, VOL. L Achey, J. H. . Acton, J. P. Allen, William Allen, William . Anderson, Charles Anderson, C. M. Andrews, 1. W. Andrews, S. J. . Anthony, Sister Armstrong, .W. W Ashley, J. M. Babbitt, H. S. . Baker, William Bartholow, Robert; Hartley, Mordecai Hartley, T. W. . Bateman, W. M. Bebb, William . Beer, Thomas Bennett, John Bierce, L. V. Birchard, Sardis . Birchard, Matthew Bishop, R. M. . Bissell, Edward Boltin, Samuel . Bowen, George Bowen, Ozias Bowler, William Boynton, W. W. Bradstreet, S. I. Brinkerhoff, R. . Brooke, J. T. . Brough, John Brown, B. S. . Brown, E. A. Brown, E. F. Buckland, R. P. . Buhrer, Stephen Burgoyne, John Burke, Stephenson Burnet, Jacob Bushnell, William . Campbell, J. Van A Card, W. W. Carey, W. M. . Chase, Philander Chase, S. P. Childs, T. P. Clark, M. L. Clements, Joshua . Clements, T. D. Clendenin, William Coffin, C. D. Coffinberry, J M Cole, H. M. Coleman, Asa Coleman, Leighton Collins, I. C. Comly, J. M. Cooke, Eleutheros Corwin, Thomas Cowles, E. W. Cox, Joseph Cox, jr. D. . Crane, J. H. Crocker, T. D. Crook, George . Curry, William Curtis, H. B. . Custer, G. A. Davies, E. W. . Dawson, W. W. Delamater, John Dennison, William Devereux, J. H. . Devol, H. F. Dickson, W. M. . Dodge, H. H. Dorsey, G. V. . Drake, Daniel PAGE. 264 229 91 210 78 219 114 264 284 260 256 179 89 89 74 199 187 177 216 114 92 258 214 292 17s 276 271 201 191 25s 76 199 67 259 13s 272 190 204 109 176 208 274 218 93 73 266 226 221 278 213 108 174 229 283 272 158 183 177 85 273 186 83 213 278 147 213 19s 142 277 254 212 81 230 236 96 280 301 178 Edison, T. A. Edwards, J. S. Eells, D. P. Elliott, H. Ely, Heman, Sr. Ely, Heman . Emmitt, James Everett, Azariah Everett, S. T. Ewing, Thomas Ewing, Thomas Fassler, Jerome Firestone, L, Fogg, W. P. , Follett, J. F. Follett, M. D. Foos, Joseph Force, M. F. . Ford, Seabury Foulke, L. W. Freeman, Francis Garfield, J. A. Garlick, Theodore Geddes, G. W. Giddings, J. R. . Gilmore, Q. A. Gilmore, James . Gilmore, W. J. Gilmour, R. Goddard, C. B. Godfrey, CM. . Goode, J, S. . Goode, P. G. Gould, L. G. . Grant, U. S. Gray, S. S. Green, J. H. Green, George Grimes, Alexander Griswold, L. D. Gunckel, L. B. . Hall, C. F. . Halstead, M. Harris, A. L. . Harris, L. A. Harrison, W. H. Hart, J. H. . Harter, G. S. . Harvey, T. W. . Hayes, R. B. . Haynes. D. A. Hays, M. W. Hitchcock, H. L. Hitchcock, Peter Hitchcock, R. Hoadly, George Holden, L. E Holt, G. B. . Houk, G. W. Howard, John Huntington, Samuel Hurd, Frank . Hurlbut, H. B. . Hutchins, W. A. Jobes, D. H. R. . Johnston, Stephen Johnston, W. C. Jones, T. C. . Keifer, J. W. Kellog, Abner Kelly, Moses Kelly, O. S. . Kenton, Simon Kessler, Henry King, E. A. King, L. King, Rufus King, Z. Kinsman, F. Kinsman, John Kirtland, jf. P. . PAGE. 261 271 286 209 285 285 224 284 -92 95 258 160 169 21S 198 202 171 100 66 216 26S 130 200 134 180 132 285 109 92 127 253 15S ^S5 252 .S9 298 281 273 2.S9 159 236 140 181 20s I.S6 60 289 229 196 57 103 288 "5 82 206 124 170 203 245 241 64 289 218 228 222 302 302 139 128 295 146 162 291 221 223 27s 1.54 288 150 290 232 Lane, E. Lane, W. G. Laurence, William Lee, Euselius Lee, Robert Lincoln, T. D. . Locke, John . Logan, T. A. Longworth, N. Looker, Othniel . Lord, Willis . Lowe, P. P. Lucas, Robert Ludlow, Israel Lytle, R. T. . Lytic, W. H. . Manning, Henry Mason, Sampson Massie, Nathaniel Matchett, W. H. Matthews, Stanley Maxwell, S. D. . May, Manuel . ■ McArthur, D. . McCook, Daniel McCooX R. L . McCormick, A. W. McDowell, Irwin McGufiFey, W. H. Mcllhenny, J. J. McKee, R. R. McKinney, A. L. McLean, John McPherson, J. B. MediU, William Meeker, D. L. . Meeker, J. T. Meigs, R. J. Meredith, J. L, Millikin, Minor . Mills, John . Mitchell, O. M. . Moore, O. F. . Morris, I. S. Morris, Thomas Morrow, Jeremiah Morse, D. A. . Mueller, Jacob . Mussey, R. D. Mussey, W. H. . Newberry, J. S. Nolan, M. P. Noyes, E. F. . Okey, J. W. Osborn, J. R. Page, H. F. Parsons, C. C. Payne, H. B. Pease, Calvin . Pease, Charles . Pendleton, G. H. Pendleton, N. G. Perkins, Joseph Perkins, H. B. . Perkins, Simon Perkins, W. L. . Perry, A. F. . Piatt, J. J. . Piatt, E. F. . Plimpton, B. O. . Potter, E. D. . Powers, Hiram* . Prentice, N. B. Proba.5Co, Henry Purcell, J. B. . Putnam, Rufus . Quinby, Ephraim Quinby, Samuel . Ranney, R P. Ray, Joseph Reeve, J. C. . 109 168 152 182 182 1S4 175 iSg 117 65 '85 167 71 119 173 106 -269 294 297 235 97 157 142 69 147 129 217 138 242 222 2S7 281 104 141 79 210 219 64 277 •33 297 169 268 303 103 66 225 122 no 116 193 251 87 104 301 166 198 234 140 295 94 244 304 2S2 136 270 164 I2,S 263 265 121 256 293 161 90 144 192 122 102 248 249 Reid, Whitelaw . Reynolds, J. R. Rice, Harvey Rosecrans, S. H. Rosecrans, W. S. Russell, J. W. Sanders, M. C. . Schenck, J. F. Scott, F. J. Scott, Thomas Seney, G. E. Sewall, Frank Shannon, William Sheridan, P. H. Sherman, John . Sherman, W. T. Sinton, David Smith, P. C. . Spalding, R. P. . Spencer, O. M. Stallo, J. B. Stanton, E. M. St. Clair, Arthur Stanbery, Henry Steinwehr, A. Von Stiles, T. D. . Stone, W. F. Storer, Bellamy Strauch, Adolph Sumner, William Sutcliff, Milton . Swan, J. R. Swayne, N. H. . Swayne, Wager Symmes, J. C. Taft, Alphonso Tayler, R. W. . Thayer, Proctor Thomas, W. I. . Thurman, A G. Thompson, Elihu Tiffin, Edward Tod, David Torrence, G. P. Trimble, Allen . Turney, N. J. . Turney, S. D. Vallandigham, C. 1 Vance, Joseph Van Cleve, J. W. Wade, B. F. Wadsworth, E. Waite, M. R. Walbridge, H, S. Walker, M. B. . Ward, Durbin Warner, A. J. Weaver, J. M. Weber, G. C. E. Webster, J. K. Webster, William Welch, John . West, W. H. White, William Whiteley, W. N. Whiteman, B. Whittlesey, C. . Whittlesey, E. Wilcox, Aaron Willey, J. W. Williams, James Williams, H. H Willson, H. V. . Winner, J. L. . Wood, Reuben Wood, T. J. Woodworth, L. D Worthinglon, T Wright, J. C. . Young, T. L. Zinn, Peter PAGE. 246 286 220 98 149 214 189 2# 294 IS' 203 293 72 86 93 . 84 252 192 112 161 158 88 61 126 197 244 99 III 299 179 "3 123 lOI 287 240 78 207 316 27s 107 253 62 75 I -JO 68 239 118 243 71 279 98 266 80 274 201 188 211 282 238 270 241 116 91 156 172 240 250 148 299 246 134 280 120 237 70 124 186 65 117 113 153 A SKETCH HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO FOR OVER ONE HUNDRED YEARS. IN THREE PERIODS. FIRST PERIOD-1766 TO 1803. 'N 1748 several members of the Virginia House of Burgesses, as the legislature of that English colony was then designated, entered by agreement into relations with certain London merchants, and obtained from the British government a grant of half a million acres of the land lying on the south side of the Ohio river, between the Monongahela and the Kanawha rivers; and, in the patent, this association was named the Ohio Land Company. The object of the grantees, as expressed in the patent, was to plant an English colony where, at that time, the French had possession by forts, missionary stations and trading-posts throughout the trans-AUeghanian country, while the Enghsh had not one settlement of any description. Although this patent was granted in 1748, not until eighteen years had elapsed was there any attempt made to plant the colony. Then, in the spring of 1766, several families from the eastern side of the mountains, principally from Virginia and Maryland, crossed over, and selecting for themselves the most attractive and fertile spots on the banks of the Monongahela river, erected their log cabins and commenced clearing and planting lands. This they did with no recogni- tion that the Indians had any right or property in the land. The grade of those pioneers, it should be explained, was inferior ; and it does not appear that they recognized even the right of the English and Virginia gentlemen to whom the grant by the government was made. They despised the Indians, made no effort to conciliate them, and, if any of them ventured to remonstrate, replied coarsely and with insults. It was natural that, under such circum- stances, the Indians should feel aggrieved. By the French they had nearly always been treated with courtesy, and their rights respected ; but by these English, as they designated all who spoke that language, they were plainly going to be robbed and driven from their homes. Their agent protested against the conduct of these squatters, and Gen- eral Gage, then commander-in-chief of the British forces in the American colonies, issued his proclamation denoun- cing their conduct, but they simply bade him defiance, and, fearless alike of the hostility of the Indians and the commands of the military authorities, they took up land wherever they chose, and occupied it. Two years afterward Sir William Johnson, the British agent for treating with the Indians by purchase of their right in the land, bought of the Iroquois, whose main territory lay within what is now the State of New York, whatever right that, the most warlike of all the Indian tribes, had to any portion of the great tract of country north- west of the Ohio river ; but the right of the Iroquois in this territory was that held in common with other northern tribes which made it their hunting grounds, and such purchase was by none of them considered binding. About this time George Washington and three of the family named Lee, who subsequendy became equally with himself distinguished, formed an association called the Mississippi Company, and sent an agent to England to negotiate a grant of two million acres of this part of the country; but this enterprise failed, as did also various other schemes undertaken with equal prospect of success. 10 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. Meantime the stream of immigration continued to cross the mountain range, and penetrate and rest amo g the pleasant solitudes on either side of the Ohio river. Often traveling in large bands, these immigran parties had in themselves sufficient strength to forcibly occupy any tract of land they fancied; and it was t a license that resulted from this condition that led to what, in 1774, took the name of "Lord Dunmore's War," and which war had its origin in the acts of an unprincipled desperado who called himself Colonel Cresap. On the 27th of April, 1774, this .man, who had built his log cabin in the vicinity of the present city of Wheeling and devoted his time principally to hunting Indians, as if they were the only game worth shootmg, learned that two Indian families had arrived and encamped a few miles higher up the river, where they were peaceably engaged trapping and hunting. With a gang of congenially disposed wretches he proceeded to the spot, attacked the unoffending people in cold blood, murdered them all, and carried back to his cabin their game and furs. Subsequently hearing of the location of another encampment a few miles down the river, these white savages proceeded to the spot and murdered them also; and shortly afterward a party of Indians, peacefully encamped some forty miles above Wheeling, was, b^ one of Cresap's gang named Greathouse, and seven others, approached, and, by the most atrocious treachery, all destroyed as if they had been a nest of vermin. In this most unprovoked and unwarranted massacre the entire family of . an Indian chief named Logan, who had always been the friend of the white man, and whose name will always have an honorable place in history, were all murdered. The news of these unprovoked massacres soon reached the tribes throughout the Ohio valley, and assuming that no such destruction could be perpetrated without authority from the Englishmen's government, they sounded their war-whoop and rallied the tribes. The executive authorities of Virginia and Pennsylvania immediately dispatched messengers to the settlements to warn the inhabitants, and the consternation became general. Many abandoned all they possessed and fled across the mountains to their former homes, while others sought refuge in the log-house forts which they erected. It was in vain the Indian agents assured the chiefs of tribes that those murders were done by men who, for perpetrating them, had been outlawed, and were then fugitives from justice, the Indian war-whoop could be heard in all directions, and those settlers who were unable to find timely shelter were slaughtered and scalped without mercy. To retaliate, the legislature of Vir- ginia empowered the governor to arm four hundred volunteer militia, who, having crossed the mountains to Wheeling, from there in flat-boats descended the Ohio river to the mouth of the Muskingum, and, ascending that river, they destroyed the Indian villages as far as Zanesville, killing many Indians and thus confirming the Indian belief that the massacres by Cresap and Greathouse were instigated by the authorities. It was now determined that as half-way measures served but to exasperate the Indians to fiercer and more cruel treatment of the whites, wherever the latter were exposed, a sufficient force to destroy them wholly, if they per- sisted, should be recruited. Three thousand men, it was estimated, would be sufficient for this purpose ; and this force was divided into two bodies, after being mustered by the governor of Virginia, armed and equipped. One of these bodies, under the command of General Lewis, was directed to assemble at Fort Union, in Greenbriar county, and from there proceed down the Kanawha valley to the mouth of that river, and there await the arrival of Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, who, with the other body of nineteen hundred men, were to ascend the Cumberland valley in Maryland, cross the mountains to the Monongahela river, descend that stream until it reached the Ohio, and proceed down the latter in boats until it joined the first body under General Lewis, at Point Pleasant. After undergoing much hardship in their rough march of one hundred and sixty miles, the force under General Lewis was met by a messenger, who reported that Lord Dunmore had resolved to land at the mouth of what is known as the Hocking river and cross to the Indian villages on the Scioto, then the center of the Indian population, there to meet General Lewis. The latter had encamped his command on the angle of land, called Point Pleasant, formed by the Kanawha entering the Ohio river. Not counting on being attacked, although having ample time to do so, he made no provision for defense. The Indians had stealthily watched his movements, and on the night of the 9th October had crept as close to his encampment as possible. The next morning at day- light they poured into it a murderous fire of well-aimed bullets. The force of Indians was so large that it formed a heavy line of battle from river to river, and that its fire, which was continued nearly all day, was effective may be HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE S2AIE OF OHIO. ii believed from the fact that, of Lewis' division, two colonels, five captains, three lieutenants, and more than one hundred rank and file were killed ; while the wounded officers and men numbered one hundred and forty more, many of them so severely that they died within a few days. Of course, the loss of the Indians was never known, but as the Virginians were all good marksmen, they probably did equally effective execution. This was evident from the retreat of the Indians during the night, not again to appear nor subsequently attack either wing of the invading army. The lack of military skill exhibited by General Lewis was lamentable. Instead of fortifying the delta he occu- pied during the eleven days previous to the Indian attack, he began doing so, but quite uselessly, afterward. In a few days, leaving his wounded fully protected, he marched, with the greater part of his command, up the south bank of the Ohio to join Lord Dunmore at the mouth of the Hocking. The latter had arrived there safely, having fur- nished himself and his command with water transportation, and on arriving at its mouth, had passed up that river to its falls, there disembarked and directed his march to within three miles of the Indian towns on the Scioto, and about seven miles south of what is to-day the county seat of Pickaway. Here he constructed an entrenched camp. Enclosing about twelve acres with a strong breastwork of trees felled for the purpose, in the center of this inclosure, he built a citadel of logs and surrounded it with a ditch and earth-work, the latter being so surmounted with timber as to render the place impregnable to a foe armed as were the Indians. In the center of the citadel was pitched the marquee provided for the commanding general and his staff, and over it proudly waved the English flag of the governor of Virginia, who, in honor of his queen, had named the fortification "Fort Charlotte." On sight of these works, the Indian chiefs, who had failed to completely destroy their enemy at Point Pleasant, were effectually disheartened; and, conscious that the junction of the two invading armies only re- mained to take place for a general attack to be made upon their defenceless villages, they sent into the citadel delegation after delegation for terms of peace. Lord Dunmore was humane as he was brave and cautious. He was fully advised of the cause of the war, and had therefore no desire to consign the aboriginal possessors of the soil to general slaughter ; nevertheless, he desired to assure the Indians that if they persisted in their retaliatory measures they would certainly be all destroyed. Having received small detachments of their delegations, he had them recount their wrongs. As the most worthy example of those wrongs, the speech of the chief Logan may here be preserved. Of it President Jefferson said, when entirely assured of its authenticity : "I may challenge all the orators of the Greeks and Romans to produce the equal of the speech of Logan." The circumstances attending the dehvery of this speech we quote from Atwater's "History of Ohio " : "Though Logan would not attend in person on Dunmore's council, yet, urged by the chiefs who were eager to be relieved from the presence of Dunmore's army, he sent his speech in with a belt of wampum to be delivered to Lord Dunmore by a faithful interpreter, and by the bearer of the wampum, as was the Indian custom, the speech was faithfully delivered to the commanding general, who received it seated under an oak tree that had been inclosed, and still stands in a field seven miles from Circleville in a southerly direction. As the wampum-bearer spoke, the interpreter translated the speech sentence by sentence, and as it was dehvered it was written. Its authenticity is placed beyond the shadow of a doubt, and it of right belongs and forever will belong to the history of Ohio." This speech is as follows: "I appeal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry and I gave him not meat; if he came naked and cold and I clothed him not. During the last long and bloody war* Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites that my countrymen, as they passed me, said, ' Logan is the friend of the whites.' I had thoughts of living among you, but for the injuries done me by one man. Colonel Cresap, last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, sparing not even my women and children. There runs not one drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted *The old French and Indian war, so called, which, commencing in 1757, was waged by the British troops and colonists against the French and their Indian allies for the French possessions in North America, and which terminated in 1763 by the treaty between France and Great Britain, nearly four years after the capture by the troops under General Wolfe of the fortress of Quebec. 12 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. my vengeance. For my country I rejoice in the beams of peace. But do not harbor the thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan?" General Lewis had marched up the southern bank of the Ohio to a point nearly opposite the mouth of the Hocking, from which himself and his troops were ferried across by Lord Dunmore's flotilla, and although met by a messenger bearing the command of the latter that he return with his forces to Virginia, as peace was about to be concluded, he ordered their march towards the new fort. , When within a few miles of it, Lord Dunmore and his staff rode out to meet them, and had to peremptorily repeat his orders in person before General Lewis consented to obey. Even then nothing but the dissimilarity in the relative strength of the respective commands compelled obedience. Lord Dunmore had more than twice the force under Lewis, and besides could, with a word, turn the whole body of the Indians upon him; consequently, though smarting under their loss at Point Pleasant, and urged by their feelings to revenge that loss on the Indians, the order of Lord Dunmore that they direct their march for home was obeyed. The latter tarried for some time in his fort, and until he had concluded very amicable arrangements with the Indians, when, with his command he also returned to Virginia. Thus ended the Dunmore war. But another and far more important war was within a short time to begin. Lord Dunmore was the last royal governor of Virginia. The peace he had concluded with the Indians was not satisfactory to the people of his colony whose relatives were destroyed at Point Pleasant, and there were soon found those who did not whisper, but said aloud, that his object in making that peace was to win the Indians as the friends of England, in time of war, as they had been the friends and allies of France. Six months after his return from Fort Charlotte, the skirmish between the British troops and Massachusetts colonists, called the battle of Lexington, took place, and Lord Dunmore took refuge from the enmity of the people of Richmond on a, British man of war at Norfolk. Agents were sent by the authorities loyal to the British government to the Indian tribes, in- viting them to rally their warriors against the colonists. One of these agents, Colonel Guy Johnson, of the British army, treated with the Iroquois, the most powerful and warlike of all the tribes in North America. They claimed the territory south from the mouth of the Sorel or Champlain river, where it enters the St. Lawrence, to the Ohio, and north of the St. Lawrence river and the lakes, from the mouth of the Ottawa to Lake Huron. They thus claimed a territory twelve hundred miles long by five hundred broad, the native inhabitants of which could muster a force of twenty-five hundred warriors. Of this force, it has been claimed and generally believed, the British authorities mustered fifteen hundred, the incentive being opportunity given them, as the allies of the British army, for revenge. The treaty made by Lord Dunmore was in this manner rendered of short duration. With the commencement of the Revolutionary war, Indian hostilities on the Ohio were renewed, and not only in the Northwestern territory, but upon settlements in the colonies of New York, Penn- sylvania and Virginia. The settlers built block houses or log forts in which to take refuge. During the Revolutionary war the various States, which had been British colonies at its inception, claimed the right of soil and jurisdiction over all the country which their charters as provinces had embraced under the old royal patents and such as that, for example, of Charles II, who, in 1662, bestowed upon the English settiers at Hartford, on the Connecticut river, all the territory between the parallels of latitude which include the present State of Connecticut, west from that State to the Pacific Ocean! This would comprise all the lands and water lying between 41° and 42", north latitude, west from ocean to ocean, and take in the southern end of New York State, part of New Jersey, the northern half of Pennsylvania and onward west to the Pacific Similar pretensions were during the war advanced by Massachusetts to western lands, under a royal charter granted to persons within her boundaries in 1690, and for similar reasons Pennsylvania and Virginia claimed the land west of them; while the States which had no such charters maintained that these lands ought in equity to be assumed in common by all the States, according to population, inasmuch as the title to them would be won, if won at all, by the prowess and sacrifices of the people of all the States. In view of this position, the justice of which was acknowledged, Virginia, as the first State to do so, did in March, 1784 cede to the general government all her right of soil and territorial jurisdiction to such portion of territory claimed by her HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 13 as lay northwest of the Ohio river; and, in less than two years afterward, Connecticut ceded to the same all her claims to territory lying in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but for this cession she was by the United States government guaranteed the exclusive right of soil to 3,800,000 acres, since known as the "Western Reserve," and also as "New Connecticut," the same being that portion of the territory claimed by her west of Pennsylvania, between the 41st and 42d parallels of latitude. By the terms of the compromise made between Connecticut and the United States government, in the matter of the claims of the former under her King Charles charter, the latter reserved the right of jurisdiction over, and subsequently included, this tract in the territory of the State of Ohio. The Revolutionary struggle having required every patriot who could shoulder a gun to oppose the British troops, none could be spared to protect from Indians the settlers of the Northwest; and consequently those who had remained in the territory had to protect themselves, and, in doing so, make in turn, such offensive forays on the Indian settlements as they could. Thus it was that in 1779 a Colonel Bowman had with a small force marched against the Shawnees, the most powerful tribe in the territory, and was badly defeated. In 1780 General Broadhead conducted what was subsequently known as the Coshocton campaign against the Shawnee villages situated in the forks of the Muskingum. In the same year General Clarke led a body of Kentucky militia against the Shawnees, defeating and routing them, and destroying their villages six miles below the present city of Springfield, Clarke county, on the Mad river. In 1782 he commanded a second expedition against the same tribe, and destroyed their villages on the Great Miami, at Upper and Lower Piqua. The success of these expeditions had intimidated, while but slightly weakening this war-like tribe, and which in retaliation carried death and destruction wherever in their territory they could find a white settlement unable to defend itself. In 1776, Congress had appropriated, as bounties for the officers and soldiers who should serve through the war, the lands of the western territory, grading the area according to rank from five hundred acres for a colonel to one hundred acres for a private. In 1780, this act was amended to include general officers — a major-general to receive one thousand one hundred acres, and a brigadier-general eight hun- dred and fifty acres. In June, 1783, General Rufus Putnam united with officers of the continental army, belonging in major-part to the northern States, in a petition to Congress for a grant of the land ceded by Vir- ginia, to which they might remove and found a State or States. Being selected by the petitioners to present this petition. General Putnam forwarded it to General Washington, with a long and well-written letter, in which he detailed the advantages the foundation of such a' colony would secure to the whole country. This letter had much influence in the subsequent settlement of the territory, as it expressed the opinion that upon intel- ligent men, the product of a system of education, the duties of public citizenship would rest; and that such educational system should be fostered by liberal grants of land, set apart in perpetuity by the constitution of the State exclusively for this purpose. This letter contained the first suggestion of this wise provision, and it was forwarded to Congress by General Washington with the petition supported by an earnest letter from himself. Failing, however, in the prayer of their petition. General Putnam and Benjamin Tupper, in January, 1786, called a meeting of soldiers and civilians to form a company for the purpose of securing a grant of land by purchase, on such conditions as would be acceptable. This meeting took place at Boston, March ist, 1786, General Rufus Putnam presiding, with Winthrop Sargent acting as clerk, the Ohio Company was organized, and Dr. Manasesh Cutler, one of the board of directors of the company, appointed as the agent to wait upon Congress and secure the purchase. In July, 1787, Dr. Cutler went to New York, where Congress was then in session, and he ^succeeded in making the purchase on such terms as were satisfactory to the company. Immediately after the State of Virginia had ceded to the general government its right to the lands northwest of the Ohio river a committee of Congress, of which Mr. Jefferson was chairman, reported an ordinance for the government of the Northwestern Territory, as lands were then, for the first time, designated. This ordinance, as reported by the committee, prohibited slavery after the year 1800 but it was adopted April 23d, 1784, with this restriction rejected, and remained on the statute book thus amended until the 13th of July, 1787, when the ordinance adopted on that day by Congress repealed j^ HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. it. For the latter the influence of Dr. Cutler may largely be credited. He reached New York July 5*- On the 9th the committee who reported the ordinance was appointed, and had frequent interviews with him within the four following days. He was a highly cultivated man, a graduate of Yale College, and a member of divers philosophical societies, pastor of a church in eastern Massachusetts at the time he attended the meeting in Boston, and, the other influential men present being principally military men and officers in the late war he was, with Generals Putnam and Parsons, appointed the committee to draft the articles of organi- zation. ' After their adoption these three gentlemen were elected the board of directors, and he was by the other two appointed the company's agent. To the influence of the ordinance of 1787 may be attributed primarily the present condition of human freedom in the United States. Daniel Webster said of it: " We are accustomed to praise the law-givers of antiquity; we help to perpetuate the fame of Solon and Lycurgus; but I doubt whether one single law, ancient or modern, has produced effects more distinct, marked and lasting in character than the ordinance of 1787." The evidence of Dr. Cutler's agency in the enactment of this immortal ordinance has been attested by a writer in the North American Review for April, 1876, who therein has said: "The purchase would not have been made without the ordinance of 1787, and the ordinance could not have been enacted except as an essential condition of the purchase." This ordinance was the first under which any United States territory was organized. President Andrews, of Marietta College, in publicly speaking of it, has remarked: "How great the obligations of the great Northwest, and of the whole country, are to this quiet Massachusetts clergyman are thus apparent. Far distant be the day when the county of Washington, the State of Ohio, and the whole Northwest shall cease to cherish the names and memory of Rufus Putnam and Manasseh Cutler." The purchase made by Dr. Cutler for the Ohio Company comprised 1,500,000 acres, and the contract for its sale was duly signed on behalf of the Treasury of the United States, October 27th, 1787, by Samuel Osgood and Arthur Lee, and on behalf of the Ohio Company by Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent. Payment was to be made "in specie, loan-office certificates reduced to specie, or certificates of the liquidated debt of the United States." The price was one dollar an acre, liable to a reduction by "allowance for bad land, and all incidental charges and circumstances whatever; provided that all such allowance shall not exceed, in the whole, one-third of a dollar per acre." Rights for bounties, or what have since been known as soldiers' land warrants, might be used in payment, but not for more than one-seventh of the whole tract. In the survey of it this tract was bounded on the east by the seventh range of townships, south by the Ohio river, and west by the west boundary of the seventeenth range, extended so far north that lines running west and north from the Ohio river would embrace the necessary number of acres, besides the reservations. These reservations were section number sixteen for schools, section number twenty-nine for the support of religion, sections numbers eight, eleven and twenty-six to be at the disposal of Congress as government land, and, of the whole grant, two townships to be reserved for a university. Thus it will be seen that of each township of thirty-six sections, or as many square miles area, five sections were reserved in manner stated, besides the university reservation. The general contour of this land, as surveyed, was in the form of a triangle, its southern or longest line being the Ohio river, and at present containing Athens, Meigs, Washington, and part of Gallia counties. The contract authorized the settlers to enter at once upon half of the tract. The company paid one-half the purchase money "down," the government agreeing to make a deed when the second half was paid, but this, the final payment was never made. The failure of some of the shareholders to pay for their shares in full, the expenses incurred by the company in waging war against the Indians on their lands, together with the losses sustained by the defalcation of their treasurer, Richard Piatt, of New York, elected in August, 1787, so embarrassed the company that it was impossible for them to pay the $500,000 re- quired for the final payment. Consequently the directors met in Philadelphia early in 1792, and memorial- ized Congress for relief. So well pleased were the public generally with the conduct of the company that the committee of the House of Representatives, to whom the company's memorial had been referred, recommended a release and deed for the whole tract; but this proposition was modified by making a deed for that half of the tract the money received had paid for, a conveyance for 214,285 acres, or one-seventh of the original HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 15 purchase, to be paid for within six months by warrants issued for bounty rights (miHtary land warrants), and another conveyance for 100,000 acres, which was to be conveyed in tracts of 100 acres, as a bounty to each male person of not less than eighteen years of age, who should become an actual settler. The act of Con- gress, as it passed the House, farther provided that the company might receive a conveyance for the remainder of the original purchase by paying for the same within six years, at the rate of twenty-five cents an acre, but this provision was stricken out by the Senate, and that respecting the "Donation Lands," as they were subse- quently called, was only saved from a like fate by the casting vote of the Vice-President. Approved April 21st, 1792, on the loth of May, the three patents were issued to Rufus Putnam, Manasseh Cutler, Robert Oliver, and Griffin Greene, in trust for "the Ohio Company of Associates," and signed by George Washington, Presi- dent, and Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State. The three bear date May loth, 1792, and, except one made to the State of Pennsylvania the previous March, conveying to that State the northern half of it, which had been claimed by Connecticut, these were the first land patents ever issued by the United States government. The first party of emigrants to the lands of the company left Danvers, Massachusetts, December ist, 1787, conducted by Major Hatfield White. The second left Hartford, Connecticut, January 1st, 1788, under Colonel Ebenezer Sproat, and which party General Putnam overtook three weeks afterward. On reaching the Youg- hiogheny they built boats, embarked April ist, and reached the mouth of the Muskingum April 7th, 1788. Forty-eight men landed on that day, and thus began the settlement. During the year there were added eighty- four to their number, among these fifteen families. At the close of 1788, as we find it stated in the diary of General Putnam, deposited by his grandson, Hon. William R. Putnam, of Marietta, in the college there, not a single white family could be found within the present State of Ohio, save those belonging to the Ohio Com- pany, Colonel Harmar and most of his officers being members of it, and who were residents in the fort built by Major John Doughty in 1786 on the west bank and at the mouth of the Muskingum river. Such was the condition when General Putnam arrived in the spring of 1788, and then the surveyors got to work and laid out a town with broad streets and squares and ' ' home-lots " of eight acres each ; and, as the site had on it much of the work of that pre-historic race called "mound-builders," with rare good taste these remains were preserved in the public squares. The most remarkable building of the new town was a large fort, constructed with much care and labor, as a refuge for the entire community in case of Indian hostilities. They gave this enclosure the name of Campus Martius, and not until 1790 was it finished. The settlers regarded it with much satisfaction, and not without reason, when it became their refuge and a stronghold that defied the savages. The ordinance of 1787, establishing the Northwestern Territory, forever prohibited slavery or involuntary servitude except for crime, within its limits; while that institution, which since has coSt the nation so much blood and treasure, had already grown to large proportions in the Southern States, and was through their influence freely admitted to the region south of the Ohio river. Of the numerous emigrants who, arriving at its head waters, descended the Ohio river, those from Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas sought homes in Kentucky, a slave territory; while those, by far the greater number, from the Middle and Eastern States, where slavery, though once recognized, never flourished, settled in the free territory northwest of the Ohio river. The latter were essentially different from the former, both in regard to their opinions on the subject of slavery and otherwise. While the former were principally hunters, skilled in woodcraft and the use of the jifle, having during their hves been accustomed to contend in portions of their semi-civiUzed native country with Indians and wild beasts, and were but little used to the restraints of law and management of civil affairs, the latter were for the most part men who had, prior to the Revolutionary war, followed the arts of peace and the pursuits of civil industry, were accustomed to submission to the laws which they had participated in enacting for their government, and support of the church and the school-house, which they considered essential to the welfare of the Commonwealth. From this cause wherever even a small number of them took up their residence, they at once established some form of local government for mutual protection and the maintenance of good order. As we have stated, the settiers at Marietta were shareholders in the property of a company organized in Massachusetts, but according to New England ideas they at once proceeded, as the articles of the company • 1 6 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 2 HE STATE OF OHIO. organization had provided, to establish regulations for their civil government. The town meeting was ignored for a more congenial form, with officers and courts to be established by Congress. General Arthur St. Clair, who, from his position as president of Congress, had, in 1788, been appointed by President Washington, the first governor of the Northwest Territory, arrived at Fort Pitt, subsequently Pittsburgh, about the ist of July, a month that was to be forever memorable among the settlers. On its second day occurred the first meeting of the officers of the Ohio company, nearly every one of whom bore some style of military title. At this meet- ing the prospective town itself was named Marietta (in honor of the then French queen, the unfortunate Marie Antoinette, who had taken a very favorable interest in the success of the Americans in the Revolution- ary war), and names were given to all its squares and streets. A few primary regulations /or the government of the setdement were written and posted on the trunk of a giant beech tree on the 4th of July, which day was celebrated with such manner of rejoicing as the people were enabled to provide. The morning was opened with a salute from Fort Harmar, across the Muskingum, and a general holiday enjoyed by settlers and soldiers. Within a "bowery" constructed of young trees, on the bank of the river, their tops being inter- laced to form a screen from the sun's rays, a sumptuous banquet was spread,, and General Varnum, one of the directors of the company, who had also just been appointed by Congress one of the judges of the territory, pronounced an oration, the prototype of many since dehvered on the anniversaries of the day. On the 9th, Governor St. Clair arrived at Fort Harmar, under escort of a detachment of troops, and was received with military honors becoming his rank. His arrival was hailed with great satisfaction, and arrangements were at once begun to inaugurate the new territorial government. Escorted by all the officers of the gpizison, he crossed on the 15th to the newly made town of Marietta, and was received by the principal men of it in the "bowery," and there, in presence of all the people, the ordinance of 1787, estabhshing the territory, and the commissions of the governor, secretary and judges, were read. Then General Putnam formally welcomed the governor to the seat of his government, and the welcome was repeated with cheers by the assembled peo- ple. Laws for the government of the territory, and the necessary means for their administration were then established — these laws, like those of New England, recognizing order, sobriety, decency, and a sacred observ- ance of the Lord's day. The settlement of the company's lands was conducted with system. They were carefully surveyed and laid off in townships and one hundred acre lots, and when, subsequently, these latter were under the terms of the patent donated to those settlers who came out under the auspices of the company, the conditions of the patent and the laws of the company were, by such settlers, strictly complied with. The settler was to release to the company any knd in his tract required for highways; to build a substantial house within five years; to plant not less than fifty apple trees and twenty peach trees within five years; to be constantly provided with a musket or rifle and ammunition for the same, and to be subject to perform militia duty when called upon by proclamation. They were to settle in companies of not less than twenty men on as many contiguous lots, so as to be able to defend themselves from hostile savages, and each settlement was to have a block-house, within which, in case of general attack, they all could assemble in safety. In short, the conditions upon which these lands were granted were of a character to secure the greatest benefit both to the settler and to the whole community. The settlers were generally industrious and of good character, these qualifications being inquired into before any land was donated them; and they worked energetically, building log dwellings, clearing their land and planting orchards. Though five years of Indian war seriously retarded their progress, proved dis- astrous to several settlements and destroyed a few, the more fortunate persevered, increased the extent of their arable land, and with it the quantity of their crops. Under the liberal policy of the Ohio Company many emi- grants were induced to come to Marietta -the settlements on the Muskingum river proving most attractive to those who ventured into the new territory. Besides that at Marietta other settlements on the lands of the company mcreased m importance - notably those at Waterford, Belpre and Big Bottom. The largest accession at one time to the population occurred in 1790. A number of persons, moved by the example of the Ohio Company, organized themselves into what they called the "Scioto Company," and of their agent a company of French emigrants, men, women and children, HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 17 numbering more than four hundred, had purchased land; but, as the Scioto Company had not completed its purchase of lands in the valley of the Scioto from Congress, these poor emigrants, who had expended all their money buying land which they could get no title to, were, after also paying the expenses of their emi- gration to where their lands should have been, in destitute circumstances. The Scioto Company, to secure so advantageous a lot of settlers, had agreed to build houses for and furnish a year's provisions to them, and otherwise provide for them until they could clear fields and grow crops for their own support; but that com- pany being, as it proved, totally unable to fulfill its contract, the emigrants besought the Ohio Company to assign them land, and, this being done, they soon erected a village on the bank of the Ohio river, in the more .southern part of the company's purchase, and named it Gallipolis. Most of these emigrants were artisans and trades-people from the capital of France, wholly unaccustomed to farm work; consequently life in the wilder- ness was more pleasing to read about than experience ; and, during the years of the Indian wars upon the settlers, they suffered much from privation rather than Indian attacks, for they were not at any time attacked after the Indians discovered they were French, but treated rather as friends. Some years later Congress, knowing how these French settlers had been defrauded, donated them a tract of 24,000 acres of land in what is now the southeastern part of Scioto county, fronting on the Ohio river, to which many of them re- moved, while others remained where they had first settled in what subsequently became Gallia county, and the descendants- of both have shown themselves to be peaceable and industrious citizens. The year 1790 proved a bad year for the crops, and the people suffered for food. The corn was blightc d for want of rain in the season of tasseling, the crop was scant and much of it not fit for feeding even to cattle. No wheat as yet had been planted in the territory. Good corn was held too high for the poorer people to purchase it; cattle and swine were yet too few to furnish meat, and the Indians, claiming all the game, had persistently hunted and driven away the deer, turkeys and bears for many miles distant from Marietta. By May, 1791, the scarcity of food had to be helped out with the early shoots of edible plants, and decoctions of the roots of palatable shrubs served for tea and coffee. But such deprivation fell very far short of that which, one himdred and seventy years before, was experienced by the earliest colonists at ' Plymouth and Jamestown. The harvest of 1791 was bountiful, and "the starving year," as the year previous was called, soon ceased to be remembered. In 1751 Christopher Gest, as agent for the EngHsh and Virginia company mentioned in the beginning of this sketch, explored the Great Miami river about a hundred miles from its mouth, and the year after built a trading station about where Piqua now stands, then in the midst of a Miami tribe called the Piankashaws. But the structure had only been completed when it was destroyed by the French, who at the time claimed the whole country west of the mountains ; and thus began and ended the "tenure of the Ohio Land Company of 1748. Between 1783 and 1785 the lands lying between the two Miami rivers were, by various ineffective treaties ceded to the whites, and among others whose attention was attracted to this territory was Benjamin Stites of Redstone, now Brownsville, Pennsylvania. He visited New York to purchase for himself and asso- ciates a tract of this land, and there proposed to John Cleve Symmes, a member of Congress from New Jersey, to join him, in the belief that such a connection would be advantageous. Mr. Symmes decided to see the country before perfecting the engagement, did so, and on his return joined Mr. Stites in the purchase of what was supposed to be about a million acres, lying between the Great and Little Miami rivers, but which a survey reduced to six hundred thousand. Of this purchase ten thousand acres below the mouth of the Little Miami were sold by Symmes to Stites, and in January, 1788, the whole of Section 18 in the fourth township, first range, and a fraction of Section 17, lying between it and the river, were sold to Mathias Denman, of New Jersey. These, with a fraction of Section 12, in the same range and township, composed the site of Cincinnati, as originally laid out. In the summer of 1788 Denman and his associates entered into an arrangement to lay out a town and establish a ferry opposite the mouth of the Licking river. As an inducement to settlers the proprietors agreed to give an in-lot. six rods by twelve, nearly half an acre, and an out-lot of an entire square, or four acres, to 1 8 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. each of the first settlers on condition that they would make certain improvements to promote the growth of the settlement. In September, 1788, John Cleves Symmes, Robert Patterson and John Filson — the acquaint- ance of the two latter having been made and they brought into the arrangement at Maysville, then called Limestone, Kentucky, and which was a settlement begun by the pioneer Simon Kenton — arrived on the site of their intended settlement. Here they separated, Symmes, Patterson arid Filson, with others of the party going to examine the country back from the river, while Denman, with Israel Ludlow, who was a surveyor, and three others, explored the north bank of the Ohio between the two Miami rivers and ascended the Great Miami about ten miles. After three days thus spent the two parties again met on the site of the future Cin- cinnati with Filson missing. He was never heard of afterwards, and it was believed that, separating himself a short distance from the others,- he had been killed by Indians, who were observed prowling within sight. The Denman party then returned to Maysville, where, in October, a new agreement was made, and in which agreement Ludlow took Filson's place. The former was also empowered to act for the others in laying out the settlement. The plat of the proposed town was made, and the square now bounded by Fourth and Fifth, arid Main and Walnut streets, was assigned to religious and municipal uses; while that which is now the Public Landing was set apart for that purpose, the proprietors reserving only a ferry right. Denman and Symmes then returned to New Jersey, and Patterson, going back soon after to his home in Kentucky, left, the new set- tlement in charge of Ludlow. Some three years afterward the interests of Denman and Patterson were pur- chased by two of the settlers — Joel Williams buying that of the former, and Samuel Freeman that of the latter; and Symmes having by that time returned to remain, all of the proprietors became actual residents of the settlement. About the first of January, 1789 — the exact date is in dispute, and is not important — Israel Ludlow, with about twenty settlers, landed and commenced operations. They had left Limestone (Maysville) on the 24th of December, but as the river was full of floating ice their progress had been slow. Their first business was to erect three or four log cabins to shelter the party, the very first of these being erected on Front street, east of Main. Then the surveying began. The lower table land was covered with sycamore and sugar (maple) trees, and the second table land with beech and oak. The survey extended from what the surveyors had named Eastern Row (subsequentiy Broadway) to Western Row (subsequently Central Avenue), and from the river north to Northern Row (Seventh street). The streets and squares within these bounds were laid out by blazing those trees of large size which stood nearest the corners of such squares. The timber grew thickly and the first clearing was made on the lower table land, betwe'en Walnut street and Broadway. An abundant supply of game and fish furnished fresh provisions. The Indians, though unfriendly at heart, as at Marietta, committed no act of hostility. In June, 1789, Major Doughty, who had built Fort Harmar, arrived with one hundred and fifty men from that place and built four block houses, to form a quadrangle within a lot of fifteen acres reserved by the United States, immediately on the line of Third street, between Broadway and Lawrence streets. With these for a beginning he then constructed what was subsequently known as Fort Washington, built in the center of the space formed by the block-houses. This was a fort of squared timber, built in the form of a square each side being nearly two hundred feet long, and the whole structure, forming barracks two stories high, con- nected with the block-houses first erected by a high and strong close fence made of stout logs deeply set in the ground. At the center of the South or front side of the fort was the principal gateway, opening from a passage through this line of the barracks, twelve feet wide and ten feet high, and secured by strong wooden doors. Extending along the whole length of the South front was a spacious esplanade about eighty feet wide, and enclosed with a handsome paling erected on the brow of the first table land, from which the descent to the lower land was about thirty feet. The exterior of all the buildings being well whitewashed, the effect from a short distance indicated strength and durability. The works being completed on the 29th of November General Harmar with three hundred men arrived and took possession. Meanwhile several log houses for the settlers and one frame house had been built, and some of the out- HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 19 lots north of Seventh street cleared. The legal title to the ground or site of the prospective town being vested in John Cleves Symmes, the patentee, all the deeds for both in- and out-lots were made in his name. In January, 1790, Governor St. Clair removed his residence from Fort Harmar to Fort Washington, and pro- ceeded to organize the county which, agreeably with the suggestion of Mr. Symmes, was, in honor of the then Secretary of the Treasury, named Hamilton. Known as the Miami country, it included all the territory west of the Scioto river. The name Losantiville, which the first settlers had given to the settlement, was by Governor St. Clair changed to Cincinnati, in honor of that military fraternity organized by and among the commissioned officers of the American army May 13th, 1783, and called the "Society of the Cincinnati." This society was named in veneration for the character of the Roman consul and dictator, Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus, its members, following his example, having resolved to return, after the war ended, to their citizen- ship and its peaceful pursuits. ' " At the organization of the local government the first president, Judge William Goforth, had for his associates William Wells and William M. Miller. John S. Gano was appointed clerk of the court, and John Brown sheriff. During the year 1790 the population increased to about fifty families, and two frame houses were built. The next year the population increased but little, as nearly all the able-bodied men were enlisted in the army, and many of them had been killed by the Indians. In 1792 was established the first common school, and in 1793, the small-pox having broken out among the soldiers in the fort, this disease spread through the town with such malignity that nearly one-third of the citizens and soldiers died. In 1794, after the defeat of the Indians by General Wayne, emigrants began to arrive, so that in June, 1795, a census gave five hundred inhabitants. The first territorial legislature incorporated the town in 1802, and vested its government in a president, recorder, assessor, collector, and marshal, with seven trustees. At this time the population was about eight hundred. The British government, contrary to the terms of the treaty of 1783, still held Detroit and the other posts they had during the war; and British traders there, jealous of the settlements made and thrift displayed by the hardy settlers who were gathering in communities north of the Ohio, eagerly incited the savages to make war on these settlements. Thus was fostered that Indian discontent which prevented the attempts made by Gover- nor St. Clair in 1790 to pacify the savages being successful. From the time of the arrival of the settlers at Marietta, the necessity for a treaty with the savages had been contemplated by General Putnam. While mani- festing friendship toward those who arrived in 1788, and expressing their satisfaction that they had come to the Muskingum, the Indians shortly afterward gave unmistakable evidence that they would have to be conciliated and bound by treaty. For this purpose a large number of them assembled at Fort Harmar in December, 1789, were received with military honors, and a large log house that stood outside the fort assigned to them as their quarters. Those who represented the Six Nations, resident in the then wilderness part of the State of New York, were very willing to enter into treaty regulations, but the more western tribes, foreseeing continuous encroachment on their hunting grounds by the white settlers, were utterly opposed to relinquishing any of the territory which, as we have mentioned, was in 1783 ceded by Virginia to the general government. At last, however, a treaty was patched up that shortly afterward was repudiated by the Indians, as the work of their young men, and who, they said, were not authorized to make it. While at Fort Harmar, they had repeatedly crossed the Marietta, and were received so kindly that they at once determined the white men there differed greatly in disposition from the "Long Knives," as they designated the pioneers from Virginia who had settled in Kentucky, and consequently, during the war that followed, they were much less fierce toward the Ohio company's settlers than toward the "Long Knives." The conclusion of the treaty, such as it was, in Decem- ber, encouraged the settlers to believe that the Indians would then cease to be hostile, but in a year they learned that, Hke all weak and uncivihzed people, the Indians were treacherous as they were cruel. Their first hostile acts were displayed against the surveyors. The operation of surveying was by the Indians regarded with especial aversion, as by it they recognized they were about to be shut out from the freedom of their hunting grounds. The surveyors were suddenly attacked and several killed. Other acts of hostility made it evident that the western tribes were highly excited. Under the lead of a chief named "Little 2 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. Turtle," a number of tribes combined to make war on the whites in defence of their hunting grounds, and which they denied having ever conveyed away out of their possession to the United States or to any other Gov- ernment. In September, 1790, more than a thousand regulars and volunteers were led by General Harmar from Fort Washington into the Indian country around the head waters of the Maumee, a river that, funning northeast, empties into Lake Erie, and which has been called the " Miami of the Lake." But, instead of victory, defeat in two fights was the fortune of this large force, near the present town of Fort Wayne, Indiana; and with the remnant of his command, General Harmar returned to Cincinnati. In May, 1791, General Scott, of Kentucky, with eight hundred men penetrated the Wabash country and destroyed several lydian villages near the present town of Lafayette, Indiana; and in the following August, General Wilkinson, with a force of five hundred men, destroyed scSffie Kickapoo villages, and passed down to the Falls of the Ohio. But instead of being humbled or intimidated by these operations, the Indian tribes were only urged the more to combine for reciprocal aggression. Congress, finding that more powerful measures had to be adopted, in 1791, ordered a force of nearly two thousand men to report for duty at Fort Washington, under the immediate command of General Butler, and general direction of Governor St. Clair, for the purpose of constructing a succession of fortified posts in the heart of the Indian country. Proceeding twenty five miles north of Cincinnati they erected Fort Hamilton, on the Great Miami; and forty miles further they built Fort Jefferson. This completed, they had proceeded north but one day's march and encamped for the night, when the Indians, having gathered in great force, attacked the camp on the morning of the 4th of November, 1791, at sunrise, and the troops being thus surprised, were slaughtered by the savages. General Butler and many of his officers were killed, and the whole of the force not killed or seriously wounded fled in confusion. Governor St. Clair, who was afflicted with gout, having when too late taken a prominent part in commanding the troops, had two horses shot under him, and eventually escape4 on a pack-horse. His adjutant-general, Winthop Sargent, who was also his secretary, that evening entered in his daily journal these words: "The troops have all been defeated; and though at this time it is impossible to ascertain our loss, yet there is no manner of doubt that more than half the army are either killed or wounded." This event caused great indignation throughout the country. President Washington, whose last words to St. Clair were, "Beware of a surprise," lost his usual strong control of his emotions, when he heard of the action, and paced the floor in a rage. "It was alwful," Mr. Lear, his private secretary wrote, "More than once he threw up his hands, as he hurled imprecations on St. Clair. 'O God!' he at length exclaimed, 'he is worse than a murderer! How can he answer to his country? The blood of the slain is upon him— the curses of widows and orphans— the curse of Heaven!' But his wrath soon subsided. 'This,' turning to me, he said, 'must not go beyond this room;' and then, as if talking to himself, he said: 'St. Clair shall have justice. I will hear him without prejudice. He shall have full justice.'" And when, several days afterward, the veteran general, bowed with infirmities and the burden of public obloquy, sought the presence of his old commander, Washington extended his hand graciously to receive him. " Poor old St. Clair," said Custis who was present, "hobbled towards his chief and, seizing the proferred hand in both his owii, gave vent 'to his feelings in copious sobs and tears." Fortunately the Indians did not follow up the advantage they had gained, and for a short time hostilities were suspended to give opportunity for commissioners to treat with the savages. But these negotiations were fruitless. With the short sight of ignorant savages, the Indians, emboldened by their success, believed them- selves masters of the situation, and would submit to no terms but immediate withdrawal of both troops and settlers from their country. General Anthony Wayne, whose bold operations during the Revolutionary war caused him to be called "Mad Anthony Wayne," was, instead of St. Clair, who still was retained as governor of the territory, given -exclusive command of the troops; and he, surmising that the failure of the commissioners would be followed by an immediate attack upon the settlements, marched with a competent ' force, in the autumn of 1793, mto the Indian country, the scene of St. Clair's defeat, to continue the work of fortifying which the latter had begun. At Greenville, in Darke county, a few miles south of the battle-field where the surprise and defeat took place, he spent the winter, and built a stockade to which he gave the significant name HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 21 of Fort Recovery. When summer came, with his forces he marched toward the Maumee river, and at its junction with the Auglaize river he buiU Fort Deiiance. As an intermediate post, at what is at present St. Mary's, in Auglaize county, he erected Fort Adams, and, in August, he passed down the Maumee river, with about three thousand men, and encamped near a British military post at the foot of the Maumee Rapids, called Fort Miami. Here, with ample force to fight the Indians and their British supporters, Wayne offered the former peace if they were so disposed. But they refused angrily, while craftily seeking to gain time to increase their forces. "Stay where you are ten days," they said, "and we will then treat with you." Wayne divined their object, and, instead of staying there, at once advanced to an open space at the head of the Maumee Rapids, called the "Fallen Timbers," a few miles above the present Maumee city, and there attacking the savages in force, August loth, 1794, completely defeated them. An inspection of the battle-field on the day after the fight, revealed the treachery of the British commander at Detroit. Notwithstanding the treaty of 1783, by the side of every dead Indian could be seen a British musket and bayonet. General Wayne followed up his victory by laying waste the country, and by the middle of September he moved up the Miami to the site of the pres- ent city of Fort Wayne, and there built a fort that he named after himself, and which gave its name to that city. This work completed, he marched with his army back to, and went into winter quarters at, Greenville. His defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers was so complete, that the next summer they proposed to treat for peace, and on the 3d of August, 1795, ^^ representatives of twelve tribes met the commissioners of the United States at Greenville, and there the latter formulated, and with the former, ratified a treaty of peace, by which were ceded to the United States government about twenty-five thousand square miles of territory, and which at present includes the States of Ohio, all of Indiana and Michigan, exclusive of the Upper Peninsula, besides sixteen separate tracts, including land and forts. As compensation, the Indians received from the United States government, goods valued at $20,000 as presents, and were promised an annual allowance of $10,000, to be equally distributed among the tribes who were parties to the treaty; and we may here remark that subsequently, as long as these tribes existed, this sum, or their proportion of it, was duly paid the Chip- pewas, Ottawas, Pottawattamies, Wyandots, Delawares, Miamis, and Kickapoos, Shawnees and Senecas, Sankees and Kaskaskias, who then occupied the ceded lands. These arrangements being completed. General Wayne addressed the assembly in touching terms, and the treaty of Greenville was perfected. Following, and as one of the consequences of this treaty, a special treaty was made by the United States with Great Britain, under which the latter power directed the evacuation of all its western military posts, including Detroit. This action, coupled with the treaty of Greenville, removed all cause for offense, until that occurred which occasioned the war of 1812-15, and the country northwest of the Ohio rapidly filled up with a hardy and industrious population. In 1796, nearly a thousand flat-boats, laden with people and their goods, were counted as having passed the town of Marietta. They came from all parts of the Eastern and Middle, and from the Southern States, as far south as North Carolina, those from the latter going chiefly to the country south of the Ohio river, while those from the former, by far the largest number, went to the country north of that river, which by the ordinance of 1787 had been secured against slavery. This immigration was encouraged by Congress offering special induce- ments to offic.TS and soldiers to setde upon land in the Northwestern Territory, and Cincinnati soon became a convenient stopping place for the immigrants to tarry while selecting their homes in the southern part of the State. Traders and artisans found it also a promising place for business, and farmers were glad to secure lands in the neighborhood. Thus the village grew from a straggling hamlet to a town that has eventually become the Queen City of the West. The Ohio company, in laying out their land, had wisely reserved a certain portion for the benefit of edu- cation, and this plan was subsequently followed by the United States government in all the surveys of the Northwest, as the country was opened for settlement under the treaty of Greenville. As immigrants arrived at Marietta, General Putnam directed their attention to the purchase of land in the two townships, watered by the Hocking river, that had been set apart to establish a college, and in 1797, a company of immigrants settled in one of these townships, and gave their settlement the classic name of Athens. Thus it was that the 22 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. settlements at Marietta, Athens, and in the Miami country, by which name the land lying between the two Miami rivers was designated, were the pioneer settlements of the territory; but, the Indians being no longer feared, immigrants in large companies and single families began to arrive and take up their abodes wherever, in the wilderness, communication might be had with each other by means of water-courses. Enterprising young men left their eastern and northern homes, bought lands from some one of the different land companies which, under the then very unwise Congress land laws, had purchased most of the more attractive portions of the territory, industriously cleared and planted their fields and built their log houses, and then went back home for the young women whom they had selected as their helpmates. Men of middle age who had been un- fortunate in business sought, with their famihes^ homes on these cheap and fertile lands 'again to begin life, with the prospect, eventually obtained by many of them of, if not during their own lives winning those comforts they once had enjoyed, their children being at least provided for. Friends and neighbors came in companies from the barren hills of New England, and settling where they could aid each other, established the beginning of many a thriving village along the Ohio and its tributaries. In most of these settlements soon appeared the school-house and the church, at first but humble edifices, but which became enlarged and beautified with the village growth and prosperity. The settlement of Ohio, after the treaty of Greenville, was indeed wonderfully rapid, when we consider the then population of the United States, and the long and painful journey the im- migrants had to make. It was the first free land opened to settlement, and by a census, taken in 1798, was entitled to a territorial government of the second class. One of the first public acts of Governor St. Clair, after his introduction to the people of Marietta, in 1789, was to proclaim the establishment and boundaries of Washington county, the latter being defined as follows, to-wit : ' ' Beginning on the bank of the Ohio river where the western boundary line of Pennsylvania crosses it, and running with that line to Lake Erie; thence along the southern shore of said lake to the mouth of Cuyahoga river; thence up said river to the portage between it and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum . thence down that branch to the forks, at the crossing place above Fort Laurens; thence with a line to be drawn westwardly to the portage of that' branch of the Big Miami on which the fort stood that was taken and destroyed by the French, in 1752, until it meets the road from the lower Shawneesetown to the Sandusky; thence south to the Scioto river, down that to its mouth, and thence up the Ohio river to the place of begin- ning." With its boundaries thus defined, Washington county contained nearly one-half of the present State. The next county of which the boundaries were in like manner defined was Hamilton, January 2d, 1790" After that, the impropriety of simply proclaiming the boundaries of counties, instead of surveying them became so apparent, and the impossibility of surveying them, not to speak of the uselessness of attempting to do so in the face of hostile Indians, was so self-evident, that not until 1797 were there any more counties named In that, however, and the four succeeding years, Adams, Jefferson, Ross, Trumbull (comprising all of the Western Reserve), Clermont, Fairfield, and Belmont counties were surveyed, and these nine counties were all that had been named or their boundaries defined when, in 1803, Ohio became a State By a provision of the ordinance of 1787, it was arranged that as soon as the population of the territory amounted to five thousand white males, the second grade of territorial government should be organized This conditron havmg, by the census of .798, been proven. Governor St. Clair proclaimed an election, to take place oTasse bl H 7 . '" "' '''' '"^' ^^ "'"'^ '^'^'^ -presentatives to serve as a territorial house of a sembly, and the e ection accordmgly took place. In those days the people n,.ade few mistakes in choos- mg their best men, and hence it was that among those elected were to be found the very best the several he Un ted St at f ""kT '^'"" °' ^'°" "^° '^^^"^ ^^^^ ''^^ ^^--^^^^ to the President of n se^s n abt ; '"t ' ''^""^' '"' '^"" "^' °" *^ ^^* °^ '^^ f°"°-"g ^^P^-^er, to continue uen 1 Tu : '''""' ^'''''' ' -P--'^'^^-^ °f Ross county, and the first governor subse- quent y elected by te people of the Stated was chosen speaker; and Captain William H. Harrison, who had thetst'der "^^"r^^^^"^' ^" *^ ^^"^^ ^' ^^"- Timbers, as a lieutenant, in August, X794, was elected the first delegate to Congress. Forty-one years afterward he was elected President of the United States. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 23 This selection of the delegate to which the territory was entitled in Congress proved highly advantageous to the more immediate settlement of the State. On the promotion of Winthrop Sargent to be governor of the territory of Mississippi, Captain Harrison had been appointed Heutenant-governor and secretary of the North- western territory, General St. Clair being continued as governor. This gave Captain Harrison opportunity to observe the bad working of the laws then extant regulating the sale of the public lands. These laws had been passed with the intention of favoring the setriement by companies of the officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary army. Hence the land was ordered to be surveyed in townships of 16,000 acres each and then divided by sur- vey into four parts of 4,000 acres each, and less than the latter area could not be purchased at government prices. The settlers being usually men of small means, the purchase of so great a body of land as that which would cost them $4,250 was beyond their ability, and this fact caused the formation of companies, who purchased at gov- ernment prices extensive tracts, and held the same for future sale at such prices as they pleased to charge for it. About the first business Captain Harrison engaged in, on taking his seat in Congress, was to offer a bill to repeal this law; and though strenuously opposed by the men of capital who had intended to profit by it, he succeeded in obtaining such a modification of the law as caused those large tracts of land yet owned by the government to be surveyed into alternate sections of 640, and half sections of 320 acres each, and thus allow men of small means to purchase their farms at government prices. Subsequently the great advantages of this arrangement becoming apparent, the public lands were divided into quarters, eighths, and sixteenths of sections, comprising, respectively 160, 80, and 40 acres, and bounty land warrants, granted for service in the wars, were prepared to correspond. * By a provision of the ordinance of 1787, the northwestern territory might be divided into not less than three nor more than five States, and the boundaries were therein given. When any division should have 60,000 inhabitants, it might form a State constitution. In the session of Congress for the year 1800, the whole territory was divided into two parts. The eastern portion, that still retained the name of Northwestern Terri- tory, embraced the region now included in the States of Ohio and Michigan, containing eighty thousand square miles. The western part, called the Indiana Territory, comprised all the country west of a line running due north from the mouth of the Great Miami river to intersect a line run due west from Sandusky, and westward of the first line of the Mississippi river. The census of the year 1800 showed a population of 42,000 in the eastern portion, and, after the adjournment of the legislature, in January, 1802, another census, giving 45,028, an effort was made to have Ohio admitted into the Union. Washington county strenuously opposed this effort. As early as June, 1801, a convention called for that purpose, met at Marietta and gave expression to the following: "That in our opinion it would be highly impolitic and very injurious to the in- habitants of this territory to enter into a State government at this time." In December of the same year the territorial legislature requested Congress to change the western boundary of the eastern division from the Great Miami river to the Scioto. Such a change was proposed in the interest of those unfavorable to the formation of a State government ; but Congress having favored such a change, refused to alter the boundary. Governor St. Clair had become, since his defeat by the Indians, very unpopular. His assumptions of dictatorial power were offensive. Thomas Worthington, afterward governor of Ohio, and then a representa- tive from Ross county in the territorial legislature, held him in great aversion. In a letter to colonel R. J. Meigs, he spoke of the governor as "Arthur the First," as an aristocrat, a tyrant that should be curbed; but he did not regard the change from territorial to State government as in itself desirable. He said: "I am by no means an advocate for a State government if we can by any means have tolerable harmony under the present; but, although there are many reasons against going into a State government, no situation can be more disagreeable than the past has been and the present is." This sentiment was not generally entertained. General Darlington, a member of the territorial legislature from Adams county, in a letter to Mr. Fearing, also a member from Washington county, in March, 1802, remarked that the people of his county (Adams) were unanimous for admission into "the Union, "and congratulate themselves on the prospect of having it soon in their power to shake off the ■ iron fetters of aristocracy, and, in the downfall of the tory party in this territory, hope for the day when they shall be free from the control of an arbitrary chief." On the other 24 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. hand, Judge Woodbridge had, in letters written to Mr. Fearing a few weeks previously, mentioned the " foolish talk about aristocrats and tories," and expressed his opinion that "scarcely a citizen of this county would wish to come into a State government." Mr. Oilman, of Marietta, regarded the change as only favored by those who wished the good will of the administration. Hon. Solomon Sibley, who had been returned from Wash- ington county to the first territorial legislature, then a resident of Marietta, but in 1802, writing from Detroit to Judge Jacob Burnet, one of the most prominent members of "the territorial government, and an earnest op- ponent of the proposed change to a State government, said: "I did expect that Congress would not readily have interfered in the petty political squabbles of the territory." From these short citations it may be believed that the proposition to form a State government was by its advocates and opponents sufficiently discussed when, April 30th, 1802, an act of Congress was passed authorizing the call of a convention to form a constitution. The delegates were elected October 12th, and the convention met November ist, at Chillicothe, the county seat of Ross county, and which subsequently became the first seat of the State government. In population it then ranked third. By November 20th, 1802, the State constitution was adopted and signed by the thirty- four members of the convention. It was not submitted to the people, as the proposition to submit it was lost by a vote of 27 to 7. Those who voted in favor of submission were four of the delegates from Washington, two of those from Jefferson, and one from Hamilton counties. The convention adjourned November 29th, and copies of the constitution were forwarded to Congress by Edward Tiffin, president of the convention, whose letter therewith is dated " Chillicothe, N. W. Territory, De- cember 4th, 1802." January 7th, 1803, the senate appointed a committee to "inquire whether any, and, if any, what legislative measures may be necessary for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, and extend- ing to that State the laws of the United States." This committee reported, twelve days afterward, " that the constitution and State government were republican and conformed to the requirements of the ordinance of 1787, and that it was necessary to establish a district court within the State to carry into effect the laws of the United States." A bill to meet the requirements of the report of the committee passed the Senate Feb- ruary 7th, the House February 12th, and was approved by the President February 19th, 1803, from which may properly be dated the admission of Ohio into the Union. The constitution provided that an election for governor, members of the assembly, sheriffs, and coroners should take place on the second Tuesday of January, 1803, and the Legislature should, meet on the first Tuesday of the following March. The elections having taken place accordingly, Edward Tiffin, who had been presi- dent of the constitutional convention, was elected the first governor, and, the Legislature having convened March ist, on the 3d of March, 1803, he was inaugurated the first governor elected by the people of Ohio. His opponent. Governor St. Clair, polled but a very small jote, that fairly indicated his unpopularity. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 25 SECOND PERIOD-1803 TO 1840. S^5~7gr7^^ITH the Constitution of the United States, that of Ohio conferred the elective franchise on i^^kmlihMn^ every white male resident of the State, twenty-one years old. It otherwise made the usual iS^^^^^m^ distribution of State power in three departments — executive, legislative and judicial. The ^^^^^'Sry governor, elected for two years, could be reelected continuously to serve for three terms, and •^^^^M^tajr"^ ^^^^^ being out of office for the period of one term, would again be eligible. This privilege, ■S^^^^^K^^s however, has not been known to have ever been exercised to the full extent of its limits. The :|^H^^^^^|^s arbitrary conduct of Governor St. Clair was so generally recognized by the delegates that, in =^^^^^^^^p the preparation of a constitution, they resolved to divest the office of governor of all privi- leges which by their exercise might to the slightest extent prove unsatisfactory to the people. The veto power was removed, and while making it the governor's duty to communicate such information to the Legislature and recommend such measures as he might think expedient; on extraordinary occasions to convene the Legislature, and, in case of disagreement between the two houses as to the time of adjournment, adjourn them, with the business of legislation he should have nothing to do. As commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the State he could control the arming and equipment of the same; except in cases of impeachment he might grant reprieves and pardons, and he could fill vacancies in State offices which occurred during the recess between two sessions of the Legislature, by granting commissions which should expire at the close of the next occurring session; but beyond the exercise of these privileges, he was rendered powerless. The legislative power was committed to a General Assembly, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate was to have not less than one-third nor more than one-half of the members allowed to the House. While the members of the latter were to be not less than seventy-two nor more than seventy-six in number, and be chosen annually, and apportioned among the several counties, according to the legal voters in the same, the members of the former were chosen biennially. No judge or clerk of any court, or member of Congress, or person holding office under the United States, or any lucrative office, except in the militia, or as justice of the peace, under the State could be a member of the Legislature. Bribery rendered the person elected by its aid inehgible for that office for two years. The qualifications for mem- bers were, that they should be United States citizens, free from the disquahfications mentioned, inhabitants of the State, and resident within the district from which they might be chosen, and tax-payers ; also representa- tives to be not less than twenty-five years, and senators not less than thirty years of age. No property quali- fication was necessary. Property, as such, the Legislature did not represent, nor regard in the distribution of political power. By joint ballot the Legislature appointed judges and State officers, civil and military, and fixed their salaries and compensation. Each house might choose its own officers, establish rules for its proceedings, punish its members for misbehavior, expel the same if a two-third vote concurred, and punish contempts com- mitted against its dignity by persons not members. Bills could originate in either house, subject to alteration, amendment, or rejection by the other. The power to impose taxes to raise a revenue, though not expressly recognized by the constitution, could be exercised as a power necessarily implied. Each house was to sit with open doors, unless secret session was necessary, such necessity to be decided by a two-thirds vote. The gov- 26 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. ernor and all other civil officers were, for misdemeanors in office, liable to impeachment by the House of Rep- resentatives, and triable by the Senate, sitting as a high court for that purpose, but no conviction could ensue unless by a two-thirds vote of the Senators sitting as such court. No punishment beyond removal from or dis- qualification for office could follow conviction, but, whether acquitted or convicted, the person was subsequently liable to indictment and triable, with judgment and punishment according to law. No money could be drawn from the treasury except by legislative appropriation, and an accurate account of receipts and expenditures should be annually published with the laws. The judicial power was vested in a supreme court, courts of common pleas, in justices of the peace, and any other manner of courts the Legislature might establish and prescribe. The supreme court consisted of four judges, and by all, or by any two of them, a court should be held once a year in each county. Each common pleas court should consist of a president and associate judges. The State was divided into circuits, the number of which might be increased with the increase of the population. For each circuit one president judge, and for each county not less than two nor more than three associate judges should be appointed. Each of these circuit courts had original and appellate jurisdiction "in common law, chancery, and criminal cases." The court of common pleas had "jurisdiction of all probate and testamentary matters, granting administration, and the appointment of guardians." All the judges should be appointed for the term of seven years, and, ex- cept the associates, were compensated with salaries. Tliey were forbidden to hold any other office of profit or trust, or receive fee or perquisite for the performance of their duties. Each court could appoint its own clerk. The justices of the peace were elected by the townships, one to each, to serve three years. Sheriffs and coroners to be elected biennially, but no election of the same person to the former office for a third term was permitted. Officers of towns and other township officers to be chosen annually, and the Legislature authorized to designate the manner of fiUing all pubhc offices, not specially mentioned in the constitution. In addition to these matters of power, the great doctrines established by the ordinance of 1787 were, in a more solemn manner, stated and confirmed. The people were recognized as the original source of power, with the right of the citizen under the requirement of law, to speak, write, or print as he might think proper, and making him liable for the abuse of that right. All prisoners should be humanely treated, granted a speedy and impartial trial, and punished proportionately to the nature of the offence committed. Imprison- ment should be restricted to certain conditions, involving fraudulent intent. Poll taxes should be prohibited and the Legislature denied the liberty of granting any hereditary privileges. Finally, it provided for the in- corporation of associations to be regularly formed within the State, on application to the Legislature for that purpose by private bill; and that amendment or revision of the State constitution should only be had by a con- vention to be elected whenever a majority of the people, on the recommendation of two-thirds of the General Assembly, might vote for the same. To this constitution was affixed a schedule, providing that the territorial laws should remain in force until repealed by the Legislature of the State; the first election was to be held in January, and the first General Assembly required to convene at Chillicothe on the first Tuesday of March, 1803. Having thus given the points of this constitution, a review of it will show that the Legislature was made the principal embodiment of authority -both of the other departments being subject to it; and thus was recog- nized the people as the fundamental source of all power-both branches of the Legislature being elected by them. The total absence of property qualification left the poorest, equally with the richest, the privilege of election to any office in the State for which in the opinion of the electors he might be qualified by education; but notwithstanding that freedom was guaranteed to every human being within the State, that regard for the rights of property m slaves, recognized fey the second section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the United States, denied the elective franchise to all but white men. On the assembling of the Legislature, March ist, 1803, Nathaniel Massie was elected speaker of the Senate, and Michael Baldwin speaker of the House of Representatives. Laws were passed to organize the State courts and abolish those of the territory. The tax laws were modified. Judges for the diiferent courts, and a secre- tary, auditor, and treasurer of the State were appointed, and the latter charged with the business of receiving HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 27 from the United States Treasury three per cent, of the proceeds of the pubUc lands within the State (all of such lands remaining the possession of the general government), as agreed upon. Two United States Senators were elected, and the manner determined of electing the one member of Congress, to which the State by population was entitled. After the passage of a few other laws, the first session of the Legislature of the State of Ohio adjourned. December 5th, 1803, the second General Assembly convened at Chillicothe, with Nathaniel Massie speaker of the Senate, and Elias Langham speaker of the House, and during the session twenty-nine laws were enacted. All the territorial laws governing the militia were repealed and replaced by State laws. Laws were enacted for the incorporation of townships and election of county commissioners; to divide the State into counties, with no new county to have less area than four hundred square miles; to enable ahens to hold lands within the State and enjoy the same proprietary rights as citizens of the United States ; to appropriate the three per cent, fund receivable from the United States treasury to the construction of roads, the same to be divided into small sums and applied under the direction of road commissioners in different parts of the State; and to simplify and im- prove the manner of raising a State revenue. The land being the principal source of revenue, the burden of the tax was chiefly borne by non-residents, who had no property but land in the State. The tax-collectors were required to pay two-thirds of their collections into the State treasury, and one-third into their respective county treasuries; while county commissioners and township trustees were also authorized to assess taxes for certain purposes within their respective limits ; and the authority and duty of justices and constables were defined. •But, with all the effort to change the territorial to State laws, many of the former yet remained in force, and, at the third session of the General Assembly, a strenuous effort having been made to revise the whole system, the result was a very complete code of statute law. The first difficulty affecting the constitution of the United States occurred in 1805, and slavery was the cause of it. Massachusetts proposed, as an amendment, that representation in Congress should be apportioned among the States in the ratio of their free population, and submitted this proposition of her "General Court" or Legislature, for the consideration and action of the legislatures of the various States. Ohio disapproved, on the ground that the constitution of the United States was the result of compromise, and interference with its provisions by any of the States would be productive of discord. In the same year, another proposed amend- ment originated with the Legislature of Kentucky, proposing to take from the Supreme Court of the United States such part of its jurisdiction as related to controversies between citizens of different States, and between a State and its citizens, and foreign States and their citizens. Ohio refused to concur, on the ground that so much of the constitution as secured to citizens of different States adjudication of claims before an impartial tribunal and free from the influence of any particular State, was one of its most important provisions; while the report added the expression of the fear that "frequent alterations might tend to unsetde the great princi- ples upon which the constitution itself was founded." A third proposed amendment came before the Legis- lature of Ohio from that of North Carolina, requiring that the power to interdict the importation of slaves should be vested in Congress immediately. To this, Ohio answered that, although concurring in sentiment with North Carolina as to slavery and the slave trade, she refused to assent to this proposed amendment, on the ground that, by the constitution of the United States, a time was fixed when Congress alone should have this power, and until that time arrived nothing should be done, and when it arrived nothing need be done. In 1805, the Indian claim to the Western Reserve and "Fire Lands," so called, was by special treaty re- leased, and secured to the State of Connecticut. These "Fire Lands," amounting to 500,000 acres, had been by act of her Legislature donated by Connecticut to certain sufferers by the invasion of Connecticut by the British troops in the Revolutionary war, particularly persons then resident at New London, on the Thames river, at Fairfield and at Norwalk. These lands included the five westernmost ranges of the Western Reserve townships. Lake Erie, with its more southern indentation of Sandusky Bay, projected so far southwardly as to leave the space of but six tiers of townships and some fractions of land above the 41st parallel of latitude, or a tract thirty miles from east to west, and twenty-seven miles from south to north. This land was, after its release from Indian possession, surveyed into townships of about twenty-five square miles, each of which were 28 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. divided into four parts, and, for individual convenience of purchase, subdivided into farm tracts of from fifty to five hundred acres, as the purchaser desired. In 1803, Napoleon Buonaparte, as First Consul, sold to the United States the territory called Louisiana, and which, by a secret treaty, France had but a short time previously obtained from Spain. The price paid by the United States for this immense territory, bounded on the east by the Mississippi river from its sources to its mouth, was $15,000,000, and when the bargain was completed, Buonaparte is reported to have said: "This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States; arid I have just given to England a maritime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." As Spain was highly indignant at the result of the negotiation, and which grew out of the governor of Louisiana in 1802 closing the port of New Orleans against United States shipping, it was believed that the inhabitants of Louisiana, being principally French and Spanish, would not submit to American rule. Spain, in defiance of the purchase from France, and the right of the latter power to sell, maintained her right to possession of New Orleans and all the country east of the lower Mississippi, but at length peaceably transferred such possession, as well as her claim to the territory which sub- sequently became the. State of Florida. These events had greatly agitated the public mind, and one ambitious adventurer resolved to take advantage of them. Aaron Burr had been placed on the Presidential ticket in 1800, and elected as Vice-President with President Jefferson. In 1804, he had in a duel shot Alexander Hamilton, and in consequence became an outcast from the society he had moved in. Hence, being but tolerated by his political party, he was not renominated with President Jefferson, and, smarting under the stings of this and other public neglect, he was ready to hatch any plot that promised sufficient satisfaction to his ambition. Learning that a rich Irish gentleman had purchased an island in the Ohio river and was living there, he resolved to ap- proach him on his way to New Orleans; and, giving evasive and deceptive reasons to his friends in the East for his journey, proceeded to Wheeling, and from there he embarked in an open boat, rowed by one man, for Blennerhassett Island, about sixty miles below. Having arrived, he introduced himself to the proprietor and spent several days with his host and hostess, who, it would seem, in a very credulous manner entered heartily into his plans. From there he proceeded by the rivers to Nashville, where he spent some time with General Jackson, who had arranged for him there a public reception, and thence he went to New Orleans, where he gained the good-will of General Wilkinson, the commandant there of United States troops. By the sea he re- turned home to the East. A second trip West was made, and this time he made Blennerhassett Island the seat of bis operations for the rendezvous of a flotilla to carry the men whom he had enlisted in his project to the lower country. The government having been advised of these proceedings, took the alarm, and in December, 1806, communicated with Governor Tiffin, who presented the matter to the Legislature then in session, and an act was at once passed authorizing the arrest of persons engaged in unlawful enterprises, and the seizure of their goods. Under this act, the island was occupied by a force sufficient to execute the law, and ten large keel boats, with a considerable quantity of arms, ammunition, and provisions belonging tp Burr's expedition were seized. Mr. Blennerhassett escaped with Burr down the rivers and reached New Orleans in safety. His property was destroyed in the most wanton manner by the militia, and his wife and family subsequently reached Natchez, refugees from their luxurious home. Burr was arrested in February, 1807, near Fort Stoddart, in Alabama, by Lieutenant (afterward Major-General) E. P. Gaines. He was taken to Richmond, and there tried for treason, but as the evidence was insufficient to prove th^t his design was a disseverance of the Union, rather than an invasion of and attempt to set up a foreign government in Mexico, he was acquitted. The story of his principal victim, Harmon Blennerhassett will be found in our biographical sketch of that gentle- man elsewhere in this work. This was the only extraordinary event that occurred during the administration of Governor Tiffin. Nothing marked the course of the next two years except the impeachment of three judges of the third circuit court of common pleas. In the biographical sketches of Governor Huntington and Judge Calvin Pease, we have alluded to this matter, as to its issue. The particulars of the offence, however, are here worthy of mention. Ihe charges, under the articles of impeachment reported by the house committee under the act against Judge Pease, were an infraction of the fifth section of the act regulating the jurisdiction of justices of the peace in HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO 29 deciding in favor of an appeal from the judgment of a justice for a sum exceeding twenty dollars, the justice having no jurisdiction above that sum; an infraction of the twenty-ninth section of the same act by having allowed the plaintiff his costs of suit in an action for a sum between twenty and fifty dollars, commenced by original writ from the court of common pleas ; and that, sitting as president judge of his court, he had on various occasions decided that that court had full power to suspend, set aside, and declare null and void any act of the State Legislature, and in accordance with such his decision he had suspended, etc., the fifth section of the act defining the duties of justices. In answer, the seventh amendment to the United States constitution was plead to the first count, and which says : "in suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved;" also the eighth section of the eighth article of the State constitution, which declared that "the right of trial by jury shall be inviolate." These references so fully supported the decision upon which the first charge was founded that acquittal followed as a matter of course; while conviction failed in the second charge from lack of the necessary two-thirds vote required; and the court decided, by a vote of sixteen to eight, that the third charge was insufficient to sustain impeachment. Another interference by the Legislature with the judiciary took place in 1809-10. The terms for which the judges had first been elected being about to expire, a resolution was passed declaring the judicial offices vacant, and thereupon the Legislature proceeded to elect judges for the various courts. In this operation they in some cases elected persons already commissioned for unexpired terms, but when the individual had become in any manner unsatisfactory, his office was given to another. At the same time they took occasion to reduce the number of supreme court judges from four to three. The effect was to deprive of his office the judge who had been duly elected and commissioned by the previous Legislature. Much confusion and dissatisfaction naturally ensued in the judiciary department. Judges who held unexpired commissions refused to accept new commissions, and claimed their seats under the old. Such claims made divisions in the courts, and the course of justice was delayed and often prevented; but the Legislature never revised their proceedings, or attempted any justification of their conduct in this matter. The session of i8io-ir was held at Zanesville, but nothing extraordinary took place. The Indians, who since the treaty of 1795 had remained quiet, under the instigation of a new chief named Tecumseh, aided by British traders and military emissaries from Canada, began to commit acts of aggression upon the inhabitants of the State who were settled near the Unes. In October, 1807, an act by Congress prevented the passage from our ports of any commercial shipping, and ordered home from abroad, immediately, all American vessels, that the seamen might be^ trained for the war that was plainly impending. This act proved a fruitful source of dis- cussion in Congress for tlie following three years, and until the war of 181 2 with Great Britain was declared, and for which this embargo act was on our part the primary cause. So hostile had the Indians, under the lead of Tecumseh, become that, in the spring of 18 10, General WilHam H. Harrison, then governor of the territory of Indiana, invited a council, to take place at Vincennes in August. At it Tecumseh appeared with four hundred fully-armed followers. The result of this council was that General Harrison believed it necessary to take all suitable precautions for war. In the spring of i8ir the hostile savages began to roam over the Wabash country in small parties, plundering the white settlers, and the friendly Indians. Harrison sent word to Tecumseh and his brother, called the Prophet, that this must cease, and that he was fully prepared with force to stop it. Tecumseh went to Vincennes, the seat of Indiana territorial government, and there saw seven hundred well-armed militia. After making solemn assurances of friendship he went to the Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and other Southern Indian tribes, and tried to induce them to join him, but without success, in a league against the whites. Meanwhile with a much increased force at Vincennes, obtained from Kentucky and Ohio, General Harrison, late in September, x8ii, marched up the Wabash valley toward the town of the Prophet, so called, near the junction of Tippecanoe creek and the Wabash river, and on the way built a fort near the present city of Terre Haute, and called it Fort Harrison. Here the troops encamped in a healthy elevation covered with oak trees and almost devoid of underbrush, and the general was visited by the Prophet, his brother Tecumseh being absent. Suspecting treachery, the general, on the 6th of November, arranged his camp for any sudden emergency. He ordered that the infantry dispose themselves in a suitable manner, 30 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. and in case of an attack, should hold their ground until relieved, and the cavalry to parade dismounted, with. pistols in belts, and act as the reserve. Then two captain's guards, of fifty men each, were detailed to defend the camp. Thus prepared, the whole camp, except guards and sentinels, went to sleep. The Prophet, on his part and that of his followers arranged, that when the whites were asleep the Indians should rush in and murder them. To excite his followers he went through with various incantations, until he had every Indian wrought up to frenzy, when he gave the word to attack the camp. At four o'clock, on the morning of. the 7th, General Harrison being in the act of pulling on his boots, the crack of a sentinel's gun caused him to order the whole camp to be aroused, to receive the fire of the Indians and return it. A sharp battle ensued which lasted until daylight, when the Indians were driven at the point of the bayonet and pursued into the the wet .prairie that surrounded the encampment. In that battle there were killed and wounded, of the whites, one hundred and eighty-eight. The loss of the Indians crippled them from any other attempt subsequently to fight alone. On the return of Tecumseh from the South, he found all his schemes to form an Indian confederacy frustrated by this act of his brother, and in the war that speedily ensued he joined the British, to whom he was an active friend. In June, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain. After the ignoble surrender of Detroit by General Hull, by which the territory of Michigan was lost, Ohio became the scene of militia oper- ations. General Harrison had succeeded Hull and worked intensely, preparing for the winter campaign, which the feelings of the people demanded. To do this required much labor. Block-houses had to be built and garrisoned along the way to Detroit, and magazines of provisions supplied and defended. But the work went cheerfully on. Kentucky sent militia freely, under the veteran General Shelby. The yeomanry of Ohio and Indiana hastened to report themselves for military duty, and in fact so numerous were the volunteers that orders were issued by General Harrison to stop the enlistment. He made the vicinity of the Maumee valley, near the scene of General Wayne's victory in 1794, the place of general rendezvous, and from whence he intended to fall upon Maiden and Detroit; and he designated the brigades from Virginia and Pennsylvania, and that of General Simon Perkins from Ohio, as the right wing, with the Kentuckians under General Winchester as the left wing, of his army. The latter with eight hundred Kentuckians, reached the Maumee Rapids in January, 1813, where he learned that a force of British and Indians were occupying Frenchtown (now Monroe, Michigan), on the River Raisin, twenty miles south of Detroit. Having sent under Colonels Allen and Lewis a suitable detachment of his force to protect the inhabitants, he was advised late in the evening of the 21st, that a foe was approaching, but he did not believe it. Nevertheless it was a fact. And a repetition of St. Clair's sur- prise and butchery, on the morning of the 22d, was perpetrated by about fifteen hundred British and Indians at the River Raisin. Winchester was made prisoner, and concluded an agreement with the British commander to surrender, on condition that ample provision for the protection of his wounded should be made. The promise was given and immediately violated; for Proctor, the British commander, knowing that Harrison was near, hastened to Maiden, leaving the prisoners behind, deprived of their arms and without a guard. The Indians followed him a short distance, when, turning back they fell upon the prisoners, butchering and scalping without mercy, those who could not walk, and driving before them those who could, as their prisoners to be redeemed by ransom at Detroit. By the battle and this massacre nearly the whole of Winchester's command, comprising the best of Kentucky's young men were destroyed; and afterward, during the war, the cry "Remem- ber the River Raisin!" became the war-cry of the Kentuckians. They never doubted that Proctor had mstigated the return of the savages for the destruction of the defenceless prisoners. General Harrison had advanced to the Maumee Rapids when he heard of the disaster at River Raisin, and there learning that Proctor had marched to Maiden, he, at the Rapids established a fortified camp, near the site of the present town of Perrysville, opposite Maumee City, and which he named Fort Meigs. There he was by Proctor and Tecumseh, who with about two thousand troops and Indians had come down from Maiden m April, besieged for several days, and although he had confidence in the strength of the fort, it having bastions and several cannon planted, he dispatched a courier to General Green Clay, who was on his march northward with another body of twelve hundred Kentuckians. Clay received the courier in the Maumee Valley and dispatched Captam Leslie Combs, then nineteen years old (and yet living, in Lexington, Kentucky), with fout HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. -31 men of his company and a young Indian in a canoe, who, as they approached the Rapids, heard the roar of artillery. It was the ist of May, and Proctor had begun to fire on the fort. Puzzled how to approach, much less enter an invested fort. Captain Combs and his company having safely passed the Rapids, rounded a point that brought them in full view of the besiegers and besieged, when Indians among the former, approaching the bank, fired a volley at them, killing one man and wounding two. This caused the captain to run his canoe to the opposite shore, and with his wounded escaped to the woods, from which they returning towards, in a short time met the advance of the main body of. General Clay's troops, under command of Colonel Dudley. Captain Combs being uninjured, at once took command of his company of riflemen which were in the advance of Colonel Dudley's command, and pressing forward attacked and captured the British battery, spiked most of the guns, and hauled down the British flag, while huzzas rang out from the ramparts of Fort Meigs. Captain Combs' men having been signaled to fall back and cross the river, they fell into an Indian ambuscade and were made prisoners. The savages then attacked the other men of Dudley's command as they followed him from the boats, and, of the eight hundred, killed all but one hundred and seventy, who reached the fort in safety. Meanwhile, Colonel Boswell with the rest of General Clay's troops, fought their way through the British and Indians toward the fort, where being joined by a sallying party, they, thus assisted, drove the modey enemy from their batteries and dispersed them. Procter then abandoned the siege and returned to Maiden. Combs and his companions were taken to old Fort Miami, then in possession of the Indians, where, being stripped nearly naked, they were made to run the gauntlet between two rows of savages, and thus, many were killed. The survivors were then placed inside the fort, where, but for the Indian chief Tecumseh, they would have all been murdered, as Proctor was so enraged at the termination of the seige, that he made no attempt to stay the bloody disposition of the Indians. When General Harrison was assured that Proctor and his allies had returned to Fort Maiden, he left Fort Meigs in charge of General Clay, and, proceeding to what is now Fremont, on the west bank of the Sandusky river, he there met Governor Meigs, the then governor of Ohio, who, with a considerable body of Ohio mihtia, was pressing forward to his relief He found, otherwise, the Ohio settlements so full of enthusiasm that ample assistance was to be had for the asking, and he at once began, with the consent of Governor Meigs, to enlist troops. Meanwhile Tecumseh had urged Proctor to renew the siege and capture Fort Meigs, but, satisfied that he could not do so, Proctor, with his white troops, embarked July 28th for Sandusky Bay, from there to proceed to and at Lower Sandusky attack Fort Stephenson. This was a regular earth-work, with ditch, circumvallating pickets, bastions, and block-houses, and was then garrisoned with one hundred and sixty men, under command of Major George Croghan, of the regular army, then a young man of but twenty-one years old. On the 31st, when the white troops in transports and gun-boats appeared at a turn in the river, about a mile from the fort, the woods were discovered to be swarming with Indians who had come by land from Maiden. Having demanded its surrender. Proctor accompanied his demand with the threat of Indian massacre in case of capture, and of which, of course, he could have no doubt. The demand was met by a defiant refusal. This was at once followed by a persistent cannonade that continued all night from the howitzers which had been landed, and the gun-boats on the river. The next day. Proctor having become impatient, and his savage alUes uneasy, under the word brought them that reinforcements for the besieged were on the march, he resolved to storm the fort. Hitherto the besieged had responded to the cannonade only with their single six-pound howitzer, but as the British marched in two columns from one direction, and in a third column, composed of grenadiers, who had feigned an attack on another point, the' Kentucky riflemen, with which the fort was manned, as soon as the enemy came within easy range, opened a deadly fire that caused the advancing columns to waver; but they soon rallied, and the first, pushing over the glacis, leaped into the ditch and attacked the palisades. "Cut away the pickets, my brave boys," shouted their commander, a lieutenant-colonel named Short, "and show the damned Yankees no quarter!" In a block-house commanding the line of the ditch, the only cannon of the fort was masked. When that ditch was crowded with men temporarily stopped by the pickets from advancing farther, the mask was removed, the port flew open, and a discharge from the gun, loaded nearly to the muzzle with slugs and bullets, swept through them with awful 32 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. effect. The second column leaped into the ditch but to meet a like reception, increased by a volley from the rifles of the besieged. A confused retreat followed, with one hundred and twenty men killed and wounded lying in the fatal ditch. The cowardly Indians, always afraid of cannon, had not joined in the assault. So gallant a defense with inadequate arms commanded, and Major Croghan received many honors. The ladies of Chillicothe bought and presented him with an elegant sword, and Congress passed a vote of thanks, to be followed, twenty-two years afterward, with a gold medal from that body. The defense had so dis- heartening an effect on Tecumseh and his Indians that they abandoned all hope of capturing the American forts, and lost confidence in the invincibility of the British troops. After the victory on Lake Erie, by which the whole British fleet was destroyed and captured by Commo- dore Perry, whose statue, in commemoration of that event, adorns the principal public square in Cleveland, General Harrison, aided by General Shelby, resolved to cross the lake to Maiden, and march from there to Detroit, with the intention of capturing the latter. On learning this, which in some way he did, the British commander, Proctor, after setting fire to Fort Maiden and the store-houses and dwellings at Amherstburg, deserted, and passed into Canada, greatly to the disgust of Tecumseh and his Indians. On the arrival of General Harrison, he was met by a troop of well-dressed, modest women, who implored mercy and protection. Proctor's rear guard had been gone but an hour when Harrison arrived. On the 2d of October, the pursuit, led by Colonel Richard M. Johnson's mounted Kentuckians, began and Detroit was reached to learn that Proctor had with Tecumseh gone eastward toward the Moravian town, eighty miles east of Detroit. Th^re the American force overtook the fugitives where, a little stream called the Thames protecting them on one flank and a deep swamp on the other, they were formed in an open wood. The Indian chief, Tecumseh, was here slain and his followers fled to the shelter of the swamp, while Proctor escaped in his carriage, with a guard of a few mounted Indians and dragoons, and made his way to the western shore of Lake Ontario. Harrison's victory was complete, and, returning, he took possession of Detroit. Six brass field-pieces, taken from Hull, at Detroit, when he surrendered in 1812, were recaptured, on two of which were engraved the words "Surrendered by Burgoyne, at Saratoga." These guns are now at the Military Academy of West Point. Congress gave Gen. erals Harrison and Shelby each a gold medal, and the thanks of the Nation. This was an important victory, as it left Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana free from Indian and British raiders; and the frontier being secured by it. General Harrison, leaving Colonel Lewis Cass, with a garrison of a thousand regulars, miUtary governor of Detroit, October 23d, 1813, proceeded with the remainder of the troops of his command to join the army of the East. Being badly treated shortly afterward by General Armstrong, the Secretary of War, General Harrison, resigned and returned to the governorship of Indiana, and which territory being admitted as a State in 181 6, caused him to retire from public life to his home at North Bend. Not having occasion to do so, Ohio no longer took any part in the war of 1812-15. In every vicissitude of this contest she was eminently patriotic. When the necessities of the national government compelled Congress to resort to a direct tax, Ohio cheerfully and for successive years promptly paid her quota of such tax from her State treasury. Her citizens volunteered freely and endured patiently service in a warfare maintained in great part by savages, and no battle occurred in the northwest in which some of her brave men did not seal with their blood their devotion to their country. With the close of the war, commercial intercourse, so long interrupted, being restored, an excessive im- portation of foreign goods and a great influx of immigration followed. Of the latter much of it passed into the new terntones, and the population of Ohio greatly increased. The numerous banks, which had been chartered before the war, supphed an abundant circulating medium; but speculation stimulated the people, as was the case forty years afterward, to sudden desire for riches, and led to wild and extravagant excesses. In the general rush of such busmess, the banks became deeply involved, and, unable to keep up their coin reserve to redeem the.r notes, the latter, consequently, began to depreciate in value nrinc!n Tw "^7"" ^^^'^'^'"^'^ *^ ^-^ of the United States, and the same year were established, in the h7 dthile ;■ '^^"^'^^ °' ''" '^'^'- "°^ °^^°' ^--'^^ -- °P-^ -^^ C---i -d Chilli- cothe, and while rece.vmg freely and holding in large amounts for redemption in coin, and notes of banks char- HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 33 tered by the State, then, in contradistinction, called State Banks, they freely issued their own notes. The demand for coin made by these branches upon the State banks not being met, the notes of the latter became less and less current until those of many of them were held absolutely worthless. While yet, however, con- fidence in the State banks was unshaken, the Legislature of Ohio, at the session of 1815-16, passed a law creating several new banks in the State, and extending the charters of those already in existence. The object of this law was to obtain State revenue from the banks, and the requirement of it that each bank place to the credit of the State one-twenty-fifth of its capital stock, from which regular dividends should be paid into the State treasury, and on the expiration of the bank charter and final winding up of the bank's affairs, the State should be entitled to one-twenty-fifth of the bank property. The consideration for this stock was the charter of the bank, and the payment for it was to be provided for by the bank each year setting apart such a per centum of its profits as would by the end of the period the charter had to run be adequate to that purpose. All the charters were to expire in 1843, the banks were to be exempt from all State taxation, and the engage- ment was imphed, rather than expressed, that until after that year no other banks would be chartered. Some of the banks accepted and others refused to comply with the terms of the act, but the whole scheme failed by the general failure of the banks, several years before their charters expired, in the financial crash of 1836-37. In 1 814, a free grant of lands having been offered for the State buildings, at Columbus, by the then three proprietors of the tract of woodland lying on the east side of the Scioto river, in Franklin county, on an agree- ment to permanently locate the seat of government there, the offer was accepted, an act passed by the Legis- lature to that effect, and the erection of the necessary buildings begun. In 1816, they were ready for occupation and the Legislature assembled in the State-house, a frame structure, there, for the first time. In the course of that session an appropriation was, also for the first time, made to be placed at the disposal of the governor to meet contingent expenses, and with a part of it Governor Worthington took the responsibility, as we have mentioned in his biographical sketch, to purchase books and commence the collection of a State library. In 1819, a rather serious difficulty occurred between the United States and State authorities. The con- duct of the branches of the United States bank toward the State banks greatly embittered the community. As intimated, the former would collect, a large amount of the notes of the latter, and presenting, demand their redemption in coin, or its equivalent when coin was not to be obtained. In this manner the United States bank came to be regarded as an enemy, and in 181 9 the Legislature resolved to impose a tax upon its two branches in Ohio. Much public discussion followed the annunciation of this intention; and, while the right of Congress to create the bank was but by a few doubted, the policy of organizing such a scourge of State banks was denounced, and the right of the State to tax its branches in her midst boldly asserted, and almost unanimously concurred in. Thus supported, the Legislature imposed an annual tax of $50,000 on each branch of the United States bank in Ohio by law, and prescribed the manner in which to collect the same. Under this authority the officer directed to do so entered the branch at Chillicothe, and, in despite of the solemn protest of its officers, levied the whole tax of $100,000 upon its specie and bank notes, and deposited the same in the State treasury at Columbus. Upon process, issued from the United States circuit court of Ohio, at the suit of the bank, the State officers concerned in the operation were arrested and imprisoned ; and a bill in chancery filed in the same court to obtain the restoration of the money, was followed by a writ of injunction addressed to all the defendants, restraining them from removing or making any disposition of the money, or any part of it. By a subsequent agreement between the counsel for the State and the bank, a decree of the United States circuit court was taken to restore all the money, except sufficient to support an appeal of the State to. the supreme court of the United States. The State treasurer having refused to comply with this decree, it was enforced by writ of sequestration, under which the marshal of the United States circuit court entered the State treasury and removed the money. The whole State was in a ferment; nevertheless great causes, like great bodies, move slowly, and it was not until February term of 1824, of the supreme court, that this cause was heard on appeal. Although argued for the State with great abihty by a then famous Cincinnati lawyer, the decree was affirmed, and Ohio acquiesced in the decision. Human nature, howevei, though bowing to the HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. decision of the high arbiter, could not repress the desire to retaliate within constitutional limits. At the next session the Legislature passed a law to deprive the United States bank of the aid of State courts and officers in the collection of its claims, and efforts were made to deprive the United States circuit court for the State of jurisdiction in the matter of such claims in Ohio; but sober second thoughts repealed this law, and those efforts failed. r i ■ j Ohio was at this time an agricultural State almost exclusively, as but few manufactures were fashioned within her borders. Grain-growing, and stock and catde, hog and sheep-breeding, was the business of the large majority of her people. The great markets for these products of her fruitful soil were in the Middle and Eastern States, and the modes of conveyance limited. In 1817 the subject of a canal from Lake Erie to the Ohio river was first introduced in the Legislature by submission, with a message from the governor, of a letter on the subject from Hon. DeWitt Chnton, then governor of the State of New York, and to whom that State is largely indebted for her first great public line of conveyance, the Erie Canal from Buffalo to Albany. In 18 19 the subject was again introduced to the notice of the Legislature, but nothing was done until the following year, when the governor, Hon. Ethan Allen Brown, communicated all the information he had obtained by personal observation and otherwise, and suggested a mode of procuring money to prosecute the enterprise. At this time an act was passed to appoint three canal commissioners, who were authorized to employ a com- petent engineer and assistants to survey the line of the proposed canal, their action to depend upon the acceptance by Congress of a proposition to be made by the State for donations of public lands lying in the route of the proposed canal. This restriction delayed the operations of the commissioners two years, so that it was not until at the session of 1821-22 the subject was referred to a committee of the house which reported, with a recommendation that an engineer be appointed. Thereupon the commissioners were authorized to appoint such engineer, and direct him to examine and report upon four different routes, starting from as many points, namely : from Sandusky Bay; from the mouth of the Maumee river; from the mouth of the Cuyahoga, or Black river, by the Muskingum, and from the mouth of Grand river, by the Mahoning, to the Ohio river. James Geddes, of New York, a civil engineer of much ability, was employed to make the examination and surveys,. to be paid out of an appropriation of $6,000 which the commissioners were authorized to draw from the State treasury. At the next session the commissioners reported that either route had been found practicable, and then the Legislature by an act directed the commissioners to apply for donations of land for the canal, and thus ascertain which route would be best supported by the people. They did not report until the session of 1823-24, and then recommended the route that was adopted, namely, from the. mouth of the Cuy- ahoga river through the upper part of the Muskingum, Licking, and lower part of the Scioto valleys to Ports- mouth, with a connection with Columbus by a navigable feeder. They stated that while anxious to have the lower extremity terminate at Cincinnati, the heavy stone ridge between the Scioto and Miami valleys prevented; and to connect the Miami valley with the lake by canal could be done with small comparative expense, and greatly to the advantage of Dayton and Cincinnati. Strengthened by this and other encouragement, the Legislature in February, 1824, appropriated money for and continued the commissioners, and the latter during the following summer had surveyed lines for two canals, namely: one extending from the mouth of the Scioto to Coshocton, and thence by three different routes to the lake; and the other from Cincinnati to the foot of the Maumee Rapids. Being first carefully surveyed by competent engineers, these surveys were revised by an expert, educated as an engineer on the New York and Erie canal, and who then estimated the cost of each. That from Cincinnati to the Maumee, he put at $2,502,494, while, according to whichever line might be chosen from Coshocton to the lake, the estimate for the Cleveland and Portsmouth canal varied from $2,626,571 to $2,934,024. The way being thus opened for intelligent action, in February, 1825, the Legislature passed an act "to provide for the internal improvement of the State by navigable canals." By it the board of canal com- missioners were to be increased to seven, one of whom should be president, and commence the construction of canals from the mouth of the Scioto to the lake, and from Cincinnati to Dayton on the Cincinnati and Maumee line. The bill also provided for the creation of a fund to be called "the canal fund," to consist of all HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 35 « property, money, and lands that might be in any nianner obtained or provided, to be managed by a board of "commissioners of the canal fund," to consist of three members who were empowered to borrow money and disburse it, this board to report annually to the Legislature. Provision was likewise made for the regular pay- ment of the interest and ultimate redemption of the canal stock sold. So satisfied were the senators with the provisions of this bill that, every member being in his seat, it passed by a vote of thirty-four to two, while the vote in the house was fifty-eight to thirteen. Under the provisions of this act, money was easily borrowed, and the work engaged in energetically. The • canal from the Ohio to the lake received the name of the "Ohio canal," and that from Cincinnati to Dayton was called the "Miami canal." The line of the former, from Coshocton to Cleveland was fixed, and work on both begun in 1825. The terms upon which loans were obtained became gradually more easy, from the careful conduct of the commissioners of the fund. Congress also granted for the benefit of the canals 840,000 acres of the public lands of the State. In 1833 the Miami canal was completed from Dayton to where it crossed Main street in Cincinnati. Subsequently finished to the Ohio river. Not until 1844 was it finished to Toledo, with a total length of 293 miles, including cuttings for feeders and reservoirs, and at a total cost of $7,500,000. That portion from the foot of Maumee Rapids to Toledo, and which was to some extent subsequently abandoned, did not enter into the original plan, but money was easy to obtain in 1842, and its construction was engaged in. The Ohio canal was completed in 1833. The total length of main hne, feeders and side-cuts is 331 miles, and the total cost $4,700,000. As usual, the cost of both those works far exceeded the engineer's estimates. In 1836 a third canal from Roscoe to Walhonding, in Coshocton county, was begun and finished six years afterward. It is called the Walhonding canal, is twenty-five miles in length, and cost $610,000. It is a useful feeder for the Ohio canal. During the same period the Hocking canal, fifty-six miles long, between Carroll, in Fairfield county, and Athens, the seat of Athens county, was constructed at a cost of nearly $1,000,000. During those years also the Muskingum improvement, so called, being a navigable water-course, with locks and dams, following the line of the Muskingum river, from Dresden, in Muskingum county to Marietta, ninety-one miles, was constructed at a cost of $1,630,000. And finally, a feeder for the Miami canal, known as the Warren county canal, from Franklin, on the line of the former, to Lebanon, the county seat, was begun and abandoned, after about $250,000 had been expended upon it. The large amount of money these works scattered among the people of the State during their construction was but one of the advantages occasioned by them. After they were completed, the means they afforded of cheaply conveying to market the freights offered along the line of their course stimulated business in a wonderful manner. Luckily, the main lines were completed before the minds of the people were occupied by railroads, and the construction of which so engrossed public attention shordy afterward. Writing before any of the canals were completed. Chief Justice Chase, said of them: "They have afforded to the farmfer of the interior an easy access to market, and have enhanced the value of his farm and its products. They have facilitated intercourse between different portions of the State, and thus have tended to make the people more united, as well as more prosperous. They have furnished to the people a common object of generous interest and satis- faction. They have attracted a large accession of population and capital, and they have made the name and character of Ohio well-known throughout the civilized world." Notwithstanding the subject of education had attracted the earnest attention of the first setders, and public land was set apart for that purpose, then, and subsequently by the State constitution adopted in 1802, no school system was adopted until 1825. In that year, the friends of education and internal improvements made common cause of both subjects, and passed an act to tax all real property half a mill on the dollar for the sup- port of schools, and to provide for their establishment in every township. This was superseded in 1829 by a better law, that increased the tax to three-fourths of a mill, required the 'township trustees to divide them into convenient school districts, and the householders to elect annually three school directors, a clerk, and a treas- urer. Under certain restrictions these householders could impose taxes for the erection of school-houses, but not to pay teachers. Examiners of the latter had to be appointed by the courts of common pleas. The schools were free to all white children, but the children of negroes and mulattoes were excluded, and the property of 36 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. their parents exempted from tax. A school fund was to be derived from school lands in part, and in part from the tax mentioned. In Ohio, the whole area of land granted by Congress for the benefit of schools exceeds 700,000 acres, while the quantity set apart in 1825 was ascertained to be 500,000 acres, and appraised at some- thing less than $1,000,000. A portion of these lands were by authority of an act of Congress sold, and the residue leased for different periods to sundry persons. The two entire townships of the Ohio company's pur chase set apart for educational purposes were by the territorial Legislature recognized, and, supported by them, the Ohio University, first called the American Western University, was established. In Symmes' purchase, a township set apart for an academy was never located by the patentee, and, after Ohio became a State, another ' township, in lieu of it, was granted by Congress and formed the foundation of the Miami University. In 1826, Bishop Philander Chase, by previous solicitation in this country and in England, founded Kenyon College, at Gambler, and subsequently a large number of high schools, seminaries, and colleges were established, and somr farther account of which will be found toward the close of this sketch. The northern boundary of the State was defined by Congress in 1803 as "an east and west line drawn through the soutliern extremity of Lake Michigan, running east, after intersecting the due north line from the mouth of the Great Miami, otherwise the Maumee river, until it shall intersect Lake Erie on the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line." As thus described, the matter stood until the territory of Michigan was organized in 1808. Then the boundaries of the territory were defined as " the territory that lies north of a line drawn east from the southerly bend of Lake Michigan until it shall intersect Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the said southerly bend through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States." As the southern boundary of Michigan, this did not correspond with the line stated by Congress in 1802 to be the northern boundary of Ohio, but infringed upon that line. A due east line from the extreme southern bend of Lake Michigan would deprive Ohio of the harbor of Toledo, at the mouth of the Maumee river, and of land to in- clude a very considerable strip of the Western Reserve. As there could be no doubt that Congress intended Ohio to have access to the entire shore of the lake within the limits of her territory, there was also no doubt that neither the original nor the later definition of her northern boundary gave her such access. Since the organization of the territory of Michigan, her authorities had exercised jurisdiction over this region and until February, 1835, were not interfered with. Then, however, agreeably to the ' prayer of a petition from the inhabitants settled at what is now Toledo, the Legislature of Ohio passed a law taking it into the State. A feyv days previous, the territorial Legislature of Michigan passed a law visiting with heavy fine and imprisonment any person who, unauthorized by that body, should exercise official functions in the disputed territory. The people of it were perplexed by these conflicting laws, when, March 31st, 1835, Governor Lucas, of Ohio, with his Staff officers and boundary commissioners arrived at Perrysburg, supported by a military force of six hundred men, fully armed and equipped, who encamped at old Fort Miami. About the same date, Governor Mason, of Michigan, with a force of about a thousand men, hastened to Fort Swan, then so-called, now Toledo, and bloodshed seemed imminent, when just at the critical moment two commis- sioners arrived from Washington to forbid hostilities, and after much persuasive exertion induced the antagonistic parties to allow the inhabitants to obey either jurisdiction until the next Congress might settle the boundary question. Andrew Jackson, who was then . President of the United States, sought counsel of his law adviser, who replied that the President had no power to annul a law of a territorial Legislature, and that the act of Ohio was such a violation of constitutional law as authorized executive interference. At the next session of Congress, Michigan applied for admission as a State, and was informed that not until she should agree to be governed, as to territory, by Congress would she be admitted, but that she should as an equivalent for the narrow strip of Ohio and Indiana that she had claimed along her southern border, be put in possession of the upper peninsula. This she agreed to, and largely profited by the exchange. From 1803 until 1826 real estate only was taxed for State purposes. The lands were divided into three quaht.es, and taxed respectively in 1803, sixty cents for each hundred acres of the first, forty cents for the second, and twenty cents for the third quality, the whole quantity taxed being 7,069,629 acres, of which HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 37 101,709 acres were first quality, and the total amount of the tax $22,923.09. A similar classification in 1825 gave 13,025,073 acres, with the rates raised to $1.50, $1.12^, and 75 cents on each hundred acres. The quantity of first-class land was 178,998 acres, and the total amount taxed $200,405.25. In that year the change was made to the manner of taxation on realty and personalty that continued until 1849, and placed on the grand duplicate lands and town lots, buildings, horses, cattle, pleasure carriages, and merchants' and brokers' capital, to which was added, under the act of March 14th, 1831, money loaned at interest, and manu- facturers' capital. Under the last mentioned act, and that of 1825, which took effect March ist, 1826, the taxes on the duplicate had gradually increased from $392,783 in 1826, to $1,755,539 in 1840. Of this last amount, taxes were collected on realty valued at $85,287,261, and upon personalty valued at $27,038,895, or a total value of taxable property $112,326,156. The first territorial delegate elected to the Sixth Congress in 1799 was General W. H. Harrison. After serving during one session, he resigned in 1800, to accept the office of territorial governor of Indiana, and William McMillan, of Hamilton county, was elected to his seat. For the Seventh Congress, Hon. Paul Fearing, of Washington county, was the delegate elected in 1801. He served the term, and in 1803, the territory having become a State, Thomas Worthington, of Ross (subsequently elected governor), and John Smith, of Hamilton county, were elected senators, and Jeremiah Morrow, of Warren county (also subsequently elected governor), was elected the representative. These senators served until the close of the Ninth Congress, when Edward TifiSn resigned his office of governor, to which he had been reelected, to take his seat in the Senate, vice Worthington, whose term had expired. John Smith having resigned after being reelected, Return J. Meigs (subsequently elected governor) was elected to his seat. For the Eleventh Congress several changes took place in the senators, and no less than five different persons occupied the seats representing Ohio, from 1S09 to March 4th, 181 r, while but two were returned during the Twelfth Congress, from 1811 to 1813. During all this time, from 1803 to March 3d, 18 13 inclusive, Jeremiah Morrow served as the only representative to Congress. In i8r3 the State was divided into Congressional districts, and an election returned nine represent- atives for six districts, all of whom served in the Thirteenth Congress. In 1823 another arrangement of districts made fourteen, with one member from each to, and who served in, the Eighteenth Congress. This condition continued for ten years when, in 1833, the State was divided into nineteen districts, and as many representatives served in the Twenty-third Congress. Beyond this the districts were not increased until 1843, when a new arrangement added two more to the number, and this continued until 1863 when the addition was stricken out, and so remained until 1873, when twenty, the present number, was fixed upon, the first two comprising the people of Hamilton county, and the twentieth those of Cuyahoga county. As early as 1831, applications were made to the Legislature for railroad charters, and, June 5th, 1832, the first charter, that for the Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland Railroad was granted. March 9th, 1835, a charter was granted for the Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad. March nth, 1836, one for the Little Miami, and, three days afterward, one for the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroads. The Little Miami Railroad was surveyed in 1837 and work commenced on it in 1840. Work was begun upon the others about the same time, but not for several years afterward were any of them, beyond a few miles, in operation. The conduct of the United States Bank officers had succeeded in gready exasperating those of the various 'State banks, not only in Ohio but in all the other States, and in December, 1832, President Jackson recom- mended Congress to authorize the removal of the government money from it, and to sell such stock of the bank as was evened by the government. This Congress refused to do, and when the session ended, the President, who had nursed this refusal as a private grievance, took the responsibility to order the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Duane, to withdraw the public funds from the United States Bank, and deposit them, about $10,000,000, with certain State banks. The Secretary refused, and the President at once removed him from office, and put in his place Roger B. Taney, the^n the Attorney-General, and subsequently Chief Justice, who obeyed the order. Beginning in October, 1833, in the course of nine months the whole amount was removed. During those months the operation produced great public excitement and much commercial distress. When it began, the United States Bank had out loans of over $60,000,000, and so entangled was the business of the bank with that 38 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. of the whole country that by its action, deemed necessary for its own existence, it paralyzed the business of the country. Strange to say, instead of having any intelligent idea of this fact, as a matter of cause and effect, General Jackson saw in it proof positive that the bank was a dangerous institution, and he refused, in the most obstinate manner, to listen favorably to any petition for the modification of the measure he had instituted, or for relief on the application of merchants and manufacturers who waited upon him. His only reply was, in substance, that government had no power to apply any remedy, nor give relief; the banks had occasioned all the evils which existed, and those who had tradgd on borrowed capital ought to have become bankrupt — they had no one to blame but themselves. But the rehef denied by the President directly, was, through his operation, furnished indirectly, yet without his consent and for some time without his knowledge. The condition that in placing the public funds in the banks to which they had been removed, they should be kept there idle, was not made, and the banks, finding themselves loaded with millions, used these millions in a business way, and loaned freely to those offering the requisite security. With that fatality for bungling that usually attaches to the- operations of military men when they undertake to guide matters financial, and apper- taining to business in which they have no experience, the very object that General Jackson labored to frustrate was brought about more effectively than if he had not at all moved in it. Through the freedom with which the favored banks loaned the public money speculation was stimulated, the credit system expanded beyond precedent, trade, for a short time paralyzed, recovered and even exceeded its previous energy, prices went up, luxury abounded, and, as was the condition thirty years afterward, nobody seemed to perceive the under-current of extravagance that was wasting the foundations of the nation's real prosperity, and putting them in condition to collapse and crumble before the first pressure of the storm that shortly broke against them. The Bank of England began contracting its loans in the spring of 1836, and in July of that year, the United States Treasury Department issued what was known as the "Specie Circular," directing all collectors of the pubHc revenue to receive nothing but coin. Thus it was that "Pay up, and in coin," was the demand of the money insti- tutions on both sides of the ocean. American houses in London became bankrupt with millions of liabilities, and in 1837 every bank in the United States suspended specie payments. The United States Bank, which, when the countenance of the government had been removed from it, had been chartered by the State of Pennsylvania, in the hope of becoming one of those to which part of the government money would be removed, but which condition was by the President denied it, fell into hopeless ruin, and carried down with it the credit of the State of Pennsylvania, and the fortunes of thousands of her citizens and others who held her bonds. With the close of Jackson's second term, and during wliich his administration, if it burst the bubble of a fictitious prosperity at home, commanded the respect of, as it collected every claim due us from, those foreign countries against which we had a grievance, the nomination of the Vice-President, Martin Van Buren, by the Democratic party for President, was received with great satisfaction. Up to the very last hour, Resident Jackson persisted in the pohcy of his "Specie Circular," offensive though it was generally regarded, and as the very last act of his term of office vetoed a bill passed by both houses for its repeal, and to prevent its passage over his veto, held it over the adjournment, and then dated his message, returning it with his veto, " March 3d, 1837, a quarter before 12 p. m." Van Buren was elected by a large majority, and, having organized a cabinet that gave great satisfaction, called an extraordinary session of Congress to meet September 4th, 1837, and in his message proposed the estabhshment of a treasury for the government independent of all "banks and bankers. This proposition was vigorously opposed throughout the session of forty-three days, and as a compromise of the terms of the specie circular, an issue of $10,000,000 in treasury notes was authorized. Not until 1^40 did the subject of an mdependent. treasury, faithfully adhered to by President Van Buren, meet with such favor that a law author- izing the organization of sub-treasuries in the then three principal cities of the United States was enacted, and the revenue of the government thereupon removed to them. The peaceful relations between the United States and Great Britain ;hich had existed for many years were m 1837 and r838 disturbed by events connected with a revolutionary movement that broke out in Canada, the avowed object being to achieve the independence of those provinces. In this eifort the people HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 39 of the border States sympathized, and gave the insurgents all possible aid and comfort. Individuals and organized companies went across the border and joined the insurgents, while refugees from the action of the law in Canada were received and protected by the border State people. The agitation and the outbreak occurred simultaneously in Upper and Lower Canada, then so-called, but there being very little homogeneity of feeling between the peoples of the two provinces, the scheme of revolution was ineffective. The active sym- pathy of the people of the border States irritated the British government, and President Van Buren, having issued a proclamation warning Americans not to violate neutrality and international laws, sent General Scott to the northern frontier to preserve order. The revolution, however, progressed into 1838, and a very bitter feeling engendered between the the people of Maine and the loyal people of New Brunswick, the militia having been called out in both; and this feeling was continued, after the insurrection in Lower Canada was crushed, by a long-standing dispute concerning the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. In the upper province, the insurrectionists, led by a man named William L. McKenzie, found themselves supported by, among others, a regiment of volunteers from Ohio, of which Lucius V. Bierce, of Akron, was elected colonel, and which regiment operating in Upper Canada, had a severe fight with provincial miUtia, and eventually fought their way through Windsor and escaped into Detroit. The insurrection continued in the upper province until after an event that attracted general attention had occurred. A party of Americans, seven hundred in number, with twenty cannon, took possession of Navy island in the Niagara river, two miles above the Great Falls. They had a small steamboat named "Caroline,'' that phed for their use between the island and the New York State shore. One dark night in December, 1837, a party of loyalists crossed the river from Canada, and, setting this steamboat on fire, cut her loose from her moorings, and allowed her to pass blazing down the fearful rapids and over the crown of the mighty cataract into the gulf below. This conduct broke up the encampment on Navy island, and eventually the "sympathizers," as the Americans were called, withdrew from the "patriot army," — the name the insurrectionists were known by, and returned home. The boundary question was settled in 1839 by Daniel Webster, on the part of the United States, after General Scott had been sent to the scene of probable bloodshed, as a pacificator, with Lord Ashburton on the part of Great Britain; and in the same agreement, known subsequently as the Ashburton treaty, provision was made for the cooperation of the two governments in the suspension of the African slave trade, and the surrender, in certain cases, of fugitives from justice escaping from either country into the other. A second time nominated. President Van Buren received the unanimous vote of the convention assembled at Baltimore, in 1840. A national whig convention, held at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in December, 1839, had nominated William Henry Harrison, of Hamilton county, Ohio, and for Vice-President, John Tyler of WilHams- burg, Virginia. The summer and autumn of 1840 witnessed one of the most exciting discussions that up to that time had been seen in Ohio. Dignity and decorum gave place to conviviality and carousing. Assuming that General Harrison lived- in a pioneer structure at North Bend, and, necessarily, he kept his latch- string out, if not his cabin-door open, and a barrel of hard cider continually on tap for his thirsty visitors, the hard cider and log cabin processions caused so great a consumption of all sorts of liquors, and chiefly spirituous, that much dissipation and drunkenness resulted. With such a lever as the proposed independent United States Treasury, opposed by all the speculative institutions of the country, and the hard times that President Jack- son's administration left as a legacy to his successor, the election of his opponent was effected by a large majority, and, as the first whig President of the United States, General Harrison was elected, amidst the wildest rejoicing in the State of his residence. Fifty years had now elapsed since the settlement of Ohio had begun in any organized manner. For thirty- five of those years she had been a State in the Union, and was now represented by nineteen members in Congress. Her resources were largely developed. She had been successful in opening hundreds of miles of canals between the waters of her northern and southern boundaries, and by the operation of which the products of her soil had been doubled in the price they had previously commanded. Several railroads had been chartered, and were in course of construction, and, to crown all, her honored citizen, who had conquered the enemies of her peace, and secured quiet from the fierce savage, had been elected the nation's Chief Magistrate. 40 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. THIRD PERIOD-1841 TO 1880. "VlTHOUGH General Harrison, when elected, was, apparently, as vigorous in mind and body as any man of his age — then sixty-eight years --his death occurred on the thirtieth day after his inauguration, and, on the 6th of April, 1841, John Tyler, the Vice-Presi- dent, became President of the United States. Formerly well-known to be a Jackson Democrat, as were called those who favored President Jackson's hard money and anti-bank ws Mr. Tyler had, in 1840, avowed himself a decided Whig. For the benefit of the present leration of our readers, we may here take occasion to indicate the political parties at this \V:vg<.n^y . ..^j^^ gy ,^^ election of Mr. Jefferson, in i8oo, that which was known as the Federal party, "^^^^and which had opposed him, had been placed in opposition in Congress to his administration, and so continued until the expiration of Mr. Madison's term and the election of Mr. Monroe, when, as W a national party, it practically became extinct, and for seven years party of any name offered but slight (""opposition to the administration of President Monroe. In 1824, however, when four candidates for the Presidency had been nominated, party lines were sharply drawn, and the principal opponent of the winning man claimed the name of Jacksonian Democrats, while their more direct and numerous opponents took that of National Republicans. This continued until 1833, when the latter were joined by those seceders from the former, who favored the views of John C. Calhoun, a United States bank, and other causes of opposition to Jackson's sec- ond term, and the whole body took the name of Whigs. In this manner it resulted that when Van Buren was nominated in 1837, the people were divided into two great national parties, as they are at present (1879), then called respectively Whigs and Democrats, with several minor parties, one of those being, in the Eastern and Middle States, the Anti-Masons (then, however, nearly extinct), and in the Southern States and Western, State's Rights men, the disciples of Calhoun and supporters of Jackson, who opposed Van Buren, and the op- ponents of Jackson's later administration. Of these latter, nearly all joined the whigs in electing General Harrison, in 1840. But even previous to 1837, that is to say, in 1835, the democrats had divided, in the Northern and Middle States, into what were called Jackson Democrats, or those who belfeved in President Jackson's vigorous administration, and the Equal Rights party, the latter being the successor of a previous com- bination, known in 1829 as the Workingman's party or ultra Democrats, Radicals, or' Levellers, as they would be called in Great Britain, and in France, Red Republicans of the commune, and who, like the Socialists of the present time, wanted all property in comriion. Naturally, this last became a sort of secret party or society, and in 1837, had not risen above the dignity of a faction, in opposition to the regular Democratic party. The first decided demonstration of this faction took place in Tammany Hall, New York City, in October, 1835. There had been a struggle among those present on that occasion for the chair, which the regulars eventually obtained, nominated their ticket and passed their resolutions. This done, they extinguished the lights. But the opposition relit the lights with matches, called at that time, 'Hoco-focos"—\,€vc^g the friction or luci- fer matches, then but lately invented and introduced, and which took the place of the old style brimstone match —placed their leader in the chair, and passed strong resolutions against banks and every other kind and form of capitalist arrangement and monopoly. After this performance, this faction of the Democratic party was called the " Loco-Focos," and the name was gradually extended to the whole party. Between 1837 and 1840, this faction had so gready strengthened, that, to conciHate them, the regular party supporters of Van Buren nomi- HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 41 nated one of their leading men as Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. History in pohtics and political parties has a general tendency to travel in a circle, so that to day, but from somewhat different causes, we find as many political divisions as existed forty years ago, and bearing a strong family likeness. President Tyler, while pretending to be a whig, exhibited no genuine feeUng in common with the demands of that party. It is true that at his request Congress solicited Mr. Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury, to report a plan for a United States Bank, and that officer did so, with a bill for its incorporation, but President Tyler vetoed it when sent to him for his signature. A deputation of Congress having called on him for an explana- tion, he signified his desire to sign such a bill if properly drawn; but after a bill was drawn exactly as he desired it, he also vetoed that. Such conduct was an insult to the party that elected him, to his predecessor, and that predecessor's cabinet officers whom he had retained, and they all, except Mr. Webster, the Secretary of State, resigned. And although Mr. Tyler was not impeached, the whigs felt that he was playing a game to win popularity with the democrats, and, to designate his turpitude, to be "Tylerized" passed into an expression delicately indicative of deception, that lived for several years after he had passed, on the close of his term of office, into a much greater oblivion than subsequently attended the fortunes of another accidental President, who was impeached. As "a looker-on in Venice," Ohio narrowly watched the operations of Congress during the term of John Tyler's presidency, and toward its close felt that she was again called upon to take an active part in the election of his successor. Her prosperity had greatly increased. Her canals were highly advantageous to her agriculturists and manufacturers, and the attention of her capitalists had been directed to the construction of railroads. Her Legislature had encouraged the investigation of her mineral resources, and discovered that underlying much of her territory was a vast amount of mineral wealth. By the aid of portions of this wealth her manufactures had greatly increased, and although at this time six free States west and north of her had been added to the Union, her population and resources caused her to rank as the principal State west of the Alleghany mountains. Politically, however, she was ill at ease. Her population, originally comprising slave and free State immigrants, had, while increasing, preserved their likes and dishkes on the question of per- petuating slavery; and, with the election in 1844 of the successor to John Tyler, from a slave-holding State, after the misfortune sustained by the sudden death of President Harrison, and the deception practiced by his successor, the question of the gradual extinction or the perpetuation of human slavery more and more engaged the public mind. The admission of a slave State in 182 1 by an infraction of the previous agreement (called the Wilmot pro- viso), that no more slave States north of the 36th parallel should be organized, and the discussions at that time which preceded the adoption of the Missouri compromise, so called, that then prohibited the extension of slave-holding territory west of Missouri, and north of the southern boundary of that State, had plainly indicated the aggressive character of the slaveholders. The fact that, so far from looking forward to its ultimate extinction, they seemed by its retention to strengthen their power and influence, became very offensive to those who rejoiced in having eliminated slavery from amongst them. And these feelings of such opposite character were not confined to political, but as well entered into civil and religious engagements, and separated peoples of the same denominational faith, into churches North and churches South. Old School Presbyterians became a name and style of recognition in contradistinction to New School Presbyterians. The Methodist Episcopal church North, held nothing in common with the same church South. From previously looking to the northern cities for their church books and literature, the latter established in Richmond, Virginia, and Nashville, Ten- nessee, their publication houses, and thenceforth required their people to purchase exclusively the productions of these houses. All free States were spoken of as the " North," and their people regarded as strangers, if not enemies, rather than friends. The Old Testament Genesis was, by panderers to southern sentiment, made to authorize slavery as a God-ordained institution; ponderous volumes were circulated among the southern people to establish this view, and the southern pulpit rung, and the southern press was burdened weekly with denun- ciations of those who did not, so to say, fall down and worship this divinely-established object. After the passage of the Missouri compromise, for twenty-five years no question had arisen to conflict with 42 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. its requirement. But the admission of Texas, as a State made from foreign terrritory, being naturally followed in 1846 by the Mexican war, under the proclamation of President Polk, awakened in Ohio, in common with the other free States, the feeling that once more were the slaveholding States invoking the intervention of the general government for an extension of slave territory, and which intervention the free States were in duty bound to resist. Very reluctantly, therefore, and sparingly did Ohio respond to the call of the President for troops to fight the enemy in Mexico. Several escaped slaves had been arrested in Ohio, and Mr. Chase, sub- sequently governor of the State, had volunteered his services in their defence, and in doing so, construed the Constitution in a manner calculated to startle those people who had regarded slavery as entirely secure under its provisions. The pubHc mind was fast becoming ripe for that opposition to the slave power that culminated in the political convention at Buffalo, in 1848, and the nomination of Van Buren and Adams for the offices of President and Vice-President. In consequence of the prominent part he had taken in directing in Ohio the storm of opposition to slavery, Mr. Chase was elected United States Senator, and at once put in better position to meet the aggressive advances of that power. As a reward for his success in the war with Mexico, General Zachary Taylor was in 1848 elected President, but, like General Harrison, he lived but as many months as the former did weeks after his inauguration. The Vice-President, Millard Fillmore, became President, and the southern Congressmen lost no time in winning him to their interest. The Constitution, they maintained, was ineffective to protect them in their most important in- stitution, and the several bills included in the compromise act, so-called, with slight modifications, became law two months after President Taylor's death. A proposition of Mr. Seward, a Senator from New York, to sup- press the slave trade in the District of Columbia, was incontinently voted down in the Senate by 45 to 5. The fugitive slave law, so-called, enacted though it was as a compromise measure, gave the free States fresh cause for offence. Not satisfied with the language of the Constitution, the slaveholding power had under that law secured the people of the free States to act as a police force, to catch and returix to them their slaves, with the marshals of the United States courts to act as captains of this police, and the city of Boston, the fountain-head of anti-slavery sentiment, became the scene of the first capture. The fugitive slave law thus came to be regarded by the people who had always looked on slavery as a crime, with intense dislike, and the results of this dislike were not long delayed in their appearance. The extension of the Missouri compro- mise line of 36° 30' through the new territories— north of which slavery was interdicted, and south of which, the people were permitted in organizing their State governments to decide this question for themselves— was the last public act of Henry Clay, in the belief that by it the slavery question would be forever set at rest, but this was a vain hope. California, that by this privilege was intended to be admitted as a slave State, by her territorial regulations and State constitution forbade such admission, and this portion of the compromise measures of 1850 was enacted in vain. The determination of the slave-holding States to extend their territory, in disre- gard of the Missouri compromise, culminated in directing into the territory of Kansas an immigration of armed slaveholders. But "No more slave territory north of 36° 30"' was the demand of the free States, and a counter immigration of armed freemen entered that territory with the election of President Pierce. Though a northern man, he was elected mainly by the southern vote, and consequently he was disinclined to resist any southern demand; and, with the close of his term, the "irrepressible conflict" was fully established between freedom and slavery. In 1850-51, the second constitutional convention of Ohio took place, and some changes were made in that organic law, one of these being the election of a lieutenant-governor. This amended constitution continued unchanged until 1874, when, after a session that began in 1873 and continued during the seemingly intermin- able period of one hundred and eighty-eight days, with two adjournments to recuperate, and the proceedings and debates during which period fill 3,580 large double-column octavo pages, a constitution of seventeen arti- cles, and occupying fourteen of those pages, was adopted May 14th, 1874, and signed by all but three of the one hundred and five delegates who had discussed it. For reporting the debates of this convention, there jere paid the official reporter $13,695.78; and the aggregate expenses of it amounted to within a fraction of $300,000. The expenses of the constitutional convention of z8o. were less than $5,000, but then the speeches HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 43 were not reported nor the debates printed. As a specimen of the style of general advance toward prosperity made by Ohio in seventy years, this is not an unfair criterion. In 1854, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, represented at the court of Great Britain the United States, while Mr. Mason, of Virginia, and Mr. Soule, of Louisiana, were our ministers, respectively, to France and Spain. Matters which had occurred in the summer of that year in Cuba caused President Pierce to direct a meeting of these representatives for an expression of their opinion as to the position the United States should assume toward Spain with reference to Cuba. They met at Ostend, in Belgium, in October, and Mr. Buchanan wrote the opinion which was signed by himself and the others, embodyifig their views and recommending the purchase of Cuba, if possible; and if not, to obtain possession of that island by force. "If Spain," said this document, that subsequently was best known by the name of the "Ostend Manifesto," "actuated by stubborn pride, and a false sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba to the United States," then, "by every law human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from her if we possess the power." Such opinion was plainly in accord with that of the slaveholding southern people, and caused its conceiver, and which James Buchanan was acknowledged to be, to receive the solid southern vote in 1856 for the Presidency. In January, 1854, Stephen A. Douglas introduced by bill from his seat in the Senate, the territorial recog- nition of Kansas and Nebraska, and the privilege of their then inhabitants to decide for themselves whether they should be slave or free States. Such a proposition being a pkin infraction of the Missouri compromise, and the enactment on the subject that was part of the compromise measures of 1850, startled the free State Senators, and a rancorous controversy in and out of Congress was the result. The free State people taking this action in connection with the southern boast that it elicited, made by Robert Toombs, of Georgia, a mem- ber of the Senate, that he would yet "call the roll of his negroes on Bunker Hill," believed that a determin- ation to nationalize slavery really existed, and there arose within them an equally strong determination to resist to the death rather than have this done. But the fact was, slavery had to expand or suffocate. From Dela- ware to the Rio Grande were limits too confined for this aggressive institution, and an armed emigration, under Colonel Kinney, to Nicaraugua, in Central America, was followed by the "gray-eyed man of destiny," as he was named by his southern supporters, and by himself dubbed "General" Walker, and who, by Nicaraugan troops, was soon driven out of their State and escaped with the remnant of his emigrants on a small schooner. Again, taking advantage of one of the political revolutions which have long been almost perennial among those people who live under the torrid zone. Walker entered Nicaraugua with more "armed emigrants." The other States of the isthmus becoming alarmed, sent troops to the aid of Nicaragua, but these were beaten by the troops, otherwise "armed emigrants," of Walker, and who then declared himself President of Nicaragua, and in 1856, one of the last acts of Pierce's administration was to acknowledge the new "President," by cordially receiving his embassador, a Roman Catholic priest, named Vigel. For two years, and until May, 1857, Walker played " President of Nicaraugua," and then he was seized by Commodore Paulding, on behalf of the United States government, and sent to New York as an offender against the neutrality laws. While President Buchanan is said to have privately commended the act of Commodore Paulding, so earnest was he in his desire to please his southern supporters, that he publicly condemned it in a message to Congress, as "a violation of the sovereignty of a foreign country," and Walker was allowed to go free. He went immediately to Mobile, there fitted out another expedition of armed emigrants and sailed for the seat of his presidency. Arrested for leaving port without a clearance, he was tried in the supreme court of Louisiana, in New Orleans, and ac- quitted, and then once more departing for his new dominion, he was captured, and, with several of his com- panions shot, at Truxillo, in the eastern part of South America. The first battle-ground for freedom was Kansas. On the enactment into a law of the bill of Senator Douglas, President Pierce appointed A. H. Reeder governor of the territory. Then the race began toward that territory between free and slave State emigrants. Combinations of southern emigrants under various names, startled by the organization of the Emigrant Aid Society of Massachusetts, which had been formed immediately on the passage of the squatter sovereignty bill of Senator Douglas, had gone into Missouri and there increased their numbers with resident Missourians, who pledged themselves by oath to remove by force 44 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO- from Kansas those who should be sent there by the Emigrant Aid Society. Governor Reeder arrived in the autumn of 1854, and immediately issued his proclamation for an election of a territorial Legislature, and with that election the supremacy between free and slave labor began. There were but eight hundred and thirty legal voters in the territory. But the. resident Missourians, who had been pledged to do so, crossed over to the extent of five thousand and elected to a man a pro-slavery Legislature that met at Shawnee, on the border, and at once voted the territory a slave State. Governor Reeder vetoed the act, and made himself so obnox- ious that he was by President Pierce, withdrawn and Wilson Shannon, who had been governor of Ohio, was appointed in his place. Shannon, an avowed defender of slavery, signed all the laws enacted by the Shawnee Legislature, and whose members had removed to and organized, at Atchinson, on the Missouri river, a few miles below St. Joseph, Missouri, and the legal voters thus outraged assembled at Topeka and there passed, by delegates they had regularly elected, a free State constitution, under which they applied for admission into the Union. But, true to his affliation with the slave power. President Pierce, in a message sent to Congress in January, 1856, declared this action of the legal voters to be open rebellion against the United States Government. With the close of Pierce's term was born the Republican party. In 1855 an organization called the Know- nothing party, secret and. native American (with thus the seeds of its dissolution born in its constitution), and intended to take the place of the Whig ,party, that became extinct by the death of Webster and Clay, lived but one year, and the Republican party, like Minerva from the brain of Jove, sprang armed to match the machinations of the slave power. Unable the first year to elect its Presidential ticket, it became the great opponent thenceforth, in and out of Congress, of that power. Bowing to its dictates, as those of his electors, James Buchanan, President of the United States, appointed as his cabinet a set of men, all of whom save one, and he a much later appointment, were disloyal to the United States as a Nation, and true to their preconceived plan, used their opportunity of his term to dismantle all the free State forts and arsenals, and, under the most transparent excuses, remove the arms and ammunition to the forts in slave-holding States. The heresy of Calhoun had fully sown its seed, and the rights of States were cultivated as the true, in opposition to the rights of the United States as the false. The latter came to be regarded as a confederation, no more coherent than a rope of sand; and the respective States of each member of Buchanan's Southern State cabinet the country, above all others, to which their allegiance was due. That war, civil war, should follow such a con- dition could not be doubted. An irrepressible conflict had been inaugurated, and the election by the Republican party in i860, of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States was the spark that fired that gun whose shot was heard around the world. At this time Ohio was in population and wealth, the third State of the Union. In 1830 her population numbered 937,903- In 185°. having more than doubled, it was 1,980,329. In i860 the increase had been such, notwithstanding the thousands of her sons who, in those ten years, had peopled the far West to California and Oregon, that, by the census of that year the population numbered 2,343,739. She had 13,051,945 acres of cultivated lands and 12,210,154 acres uncultivated. Thus more than half of her entire area- was under cultivation, and more than half of her adult males were agriculturists, horticulturists, and stock-breeders. Of this class 277,000 owned their own farms, and so well was this most important body of Ohio's producers aided by her temperate climate and the natural fertility of her soil, that they had furnished each year, for several years, more than double the amount of food, animal and vegetable, required for the support of the whole population of the State. In i860 they exported nearly 2,000,000 barrels of flour, and more than 2,500,000 bushels of wheat, together with 3,000,000 bushels of other grains, and 500,000 barrels of pork; while the cattle and stock markets of the Eastern cities were, to a very considerable extent, supported by Ohio. The value of the exports in i860 from this State amounted to $56,500,000. Nor were the manufacturers of the State less busy and prosperous. In i860 the value of their products was more than $122,000,000, being nearly double the value of the same in 1850. The city of Cincinnati alone manufactured n. i860 $16,000,000 worth of clothing, being a larger quantity than in that year was produced in the metropolis of the nation. The assessed value of Ohio's taxable property, real and personal, gradually HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 45 increased yearly, without a break in that increase, from $64,675,578 in 1830 to $112,326,156 in 1840, and from $839,876,340 in 1850, to $888,302,601 in i860; while, by the estimate of her Commissioner of Statistics, the entire indebtedness of every county and the government of the State would not amount to twenty per centum of the last property valuation. This prosperous condition was attended by a free gift of the means of education to every child in the State ; while the means of general intelligence at comparatively trifling cost comprised publications of all sorts : twenty-four daily newspapers, two hundred and sixty-five weekly newspapers, and fifty-four monthly periodicals, issuing in the aggregate seventy-two millions of copies in i860, and the means of religious instruction and intelligence afforded by church edifices was sufficient to accommodate the entire population. This was the condi- tion of Ohio when Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois was, in i860, elected President of the United States by the great Republican party. In front of four hundred and forty miles of her territory lay slave States. From these, as has been men- tioned, many of her best pioneer settlers had come, while many more of her people traced, with Kentuckians and Western Virginians, their common lineage back to the eastern slope of the Old Dominion. In the earlier wars the most generous support had come to her, as has been also mentioned, from the land of those the Indians had designated the "Long Knives;" and, in the long peace that followed the war of 1812-15, hearty friendships and social attachments of the tenderest character had knitted, as members of the same families, peoples of either side of the "beautiful river." Not finding in their bibles that authority for the existence of human slavery that at this late period of civilization they deemed sufficient, and which was so readily found by their transfluvian neighbors, they at least could read therein that the powers that be are ordained of God, and conse- quently exercised generally a degree of toleration for the peculiar institution that to those neighbors was equally acceptable. The National Road that for many years had been the Mason and Dixon line of Ohio politics, dividing those of Puritan from those of Cavalier descent, was for the time being overlooked, and although for many years the southern part of the State, by virtue of its intelligence and population had controlled elec- tions and inspired legislation, in i860 this condition had become almost extinct. In 1848, the electoral vote of Ohio was cast, not for General Taylor, but for Lewis Cass, of Michigan ; but in 1852, it was given to Frankhn Pi-erce, of New Hampshire, in the belief that, as a northern man, he entertained Northern opinions concerning slavery. Almost from the beginning of his career as a lawyer in Cincinnati, Salmon P. Chase, as has been mentioned, boldly espoused the cause of freedom, and gathered those around him who held his opinions; but the great forces of church and State, for the reason we have just mentioned frowned upon his exposition of the national constitution, in so far as it supported slavery. He, however, feared not the frown of man. Single-minded and sincere in the work he had chosen, he continued to resist the demands of the slave power, and as a lawyer protect the friendless and helpless slaves, until he began to dif- fuse an abohtion sentiment among even the hitherto conservative men of the border States, as well as among the influential classes of the principal city of the State, and his residence, whose prosperity was believed to depend upon relations of intimacy and trade with the people south of her. Elected governor, as the eventual result of his course in politics, he so swayed the people's impulses — they had not yet hardened sufficiendy to be termed principles — that in 1856 Ohio polled her electoral vote for John C. Fremont, and a year later reelected her aboHtion leader. His far-seeing mind determined that war alone would terminate the irrepressible conflict then established, and he at once began to organize the State militia. In this, as in all else he led the northern sentiment. For many years the annual movements of militia had excited only contempt, until at last men refused to attend the annual musters, and they were given up. The old cannon were used only for 4th July and political celebrations, and the small arms were scattered, rusty, and worthless. But, in the face of this general disrepute. Governor Chase encouraged the formation of militia companies, similarly armed, uniformed, and equipped, in all the principal towns and cities of the State, with the view of having them ready to be formed into regiments and brigades when occasion required. We will not stop to mention the forces that opposed him. Enough to say that before his second term expired, he had the satisfaction of reviewing at Dayton, nearly thirty companies there assembled by his 46 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. direction from different parts of the State, and every one of which, subsequently, maintained their organization until formed into the first regiments of the State in 1861, when they participated in the earher movements of the war of the Rebellion. His successor, Governor Dennison, one of the few of our yet Uving governors, in continuing his policy, urged upon the Legislature to pay the militia for their time spent in drill, and enforce and expand the system; but while comparatively little was accomplished up to the close of i860, the condition of the militia of Ohio was superior to that of any State westward of her— in fact all of them combined did not possess so large a militia force as the first Ohio' regiment, then under command of the brave, and since deceased and lamented. Colonel King of Dayton. In limits narrowed to a few pages, we can but indicate that which, published in 1867, as "Ohio in the War," in the hands of one of her most talented sons, now editor-in-chief of the New York Tribune, filled two noble volumes. We have shown the feelings of gradual growth which -on the one side led to open armed Rebellion against the integrity of this Nation, and its constitutional organic law; and we have now but to show on the other side, the resolute and efficient means adopted by Ohio, to meet and crush that armed Rebellion. In those feelings, as has been indicated, Ohio's people were much divided, and, for reasons already mentioned, this division entered into her legislative halls and swayed her leading men up to the hour when — "That fierce and sudden flash across the rugged blackness broke. And, with a voice that shook the land, the guns of Sumter spoke; •» ******** And wheresoe'r the summons came, there rose the angry din, As when, upon a rocky coast, a stormy tide sets in." All wavering then ceased in the councils of the Ohio Legislature. The white heat of patriotism and fealty to the flag that had been victorious in three wars, and had never met but temporary defeat, then melted all party ties and dissolved all hesitation, and on the i8th of April, 1861, by a unanimous vote of ninety-nine repre- sentatives in its favor, there was passed a bill vvhich appropriated $500,000 to carry into effect the requisition of the President to protect the National Government, of which sum $450,000 were to purchase arms and equipments for the troops required by that requisition as the quota of Ohio, and $50,000 as an extraordinary contingent fund for the governor. The commissioners of the State Sinking Fund were authorized by the same bill to borrow this money, on the six per cent, bonds of the State, and to issue for the same certificates, freeing such bonds from taxation. Then followed other legislation that declared the property of volunteers free from execution for debt during their terms of service; that declared any resident of the State who gave aid and comfort to enemies of the Union guilty of treason against the State, to be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary at hard labor for life; and, as it had become already evident that thousands of militia beyond Ohio's quota of the President's call would volunteer, the Legislature, adopting the sagacious suggestion of Governor Dennison, resolved that all excess of volunteers should be retained and paid for service under the direction of the governor. Thereupon a bill was prepared and passed, authorizing the acceptance of volunteers to form ten regiments, and provide $500,000 for their arms and equipment, and $1,500,000 more to be disbursed for troops in case of invasion of the State. Then other legislation was enacted, looking to and providing against the shipment from or through the State of arms or munitions of war, to States either assuming to be neutral or in open rebellion; organizing the whole body of the State militia (every male citizen between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years); providing suitable officers for duty on the staff of the governor; requir- ing contracts for subsistence of volunteers to be let to the lowest bidder, and authorizing the appointment of additional general officers. Before the adjournment of that session of the Legislature, the speaker of the House had resigned to take command of one of the regiments then about to start for Washington City; two leading senators had been ap- pomted brigadiers-general, and many, in fact nearly all, of the other members of both houses had, in one capacity or another, entered the military service. It was the first war Legislature ever elected by Ohio, and, under sudden pressure, nobly met the first shock and enacted the first measures of law for war. Laboring under difficulties inseparable from a condition so unexpected, ^nd in the performance of duties so novel, it HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 47 may be historically stated that for patriotism, zeal and ability, the Ohio legislature of 1861 was the equal of either of its successors; while in that exuberance of patriotic sentiment which obliterated party lines and united all in a common effort to meet the threatened integrity of the United States, as a Nation, it surpassed them both. The war was fought, the slave power forever destroyed, and, under additional amendments to her organic law, the United States wiped the stain of human slavery from her escutcheon, and liberated over 4,000,000 men, women, and children, nineteen-twentieths of whom were natives of her soil. And here, in the lan- guage of Mr. Whitelaw Reid — for our purpose none more concise can be substituted — we will sum up that which was done by Ohio as her part in the conduct of the war. When Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House, Ohio had two hundred regiments of all arms in the National service. In the course of the war she had furnished two hundred and thirty regiments, besides twenty-six independent batteries of artillery,' five independent companies of cavalry, several companies of sharpshooters, large parts of five regiments credited to the West Virginia contingent, two regiments credited to the Kentucky contingent, two transferred to the United States colored troops, and a large proportion of the rank and file of the 54th and 65th Massachusetts regiments, also colored men. Of these organizations, twenty-three were infantry regiments furnished on the first call of the President, being an excess of nearly one-half over the State's quota; one hundred and ninety- one were infantry regiments furnished to subsequent calls of the President — one hundred and seventeen of them for three years, twenty-seven for one year, two for six months, two for three months, and forty-two for one hundred days; thirteen were cavalry, and three artillery regiments for three years, and of these three years' troops, over twenty thousand reenlisted, as veterans, at the end of their long term of service, to fight till the war would end. As original members of, or as recruits for, these organizations, Ohio furnished to the National service the magnificent army of three hundred and ten thousand, six hundred and fifty-four soldiers — actual soldiers — not men who paid commutation money, nor counting veteran enlistments as new troops, nor by enumerating citizens of Ohio who, as soldiers or sailors, enlisted in other States. The count is not made by 'such representation, but taken from the final report of the United States Provost-Marshal-General to the War Department, volume I, pp. 160 to 164, inclusive. The older, larger, and more popular commonwealth of Pennsylvania gave not quite twenty-eight thousand more, while Illinois fell forty-eight thousand behind, Indiana one hundred and six- teen thousand less, Kentucky two hundred and thirty-five thousand, and Massachusetts one hundred and sixty- four thousand less. Thus Ohio more than maintained in the National army the rank among her sisters which her population supported. We say this in no spirit of detraction to other States, but with the honest pride which the facts entitle us to entertain, and add that, from first to last, Ohio furnislied more troops than the President ever required of her, and that, at the end of the war, with more than a thousand men in the camp of the State, who never were mustered into service, she still had a credit on the rolls of the War Department for four thou- sand three hundred and thirty-two soldiers beyond the aggregate of all quotas ever assigned to her; and, besides all these, six thousand four hundred and seventy-nine of her citizens had, in heu of personal service, paid the commutation; while Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and New York, were all from five to one hundred thousand behind their quotas. So ably through all those years of trial and death did she keep the promise of that memor- able despatch from her first war governor: "If Kentucky refuses to fill her quota, Ohio will fill it for her." Of these troops, eleven thousand two hundred and thirty-seven were killed or mortally wounded in action, and of these, six thousand five hundred and sixty-three were left dead on the field of battle. They fought, on well nigh every battle-field of the war. Within forty-eight hours after the telegraphic call of the President, in April, 186 1, two Ohio regiments were on their way to Washington. An Ohio brigade in good order covered the retreat from the first battle of Bull Run. Ohio troops formed the bulk of the army that saved to the Union that territory that became the State of West Virginia; the bulk of the army that kept Kentucky from going out of the Union; a large part of the army that captured Fort Donelson, and Island No. 10; a great part of the army that from Stone river and Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge and Atlanta, swept to the sea and captured Fort McAllister, and north through the Carolinas to Virginia. They fought at Pea Ridge. They 48 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. charged at Wagner. They helped to redeem North CaroHna. They were in the sieges of Vicksburg, and Charleston, Richmond and Mobile. At Pittsburgh Landing and Antietam, at Gettysburg and Corinth, in the Wilderness and at Five Forks, before Nashville and Appomattox Court House, " their bones, reposing on the fields they won, are a perpetual pledge that no flag shall ever wave over their graves but the flag they died to maintain." "The real heroes of the war are the great, brave, patient, nameless People." The victories were not won through generalship. It is a libel on the word to say that generalship delayed for four years the success of twenty-five millions over ten millions, or required a million men in the closing campaign to defeat one hundred thousand. The integrity of this Nation was maintained by the sacrifices, the heroism, the sufferings, the death of the men composing the rank and file of the National army. Not alone on each recurring 30th of May shall we, by strewing flowers upon their graves, wherever their graves are known, keep them in remembrance. Their sacrifices, their sufferings and their heroic death will never cease to be cherished by their grateful countrymen. And as one of the evidences, and an opulent one, there have been established in Ohio, near the city of Dayton the National Soldiers' Home, and at Xenia, the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan's Home, in which there were resident, at the State charge for food, clothing and education, November 15th, 1877, three hundred and sixty-four male children and two hundred and forty female children, and so cared for, that but one death occurred during the year ending November isth, 1878. The admissions of that year were ninety-four, discharged as able to procure their own living, and provided for with positions in which to do so, eighty, with six hundred remaining in the institution. As indicated elsewhere, the subject of education at an early period engaged the minds of the fathers in Ohio, and elicited from them the famous declaration that since "religion, morality and knowledge are essen- tially necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The first general school law was enacted in 1825, and subsequent changes and improvements for the better during the succeeding fifty years, gives us in 1874 the following record, as taken from the report for that year of the schools' commissioner. The money to meet expenses of the public schools of the State are derived from five sources: i. From one mill on each dollar of taxable property shown by the grand duplicate, there were obtained $1,491,510. 2. From interest on irreducible school funds and rent of school lands $225,523. 3. From local taxation, $5,960,625. 4. From sales of school bonds $399,625. 5. From fines, licenses, etc., $223,310— making a total income for 1874 of $8,300,594. During ' the same year the expenditures were: i. Paid teachers of primary schools, $4,206,398. 2. Paid teachers of high schools, $408,101. 3. Paid superintendents, $138,530. 4. Paid for sites and buildings, $1,474,082. 5. Paid interest on and redemption of bonds, $516,603. 6. Fuel and contingent expenses, $1,328,452 — making a total expenditure for 1874 of $8,072,167. In that year there was paid from the State common school funds to eighty-eight (the whole number of) counties of the State $1,487,562, and received from those counties for this fund $1,533,734- There were in use 10,654 primary school-houses, and ten high school- houses for the township district schools, and for the separate district schools (that is the schools of cities, towns and villages) 953 primary school-houses, and 71 high school-houses. Of the 10,664 township district school- houses the estimated value, for high and primary, was $7,605,217, and of the 1,024 separate district school- houses, the estimated value was $11,214.316 -giving a grand total of estimated valuation of school-houses and the lands on which they stood of $18,829,586. The number of teachers employed for those schools were: In township district primary schools 8,551 male and 9,138 female teachers. In township high schools 12 male and 21 female teachers. In separate district primary schools 705 male and 2,970 female teachers. In separate district high schools 343 male and 335 female teachers. The average wages for these teachers were, for the township district schools, males $39 ' a month, females $26; for the township district high schools, males $59, females $59; for the separate district schools, malfs $57 a month, females $36; for the latter high schools,, males $83, females $59 a month. The average local taxation for township district schools was three and a half mills on the $100 taxable property, and for the separate district schools seven mills on the same. The whole number of school children in the HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE. OF OHIO. 49 State in 1874 was, between the ages of 6 and 21 years, 985,947, and between the ages of 16 and 21, 248,675. Of these there were enrolled in that year: in township district primary schools 255,917 males, and 223,386 females; in high schools for the same, 457 males, and 470 females; while in the separate district primary schools there were enrolled 104,087 males, and 100,254 females; in high schools of the same, 10,743 males, and 12,629 females — making a total enrollment in township district primary and high schools 480,230 children of both sexes, and in separate district primary and high schools of 227,713 children of both sexes. The average daily attendance was as follows: In the township district primary schools 144,655 males and 131,532 females; in the high schools of the same, 287 males and 320 females. In the separate district pri- mary schools 69,805 males and 67,683 females; in the high schools of the same, 6,775 niales and 8,573 females, making a total attendance for the township district schools of 276,794, and for the separate district schools of 152,836, and being a per centum of the enrollments of 79 for the township district schools, and 88 for the separate district schools. In 1874 the population of the State of school age was, white males 494,738, and white females 473,950; colored males 11,768, and colored females 11,252. Of the whites, the average enrollment was 707,943, while the average attendance was 429,630. The enrollments of colored children in their public schools were 2,302, and in their private schools 1,789 for the township districts; \yhile for the separate districts they were 3,829 for the public, and 5,442 for the private schools, and the average attendance 9,658. Ohio has, in addition to her common schools, 29 universities and colleges which receive nothing from school funds of the State. Of these the earliest was established in 1831 (Dennison University, at Granville, Licking county), and the latest in 1873 (McCorkle College, at Bloomfield, Muskingum county). In 1874, 4,228 male students and 1,950 female students attended there, with 3,148 Hsted for the regular course of instruction. During their existence they have graduated 6, 1 63 students. The total cash value of their property, as then estimated, was $5,152,975, and their income for that year $386,090, against an expenditure for the same period of $373,215. There are also in the State 28 normal schools, academies, seminaries, business colleges, etc., which do not receive anything from the common school funds of the State. The first specified date of establishment of these, is for that at Gallia, in 1811, and the latest that at Repubhc, in Seneca county, in 1873. In all of them there were 94 instructors, 4,638 students, and the year's graduates were 650. The total cash value of their property is $439,625, the year's receipts $87,339, ^i^d the year's expenditure $64,805. There are also in Ohio, 13 female seminaries, colleges, academies, and institutes which receive nothing from the State school funds, and which were all established between 1822 and 1859. They had 119 instructors, and an attendance of 1,500 students in 1874; property valued at $725,000; received in that year for tuition, etc., $77,206, and expended $52,538. In 1878, the number of youth of school age had increased to 1,041,963, of which there were enrolled 740,194, and the average daily attendance for the year 465,472. The cost of school-houses erected in that year was $843,822, and the total value of school-houses, including grounds, had increased to $21,329,864. The number of teachers necessary for the schools in those houses was 16,092, while the number of different teachers actually employed was 23,391. There had been collected in that year as the State school-tax (one mill on each dollar of taxable property) $1,531,081.37, and from local taxes $5,497,867.15. Omitting minor sums, the total receipts for that year were $7,841,911.92, while the total expenditure was over all $7,995,125.45, of which the teachers in primary schools received $4r5o9>733-67! and the teachers in high schools received $446,780.79. Adding the expense for superintending, and the amount paid teachers and superintendents was $5,142,364.86. The increase of colored school-children in the four years had been but 154. As has been remarked by the school commissioner, in his report for 1878, "when we examine the lists of those to whom are confided some duties relating to our schools, we find their name to be legion." There were reported by him for that year 32,307 local directors; in sub-districts, 1,347 township clerks as clerks of town- ship boards of education; as many township treasurers, as treasurers of such boards; 4,080 members of city, village, and special district boards, or claimed so to be; 264 county examiners of teachers; 500 estimated city 50 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. and village district examiners; 3 State examiners, and 88 probate judges, whose school duties are to appoint and remove the county examiners, and, upon petition, to constitute a commission as a court of appeal in matters of new districts and district boundary lines; as many county auditors, who are the special guardians of the school funds, and a like number of prosecuting attorneys, who are, ex-officio, counsel for the school boards. Here are more than 40,000 school officers, being estimated equal to two and one-half for every teacher necessary to instruct the youth of Ohio! In the course of an exhaustive argument affirming the constitutionality of certain sections of the pres- ent school law of Ohio, and the legality of the action of school boards which were based thereon, and taken before him for his opinion in 1878, Hon. Isaiah Pillars, Attorney-General of Ohio, said: "It has long been a settled maxim in Ohio, founded on the wisest public policy 'that the property of a State should educate the children of the State.' This does not mean that they should have the advantages of a free edu- cation in the common branches only, but in whatever, as well, going to constitute education." Under this rule, education in Ohio, particularly in the separate district schools, has been arranged to confer the advan- tages upon the students therein of that which may be truly regarded as liberal, and in former times only con- ferred in high-class institutions of learning. While the assistance extended by the State to the weaker counties in 1878 amounted to $234,112, the ex- cess of receipts by the State from the stronger counties, $218,153, reimbursed this assistance to within $15,959. Nevertheless, it must not be supposed that Ohio has not a school debt; on the contrary, the aggregate net amount of debts of all separate school districts, as reported for 1878 to the auditor of State, was $1,158,098, with twenty-seven counties not reported. The county of Hamilton, in which exists the largest separate school district of the State (the city of Cincinnati), reported her debt as amounting to the comparatively small sum of $6,263; while Champaign county reported $77,150, and Stark, $62,128, Tuscarawas, $58,381, Erie and Scioto, $49,344 and $49,400, respectively, with all the others reporting sums diminishing from these figures to $1,700 for Laurence county, as, of all, the least. The State has also provided large and handsome buildings at the seat of her government, fully equipped with every requirement of official and necessary attendants for her helpless children and adults, the deaf and dumb, the blind, the imbecile, and the insane; and at her principal cities, of Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Dayton, and at Athens, there are also large and commodious buildings for the large number of demented persons that naturally form a proportion of her population. The public funded debt of the State, in 1877 was $6,476,805, of which $6,475,140 was a "foreign debt," all of which except $2,500 bore six per cent, interest, and is known in the money market as "Ohio Sixes," payable in new York. The irreducible State debt, consisting of trust funds, at the same time, was $4,260,983. Except $1,665 of a canal loan, not bearing interest, these two sums constituted, in 1877, the entire debt of the State. The irreducible debt, by the accretions of its interest, etc., increased from $4,023,475, in 1872, to $4,260,983, in 1878. The irreducible school funds are: ist. The Virginia mihtary school fund, being the proceeds of sales of lands selected from Congress lands, lying between the United States military tract and the Connecticut Western Reserve — equivalent to one thirty-sixth part of the Virginia military reservation. 2d. Tlie United States military school fund, being the proceeds of sales of lands selected in the United States military district, and equal to one thirty-sixth part of the area of that reservation. 3d. The Western Reserve school fund, being the proceeds of sales of lands situated in the United States military district, and of lands in Defiance', Williams, Paulding, Putnam and Van Wert counties, appropriated for the use' of schools in the Western Reserve, and equivalent to one thirty-sixth part of that district. 4th. Sections sixteen, being the proceeds of one thirty- sixth part of each township-the sixteenth section-in which the Indian tide was not extinguished in 1803. Sth. The Moravian school fund, being the proceeds of the sale of one thirty-sixth part of each of three tracts of four thousand acres each, situated in Tuscarawas county. 6th. The Ohio University fund, being the proceeds of the sale of a part of the lands granted by Congress to endow that institution; and, finally, 7th. The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College fund, the proceeds of a sale of 629,920 acres of land granted to endow that college. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 51 The extent of these lands may be better estimated, when we say that the Virginia military district includes the whole of Adams, Brown, Clermont, Clinton, Fayette, Highland, Madison and Union counties, one-half of Hardin, Franklin and Logan counties, one-fourth of Champaign county, one-sixth of Clarke, three-fourths of Greene, two-fifths of Warren and Scioto, three-fifths of Pike, two-thirds of Ross and Pickaway, one-fifth of Del- aware and Marion counties, Anderson township in Hamilton county, and part of Goshen township in Auglaize county. The United States mihtary district includes all of Coshocton county, the greater part of Licking, Knox, Delaware, Tuscarawas and Guernsey, about one-half of Morrow and Muskingum, two-thirds of Holmes, one-third of Franklin, parts of two townships in Marion, and one-quarter township in Noble counties. The Western Reserve includes all of Ashtabula, Trumbull, Lake, Geauga, Portage, Cuyahoga, Medina, Lorain, Huron and Erie counties, all of Summit, except two townships, one-half of Mahoning, three townships of Ash- land, and Danbury township in Ottawa county. The debts of counties, cities, incorporated villages, townships, and separate school districts had increased from $17,590,547 in 1872, to $41,205,840 in 1878. Of this large amount of indebtedness $35,799,851 was the aggregate debt of cities of the first and second class, and quite three-fifths of which was the debt of Cincinnati, in-^urred principally for her Southern Railroad. The value of all the real estate and personal property in Ohio, according to the Consolidated Tax Dupli- cate in 1878, was divided as follows: Real estate in cities, towns and villages $381,892,967; real estate not in cities, towns and villages $709,223,985, and chattel property in both departments $461,460,552. As com- pared with 1877, their valuations showed a decrease of $22,068,261, such decrease being confined to chattel property. While it did not follow that there had not been a great depreciation between these two dates in the market values of real estate, this exhibit, compared with decennial valuations, exhibited a uniformity in the basis of taxation of the latter class of property. The taxes of the State for 1879, levied on the gross amount of the valuation, $1,552,577,504, were divided for State purposes into four funds, viz: i. For general revenue, four-tenths of a mill on the dollar, amounting to $619,972. 2. For asylum funds, one mill, amounting to $1,549,880. 3. For Sinking fund, half of a mill, amounting to $774,939. For common school fund, one mill, amounting to $1,551, 583 — being a total for State purposes of two and nine-tenth mills, and amounting to $4,496,376. For county purposes, the same valuation was taxed, for county expenses, $2,141,177; for the poor, $786,298; for bridges, $1,446,812; for buildings, $536,356; for roads, $1,091,669; for payment of debts, $427,314 — being a total for county pur- poses of four and two-tenth mills, and amounting to $6,429,628. For local purposes the same valuation was taxed for township expenses, $855,550; for schools and school-houses, $5,546,652; for city, town and village purposes, $7,391,627; for other special purposes, $1,604,606 — being a total for local purposes of ten mills, or one cent on the dollar of valuation, and amounting to $15,398,440. Thus the total county and local taxes levied in 1878 were $21,828,069; to which add the amount levied for State purposes, and we have for all purposes, $26,324,445, and to which add the delinquencies and forfeitures of previous years, and the total taxation for 1879, including such delinquencies, etc., amounts to $28,559,765. Estimating the cost of collect- ing these taxes, at two per centum less than the levy, and the expense and loss in collecting at two per cent, of the gross amount, and the Auditor of State thus makes the estimated cost for 1879 at $89,848. The internal revenue tax collected in Ohio by the United States during the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1878, was as follows: From banks and bankers $193,810; for fermented liquors $935,455; for spirits $10,124,478; for tobacco $3,474,082; for penalties, etc., $23,274; from other sources $12,149, — making a total of $14,763,246. - There are in Ohio at present 167 national banks, with an aggregate capital of $27,794,468; 17 banks for deposit, incorporated under the State banking law of 1845, ^'^h an aggregate capital of $539,904; 23 savings banks, incorporated under the State act of 1875, ^it^ ^" aggregate capital of $1,277,500; 192 private banks, with an aggregate capital of $5,663,898, — being a total of 399 banking institutions, with an aggregate capital of $35,275,770. But one of those 399 banks has capital stock exceeding one million of dollars, and that is the First National Bank of Cincinnati. The capital of the others diminish from 10,000 shares of $100 each, and 52 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. the valuation of which for taxation is but $850,000 (the Merchant's National Bank of Cincinnati), to the First National Bank of Beverly, with a capital valuation for taxation of but $5,100. There are but four counties, out of the eighty-eight counties of Ohio, which have no railroads. They are Meigs, Mercer, Monroe and Morgan. The valuation of the railroads in eighty-four counties for taxation is $76,113,500, and the taxation $1,128,116. The railway mileage, of each year from 1841, when the first miles of railroad were operated, ' until 1878, gradually increased, after 1847, from 129 miles in that year to 4,987 miles in 1878. If we add sidings and all tracks laid with iron in the State, the number of miles will -be in- creased to 6,264. The capital stock paid in is $157,112,438, and the funded and other debts for which these roads are security $173,130,592— making the total of stock paid in and debt $330,243,030. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30th, 1878, were $32,277,856, or nearly ten per centum of all invested in them; but the net earnings (less $15,192, loss upon four roads,) amounted to only $10,521,941. There are in Ohio 1,346 miles of incorporated turnpike roads, that in the aggregate cost $2,427,817; 20 miles of incorporated plank roads that cost $22,672; and 5,431 miles of free turnpike and plank roads that cost $9,818,818 — these roads, aggregating nearly 7,000 miles, have cost $12,269,297. In 1877, there were grown in Ohio 27,306,566 bushels of wheat from 1,746,084 acres; 914,106 bushels of rye from 74,580 acres; 225,822 bushels of buckwheat from 22,243 acres; 29,325,611 bushels of oats from 923,444 acres; 1,629,817 bushels of barley from 56,165 acres, and 101,884,305 bushels of corn from 3,135,959 acres. The wheat crop of 1877 was the greatest ever grown in the State, being an average of 15.63 bushels to the acre. In 1877, there were also grown and cured 2,160,334 tons of timothy hay from 1,739,813 acres, and 286,265 tons of clover hay and 251,984 bushels of clover seed, with 44,891 acres plowed under for ma- nure, from and of a whole sowing of 334,877 acres. During the same period there were produced 369,703 bushels of flax seed and 7,343,294 pounds of flax fibre, from 42,541 acres sown; also 10,504,278 bushels of potatoes from 127,685 acres planted; and 126,354 bushels of sweet potatoes from 7,252 acres planted. In 1877, Ohio also produced 24,214,950 pounds of cured tobacco from 29,407 acres; 7,507 pounds of sorghum sugar, and 1,180,255 gallons of sorghum syrup, from 16,104 acres planted; also from the maples of her forests 1,625,215 pounds of sugar and 324,036 gallons of syrup; and from 142,363 hives of bees she obtained 1,534,902 pounds of honey. The product of butter in the same year was 50,003,162 pounds, and of cheese 27,973,055. While this product of butter is the largest ever made in the State, the product of cheese has been higher, hav- ing, in 1864, reached 36,668,530 pounds. The number of horses, cattle, and mules in Ohio, in 1878, was, of the first 740,200, valued at $36,771; of the second, i;568,878, valued at 25,794,802; and of the third, 27,304, valued at $1,522,226; and there were also exported 2,341,411 hogs valued at $5,464,465, and 3,909,604 sheep valued at $8,578,123, the wool clip of the year being 15,747,040 pounds. In 1877 there were 418,288 orchards in Ohio, and the fruit grown and marketed from < them were 6,248,677 bushels of apples, 483,085 bushels of peaches and 80,254 bushels of pears. The grapes grown in Ohio that year aggregated 11,119,401 pounds, from 8,695 acres of vineyards, and of this crop there were enough pressed to produce 488,419 gallons of wine. There are but few counties in the State which do not grow grapes, but the lake counties, especially Erie and Ottawa, which embrace the islands, necessarily lead in this product — Ottawa county, with her 1,862 acres of vineyards, excelHng all the others, and proving that, given an equable temperament regulated, and the atmosphere supplied, by an abundance of moisture, the highest product may be regarded certain; while, these conditions absent, and large acreage does not insure correspond- ingly large product. There are twenty-nine counties in Ohio underlying which cgal exists, and from which deposits there were mined in the year ending May, 1878, 98,7S°,S37 bushels. Eleven of those counties, also, mined 286,886 -tons of iron ore; eight of them manufactured the aggregate of 10,171,971 bushels of salt, while five of them pro- duced 1,616,958 gallons of crude petroleum, and the refineries of Cuyahoga county refined 77,400,000 gallons of burning kerosene and standard oil. In May, 1878, eleven of the iron producing counties of the State had reported for the year previous, the manufacture of 417,787 tons of charcoal-smelted iron, and 281,457 tons of iron smelted with stone coal; ten HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. S3 counties reported the manufacture of 65,125 tons of bar and nail-rod iron, 25,967 tons of nails, 14,414 tons of hoop-iron, 11,073 tons of sheet-iron, 5,929 tons of boiler-iron, 442 tons of railroad chairs and spikes, 17,860 tons of iron rails, 42,825 tons of steel rails, and all other forms of steel manufactures at 37,702 tons. The above manufacture of pig iron, amounting to nearly 700,000 tons, the product of eleven counties, largely sup- plied the iron and steel manufactures herein reported by ten of those counties, as the years' product. The governors of Ohio from the organization of the State in 1802, were Edward Tiffin then elected, was reelected in 1804 and in 1806, and resigned in March, 1807, after which Thomas Kirker, the speaker of the senate served, ex-officio, as governor until the inauguration of Samuel Huntington, elected in 180S. In 1807 an election took place, the candidates being Return J. Meigs of Marietta, and Nathaniel Massie of Chillicothe, and the former was elected, but in consequence of his former residence in Louisiana, and more recent in Michigan, in the service of the United States, the Ohio senate declared him ineligible, while they did not seat his oppo- nent. Return J. Meigs was again elected in 1810, and reelected in 1812. In 1813 he resigned to become Postmaster-General, and the speaker of the senate, Othniel Looker, became, ex-officio, governor until the inaugur- ation, in 1814, of Thomas Worthington, who was reelected in 1816. He was succeeded by Ethan Allen Brown, elected in 1818, and reelected in 1820. He was succeeded by Jeremiah Morrow, elected in 1822, and reelected in 1824, and succeeded by Allen Trimble, elected in 1826 and reelected in 1828. He was succeeded by Duncan McArthur, elected in 1830 and who served one term only, to be succeeded by Robert Lueas, elected in 1832 and reelected in 1834. He was succeeded by Joseph Vance, elected in 1836, served but one term, and was succeeded by Wilson Shannon, who, elected in 1838, was succeeded by Thomas Corwin, elected in 1840. The candidates in the election of 1842 were those last-named, and Wilson Shannon was elected. He resigned in 1843 to become United States minister to Mexico, and Thomas W. Bartley, as speaker of the senate, became, ex-officio, governor until the inauguration of his father, Mordecai Bartley, elected in 1844. The latter was succeeded by William Bebb, elected in 1846, and he by Seabury Ford, who served but one term, and was succeeded by Reuben Wood, elected in 1850. and reelected in 1852. In 1853 he resigned to become United States minister to Chili. William Medill, as the first incumbent of the office, was elected lieutenant- governor in 1852, and, on the resignation of Governor Wood, became, ex-officio, governor until his own election as such in 1853, the first under the new constitution, and by which instrument the election of governor, etc., was changed from the . even to the odd numbered years. He served one term as governor elect, and was succeeded by Salmon P. Chase, elected in 1855 and reelected in 1857. In 1859 William Dennison was elected, and the war of the Rebellion beginning within the second year of his term, he was known as the "first war governor." He was succeeded by David Tod, elected in 1861, and the latter by John Brough, elected by 100,000 votes over Vallandigham in 1863, and who died in August, 1865. He was succeeded by Lieutenant-governor Charles Anderson, who became, ex-officio, governor until the inauguration of Jacob D. Cox, elected in 1865, and who served but one term. In 1867 Rutherford B. Hayes was elected, and reelected in 1869. Having served two terms, he was succeeded by Edward F. Noyes, elected in 187 1, and he by Will- iam Allen of ChilHcothe, elected in 1873. In 1875 Rutherford B. Hayes was again elected, with Thomas L. Young of Cincinnati as lieutenant-governor; and the former having in 1876 been the Republican candidate for the Presidency of the United States, resigned his office of governor in February, 1877, believing that he was elected, and proceeded to Washington, when the latter became, ex-officio, governor of Ohio, and served as such until relieved by his successor, Richard M. Bishop, elected in 1877, and inaugurated January isth, 1878. By the foregoing account of the governors, it will be observed that while there have been, since the or- ganization of the State, forty elections for governor, but twenty-six different persons have ■ been elected. Of these three were elected each three times, and eight elected each twice. The sixty-third General Assembly of Ohio adjourned on the 23d of June, 1879. It had, by the calendar, occupied one hundred and sixty-eight days, lacking only thirteen days of six calendar months. During its regular and adjourned sessions nearly fifteen hundred bills were introduced — three hundred and ninety-one in the Senate and eighty-five in the House. At the adjourned session one hundred and six general laws and one hundred and seventy-one local laws were passed, and forty-nine joint resolutions adopted. Many of the laws 54 • HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. classified as general are but local in their application, so that the local legislation is excessive, as usual. A comprehensive revision of the statutes at large was passed, and which, after the ist of January, 1880, will comprise all the general statutes of Ohio. The local legislation of the session was of a decidedly partisan character, and in which the rights of the legal voters of Cincinnati were trampled upon by the majority in a manner previously unknown to State legislation. In contradistinction to this, we may here state that the first General Assembly of Ohio was convened March ist, 1803, and adjourned on the i6th of the following April. It passed twenty-four laws, all of a general character, and all absolutely necessary for the organization of the State government; and partisan legislation was not only entirely unknown to it, but continued so to be for fifty years, afterward. For the purpose of expressing the capabilities of different localities of the State, with reference to agricul- ture, etc., the late Hon. John H. Klippart, as secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, divided the State, with imaginary lines running generally north and south, into districts, and designating them and defining their limits as follows: i. The Miami Valley, consisting of Butler, Brown, Champaign, Clarke, Clermont, Clinton, Darke, Greene, Hamilton, Logan, Miami, Montgomery, Preble and Shelby counties. 2. Maumee Valley, consisting of Allen, Auglaize, Crawford, Defiance, Fulton, Hancock, Henry, I.,ucas, Mercer, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, Williams, Wood, and Wyandot counties. 3. Scioto Valley, consisting of Adams, Delaware, Fayette, Franklin, Hardin, Highland, Jackson, Madison, Marion, Morrow, Pickaway, Pike, Ross, Scioto, and Union counties. 4. Muskingum Valley, consisting of Ashland, Carroll, Coshocton, Guernsey, Harrison, Holmes, Knox, Licking, Muskingum, Morgan, Noble, Richland, Stark, Tuscarawas, Washington, and Wayne counties. 5.- Western Reserve, consisting of Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga, Huron, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Summit, and Trumbull counties. 6. Hocking Valley, consisting of Athens, Fairfield, Gallia, Hocking, Lawrence, Meigs, Perry, and Vinton counties. 7. The Ohio river counties, not belonging to any river system other than the Ohio, are Belmont, Columbiana, Jefferson, and Monroe counties. The aggregate amount of farinaceous food produced annually by Ohio, is more to the square mile than by any other State in the Union. She raises more grain annually than ten of the old States, and more than half of the quantity raised by France or Great Britain. In 1832, a period of profound peace, according to McGregor's statistics of nations of Europe, Great Britain grew 2,190 bushels to each square mile, Austria 1,422, France 1,080, and in the same year Ohio raised 3,750. Combining the countries Great Britain, Austria and France, we find that they had 594,785 square miles, and produced in that year 863,147,300 bushels of grain, which was, at that time 1,450 bushels per square mile, and ten bushels to each one of their population. Ohio had 3,750 bushels to the square mile and fifty bushels to each one of her population, and thus there was five times as much grain raised in Ohio, in proportion to the people, as in these great countries of Europe. In 1870 Ohio had 8,818,000 domestic animals; Illinois 6,925,000; New York 5,283,000; Pennsylvania 4,493,000, and other States less. The proportion to population in these States was: In Ohio to each person 3.3; Illinois 2.7; New York 1.2; Pennsylvania 1.2. By McGregor's statistics the proportion of domestic animals in Europe were, in Great Britain 2.44 to each person; in Russia 2.00; in France 1.50; in Prussia 1.02; in Austria i.oo. From this it will be seen that the proportion in Great Britain is only two-thirds that of Ohio; in France one-half; and Austria and Prussia only one-third. It may be said that, in the course of civiUzation, the number of animals diminish as the density of population increases, and that therefore this result might have been expected in the old countries of Europe. But this does not apply to Russia or Germany, still less to other States in this country. Russia in Europe has not more than half the density .of population that Ohio has. Austria and Russia have less than 150 to the square mile. In fact the whole" of the north of Europe in population is less dense than is the State of Ohio, and still less are the States of Illinois and Missiouri west of Ohio. Then, therefore, it is plain there must be other causes to produce tKe population of domestic animals to man shown by Ohio, and we may find them in the fact that Ohio produces one-fifth of all the wool; one-seventh of aU the cheese; one-eighth of all the corn, and one-tenth of all the wheat pro- duced m the United States and territories; and yet Ohio has but one-fourteenth part of the population, and one-eightieth part of the surface of the country. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. 55 Taking a commercial view of the facts, and we find Ohio grows five times as much grain per square mile as is grown by Great Britain, France and Austria together. After allowing for the difference of living as known to the working people of the European and American countries, at least two-thirds of the food and grain of Ohio are a surplus beyond the necessities of life, and therefore so much in the commercial balance of 'exports. This corresponds with the fact that in the shape of grain, meat and dairy products, which are exportable, this surplus is constantly moved to the Atlantic States and thence to Europe. The money value of this exported product is equal to $100,000,000 per annum, and to a solid capital of $1,500,000,000, after the annual sustenance of the people has been taken out of the annual crop. Politically, Ohio is, at present, as she has been for the years of her existence as a State, divided mainly into but two parties — the Democratic and the Republican — the latter the successor, since 1856, of the Whig party, which, with the death of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, became extinct. With each recurring Presi- dential nomination the principles of these parties are again defined for the public information; but the nicer shades of such definition, if not, as they usually are, overlooked in the canvass succeeding the nominations, are almost invariably forgotten, or fail to be observed, after a national election, W^ith the war of the Rebellion the Democratic party passed from power, and became in Congress the opposition; and this position it continued to hold until the elections of 1876 gave it a majority in the House of Representatives. From and after 1873, the conduct of President Grant, in favoring men who constituted his " Kitchen Cabinet," so-called, had offended many of his most influential supporters, and created in their minds so great a reaction that the Repub- lican, as a party, gradually became disaffected ; and this, coupled with the natural desire people generally entertain for a change, caused the Democratic party to gain in popularity until, in this present year of grace, it has a majority in both houses of Congress. By the conduct of its leaders, however, during the extra Con- gress, has been indicated that, with its power, retained for three-fourths of the existence of the Republic, and then lost for nearly tAventy years, the Democratic party, while regaining power has failed to regain its ability to inspire confidence in the people generally that it represents the Nation in the effective manner the Repub- lican party has, as a whole, been true to; and that is by its high regard for the principles of justice and humanity, national unity, national obligations, and the glory of the American people, as one of the nations of the earth. Ohio- occupies the middle ground. As well in the influence of her party distinctions as in her geographical position, she is the mediterranean State of the Union, population rather than geographical area being considered. Hence she is generally regarded as the pivotal State upon which must turn party success or failure. If, then, we say the eyes of the Nation are, more especially in every quadrennial movement of politics, upon her, we simply indicate a truism that all will acknowledge. In this regard her position since the war has given her in- fluence she did not previously possess, but which her conduct during its continuance, and especially at its beginning, lifted her into, and where her conduct since its close has maintained her. Her chief commercial city has concentrated within itself the wealth that its large trade and manufactures have created, and the intel- ligence that results from the free appliance of wealth to the direction and supply of means to cultivate intellect in the higher departments of human civilization. Unlike the selfish conduct of millionaires of cities east of her, her millionaires aim to use, and do use, as its stewards rather than its owners, their wealth for the public benefit, as well in their own as in future generations, and dispense that wealth in the erection of buildings the pride of her citizens, and structures useful as they are ornamental. We are not prepared to say that to-day there exists a city of the Union whose men of wealth have done as well for the cities in which tliey won their wealth as has been done by her wealthy men for Cincinnati. Starting the list, that beyond its first and last names we will leave nameless, with Nicholas Longworth, who in 1832 gave Professor Mitchell land on which to erect his temporary astronomical observatory, and money towards meeting the expenses of its erection, and the supply of its necessary appliances and powerful astronomical instrument, to the last bountiful gifts of Reuben Springer toward the erection and completion of a Music Hall and Exposition buildings, and the erection by David Sinton of an elegant and commodious home for female orphan children in Cincinnati, we can point with pride to our rich men and say they have truly obeyed the divine command, and have been S6 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE STATE OF OHIO. the stewards and public dispensers of the ample means their well-directed lives enabled them to win. They have not buried their treasures in the earth, nor hidden them in a napkin, but invested them in the pleasant service of their fellow-citizens; and consequently, they can well look forward to the fulfillment for them of the promise enunciated by their Divine Master: "Well done thou good and faithful servants; enter ye into the joys of your Lord ! " CINCINNATI MUSIC HALL AND EXPOSITION BUILDINGS. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPyEDIA and PORTRAIT GaLLERY EEPEESEI^TATIVE MEN" — OF THE- STATE OF OHIO. Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, nineteenth President of the United States, was born at Delaware, Ohio, October 4th, 1822. President Hayes is of Scotch descent, his ancestry being traced back through five generations to George Hayes, who emigrated from Scotland to Windsor, Connecti- cut, in 1682. The female line of descent is from old Colonial stock. Daniel Hayes, son of George, was ransomed by the colony of Connecticut, when captured by the French and Indians. Ezekiel Hayes, son of Daniel, gained a military title in defense of the colonies, and married the great-grand- daughter of the Rev. John Russell, who concealed the regi- cides. Rutherford Hayes, grandfather of the President, was born at New Haven in 1756. He was an officer in the mili- tary service of the State of New York. Rutherford Hayes, father of the President, was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, January 4th, 1.787. His mother was Sophia Birchard, whose family was of English descent. These parents removed to Delaware, Ohio, in 1817, where in i8'22 the father died. The mother, a noble Christian woman, survived until 1866. The subject of this sketch began his classical education with Judge Finch, a former tutor in Yale College. He completed his preparation for college at Middletown, Connecticut, under Isaac Webb, a graduate of Yale. Here he was awarded the first prize in Latin and Greek. He entered Kenyon College, Ohio, at the age of sixteen, and graduated in 1842, as vale- dictorian. Began the study of the law at Columbus, but en- tered the law department of Harvard University in 1843, graduating in 1845. He was the same year admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession at Fremont, Ohio, subsequently settling permanently in Cincinnati, where he married in 1852, Miss Lucy W. Webb. In the practice of the law, he was eminently successful. Was appointed and subsequently elected city solicitor, which office he filled with marked ability for three years. On the fall of Fort Sumter, he left the profitable practice of his profession, and com- menced the work of raising troops. Was commissioned by Governor Dennison, on June 7th, 1861, major of the 23d Ohio volunteer infantry. After five months' service in West Vir- ginia, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant -colonel. Showed great intrepidity at South Mountain, where he was wounded, and wfis made colonel of the 23d Ohio, October 24th, 1862. Fought at the head of brigades or divisions in the battles of Cloyd Mountain, Winchester, Berry ville, Ope- quan, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. On the last named field was upon the recommendation of Sheridan, for con- spicuous services, promoted to the rank of brigadier gen- eral. March 13th, 1865, promoted to the rank of Brevet Major General, "for gallant and distinguished services dur- ing the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia." General Hayes was wounded four times in battle, and was for a hundred days in battles and skirmishes exposed to death under fire. August 6th, 1864, while in the field, was nomin- ated for Congress. On August 24th, he wrote from camp to William Henry Smith: "Your suggestion about getting a furlough to take the stump was certainly made without reflec- tion. An officer fit for duty who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped. You may feel perfectly sure I shall do no such thing." He was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, over Joseph C. Butler, by a majority of 2,455. In August, 1866, was renominated for Congress by acclamation, and was elected to the Fortieth Congress, by a majority of 2,556 over Theodore Cook. As chairman of the library committee, he projected and carried through measures which greatly in- creased the size and usefulness of the library of Congress. 58 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. His time was largely consumed in looking after the claims and interests of the Union soldiers who had served with him or under him. On issues growing out of the impeachment of President Johnson, and questions relating to reconstruction, he voted consistently with the Republican party. After serv- ing three years in Congress, he was elected governor of Ohio, defeating the Hon. Allen G. Thurman by 2,983 votes. The legislature chosen, however, was democratic, and his com- petitor was rewarded with an election to the United States Senate, in which body he has since held a commanding posi- tion. Resigning his seat in Congress, General Hayes was inaugurated governor of Ohio, January 13th, 1868. His ex- ecutive acts and services were so acceptable that he was renominated for governor by acclamation, June 23d, 1869. General W. S. Rosecrans was first put forward as his oppo- nent, but declined the democratic nomination, and the Hon. George H. Pendleton was then placed at the head of the ticket. After a spirited campaign, in which the greenback payment of the public debt was the main issue, Mr. Pendle- ton was defeated by 7,506 votes. Governor Hayes was re-inaugurated, January loth, 1870. His inaugural addresses and messages as governor are found in full in " Howard's Life of Hayes." Among the measures of these four years were the establishing of soldiers' orphans' homes ; the en- larging of the powers of the State board of charities ; increas- ing the usefulness of all the benevolent institutions; the founding of the Agricultural and Mechanical College ; secur- ing minority representation on election boards; ratifying the fifteenth amendment to the National Constitution, and the reduction of the State debt. In July, 1872, much against his wishes, he was renominated for Congress in the second dis- trict of Cincinnati. Although running a thousand votes ahead of his ticket, he was defeated by General H. B. Ban- ning, the elections going heavily against the republicans in Hamilton county. The same year he declined the appoint- ment of assistant treasurer of the United States at Cincinnati. On June 2d, 1875, he was nominated by the Repubhcan State convention, a third time for governor, the republicans insisting that their candidate at this crisis should be their strongest man. Governor WilUam Allen had been nominated for reelection by acclamation, and the tendencies of the times were favorable to his continuance in office. After a contest which aroused an interest not only throughout the United States, but in Europe, he was elected a third time governor by a majority of 5,544. The contest gave him a national name and fame. The issue between inflation and stable money had been squarely met. His inaugural message was devoted mainly to a discussion of the alarming increase of local and municipal indebtedness, which he urged should be checked by legislative and constitutional restrictions. The Sixth Republican National convention assembled at Cincinnati, June 14th, 1876, and on June i6th, nominated Governor Hayes for President of the United States. His chief com- petitors for the nomination were Senator Blaine, ex-Secretary Bristow, Senator Morton, and Senator Conkling. The vote on the first ballot stood : Blaine, 285 ; Morton, 125; Bristow, 113; Conkhng, 99; Hayes, 61 ; scattering, 72. On fifth bal- lot: Blaine, 286; Bristow, 114; Hayes, 104; Morton, 95; Conkling, 82; scattering, 74. Sixth ballot: Blaine, 308; Hayes, 113; Bristow, in ; Morton, 85; Conkling, 81; scat- tering, 57. The seventh and decisive ballot stood: Hayes, 384; Blaine, 351 ; scattering, 21. On June 17th, being notified of it by a committee of the convention, Governor Hayes ac- cepted the nomination for the Presidency. On July 8th, three weeks later, his formal letter of acceptance was written. This letter was admirable in sentiment and style, and was remark- ably well received. It took the ground that honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only qualifications for office; it declared in favor of a single Presidential term; urged the resumption of specie payments ; opposed sectarian control of the pubUc schools, and declared the need of the permanent pacification of the country, and the sacred observ- ance of the Constitution and all its amendments. After a hard fought political contest, in which the public and personal character of the candidates formed an important factor in the campaign, the Electoral college, returned 185 electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes, and 184 votes for Samuel J. Tilden. The friends of the minority candidate having questioned the correctness of the returns from four of the States, and denied the authority of the President of the Senate to count the electoral vote, a high tribunal was created by law, which was empowered to decide all questions of law and fact in dispute. This tribunal, with full powers and authority expressly con- ferred to render its decision, decided that the Electors of the four disputed States had legally cast their votes for Hayes and Wheeler. The counting of the electoral vote was com- pleted March 2d, and on that day the result was formally announced by the President of the Senate. On Monday, March 5th, 1877, the President-elect took publicly the oath of office, and delivered his inaugural address at the East front of the Capitol, before an immense assemblage of people. On March 7th, the President sent to the Senate the names of the members of his cabinet, all of whom were confirmed, to-wit: William M. Evarts, Secretary of State; John Sher- man, Secretary of the Treasury ; George W. McCrary, Secre- tary of War ; Richard W. Thompson, Secretary of the Navy ; Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior; David M. Key, Post- master General ; Charles Devens, Attorney General. This list continues unchanged, and seems likely to remain un- broken during the whole Presidential term. The principal measures of the administration have been the establishment of peaceful, local self-government in the South as a means to secure the permanent pacification of the country — an end de- clared to be of " supreme importance ; " a thorough, radical, and complete change in the system of appointment to office, re'moving appointments from legislative control with a view to the elevation of the standard of the civil service to that of the military and naval service, and the attainment of greater permanency in every department of the public service ; and the resumption of specie payments at the date fixed by law. Pecuhar difficulties and embarrassments, greater, perhaps than have fallen to the lot of any of his predecessors ex- cept Lincoln, growing out of the disputed election and the attending circumstances, surrounded the administration of President Hayes at the outset. The disturbed condition of public affairs at the South, particularly in the States of South Carolina and Louisiana, demanded immediate attention, and on March 23d, 1877, a letter was addressed by the Presi- dent to the rival claimants for the chief executive office in South Carolina, requesting an interview with each claimant, respectively, at Washington. The invitation was cordially responded to, and after full conference, an order was issued by the President for the removal of the United States troops from the State house at Columbia, South Carolina, to take effect April loth. On the following day, D. H Ch imberlain, the republican governor-elect, withdrew from the capital, and ^y^^^^.-^:^ \ Ai. StMY. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 59 Wade Hampton, the democratic governor-elect, took posses- sion of the executive chamber. On March 29th, 1877, a commission had been appointed to visit Louisiana, and report on the best method for the restoration of order and the ad- justment of political difficulties in that State, involving the relations of the Federal government with the State authorities. The commissioners were Charles B. Lawrence, Joseph R. Hawley, John M. Harlan, John C. Brown, and Wayne Mc- Veagh, who proceeded immediately to New Orleans and entered upon the discharge of the delicate and important mission entrusted to their discretion. On April 20th, fol- lowing, by direction of the President, an order was issued by the Secretary of War for the removal of the United States troops from the State house at New Orleans, to take effect April 24th. The order was communicated to General Augur, the officer in immediate command, and on the 24th of April, at twelve o'clock, the troops were withdrawn. On June 22d, 1877, the executive order was issued prohibiting officers of every department of the civil service from taking part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns. In the month of September, the President took an extensive Southern trip, during which his much-discussed Atlanta speech was delivered. In a special message, dated October 15th, 1877, the President convened Congress in special session for the purpose of making the necessary appropriations for the army and navy, for the current fiscal year, omitted at the preceding regular sessions. He also asked that provision be made for the suitable repre- sentation of the United States at the Paris Exposition of 1878. The nominations of Theodore Roosevelt for collector, L. Bradford Prince for naval officer, and E. A. Merritt for sur- veyor of the port of New York, were sent to the Senate Octo- ber 29th. Unusual interest was awakened by these nomina- tions, and a prolonged discussion over them took place in the Senate. Merritt was confirmed, but Roosevelt and Prince were rejected, December 12th, by a vote of 31 to 25. The first annual message, dated December 3d, 1877, urged that suspicion, distrust and enmity between the sections of the Union, lately involved in civil strife, should give place to concord and harmony, and a united interest in the promotion of the general welfare of the whole country ; that the use of the army for upholding local governments must be discon- tinued ; that the Treasury must resume cash payments at the date fixed by statute ; that competency, efficiency, and integ- rity of character are the true qualifications for official appoint- ment, and that a thorough, radical and complete reform of the civil service of the government, by appropriate legislation for this purpose, is an imperative necessity. On February 28th, 1878, the President sent a special message to Congress, vetoing the silver bill. This bill was, however, passed over the veto, and became a law by a vote of 196 to 73 in the House, and 46 to 19 in the Senate. In a special message, May 17th, 1878, an appropriation to pay the award of the Halifax commission was recommended. A resolution, on the same date, known as the Potter resolution, passed the House of Representatives, under which an investigation of charges of fraud and corruption attending the Presidential election in the States of Florida and Louisiana, has been in progress. Thus far not a particle of evidence has been presented to weaken the title of the President to the chief executive office of the government, or to disturb the confidence of his coun- trymen in his blameless character, honest aims, and pure purposes. Grant, Ulysses Simpson, eighteenth President of the United States, was born at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, on the 27th of April, 1822. Entered West Point Academy in 1839, graduated in 1843, received a commission in the United States army in 1845, and served under Generals Taylor and Scott, in Mexico. In 1852 he was ordered to Oregon, and in August, 1853, became full captain. In July, 1854, he.resigned his commission, and going to Galena, Illinois, there settled. From this privacy he was drawn by the civil war, first serving as aide-de-camp to the governor of his State in 1861, and afterward as colonel of the 21st Illinois volunteer infantry. His promotion was rapid, as in July of the same year he was commissioned a brigadier general. His ability as an execu- tive army officer was manifested when in command at Cairo, by securing Paducah, and thus holding the key to Kentucky. In November, 1861, he fought the battle of Belmont, in Mis- souri, on the 7th, securing a victory, and in the following January conducted a reconnoisance in force to the rear of Columbus, Kentucky. After capturing Fort Henry on the Tennessee river, he pursued the confederate troops to Fort Donelson, and there after a battle that raged three days and three nights, he summoned the fort to surrender, and in reply to the answer of the confederate commanding general, re- turned those memorable words which caused the confederate generals to seek safety in flight and escape under the cover of darkness on the 15th February, 1862, and "the unconditional surrender" of the fort was the result. This brilliant victory won for our subject the rank of major general, and his ap- pointment to the command of the Union army in west Ten- nessee. Crossing the State from north to south with about one-half of his forces, he attacked the confederate army, con- sisting of 70,000 men, at Pittsburgh Landing on the Tennes- see river, and though, as the result of the first day's fighting, his lines were overwhelmed, crushed, and greatly dispersed, on the night of that day he reformed them, and planted new batteries, and thus held the enemy in check until dark of the next day, when the arrival of his rear guard of 35,000 men under General Buell enabled him, April 6th and 7th, to fight the glorious battle of Shiloh, whence the enemy,. abandoning their positions, retreated to Corinth, Mississippi. General Halleck, at the siege of this position, being chief in command was suddenly called to Washington, and thereupon General Grant was invested with the command of the entire Tennes- see department, and which at that time comprised all the troops engaged in fighting for the Union in the southwestern States. With this army he passed down the Mississippi river to Vicksburg, and after discovering that strongly fortified city could not be captured by approach from the river, passed down and landed his troops several miles below, and, march- ing to the rear of Vicksburg, stationed his forces for a siege. Vicksburg was regarded impregnable, so well was it fortified on every side, but after a long and memorable siege, this important stronghold was surrendered unconditionally, and 37,000 prisoners, 150 cannon, with an immense quantity of military stores fell into the hands of the victors. Upon the defeat of General Rosecrans at Chickamauga in September, 1863, General Grant was ordered to that point, and there on the 25th November, he defeated General Bragg's command. This great victory, by which east Tennessee was reduced, and Kentucky and west Tennessee secured permanently from confederate control, was perhaps the most important battle of the war, and it placed General Grant beside the ablest gen- erals of any age or country. It caused a change hitherto 6o BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. unknown to the American army, the creation of the rank of Lieutenant General, under which General Grant was made commander-in-chief in the field of all the armies of the United States on the 1st March, 1864. Invested thus. General Grant went to Washington where he took command of and directed the movements of the different army corps commanders, wherever placed. He ordered Sigel to cover Washington City, Butler to menace Richmond from the James river, and Sherman to press his campaign in Georgia, and thus prevent the reinforcement of the confederate General Lee ; while Gen- eral Grant himself, with the army of the Potomac north of the Rapidan, was to draw Lee's army out of their intrenchments between that and the James river, and either destroy them, or compel them to seek safety in Richmond, their capital. On the night of May 3d, 1864, General Grant's forces crossed the Rapidan, and entered what was known as the Wilder- ness, an extensive belt of uncultivated swampy land on the south bank of that river, and in which Lee's army was in- trenched in force. By a flank movement General Grant's forces were getting between Lee's army and Richmond, when the latter rushed from their intrenchments and attempted to destroy the former, and then began the most gigantic and terrific destruction of human life known to the history of mod- ern warfare. During- eleven days the battle continued almost uninterruptedly, and on the morning of the twelfth, both armies sternly confronted each other. Lee had met stubborn com- manders, but for the first time he felt the army of the North had a commander whose persistence knew no limit, and after a council of war with his chiefs in command, he resolved to retreat upon Richmond, and this he was enabled to do, pass- ing with his army to and crossing the famous Chickahominy, where he had beaten McClellan in 1862. General Grant fol- lowed, crossing the North Anna, when a reconnoisance of his enemy's position assured him that he was too formidably en- trenched to be beaten by assault, and he therefore moved his army along the nortli bank of the Chickahominy to the James river, and there joined Butler at Bermuda Hundred. The performance of this movement in the presence of Lee's army, at many points distant but a few rods south of him, is regarded as one of the most brilliant of the many brilliant movements of his military career. While Thomas was sweeping Tennes- see, Sheridan riding from apparent defeat to certain victory in the Shenandoah valley, and Sherman pressing on his matchless march through the confederate States, General Grant sat patiently down at Petersburg, as he had sat at Vicksburg, with but one aim, and that was to crush the army of Lee and capture peace. Murmurings and newspaper scandal passed over him as the empty wind. All winter long, there the army of the North lay, reinforced by troops from every point where they were no longer required, and with the patience of their commander, abided their time. On the other hand, Lee's army wearied at length, and seeing the early consumption of their supplies with the stores of the South cut off, determined to assume the offensive, and in the night of the 27th March, 1865, their commander massed three divi- sions in front of Fort Steadman, on the extreme right of the Union army, and which in the morning they captured. Be- fore noon, however, it was recaptured by the Union troops, with 1,800 confederate prisoners, all the cannon, and other- wise but little injured. But this seemed to be that which the Union army commander had patiently waited all the previous autumn and winter for, and thereupon he directed General Sheridan, in command of the left wing of the Union army to mass his men to extent of three army corps, south of Peters- burg, and attack the enemy. Sheridan obeyed, and flanking the confederates, captured their entrenchments with 6,000 men. This done, the attack under General Grant's immedi- ate direction of the right and centre became general, aiid so successful the assault on the enemy that in that same night their intrenchments were in the possession of the Union troops, from the Appomattox, above Petersburg, to the river below. At three o'clock that Sunday afternoon, Lee tele- graphed to the President of the Confederate States at Rich- - mond that his army had been driven out of its intrenchments, and that PeterslDurg and Richmond must be evacuated, and which consequently was done that night, and on the next day, April 3d, 1865, the Union army entered Petersburg, and the troops under General Weitzel occupied Richmond. Seeing that it was the intention of his enemy to run rather than there surrender, by rapid movements General Grant cut off Lee's retreat to Richmond and beyond, stopped him at Appomattox court house, or county seat, and demanded his immediate sur- render. There the two chiefs met and arranged details, and on Sunday, April 9th, 1865, the army of Lee capitulated. The whole of this army was paroled on condition that officers and men should at once return to their homes, the former retain- ing their side arms, and the field officers allowed one horse each. All other property, that of the Confederate govern- ment, within the department was surrendered to the United States. General Johnson's surrender to General Sherman in South Carolina followed shortly after on similar terms, and the war of the Rebellion against United States authority was forever crushed. In 1866, General Grant was promoted to the rank of General, an honor that was created especially for him. In August, 1867, President Johnson suspended Secre- tary Stanton, and General Grant consented to temporarily fill the office of Secretary of War, but the United States Senate refusing to sanction the suspension, Mr. Stanton was restored to his office January 13th, 1868. Unanimously nominated by the National Republican convention on the 20th of the follow- ing June, at Chicago, General Grant was, November 3d, 1868, elected President of the United States, and reelected in 1872. His conduct in office is a part of the history of the Nation, and not our province to discuss. On the close of his second term he began a tour of the civilized world, and which has not terminated up to the present tiine. By the govern- ments of Europe he has been received with all the honors due the representative of the American nation, and the respect due the general who defeated that most powerful and desper- ate attempt to destroy the union of the great North American States, and establish in perpetuity within a large number of those States the abhorrent system of human slavery. Harrison, William Henry, soldier, statesman, and ninth President of the United States, was born February 9th, 1773, at Berkeley, Charles county, Virginia, now known as Berkeley Springs, the county seat of Morgan county. West Virginia. He was the third and youngest son of the Hon. Benjamin Harrison, a member of the Continental Congress, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and three times governor of Virginia. He died in 1791. He was a man of large stature, cheerful disposition, and very popular with all classes. His son William had all the advantages that moder- ate wealth and the intellectual companionship of his father could afford, and after graduating with honor at Hampden Sidney College, in his eighteenth year, had just entered upon /' ^' /uJ^, /^ /9^^yz^^^c/^^^-^ JPut. "*y SBMall !. Suns.JS-llircTiu/ . "/-jf r BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 6i the study of medicine when his father's death changed his plans. Being by that event made dependent upon his own efforts, he decided to enter the army, was commissioned an ensign by President Washington, and assigned for duty with the army of General St. Clair. Delayed in his journey west, he did not arrive until after the command had been trans- ferred to General Wayne, whom he joined, and was soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and, after Wayne's great battle, in which Lieutenant Harrison highly distinguished him- self, he was, in 1795, made a captain, and put in charge of Fort Washington, around which John Cleves Symmes, as owner of all the land in the vicinity not then the property of the government, had laid out the town of Cincinnati. Hav- ing in 1797 married a daughter of Mr. Symmes, Captain Har- rison resigned his commission, and shortly afterward was appointed secretary of the territory of which St. Clair was then governor. In 1801 this territory was divided, and Sec- retary Harrison appointed governor of the territory of Indiana, so-called, then embracing the present States of Indiana, Illi- nois, Michigan and Wisconsin, and which was at that time nearly all in the possession of the Indians. These, in 181 1, having become much too hostile in their demonstrations. Governor Harrison, with eight hundred volunteers and regu- lars, marched to Tippecanoe, then occupied by the main force of Indians, under the command of their principal chiefs Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet, so-called. Here Governor Harrison, having encamped his force, was furiously attacked, but successfully repelled that attack, beating the Indians so badly that were it not for the war just then pro- claimed with Great Britain they would probably have then come to" terms. After Hull's surrender. Governor Harrison in September, 1812, was placed in command of the North- western frontier, with the rank of brigadier general, but not until the following year, and when he had been promoted to the rank of major-general, was he enabled to begin active operations. Then mistakes of his subordinate officers caused several mishaps to his troops, but Perry's victory on Lake Erie enabled him to recover so much of the territory of which he was governor as had been occupied by the British troops, and he pursued them into Canada where, October 5th, they were totally routed in the battle of the Thames. Peace with the northwestern Indians soon followed, and with the conclu- sion in 18 1 5 of the so-called war of 18 12, they finally ceased to trouble the settlers. In consequence of misunderstandings with Mr. Armstrong, the then Secretary of War, General Har- rison soon after resigned his commission as major-general ; and Indiana being admitted as a State in 1816, Governor Harrison retired to his estate a few miles below Cincinnati on the north bank of the Ohio river, and from where, as part of the Cincinnati Congressional district, he was in that year elected to Congress. After serving a term in that body, he was elected to the State senate of Ohio, and held that position two years. In 1824 he was elected to the United States Sen- ate, and on taking his seat was, instead of General Jackson, appointed chairman of the military committee in that body, on which he served until in 1828 he was appointed by Presi- dent John Quincy Adams, minister to the South American Republic of Columbia. Having accepted the appointment, he proceeded to Bogota, but General Jackson having been elected, he, in 1829, cancelled the appointment, and General Harrison returned to again live in retirement upon his North Bend estate. Being in very moderate circumstances he ac- cepted the position of clerk of Hamilton county court, and held it twelve years. In 1836, he was, as a military man of distinction, brought forward as a candidate for the Presidency, and received 73 electoral votes, Martin Van Buren being elected. The disastrous financial condition into which the whole country was subsequently plunged, caused by the arbi- trary conduct of President Jackson during his second term, weakened the Democratic party and created a probability that, were an available Whig candidate found, he would be elected. After canvassing the merits of all such candidates, including Henry Clay, as the father of the protective system, and General Scott as the head of the army, none more avail- able than General Harrison could be found, and on the 4tli December, 1839, ^^ ^^^ ^V ^^ convention at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, nominated. After a supreme effort continued during the eleven following months, the Whig party in such effort exhibiting the most surprising ability as an electioneer- ing party, of the 294 electoral votes cast by twenty-six States, William H. Harrison secured 234. The popular vote was, for Harrison, 1,274,783; for Van Buren, 1,128,702, and for Birney, the abolitionist candidate, 7,609. Inaugurated on the 4th March, 1841, President Hafrison very carefully and judi- ciously selected his executive cabinet, and his administration promised to be all the country required, but, before any dis- tinctive line of policy could be established, after an acute illness of eight days, following an attack of pneumonia brought on by exposure on the day of his inauguration, he died on the 4th April, 1841, and his body was removed to and interred in the tomb he had built on his estate at North Bend. The constitution of President Harrison's mind was of a high order; caution, cool judgment, and good sense influenced his every action, and he died regretted by the whole people, whose feelings had to their depths been stirred by the excite- ment attending his election. Not a stain sullied the fair escutcheon of his name, and throughout all time will that name be remembered with affection, and mentioned with respect by the people of the great territory of which he was first governor and defender. St. Clair, Arthur, soldier and military governor of the Northwestern Territory, was born at Edinburgh, Scot- land, in the year 1735, and died near Greensburgh, Pennsyl- vania, August' 31st, 1818. After receiving a university education and studying medicine in Edinburgh, he became a surgeon in the British army, was subsequently attached to a body of troops which crossed the Atlantic, and served as a lieutenant under General Wolfe in his memorable campaign against Quebec. Having exhibited military ability, he was placed, at the close of the war between France and England, in command of Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania, where a large track of land was granted to him. Here, growing weary of garrison life, he turned his attention to agriculture, and held several civil offices. At the breaking out of the Revolution- ary war, he adopted the colonial cause, and received a com- mission as colonel in the Continental army, when he dis- played great energy and success in recruiting troops — having in six days raised and prepared a regiment for immediate service in the field. In August, 1776, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, and took part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. The next year he was made a major general, and placed in command of Fort Ticonderoga, which, though garrisoned by two thousand men, he aban- doned on the approach of Burgoyne. For this action he was charged with incapacity and cowardice, but after a thorough 62 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. investigation of the circumstances by a court martial, he was honorably acquitted, and Congress by a unanimous vote en- dorsed the decision— his action, however unpopular, being justified as a wise- one, since an attempt to hold the works must have resulted in defeat, with a useless sacrifice of men whose services were needed elsewhere. After the sur- render of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, where he was pres- ent, General St. Clair retired to his farm at Ligonier. In 1785, however, he was elected a delegate to, and soon after became President of the Continental Congress. After the passage of the ordinance of 1787, he was appointed military governor of the Northwestern Territory, coming to Cincin- nati (then Fort Washington) and organizing the county of Hamilton in 1790; and in 1791 commanded an expedition against the Northwestern Indians, which resulted in the great disaster known in Western history as "St. Clairs defeat." On the 4th November, the Indians surprised and routed his whole force of about 1,400 regulars and militia — on one of the tributaries of the Wabash, near the Indiana line, in what is now Darke county, Ohio, — killing over 900 men, and cap- turing his artillery and camp equipage. This loss greatly exasperated the whole country, and General St. Clair was severely censured. He certainly failed to take sufficient precautions against surprise, but the character of a large por- tion of his troops, raw, undisciplined militia, will account for the panic which caused the utter rout, and the terrible loss attending it. General St. Clair himself, although suffering at the time with a painful disease, acted with great bravery, eight balls, it is said, passing through his clothes and hat during the fight ; and doubtless did his utmost, first to repel the enemy, and afterward to save the remnant of his little army. In commenting upon his honorable acquittal of all blame for the disaster, by a committee of Congress appointed to investigate its causes, Marshall, in his " Life of Washing- ton," remarks: "More satisfactory testimony in favor of St. Clair is furnished by the circumstance that he still retained the undiminished esteem and good opinion of President Washington." General St. Clair held the office of territorial governor until 1802 — the year after the transference of the capital from Cincinnati to Chillicothe — when he was removed by President Jefferson. The reason of his removal is stated by Judge Burnet to have been dissatisfaction caused by his seeming disposition to enlarge his own powers and restrict those of the territorial legislature, which was manifested in his veto of nineteen out of thirty bills passed at its first session. Judge Burnet, in his favor, adds: "He not only believed that the power he claimed belonged legitimately to the exec- utive, but was convinced that the manner in which he exer- cised it was imposed on him as a duty, by the ordinance, and was calculated to advance the best interests of the territory." While in the public service, General St. Clair had neglected his private interests, and at the close of his official career he returned to Ligonier, in Pennsylvania, poor, aged, and infirm. The State of Pennsylvania granted him an annuity, however, some years afterward, which comfortably supported him dur-. ing the remainder of his hfe. He was a man of superior ability, fair scholarship, and of unquestionable patriotism and integrity. He is described as having been, while in public life, plain and simple in his dress and equipage, open and frank in his manners, and accessible to persons in every rank. His family consisted of one son and three daughters. Arthur St. Clair, the son, was many years ago a prominent lawyer in Cincinnati. Tiffin, Edward, the first governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in the city of Carlisle, England, on the 19th of June, 1766, and died at Chillicothe, Ohio, on the 9th of August, 1829. His parents being in mod- erate circumstances, his uncle, Edward Parker, whose name he bore, assumed the care of his education, and had him fitted for the study of medicine, which he entered upon at an early age, but before he had completed the course he embarked with his parents and family, and arrived in New York when barely eighteen years old. From there he went to Philadelphia and attended the medical lectures of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and afterwards rejoined his father's family who had settled in Charlestown, Berkeley county, Virginia, and began the practice of his profession in the twentieth year of his age. In such practice his thorough training brought him speedily into notice, and his buoyancy of spirit, handsome person, and elegant manners made him a favorite with the fashionable people of the county. Here he married, in 1789, Mary, daughter of Colonel Robert Worthington, and sister of Thomas Worthington who, in 1814, was elected governor of Ohio. She was a woman of fine culture, and with whom he lived happily for nearly twenty years. In 1796 the then territory shortly to become a state offered attractions to Dr. Tiffin, and in company with those who subsequently like himself attained the first position in the gift of that territory's citizens, Worthington and Lucas, and taking with him his manumitted slaves, he journeyed to and crossed the Ohio river, and passing up the Scioto, settled at Chillicothe, subsequently the state capital. In common with the whole territory called the Northwest, of which that of Ohio was a part, the vicinity of Chillicothe was then the domain of savages and wild beasts. Dr. Tiffin selected a four acre lot at the upper end of the town plat, and built on it the first house that was graced with a shingle roof. Here he continued in the practice of his profession, answering day and night, to the utmost of his ability, all professional calls ; enduring often much suffering from the inclemency of the weather in long and fatiguing horseback rides over the Indian traces, so called, and bridle paths between the different settlements, besides being drenched in crossing swollen streams and dangerous fords ; and this with the knowledge that in many cases the patient was too poor to make him any remuneration. The fall of 1799 found him thus engaged, and the people, who never made any mistake in those days as to their best men, selected Worthington, Tiffin, Findlay and Langham to represent Ross county in the territorial legislature, convened on the 1 8th of September, 1799, at Cincinnati, then a scattered collection of the plainest of frame houses and log cabins, lying under the protection of Fort Washington. Of this gath- ering Dr. Tiffin was unanimously elected speaker, and retained that position to the close of the territorial govern- ment. But he frequently took part in the debates, his impas- sioned manner of speaking forming a strong contrast to the cool and unimpassioned style of Judge Sibley, subsequently of Detroit, and which in after life both gentlemen mentioned, each complimenting the other on that he himself did not possess. In 1802 the election for delegates to frame a con- stitution returned Tiffin, Worthington and Massie for Ross county, and Dr. Tiffin was chosen president of the conven- tion, which met at Chillicothe. In this position his intelli- gence and fairness, readiness of decision, and withal, manners the most courteous, so recommended him to that body of the leading men of the territory that, at the conclusion of /C^a^J / ^Jj/Tly' BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 63 their proceedings, he was presented as their candidate for governor, and in January, 1803, elected without opposition, receiving in all 4,565 votes. He was unanimously reelected in 1805, receiving 4,783 votes, and he dechned to be a can- didate for a third term. Two years after he removed to Chillicothe, as has been discovered among the papers of Gen- eral St. Clair, Dr. Tiffin presented the following letter of introduction to the then governor of the Northwestern terri- tory, resident in Fort Washington, and which we here insert, as indicative as well of Dr. Tiffin's general attainments, as of the high estimate of his character, entertained by the writer of this letter. "January 4, 1798. — Governor St. Clair, Sir: Mr. Edward Tiffin solicits an appointment in the territory northwest of the Ohio. The fairness of his character in pri- vate and public life, together with a knowledge of law result- ing from close application for a considerable time will, I hope, justify the liberty I now take in recommending him to your attention ; regarding with due attention the delicacy, as well as importance of the character in which I act. I am sure you will do me justice to believe that nothing but a knowledge of the gentleman's merits, founded upon a long acquaintance, could have induced me to trouble you upon this occasion. With sincere wishes for your happiness and welfare, I am, &c., George Washington." We can only remark upon this, that it was fortunate for the then young state that Gover- nor St. Clair did not appoint the bearer of this letter to the po- sition he desired. The most notable act of the second term of Governor Tiffin's administration was the destruction of the Burr-Blennerhassett expedition, which caused the flight of Burr, and the total abandonment of his nefarious design, by which only the total ruin of an honorable and wealthy family, who guilelessly befriended him, was accomplished. In his message of the 22d of January, 1807, President Jeffer- son highly comphmented Governor Tiffin for his energetic conduct in this matter, and subsequently by letter to the legislature of Ohio, dated February 2d, 1807, he especially commended the governor's prompt and effective measures, resulting in the destruction of the material of the proposed expedition. At the expiration of his second term, Governor Tiffin was elected to the United States Senate, taking his seat and being introduced to the assembled senators in December, 1807, by John Adams. His services in the senate for his young and thriving state were many and valuable, partic- ularly in securing appropriations for the improvement of navi- gation of the Ohio river, the better transportation of mails, and the surveys of the public lands. But the death of his wife in 1808 overwhelmed him witli sorrow, and led to his resignation in 1809. He was not, however, allowed to remain in private life any longer than the following autumn, when, elected to the state legislature, he was unanimously chosen speaker of the house, and so continued during several sessions. During this period of his life he married again, the lady on this occasion being Miss Mary Porter of Delaware, whose family had then recently settled in Ross county. She was a lady of rare personal beauty, quiet manners and exemplary piety. So useful a man in pubhc affairs as Governor Tiffin could not be long allowed to remain unemployed by the general government, and in the first term of Mr. Madison's administration, he was selected to organize and take charge as commissioner of the public lands department, and commis- sioned by the President, wholly unsolicited by himself or any of his friends. In this department, and which he had, we say, to organize, his labors are to be found in state papers ; and it was a fact that, so well had he the business in hand, the books and papers of his office were the only ones entirely saved at the burning of Washington City by the British in 1814. But his Ohio home had such attractions for him that Mr. Madison found he would resign unless a change was made that, while allowing him to return to that home would retain him st;ill in office, and he therefore ordered an exchange with Josiah Meigs, who was then surveyor general of the West, having his office in Cincinnati. Mr. Meigs was appointed commissioner of the general land office at Wash- ington and Governor Tiffin made surveyor general, with the privilege of locating his office at Chillicothe. Here he estab- lished it and continued at its head until he surrendered it a few weeks before his death to General Robert T. Lytle. He received his successor on his death-bed, transferred to him his office and died. His accounts were found to be kept with exactness and in readiness for settlement. Of the vast sums that passed through his hands every dollar was properly accounted for. His own affairs were prudently managed, and he left his widow and five children independent in cir- cumstances. Mrs. Tiffin died in 1837. The only son, after graduating at college, chose his father's profession, and proceeded to Paris, France, there to study it, but unfor- tunately on his return homeward, in 1853, he was killed by a railroad accident. Three of the daughters. Miss D. M. Tiffin and Mrs. M. Scott Cook, of ChiUicothe, and Mrs. Dr. C. G. Comegys, of Cincinnati, are living. Politically, Gov- ernor Tiffin was of the old Jeffersonian school, the Republican party of those years. Religiously he had been bred a mem- ber of the Church of England, but during a period of religious revival at Charlestown, Virginia, in 1790, he became a mem- ber of the Methodist church, and was by the great missionary bishop, Francis Asbury, designated a lay preacher. On his removal a few years afterward to Chillicothe, he, without ostentation but in a spirit "of religious duty, ministered unto, as he journeyed in the practice of his profession amongst, the people of the new settlements ; and when the Episcopal church, old St. Paul's, at Chillicothe failed to secure a rector, he was often called to read the service, which he did with reverent fervor, and afterward read a sermon from some es- tablished collection. In the infancy of society men of ability have often been called upon to perform very varied functions in civil and moral affairs. The statesman, the warrior, and the philosopher have all acted the part of priests to the edifi- cation of communities and states. In the wild condition of the frontier at the beginning of this century, the preservation of the religious sentiments of the people was as much the duty of the leading men of the day as any other work they could perform, whilst laying the foundations of the state ; and this man, so distinguished in position and place in those -times, was not ashamed to celebrate religious service. When he died the community in which he was best known person- ally mourned heartily the loss of so great and good a man. His earnest piety was an important element in promoting the best interests of those among whom he lived for nearly thirty years, and where numerous guests, the most distinguished in the land, had enjoyed themselves at the hospitable board of his beautiful home. A marble monument marks the spot where his remains rest, but a finer and more valuable is the remembrance of his deeds of charity, humanity, and self- denial, his statesmanship in the infancy of the state, and his fidelity to the business and duties of every public position to which he was elected or appointed. 64 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Huntington, Samuel, the third governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1765, and graduated at Yale College in 1785. He adopted the profession of law, in 1793 married a lady of his own name, and attended strictly to the duties of his profession in the town of his birth until the year 1800, when he resolved to visit that western country that was then attracting to it so many residents of the New England States. First stopping at Youngstown, he from there went to Marietta, where he spent the summer, and in the fall of that year returned to Norwich. The following spring taking his wife and children in an Ohio wagon, then so-called, after weeks of toilsome travel they arrived at Cleveland, then a settlement of doubt- ful name as a healthy abode, as they found that many who preceded them had vacated the cabins they had first built, and had removed to the higher ground back of the town to escape the sickness so prevalent near the lake. Here he erected a strongly-built house, as attacks by drunken and riotous Indians were not uncommon. Mr. Huntington soon entered upon public life. General St. Clair appointed him second in command of a regiment of Trumbull county militia, and he was shortly afterward elevated to the position of pre- siding judge in the first court in that part of the territory. In 1802 he was a member of the Constitutional convention, and by that body was appointed State senator for Trumbull county, the name then borne by the territory now known as the northeastern portion of the State, and which at present is divided into six counties. For some time he was speaker or president of the State senate, and by the legislature elected to a seat on the supreme bench. When Michigan was organ- ized as a territory, Judge Huntington was offered the position of judge of the district court of that territory, but this he declined, as well as other important offices which were pressed upon him. The prevailing unhealthiness of Cleve- land finally induced him to remtive his residence to New- burgh, where he erected a grist mill, then a very important construction, and advantageous to the settlers. In 1809 he purchased a finely located farm on the eastern shore of Grand river, between Painesville and the lake, and erected a man- sion commodious, and, for those days, rather imposing in its style of architecture. This house remains to attest by its position the good taste of him who built it. A conflict of au- thority arose between the legislative and judicial departments of the State while Judge Huntington was on the Supreme court bench. The legislature passed a law conferring certain rights upon justices of the peace, which the judges of the Supreme court declared to be unconstitutional. Therei*pon the lower house filed articles of impeachment against the judges, but in the midst of this confusion the people of Ohio had elected Judge Huntington governor of the State. He, having resigned, was therefore not brought to trial, and it being impossible to obtain two-thirds of the legislative vote agamst the other two judges, they consequently escaped con- viction. Nothing of particular moment occurred during the term he held office, but his prominence prevented him re- tiring to private life. In 1 812 he was, during the second war with Great Britain, a member of the Ohio legislature. The destruction of life and property by the Indians during that year was such that Governor Huntington, having with Gen- eral Cass visited Washington to represent to the authorities there the condition of affairs in Ohio, was appointed dis- trict paymaster with the rank of colonel, and returned to the camp of General Harrison with a supply of funds in the shape of government drafts. He remained for many months with the army, and until peace was declared, when he returned to his home, where he subsequently lived peacefully until 1817, when he died while comparatively a young man, being but fifty-two years old. His character for strict integrity, great executive ability and accomplished scholarship, was second to that of no incumbent of the executive office. Meigs, Return Jonathan, the second governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Middletown, Con- necticut, in 1765. When twenty years old he graduated at Yale College with the highest honors of his class. Returning home he studied law and was admitted to practice in his twenty-third year, when having married Miss Sophia Wright, he, with his bride, in the same year went to Marietta, Ohio, and in the neighborhood purchased a large tract of land. In 1788, when Mr. Meigs and his wife arrived at Marietta the whole region was an almost unbroken wilderness. Still, in the little cluster of log huts which were built in the form of a hollow square, called the Campus Martins, there were those who in intellectual culture, in social virtues, and in refinement of manners would have been ornaments to any community. Devoting himself to the cultivation of his land, and occasion- ally as a lawyer settling the difficulties which occurred among the inhabitants, Mr. Meigs soon gained the confidence of the community, and especially that of General St. Clair, who in 1790 sent him with dispatches to the British commandant at Detroit, remonstrating against the manner in which that func- tionary was inciting and supplying the Indians with arms and ammunition to prey upon the defenseless settlers. The re- monstrance proved of no avail, although Mr. Meigs per- formed his mission to the entire satisfaction of the govern- ment, and in doing so met with adventures that would make a bulky memoir if printed. In the winter of 1802 he was by the Ohio legislature elected a judge of the Supreme Court. The associate judges were Samuel Huntington, subsequently governor of the State, and George Tod, whose son David Tod was the second war governor, so-called, of Ohio. The United States government having in 1804 purchased of France the vast territory then called Louisiana, extending from the mouth to the junction of the Mississippi with the Missouri river. President Jefferson appointed Mr. Meigs to the com- mand of the upper portion of that district of country, with the rank of brevet-colonel of the United States army. Having also the additional dignity of a judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, he performed the functions of judge and com- mandant for about a year, located at St. Louis, and then his health failing he resigned and returned to Ohio. Soon after, the President appreciating his abilities as a lawyer, appointed him United States judge for the district of Michigan, and he had but just entered upon the duties of this office when he was nominated as the second civil governor of Ohio, and elected over his opponent. General Nathaniel Massie, by a majority that would unquestionably have seated him had not the State senate declared his election void, under the assump- tion that by his residence in Louisiana and Michigan he had forfeited his citizenship. He never questioned the decision, and was immediately elected judge of the Supreme Court, and soon after elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of the Hon. John Smith, who had resigned the seat to avoid impeachment for alleged complication with the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. At the same session of the Ohio legislature. Judge Meigs was chosen for the full term in BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. h the Senate from March 4th, 1809. The next year, after a very hotly contested election, he was chosen governor by a majority of over 2,000 votes. His inaugural address stamped him as a man of extraordinary ability and comprehensive mind, and the war of 1812 found him constantly exercising that ability to defend the frontiers of his State from the savage enemy. In this he greatly succeeded, and his tireless devo- tion won him national'recognition to such extent that he was called by President Madison to the seat in his cabinet of Postmaster -General. Here he proved that the appointment was an excellent one, and for nine years, and until decHning health made it necessary for him to retire, he discharged the arduous duties of his position in manner to gain the highest commendation of his fellow-citizens. His latter years he spent in his quiet home at Marietta, and died March 29th, 1825. In every relation of life, Governor Meigs ever acted in manner to support the character of a gentleman, a patriot, and a Christian. Looker, OTHNIEL, became, by the resignation of Governor Meigs, to take the position of Postmaster-General in the cabinet of President Madison, and in consequence of holding at the time the office of speaker or president of the Ohio senate, in 1814, the fourth governor of Ohio. He was born in the State of New York of humble parentage in 1757, and enlisted as a private in the Revolutionary army raised in that State, serving through the war. In 1784, having re- ceived a grant of land in the then wilderness of the North- west, he crossed the AUeghenies, and locating his grant, built his cabin and commenced his life labor as a hard-work- ing farmer. He devoted himself to the business of a farmer, and on the organization of the State was elected a member of the legislature. Here he availed himself of the advantages such a school afforded, and so rose in public esteem as to be sent to the senate. There he eventually became speaker of that body, and consequently, as we have mentioned, gov- ernor of the State. He served but eight months, returning to his farm respected by all as a man of clear mind, much intelligence, and a peaceful disposition. Strange to say, no records of him are available from which to make a more sat- isfactory sketch. He died unmarried. WORTHINGTON, Thomas, fourth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in then Berkeley, but now Jefferson, county, Virginia, on the loth February, 1769. His parents, estimated by the standard of those days, were wealthy, and gave their son an excellent education. At the age of twenty-one, having entered upon the possession of a large inheritance of real property and negro slaves, which he enjoyed until in 1796, attracted thitherward by the treaty of Greenville, he with his predecessor as governor, Edward Tiffin, and a party of men having the same object, and resi- dents of the same county, visited Marietta, Cincinnati, and other then infant settlements north of the Ohio river, and they all decided to locate as their preference in the Scioto valley. The next year he sold his real property in the county of his birth, and disposing of most of his slaves by manumis- sion, he removed with a few who would not leave him to the then village of Chillicothe, purchased there on the banks of Paint creek a large tract of land, and erected the first frame house in the village. Several of his former slaves having come to him the next year, he hired them and, assigning to each a portion of land, directed them all to go vigorously to work, and cut down the forest. He then built a saw mill, the first ever seen in the valley of the Scioto, and in a short time his laborers were comfortably settled in snug houses suitable to their condition. The next year much of the land was put into crop, and plenty soon crowned the labor so well sup- ported and directed. A man of the wealth and public spirit possessed by Mr. Worthington, necessarily became popular in the new sectlement, and offices of trust were quickly offered him. In the course of the following five years he became assistant surveyor of the public lands, a member of the con- vention to frame a constitution for Ohio, and subsequently was elected to represent the new State in the United States Senate. In this body he was influential, and took an active part in the debates on all important questions. In the first territorial legislature he represented Ross county in 1 799, and with all his ability opposed the attempt to change the plan recognized by the ordinance of 1797 to form the States of the Northwestern territory. Both branches of the legislature had voted that the territory lying between the State of Virginia and the Wabash should be formed into two States, with the Scioto and a line north to the lakes, as the dividing boundary on the south and east, but to this scheme Mr. Worthington was unalterably opposed, and so successfully did he maintain his opposition that Congress was induced to set aside the view of the majority of the Northwestern territorial legislature and Governor St. Clair, and pass the enabling act of April 30th, 1802, by which Ohio, with its present boundaries, en- tered in that year the Union as a State. An active member, of the convention that formed the constitution of 1802, he was in some degree responsible for the restriction in that instru- ment by which the power of the executive department was so seriously impaired. This mistake, as he afterward acknowl- edged it to be, was the result of his keen sense of the indig- nity visited upon the convention by Governor St. Clair's arbitrary use of his powers as governor of the territory, and dictation to the convention in the address delivered by him at the opening of it. In his two terms of five years each in the United States Senate (1803 to 1808 and 1810 to 1815), among other measures he introduced are found the bills lay- ing out the Cumberland road, so-called, from tide-water to the Ohio river ; for the division and sale of the public lands in quarter sections, instead of tracts two miles square; and for quieting land titles, by these means inducing the vast im- migration that soon followed the enactment of these bills into laws. During the interval between his two senatorial terms, he was employed by the government in treating with the In- dians, and was held in high respect by the leader Tecumseh, and others of the hostile tribes. Being elected governor in 1814, he resigned his seat in the United States Senate, and was reelected governor in 1816. During these, his terms of office as chief executive of the State, he did much by his recommendations for the establishment of colleges and pub- lic schools ; while the State library owes its origin to a wise but somewhat irregular use he made of the governor's con- tingent fund. In January, 1818, however, the legislature took the State library into their care. Governor Worthington recommended the construction of canals, and in 1822 as a member of the house of assembly was a member of the first board that reported in favor of their construction. Indeed, it was while he awaited in New York City a meeting of this board that he died on the 20th June, 1827. During his last term as governor a serious difficulty arose between Kentucky and Ohio, in the matter of slaves being harbored in Ohio, 66 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. and aided to escape. To Governor Worthington no subject could be more distasteful. As an earnest lover and believer in universal freedom for mankind, and their right to self- possession, he had early manumitted all of his slaves, in number thirty-six ; but while he detested slavery, as the ex- ecutive of a State living under the constitution of 1789 he felt bound by his oath to administer the laws. Upon his retire- ment from the office of governor, and while hving privately, he nevertheless, as mentioned, could not divest himself of the keen interest he took in public improvements, insomuch that he was designated by the National Intelligencer, "the father of the American system of public improvements." In laying the foundation of that prosperity for which Ohio has since be- come celebrated, the credit is due in no higher degree to any man than to Thomas Worthington. His spacious mansion of stone yet overlooks the city of Chillicothe. Built in the style of olden times, it was in his day surrounded with highly cultivated gardens, vineyards and orchards, and the house admired by all was also a hospitable home from which no person was turned empty away. His remains rest in the beautiful cemetery, also overlooking the city, and a marble shaft, with a medallion alto relievo bust on the face of it, in- dicates as well his resting place as the noble features of him whom Chief Justice Chase, in the historical sketch prefixed to his compilation of Ohio's statutes, has justly described as "a gentleman of distinguished ability and great influence." Ford, SeaBURY, the fifteenth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Cheshire, Connecticut, in 1802, and died at his home in Burton, Geauga county, Ohio, May 8th, 1855. His father, John Ford, was a native of New England, of Scotch descent. His mother, Esther Cook, was a New England woman of Puritan lineage, a sister of Nabbie Cook, the wife of Peter Hitchcock, the first chief justice of Ohio. She was a woman of more than ordinary energy and business practicability. In 1805, John Ford visited and ex- plored the Western Reserve in northern Ohio, in search of lands and a home in the West, and purchased 2,000 acres of land in what is now the township of Burton, then a wilder- ness. In the autumn of 1807, with his wife and four children he removed to his land, and as a pioneer entered upon its settlement. Seabury, then five years old, was the youngest of the family, and at an early age exhibited indications of future intellectual force. Having received his education in the common schools, he was prepared for college at an academy in Burton. In the autumn of 1821 he entered Yale College, and graduated from that institution in 1825. Re- turning home he began the study of law in the office of Samuel W. Phelps, of Painesville, and completed his course of study in the office of Judge Peter Hitchcock, his uncle. In 1827 he was admitted to practice, and immediately opened an office in Burton, where he soon won a large and lucrative practice. While thus engaged, and also later in his life, he took an earnest interest in State military affairs, and held for a number of years the rank of a major general of militia. His early farm life had awakened an interest in agricultural pursuits which continued during life, and prompted him in his subsequent career to encourage whatever advanced the best interests of this important pursuit. He likewise freely in- terested himself in politics, and in the year 1835 was elected by the whigs their representative in the State legislature from Geauga county. He was successively reelected twice and served six sessions, during one of which, that of 1840, he acted as speaker. In 1841 he was elected to the State senate from the district composed of Cuyahoga and Geauga counties, and continued a member of the senate until 1844, when he was again elected to the assembly. In 1846 he was again elected to the senate, and chosen speaker of that body. As a legislator he exhibited practical business talent, and keen appreciation of the true condition of such subjects as were presented, more especially those r^ating to finance. In 1848, after an excited political contest, he was elected gov- ernor of the State by a small majority, and his' administration, characterized by boldness, much ability, and a vigorous de- fence of the rights of man, commanded the respect of political opponents and the approval of his own party. At the close of his term he retired to his home in Burton, much broken in health. Here on the first Sunday after his return he had a stroke of paralysis, from which he never recovered. During twenty years he was an honored and useful member of the Congregational church. As a speaker. Governor Ford was analytical, argumentative, and convincing, and as a repre- sentative he had the most enthusiastic zeal for the public in- terests, and enjoyed continuous popularity, evinced by his repeated election. In moral life he possessed the most un- bending integrity, which was exercised in an unflinching spirit of opposition to all demagogues and their schemes. The Herald and Gazette, of Cleveland, for February 28th, 1839, copying an extract'from a private letter of a gentleman in Columbus, said : " Representative Ford is one of the most valuable men in the legislature, and although unassuming and quiet, is far more serviceable to the State than many who make louder professions. He has saved the State treasury millions of dollars within the past few years." As a member of the finance committee, he paid particular attention to this subject, introducing a number of bills which became laws, containing principles which since have been engrafted on the financial system of the State. In the domestic circle he was kind and indulgent, genial and affable in social intercourse, and a generous, sympathetic and faithful friend. He married September loth, 1828, Miss Harriet E. Cook, daughter of John Cook, of Burton, five sons being the issue of this union, three of whom, Seabury C, George H. and Robert N., are living. Morrow, Jeremiah, the sixth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Gettysburg, Orleans county, Pennsylvania, October 6th, 1771, and died at his homestead in Warren county, Ohio, March 22d, 1853. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and the early days of his life were passed in cultivating his father's fSrm. He thus worked diligently during the summer months, and in the winter attended a private school which the inhabitants of the then little hamlet of Gettysburg had established. A bright boy, he made rapid progress, particularly in his favorite branches of mathematics and surveying. In 1795, being then twenty- four years of age, he left the paternal roof for the then bound- less field of labor for young men, the Northwestern territory. He floated down the river on one of the then usual style of craft, a flat boat, and first landed at the cluster of cabins built below the mouth of the Little Miami river, where six years before a few emigrants had settled and called the place Columbia, six miles east of Cincinnati. It was believed it would be the city eventually, rather than the neighborhood of what was then known as Fort Washington, from the fort of that name being there erected, and around which the ,4'^t£ ii LA.TT, (-lOVEB-iroA OF THE •■TATE OF OMIO BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOFJEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 67 owners of the land had laid it out in building lots. At Col- umbia, the young man Jeremiah Morrow did such jobs as his hands found to do, in teaching school, surveying, or working on farms. At length having saved a little money, and those wild lands, over which the savages were roaming, being very cheap, he ascended the Little Miami river about twenty miles into what is now Warren county, and there purchased a large farm, on it erected his log house, and having in the spring of 1799 married Miss Mary Packhill, an amiable young woman of the village of Columbia, he began the life of a young and vigorous pioneer farmer. The land on either bank of the Little Miami river being deep and rich with high ground, always available for building, above the miasma of the low or bottom land, emigration set freely thither, and the intelligence and moral worth of Jeremiah Morrow were soon recognized by the rapidly increasing community. In 1801 he was elected to the territorial legislature that convened at Chillicothe, and during which arrangements were made to call, the following year, a constitutional convention to or- ganize the State of Ohio. Mr. Morrow was also chosen a delegate to this convention, and attended the same until its close in 1802. In 1803 he was elected to the senate of Ohio, and in June of the same year he was chosen the first repre- sentative to the United States Congress from the new State. Ohio then and for the ten subsequent years was entitled to but one member in the United States house of representatives, and during that period of five terms Mr. Morrow worthily represented the State. Though making not the slightest claim to oratorical display, his sound common sense ever secured for his remarks the attention of the house. During this period as chairman of the committee on public lands he rendered valuable service, not only to Ohio but to the coun- try at large. The cause of the war of 1812 roused his indig- nation, and he cordially sustained the government in its declaration of that war. In 1813, Mr. Morrow was elected to the United States Senate, and in that body he was also ap- pointed chairman of the committee on public lands. From his long service on this committee in House and Senate, he acquired the reputation of knowing more about the public lands than any other man in those legislative bodies, and most of the laws for the survey of the public domain were drawn by him. Henry Clay, in one of his eloquent speeches in the Senate, on one occasion said, alluding to Mr. Morrow: "A few artless but sensible words, pronounced in his plain Scotch Irish dialect, were always sufficient to secure the pass- age of any bill or resolution he reported." While yet a member of the Senate in 1814, Mr. Morrow was appointed Indian commissioner to treat with the tribes west of the Miami, and which, from the great provocation they received from vagabond white men, were very restless. In this capacity he discharged his difficult duties to the perfect satis- faction of the government. Having on the completion of his term of service in the Senate again retired to private life, he devoted himself to the cultivation of his farm in manner as earnestly as if unfit for any other occupation, and surprised visitors by his plainness of living and dress. In his early youth he had become a member of the United Presbyterian church, and through his whole life continued to take an active interest in its welfare, while ever ready to contribute of his time and money to promote the religious and intellectual interests of the community. He had no ambition to accum- ulate property or seek posts of honor ; and it is men of his stamp, all too few, whom the people leave not undisturbed in their retreats. In 1822 their almost unanimous voice made him governor, and in 1824 he was reelected. Some notice- able events occurred during his administration, among which may be mentioned the visit of the father of the United States canal system, DeWitt Clinton, while governor of New York, who was invited to be present at the commencement of the work upon the Ohio canal, and to dehver an address upon the occasion ; and, during the same year, the visit of General Lafayette, as the guest of the nation, to Ohio. On this latter occasion the enthusiasm of the people generally was aroused to confer honor upon the distinguished Frenchman, who had so freely drawn his sword in behalf of American independ- ence. At Cincinnati the whole population, with thousands from the surrounding country, flocked to welcome their great benefactor. He was met at the wharf by Governor- Morrow, who.in a few touching unaffected words, assured him that the united heart of a grateful people greeted him with love and homage. On the 4th July, 1839, he then being in his sixty- eighth year. Governor Morrow was, as the most appropriate person, selected to lay the corner-stone of the new State Cap- itol at Columbus, and to deliver an address on the occasion. He acquitted himself in his usual happy unassuming manner to the gratification of all present. In 1840 he was again found in the national house of representatives ; first filling the vacancy created by the resignation of the Hon. Thomas Corwin, and subsequently chosen for the full succeeding term. Of a family of six children his eldest son only sur- vived him. Proverbially generous and hospitable, Governor Morrow laid up his treasures not on earth. Socially he was a delightful companion, a deep thinker, and blessed with a very retentive memory, boundless kindness of heart, and endowed with much vivacity and cheerfulness of spirit. Brown, Ethan Allen, the fifth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born on the shore of Long Island Sound, in Fairfield county, Connecticut, July 4th, 1766, and died at Indianapolis, Indiana, February 24th, 1852. His father, Roger Brown, was an intelligent farmer of wealth, who to secure the advantages of a liberal education for his children employed a teacher of good ability to instruct them at home. Under such tuition, Ethan's quickness of appre- hension and extraordinary memory enabled him to acquire a knowledge of the Latin, Greek and French languages not inferior to that of most college graduates of the present day. Having determined to adopt the profession of a lawyer, he then procured the necessary books and began the study of law at home, at the same time assisting in the labors of his father's farm. After thus acquiring some legal knowledge, he went to New York City and entered the law office of Alex- ander Hamilton who, as lawyer and statesman, had achieved at that time a national reputation. Here he soon won the esteem and friendship of Mr. Hamilton, while, also, he was brought into contact with others of the ablest men of the day, and mingling in the most refined and cultivated society of the city, his mind was developed and stimulated, and he acquired the elegance and polish of manners for which he was remarkable in after life. Diverted from the study of law at this time, he engaged in business by which he obtained very considerable property, when subsequently he again en- tered upon his neglected study, and in 1802 was admitted to practice. Then urged by a love of adventure and a desire to see the principal portions of that State which in that year had been admitted into the Union, he, with a cousin, Captain John 68 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Brown, started on horseback and followed the Indian trails from east to west, through middle and western Pennsyl- vania, until they reached Brownsville, on the Monongahela river. Having brought a considerable sum of money with than, they here purchased two flat-bottomed boats, loaded them with flour, and placing crews upon them, started for New Orleans which city they reached in safety, but not being able to sell their cargoes to advantage, they shipped the flour to Liverpool, England, and took passage themselves in the same vessel. There having disposed of their flour at good prices, they returned to America, landing at Baltimore the same year. Then his father wishing to secure a large tract of western land, eventually to make it his home, he empow- ered his son to select and purchase the same, which he pro- ceeded to do, locating it near the present town of Rising Sun, Indiana, that locality having attracted his attention on his flat boat trip to New Orleans. Hither his father removed from Connecticut in 1814, when that portion of the Northwestern territory which subsequently became Indiana was canvassing delegates to hold a territorial convention. Ten years pre- viously, however, and after securing the land mentioned, Ethan Allen Brown began the practice of law in Cincinnati, where he very soon took a prominent position in the profes- sion, and in receipt of a large income for his professional services. In 1810 he was chosen by the Ohio legislature a judge of the Supreme court of the State, a position he held with distinguished ability during the eight following years, and in 18 1 8 he was elected governor of the State. His ad- ministration is marked for the prosecution and completion of important internalimprovements, among the chief of which may be mentioned that important work, the Ohio canal, and which the governor's opponents nick-named " Brown's folly." In 1820 he was reelected, and in 1821 elected to the United States Senate, and served one term with distinction. In 1830 he was appointed minister to Brazil, remaining in that coun- try four years, and giving general satisfaction, when he re- signed and came home. A few months later, at the urgent request of President Andrew Jackson, he accepted the posi- tion of commissioner of public lands, and held the office two years, then retiring finally from public life. Governor Brown never married, and the close of his life was passed among his relatives at Rising Sun. After reaching the age of eighty-two years, with not more than a week's sickness during all the years of his long life, he died suddenly while attending a democratic convention at Indianapolis, and was buried at Rising Sun, near the grave of his father. Trimble, Allen, the seventh governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Augusta county, Virginia, No- vember 24th, 1783, and died at his homestead in Hillsboro', Highland county, Ohio, February 3d, 1870. His ancestors were Scotch-Irish on both sides, and had settled in the valley of Virginia from an early day. Here exposed to the attacks of Indians, John Trimble, the grandfather of Allen, was killed defending his home and family, and James, his only son, then a lad of fifteen, taken prisoner with others and hurried to the Indian encampment on the west side of the Allegheny mountains, where they were followed by a party under Col- onel Moffit, a stepson of John Trimble, the Indians surprised, and the prisoners rescued. Wlien twenty-one years of age, James Trimble participated in the decisive battle of Point Pleasant, fought by the valley troops under General Lewis in 1774 with the combined Indian forces under their chief Corn- stalk. He also, during the Revolutionary war, commanded a company of border militia, whose engagement was to pro- tect the border against British and Indians. In 1780, he married Jane, a daughter of James Allen, whose brothers perished on the battle field, the one at Grant's defeat near Fort Duquesne, and the other at Point Pleasant under Lewis. In 1784, Captain James Trimble, having previously located in Kentucky the land warrants he. received for military ser- vice, formed with his young family part of a company of over five hundred men, women and children, who, under com- mand of General Knox, of Revolutionary service, traversed the wilderness on horseback from Virginia to the western part of Kentucky, depending upon their rifles for supphes of food and defense against the Indians. Our. subject, as an infant of eleven months old, was carried during- this perilous journey in his mother's arms. Captain Trimble had located his land at IMcConnell's station, now Lexington, Kentucky, and there he resided until his death in 1804. In 1802, guided by his moral and religious convictions, he resolved to manu- mit his slaves, and make his home in the territory northwest of the Ohio river, and preparatory to doing this, he with his son Allen visited Ohio, and selected lands in the Scioto and Paint creek valleys, and one tract of twelve hundred acres on Clear creek, in Highland county. On the latter having de- termined to locate his family, in April, 1804, with a sufficient working force he built on it a comfortable double cabin, after the manner of those days, cleared the land and planted an orchard of five or six acres, the trees for which were carried on horseback from his Kentucky home, and which his son Allen managed during his absence. The following October, Captain Trimble suddenly dying, left these arrangements all, except the manumission of his slaves, attended to during his life-time, to be carried out by his son, then approaching his twenty-first birthday, who thus became the responsible head of the family. Having received a good English and thorough business education, inherited a disposition self-reliant and courageous, and influenced by a strong sense of duty to a mother and younger brother and sisters, he was very Well fitted for the delicate trust ; and, with that energy that dis- tinguished him in after life, he proceeded to settle the dispo- sition of his father's estate in Kentucky, and in October, 1805^ took possession of the residence prepared by his father in Ohio. Four years afterward he was appointed clerk of the court of common pleas and county recorder of Highland county, positions which he occupied seven years. These ap- pointments caused him to change his residence to Hillsboro', the county seat, and where he made his home until his death. In the war of 1812, he supplied a substitute for the perform- ance of his civil duties, and, as colonel of one of the regiments recruited for thirty days' service under General Harrison, went with his regiment to the relief of the garrison at Fort Wayne, and performed the duties required of him there in manner to elicit the complimentary approval of the com- manding general. In 1 813, at the call of Governor Meigs he marched a regiment of volunteers to Upper Sandusky, but for want of necessary supplies, General Harrison was com- pelled to dismiss this patriotic force to their homes. In 18 16, our subject was elected by a large majority to represent High- land county in the Ohio legislature, and the next year was elected to the senate from the district formed by Highland and Fayette counties. To this seat he was returned four suc- cessive terms of two years each, by large majorities. At the session of 1 818 he was elected speaker of the senate over BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 69 General Robert Lucas, the former speaker, and was by almost common consent kept in that position until elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his brother. Colonel William A. Trimble. - At the October election of 1826, he was by an unusually large majority elected governor of Ohio over his competitors, John Bigger, John W. Campbell, and Benjamin Tappan — their united vote being but one-sixth of the vote polled for Governor Trimble. The liberal and enlightened views of public policy which had marked his career as a legislator, also characterized him, and were eagerly pressed upon the legislature by him, as chief executive. At the session of 1826, he was by the legislature authorized to select the half million acres of land granted by Congress to the State for canal purposes, and having asso- ciated with himself Mr. Louis Davis, of Cincinnati, an early pioneer, spent several weeks of the summer of 1827 in the Maumee and Sandusky valleys, and received at its subse- quent session the thanks of the legislature for the satisfactory manner in which he had performed his important trust. In 1828, General Jackson's popularity was in excess of all com- petitors for the Presidency, while Governor Trimble had been from his iirst appearance on the field an ardent supporter of Henry Clay. Supported by the whig party, after the most severe contest known to that time in the State, not only Gov- ernor Trimble was elected, but a majority of both branches of the legislature, while the State, in the November election following, was carried triumphantly for Jackson with several thousand majority. Their success in the State election in- creased the previous partiality of the whigs for their governor, attributing as they did that success to his popularity. His administration was wise and economical; he was reelected in 1828, and by his wisdom and prudence maintained the whig party in a majority until the year 1832, when with Jack- son's second election, and tlie retirement of Governor Trim- ble from political life, the democratic party again got the majority in the State. Though but forty-seven years old when he thus retired, he had been for thirteen years as repre- sentative, senator, speaker of the senate. United States sena- tor, and governor of the State, in the most prominent official positions, and thus with gratified ambition he could thence- forth devote himself to the pursuit of agriculture, to which from boyhood he had been trained, and which always afforded him pleasure. To aid in building up this important interest of Ohio, he gave time, influence and money, and witnessed, during his long subsequent life of forty years, the result of his efforts made in connection with others like him- self, enlightened friends of this great interest. From deep conviction of his duty as a responsible and free agent he had, after earnest consideration of the subject and the force of his example, attached himself in 1828 to the Methodist Episcopal church amid circumstances of peculiar and extraordinary in- terest, that at the time attracted much attention in the locality ; and his subsequent conduct as a consistent member of that denomination was influential for good, while his death, held in holy and tender remembrance by his surviving friends and relatives, was the death of the righteous. The year after he settled in Ohio, Governor Trimble married Miss Mar- garet McDowell. This union lasted but three years, when Mrs. Trimble died, after giving birth to two children. Soon after he married Miss Rachel Woodrow, who for sixty years subsequently shared his joys and sorrows, and eight months after his death followed him to the spirit land. She bore her husband sons and daughters, McArthUR, Duncan, the eighth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Dutchess county. New York, in 1772, and died at his home near Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1840. When a child his parents removed to a wilderness home in western Pennsylvania, and there, by subsequently spending a few weeks in school, the subject of our sketch contrived to pick up the rudiments of a common scliool edu- cation. With this acquirement he attained his eighteenth year, and then enlisted under General Harmar for his cam- paign against the Indians north of the Ohio river. Barely surviving that disastrous succession of hide and seelc warfare in 1792, he again enlisted, and at the battle of Captina, in what is now Belmont county, Ohio, he took a conspicuous part. The company commander having been killed early in the action, Duncan McArthur, the youngest man in it, was chosen to command his company, and his conduct was such as to merit the hearty applause of his associates. He exhib- ited good military judgment, and directed the movements of his men in such manner as to protect them from the enemy's fire. When the order was finally given to retreat, he ordered the wounded to be carried in advance while his gallant litiic band covered the retreat. This fight made him the admiration of frontiersmen. After his term of service expired, he hired himself to work at salt-making in Maysville, Kentucky, and afterward, looking for a job wlierever-he went, lie engaged as a chain-bearer to assist General Massie to survey the Scioto valley. In this business he was often employed to watch the movements of tlie Indians, and report the same. This was a species of engagement that required the greatest sagacity, coolness, and bravery, and so well did he acquit himself tliat subsequently, with three others, he was appointed to patrol the Kentucky side of the Ohio river, and watch and give the alarm to the occupants of scattered cabins on that side, when Indians in bands crossed to raid upon them. After spending the summer of 1793 in this occupation, C&ptain McArthur again engaged in the service of General Massie, as assistant surveyor, and in this employment occupied several years. He assisted in platting the city of ChiUicothe, among other works of this kind done by him, and there, just north of the town, purchased a large tract of land which subsequently be- came and is to-day a very valuable estate, occupied by his son-in-law. Governor William Allen. His acquaintance thus acquired with the best lands in the Scioto valley, enabled Captain McArthur to make investments which were very profitable, and with increasing wealth and reputation, and ever-growing confidence in his own abilities, he began to feel ambitious of poUtical distinction. In 1805 he was elected to the State legislature, where his common sense and industry enabled him to take, from the beginning, a very satisfa-ctory position. In the military organization of the State he took, as a soldier of previous years, much interest, and rose in rank until he became a major-general of militia. As colonel of one of the Ohio regiments, in 18 13 he accompanied General Hull to Detroit, and became in the expedition second in com- mand. When Hull surrendered. Colonel McArthur became a prisoner to the English force, but, released on parole, he returned to Ohio, greatly exasperated by his commanding officer's incompetence. Shortly afterward he was elected to Congress, by an unprecedented majority, on the democratic ticket, succeeding the Hon. Jeremiah Morrow, but being re- leased by exchange from parole, he resigned his seat as a member of Congress, and reentered the army as a brigadier- general under General Harrison, and the next year succeeded BIOGRAPHICAL CVCLOP^DIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 70 him in command of the Northwestern army. He proved an able and gallant officer, defeating, at the battle of Malcolm's mills, the British force he there fought, with, on their side, great loss. Peace proclaimed, General McArthur retired to his farm, but he was immediately returned to the State legis- lature, and made commissioner to the Indians at Detroit,' Fort Meigs, and St. Marys, by appointment of the President, and for three years was thus engaged. Subsequently after filling several State offices, he in 1822 was again sent to Con- gress from the Chillicothe district, and served one term, but declined reelection, having resolved to devote his attention to his long neglected private affairs. He was then a man of large wealth, and his business in iron furnaces, mills, and real estate very extensive. In 1830 he was elected governor, and the two years of his administration passed tranquilly in the ordinary routine of business, and then, weary of' public life, he retired to his beautiful farm and homestead, called "Fruit Hill," near ChiUicothe, and there spent the remain- der of his life. Wood, Reuben, the sixteenth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Middletown, Rutland county, Vermont, in 1792, and died near Cleveland, Ohio, October 1st, 1864. His father was a clergyman and chaplain in the Revolutionary army. The whole family was distinguished for its devotion to the patriot cause. His intelligent father was able to confer upon his son unusual advantages for the cultivation of the mind. He obtained a good English and classical education in Upper Canada, and entered upon the study of the law. The Hon. Marshall S. Bidwell, of New York, was one of his classmates. In 18 12 he was drafted by the Canadian authorities to serve in the war against the United States. Determined not to fight against his native flag, one stormy night he escaped, accompanied by Bill John- son, afterward p,n American spy, and known in the Patriot war of 1839, as the hero of the Thousand Isles. They took a birch bark canoe, and set out to cross the ocean-like Lake Ontario. A gale of wind swept the lake. The rain fell in torrents. Pitch darkness enveloped them. They were in imminent danger of being swallowed up by the waves, when they took refuge on a small island. Here the storm im- prisoned them for three days. They suffered severely for food and from exposure. As deserters from the British army, if captured, their lives would be in danger. At last, in a deplorable condition they reached Sackett's harbor, on the New York shore of the lake. As they entered the harbor in their frail canoe, they were arrested as spies by the patrol boats of a small American fleet there. For four days ' they were held as captives on board of one of the ships. An uncle of Mr. Wood, residing in the neighborhood, hearing of his arrest, gave assurance of the patriotism of the two young men, and secured their release. Reuben Wood went to Woodville, New York, whither his family had gone, and raised a company, of which he was chosen captain. As they were marching rapidly to repel a threatened invasion on the North- ern frontier, the battle of Lake Champlain took place, in which the British were defeated. The volunteers conse- quently returned to Woodville, and were disbanded. He then entered the law office of General Jonas Clark, a distin- guished attorney of that day, at Middletown, Vermont. In 1818, two years after his marriage, he emigrated to Cleve- land, Ohio, then farther from the New England States than Oregon is now. As he stepped ashore at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, he found a small straggling hamlet. The clearing opened upon the river banks scarcely encroached upon the boundless forest. But a few years before, savages wandered through these woods, and birch canoes glided over these silent waters. It was necessary for him to apply to the supreme court, then in session at Ravenna, for authority to practice in the Ohio courts. His finances were such that he took this journey on foot. His wife and infant daughter soon joined him at Cleveland, taking the steamer " Walk-in-the- Water" from Buffalo. This steamer was the first on Lake Erie. When he thus finally took up his residence in Ohio, his worldly possessions consisted of his wife, his daughter, and a silver quarter of a dollar. His ability, industry, and virtues soon brought him into notice, and gave him constantly in- creasing practice. In the year 1825 he was elected to the senate of Ohio, and filled that office for three consecutive terms of two years each. He was soon appointed presiding judge of the court of common pleas of his district, and was subsequently promoted to the bench of the supreme court, serving as Chief Justice the latter portion of the term. His service on the Supreme bench wag fourteen years. In this position he exerted a powerful influence in shaping and ele- vating the judiciary of the State. In the various official posi- tions he filled, the breath of suspicion was never lisped against him. In his long career of public life he maintained a character above reproach. Even the heat and injustice of party conflict never left its mark upon his character. His warm, personal, private friendships were never chilled by the bitterest political excitements. As a candidate for the suf- frages of his fellow-citizens, he was popular with his party. His tall, erect form, and commanding mien won for him the title of the "Old Cuyahoga Chief " Thus, when in October, 1850, he was nominated for governor by the democratic party, though the dominant party had been whig for a num- ber of years, he was elected by a majority of 11,000. Al- though the canvass was a very spirited one, not a line of abuse or any blemish on his private character was ever hinted at by any paper in the State. Indeed, such was his personal popularity that many whigs, personal friends, were found electioneering or voting for him. He took his seat as gov- ernor for his first term in 1851. The passage by Congress of the odious fugitive slave law had filled the country with bit- terness and dissension. Governor Wood, in his inaugural, expressed his abhorrence of slavery, while at the same time he counseled obedience to the law. " I must not," he wrote, "by any means be understood as attempting to defend the propriety and expediency of the law. It is unacceptable to a large majority of the people of the North. It has crowded northern feeling to its utmost tension. Public disapprobation will continue to hamper its execution and agitate its early repeal. But with all these objections to the propriety of the law, violence is not to be thought of for a moment. There is a constitutional and legal remedy, which will not overthrow that stately edifice of freedom erected by our ancestors on the ruins of colonial oppression, and which has hitherto been fully protected by the majesty and supremacy of law. The remedy is amendment or repeal." During his administration Ohio was in a state of great prosperity. A new constitution went into effect in March, 1851, thus vacating the office of governor. He was renominated by the democratic party, and reelected by a majority of 26,000. His second term be- gan in 1852. At the assembling of the great democratic con- vention at Baltimore, in 1852, to nominate a candidate for at:. (S-iSv^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 71 the Presidency, the division in the party was such that forty or fifty unavailing ballots were taken. The Virginia delega- tion then offered to the Ohio delegation to give the entire vote of Virginia to Governor Wood if Ohio would bring him for- ward. The hostility of one man prevented this arrangement. The same offer was then accepted by the New Hampshire ■ delegation, and Franklin Pierce became President of the United States. He had devoted himself so engrossingly to public affairs that he had neglected his private interests, so that when the office of consul at Valparaiso, South America, then said to be one of the richest offices in the gift of the gov- ernment, was offered to him, be accepted it. In 1853, re- signing the chair of the chief executive, he embarked with his family for that far distant land. He addressed an affec- tionate letter of farewell to the people of Ohio, and thousands regretted his departure. Not finding the office as remunera- tive as he expected, he resigned, and soon returned to his native land. For a short time he resumed the practice of law, and then devoted the remainder of his years to the cul- tivation of his splendid farm, called Evergreen Place, about eight miles west of Cleveland. It was a beautiful home which he had spent many years in adorning, and which was rendered doubly attractive by his generous and true hospital- ity. He continued to watch with lively interest the progress of public affairs, and foresaw the inevitable conflict between freedom and slavery. A strong Union man, he supported with all his power the efforts of the government in the war of Secession. Although he had passed the allotted three-score years and ten, he had accepted an invitation to preside at a Union meeting to be held in Cleveland, Ohio, October 5th, 1864. The Thursday previous he visited the city, and re- turning home that night he was the next morning violently attacked with bilious colic. For thirty-six hours he suffered great pain, but retained entire consciousness. At 3 o'clock Saturday afternoon, October ist, 1864, he died, surrounded by his family, and his remains were buried in Woodland cemetery, Cleveland. He left a widow and one daughter. Lucas, Robert, the ninth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Shepherdstown, Jefferson county, Virginia, April ist, 1781, and died at his home in Iowa City, Iowa, February 7th, 1853. His father was a descendant of William Penn ; his mother was of Scotch parentage. Having become dissatisfied with the institution of slavery, Mr. Lucas manumitted his adult slaves, and made humane provision for them all. He then removed to Chillicothe, Ohio, as one of its earlier settlers. Being a man of means, he hired a tutor for his children, a Scotch schoolmaster, who taught Robert mathematics and surveying, and as a skillful surveyor he obtained remunerative employment before attaining his majority. When twenty-three years old he was appointed county surveyor of Scioto county, his elder brother, Joseph, being at that time associate judge of the court of common pleas. When twenty-five years old, Robert received the commission of justice of the peace for Union township, Scioto county. In 1810, he married Miss Elizabeth Brown, who died two years after, leaving an infant daughter, and in 18 16 he married Miss Sumner, who with her parents emigrated from New England but a year or two previously. In those days every able-bodied man was a soldier, necessarily, and Robert Lucas passed through all the military grades to that of major-general of the Ohio militia. He accompanied Hull's army in their invasion of Canada east of Detroit, and took so active a part in all the movements there that many of the officers of that army, dissatisfied with General Hull, and inspired with confidence in the military ability of Gen- eral Lucas, indiscreetly urged him to take the command, which he very properly refused to do. Had he done so, however, the story of Hull's shameful surreiider would doubt- less never have to be told. From this surrender our subject made his escape, by putting his sword into his brother's trunk, exchanging his uniform for a citizen's coat, and walk- ing into the town ahead of the British troops, where, after taking note of all that there transpired, he embarked on board a small vessel and reached Cleveland in safety. He- was commissioned as a captain in the regular army, and rose to the rank of colonel in that service, when other duties called for his retirement to civil life. In 1816 he was elected a member of the Ohio legislature, and for nineteen consecutive years served in either house or senate. In 1820 and subse- quently in 1828, he was chosen as one of the Presidential electors of Ohio, and in 1832 elevated to the distinguished honor of chairman of the Democratic National convention in Baltimore, that nominated General Jackson for his second term as. President of the United States. Having thus be- come, in his fiftieth year, one of the most prominent men in the State, and his name and fame generally known through- out Ohio, he was in 1832 elected governor, and reelected in 1834. During the latter term the difficulty between Ohio and Michigan, that threatened to lead to civil war, was amicably settled. Declining a third nomination, he was subsequently appointed by President Van Buren territorial governor of Iowa, and to this office were added the responsible duties of superintendent of Indian affairs. In 1838 a journey through the pathless wilderness to what is now the fertile State of Iowa occupied weeks, and exposed the traveler to peril and hardship. Accompanied by two companions, Jesse Williams as his clerk of the Indian department, and Theodore S. Parvin as his private secretary. Governor Lucas, leaving his family behind him at his home in Piketon, Ohio, departed for his destination, Burlington, Iowa, then the temporary seat of government, on the 25th July, and arrived there on the i6th August. His subsequent history was troubled and eventful, as he was involved in many and serious political difficulties, through all of which he maintained his position without sacri- ficing his self-respect through the term of his official service. His death was peaceful and rendered happy by the presence of all the members of his family save one. His remains now repose in the cemetery adjoining Iowa City, and a marble shaft with a suitable inscription marks his grave. To him Iowa is much indebted for her prosperity. He zealously ad- vocated the common school system, one of the crowning advantages enjoyed by her people at large, and arranged for its support in a proper manner by the appropriation of public lands. No gambler or drunkard could receive an appoint- ment from him, and through his influence, as it has been generally acknowledged, Iowa prohibited the sale of intoxi- cating liquors. Vance, Joseph, the tenth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born March 21st, 1781, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, and died at Urbana, Ohio, August 24th, 1852. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and his father, a poor man, with his small family, emigrated to the North- western territory, when Joseph was a toddling baby two years old. He located and built a strong block house on the BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 72 southern bank of the Ohio river, where his neighbors could join him when alarmed by the scouts that patrolled the river, of which, as mentioned in the sketch of that pioneer, Gov- ernor McArthur in those days was one. In 1801, the father with his family resolved to move to the north side of the river, and eventually located in Urbana, where he became a permanent resident. From the migratory manner of living, our subject learned but sparsely that which is taught in our common schools, while he became an expert with axe, plow, and rifle. His first wages he invested iu a yoke of oxen, and subsequently having purchased several barrels of salt, he traveled through the scattered settlements, selling his salt in such quantities as required by the settlers. To sur- mount the difficuhies that one thus employed met with at the time, indicated character of no common order. The roads were nothing better than a trace through the woods, swamps, and streams, often obstructed with windfalls, and miles of such pathways might be traveled before reaching the cabin of a settler. At night, and alone with his cattle, this brave lad of fifteen would make his camp, build a large fire to keep off the howhng wolves and panthers, and not seldom have to stand guard for many hours of the night to protect his oxen from the ferocious beasts of prey. He often suffered severely from hunger and exposure, "as not unfre- quently he would find a stream so swollen that it was neces- sary for him to wait in the tangled forests of its banks for hours and sometimes days before it had fallen sufficiently to permit him to cross it. But through all, this persevering youth worked until he had sold his load, and returned home. . When twenty-one years old, he married Miss Mary Lemen, of Urbana, and two years afterwards was elected- captain of a rifle company, which, during the years immediately pre- ceding the war of 18 12, was frequently called out to fight the Indians. As a rendezvous for his company he built for it a strong blockhouse on the edge of the prairie a few miles north of Url^ana, and thus protected the settlers from the incursions of the savages, who had to pass there, and could not do so unseen. In 18 12, with his brother John, Joseph Vance piloted Hull's army through the pathless forests to Fort Meigs, and in 1817, with Samuel McCulloch and Henry Van Meter, he formed a company to take the contract to supply the northern army with provisions — a most arduous undertaking. On foot they drove cattle and swine, scores of miles, through the forest, while the deadweight was trans- ported on sleds and wagons. With the extraordinary versa- tility of occupation characteristic of the young men of his time and circumstances, Joseph Vance was engaged in this manner, and subsequently in mercantile business in Urbana and Fort Meigs (now Perrysburg), for three years. In the midst of these labors he was elected to the legislature, and continued a member of that body four successive years. Having by this time increased in wealth, he with two others purchased a large tract of land upon the upper waters of Blanchard's Fork and there founded and had laid out the town of Findlay. At the same time he was elected a repre- sentative to Congress, and for fifteen years was reelected a member of that body. Always at his post, attending to the business of his constituents, while seldom attempting to speak, he was highly regarded for his sound judgment. In 1836 he was elected governor of Ohio, and served out his term with nothing of especial interest occurring during those two years. He then retired to his farm near Urbana, and there peacefully lived until 1842, when he was again elected to Congress. In 1850 while attending the Constitutional Convention, he was smitten by paralysis, and died two years afterward. Of great energy of character, he left the record of an industrious man, an enlightened patriot, and faithful, conscientious public servant. Shannon, Wilson, the eleventh governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born February 24th, 1803, in Bel- mont county, Ohio, and died in September 1877, at his home in Lawrence, Kansas, being appointed governor of that State, while it was yet a territory, in 1852. His parents crossed the mountains from Pennsylvaiflk, and settled in Belmont county, Ohio, in 1802, and there, in the deep seclusion of a wilder- ness farm as a child and youth, our subject grew up the assistant of his father, until he was fifteen years old. Then he was sent to school for a year at what was called the Ohio University at Athens, and with the preparation there obtained he entered Transylvania University at Lexington, Kentucky, In this school he remained two years, and then having re- turned home, began the study of law. St. Clairsville had become the county seat of Belmont county, and here, having completed his law studies and passed an examination, he was admitted to practice, and for eight- years subsequently engaged in business as a county lawyer. In 1832 he was the democratic nominee of his district for Congress, but was de- feated by the whig nominee. In 1834 he was elected county attorney, and discharged the duties of the office with such ability, that his party after a survey of the State for an avail- able nominee for governor, selected him, and he was elected by 3,600 majority in 1838, and renominated at the close of his term. Party politics then absorbed attention — the, slavery question having become more and more the great issue — Martin Van Buren and WiUiam Henry Harrison were rival, candidates for the Presidency, while in Ohio Governor Shan- non and his opponent, familiarly known as "Tom" Corwin, addressed the people in nearly every county, and the elec- tion for governor made Corwin the victor. The personal popularity, nevertheless, of Governor Shannon was evinced by the State going for the democratic Presidential candidate, by a majority of 25,000. On retiring from the labors of the campaign. Governor Shannon returned to the practice of the law in Belmont county. Two years afterward he was again nominated and elected governor of Ohio by 4,000 majority over his former opponent, and in which year both men can- vassed the State as they did in 1840. Having in the spring of 1843, been by President Tyler tendered the ministry to Mexico, Governor Shannon resigned the governorship in June of that year, repaired to the City of Mexico, and there discharged the exceedingly difificult and important duties of his office for two years ; when, following the annexation of Texas, Mexico havijig renounced all diplomatic intercourse with the United States, Governor Shannon returned home and resumed the practice of the law. After being thus engaged seven years, he was elected to Congress from the Belmont district, so called, by a majority of 1,300 votes, and there his conduct gave such satisfaction that he was by Pres- ident Pierce appointed territorial governor of Kansas. Of his conduct in this position we have nothing very pleasing to record. The contest between freedom and slavery that cul- minated in our civil war began on those plains, and no man could reconcile the antagonistic parties. Hence it is no re- proach to Governor Shannon that he failed, and, after serving fourteen months, that he, in 1856, was superseded by John ^^^^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 73 W. Geary. The following year Governor Shannon removed his family to Kansas and began the practice of law in Lecomp- ton, then the capital of the territory, and his reputation in a short time caused him to obtain a large and lucrative prac- tice, there being much litigation under the preemption laws of the United States. When Kansas was admitted as a State, and the capital removed to Topeka, Governor Shannon re- moved his office and residence to the city of Lawrence, where he resided until his death, beloved by all who knew him, as a faithful public minister and a conscientious man. Chase, Salmon P., lawyer, United States Senator from Ohio, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and eighteenth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Cornish, New Hampshire, January 13th, 1808, and died in New York City, May 7th, 1873. His father was a farmer, brother of Philander Chase, Protestant Episco- pal bishop of Ohio, and both his parents were persons of superior intelligence, who trained their son to revere those institutions upon which are founded the strength and pros- perity of the nation. In 181 5 his father removed his family to Keene, New Hampshire, where his son subsequently en- joyed the advantages of a good common school education, and being by his uncle. Bishop Chase, invited to do so went to Worthington, Ohio, there pursued his studies and was, under his uncle's direction, prepared to enter college. He then returned to New England, and entered the junior class of Dartmouth College, from which he graduated in 1826. Having also an uncle in the United States Senate, he then went to Washington City, and there opened a private class- ical school. But, mainly on account of his extreme youth, this school not proving successful, he was indiscreet enough to apply to his uncle to use his influence to obtain him a clerkship in one of the public departments. Being a stern man the uncle frowned upon the proposition, saying that he had already ruined two young men in that way, such occu- pation rendering them unfit for any other service, and he did not intend to ruin any more. Smarting under this manner of response to a very natural request, Mr. Chase exerted him- self anew, and obtained the patronage of Henry Clay, Sam- uel L. Southard, and William Wirt, whose sons were intrusted to his tuition, and during the time not thus occupied he, under the direction of the latter gentleman, engaged in the study of law. In 1829 having, as he believed, completed his law studies, he was examined and admitted to practice, upon informing the presiding judge that he had arranged to engage in practice in Cincinnati. Proceeding to that city he was for some years but partially successful, and he devoted his leisure to the preparation of a new edition of the "Statutes of Ohio," with annotations, and introducing his compilation with an historical sketch of the State. This work appeared in three volumes, law octavo, and was by the profession generally accepted in preference to all other editions. Its sale was a success, and established the reputation of its compiler as a man of thorough legal training and research. No more effective plan could have been adopted by a young and rather unsuccessful practitioner to introduce himself generally to the notice of the members of his profession and the public. In 1834 he became sohcitor in Cincinnati for the Bank of the United States, and shortly afterward obtained the same posi- tion for one of the city banks, also. In 1837 he distinguished himself by his defense of a colored woman who was brought by her master into the State, and escaped from his posses- sion. His defense of this case gave Mr. Chase some promi- nence as an abolitionist, and this character was confirmed by his subsequent defense in the supreme court of Ohio of James G. Birney, who had been indicted for harboring a fugitive slave. Mr. Chase in such defense took the same ground he did in the previous action, viz : that slavery was local and dependent upon State laws for its existence, and the master of a slave having brought such slave into a free state volun- tarily, thereby made such slave, z^.ro /ac/o, free. In 1846, associated with the Hon. W. H. Seward, Mr. Chase defended Van Zandt before the Supreme Court of the United States, and in doing so much more boldly and effectively empha- sized his opinion that under the act of 1797 no fugitive from service could be reclaimed in Ohio~unless such slave had escaped from one of the original thirteen States whose repre- sentatives in Congress had enacted that organic law ; that it was the clear understanding of the framers of that document that slavery should be left exclusively to the disposal of the several States, and in view of which understanding seven of those thirteen States had forever removed slavery from, and no slave could then be found in them ; and, finally, that the clause in the Constitution relating to persons held to service was one that conferred no power upon Congress, and was never understood to confer any. Such bold enunciations alarmed the slaveholding States, and eventually led to the enactment of the fugitive slave law of 1850, as part of the compromise measures of that year passed by Congress. From these indications of Mr. Chase's sentiments, it will readily be inferred that his practice in the years immediately following included some of the most important civil actions brought before the State and Federal courts, and engrossed his attention to the exclusion of politics. In 1841 he had joined in a call for a convention of those opposed to slavery and its further extension. Held at Columbus, Ohio, this ■ convention resulted in the organization of what was called the "Liberty party," and their nomination of a candidate for governor of Ohio. This convention's address to the people was written by Mr. Chase, and the Northern States having endorsed the movement, the party in 1843 assembled in gen- eral convention, at Buffalo, New York, with no result, how- ever, except the passage of a resolution on the subject of slavery that Mr. Chase opposed in committee. In 1845 he projected a convention of the same party in Cincinnati, and the result of which was the passage of a resolution declaring the urgent necessity existing for the organization of a party thoroughly committed to the denationalization of slavery. Two years afterward the same party in convention resolved not to make any party nominees, as a more general anti- slavery sentiment would be created by the agitation existing consequent on the repeal of the Wilmot proviso ; but the year following, anticipating the inaction of the two principal polit- ical parties, Mr. Chase issued a call for a free territory State convention at Columbus that, supported by the signatures of three thousand voters of all political creeds, resulted in the assembly of a national convention at Buffalo, the result of whose labors was the nomination of Messrs. Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams for President and Vice President. On the 22d February, 1849, Mr. Chase, by a combination of the democratic members of the Ohio legisla- ture who favored him and the free sellers, was elected United States Senator, and at once lifted to the highest gift but one in the choice of the people of his State, and this while holding himself in no wise committed to the general policy of the BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 74 majority of his electors; for they having declared slavery an evil, he assured them that should they repudiate that declar- ation, and the anti-slavery position in which it placed them, he would refuse to recognize them. This they did at the Baltimore democratic convention in 1852, by approving the compromise acts, including the fugitive slave law of 1850, and denouncing the further discussion of the slavery question. It was upon this platform Mr. Pierce was elected, and the democrats of Ohio having, we say, joined in its adoption, Mr. Chase withdrew from their ranks, advocated the organization of an independent democratic party, and drafted a declara- tion of principles for such party, which was substantially the same year adopted by the Pittsburgh convention of inde- pendent democrats. During the remainder of his term in the Senate he aimed to divorce effectively the Federal govern- ment from its patronage of and all connection with slavery, and guarantee freedom and the enjoyment of human rights to all conditions of the inhabitants of the free States. He also urged government aid for the construction of the trans- continental railway, and the safer navigation of the great lakes. By such advocacy and his consistent course he in- creased his constituents, and in 1855 he was nominated and elected governor of Ohio by the opponents of the Pierce ad- ministration. In 1856, at his request, his name was not put in nomination for the Presidency, and in 1857 he was reelected governor of Ohio by the largest vote ever polled in the State. A nominee for President in i860, he received 49 out of 465 votes on the first ballot, and thereupon had his name with- drawn. Called by President Lincoln to his cabinet in March, 1861, he was made Secretary of the Treasury, and performed the duties of the office with much ability during the following years until July, 1864, when, having tendered his resignation, he withdrew to private life. Four months afterward, the death of Chief Justice Taney made vacant the first position on the supreme bench of the United States court, and the name of Mr. Chase being sent by the President to the Senate, he was confirmed and invested with the office of Chief Justice. There were but two occasions during his life subsequently upon which he was placed in a position that, in view of his former recommendations as Secretary of the Treasury, he felt obhged to question his own record, and these were trying the constitutionality of the legal tender act. On the first of these occasions he expressed himself unfavorable, but on the second, two new appointments having been made to vacan- cies on the supreme bench, the former decision was by a small majority reversed. Dissatisfied with the republican leaders and the conduct of the administration he, in 1868, permitted his name to be put in nomination for the Presi- dency, with the result of obtaining but 4 out of 663 votes; and subsequently withdrawing entirely from active participa- tion in politics, he confined himself until his death to the duties of his office as Chief Justice. The most distinguished and beneficent feature of liis term of office as Secretary of the Treasury was, in his capacity of lawyer, originating, draft- ing, and recommending the passage of the bill that in 1863 became a law for the conversion of State and all other forms of chartered banks of issue into National banks, and under which the government of the United States became responsi- ble for their circulation by the deposit as security of United States bonds to cover the total amount of such circulation, plus ten per cent. Although earnestly opposed by bankers at the time of its discussion, the advantage of this change in the character of their security as banks of issue was subse- quently freely acknowledged; and, long before his death, Chief Justice Chase had the satisfaction of knowing that the advantages of this law to the people of the United States were unparalleled by any monetary measure ever enacted, as by it the money or its representative bank bills, constituting about one-half of the currency of the nation, was made uni- form and of exactly the same face value in every part of the United States. Bebb, William, lawyer and judge, the fourteenth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Hamil- ton county, Ohio, in 1804, and died at his home in Rock River county, Illinois, October 23d, 1873. His father, Ed- ward Bebb, emigrated from Wales, Great Britain, in 1795, traveled across the mountains to the valley of the Miami on foot, purchased in the neighborhood of North Bend .an ex- tensive tract of land, returned to Pennsylvania and married Miss Roberts, to whom he had been engaged in Wales, and, with his bride, riding in a suitable conveyance, again crossed the mountains and settled on his land in what was then but a wilderness. He was a man of sound judgment, and, in common with many of his countrymen, of a joyous and ever hopeful disposition. His wife was a lady of culture and re- finement, and her home in the valley of the Miami, with no neighbors except the Wild, unshorn and half naked savages, was a great change from her previous life. There were, of course, no schools near to send her children to, and this was matter of grave concern to the parents of our subject, who was in consequence taught to read at home. In those years the Western Spy, then published in Cincinnati, and dis- tributed by a private post-rider, was taken in by his father, and William read with avidicy tiie contents of it, especially the achievements of Napoleon Bonaparte. His education advanced no further, until a peripatetic schoolmaster passing that way stopped and opened a school in the neighborhood, and under him our subject studied English, Latin and math- ematics, working in vacation time on his father's farm. When twenty years old he himself opened a school at North Bend and resided in the home of General Harrison. In this employment he remained a year, during which he married Miss Shuck, the daughter of a wealthy German resident of the village. Soon after he began the study of law, while continuing his school, and boarding at his own house several, of his pupils. As a teacher he was eminently successful, and his school attracted pupils from the most distinguished fami- hes of Cincinnati. In 1831 he rode to Columbus on horseback, where the supreme court judges examined him and passed him to practice in the State. He then removed to Hamilton, Butler county, and opened a law office, where he continued quietly and in successful practice fourteen years. During this period he took an active interest in political affairs and advocated during his first, called the hard cider campaign, . the claims of General Harrison, and no less distinguished himself during that "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" campaign, in which the persons indicated were successful, and the whigs in 1840, for the first time succeeded in electing their candi- dates. Four years afterward he was elected governor of the State, and the war with Mexico placed him as the governor of Ohio in a very trying position. As a whig he did not per- sonally favor that war, and this feeling was generally enter- tained by the party who made him their leader in the State ; but he felt that the question was one not of party but of cordial support of the general government, and his earnest recog- JJUi u-t-L-^ •.Of ■1 1 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 75 nition of this fact, eventually overcame the danger that had followed President Polk's proclamation of war. His term of office (1846-48) was distinguished by good money, free schools, great activity in the construction of railroads and turnpikes, the arts and industry generally were well rewarded, and high prosperity characterized the whole State. In 1847 Governor Bebb purchased five thousand acres of land in Rock River county, Illinois, of which the location was de- liglitful and the soil rich. Five hundred acres were wooded, and constituted a natural park, while the remainder was prairie of the best quality, with a stream of water fed by per- petual springs. No man of moderate ambition could desire the possession of a more magnificent portion of the earth's surface. Three years after making this purchase, he removed to it, taking with him fine horses and a number of the choicest breeds of cattle, and entered upon the cultivation of this fine property. Five years afterward he visited Great Britain and the continent of Europe. In the birth-place of his father he found many desirous to immigrate to America, and, encouraging the enterprise, a company was formed, and a tract of one hundred thousand acres purchased for them in East Tennessee, where he agreed to preside over their ar- rangements and the settlement of this land. In 1856 a party of the colonists arrived on the land, and Governor Bebb re- sided with them until the war of the Rebellion began, when he left the State with his family. The emigrants, discouraged by the strong pro-slavery sentiment, scattered and settled in various parts of the Northern States. On the inauguration of President Lincoln, Governor Bebb was appointed examiner in the Pension Department at Washington, and held this position until 1866, when he returned to his farm in Illinois, and the peaceful pursuit of agriculture. His scale of farming was the cultivation of two thousand acres in a season, while another thousand formed his cattle pasture. He took an active part in the election of General Grant, and the first sick- ness of any consequence he ever experienced was an attack of pneumonia, following an exposed ride from Pecatonica, where he had addressed the electors, to his home. From this he never recovered, and, although he spent the following winter in Washington, occupied mainly as a listener to the debates in the Senate, he felt his vital forces gradually de- clining. Returning home the next summer, and feeling that he was no longer able to superintend his farm operations, he purchased a residence at Rockford, and there resided until his death. •Tod, David, lawyer, and twentieth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Youngstown, Mahoning county, Ohio, February 21st, 1805, and died at Brier Hill, Ohio, November 13th, 1868. His father, George Tod, lawyer and jurist, a native of Connecticut, born in 1774, came to Ohio in 1800, and settled on the Western Reserve with many others of the early pioneers of the State. Ohio was then a territory, under the government of General St. Clair, and in the first year of his residence he was chosen by the governor to act as territorial secretary. Ohio having been admitted as a State he was, in 1803, elected as one of the judges of the supreme court, and held that office seven years in succession. He was afterward reelected to the same position, but resigned his seat on the bench at the breaking out of the war with Great Britain in 18 12, and tendered his services to the gov- ernor. He was commissioned a major, and afterward pro- moted to the colonelcy of the 19th regiment of the army. He displayed marked bravery and coolness in several engage- ments, especially at Sackett's harbor and Fort Meigs. At the close of the war he resigned his commission and returned to Trumbull county, where, after a short time, he was elected judge of the court of common pleas for the old third circuit, which included all of northern Ohio. He remained on the common pleas bench fourteen years, and retired in 1829. After that time he devoted himself to his legal practice, and to the management of the Brier Hill farm, where he died in the old log homestead, in 1841, at the age of sixty-seven, uni- versally regretted. He bore the reputation of being a kind, generous citizen, beloved by all his neighbors. Coming to Ohio when it was but a wilderness, and when the people were poor and the salaries of officials were small, he was unable to lay up property for his family, or to provide for his children receiving more than ordinary education. His wife, Sallie Tod, was a beautiful, woman, a kind and excellent wife and mother, who was beloved by her acquaintances, and almost worshipped by her children. His sister was the wife of Gen- eral Ingersoll, of Connecticut. David Tod, the subject of this notice, was reared a farmer boy on his father's home- stead at Brier Hill, and had but few advantages of education beyond what could be obtained from the common schools of that period. His principal education was subsequently ob- tained at his own expense at the old Burton Academy, in Geauga county. He studied law in the office of Colonel Roswell Stone, at Warren, Trumbull county ; was admitted to the bar in 1827, at the age of twenty-two, when he was in debt for his board and tuition about $1,000. He commenced practice in company with the Hon. Matthew Birchard, who was afterward made judge of the court of common pleas, and in 1841 supreme judge. He soon became eminent as a great jury lawyer and advocate, and acquired a large practice ; he was a man of fine presence, winning manners, deep- toned, musical voice; genial, social, amusing and attractive, his social qualities made him very popular. His practice soon enabled him to discharge his debts, and also to repurchase and save the old Brier Hill homestead, that had become in- volved. This he preserved as a home for his parents, adding to it, after his father's death, a new house in place of the old log cabin. His political life began in the days of Andrew Jackson, whom he strongly admired and supported for the Presidency, although his father had always acted with the whig party. Under Jackson's administration he was ap- pointed postmaster at Warren, holding the position until 1838, when he was elected by the democrats State senator, in the strong whig county of Trumbull, which position he filled with great ability, and to the entire satisfaction of his democratic friends. He continued the practice of law until 1844, when he moved to Brier Hill, his old home, and there opened the Brier Hill coal mine. He at the same time started the pro- ject of developing the coal fields and introducing coal into the Cleveland and lake markets by way of the Pennsylvania canal, a canal which owed its existence largely to his efforts, and of which he remained a director until his death. He was the pioneer in opening the coal trade and shipments upon the canal from his Brier Hill and Girard mines, thus laying the foundation of his own after-wealth and stimulating the coal and iron business of the Mahoning valley. He was largely interested in the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad from the commencement of the work of construction until his death, and became president of the company after the death of Jacob Perkins, its first president. He had the satisfaction 76 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. of seeing the stock of the company advance under his presi- dency from thirty per cent, to above par, and also to see the wealth and prosperity created by it in his native town and the Mahoning valley. In 1844 he was nominated by the demo- crats for governor, and although the State was strongly whig he was defeated by but a very small majority. In 1847 he was tendered by President Polk, unsohcited, the appointment of minister to the court of Brazil, with which our relations had become very unsatisfactory in consequence of the injudicious course of the previous minister, Henry A. Wise. He started in June, 1847, with his wife and young children, and re- mained in Brazil about four years and a half. During his stay he not only succeeded in reestablishing friendly relations between the two governments, but also in procuring the set- tlement of a claim that had been thirty years in dispute, by which he was enabled to collect and remit to Washington about $300,000. On leaving Brazil he took with him a special commendation from the Emperor to the President as a testi- mony of the esteem in which he was held. He also received an elegant silver tray memorial from the United States citi- zens residing at Rio de Janeiro, in acknowledgment of his uniform kindness, courtesy, and liberality to his countrymen who stood in need of aid or advice in a strange land. On his return to his Ohio home, he had a magnificent reception from his neighbors and employes. The next five years were mainly devoted to looking after his coal interests, and work- ing for the success of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad. In i860 he was a delegate to the National democratic con- vention at Charleston, going there strongly attached to Stephen A. Douglas. He was made first vice president, Caleb Cushing being president of the convention. He stoutly resisted the demands of the pro-slavery Southern delegates, and bade defiance to their threats of secession, and when they adjourned to Baltimore, and the Southern delegates mostly withdrew, Caleb Cushing going with them, he as- sumed the chair, and the nomination of Douglas was made by the remaining members. He earnestly engaged in support of Douglas, and labored zealously in his behalf, but when Lincoln was elected and secession was threatened, he deter- mined to stand by Lincoln's administration and the Federal government. When all attempts at peace failed, and Fort Sumter was fired upon, he was among the first public men in the State to advocate and engage in the vigorous prose- cution of the war until rebellion was completely crushed out of existence. He subscribed largely to the war fund of his township, and in addition furnished company B, of the 19th Ohio regiment, with their first uniforms, and he continued from tim2 to time during the war to contribute largely of his means and aid in all suitable ways. In the fall of 1861, the Union m2n of Ohio, including all the republicans and most of ths genuine war democrats, agreed to unite for the support of th2 country. At a State convention, called in this spirit, he was nominated for governor, and in October he was ebctjd by over 55,000 majority. The two years of his term, 1862 and 1863, were the two years of the war when the hard- est work fell upon the governor of Ohio. Distress and dis- couragement prevaihd, Ohio was threatened with invasion and devastation by the rebels, large numbers of troops were called for, and the work of sending forward and caring for such bodies of men was not yet properly organized. He bent all his energies to the task before him, and his wise ar- rangements for raising and forwarding regiments, his judg- ment in selecting officers, his thoughtful care for the men at the front and the sick and wounded in the rear, and the kindness and attention shown the wives, dependents, and friends of the soldiers, endeared him to all. He made so few requests of the President and Secretary of War that those he did make were promptly attended to, and President Lincoln said, "Governor Tod aided him more and troubled him less than any other governor." When he retired from the execu- tive office the Ohio legislature passed a joint resolution of thanks, in which, after recounting the various ways in which he had rendered valuable service to the State and endeared himself to its people, they closed by saying that "his official discharge of duty will remain a proud monument to his memory and a rich legacy to his children." After leaving the executive office at Columbus, he retired to his home at Brier Hill for rest, and devoted the remainder of his life to. the interests of his family, his estate, coal and iron works, and the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company, of which he was president. On the retirement of Salmon P. Chase from the office of Secretary of the Treasury, President Lincoln, without any previous intimation to him or solicita- tion from him, tendered him that cabinet position, hut his private affairs required his whole attention, and the honorable position was gratefully declined. In 1868 he was nominated and elected by the republicans one of the Presidential electors for the State at large, but his sudden death on the 13th No- vember, 1868, prevented his meeting the electoral college at Columbus, and casting his vote for General Grant. At the meeting of the electoral college on December ist, resolutions of respect were adopted, and a public eulogy upon his life and character was delivered, at the request of the college, by Hon. Samuel Galloway. He had great native talent and ability ; was a most excellent judge of men and things prac- tically ; a man of warm heart and generous deeds. He was a self-educated, self-made man, and he proved himself to be equal to any position to which he was called. BroUGH, John, journalist and twenty-first governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Marietta, Ohio, Septernber 17th, 181 1, and died August 29th, 1865, at Cleve- land, Ohio. His father, John Brough, was the companion and intimate friend of Blennerhassett, coming to America in the same ship with him in 1806, and remaining in close friend- ship with him for years, but escaping the unhappy entan- glements in which Blennerhassett became involved through his acquaintance with Aaron Burr. When the elder Brough died, his widow was left but slightly provided for, and had a family of five young children to support — the second child, to whom was given his father's baptismal name, being but eleven years old. Young as he was, and with but little schooling, it was necessary that he should begin to earn his own living at the earliest possible period. Before he was fourteen years old he was sent to a pointing office in Mari- etta, — that of the Athens Mirror, — and he set to work dili- gently learning the business of a compositor. But he was desirous of obtaining an education, and after a few months entered the Ohio University, at Athens, studying and reciting with his class, and setting type mornings and nights to sup- port himself. He became a good type-setter, was at the same time head of his classes, and became distinguished among his fellow-students and companions by his skill m athletic games. His education at the University being com- pleted, he commenced the study of law, but, before he had finished his studies, was induced to go to Petersburg, Vir- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 77 ginia, where for a short time he edited a newspaper. In 1831 he returned to Marietta and became proprietor and editor of a democratic newspaper, the Washington County Republican. This he conducted with considerable abihty until 1833, when he sold the paper for the purpose of seeking a journalistic field where he could wield a wider influence. In conjunction with his brother, Charles H. Brough, he purchased the Ohio Eagle, published at Lancaster, Ohio, and became its editor. The influence of the Eagle in local and State politics was speedily felt. Its editorial articles were written with an ability and force that attracted attention and secured respect. Strongly partisan as his writing was in the main, at the same time he had no toleration for meanness or unfairness even in his own party. The stern, uncompromising sense of justice which marked the man and his utterances won him the' re- spect of men of all shades of political opinion. The dis- honest and the dishonorable in his own party feared him as much as did the same class among his opponents. In 1835 he was elected clerk of the Ohio senate, which position he retained until 1838, spending his winters at Columbus, in the dischai-ge of the duties of this office and corresponding with his paper, and editing it during the remainder of the year. In 1838 he was chosen to represent the counties of Fairfield and Hocking in the house of representatives, filling that position to the satisfaction of his constituents. In the succeeding year he was chosen by the general assembly to fill the office of Auditor of State, the election being brought about by the union of the best men of both political parties. The term was for three years, and he was reelected for a second term, serving in all six years. Those six years of service effected great changes in the financial affairs of the State. When he took office the finances were in a deplorable condition. A serious monetary depression existed. The State had become involved in schemes of internal improve- ment, on which large sums had been exjjended with little prospect of return. The financial accounts were in seem- ingly hopeless confusion, the only fact clearly apparent being that the State was wholly unable to meet its current expenses with its current revenues. Extravagance, mismanagement, and corruption prevailed. He had been elected for the pur- pose of reforming those evils, and he set about the task with all the energy and determination of his nature. In spite of obstructions placed in his way by interested parties, and the abuse and misrepresentation with which he was assailed, he persisted in the work of exposing frauds and preventing their repetition, until at last the financial management was radically changed, a plan of checks and balances established, new revenue laws enacted, an admirable system of accountabihty between the several departments of government adopted, more than a million acres of land added to the property sub- ject to assessment, the pecuniary embarrassments of the State removed, and its credit placed on a firm basis. Whilst per- forming this work his annual reports set forth the condition of the State finances, and pointed out with clearness and fullness the evils that had resulted from improper manage- ment, and the true principles on which the financial admin- istration should be conducted. These six reports are con- sidered among the most valuable State papers of their class. Before the close of his second term as auditor he purchased the Phoenix newspaper in Cincinnati, changed its name to the Enquirer, and placed it in charge of his brother Charles. At the close of his term he removed to Cincinnati and opened a law office, writing editorials for the Enquirer, and taking an active part in political affairs, both as a writer and orator. As a public speaker he was popular and effective. Thor- oughly conversant with pubhc affairs, logical in argument, quick in repartee, skillful in the evasioa of disagreeable or difficult points, fertile in resources, fluent m speech, and pos- sessing a powerful voice and engaging manner, few public speakers could attempt to cope with him. But whilst thus rapidly becoming a distinguished leader in the democratic party, he was with equal rapidity imbioing a disgust for par- tisan politics. In 1848 he retired from political life, sold out one-half of the Ejtquirer, and turned his attention to rail- roading. He was elected president of the Madison and In- dianapolis Railroad Company, and moved his residence to Madison, Indiana. He managed the affairs of this hne with remarkable success until 1853, when, at the invitation of one of his best friends, Stillman Witt, of Cleveland, he accepted the more responsible post of president of the Bellefontaine line. Under his management that road, which for some time struggled desperately against adversity, eventually be- came prosperous, and took position as one of the leading lines of the country. In 1861 he removed to Cleveland, and managed the line from that point. During the first two years of the war he was untiring in his efforts to serve the Union cause by the prompt transportation of tioops over his line, and by every other means in his poweTr. In 1863 the dem- crats of Ohio having nominated Clement L. Vallandigham as their candidate for governor, the news 'Startled him into political activity once more. Although much against his inclination and pecuniary interests, his patriotism at length impelled him to give an affirmative response to the urgent solicitations of prominent leaders of both political parties, that he should devote his eminent abilities tr the service of his country in its hour of peril. Mr. Stillman Witt, who at the time was the largest owner of the Bellefontp-ine Railroad, volunteered to fulfill for him the duties of president of the road, and generously insisted that he should continue to re- ceive the salary of that office while performing the more im- portant duties of governor of the State. He went to his old home, Marietta, and made a vigorous speech, declaring slavery destroyed by the act of rebellion, and earnestly appealing to all patriots, of whatever previous political predilections, to unite against the insurgents of the South in support of the government. The Republican Union State convention, which met at Columbus shortly after, unanimously nominated him for governor. He was elected in October by the heaviest majority ever given in the State, being 101,099 over his op- ponent in a total vote of 471,643. From the moment he took the gubernatorial chair he labored with all his might for the success of the Union cause. He was the intimate per- sonal friend of Secretary of War Stanton, and one of Presi- dent Lincoln's most trusted advisers and supporters. Early in the spring of 1864 the contending forces were prepa-ring for a decisive struggle. At this juncture he proposed to several We.stern governors, in conference at Washington, that an extra force of one hundred thousand men be raised for one hundred days, and sent to the aid of General Grant, then in command. The suggestion was adopted. He tel- egraphed to Ohio calling out thirty thousand militia, to ren- dezvous within ten days. On the appointed day thirty-eight thousand Ohio troops were in camp under arms, and were at once sent to the front, or to relieve veterans doing guard duty, who were thus enabled to join their comrades at the front. This energetic action produced important results, and 78 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. evoked the warmest commendations from President Lin- coln and General Grant. Of the select few who, by their devotion and great executive abihties were recognized as such, and to whom the people awarded the distinctive ap- pellation of "the Great War Governors," he was unques- tionably the chief. Before the close of his term he was taken ill, and after suffering intense pain, which was borne with great fortitude, he died. His services to the country were great. In his conduct of pubhc affairs he evinced superior statesmenship, looking only to the interests of the people and the safety of the nation. His views of public policy were broad and catholic. His incorruptible honesty was prover- bial. He was just in all his motives and acts. Though not a member of any church, he had a deep, rather than demon- strative, sense of religion, and died expressing his faith in the doctrines of Christianity and his hope of eternal life. He was twice married, his first wife being Miss Achsah P. Pruden, of Athens, Ohio, who died at the age of twenty-five, in 1838, and his second. Miss Caroline A. Nelson, of Columbus, Ohio, whom he married five years afterward. TaFT, ALPHONSO, LL.D., jurist, of Cincinnati, was born at Townsend, Vermont, November 5th, 1810. The only child of Peter Rawson and Sylvia Howard Taft, his grand- parents, on both side's, had emigrated to Vermont from Wor- cester county, Massachusetts. His ancestors, however, were originally from England, where one of them, Edward Raw- son, who came to New England in 1636, was a man of edu- cation and social standing, being afterward for thirty-five years secretary of the province of Massachusetts. The father, Peter Rawson Taft, was reared a farmer, but afterward studied and practiced law, served many years in the Ver- mont legislature, and was judge of the probate and county courts of Windham county. The subject of this sketch was also brought up a farmer, having only the privileges, until he was sixteen years old, of attending the neighboring country schools. Stimulated with a desire for larger opportunities of education, however, he then taught school for several succes- sive winters, in order to pay the expenses of tuition at an academy during each following spring, returning to and working upon his fathers farm each intervening summer. This he continued to do until his nineteenth year, when he entered Yale College, graduating thence four years afterward. After his graduation he was employed as a teacher, for two years, in the High School at Elhngton, Connecticut. He then accepted a tutorship at Yale, which he held for two years, meanwhile attending the lessons and lectures of the law school. Admitted to the bar at New Haven in the sum- mer of 1838, he came to Cincinnati, and entered upon the practice of his profession in 1839. Being a stranger, without influential introduction or friends, Mr. Taft's early career as a lawyer was somewhat discouraging, but success came to him in good time, and during a practice of over twenty-five years he was engaged in some of the largest and most im- portant cases ever before the courts of Ohio, or in the Supreme and other courts of the United States, fully equipped with legal knowledge, as well as the character of an honorable and upright man. Among his law partners during this long period were the late Judge Thomas M. Key (who first entered Mr. Taft's office as a law student in 1842), George R. Page, Hon. William M. Dickson, Hon. P. Mallon, and Hon. Aaron F. Perry— the last named formerly his classmate in the Yale Law School. During Mr. Taft's earher residence at Cincin- nati he served several years as a member of the city council and was active in efforts for the advancement of city im- provements, and especially the building of railroads. On the 22d January, 1850, he delivered before the Mercantile Library Association a lecture, entitled "Cincinnati and her Rail- roads," in which he showed the great importance to the city of railroads radiating from it in every direction. This lecture was published, and is believed to have largely influenced subsequent important operations. Mr. Taft was also ener- getic in the advancement of public education ; he was, for many years, trustee of Yale College, a member of the Union High School board, and trustee of the University of Cmcin- nati. In 1856 he was a member of the convention that nominated General John C. Fremont for President, and the same year became a candidate for Congress in the first Ohio district against George H. Pendleton, by whom he was de- feated. In 1865 he was appointed a judge of the superior court oT Cincinnati, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge George Hoadly. He was subsequently elected twice to the same position by popular vote, the last time in 1869, having the rare honor of receiving the unanimous vote of both political parties. He resigned his seat upon the bench in 1872, and resumed the practice of his profession in part- nership with his two sons. On the 7th March, 1876, Judge Taft was appointed, by President Grant, Secretary of War of the United States, to succeed General W. H. Belknap, re- signed. Secretary Taft held this office but three months, and was then transferred to the office of Attorney-General of the United States, as successor of Judge Edwards Pierrepont, and continued in that position until the close of President Grant's administra;tion. Judge Taft received the degree of doctor of laws from Yale College in 1867. He married his first wife. Miss Fanny Phelps, of Townsend, Vermont, in 1 84 1. In 1852 this lady died, leaving two sons — Charles Phelps and Peter Rawson Taft. In 1854 he married Miss Louise M. Torry, of Millbury, Massachusetts, by whom hp had four children, William H., Harry W., Horace D., an^ Fanny Louise. Charles Phelps Taft, lawyer, the eldest son, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, December 21st, 1843. He graduated at Yale College in 1864, and at the Columbia Law School, New York, in 1866. He served in the Oh(o legisla- ture of 1872-73, and was a republican candidate for Congress in 1872. He married a daughter of David Sinton, Esq., De- cember 4th, 1873. He has held high offices in literary insti- tutions. Peter R. Taft, lawyer, the second son, graduated at Yale with the highest honors of his class. He married in December, 1876, Tillie, daughter of W. P. Hurlbut, Esq., of Cincinnati. Anderson, Charles, having resigned his commis- sion as colonel of the 93d Ohio volunteer infantry, after his almost miraculous escape from death at the battle of Stone River, where he was severely wounded, was put in nomina- tion as lieutenant-governor on the ticket in 1863 with John Brough for governor, and elected. The death of the latter transferred Colonel Anderson to the office of governor of Ohio in August, 1865. He was born June ist, 1814, atthe residence of his father, called Soldier's Retreat, or Fort Nel- . son, at the Falls of the Ohio, and which locality is now within the limits of the city of Louisville, Ky. His father, Colonel Richard Clough Anderson, a gentleman of high character, removed to that place from Virginia, in 1783, and there in the capacity of a land surveyor, made his residence, BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 79 three years before Kentucky was recognized as a territory. His mother was a relative of Chief Justice Marshall, and his eldest brother, Richard C. Anderson, represented his district in Congress, was the first United States minister to the re- public of Columbia, and commissioner in the Congress at Panama. George Robert Anderso'n, another brother of our subject, was the Major Anderson commanding Fort Sumter in April, 1861. Educated in a liberal manner, Charles An- derson graduated from Miami University at Oxford," Ohio, in 1833, and even at this early period of his life he had become, in the circles in which he was best known, distinguished for his national feelings of patriotism. Having been disap- pointed in the consummation of his earnest desire to become a farmer near St. Louis, he bggan the study of law in Louisville in his twentieth year in the office of Pirtle & Anderson, and in 1835 was admitted to practice. He then went to Dayton, and September i6th married Miss Eliza J. Brown, a young lady whose early life was spent at Oxford, Ohio, and where he was introduced to her on the occasion of the commencement of the college there at which he graduated. He remained a resident of Dayton, varying his professional engagements by working a farm, during the following ten years, having in that time been elected prosecuting attorney of the county, and in 1844 elected to the State senate. His vote in this body in favor of the bill to give to the colored men the privilege of testifying in court caused him the enmity of all the pro-slavery element that existed among his constituency, but of this he took no notice, — his high conscientiousness and innate love of freedom for the whole human race sup- porting him in the act the passage of which he was proud to have secured. He resolved that at the close of his term, he would recuperate his health by a protracted sea voyage and in this he consequently engaged. Descending to New Or- leans he took a vessel for Havana, and there took passage on a vessel bound for Barcelona, via the Azores. Arriving at Barcelona, amid the excitement of the arrival in that city of the then young queen, Isabella, of Spain, he traversed that country, crossed the Pyrennees into France, descended the Rhone from Avignon to Marseilles, and after spending a couple of weeks in that historic city, he took passage for Genoa, thence to Leghorn, and, in the course of the following six months, had visited all the points of attraction in southern Europe, and from Constantinople navigated the Black Sea and down the Danube until he landed at Vienna. From there he visited the famous springs of Grafenberg, the seat of the water-cure treatment in Austrian Silesia, and with much advantage to his health, and returned by the way of Paris and Liverpool. Arriving in Cincinnati he entered into a law partnership with Rufus King, Esq., and for eleven years practiced his profession. Then, his original love of farming still influencing his life, he went to Texas in 1859, and found the people greatly excited on account of the po- litical condition of the country. Demagogues had advocated dissolution of the Union there as elsewhere, the estabhsh- ment of a new Southern States government of a monarchical form, its foundation-stone human slavery, and under the pro- tectorate of Great Britain, to whose people their cotton would be exchanged for goods of British manufacture exclusively. He soon saw that this treasonable project had taken deep root among the ignorant masses of the South. There was no term that could be uttered more opprobious than "Abo- litionist," and his well known love of freedom prompting him to boldly address the people he did so at a great gather- ing in San Antonio, November 20th, i860, advocating in the most stirring and patriotic language the perpetuity of th ,■ national Union. Though the recipient, subsequently, ci letters threatening his life, he continued to reside in San Antonio until the forty-day residence act was passed by the Confederate Congress at Montgomery, Alabama, and then, feeling that he must abandon his property, sold it for what- ever he could get, under the circumstances very little, and by the friendly assistance of two persons who subsequently were maltreated for so assisting him, he escaped to the North, where he was advised to proceed to England, and there lec- ture, and to this end he was furnished with the best possible testimonials to Hon. Charles Francis Adams, then our able minister to the court of St. James, and also to leading phil- anthropists, members* of parliament, and other influential persons, but he soon found that the English people were more alive to the claims of the blacks than the civilization of the whites, and as, between these two classes, his election was the advantages of his own rather than the African race, he relinquished all idea of lecturing before the British people and at once returned home. It was not reasonable to sup- pose that Mr. Anderson, born in Kentucky, and from infancy surrounded by and breathing the atmosphere of slavery, could have regarded that institution as it was looked upon by the millions who had not been similarly situated ; hence the original idea of the war, to restore the Union as it was, caused him to offer his services to Governor Tod, and he was appointed, we say, colonel of the 93d Ohio regiment, in command of which body of brave men he fought, as we have said, and was seriously wounded in the battle of Stone River. After his term of service as lieutenant-governor and governor of Ohio, he removed to a large iron estate on the Cumberland river, in Lyon county, Kentucky, where he has since resided. Medill, William, seventeenth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Newcastle county, Dela- ware, in 1801, and died at his residence in Lancaster, Ohio, September 2d, 1865. A graduate of Delaware college in 1825, he studied law under Judge Black of Newcastle, Dela- ware, in 1830, removed to Lancaster, Ohio, entered the law office of Hon. Philemon Beecher, and was regularly admitted to practice in the supreme court, and the several courts of the State, in 1832. In 1835 he was elected to represent Fair- field county in the Ohio legislature, and served in the lower house several years, being twice elected speaker of that body, and serving as such with distinguished ability. In 1838 he was by the district comprising Fairfield, Perry, Morgan, and Hocking counties, elected to Congress, reelected in 1840, and served in that body to the satisfaction of his constituents. In 1845 he was, by President Polk, appointed second assist- ant postmaster-general, the duties of which he performed with marked ability. The same year he was also appointed commissioner of Indian affairs, and characterized his admin- istration of that department by reforms long demanded, and exhibiting a proper spirit of justice toward the Indians, whose guardian for the time being he was. He held these offices during the period of President Polk's administration, and at its close resigning both, returned to his home in Ohio, and resumed the practice of the law. Elected in 1849 «i member of the convention to form a new constitution for the State of Ohio, he was by his fellow delegates elected president of that body of the State's most able and distinguished men, and 8o BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. thus his abihty as a presiding officer recognized. In 1851 he was elected heutenant-governor, and in 1853 elected govern- or, the first under the new constitution he was so largely in- strumental in preparing and estabhshing. In 1857, he was by President Buchanan, appointed first comptroller of the United States Treasury, an office that he held until 4th March, 1861. Then he retired again to his home in Lancaster, and subsequently held no public office. Governor Medill was a man of great administrative ability. Eminently a true pat- riot, a citizen of spotless reputation, a trusty and faithful friend, an able and uncorruptible public servant, and a cour- teous christian gentleman, his life both private and public being ever pure and unsullied. WaITE, Morrison ReMIGK, chief justice of the United States, was born at Lyme, Connecticut, November 29th, 1816; hving, August, 1876, at Toledo, Ohio. He was the son of Hon. Henry Matson Waite, also a native of Lyme, born February gth, 1787, who soon after graduating at Yale became distinguished as an able lawyer and public man, was elected successively to the lower and higher branches of the general assembly, was chosen associate Justice of the supreme court in 1834, was appointed chief justice of the State of Connecticut in 1854 by the almost unanimous vote of the legislature, and held that office until his seventieth year, the limit prescribed by the Constitution of the State. The mother of Morrison R. Waite was a daughter of Colonel Richard E. Selden, of Lyme, and grand- daughter of Colonel Samuel Selden, an officer of the Revo- lutionary army. The family settled in Lyme, Connecticut, about the middle of the seventeenth century, and had among its members other eminent men. Thomas Waite and his son Marvin were public-spirited and prominent citizens. The latter was a candidate on the first electoral ticket after the Revolutionary war, was a representative in the State legisla- ture nineteen terms, common pleas judge for several years, and finally one of the commissioners to sell the State lands of the Northwestern territory, the proceeds of which, funded by him, formed the basis of the public school fund of Con- necticut. The subject of this sketch was a graduate of Yale in the class of 1837, which included, among other distin- guished men, Wm. M. Evarts, Edwards Pierrepont and Benjamin Silliman, Jr. He commenced the study of law in the office of his father, but, removing west early in life, com- pleted his studies with Samuel M. Young, a prominent attor- ney of Maumee, Ohio, with whom he afterward formed a partnership. In 1850 the firm established an office in Toledo, of which Mr. Waite took charge, and for which he soon ob- tained a large business. He subsequently entered into part- nership with his brother Richard and continued with him until he was elevated to the chief-justiceship. A whig in politics, he was always active and influential. In 1849 ^^ was elected to a seat in the Ohio legislature, and was the whig candidate for the convention of 1850 to revise the con- stitution of the State. His party being in a great minority, he was defeated on strictly party grounds. In 1862 he re- luctantly became a candidate for Congress as the nominee of one of the two republican conventions, held at Toledo at the time, which endorsed the war policy of the administra- tion, and pledged itself, in all ways and at all times, to give its full and undivided support to such measures as the gov- ernment should deem necessary to crush out the rebellion in the shortest possible time. The other convention, which nominated J. M. Ashley, adopted a radical anti-slavery platform and urged more radical measures than the adminis- tration had adopted, proposing virtually to make the abolition of slavery an end rather than an incident of the war. Edwin Phelps was brought out as the democratic candidate, and although the superior organization of his opponents caused Mr. Waite's defeat in the district, the esteem in which he was held in Toledo was shown in the fact that he received within 500 of 'all the votes cast in that city — the most emphatic endorsement ever given there to a public man. The posi- tion of judge of the supreme bench of Ohio, which was left vacant by the refusal of Hon. Hocking Hunter to serve, was subsequently tendered by Governor Brough to Mr. Waite, but he declined to accept. Hjs national reputation dated from his unexpected and unsolicited appointment as counsel for the United States in the arbitration it Geneva, involving the settlement of the "Alabama" claims against Great Brit- ain. He was not an applicant for the position, but was rec- commended and appointed without his knowledge. He ac- cepted the appointment, and in December, 1871, departed for Europe, to assume the duties assigned to him. He per- formed the required service to the entire satisfaction of the government and country. His already good reputation as an indefatigable and learned lawyer was greatly enhanced by the ability which characterized his labors on behalf of his country in this historical event. His argument on the liability of Great Britain for permitting the confederate steamers to take supplies of coal in her ports was pronounced a fine effort, remarkable for great logical power and compre- hensive grasp of international questions. At the close of these labors he returned to Toledo and resumed the practice of his profession. To the constitutional convention called in 1873 to revise the Constitution of Ohio he was elected delegate from Lucas county by both political parties, and, on the assembling of that body, he was elected its president. Upon the death of Chief Justice Chase, after Hon. George H. Williams and Hon. Caleb Gushing had been successively nominated and withdrawn, the president of the United States sent to the senate the name of Morrison R. Waite, of Ohio, who but one year previous had, on motion of Mr. Cashing, been admitted to practice in the court of which he was des- tined to become chief justice. At the time the nomination was made Mr. Waite was presiding at the. Constitutional convention, and was as much astonished at hearing of the honor which had been conferred upon him as were his fellow members in the convention. The appointment was made entirely without his solicitation, and in opposition to his advice, when efforts to influence the appointment were proposed and offered by his friends. Mr. Waite was con- firmed as chief justice by, a vote which conferred an honor as great as it was rare. Every senator voted in the affirma- tive, and tvo dissentient voice was heard during the discus- sion of the nomination. Senator Charles Sumner, of Massa- chusetts, made one of his best and most impressive speeches on the appointment, which the press of the country also pro- nounced a good one. Chief Justice Waite took the oath of his high office March 4th, 1874, and immediately entered upon its duties. In April, 1879, ^^ continued to hold the office, having during the first years of his incumbency ad- mirably fulfilled its -every requirement, and fully merited the praises which his promotion had called forth from various sections of the country. His administration of what may justly be pronounced the 'first judicial position in the world, BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 8i fairly proved that his energetic and ambitious mind needed only the occasion calling for great study and labor, to show that he could readily master and unravel tlie new principles and problems in law which the exigencies of this young but great and growing government originate. Gifted with a superior and elastic physical as well as mental organization, his capacity for work was his leading characteristic, besides which he possessed the solid virtues which won for him a reputation not less honorable and enduring than that which is acquired by a dazzling display of merely brilliant genius. No judge ever held more exalted ideas regarding the great importance and solemn responsibilities of such an office, no occupant probably ever upheld its dignity more thoroughly, and certainly no predecessor ever preserved its ermine more unspotted than has Morrison R. Waite the chief-justiceship of the United States. He married, September 21st, 1840, Amelia C, a daughter of Samuel Selden Warner, of Lyme, Connecticut, and the issue of this union were two sons and a daughter, living in 1879, aiid two sons, deceased. DeNNISON, William, lawyer and nineteenth gov- ernor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Cincinnati, November 23d, 181 5. His father and mother emigrated from New Jersey to Ohio and settled in the Miami valley about ten years previously, and being in good circumstances, gave their son a liberal education, he graduating from the Miami University in 1835, with high honors in political science, history, and belles-lettres. After leaving college he became a student in the law office of Nathaniel G., the father of the Hon. George H. Pendleton, at Cincinnati, and was in 1840 admitted to practice. In the same year he married a daughter of William Neil, a prominent citizen of Columbus, Ohio, whither removing he applied himself with energy to the practice of his profession for several years. In 1848 he was on the whig ticket elected to the Ohio Senate, from the Franklin and Delaware district. It was at this time politics had heated the blood and caused men to take position on the subject of slavery, for or against, and a desperate struggle was made for the controlling majority in the State legislature. Being a man of elegant presence and much ability as a presiding officer, his nomination for president of the senate was nearly successful, and his introduction in this manner to his fellow senators gave him prominence, and a leading position on the committee appointed to examine and remodel the stat- utes. Among these at the time the law, forbidding black men and mulattoes the privileges of permanent residence in the State, or of testifying in the courts, had for nearly half a century remained on the statutes, a reproach to the people of the State. Mr. Dennison warmly advocated its repeal, and succeeded. His speeches on this subject at once defined his position as an ardent anti-slavery advocate, and especially for its confinement as a local institution to those of the original thirteen States which had retained it. His senatorial term havi'ng expired in 1850, he retired to his law practice, and remained so engaged until 1852, when, appointed a presiden- tial elector, he cast his vote as such for General Scott. About this time elected president of the Exchange Bank of Colum- bus, he began to give some attention to the railroad enter- prises of the West. Being elected president of the Columbus and Xenia railroad, he from that time became actively engaged as director of all the railway lines centering in Columbus. Entering ardently into the objects recognized by the republi- can party, he became one of its most prominent members in Ohio, and as a delegate to the Pittsburgh convention in June, 1856, advocated and voted for the nomination of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 1859 he was, by ^'^ P^-rty, nominated for governor of Ohio, and being elected, thus succeeded, in i860. Governor Chase, whose example and opinions upon the subject of slavery he faithfully entertained. In his inaugural he announced as the will of a majority of her people that Ohio was unmistakably opposed to the exten- sion of slavery in any direction, and directed the attention of all to the artful machinations of pro-slavery politicians. In his first message to the general assembly in January, 1861, he met the menacing action of the slave-holding States with the declaration that the position of Ohio was the same as when, in 1832, nulhfication being threatened by South Car- olina, her legislature resolved: "That the Federal Union exists by solemn compact, voluntarily entered into by the people of each and every State, and thus they became the United States of America, e pluribus unum, and this being so, no State can claim the right to secede from or violate that compact ; and however grievous the real or supposed burdens of any State may be, the only legitimate remedy is the wise and faithful exercise of the elective franchise, and submission to the will of the people's representatives in Congress as- sembled." In this manner he informed the country at large of the position taken by Ohio, and when war became a fact, he invoked all the authority of his office to assist the gov- ernment. As the first war governor of Ohio, his name will go down to posterity with the names of the most patriotic men of any age. Locally placed at much disadvantage, when Governor Magoffin, of Kentucky, in response to Presi- dent Lincoln's first call for volunteers, refused to furnish troops, saying that Kentucky should not furnish troops "for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern States," Governor Dennison at once telegraphed to the War Depart- ment: "If Kentucky will not fill her quota, Ohio will fill it for her." In less than two weeks, under the influence of her enthusiastic governor, Ohio had furnished men enough to fill the quota of three States, and in sixteen days her gov- ernor had the pleasure of determining that "Ohio must lead in the prosecution of the war.'' Naturally this extraordinary promptitude in obeying the call of the President, and, in doing so, within one month furnishing enough men to fill the entire quota called for by his proclamation, directed the attention of the whole country toward Ohio, and kept her people eager to sustain the governor's declaration. In their support the loyalists of West Virginia received such assist- ance from the volunteer troops of Ohio, as enabled them within a short time have the benefits of a separate State gov- ernment, and this fact is certainly the work of Governor Dennison, and the new autonomy the gift of Ohio to the nation within the first two years of the war. The national banking system of Mr. Chase exhibiting, as it did at its in- ception, severe hardships toward the banking system then in existence, met with Governor Dennison's disapproval; but when its ultimate beneficence became clear to his mind, he withdrew his objections and favored what has become so universal a benefit to the people at large and an additional bond of national unity that demagogues have in vain, so far, endeavored to break. The close of his term of office as governor by no means impaired his interest in the success of the Union arms, for he assisted his successor zealously. Being free to address the people on the cause nearest his heart, on every occasion he could appear where the fire of 82 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPJE.DIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. his enthusiasm for his country's unity would be most effect- ive, Governor Dennison became a favorite throughout the country at large as one of the most powerful Union speakers known. Delegated to the republican national convention in 1864, he was made chairman of that body and led it in the renomination of President Lincoln, and, on the retirement of Montgomery Blair from the cabinet, was called to take his place as Postmaster-General, and retained in it by President Johnson, until the definition by the latter of his "policy," when he resigned, and returned to his home in Columbus, where he passed several years in the retirement of private life. A man of courtly and dignified presence and manners elegant and polished, he would be distinguished for these characteristics in the most exalted positions of Hfe. In 1875 he was appointed a member of the commission to examine the financially entangled affairs of the District of Columbia, following the change of government of that district, and having spent until the spring of 1878 thus engaged, again withdrew from public life to the privacy of his home engage- ments in Columbus, where he at present resides. Hitchcock, Peter, a chief justice of Ohio for twenty-five years, was born October 19th, 1781, at Cheshire, New Haven county, Connecticut, and died on the 4th March, 1854, at Painesville, Lake county, Ohio. He was educated in the common schools until he was seventeen, when he entered Yale College. His father's means being limited he was compelled to defray the greater part of the expenses of his education by his own efforts. For this purpose he taught school during the vacations and part of the college terms, in this way supporting himself but seriously lessened his facili- ties for study. Leaving college, he studied law and in March, 1804, was admitted to practice. He had studied diligently and showed such aptitude for his chosen profession, that his examination was decidedly creditable. Having opened an office in Cheshire, for two years he practiced law with fair success, earning the reputation of being well qualified, dili- gent and attentive to business. In 1806 he decided on trying his fortune in the West, and moved to the Connecticut West- ern Reserve of Ohio, settling at Burton, Geauga county, where he took up a farm and retained his residence upon it until his death. His life at that period was laborious and his re- wards scanty. At times he taught school, practiced in the courts when clients could be had, and spent the remainder of his time in clearing and cultivating his farm. His distance from the county seat when travel was slow and tedious, was a drawback also, but he steadily won his way in the good opinion of the people. His law business increased until it spread over the entire Reserve, throughout which he soon ac- quired the reputation of a leading lawyer. The lawyers with whom he was brought into competition were many of them men of distinguished ability, possessed of intellectual and material advantages of which he had been deprived by his circumstances, yet he held his own with the best of them, and secured and maintained a leading place. The confidence reposed in his abilities and character by those who knew him best was shown by his election in 1810, to represent the county in the lower branch of the Ohio legislature. On the conclu- sion of his term he was in 1812 chosen to serve in the senate, and reelected in 1814 when he served a portion of the time as speaker. In house or senate he always took a prominent part in the business of the State, and in the fall of 1816, after a warmly contested election he was returned to Congress and took his seat in the House of Representatives in December, 18 1 7. Before the close of his term he was in 18 19 elected by the Ohio legislature a judge of the supreme court of the State for the Constitutional term of seven years. In February, 1826, he was reelected for a similar term, but at its close in 1833, political differences preventing his continued reelection, he was sent by his district to again represent it in the State senate for the term of 1833 to 1835, and for one session pre- sided in that body. In 1835 he was again elected to the supreme bench, when at the close of this term partisan oppo- sition again successfully kept him from the bench until 1845, when he was again elected and retained his office of chief justice until 1852, when being seventy years old he retired from public service, after a life spent in law-making and law- expounding of more than forty years, and during the whole of which period he enjoyed alike the respect of political friends and opponents. A practical test of pubhc opinion in re- gard to him was furnished in the election of delegates to the convention for the revision of the Constitution of Ohio, in the spring of 1850. The district in whic'h he resided was entitled to three delegates, and preeminently the home of free soilism, as that party outnumbered each of the others by from 500 to 1,000 votes. The free soil men placed in nomination a full ticket of men of their own party. The whigs and democrats combined. to defeat this ticket. With a majority of votes the whigs had not sufficient to give them a full claim to a major- ity of the delegates, so it was proposed that the democrats should have the nomination of the whigs to be put on the ticket. The offer being accepted, the democrats, with great unanimity named Judge Hitchcock as their first choice, al- though he was the leader of their political opponents, and the man of most influence among them. At this time he held the office of chief justice of the State, and very reluctantly accepted the nomination. Having done so, however, and with the whole ticket elected in spite of the united free soil opposition, he took his seat at the opening of the convention, served faithfully on the most important committees, thoroughly ex- amined every subject discussed, and took a prominent part in the most important debates. He had a thorough knowl- edge of the old Constitution and its workings, and his ripe experience was especially valuable in pointing out the defects of the whole and suggesting remedies. Some of his sugges- tions were embodied in the new Constitution and others re- jected, as too far advanced for public opinion at the time, With the instrument as finally adopted he was not quite satis- fied but he voted for it, as it was a great improvement upon that of 1802, and used his influence to have it adopted by the people. His labors in the convention did not prevent the performance of his usual circuit duties on the bench, nor those of chief justice, but the two offices occupied his whole time, and made that year one of hard work. He had the satisfaction, however, of receiving the hearty approval of his constituents. As a judge he was laborious, systematic, punctual and attentive, despatching business with peculiar facility, although not without deliberation. Rarely if ever in a hurry, he was always full of business. He readily ascer- tained the bearings of a case which were decisive of the merits it presented, and his experienced mind seemed at once to reject everything immaterial. Having read all the papers in a case, his memory was so retentive that, having noticed it at once, he would almost uniformly state with accuracy the exact point upon which it hinged, and the evidence that bore upon it. This faculty enabled him to concentrate his mind (^ ^.-^Z.i:..'^, LATE CHIEF JUSTIGE OF WE SUPIiF.M'R COURL' OF OHIO . BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 83 upon the question in hand, to recur in debate, and without loss of time, to the proof that would correct or strengthen a first impression, and, united with his habit of persevering to the end of an investigation once begun, enabled him to dispose correctly and rapidly of a, mass of business, that apparently quicker but less methodical minds would not be able to dis- pose of with equal readiness. Possessing a strong physical frame, and during the greater part of his life favored with robust health, he was capable of uncommonly severe mental endurance. His strong natural faculties had been improved by constant habits of sobriety, personal self-denial and untir- ing industry. A sincere Christian, he was ever a helper and friend to the needy and the afflicted, a liberal supporter of benevolent enterprises, and a good neighbor, while his domestic affections were especially strong and tender. In 1805 he married Nabbie Cook in his native town, and reared to maturity three sons and four daughters. He died at the house of his son, Hon. Reuben Hitchcock, in Painesville, Ohio, on the 4th March, 1854, when on his way home from attendance in the supreme court at Columbus, where over- work had brought on severe illness. The event was mourned throughout the State as a severe public loss, and resolutions of respect adopted by the legislature and the bar generally. Cox, Jacob DoLSON, the twenty-second governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born October 27th, 1828, at Montreal, Canada, where his parents had temporarily removed from the city of New York, his father being a master builder and engaged to superintend the roof, framing and carpenter work of the church of Notre Dame. The follow- ing year his father and family returned to New York and in that city the childhood and youth of our subject were spent. In 1846 he went to Ohio, entered Oberlin College, from which he graduated in 1851, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar in Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio. In 1859 he was elected to the State senate from the Trumbull and Mahoning district. By this time he had attained a reputation for accomplished scholarship, integrity and native talent, and was especially distinguished for the thoroughness, regard for every detail, and perseverance with which he prosecuted any study or enterprise in which he engaged. Throughout his term as senator he was regarded as one of the "radical" leaders of the senate, and this not merely by his general record and the part of the State from which he was returned, but still more by his marriage, as in 1849 he had married the daugh- ter of President Finney of Oberlin College, He took his seat in the senate on the first Monday of January, i860, and was placed on the judiciary committee. Subsequent to the enact- me;nt by Congress of the fugitive slave law in 1850, the legis- lature of Ohio had enacted what was generally known as the "kidnapping" law, which provided penalties to be incurred by those who should carry free blacks out of the State with- out first having recourse to judicial proceedings. The repeal of this law was, in the session of i860, earnestly desired by the democrats in the legislature, and a report by the majority of his committee in favor of such repeal was met with a minority report from Mr. Cox, defending the law, and for which he secured the entire republican vote. The alarming indications of civil war which succeeded the election of Pres- ident Lincoln found Mr. Cox ready to grapple with them. Convinced that the country was in imminent danger of civil war he expressed himself in favor of fighting for the integrity of the Union, while deprecating every unnecessary cause of provocation. He comprehended the necessity for prepara- tion, and assisted in the organization of the State militia. Ten days, after the President's call for troops was issued, (April 1 2th, 1 86 1,) he was by Governor Dennison commis- sioned a brigadier-general of Ohio volunteers for the three months' service, following the appointment of General Mc- Clellan as major-general commanding Ohio volunteers ; and these gentlemen with two other brigadiers appointed, as was the manner under the President's first call, by the governor, found themselves engaged in an inspection of the State arsenal and estimating for the equipment of ten thousand men. The arsenal was found deficient in nearly everything ; nevertheless the few troops constituting the first and second regiments were mustered in without arms or equipments, and at once sent to Washington City. Camp Jackson was estab- lished for the reception of volunteers at Columbus, and Gen- eral Cox placed in command, but a larger camp being ne- cessary, he was by President Lincoln commissioned brigadier- general of United States volunteers, and with the assistance of General Rosecrans as engineer, he laid out Camp Denni- son, and remained in command of the gathering forces there until the 6th of July, when he was with his command ordered by General McClellan to take a position for the time being at the mouth of the great Kanawha in Virginia, the upper part of that valley being held by General Henry A. Wise, who had been governor of that State. On arriving at Point Pleasant, opposite Gallipolis, General Cox was ordered to advance toward Charleston and Gauley Bridge. Finding his force inadequate, he awaited the arrival of wagon transportation and then crossing the Pocotaligo, flanked the enemy, and who, perceiving this, hastily abandoned all they held below Charleston, and the next day evacuated Charleston itself, after burning the bridge over Elk river. Crossing on a bridge of boats, General Cox, on reaching the Gauley, was ordered by General McClellan to fortify, which he did, and General Floyd having joined General Wise, assumed command and ordered a new advance, so that during the month of August a succession of skirmishes continued, without, however, the enemy being allowed to cut off communication with the Ohio, or recapture Charleston. Perhaps this account of the incipi- ent military operations of General Cox may be regarded as unimportant, but this opinion will be modified when the fact is announced that it was by the success that attended his movements in the valley of the great Kanawha during 1861 and the early part of 1862, that the Union cause was strength- ened by the accession of West Virginia as a new State. When General Reno fell at the battle of South Mountain, General Cox succeeded him in command of the 9th corps, and in this, and the subsequent bloody battle of Antietam, the troops he led so greatly distinguished themselves that he was promoted to the rank of major-general, to date from October 7th, 1862. Subsequently the districts of West Virginia and Ohio were placed under his charge, and in December, 1863, he was made commander of the 23d corps, with head quar- ters at Knoxville, Tennessee. In the Atlanta campaign he led the 3d division of that corps, but in the engagemeiit at Columbia commanded it entirely, as he also did in the battle of November 30th, at Franklin, in which it bore the full force of Hood's attack. On reaching Nashville, General Thomas assumed command of the army. General Schofield of the 23d corps and General Cox of his division. In the battle of Nashville that followed that division, by a determined charge carried an important position held by the enemy, and cap- 84 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. tured eight pieces of their artillery. In January, 1865, the 23d corps being ordered East, arrived at Washington, and from there having sailed, arrived on the 9th February, at Fort Fisher. Then, on their advance upon Wilmington, they routed and captured the greater number of Haygood's bri- gade at Town Creek, and compelled the evacuation of Wil- mington. On the 26th, ordered to Newbern, to take com- mand of a provisional corps of three divisions for the purpose of advancing towards and building the railroad to Kingston, with the view of, by its means, furnishing supplies to Sher- man's army when it should reach Goldsborough, he arrived on the 2d March, organized the'next day, and on the 4th began the movement. On the 8th, a few miles south of Kingston, his force was attacked by General Bragg's command, and the advance driven in. On the loth, Bragg with 16,000 men, renewed the attack, but was repulsed with heavy loss and driven beyond the Neuse river. The next day the 23d corps joined the provisional corps, commanded by General Cox, and Kingston was occupied, with the railroad opened to New- bern. Goldsborough was occupied by the army of Sherman on the 22d and there joined by Schofield's corps. On the 27th, General Cox was placed in permanent command of tlie 23d corps and moved on Raleigh, the capital of the State, and, upon the surrender of General Joseph Johnston, he was placed in command of the western half of North Carolina, with head-quarters at Greensborough, where he superintend- ed the parole of Johnston's troops. In July following he was ordered to the command of the district of Ohio, and was, when elected governor, in charge of the muster out and dis- charge of Ohio soldiers, until the close of the year, when, it being necessary that he should do so, he resigned, and on the 15th January, 1866, was inaugurated. The military abil- ity of General Cox, while never brilliant, may be best estima- ted when we say that on the day of his resignation, he stood higher in the esteem of the government and the country at large than at any other period of his nearly five years service as a general officer. This cannot, however, be said in rela- tion to his political career. Nominated in 1865 by acclama- tion, as the candidate of the union republican party, the cam- paign that succeeded necessarily drew from him by letter the true state of his political feelings then, and which he defined with great distinctness, by no means to the satisfaction of the ultra wing of the party who nominated him. He espoused President Johnson's policy, and endeavored in an elaborate letter to the members of his party in the Ohio legislature to win them to his views. But President Johnson soon passed to a position where even Governor Cox could not follow him, while, in opposition to his own antecedents, and the reason- able expectations of his electors, remaining strongly conser- vative. He declined in advance a renomination, and at the close of his term retired to his law practice in Cincinnati, from which, in 1869, President Grant withdrew him by call- ing him to his cabinet, as Secretary of the Interior. Regarded generally as an appointment most fitly made. Governor Cox soon found he was environed by difficulties insurmountable. His best intentions and most popular movements in the di- rection of that reform so greatly vaunted but so earnestly opposed by the peculiar characteristics of President Grant's administration,, were impossible of consummation, and, after a few months engaged in the unequal struggle, Governor Cox resigned and returned to his law office in Cincinnati. In 1873 being intrusted with the responsible office of receiver of the Toledo, Wabash and Western railroad, he removed tempo- rarily to Toledo, where, in 1875, he was elected to Congress from the then sixth district, and served his constituents as he always did, well and faithfully, his most prominent duty dur- ing the last year of his term beirig service on what was known as the Potter committee, appointed. to investigate the manner of Presidential election in those States whose votes were dis- puted in 1876. Subsequently he once more returned to his law practice in Cincinnati, where he at present resides. Sherman, William Tecumseh, the General commanding the United States army, was born at Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio, February 8th, 1820. The name of Tecumseh was given him by his father from admiration he entertained for the great Indian chief of that name who figured so conspicuously in the wars which occurred during the early settlement of the State. When but nine years of age his father, a man of much distinction, and one of the judges of the supreme court, died, a comparatively poor man in everything but the high respect entertained for him by the members of the bar, and the people generally of his county. The former, knowing the burden that eleven young children would be on the widowed mother, resolved to adopt and educate a few of the elder ones, and thus our subject was taken by Hon. Thomas Ewing, then in the prime of life, as the child of his adoption. For seven years the bright and energetic boy was kept in school at Lancaster, his frank, generous and amiable disposition winning the love of all who knew him. When seventeen years old, Mr. Ewing secured a cadetship at West Point for his adopted son, and in June, 1836, William entered that famous military school until he was graduated in 1840 as sixth in his class, and assigned for duty with the artillery arm of the service. Appointed a first lieutenant, he was sent to Florida where he was engaged principally in garrison duty, though he participated in some of the later fights with the Seminole Indians. In 1842 he was, with his company, assigned for duty to Fort Morgan, at the entrance to Mobile Bay, and soon afterward transferred to Fort Moultrie, in Charleston harbor. Here he remained until his appointment as one of a board of officers to examine the claims of Georgia and Alabama for horses furnished the army in the Seminole war. Then it was that with the utmost diligence he devoted himself to a careful study of the topo- graphy of these States, in manner as military officers are in- structed to do, with the view of mastering a thorough topo- graphical knowledge of the country, but with little thought, however, of ever being called upon to use that knowledge as he did in 1864-65. He also took occasion during his leisure in those years to read the heavier law books known to the profession, such as Kent's Commentaries, and the various volumes of Blackstone. To use his own language, he entered upon this study "from feeling the want of it in the duties to which he was then lately assigned," in Georgia and Alabama. After serving for a short time in 1845 at the Augusta arsenal, and attending a court martial at Wilmington, in 1846 he was, with the beginning of the Mexican war, sent to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on recruiting service, and this duty performed, he was assigned to duty as aide-de-camp to General Persifer F. Smith, and assistant adjutant-general to Governor S. W. Kearney, of Oregon. In those positions he saw no active service, as a soldier understands the term, but he performed the duties of thern in manner to satisfy his superiors. Hav- ing returned to Washington City, May ist, 1850, he married Miss Ellen Ewing, in the presence of, among others, Presi- '^ ifl GElsrERAli "WILLIAM T. SHERlv£A¥ . BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 8S dent Fillmore, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay, at the resi- dence of her father and his benefactor, Hon. Thomas Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior. Soon after he was appointed by brevet a captain, and was sent to St. Louis in charge of the military stores there when, seeing no prospect of more active service or promotion, he resigned his commission, and having as captain and commissary displayed practical ability of a financial character, some gentlemen of St. Louis who wished to establish a banking house at San Francisco, offered him the position of manager. This he accepted, and for five years devoted himself to his banking business in San Fran- cisco, and then removed to continue in the same business in New York City. After a short time thus engaged, his brothers-in-law having taken up their residence in Kansas, invited him to join them in the practice of law, but he soon wearied of that business and accepted the superintendency of the Louisiana Military Academy, with a salary of 15,000. He was well known in the South, and the business was most pleasing to him of any that could be offered. In 1859 ^^e en- tered upon the duties of this position, and his ability having soon been manifested, pressure about this time was not want- ing to win him from fealty to the flag of his country, but in no case did he ever fail to boldly resist those blandishments, with the assertion: "A soldier's duty is to fight for, never against, the flag to which he has sworn allegiance." Events moved rapidly. Treason grew apace, and when it became manifest that Louisiana would be among the first of the States to secede, he wrote a patriotic letter to the governor of the State, requesting to be relieved from the position of superin- tendent the moment the State should throw off its allegiance to the general government. He returned to St. Louis. Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated. Hon. John Sherman, a younger brother of Captain Sherman, was in the Senate of the United States. He later hastened to Washington. He knew the Southern States were desperately in earnest, while the North- ern States and their leading men regarded the incipient movements of secession as a game of bluff, to be balked with an energetic proclamation. It was in vain Captain Sherman assured the President again and again that the whole power of the free States would be required to crush the rebeUion. He was deemed insane, while those who believed with the President and his cabinet that 75,000 men, and a three months' campaign would finish the war, were really the in- sane ones. Though much disheartened by the languid movements, he took the commission of colonel of the 13th regiment of regular infantry, and reported to General Scott, who intrusted him with the command of a fort near Wash- ington City. His regiment was called into action in the first battle of Bull Run, and notwithstanding the military ability exhibited by its commander, it was swept away in the mad flight of raw recruits composing the Northern army. General Robert Anderson being placed in command of the depart- ment of Kentucky, and well acquainted with Colonel Sher- man, solicited that he. might serve under him. Anderson's ill health threw the whole weight of his responsibility upon Colonel Sherman, and who by seniority had to assume com- mand. The responsibility Was so great that he entreated the President and General Anderson not to place him in so prominent a position, while at the same time expressing his willingness to take the position if required so to do. It was then supposed by the President and his advisers that ten or twelve thousand men would hold Kentucky. It was a barren and stupid idea. Two hundred thousand of the population of over a million were able-bodied men, nearly all violent secessionists, and skilled in the use of the rifle from their boyhood, while the adjoining slave-holding States of Virginia and Tennessee could aid Kentucky with thousands on a few days' warning. With clear vision General Sherman saw all this ; and when the Secretary of War, Hon. Simon Cameron, inquired how many men were needed by him to hold the department in the Union, he promptly replied : " Sixty thousand to drive the enemy out of the State, and two hun- dred thousand to finish the war in this section." Again he was looked upon as insane, but when at a later day a million and a half of men were marshalled under the stars and stripes, he was believed to have considerable method in his madness. On the occasion mentioned, however, the War Department, surprised at his demand, relieved him of his command, and sent him to Benton barracks, Missouri, to superintend the drilling of troops. There the fruits of his ability increased his reputation, and caused him to be ordered to Paducah to forward supplies to Grant who had moved on Fort Donelson ; and when the expedition was sent up the Tennessee river, General Sherman was placed in command of one of the divisions. Then Grant, having assumed the command in place of General Smith, he found his former fellow-student at West Point as General Sherman in the ad- vance, and after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, it was gen- erally admitted that, although incautious before that battle, it was his coolness and courage that did much to stop the panic and overcome the reverses of that memorable engagement. Indeed, of his conduct on this occasion General Halleck wrote: "General Sherman saved the fortunes of the day on the 6th, and contributed largely to the glorious victory of the 7th." In the two days' battie General Sherman had three horses killed under him, and he was himself wounded in the hand. On the assumption of the chief command by General Halleck, he assigned to General Sherman most important positions, in which, having twice met the enemy with an admirable disposition of his forces, he was victorious on both occasions. After the evacuation of Corinth he was ordered to Memphis, and there he issued orders which, though by them regarded as fearfully severe, the conduct of the inhabi- tants fully justified. In a work like this we can only glance at the subsequent career of our subject — -a most faithful and admirably written account of which has been produced by Mr. Whitelaw Reid in his " Ohio in the War." Not only the fiery and courageous spirit of General Sherman, but likewise his soldierly ability and military sagacity were duly appre- ciated by his chief in command, General Grant, when least understood by the members of the government and others ; and on more than one occasion with fervent thanks had Gen- eral Grant acknowledged the aid afforded him by General Sherman, when, the war being over, and the succession of events political which followed having made the former Pres- ident of the United States, made the latter his successor, as general-in-chief of the regular army of the Nation. CORWIN, Thomas, lawyer, statesman, and the twelfth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, July 29th, 1794, and died at Washington City, December igth, 1865. In 1798 his father, Matthias Corwin, who subsequently became a judge, removed his family to what is now known as Lebanon, Warren county, Ohio, then a wilderness, and there in a log school house, and taught by a young man named Dunlevy, who subsequently 86 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. attained some distinction as a lawyer, OUT subject, while yet a boy, obtained the education now bestowed on children of six or seven years old. In his seventeenth year the war of 1 812 was proclaimed, and for want of a more able-bodied driver this lad drove a wagon loaded with provisions 'for the army to General Harrison's headquarters. This accidental occurrence became a potent factor in his subsequent pop- ularity. In 1816 he began to study law, and so earnestly did he apply himself that the following year he was examined and admitted to practice. In March, 1818, he was appointed to the office of prosecuting attorney of his county, and until 1830 performed the duties of that office. His public career commenced in 1822 with his election to the legislature of Ohio. He was by this time not only a well-read lawyer, but also a sound reasoner and fluent speaker, and after serving out the term for which he was elected he returned to his law practice, that soon became extensive and prosperous. In 1829 he again allowed himself to be nominated and elected to the Ohio legislature, but the following year, he was, on the whig ticket elected to Congress by a very large vote, and subsequently reelected until he had in all served ten years. In 1840, at a great mass meeting at Columbus, he was, as the whig candidate for governor, nominated and elected, but served one term only. The governorship he never regarded but as a stepping-stone to a better position, the duties of gov- ernor, as he tersely specified them, being, in his opinion, mainly "confined to appointing notaries public and pardon- ing convicts out of the penitentiary." In 1845 he was elected to the United States senate, and until 1850 discharged with distinction the duties of that office. In those troublous years when the subject most exciting to both parties was the insti- tution of human slavery, his views were always clearly enunciated, and especially so in 1847, when his bold speech against the prosecution of the Mexican war delighted the people of the New England States. Had he maintained the stand he then took he would probably in 1852 have been the whig candidate for the presidency ; but the courage he then manifested, in denouncing the war with Mexico for the extension of the slave power, was not sustained by any further exhibition of that sentiment which the active element of his party looked to him to make, and by that and subse- quent advocacy of the Wilmot proviso, so-called, he lost the position he had then gained. As a reward for his modera- tion Mr. Fillmore, who was recognized as the representative of those who then were called the "silver gray" whigs, ap- pointed him Secretary of the Treasury, a position that he held until 1852, when he retired to his home and private life among the hills of Warren county. He had now obtained a national reputation, and although regarding Lebanon as his home, he opened an office in Cincinnati. In 1858 the desire for more public life and triumph induced him to again run for Congress, and he was elected, and reelected in i860. Having participated in the discussions which characterized Congres- sional operations during the months following Mr. Lincoln's election, in manner to please the latter, among his first ap- pointments, he sent the name of the Hon. Thomas Corwin to the Senate for the mission to Mexico, and it was confirmed. On the I ith of April following he embarked for Vera Cruz and thence to the City of Mexico, where during the whole of Mr. Lincoln's first term he served as United States minister and plenipotentiary to the Mexican government, then rather an undecided one, the pretensions of Maximilian and the church party being antagonized by the President Juarez and the party of the people. In April, 1865, Governor Corwin returned to the United States to be, in common with the whole nation, shocked by the assassination of President Lin- coln. He at once opened a law office in Washington City, but had no more than settled down to business in it with some degree of quiet, after the skurry and turmoil of that memorable summer and autumn, when he was stricken with apoplexy, and three days afterward ceased to live. Possessed of those talents which command popularity, he was ever re- regarded with affection and kindness by even his opponents, the unquestionable sincerity that characterized his language giving persuasive power to all he said. In Congress he never rose to speak unless he had something important to say, and hence whenever he appeared upon the floor of House or Senate, he commanded attention. In ability to wield the weapons of ridicule and sarcasm he was generally regarde'd without a rival, but, so greatly did his amiable disposition control those weapons, that even in the most exciting passages of debate he rarely aroused the animosity of his opponents. In private life he had from boyhood exhibited the utmost integrity and purity of character, with, in professional life, a high sense of honor. On November 13th, 1822, he married Miss Sarah Ross, a sister of the Hon. Thomas R. Ross, who served three terms in Congress. This marriage was without issue, and his wife survives him. Sheridan, Philip Henry, Lieutenant-Generai of the United States Army, was born in Somerset, Perry county, Ohio, March 6th, 1831. His parents were Irish emigrants ; he received the usual education conferred in the rural schools,. and, when of suitable age, engaged as a clerk with a small dealer in hardware. His employer, a man of rather liberal education, became interested in him, taught him mathematics, and encouraged him to study history. He was intelligent, active and faithful, and he began to aspire to something beyond his position. Knowing that the member of Congress from the district had the right to appoint a cadet to West Point, without consulting any person he wrote him a letter, soliciting the appointment, and was appointed accord- ingly. Thus, when seventeen years old, he found himself the classmate of men who subsequently distinguished them- selves. His excess of animal spirits kept him, by marks of demerit, rather in the rear of his classmates, and, for mis- conduct in flogging one of them for an alleged insult, he was put back one year, thus graduating in 1853, when he should have done so in 1852. He was assigned to duty as brevet second lieutenant in the ist infantry, in Texas, and the opening of the war of the Rebellion found him a cap- tain in the 13th infantry, in Oregon, having in the meantime, except for a brief interval, been constantly engaged on frontier service. He was with his regiment ordered to Jeffer- son barracks, Missouri, and arrived at the time General, Fremont had been removed. Appointed to audit quarter- master and commissary accounts he worked faithfully, but having offended his commanding officer by criticising his manner of conducting affairs of the quartermaster's depart- ment, he was sent to St. Louis under arrest. This affair was there soon settled, and he was sent to Wisconsin to purchase horses. General Halleck knew him and ordered him, as one of his staff, to report at Corinth. Thus engaged but a short time, on Halleck's recommendation he was commissioned colonel of the 2d Michigan cavalry, and ordered on a raid to Booneville. His success caused another cavalry regiment LIEUT. GEKPHMP H. SHERlDAN.U. S.A. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 87 to be added to his command. Then, as commander of a cavalry brigade, he fought the memorable battle of Boone- ville. On the ist July, 1862, the enemy, about five thousand in number, attacked his brigade. Slowly retreating, he kept up a continuous fire. Seeing the day would be lost, he at once decided to make a bold dash. Selecting a squadron of reliable men, he sent them, by a circuitous route, to the enemy's rear, when the crack of their carbines bewildered and led the enemy to believe that a second brigade had opened on their rear. While thus confused, Sheridan charged with his whole force, and the enemy scattered and fled in disorder. This gallant action won him a brigadier- general's commission, but, with perverse stupidity that dis- tinguished many of the changes in commanders of brigades and divisions in the earlier years of the war, he was there- upon detailed to an infantry command, and ordered to Ken- tucky, where Buell was hurrying to meet Bragg, and there Sheridan's brigade did good service at Perrysville. Subse- quently at Stone river, under Rosecrans, he won his major- general's commission. After the battle of Chickamauga, with an enlarged command, he led the storming of Mission Ridge, when he had his horse shot under him, and five bullets through his clothing, without being wounded. His bravery on this occasion made him so conspicuous that General Grant soon afterward ordered him to the command of the cavalry of the Potomac, and, during the following twelve months, he had swept the valley of Virginia as with the scourge of destruction, having, within that period, taken more than two hundred battle flags, and one hundred and seventy field-pieces captured in open fight, and war muni- tions and public property of all kinds captured and destroyed worth more than ;f 3,000,000. His command fought seventy- six battles in eleven months, and the story of these battles is really the story of the cavalry operations of the war east of the Cumberland mountains.. These exploits he fitly con- cluded with the famous ride which a distinguished poet put into immortal verse. He had been called to Washington, October 13th, 1864, to a military consultation. The enemy, under Longstreet and Early, had arranged to mass their troops and make a desperate effort to crush his command. They stealthily marched from Fisher's Hill, and fell sudden- ly, in the absence of its commander, upon Sheridan's men. He had returned from Washington in the night, made an early visit to Winchester, and when half a mile beyond the town, he met the first fugitives. Taking in the facts at a glance, he cheered them with " Face the other way, boys ; face the other way! We are going to lick them out of their boots!" And they did face the other way. As they advanced after their chief they formed and attacked the enemy with such vigor that the defeat was changed into the most brilliant vic- tory of the war. The effect on the whole army of the east was such that, in sight of Richmond, General Grant ordered a salute of one hundred guns in honor of the event. The resig- nation of McClellan made a vacant major-generalship in the regular army, to which Sheridan was at once commissioned, and after his final and signal victory in the valley he was put in command of the left wing of the army besieging Rich- mond, where he operated always in sight of the foe in the most aggressive manner until the final surrender at Appomat- tox. Subsequently he was transferred to the southwest where order and quiet followed all his movements. After a long and varied career in the South, President Johnson, who never liked his non-conciliatory methods of reconstruc- tion, removed him to the frontier. General Grant protested, but he was overruled, while Sheridan, in his old play of In- dian fighter, was quite happy. When General Grant was elected President and Lieutenant-General Sherman succeeded him as General, the rank the latter had succeeded to passed in turn to Sheridan. The youngest and most active officer of those even next below him in rank, he is always des- patched by the authorities where danger most threatens. He is not skilled as is his chief in a high order of ability to present in writing the salient features or the law of those matters he is called upon or sent to settle, but he usually fails not to settle them in manner to satisfy those who directed the service. He speaks of men as he finds them, and not as they would present themselves to the world. Hence, when he found in New Orleans the reconstructed acting as a horde of robbers, rather than honest men, having respect for law, he designated them "banditti," and under the circumstances the term was not inapt. Deep-chested, short and stout, his military pres- ence is most striking on horseback, and he is no less popular with his men and officers than in society. He married in 1875. NOYES, Edward FoLLENSBEE, the twenty-fourth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Haver- hill, Massachusetts, October 3d, 1832. His parents, Theo- dore and Hannah Noyes, both died before he was three years old, and he was reared by his grand-parents, Edward and Hannah Stevens, who resided at East Kingston, Rocking- ham county. New Hampshire. When twelve years of age his grandfather having died, he went to live with his guar- dian, Joseph Hoyt, at Newton, New Hampshire. Here he went to school in winter and worked on the farm of his guar- dian in summer until he was fourteen years old, when he was apprenticed to learn the business of printer in the office of the Morning Star, the organ of the Free Will Baptist denomina- tion, then published at Dover, and he boarded in the family of the editor of that journal, William Burr, a good and kind- hearted man, where he remained thus engaged four years. According to his indentures he was bound to serve until he was twenty-one, but, when eighteen, he surprised Mr. Burr by requesting his permission to quit the office and go home to go to school, and which he was at once allowed to do, carrying with him the earnest promises of the friendship of his employer. Having prepared himself for college at the academy in Kingston, New Hampshire, he entered in 1853 and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1857, having been appointed by the college faculty to deliver the commence- ment poem, and for which he selected the suggestive theme "Eloquence." In the winter of his senior year he had begun to read law in the office of Stickney & Tuck, at Exeter, New Hampshire, and before leaving the halls of old Dartmouth, he had imbibed those principles which distin- guished the men known to the slaveholders as the leaders of the abolitionists. His ability as a speaker, caused him to be employed by the State central executive committee of New Hampshire to traverse the State and advocate the elec- tion of John C. Fremont. Having the following year visited a classmate in Cincinnati, he decided to make that city his home, and having entered the office of Tilden, Raridan & Curwen, he attended the lectures of the Cincinnati Law School during the succeeding winter, and was admitted to practice in 1858. At once opening an office, he soon entered upon what promised to be profitable employment, when a 88 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTkAIT GALLERY. careful study of the impending crisis caused him to turn his at- tention to the army. He knew nothing of war, but saw plainly that the consequences of threatened secession, if consum- mated, would be a struggle for the life or death of the Repub- lic, and, on the 8th July, 1861, much to the surprise of those who believed the three months' volunteers would effectually end the rising, an advertisement appeared in the Cincinnati newspapers calling upon all officers representing military organizations desirous to enlist for the war to report at the office of Noyes & Stephenson without delay. On the 20th of the following month, the 39th Ohio volunteer infantry, as a full regiment, with John Groesbeck colonel, A. W. Gil- bert lieutenant-colonel, and Edward F. Noyes major, was ready to take the field, and, by request, this regiment, and the 27th Ohio volunteer infantry, also in a properly equipped condition, were transferred from the Eastern to the Western army, and sent to Missouri under the command of General John C. Fremont. After marching fifteen hundred miles in the State of Missouri, and dispersing guerilla bands, these regiments, early in 1862, joined the old army of the Missis- sippi, under the command of General Pope, and took part in the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10, after which Major Noyes was assigned for duty on General Pope's staff, and, until that officer was transferred to the army of North- ern Virginia, he remained so engaged. Then both Colonel Groesbeck and Lieutenant-colonel Gilbert having resigned and withdrawn from military service. Major Noyes was commissioned colonel and took command of his regiment in October, 1862. Under General Rosecrans, it was engaged in the battles of luka and Corinth, and, under General Dodge, in all the operations against the force commanded by General Forest and others in the Tuscumbia valley. In 1864, the reg- iment was one of those forming the 1st division of the 17th army corps, and took part in the famous Atlanta campaign under General Sherman. July 4th, 1864, while leading his regiment in an assault at Ruff's Mills, in Georgia, Colonel Noyes was shot, severely wounded, and suffered the amputa- tion of a leg upon the battle-field. The operation being but clumsily performed, he was brought to Cincinnati five weeks afterward, and the operation there repeated, at nearly the cost of his life. In the following October, on crutches, he re- ported for duty to General Hooker, and was assigned to the command of Camp Dennison. Under the recommendation embodied by General Sherman, in a short account of the at- tack in which Colonel Noyes lost his leg, he was promoted to the full rank of brigadier-general, and while in the discharge of his duties as commandant of Camp Dennison, he was elected city solicitor of Cincinnati. Thereupon he resigned the com- mand of the camp and engaged in the legal duties of his new office, in which his term had not expired when he was elected probate judge of Hamilton county., a position at that time that commanded fees to make it among the most satis- factory o,f any known to the profession. In this office he served until the autumn of 1871, when, having resumed his law practice, he was nominated for governor, and elected by nearly 20,000 majority. Two years subsequently, he was again nominated, but defeated by the small majority of 800 in a vote of 448,000. After this he was, by his party, unani- mously nominated for United States senator. His adminis- tration as governor was eminently non-partisan and generous toward political opponents. As an orator his natural and ac- quired ability place him in the front rank, while his disposi- tion demands fairness of treatment for any subject he discusses. In the presidential campaign of 1876 he took a prominent part, and did effective service for his party and its nominee, and such service was acknowledged by his nomin- ation by President Hayes for the position of minister to the French republic, where he was received with marks of high distinction by President McMahon and the various members of the French government. In February, 1863, when col- onel of his regiment, having on a leave of absence of two weeks repaired to Kingston, New Hampshire, he there mar- ried Miss Margaret W. Proctor, a lady of that place whose acquaintance he had made when a student in the seminary there. Stanton, Edwin M., United States Attorney-Gen- eral and subsequently Secretary of War, was born at Steu- benville, Jefferson county, Ohio, in 18 14. He was of Quaker descent. His early education was obtained at Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio. He engaged in the study of law, and after being licensed to practice, removed to Pennsyl- vania. As the successor of Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, he was by President Buchanan appointed Attorney-general of the United States, and in November, i860, believing that the threatening language of the Southern States press, immedi- ately following the election of President Lincoln, betokened secession and an earnest desire to disintegrate the Federal Union, he advised President Buchanan to incorporate into his last message to Congress the statement, to be made with all due solemnity, that the Federal government- had the power, and that it was its duty to coerce seceding States. But, except himself and another, Buchanan's cabinet were men who favored secession, while Buchanan himself was too timid and irresolute to assert in any manner doctrine offen- sive to its members. When John B. Floyd, as Secretary of War, enraged at the conduct of Major Anderson, in remov- ing his command from a very unsafe to a much safer position, charged his associates in the cabinet with violating their pledges to the Southern people, Mr. Stanton rose, and with fierce loyalty abashed him ; and though overwhelmed by the tide of openly expressed secession doctrine maintained by his colleagues, until Buchanan with his cabinet went out of office Attorney-general Stanton boldly confronted the representa- tives of the seceding States. Having retired to his practice, he remained in private life until it became evident to Mr. Lincoln that Hon. Simon Cameron should be assigned to some other position than that of Secretary of War, and then notwithstanding the most resolute opposition of Hon. Mont- gomery Blair, as a member of his cabinet, President Lincoln appointed Mr. Stanton Secretary of War. It was the position beyond all others he coveted, and which his earnest zeal and spirit especially fitted him for. He immediately engaged in a thorough examination of the number and position of the United States forces, and having met the military committee of the Senate, submitted to them the result of his prompt and exhaustive labors and researches. More than one hundred and fifty regiments, many of them but partially filled, and dispersed throughout the northern, eastern, and western States, he proposed to bring together and consolidate, and after explaining to the committee his reasons for this proposi- tion, they accepted and supported it. The preparations for the active campaign of 1862-63 he pressed vigorously, and very often occupied night after night, in addition to day after day, in attending to the civil and military exigencies of the period, — telegraphing important information to all parts of -Bug ^TyAHBitchi" vsidAAVMv ^VV\ . qaoa^: ITVa^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 89 the loyal States, and proffering needed and wise counsel to the various officials with whom he was brought into contact. Throughout the years of the war, subsequently, he devoted himself to maintaining the integrity of the Union with an un- selfish earnestness only equalled by his masterly ability, untiring energy and high confidence in the triumph of right. When President Lincoln proposed to negotiate terms of peace with the Confederate generals, through General Grant, should that officer secure a victory at Richmond, Secretary Stanton opposed the measure steadfastly and sturdily, declaring as a lawyer that no one had the right to do this but the President himself, and hence, as was done, Grant should be instructed to treat with Lee only on questions of a purely military char- acter. When in 1863, the legislature of Indiana was dis- solved without providing means to carry on the government of the State, and Governor Morton solicited advice and succor from Secretary Stanton, that officer drew his warrant in favor of Governor Morton upon the Treasury of the United States for J2 50,000, to be paid from the unexpended appropriation made some time previously by Congress for enlisting and equipping troops in States in insurrection. " If the cause fails," said Morton, in acknowledging receipt of the money, "you and I will be covered with prosecutions, and probably imprisoned or driven from the country." "If the cause fails," responded Stanton, "I do not wish to live!" The quarter million dollars were finally accounted for- on settle- ment by Indiana with the government in closing the accounts of the war. Subsequent to the occupation of Richmond by General Weitzel, President Lincoln, in cabinet council, pro- posed authorizing that officer to convene the legislature of Virginia, all rebels to a man, when Secretary Stanton earn- estly opposed the proposition as a premature movement and mischievous, and it was dropped. Finally when the news of Lee's surrender was received. Secretary Stanton, assuming that he was no longer needed, offered his resignation, but this President Lincoln refused to accept and begged him to recall it, which he did, and held his position, assisting in his usual effective manner in the organization of the Freedman's bureau, so-called, as he had previously assisted in that of the Sanitary and Christian commissions. As the avowed oppo- nent of President Johnson's "pohcy," his arbitrary discharge from office by the latter was not recognized by the Senate, and he continued to perform the duties of Secretary of War until the 20th December following the first inauguration of President Grant, when he resigned, and was immediately appointed, and confirmed by the Senate, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He had but re- ceived the appointment, however, when death released him from worldly occupation forever, December 24th, 1869. A testimonial fund of $100,000 to repair the losses occasioned by his complete abnegation of his private interests during the period of his secretaryship was by him refused in the firmest manner. Subsequent to his death, however, the amount was contributed for the benefit of his family. Hartley, Thomas Welles, lawyer and jurist, being president of the senate of Ohio in 1844, became by the resignation of Governor Shannon, governor of the State of Ohio, and administered the duties of that office until the in- auguration of his father. Governor Mordecai Bartley, in the closing month of that year. He was born February nth, 1812, at the home of his parents, Mordecai and Elizabeth ( Welles) Bartley, in Jefferson county, Ohio. His ancestors had emigrated from Northumberland county, England, and settled in Loudon county, Virginia, in 1724, but subsequently removed to Fayette county, Pennsylvania, where his father was born. He was named Welles from his mother's father, Thomas Welles of Brownsville, Pennsylvania. Having re- ceived a liberal education under the care and direction of his father, and graduated from Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, with the degree of bachelor of arts, he studied law in Washing- ton City, and was hcensed to practice at Mansfield, Ohio, in 1834. The following year he was by his alma mater honored with the degree of master of arts. Having very soon taken a leading position at the bar, he was elected attorney-general of the State, and sei'ved as such four years, after which he was appointed United States district attorney, and served in that office four years. Elected subsequently to the legisla- ture, he served one term in the House, and four years in the senate of the general assembly of Ohio. In 1 851, he was elected a judge of the supreme court of his native State, and having served two terms, then engaged in practice in Cincin- nati for several years, but the ill health of his family while residents of that city, induced him to remove to Washington City in 1869, where he has been and is at present engaged in the practice of his profession. A courteous gentleman, wise judge and careful attorney, his change of residence has placed him in a field of operations where local politics do not so largely enter into the business of his profession, as in that from which he very wisely removed. Bartley, Mordecai, thirteenth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born in Fayette county, Pennsyl- vania, December i6th, 1783. Until his majority his life was spent upon his father's farm in that locality. In 1804 he married Miss Welles, and five years afterward removed to Jefferson county, Ohio, where upon the bank of that river, near the mouth of Cross creek, he purchased a farm, and engaged in the business of agriculture. Here his peaceful labors were interrupted by the declaration of the war of 1812, when in a few weeks he enlisted a company of volunteers who elected him their captain, and took the field under Gen- eral Harrison. At the close of the war he removed to the almost unbroken wilderness of Richland county, where Mansfield, of the present, was the only settlement in it. West of that place he secured a sufficiently large space to satisfy him, and there, with his axe, he opened a clearing in the for- est, and erected his home. Upon this farm he worked dili- gently and successfully for twenty uneventful years, and then, removing to Mansfield, the county seat, he there, with the savings of his long years of farm labor, entered into mer- cantile business. He early developed character that won the confidence of those who knew him best, for in 1817 he was elected to the State senate, and appointed by the State legis- lature to the then important position of Register of the land office. This gave him charge of the Virginia military district school lands. In 1823 he was elected to Congress, and served four terms, when he declined reelection. In Congress he was the first to propose the conversion of the land grants of Ohio into a permanent fund for the support of common schools, and secured an appropriation for the improvement of the harbors of Cleveland, Sandusky City, Huron, and Vermillion. In 1844, having retired from Congress, and en- gaged in mercantile and agricultural business, he was elected governor of Ohio on the whig ticket, and both parties have testified to the ability of his administration, and his unselfish BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 90 devotion to the public interests. In 1 846 the war with Mexico was strongly opposed by the anti-slavery people of Ohio, they regarding its proclamation in the interests of slavery exten- sion, and, in response to the call for troops, they were not in favor of Ohio filling her quota. But Governor Bartley main- tained that Ohio, in common with every other State, was constitutionally bound to respect the requisitions of the Na- tional government. He, therefore, adopted the proper meas- ures, and the necessary number of volunteers were enlisted, and transferred to the authorities under his personal super- vision. The messages he wrote during his administration were papers of ability, and plainly made apparent his thor- ough knowledge of the rather complex system of United States government. He dechned a second nomination though strongly urged to accept, and retiring to his home at Mansfield, passed the evening of his Hfe in the bosom of his family, dividing his attention between the practice of his pro- fession as a lawyer and in the management of his farm near that city. He died October loth, 1870. PURCELL, John Baptist, Roman Catholic Arch- bishop of the archdiocese of Cincinnati, was born at Mallow, in the south of Ireland, on the 26th February, 1800. His par- ents, who were respectable and devout Catholics, carefully in- stilled into his youthful mind the precepts of religion, and he received as good a classical and mathematical education as his native town could afford. Early in his youth he formed the design of consecrating his life to the service of the Roman Catholic ministry, but the expense of prosecuting theological studies at European colleges was a burden which he was un- willing to impose on his father, whose income was little more than adequate to the support of his family. Accordingly, the young man resolved to try his fortune in the New World, and, at the age of eighteen, he emigrated to the United States. Soon after his arrival he presented himself for examination before the faculty of the Asbury College (a Methodist institu- tion), and having procured from them a certificate of his qualifications, he was enabled to obtain a situation as private tutor in the family of Dr. Wilson, on the eastern shore of Maryland. But a position more congenial to his talents, and better suited for the great ends of his life, was soon presented to him in the well-known seminary of St. Mary, near Em- metsburg, where he was engaged as a student and a teacher. The study of theology, which he commenced at Emmetsburg, was completed at the seminary of St. Sulpice, at Paris, as he was enabled to attend the latter institution through the in- fluence of John Dubois, then president of the college. His voyage to France took place in the spring of 1824, and in 1826 he was ordained priest by Dr. Quellen, the Archbishop of Paris. After a visit to his parents, in company with Rev. Samuel Eccleston, afterward archbishop of Baltimore, he re- turned to Paris, and spent six months in the Sulpician soli- tude at Issy. In 1827 he returned to America and obtained the professorship of moral philosophy in Mount St. Mary's Seminary, at the same time performing clerical duties for a ■small congregation. In 1832, Dr. Fenwick, the first bishop of Cincinnati, having died of cholera, Mr. Purcell was appointed his successor, and was consecrated at Baltimore by Archbishop Whitfidd. When Bishop Purcell first arrived in Cincinnati, the city contained but one Catholic church, which the German and the English speaking congregations attended by turns, at different hours of the day. His exertions were at once directed to the removal of this inconvenient arrange- ment, and in a short time he had the satisfaction of seeing the first German church built and consecrated. Other circum- stances soon afterwards tended to the success of his labors for the cause of Catholicism. In the debate between Bishop Purcell and Alexander Campbell, the former acted strictly on the defensive, and his efforts were directed, almost exclusively, to repel the attacks on the Roman Catholic religion. Many extremists of the Cathohc faith were displeased by his devia- tion from the usual course of polemical debaters, who aim to sustain their cause by attacking that of their adversaries; but Bishop Purcell's course was evidently more fair and prudent; and if it lessened his apparent advantages, it in- creased his real ones, and contributed more to advance the Catholic cause. Public opinion on the result of the debate was strongly expressed by Charles Hammond and others in the leading Protestant journals published at the time: "So successful have been the bishop's efforts, that he has not only completely succeeded in wiping away the prejudices against Catholicism, but has well-nigh converted to his faith a large portion of his Protestant auditors. We have not heard a dis- senting voice to the opinion that Mr. Campbell has utterly failed in establishing a single one of the original objections to the Catholic doctrine which he set out to prove. As we have no tincture of Catholicism in our composition, the foregoing remarks can not be supposed to have emanated from any bias or partiality toward it." The whole of this debate, by consent of the parties to it, was published in an octavo vol- ume, revised and corrected by the Bishop Purcell and Mr. Campbell themselves, and was largely sold and distributed throughout the country. In other controversies in which he was engaged, the eminent prelate manifested a like temper- ate spirit, and his conduct generally succeeded in winning the e'steem and the respect of all liberal-minded men. His moderation did much to allay the religious prejudices with which Catholics had once to contend, but it was to his energy and perseverance that he was indebted for most of his suc- cess in advancing his cause. While, on his first arrival from Baltimore, there was but one church in Cincinnati, and not even one between Cincinnati and Cleveland, in 1879 the city of Cincinnati and vicinity contained -fifty-nine, and the whole archdiocese two hundred and thirteen churches and chapels. Among the priests of the venerable prelate, were Bishops Wood,' Gilmour, and Rosecrans. He consecrated, in all, seventeen bishops, and under his pastoral charge the Catholic population of Ohio so much increased that it was found necessary to form, in the State, two new dioceses, over which Bishops Rosecrans and Rapp presided. Under his auspices the creation of educational and charitable institutions kept pace with the rapid increase of members in his church. In 1850, Dr. Purcell was advanced to the position of arch- bishop, and in that year he undertook a journey to Rome in compliance with an invitation from the Pope. He also at- tended the Vatican council of Rome in 1869 and 1870, where he fearlessly spoke out his opinions on the great subject then under discussion. On his return to Cincinnati he was greeted by a procession of the citizens, and not only Catholics, but members of other denominations participated in extending the welcome from his long journey. He never took an active part in politics, but, in the exercise of his right at the ballot- box as an American citizen, he generally took sides different from those of the majority of the members of his church. In 1840, he voted for General Harrison, and, in later times his personal influence was manifested in favor of the aboli- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPyEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 91 tion of slavery. In the early months of 1879, the extraordin- ary business conduct of his brother, Rev. Edward Purcell, whom he had made his treasurer and the custodian of large sums of money placed in his hands by the people of his dio- cese on deposit, and at interest, was manifested, and a very large defalcation became evident, following which Dr. Purcell made various ineffective efforts, by the aid of leading mem- bers of his church in Cincinnati, to satisfy his numerous creditors. Finally, finding that creditors not members of his church, bank directors and others, were obtaining attachment writs upon it. Dr. Purcell legally transferred to his attorney, and for the benefit of all of his creditors, all of his interest in the real property held in his name, according to the regula- tions of his church, and which property to a great extent had been purchased by the use of money placed in his hands on deposit and at interest. He then, in a letter addressed to the public and published in the newspapers, fully explained the various objects connected with the prosperity and increase of the church in his diocese he had disbursed money in the promotion of, during the nearly half a century of his episco- pate, and stated that for these objects no regular collections had within that period ever been made. Allen, William, the twenty-fifth governor elected by the people of Ohio, was born at Edenton, Chowan county. North Carolina, in 1807. By the death of both his parents within a few months of each other, during the first year of his life, he was left an orphan in his infancy, and the care of his childhood devolved on his only sister who, having married soon after the death of her parents, removed to Lynchburg, Virginia, taking her infant brother with her. It is to this ex- cellent woman, mother of Hon. Allen G. Thurman, at present a United States Senator from Ohio, that our subject considers himself indebted for the love and careful expenditure in his support of the small fortune left him by his parents. When he was about fourteen years old, Mrs. Thurman removed with her husband and family to Chillicothe, Ohio, leaving her brother in condition to attend a private school at Lynchburg, but two years afterward he joined her family, and attended the academy at Chillicothe, where he obtained that education that fitted him to enter as a student the law office of Edward King, the most gifted son of Rufus King, of New York, and Revolutionary fame. Admitted to practice in his twentieth year, he entered into partnership with his preceptor, and found his advantage in that acquired ability to address a jury he had so assiduously cultivated. In this, rather than purely legal habits of thought and statement, which make a coun- sellor influential with the court, he excelled ; and it is to his forensic power he is mainly indebted for his great popularity and success. Possessed of a tall and commanding figure, with a voice of marvellous magnitude and excellence, his appearance in public discussion generally attracted the peo- ple, and, while yet under what is regarded the Congressional age, caused him to be put in nomination as a candidate for a seat in the national legislature. He entered upon the can- vass with vigor, and in a whig district was eventually elected as the democratic nominee by a majority of one vote. He took his seat in the Twenty-third Congress, and a leading part in its most important discussions, though in point of years the youngest man in it. In January, 1837, at a supper in Colum- bus, on "St. Jackson's day," so-called, and at which were present the candidates for United States Senator, he electri- fied his audience, and, to the surprise of those who did not hear him, was in that month nominated and elected to the seat of Hon. Thomas Ewing. He reached Washington on March 3d, and was sworn in the next day. Before the close of his first term he was reelected, and remained in the Senate until the 4th March, 1849. During those twelve eventful years he had attained the meridian of his powers. For much of the time he was chairman of the committee on foreign re- lations, a position from which he voluntarily retired, and while occupying it his vote and voice ever supported the advanced views of his constituents. In 1845, ^^ married Mrs. Effie McArthur Coons, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of General Duncan McArthur, who in 1830 was elected gov- ernor of' Ohio. She was Mr. Allen's early, true, and only love, and he was her choice among a host of suitors. She inherited the old homestead and large landed property of Governor McArthur, upon which Governor Allen now lives with their only daughter, Mrs. Scott, her husband and child- ren. Shortly after the birth of their daughter, now Mrs. Scott, Mrs. Allen died in Washington City, and her husband rode on horseback beside the wagon containing her remains the whole distance to Chillicothe. A gentleman of sterling integrity, most polished manners, and high character, he has never stooped to any of the tricks which have too often dis- tinguished men in pubhc life. In August, 1873, he was, by the party of his life-long fealty, nominated for governor. He made an able and effective canvass, and was the only suc- cessful candidate on his ticket. True to his earnest regard for public integrity, and which had, through the general de- moralization of the war, come to be regarded as something old-fashioned, he recommended the reduction of taxation, and the most rigid economy in all matters of State expendi- ture, and in such recommendation, to use his own language, he did not mean vague and merely verbal economy which public men are so ready to favor, but rather that earnest and inexorable economy which proclaims its existence by accom- plished facts. The first democratic governor elected for many years preceding, and all those years of and succeeding to, the civil war, his administration gave general satisfaction, and he was renominated in 1875, but m common with his ticket generally, he was defeated. West, William H., of Logan county, Ohio, was born February 9th, 1824, in the village of Millsborough, Washington county, Pennsylvania. His paternal ancestors settled with Penn's colony on the Delaware, near Philadel- phia, in 1682. One branch of the family remained at Phila- delphia, from whom Benjamin West, the painter, was de- scended. Another branch, from whom Judge West is descended, settled in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, from whence th'ey became widely scattered. Jonathan West, the grandfather of our subject, emigrated to Washington county, Pennsylvania, about the beginning of the Revolution, and subsequently, about 1798, located in Jefferson county, Ohio, and Samuel West, his father, returned, and was appren- ticed to the smithing trade at Fredericktown, Pennsylvania. After attaining his majority he estabhshed himself in the vil- lage of Millsborough. In 1830 he emigrated to Knox coun- ty, Ohio, and settled on a farm, between the labor on which and the shop our subject spent his time until 1841, when he entered the academy at Martinsburg. Alternately teach- ing and attending school for three years, he entered Jefferson College, in Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1844, and was graduated in 1846, under the presidency of the celebrated Dr. 92 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Robert J. Breckinridge, dividing the first honor in a class of fifty-eight with General A. B. Sharp, of Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania. Immediately on graduating, Dr. Breckenridge pro- cured for him a situation in the high schools of Lexington, Kentucky, where he remained until 1848, when he was chosen tutor in Jeiferson College. In 1849 he was elected adjunct professor in Hampden-Sydney College, Virginia. Becoming weary of teaching, he returned to Ohio, and com- menced the study of law at Bellefontaine, in 1850; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1851, and the same year married Eliza- beth Williams, of Lima, Ohio, by whom he has three surviving sons, WilUam A., John E. and Samuel A. In 1852 he was elected prosecuting attorney. In 1854 he founded the first repubhcan newspaper in Logan county; in 1857 he was elected a member of the legislature, and in 1861 was re- elected; in 1863 he was elected senator; in 1865 was elected attorney-general, and again in 1867 ; in i86g he was appointed by President Grant consul to Rio Janeiro, which he declined ; in 1 87 1 he was elected one of the judges of the supreme court of the State, which he resigned after serving one year. In 1873 he was chosen a delegate to the Constitutional convention. In 1877 he was the repubhcan nominee for governor. In i860 he was a delegate to the Chicago convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln. Of his maternal ancestors, Judge West has no information beyond the fact that they were emigrants, settled first in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, and afterward in Jefferson county, Ohio. GiLMOUR, Richard, Roman Catholic Bishop, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, September 28th, 1824, and living at Cleveland, Ohio, in April, 1879. He was reared and ed- ucated a Scotch covenanter, but became a Catholic in his early manhood. In his conversion he was influenced only by unaided investigation and reason. After the usual course of study for the priesthood, at St. Mary's College, in Mary- land, he was ordained August 30th, 1852, by the Most Rev. Archbishop Purcell, by whom he was sent to labor in south- ern Ohio, northeastern Kentucky, and in the southwestern part of Virginia. His ministration in this large district was abundantly successful, and resulted in the erection of churches ia Portsmouth and Ironton, and the establishment of flourishing schools. In 1857 he was called to Cincinnati, and placed as pastor of St. Patrick's, one of the largest con- gregations in that city. A large increase, substantial im- provements, and the organization of one of the largest schools in Cincinnati, were the results of eleven years of faithful ser- vice in this diocese. Thence he went successively to St. Mary's Theological Seminary, as professor, and from there as pastor of St. Joseph's congregation, at Dayton. In 1872 he was promoted to the bishopric of northern Ohio, and was consecrated April 14th, of that year, by Archbishop Purcell. His diocese embraced the whole of northern Ohio. Bishop Gilmour is a man of great individuality and strong charac- ter. A self-made man, of great clearness and vigor of state- ment as an orator, he is a quick, nervous writer, and author of one of the best series of Catholic school readers so far published. Bold and fearless as a controversiahst, he is, however, scrupulously honest and fair in his treatment of an antagonist, but when once convinced of the truth and justice of his cause he can be unyielding. He took strong ground against what he conceived to be the injustice of taxing Cath- ohcs for the support of public schools in which, for conscien- tious reasons, they would not educate their children, but he was ever a great patron of education, requiring schools to be attached to every church in his diocese. He was decidedly opposed to a purely secular education, holding that religion should be made a part of the education of a child. Bishop Gilmour is also an able executive officer, and has attained to his high position in the ministry by a course marked in a rare degree by persistent and ably systematized labor. A patriotic citizen of his adopted country, he is a firm supporter of her form of government. Bishop, Richard M., present governor of Ohio, was born November 4th, 1812, in Fleming county, Kentucky. His parents were from Virginia and of German and English lineage. He was educated for and bred to the business of a merchant, and for several years engaged in that business in his native State. In 1848 he removed to Cincinnati and commenced the wholesale grocery business at No. 8, Public Landing, under the firm name of Bishop, Wells & Co., which, on the withdrawal of Mr. Wells in 1855, was changed to R. M. Bishop & Co. Subsequently the firm being composed of Mr. Bishop and his three sons, W. T., R. H. and J. N. Bishop, the title was changed to R. M. Bishop & Sons. The sales of this house led the Cincinnati wholesale grocery bus- iness during many years, in several of which they exceeded $5,000,000. It is rarely that a merchant, the head of such a business has been prominently before the public in an official capacity. Honors and responsibility unsought have truly been thrust upon him. In 1857 Mr. Bishop was elected to the common council of his adopted city, and after the first year chosen by his fellow members as president of that body. In 1859 he was elected mayor of Cincinnati on a citizens' ticket, which office he held until 1861, when he declined re- nomination, although it was tendered by both political parties. During his administration several extraordinary events oc- curred, notably the war of the Rebellion, but that administra- tion was characterized by wisdom, and an active interest in everything that looked to the material prosperity of the city. In January, i860, when the Union was threatened by the lead- ers of the rebellion, the legislatures of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and Tennessee visited Cincinnati to encourage each other to stand by the Constitution as it was and the flag of their country, and at the grand reception given them at Pike's Opera House, Mayor Bishop made an address of welcome that elicited great applause. In the September ensuing, at the invitation of Mayor Bishop, the Prince of Wales visited Cincinnati, and was received with a cordial welcome. In February, 1861, when the President elect passed through Cincinnati on his way to Washington he was comphmented with a great gathering of citizens and addressed by Mayor Bishop. At the great Union meeting in that city in that year he presided, and during his terms of office those laws looking to the enforcement of a proper regard for religion and mor- ality, by which Sabbath desecration and gambling are sup- pressed, were not suffered to remain a dead letter on the city 5 statute book, while, amid much opposition, he had inaugura- ted important reforms in the arrangement of the city prison, work-house, and police. His public spirit and executive ability became so well know during the fifteen years succeed- ing his occupation of the office of mayor, and within which he was a member of the Ohio Constitutional convention, and previously president of the great National Commercial con- vention of 1871, at Baltimore, that in 1877, his public labors were most fittingly crowned with his election by a handsome ^a-i^yjU- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 92, majority, as the nominee of the democratic party, to the highest ofifice in the gift of the people of his adopted State. Governor Bishop is widely known in the Christian church for his liberality and the deep interest he has taken in its pros- perity and extension. From 1859 'o 1869 he was president of the Ohio State Missionary Society, and the successor of Alexander Campbell as president of the General Christian Missionary convention, which office he held until 1875. He has been president of the board of curators of Kentucky Uni- versity, and also one of the curators of Bethany College, Virginia. For many years he was a trustee of the McMicken University of Cincinnati, and took a prominent part as one of the prime movers of that great railroad line connecting Cincinnati with the Southern States, the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, from its commencement a trustee of, and doing laborious work securing charters, especially in Kentucky, for it. Prompt, decisive, and industrious, and bringing his busi- ness habits as a merchant to the prosecution of all public business with which he has to do, faithful ever and ardently desirous to benefit his fellow-men, with a frank, hearty and open address, public office has truly sought Governor Bishop, rather than he public office, and general satisfaction has ensued. Sherman, John, United states Senator from Ohio, and at present Secretary of the United States Treasury, was born at Lancaster, Ohio, March loth, 1823. When sixteen years old he left school, and, placed under the care and in- struction of Colonel Samuel R. Curtis, the resident engineer of the Muskingum improvement, then so-called, he studied the business of a civil engineer two years. Then Colonel Curtis was by the democratic legislature removed from office, and his pupil went into the office of his brother, Charles T. Sherman, then a practicing lawyer in Mansfield, and began the study of law. Three years afterward, being admitted to practice, he went into partnership with his brother, and soon achieved the reputation of being an honest, laborious, thoroughly able and remarkably successful lawyer. During the subsequent years he took an equally active part in poli- tics, not because he expected office, for he was an ardent whig, while the district was strongly democratic, but from pure love of the excitement occasioned by exercise in the political arena. In 1848 and subsequently in 1852, he was a delegate to the Whig National convention, and in the latter year was chosen a Presidential elector. In 1854 he labored earnestly in opposition to the extension of slave territory, and accepting the nomination for the then thirteenth district, he was elected to Congress, greatly to his own surprise. In the Thirty-fourth Congress he began that career in which he has proven himself especially fitted for the duties of a financial statesman. Returned to the Thirty-fifth Congress he served as chairman of the naval investigating committee, which exposed the complicity of Buchanan and his Secretary of the Navy in the interests of the slave-holding States. A third time returned, in the Thirty -sixth Congress he was the repub- lican candidate for speaker, and through a long series of ballotings lacked but one or two votes of being elected, but finally, to end the "dead-lock" had his name withdrawn. At once made chairman of the ways and means committee, he thus became leader of the House, and in this position he framed the Morrill tariff. In reply to a speech made by Mr. George H. Pendleton in 1861, Mr.' Sherman prophecied the inevitable destruction of the institution of slavery, as the result of the threatened civil war. Elected for the fourth time to Congress, the appointment by President Lincoln of Mr. Chase to his cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury made a vacancy to which Mr. Sherman was immediately elected, and taking his seat in the United States Senate in March, 1861, held the same until his appointment in March, 1877, by Pres- ident Hayes to the Secretaryship of the Treasury. At once on taking his seat in the Senate in 1861, he was appointed to the Senate committee of Finance, and as its chairman, in December 1862, he introduced the. National banking bill, and in January following he made a speech in its favor, and against the State banking system, so effective as to largely influence the passage of the National banking law. In the second session of the Thirty-ninth Congress, he proposed a substitute for the reconstruction bill that finally became a law. In the Fortieth Congress he was reappointed chairman of the Senate finance committee, and directed legislation that eventually led to the passage of the act of 1870, under which the six per cent war bonds have been wholly refunded. In 1875 he reported the resumption bill that became a law in 1876, and, as Secretary of the Treasury, was in position to direct its consummation in the most satisfactory manner, in the face of the most rabid schemes for its repeal by the oppo- sition party in Congress. At first, in 1878, unfavorable to the passage of the bill to coin silver dollars to the extent of not less than two millions nor more than four millions a month, as soon as he perceived the advantage this coinage would be to the consummation of resumption, he earnestly engaged in the administration of the law, and removed every impedi- ment to its successful operation within his reach. Identified for twenty-five years in Congress and, as Secretary of the Treasury, with public finance and laws.for the regulation of banking and the best disposition of the public securities, Mr. Sherman may properly be now accorded position as the lead- ing and representative mind on these subjects in the United States. Chase, Philander, D. D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Ohio, from February nth, 1819, to September 9th, 1 83 1, and subsequently of Illinois, was born at Cornish, New Hampshire, December 14th, 1775, and died at Peoria, Illi- nois, September 20th, 1852. His American progenitor, Aquila Chase, emigrated from Cornwall, England, in 1640, and settled in Newbury, Massachusetts. The father of our subject, grandson of Aquila, removed to a township on the Connecticut river, above what was then called " Fort, No. 4," and founded the town of Cornish, New Hampshire. After receiving his preliminary education, Philander entered Dart- mouth College and graduated from the same in 1796. Hav- ing determined to enter the ministry, he took a course of study in theology, was ordained deacon May loth, 1798, and priest November loth, 1799. For several years subsequently, he engaged in missionary labors in western New York, and in 1805, went to New Orleans and took an active part in the organization there of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Hav- ing returned North in 181 1, he officiated as rector of Christ Church, at Hartford, Connecticut, until 1817, and February nth, 1819, was consecrated Bishop of Ohio, whither he went and engaged in the organization of his diocese. Knowing the value to it of a college and theological seminary, in 1823 he went to England for the purpose of soliciting aid to estab- lish Kenyon College and Theological Seminary, his visit being very successful, and the work of building up these institu- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 94 tions was prosecuted for several years, before the difficulties with his clergy, growing out of his disposition of the funds he had collected, and other matters, culminated in his resigna- tion of the diocese September 9th, 1831, and removal to Michigan. March 8th, 1835, he was elected to the diocese of Illinois, and thereupon made a second visit to England on behalf of education in that State. In 1838 he returned with sufficient funds to found Jubilee College at Robin's Nest, Peoria, Illinois. Though not especially distinguished for learning, he possessed ^reat diplomatic talents, intuitive knowledge of human nature, and shrewdness, qualities more effective in the business in which he engaged than are great talents and scholastic acquirements. He wrote and published in aid of the operations in which he engaged respectively for Ohio and lUinois, "Star of Kenyon College" in 1826; "De- fence of Kenyon College " in 1828; and " Plea for the West " in 1835. A serious injury, caused by being thrown from his carriage, hastened his decease, and which occurred a few days after the accident. Pendleton, George Hunt, lawyer and states- man, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, July 19th, 1825, and Uving there April 9th, 1879, and was the oldest son of Nathaniel Greene Pendleton. At eight years of age he was sent to the Woodward High School, but two years later he was trans- ferred to the school of the late O. M. Mitchel, afterward General Mitchel; and when the Cincinnati College was or- ganized, with Dr. W. H. McGufifey as president, and Mr. Mitchel professor of mathematics, young Pendleton became one of its students, and began the study of languages and the higher branches of mathematics. He remained at this institution, where he acquired a high reputation as a scholar, until 1 841, from which time until 1844 he pursued his classical studies under the tuition of able teachers at his father's house. In 1844 he sailed for Europe, and during the two years fol- lowing completed such an extended tour throughout Europe and the East as few Americans of that day had accomplished. He first visited France, Belgium, and Switzerland, spending the winter in Naples, Rome, and Florence. On the opening of spring, he journeyed to Vienna, by way of Bologna, Fer- rara, and Venice. From Vienna he went by way of Prague to Berlin, and thence to Holland, by way of Hanover. After visiting Amsterdam, the Hague, and Leyden, he crossed the sea to London, in order to observe the English Parliament, then in session, and hear the speeches of Sir Robert Peel, Lords Brougham and Russell, and other British statesmen of the time. Returning to Germany, he spent some time as a student at the University of Heidelberg, whence, in company with a party of German students, he presently set out on a pedestrian tour through Southern Germany and Switzerland. He also visited and explored afoot many points of interest in Northern Italy, and then sailed from Trieste for Greece, visit- ing the Ionia Isles on the voyage. Taking a guide at Patras, he traversed on horseback the Morean Peninsula, passing over the sites of Sparta and Messenia, Corinth and Argos. After visiting Athens and the places of classic fame in its vicinity, he rode over the plain of Marathon, and passing northwardly, sought the site of Thebes, and the battle-fields of Cheronea and Thermopylse. Thence he passed across Mount Parnassus to the shrines of the Delphic oracle. Re- turning to Athens, he took ship for Constantinople, whence he sailed for Beyrout, stopping on the way at Smyrna, Rhodes and Cyprus. From Beyrout he journeyed to Baalbec and Damascus, thence to Jerusalem, taking in the way Nazareth and the mountains of the blessing and the curse. From these scenes of sacred history he set out by way of Gaza to cross the desert, by camel conveyance, to Cairo. This journey across the desert occupied twenty days. After ex- amining the relics of Egyptian antiquity, and observing the modern condition of the country, Mr. Pendleton embarked at Alexandria for Trieste, and thence returned to Heidelberg, which, after a brief stay, he left for Paris. Thence he visited England, Scotland, and Ireland, before embarking for home. He now began the study of law at Cincinnati, in the office of Stephen Fales, and in 1847 was admitted to the bar. Soon after he formed a partnership with the late George E. Pugh, which was continued until the latter's election to the office of attorney-general of Ohio in 1852. In 1853 Mr. Pendleton was nominated by the democratic party for State senator from Hamilton county, and was elected by a very large majority. During the ensuing session of the legislature, upon which de- volved the duty of adapting the laws of the State to the new Constitution, he showed such energy and ability, and took so prominent a position, although the youngest member of the senate, that in 1854, before his term was ended, his friends put him forward as a candidate for Congress in the first Ohio district, and he was nominated over David T. Disney, who had for six years previously been the democratic representa- tive. The fusion and know-nothing candidates, however, were so successful in this campaign that only about twenty democrats were elected to the National House of Representa- tives from the whole North, and Mr. Pendleton was among those defeated. But in 1856, the know-nothing agitation having subsided, and the anti-Nebraska fusion having lost force, Mr. Pendleton, unanimously nominated, was trium- phantly elected, and took his seat in Congress in December, 1857. During the contest between Mr. Buchanan's admin- istration and the South, on the one side, and the mass of tiie Northern democracy, headed by Stephen A. Douglas, on the other, upon the question of the admission of Kansas, Mr. Pendleton acted with the friends of Mr. Douglas in opposing the administration under the Lecompton Constitution, on the ground of fraud and illegality in its adoption. In 1858, Mr. Pendleton was again nominated for Congress, his opponent this time being T. C. Day, who in 1854 had defeated him. The campaign, a sharply contested one, was generally un- fortunate for the democracy, Mr. Pendleton being the only one on the ticket who was elected, and by a small majority. In i860, at the time of the division of the democratic party at the Charleston convention, he warmly supported Mr. Douglas, and in October of that year was renominated- for representative, his competitor then being Judge Oliver M. Spencer. On sectional questions, which at this period had been brought to bloody issue, Mr. Pendleton was always moderate and conservative, avoiding equally both the North- ern and Southern extremes of expression. He believed that the war could have been averted, was in favor of the Crit- tenden compromise, and did all he could to prevent Secession and preserve the government by the equitable settlement of sectional differences. If dissolution were inevitable, he pre- ferred it should be a peaceful one ; if war were to be waged, he warned Congress to " prepare to wage it to the last ex- tremity," and the sincerity of this injunction was subsequently attested by his action in voting for all measures required to enable the government to maintain its honor and dignity. In the fall of 1862 there seemed to be but little prospect of BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 95 Mr. Pendleton's reelection, as in the October campaign of the previous year the democrats were beaten in Ohio, the republicans having been largely triumphant in his own dis- trict. But he was again nominated, and, after a heated cam- paign, the opposing candidate being Colonel John Groesbeck, he was elected by a majority of thirteen hundred. In the Thirty-seventh Congress Mr. Pendleton served as a demo- cratic member of the committee of ways and means, the most important committee of the House. He had previously been upon the judiciary committee, to which he was trans- ferred from the committee on military affairs. As member of the committee of ways and means, he enjoyed in a marked degree the confidence of his political opponents. This con- fidence they had previously manifested in 1861 by selecting him as one of the committee of managers to impeach Judge Humphreys, of Tennessee, for disloyalty. In the national democratic convention at Chicago in 1864, when General McClellan was nominated for president, the Ohio democracy — many of whom had been warmly in favor of placing Mr. Pendleton's name at the head of the ticket — presented him as a candidate for vice-president. On the first ballot, James Guthrie of Kentucky and several others led Mr. Pendleton, but on the second ballot the latter received the necessary two-thirds vote and was nominated. The issue of the elec- tion was adverse to the democracy, but three States — New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky — giving their votes for Mc- Clellan and Pendleton. On the 4th of March, 1865, Mr. Pendleton retired from Congress, after a service of eight years. In August, 1866, however, he was once more nom- inated for membership, and accepted the nomination, al- though the odds were strongly against him — since at the Congressional election in 1864, when he ran for vice-presi- dent, the republican candidate in his district, Benjamin Eggleston, had a majority of 2,500 votes. Mr. Pendleton ran ahead of his ticket, but was defeated. He became a prominent candidate for the presidency before the national democratic convention at New York in July, 1868. The Ohio delegation had been instructed to vote for him, as had also been the delegates of various other States; his name went into the convention with an assured vote larger than that of any other candidate. He received in fact nearly as many votes as all the other candidates, and but for the rule re- quiring two-thirds to make a nomination he would undoubt- edly have obtained it. After a protracted ballot, however, his name was withdrawn, and Horatio Seymour of New York became the nominee. Mr. Pendleton, in 1869, was the dem- ocratic candidate for governor of Ohio, but was defeated by General R. B. Hayes, the republican candidate, by about 8,000 majority. In 1871 he was president of the convention in which the democratic party of Ohio declared their acquies- cence in the amendments to the national Constitution con- sequent upon the result of the war of Secession. Mr. Pen- dleton's speeches and public addresses were marked by logical strength, historical research, and by excellence of style. Naturally endowed with a fine and vigorous intellect, he has constantly improved it by studious efforts. He made a second visit to Europe in 1872. In 1878 he was by the legis- lature of Ohio, elected United States senator to succeed Hon. Stanley Matthews, elected in 1877 as the successor of Hon. John Sherman. He married, in 1846, Miss Alice Key, of Baltimore, daughter of Francis Scott Key, author of our national song, "The Star Spangled Banner," and a niece of the late chief-justice Roger B. Taney. Mr. Pendleton's children are a son and two daughters. In social and private life he is much admired and beloved. The hospitalities of his home became famous in the land, as did his qualities as a host and entertainer. He wears the graces of the gentleman with dignified ease well fitted to a commanding presence and lofty courtesy. His charities have been generous, and unos- tentatiously bestowed. An Episcopalian in religious faith, he is a consistent and liberal supporter of church and charitable institutions. KWING, Thomas, the elder, lawyer and statesman, was born in West Virginia, in what is now Ohio county, De- cember 28th, 1789. His father, Lieutenant Thomas Ewiiig, a native of New Jersey, served in the patriot army during the Revolutionary war, and, after its conclusion, removed to that part of Virginia mentioned. Subsequently he removed with his family to Ames township, Athens county, Ohio, where he lived until 18 18, when he once more removed, this time to Perry county, Indiana, where he died in 1830. His son, our subject, was thus reared among the rude experiences of pio- neer life, and had but few educational advantages, but such as he had he made the most of Fond of reading, and hav- ing but few books to select from, he read everything he could obtain access to. With an intellect vigorous as his constitu- tion, he soon became known as a youth of unusual hardihood and intelligence. Knowing how little opportunity or ability the field hands employed by his father had to read, he would in the fields read to them, and in this way he interested the people of the neighborhood so much in the subject that they sub- scribed and made up the sum of gioo to purchase a small library, and to this Thomas contributed his share in the shape of ten coon-skins. Sixty books were purchased, and in the estimation of Thomas, the library of the Vatican could not compare with this union library, and most assuredly the for- mer was never so well read. Through those and the school- books he obtained so great an extent of knowledge that the elders thereabout truthfully predicted that he would become a man of learning and importance. But indisposed to stop at the door, he resolved to enter and obtain a collegiate educa- tion, and in the pursuit of this resolution he, at the age of nineteen, hired as a boatman on the Ohio river, and thus ac- quired money enough to pay for his attendance during three months in the Athens Academy, and then he went to work in the salt-works of the Kanawha, and in three years had saved enough of his wages to enable him enter upon a regular course of study that ended in 181 5, when he regarded him- self "a'^retty good, though not a regular, scholar." In July of that year he went to Lancaster, there entered the law office of General Beech, as a student, and after one year's most la- borious application, was examined and admitted to practice in August, 1816. His first speech as an advocate was made at Circleville soon after, and the next at Lancaster, where he defended Mr. Sherman, whose son, now General Sherman, subsequently became a member of Mr. Ewing's family, and eventually his son-in-law. Some time afterward, the means of our subject being much reduced and he anxiously can- vassing his prospects of making a living by law, he was of- fered a small fee to go to Marietta to take the defense in a charge of larceny, and eagerly accepting it, found it the turn- ing point in his career; for, as he said, in speaking of this episode in his life trials, " I have had fees of $\o,ooo and up- ward since, but never one of which I felt the value, or one, in truth, as valuable to me as was this." Successful in this 96 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. case, he soon found himself fully employed in criminal prac- tice, and in a few years one of the leaders of the Ohio bar. Appointed, shortly after the case mentioned was decided, prosecuting attorney for Athens county, he held the office sev- eral years, during which his fame had grown so wide that he became the whig candidate for the United States Senate, and was elected to that position in 1830. He served one term, during which he made a national reputation as a legal rea- soner, and in 1840 took an active part in the Harrison cam- paign'. So prominent did he appear in it that .when success was the result, he was at once invited to the cabinet as Secre- tary of the treasury. In 1844 he again took an active part as a strong Clay whig, and in 1848 earnestly advocated the claims of General Taylor. On the election of the latter he was again invited to a seat in the cabinet, and took that of Secretary of the Interior, then called the Home Department. But by the sudden death of General Taylor, complications en- sued which caused the resignation of Mr. Ewing, and he was soon after elected again to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of Governor Corwin, who had been called by President Fillmore to a place in his cabinet. After serving out the term, Mr. Ewing resigned, and returned to his law practice at Lancaster. In 1861, being a staunch unionist, he was appointed by Governor Dennison a member of the peace commission, so-called, that sat in Washington City. He there practiced law during the continuance of the war, his unwavering loyalty and fealty to the Union cause affording President Lincoln the greatest satisfaction, and exciting in him admiration akin to reverence. During the latter years of his life, his conservatism alienated him from the adminis- tration of President Grant, and caused him to act with the opposite party. He died at his home in Lancaster, October 26th, 1 87 1, peacefully, and surrounded by his children and grand-children. As a representative self-made man, he was among the most distinguished men of Ohio. Dickson, William Martin, lawyer and jurist, Cincinnati, Ohio, was born in Scott county, Indiana, on the 19th September, 1827. He was the son of Richard L. Dick- son, a farmer, and grandson of Rev. Jacob Dickson, who for more than half a century served and was beloved by the people of Mouswald parish, near Dumfries, Scotland. His mother, a native of Virginia, was a woman of much force of character, and took great interest in the proper education of her children. First passing through Hanover College, Indi- ana, next through Madison University, into which the former had been merged, he finally entered Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, whence he graduated in 1846, fifth in a class of nineteen. The expenses of his education were defrayed by the proceeds of work he performed himself. During the two years following his graduation he studied law while teaching school for a living, and was admitted to practice in Lexington, Kentucky. He then attended Harvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1850. In that year, as an entire stranger and without a friend, he arrived in Cincin- nati, where his scholastic attainments soon secured for him the position of teacher of Greek in St. John's College. In 1853 he was elected on the independent free school ticket, prosecuting attorney of the police court. The year following he resigned that position to enter the law office of Taft & Key, and by mutual arrangement his interest in this firm being the following year transferred to A. F. Perry, Mr. Dick- son then established himself in business alone. In 1859 he was, to fill a vacancy, appointed by Governor S. P. Chase judge of the common pleas court, and in i860 was nominated Piresidential elector for Mr. Lincoln. In 1862 he declined the proffered appointment of assistant judge advocate, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel on the staff of General George B. McClellan, but during the threatened siege of Cincinnati in 1863, by Kirby Smith's troops, he was appointed com- mandant of the negro forces, and organized the famous "Black Brigade of Cincinnati," the first organization of the colored race for military purposes in the United States. Its services in the defence of Cincinnati became an important chapter in the war history of the city, and its gratitude and admiration for the unselfish and patriotic action of its com- mandant were shown by the presentation to him in Septem- ber, 1863, of a sword accompanied by resolutions of thanks and esteem for his course, advocating and insisting upon the recognition of the colored man's right to defend his country in a military capacity on an equal footing with his white fellow- citizens. Judge Dickson has been for many years a trustee of the Ohio Medical College, and has taken great interest in its welfare. In 1867 his health broke down, and although relax- ation and foreign travel were sought to restore his accustomed vigor, he was not enabled to again engage in regular prac- tice. Always influential in politics and a student of political history, he was never an office-seeker. Bred an abolition whig, and one of the first to engage in the organization of the republican party, he advocated the freedom of the slave, his enlistment as a soldier, and the recognition of his civil and political equality. In August, 1862, one month before Presi- dent Lincoln issued his emancipation proclamation, Judge Dickson wrote to the Secretary, Mr. Chase, counseling that a measure of universal amnesty be sent to the confederate president and government, conditioned upon the return of the rebel States to their allegiance, with the alternative, if not done in a given time, of freedom for the slaves, and the gift to them in certain States of their master's lands. Mr. Chase responded in a tone of discouragement, and made no allusion to his suggestion. Nevertheless, on the 22d of the following September, the terms embodied in his letter were by Presi- dent Lincoln offered in his celebrated proclamation to the Southern States. Judge Dickson held close and friendly re- lations with both Secretaries Stanton and Chase, and received from them letters of thanks for the valuable support and advice he frequently gave them. His able services in the legal profession, and undoubted advance to the front rank of advocates were prevented by the failure of his health while in the prime of life. Not alone in the ranks of his profession was he an exceptionally progessive and useful citizen, but as a writer his frequent contributions to the press of the country were marked by deep thought, originality of conception, and sound logic, while his addresses to educational institutes were conspicuous for erudition and sound scholarship. A man of large brain and nervous power, he was a determined and successful worker in everything which enlisted his active sympathy and labors. On the 19th October, 1852, he mar- ried at Lexington, Kentucky, Miss Annie Marie, the daughter of Dr. John T. Parker, a lineal descendant of General Benja- min Logan, of Kentucky pioneer memory, and of Colonel John Allen, who fell in command of the Kentuckians in the massacre at River Raisin, in 1812. Six children were the issue of this union, three of whom at present survive, and whose names are, respectively, Parker, William L., an Jennie Dickson. U/. "yn. ^zcJi £^, BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPJEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 97 Matthews, Stanley, lawyer and statesman, the son of Thomas J. Matthews, mentioned elsewhere, was born at Cincinnati, July 21st, 1824. After passing his boyhood in Kentucky, he was educated at the Woodward high school and Kenyon college, joining the junior class in the latter in- stitution in 1839, and graduating in August, 1840, in the fall of which year he began the study of law. Having pursued his legal studies during the interval, he went to Maury county, Tennessee, in 1842, and assisted the Rev. John Hudson, a Presbyterian clergyman, in the conduct of a school, near Spring Hill, called the Union seminary. While in Tennessee lie was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession at Columbia, where, however, he remained but a short time, having, during his stay, employed his leisure time in editing a weekly political paper, called the Tennessee Dem- ocrat. Returning to Cincinnati in 1844, he was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1845, forming a partnership with Judge Keys and Isaac C. Collins, under the firm name of Matthews, Keys & Collins. The first employment which brought him into notice as a lawyer of promise, was his appointment as assist- ant prosecuting attorney for a term of court, which he re- ceived from the judges through the friendly influence of their president. Judge William B. Caldwell, and from which he dated his early professional success. During the year 1846, however, he temporarily abandoned the law; for, having been a casual reader of the Cincinnati Herald, a daily news- paper then edited by Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, and became a convert to the anti-slavery doctrines for the advancement of which the paper struggled, Mr. Matthews — on the removal of Dr. Bailey to Washington for the purpose of establishing the National Era — undertook the conduct of the Herald himself, and continued in its editorial charge until the winter of 1848, when, having gained some political prominence in the State, through his editorship of the paper, he became clerk of the Ohio House of Representatives for the session during which Salmon P. Chase was first elected United States Senator. He resumed the practice of law in 1850, but in the fall of 1851, at the first election after the adoption of the new State constitution, he was chosen one of the three judges of the court of common pleas of Hamilton county, and served as such until January ist, 1853. He then resigned the judge- ship and again betook himself to the active business of a lawyer, as one of the firm of Worthington & Matthews, — Mr. Worthington, his senior partner, having been his early legal instructor. In this connection, Judge Matthews continued I'le practice of his profession until 1861, although, meanwhile elected in the fall of 1855, he served a single term of two years in the Ohio Senate, and afterward, under appointment of President Buchanan in 1858, he filled the office of United States district attorney for the Southern district of Ohio, a position which he resigned shortly after the inauguration of President Lincoln. The war of Secession having begun. Judge Matthews tendered his services to the governor of Ohio, and, in June, 1861, was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 2jd regiment of Ohio volunteers, then organizing at Camp Chase, near Columbus, of which W. S. Rosecrans was at the s vme time made colonel, and Rutherford B. Hayes, major. Lieutenant-Colonel Matthews served in the campaign of West Virginia until October, when he was promoted to the colonelcy of the 5 1 St Ohio, with it reporting for duty to General D. C. Buell, at Louisville, Kentucky. His regiment becoming part of the army of the Cumberland, Colonel Matthews attended t to Tennessee in the division of General Nelson, and acted as provost marshal of Nashville until early in July, 1862. He then took the field, and was put in command of a brigade consisting of his own regiment, the 8th and 21st Kentucky, the 31st Indiana, and subsequently of the 99th Ohio. Colonel Matthews remained in the service until May, 1863, when he resigned his commission in the army to accept the place of judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati, to which he had been elected, with Judges Storer and Hoadly as his colleagues. Colonel Matthews occupied the position of Superior judge until July, 1864, when resigning it, he again returned to his profession, of which he afterward remained an active and successful member, fairly ranking as one of the leaders of the Ohio bar. Previous to the war of Secession, Judge Matthews was a democrat, but, becoming a republican at its beginning, he did not cease to be a member of that party. In the summer of 1876, Judge Matthews was nominated re- publican candidate for Congress in the second Ohio district, but after a close political struggle, was defeated by his demo- cratic competitor. General Henry B. Banning, whose major- ity, scarcely a hundred, having been obtained, as it was charged, by fraud at the polls, a contest for the seat was de- termined on by Judge Matthews, and notice to that effect was filed by him in the House of Representatives. Meanwhile, however, the memorable Presidenhal election of 1876 oc- curred, with a result which left it for some months extremely uncertain in the popular mind whether Rutherford B. Hayes, the republican candidate, or Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, the democratic candidate, would be declared elected, the decision depending on the disputed electoral votes of three Southern, and one Western, States. After the formation by Congress of the extraordinary commission composed by mem- bers of Congress, Senators, and judges of the Supreme Court, appointed to count the electoral vote and settle the vexed questions attendant upon this important act. Judge Matthews was chosen one of the republican counsel to argue the dis- puted points before the commission, and in his arguments displayed such legal ability and forensic skill as to attract at- tention and win admiration throughout the country. Partly to this prompt national recognition of his ability, perhaps, may be attributed the fact that after the inauguration of Mr. Hayes, and when the Hon. John Sherman had resigned his* seat in the United States Senate to accept the position of Sec- retary of the Treasury, Judge Matthews was at once nomin- ated to complete Mr. Sherman's incompleted term, and was elected by the Ohio legislature, March 20th, 1877. Judge Matthews possesses intellectual capacities of a high order. Close, comprehensive mental power, strength of will, and self-asserting force, are among the qualities which most dis- tinguished him. He is a well trained and diligent student, a fine speaker, and a ready debater. In oral and written speech he excels in clearness and force of statement, in apt selection of language, and in the logical order and complete- ness of his discourse. He is, moreover, a man of well regu- lated life, of high aims, and laudable ambition. Belonging to the Presbyterian church, he is a member of the general assembly which met at Newark, New Jersey, in 1864, and in that body drew up and assisted in securing the adoption of the report and resolutions which committed the church to the policy of emancipation. Judge Matthews married, in Febru- ary, 1843, Miss Mary, daughter of James Black, of Spring Hill, Maury county, Tennessee, and of this union ten children were the issue. The five eldest died ; the names of the sur- vivors are, William Mortimer, Jeanie, Eva, Grace, and Paul. 98 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOF.-EniA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. ROSECRANS, S. H., Roman Catholic Bishop of Col- umbus, Ohio, was born at Homer, Licking county, Ohio, February 5th, 1827. His parents, Crandall and Jane (Hop- kins) Rosecrans, moved from Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, to Ohio in 1808. He was educated at Kenyon College, Gam- bier, Ohio, and St. John's College, Fordham, New York, graduating from the latter in 1846. His brother (General WiUiam S. Rosecrans) having given much thought and, while yet a youth, engaged in much discussion on religious subjects, joined the communion of the Roman Catholic church before attaining his majority, and his example affected our subject to such an extent that he felt impelled to become a priest of that church. After graduating, he therefore went to Rome, to study at the Propaganda College, and remained there five years. In July, 1852, he was ordained a priest, and returning to his native land, he began the exercise of his office at Cincinnati. He thus continued to be engaged ten years, in that time also becoming professor of theology in Mount St. Mary's Seminary, and editor of the diocesan news- paper, the Catholic Telegraph. March 25th, 1862, he was consecrated auxiliary bishop of Cincinnati, and aided in the administration of the diocese until 1868, when, Columbus having been erected into a separate diocese, he was trans- ferred to that city and .installed as bishop of the diocese, March 3d, 1868. He engaged in the work of his diocese with zeal, and had but dedicated the cathedral church at Colum- bus, when he was taken suddenly ill and died October 20th, 1878. During the ten years of his episcopacy as head of his diocese, he had erected the cathedral at a cost of ^150,000, and founded orphan asylums and schools at Pomeroy and Columbus. In 1870 he devoted himself for much of his time to the superintendence of the Sisters' Seminary, designed for higher education of females. His mother became a member of the Roman Catholic church before her death, but his father lived and died a Protestant. Wade, Benjamin Franklin, statesman and United States Senator, was born in Massachusetts, October 27th, 1800, and died at Jefferson, Ashtabula county, Ohio, March 2d, 1878. His family was poor, and his early educa- • tion was almost excusively the result of his own exertions, yet before the age of twenty- one he was able to teach school. He had read much literature, and he was well versed in Eu- clid's Elements of Geometry. Having removed to the West- ern Reserve in October, 1821, after a few years of toil as a woodsman, young Wade engaged in the study of law under Elisha Whittlesey, and in 1828, having passed an examina- tion, he was admitted to the bar of Jefferson, the county seat of Ashtabula. Soon after he became a partner in the prac- tice of law with Joshua R. Giddings ; this partnership con- tinued ten years. In the first year of his practice he was chosen prosecuting attorney for Ashtabula county, and in 1837, having received the nomination from the whig conven- tion, he was elected to the senate of the State. About this time the question of slavery began to call forth serious dis- cussions, as its evils, instead of being confined to the South, began to affect the interests and seriously incommode the citizens of the free states. In consequence of certain restric- tions to emancipation in Kentucky, a settlement was formed at Red Oak, on the northern bank of the Ohio river, where persons emancipating negroes could secure them a home with the blessings of freedom. But these and some other steps in the cause of humanity were viewed with some dis- trust in the South, and in 1838 the legislature of Kentucky sent two commissioners to persuade the legislature of Ohio to pass a more rigorous law for the capture and return of fugi- tive slaves. Such a measure was very repugnant to the feel- ings and sentiments of Mr. Wade, who had learned from his childhood to respect the dignity of labor, and to abhor the idea of subjecting it to bondage. There were, however, in the house but four senators who stood with him in his ultra abolition views. With these he made a gallant struggle, but it was in vain. The bill was passed, and the cause of slavery was for a time in the ascendant. Soon afterwards he raised a storm of indignation against himself, by presenting a peti- tion for chartering an academy for the freedmen of Red Oak; and he narrowly escaped expulsion from the house. Yet, the fearless and independent course which he pursued on these occasions, subsequently gave him prominence as one of the great leaders in the cause of African freedom. His other works in the senate entitle him to much credit. As a member of the judiciary committee, he exerted a controlling influence in abolishing imprisonment for debt in Ohio. The law exempting a certain amount of property from execution was mainly the fruit of his legislative labor. However, the approbation which these acts called forth in some quarters, was counterbalanced by the disfavor which they found in others. His popularity also declined from another cause. Ashtabula county, though devoted to whig principles, was strongly pro-slavery, and there was soon much dissatisfaction manifested to the course of Mr. Wade who, at the next elec- tion, was defeated by about 300 majority. Yet the lapse of two years produced a complete revolution of sentiment in his district. Though again nominated as a candidate by the whig convention, he accepted only after much sohcitation, and then on condition that no pledges were required from him. In 1841 he was elected by the largest majority ever given in his district, and since that time Ashtabula has been one of the main strongholds of the anti-slavery party. Though the legislature at this time was democratic, Mr. Wade's efforts were not without fruits. He did essential service in aiding in the passage of the law for the support of common schools, and also in procuring the repeal of the odtous act for the apprehension of runaway slaves. On the expiration of his term he declined to be a candidate, and returned to his professional pursuits. In 1847 he was, by joint ballot of the legislature, elected judge of the supreme court of the State for a term of seven years, but after an able and success- ful discharge of the duties of this responsible office for nearly five years, he was chosen United States Senator. in 1851-52, and though he did not solicit the position, he deemed it his duty to accept it. The cause of the Northern States had then lost much ground through the passage of the fugitive slave law, and also by the notable compromise measures of 1851. But the vigor and intrepidity of Mr. Wade and a few, others greatly curbed the haughty spirit and extravagant demands of many of the southern members. Throughout his long senatorial career at Washington, Mr. Wade pursued his polit- ical course unmoved by the storm of violence and prejudice which was arrayed against him. But the disgraceful scenes in Kansas and other places wrought a powerful change in the sentiments of the North, and the election of Lincoln gave the South the pretext for plunging into the great civil war. At the beginning of the struggle. Senator Wade was made chairman of the joint committee on the conduct of the war, and in the immense amount of work which he accomplished >. ^^^^^t::^^^-^^ J^ . BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. under fire. Having resumed the practice of liis profession in Cincinnati, he was elected in tlie fall of 1867 a judge of the court of common pleas by the republican party, of which, though never an active politician, he had long been a mem- ber. At the expiration of his term in 1871, he was reelected. In the autumn of 1876 he was nominated for Congress, but being on the bench took no part in the canvass. He was defeated by a majority of nearly 700 by Mr. Sayler, an able and popular member of Congress, who had previously been elected by majorities of 3,000 and 4,000. In the spring of 1877, Judge Force was elected judge of the superior court of Cincinnati, which place he now holds. He is professor of equity and criminal law in the Cincinnati Law College. In- heriting the literary tastes of his father, Judge Force became president of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, and corresponding member of many historical societies. Among other positions held by him has been that of a director of the Ohio Soldier's and Sailor's Orphans' Home, and trustee of the Ohio Medical College. He was one of the original members of the Musical Festival Association, and of the Zoological Garden Association, and one of the incorporators of the Music Hall Association. On May I3tli, 1874, he mar- ried Miss Frances Dabney Horlon, of Pomeroy, Ohio, who has borne him one son. SWAYNE, Noah H., associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, was born in Culpepper county, Virginia, December 7th, 1804. He was the youngest of five children of Joshua Swayne, a prosperous and influential farmer, and a member of the Society of Friends. The fam- ily were Pennsylvanians, Francis Swayne, the earliest Amer- ican progenitor, having come over with William Penn, and settled on a farm near Philadelphia, which is still in the pos- session of his descendants. Joshua Swayne died in .1808, having, between the birth of our subject and that year, re- moved to Jefferson county, Virginia, and his widow, a woman of remarkable vigor of mind and excellence of character, carefully conducted the training and education of her sons. After being kept at school in the neighborhood until he was thirteen years old, Noah was sent to the academy of Jacob Mendenhall, at Waterford, in Loudon county, then in high repute with the Society of Friends. Two years afterward he was placed with Dr. George A. Thornton, a prominent phy- sician at Alexandria, Virginia, who conducted the business of an apothecary store in connection with his practice. It was intended that the studies begun here should be continued in a Philadelphia hospital, but the death of Dr. Thornton caused the design to be abandoned, and fixed the mind of the stu- dent on the study of law preferably. A collegiate education being regarded necessary, in view of this change, he went to school at Alexandria to a classical instructor, pursued his studies with great earnestness until thoroughly prepared for college, when his guardian found himself without the means to enable him enter such an institution. Consequently he decided to at once enter the law office of Scott & Brooks at Warrenton, finding there, as a fellow student, Henry S. Foote, afterward governor and senator from Mississippi. Admitted to the bar in 1823, the non-slaveholding example of his father, corresponding with his own views on the sub- ject, determined him to remove immediately to Ohio." The entire journey, as was the fashion of those days, was traveled on horseback. After passing at Zanesville the year of pre- liminary residence, at that time required by law before an attorney from another State could engage in practice, he opened an office in 1825 at Coshocton, the county seat of the _adjoining northern county. His success was sudden, and during the year he was elected prosecuting attorney for the county, and held the office until elected to the legislature in 1829. In 1830 he was appointed United States attorney for the then district of Ohio, and removed to Columbus, where the United States courts for the State were then held. He declined later the office of presiding common pleas judge for the circuit, an office to which two years later he was elected by the legislature. In 1832, he married at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, Miss Sarah Ann Wager of that place, and became by this marriage the owner of a number of slaves, who, by the joint act of himself and wife, were immediately manu- mitted. The years following until his elevation to the supreme bench, were devotedly applied to his practice, and, after holding the office of district attorney nine years, he re- signed it. In 1837 he was, with Alfred Kelly and Gustavus Swan as his associates, appointed by the legislature a commis- sioner to take charge of the State debt. Those commission- ers zealously addressed themselves to their difficult task, and in three years restored the State credit and supplied means to complete the public works. Having in the most econom- ical manner completed the work assigned, they resigned, after refusing to accept any compensation for their services. The controversy on the subject of the Southern boundary of Mich- igan having occasioned much public excitement. Judge Swayne, with David T. Disney and William Allen, were sent by the governor of Ohio to Washington, and effected there a peaceful solution of the controversy, leaving the disputed ter- ritory in Ohio and Indiana. In 1840, Judge Swayne, Dr. William M. Awl and Dr. James Hoge, were by the legislature appointed to ascertain and report the number of blind per- sons in the State, preparatory to erecting asylums for them. Their labors resulted in the erection of the admirable asylum of Ohio for the blind, and also the asylums in Columbus for the deaf and dumb, and for lunatics and idiots, and as a trustee he continued his connection with these institutions until professional engageijients compelled him to relinquish it. As an able assistant of Governor Dennison, that gentle- man has freely acknowledge his aid in his preparation of lev- ies of troops for the field. A complete change took place in his political feelings in view of the war of Secession, and he identified himself then and subsequently with the supporters of the Federal government. The" sixth circuit of the supreme court of the United States, comprising at that time Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Illinois, was then presided over by the venerable Judge McLean, between whom and Judge Swayne a warm personal friendship had existed for many years, and the wish the former had expressed that he might by the latter be succeeded, had spread among leading mem- bers of the bar within the circuit. Arguments before the supreme court at Washington about this time, had probably induced members of that court to favor the appointment, and, on the unexpected death of Judge McLean, Judge Swayne was appointed by President Lincoln, in February, 1862, a jus- tice of the supreme court, and unanimously confirmed with expressions of general approval. Since then the discharge of his duties has been constant and zealous. The accuracy and erudition of his judicial labors have been aided by drafts upon his previous years of accumulated stores of research, and the results may be found in the reports of the high court on whose bench he holds with honor to himself and profit to t<52 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. the nation, the seat he occupies. The degree of doctor of ■ laws conferred on him by Yale, Dartmouth, and Marietta Colleges, was but a recognition of his life study, and corres- ponded as a proper complement with his promotion to the supreme bench. RaNNEY, RUFUS p., LL.D., jurist and advocate, was born at Blandford, Hampden county, Massachusetts, October 13th, 1813. He was the son of Rufus Ranney, a farmer of Scotch descent, and of Dottie D. Blair. The family moved to Freedom, Portage county, Ohio, in 1824. They were among the pioneers of the "New Connecticut," then a western frontier, covered with an almost unbroken forest. His youth was spent in the primitive log cabin of the early settler, and in the heavily-timbered wilderness, where his axe was swung by a strong, athletic frame in the warfare against the thick forests. The poverty and hardships of this life were great, ^nd the opportunity for attending school not good, yet the general stock of intelligence in a New England family, with a few books brought from Massa- chusetts, coupled with a strong faculty of appropriating knowl- edge from all experiences and surroundings, were sufficient to arouse in him an ardent ambition to increase his facilities for a good education. He had nearly arrived at his majority when he at last managed, by manual labor and teaching, to obtain admission to the academy at Nelson, Portage county, where he soon made preparation for entering college. By cutting wood at twenty-five cents. the cord he was enabled to get a necessary outfit of clothing in which to appear at col- lege. He entered Western Reserve College, and studied for a season, but was prevented by circumstances from graduat- ing. At the age of twenty-two years, having determined to study law, he left home and traveled on foot to Jefferson, Ashtabula county, his worldly goods consisting of the cloth- ing upon his person, and one extra shirt, which he carried in the top of his hat. He commenced the study of the law with Joshua R. Giddings and Benjamin F. Wade, then part- ners in its practice. After one year's study he was admitted to the bar, and, Giddings being elected to Congress, he suc- ceeded him as Wade's partner. Wade & Ranney were the leaders of the bar in northeastern Ohio till 1845, when Ran- ney removed to Warren, Trumbull county. Warren was the chief centre of wealth and business in northeastern Ohio at this period, and here he found scope for his abilities as a law- yer and his great powers as an advocate. He was selected as democratic candidate in 1846, and again in 1848, for Con- gress, but the whig party in the Trumbull district was over- whelmingly in majority. In 1850 he was elected to represent Trumbull and Granger counties in the Constitutional conven- tion which sat in Columbus and Cincinnati in the years 1850 and 1851. This convention included among its members a larger proportion of the ability and wisdom of the State than has any assemblage since that time. He served with dis- tinction on the judiciary, revision, amendment, and several other committees. Although but thirty-six years of age, he seemed to be endowed with the learning and wisdom of the oldest, and showed himself to be a remarkably skillful de- bater. His views were beyond all question democratic. He boldly and persistently battled for the people against mono- polies, and his propositions were so forcibly sustained by logic and eloquence that they commanded the respect of the convention and the admiration of the people generally. He probably did more than any other one man to mould the new features of the Constitution. The debates of the con- vention are rich with the speeches which he contributed upon all topics, and show the originality and strength of his mind, his statesmanlike views, and the broad and deep cur- rent of his humanity. He was chosen by the legislature one of the judges of the supreme court, and when the new Constitution, adopted in 1851, went into effect, he was elected to the same position by a large majority. He occupied a place upon the supreme bench till 1857, when he resigned. He was a member of the Cincinnati National convention which nominated James Buchanan for President. In that year he removed to Cleveland, became a member of the law firm of Ranney, Backus & Noble, and soon after was by the President appointed United States district attorney. The position had been unsolicited by him, and its duties proving distasteful to him, he resigned, after holding the office but a few months. The practfce of his firm was very extensive and included a large share of the important cases pending in the State and federal courts. In 1862 he was nominated by the democratic convention as candidate for supreme judge. He declined, but the convention positively refused to accept his declination, and he was elected in spite of his own wishes to the contrary. His law partner, Franklin T. Backus, was the candidate of the republican party, and Judge Ranney expected, and was more than willing, to be defeated. He would have been willing to have gone into the canvass for his partner's success, if he had supposed it doubtful, while no one received the news of his victory with more pleasure and triumph than did Mr. Backus, his opponent. He re- signed the judgeship in 1864. He was a member of the democratic National convention of that year, which nomi- nated George B. McClellan for the Presidency. Gifted to an extraordinary degree with physical and mental strength, capacity for enduring long-continued mental labor, and with a spirit of great determination, his eloquence undoubtedly owed its commanding effect to this power, which seemed inexhaustible, never fully expended, and to the rich and varied resources which he brought to the illustration of all topics under discussion. His classical education, somewhat deficient in his early life, was fully supplemented by later study. Apparently he had devoured whole libraries of books on all the sciences and arts, had perused the "Codes Justinian" and the "Code Napol6on," each in their origi- nal languages, and had all the stores of this wealth so well in hand, that his discourse was enriched to a degree calcu- lated to enchain the attention of every hearer. His manners as a judge were marked by dignity and courtesy. His deci- sions were clear and masterly in diction, and full of ener- getic and unmistakable expression. They have established a large number of legal points, landmarks from which much judicial learning has taken its bearings and guidance, and they have been pronounced to be his best monuments. In 1871 the Western Reserve College sent him her testimonial of confidence in a degree of doctor of laws. It was unsolicited and unexpected, and was at that time the only instance in which such an honor had ever been conferred by this old in- stitution since its foundation. In politics Judge Ranney was always a decided democrat, being in the best sense of the term truly democratic by nature. All his efforts to fortify the great body of the people against the aggressions of corpora- tions, and in preserving in the hands of the State legislature the right to reclaim powers and franchises, when they should prove to be dangerous to the masses, and before the great BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 103 crop of vested rights should take eternal root and load the ship of state with barnacles, all show him to have been true to the great cardinal principles of our republican system of government. He could not have been classed among politi- cians, and it was with the utmost difficulty that he was at times persuaded that his duty to his State required him to sacrifice his professional and private life to the public service. In 1862 he was called by Governor Tod to travel throun-h a portion of central Ohio and arouse the people to fill the quota of troops from the State, called for by the President in the war of Secession. He did not hesitate to throw into this cause the whole force of his great popularity and his stirring eloquence. He regarded the perpetuity of American institu- tions as at stake, and a quick and decisive support of the Federal government as the first and only duty of the good citizens of his State. His speech at Zanesville in 1867 was pronounced a.mong his most powerful and convincing efforts. In social intercourse he is warm-hearted and unselfish, and forms strong and abiding friendships. In April, 1879, ^e was engaged as leading advocate at the bar of the State and Federal courts in all the great railroad, commercial, and patent cases involving severe and contested litigation. Henry C. Ranney, Esq., his nephew, has lately been associated with him in business, his heavy labors having threatened to result in permanent injury to his health. HaYNES, Daniel A., lawyer and- jurist, who has been almost continuously a judge of the superior court at Dayton, Ohio, since its organization in 1856, was born in Co- lumbiana county. New York, September 9th, 1815, in the town of Chatham. His parents were Daniel and Magdalene Haynes. After obtaining an ordinary common-school edu- cation, he was sent to a boarding-school at Landlake, New York, and afterward to Lowville Academy, in the same State, and from there he entered Union College, at Schenectady, and was graduated in the class of 1835. After graduating he removed to and settled in Dayton, and for a year was assist- ant teacher in the old Dayton Academy, of which E. E. Bar- ney (also a graduate of Union College and former preceptor of Mr. Haynes,) was principal. In 1838 he entered as a law student the office of Judge Joseph H. Crane, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1840. In January, 1841, he commenced the practice of his profession in partnership with Henry Stod- dard, a lawyer of high standing at the Dayton bar, and after- ward formed a partnership with John Howard, with whom he practiced eight years. He was prosecuting attorney of Mont- gomery county from 1843 to 1847, and in the latter year was elected a member of the Ohio legislature. As a lawyer he continued in active and very successful practice until the establishment of the superior court in 1856, when he was elected judge, and reelected in i860 and again in 1865. The superior court of Montgomery county, although a court of merely local jurisdiction, has acquired and always main- tained a high reputation in the history of the judiciary of the State. The learning and eminently judicial qualities which Judge Haynes brought to the discharge of the duties of the judgeship gave to its decisions an authority that was recognized and respected by both bench and bar throughout the State. In February, 1870, desiring a change from so long a term of judicial service, he resigned the office and returned to the practice of law in partnership with Hon. C. L. Vallandigham in Dayton. A rapidly growing and lucrative practice attest;d the strength of this firm, when it was suddenly dissolved by the lamentable death of Mr. Vallandigham in June, 1871. Judge Haynes then re- sumed the partnership with Howard & Howard until 1875,' when, upon the unanimous solicitation of the members of the bar, he was again elected judge of the superior court, in which position he still continues, and in which his tminent ability and unimpeachable integrity command for him the confidence of the public. Outside of his profession. Judge Haynes was for several years president of the Dayton bank, and has been also for many years president of the Dayton Mutual Insurance Company. On the 13th of June, 1848, he married Miss Emily Mason, daughter of General Sampson Mason, of Springfield, Ohio. She died on the 2d of the fol- lowing September, and since which time Judge Haynes has not again married. A decided whig, with strong anti-slavery proclivities until that party ceased to exist, he then became a republican, was a strong union man and ardent supporter of the war for its maintenance. He actively cooperated in all the efforts inade to strengthen and finally give success to the union arms and to the administration of President Lin- coln. Morris, Thomas, statesman and United States sen- ator from Ohio from 1833 to 1839, ^^-^ born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, January 3d, 1776, and died at his home, four miles from Bethel, Clermont county, Ohio, December 7th, 1844. He was the fifth of a family of twelve children, whose parents were Isaac and Ruth (Henton) Morris. His mother was a native of Virginia, to which State, soon after his birth, his parents with their children moved, and settled in Harri- son county, near Clarksburgh. School privileges being in those days almost unknown in this part of the State, Mrs. Morris instructed her son, our subject, in the rudiments of an English education. In 1795 he took up his residence across the Ohio river in what subsequently became that State, and in the town of Columbia, then a hamlet, now a portion of Cincinnati city, he engaged as a clerk in the store of the principal merchant there, John Smith, a Baptist preacher, and subsequently one of the earliest United States Senators from Ohio, and of whom it may be mentioned that his un- fortunate connection with the conspiracy of Aaron Burr drove him from home and friends in disgrace. In the employ of this man, our subject remained several years, during which he increased his knowledge through the study of books. When twenty-one years old he married Rachel, a daughter of Ben- jamin and Mary Davis, of Welsh descent, and natives of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. This union was a happy one, and existed nearly fifty years. Eleven children were born to them, all of whom lived to become useful members of society. In 1800 the young couple moved to Williams- burg, Clermont county, and, four years later, to Bethel, where they subsequently remained during their lives. In 1802, with meagre facilities, Thomas Morris began the study of law, and two years later was admitted to the bar, where he soon became a leader. Having in his youth given much at- tention to the study of the scriptures, in which he was en- couraged by his father, by profession a Baptist preacher, he never refused to plead the cause of the poor, and from whom no fee was expected, as freely as he did the cause of the rich, and but for this his large practice would have made him a wealthy man. In 1806 he was elected from Clermont county to the legislature, and here, true to his early trainine, he fought all legislation tending to favor slave-holders. His le- io4 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. gislative labors extended over a period of twenty-four years continuously, and no matter which party was in the majority, he was made chairman of the most important committees. His entire legislative career was marked by a total absence of ambition or worldly gain. Having largely aided in doing away with imprisonment for debt, that vestige of slavery and barbarism, he opposed with all his strength the canal system, for the reason as he stated it, and the statement was prophetic, that "in twenty-five years canals would be superseded by rail- roads, which, in forty years, would form a net-work over the State." An ardent and able friend of the common schools, he voted for and advocated the largest provision for the ac- cumulation of a fund devoted to this great object. In 1809 he was appointed by the house of assembly to conduct the impeachment of Judges Tod and Pease, but, as we have mentioned in our sketch of Governor Huntington, the im- possibility of obtaining a two-thirds vote of the legislature in favor of the conviction of these judges, annulled the prose- cution. Nevertheless, his success in the performance of the duty assigned him led to his appointment to the seat of Judge Huntington, the governor-elect, but an act of the legislature prevented him from taking the office. He strongly sustained the war of 1812, and in the nullification troubles of 1832 he was a firm supporter of the administration. In 1826 he was tendered the nomination for United States Senator, but de- clined at that time to accept. Six years afterward he was elected. A member of the democratic party, he never failed to follow his convictions, especially in his opposition to the extension of slavery. In December, 1833, he took his seat in the United States Senate, and in this new field of labor he found the stormy era of sectional prejudices begun. But he never faltered in the declaration of his principles, and his ca- reer in that tribunal, if not especially brilliant, was always honorable and consistent. He measured swords in debate with Clay, Calhoun, and others, and so roused the ire of the opposition that one domineering Southern senator said he ought to be expelled. February 9th, 1839, (just twenty years too soon,) he made a memorable speech in answer to Henry Clay, that produced so great a sensation that his expulsion was again mooted by the slave-holding States' senators, and caused his defeat for his second term, but he took this defeat calmly, and soon after took a prominent part in the forma- tion of the free-soil party. In August, 1843, at the national convention of the party at Buffalo, where were present more than a thousand delegates, James G. Birney was nominated for President and Thomas Morris for Vice-President, and the ticket received 621,000 votes. He died the following year, and, buried in the graveyard at Bethel, a suitable marble monument rises above the grave of one of Ohio's most noble and honorable sons. OkeY, John Waterman, lawyer, jurist, and in 1877 elected a judge of the supreme court of Ohio, was born near Woodsfield, Monroe county, Ohio, January 3d, 1827. He is of English descent. His grandfather, Leven Okey, emigrated to Ohio before it became a State, and on the organ- ization of Monroe county, was elected an associate judge. His father. Colonel Cornelius Okey, represented Monroe county in the general assembly during several years, and died in 1859, at the age of seventy-seven years. His mother is buried at Woodsfield, and the inscription on her tomb states that she died at the unusual age of one hundred and three years. Educated at the Monroe Academy and subse- quently by private tuition, Judge Okey spent two years in the office of the clerk of the court of Monroe county, read law at Woodsfield with Nathan HoUister, was admitted to the bar at Cambridge, Ohio, October 22d, 1849, by Judges Hitchcock and Caldwell, and was subsequently admitted to practice in the supreme court of the United States. In 1853 he was ap- pointed probate judge, and elected to the same office in 1854. In 1856 he was elected judge of the court of common pleas in the Belmont district, and reelected in 1861, when he removed to Guernsey county. In 1865 he resigned the office of judge of Belmont district common pleas, and removed to Cincin- nati, where he entered the law office of W. Y. Gholson, and remained during eighteen months engaged with him in the preparation of the " Ohio Digest," and subsequently prepared "Okey & Miller's Municipal Law,'' which was first published in 1869. In 1875 he was, with Hon. M. A. Dougherty and Judge Day, commissioned by Governor WiUiam Allen to revise and codify the general laws of the State, and in 1877 elected to his present position on the supreme bench. In the short time he has occupied the latter position. Judge Okey has delivered one opinion which has already attracted atten- tion throughout the country. The case occurred in 1877, and was generally known as "Work's case.'' Shortly before resigning his office as governor of Ohio, President Hayes had in this case issued a warrant of extradition, and which warrant was by Governor Young revoked. Judge Okey held that such a warrant, whether issued by Governor Young or his prede- cessor, could be revoked at any time before the fugitive was actually removed from the State, and this opinion has never been contested. In 1849, Judge Okey married Miss Bloor, of Belmont county, and from this marriage there have been born two sons and two daughters. Of the former the eldest, George Bloor, is at present (1879) one of the commissioners to revise and consolidate the general statutes of Ohio ; while the other, Trevitt Wier, is engaged as clerk of the codifying commission. The eldest daughter, Mary Isadore, is the wife of Charles N. Danenhower, of the city civil engineer's office, Cincinnati, while her sister, Inez Laura, is unmarried. Judge Okey's brother James represented Monroe county during several years in the general assembly, and his brother Will- iam, a member of the Constitutional convention of 1873, 'S now a judge of the common pleas of Belmont district. In politics, Judge Okey has always been a democrat. McLean, John, jurist and statesman, was born in Morris county. New Jersey, March nth, 1785, and died at Cincinnati, Ohio, April 4th, 1861. His father, a man in humble circumstances, with a large family, moved to the western country in 17.89, settling, for brief periods, first at Morgantown, Virginia, afterwards near Nicholasville, Ken- tucky, and still later in the neighborhood of Mayslick, in the same State, whence, finally, in 1799, he removed to that part of the Northwestern territory now included in Warren county, Ohio, where he occupied and cleared a farm upon which for forty years, and until his death, he resided. After working upon his father's farm until he was sixteen years of age, im- proving such occasional opportunities of schooling as the neighborhood afforded, our subject received instruction from one or two private teachers in the classical languages, with which he became well acquainted ; meanwhile, that he might not tax his father's limited means, he supported him- self and paid for his tuition with his own labor. Determining to adopt the legal profession, he came to Cincinnati and en- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 105 gaged himself, at the age of eighteen, to write in the clerk's office of Hamilton county, devoting a part of each day to this employment, so as to maintain himself while studying law under the direction of Arthur St. Clair, a son of General St. Clair, then eminent in the legal profession. While thus sup- porting himself he gained, in connection with the principles of the law itself, a knowledge of its practical forms, with the details of public business, and acquired methodical and dili- gent habits, which were serviceable in his subsequent career. At this time he became a member of and took part in the discussions of a Cincinnati debating society, several of whose members, besides himself, afterward reached distinction in the public service. He was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1807, and entering upon the practice of law at Lebanon, in Warren county, soon found himself in the road to professional success. At the October election of 1812, having become a candidate to represent his district, which then included Cin- cinnati, in Congress, he was elected by a large majority after a lively contest with two competitors, over both the opposing candidates. From his first entrance into public life he was identified with the democratic party, but in Congress he was not a Wind advocate of merely party measures, sometimes voting against his political friends ; yet so highly were his in- tegrity and his judgment estimated, that neither his demo- cratic colleagues nor constituents withdrew from him on that account. Mr. McLean gave his warm support to the admin- istration of James Madison, and by an able speech defended the measures adopted for carrying on the war against En- gland. He originated the law to indemnify individuals for property lost in the public service, and introduced a resolu- tion, which led to favorable Congressional action, directing inquiry into the expediency of giving pensions to the widows of officers and soldiers who had fallen in their country's ser- vice. In 1814, Mr. McLean was reelected to Congress by the unanimous vote of his district, not only receiving every vote cast in the district for representative, but it is recorded that every voter who attended the polls voted for him — a circum- stance, as has been remarked, that has rarely occurred in the political history of any man. During his second term in Congress, he served on the. committees of foreign relations and of public lands. The wide field of public usefulness pre- sented by the representative branch of the National legisla- ture induced him to decline solicitations to become a candi- date for the United States Senate in 181 5 — at a time when his election was regarded as certain, although he was only thirty years of age, and therefore barely eligible. He re- mained in Congress until 1816, when the legislature of Ohio having unanimously elected him a judge of the supreme court of the State, he then resigned his seat, and was suc- ceeded by General William Henry Harrison. Judge McLean occupied the supreme bench of Ohio six years, during which he displayed those professional attainments and judicial qualities which afterwards distinguished him in his higher position as a justice of the United States Supreme Court. In the summer of 1822, he was made commissioner of the gen- eral land office by President Monroe, and, in July of the fol- lowing year, was appointed Postmaster-General. Judge Mc- Lean's friends urged him not to accept the latter position, the affairs of the general post-office then being in a very discour- aging condition. Disordered mail arrangements, depressed finances, public complaints and distrust, with other unfavor- able circumstances, presented a field which, it was thought, promised little for present satisfaction or future reputation. But, confiding in his own ability and industry. Judge McLean undertook the difficulties of the Situation, and applying his vigorous mind and methodical habits to the complicated affairs of the department, and directing his personal attention to all the details of business, was so successful in organizing system, enforcing economy and honesty, and giving the pub- lic regular and secure mail facilities, that, by a nearly unani- mous vote of the Senate and House of Representatives, the Postmaster-General's salary was increased from j54,ooo to $6,000. Those who, from motives of policy, opposed this in- crease in Congress, did so reluctantly. John Randolph said, the salary was for the officer, not the office, and that he would vote for the bill if the law should be made to expire when Judge McLean left the office. The distribution of the public patronage of his department exhibited in another respect Judge McLean's qualities as an executive officer, and mani- fested the rule of action which marked his character. Believ- ing that, every public officer holds his office in trust for the people, he determined to be influenced by no other principle, in the discharge of his duties, than a faithful performance of the trust committed to him. No individual was removed from office on account of political opinions ; and when per- sons were recommended for appointment, it was not required to be stated, as a recommendation, that they had been warm supporters gf the dominant party. In all such cases, the man who was believed to be the best qualified was selected for the department. Having served as Postmaster-General during the remainder of Mr. Monroe's term, and throughout that of John Quincy Adams, Judge McLean was invited, by General Andrew Jackson, on the latter's occupation of the Chief Mag- istracy, to take charge of the War and Navy Departments, but, having declined each of these cabinet positions, he was afterwards offered a seat on the supreme bench, which he ac- cepted. He was appointed a judge of the United States Su- preme Court in 1829, entering upon the duties of his new office at the January term of 1830. Judge McLean's eminent fitness for this position was manifested by more than thirty years' service, during which period the jurisprudence of the country was enriched by the diligent labors of his energetic and cultivated mind. Some of his charges to grand juries, at important crises, were distinguished for their ability and eloquence — one of the ablest of these having been delivered in December, 1838, regarding unlawful military combinations by our citizens against foreign governments or peoples at peace with us — this charge having special reference to the Canadian insurrection and its abettors in the United States. At various times Judge McLean was suggested for the Presi- dency. Long identified, during the latter years of his life, with the party opposed to the extension of slavery, his name was before the Free-Soil convention at Buffalo, in 1848, as a candidate for the Presidential nomination ; and the reports of the supreme court with the reports of his decisions upon the circuit, were well said to form a monument of judicial fame, for which the honors of the Chief Magistracy of the Republic would have been a desirable exchange. In the Dred Scott case. Judge McLean dissented from the decision of the court, as given by Chief Justice Taney, and expressed the opinion that slavery had its origin merely in power, contrary to right, and, in this country, was sustained only by local law. The honorary degree of doctor of laws was conferred upon him by not only Harvard University, and the Wesleyan University, but by several other colleges and institutions of learning in the Western and Northwestern States. His published works io6 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. were; "Reports of the United States Circuit Court," 1829-42, two volumes, 8vo. ; a "Eulogy upon James Monroe," 1831, and occasional addresses, speeches, etc. Judge McLean was tall and well-proportioned in person, his appearance indica- ting great vigor of body and intellectual energy. His habits of life were always simple and unostentatious. Cheerful in temper, frank in manners, instructive and elegant in conver- sation, he possessed in a rare degree the faculty of inspiring confidence and warm attachment toward him in those who came within his influence, especially in young members of the bar, toward whom his kindness and courtesy were always extended. A professor of the Christian religion, he sought to regulate his public and private life in accordance with his faith, and by diligence, justice, and charity, exhibiting the consistency of religious principles and profession with the duties of a citizen, a lawyer, a statesman, and a judge. He died just at the beginning of the war of Secession. He had watched its approach with great concern, yet with confidence, in the power directing the threatened storm. He resided, during a part of his public life, on the farm which his father had settled upon as a pioneer, in Warren county, and which he owned after the latter's death, but, in later years, when in Ohio, his home was at Cincinnati. He was twice married. His first wife, Rebecca Edwards, daughter of Dr. Edwards, form- erly of South Carolina, died in December, 1840. His son, Nathaniel C, a native of Warren county, Ohio, was a prac- ticing attorney, and at the breaking out of the war of Seces- sion was commissioned colonel of the 75th Ohio. He served with ability throughout the war, participated in many of the important battles, and was promoted brigadier-general ia^ gallant services. LyTLE, William Haines, lawyer, soldier, and poet, was born at Cincinnati, November 2d, 1826, and killed in the battle of Chickamauga, Tennessee, September 20th, 1863. He was educated at the old Cincinnati College arid graduated in his sixteenth year. His poetical talent at an early period manifested itself, but he did not indulge it, as ^e found it interfered with his law study. Occasionally, hQvyr ever, he wrote verses, and, among those which he published, his "Antony and Cleopatra" among the earliest, and "The Drummer Boy" among the latest, served to establish his rep- utation as a poet. Inheriting the predilections of his father for a military life, his family urged him to study for the bar, and yielding to their desires he entered the office of his uricle E. S. Haines, Esq. During the following five years he not only studied law, but also the sciences, belles-lettres and the French and German languages, but upon the outbreak of the Mexican war, the military spirit of his family asserted itself, and, although not yet twenty-one, he entered the service as first lieutenant in the 2d Ohio infantry. He was soon after elected captain, and served with distinction throughout the war. At its close he returned to Cincinnati and entered into a law partnership with his uncle and Mr. Todd, his uncle's partner, under the firm name of Haines, Todd & Lytle, his talents, scholarship and brilliancy as an advocate, soon giving him a place in the foremost ranks of the legal profession of his native city. In 1852, he was by the democratic party elected to the Ohio legislature, and while there did not allow his reputation to diminish. Subsequently appointed major- general of the Ohio militia, an office previously held by his father, before surrendering that office the sword won by him in Mexico was drawn in defence of the Union, Although the party which had threatened the Union of the States was that of his family and his own choice, he felt that country was above party, and without delay responded to the call of the President. As major-general of the militia of Ohio, he was ordered to establish Camp Harrison, and, with the promptness and efficiency which had always characterized his move- ments, in twenty-four hours he had it ready for the recep- tion of troops. This was the first properly organized camp of instruction in the Western States. The colonelcy of the loth Ohio regiment of infantry having been offered him he accepted, and that regiment having been ordered into West Virginia, the following three months were spent in wearisome marchings in that rough country, during which his self-abne- gation and care for his men gained for him their affection. At the battle of Carnifex Ferry on the loth September, 1861, and in which he was wounded, he bore so distinguished a part that even the enemy in their account of this battle, ac- corded to him unusual praise. His wounds being severe, he was obliged to return home and remain under the care of physician and nurse until his restoration to health, when, in January, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the camp at Bardstown, Kentucky, at that time an important post, con- taining from ten to fifteen regiments. Having remained there until the following April, he was ordered to report at Huntsville, Alabama, and there placed in command of the 17th brigade of the 3d division of General Buell's army. Rejecting the propositions of his friends to at this time accept their nomination for Congress, for the reason that he consid- ered his true arena to be with his troops in the field, under orders on the 31st August, he evacuated Huntsville, and made the march to Louisville, Kentucky, with his command, then a division, in less time than his commanding general allowed for the movement, and without the loss of a wagon or an animal — General Buell pronouncing this "a masterly movement." After remaining three clays at Louisville, Gen- eral Buell's entire command rnarched in pursuit of that of General Bragg, and, on the 8th October, fought the battle of Perryville. Although the confederate leader directed his attack upon the troops of Colonel Lytle, his command nobly sustained themselves, and at first steadily drove the enemy back upon their supports. Being subsequently outnum- bered. Colonel Lytle sent twice to his commanding general for reinforcements, each time receiving the reply " Hold out as long as possible," and he heroically obeyed. The des- peration with which attack and defence were at this point sustained, was at no time or at any other point excelled dur- ing the war. But there is a limit to human endurance even in the bravest hearts. A bullet pierced the head of the brave colonel, and, as he thought mortally wounded him. At once his men rushed to bear him from the field. " Leave me, my men," said he; "you may do some good yet, but I can do no more. Here I must die." This wound, strange to say, did not prove fatal. Colonel Lytle and the men who would not leave him were taken prisoners, but recognizing his valour, the enemy shortly afterward paroled him, and he returned home to have his wounds healed. Here he was met by the following telegram from Secretary Stanton "Allow me to express my high estimation of your gallantry, and hope for your speedy recovery and restoration to your command, with appropriate rank." This telegram was soon followed by his commission as brigadier-general, and in February, 1863, he again took the field to join the army of General Rosecrans at Murfreesboro, and again withstood the desires of his friends BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 107 for his political preferment. On reaching Murfreesboro he was placed in command of the ist brigade of the 3d division of the 20th army corps, that which had previously been com- manded by General Sill. On the 5th August he was ordered to take the head of the corps in its advance upon the enemy concentrated at Chickamauga. On the 19th September he was ordered to place his brigade in position at Gordon's Mills in time to prevent the enemy crossing at that point. Here his command was completely isolated, when, at midnight, he received orders to march to the widow Glen's house, and there take position for defence. This he had accomplished by daylight, when the order arrived that he should on the double quick, march his brigade to the support of General Thomas. On receiving this order he remarked to his chief of staff; " It is a soldier's duty to obey, but we now march to certain death." He saw the inevitable result of the move- ment, but in no wise faltering, he abandoned the excellent position he had secured, formed his column and obeyed the order. General Wood's division having received similar orders, and an immense gap being thus formed in the Federal line of battle, the enemy poured through and furiously attacked the advancing column of General Lytle, who, at once forming his line for battle, met them nobly. A fearful fight ensued. General Lytle received four wounds, and yet, pale and bleeding his life away, he continued to inspire his men with fresh courage. A fifth shot passed through his head, when handing his sword to the aid who sprang forward, he thus indicated his resolve that it should not fall into the enemy's hands. A number of his faithful adherents then bore him from the scene of his death-wound, but before they reached a sheltered nook, all except one. Captain Howard Green, were stricken by the sharp fire the enemy directed upon them. Captain Green laid him on the turf under a tree, receiving the smile of his dying general as thanks, and then, folding his arms across his gallant breast. General Lytle resigned his soul to Him who gave it. His death was the occasion of mourning in Kentucky as well as in Ohio. Under a guard of honor, detailed from his first regiment, the loth Ohio, accompanied by several officers of his staff, his remains were brought to Cincinnati, and all along the route, even from the enemy's camp to his own home, they were accorded the highest respect. Laid in state in the court house twenty-four hours to receive the visits of the thousands who had known, loved and honored him, the next day the flags throughout the city at half-mast, and the public buildings draped in black, with all the school houses and most of the business houses closed, the bells tolled his funeral obsequies, and the city of his birth exhibited in this unmistakable man- ner her sorrow, as his remains were borne to their resting place at Spring Grove Cemetery. General Lytle never mar- ried. ThURMAN, Allen G., lawyer, jurist, and United States senator, was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, November 13th, 1813. His father. Rev. P. Thurman, and his mother, only daughter of Colonel Nathaniel Allen, father "of Gov- ernor William Allen, of Ohio, removed from Lynchburg to Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1819, and there our subject was edu- cated and resided, until he removed to Columbus, his pres- ent residence. He studied law with his uncle, William Allen, then United States Senator, and subsequently with Noah H. Swayne, now an associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. He was admitted to practice in 1835, and engaged and continued in practice until his elec- tion in 185 1 as a judge of the supreme court of Ohio. He was chief justice of that court from 1854 to 1856, when his term of service expired. He was elected to the Twenty-ninth Con- gress in 1844, ^rid served one term. In 1867 he was the democratic candidate for governor, and beaten by less than three thousand votes, although the republican majority the year previous numbered forty-three thousand. In January, 1868, he was elected a senator of the United States, and took his seat on the 4th March of the following year. In Jan- uary, 1874, he was reelected. In November, 1844, he mar- ried Mary, daughter of Walter Drew, of Fayette county, Kentucky. On retiring from the supreme bench, he resumed the practice of his profession at Columbus, and was engaged as counsel in the supreme court in many of the principal cases adjudicated by it. The " Ohio Reports,'' containing his decisions during the five years he was judge, had made his reputation as a sound lawyer and jurist, and his opinion on important legal questions was sought for and relied upon by attorneys practicing in the supreme court. He has always been a laborious student, and indefatigable in the thorough preparation of his cases. As a politician he is a democrat, and a leader in that party. While serving in the Twenty- ninth Congress he voted with the other Northern democrats for the "Wilmot Proviso," so-called, and by which slavery was carried into Texas, so far as the ordinance of 1787 sup- ported that institution. He was opposed to the repeal of the " Missouri Compromise," because he regarded the passage of that law a fair settlement of controverted issues, and in the exciting questions which came before that Congress he voted and advocated what he believed would conduce to the national welfare. The election for governor in 1867, and in which the negro suffrage question was the issue, brought him before the people prominently as the antagonist of that demand, and which he was, as a speaker, principally instru- mental in defeating. His well-known opposition to the doc- trine of secession and nullification caused him to be nomina- ted, in the democratic caucus of 1867, for United States sena- tor over Vallandigham by a vote of two to one. Though, until 1879, voting with the minority in the Senate, he was re- garded as the leader in that body of his party, and his re- election in 1874 was due in great measure to the fact that by his labors in 1873 ^^ took an active part in the campaign of that summer, and by which his uncle, ex-Senator Wilham Allen, was elected governor, while the State democratic ticket generally was defeated by in no case less than one thousand votes. The administration of President Grant, giving as it did, particularly during his second term, great dissatisfaction in Ohio, was taken advantage of by Mr. Thurman, and the result caused his name to be mentioned in connection with the democratic nominations at St. Louis in 1876, and subse- quently ; but the later conduct of the democratic party in Congress has caused a revulsion of feeling antagonistic to that party generally; and our subject, having openly sup- ported that conduct, has probably aided in destroying the domination of his party for many years to come. Instead of rebuking the assumptions of Southern democrats in the last Congress, he supported, or at least countenanced them, in a manner to distress his best friends out of Congress ; and the beginning of the political result has already been shown by the manner public opinion, in the matter of his promi- nence as a Presidential candidate in 1880, seems to have changed from that held in 1878. io8 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Coffin, Charles DuSTIN, lawyer and judge, was bom at Newburyport, Massachusetts, on the loth of Septem- ber, 1804. His parents were second cousins, both of the family name, and which is of Norman origin. Sir Richard Coffyn accompanied William the Conqueror to England in the year 1066, as an officer of his army. The first of the name in America was Tristram Coffyn. He emigrated from England and settled at Haverhill, Massachusetts, and his name is found as witness to the Indian grant of that town, March 15th, 1642. In 1647 he moved to Newbury where his son Tristram, junior, lived and died, while his father, with part of his family removed to Nantucket. A second son, Stephen, married Sarah Atkinson, while their youngest son, John, married the Hannah Dustin, who, in 1697 distinguished herself in a conflict with the Indians. This John Coffin and his wife Hannah were the great-grandparents of our subject, and hence his name of Dustin. In early hfe his father was an active busrness man in Newburyport, Massachusetts, but the war of 1812, which severely affected the fortunes of many of the families of the seaboard, proved disastrous to his pe- cuniary affairs, and soon after the conclusion of that war he moved West, settled in Columbiana county, Ohio, and after several years residence in that part of the State, removed to Alleghany City, Pennsylvania, where he died in 1850. His son, our subject, received the best education the common schools of the country then afforded, and at an early age, un- der the care of Professors Wampler, Campbell and others, prepared for and entered upon the study of law. First in the office of Judge J. M. Goodenow, in Steubenville, and subse- quently in tliat of Elderkin Potter in New Lisbon, he devoted himself with more than usual industry to the study of law and its practice in the courts of Ohio. At a session of the supreme court of Ohio, held at Canton, Stark county, he was, in September, 1833, admitted to practice, and opened an office in New Lisbon, with the result that he soon acquired a fair practice in Columbiana and some of the adjoining counties. In 1824 he married Miss Harriet Eliza, a daughter of Dr. Horatio L. Wooster of Knoxville, Jefferson county, Ohio, with whom he hved until her death in 1870. Distinguished for her domestic virtues, purity of character and love of friends that endeared her to all her acquaintances. To her husband she was all a wife could be, and cheered and en- couraged him in the earlier years of his professional career. In 1828 he was appointed clerk of the court of Columbiana county, and which office he held for several years, still " rid- ing the circuit." Under the constitution of 1802, before the appointment of clerk of the courts of a county could be made for the term of seven years, the applicant had to have the certificate of the supreme judges that he was qualified for the position. As matters of curiosity Judge Coffin has in his pos- session two of these certificates, one in the handwriting of Calvin Pease, as early as 1827, and the other in that of Peter Hitchcock, and signed by them and by Jacob Burnet, Joshua Collect and Ebenezer Lano, which he carefully preserves as specimens of the autography of those distinguished judges. In 1836 he was elected to Congress. At that time the district was. composed of the counties of Carroll and Columbiana, and was largely democratic. Previous to that, he had de- fended the election of John Quincy Adams as entirely legal, and also the course taken by Mr. Clay and his friends in for- warding that election, subsequently, under the administration of General Jackson, he was known among the most promi- nent and active \s\\\g% in the district. His prompt attention to business, his fairness in the discussion of the then very ex- citing political questions, his excellent character, and his uni- form courtesy and bearing had made him personally popular; and, although there still continued to be a large democratic majority in the district, Mr. Coffin was elected, although his opponent was a talented gentlemen and justly worthy of the place. On his way to Washington, the stage in which he traveled was upset in a rain-storm, the passengers drenched, and this accident caused him much physical suffering during the greater part of his term, during which he determined never again to accept a nomination. Possessed of a clearly judicial mind, he grew to dislike debate where the argument had no effect upon the decision, that being influenced by party views, no matter how opposed to the merits of the question. On the expiration of his term, as soon as his health per- mitted, he resumed the practice of the law. Great barristers, and there were many in those days in the old fifth circuit, inspired him with the ambition to be, if possible, a barrister in the best acceptance of that designation. He was also, during this time, and for several yeai's president of the Co- lumbiana Bank of New Lisbon. Having an excellent cashier, this did not interfere with his professional business, but, on the contrary extended and enlarged his general business knowledge and skill, and his sagacity in financial affairs. In 1842 he went to Cincinnati, and in May of that year formed a partnership with the late Judge John C. Wright and John L. Miner, taking the place of Judge Timothy Walker, who had been appointed judge of court of common pleas. Here he remained until by the legislature, in 1845, without intima- tion or foreknowledge on his part, he was elected a judge of the superior court of Hamilton county, for the term of seven years, to succeed Judge David K. Este, whose terra had ex- pired and who declined reelection. Judge Coffin's subse- qujnt services attested the wisdom of that choice. At that time the only courts in Hamilton county were the superior court, presided over by one judge, and the court of common pleas, having a presiding and three associate judges. Judge Coffin, having held the position of judge of the superior court two years, resigned, on account of the inadequacy of the salary, and, in partnership with his son-in-law, Thomas G. Mitchell, under the firm name of Coffin & Mitchell, re- sumed the practice of law. Both were strong business law- yers, masters of their profession, arid had as clients many of the first men in the city. Our limits will not permit those re- marks in which we would fain indulge in treating of the char- acter of so shining a mark as this subject presents, and wc must refer the reader to the reports of the circuit and supreme courts, where lasting monuments of his learning and industry will be found. In 185 1 the legislature of Ohio created a new court for Hamilton county, called the Superior Court of Cin- cinnati. Judges Storer, Gholson and Spencer were the first judges elected, but in 1861, Judge Spencer having by death vacated his office, without solicitation on the part of any friend or relative Governor Dennison appointed Judge Coffin to fdl the vacancy until the next election, and, so well did his ap- pointment meet popular approbation, he was unanimously chosen for the unexpired term. In the early summer of 1870, Judge Coffin went abroad for the first time. Ho passed some months in travel on the continent of Europe and in England, and late in the autumn returned to Cincinnati, and resumed the practice of th,^ law. February 28t'.i, 1880, and after buta few days' illness. Judge Coffin, while practicing law with his grandson, died, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. J* I7 P.IhijLjniErm-J.IIT c/^ (=7M-e»-ov^ ^"^^ ■ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 125 assigned to the department of the Ohio, and served for a few weeks as brigade commander under General Sherman, but after that, to the close of the war, he performed the service of a major-general, taking an active, honorable and distin- guished part in all the great battles in which the army of the Ohio or the army of the Cumberland was engaged, from the Ohio river to the siege of Atlanta. In the spring and sum- mer of 1862 he commanded a division in the Tennessee and Mississippi campaign, advanced through Tennessee to Pitts- burg Landing, and made a forced march to be present at the battle of Shiloh, reaching there with his command in time to join in the pursuit. He participated in the siege of Corinth, in May, 1862, and pressed heavily in the pursuit and dis- persing of Forest's brigade of rebel cavalry in the following August. Upon the organization of the army of the Ohio un- der General Buell, in the autumn of 1862, General Wood was placed in command of the 6th division, one of the largest in the department, under General Crittenden, corps commander, which command he retained under General Rosecrans when the latter superseded General Buell. At the memorable battle of Stone river, when the right wing and the center were driven back in confusion, and a part of the left wing demor- alized. General Wood's division, occupying the extreme left, repulsed the repeated attacks of the enemy in a most bril- liant manner, and maintained its ground to the close. This is made matter of especial mention by General Rosecrans in his report. Early in the day. General Wood was severely wounded, but did not leave the field till night put an end to the conflict. General Crittenden, in his official report of this action, said: "The country is deeply indebted to Generals Wood and Palmer for the sound judgment, skill and courage with which they managed their commands at this important crisis in the battle.'' In the fiercely-contested battle of Chick- amauga, in September, 1863, he occupied the most exposed position, and while both his corps commander and the com- manding general retreated from the field, in the belief that the battle was lost. General Wood remained with his brave men to the last hour, and aided in permanently beating back the exultant enemy. For his gallant and meritorious ser- vices at this battle, he was, in March, 1865, brevetted briga- dier-general in the regular army. The storming of Mission- ary Ridge, an almost impregnable fortress, by Generals Wood andSheridan, in November, 1863, was pronounced an achieve- ment unparalleled in the annals of war, while the long and laborious Atlanta campaign, replete with dangerous service, in which General Wood's division took a prominent and ac- tive part, stands out as a marvel in military history. At the battle of Nashville, in December, 1864, in the absence of Major-General Stanley, General Wood commanded the 4th corps, and led it in victorious assaults upon the army of Hood, and for these gallant and meritorious services he was, in March, 1865, brevetted major-general in the regular army. On all the historic battle-fields from Shiloh to Nashville, he was conspicuous for undaunted gallantry and signal ability in action, and for unswerving devotion to duty and careful attention to the wants of his men, both in camp and on the march. In May, 1865, he was made the recipient from his friends in Dayton, of a magnificent sword and belt, as a token of their high appreciation of his efficient service for the Union. During his continuance in active service, he was successively in command of the central district of Ar- kansas, the department of the Mississippi, and of the district of Mississippi, being commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau for that State. On September ist, 1866, he was mustered out of the volunteer service, and being subsequently pronounced physically incompetent to discharge the duties of his office, on account of wounds received in the ■ft'ar for the Union, he was retired June 9th, 1868, with the full rank of major- general, having been in the service of his country for twen- ty-three years. His record is that of a brave and faithful soldier, a discreet, gallant and intrepid officer, and his con- duct in the service and his reports to his superior officers, especially during the late Rebellion, were characterized by an unpretentious modesty that is not surpassed by anything of the kind in the history of the war. On November 29th, 1 861, he married Caroline, only daughter of the late Colonel James Greer, of Dayton. The issue of this union has been two sons. Piatt, John James, poet and journahst, was bom in Dearborn county, Indiana, March ist, 1835. ^he French family from which he has descended were Huguenots, who emigrated to the island of San Domingo during the early part of the last century. John Piatt, the great-great-grand- father of our subject, came thence to this country and settled in New Jersey, thirty-five or forty years before the Revolu- tionary war. At the beginning of that war, four of his five sons, including the eldest, William Piatt, and the youngest, Jacob Piatt, father of John H. Piatt, who was, over half a cen- tury ago, a leading citizen of Cincinnati, entered the army, and the two last named served until its close, each attaining the rank of captain, and both subsequently becoming original members of the Society of the Cincinnati. Captain William Piatt, several years later, raised a company of men in the neighborhood of Scotch Plains, or Plainfield, New Jersey, which was his home, for service against the Indians in the Northwest territory, and, joining the army of General St. Clair, at Fort Washington (now Cincinnati), was killed at St. Clair's famous defeat in November, 1791. Mr. Piatt's great-grand- father was, therefore, the first of the name to become associ- ated with the present metropolis, or identified with the State of Ohio. His younger brother, Jacob Piatt, the father of John H. Piatt, and grandfather of Donn, Jacob, Wykoff and Abram S. Piatt, came to Ohio later, and first settled at North Bend. Captain William Piatt's eldest son. Captain James Piatt, also raised a company of men in New Jersey at the outbreak of the second war with Great Britain, and remained in the ser- vice during its continuance. He is said to have commanded for a time a garrison on one of the islands in New York har- bor, and is believed to have been present at the battle of Plattsburg. Coming westward some years after the declara- tion of peace, in company with his second son, John* Bear Piatt, a native of New York, who is still living, he died in Kentucky, a few miles below Rising Sun, Indiana, where the son, then a very young man, subsequently made his home. At this place, in 1827, the latter married Emily Scott, a native of Philadelphia, whose father, John Scott, Irish by birth, by trade a printer, was one of the founders of the Ohio State Journal sX Columbus ; and at a village then known as James's Mills, upon Laughery Creek, about twelve miles north of Rising Sun, in Union township, Dearborn county, Indiana, John J. Piatt, as the eldest son of his parents, was born. His father was at that time engaged in business as .a small country merchant, a pursuit afterwards for a time associated with that of milhng. Between his birth-place and Rising Sun the childhood and early boyhood of our subject alternated 126 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. until he was nine years of age, when his father moved to Col- umbus, Ohio, and remained there and in that vicinity until the summer of 1856, when he removed his family to central Illi- nois. The son had his earliest education from books and na- ture before coming to Ohio. The first school-house he ever en- tered was one at Rising Sun, in which the late General Rich- ard S. Canby, a relative, also received his earliest training. At Columbus he had the benefit of various schools, including the High School, Capital University, and, it may be added, the printing office of his uncle, Charles Scott, who for many years published the leading whig paper there, already men- tioned, the Ohio State Journal. After two or three years' apprenticeship as a printer in his uncle's newspaper office, he entered Kenyon College, but did not graduate, leaving that institution with "little Latin and less Greek," in December, 1853. During two or three of the following seasons he taught an occasional country school in the neighborhood of his home, but in 1856 accompanied his father and family to Illi- nois, and remained with them about two years in the prairie country, a few miles northeast of Pana. In the fall of 1857 he published his earlier verses in the Louisville Journal, where they were praised by George D. Prentice, its editor. In October of the following year, Mr. Piatt went himself to Louisville, and was afterward for nearly two years associated in a private as well as distinctively editorial capacity with Mr. Prehtice, who became warmly attached' to him, in a friendship ceasing only with his life. In 1859, ^''- Piatt became a con- tributor to the Atlantic Monthly, Mr. Prentice having for- warded to Professor Lowell, its editor, some of his young associate's verses, with a note saying that if they were pub- lished he did not doubt they would be attributed to some of the already famous American poets, notwithstanding their peculiar originality of thought and tone. One of these pieces was "The Morning Street," which, published in March, 1859, was copied in many newspapers which attributed it to both Mr. Longfellow and Mr. Emerson. In January, i860, Mr. Piatt published, in connection with W. D. Howells — a friend whom he had first met, long before, in his uncle's printing office — his first volume, entitled "Poems of Two Friends," which was somewhat widely commented on and praised for an early Western book of verse. In June, 1861, Mr. Piatt married Sarah Morgan Bryan, a native of Kentucky — a young lady of remarkable poetical genius, whose two or three volumes of poems since published have received very high praise. Before his marriage, Mr. Piatt had received an ap- pointment from Salmon P. Chase in the Treasury Department at Washington, and made his home there until the summer of 1867, when, resigning his place, he returned to Ohio. Dur- ing his residence at Washington he published his second volume, "The Nests at Washington, and other Poems," New York, 1864, — a part of the contents being from the pen of Mrs. Piatt; and "Poems in Sunshine and Firelight," Cin- cinnati, 1866. After moving to Ohio, Mr. Piatt was editorially associated for a year with the Cincinnati Evening Chronicle, and, later, with the Cincinnati Commercial . He is still an oc- casional writer of literary articles and correspondence for the latter. Since his removal to Ohio he has published three volumes — "Western Windows, and other Poems, " New York, i86g; "Landmarks, and other Poems," New York, 1872, and "Poems of House and Home," Boston, 1879. The first includes nearly all the pieces written by himself contained in the previous volumes, which it would seem he cared to preserve. Each of these last published books, al- though neither can be said to have been popularly successful, received high praise from critics of authority at home and abroad. In addition to an extended recognition of them by the English critical authorities, quite a number of Mr, Piatt's poems have been translated and published in Germany; and several years ago a volume of his translated poems was announced for publication in that country. Mr. Piatt's home is at North Bend, oh a part of the place formerly belonging to General William Henry Harrison, but for five years, be- ginning with 1870, he resided each winter, and during the sessions of Congress, at Washington, holding the office of librarian of the House of Representatives — a position from which he was removed by the new administration of the House in December, 1875. Mr. and Mrs. Piatt have a family of interesting children ; but they had the great sorrow of losing their eldest son, Alfred Victor, a gentle and promising boy ten years old, by an unhappy accident some years ago. StANBERY, Henry, lawyer, and, from 1866 to 1868 Attorney-general of the United States, was born in the city of New York, February 20th, 1803, the son of Jonas Stah- bery, a physician of the old school. Educated in a select school he moved with his father and family to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1 8 14. Having spent a year in preparing to do so, he entered Washington College, Pennsylvania, in 181 5, and in the fall of 1819 graduated. Returning home, he went to Lancaster and there began to study law in the office of Ebenezer Granger, who dying, caused such study to be transferred to the office of Charles B. Goddard at Zanesville. The usage then preventing a student at law from graduating before he had attained the age of twenty-one years, Mr. Stanbery was not admitted to practice until 1824, when, being examined, he was admitted to the bar by the supreme cogrt then sitting at Gallipolis, and commenced practice at Lan- caster, where he was by Hon. Thomas Ewing invited to take up his residence. In 1846, the legislature of Ohio, created the office of attorney-general of the State, and at once elected Mr. Stanbery to fill it, which he did for five years. In 1853 he removed to Cincinnati, where he continued the practice of his profession with the like success and general acceptance that had marked its course during those years he had practiced it in Lancaster. In 1850 he was a member of the Constitutional convention, and in 1866 was nominated by President Johnson to the supreme bench of the United States, but the passage of a law by Congress, limiting the number of judges, prevented this nomination from being acted upon by the Senate. Therefore President Johnson ap- pointed Mr. Stanbery Attorney-general of the United States, and this position he held until 1868 when he resigned, to become one of the counsel employed by the President to de- fend him in his impeachment trial. The trial over he was subsequently reappointed but not confirmed by the Senate to the cabinet position he had occupied previous to his resigna- tion of it. He then returned to Cincinnati and resumed the practice of law in the United States courts of southern Ohio and in the supreme court of the United States ; and although more or less so employed for fifty-five years, he still continues to pass from his home in Highlands, Campbell county, Ken- tucky, opposite Cincinnati, to his office in the latter city quite regularly. Being one of but a few men who have attained his high rank in the profession, he has ever been a persistent law student, while his private and professional habits have been models of deportment. He never undervalues an ad- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 127 versary, nor allows his attention to the whole case in hand to flag. Logical, perspicacious and forcible, his briefs are ever up to the professional standard of the tribunal they are sub- mitted to. He appears to great advantage before court and jury, his person being tall and straight, his voice mild yet clear, and his manners courteous and dignified. His adroit- ness in the investigation of facts, and in supporting his case with the law, cannot be excelled ; while his defence never fails to heighten the interest on behalf of his client. He attributes much of his ability in these matters to his years of inter- course and strife with the late Hon. Thomas Ewing, as the leader of the Lancaster bar. And this is very reasonable, for, like athletes, lawyers develop each other. Mr. Stanberys private life has corresponded with his public life, and lifted him to the highest plane of public estimation. An Episco- palian in religious communion. He married twice: first, Frances, daiighter of Philemon Beecher of Lancaster, and last, Cecilia, daughter of William Key Bond of Cincinnati. The children of his first marriage were Philemon Beecher, George, (a resident of Lexington, Kentucky,) and Frances, the wife of Francis Avery, of San Francisco. Mr. Stanbery has acquired such a competence as would enable him to withdraw from practicing his profession, but, with the belief that it is more pleasurable to wear out than to rust out, he will, doubtless, as long as his fine constitution permits, work on, as did his former perceptor, Charles B. Goddard, and, like him, will meet the great destroyer almost at his desk, and in harness. Goddard, Charles Backus, a lawyer, was bom October 6th, 1796, at Plainfield, Connecticut, and died at Zanesville, Ohio, February ist, 1864. He was the son of Calvin Goddard, who was a judge of the supreme court of that State, and a member of the Hartford convention, and Alice Hart Goddard, the daughter of Rev. Levi Hart, a Con- gregational minister. Charles B. Goddard was graduated at Yale College in 18 14, at the age of eighteen. He studied law with his father, then living at Norwich, Connecticut, came to Ohio in 1817, and, by the advice of the late David Putnam, of Harmar, fixed his residence at Zanesville, when, June 6th, 1820, he married Harriet, oldest daughter of Daniel Convers. Her grandparents, maternal "as well as paternal, were members of the Ohio company which landed at Mari- etta, April 7th, 1788. Mr. Goddard was several times elected to the legislature, and served in the senate and house of representatives of the State. He preferred his profession, however, to public life, and continued in its practice until one week before his death. In politics he was a whig, and a great admirer, as well as a warm personal friend, of Henry Clay. A member of the Episcopal church, he often repre- sented his parish in diocesan, and his diocese in general, conventions. He was a descendant of Lord Bacon, "the greatest, wisest, meanest of mankind; ■ but he was proud of an ancestor whose name was Goddard, who was a soldier of the commonwealth, and served faithfully under Cromwell. In the margin of the genealogical history of the family are written, by his own hand, opposite the name of that ances- tor, these words : " He fought in the name of liberty, for which I, his remote descendant, revere his memory." Mr. Goddard's long professional career was a very busy and ar- duous one, and characterized by so high a degree of fidelity to his clients as amounted to devotion. The marked excess of this confined him more to a local field of effort than his great ability as a lawyer, and especially as an advocate, would otherwise have warranted. His strong attachment to his home and to his people so repressed his ambition for gen- eral fame, that he did not frequently^appear where national distinction would, had he done so, have come to him. When opportunity did arise, which he rarely had leisure from home engagements to seize, he never stood second in any forensic contest. He was the associate and compeer of such men of Ohio as the elder Ewing, Corwin, Vinton, Stanbery, Chase and Hunter, and his name is fully entitled to a place on the same list with theirs. He thus belonged to a small class of able men in Ohio, who were thoroughly learned in the law, as a science, and who, by reason of the modern attempts to simplify the practice, so as to bring it within the reach of the uncultivated, have not a succession equal to them in the pro- fession. The Ohio Supreme Court Reports bear many hand- marks of his professional work, conspicuous for learning and research ; and which gave him decided prominence among the few who established the law in the earlier and forming days of the State. But his especial field was the bar, where as an advocate he was brilliant and unsurpassed, being dis- tinguished as a graceful and elegant speaker, and a powerful logician and debater. On many an occasion, in the earlier days referred to, before the hurry which characterizes all business of the recent time had generated the custom, even in courts, of cutting instead of untying the knots of logic, his participation in combats of argument, wherein he was never rated below the giants of his profession, will be re- membered by those who witnessed it; and in many a county court-house in those times battles took place in which all but the intellectual giants went down. It is difficult to portray such scenes without appearance of exaggeration, but the re- maining witnesses of them will not so regard the above pre- sentation. In all public measures of his time, that looked to the advancement of his State or community, Mr. Goddard was a zealous cobperator. He was the counsellor of many of the leading practical men of Ohio, who set on foot and erected the great public works of the State ; and his advice and participation gave life to several of the most important of them, especially the Ohio canal, the Muskingum river slack-water improvement, the Zanesville and Maysville (Ken- tucky) turn-pike, the Central Ohio Railroad, and the Cincin- nati, Wilmington and Zanesville, now called the Muskingum Valley, Railroad. He had given much attention to military science, and had decided taste for militai-y tactics which, with his fine intellect and commanding personal influence, would have qualified him for conspicuous military service ; but his health had begun to decline before the Rebellion broke out, and he was unable to lead to the field the thou- sands who would have been proud to follow him. This was a matter of exceeding regret to him, but he never failed to lift up his voice for the perpetuation of the Union. He was frequently offered much higher official position than he ever occupied, but did not accept public office except in his early life. He preferred his profession, and to be a steady worker in it. He had several opportunities to take a seat on the su- preme bench of the State, but always declined. His faithful personal attachment to Mr. Clay might have attracted him from the bar into the field of statesmanshipi in case of the election of his friend to the Presidency ; but after the defeat of Mr. Clay, Mr. Goddard never took an active part in political contests, though he was a devoted whig to the end of that party's existence as an organization. After that he voted 128 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. with the republicans, but never had much hking for the new party. He never could excuse Mr. Chase for accepting his first election to the Senate, and criticised with great severity all such coalitions as the one which produced that election ; and it may be remarked of the prominent whig leaders of the West, that the most of them never became quite recon- ciled to the abandonment of their party, or to any of the combinations that brought about that result. His ideas and motives were always upright, and his aims straightforward. He scorned to be successful by indirection. Like the great Kentuckian, he "would rather be right than be President." Mr. Goddard practiced law in partnership with C. C. Convers. KeIFER, Joseph Warren, lawyer, soldier and legislator, of Springfield, Ohio, was born on Mad river, Clark county, Ohio, January 30th, 1836. His father, Joseph Keifer, who was born at Sharpsburg, Maryland, February 28th, 1784 (died, Clark county, Ohio, April 13th, 1850), was a civil engi- neer and farmer. His mother (Mary Smith) was born on Duck creek, now in Hamilton county, Ohio, January 30th, 1799, and died at Yellow Springs, Ohio, March 23d, 1879. He was educated at the public schools and at Antioch Col- lege; labored on a farm, and taught a term of school in 1853. He read law on a farm until the autumn of 1856, when he entered the law office of Anthony & Goode, Spring- field, and was admitted to practice January 12th, 1858. He successfully practiced law in Springfield until he enlisted in the army, April 19th, 1861. April 27th he was commissioned major of the 3d Ohio volunteer infantry, for three months, and June 12th, 1861, for three years. Major Keifer partici- pated in the battle of Rich Mountain, July nth, 1861, the first of the war, and was the same year in engagements at Cheat Mountain and Elk Water, Virginia. In November, with his regiment, he joined Buell's army in Kentucky, and there spent the winter following. February 12th, 1862, he became lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, and was at the capture of Bowling Green, Nashville and Huntsville, and in the engagement at Bridgeport, Alabama, April 29th. He led the first expedition (May ist) into Georgia, destroyed the saltpetre works at Nick-a-Jack Cave, and made some cap- tures. With Buell's army he returned to Louisville, Ken- tucky, where he accepted, September 30th, 1862, the colonelcy of the I loth Ohio infantry, then in camp in Ohio; and, in October, having joined General Milroy's division in West Virginia, there commanded a brigade and the post at Moore^ field. January, 1863, he reached Winchester, Virginia, and was twice wounded in battle at that place, in June, 1863. He joined the army of the Potomac, 3d army corps, July 9th, 1863, and was in the pursuit of Lee's army, and engaged at Wapping Heights, July 23d, 1863. In August, 1863, he went with Western troops to enforce the draft and suppress riots in New York city and Brooklyn, and returned in September. He bore a prominent part in the battle of Mine Run, Novem- ber 27th, 1863, and in other minor affairs that year. March 24th, 1864, he was transferred to the 6th army corps. At the battle of the Wilderness, May 5th, he was wounded by a musket ball, shattering both bones of his left fore-arm, which disabled him until August 26th, when he again, at Harper's Ferry, resumed command of his brigade (2d brigade, 3d division, 6th army corps), and with his arm still in a sling, fought in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, in the Shenandoah valley. At Opequan he was wounded by a shell, but not disabled, and his horse was shot under him. At Fisher's Hill he, without orders, with his command successfully assaulted the fortified left flank of the enemy, and captured many prisoners and guns. At Cedar creek, October 19th, he commanded the 3d division, 6th army corps, and distinguished himself for energy and gallantry, for which he was bre vetted a brigadier -general. With his corps, in December, he rejoined the army of the Potomac in front of Petersburg, and, being posted on the left of the fortified line, was there actively engaged. March 25th, 1865, he led a successful assault upon the enemy's outer line of works, and was complimented in general orders; and April 2d he charged, with his division, in the final assault which carried the main works and resulted in the capture of Petersburg and Richmond. April 5th, at Jetersville, his command aided in cutting off the retreat of Lee's army, and forced it the next day to give battle at Sailor's creek, in which battle, after much preliminary fight- ing, a singularly successful charge was made by a portion of the 6th corps. The enemy were strongly posted on heights near a swollen stream, through which, with water to their arm-pits, the men charged in battle-line, and fought their way up the heights until, by a counter-charge, the enemy broke the centre. Notwithstanding this, the wings (General Keifer commanding on the left,) were forced forward, and closed around the enemy's flanks, when above six thousand surrendered, including Generals Ewell, Kershaw, Custis Lee, Picket, and other officers. Immediately succeeding this des- perate conflict. General Keifer was the principal actor in an affair which nearly cost him his life. While assisting the reformation of troops, information reached him that a body of the enemy was concealed in a woods on his right. This he did not fully credit, but rode into the woods to reconnoitre in person, where, after proceeding a short distance, to his surprise he came suddenly upon confederate troops lying on the ground, evidently ignorant of the surrender that had just taken place. The approaching night, together with the density of the woods and smoke of battle, saved him from instant identification. To hastily attempt to withdraw would have led to his recognition and probable death. The idea of surrender did not occur to him. He resorted to a ruse. In a loud tone he gave the comand, "Forward!" and waved his sword towards the recent scene of battle. This com- mand was promptly obeyed ; the faster he moved the faster the enemy followed, until all reached the edge of the woods, where the belter light enabled them to see his uniform, when instantly a number of muskets were leveled at him, and but for the prompt command, " Don't fire /" by the confederate commander, who rushed forward, striking up the guns, he must have fallen. General Keifer, amid the confusion, dashed away at full run to his own command, and caused it to charge forward, and, leading the advance, he demanded and received the surrender of the whole body of men, who proved to be a marine brigade, little used to land service, commanded by Commodore J. R.Tucker, since chief-admiral of the Peruvian navy. Captain John D. Semmes and about thirty-five other officers also capitulated. Tucker and Semmes each claimed to have saved his life. General Keifer after- ward, as an act of gratitude, used his influence to obtain the parole of these officers, who, having deserted the United States navy, were not entitled, under the orders, to parole. He joined in the pursuit and capture of Lee's army, and was brevetted major-general " for gallant and distinguished ser- vices during the campaign ending in the surrender of the BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 129 insurgent commander, General R. E. Lee." He went with his corps South to aid in the capture of Johnson's army in North Carolina, and learning at Danville of its contemplated surrender, he, with a portion of his staff, pushed across the country fifty miles to witness it. He left the army June 27th, 1865, and resumed the practice of law in Springfield, Ohio. On the unsolicited recommendations of Generals Grant and Meade he was appointed, November 30th, 1866, lieutenant- colonel, 26th United States infantry, which appointment he dechned. He was in the Ohio senate in 1868-69 ; was com- mander of the department of Ohio, Grand Army of the Republic, 1868-70; was vice-commander-in-chief of that organization, 1872-73; was a trustee of the Ohio Soldiers' Orphans' Home from 15th, 1870, to March 5th, 1878— an institution that, while department commander of the society named, he was chiefly instrumental in establishing. He has been a trustee of Antioch College since June, 1873; has been president of the Lagonda National Bank, Springfield, Ohio; was a delegate at large from Ohio to the national republican convention at Cincinnati, June, 1876, and was elected in 1876, and again in 1878, to Congress, as a repub- lican. He married Miss Eliza Stout, of Springfield, March 22d, i860, who, with four children, still survives. McCOOK, Robert L., the fourth son of Major Dan- iel McCook, was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, Decem- ber 28th, 1827. A strong and healthy child, he was, on arriving at suitable age sent to school until he was fifteen years old, and then taken into his father's office as deputy clerk of Carroll county court, and found to be fully compe- tent for the position. Grave in manner, even as a lad, he was sober beyond his years, judicious in conduct, and devo- ted to work. Practice in the office familiarized him with forms of law, and led him to desire to study for that profession. Hon. Ephraim R. Eckley consented to direct his studies, and did so for some time, but the family removing to Steuben- ville, he there completed his legal course in the office of the notable firm of Messrs. Stanton & McCook, and began prac- tice under their auspices. In a short time he was admitted to practice before the supreme court of the United States, and came eventually to be known as one of the hard-working and rising lawyers of the State. After removing to Colum- bus and practicing his profession there for a time, he finally settled in Cincinnati, where his standing enabled him to form a partnership with Judge Stallo, one of the principal German lawyers in the city, and the firm of Stallo & McCook soon had all the business it could transact. Here the war of the Rebellion found him. His partnership with Judge Stallo gave him influence with the Germans, who were ready to enlist, and they at once selected him as colonel of their first regi- ment. He knew nothing of military matters, but they had plenty of experienced officers among their number who had sufficient of that kind of knowledge. They wanted for col- onel a man whom they could trust, and whose standing with the authorities would secure them from the annoyance their ignorance of the English language, and, as citizens of foreign birth, they would probably otherwise meet with. In conse- quence he was commissioned colonel of the first German regiment given by Ohio to the Government, April 28th, 1861, and which regiment was numbered as the 9th Ohio regiment of volunteer infantry. It went to Camp Dennison, and there soon became noticed as the regiment that made no com- plaints, its colonel having a strict regard for the wants of his men ; and while they were kept drilling he devoted himself to their comfort, saw to their supplies, the condition of their camp, and the wants of their sick. The spirit of the regi- ment was thus strongly maintained when the question of the prospective three years' enlistment was disintegrating every other command in the camp. The men of the 9th Ohio promptly reenlisted, and their colonel had the satisfaction of leading them, well drilled, perfectly equipped, and in the best of spirits, among the first of the three year regiments, into West Virginia. Subsequently the life of Colonel Robert L. Mc- Cook was identified with the movements of his regiment. At the action with Floyd, at Carnifex Ferry, it was by its col- onel led, with especial gallantry, right under the eye of the commanding general himself Colonel "McCook called his regiment his " Bully Dutchmen," and saw to it that they wanted for nothing. Supplies, clothing, pay, transportation, everything was promptly supplied in abundance to Colonel McCook's command. Where his wagons came from nobody knew, but his regiment generally had twice as many as any other. Noticing this. General Rosecrans issued an order to have all extra transportation turned over to his staff quarter- master. McCook cheerfully complied, as promptly as any of the other colonels, but while they were cut down to barely regulation supply, his regiment in a few days had double as many, and his "Bully Dutchmen" were the envy of the whole command. Commissioned a brigadier-general, he was at once assigned to the command of an excellent brigade of Buell's army of the Ohio, but he insisted that his old 9th reg- iment must have a place in it, and it did. After the long de- lay in Kentucky followed the rapid movements that culmina- ted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battles of Pitts- burgh Landing and Shiloh, and in these and the skirmishes that varied the monotony of Halleck's advance on Corinth, General McCook's command took such part as raised him in the esteem of his superiors. From the outset he had counted too much on his robust constitution, and really not in vain, but at last camp dysentery prostrated him. His surgeon urged him to proceed to the general hospital at Nashville, and there remain in quiet until his digestive organs were re- stored to their normal condition of health, but he refused to leave his troops. A camp cot was fitted into an ambulance, and, reclining on this, he was driven about with his brigade, while continuing to direct its movements. This was the time when rebel raids were frequent in Tennessee. John Morgan had suddenly burst into Kentucky, and was passing through that State like a hurricane, leaving a swarth of death and rapine in his rear. Points between Nashville and Halleck's army were threatened by other rebel raiders, and the division of which McCook's command formed a brigade, was ordered from Athens, Alabama, to Decherd, Tennessee. Even yet there was opportunity for him to take his surgeon's advice and go into hospital at Nashville, but he persisted in accom- panying his men as we have described. August 5th, 1862, he started, as he did the day before, in his ambulance in the center of his brigade. At a point where two roads met, the officer leading the march mistook the right road, and when General McCook arrived there, he halted the column and turned its head in the proper direction. The headquarters train was now, however, in the way, and to clear it he or- dered his ambulance to be driven slowly ahead, expecting to have it speedily overtaken by the troops. Then he became occupied looking about for a good camping-ground, sending one party of his guard ahead and another to the right for 13° BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. that purpose. Thus it was he was left unprotected, when a party of some forty partisan rangers, and sixty of the 4th Alabama cavalry, who had been all day lying in wait for a train, opened fire upon the men of the guard who had just left the general. At once divining the nature of the attack, he ordered the few remaining members of the escort to keep back the assailants if possible, while the ambulance was driven at full speed back to the advancing brigade. The at- tacking party could see, as the curtains were rolled up, that- it contained only a sick man and an unarmed attendant, but they nevertheless directed a sharp fire upon it. General Mc- Cook, seeing the impossibility of escape, ordered the driver to run his horses against the bank beside the road, and held up his hands in token of surrender. Three shots were fired after this, one of them from the carbine of Captain Frank Gurley, as his name was subsequently discovered to be, that struck the general in the side, giving him his death-wound. Afterward a score of weapons were leveled at him, but Cap- tain Hunter Brooke, of his staff, prevailed on them not to fire into a sick and wounded man, while the general himself exclaimed that he was already mortally wounded. He lin- gered in great agony until the following day, when, after giving a detailed account of the attack to those about him, and directing that his horses should be divided between his brothers Alexander and Daniel, and his other property given to his mother, on the 6th August, about noon, he expired. What this noble soldier might have become, it is vain to conjecture. It is enough for his fame, that ever in the path of duty he was from a sick bed striving to direct the move- ments of his brigade, when he was murdered by men who had not the excuse of knowing that it was the commander of the brigade they had discovered, for no insignia of his rank were visible, he being simply dressed in his underclothing, reclining on the cot, as we have described. No officer was ever more beloved by the soldiers of his command, while the city of his adoption has perpetuated his memory by placing a granite statue of him in its beautiful cemetery. TORRENCE, George Paul, judge, was born of Scotch-Irish parents, February i6th, 1782, in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, and died August 27th, 1855, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Having acquired a rudimentary education at the local com- mon schools, he entered and graduated at the Canonsburg College, Pennsylvania, afterward^ studying law in the office of Judge Kennedy at Pittsburgh, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1806. The field for energy and enterprise presented in western Ohio so attracted him that he at once started to Cin- cinnati, where he readily procured employment in the gov- ernment land-office, then under the control of General James Findlay. In 1812, he raised a company of volunteers, and took part in the military operations against the British and In- dians on the north-western frontier. Subsequently he was elected a member of and served one term in the Ohio senate. Havingmeanwhile, it is presumed, turned his attention to and been actively engaged in his profession, he was elected judge of the court of common pleas of Hamilton county, and served as such for two terms of seven years each — from i8i9to 1833. After the expiration of his second term on the bench. Judge Torrence served three terms of two years each as treasurer of Hamilton county. As a judge, he became extensively and favorably known for his strong common-sense views, rather than for a profound knowledge of the law, justice seeming to be his sole aim. He gained and retained the confidence of the people, and at a meeting of the bar, held on the occasion of his death. Judge Bellamy Storer referred to the remarkable fact that none of his decisions had ever been reversed by a higher court, although he performed the functions of his office before the decisions of other judges in the local courts were preserved, and regarded as precedents in important cases. His judgment was seldom at fault, his attention was unwav- ering, his perception was acute, while his decisions were terse, easy of comprehension, and at the same time tempered with mercy. Apart from the duties of the public offices mentioned above. Judge Torrence took a lively interest in all movements looking to the growth and prosperity of Cincinnati. He, with Judge Storer and others, organized the "Protection Party," to guard property during fires, becoming its presi- dent, and he was largely instrurnental in procuring the right of way for the Little Miami Railroad, the first in Ohio. For a number of years he was treasurer of the Ohio Medical Col- lege, and devoted much time to its interest. He was a fast friend of all educational movements, believing the education of the people the best safeguard for our republican form of government. Without being a member of any reUgious sect. Judge Torrence inclined to the Presbyterian forms and doctrines, and, never strictly a politician, he always voted as a whig. His social qualities were of a high order, and, united with his unswerving integrity of character, caused him to be held in general esteem. Judge Torrence married Mary B. Findlay, of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, February 12th, 1 8 1 1 , who bore him thirteen children, three of whom died while quite young, and the rest attained their majority. Of these four sons and two daughters survive in 1879 — James F., John F., Aaron, William J., Nancy B., and Harriet, wife of Hugh Stewart. James F. Torrence was born August 22d, 1814. He had entire charge of the Hamilton county treasury under his father, and afterwards engaged in business as a for- warding and commission merchant. He was in 1855 elected president of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, of which he was one of the originators, and from which in 1877 he received the highest honor it can confer — honorary life mem- bership. He was at the same time president of the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association which he had assisted to organize. He took a prominent part in local whig politics during the Fillmore campaign ; afterwards was active in the Native American movement, and later was a democrat. He married, October 7th, 1841, Miss Ann R. Findlay, of Balti- more, Maryland, a niece of General James Findlay, and had eight children, five of whom — Jane, George, James, Eliza- beth, and Joseph survived. His brother, John F. Torrence, was born May 24th, 1819, at Cincinnati, and educated in the Seminary, which afterwards became Farmers' College. About 1840 he entered actively into politics, and in the same year became a member of the Cincinnati common council. In 1867 he was elected to the State senate, and before his term expired was chosen mayor of Cincinnati. In 1862 he was elected canal commissioner of Ohio, serving three years, when he retired to private life. Garfield, James Abram, soldier and statesman, was born November 19th, 1831, at Orange, Cuyahoga county, Ohio. He is the son of Abram Garfield, a member of an old Massachusetts family, who was among the first settlers m Orange township, where he died in 1833, leaving a family of four children, of whom, James A., was the youngest, bemg then less than two years old. The family were only kept BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 131 together by the industry, energy and courage of the widowed mother. At the age of fourteen he learned the carpenter's trade, and two years later he served as boatman on the Ohio canal. Possessed from an early age with an earnest desire for study, he had obtained such an education as was afforded by the district school, and at the age of seventeen he entered upon a higher course of study, first at the Geauga Seminary at Chester, Ohio, and then at the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, Ohio, in which he became an assistant teacher. In 1854 he entered WiUiams College, Massachusetts, where he graduated two years later. After graduating he was chosen professor of ancient languages and literature at Hiram College, and the following year became principal of that institution, which, under his vigorous management, was raised to a high stand- ard of usefulness and popularity. In 1856 he identified him- self with the republican party, and so impressed were the people with his earnestness and ability that, in 1859, he was elected to the Ohio senate, being at that time the youngest member of that body. When the war of the Rebellion began he worked hard in organizing the 42d regiment of Ohio volunteers, of which he was made colonel. In Decem- ber, 1861, he was ordered with his regiment to eastern Ken- tucky, and was placed in command of the i8th brigade of the army of the Ohio. He conducted a successful winter's cam- paign, and in recognition of his services. President Lincoln promoted him to the rank of brigadier-general. General Garfield now joined the army of General Buell, commanded the 20th brigade at Shiloh, and participated in the subsequent operations around Corinth, Decatur and Huntsville, Alabama. In 1863 he was assigned to the army of the Cumberland, under General Rosecrans, by whom he was made chief of staff, and participated in all the engagements of that army in middle and southern Tennessee. At Chickamauga he dis- tinguished himself for ability and bravery, and was promoted to the rank of major-general. Here his military career closed, and he resigned his commission in December, 1863, to take his place in the House of Representatives of the Thirty- eighth Congress, having been elected from the nineteenth Ohio congressional district. During his first term he served on the committee of mihtary affairs, and during his second, on the committee of ways and means. In the Fortieth Con- gress he was chairman of the military committee, and, in the Forty-first Congress, he was chairman of the committee on banking and currency. In the Forty-second Congress he was made chairman of the committee on appropriations. With all his laborious regular committee work, he did much extra service upon special committees , making at one time a thorough examination of the affairs of the printing bureau of the Treasury Department, and at another presiding over an inquiry into the gold panic of 1870. As a financier. Gen- eral Garfield was prominently recognized, and an able speech on currency and finance, made by him in 1868, procured him the distinction of an election as an honorary member of the Cobden Club of London. He was a strenuous opponent of inflation and repudiation, and a constant advocate of the payment of the national debt, and for a return to specie pay- ment. In connection with his heavy public labors, he found time to devote himself to a course of legal reading, after which he was, in 1861, admitted to practice in the supreme court of Ohio, and in. 1 866 to the bar of the supreme court of the United States. He is a man of a wide range of studies, of taste and thought, exercises great patience in the accumula- don of facts, and exhibits skill in generalization and devel- opment of principles. In the field of statesmanship few men in Congress has at command a larger force of systematized knowledge. As a public speaker he is forcible and elegant, and has few equals ; while on the lecture platform his weighty thought and chaste language have made him a favorite. He married, in 1858, Miss Lucretia Randolph, of Hiram, Portage county, Ohio. A member of the Christian { Disciples) church, he was while a teacher in Hiram College, a frequent and favorite speaker in the pulpit of that denomination. In 1878 he was returned to the Forty-sixth Congress, being his seventh continuous reelection as a member of the House of Representatives, in which he is the acknowledged leader of the republican party, now in opposition. Babbitt, Henry S., M. D., assistant auditor of the State of Ohio, was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, De- cember 1st, 1826, and educated in the public schools of that city. He studied medicine at Northampton, teaching school to meet his expenses, as is the custom with many of the New England youths, and graduated at the Berkshire Medical College in 1848. At the age of twenty-one he was elected secretary of the Berkshire Medical Association, and a mem- ber of the Massachusetts Medical Society the same year. In 1849 he discharged the duties of city physician of Lowell under Abner H. Brown, and in the autumn of that year com- menced business in the then new manufacturing town of Holyoke. In 1850 he was elected town treasurer, and shortly afterward by President Fillmore appointed its postmaster. In 1853 he went to New York City and was at once appointed assistant secretary of the Crystal Palace Association, with- charge of the agricultural department of the World's P'air while the exposition existed. He wag, one of the con- tributors to " Putnam's Illustrated Record of the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations," and during the same year he wrote the history of reaping machines from the earliest date, and which history was published as a series of articles in the Scientific American. In 1854 Dr. Babbitt removed to Newark, Ohio, to fill an engagement for five years with the company owning the Newark Machine Works, was secretary of the Newark Horticultural Society, and the first year of the civil war found him yet engaged with the Newark Machine Works Company. The president of that company, Geo. B. Wright, Esq., having been appointed Quartermaster-general of Ohio, Dr. Babbitt was engaged to assist in his office, and, shortly afterward, sent with an expedition to General J. D. Cox at Gauley Bridge, Virginia, and there commissioned by Governor Dennison as lieutenant and regimental quarter- master to equip the 21st regiment of Ohio volunteer infantry. While thus engaged he was appointed post commissary at Camp Dick Robinson, Kentucky, in November, 1861, and in January, 1862, assigned by General George H. Thomas to duty on his staff as division commissary of subsistence. In April following, while lying sick near Pittsburgh Landing, Ten- nessee, he was relieved and appointed senior aide-de-camp by General Thomas, and served that beloved friend and commanding officer in that capacity until appointed to a position in the office of the Secretary of the Treasury at Wash- ington, in the following November. While in the latter posi- tion he wrote for the committee on the conduct of the war the " History of the Intercourse with the Rebellious States," under Mr. Chase's motto, " Trade should Follow the Flag." In August, 1863, having received a telegram to that effect from Governor Tod, he returned to Ohio, and was appointed 132 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. paymaster of the Ohio troops called out to repel the "Morgan Raid," and adjUst the compensation for services and supplies for [he same. In April, 1864, he was by Governor Brough appointed one of the Morgan Raid commissioners, and made t'.ie report of that commission in December of that year. He then was commissioned by Governor Brough to settle certain war claims of Ohio against the United States, a duty that he performed satisfactorily. In January, 1865, he was appointed principal book-keeper in the State auditor's office, and in January, 1872, promoted to the chief clerkship. In 1865 he was also appointed assistant secretary of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture to serve during the absence of the sec- retary that year in Europe ; the next year Dr. Babbitt was reap- pointed as assistant secretary and elected recording secretary in 1867 — a position that for ten successive years he has been reelected to, and during which time he has also been the fin- ancial secretary of the board. At every State fair that has taken place since 1853, except during three years of the war, Dr. Babbitt has officiated. In 1870 he was chosen treasurer of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, and has been six times reelected. In August, 1874, he was chosen a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences at Hartford, Connecticut, and for several years has been one of the trustees of the First Congregational church of Columbus, and secretary of the same. On the 17th of September, 1850, Dr. Babbitt married at Worcester, Massachusetts, a former pupil. Miss Harriet Maria, eldest^ daughter of Sidney Smith, Esq., of Sterling, Massachusetts. Five children, three daughters and two sons, have been the fruit of this union. The eldest son, George Henry Thomas, graduated in his nineteenth year at the United States Naval Academy in June, 1875. I"^ politics Dr. Babbitt was in early life a free-soil democrat; in rehgion a liberal — too liberal to subscribe to any creed. Later, however, he became a repub- lican in politics, and, in religion, being convinced that liber- alism, so-called, was in practice but another term for that license which is dignified by the name of free thought, he joined the body of Christians to which he now is and has ever since been attached. An earnest advocate of temper- ance in all things, while naturally impulsive and radical, he has from habit become staid and conservative, and ready to test the value of any innovation if it gives promise of economy of time and substance. From this disposition he has cheer- fully recognized and become a member of any organization, public or private, that promised amelioration of the evils of society. GiLLMORE, QUINCY A., a brevet major-general of the United States army, was born at Black River, Lorain county, Ohio, February 28th, 1825. His father, Quartus Gillmore, was born in Massachusetts, the son of a farmer whose farm was exchanged for a thousand acres of land of the Western Reserve, and at the age of twenty-one Quartus went thither. In 1824 he married Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, a lady whose maiden name was Reid. Both have lived to enjoy the fame of their distinguished son. Being a strong whig, and his son being born on the same day the news of John Quincy Adams' election to the Presidency was received, he called him by the second name and sirname of the Presi- dent. The boy grew up strong and healthy, worked on his father's farm in summer and went to school in winter, and when of suitable age he was sent, during one winter, to the Norwalk Academy. When seventeen years old he engaged in teaching school, and remained thus engaged until he was twenty years old, but he never liked the business. In the spring of 1825, at an exhibition, so-called, of the pupils of the Elyria High School, he read an original poem entitled " Erie," and which, published in the county newspaper, pos- sessed such merit as to be copied into many other journals. The study of medicine next engaged his attention, but at this time the selection for West Point Academy by the member of Congress, Mr. Hamlin, having failed to satisfy him, the appointment was given to Mr. Gillmore, and he having en- gaged to come out head of his class, his father consented to him accepting it. He kept his promise, and, having grad- uated, married Mary O'Magher, only daughter of the treas- urer of the academy. His extreme rank as a graduate made him a member of the engineer corps, and as brevet second lieutenant he was ordered for duty on the fortifications in course of construction in Hampton Roads, where he served three years, and then returned to the academy as an in- structor. He remained thus employed four years, acting during the last one as treasurer and quartermaster of the academy. During this time he devoted much study to the theory and practice of artillery exercise. In 1856 he was commissioned a first lieutenant of engineers and ordered to New York city to take charge of the engineer department, and there the war of the Rebellion found him, he having in the meantime published what has since become a standard au- thority among engineers on " Limes, Hydrauhc Cements, and Mortars." A paper on mathematics published about this time won for him from Oberlin College the degree of master of arts. His estimable wife died in i860 and left him with a family of four sons. Having in 1861 solicited active duty. Governor Dennison offered him the command of a regiment of Ohio volunteer infantry, but this he declined, and proposed to organize a brigade of sappers, miners, and pontoniers for Western service, which the governor favored, but the War Department did not. He was promoted to the rank of cap- tain in the engineer corps, and October 3d, 1861, made chief engineer to General W. T. Sherman, then about to proceed with an expedition to Port Royal, South Carolina. A month later he was present as one of General Sherman's staff, and after the bombardment by the navy and occupation of Hilton Head by the army he was employed fortifying the position thus secured. Some two months afterward attentipn was directed to bombarding and reducing Fort Pulaski. The books governing old engineers furnished no examples or in- structions for such an attack, and his views, looking beyond breaching a wall at six hundred yards, were regarded as chi- merical. The spot where he proposed to plant his batteries was seventeen hundred yards distant, and the project was consequently discountenanced by all but his commanding general. Great difficulty was experienced in placing the batteries in position on the low marshy soil of Tybee Island, and the season was far advanced and General Sherman re- lieved from duty there before the bombardment began. Be- fore withdrawing, however. General Sherman empowered his chief of engineers to act as a brigadier-general, and his suc- cessor. General Hunter, did not interfere with him. By the first of February eleven batteries were in position, and on the loth firing began. After two days a breach was made, and the magazine of the fort being in danger, the garrison surrendered. The loss on the Union side was but one man killed. The victory had demonstrated the enormous power of the new rifled ordnance ; for the smooth-bore guns and BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 133 mortars had proved nearly useless at the distance fired from.. After a severe sickness brought on by the malaria of the marshes, and being in meantime commissioned a brigadier- general of volunteers, General Gillmore was sent to New York to assist the governor of that State to equip and for- ward troops to the field of military operations ; and, when Kentucky was invaded by Bragg and Kirby Smith, he was ordered to the advance against the latter, and fought and won the battle of Somerset, being for this success brevetted a col- onel of engineers. Being thus relieved of his command in Kentucky, about the time of Dupont's manifest failure to reduce Fort Sumter, he submitted his views to the War De- partment, and was at once summoned to Washington, where his opinions were received as final authority, and he was given command of the engineer department in South Car- olina, with Rear Admiral Foote in command of the naval operations. The campaign General Gillmore then inaugu- rated was most hazardous, and attracted the attention of the mihtary not alone in this country but also in Europe. Forty pieces of the heaviest calibre rifled artillery were placed in position on the extreme eastern end of Folly Island, within range of the enemy's pickets without their knowledge, and July loth, 1863, these batteries belched forth their enormously destructive missiles upon the enemy across the inlet. The astonished enemy immediately retreated, and a landing on Morris Island being effected, three-fourths of the latter was in possession of the storming party, with Fort Wagner within easy musket range. After two assaults, however, resulting in great loss of life to besiegers and besieged, General Gill- more directed his attention to the construction of breaching batteries, consisting of the heaviest Parrott guns, for the re- duction of Fort Sumter. On the 7th of August the firing began and continued for a week, during which time great gaps were made in the sea wall. During all this time Fort Wagner kept up a heavy fire on the breaching guns, without, however, dismounting any of them. Sumter at length pre- senting the appearance of a shapeless ruin, General Gillmore demanded of Beauregard that he surrender, adding that if he did not comply within four hours he would shell Charleston. The rebel commander treated the demand with contempt, not beheving for a moment that the threat could be accom- plished. But in the middle of the night an enormous shell burst right in the heart of the city. Then Beauregard de- cided that such bombardment was barbarous and violative of the rules of civihzed warfare, but the shells dropped in the city every ten minutes with astonishing precision. The gun that fired them was in position in a swamp to seaward yfz/^ miles distant ! The continuous firing upon Sumter rendered that fort untenable, and the shelling of the city struck terror to every heart in it. The security of the city from attack was never before questioned ; now there was safety nowhere. A lull in the action enabled General Gillmore to ascertain that Admiral Foote's command were nearly useless, although the early capitulation of the city seemed a certainty ; and thus, failing to be assisted by the arm of the service upon which he had counted for the reduction of Fort Wagner, General Gill- more opened a fire upon it, that continued for two days and the intervening night, and then prepared to assault. But during that night the enemy evacuated, and the next day the fort was entered peaceably. The praise of General Gillmore's conduct was heralded across the Atlantic. The New York Tribune sententiously told the story thus : " Pulaski, Somer- set, Morris Island, Sumter, Wagner ! The last is the greatest. and will be regarded as the greatest triumph of engineering that history has yet recorded." We do not regard it necessary to chronicle here the further operations of General Gillmore during the war, as they will be found fully stated in the his- tories of it. A quotation from the opinion of Mr. Whitelaw Reid will suffice: "In his proper department as engineer and artillerist he was bold as he was cautious. He ignored the limitations of the books. He accepted theories that rev- olutionized all the science in print, and staked his professional standing on their success. He was the great artillerist of the war. The foremost engineer he was foremost in the boldness and originality of his operations against Wagner, surpassing all the achievements of this or any preceding war; so that now when men speak of great living military engineers they as naturally think of Gillmore in the new world as of Tod- leben in the old." In appearance General Gillmore is one of the handsomest officers in the army. He was at his own request mustered out of the service in 1865 as a brevet major- general of the United States army, the highest rank known to his arm of the profession, and since has been constantly employed directing and superintending the very effective engineering operations of the Government at Hell-Gate, so- called, and elsewhere in New York harbor. MiLLIKIN, Minor, soldier, was born in Hamilton, Ohio, July gth, 1834, the son of Major John M. Millikin, who was for a long time president of the State Board of Agricul- ture. His early education was acquired in the high schools of Hamilton, and under the watchful eyes of his parents. After a course at Hanover College, Indiana, he graduated at the Miami University in 1854. At college he was remarked for his gentlemanly bearing, chivalric manners, and personal independence. On leaving the university he went immedi- ately to the Harvard Law School. Here he made himself prominent in the exciting discussions of the slavery questions of the time, by his bold and enthusiastic denunciation of that institution. The following year he came to Cincinnati and entered the law office of Hon. Thomas Corwin, his father's friend. A year later he married a lady to whom he had been engaged while at College — Miss MoUineaux of Oxford, and traveled in Europe for another year, on his wedding tour. On his return, he purchased the Hamilton Intelligencer, the republican organ of his county, and for the next two years, edited it. He improved the hours of leisure now afforded him, by extending his studies, but never intended to practice the law. Disposing of his newspaper, he returned to his farm near Hamilton, and was engaged in improving it, when the war broke out. Though possessed of comparative wealth, and at this time a young husband and father, his patriotic convictions led him to the field. Being a fine horseman his taste inclined him to the cavalry service. Recruiting in this department was, however, slow work, as there was great difficulty at first in getting cavalry companies accepted, their formation having been discourag-ed by the government. He, however, enlisted himself as a private, and soon had the nucleus of a company. The government not furnishing horses in time, and feeling anxious to get the company off" for the West Virginia campaign, Millikin purchased twenty- four at his own expense. His recruits were embodied in Captain Burdsall's Cincinnati company, of which he was presently made sergeant, and then lieutenant. After a three months' campaign in West Virginia, with the confidence of his men and the indorsement of his superior officers, as the 134 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. best of the cavalry officers on duty in that department, he was appointed major of the ist regiment of cavahy raised in Ohio for the three years' service. On the resignation of his colonel soon after, he was promoted to the vacancy. This promotion gave rise to much jealousy and trouble, and a charge of incompetency was at length preferred. He was ordered before a board of regular army officers for examina- tion, which he passed triumphantly, and received the warm- est compliments of his examiners as to his thorough fitness for the command of his regiment. While this matter was pending Colonel Millikin was attached to the staff of General George H. Thomas, who was his warm personal friend. After the examination he returned to his own regiment, but was not lojig to lead the disciplined body he had by his pa- triotic zeal created. At the battle of Stone River,he was de- tailed to repel an attack of rebel cavalry on the rear of the army. He led a charge to protect a valuable train, and was surrounded by a superior force. He refused to surrender, and encouraged his men to cut their way out. A hand-to-hand encounter followed, and Colonel Millikin's fine swordsman- ship enabled him to defend himself with his sabre. Enraged at this, a rebel shot him with a revolver. The body was re- covered, but not before it had been stripped of valuables. After Colonel Millikin's death. General Thomas addressed a letter of condolence to his father in which occurred the fol- lowing passage : "It affords me the most sincere pleasure to express to you and to Mrs. Millikin, my utmost confidence in him, both as a friend and as a brave, accomplished, and loyal officer — one on whose judgment and discretion I placed the greatest reliance. . . . While mourning his loss, you have the consolation of knowing that he fell, a Christian and patriot, gallantly defending the honor of his country." Geddes, George Washington, lawyer and judge, and member of Congress for the fifteenth district of Ohio, residing at Mansfield, Ohio, was born in Mount Ver- non, Knox county, Ohio, July i5th, 1824. He is the son of James and Elizabeth Geddes, and on his father s side of Scotch descent, his paternal grandfather having emigrated from Scotland in the last century. His father removed his family from Knox to Richland county when the subject of this sketch was but a child, and there he attended the public schools until he was fifteen years old, when he returned to his native town, and there entered a store as a clerk. His employer was the well-known old merchant, James Hunts- berry, of Mount Vernon, with whom he remained until he was nearly of age, in the meantime devoting nearly all of his spare time to the study of law. Then he entered the law office of Hon. Columbus Delano, Secretary of the In- terior during the first term of -President Grant's administra- tion, with whom he read law for one year, after which he was admitted to the bar. He chose law as his profession for rea- sons satisfactory to himself, and removing to Mansfield, Ohio, where he had not a friend, in November, 1845, there began the practice of it. His first case decided his future. En- gaged to try this case in the country before a justice of the peace, there he accidentally met Hon. James Stewart, and that gentleman was so well pleased with the conduct of his first case, that he invited him to permanently settle at Mansfield, and guaranteed him sufficient to defray his neces- sary expenses. Having remained with him under these con- ditions two years, he was, in 1847, taken into a partnership which continued three years, when, in 1850, Mr, Stewart was ^elected judge of the court of common pleas, and Mr. Geddes entering into partnership with Hon. Jacob Brinkerhoff, this connection continued five years, and until Mrs Brinkerhoff was elected to the supreme bench of the.State, when this part- nership thereupon ceased. Mr. Geddes then practiced alone until, in 1856, he was elected judge of common pleas, as the unwilling candidate of the democratic party, in opposition to his old partner, Mr. Stewart, whose term had, expired, and he served the full term until 1862. In that year, at a district convention of both parties, he was renominated for a second term, and elected without opposition. Having served a sec- ond full term, he was, in 1866, nominated by his own party for a third term, but, although running ahead of his ticket by nearly five hundred votes, he was defeated by a majority of only seventeen votes. He then returned to the practice of his profession in Mansfield, until 1868, when the legislature having provided for the election of an additional judge, he was, by a majority of over eight hundred votes, elected to fill that position. Having served out the full term of this, his third election to the common pleas bench, he decided not to be again a candidate. In the meantime, without solicita- tion'on his part, in 1872, he was at the State convention nom- inated for the supreme bench, but, with the other candidates on the ticket, fairly defeated. A matter worthy of notice in this connection, is that Judge Geddes was never present in any convention that nominated him, (until his nomination for Congress,) and never solicited a nomination. After his last term of office, he resumed the active practice of his profes- sion, associated with Colonel M. R. Dickey and John W. Jenner, Esq., under the firm name of Geddes, Dickey & Jenner. His son, S. Lemon Geddes, is also associated with them. Judge Geddes has always taken much interest in ed- ucational and benevolent institutions, and is a trustee of the Ohio Wesleyan College, at Delaware. During the war he was resolutely in favor of the suppression of the Rebellion, and closely identified with the party known as war demo- crats. A trustee and steward of his church, the Methodist Episcopal, he is a liberal promoter of all that tends to elevate and relieve the community in the benefaction for charitable objects. In 1848 he married Miss Nancy Lemon, of Ash- land county, and three living children have been the issue of this union. Judge Geddes was, in June, 1878, nominated without solicitation on his part, by one of the most memora- able district conventions ever held in Ohio. After a struggle of five days between the several candidates before the con- vention, on the twelve hundred and fifty-fifth ballot, the nom- ination was conferred upon him by the unanimous vote of the convention, and in October he was elected by a majority of four thousand five hundred and seventy-eight, to repre- sent in the Forty-sixth Congress the fifteenth district of Ohio. Williams, James, m. d., auditor of the State of Ohio, was born in Prince George's county, Maryland, on the 31st May, 1822, his father, John W. WilUams, being of En- glish and Welsh descent, and his mother, whose maiden name was Eleanor Duval, being of French-Huguenot and Enghsh descent. In 183 1 the family moved to Champaign county, Ohio, in the common schools of which he was edu- cated, and, after leaving school, engaged as a clerk m a country merchant's store, where he remained until 1B40, when he began the study of medicine. After a course of three years' study, he graduated in 1843, ^.nd began the practice of medicine, in which he continued during the three succeeding BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 135 years. Afterward he turned his attention to mercantile pur- suits, and in 1852-53 was elected to and served in the Ohio legislature. Subsequently he became an assistant in the office of the State auditor, acting first as clerk and as dep- uty until 1 87 1, when he was elected auditor of State, and honored by a reelection in 1875. In this important office Dr. Williams has, in various positions and degrees of responsi- bility, served altogether over twenty-two years, having by the election of 1875 been chosen for the following term of four years. His long experience in the office, complete knowledge of all the details of the business, and his skill as a careful executive officer, have rendered his discharge of its duties wholly satisfactory to the citizens of the State, regard- less of party affihation. A whig until the organization of the Republican party, he has with the latter been ever since identified, except to serve for a short time as justice of the peace, and has filled no other public office. In May, 1844, Dr. Williams married Mary M. Staley, who died after having borne him two children, one of whom survives. He again married, in 1848, Sarah A. Staley, and this union gave birth to five children, four of whom are living. BUCKLAND, Ralph PoMEROY, lawyer and sol- dier, was born at Leyden, Franklin county, Massachusetts, January 20th, 1812. The premature death of his father left the family in dependent circumstances, and the subject of this sketch, during his early life, was indebted to the exer- tions of his mother, and the kindness of friends, for his maintenance. He obtained an elementary education at the common schools of that day. In the autumn of 1830 he went down the Mississippi, stopped a few months at Natchez as a clerk, and thence was sent by his employers to New Or- leans in charge of two flat-boats laden with flour. Passing three years there as a clerk, he returned to Ohio in the sum- mer of 1834, and after a year at Kenyon College, Gambier, in the study of the law, he was admitted to the bar on the circuit held at Galhpolis in 1837. Six months of his law studies were spent in the law office of the late George B. Way, at Toledo. This embraced the period from January to June of 1836. During this time Mr. Way was editor of the Toledo Blade, and in his absence young Buckland filled, acceptably, the editorial chair. In the summer of 1837 he commenced the practice of his profession at Fremont, San- dusky county. In January, 1838, he married Miss C. Bough- ton, of Canfield, Mahoning county. In 1848 he was a del- egate to the whig national convention, at Philadelphia, which nominated Taylor and Fillmore. In 1855 he was elected to the State senate, and reelected in 1857, serving four years. In October, 1861, Mr. Buckland began to organize the 72d Ohio volunteer infantry, which in three months was fully equipped and ready to take the field in the great civil war. Soon after entering upon active service. Colonel Buckland was assigned to the command of the fourth brigade of Sher- man's division. On the 7th March, 1862, he moved up the Tennessee river, and on the 17th encamped at Pittsburgh Landing, the left of his brigade resting at Shiloh church. On the 3d April he made a reconnoissance with his brigade four miles to the front, and on the 4th participated in a skir- mish with some of the enemy's advanced force. On the morning of the 6th the hard fighting began, and Colonel Buckland advanced his lines and met the enemy. The fight- ing was desperate for two hours, and during this time the colonel was riding along the line, encouraging his men by word and example, and thus maintained his ground until or- dered back by Sherman. On the next day, being ordered to advance his brigade under a heavy fire of artillery and mus- ketry, one of his color-bearers hesitated to move. Colonel Buckland promptly rode to the front, seized the colors, and himself planted them at the desired point. The brigade in- stantly advanced with cheers. General Lew. ■ Wallace re- marked while riding over the ground the brigade had occu- pied, that, "judging from the number of dead bodies, here seems to have been the best and hardest fighting." Colonel Buckland continued in command of the brigade during the march on Corinth, until about the middle of May, 1863, when he was succeeded by General J. W. Denver. At Mem- phis, Tennessee, he was assigned to the command of a brig- ade in General Landman's division, and formed part of the Tallahatchie expedition. As soon as the news reached Gen- eral Grant that Van Dorn had taken Holly Springs, General Buckland was dispatched with his brigade to retake the po- sition. This having been accomplished, he was sent to drive Forrest from his camp at Dresden, west Tennessee. On the 20th March, 1863, he joined General Sherman's corps above Vicksburg, and participated in the series of battles which oc- curred in the movement to the rear of that place. During the siege he was always active and vigilant, and at times much exposed. On the 22d May he led his brigade down the grave-yard road, marching on foot, to support the attack on the enemy's works, and exposed to a murderous fire of artillery and musketry. Although General Buckland was constantly exposed until all his regiments were in position, and his men were shot down around him in great numbers, he, himself, providentially escaped unhurt. He remained with his command in the rear of Vicksburg, after the sur- render, until the ist October, when his right arm was broken by the falling of his horse. Although incapacitated by this injury for active field service, he nevertheless continued to command his brigade, except for a short time, until, on the 26th January, 1864, he was assigned to the command of the district of Memphis, where his administrative abilities were exemplified, and his integrity of character clearly manifested. At the time of Forrest's raid into the city. General C. C. Washburne commanded that department, with his head- quarters at Memphis. General Buckland had command of the troops in the city, and most of these troops had been sent, under command of General A. J. Smith, in pursuit of Forrest. The latter eluded Smith near Oxford, Mississippi, made a rapid march to Memphis, captured the cavalry pa- trol, rushed over the infantry pickets, and was in Memphis before daylight, taking possession of Washburne's head- quarters, capturing his staff officers, clerks and guards, the general escaping to the fort below the city. When General Buckland was awakened by the sentinel at the door, the rebels were in possession of a considerable part of the city, and had completely surrounded his headquarters. The gen- eral immediately rallied about one hundred and fifty men, quartered near him, caused a small alarm-gun to be rapidly fired, and instantly attacked the rebels at General Wash- burne's headquarters, although they outnumbered him four to one. He very soon concentrated all his forces, which were stationed in different parts of the city, and followed up his attack so rapidly, and with such spirit, that in less than an hour he had driven every rebel out of the city, and at- tacked General Forrest's main force just outside. After a sharp fight of about one hour. General Forrest was in full 136 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. retreat, having entirely failed in the object of his attack on Memphis. General Buckland remained in command of the post of Memphis until December 24th, 1864, when he re- signed his commission. Without having sought or expected political favor, he had been nominated for representative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, while still serving in the army, and, without going there to further his interests, had been elected by the people of the ninth district of Ohio. In obe- dience to their wishes, he left the military for the civil service of the country. During the Thirty-ninth Congress he served on the committee on banking and currency, as well as on the militia committee. In 1866 he was reelected and served through the Fortieth Congress. At the close of his congres- sional career. General Bupkland resumed his law practice, a field of labor in which, before the war, he had obtained dis- tinction. To his example and influence the city of Fremont is indebted for many public improvements. In March, 1870, he was appointed by Governor Hayes to be one of the board of managers of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, located at Xenia, Greene county, and at the first meeting of the board following his appointment, was elected president. The beneficent results already realized from the establish- ment of this institution, are largely due, and justly ascribed to General Buckland, who has spared no personal sacrifice to accomplish the patriotic and benign purpose that dictated its foundation. He was elected in 1876, a delegate to the convention in Cincinnati which nominated Governor Hayes for President; and in 1877 he was appointed a visitor of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. The President has also con- ferred upon him a government directorship of the Union Pacific Railroad. Perkins, Simon, soldier and pioneer, was born in Lisbon, Connecticut, September 17th, 1 771. He was a de- scendant of one of the oldest Puritan families of New Eng- land, having descended from John Perkins, who came over with Roger Williams in the good ship Lion, in 1631. His mother, Olive Douglas, was a descendant of William Doug- las, one of the colony from Boston which founded New Lon- don, Connecticut. His father was a captain in the army of the Revolution, and died in camp in 1778. Two of his ma- ternal uncles were also officers in the army of 1776. At a very early age, owing to the death of his father, the estate, consisting of a mill and farm, came under his charge. It was part of the land purchased by his ancestors where they first settled in Connecticut, in 1695. In 1795 he removed to the then "Far West," and located at Owego, New York, where he remained about three years, and was occupied with large land agencies and other matters incident to the opening and settlement of a new country. In 1795, the State of Con- necticut sold to the Connecticut Land Company, the West- ern Reserve, (except "the Fire Lands,") and in 1797, proprie- tors of that company residing in Windham and New London counties, united the stock which they held in the original company, and formed the Erie Land Company, and through their trustees proposed that he should go to new Connecticut and explore the country, and report a plan for the sale and settlement of their lands. He accepted the proposition, closed his business at Owego, and in the spring of 1798, ac- companied by James Pumpelly, afterward of Owego, pro- ceeded through western New York (then an unbroken wilder- ness), by the way of Cayuga and Ontario lakes, to Buffalo, where he obtained a sail-boat and coasted up Lake Erie. He entered Ohio on the 4th July, and established his camp about eight or ten miles south of the mouth of Grand river. He explored the lands of the company, examined into the character and prospects of the country, and returned to Con- necticut in October. The trustees, before the next spring, made an agreement by which he was to assume the entire control or agency of the lands of the Erie Land Company, and for several years he spent his summers on the Reserve and his winters in Connecticut. His attention to business, and his integrity and discriminating judgment, were widely known and duly appreciated ; and to him was committed the management and sale of more lands by non-resident pro- prietors than to any other person in the State; while in 181 5 the State land tax paid by him, as agent and owner, amounted to one-seventh of the entire amount collected in the State. He was ever the patron of the pioneer, and his forbearance and leniency secured homes for many families who bless his memory. Warren was the county seat of Trumbull, which embraced the whole Reserve, and, when he and his wife made it their home, July 24th, 1804, contained sixteen log dwellings. In 1 801, the first mail route northwest of the Ohio river was established from Pittsburgh to Warren, via Beaver, George- town, Canfield and Youngstown. He was made postmaster at Warren, October 24th, 1801, and held the office till Octo- ber, 1829. During these years he rendered the postmaster- general invaluable aid in establishing county postoffices and in choosing reliable postmasters. In December, 1807, Mr. Granger, as postmaster-general, wrote him as follows ; " Sir : . . . You cannot be ignorant of the unpleasant aspect of public affairs between this Nation and Great Britain, nor of the vigorous preparations making for war in Upper Can- ada. In this state of things, it has become necessary to es- tablish a line of expresses through your country to Detroit. . . . . To avail ourselves of the energy of your talents at this crisis, I have to solicit you (and even more, to express my opinion that it is your duty) to depart immediately for Detroit I know of no other person whose ex- ertions would, at this time, be as satisfactory to the govern- ment ; and however inconvenient the discharge of this duty may be to yourself, it is what you owe to your country, and to the south shore of Lake Erie in particular." The services were rendered without delay, and a report made on his re- turn to Warren. The country west of the Cuyahoga river, and south, was Indian territory, except twelve miles square at Fort Miami and two miles square on Sandusky river, ceded by treaty of Greenville, 1795. He conversed with several influential Indians, and suggested to them and Governor Hall, at Detroit, the treaty which was made at Brownsville, November, 1808, by which the Indians ceded land for a road, and land to build a road, from the Western Reserve to the Miami of the Lake, and thus, by his far-reaching sagacity, secured this grant of territory, which cannot be too highly estimated as a private or public benefit. He was elected brigadier-general of the first brigade, fourth division, Ohio militia, and commissioned May 31st, 1808. Major-general Elijah Wadsworth commanded the division. On the 22d August, 1812, General Perkins issued his brigade order (with- out knowing of the proceedings of Major-general Wadsworth) to the respective colonels under his command. The orders were as follows : " Sir :" Information this moment received by the express mail carrier that the town of Detroit is taken by the British troops and Indians from Canada. Also, that the whole army of General Hull on our northwestern frontier BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 137 have been taken prisoners. That the Indians, etc., have progressed as far as the Miami, and are continuing their march this way. To repel the enemy, you are hereby ordered to detach one-half of the effective men in your regi- ment, with a suitable proportion of officers, and that they be well equipped for the field This duty is to be done with all possible dispatch." General Perkins was as- signed to command the troops detailed from the Reserve to protect the northwest frontier ; and, on taking leave of the detachment, Major-General Wadsworth said : " To the care of Brigadier-General Simon Perkins I commit you. He will be your commander and your friend. In his integrity, skill and courage we all have the utmost confidence, and I hope that he will return you to me crowned with honors obtained by your bravery." West of the Cuyahoga river, he com- manded a separate detachment, with the responsibility inci- dent to a frontier exposed to a watchful and merciless foe. His force was very small and not well furnished, and when the muskets provided by the United States were at length re- ceived, they could not be used for want of flints. General Wadsworth joined him at Camp Avery, on Huron river, and fully approved of all his actions and proceedings. His ac- counts were always kept with great system and accuracy, so that after a period of forty-eight years, when duphcates of official papers were presented to the accounting officers of the government for settlement, payments were repeatedly proved by the claimants' receipts. If the same measures had been pursued by all in command, millions would have been saved to the treasury. General Wadsworth retired from the service November 29th, 1812, and on the ist December, General Perkins, in an order to his command, said : "In obtaining the object for which you have taken up arms, it is expected that every officer and soldier will encounter the fatigues of the campaign with that patience that becometh free citizens «, «, «, who are protecting their own rights. It is confidently ex- pected that every man will consider his exertions necessary for the common benefit of the country, and cheerfully render them. If you wish this campaign to terminate your fears of an invading enemy, industry and contentment must be substituted for idleness and murmuring." That campaign is a matter of history. When the term of service for the militia had expired, and General Harrison had been reinforced by troops in sufficient numbers to maintain his position. General Perkins retired from the service ; and in the last official com- munication to him, dated Fort Meigs, February 26th, 1813, General Harrison said: "In this my last official communi- cation to you, I cannot avoid expressing my high sense of the zeal and ability with which you have performed your duty since you have been under my orders ; and I beg you to believe that upon all occasions, and in every situation, I shall be, with great truth, your friend, William H. Harrison." He was strongly solicited by General Harrison and others of his army associates, to accept the commission of colonel in the regular army, tendered him by President Madison ; but duty to his family, his increasing private business, and his extensive trusts for. others, constrained him to decline the office, although he cherished a fondness for military life. He organized, and was president of the Western Reserve bank from its organization, November 24th, 1813, until failing health induced him to resign, April 5th, 1836. During the twenty-three years of his presidency, he had the unanimous support of the directors and stockholders of the bank; and the careful and conservative policy for which it was distin- guished, carried the bank safely thorough the various and severe financial storms which bore down all the other banks of the State that entered the field before or with it. "As good as a Western Reserve bank bill," became a common saying of the times. He was one of the men to whom was committed that extensive system of canals which was adopted and entered upon by the State of Ohio, mainly under the in- fluence of the success of similar works in New York. State credit had been little tried since the disastrous days of the Revolution, and western State credit not at all. The State credit of Ohio was entrusted to the "canal fund commission- ers," alrriost without restraint. With authority to create and sell in a foreign or domestic market the bonds of the State, and to supply funds by temporary loans also, as they deemed most expedient, they were under no bonds, and had no pecuniary compensation except actual expenses. During a period of about seven years, they issued and sold State bonds to the amount of J4, 500,000, and at an average premium of nearly six per cent. Their first sale, in 1825, was at two and one-half per cent, discount, but, with almost constantly in- creasing premiums, the last sale under his administration, in 1832, was made for a premium of twenty-four per cent. He was appointed a member of the board of canal fund com- missioners, February 7th, 1826, by the legislature, and reap- pointed, from time to time, irrespective of party, until the legislature passed the act to loan the credit of the State to railroads, turnpikes and other corporations. He viewed these acts as injudicious, and tending to increase the public debt far beyond corresponding benefits; and on the 13th Febru- ary, 1838, he tendered to the governor his resignation as canal fund commissioner. The vast increase of the State debt (over j52, 000,000 during the year 1838), and the disas- trous results of the policy of the law, fully justified his fears and objections regarding it. He was a constant attendant upon public worship on the Sabbath, and at all times and on all occasions he inculcated sound morality and the great principles of the Christian religion, and with his sister, Mrs. Kinsman, endowed a professorship in Western Reserve Col- lege, at Hudson. There were remarkable men among the early settlers of the Western Reserve, and eminent among them Simon Perkins was known for the high and varied qualifications essential to command the confidence and es- teem of men, to insure prosperity, to elevate society and pro- mote order and love of country. On the i8th March, 1804, he married Miss Nancy Bishop, of Lisbon, Connecticut. Of his family, four sons — Simon, Joseph, Jacob and H. B. Per- kins — survived him. Simon, his namesake and eldest son, was one of the most enterprising and prominent citizens of Summit county. He was born in Trumbull county in 1805, where he was educated. In 1835 he removed to Akron, where his sterling qualities and abilities were soon employed in leading the affairs of the county. He projected the Cleve- land, Zanesville and Cincinnati Railroad, and invested his fortune in it, but after manfully struggling against repeated disaster, the crash of 1837 compelled him to succumb, sink- ing his entire fortune. He was also a large wool-dealer, and a partner in that business with John Brown of abolition fame. By many he was called the noble Roman of Summit county, on account of his great influence and superior bearing. He married a niece of Governor Tod, and had eleven children, one of whom, Colonel George T., president of the Akron bank, being an officer who served his country with credit in the war of Secession, 138 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. McDowell, Irwin, soldier, was bom October 15th, 1818, in the village of Franklinton, near Columbus, Ohio. He is of Scotch-Irish descent, the McDowells having been driven out of Scotland by the religious persecutions of the time.'and taken refuge in the north of Ireland. After the siege of Londonderry (in which the McDowells took part,) they emigrated to the United States, and settled first in the valley of Virginia. Some of them, including the branch from which the general sprang, removed thence to Kentucky. Abram McDowell, the father of Irwin, served through the war of 1812, and at its conclusion, removed to Ohio, and set- tled near Columbus. His wife, Eliza Lord, was a member of the Starling family, one of the most influential in that county. Abram McDowell is spoken of by old citizens of Columbus, as a perfect specimen of the type of Kentucky gentlemen of the old school. He was an intense aristocrat, priding himself on his culture, his social position, his refinement, and keep- ing haughtily aloof from the masses. But he was never wealthy. His son, Irwin, was sent to the Columbus schools, but afterward went to France to complete his education. He remained in a French school for a year or more, and when he returned home his father had procured him a warrant for West Point, to which institution he was admitted in 1834. Here he was associated with the future military chieftains of both sides in the American civil war. On his graduation he was at once assigned to the artillery, and ordered on duty on the Niagara Falls frontier. He was next ordered to the northeastern boundary, during the progress of the contro- versy with Great Britain as to the disputed territory. Some recruiting duty followed, then he was again on the Maine frontier, and in 1841, he returned to West Point as assistant instructor in infantry tactics. Here he remained four years, during three of which he served as adjutant of the academy. During those years of military duty, he had become a man of the world, reserved, formal, and polished. He had also devoted himself to the study of his profession, and had more than made up for any deficiencies when a cadet. Such was the favorable impression he now made that he was selected as an aide-de-camp on the staff of General Wool, a position reserved for the most promising of the young officers. He retained this position from October, 1845, 'o May, 1847, and made himself thoroughly familiar with the whole theory of the art of war, and with the literature of his profession, while socially he was held to be one of the most polished and charming of men. At Buena Vista he behaved handsomely, and for gallant and meritorious conduct there was brevetted captain. He became assistant adjutant-general May 13th, 1847, first for General Wool's division; then, on December 9th, 1847, for the army of occupation, which position he con- tinued to hold until the end of the Mexican war, when he was placed on duty for a y«ar in the War Department, and during this time General Scott had selected him for one of his staff. He was now thirty years of age, and remained on staff duty with the general-in-chief (with brief intervals of staff service with Albert Sidney Johnston and General Twiggs,) until the outbreak of the civil war. McDowell, now a brevet major, was on duty in the War Department. Secretary Chase at once sought out the young officer. To every mem- ber of the government military matters were a mystery. On Mr. Chase fell the burden of organization, and he has re- peatedly declared that he owed more to the clear head, and admirable executive faculties of Major McDowell than to any other source. On Lieutenant-General Scott, as the nominal head of the army, everything depended. But the veteran was old and bowed down with infirmities, and he gladly left much to the vigorous' and accomplished young officer who had been in his military family so long. Governor Dennison proposed to make him commander of the Ohio contingent, but changed his mind in favor of Captain (General) Mc- Clellan. McClellan was only appointed after much influ- ence had been brought to bear on the governor. Governor Dennison wrote to Major McDowell explaining his conduct, and the latter replied in the most generous spirit, fully in- dorsing the appointment. Within a few hours after this letter was written, McClellan was, partly on account of McDowell's own recommendation, appointed a major-general. The same bulletin that announced McClellan's advancement, an- nounced his own to that of brigadier-general. General Scott opposed this latter promotion, as he wanted it for another officer, and that was the beginning of much opposition he met with from the old chieftain. When the campaign against Virginia was decided upon, McDowell was assigned tp the leadership of the army. He had his misgivings, not as to his competency to perform the task, but as to the obstacles that were being thrown in his way at headquarters in Washing- ton. Week after week went by, and still the commander of the column that was daily expected to move upon the enemy could get nothing that he wanted. His force was without or- ganization, without commissariat, without transportation, without organized artillery. He was even himself withoot a competent staff. The history of the disaster at Bull Run which succeeded, is too well known to be repeated here. The disaster fell at first with bewildering and stunning effect upon the country. The press heaped censure upon the gal- lant officer in command of the Union forces, and some even accused him of treason. A victim was wanted. He was accused of drunkenness, although he never tasted liquor. It is the opinion of many military men, and dispassionate writers, that he was defeated as much by influences in the rear (Washington) as he was by the army opposed to him at the front. The plan of battle, it is conceded, was admirably arranged, but the raw condition of his troops, and the failure of one of his generals to carry out his orders, turned the tide at the very moment when the Union officers were expecting a brilliant victory. The story of the battle as narrated in the public press made him odious in the sight of the people, who clamored for his removal as the commanding general. Pres- ident Lincoln accordingly removed him, and placed him in a subordinate position, assuring him at the same time that he still had confidence in him. His evidence before the com- mittee on the conduct of the war, is the manly utterance of a dignified soldier. Except in reply to official inquiries, he never attempted to refute the slanders heaped upon him. He did not resign his commission, and thus make a virtual con- fession that he had been humiliated. He was a soldier willing to serve his. country in any capacity, and is serving it still (1879.) But he was peculiarly unfortunate, being dis- liked by the citizen-soldiery for his strict enforcement of dis- cipline. He served throughout the war in various positions, but fate was always against hiin. He never became famous, yet he never lost the confidence of the authorities, who sfill consulted him in military matters of importance. He was virtually retired from active service. He was appointed pres- ident of a board to investigate cotton frauds in the South- west. He was also, in 1863, president of a board retiring disabled officers. In July, 1864, he was sent to take charge BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 139 of the department of the Pacific coast. Previous to the first appointment, a court of inquiry had fully vindicated his con- duct throughout the war, but the country failed to do him justice. The rank of brevet major-general was conferred up- on him March 13th, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services at Cedar Mountain. In June following, he was assigned to the department of California, where he still remains. General McDowell is a man of large, well-developed frame, of excel- lent presence, and fine address. His general bearing is re- served and cold, but among his friends, and in the freedom of the social circle, no man can be more winning. He is married and has a family, and still enjoys the respect of his superiors. Jones, Thomas C, lawyer and legislator, of Dela- ware, Ohio, was born in the parish of Myfod, Montgomery- shire, North Wales, February 9th, 1816. His father, Robert Jones, was a large farmer and freeholder, as his ancestors had been for many generations. His mother, whose maiden name was Nicholas, was of an old family, related to the family of Chief Baron Richards. She was the daughter of Thomas WilUams, who was also a farmer of Montgomery- shire. Fondness for horse-racing and hounds reduced his father's fortune, and in 1822 the family emigrated to America, landing in Philadelphia after a tedious voyage of nine weeks. Here, among the articles found necessary to dispose of to realize sufficient money to complete the journey to Ohio, were his mother's silverware and some of her jewelry. After many hardships in making the trip across the Alleghany mountains, by way of Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, Zanesville, etc., the family arrived at Delaware township early in the autumn of 1822. His fathers brother, David, had purchased a farm in a Welsh settlement in the vicinity of Delaware in 1820, but in pursuance of his father's purpose in immigrating with his family to America, they determined to make their home in the neighborhood of New England people, some miles east of Delaware, the county seat. At the early age of thir- teen years, our subject had to earn his own living, working for farmers, as opportunity offered, in spring, summer and fall, and attending school in winter. At the age of eighteen years he had learned the trade of a carpenter, and leaving home he went to Cincinnati, and from there to St. Louis, then a town of about fourteen thousand inhabitants, where he worked two years, and during which time he was a dili- gent student. He then returned home, where he arrived in the autumn of 1836, and the next year he entered as a law student the office of his brother, Edward Jones, by that time a young lawyer of excellent promise. His brother dying in 1838, the following winter our subject taught a district school, and in April, 1839, he started for England, to dispose of the remnant of his father's estate, which had been saved by an entail upon it. Crossing the mountains on horseback, he ar- rived safely at Philadelphia, where he sold his horse and took shipping for England, where he arrived in the usual time, and spent the following eighteen months studying law, and constantly attending as a student the sessions of the courts with great personal advantage. In the spring of 1841 he returned to America, and having passed an examination before the supreme court of Ohio, then holding its session at Gallipolis, with Justices Peter Hitchcock and Thomas S. Grimke, and also Judge S. F. Vinton as one of his exam- iners, he was hcensed to practice, and opened an office in Delaware with good prospects. Ii\ a few months, upon the invitation of the late Judge Sherman Finch, one of the soundest and best educated jurists of the State, he entered into a partnership with that gentleman that continued with the most perfect accord and cordial friendship for the next five years. In the autumn of 1842 he married Harriet, second daughter of the late Judge Hosea Williams, of an old Mass- achusetts family, whose ancestors were the original propri- etors of Williamstown, in that State ; Judge Williams's wife, Charlotte Elizabeth Avery, being a half-sister of ex-Governor Morgan, of New York, originally from Berkshire, Massa- chusetts. In 1843, having removed to Circleville, Pickaway county, Mr. Jones continued there in successful practice of ■ his profession over thirteen years, having as large a share of business as any other lawyer, and being frequently engaged in important causes with such lawyers as the late Hon. Thomas Ewing, Judge H. H. Hunter, Hon. Henry Stanbfery, and Judge Thurman, sometimes associated with them, but more frequently engaged in opposition. In 1856, having re- turned to Delaware county, Mr. Jones purchased a farm near town, where he engaged (at first with Mr. C. Hills, his brother- in-law,) in breeding thoroughbred short-horn cattle, South- down sheep, etc., for which he always had a taste, inherited through many generations from his ancestors. The same year he formed a partnership, in the practice of the law, with H. M. Carper, Esq., of Delaware, the firm at once acquiring a business equal to any in the county. In 1859, being urged by the republicans of Delaware and Licking counties to be- come a candidate for the State senate, he was elected by a large majority, though the district, at the preceding senatorial election' of 1857, had been carried by a decided majority for the democratic candidate. In the senate, as a member of the judiciary and finance committees, and chairman of the com- mittee on public works, he was a hard-working member, and absent from duty but a single day during the two sessions in which he served. At the January meeting of the State Ag- ricultural Society, 1859, ^^ '^^'^s elected a member of the State board of agriculture, and continued such for eight years, being one year president, and another year acting president, of the board. In the fall of 1861 he was elected judge of the first subdivision of the sixth judicial district, composed of the counties of Delaware, Licking and Knox, and reelected in 1866, thus serving for the term of ten years, with general satisfaction to the public and the bar. Though a man of de- cided convictions, as a whig and subsequently a republican, holding fast to the faith dehvered by Washington, Marshall and Daniel Webster, and opposing the heresies of Jefferson, Calhoun and Jefferson Davis, and always taking a hvely in- terest in the results of elections, no man can say that he ever asked for his support in a nominating convention, nor at an election. He was a member of the republican convention, and chairman of the Ohio delegation at Chicago in 1868, which nominated Grant and Colfax, and he supported Senator Wade for the second place. He was also a member of the national convention in 1876, and a strong supporter of Hayes, whom he had known from his childhood, and with whom he had been at school in Delaware, his native town. Since the expiration of his second term on the bench, he has been en- gaged exclusively in agriculture and duties connected there- with. As trustee of the Ohio Agricultural College at the first organization of the board, and as chairman of the executive committee, and member of the committee or faculty of in- struction, he is largely responsible for the design and manner of the erection of the college buildings, as well as the selec- 14° BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. tion of the original corps of professors and the character of the course of study. In 1876 he was one of the jury se- lected to award the honors in the live stock and cattle de- partment at the world's fair, at Philadelphia, and chosen chairman of the same. His religious opinions are with those of his household, such as are held by the Evangelical or low church section of the Protestant Episcopal church. In this church he was educated, as were also his ancestors for many generations. He is now, and has been for many years, a trustee of the Theological Seminary and of Kenyon College, established by that church at Gambler more than half a century ago. His family has consisted of four chil- dren, the eldest being Hosea Williams, a clergyman of the Prostestant Episcopal church, and Arthur Hamilton, a farmer ; while the family now consists of an unmarried daughter, Charlotte Martha, and a little son, Thomas Clive. Pease, Calvin, lawyer and a judge of the supreme court of Ohio, was born at Suffield, Hartford county, Con- necticut, September 9th, 1776, and died at Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, September 17th, 1839. He studied law in the office of his brother-in-law, Gideon Granger, »was admitted to the bar in Hartford county, in 1798, and commenced prac- tice as a lawyer at New Hartford. He removed to Ohio in March, 1800, and settled in Youngstown, receiving the ap- pointment as first postmaster of that place, and holding the office until his removal to Warren, in 1803. He was admitted to practice by the general court of the territory northwest of the Ohio river, at a term held at Marietta in October, 1800. Two months before, on the 25th August, he was appointed clerk of the court of common pleas for the newly organized county of Trumbull, and retained that position until the adoption of the State constitution. The court held its first session in the open air in Warren, the judge sitting between two corn cribs, with split logs thrown across for a roof Ohio was admitted into the Union as a State in 1803, and the legis- lature that year divided the State into three judicial circuits. The third circuit comprised the counties of Belmont, Wash- ington, Jefferson, Columbiana and Trumbull; of this circuit he was appointed president judge, being then not quite twenty-seven years old, and looking even younger. He held the position nearly seven years. During his term an impor- tant decision was made that occasioned much excitement. A case coming before him under the act of 1805, defining the duties of justices of the peace, he held that the sections of the act giving justices of the peace jurisdiction exceeding JS20, and preventing plaintiffs from recovering costs in actions commenced by original suits in the court of common pleas, for sums between twenty and fifty dollars, were repugnant to the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Ohio, and therefore null and void. For this decision, the first holding that the legislature can not enact a law which is repugnant to the Constitution, and declaring such pretended enactment void, he was impeached by the house of represen- tatives and brought to trial before the Senate. The charges were made under three heads, and after a thorough examina- tion he was unanimously acquitted on one point, escaped conviction on the second by lack of the necessary two-thirds against him, and was acquitted on the third by a vote of six- teen to eight. In his answer to the charges he maintained the right of the court to pass upon the constitutionahty of a law and to declare it void when unconstitutional, and that principle has since been established by numerous decisions. Although escaping the punishment an angry legislature de- signed for him, he determined to resign his position, and did so March 4th, 18 10. After his resignation he resumed the practice of law, and for several years acted as agent for the postoffice department, rendering important service in organ- izing mail routes and establishing postoffices throughout the entire Northwest. At the October election, in 1812, he was chosen a senator from Trumbull county to the State legisla- ture. He performed his legislative duties with the same fidelity and ability that distinguished his career on the bench, and at the session of the legislature in 1815-16 he was chosen a judge of the supreme court, and at the expiration of his term, in 1822-23, he was reelected for another term of seven years. In 1830 his last term of service on the bench of the supreme court expired, and he again commenced the practice of law, which he continued during the remainder of his life. In the fall of 1831 he was elected, with Professor Kirtland, to represent Trumbull county in the legislature. This was his last public office, and during his term he rendered important service to the State by the earnest and able support which he gave Professor Kirtland's bill for the erection of a new peni- tentiary, and establishing and regulating prison discipline. The bill became a law in March, 1832, and introduced the present system. He was for a long time a director and for several years attorney for the Western Reserve bank. In 1839 '^s ^^s over-fatigued in attending a Fourth of July cel- ebration at Beaver, Pennsylvania, was taken sick on his re- turn, and died. He was a man of great strength of charac- ter, of keen perceptions and of almost unerring judgment. His purity and integrity as a judge were never assailed nor questioned — friends and foes alike placing confidence in his honesty and uprightness. On the bench he never permitted the technicalities of the law to override the justice of a case. As a member of the bar he was much respected, being always fair and honorable in practice, never seeking an ad- vantage not due to truth and justice. In social life he was a great favorite, having a ready wit, a keen sense of the ludi- crous, and a never-failing fund of humorous anecdote and allusion. In 1804 he married Miss Risley, of Washington City, who, with five children, survived him. Hall, Charles Francis, Arctic explorer, was born at Rochester, New Hampshire, in 1821, and died in Greenland, November 8th, 187 1. Coming to Cincinnati in 1850, he first established himself as a manufacturer of hand and seal presses. He subsequently started a- small paper called the Occasional, and continued its publication for a short time, when he undertook the issue of a daily, the Penny Press, which soon passed into other hands. About this time he became interested in discussions of the Northwest passage. Visiting New York in 1859, he proposed, at a meeting of the Geographical Society, to go in search of Sir John Franklin's remains, arid in May, i860, a subscription having been raised, he sailed from New London on a whaler, commanded by Captain Buddington. From this expedition he returned in September, 1862, having passed much time among the Es- quimaux, and bringing home with him two of that race, man and wife, who had become attached to him. Nothing regard- ing the fate of Frankhn and his men was learned. Mr. Hall devoted the two succeeding years to his work entitled, "Arctic Researches, and Life Among the Esquimaux." He then prepared for a second expedition, and shipped July 30th, 1864, on another vessel commanded by Captain Buddington. (J^^-<^Lo~ 61^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 141 He was absent until late in 1869, and kept a journal which he designed publishing after a third voyage, for which he suc- ceeded in getting government aid and outfit, including a steamer called the "Polaris.'' His special aim now was to enter the supposed open polar sea and reach the pole itself, if possible. The "Polaris" left New York June 22d, 1871, under Hall's command, with Captain Buddington saihng- master. She reached latitude 82° 16', August loth, but, be- cause of ice, returned to a shelter called Polaris Bay, latitude 81° 38', for the winter. Captain Hall with three companions, started, October loth, north, on a sledge expedition, returning on the 24th, when he sickened and died suddenly. Nearly a year later the "Polaris " broke loose while preparations were making to abandon her, leaving nineteen men, including Ebierbing and Tookoolit, Captain Hall's Esquimaux attend- ants, on the ice. These drifted, helplessly, one hundred and ninety-five days, only saved from starving — their stores hav- ing given out — by the skill of Ebierbing as a seal-hunter. They were rescued by a whaler April 30th, 1873, in latitude 53° 35'- The party on the " Polaris ' were picked up June 23d of the same year, by another whaler, having sailed south- ward in boats made of the disabled " Polaris." Mrs. Hall, and two children, left by her husband in Cincinnati, yet survive him. Mcpherson, James Birdseye, soldier, was born at Clyde, Sandusky county, Ohio, November 14th, 1828, the son of William McPherson, who was of Scotch-Irish descent, and of Cynthia (Russell) McPherson, a native of Massachu- setts. His parents moved to Ohio shortly after their mar- riage, and settled on a wild tract near where the town of Clyde now stands. The husband divided his time between clearing and improving his farm, and working in his black- smith's shop ; and four years later the future general was born. He grew up in the hardy backwood's life of the time. His father became unfortunate in business, and failed in his health, the family being compelled to struggle on as they best could. The eldest of the family, the subject of this sketch, was now thirteen years of age, a bright, manly little fellow, and his upright and trustworthy character were so well known in the neighborhood, that he easily obtained em- ployment. Mr. Robert Smith, postmaster and storekeeper at Green Spring, the nearest village, took him into his store, and thus helped him to lighten the burden of his mother. Here he remained for six years as store-boy and clerk. He was liked by all with whom he came in contact, on account of his kind and lovable nature. He attended school in the winter, was very anxious to improve his education and gen- eral knowledge, and greedily devoured books of all kinds. He poured over "Plutarch's Lives," "Gibbon's Decline and Fall," " Marshall's Life of Washington," " Buffon's Natural History;" also a few standard works of fiction. At length a promise of an appointment at West Point induced him to give up his position in the store, and enter the Norwalk Academy for a couple of sessions' preparatory study. He was now nineteen years of age, and so limited had been his opportunities for study, that he was fearful of being rejected an account of his defective education and his age. He secured the coveted prize, however, and entered the academy a few months before attaining his majority. Among his class- mates were Schofield, Terrill, Sill and Tyler, and later another one^ — Philip H. Sheridan, still another, with whom in conflict he was afterwards to meet death — James B. Hood. With these rivals, the backwood's store clerk at once took rank next to the highest. In general merit he always held the first place. Graduated at the head of his class, he was assigned to the engineers, and retained at the academy as assistant professor of practical engineering, and in this posi- tion he remained a year. For three years he was employed on engineering duty on the Atlantic coast, and subsequently for three years and a half in charge of the fortifications in the harbor of San Francisco. And then came the war. In the meantime he had developed into the accomplished en- gineer. He was very affectionate in the family circle, thor- oughly enjoying his visits home, where he was almost wor- shipped. Before his appointment to West Point his father had died. Political matters seem to have attracted some of his attention. He could scarcely have passed through West Point in those days without absorbing the Southern notions which prevailed, and the dislike which many officers of the regular army chose to affect toward the abolitionists. How- ever, with all this, he stood by the Constitution and the Union. In the summer of 1861, after personal application, he obtained orders to come East, and was assigned to engineer duty in Boston harbor, and on August 6th, was advanced to a cap- taincy of engineers. When Halleck went West, Captain McPherson was promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy of volun- teers, and assigned to duty on General Halleck's staff. This was in November, 1861. At the end of January, 1862, Gen- eral Grant received permission to move on Forts Henry and Donelson, and McPherson was with him as brevet-major and chief-engineer of the expeditionary forces. Here his health broke down from exposure, and he was forced to hasten to St. Louis for medical assistance. In the first days of March he was ready to return to the field, and bore with him the instructions to General Grant for the movement up the Tennessee. For gallant service in this disastrous cam- paign, ending at Pittsburgh Landing, he was promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy in the regulars, and a colonelcy in the volunteers ; and assigned to Halleck's staff, as chief-engineer to the army moving against Corinth. Though he performed his' work faithfully and well, he disapproved of the plans of his superior. When Halleck was summoned to Washington as general-in chief, McPherson remained behind, and pres- ently, on the recommendation of General Grant, was pro- moted to a brigadier-generalship of volunteers, in order that he might assume the position of military superintendent of railroads. He remained however, on General Grant's staff, until after the battle of luka. With a hastily formed brigade, he did good service in the relief of Rosecrans at Corinth. His gallantry soon after won him a major-general's epaulet. Grant believed him capable of great things. He was now called upon to give up his control of the railroads and enter upon his duties as major-general; and in testimony of the attachment and regard felt for him by his railroad subordin- ates, they gave him a parting supper, at which Grant, Logan, and a number of rising officers who have since become famous, were assembled, and presented him with a horse, saddle, bridle and sword. McPherson was assigned to the command of the district of Bolivar. Here he was enabled, by keeping a keen eye upon the movements of the enemy, to furnish much information to Grant that went to shape the campaign upon Holly Springs and Vicksburg. He was ordered by Grant to make a reconnoissance in force toward Holly Springs, to discover the enemy's strength. He encoun- tered the rebels in force, but, after a short resistance, they 142 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. broke, and fled in confusion. With the cavalry, he pushed on in person, following the retreat, and presently discovering the full strength of the enemy behind their fortified positions, and making a careful reconnoissance, he retired with about a hundred prisoners and such information, as to the rebel strength and position, as satisfied Grant that the time for his advance had come. So fully had McPherson now won the approval and confidence of Grant, that he was given the en- tire right wing of the army of the Tennessee, and assigned to the front. Now began the advance upon Vicksburg by way of the Mississippi river. He was prominent and active in this memorable campaign, and was one of the most suc- cessful officers in his operations. Indeed some writers have not hesitated to place upon his brow the laurels of that great Union victory. On recommendation of Grant he was made a brigadier-general in the regular army. At one time, hints were thrown out that he was too kind to rebel prisoners, and had sympathies of a Southern character, but they are hardly worthy of passing notice. He was presented with the gold medal of honor awarded by the "Board of Honor," com- posed of fellow-soldiers in Grant's army, in testimony of the appreciation in which he and his work were held by those who knew both the best. At the opening of the Atlanta campaign in the beginning of 1864, he had secured the reenlistment of his corps. That memorable campaign was his last. He took a prominent part in the advance on Atlanta, doing noble ser- vice for his country. He had been galloping hither and thither, giving orders and directing movements, when he ran into the fatal trap. He was riding from the l6th towards his own corps, the 17th, which he had heard was being badly pressed, when he came suddenly upon some rebel skirmishers, and was ordered to halt. He stopped for an instant, raised his hat, then, with a quick wrench on the reins, dashed into the woods on his right. He was followed by a volley of bul- lets, and a shot entered his right lung and shattered the spine. His wounded charger galloped among his men, and mutely told the sorrowful story. The wound was fatal, and he was found an hour afterwards, conscious, but unable to speak. His men fought terribly to avenge his death, and drove back the rebel assault with great loss. The entire army was bowed in grief after the battle. He was killed July 22d, 1864. In personal appearance he was eminently prepossessing, six feet high, of full, manly development, with graceful carriage, and most winning manners, he was altogether a splendid speci- men of a soldier. He was buried in the orchard of the old homestead at Clyde. At the time he met his death, he was betrothed to a young lady of Baltimore, to whom he was tenderly attached. May, Manuel, lawyer, of Mansfield, Ohio, was born in that city, the son of John M. May, who was the first law- yer that settled there, and where, in 181 5, he married Arte- misia Wolfe, a daughter of one of the pioneer families whose parents settled there as early as 1806. During his residence subsequently, and which continued until his death in 1869, John M. May practiced his profession as a scrupulously con- scientious lawyer. He was a careful and prudent adviser, and well read in the principles of law. Neither an ambi- tious politician nor office-seeker, he threw the whole weight of his influence on the side of honesty and capability, and, eminently a public-spirited citizen, he took an earnest in- terest in those civic, state and national affairs, in which the v/elfare of the community was the important consideration. His son, the subject of this sketch, was educated at Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio. He graduated at the Cincinnati Law School, and after his admission to practice, engaged in business with his father. He was countyv prosecuting attor- ney from January, 1858, to January, 1862, and from 1866 to 1869, and served two terms as a State senator. His career in the senate was satisfactory, as he faithfully represented the interests of his constituents, and presented their views on all public questions. A hard worker in committee, and excel- lent debater, during the last term he served as a prominent member of the judiciary committee, to the entire satisfaction of his fellow-senators. He has since been repeatedly urged to permit his nomination for Congress, but has uniformly de- clined, inasmuch as he is aware fully that, were he elected, his extensive and important law practice would be perma- nently sacrificed to the possibilities, always such, of higher and more advanced political position. Mr. May, possessed of one of the best law libraries in his part of the State, is an earnest student, and, possessed of fine reasoning and an- alyzing faculties, has few superiors in the unravelment of an involved case. As a jury advocate he ranks high, being pos- sessed of fine oratorical powers, as well as an openness of manner and frankness indispensable to him who would win the confidence of a jury. The Mansfield bar has been dis- tinguished for its ability, and has produced several able jurists and statesmen. Among them we may instance Hon. John Sherman, now Secretary of the Treasury, Governors Bartley, father and son, and Judge Brinkerhoff'; also, Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, at present representing his adopted State of Iowa in the United States senate. As a lawyer, our subject ranks with those men ; while in social life he is a courteous gentleman, genial companion arid warm friend. Custer, George A., soldier, was bom at New Rum- ley, Harrison county, Ohio, December 5th, 1839. Having received a good English education, he engaged in teaching. In June, 1857, through the influence of Hon. John A. Bing- ham, he received the appointment of cadet at the Military Academy, West Point, and graduating in June, 1861, was appointed second lieutenant, company G, 2d United States cavalry, formerly commanded by Robert E. Lee. On the i8th June, 1861, he left- the Military Academy, and reported to General Winfield Scott on the 20th, the day preceding the battle of Bull Run. General Scott gave Lieutenant Custer the choice of a position on his staff, or of joining his com- pany, then with General McDowell, near Centreville. Eager to participate in active field service, he chose the latter, and reached McDowell's headquarters at 3 o'clock on the morn- ing of the 2 1 St. Preparations for the battle had already be- gun, and after delivering his dispatches and partaking of a hasty breakfast, he joined his company. This company was among the last to leave the field, which it did in good order, bringing off General Heintzelman, who had been wounded. He continued to serve with his company until the lamented Kearney was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, when that distinguished officer appointed Lieutenant Custer on his staff. He remained in this position until an order was issued by the War Department prohibiting officers of the regular army from holding appointments on the staff of generals of volunteers, when Custer returned to his company, after re- ceiving flattering testimony to his efficiency. The rebels having evacuated Manassas, Lieutenant Custer's company moved with that part of the army of the Potomac which ^J^* BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 143 marched to that point. He was in the advance under -Gen- eral Stoneman, and encountered the enemy for the first time near Catlett's Station. Lieutenant Custer volunteered to charge the enemy's advanced post, driving the rebels across Muddy creek, wounding a few, and having one of his own men wounded — thus drawing the first blood in the campaign under McClellan. When the army settled down before York- town, he was detailed as assistant-engineer under Sumner, in which position he planned and erected the nearest earth- work to the enemy's hnes. He accornpanied the advance under Hancock in pursuit of the enemy from Yorktown, and at Williamsburg acted as aide-de-camp to that general, capturing the first battle-flag ever taken by the army of the Potomac. Lieutenant Custer was the first to cross the Chick- ahominy, which he did by wading, in the face of the enemy's pickets. For this gallant act he was promoted by McClellan to the rank of captain, and made a personal aide. He re- mained with the General, and participated in all the engage- ments, including the seven days' battle, and marked out the position occupied by the Union forces in the battle of Gaines's Mills. He also shared in the campaign ending with the bat- tle of South Mountain and Antietam. When McClellan was relieved of the command of the army. Captain Custer ac- companied him in his retirement, and was not again in active service until the battle of Chancellorsville, in which he served as first-lieutenant, company M, 5th cavalry, his rank of cap- tain having been disallowed. After this battle. General Pleas- anton, commanding a division of cavalry, made Lieutenant Custer a personal aide, in which capacity he shared in nu merous cavalry engagements. When Pleasanton was made a major-general and assigned to a cavalry corps, he re- quested the appointment of four brigadiers to command un- der him, and upon his recommendation, indorsed by Generals Hooker and Meade, Lieutenant Custer was raised to the rank of brigadier-general. He was at once assigned to a brigade of Michigan cavalry. At the battle of Gettysburg he utterly routed Hampton's division of cavalry, having had two horses shot under him. Immediately after the battle. General Cus- ter was ordered to attack the enemy's train, then making its way to the Potomac. He overtook them and destroyed up- wards of four hundred wagons, and captured eighteen hun- dred prisoners, between Gettysburg and the Potomac. A severe engagement followed at Hagerstown, Maryland, and General Custer again had his horse shot under him ; and when the enemy finally crossed the Potomac, his command was the only one that harassed the crossing. This was at Falling Waters, where he attacked the entire rebel rear guard. General Pettigrew, who commanded it, was killed, and his command routed, with a loss of thirteen hundred prisoners, four battle-flags, and two pieces of cannon. Dur- ing the fall of 1863, Custer was engaged constantly in skir- mishing with the enemy, and in the winter in picketing the Rapidan between the two armies. In the spring of 1864 he took part in the opening battle of the Wilderness, and early in May set out, under General Sheridan, on his raid toward Richmond. General Custer's brigade, in the advance, cap- tured Beaver Dam, burned the station and a train of cars laden with supplies, and released four hundred Union pris- oners. Rejoining Grant's army on the Pamunkey, he par- ticipated in several engagements, and had another horse shot under him. At Trevillian Station he was sent out to surprise the enemy's rear, and executed the movement promptly, but through the delay of another commander, who was ordered to attack in front, the enemy was enabled to devote his en- tire attention to Custer. Five brigades surrounded his one, and against such odds the battle was waged for three hours. One of his guns was captured twice, and each time retaken. His color-bearer was killed, and the battle-flag only saved from capture by General Custer himself tearing it from the standard and conceahng it about his person. The arrival of Tobert's force enabled him to extricate his command with comparatively small loss. In the Shenandoah valley, Custer made a record only less brilliant than that of his commander. When General Averill was relieved, General Custer was as- signed to the 2d division of cavalry, army of the Shenan- doah ; but in a few days, when General Wilson was relieved from the command of the 3d division, to which General Cus- ter formerly belonged, he was transferred to that division, and continued in command of it until after Lee's surrender. When Sheridan arrived on the field after his famous ride, he found one command ready for action, and his immediate order was, "Go in, Custer!" Custer "went in," and the en- emy was driven several miles beyond the battle-ground. The division captured several hundred prisoners, including a ma- jor-general, and forty-five pieces of artillery out of the forty- eight captured by the entire army. For his conduct in this battle, General Custer was brevetted major-general of volun- teers, and as a further mark of approval. General Sheridan detailed him to carry his report of the battle, and the cap- tured flags, to Washington. On October 9th, 1864, he routed the rebel General Rosser, capturing six pieces of artillery, two battle-flags, his entire train, and many prisoners. For his conduct on this occasion, he received thanks and con- gratulations in a special order from the War Department. Again, in the winter of the same year, he attacked with a force of one thousand, a force of two thousand, under Jubal Early, whom he utterly routed. A pursuit resulted in the capture of eighteen hundred prisoners, eleven battle-flags, fourteen pieces of artillery, and two hundred wagons, in- cluding General Early's private baggage. The latter himself narrowly escaped capture. General Custer lost one man killed and four wounded. He did noble service in the first campaign around Richmond. At the battle of Dinwiddie Court-house, Custer's division arrived on the field when the Union troops were gradually yielding ground. Ordering the band to strike up " Hail Columbia," he charged the advanc- ing column so impetuously that he not only checked the ad- vance, but drove the enemy backward over the lost ground. At Sailor's creek, Merritt and Crook were ordered by Sher- idan to break the enemy's line and delay his retreat. Their efforts were ineffectual. Sheridan called for Custer, exclaim- ing: "I wish to God old Custer was here; he would have been into the enemy's train before this time ! " Accordingly, " old Custer's " division was ordered up, and immediately threw themselves upon the enemy — actually leaping their horses over the breastworks. In this, his greatest cavalry charge, the capture by Sheridan's command consisted of five thousand prisoners, including seven general officers, sixteen pieces of artillery, and thirty-one battle-flags. After this battle, Custer was riding up to General Sheridan, who was surrounded by his staff and other officers of rank, when the general and all his staff, with caps waving, gave three cheers for Custer ! He was in the advance when the surrender at Apomattox took place, and was the first to receive the white flag sent in by General Lee. After the terms of surrender had been signed by Generals Grant and Lee, General Sher- 144 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. idan purchased from Mr. McLean, in whose house the nego- tiations had been conducted, the little table upon which the terms were made, and presented it to Mrs. Custer, with the following letter : " My Dear Madam : Permit me to present to you the table upon which were signed the terms of sur- render of the army of northern Virginia, under General Robert E. Lee ; and in conclusion, let me add, that I know of no person more instrumental in bringing about this most desirable event, than your own most gallant husband. I am, madam, most truly your friend, Philip H. Sheridan, Maj.- Gen. U. S. A." For his distinguished conduct in these closing scenes of the war, he received the appointment of major-general of volunteers, and after the grand review at Washington, he accompanied Sheridan to the military divi- sion of the gulf, where he was assigned to an important com- mand in Texas. At the time of his promotion as general, he was the youngest officer of his rank in the army, and after Sheridan, the most dashing cavalryman. He never Jost a gun or a color, and captured more flags, prisoners, and mu- nitions of war, than any other officer not in command of an army. These were all captured in actual fight, and not in abandoned forts or arsenals. In politics, the general made himself more conspicuous after the war than most of the prominent regular army officers. He sympathized with An- drew Johnson, and accompanied him on his famous tour to the Douglas monument dedication. He also took an active part in the Philadelphia union convention in 1866, and in the soldiers' convention at Cleveland, in the autumn of 1869. In the reorganization of the regular army after the war. Gen- eral Custer took the rank of colonel of cavalry, and was as- signed for duty under General Terry in the western territo- ries. Here, being on detached service with a command of about three hundred men, he was killed on June 25th (or 26th), 1876, in a battle with an estimated force oi' three thousand Sioux warriors, led by Sitting Bull. Of the move- ments of the brave Custer after the first date given, but very little is known, as his entire command, consisting of twelve officers, two hundred and forty-seven enlisted men, five civ- ilians, and three Indian scouts, were all killed except one officer and two men, and most of them mutilated by the savages. Putnam, RUFUS, soldier, statesman and pioneer, was born at Sutton, Massachusetts, April 9th, 1738, and died at Marietta, Ohio, May 4th, 1824. His father, Elisha Putnam, was a useful and influential citizen, while his cousin, the famous Israel Putnam, a general officer in the Revolutionary army, our subject was often mistaken for, especially in later life, after he became a general officer himself. His father died when he was but seven years old, and he had scarcely any opportunities for education. This was a source of great regret to him during his whole life, for he was called to fill important offices of trust and influence, and during the war of the Revolution and subsequently he was in correspond- ence with generals of the army and the most eminent civil- ians. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a mill- wright, but received none of those opportunities for learning which were often furnished by masters to their apprentices. " I was zealous to obtain knowledge," he writes, " but having no guide, I knew not where to begin, nor what course to pur- sue." In later years he always urged his children and others not to neglect the education of any under their care. In March, 1757, in his nineteenth year, he entered the provincial service, and thus took part in the war of England against France. He was in the army most of the time for four years, his several periods of service being about a year each. He endured many hardships, and proved himself a faithful and excellent soldier. In his third campaign he was orderly-ser- geant until he was detailed, against his will, to erect a saw- mill near Lake George. He afterward was employed at times as a mechanic in building block-houses and fortifica- tions. Before his fourth campaign he received a commission as ensign, corresponding to our second lieutenant. This bears date March 12th, 1760, in the reign of George II, and is signed by Governor Pownal, of the colony of Massachu- setts Bay. (This commission is in the library of Marietta College, as are some seventeen others, extending from 1760 to 1796, when he received from President Washington a com- mission as surveyor-general of the United States.) In March, 1761, he returned to his home in New Braintree, and pur- sued his business as a mill-wright for seven or eight years. He was then engaged in practical surveying till the war of the Revolution, having learned the art from Colonel Timothy Dwight, of Northampton, the father of President Dwight, of Yale College. He had been in April, 1761, united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Ayers, of Brookfield, a lady who died in November following. In January, 1765, he married Miss Persis Rice, of Westborough, Massachusetts, a lady, of great force of character and much intelligence. An industrious woman, she managed his property during the Revolutionary war, and governed her household while he was engaged as an officer in the field, and unable, consequently, to attend to his home duties as a husband and father. He lived with her fifty-five years in great harmony and the enjoyment of much happiness. Having been selected in 1772 as one of several officers who had served in the French war, to explore the lands in the South granted to the Provincial troops, he pro- ceeded with his cousin Israel, Captain Enos, and Thaddeus Lyman to perform that duty ; but, after the party had made surveys above New Orleans, in what is now the State of Mississippi, Governor Chester received orders from the king, George III, prohibiting further grants by him, and much dis- appointment to parties who were about to avail themselves of the benefit of these grants was the result. When, three years afterward, the storm burst that had been culminating during these years, he at once offered his services to his country, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Colonel David Brewer's regiment, stationed at Roxbury as a regiment of General Thomas's division of the Provincial army, after the battle of Lexington. Though he disclaimed any knowl- edge of engineering, the fact that he had worked as a me- chanic under British engineers in the French war having become known to the commanding general of the Revolu- tionary army, then at Cambridge, he was directed to plan . and construct the fortifications around Boston. His plans met the entire approval of General Washington, while General Lee spoke after their erection in the strongest terms of the advantage of those constructed at Jewell's Point. All the works at Roxbury, Dorchester and Brookline were constructed under Colonel Putnam's direction, and also the fort at Cobb's Point. It will be remembered that winter overtook those employed in these operations, and by the time it became necessary, in the opinion of. the commanding general, to fortify Dorchester Heights, as the high ground that projected itself (now called City Point) between South Boston and Dorchester Bay, was then called, midwinter prevented any yhu/u? ir/^44nji^-n^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. MS of the usual style of operation for that purpose. Colonel Putnam being directed to consider the manner, in view of this fact, the height could be fortified, borrowed a work on engineering, and after for a short time studying its rules and instructions, decided upon a plan of operations which was at once endorsed by Colonel Gridley, who had constructed the works at Cambridge, and Colonel Knox, of the artillery. They were to construct with stout timbers ten feet long, into which were framed upright posts of the same, five feet high and five feet apart, buttresses to be placed in parallel lines with embrasures for guns between, and then these buttress frames filled in with bundles of fascines strongly picketed together. In this manner heavy breastworks of almost solid wood, and moveable when necessary, would receive the shot from the British ships of Lord Howe. On the night of the 4th March, 1775, the works were erected and placed, and on the morning of the 5th what appeared to the British naval and military commanders formidable defensive works on that ground beyond all other that commanded the harbor, surprised and mortified them. The military commander was so exasperated that he decided on sending his troops at once and carrying those works by storm ; but, on second thought, he saw the folly of such an attempt, and at once sent word to General Washington that he would evacuate the city and harbor if his shipping were not molested while his men and stores were being placed on shipboard. General Washington consented, and the evacuation was accomplished without the shedding of blood. Colonel Putnam was then by the com- manding general ordered to New York, to call at Providence on his way, examine the defenses of that town and aid Gov- ernor Cook with his advice in the construction of additional defenses. He also erected additional defenses at Newport, and, April 6th, met General Washington at Providence in council. His integrity, uprightness, patriotism, and intelli- gently successful operations had won for him the earnest friendship of his commanding general, and which was evinced subsequently during his whole life ; and, while engaged at New York Colonel Putnam received the following letter : " New York, August i ith, 1776. — Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that Congress has appointed you an engineer, with the rank of colonel, and pay of ^60 a month. I beg of you to hasten the sinking of vessels and other obstructions in the river at Fort Washington as fast as it is possible. Advise General Putnam constantly of the kind of vessels you want and other things, that no delay that can possibly be avoided may happen. I am, sir, your assured friend and servant, G. Washington." This appointment was wholly unexpected, as was his recognition by Congress in this hon- orable manner, and so far out of that customary as to create for him a position until then unknown to the Continental army. Nevertheless, as he preferred service at the head of a regiment in the field, he applied, on the 8th of the follow- ing December, to raise such a regiment, and the applica- tion was by the commanding general thus acknowledged : "Bucks County, near Cogell's Ferry, December 17th, 1776. Dear Sir: Your letter of the 8th from Peekskill came duly to hand. Your acceptance of a regiment to be raised on Continental establishment by the State of Massachusetts Bay is quite agreeable to me, and I sincerely wish you success in recruiting and much honor in commanding it. Your profes- sions of attachment are extremely gratifying to, dear sir, your most obedient servant, Geo. Washington." It was with the belief that the French engineers he had then engaged could do the work upon which Colonel Putnam had been employed. General Washington thus allowed him to pass into other service ; but this behef was not well founded. An extract from his letter on the subject to Congress will support us in this assertion. This letter was written but three days after the date of the letter just written to Colonel Put- nam, and the extract is as follows : " 1 have also to mention that for the want of some establishment in the department of engineers, agreeable to the plan laid before Congress in Oc- tober last by Colonel Putnam, who was at the head of it, but who has quitted and taken a regiment in Massachusetts, / know of no other man tolerably well qualified for the con- ducting of that business. None of the French gentlemen whom 1 have seen with appointments in that way appear to know anything of the matter. There is one in Philadelphia who, I am told, is clever, but him 1 have not seen." Thus it was that the educated French officers, who by this time had flocked to the standard of the Continental army, were found to be deficient in that species of practical knowledge in which Colonel Putnam excelled. After taking command of his regiment, he was, consequently, by the order of General Washington, made superintendent of the fortifications of West Point on the Hudson, then in course of construction. He arrived there in March, 1778, and found the works that for many months had been in course of erection so inefficient that they had to be abandoned, and the work begun anew under his direction. For this purpose he was authorized to employ the men of his regiment, and they built the main fortress named by General McDougal, in honor of its engineer, " Fort Putnam," and to-day it stands, commanding the plain and the point, a fine example of his practical engineering ability. In 1779, Colonel Putnam was appointed to the com- mand of a regiment of light infantry in the brigade of General Wayne — a body of men composed of the selections by General Wayne himself from the whole army ; and from this time until the close of the war he commanded this regiment. January 8th, 1783, Colonel Putnam was commissioned by Congress a brigadier-general in the army of the United States, and served as such until the declaration of peace and the ratification of the treaty in September, 1783, released him from military service. During this year he was in constant communication with the commanding general, whose full confidence and friendship he enjoyed, and who. appointed him to many posts of honor and profit. He was consulted by General Washington in the arrangement for a peace establishment of the army, or such portion of it as was necessary, and he planned the project in a draft of thirty pages (the original of which is to be found among his papers in the library of Marietta College,) which the commanding general embodied in his report to Congress on the subject. Our space here will not permit extended reference to the great act of his life in time of peace. It will be found in detail in our sketch of the history of Ohio, with which our work opens. Suffice it here to say that with the formation of the Ohio Company, and that legislation by Congress that made the great Northwest free territory for ever, to be inhab- ited by intelligent American yeomanry. General Rufus Put- nam's name and fame is indissolubly united. Appointed superintendent of all business relating to the settlement of the lands of the Ohio Company, he was also appointed judge of the first court of common pleas, and one of the only three judges then in the territory ; and, shordy afterward, he was made surveyor-general of the United States. The friend of 146 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. every mental and moral improvement, with foresight he , regarded the requirements of the future, and evinced his wisdom by recommending the setting apart of one section of land in every township for the support of education. By his accurate surveys he prevented litigation and loss to the settlers. Imbued with the love of liberty and humanity, he lived for his country and her people's good. Himself without the advantages of education, he was ever ready to help others. Before he left Massachusetts he gave ;^ 100 to the academy at Leicester. In 1797, at his suggestion, steps were taken for the erection of the Muskingum Academy at Marietta, believed to be the first structure of the kind in the Northwest. He was a trustee of the Ohio University from its founding till the close of his life. In 1792, President Washington appointed him a brigadier-general in the regular army, and in the same year he was sent to Vincennes to negotiate a treaty with the Indians. He was a member of the Constitu- tional convention of 1802. Of the Congregational church, formed at Marietta in 1796, he was one of the original mem- bers, and he was through life an humble, devout Christian. His influence was always on the side of right, and every good cause found in him a true friend and an earnest advocate. His intellect was strong and solid, rather than quick and brilliant. By his native force of character, by his genuine good sense and excellent judgment, and by his unbending integrity, he succeeded, in spite of his early disadvantages, in accomplishing whatever he undertook. He was eminently fitted to be the leader of the first colony from New England to the great Northwest. Beginning at the lowest round he ascended the ladder of success, and ultimately won the high- est distinction he ever coveted — to be ever useful to his fellow- men. No monument of brass is necessary to indicate his greatness. So long as the history of his country shall be written and read, the part he played in that history will be found occupying one of its broadest and brightest pages. Kelly, Moses, lawyer, was bom January 21st, 1809, in Groveland, Livingston county, at that time Ontario county. New York, and died August 15th, 1870, at Cleveland, Ohio. His father, Daniel Kelly, a Pennsylvanian, of Scotch-Irish descent, removed to New York in 1797. His mother was of German descent. Until eighteen years old he lived on his father's farm at Groveland, attending school and working on the farm. At that age he commenced preparing for college at Geneseo, under Cornelius C. Felton, afterwards president of Howard University, entered the freshman class at Har- vard in 1829, and graduated with his class in 1833. He studied law for three years in the office of Orlando Hastings, at Rochester, New York, was admitted to practice, and at once removed to Cleveland, where, in 1836, a law partner- ship was formed with the Hon. Thomas Bolton, who had • been his college classmate. The law firm of Bolton & Kelly at once obtained a good practice, which was steadily en- larged. In 1839 he was chosen city attorney, and served in that office to general acceptation. He was elected to the city council in 1841, and took an active part in carrying through the measures resulting in the protection of the lake front of the city from destruction by the encroachments of the lake. He was elected by the whigs of Cuyahoga and Geauga counties as State senator for the years 1844 and 1845, and distinguished himself by the bold and independent stand taken, on measures of great public importance, and by the lasting effect produced by his action. In opposition to the united strength of both political parties in the senate, he vig- orously resisted the passage of a measure, supported by both parties, for political effect, which reduced the pay of judges and all State officials to an utterly inadequate amount. The bill passed, but was repealed by the next legislature. Dur- ing his senatorial term the question of banking became an important one in the legislature. The whig party, to which he belonged, favored the establishment of a State bank and branches, and a bill to that effect was introduced. He strongly opposed it, and advocated a system of free banking, with currency based on State stocks. All efforts to quiet his opposition were ineffectual, and although the State bank was established, he secured the addition to the bill of sections permitting the establishment of independent banks with cir- culation based on State stocks deposited with the State gov- ernment, and he also procured the addition of checks and safeguards to the State bank system. His course met with the approval of his constituents, and a public meeting, called by the leading business men of Cleveland, and without re- gard to party lines, heartily approved his action. The Ohio independent bank system, advocated by him, and which was carried into successful operation, was the model on which the national bank system of the United States was afterward constructed. At the same session another important finan- cial question disposed of was the attempt to clothe the Ohio Life and Trust Company with authority to issue bills to the extent of ^500,000, to be circulated as currency. This insti- tution was one of great strength, its leading members being men of wealth and influence. The legislature had not then adopted a banking system, most of the charters of the old banks had expired, and the State was without an adequate bank circulation of its own. The arguments in favor of giv- ing the proposed authority to the Ohio Life and Trust Com- pany were plausible, and the support promised the measure so great that its success was deemed certain. On its third reading he attacked it in a speech of great vigor and strength of argument, and although the entire support of the whigs and democrats had been given to it up to that time, the bill failed. At the close of the term which had been so im- portant in the history of the State, and in' which he had borne so prominent a part, he returned to the practice of his profession. In 1849 ^^^ legislature appointed him one of the commissioners of the city of Cleveland to subscribe on its behalf to the capital stock of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company. He accepted the trust, and represented the city's interest on the board of directors for several years, until the stock held by the city was disposed of In 1856 his law partner, Mr. Bolton, was elected judge of the court of common pleas, and the firm name was changed to Kelly & Griswold, Mr. S. O. Griswold having been admitted to the firm in 1851. In the summer of 1866 he was a member of the Philadelphia convention for the healing of the differences between the North and South, resulting in the war, and in September of that year he was appointed by President John- son United States marshal for the northern district of Ohio. The ill-feeling between President Johnson and the senate prevented his confirmation, and in March of the following year he withdrew from the position. In addition to the pub- lic stations filled, as already noted, he was stockholder, direc- tor and attorney of the City Bank of Cleveland, which was organized under the law of 1845, ^om its organization to its reorganization as the National City bank, and until his death. He was one of the organizers of St. Paul's Episcopal church, .^yl&^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. »47 and continued one of its most active and liberal supporters. His mind and tastes led him to make commercial law and equity jurisprudence his special study, in both of which he stood at tlie head of the profession. His home and family were all that could be desired. In 1839 he married Miss Mary Jane Have, daughter of General Hezekiah Have, of New Haven, Connecticut, and left five children, of whom the oldest, Frank H. Kelly, was born in Cleveland, in 1840. After a preparatory education in the Cleveland schools, he was sent to Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, upon leaving which he returned to Cleveland and studied law in his father's office, graduated at the Ohio State and Union Law College in Cleveland, and was admitted to practice in 1861. He took an active interest in politics from that time, and in 1873 was elected to the council as trustee from the newly- organized sixteenth ward, and in the following year was elected president of the council. During his term of office as member and president of the council, he has made a good record by his close attention to business and by uniform fair- ness of decision. Crook, George, soldier, was born near Dayton, Montgomery county, Ohio, September 8th, 1828. He entered West Point in 1848, graduated July, 1852, and was appointed to a brevet second-lieutenancy in a regiment serving in Cal- ifornia. He saw some service among the Indians, and was once severely wounded. In 1853 he was promoted to sec- ond-lieutenant ; in November, 1856, to first-lieutenant, and in May, 1 86 1, to a captaincy in the regular army. On his arrival in New York in August, 1861, he was tendered the colonelcy of the 36th Ohio infantry, then in course of enlist- ment in Marietta, Ohio. Accepting the appointment, he applied himself to the work of disciplining the regiment. Early in the spring of 1862, Colonel Crook was placed in command of the 3d brigade of the army of West Virginia, and on the 24th May defeated the rebel General Heath, cap- turing all his artillery and many of his men. In July he was transferred to the army of the Potomac, and took a prom- inent part in Pope's retreat, and in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. For services in these campaigns he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and was given the command of the Kanawha division, composed almost entirely of Ohio troops. In January, 1863, at the request of General Rosecrans, he was transferred to the army of the Cumberland, and assigned to the command of the 2d cav- alry division. Immediately after the battle of Chickamauga, he was ordered to pursue and destroy the rebel cavalry force under General Wheeler; whom he utterly routed and sent flying in confusion, after capturing all his artillery. For this he was recommended for promotion by both General Rose- crains and General Thomas. In February, 1864, he was as- signed to the command of the 3d division, department of West Virginia, then lying in Kanawha valley. On May 9th he attacked the enemy in strong force at Cloyd Mountain, under command of General Jenkins. The rebels lost two pieces of artillery and nearly one thousand men, killed, wounded and captured, among them General Jenkins, who was mortally wounded. He encountered the rebels again at New river, drove them from their position, captured two pieces of artillery and a large quantity of ammunition. General Crook's force was then ordered to Staunton. His division led the advance in General Hunter's movement upon Lynchburg, and covered the rear upon the retreat. His command had been on duty for two months, marched nine hundred miles, crossed different ranges of the Alleghany and Blue Ridge sixteen times, continually on short rations, frequently without any ; had fought and defeated the enemy in five severe engagements ; had participated in numerous skirmishes; had killed, wounded and made prisoners of nearly two thousand rebels, and had captured' ten pieces of artillery. It had not lost one man captured, and neither a gun nor wagon had fallen into the hands of the enemy; but nearly one-third of its number had been left dead on the field of battle, or had been carried away wounded. The Ka- nawha division never lost the right to be called the best in an army where all were good. On the 20th July, General Crook was brevetted major-general for distinguished gal- lantry and efficient services in the preceding campaign. When Sheridan organized the army of the Shenandoah, the army of West Virginia became a part of it, and the latter was conspicuous in all its movements. For gallant conduct at the battles of Opequan and Fisher's Hill, General Crook was recommended by General Sheridan (after the war) for the rank of brevet major-general in the regular army. After the successful fall campaign in the Shenandoah valley in 1864, he was made a full major-general of volunteers, and his division went into winter quarters. On the 21st February, at two o'clock in the morning, by the adroit movement of a party of guerillas in Federal uniforms, under a lieutenant named McNeil, he was taken prisoner from his private room at his headquarters at Cumberland, Maryland. The guerillas escaped with their prize, and it was not until a month after (March 20th) that the general was exchanged, when he again assumed the command of the cavalry of the army of the Potomac. He bore a briUiant and conspicuous part in the closing scenes about Richmond. After the surrender, when General Sheridan was assigned to a command in the South- west, General Crook was placed in command of the cavalry corps, which he retained until relieved at his own request, about the ist July. In August, 1856, he was ordered to re- port to General Schofield, in the department of North Car- olina, and assigned to the command of the district of Wil- mington, in which position he was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service on the isth January, 1866, and again entered the regular army, in which he at present (1879) holds the rank of brigadier-general. He has been for several years on frontier duty, in command of the department of the Platte, with headquarters at Omaha, and has the reputation of being a good Indian fighter. McCOOK, Daniel, soldier, was born July 22d, 1834, at Carrollton, Carroll county, Ohio. He was the sixth son of Judge Daniel McCook, and the third of the family to fall in battle. He was deUcate from his childhood, and early man- ifested a liking for books. Educated at a college in Flor- ence, Alabama, he there graduated in 1857. He next studied law, and in 1858 was admitted to the bar. He settled in Leavenworth, Kansas, becoming a member of the firm of Ewings, Sherman & McCook — the two Ewings, sons of Hon. Thomas Ewing, and the other a name that was to be- come celebrated in the military annals of the war. Here he married in December, i860, Miss Julia Tibbs, of Platte coun- ty, Missouri. He was captain of a militia company, the Shields' Grays, when the news came of the firing upon Sum- ter. With them he entered the service. A little later he left Leavenworth Ho report to General Lyon, then at Wil- 148 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. son's creek. "Here's for a general's staff or a soldier's grave ! " he exclaimed, as he bade farewell to his family and friends, and he was destined to win both. In November, 1861, he was appointed adjutant-general on the staff of his brother Alexander, then a brigadier commanding a division in Buell's army. In this capacity he served nearly a year, accompanying his brother through the advance on Nashville, the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, and part of the campaign against Chattanooga. In May, 1862, he was called upon by Governor Tod to undertake the recruiting of the S2d regi- ment Ohio infantry, and had completed his task just in time to answer the call for troops in Kentucky to repel the inva- sion of Kirby Smith. He was soon made commander of a brigade, and at Perrysville formed part of the division of Sheridan. At Stone river he encountered Wheeler's men, and saved the ammunition train from capture, for which ser- vice he was complimented by General Rosecrans. In the assault on Kenesaw mountain. Colonel McCook fell mortally wounded. "If Harker and Daniel McCook had lived," wrote Sherman afterward, "I believe I should have carried the position." A little before he died a dispatch was brought him from the War Department, announcing his promotion to a brigadier-generalship of volunteers, for distinguished gallantry in battle. He had won the star he set out for, and the soldier's grave as well. He was buried with military honors, in Spring Grove cemetery, near Cincinnati, beside his father, and two brothers who had already met death at the hands of the enemies of their goverment. ' Whittlesey, ElISHA, lawyer and comptroller of the Treasury of the United States, was born in Washington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, October 19th, 1783, and died in Washington, District of Columbia, January 7th, 1863. His father, John Whittlesey, a farmer of Litchfield county, was directly descended from the John Whittlesey who emigrated from England to Say brook, Connecticut, about the year 1650. In 1803 he commenced the study of law in the office of his brother Matthew, and at the March term of 1805 he was ad- mitted to the bar. His first practice was in New Milford, Litchfield county, but before he had long been in that place he was induced to remove to Ohio. On the 3d June, 1806, he left New Milford and arrived at Canfield, Trumbull county, Ohio, on the 27th. On the following August he was admitted by the supreme court sitting at Warren, Trumbull county, to practice law. Before removing to Ohio he had familiarized himself with military drill and tactics, and a few months after his arrival at Canfield he was chosen ensign of a company of infantry, of which his knowledge of military matters afterward made him captain, his commission as such being given him in February, 1808. Two years afterward he was appointed aid-de-camp to Major-General Elijah Wads- worth, commanding the 4th division of Ohio militia. With this rank he went into the service of the United States, Au- gust 22d, 1812, in the war with Great Britain, rising to the rank of brigade major and inspector, under General Perkins, and remaining until the spring of 18 13, when his term of ser- vice expired. Whilst in this position he was detailed to act as aid and private secretary to General Harrison, and thus began an acquaintance which ripened into mutual friendship and regard, and which continued through life without abate- ment. General Harrison, in February, 1813, confided to Major Whittlesey the perilous duty of delivering a message to the governor at Chillicothe, one hundftd and sixty miles distant. The trip lay through the Black Swamp for fifteen miles from the camp on Maumee, watched by hostile Indians. This low land had been inundated, and the water, frozen throughout, afterward subsiding, left the swamp covered by cakes of ice resting on mud. He set out at night in order to evade the savages. By noon the next day the swamp was cleared. Passing the fort at Upper Sandusky that night, he reached the house of Mr. Guznee late in the third night, about twenty miles west of Columbus. Here he procured a fresh horse, and at daylight pressed forward, reaching Chilli- cothe before he slept. At the first full term of the court of com- mon pleas of Trumbull county, after his admission to the bar in 1806, he was appointed prosecuting attorney for the county, and continued to discharge the duties of that office until the autumn of 1823, when he resigned. At that time he formed a law partnership with Eben Newton — a sketch of whose life appears elsewhere in this work — and the association con- tinued for about twenty years, the business built up by the firm being very extensive and valuable. Whilst still holding the position of prosecuting attorney he was elected, in Octo- ber, 1820, as a representative to the general assembly of the State of Ohio, and was reelected in 182 1. In the house he was again associated with his old friend. General Harrison. In October, 1822, he was first elected from his congressional district a member of the House of Representatives in the Eighteenth United States Congress, and was seven times thereafter, in succession, returned to his seat by his constitu- ents, until in the, latter part of the Twenty -fifth Congress, 1837-38, he resigned. In his congressional career he won and held his place among the distinguished men who \yere his colleagues rather by the solid and intrinsic worth of his character than by the more brilliant and popular qualities of his individual genius. In all matters his rule of action was justice and equity to the humblest and the poorest, resistance to the most powerful when in the wrong, without the fear or favor of man before his eyes, strict attention to the public business, economy in the public disbursements, and purity in the public offices everywhere. As an illustration of his moral worth and strict integrity, it is recorded that the proper records will show that, while in Congress, every day's absence from his seat was noted in his account for pay. If such ab- sence was on committee or other duty connected with his office as a member of the house, the fact was stated. If the absence was on his own private business, the government was credited with so much at the rate of $8 per day. The same scrupulous care in regard to mileage was exhibited. He never claimed more than for the actual distance by the most direct route from his home to the capital. He returned to Canfield in July, 1838, where he resumed practice, the business having been carried on during his absence by his partner and friend, Hon. Eben Newton. In February, 1841, General Harrison, who had been elected President, tendered him a seat in the cabinet, which was accepted, but circum- stances compelled a change of arrangement, and on the 17th of March, 1841, he was appointed auditor of the Treasury for the Post Office Department. He accepted this position, which he resigned on thq 30th September, 1843. In 1847 he was appointed general agent for the Washington National Mon- ument Association, and continued in this capacity till May, 1849, when he resigned the office, but was afterward again called to manage the affairs of the association as its presi- dent, and continued to do so without charge until 1855, when he was removed by a change in the political party in the 'SA^^ ^.>?7<^. 7 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 149 municipal government of the capital. In June, 1849, 1'le was appointed by President Taylor to the position of First Comp- troller of the Treasury of the United States, and at once en- tered upon his duties. He held this office through the Tay- lor and Fillmore administrations, and on the accession of General Pierce as President, being opposed to the principles on which he had been elevated to the chief magistracy, re- signed. The resignation, however, was refused, and he was retained in office until Buchanan's accession, when for hke reasons he again resigned, and this time his resignation was accepted. In May, 1861, President Lincoln called him to as- sume once more the responsible duties of the position, and accepting the appointment, he continued to act, though at an advanced age, with slight interruptions, owing to the pres- sure of his duties and the infirmities of years, till the very day of his death (January 7th, 1863). The scrupulous care with which he performed the duties of his responsible office throughout his entire connection with it, earned him the title of "the watch-dog of the treasury." It was well said of him that he was a remarkable and wonderful man, whose services to the government of his country were inestimable. As au- ditor of the Treasury for the Post Office Department he redeemed that department from absolute chaos. He was endowed with talent and genius which most admirably fitted him for the office of comptroller, through whose hands every claim agg-inst the government of the United States, real and unfounded, must pass. No just claim was ever rejected by him, and no unjust one ever succeeded in obtaining access to the National Treasury. He was passionately fond of in- vestigation, and no problem, however complicated or ab- struse, was ever found too tedious for his inquiring mind. His pertinacity in resisting unjust or fraudulent claims upon the Treasury caused him some trouble and subjected him to vexatious suits during the interval between his retirement from his office of comptroller under President Buchanan and his return to it under President Lincoln. One who knew him well diurihg his congressional career has placed on record the testimony that as a useful and indefatigable legislator he had no superior in Congress, perhaps no equal. His whole time and study were directed to the public good. Ever anxious to promote the best interests of the people and expedite the true course of legislation, he never annoyed the house for mere purposes of declamation. Stern integrity, benevolence and morality were to be read on his features, and his whole life was a commentary and illustration of his physiognomy. Amid all his public labors he ever found time to interest him- self in the works of religion and charity. He early in life made a public profession of Christian faith by uniting with the church in his adopted towri, and he gave hearty assist- tance, so far as lay in his power, to all the great schemes of Christian enterprise that were brought to his notice. He early became and ever continued a steadfast friend of the American colonization cause, which laid the foundations for a better and greater hope for the future of Africa. He saw from the beginning the importance of this great work, and more than thirty years before his death he prepared and de- livered an address upon the whole question, which had great influence in opening the eyes of the people and in diffusing a better understanding of the objects proposed throughout the nation, and which is now treasured as one of its most valued documents in the archives of the society. He con- tributed valuable assistance to the work of spreading Chris- tian doctrines and influence. Besides this he prepared many documents on miscellaneous subjects, and lectures of popu- lar interest and concern. He kept for many years a diary of current events and a journal of autobiography, compiling with these an immense mass of material of the most valua- ble kind on many subjects, now to be found in the volumin- ous manuscript and printed papers he left at his death. In all relations of life, public and private, he acted wholly from principle. Whenever he assumed any relation in life he did it with a full purpose to fulfill all its obligations to the end ; when for any reason failing to fulfill them, he held him- self accountable to his associates, and above all, he held himself as a steward of God, and accountable to Him for every action. He married in Danbury, Connecticut, January 5th, 1806, Miss P. Mygatt, of that place, who died in June, 1855, having borne him seven sons and three daughters. RosECRANS, William Starke, soldier, was born in Kingston township, Delaware county, Ohio, September 6th, 1 8 19. His father, Crandall Rosecrans, emigrated to Ohio from the Wyoming valley, Pennsylvania, in 1808. His an- cestors came from Holland. His mother, Jemima (Hopkins) Rosecrans, was of the family of Timothy Hopkins, whose name has passed into history as one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. She was a daughter of a soldier of the Revolution. Young Rosecrans was a diligent student, and at the age of fifteen evinced the strong religious tendency which has continued to characterize him through life. His proficiency in mathematical studies, however, led him strongly to desire a West Point education. He applied, unknown to his father, to Hon. Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War, for a cadetship, and after a little delay received it. At West Point he was known as a hard student, rather reserved, and a religious enthusiast. He was graduated in the class of 1842. Entering the engineers as a brevet second-lieutenant, he was ordered to duty at Fortress Monroe. A year later he was returned to West Point as assistant professor of engineer- ing, and about this time married Miss Hegeman, only daugh- ter of Adrian Hegeman, then a well-known lawyer of New York. He remained at West Point seven years, and in 1847 was ordered to Newport, Rhode Island, to take charge of the fortifications. In 1853, Lieutenant Rosecrans, now a first- lieutenant, was assigned for service as constructing engineer at the Washington navy yard. Here he continued for some months, when his health broke down. He was now thirty- four years of age, was an acknowledged master in the pro- fession of engineering, and had given eleven of the best years of his life to the government without yet having reached the dignity of a captain's commission. He became discouraged, and tendered his resignation. The Secretary of War (Jef- ferson Davis), unwilling that so valuable an officer should be lost to the service, gave him a year's leave of absence, with the understanding that if he should then insist upon it, he would be permitted to resign. In 1854 his resignation was accepted. Soon after this, we find him in a modest office in Cincinnati, on the door of which appeared the inscription, " William S. Rosecrans, Consulting Engineer and Architect." Some time after, he became superintendent, and then presi- dent, of the Cannel Coal Company. After this he took charge of the Cincinnati Coal Oil Company. Thus were passed seven more years of his life, his ventures mostly ter- minating in pecuniary failure. As some compensation, how- ever, he had become a man of considerable influence in the city in which he had made his home. In the beginning of i^6 BIOGkAPHiCAL CYCLOPEDIA A]SfD PORTRAIT GALLERY. 1861, the future general, then in his forty-second year, was not very much better situated than when he had resigned his commission in 1854. But tlie war coming on, he at once grasped the situation. From the first frenzy of the rush to arms, after the attack on Fort Sumter, Rosecrans devoted his whole time and thought to preventing an invasion of Ohio from over the border. On the 19th April, McClellan, just raised to the command of the Ohio militia, invited him to act as engineer on his staff, and to select a site for a camp of instruction for the volunteers then pouring in. The site he selected was afterwards known as Camp Dennison, and for some weeks he was fully occupied in encamping and caring for the regiments as they arrived. Governor Dennison then sent him to Philadelphia to obtain arms; next to Wash- ington to negotiate with the government respecting the sup- ply of clothing and equipments for the Ohio troops ; and early in June he was commissioned chief engineer of the State. A day or two later he was made colonel of the 23d Ohio, and assigned to the command of Camp Chase, at Co- lumbus. Four days after this, his commission as brigadier-gen- eral in the regular army, dating from April i6th, 1 861, reached him, and he was appointed to active service in West Vir- ginia. Within two weeks after he assumed the command, his brigade won a victory that decided the .first campaign of the war. He displayed not only ability as a strategist, but great gallantry in charging the enemy at the head of his troops. The affair was known as the battle of Rich Moun- tain, and General Rosecrans's conduct merited the praise which it everywhere received. This success was rewarded by his being given the command of the department of West Virginia, on McClellan's departure for the East. He found the strength of his command m'uch reduced by the ex- piration of service of some of his regiments, and the raw troops by which they were replaced had yet to be tested. General Robert E. Lee was sent by the rebel government to oppose him, and the campaign ended by Lee being out- manoeuvred by the Union general. The Ohio legislature, by a unanimous vote, thanked the latter, and the legislature of West Virginia passed a like resolution of thanks for his management of civil as well as military affairs. In April, 1862, General Rosecrans was relieved of his command to give place to Fremont, and ordered to Washington, and, about the middle of May, was directed to report to General Halleck, then in front of Corinth. Here, practically reduced in rank by being placed in a subordinate command, he, not- withstanding, did good service, and after the evacuation of Corinth, was ordered to assume the command of the army of the Mississippi, on the departure of General Pope for the East. Through a blunder of two other commanders, who failed to reinforce him, he, almost alone, fought the battle of luka. Becoming aware of the enemy's intention to recap- ture Corinth, he prepared to dispute the ground and give them battle. Outnumbered two to one, the Union troops fought valiantly and desperately, and after great slaughter the rebels were driven back. In the very flush of victory, and while in hot pursuit of the enemy, he was refused aid, and ordered back to Corinth, much against his will. He was soon after ordered to Cincinnati. He was then directed to relieve General Buell in Kentucky, and by General Hal- leck ordered to move, with his large but demoralized forces, into east Tennessee. He. replied that this was impossible, and continued to reorganize his army. His displeased chief again and again ordered him to move, adding at last that "he had been requested by the President to designate a suc- cessor for General Rosecrans." That soldier's reply was: "My appointment to the command having been made with- out any sohcitation from me or my friends, if the President continues to have confidence in the propriety of the selec- tion, he must permit me to use my judgment, and be respon- sible for the results ; but if he entertains doubts, he ought at once to appoint a commander in whom he can confide, for the good of the service and of the country." Having completed the reorganization of his army, he at length advanced upon the enemy at Murfreesboro, December 26th, 1862. His plan of battle was admirably matured, but was marred by a division commander, who failed to hold his position. Disaster followed, but the general in command never lost his presence of mind. His orders were quick and peremptory. The rebels under Bragg were checked, but the Union forces had lost heavily in officers and men. Bragg at length made a furious onslaught, driving one division across Stone river, and following in pursuit. The Union general had placed a collection of batteries -on an eminence, which was destined to turn the tide of the day. When they opened fire the shock was terrific. In forty minutes two thousand rebels were strewed about the field, and the enemy retreated in confusion. The battle of Stone River was over. On the first day, the general's chief of staff, while riding by his side, had his head blown from his shoulders, and others of the staff were struck. After this victory the star of Gen- eral Rosecrans began to descend. He could never agree with Halleck. He had further successes against Bragg. The battle of Chickamauga was fought, and it furnished a ground for the 'removal of the commander. He was relieved by General George H. Thomas, and was out of active service for three months, residing in Cincinnati. He was warmly regarded by the citizens of Ohio, who generally considered him a much-abused man. He was at length recalled from his retirement to relieve Schofield in command of the de- partment of Missouri. Here he was engaged in suppressing guerilla warfare, and in preparing to repel the rebel Price's threatened invasion of the State. When the latter at last in- vaded Missouri, he successfully drove him out, and inflicted severe punishment upon him. But General Rosecrans never rose again into the full confidence of the administration. The danger in Missouri being over, he was, without explana- tion or warning, again relieved of his command, December 9th, 1864, and so took final leave of active service. At the close of the war, he asked for a year's leave of absence, and at the end of his leave, he resigned his commission in the army. For some years he has been engaged in mining in California, taking no part iif public affairs, and strictly con- fining himself to his business. He was, without doubt, one of the greatest generals the war produced, and as a strategist he stood among the foremost. Kinsman, Frederick, land agent and farmer, of Warren, Ohio, was born in Kinsman, Trumbull county, Ohio, March 4th, 1807. His education up to 1825, was confined to the common district school of the township, with the excep- tion of a summer at Burton Academy and two winters at the academy at Warren. In February, 1825, he, with his eldest brother, took horse and rode on horseback to Hartford, Con- necticut, where he sold his horse, and entered Plainfield Academy in that State. He remained there nearly a year, and was then transferred to the military academy of Captain ?'-'>J-3P^aU.i ?.."_ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 151 Partridge, at Middletown, Connecticut, where he remained another year. In 1826 he, with about three hundred of his fellow cadets, under the lead of their captain, on the 3d of July embarked on board a steamboat,' (camping out for the night on deck) for New York city, to participate in the first fifty years' jubilee of American independence. Arriving at the city on the morning of the 4th, fully armed and equipped, they were marched to the battery under an escort from the city national guard, there meeting a large display of military companies, which were reviewed by the governor and many other notables. Aaron Burr, a small man with keen black eyes and long white locks, was pointed out in the crowd, apparently unattended by any one. Mr. Kins- man regarded this day as one of the great and eventful pe- riods of his school-boy years. On that day two of our ven- erable ex-Presidents, Adams and Jefferson, closed their long and useful hves. His time at Middletown was principally devoted to the study of mathematics and engineering. Late in the fall of 1826 he, with his class in engineering, were en- gaged in making a topographical survey of the country. While thus employed, one bright morning he started alone from Durham, to establish a flag station on a high point of Meriden mountain, some eight or ten miles distant. He there found a point from which could be seen Hartford, New Haven, Middletown, Guilford, etc., where he set up a flag, fixed a post for observation, and then returned that night to Middletown, making a trip of some twenty miles, in part through woods, brambles and rocks. The next day found him unable to attend to military or other duties. Typhus fever set in, from which he slowly recovered ; and without pursuing his studies farther, he returned home, and held a position as clerk in his father's store until 1830, when he en- gaged in a similar capacity in the land office of General Per- kins, of Warren. In 1832 he married Miss Ohve D. Perkins, daughter of General Perkins, and soon after assumed the po- sition of partner in the office. This agency of Western Re- serve land, was one of the most extensive of any in the State, General Perkins at one time paying over one-fifteenth part of all the land tax in the State of Ohio. The agency was nearly all, in the end, transferred to Mr. Kinsman. The Erie Company and the agency for Daniel L. Coit (Mr. Coit being president of the Erie Company), were among the lead- ing agencies that induced General Perkins to make his home in Ohio. The Erie Company agency was settled up in his life-time. The Daniel L. Coit agency was continued after his decease by his executors in the hands of Mr. Kinsman until 1872, when, as the very last of his agencies, it was closed out, having covered a period of over seventy years in one direct and continuous line. In 1845, Mr. Kinsman was ap- pointed associate judge of the court of common pleas for Trumbull county. He was one of the original directors of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad; and was chosen a director of the Western Reserve bank, of which his father had been one of the founders twenty-five years before. For four years he was a member of the Warren city council, and during that period was active in forwarding measures for the improvement of the city in paving, sewering and similar work. His efforts did not cease with his term of office, but were long continued, with large expenditure of time and labor, to the great benefit of the town. A republican in pol- itics, he was a delegate to the Baltimore convention that nom- inated Mr. Lincoln for the second term, and was chosen Pres- idential elector to cast the vote of the nineteenth district for General Grant in 1868. During the Rebellion he was an ar- dent and energetic Unionist, laboring and contributing freely in the cause of the Union. He regularly attended the ser- vice of the Episcopal church, and supported that organiza- tion with work, money and example. In agricultural mat- ters he took a deep interest, and was himself an agriculturist on a considerable scale, being the owner of several hundreds of acres of grazing land and fine farms. He twice married: first the daughter of General Perkins, as mentioned, who died in 1838, their three children also dying young ; and in 1840, Miss Cornelia G. Pease, daughter of Hon. Calvin Pease, chief-justice of Ohio. She died in 1873, leaving five sons. Scott, Thomas, United states consul at Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, was born in Washington county, Pennsyl- vania, in 181 5. His father, Thomas Scott, was a native of Ireland, and settled in that part of Pennsylvania in 1782, and there resided until his death in 1858. The subject of this sketch was educated at Washington College, Pennsylvania, studied medicine with Dr. Robert Biddle of Monongahela City, in that State, and graduated at the Ohio Medical Col- lege, in Cincinnati, in 1840. In 1841 he married Miss Han- nah A. Fowler of Cincinnati, and commenced a successful practice of medicine in Greenfield, Pennsylvania. In 1843 he moved to Morrow, in Warren county, Ohio, where he practiced his profession successfully till 1851, when he moved to Lebanon, the county seat, and there continued his prac- tice until 1857. In that year he purchased the Western Star, a newspaper that had been published since 1805, started by Judge John McLean, and he edited and published the same acceptably to its patrons until 1865. In 1859 ^e was elected by the republicans of Warren county to the Ohio legislature, where he served in the representative branch until 1869. During the war he was among the foremost friends and de- fenders of the Union soldiers. He was the author and advo- cate of the bill taxing the property of the State for the relief of the families of the soldiers during the absence of the latter in the field. In 1868 he was one of the delegates at large from Ohio to the Chicago republican convention that nomin- ated General Grant for President. In 1869 he was appointed secretary of Washington Territory, which position he filled for two years, when he resigned it, and returning to his home in Lebanon, was reelected to the house of representatives, and having served in that body until 1874, then resigned to take the position he now holds honorably to himself and creditably and beneficially to the government. The records of the State and Treasury Department at Washington show that this consulate, which had cost the government from ^25,000 to $50,000 a year before he had it, has since his in- cumbency been a source of revenue to the government of the United States. During the long term of Mr. Scott's ser- vice in the Ohio legislature he was recognized as the leader of his party, and one of the best parliamentarians who ever had the honor of occupying a seat in that body. No man ever did more to bring forward and promote laws to govern the penal, corrective, and benevolent institutions of the State, and raise them to their present high standard than has "Scott of Warren," as our subject was familiarly known to legislature and people. He was filso, during much of the long period of his service in the legislature, chairman of the finance committee of the house of representatives, and ex- hibited much ability in the management of the financial affairs of the State. ii^a BlOGRAPmCAL CYCLOPJ^DIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Lawrence, William, ll.d., of Bellefontaine, Ohio, statesman, jurist, author, and lawyer, was born at Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio, June 26, 1819; graduated at Franklin College, Ohio, September, 1838, with honors of his class; giaduated at the Cincinnati Law School, March, 1840; was reporter for the Ohio State Journal, in the Ohio House of Representatives, session of 1840-41. In July, 1841, he commenced the practice of law in Bellefontaine, which he has vigorously and successfully continued ever since. In 1842, he was appointed, by the United States District Court, Commissioner of Bankrupts for Logan County ; was Prose- cuting Attorney of Logan County in 1846. He was a mem- ber of the Ohio House of Representatives, sessions of 1846-47 and 1847-48 ; was a member of the Ohio Senate, sessions of 1849-50, 1850-51, and 1854. While in the Legislature, he took an active part against legislative divorces, soon after prohibited by the Constitution of 1851. He made a report in favor of a reform school for juvenile offenders, and another in favor of school district libraries, both measures since adopted. He made a report in favor of a measure to quiet land titles, subsequently adopted, and known as " Law- rence's Law," which has done much to give security to the real estate interests in Ohio. He was author of the Ohio Free Banking Law, of 1851, essential principles of which are found in the National Banking Law. As reporter for the Su- preme Court, he reported the 20th volume of the Ohio Re- ports, of which a leading paper in Ohio said : " For the first time in the Ohio Reports an attempt has been made in this volume to reduce the arrangement of the decisions to some- thing like a system. A division is made as follows: i. Criminal cases. 2. Civil cases at law. 3. Chancery cases. Interspersed through the work are the notes of the reporter, referring to previous cases in the Ohio Reports upon the same points, as well as to the reports of other States, a serv- ice which can not fail to recommend itself favorably to the consideration of all the members of the legal profession. Much as the name of Charles Hammond is revered in cer- tain localities, we can not but wish that some one possessing the systematic ability of Mr. Lawrence had commenced the arrangement of the Ohio Reports." In 1852, he was one of the Whig candidates for presidential elector in Ohio. He was twice elected and served as Judge of the Common Pleas and District Courts in the third Ohio district, comprising twenty counties, from February, 1857, to September, 1869, when he resigned, and, in October of that year, was elected a Representative in Congress, and, under that and subse- quent elections, served as such for ten years, from March 4, 1865, to March 4, 1877, excluding one term, from March, 1871, to March, 1873. In 1862, during the RebeUion, he was Colonel of the Eighty-fourth Ohio (three months) Regiment, serving at Cumberland and New Creek. In 1863, he was appointed, by President Lincoln, District Judge of Florida, but declined to accept. As a lawyer he has had a large practice, including some of the most important cases, and some of, perhaps, the largest land cases, ever heard in the Supreme Court of the United States — those involving the title to the Lincoln, Nebraska, "Salt Springs," the "Cherokee Neutral Land" case, involving the title to nearly all of Cherokee County, Kansas, and the "Osage Land" case, in- volving the title to much of the land in La Bette and other counties, which, besides others, he argued orally and with printed arguments ; among the most elaborate ever presented in that court. A judge of that court said, " His arguments go to the bottom and leave nothing unsaid." A cotemporary, by no means disposed to over-estimate him, has said : "As a lawyer, he has acquired a reputation for technicality in pleadings and practice. But it is the technicality of learn- ing, and is always employed honorably. He never resorts to an unfair advantage, even in the most desperate cause. His intercourse with his brethren of the profession is charac- terized by the utmost candor, integrity, and frankness. He is endowed with great powers of analysis, and quickness of perception, which enable him instantly to discover the strong and weak points of a cause, and with an astonishing subtilty of logic, by which he rarely fails to fortify or expose them as the case may require. The dexterity with which he conducts a cause, and the merciless minuteness with which he sifts the conscience and the memory of a witness, leaves little room for more than a discussion of the legal principles addressed to the court. The clear statement of his propositions, the perspicuity of his diction, and the marked dignity and ear- nestness of his manner, rarely fail to carry conviction." The same writer, in referring to the eloquence of Judge Law- rence, said : " He throws a polished shaft with unerring precision and irresistible effect, and on proper occasions he rises to the emergency and deals herculean blows." In that greatest historic election contest for the Presidency, before the " Electoral Commission," under the act of Congress of January 29, 1877, he was selected to argue two of the four contested States, Oregon and South Carolina, and the record shows with what learning and ability he conducted the con- test. As a judge he has given the profession, in the Western Law Monthly, of which he was one of the editors, and in other law journals, reported decisions, sufficient to make a large volume, including cases cited with approval by such authors as Bishop, Wharton, and Stille, and others. He is author of valuable works : " The Law of Claims against Governments ; " " The Law of Religious Societies," being published in the American Law Register ; "The Law of Impeachable Crimes," a brief treatise presented by Gen. B. F. Butler on the impeachment trial of President Johnson, ^nd for which he said he was indebted " to the exhaustive and learned labors" of the author. He is also author of many articles in law periodicals, and has in preparation a work on " The Law of Interest and Usury." Hon. E. B. Washburne, late Minister to France, in writing of "The Law of Claims," said: "It is wonderfully able and exhaustive. It has gone to the very bottom of the whole business. It is one of the most valuable contributions of the times to national and international law." Mr. Fish, Secretary of State, procured copies and sent them to foreign govern- ments, and the Japanese Embassy procured it for use in Japan. He is also author of the introduction and concluding chapter to a book on Romanism, by J. B. Helwig, D. D., published in 1876. His reports and speeches in the Ohio Leg- islature and in Congress would make volumes, many of them on questions of constitutional law, and on all the great ques- tions in Congress during the period of twelve years following the rebellion. His report in Congress, February, 1869, on the " New York election frauds," led to important legislation in that State and in Congress to preserve the purity of elec- tions. He first urged in Congress the law establishing the " Department of Justice," and is author of most of its provis- ions, converting the "office " of Attorney-general into a "de- partment." He is author of the law giving to each soldier as a homestead, one hundred and sixty acres of the " alter- iBj^l/fTSalyni- ^^ /^^l'^^^^.. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 153 nate reserved sections" in the railroad land grants, under which so many homes have been secured to these deserving citizens. He was the first in Congress to urge, in the inter- est of securing the public lands to actual settlers, that Indian a-eaty sales of these lands should be prohibited, as they were by act of March 3, 187 1, thus breaking up one of the most gigantic agencies in squandering the public lands and creat- ing monopolies. On the 7th of July, 1876, he carried a bill through the House of Representatives, by a vote of one hun- dred and fifty-nine to nine, requiring the Pacific railroad companies to indemnify the government against hability and loss on account of the government loan of credit to the com- panies, as estimated at $150,000,000. The railroad com- panies resisted this, employing Hon. Lyman Trumbull, of lUinois, Hon. Wm. M. Evarts, of New York, and others, as counsel, whose elaborate arguments before the judiciary com- mittee were met by a voluminous report and speeches of Judge Lawrence, which answered every opposing argument and vanquished aU opposition. Probably no bill ever before Congress, or at least but. few, encountered so much opposi- tion from the array of counsel employed against it and the efforts of those adversely interested. In the annual report of the Secretary of the Interior, for 1877, Hon. Carl Schurz, a thorough reformer, refers to this bill as the " Lawrence Bill," discusses the whole subject ably, and indorses its pur- pose fully. Judge Lawrence took a leading and active part in Congress on all important measures, and was the earnest advocate of those great measures to secure equality of civil and political rights. He secured an appropriation of $25,000, from the Freedmen's Bureau Fund, for " Wilberforce Uni- versity," in Ohio, in aid of the education of colored citizens. In every political contest, commencing with 1840, before he had reached his majority, and up to this time, he has taken an active and prominent part. His published speeches would make a volume. Some of them have been published as campaign documents by the National and Ohio Republi- can Committee. "Franklin College" conferred on him, many years ago, the degree of A. M., and, on the 25th of June, 1873, the degree of LL.D., which has also been since conferred on him by "Wittenberg College." He was a member of the General Conference of the Methodist Episco- pal Church in 1872, and again in 1876. The Lawrence fam- ily, from which he is descended, is of ancient and English origin, in which country it numbered many men of distinc- tion. The subject of this sketch spent a few years of his boyhood at work on his father's farm, which contributed to his great energy and vigor of body and mind. He taught a village school for six months in Morgan County, Ohio, when a law student. His course has been guided by principle and a sense of duty. In 1854, a committee of the Know-Nothing order tendered him a nomination for Congress, with certainty of success, but he declined it because he could not indorse their opposition to adopted citizens. He was married De- cember 20, 1843, 3^' McConnellsville, Ohio, to Cornelia, daughter of Hon. William Hawkins, an excellent lady, of rare intelligence, who had been associated with him in teach- ing school at that place in 1839. She died February 29, 1844. His second marriage took place March 20, 1845, to Caroline M., daughter of Mr. Henry Miller, an educated lady, whose many virtues have through long years blessed his home. They have three sons, Joseph H., William H., and John M. Lawrence ; and three daughters, Cornelia L., Frances C, and Mary Temperance Lawrence. ZiNN, Peter, was bom in Clinton township, Franklin County, Ohio, in what is now North Columbus (on a farm partly included in the lands recently attached to the State Agricultural College), February 23, 1819. His parents, frugal, industrious, and prosperous Pennsylvania Germans, were among the pioneers of central Ohio, and his father is reported, by local tradition, to have been both driver and proprietor of the first mail coach run in any direction from Columbus. At an early age, but after his father's death, Peter, of his own choice, apprenticed himself to the proprie- tors of the Ohio Statesman, then an influential Democratic newspaper at the State capital, to learn the trade of a printer. Having graduated in the art and mystery of typog- raphy, he started, at the age of eighteen, as a journeyman printer, to Cincinnati, where, after working two years as a compositor, he became a publisher of the Daily News, a paper which for some time had led a precarious existence, and attempted to revive it and give it a new lease of life. The enterprise did not prosper, and, after six months of wasted effort, he relinquished it, subsequently trying his hand as a reporter for the Times. His experience in journal- ism, however, whether as printer, publisher, or otherwise, did not seem sufficiently encouraging, and he soon determined to adopt the profession of law, beginning his studies therefor under Judge Bellamy Storer, but meanwhile, to defray ex- penses, setting type in the office of the Western Christian Advocate, and, later, serving in some clerical capacity in the office of the clerk of the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas. After somewhat irregular study of about five years— his later preparation being under the auspices of William M. Corry — Mr. Zinn was admitted to the bar, and soon after be- ginning the practice of his profession, became associated with Charles H. Brough, in the firm of Brough & Zinn, a firm of which John Brough, subsequently Governor of Ohio, became also a member, entering at once upon a prosperous legal career. In 1848, Mr. Zinn made a voyage to Europe, and spent six montlis abroad, visiting England, Ireland, Scotland, and France, improving the opportunity to see the actors in and witness the stormy political movements then in progress, particularly in Ireland. Returning home, he re- sumed the practice of law in the winter of 1 848-49, but in the following October, having meanwhile taken an active part in local and State politics as a moderate and conservative Dem- ocrat, he was elected, by his party, a representative from Hamilton County in the Legislature, exerting himself in that position for what he thought the best interests of Cincinnati, particularly with reference to municipal investments in rail- road and other speculative enterprises. In 1854, indignant at the Kansas-Nebraska fraud, as it was called, he aban- doned the political party of his early manhood, and became a Republican. Three years later he consented to be a can- didate for the State Senate, in the interest of Salmon P. Chase, and thus, though defeated himself, contributed with others to Mr. Chase's first election as Governor of Ohio. In i860, he earnestly and actively interested himself in behalf of Abraham Lincoln, and was prepared to take a decided and patriotic course in the great struggle which followed the presidential election. Having been again sent to the Legis- lature, in 1861, Mr. Zinn, in the sessions of the two following years, supported every measure for the energetic prosecution of the war to crush the Southern rebellion, and on the call of Governor Tod, for three months volunteers, he offered his services, and was assigned as Major in the Eighty-fifth Regi BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERy. 154 ment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. At the time of the " Kirby Smith raid" into Kentucky, the time of the three-months' men had expired, when, after all his ranking officers at Camp Chase had failed to procure volunteers for the defense of Cincinnati, Mr. Zinn solicited and procured orders for the purpose, and on the following morning left C^mp Chase with two hundred and forty well drilled and disciplined men, a part of whom were officers waiving rank and shouldering muskets, and reported for duty in Kentucky. The service, however, was brief; after remaining two weeks in the field. Major Zinn and his force were recalled and mustered out. In the meantime orders were issued for organizing a bat- talion of four companies to relieve the troops on duty at Camp Chase, and Governor Tod intrusted its organization to Major Zinn, who at once formed the battalion of "Gover- nor's Guards" — four full companies, a fine body of men. With this battalion he was placed in command of Camp Chase, and so continued, performing arduous duties to the approval of all his superior officers, until he resigned his commission to complete his term in the approaching session of the Legislature. In the spring of 1863, Mr. Zinn decliried to resume his military position, because of the needs of his family, then at Delhi, and henceforth his attention was directed chiefly to his profession, in the practice of which his most notable success was in the Covington and Lexington Railroad case. In the fall of 1864, after several leading attorneys in Kentucky and Ohio (including R. B. Hayes, then City Solicitor, afterwards President of the United States) had refused to attempt it — indeed, after he had himself pre- pared the details for a prominent Kentucky attorney — Mr. Zinn undertook the prosecution of a suit for the recovery of the above-named railroad, sold on foreclosure in 1859. R^" signing his directorship, he accepted the offer of the com- pany, and, at his own risk, employed attorneys, assumed and provided for nearly all the expenses, and, after eight years of varied litigation ( in which the case was lost in the court below), a decision of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky was rendered in favor of the company in 1873. After two years more of litigation, a compromise was made, and, with the suit, resulted in a substantial success. Among the fruits of victory were $500,000 of preferred stock in the Kentucky Central Railroad Company (the creature of the compromise) for the creditors, of which the city of Cincinnati had {looiooo, with over $1,000,000 common stock for the stock- holders in the original company, the first paying a regluar six per cent, and the latter a four per cent dividend since the compromise. All this for years had been abandoned as a total loss. Mr. Zinn's forte, indeed, has been in desperate cases, cr broken down enterprises, or forlorn hopes, (into which circumstances, rather than his own seeking, had drawn him), and by years of labor, and perseverance, and expenditure, to win success for them. His partner and early friend, Judge C. H. Brough, described this characteristic by saying that Mr. Zinn's force and value as an attorney and friend came in when the case became desperate and was abandoned by others. In 1873, Mr. Zinn published a law book, entitled " Select Cases on Trusts," embodying a collec- tion of cases, with extended notes, on the subject of trusts — mainly the result of his researches in connection with the Covington and Lexington Railroad case. This work was well received by the profession. Lutheran by birth, Mr. Zinn is a Quaker in habit and manner; he dislikes pretense and show, and holds that the post of honor is the private sta- tion. He avows himself proud of his half-year's military service — during which he is not conscious of having killed a man (and he has said that he never felt happier than when one of his former prisoners at Camp Chase, years after, heartily thanked him for saving his life when in prison). King, RUFUS, lawyer, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, May 30, 1817, — living at Cincinnati, April, 1878. Both the paternal and maternal grandfathers of Mr. King were men of much dis- tinction. The one, Rufus King, a leading actor in the Ameri- can Revolution, was, for three years, a member of the Conti- nental Congress, and, after the organization of the government, served, for eighteen years, in the United States Senate from New York. The other, Thomas Worthington, a prominent pioneer of Ohio, was a member of the convention which framed the first constitution of the State, became its first United States Senator, was elected its fifth governor in 1814, serving two terms, and is remembered as one of the most earnest and energetic promoters of public improvements in its early his- tory. Edward King, father of the subject of this sketch, was an accomplished and eminent Ohio lawyer, who followed his profession first at Chillicothe and subsequently in Cincinnati. Mr. King received his early education at home, under the personal care of his mother — well and widely known, from her second marriage, as Mrs. Peter — a lady remarkable as weli for her active benevolence as for her literary taste and talent. From her domestic supervision the son was sent to Gambier, Ohio, and placed under the charge of Bishop Philander Chase, then engaged in founding Kenyon College, where he remained four years in the grammar school and entered the college itself. He was then transferred to Harvard University, where, aflei passing through the academic course, he entered the law school — at that time under the instruction of Judge Story and Simon Greenleaf. After thoroughly qualifying himself for his intended profession, Mr. King returned to Ohio, in 1841, and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati. During the early period of his professional life he, for a time, turned his attention some- what to literary work, writing frequently for the Cincinnati Evening Chronicle, then edited by Edward D. Mansfield, and thus took an active part in the larger political controversies of the day as a member of the Whig party. Later, however, he devoted himself more entirely to his profession, in which he soon gained high position as a successful counselor and advo- cate. Although often solicited to accept office, Mr. King nearly always refused any political advancement. He was offered, by Governor Brough, in 1864, the position of a judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, on the resignation of Judge Gholson, but declined ; and almost the only political position which he ever accepted was a membership of the last State Constitutional Convention, in which he succeeded Hon. M. W. Waite as presi- dent, after the latter's appointment as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Mr. King, however, always took warm and active interest in all educational progress, and never de- clined to accept such positions as would enable him to serve the cause of popular education. In 1851, he was elected one of the trustees of public schools in Cincinnati, and four years later, on the resignation of Judge Bellamy Storer, became presi- dent of the board of trustees, continuing to fulfill the duties of this office until 1866, when he also resigned. It was during the period just indicated, throughout which Mr. King gave his best energies to this department of effort, that the pubUc schools of the city advanced from their original elementary condition to their present admirable system. Mr. King was largely instru- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 155 mental in founding the Public Library of Cincinnati, which grew out of the separate libraries collected under the law of 1853 for sixteen or eighteen pubhc schools then existing in the city — those separate libraries having, at his suggestion, been combined so as to form a single collection called the School Library, with which the library of the Mechanic's In- stitute was subsequently united. In July, 1870, Mr. King was chosen president of its board of directors. Other positions held by him were those of president of the Law Library asso- ciation, director and dean of faculty in the Law School of the Cincinnati college, and president of the board of trustees of the University of Cincinnati — the latter an institution which promises to be one of the leading seats of learning in the United States. The School of Design and Art, now part of this university, had the active interest of Mr. King in its es- tablishment. Mr. King distinguished himself during the con- troversy as to whether the Bible should be excluded from the public schools, by a careful argument in favor of permitting moral and religious instruction in the schools — an effort which was highly commended for its ability, logical force, and learning. Possessing an extensive knowledge of law in general, with skill to make it available, Mr. King specially excelled in equity jurisprudence. To a mind naturally gifted with peculiar clearness and penetration, he added the habit of earnest study, and in his law practice made it his rule never to present a case in court without exhaustive research and thorough preparation. Mr. King married in 1843, Margaret, daughter of Dr. Landon C. Rives. GOODE, Patrick Gaines, ex-member of Congress, and ex-judge, was born in Prince Edward's county, Virginia, May loth, 1798; died October 7th, 1862. His father, Philip Goode emigrated from Virginia to Warren county, eight miles south of Xenia, in 1805. Here he purchased land, and settled on it until 1814, when he removed to Xenia for the purpose of educating his family. Young Patrick, had worked on the farm until he was sixteen years of age, and was much attached to farm life and left it with regret. He commenced his education with Professor Espy, who conducted a classical school at Xenia. At this academy Patrick remained nearly three years, when Professor Espy removed to Philadelphia, Pa., to which place Patrick accompanied him. In the new insti- tution opened by the Professor, he pursued his studies and acted as tutor. Here he remained about two years, when he removed to Lebanon, Warren county, where he commenced the study of law under Judge CoUett. At the age of twenty- three he was admitted to the bar at Lebanon. This was the strongest bar in the State, composed of such legal lumin- aries as Thomas Corwin, Benjamin CoUett and advocates of almost equal celebrity. He then went to Madison, Indiana, and began the practice of law. In 1828, he re- moved to Liberty, Indiana, and there remained until 1831, when he went to Sidney, Ohio. Here, as the country was new, and there was but little law business, he taught school for a time. About 1832, Mr. Goode was appointed by the State Sabbath School Society as their agent, to travel in Shelby and the new counties north of it, for the purpose of establish- ing Sunday schools. To this work he devoted himself with great zeal and industry for some months, cheerfully sharing the humble but cordial hospitality of the pioneer, preaching and lecturing on the Sunday school cause, mostly in school houses, as there were but few churches erected in this district. This labor of love he performed with great success, and by it he not only accomplished great and permanent good for the people, but laid the foundation of his great popularity which followed him to the close of hfe. Travelling through these counties now, one often heai's from the lips of the sur- vivors of that period, and oftener still from their descendants, the warmest expressions of admiration and gratitude towards Mr. Goode for his labor of love among them. In 1833 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from the counties of Shelby, Darke and the other then organized counties north to Lake Erie, and re-elected from the same district the next year; the election of members of the House of Representatives occurring annually under the Constitution of 1802. He was a candidate for the Senate in 1835, ^"^ received the certificate of election, but a number of votes for his opponent, the late Colonel John E. Hunt, of Maumee city, having been thrown out on technical grounds, which if counted would have given Colonel Hunt a majority, Mr. Goode, believing that 'his opponent had an actual majority of votes, refused to claim a position to which he had not been fairly elected, and did not present his certificate. The next year he was elected by a large majority to Congress, in the district extending from Dayton to Toledo, containing four- teen counties. He was re-elected in 1838 and 1840, and until the territory was redistricted, when he declined being again a candidate. While a member of Congress, he was indefatig- ably engaged in advancing the interests of the section he represented, and is said to have done more for internal improvements in the Maumee valley than any other person. In 1844, on the creation of the sixteenth judicial circuit com- posed of the counties of Shelby, Williams and the counties intervening (ten in number), he was elected by the legisla- ture its first President Judge for seven years, until the district was remodeled and the constitution superseded by the new constitution of 1851. He then returned to the practice of his profession in Sidney, where he still resided, but continued at the bar only a few years, when he finally abandoned it to devote his remaining years to the more congenial duties of the ministry of the gospel. In 1855, he had received from the Methodist Episcopal conference a temporary appoint- ment to fill a vacancy. The ensuing year he received and accepted a full appointment, and in 1857, his whole time was devoted to gospel work. In the fall of 1862, he attended the conferenje at Greenville, Darke county. Owing to his knowledge of parliamentary and other law, he had grave responsibilities laid upon him at this meeting, and with these and preceding labors, he appears to have been overtaxed, for on returning home, he died about two weeks after the adjournment of the conference. On the 3d of July 1822, he married near Clifton, Greene county, Ohio, Miss Mary White- man, the daughter of Benjamin and Catherine Whiteman; the father of his wife. General Benjamin Whiteman, whose biography will be found in this volume, was an old pioneer of Greene county. They had three children, two of whom survive; Catherine, married to William McCuUough, of Sidney, Ohio, and Benjamin W., married to Miss Anna S. Evans, of Frankhn, Warren county, Ohio. Judge Goode was a fine classical scholar and a great lover of books, of which he was a constant purchaser, not restricting himself to law volumes, but pursuing his investigations and readings in other fields. In the practice of the law, he never sought either reputation among his brethren or triumph over his opponents, by the use of its sharp technical weapons; contenting himself with seeking justice for his clients by relying on the broad 156 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. equities of his case, and presenting its facts with his strong common sense and earnest manner, gaining the favor of court and jury by his candor and a singularly persuasive and winning style of speech and address. These high qualities, both moral and intellectual, coupled with an uncommon knowledge of human nature in general, as well as of individ- uals, and a thorough early training in the great principles of jurisprudence under such preceptors as the late eminent Benjamin Collett of Lebanon, and Judge Joseph H. Crane of Dayton, made him a formidable rival in the trial of causes, and gave him a degree of success, equaled by few of his competitors. As a legislator both of the State and the Nation, as judge, preacher and pastor, the industrious, able and conscientious performance of his whole duty was acknowledged by all, deserving and receiving from the people whom he served, the just meed of praise most prized by good men. White, William, of Springfield, Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, was born in England on the 28th Jan- uary, 1822. His parents dying when he was very young, he came to this country with his uncle, James Dory, in 1831. Taking up his residence with him at Springfield, at twelve years of age he was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker for nine years, but after serving out six years of his apprenticeship, he purchased the remainder of his time from his master, giving his notes for the purchase money, and continuing to work at his trade in Springfield until his indebtedness was hquidated. He was instilled with a laudable and lofty ambition to obtain a solid education, to acquire which, and to obtain the means of defraying the expenses incidental thereto, he devoted all his energies to his trade, working at his business during vaca- tions, and such other spare time as he could find. His prin- cipal education was received at the old Springfield high school, a fiourishing institution at that time under the man- agement of the Rev. Chandler Robbins, a gentleman distinguished for his culture and scholarship, and of high renown as an efficient educator. On completing his course of study, he was encouraged by William A. Rogers, an eminent attorney and jurist of Springfield, to commence the study of law under him, and he adopted his advice. He earned sufficient to meet his necessary expenses by teaching school at certain intervals. In 1846, being then t^yenty-four years of age, he was admitted to the bar, and taken into partnership by his preceptor, Mr. Rogers, and so continued until the latter was elected judge of the court of common pleas at the first election held under the constitution of 1851. Mr. White was chosen prosecuting attorney of Clark county at the October election of 1847, and continued to hold that office for eight years, receiving large majorities at each suc- cessive contest. In the discharge of his official duties he enjoyed in a marked and unusual degree the confidence of the community, and was regarded as an able, upright, and diligent lawyer. In 1856, without any solicitation on his part, he was put in nomination as an independent candidate for judge of the court of common pleas by the members of the bar of his subdivision, comprising the counties of Clark, Greene, Warren, and Clinton, and elected by a large majority over the nominee of the dominant party, his own county giv- ing him almost an unanimous vote. In October, 1861, he was re-elected to the same office. On the resignation of Judge Hocking H. Hunter, Judge White, at the request af the bar of his district, was appointed by Governor Brough, judge of the supreme court of Ohio in February, 1864, and in October of the same year was elected to the unexpired term. In October, 1868, he was re-elected, and again in 1873; he is now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State. His career since he was elected to the bench has been character- ized by increasing learning, high integrity, and the greatest diligence. In all his decisions he has exhibited an inflexible allegiance to the strictest legal principles, to which is due the high distinction he has attained as a jurist, and the confidence reposed in him. He has always been esteemed preeminently a safe judge. "His reported decisions (see Ohio State reports.Vols. 14 to 26 inclusive, and Vols. 29 and 31) are distinguished by the clearness with which the point decided is stated, and for the accuracy with which the legal principles upon which it de- pends is developed, his opinions being justly held in high esteem by his cotemporaries. He was married October 21st, 1847, to Rachel, daughter of Charles and Margaret Stout, old residents of Springfield, Ohio. Of their children three are still living. The eldest, Charles R. White, after graduating at Wittenberg college, Springfield, and spending a year in the post-graduate course of the Michigan University, at Ann Arbor, studied law with General J. W. Keifer, at Springfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1873, immediately afterward entering into partnership with him. Emma M. and Nora R. White, the judge's two daughters, are residing beneath the parental roof at Springfield, and have received under his directing hand the advantages of a liberal education. Harris, Leonard A., lawyer, was bom October nth, 1824, in Cincinnati, and, received his education in the public schools of that city. By continued study and self- application, he developed talents of a high order, which have been called into exercise in impiortant public positions, which he has filled to the entire satisfaction of his fellow-citizens. On the breaking out of the rebellion he raised a company of volunteers, and received his commission as captain of the 2d Ohio infantry from the Hon. William Dennison, who was then governor of Ohio. His regiment was immediately after its organization ordered to the front, and was in the first battle of Bull Run. The prowess and gallantry that Captain Harris displayed in that eventful action gained for him the high commendation of his superior officers, and President Lincoln authorized him to raise a volunteer regiment in Ohio. Throw- ing all his energies into this important task, he accomplished it within one month after he received his orders. On its being ready to take the field, he was commissioned colonel of the 2d Ohio infantry, and continued to command it with skill and gallantry until he was disabled. After the rebels had been defeated in Eastern Kentucky and driven from that locality, his regiment was ordered to join Rousseau's division of the army under General Buell. General Bragg was threatening the capture of Louisville. Colonel Harris was ordered by General Buell to occupy Fort Fisher with the 33d Ohio. This was situated at the mouth of Battle creek, Tennessee. It was a most important position to hold, as it was the extreme out- post on Buell's right flank. Being nearly surrounded by Bragg's forces. Colonel Harris evacuated the fort, after an impetuous attack froiji the enemy which lasted all day. All the stores that could not be transported, he burned, and joined the main body of the army at Decherd, Tennessee, without one of his command being taken prisoner. For his cQol determination and brave conduct, he received the appro- bation of General Buell. Colonel Harris commanded the '^njj'- ]-iT P^.Zjii.iaiifiir.^ , 1^ j- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 157 9th brigade in the action at Perryville, October 8th, 1862. It was composed of the 2d, the 33d and 94th Ohio, the 38th Indiana, the loth Wisconsin, and the 5th Indiana battery. The result of this bloody engagement showed five hundred and fifty killed and wounded, and forty-one missing, when the muster-roll of the brigade was called. General Rousseau complimented Colonel Harris on the field of battle when the fight was over, and in his official report recommended him for promotion, which recommendation would have been car- ried out had not the Colonel been compelled to retire from the service owing to ill health. On reachfeg home in the latter end of 1862, he was nominated for the mayoralty of Cincinnati, and at the election which took place in the ensu- ing April he was elected by about one thousand majority. He discharged the duties of this important office with great ability, and during great political excitement. At a meeting of the citizens held October 13th, 1863, the following resolu- tions were adopted : Resolved, That the perfect preservation of the peace of the city by its civil authorities, through the most exciting political contest ever known in this community, is largely due to the impartiality and ability with which the mayor, Colonel Leonard A. Harris, has discharged the duties of his office : Resolved, That his instructions to the pohce force, re- lating to their deportment in political affairs during the can- vass, insured public confidence in the management of this department on the day of the recent election in maintaining order and quiet, proved his capacity and integrity as a man and official, and has the unreserved approbation of his fellow- citizens : Resolved, That a testimonial of our appreciation of the credit which he has reflected upon the good name of the city shall be presented him. During his mayoralty he drafted the law for the enlistment of " One-hundred-day men," under which Ohio sent thirty thousand volunteers to the field, and became colonel of the 7th regiment Ohio National Guards. He strenuously recom- mended the building of a city hospital and a work -house, which recommendations were carried out in a manner that did credit to the city. He twice received the appointment as trustee of the city hospital. In 1865, he was re-elected mayor by a greatly increased majority, and continued to hold the position until he was nominated by President Johnson in August, 1866, collector of internal revenue for the First Ohio district. On confirmation of the appointment by the Senate of the United States, he resigned the office of mayor. The House of Representatives of the Forty-fourth Congress ap- pointed him one of the trustees of the National Soldiers' Homes. He has been, since 1874, president of the Cuvier Club, which has for its main objects the advancement of pisciculture and ornithology. Colonel Harris never sought an office; h^ refused in 1877 the nomination for the State senate on the democratic ticket, and in the following year the police commissionership, which was tendered him by Gov- ernor Bishop, besides other positions of honor and trust. He married Miss Catherine Griffith, April i8th, 1854. Maxwell, Sidney DENISE, superintendent of the chamber of commerce, Cincinnati, was born December 23d, 1831, in Centreville, Montgomery county, Ohio. He is the son of Nathaniel Van Maxwell and Eleanor Maxwell, whose maiden name was Denise. He was educated at the public and private schools of his native town, and trained to practi- cal business in his father's store, but having decided to pursue the study of law, he entered the office of the Hon. Lewis B. Gunckel and Colonel Hiram Strong, at Dayton, Ohio, where he spent the greater portion of his time to prepare himself for his future profession. On the breaking out of the war, he was recommended by Mr. Gunckel to M. D. Potter Esq., proprietor of the Cincinnati Commercial, who soon there- after offered him the position of war correspondent of that paper in the army commanded by General Fremont in Cen- tral Virginia. In May, 1862, he joined Fremont's army at Franklin, Virginia, and corresponded with the Commercial during the whole of Fremont's campaign. In the spring of 1863, he was sent by the same paper to Kentucky, and was assigned to the advance forces of General Burnside, under the command of General S. P. Carter, remaining with that army until late in the summer. In the early autumn of the same year he joined the army of the Cumberland. After the battle of Chickamauga, he returned to Ohio, and in January, 1864, was elected to the second assistant clerkship of the senate of that State, On his visits to his home in Centreville, when the senate was not in session, he was largely instru- mental in the organization of the National Guards in Mont- gomery county. When President Lincoln's call came in May, 1864, he was a private in the 12th Ohio, but that regi- ment being consolidated with the 131st, which was com- manded by Colonel John G. Lowe, he served under him. He served as sergeant-major at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, in 1864, and at a later period was detailed for responsible duty under General Wallace, then commanding that department. In August, 1864, he received the appointment of aide-de-camp (with the rank of colonel) to John Brough, governor of Ohio, discharging the duties as his military secretary during the last eventful year of the Rebellion. He continued with the gov- ernor till his death, which occurred on the 29th August, 1865. The lieutenant-governor, Charles Anderson, filled the unex- pired term of Governor Brough, and Colonel Maxwell con- tinued in the same relations with him that he had held with the deceased governor. The war having been brought to a close, he continued his law studies, and contemplated en- gaging in its practice at Dayton, but being offered in March, 1868, the assistant city editorship of the Cincinnati Gazette, he accepted the position. In February, 1870, he became the Cincinnati agent for the Western Associated Press, and dis- charged the duties of this position as well as those that devolved on him in his connection with the Gazette. He was subsequently elected to the responsible position as agent of the Western Associated Press at New York city, which he twice declined, as he had decided on identifying his fortunes in the future with Cincinnati. On the 28th October, 1871, he was elected superintendent of the Cincinnati chamber of commerce, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. William Smith. Colonel Maxwell assumed the duties of his new appointment on the 1st November, and retired from the Gazette, but continued to act as agent for the Associated Press until January, 1874, when he resigned his position, and thereafter devoted his entire energies to the performance of his duties as superintendent of the chamber of commerce. Under his administration, the annual reports of the chamber, embracing the reports of the trade and commerce of the city, have been largely increased in their scope and volume, and with his reports on pork packing in the West, have received distinguished recognition both at home and abroad. In politics, he was first a whig, and after that party ceased to iS8 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. exist, was identified with the repubhcan party. He joined the Presbyterian church while he was studying law at Dayton, and has retained his membership in that denomination since that time. At the especial request of the general committee of the exposition of textile fabrics held in Cincinnati in 1869, he edited the report of that important event to the industrial interests of the city, and in response to a similar request, wrote the history of the first Cincinnati Industrial exposition, which appears in the official report of that enterprise in 1870. In 1870, he revised a series of articles on the suburbs of Cin- cinnati, which he had written for the Gazette m 1868. These were published in a handsome volume and furnish a large amount of interesting history touching these localities, which are gradually being embraced within the limits of the city. His lecture on the manufactures of Cincinnati and their relation to the fjture progress of the city, delivered under the auspices of the Women's Art Museum Association of Cincin- nati, March nth, 1878, attracted very general attention, embodying as it did a vast array of details relating to the varied industries of the city, and indicating for the future, results which, without the facts to sustain them, would have been regarded almost fabulous. Colonel Maxwell was mar- ried June 30th, 1875, to Isabella Nefif, daughter of Colonel Peter Randolph Neff, and grand-daughter of Peter Neff, one of the prominent pioneers of Cincinnati, by whom he has one daughter, named Caroline Neff. Collins, Isaac C, lawyer and jurist, bom in Low- ville. New York, January 2d, 1824, was the fifth son of Hon. Ela Collins, and grandson of General Oliver Collins, both prominent citizens of northern New York. His maternal grandfather was Rev. Isaac Clinton, who graduated at Yale in 1788, and subsequently became pastor and principal of the academy at Lowville. Two of the brothers of Isaac came West and settled; one in Cleveland, and the other in Colum- bus. The subject of our sketch graduated at Yale college in 1846, studied law in the city of New York one year, and in his father's office in Lowville until April, 1848, when he removed to Cincinnati. In 1850, he became a member of the law firm of Matthews, Keys & Collins, andin 1853, associated with Hon. John W. Herron, (who married his sister,) in the firm of Col- lins & Herron. For twenty-five years or more, the firm of Collins & Herron was intrusted with a large and responsible business, and enjoyed the confidence of the best class of citizens and clients. In 1877-8, Mr. Collins was the president of the Cincinnati Bar Association, being successor to Hons. Alphonso Taft and Henry Stanbery in this position. In all his career he was remarkable for diligence in the preparation of his cases, and for boldness and clearness in their presenta- tion; while his candor and sincerity gained for him in an unusual degree the confidence of both court and jury. Mr. Collins served two sessions in the Ohio legislature of 1857-8. He was the author of the law regulating assignments, and the champion of the opposition to usury laws. He urged that the rate of interest could safely be left, like the price of wheat, to the law of supply and demand, and that all legisla- tion upon the subject, tended to enhance rather than to diminish the rate to the borrower. His speech upon the sub- ject was printed, and had a large circulation. In October, 1858, he was elected judge of the court of common pleas and district court, and filled the position with credit until Novem- ber, 1861. He was not again a candidate for office until the summer of 1873, when he was nominated for governor of Ohio by the liberals, and was supported by prominent men of both parties ; also by the Cincinnati Commercial and the Volksblatt. He was not elected, nor did those who supported him expect to succeed. They expected only to cultivate in the minds of intelligent citizens more independence of party, and a higher regard for purity and economy in pubhc affairs. Judge Collins always expressed great faith in the principles of government set forth and made illustrious by Thomas Jefferson, of which the cardinal idea, in his opinion, was that those people are the happiest who are governed the least. For many year^ he was vestryman in the Episcopal church, but was understood to be of rationalistic tendency. He was married in February, 1852, to Miss Emily Hopkins Ruth, a native of Baltimore, and had six children, five daughters and one son. He resided on Forest avenue. Walnut Hills, on a site commanding a beautiful view of the Ohio river and valley, and enjoyed a large measure of social and domestic felicity, until his death, on July 29th, 1879. GOODE, James S., lawyer and judge, was born in Warren county, Ohio, January 22d, 1823, and was the son of Burwell and Elizabeth Goode, both of Virginia. His parents removed to Ohio about the beginning of the present century. He received his education at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, and after his graduation commenced the study of law with Hon. George J. Smith, of Lebanon, Ohio ; was admitted to the bar in 1848, and engaged in the practice of his profession in Springfield, Ohio. He was at different times in partner- ship with some of the ablest men the State has produced — Charles Anthony, Samuel Shellabarger, Gen. Samuel Mason, and Samuel A. Bowman. His career at the bar was one of steady success and advancement, and his rise to its front rank was apparently a matter of course. He was a hard- worker, an e]tceedingly safe and conscientious counsellor, and was distinguished for the possession of rare common sense and business capacity. In 1875, he withdrew from practice to accept a position on the common pleas bench, to which he was elected without opposition, and in which position he has given the greatest satisfaction both to the laity and the pro- fession. He justly ranks as one of the best common pleas judges in Ohio. His decisions are remarkable for that element so predominant in his character, "good common sense," and he is a man of finely balanced mind and even temperament. Judge Goode was always regarded as a prominent and public-spirited citizen, and he was frequently named as candidate for high elective offices, both State and national, but he was not an office-seeker. He was a good friend to the young members of the bar, whose respect and esteem he won by advice and frequent acts of kindness. On many and all grounds Judge Goode is popular. He is presi- dent of the Mad River National bank, and is reputed to be one of the wealthiest men in the county. He was married in November, 1848, to Miss Mary A. Cowan, of Columbus, Ohio, by whom he has four living children. STALLO, John BERNHARD, was born at Sierhausen, in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, March l6th, 1823. He was carefully educated in his father's house in the ancient languages and in matheinatics, and afterward attended school at Vechta. In 1839, he emigrated to the United States, arriving in Cincinnati in the autumn of that year, when he soon found employment as a teacher of German, classics, and mathematics, in St. Xavier's college, in that ^CUcc BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 159 city, then recently established. During the three years of his connection with this institution, he devoted all his spare time to the study of the higher mathematics, physics, and chemis- try, and in 1844, was apgointed professor of these sciences in St. John's college. New York. In 1848, he published " General Principles of the Philosophy of Nature." He then returned to Cincinnati, having commenced the study of law in 1847, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. In 1853, he was appointed by Reuben Wood (governor of Ohio) one of the judges of the common pleas and district courts in Ham- ilton county, and the following year he was elected to the same office by the people. In 1855, he resigned the position, and subsequently devoted himself to the practice of law in Cincinnati. He was one of the attorneys of the school board of Cincinnati when it was sought to enjoin them from carrying into eifect a rule which they had adopted, prohibiting the read- ing of the Bible in the public schools. In politics. Judge Stallo originally acted with- the democrats, but upon the organiza- tion of the Republican party, united himself with that polit- ical body. In 1856, he earnestly advocated the election of General Fremont for President. In 1872, he took part in the liberal movement, which culminated in the Cincinnati con- vention, but upon the nomination of Horace Greeley, he became dissatisfied and withdrew, refusing to support either the liberal-democratic, or republican nominee. In 1876, he advocated the election of Samuel J. Tilden to the Presidency. He is an earnest advocate of a reduction of the tariff to a revenue basis, and the simplification of the machinery of government. Judge Stallo has been a frequent contributor to the scientific periodicals, both English and German, his contributions relating principally to questions of physical GrISWOLD, Luther D., physician, Elyria, the son of Elijah and Lydia (Adams) Griswold, was born in Sims- bury (now Bloomfield), Connecticut, February 7th, 1809. He was the youngest of eleven children, ten of whom arrived at mature age. His father was a soldier in the Revolutionary army, and devoted his life to farming, and cultivated his horticultural tastes in collecting the choicest fruits of that day, and had at one time a more extensive assortment than any fruit-grower in the State. Luther's mother was devout, affectionate, and ever watchful over the highest interests of her children, and they cherished her memory with strong affection. His educational advantages in boyhood were con- fined to the common schools of that day, which he attended in the winter season, and worked on his father's farm in summer. He learned much more by the light of the fire and of tallow candles than he did in school. When he was sixteen years old, he was employed in teaching for a short time ; and in the winter of 1825-26, attended a school of a higher grade ; for the four ensuing years teaching every winter and per- forming farm -work the rest of the year. After he came of age, he attended an academy for a brief period, and by this school-training obtained a fair English education, with some knowledge of the classics. In the fall of 1830, he left home to visit a brother who resided near Ithica, New York, where he again engaged in school -teaching for one year. In September, 1831, went to Elyria, and in the ensuing spring commenced the study of medicine under the instruction of the late Dr. Samuel Strong. In the fall and winter of •834-35, he attended a course of lectures at the Berkshire medical college, at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and was licensed as a practitioner by the medical society of that State. Re- turning to Elyria in the spring of 1835, he commenced the practice of medicine in partnership with Dr. R. L. Howard, late professor of surgery in the Columbus medical college. In the winter of 1844-45, the Cleveland medical college con- ferred on him, unsolicited, the honorary degree of doctor of medicine, and he afterward attended a full course of lectures at that institution. In 1856, Dr. Griswold was appointed a trustee of the Northern Ohio lunatic asylum at Newburg, by Governor Chase, and was re-appointed by Governor Denni- son in i860, filling that responsible office with great benefit to the institution for ten years, and becoming deeply interested in that and other benevolent institutions of the State. In August, 1862, he was mustered into the service of the United States as surgeon of the 103d regiment of the Ohio volunteer infan- try, commanded by Colonel Casement. During the winter of 1862-63, l^is regiment was encamped near the city of Frank- fort, Kentucky, to protect it against the rebels, but during the whole of that winter did not see a confederate soldier under arms. In the spring he moved with his regiment to the north bank of the Cumberland river near Somerset, Ken- tucky, and for about a month they picketed the north bank while the confederates picketed the south bank. The pickets on each side of the river were on very pleasant terms, the doctor's regiment frequently trading with the rebels coffee for tobacco, and some parties occasionally crossed the river un- der cover of darkness and indulged in a game of old sledge or euchre with their enemies. In August, the 103d regiment was ordered to Greenville, Tennessee, the home of. President Andrew Johnson, and Dr. Griswold used his dwelHng house as a convalescent hospital. The rebels had used it for the same purpose before they left. In November, his regiment was ordered to Knoxville, and was present in all the engage- ments with the confederates under Longstreet. Dr. Gris- wold's regiment, many of whom were in hospital, suffered considerably for want of proper provisions, the scrapings of several flour mills with a liberal supply of hard-tack furnished them with bread, while starved cattle and swine supplied them with meat. On the morning of the last day of the siege occurred the bloody assault upon Fort Saunders. Very few of the assaulting column returned to their lines. General Burnside humanely offered a truce of ten hours to enable Longstreet to bury his dead, and care for his wounded. During the truce, the sick and wounded in hospital were ex- changed. Dr. Griswold took those of the enemy to the lines from his hospital, and received union soldiers in exchange, without regard to the number. The night succeeding the assault. General Longstreet retired toward Virginia, and the siege was raised, when Dr. Griswold was placed in charge of another hospital, containing five hundred patients, so that he had under his superintending care about eight hundred sick and wounded union soldiers. About the ist May, 1864, the Twenty-third army corps, to which his regiment belonged, was ordered to the vicinity of Chattanooga, to enter upon the Atlanta campaign. They encountered the enemy, under General Joe Johnston, at Potato Hill, and after severe skirm- ishing, he fell back to Resaca, where he had previously con- structed strong entrenchments, besides several forts. John- ston was pursued through Snake creek gap, and on the 13th May occurred one of the most bloody contests of the war. The 103d regiment marched to the attack three hundred strong, and fell back after having driven the enemy from their first line of entrenchments with a loss of twelve killed i6o BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. and eighty-two wounded, many of whom died of their wounds. Dr. Griswold was ordered to the rear at the com- mencement of the action to select a suitable spot and put up hospital tents for a field hospital. As fast as they could be pitched, they were filled with the wounded, and in the space of three hours, three hundred and sixty-two were brought in from the third division, and about the same number from the second division, which had established their hospital in the immediate vicinity. Being chief operator for the division, with a corps of five assistants, he commenced caring for the wounded, and performing the necessary surgical operations. With two operating tables, they completed the work in thirty- six hours. The confederates retreated the night after the battle, and in three days Dr. Griswold was ordered to break up his hospital by sending the men to Chattanooga, and to take charge of the corps hospital, the army having pursued the enemy. About the 12th July, the 103d regiment crossed the Chattahoochie river by fording in the face of the enemy, it being the first regiment to cross that river. On the i6th July, when within eight miles of Atlanta, Dr. Griswold, much to his regret, was compelled to resign his position as surgeon, on account of physical debility. He returned to Elyria, and when his health was sufficiently restored, resumed the prac- tice of medicine. In the fall of 1865, he was elected to the State senate, and was reelected in 1867. While in the sen- ate, he introduced a resolution for the appointment of a com- mittee to inquire into the expediency of establishing a reform and industrial school for girls, and to fix upon a suitable location for such an institution. He corresponded with kindred institutions in this country and in England, and drafted the bill which became law. The reform school for girls, located at White Sulphur in Delaware county, was thus erected through his vigorous instrumentality. In April, 1870, he was appointed superintendent of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans Home, at Xenia, and during the four years that he held the office displayed unsurpassed executive ability. Dr. Griswold was married March 25th, 1835, to Miss Jerusha H. Smith, who was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, but taken by her parents when she was six years of age to Elyria. Mrs. Griswold, who was an industrious, faithful, and devoted wife, and for some years matron of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans Home, died March i ith, 1875. No children having been born to them, they adopted a little girl, and reared and educated three boys ; the former is the wife of Mr. William S. Wilson, a bookseller in Elyria, while the latter have all become prosperous and worthy citizens. FaSSLER, Jerome, mechanic and inventor, born in Bavaria, Germany, June 2d, 1823, was the son of Ignatius Fassler, also a mechanic. The family for generations was distinguished for the mechanical genius of its sons, his grand- father, father, and brothers inheriting the family trait. Jerome came to the United States in 1849, without means. He be- longed to that intellectual, progressive German element which had long sighed for a land whose government and freedom would encourage the development of the gifts Providence had bestowed. He had but little literaiy education, having left his books at the age of twelve years, and thenceforward found in the workshop and the world his instructor and guide. Arrived at New Orleans in June, 1849, ^^ made his way to Cincinnati,, where he sought employment, but without suc- cess. On the 1st August, 1850, he pushed on to Springfield, having borrowed five dollars to pay his way. From the hour of his arrival in Springfield he felt it was to be his home. He readily found employment with a Mr. Shaffer, and in a short time became his partner, but soon after entered the machine shop of Hatch & Whiteley. While in this employ he had charge of the construction of the county jail, which his em- ployers had contracted to build. It was into this shop that Mr. Whiteley, the inventor elsewhere noticed, came as an apprentice ; and it was from that time that the acquaintance was formed which led to the foundation of enterprises which have built up a large city, given to the world a million of mowers and reapers, and achieved one of the great agricul- tural mechanical triumphs of the age. The steps by which Mr. Fassler attained his high position fully kept pace with his opportunities. Commencing humbly as a journeyman lock- smith, he became partner in a small business, then foreman of a more important shop, and lastly on his own account be- gan business in the shop built by him, which afterward became the nursery of the great Champion mower and reaper. It was in 1851 that Mr. Whiteley first devoted his mind to the reaper. From that date he labored on, assisted and coun- selled at various times by Mr. Fassler, until in 1856, when the two formed a partnership for the manufacture of the machine in large numbers. They made twenty-five the first year, and from that time have gone on doubling and trebling each successive annual product, (hi 1858, Mr. Kelley was admitted to the firm. He contributed a few thousand dollars to its treasury, and first-class skill in the wood-working de- partment of the manufactory.) In the particular business of perfecting and making the mower and reaper, Mr. Fassler's skill and talents were displayed in the production of the machine as a perfect whole, in the manufacture of all of its numerous parts separately, and in inventing, contriving, and adapting machinery required to make both the whole, and its several parts. The great principle invented and applied to the Champion machine was rendered of practical use and value mainly through his practical ability and talents. He furnished that rare combination of qualities so necessary in preparing and perfecting a new invention for its intended uses. He mastered every detail in a masterly manner; more especially in originating or providing labor-saving methods at the minimum of pecuniary outlay. To ingenuity and skill in contrivance he added accurate judgment, fine executive system, and wise economy. In the construction of a vast amount of machines, with their numerous parts of varied shape, size, strength, and material therefor, he naturally suc- ceeded with the greatest possible nicety and precision. He also possesses a mind the very nature of which is to investi- gate, systematize, and discipline ; hence his intelligent choice and management of men as well as of materials. The Cham- pion Bar and Knife Works, the most perfect of the kind in the State, at least, were built, started, manned, and equipped by him and under his exclusive direction, the chief portion of its machinery being either of his own invention or adaptation. Of these works he is superintendent and vice-president. It was in the malleable iron works, however, that he found his favorite field for discovery and investigation. In these works he is experimenting elaborately with a view to the discovery of the true standard of quality for pure iron, and the method by which any iron ore worth working may be made to yield iron of such standard quality. He tonsiders that the prac- tice of bringing iron and steel from abroad, or the ore from particular mines, will become unnecessary in time; and believes that the production of pure standard iron and its f=^^-^Y ,/^ a/i^-^Ayi^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. i6i subsequent adulteration with other substances to fit it for the several and different uses to which it is to be put, is the cor- rect theory, and the one he will endeavor practically to demonstrate. Among his associates and those who know him, Mr. Fassler is considered to be without a superior as a reliable counsellor and skillful worker in the starting and developing of an intricate scheme or undertaking of mechan- ics, in any line or description, and probably there is no man living more ingenious in the discovery and use of means and ways out of apparently barren and hopeless conditions. He has an absorbing love for his profession ; not with mercen- ary views, but with the high aim and ambition that he may benefit his race. He is singularly free from selfishness, is unassuming and modest in his manner and conversation, and is known as the soul of truth and honor in all of his transactions, public and private. He has a massive head, on which intellectuality and power are plainly written. Socially he is much beloved, more especially on account of the firm- ness and depths of his friendships. He feels a deep and brotherly affection for his comrades, partners in business, and there are probably no three men associated together whose aims, hopes, and ambitions harmonize more perfectly, and certainly none who bear for each other a more self-sacrificing affection than do Whiteley, Fassler and Kelley. PROBASCO, Henry, retired merchant, was born at Newtown, Connecticut, July 4th, 1820. He was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia. In 1835, he commenced his mercantile career as a clerk with Mr. Tyler Davidson, who was engaged in the hardware business in Cincinnati. He was made a partner in 1840, and married in the same year Julia, daughter of the Hon. Abijah Carrington, (comp- troller of the State of Connecticut,) and sister of Mr. David- son. Under his active personal superintendence, the busi- ness rapidly grew, and in less than six years from his being taken into partnership the firm of Tyler Davidson & Co. be- came the largest hardware business in Cincinnati. In 1851, Mr. Probasco conceived the idea of erecting a handsome store, far superior to any then in existence in the city, and he carried out the project on the site where the firm then transacted their business. It was the first store in Cincinnati built of free- stone. It was an example of the bold enterprise of the firm, and had the effect of enlarging men's ideas as to what business stores and business blocks should be. It was a grand com- mercial success, for in 1854, three years after the erection of the building, the sales had quadrupled those of 1851, having increased in amount from jjSl 50,000 to upward of j6oo,ooo per annum. In 1856, Mr. Probasco spent about eight months in Europe, and observing that many of the leading merchants and manufacturers in the large cities of England had retired to their suburban residences, he began, on his return to Cin- cinnati, to consider plans for building a country-house, and he selected Clifton as the locality. In i860, his mansion, known as Oakwood, was commenced, and it was completed in 1865. It is approached by an entrance which is inter- esting as a chef d'asuvre of Cincinnati wrought iron work. This was the first attempt that was made to unite limestone and sandstone in the construction of suburban residences. It was eminently successful, and since that time many of the large suburban residences of Cincinnati have been built from these two materials. Mr. Probasco is entitled to the credit of having led the van. In December, 1865, Mr. Tyler David- son, his brother-in-law, died, and Mr. Probasco disposed of the business to Lowry, Perin & Co., in March, 1866, Mr. Lowry having been a partner in the firm of Tyler David- son & Co. for some years. In 1866, he again left this coun- try for Europe, visiting all its principal cities, returning late in 1867. In October, 1866, while in Munich, at the Royal bronze foundry, he was shown some designs for a fountain. The idea of a public fountain for Cincinnati had been a topic of discussion some years previously between Mr. Probasco and Mr. Tyler Davidson. Mr. Probasco resolved to erect a foun- tain, that while it should be a practical benefit to the people, it should also be more beautiful than any previously erected in the United States. He commenced negotiations with the director of the foundry, and the great artist, Kaulbach, and his son-in-law, Kreling, and the result was the magnificent fountain, so widely known, as well for its artistic beauty, as its useful purposes, which he presented to the people of Cin- cinnati on the 6th October, 1871. During Mr. Pjobasco's various travels in Europe, he devoted much of his time to the study of public and private galleries, and museums of science and art. His natural taste, cultivated by that education which association with the works of the great masters gives, has enabled him, unaided by amateurs and critics, to assemble to- gether one of the finest collections of pictures in the country. His passion for curiosities in literature has induced him to collect a splendid library of books and rare manuscripts. Besides indulging his love of the rare in literature, and the beautiful in art, Mr. Probasco has embellished his grounds with choice trees and shrubs, imported from Japan, Califor- nia, France, and England. He has shown a public spirit that the city of Cincinnati is proud of, and always feels a pleasure in opening his collections to those who are able to to appreciate the gems they contain. Mr. Probasco is an Episcopalian, having contributed to the erection of Calvary church in Clifton, and donating its beautiful tower and stone spire. He has been one of the managers of the Cincinnati Public Library, a director of Spring Grove Cemetery, an ac- tive trustee of the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum, a director in several benevolent associations in the city, besides for ten years a member of the council at Clifton, and in 1877, its mayor. Spencer, Oliver M., lawyer and jurist, was born March, 1809, at Cincinnati, died September 30th, 1861, at West Walnut Hills, in Hamilton county, Ohio. He was the third son of Oliver M. Spencer, a prominent pioneer mer- chant of that city, who was distinguished for his great liber- ality, and grandson of Colonel Oliver Spencer, an officer of the Revolutionary war, who, at the battles of Prince- ton, Trenton, Brandywine, Springfield, Monmouth, and in other engagements, commanded a regiment equipped at his own expense, and sacrificed almost his entire fortune in the cause of American independence. The subject of the present sketch was educated at the Cincinnati college, and, after en- gaging for a short time in mercantile pursuits, was sent to the well-known "Reeves Law School," at Litchfield, Connecti- cut, where many of the great lawyers of the day received their legal training. By habits of industry while at this school, he laid the foundation of that exact knowledge of the principles of the common law, which gave him, in after life, his justly earned claims to eminence in the profession. When he returned to Cincinnati, he engaged in the practice of the law with different partners at various times. Judge Bellamy Storer being among the number. He was appointed l62 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. attorney for the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, and conducted a large practice until 1854, when he was elected one of the judges of the Superior court of Cincinnati, upon its organization, for a period of four years, with Justices Bellamy Storer and W. Y. Gholson as his colleagues. He was reelected for a term of five years, in 1858, but died before the expiration of his second term. His chief characteristic as a judge was his laborious habit of thought, by which all ques- tions that came before him were settled on principles of law rather than by precedent. This was so much the case that a point of evidence having been raised and determined by him through the application of strict legal reasoning, he would exhibit unfeigned surprise when he was informed that he had decided a similar question, in a similar manner, a few months before. He was the great common lawyer of the entire bar, and was recognized as such by every member of the profes- sion. His charges to juries were models of perspicuity and careful analysis of the question at issue. He administered all proceedings before him with singular exactness and an impartiality that made every decision unquestioned. A proof of the respect entertained for his great ability was found in the fact, that no case in which the opinion was delivered by him was overruled by the Supreme court of the State. He loved law as a science, and profoundly felt its responsibility. His perceptions of right were intuitive ; and in all delibera- tions with his colleagues he sought to reach a result his con- science could approve. Mere expediency, or the power of precedent, never controlled his decisions ; nor did the appro- bation or censure of the profession when stern duty claimed his bold utterances for the truth. He endeavored to admin- ister human law in accordance with the divine laws of the just Judge, whose will he ever conscientiously strove to obey. Previous to his election to the bench, he had a certain degree of prominence in politics, and with George W. Runyan, was elected to the House of Representatives in the exciting can- vass of 1 85 1, but was displaced by George E. Pugh and Alexander Pierce, who were declared to be elected in con- formity with the law dividing the State into districts. He was a candidate for Congress in opposition to George H. Pendleton, but was defeated in the contest. He was mar- ried three times, his last wife being Sarah P. Halstead, a daughter of Chancellor Halstead, of New Jersey, by whom he had three children — Chauncey, Minnie, and a son, who died a few years after the death of his father. His brother, Hon. Henry E. Spencer, a prominent and highly respected citizen of Cincinnati, was born in Columbia, Hamilton county, and was, for four terms mayor of Cincinnati, serving in the aggre- gate eight years, being one of the best officers who ever served in that capacity. He was also, for many years, a member of the city council. He became president of the Firemen's Insurance Company, and by his successful man- agement of its interest, became known and deservedly re- cognized as one of the leading underwriters of the West. He is a man of strict integrity, and like his brother, liberal in sentiment, and benevolent. He married Henrietta Halstead, sister of Chancellor Halstead, and has had ten children. A third brother, Robert Spencer, also a native of Hamilton county, was an eminent Methodist minister, one of the pioneer clergymen of the State, a sound theologian, a fine scholar, and a good man. He traveled the circuit on horse- back in the days before railroads were introduced, and was widely known throughout the western country as an earnest, simple minded man, and one universally beloved. KeLLEY, Oliver S., mechanic, born in 1824, in Clark county, Ohio, was the son of John Kelley, a highly-respected farmer of that county. His father died while Oliver was quite young, and he was very early thrown upon his own resources. His education was obtained by his own unaided exertions, and in leisure hours from hard work. At the age of fourteen he commenced working on a farm, and from that time made his own way in the world. His inclination to mechanics led him to an apprenticeship at the carpenter's trade. He served out his time in Springfield, and immedi- ately after went into business in partnership with a Mr. Anderson, which continued with fair success until 1852, when he started for California. A few years employed in a pros- perous building business resulted in the accumulation oi several thousand dollars. A desire to return to his adopted home took possession of him, and he returned to that city in 1856. The firm of Whiteley & Fassler had been established the year previous, and was struggling on with a good founda- tion as regards the product of their manufacturing, hut in great need of capital to develop and extend their facilities. Mr. Whiteley's ingenious and powerful mind was to conceive the first requisite, the superior invention ; Mr. Fassler, no less remarkable a man, was to supply delicate and subtle skill to develop and produce the machine, and our subject, Mr. Kelley, was at hand at the critical moment with the great desideratum, money, and additional industry and mechanical skill in his department equal to that of his associates. The troubles and obstacles through which the young house had to fight its way called for extraordinary efforts, both physical and mental. Mistakes, accidents, and worse than all, a law suit which almost ruined the concern, beset its infant steps. But in the fulfillment of the work and duties they were des- tined to master, the young men put forth herculean powers of endurance, patience, and perseverance, and in a very few years sailed out on the smooth sea of an almost unparalleled sue cess. Mr. Kelley, with his partners frequently worked from four in the morning till long into night, to recover the ground lost by the misfortune of law. As a mechanic in wood-work, Mr. Kelley has but few equals, and he has a thorough and clear business head besides. His department has been more especially in wood-working, which in point of excellence has fully kept pace with the other branches, and besides this, he has superintended the painting and repair shops, and the shipping business of the firm. For the past two years he has managed and superintended the entire mechanical department of the business. Like his partners, he is much devoted to his business, and shares with them the ambition to be at the head of their profession, to the end that they may make it a source of prosperity to others as well as themselves. He evinces a full share of the philanthropic spirit which animates and in- fluences the house and each of its members, and he neces- sarily strengthens the harmony and singleness of purpose which distinguishes it in a remarkable degree. Mr. Kelley is also a self-made man, respected and esteemed in business life, and beloved in social and private life. He completes the rare trio of ingenuity, brains, and business skill whose enterprise, philanthopy and benevolence has been a mam factor in the material growth and prosperity of Springfield, and whose collective and individual histories are best and practi- cally found in the support given to ten thousand souls, em- ployes and their dependents of the great house. Mr. Kelley was married in 1847, to Miss Ruth A. Peck, of Springfield, and has two children living — Oliver W. and Edward. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 163 Lane, EBENEZER, LL.D., lawyer and jurist, born at Northampton, Massachusetts, on the 17th September, 1793, was the son of Captairi Ebenezer Lane, and grandson of Deacon Ebenezer Lane, of Attleborough, Massachusetts, who was descended from WilKam Lane, an emigrant in 1635, to Dorchester, Massachusetts, from Dorchester, the county seat of Dorsetshire, England. His mother was Marian Chandler Griswold, a daughter of Matthew Griswold, governor of Con- necticut; she was first married to Charles E. Chandler, an attorney-at-law, and, after his death, to Captain Ebenezer Lane. At eight years of age, he was sent to Leicester grammar school, in the county of Worcester, Massachusetts, where he was prepared for college. At the early age of fourteen, he entered the University of Cambridge, and graduated in i8u. To his class belonged the late Edward Everett, whose ripe scholarship and finished oratory gave him a transatlantic fame. Soon after leaving college, he commenced the study of law at Lyme, Connecticut, with his uncle. Judge Matthew Griswold, and having been admitted to the bar, commenced the practice of law at Norwich, Connecticut, in September, 1814. The profession of the law in Connecticut seemed to him to be overcrowded, and thinking that better opportunities of success would be found in the West, he concluded to cast in his lot with those who were making the Western Reserve, which was owned by the State of Connecticut, their future home. On the 20th February, 1817, being then twenty -three years of age, he left Massachusetts with his step-brother, Heman Ely, whose biography appears in this work. They came by wagon, through Albany and Buffalo, and reached Elyria (which was yet to take its name from Mr. Ely, its chief proprietor) on the 17th March, three days less than a month from the time they started. The immediate prospect for much legal business, in a district so sparsely populated, not being flattering, he purchased a small farm, that he might have occupation when not engaged in the business of his profession. On the 2gth October, 1817, he left Cleveland for New England, going by the way of Pittsburgh and Philadel- phia, and he accomplished the journey on foot in twenty days. He returned to Elyria by stage, through Buffalo, Feb- ruary 5th, 1818, but revisited New England October ist, and was married October nth, in the same year, to Frances Ann, daughter of Governor Roger Griswold, of Lyme, Connecti- cut. Returning to Ohio in November, the newly married pair commenced housekeeping on the farm in Elyria. In October of the following year, he removed to Norwalk, hav- ing been appointed prosecuting attorney for Huron county in the previous May. On the 8th January, 1822, he was ad- mitted as attorney-at-law in the United States circuit court at Columbus, Ohio, and about two years later was appointed judge of common pleas of the second circuit. In this office he continued six years, when he was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. In December, 1837, he was re-ap- pointed by Governor Bartley. He resigned his commission as Chief Justice in February, 1845; he had removed from Norwalk to Sandusky in July, 1842. At the period of his resignation, railroads were projected in Ohio, and being known all over the State as a man of the highest integrity, and known favorably also in other States through his high official position, he was chosen president of the Columbus and Erie, the Mad River and the Junction railroads. He passed the next ten years of his life mainly in the manage- ment of the railroads already named, yet devoting all his leisure hours to books with which his library was amply stored. In November, 1855, he was elected counsel and res- ident director of the Illinois Central Railroad, when he re- moved to Chicago, and continued to hold this position until March i6th, 1859. He then resigned it, and embarked at Boston for Liverpool March 23d, his object being, as he him- self expressed it, "to see new forms of life, manners, natural objects, and works of antiquity." He arrived at Liverpool on the 14th April, and proceeded to London, where he re- mained four weeks, visiting cathedrals, churches, abbeys, and whatever could awaken interest in a mind devoted to the pursuit of knowledge. From London, he went to Paris, and after spending about seven weeks in France, he proceeded to Brussels, Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam. On the 8th July, he reached Berlin, where he heard the celebrated Mich- elet lecture on Aristotle. From Berlin he went to Prague, "a half Asiatic city," as he termed it, and returning to Dres- den, he visited Leipsic, and from thence went to Nuremberg, in Bavaria, where he said he "felt in the midst of the Middle ages." After seeing Mayence and Cologne, he spent a few weeks in Switzerland, and from thence made his way into Italy, where he found abundant occupation in exploring the cities of this ancient country, and in examining the works of art, both ancient and modern, to be found on every hand. He returned to England, through France, and arrived in New York on the 27th April, i860, having spent two more months in London. In 1850, he received the degree of doc- tor of laws from Harvard University, and in September, 1856, he was elected member of the New England Historical and Genealogical Society. He was also a member of the New York, the Ohio, and the Chicago Historical Societies. After his return from Europe, he no more devoted himself to public business, but in comparative seclusion gave himself almost exclusively to the study of books. He was a great reader, and had the faculty of gathering from a book all that was really valuable in an incredibly short space of time. He had one of the best selected private libraries in the State ; and especially rich in historical works. It was his excel- lent judgment in selecting works, combined with a retentive memory, that qualified him in no small degree for his office as judge. His decisions on the bench were models of clear- ness, conciseness, and condensation of thought and style. He was not an eloquent advocate, yet he always presented the case of his clients lucidly, and then directed his legal arguments to the court. His thorough knowledge of the civil law, and his varied and extensive historical learning, quali- fied him to compare the systems of our several States and of other countries, and to educe the great principles which lie at the foundations of all systems of jurisprudence. His true sphere was in legal and historical study, rather than in the routine of courts, and the practical and rough realities and contests of life. He was a man of high moral tone, of great integrity and purity of purpose, and his judicial decisions had that weight, morally as well as legally, which makes an up- right, conscientious judge a power in the government. A man so highly qualified for his elevated position, so much esteemed by his professional brethren, could not but be greatly missed when he resigned ; and it is not strange that they should have thought that his exchange of the bench for the presidency of railroad corporations, was the great mistake of his life. He was a man of a kindly spirit, sympathizing with the poor, and exerting himself for the improvement of their condition. He was a warm friend to popular education; his efforts in the cause were great, and he was among the 164 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOFyEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. ■first to appreciate the value of the system of pubhc schools which is now the pride of the State. The spirit and practice of religion formed the basis of his character, making him what he was in the relations he sustained to his fellow-men. he was confirmed a member of the Episcopal church, by Bishop Mcllvaine, in 1834. Though he was a member of that church, and intelligently preferred its polity and forms of worship to any other, yet he was one of the most catholic of men, loving the Christian spirit under whatever form it was manifested, and ready at all times to assist other denomina- tions in their efforts to sustain themselves, believing that each has its sphere of duty and usefulness. Judge Lane died on the 1 2th June, 1866, and his remains were buried in the cem- etery at Sandusky, eight lawyers acting as pall-bearers. Perry, Aaron Fyfe, only child of the marriage of Aaron Perry and Elizabeth Fyfe, was born in Leicester, Ver- mont, January 1st, 1815. On his father's side, he is a lineal descendant in the seventh degree of John Perry, of England, who emigrated to Boston in 1632. On his mother's side, Mr. Perry is a lineal descendant in the sixth degree of John Strong, of England, who came to Boston in 1 631, and was one of the founders of Dorchester. John Strong was the head of the widely known family of Strongs, of New England, and whose history was written by Prof. Benjamin W. Dwight. Mr. Perry was a posthumous child ; his mother died when he was four years old. His early education was obtained at the public schools. Later, he became a student of law, and was temporarily editor of a county newspaper. In 1837, he en- tered the law school of Yale college, and doing two years' work in one, passed his examination, and was admitted to the bar in New Haven at the same time with Hon. Alphonso Taft. Shortly after, Mr. Perry removed to Columbus, Ohio, where he practiced law till 1854, when he removed to Cincin- nati. As partners in his profession, he had at one time William Dennison, a governor of this State, and at another. Colonel Henry B. Carrington. Mr. Perry's removal to Cin- cinnati was at the invitation of Taft & Key (Alphonso Taft and Thomas M. Key), the firm name becoming Taft, Key & Perry. Judge Key left the firm on account of ill-health, and in 1 861, Taft & Perry dissolved partnership. Mr. Perry opened a separate office, subsequently taking as a partner his son-in-law, Herbert Jenney, Esq. Early in life, Mr. Perry was a laborious student, and later, wrote considerably for the press ; he was able to buy his first set of text-books with money earned by his pen. The extensive notes and abstracts of decisions, concerning Virginia military land law, which have appeared in "Swan's Statutes," were prepared by Mr. Perry at the request of Judge Swan. Close attention to his profession brought a fair share of business, including some celebrated cases, and for years his practice has been of a character gratifying in all respects to a man of his elevated character. Discarding trivialities, Mr. Perry has aimed (and it is believed with more than ordinary success) to present his oral and written arguments in the clearest and simplest form ; it is not his custom to cite authorities which he has not per- sonally examined. One of the earliest cases in which he was engaged was the prosecution of parties who abducted a col- ored man, who, after living sixteen years in Ohio, was taken to Kentucky as a slave. The opposing counsel were the Hon. John Brough and the Hon. Noah H . Sway ne. The trial ended in the acquittal of the private persons indicted, in the convic- tion of the magistrate, and the return of the colored man to his family. Then, and afterward, the colored people of this State showed themselves grateful. In the cases of Myers vs. Hal- stead, for hbel; Manuel vs. Manuel, 13 Ohio State Reports, 458, (associated in the latter case with the Hon. A. Taft and the Hon. W. Y. Gholson,) raising the question of the validity in Ohio of a holographic will executed in Louisiana; Frazer vs. Siebert, 16 Ohio State Reports, 614, as to the validity of a tax on shares of stock in National banks under a State law levied in excess of the tax on State banks, and on a different principle ; Sinton vs. Boyd, 19 Ohio State Reports, 30, in- volving the construction of a peculiar clause in a will ; the State vs. the Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company, 18 Ohio State Reports, 262, in quo -warranto, involving questions relating to the construction of several contracts, statutes, and city ordinances, relating to the use of the streets for the laying of gas pipes by the company, under contract with the city, and the power of the city to grant exclusive rights for such purpose ; the Mechanics' and Traders' Bank (branch of the State Bank of Ohio) vs. Charles Thomas, treasurer of Ham- ilton county, and the same plaintiff vs. Henry Debolt, treas- urer of Hamilton county, reported in 18 Howard Reports, 3B4, in which the general question related to the validity of a tax assessed upon branches of the State bank under an Ohio statute ; Bissell et al. vs. Jeffersonville, 24 Howard Reports, 287, deciding upon the validity of municipal bonds in the hands of bona fide purchasers without notice against de- fences, grounded on irregularities in issuing them, (Hon. Reverdy Johnson being for the defendant,) and Mr. Perry preparing the brief of Taft & Perry, for the plaintiff, and in other important cases associated with and opposed to eminent counsel, Mr. Perry added greatly to his reputation as a law- yer, and has left enduring marks upon the judicial history of the country. An enumeration of cases argued gives no adequate idea of the career or character of a lawyer, nor do the cases mentioned in the above list approximate an enum- eration. Nor do the cases reported in the Supreme Court of the State, and in the Supreme Court of the United States, where Mr. Perry's name appears as of counsel, represent the cases argued by him in those courts, his name having been at times omitted and at times misplaced. In 1873, Mr. Perry was appointed by the President, and associated as senior counsel with gentlemen eminent in the profession, to prepare under the direction of the Attorney-general, a suit in equity against the Union Pacific Railroad Company, the "Credit Mobilier," and many other defendants, in pursuance of the requirements of section 4, of the general appropriation act, approved March 3d, 1873. This suit, touching interests of unprecedented amount directly, but indirectly reaching much further, has not been decided. In the important case of Clement L. Vallandigham against General Burnside, in the circuit court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio, involving the validity of the arrest of a citizen, not in the naval or military service of the gov- ernment, Mr. Perry appeared (with District-attorney Ball,) for General Burnside. A full report of this case, includ- ing arguments of counsel, was published in a volume by itself. In Whitelaw Reid's "History of Ohio in the War," the occasion is given its due prominence, with refer- ence to other events, accompanied by copious extracts from Mr. Perry's speech. As, Mr. Perry has been widely known in the political world, a statement of his labors in that field may, perhaps, be found more interesting to the general reader than that which relates to his career as a law- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. I6S yer. In 1847, he was elected a State representative, and continued an active member of the Whig party, until it came to an end by the defeat of General Scott in 1852; during that campaign he was chairman of the Whig State central com- mittee of Ohio. Being from boyhood an earnest opponent of slavery, he was prepared to take an active part in the formation of the Republican party, whose raison d'etre was opposition to the extension and perpetuation of slavery. As a speaker and a writer on behalf of the Republican party, Mr. Perry has stood in the front rank of a by no means small number of able leaders. While sacrificing nothing in mat- ters of opinion, his courteous and dignified bearing as an influential political leader secured for him the respect of men of all parties during the most exciting struggles the country has witnessed. In September, 1870, Mr. Perry was nomin- ated by the Republicans of the first Congressional district of Ohio as their candidate for Congress, and was elected. In the preceding election, this district had gone democratic by three hundred majority. It may fairly be claimed that Mr. Perry's high standing in his party, and in the community, had much to do with the success of his party at this election. During the session which commenced March 4th, 187 1, Mr. Perry took part in the debate which grew out of the presenta- tion of the message of the President upon the subject of the enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment, and attracted the favorable attention of his fellow-members, and not least, that of his political opponents. Mr. Perry was placed upon the committee appointed to consider the question of civil service reform, which grew out of the recommendations of the President upon that subject in his message to Congress in December, 1870. In support of resolutions previously offered by him in the direction of civil service reform, Mr. Perry, in 1872, addressed the house in a prepared speech, which was well received by his fellow-members and the public. In the further discussions of the measures proposed to effect a re- form in the civil service, Mn Perry took an active part. Soon after the close of the session, he made known his inten- tion not to be a candidate for reelection, and at the same time, without giving reasons for the step, tendered his resig- nation of the unexpired portion of his term. Perhaps a con- tinuation of public service under favoring circumstances would not have been declined. To borrow Mr. Perry's lan- guage to the writer: "The party organization, and the aims of persons who controlled it at the time, while they did not involve personal unfriendliness to me, left me without reason- able prospect of usefulness of a grade commensurate with the difficulties incident to maintaining my position in a contested district. " In the hotly contested political campaigns afterward entered into by the Republicans, no leader came forward more readily to do battle than did Mr. Perry ; that he did much to help win victories will be unhesitatingly conceded. He was a member of the convention which re-nominated President Lin- coln at Baltimore, in 1864, and represented the Ohio delega- tion in the committee on resolutions. During the contest which followed, Mr. Perry, on many occasions, by well directed efforts gave valuable assistance to the national cause. The delivery of his addresses was largely attended; they were afterward published and widely circulated as campaign documents. Independently of his legal and political reputa- tion, Mr. Perry has, by his purely literary efforts, proved that, possibly, literature has been a loser by his successes in more conspicuous fields. In his eulogy on the " Life and Charac- ter of John Quincy Adams," delivered before the citizens of Columbus, April, 1848 ; in his series of articles on the life and career of the younger Pitt, published in the Knickerbocker Magazine, of 1854, and other published orations and ad- dresses, it will be seen that Mr. Perry possesses no ordinary literary ability. Clearness, forcibleness, originality, verging at times upon quaintness, enlivened by flashes of keen wit and an avoidance of common-place expressions, may be taken as some of the characteristics of Mr. Perry's style as a speaker and a writer. From the Western Reserve college and the Marietta college, he has received the degree of Doctor of Laws. Important judicial positions have been offered to, and decHned by him. From what has been told, as well as from what has not been told of Mr. Perry's public career, it may justly be inferred that while there was no unwillingness on the part of his political associates to see him share the honors which he often helped to win, yet it is, nevertheless, apparent that his standing and influence owe nothing to official position or to party arrangement. During the opening years of the civil war, Mr. Perry rendered valu- able services to the government of the State, and public acknowledgment was made of them by Governor Dennison, in his annual message. In the defense of Cincinnati when threatened with invasion, Mr. Perry gave valuable assistance- to General Horatio Wright, at that time in command of this district, and his name was given to one of the works thrown up for the defense of the city. In the Presidential contest which ended in the election of Mr. Hayes, Mr. Perry took a very active part ; being placed at the head of the Republican electoral ticket, he addressed large political meetings in different parts of the State, and his reported speeches were widely distributed. Mr. Perry has been appointed by the Superior court of Cincinnati, one of the five members com- posing the trustees of the Sinking Fund. In 1843, he married Miss EHzabeth Williams, daughter of Micajah T. Wilhams, Esq. Their children living, are Mary, wife of Her- bert Jenney, Esq. ; Ehzabeth, wife of Dr. Herman J. Groes- beck, eldest son of Hon. WiUiam S. Groesbeck; Nelson Williams, and Edith Strong. BaTEMAN, Warner M., was born August sth, 1827, in Springboro, Warren county, Ohio. He comes of Welsh- Quaker stock. His paternal great-grandfather emigrated from Wales to Pennsylvania before the Revolutionary war. In his eighteenth year, under the direction of the late Hon. Thomas Corwin, he began a course of historical and politi- cal reading, as a foundation for the study of the law. Three years afterward he began the study of the law, and, in 1849, he removed to Lebanon, that he might prosecute his studies with greater advantage. In September, 1850, he was ad- mitted to the bar at Newark, Ohio. In November, 1850, he removed to Cincinnati, where, without experience and with- out acquaintances, he commenced the practice of the law. Mr. Bateman took an active and prominent part in the or- ganization of the republican party, and in 1856, was one of the candidates of that party for judge of the court of common pleas of Hamilton county, but was defeated with the rest of the ticket. In 1865, he was elected to the State senate from Cincinnati, and took a leading part in its deliberations. He was prominent and active in opposing the increase of corpor- ations. He urged upon the legislature the wisdom and ne- cessity of a more rigorous legislative control of railways of the State, and a committee, of which he was the chairman, was appointed to investigate and report in reference to the abuses i66 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. in railroad management, and the legislation needful to cor- rect them. During the fall of 1866, this committee made an extensive examination of the subjects committed to them, took a large amount of testimony, and submitted the results in a lengthy report, prepared by Mr. Bateman, to the legisla- ture during the following winter. They also submitted two bills, one of which, creating the office of railroad commis- sioner, became a law, and the other, providing a comprehensive scheme of regulating railroads, failed upon a disagreement of the two houses. 'But the important features of it have since been incorporated into the laws of this and other States. In 1868, he was urged to permit the use of his name as a candi- date for Congress, but declined to do so, and continued in the general practice of his profession until April, 1869, when he received from President Grant the appointment to the office of United States attorney for the Southern district of Ohio. During 1866, '67, and '68, a powerful whisky ring had been operating in the district, defrauding the government of its taxes upon whisky to a, great amount. In the variety of liti- gation that he prosecuted against it, he encountered the ablest counsel, and the most desperate resistance. In the end, Mr. Bateman was successful in recovering large amounts of taxes and penalties, punishing many of the chief offenders, and by his earnest and efficient prosecution, the guilty combina- tion was utterly destroyed. In 1870, he recovered judgments in favor of the government to the amount of j!495,ooo; tried one hundred and forty-seven civil cases, and lost only eleven ; tried sixty-eight criminal cases, and lost only eight. In the first six months of his term, he tried fifty-seven criminal cases, losing only two, and fourteen cases of forfeiture, of which he lost none, and collected and paid into the treasury $158,235. So complete was the enforcement of the law, that the district has ever since escaped the scandals of whisky frauds. In 1873, the government appropriated $750,000 for the purchase of a site for a post office and custom house in Cincinnati, and owing to the nurnber of pieces of property required, it was found impossible to effect a purchase at priv- ate sale at reasonable prices. A resort to the use of govern- ment power to condemn was necessary. There was no pre- cedent for its exercise, and the jurisdiction of the federal courts in any proceeding for that purpose was generally doubted or denied. Mr. Bateman determined to test the question, as the only practicable alternative for securing the required land, and accordingly commenced proceedings upon petition in the United States circuit court for its condemna- tion. Against the opposition of the property owners, repre- sented by able counsel, the legal questions involved, were decided in favor of the government, and the opinion of the circuit court has since been affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States, thus establishing an important and heretofore contested power of the general government to appropriate private property to public uses through proceed- ings in its own tribunals. Mr. Bateman was equally for- tunate in the subsequent valuation of the property appropri- ated, it being $70,000 less in the aggregate than the appro- priation made by Congress. The proceeding having resulted so successfully, the construction of the costly and magnifi- cent edifice now in progress was insured. During his term of office, also, arose the important litigation between the Newport and Cincinnati Bridge Company and the United States. That company under joint resolution of Congress in 1869, began the erection of an expensive bridge between Newport and Cincinnati, and when nearly finished in 1 871, Congress required it to raise it thirty feet higher than its plan then contemplated. In 1873, after the bridge was completed, suit was brought against the United States by the bridge company, represented by the Hon. Stanley Matthews, for damages to the amount of $500,000. After a learned and exhaustive discussion upon demurrer to the bill, filed by Mr. Bateman, Justice Swa^ne of the Supreme court, before whom the case was heard, decided against the liability of the gov- ernment. The case was subsequently heard again, in 1878, Mr. Bateman having been retained for the government, when the plaintiff's bill was finally dismissed. Mr. Bateman was re-appointed to the office of district attorney in April, 1873, and resigned in February, 1877, after holding it continuously for a period of nearly eight years, and resumed the general practice of the law in Cincinnati. In his profession, Mr. Bateman is chiefly distinguished for thorough research and perspicuity of statement, and is regarded by all who come into business contact with him as a genial gentleman and an able lawyer. In 1854, Mr. Bateman married Miss Emma Buell, of Cincinnati, who died August 6th, 1867. On the 9th August, 1876, he married Miss. Ella L. Trowbridge, of New-* ark, New York. Page, Henry F., lawyer, Circleville, Ohio, was born in that city February 2d, 182 1. He enjoyed the benefit of a good common school education, such as his native place- afforded, and, at the age of twelve years, entered the prepar- atory department of the Miami University at Oxford, and graduated at this time-honored institution of learning (which has given so many distinguished men to the country) at the early age of eighteen, having taken a full course. In 1841, he began the study of law in the office of Hon. George M. Par- sons, at Columbus, Ohio, and after some months so spent, he entered the law school of Harvard university. In this famous school it was Mr. Page's good fortune to have for professors such distinguished teachers of law as Judge Story and Judge Greenleaf ; while among his classmates were men who have since achieved a national reputation, namely, Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States ; Anson Burlingame, President Lincoln's minister to China ; Judge George Hoadly and Rufus King, of Cincinnati, two of the most eminent law- yers of the Ohio bar. In 1845, M^- P^g6 was admitted to the bar, and at once locating in his native place, he has there ever since continued in the practice of his profession. Gen- erally acknowledged a leader of the Picka,way county bar, he has few peers in the Scioto valley, while his ability is con- ceded by his brethren of the profession throughout the State. He is a hard student and a deep thinker. He is an eloquent and incisive speaker, and in argument treasures his words as jewels, to be carefully used and not wasted. He has been as faithful to his profession as a lover to his first choice, and has seldom wandered from the legitimate fields of law to the uncertain regions of politics. Among the cases argued by Mr. Page in the Supreme Court of Ohio, will be found the following: D. C. Hyde & Co. vs. Olds et al, 12 Ohio Re- ports, 591, which is an important case in regard to assignments made to defraud creditors; the Atlantic and Ohio Railroad Company vs. SuUivant, 5 Ohio Reports, 276, a case relating to railroad charters ; Thompson's Administratrix vs. Thomp- son, 4 Ohio Reports, 333, in which a very important question is discussed upon the subject of wills, a question that is found reported in the United States up to the time of this decision but once, and that is in Johnson's Chancery Reports; Car- y^ w BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 167 penter vs. Denoon et al., 29 Ohio Reports, 379, an important case concerning wills ; the American Tract Society et al. vs. Atwater et al., 31 Ohio Reports, a case upon the subject of charitable bequests; Clark vs. Bayer et a/., 31 Ohio Reports, where the law of parent and child is determined. In 1864', he was chosen one of the Presidential electors of Ohio, and cast his vote in the electoral college for Abraham Lincoln. In 1873, he was chosen a delegate from Pickaway county to the third constitutional convention, beating a democratic op- ponent, the choice of a strong democratic constituency. He served in that convention with honor to himself and entire satisfaction to his constituents. Among the many able men in that body, for culture, natural talent, and marked legal ability, he ranked as the peer of any. Among the speeches made in the constitutional convention by Mr. Page, may be mentioned the following as important : A speech advocating . the prohibition of railroad passes. Vol. 2, part i , page 97 of the Debates; a speech upon minority representation. Vol. i, page 1 146, and Vol. 2, page 847 ; a speech upon vesting the veto power in the governor, Vol. 2, page 297 ; concerning private corporations. Vol. 2, part 3, page 2387 ; upon taxation to build railroads. Id. pages 2525 and 2639; upon the bill of rights. Vol. 2, part 2, page 1784; upon the grand jury. Id. page 1790; upon alien suffrage. Id. page 1882; upon female suffrage. Id. page 1949; revenue taxation. Id. page 2068; upon common schools. Id. page 2211 ; upon Catholicism and public schools. Id. page 2280. But not alone as a practitioner has Mr. Page distinguished himself. He is the author of several legal works of acknowledged merit, having in 1850 pubhshed "The Law of Divorce," and in 1851, a work on "Virginia Military Titles." Mr. Page is the author of several essays contributed to the Western Law Journal, among which the following are notable: "The Profession of the Law,'- -] W. L. J., 97- "Abstracts of Title in Ohio," 8 IV. L. 7-> 333, "The Administration of Justice," S IV. L. J., i. In 1852, Mr. Page married Charlotte, a daughter of Mr. James B. Gardner, and sister of Mrs. R. W. Thompson, the wife of President Hayes' Secretary of the Navy. Lowe, Peter Perlee, lawyer, bom June nth, 1 801, in Warren county, Ohio, a part of the Northwest Terri- tory, in a section of the country which was a wilderness at that early day. He was a son of Jacob D. Lowe and Mar- tha Perlee, who were married while the former was on a visit to his native State, New Jersey, three years after his emigra- tion to the West. His father was married three times. By the first marriage there were Rebecca Lowe, Jacob J. Lowe, Peter P. Lowe, Derrick J. Lowe, Ralph P. Lowe, and Isaac Lowe, all of whom are deceased, with the exception of Ralph and Peter P. Lowe. By the second union there were no children surviving. By the third, two children, one of whom died in infancy, and Colonel John G. Lowe, a prominent cit- izen now residing at Dayton, Ohio. Ralph P. Lowe was governor, and afterward Chief Justice of Iowa. Our subject received his early education at the country schools, and studied classics under a son of the Rev. James Kemper, one of the pioneer preachers and early settlers of Ohio. He was a student of law under the distinguished Thomas Corwin. Immediately after his admission to the bar, he removed to Dayton, where he rose to the front rank among advocates and men of progress. Dayton counted a population of but 1,400 souls at this period, and the practice of the lawyers therefore extended over many adjacent counties, and was only reached amid hardships of pioneer life and travel. For many years Mr. Lowe rode circuit through a large area of country, now embraced in Clark, Miami, Shelby, Mercer, Darke, Preble and Butler counties, throughout which he made a high reputation and a profitable business. In 1832, at Washington, D. C, he was admitted to practice in the United States courts on motion of Senator Underwood, of Kentucky, and in that year was elected prosecuting attorney of Mont- gomery county, in which office he commenced a career as a criminal lawyer which subsequently placed him at the head of the bar. He prosecuted a vast number of criminals with unvarying success and benefit to the State. Notable among these was the case of the murderer of Charles R. Green, clerk of the court. Although absorbed in the duties and re- sponsibilities of a heavy and always increasing practice, Mr. Lowe was prominent and active in all public measures de- signed to benefit the city ; his record as a public-spirited citi- zen dating particularly between the years 1830 and i860. To him and Joseph Barnett, the city was indebted for its admirable system of turnpikes, which have made Dayton noted far and wide for beautiful avenues and streets. In 1849, the management of the Dayton and Western Railroad, which was almost hopelessly involved, called him to the presidency of that road. He accepted the position, and with rare business tact and ability, took the lead in negotiations and measures which brought needed relief, and placed the road on a substantial footing. Mr. Lowe was no less promi- nent in politics, not as an office-seeker, but as a good citizen and patriot. He was elected to the legislature in 1837, over Robert C. Schenck, and in that body served with conspicuous abihty as chairman of the judiciary committee during his term of office ; was also delegate to State and National con- ventions, and candidate for governor in the convention which nominated Reuben Wood for that office. Originally a whig, he left that party at the time it was discovered by the Senate committee, of which Mr. Tyler was chairman, that the United States bank had loaned to members of Congress large amounts ofmoney, with and without collateral security. The bank was on' trial for a renewal of its charter, and as the report of the committee was never answered, Mr. Lowe abandoned the party, and cast his first democratic vote for President Van Buren. In national politics he continued with the democracy until 1856, and in local affairs even longer. His anti-slavery views compelled him again to change in the year named, as he could not consent to more than a strict adherence to the compromises of the constitution, and the Mason and Dixon line. He has ever since been a member of the Republican party, ever taking an active part in the discussion of the public questions of the day. Mr. Lowe was a delegate to the convention that nominated Mr. Lincoln for President in i860; he entered with much energy into the can- vass of that year, which resulted in Mr. Lincoln's election. During the war of 1861 to 1865, he took a most determined stand to uphold the government and the Constitution ; though beyond the years for active service in the army, he procured and sent a man to be his representative in the field. Mr. Lowe is a member of the old regime — the school of patriotic and cultivated old gentlemen — courtly, frank and hospitable in all the relations of life. His house was for many years a resort for the great men of early times, among whom were his warm personal friends. Secretaries Stanton and Chase, Governors Tod and Brough. Mr. Lowe is a Presbyterian in religious faith, and a member of that church, and for years i68 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. acted as its treasurer and one of its trustees. He is a liberal supporter of all benevolent and charitable enterprises, and is a free giver to the worthy poor. He was married in May, 1830, to Miss Ann Bomberger, of Dayton, who died in 1877. Four children were the issue of this union. The eldest son, Jacob D., his law partner, died in 1859. William B., captain in the United States army, married Miss Anna P. Finley, of Cincinnati, in 1859. Sarah Perlee, the eldest daughter, pre- sides over her father's hospitable house, and Annie L. was married to Joseph H. Rieman, of Baltimore, in 1861. Lane, William GRISWOLD, was bom at Norwalk, Ohio, February 12th, 1824. He died at Sandusky, October 28th, 1877.^ His father, Ebenezer Lane, and his mother, Frances Ann (Griswold) Lane, were from Old Lyme, Con- necticut, and were the kindred and peers of the Griswolds and Wolcotts, who for several generations were governors and judges of Connecticut. His father was eminent as judge and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio for twenty- one years — three terms. An early teacher and life-long friend of Judge William G. Lane, in a letter addressed to his sons, says: "It may interest you to have me tell you some- thing of your father when he was about your age. Your grandfather was my teacher in the law, and your father be- gan his Latin with me. His lesson was assigned him and was recited perfectly, and another assigned to him that was somewhat longer. He mastered that as perfectly as the first, and soon won my respect by his aptness to learn, and my love by his simple, affectionate, and confiding nature. In- deed, from that period my heart has gone out to him in sin- cere respect and love, and as he ' increased in wisdom and stature ' and developed into a true and noble manhood, my respect and affection have grown with his years. Around his father's home were ample grounds, — lawn and orchard and meadow. The very animals seemed to appreciate their home. The very atmosphere was ' peace, good will to men.' " The following extracts from the Sandusky Register indicate the course of Judge Lane's life after leaving home for school: "Judge Lane's father, who was a noted lawyer and jurist, early determined to give his boys the advantages of the best schools the country afforded. At twelve years of age the son, William G., was sent to a flourishing seniinary at Mid- dletown, Connecticut, to prepare for college. While there, he was a school-fellow of R. B. Hayes, the then bright young man of promise, and the now President of the United States. Rev. Isaac Webb was the principal of the Middletown school, and a better man could not have been selected to give these boys a solid foundation for future usefulness. He remained at Mr. Webb's school for three years, and there laid the foundation of that long term of usefulness which characterized his subsequent life. At fifteen years of age, he entered Yale college, at once taking high rank as a pupil of marked ability and studious habits. In 1843, he graduated at Yale, and went thence to the celebrated law school at Harvard, then as now, one of the most famous law schools of the country. His stay at Harvard covered but a year, yet in that short time he became well-grounded in the fundamental principles of law. While he was at college, his parents moved to San- dusky, where, after leaving the Harvard law school, he spent one year, and in 1846, he went to Berlin, Germany, where he studied law one year under the best German professors that city could afford, and returning to America, became associated with his father in the practice of the law, the firm being known as E. Lane & Son." He continued in the active practice of law until February, 1873, when he was made judge of common pleas for the Fourth judicial district. The Sandusky Register further said of him: "As a lawyer before the courts, William G. Lane had no superior, as a judge he had few equals ; and when he was forced by ill- health to resign, the expression of regret was universal from one end of the judicial circuit to the other. In all the rela- tions of life, William G. Lane was unexceptionably pure, manly, and noble. As a father he was loving and kind, as husband devoted to a fault, as a citizen wisely patriotic and • progressive, and especially cheerful, social, and companion- able. Well nigh devoid of faults, his friends could truthfully say that he was as perfect as man could well be made and be one of us.'' He was married October 31st, 1850, to Ehzabeth Diodate Griswold, daughter of Charles C. Griswold, of Old Lyme, Connecticut. Subsequently the same early friend and teacher referred to a.bove, writes to Mrs. Lane: "You have my deepest sympathy. * * * The notices in the San- dusky Register seem to me to fall far short of what might properly be said of Judge Lane. Like his father, and also his mother, he was from early boyhood a great reader, and though he read with wonderful rapidity, he comprehended and digested his author with telegraphic dispatch. He was truly and eminently a learned man. In law, in history, in moral science, in literature he was ' a full man,' 'thoroughly furnished to all good works.' But his highest glory was in the purity and integrity of his character. As to all matters personal or private, in belief or faith, he was peculiarly and characteristically and sensitively reticent, modest, diffident, almost exclusive. He was an earnest and generous supporter of the Protestant Episcopal church, and his most intimate associates, outside of his own family and kindred, were rec- tors of his parish and his bishop. He held the Bible as the ■word of God,' and honored its teachings and rested his hopes of ' life and immortality ' in the gospel. Like Lord Eldon, he was truly ' a buttress of the church,' siipporting and adorning it fi-om the outside, and evidencing by his devotion that his heart was in it. You are doubtless aware that his ancestry (and your own) have a noble record. The family of Griswold was a very ancient one, and has an hon- orable place in English history. As early as the sixteenth century, Matthew, son of Edward Griswold, joined a company of Pilgrims, and sailed from England during the reign of Charles I, and landed upon the shores of Massachusetts, May 30th, 1630, about ten years after the arrival of the May- flower. He settled in Lyme, Connecticut, and married the daughter of Henry Wolcott, of Windsor, Connecticut. His son, Matthew Griswold, married Phoebe Hyde, of Norwich, Connecticut, and their son John married Hannah Lee. The son of John (Governor Matthew Griswold) married Ursula Wolcott, daughter of Governor Roger Wolcott, and great- grand-daughter of Henry Wolcott. Their son, Governor Roger Griswold, married Fanny Rogers, and their daughter, Frances Ann, married Ebenezer Lane, the father of your husband." Mrs. Lane occupies the family mansion at San- dusky, with all the surroundings and appointments preserved with reverent care, especially his ample library at the house, and in his office an extensive law library, as left by Judge Lane. Their children are Elizabeth Griswold Lane, born Oc- tober 25th, 1851, married November 25th, 1B73, to Charles I H. Moss, and has one daughter, Emeline Knap Moss, born September, 27th, 1874; Sarah Spencer Lane, born March ''--^-tyU^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 169 2d, 1858; Wolcott Griswold Lane, born January 24th, 1866, and Charles C. Griswold Lane, born December l6th, 1867. This imperfect tribute is rendered to this family circle with the suggestion that " He hath not wholly died. He hves in the affections of kindred and friends, and in the high regard of the community. He lives in our remembrance of his social virtues, his warm and steady friendships, and the vivacity and richness of his conversation. Indeed, he seems to us now, as in truth he is, not extinguished or ceasing to be, but only withdrawn as the clear sun goes down at his setting, not darkened, but only no longer seen." Firestone, LeaNDER, physician, Wooster, Wayne county, born April nth, 1819, was the son of Daniel Fire- stone, of German extraction, who emigrated from Beaver county, Pennsylvania, and settled in Ohio in 181 5. His early education was received at the public schools, during his at- tendance at which, he was inspired with an ambition to become 'a skillful and well-educated physician. He resolved to make every sacrifice necessary to the accomplishment of his high aim, and it was often remarked that while the other boys were in the playground, young Firestone was poring over his books. At the age of fourteen, he entered the Salem academy, and pursued his studies there with great assiduity, defraying his expenses with money earned by his own labor. On his leaving school, he was engaged four years in teaching, to earn in this manner the means that enabled him to pursue a course of medical studies. In 1838, he commenced the study of medicine, — still, however, teaching school, — and in 1839, entered the office of Dr. Stephen F. Day, who ranked in the profession as one of the most eminent surgeons in the State. Dr. Firestone gives credit for much of his success as an operator, to the excellent instruction in surgery he re- ceived from his eminent preceptor. He attended his first course of medical lectures in the session of 1840-41, at the Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, and his second course in 1845-46, at the Cleveland medical college, where he graduated, and shortly afterward located at Congress, Wayne county, situated twelve miles from Wooster. He was mar- ried in 1839, to Miss Susannah Firestone, the result of their union being two sons, William W. and M. O., both physi- cians, the former in partnership with his father. From 1 846 to 1848, he pursued a special course of study in practical and surgical anatomy, and the principles of operative surgery, the latter under the preceptorship of the late Professor H. A. Ackley, of Cleveland, whose biography appears in this work. In 1849, he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the Cleveland medical college, and held the position until 1853, when he resigned and accepted the appointment of superin- tendent of the Northern Ohio insane asylum, at Newburg, which he held until 1856, when he removed to Wooster, and engaged in his profession as a general practitioner. In 1863, Dr. Firestone received the appointment of professor of mid- wifery in Charity Hospital medical college, at Cleveland, and in 1868, was chosen professor of surgery in the same college. In 1871, he was appointed professor of anatomy and physi- ology in the University of Wooster, and in 1872, accepted the chair of medical and surgical diseases of women in the medical department of the same institution. He is a member and has been president of the Ohio State Medical Society ; the Wayne County Medical Association ; the Northwestern Medical Association; the American Medical Association, and the Gynecological Society of Boston, Massachusetts. In 1874, he received the degree of doctor of laws from the Ohio university. He was made a Mason in 1847, and has held the office of worshipful master of Ebenezer lodge of Wooster, and high priest of Wooster chapter. In 1878, he was appointed by Governor Bishop, superintendent of the Central lunatic asylum, at Columbus, a position he was eminentlyquahfied to fill. He peremptorily refused the ap- pointment on its being offered to him, the salary being very small, and it requiring him to relinquish his highly lucrative practice ; but his friends so urged him to accept the position, that he consented to make the sacrifice, on the representation made to him that it would be very difficult to find any physi- cian so competent as himself to discharge the important duties required. The laudable ambition of Dr. Firestone in his youth, to become an eminent physician, has been fulfilled. Possessing those qualities without which success in no pur- suit of life is achieved, — indefatigability, continuity, and self- reliance, — he holds an enviable professional position in this State. He has filled all the appointments to which he has been called with high credit to himself, stands in the front rank of his profession, and is acknowledged to have qualifi- cations and knowledge for the treatment of the insane, that make him the peer of the celebrated Dr. Conolly and Dr. Winslow, of England. MITCHEL, OrMSBY McKnIGHT, scientist, was born at Morganfield, Union county, Kentucky, on the loth August, 1810, — died October 25th, 1862, in South Carolina. He was a graduate of West Point in the class with General Robert E. Lee. He early turned his attention to studying and lecturing on astronomy. In this field his merits were soon recognized, and in 1834, he was appointed professor of mathematics, natural philosophy, and chemistry at the Cin- cinnati college. By the public lectures which he delivered in 1 841, the interest in astronomical inquiries was raised so high that he resolved to make an effort to establish in Cincinnati an observatory on a more grand scale than had been hitherto attempted in the United States. Having formed a joint stock company for carrying out this laudable design, he visited Europe, purchased, at Munich, a fine seventeen-foot refract- ing telescope, and, by spending some time under the instruc- tion of Airy, the astronomer royal of England, he rendered himself more competent for the enterprise which he had undertaken. On his return to Cincinnati in- the fall of 1842, he found that the derangement in financial circles threw many difficulties in his way ; but these he surmounted by his energy and perseverance. The observatory was commenced in 1843, and completed in 1845. His great work of exploring the skies then began. It contributed much to the progress of astronomy, and, among other distinguished writers, Hum- boldt, in his Cosmos, makes a favorable allusion to the ob- servations of the Cincinnati savant on the double stars. His brilhant and useful career was soon interrupted, as the burn- ing of the Cincinnati college left him without any adequate means of support. To obviate the effects of this calamity, he undertook to give popular lectures on astronomy in the Eastern cities, and the enterprise met with great success. He also engaged as consulting engineer and financial agent for the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad ; and he soon accumulated so much wealth that he was able to keep the observatory in proper action, without any remuneration, and to pay an assistant $600 a year, and to perfect his new contrivances, which were of the greatest service in practical astronomy. Of BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 170 the efficacy of his methods of observation for finding the right ascension and declension of celestial objects, a very favorable report was given, in 1 851, by a committee of astron- omers appointed by the American association for the ad- vancement of science. In 1847, he published a series of astronomical lectures, under the title of "Stellar and Planet- ary Worlds." This work, which shows great scientific and literary ability, obtained a wide circulation, and was repub- Mshed in Great Britain. Besides presenting in it a very interesting sketch of the progress of science and the history of great astronomical discoveries, he entered into a discussion of some of the great problems and speculations which have been the subject of modern controversy, and on which there is still much difference of opinion. Of the " Nebular Hypoth- esis" of Laplace, he was always a warm advocate. During 1850, he was induced, by peculiar circumstances, to divide his services between Cincinnati and Albany. In the latter city an astronomical observatory was established and sus- tained with liberal endowments. But an unhappy quarrel having arisen in regard to its control, it was deemed expedi- ent to give the direction to Professor Mitchel. His presence at Albany soon restored tranquillity, and the result justified the propriety of his acceptance of the position. About this time he published his work entitled "Popular Astronomy," and much calculated to advance the interests of his favorite science. Another work, entitled " Astronomy of the Bible," was prepared soon afterward, but was not published until after his death. As the great civil war burst forth on the country, in 1 861, Professor Mitchel warmly embraced the side of the Union, and not content with rendering moral aid to his country by his eloquence, he resolved to participate in the dangers and the trials of actual warfare. He immediately relinquished his tranquil occupations in the observatory to accept the post of brigadier-general in the Northern array, and to use his own expression, descend "from the stars of heaven to the stars and stripes of earth." On receiving his command, ■ he displayed great energy in organizing his troops, and in establishing defensive works along the approaches to Cincin- nati from the South. In February and March, 1862, he dis- played great activity in the advance on Bowhng Green and Nashville. Soon afterward, being stationed at Murfreesboro, he resolved, by a bold movement, to strike a severe blow against the enemy, and was very successful. He marched his troops to Huntsville, which he occupied; and taking pos- session of nearly two hundred miles of the railroad, which formed the main channel of communication of the confeder- ates, he rendered many of their plans abortive. For this exploit he was promoted to the rank of major-general, dating from April nth, 1862, the day on which he entered Huntsville. Soon afterward he was ordered to South Carolina, where yellow fever terminated his life. HOLDEN, Liberty Emery, lawyer and mine own- er, was born June 20th, 1834, at Raymond, Cumberland county, in the State of Maine. Living April, 1878, at Cleve- land, Ohio. He is the oldest of eleven children of Liberty Holden, farmer. His mother's maiden name was Sarah C. Stearns, and both parents were descendants of old and influ- ential families who came from England and settled in Water- town, Massachusetts in 1630-34. Holden chapel, of Har- vard college, was the gift of one of his ancestors, Samuel Holden ; and his uncle, Ezra Holden, was the founder of the Philadelphia Saturday Courier. His education com- menced in the common district school; he was prepared for college at the academy at Bethel, Maine, then -under the care of Dr. N. T. True, a most excellent instructor, and greatly beloved by his pupils, who are found in all parts of the country. In 1853, he entered the freshman class of Waterville college ; on account of the exhausted state of his means, he left and taught high schools in Denmark and Bridgton Center, Maine ; returning again after twelve months' absence, he spent two years at Waterville, and left in the fall of 1856 for the West, carrying with him the respect and esteem of his instructors and fellow-students. He entered the junior class of the University of Michigan, and graduated in 1858. During nearly all of his junior year, he taught one of the union schools of Ann Arbor ; at the same time he kept up the studies of his class and passed a rigid examination for promotion to the senior class. This was a most valuable year to him, developing and revealing his power for pro- tracted and severe mental effort. Immediately on his gradu- ation, through the recommendation of Dr. H. P. Tappan and other members of the faculty of the University of Michigan, he was elected professor of rhetoric and English literature in the college at Kalamazoo, Michigan. Here he remained three years, filling the position with great ability. In 1861, he was elected superintendent of the public schools of Tiffin, Ohio, and remained one year. This was a year of hard and most successful labor. He found the schools in a state of chaos ; he left them thoroughly re-organized and well graded. The board of education, appreciating his well-directed efforts, passed highly complimentary resolutions on his retirement. He had greatly endeared himself also to the teachers and scholars, and in a public meeting they gave him flattering proofs of their affection and esteem. He went to Cleveland in June, 1862, studied law with Judge "J. P. Bishop, and was admitted to the bar under Judge Ranney, in 1863. He had previously studied law both at Kalamazoo and Tiffin. He now turned his attention to more active pursuits. He en- tered at once and most successfully into the real estate busi- ness, bringing to it the keen foresight, the good sound judgment, and the indomitable energy that ensure success. He resided in the city till 1866; then removed to the village of East Cleveland. His old love for, and appreciation of, educa- tional interests brought him again into active connection with the schools. He was elected to the school board in 1867, and remained on it till the annexation of the village to the city of Cleveland in 1872, being chosen its president every year except one. During his connection with the board, every school -house was remodeled, every school graded ; the school house on Garden street, and the high school building on Belle avenue erected. In the accomplishment of these re- sults, he gave cheerfully to the public the benefit of his experience, and for the time and labor bestowed had the sat- isfaction of knowing that he was mainly instrumental in laying the foundation of the present excellent school system. He early foresaw that the beautiful plateau, then used chiefly as truck farms, must yield to the rapidly increasing demand for elegant homes away from the smoke and dust of the manu- facturing portion of the city. He made large purchases of land in that part of the city, and has been abundantly re- warded for his foresight. He was unwearied in his efforts to promote all those improvements that have so rapidly ad- vanced the property of this part of Cleveland. He was largely instrumental in securing the paving of Euclid avenue, in introducing gas, and in the annexing of the village to the ^^^f€^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. i7r city, writing with his own hand many of the ordinances for these measures, and urging their adoption persistently and successfully. From the time he came to East Cleveland, he gave himself to its interests. His private enterprise has added much to the beauty and general appearance of this part of the city, having laid out more streets and erected more buildings than any other man. He is in sympathy with all plans and efforts, wisely put forth, for the public good. Conservative in politics, he heartily supported the govern- ment in the war of the Rebellion. While in college, and since then, he devoted considerable study to geology, and in 1859, spent the summer in studying and exaihining the cop- per and iron mines, and the general formation of the Lake Superior country. He has always been strongly impressed with the wonderful mineral resources of that country. In 1873, he bought a large interest in the Lake Angeline mines, on Lake Superior, and was elected manager of the company. The mines under his management were successful, paying dividends even in the depressed state of the iron trade. In 1874, he became interested in mines in Utah, near Salt Lake, now known as the Old Telegraph mines. He was elected manager of the company, being from the first the largest stockholder. In 1875-6, he purchased a majority of the stock, and took personal charge of the mines. By his man- agement, the property was brought from a mere "prospect" and in debt, to a very valuable mine. He has added very largely to the property ; built five furnaces, and the most ex- tensive concentrating works in Utah. It has been reported that he took from the mines in little over a year, more than $1,000,000. For two years he has spent most of his time in Utah, and by his personal attention, skill, and foresight has wrought out, perhaps, the most extensive business in this country. He is just in the prime of his manhood, strong, energetic, and when he knows he is right "hard to beat." He is now extensively engaged in mining, smelting, concen- trating, and leaching ; being the first man in Utah to make leaching silver ores a successful business. He is constantly thinking up new plans and constructing new works for bring- ing out the precious inetals from their ores. Such a worker is a good teacher in any land. He is eminently a self- made man, having earned and paid every dollar for his own education. He is a thorough business man, and has proved that sagacity and untiring industry insure success. He is a member of the Euclid Avenue Congregational church, and contributes freely to its bene>volent and Christian work. He was married August 14th, i860, to Miss Delia E. Bulkley, of Kalamazoo, Michigan, a graduate of Ingham Collegiate In- . stitute of LeRoy, New York. They have had born to them six children, five of whom are living. Charles E., the first born, a very promising lad, died in March, 1877. FOOS, Joseph, was bom in Chester county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1767. His father was a native of Germany, and his mother a native of Wales. He removed with his parents to Tennessee, and afterward to Harrison county, Kentucky, where in 1797 he married Lydia Nelson, and the following year moved to the locality then called Franklin, that is now Columbus, Ohio, where he possessed a ferry over the Scioto, then a valuable privilege, and kept a house of entertainment for travelers. He wa§ a man of much natural ability, and though he spoke German and English with fluency and that elegance which proceeds from observation, his early educa- tion was defective. He had a remarkable memory, and his perceptive faculties large and so powerful that they enabled him to make the best use of the slight advantage afforded him by the forced stay in his tavern of an Irish schoolmaster who came to him in want. After a short course of lessons from this man, he made himself so proficient in writing that he subsequently carried on quite a voluminous correspond- ence with such men as Henry Clay, Thomas Ewing, Thomas Corwin, and General Harrison. He was a member of the first Ohio legislature, and in all served twenty-five sessions in house and senate. From so small a beginning in the educa- tion of the schools, he came to be regarded as a man of un- usual acquirements, and as a speaker he was regarded effect- ive and eloquent. Mainly by his persistent efforts the capital of the State was moved to Columbus, and in recognition of this fact the owners of the land on which the city now stands east of the river presented to him a square of ground, allow- ing him to select its locality. In the war of 181 2, he served with distinction as an officer, being promoted for meritorious conduct from the rank of captain to that of brigadier general. During this war and the Indian war that followed, Franklin was an important military post, and his tavern the resort of the army officers. His opportunities at this time for making money were very great. The river was much wider then than it is now, and deeper. It lay across the high-road of travel for emigrants to Illinois, and the great caravans of emigration tending westward frequently brought him for ferriage and entertainment three hundred dollars a day. But his liberality was equal to his resources. His house was the rendezvous for political agitators, and they were always needy. Even in entertaining such men as Henry Clay there were times when more distinction than profit was the result. At this time the influence of Mr. Foos was great within the bounds of the State, but on offering he was defeated for Con- gress, and his property having depreciated by the changed circumstances of the country, he removed to Madison county and began farming. In 1825, he was appointed major-gen- eral of the State militia, and held the office until his death. When the subject of canals was in agitation, after the inspec- tion of the course of the Ohio and Erie Canal, and which followed upon the completion of the New York and Erie Canal under the lead of Dewitt Clinton, Mr. Foos directed his attention to the feasibility of a ship canal across the Isth- mus of Darien. He opened correspondence with the Spanish authorities, and found them civil enough to furnish him the required information in furtherance of his plan for a grand passage between North and South America that would shorten the voyage to the Indies, and which as early as the sixteenth century attracted the attention of navigators, and thus while it gained the distinction among the ignorant of being called "Foos' folly," this idea, embodied in pamphlet and illustrated with a map, indicated the direction of his read- ing to be expansive, and after his death reflected credit on his name. When a controversy occurred in after years be- tween England and the United States on the subject of the correct and only feasible route via the Atrato river, and which route has been but recently surveyed, Tom Corwin arose in Congress and directed attention to the fact that the proposi- tion had originated years before with a citizen of Ohio. General Foos' first wife died in 1810, leaving two sons and two daughters ; and in 1812 he married Margaret Pfifer of Madison, from which union there resulted six children, five sons and one daughter. He died in 1832 and was buried at Columbus. 172 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. WHITELEY, William N,, inventor and mechanic, born near Springfield, Ohio, August 3d, 1835, was the son of a farmer who reared a large family and gave to his children the rudiments of an English education. William's boyhood days were passed chiefly in assisting his father on the farm, but having at an early age manifested a remarkable talent for me- chanical pursuits, together with inventive genius, he chose the trade of a machinist and left the farm at home for the machine shop in Springfield, Ohio. While serving his apprenticeship he assiduously cultivated his gift for invention and devoted all his leisure hours to his labors in this direction. His efforts were at first enlisted in the invention of a breech-loading rifle, but he soon abandoned the implement of war for the more important implement of peace, the mower and reaper. Like all born inventors, he was an enthusiast, and knowing by experience what was most desirable in such a machine, by degrees he conceived and applied the principles and com- binations necessary to success. He pursued his object with such untiring industry as only an extraordinary mental and physical organism could have endured. Nature's demands for rest, sleep, and food were alike disregarded for such long periods of time as would appear almost incredible to record. His genius and iron-will at last triumphed; in 1855, the first Champion mower and reaper saw light, and since that date such improvements have been made that at the celebrated trial and practical test of mowers and reapers at the Centen- nial Exposition, the machine fully maintained its name and claim against all competitors. In 1856, after an acquaint- ance of several years, Mr. Whiteley entered into a partner- ship with the able mechanic, Jerome Fassler, for the purpose of manufacturing the machine in large numbers. The new firm made twenty machines the first year, and in the fall of that year were enabled to increase their facilities by the accession of another skilled mechanic and partner, O. S. Kelley, who contributed a few thousand dollars to the capital stock. The money, however, was rapidly dissipated and wasted, the greater portion in an almost ruinous lawsuit, which compelled a retracing of steps, and involved the sacri- fice of all that had been invested and gained. But with three extraordinary men working together as one, with an unanim- ity of mind and body perhaps never equalled, victory was a mere question of time. By i860, all obstacles had been sur- mounted, business began to increase, and from that date the demand for the Champion has continued from year to year, greater than the supply. Mr. Whiteley's ambition has been gratified, and his original purpose accomplished in the inven- tion of one of the best, and the largest sale of any mower and reaper in the world. The latter result was attained by a wise division of labor and increase of facilities secured in the es- tablishment of four separate and distinct firms and works, all manufacturing the Champion machine. The firms estab- lished through this instrumentality are the old firm of White- ley, Fassler & Kelley; the Champion Machine Company, of which his brother Amos was made president in 1868 ; Warder, Mitchell & Co., and the Toronto Mower and Reaper Com- pany, of Toronto, Canada. They each have immense works, with a united capacity for making between fifty and sixty thousand machines per annum, and with four distinct organ- izations of office and traveling forces, among which the terri- tory — the civilized world — for the sale of the machine is divided. There is also the Champion Malleable Iron Com- pany, the outgrowth and joint property of these firms. The foundries of this company are said to be the most extensive and perfect in plan in the country, having a capacity for two thousand tons of castings per annum. To complete this gigantic association there is organized on the same common basis of contribution and ownership, the Champion Bar and Knife Company, also considered the most complete and ex- tensive of its class. The business, confined at first to its native county, now extends not only over the entire United States, but over and beyond the seas, penetrating into foreign countries thousands of miles from the place of its manufac- ture. The first reaper was completed in a small dilapidated shed, which has grown and developed into six mammoth manufactories, utilizing several acres of floor room, employ- ing and supporting directly and indirectly over ten thousand souls, producing over fifty thousand machines annually, dis- tributing to all parts of the world machines to the value of iS7 ,000,000 per annum, building up a rich and prosperous city, and extending the name and fame of the American inventor to every part of the civilized globe. The records of what is known in Springfield as the "Champion interest," show an annual consumption of 12,000 tons of pig-iron, 5,000 tons of wrought-iron, 800 tons of steel, 300,000 bushels of coal and coke, and 4,000,000 feet of lumber, together with a vast amount of other material, such as paints, oils, etc. Among the inventions in agricultural machinery that affect the prosperity of Ohio, there is none more prominent than the invention of Mr. Whiteley. Mr. Whiteley is not only one of Ohio's great inventors, but he is one of her great men. Inventive talent is not, as is usual, with the inventor, his only superior qualification. He is one of the ablest business men in the State, one whose counsel and cooperation are consid- ered almost a sine qua non in Springfield, before any enterprise of magnitude is undertaken. On account of his great executive ability he was chosen in 1877 presi- dent of the Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Railroad, which he is carrying to successful completion with characteristic boldness and vigor. His ability to grasp and successfully develop great enterprises would seem to be the reverse side and action of his inventive and disciplined mind. The Champion mower is typical of him as an inventor ; the thoroughness of its work is illustrative of him as the business man. He is a student of nature, ani- mate and inanimate, and is apparently gifted with a seer- sight in reading the human heart, and divining men's pur- poses. Mr. Whiteley also possesses rare and noble personal traits. A large and powerful man, moving onward and for- ward with a kind of steam-engine impetus, running down and over every obstacle, he is gentle and sensitive as a child in his business and social intercourse. Having himself always been actuated by the desire that his success should prove a source of practical benefit to the world, and especially to those about him, he naturally admires and reveres everything calculated to elevate the human race. A broad philanthropic spirit is the mainspring of his ambition and conduct in life. So exceedingly modest of his own deeds and ability, his anxiety to do fullest justice to others makes him rather de- tract from his own merits and achievements. The acquisition of wealth, except for the good it will enable him to accom- plish, being a secondary consideration, he is generous and open-handed in his investments, donations, and charities; and he is unquestionably the chief of the small band of pro- gressive men whose enterprise and industry have not only made Springfield a prosperous manufacturing centre, but whose kindly advice, offices, and welcome interference in -s^^:" ': "^ ^E5»«! . - - ^-- -^ ==E^- ^^^ ik ^ f^^ -~ f^iii ^8 ^PS 1 "^ ^"^H ^ ]«^m^ -3 ^ 1 1 N 2 1 v1 '"^ ^^^^^^1 ^^HS^^p^ s - i^^^^^t '' J ^^^- ^^--- " — ^^- -^ai^=31t .*^-^^--it;.^ =^.= mj* Ij- a.IludjTisTn0.BX '^r ^•? i_^uoC BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 173 time of danger have also saved it from the almost universal afflictions, business depression, insolvent houses, hard times, and exhausting litigations. To the sagacious and public- spirited course of himself, his brother Amos, and his partners and associates in the Champion interest, advised and assisted by the able counsellor, S. A. Bowman, Esq., and one or two others, is mainly due the material and permanent and moral progress of the city. In social and domestic hfe, Mr. White- ley stands equally high — respected and beloved by all who know him. Without being a professor of religion, he prac- tices the noblest and holiest precepts of Christianity in his daily life, example, and deeds. On the ist August, 1867, he married Miss Mary Gove, of Springfield, Ohio. CaNFIELD, DeLOS W., lawyer and ex-judge of com- mon pleas and district courts, born at Chardon, Geauga county, Ohio, September 21st, 1828, is the fifth son of Piatt Canfield, a farmer of prominence, who removed from Tyring- ham, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, several years before, and who cultivated an extensive farm in Geauga county, un- til his death, in 1841. His grandfather, Aaron Canfield, a grandson of Colonel Samuel Canfield, of New Milford, Con- necticut, who was a colonel in the Revolutionary army, the father of Piatt, came from Massachusetts with a brother in 1814, and made large purchases of farm and village property in Chardon, where he was one of the early settlers, and where until his death he possessed much influence, being chosen to all the local offices of trust in succession. Through his mother, who was born a Read, he was related to T. Buchanan Read, the poet-painter, and the mental vigor and literary talent possessed by the mother were transmitted in great measure to her children. His education was principally ob- tained in the schools of Chardon, under Professors Holbrook and Harvey. After leaving school, he himself became a teacher until, when about twenty years old, he began the study of law in the office of Phelps & Riddle, at Chardon. For the next ten years he alternated the study of law with the practice of farming, and made many profitable purchases of sheep. In 1858, he graduated at the law college in Cleve- land, was admitted to the bar, and immediately began prac- tice, having formed a partnership with John French, who died three years after, when he formed a partnership with tlie Hon. H. K. Smith, which continued five years. In the same year he was elected prosecuting attorney for Geauga county, and retained the position until 1865. In addition to his legal business and public duties, he dealt largely in real estate. When the war of the Rebellion broke out, he was early and active in the work of raising men and means for the defense of the union. His influence was great in the county, and was exercised to good effect, the county sending to the front a large number of men in proportion to its population, and being liberal with its supphes of material aid. In 1862, after the battle of Perryville, he was sent by Governor Tod to visit the Ohio regiments in Kentucky, and examine into the con- dition of the hospitals. Whilst on this duty, he found many of the men in need of money, and distributed about JSS400 among them, besides doing all he could for their comfort in other ways. A noticeable feature of this transaction, was the fact that every dollar of the money thus advanced to the soldiers was afterward returned by the men themselves or their relatives. Some of the men died before repayment was made, but instructed their friends or relatives to make the payments, which was always done. In 1863, he received from President Lincoln a commission as captain and assist- ant quartermaster-general, with orders to take command of the stores in New Orleans. The appointment was a flattering one, but it was declined on the ground that it would more properly be filled by some worthy man who had served in the war, and therefore earned a title to so honorable a posi- tion. After the close of the war, his partnership with Mr. Smith was dissolved, and a new partnership made with the Hon. M. C. Canfield, which continued until the election of the latter to the common pleas bench. He was elected a member of the legislature of 1868-69; ^^^ ^ member of the judiciary committee, and took a leading part in the controversy which arose on the attempt to remove the county seat of Geauga county from Chardon to Burton, after the destruction of a large part of the former place by fire. By his active efforts not only was the removal prevented, but an important change was made in the laws governing public buildings, so that new buildings were authorized to be erected in Chardon. The new statute repealed numerous existing laws, and placed the government of county buildings in a far more satisfactory condition than before. Thus, largely by his active and persistent exertions, the acrimonious fight in Geauga county was made to result to the benefit of that and other counties. A partnership was then effected with Isaac N. Hathaway, under the name of Canfield & Hathaway, which was still in existence in 1875. ^^ t'^^.t year, he was nominated by the republicans a candidate for judge of com- mon pleas, and was elected. He is an earnest, public-spirited citizen, taking an active part in political affairs, and espous- ing the principles of the republican party, of which he is one of the leading and most influential members in his county. In religious affairs, he has from his eighteenth year, been a member of the Disciples church, and done his full share in the work of building up and supporting it. He is a careful, honorable business man, a good lawyer, an untiring and in- domitable worker in the interest of his constituents when in public office, and in 1878 could unhesitatingly be set down as one of the most influential men in Geauga county. After his term of office as judge expired, he again entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he is still engaged. He was married on the 6th August, 1849, *" Miss Sophronia E. Allen, of Geauga county, and had four children, a son, Ira W., and three daughters. His youngest daughter, Delia W., died August 23d, i877,leavinghim one son and two daughters living. LyTLE, Robert T., lawyer and statesman, was born at Williamsburg, Ohio, December 9th, 1804, and died at New Orleans, Louisiana, December 22d, 1839. His grandfather, Colonel William Lytle, held a captain's commission in the old French war of 1750, and afterward a colonelcy in the Revo- lutionary army. His father, general William Lytle, born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, September ist, 1770, came to Ohio at the period of its first settlement, and served with distinguished bravery and ability, through the early Indian wars in the Northwest. He was the intimate friend of Henry Clay, and a warm personal friend and adherent of General Andrew Jackson, from whom he received the appointment of surveyor general of the Northwest territory. He died at Cincinnati, on the 17th March, 1831. Robert T. Lytle was his third son, and inherited his genius and lofty spirit. He received a clas- sical education at the old Cincinnati college, toward the erection of which his father was one of the principal con- 174 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. tributors. He studied law with his uncle, Judge Rowan, at Louisville, but returned to Cincinnati, and there engaged in its practice in 1824. On attaining the constitutional age he was elected to the Legislature of his native State, where he did good service as one of the first supporters of the common school system, and which was really carried by his earnest efforts for its enactment law. In 1834, by a large majority he was elected to represent his district in Congress, in opposition to Colonel N. G. Pendleton. Nominated for a second term, although in advance of his ticket, he was defeated by the Hon. Bellamy Storer. Shortly afterward, he was appointed by President Jackson to the office of surveyor-general of the Northwestern territory, an office previously held by his father. This appointment was followed by that of the legislature of Ohio, major-general of Militia, vice General James Findlay. His natural taste for military life and operations enabled him to enter upon this service with much enthusiasm, and though repeatedly urged to run for the chief office in the gift of the State, he uniformly declined. General Lytle's graces of per- son and language were such that he at once impressed his audience. There was no change of feature into which his countenance could not glide without an apparent effort ; there was no modulation, emphasis, or natural compass of sound difficult to his incomparable voice, while the action was at once suited to the word, and the charm of his manner so irre- sistible as frequently to win the most stern dissenters from his opinion, and always extricate him from political animosities. He was, in 1836, sohcited to take the seat in the United States Senate then occupied by the Hon. Thomas Ewing, but his health would not permit. Three years afterward, his phy- sician recommended a trip to Cuba, and he reached New Orleans, where, taken suddenly worse, he died, deeply regretted by all who were cognizant of his brilliant life and career. General Robert T. Lytle married at Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 30th November, 1825, Miss Elizabeth Haines, of Eliz- abeth, New Jersey, a lady of rare culture and beauty, who survived him two years. Their children were one son and two daughters. 'The son. General W. H. Lytle, fell nobly at the head of his brigade in the battle of Chickamauga. One of the daughters became the wife of Dr. N. Foster, and the other that of Samuel J. Broadwell, Esq., lawyer, both of Cincinnati. COFFINBERRY, JaMES M., lawyer and jurist, was born May i6th, 1818, at Mansfield, Ohio. Living, April, 1879, ^t Cleveland, Ohio. His father was Andrew Cof- finberry, for many years a distinguished lawyer of Mans- field, where he was admitted to the bar as early as 1813, from which time he practiced his profession until a few days before his death, which occurred May nth, 1856. His practice in several of the counties of Northwestern Ohio be- gan with their organization as counties. His riding, or circuit (always performed on horseback), extending from Mansfield north to Lake Erie, and west to the Michigan and Indiana State lines. A man of rare endowments and marked charac- teristics, he was widely known and greatly esteemed for his pure and upright life, while his quaint wit and genial man- ners gave him ready access to the hearts of all classes. He was called the "Good Count Coffinberry" by the younger members of the profession, (all of whom, if living, are now past middle life,) in grateful recognition of services rendered and courtesies shown them, when they most needed direction and encouragement from such veterans of the bar. His sou- briquet of "Count" was first playfully given him by his pro- fessional associates, from some real or supposed resemblance to the illustrious German jurist and publicist Count or Baron Puffendorf ; the title was recognized as being so appropriate to the man, that it stuck to him for life, and thousands of those who knew him long and well never learned that it was not his real name. James M. Coffinberry, the subject of this sketch, received only such an education as was obtainable in the district school of a pioneer country village. He studied law with his father, then residing at Perrysburg, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1 841, opening an office in partnership with his father the same year at Maumee City. His superior abilities and personal integrity were early recognized, and secured his election as prosecuting attorney for Lucas county, which position he filled with distinguished ability for several years. In 1845, he removed to Hancock county, and for about ten years practiced his profession successfully, at the same time editing and publishing the Findlay Herald. In 1855, he removed to Cleveland, and entered at once into a large and lucrative practice, devoting himself exclusively to his profession, maintaining and confirming the reputation that had preceded him, taking a high rank at a bar embrac- ing among its members some of the most eminent lawyers of the State. For six years he devoted himself untiringly to his profession. In 1861, he was elected judge of the court of common pleas, and held that office for a full term of five years, winning for himself, in this new field, the increased esteem of the public and respect and honor of the bar. His charges to the jury were models for clearness, directness, and logical compactness. It is complimentary to his judicial learning and professional ability, that no legal opinion pro- nounced by him was ever reversed on review b^ higher courts. He delivered many able opinions, both verbal and written, that received the most favorable consideration of the profession. His charge to the jury on the trial of Dr. John W. Hughes for the murder of Tamzen Parsons, of Bedford, ■ which took place in December, 1865, was acknowledged by the Cleveland bar to be one of the ablest ever dehvered from the Cuyahoga bench. He was remarkable for seizing upon the strong points of a case, and also for the original manner of presenting his arguments and opinions; his apparently intuitive perception of legal truth giving to his utterances a freshness and vigor that commanded the admiration of all. While he had a fine appreciation of the learning of the pro- fession, and was never unmindful of its nicest distinctions, he made them subservient to the broad and liberal views of the case, looking beyond the mere technicalities of the law, thus evincing a broad, liberal, and well developed judicial mind. After retiring from the bench, he returned to the practice of his profession, but was soon compelled to retire from its ac- tivities by reason of faihng health. He devoted many of his leisure hours to scientific reading and investigation, in which he took great interest. Actively engaged in business enter- prises, he was a thorough business man. He was a member of the city council for two years, and president of that body. Formerly a whig, in the Fremont and Buchanan canvass he aUied himself with the democrats, and has since uniformly supported the candidates and policy of that party. At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was chairman of the demo- cratic central committee of Cuyahoga county, but warmly espoused the union cause, labored assiduously to promote the recruiting service, and was largely influential, by his ex- ample and his earnest and forcible public speeches, in rally- . 6^/^^C^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 175 ing the great body of the democratic party in Northern Ohio to the zealous support of the war, to vindicate the authority of the constitution and laws. He was principal secretary of the great union convention of Ohio, presided over by ex- United States Senator Thomas Ewing, which nominated David Tod for governor, on a platform embodying the Crit- tenden compromise resolutions, which for the time abolished party distinctions in Ohio, harmonized all discordant ele- ments, and thoroughly aroused and stimulated the patriotic sentiment of the people. He remained a conservative union man during the war, but disapproved in private conversation some of the more radical war measures, as being unconstitu- tional and of dangerous precedent. For several years he was the standing candidate of his party for representative in Con- gress and common pleas judge, but was in no sense a politi- cian. It is believed that he never attended more than one primary or nominating convention, and that he never sought a nomination for office. On the evening of April 8th, 1875, while returning with his wife from Mt. Vernon, where they had been to attend the marriage of his son, to a daughter of General Morgan, after they had reached the city and were being driven across the railroad track near the union depot, their carriage was struck by freight cars. They were both severely injured. He was rescued with great difficulty, suf- fering the loss of a leg. His wife, though terribly bruised and mangled, was restored to comparative health. He married in January, 1841, Miss Anna M. Gleason, of Lucas county, and has two children living. His son, Henry D., a partner in the Globe Iron-works, and the Cleveland Dry Dock Company, also one of the fire commissioners of the city, served honorably through the war as an officer in the Mississippi gun-boat flotilla. His daughter, Mary E., is mar- ried to S. E. Brooks, also a prominent young business man of Cleveland. BOWEN, OZIAS, lawyer and judge, was born at Au- gusta, Oneida county, New York, July 21st, 1805, and died at Marion, Ohio, September 26th, 1871. The Bowen family in this country originally sprang from two brothers, natives of Wales, named Ap Bowen. H. C. Bowen, the proprietor of the New York Independent, is a descendant of the same ancestry. They are of Puritan stock, and have always en- joyed considerable prominence in New England. Until he was fifteen years old, Ozias Bowen lived in Fredonia, New York, and then came to Ashtabula county, Ohio, where he worked for some time in a printing office. Little is known concerning this early period of his life, as he was naturally reticent in the matters of his boyhood. At a later period he studied law in the office of Gregory Powers, at Canton, Stark county, but before this he had read to some extent elsewhere. On the 23d September, 1828, he was admitted to the bar at Canton, and proposed to settle in Cleveland, but this idea he soon abandoned and commenced the practice of his profes- sion at Marion, Ohio. As was generally the case with young lawyers at this early period of the State's history he found teaching school paid better than his profession, and after en- gaging in that business a short time, he made a partnership with Eber Baker, under the firm name of Baker & Bowen, and engaged in the mercantile business. His first important law suit was one involving a title to lands. His client was Colonel Conklin, then and yet a resident of Marion. This case had Iain incourtabout eight years, and terminated in behalf of his client. It made the turning point in his history, as it exhibited the ability of the lawyer and future judge. On the 7th February, 1838, he was elected for the term of seven years by the legislature, president judge of the second judicial circuit of the State, and commissioned by Governor Joseph Vance. On the expiration of this first term, he was elected for a second, and served until, by the adoption of the new constitution, he was legislated out of office, when he resumed his law practice. In June, 1856, he was appointed by Gov- ernor Chase to fill the vacancy on the Supreme bench caused by resignation of Judge C. C. Converse, and in the ensuing October was chosen to fill the unexpired term. In i860, he was one of the Ohio electors who elected President Lincoln. As a financier he, in 1853, in connection with Columbus De- lano, Charles T. Sherman, and others, opened the Central bank, at Indianapolis, but sold out his interest in the same three years afterward. On the 17th February, 1833, Judge Bowen married Miss Lydia Baker, daughter of his partner in business at Marion, and after her death in June, 1847, he, in the spring of 1848, married Miss Eliza M. Mclntyre. By these marriages. Judge Bowen became the father of six chil- dren who grew to maturity, but five of whom are living. The second Mrs. Bowen died in May, 1870, and in April, 1871, Judge Bowen married Miss Emma M. Wilson, at Coldwater, Michigan, the daughter of M. B. Wilson, of Philadelphia. Five months afterward Judge Bowen died of congestive typhoid fever. As a lawyer, he was highly distinguished. He made no pretensions to the graces or talent of the orator, but was noted for his great industry and thorough preparation of his cases. Contemporaries accord him the praise of being an excellent chancellor, readily getting at the justice, and caring more for the fundamental equities than the legal tech- nicalities of a case. On the bench he exhibited much dignity, and was by the legal profession held in the highest respect. His mental characteristics were strength and depth, rather than brilliancy. His intellect had none of the eccentricities of the individual usually termed "genius," but the sturdy qualities of the methodical practitioner. He was courteous and dignified at all times ; and, though strict as a disciplina- rian, was always pleasant and affable. Very few of his decisions were reversed, and the general opinion pronounced upon him by those of his profession who knew him best was that as a judge he was one of the best that ever, within their knowledge, sat on the bench. Locke, John, physician and scientist, was born at Fryeburg, Maine, on the 19th February, 1792, and died at Cincinnati on the loth July, 1856. He was the son of a mill- wright. In 1816, he commenced the study of medicine at Bethel and subsequently under Dr. Twitchell, at Keene, New Hampshire. In 1819, after spending the previous year lec- turing on the science of botany at Portland, Boston, and elsewhere, he completed and published a book which, while professing to be an abridgment of "Smith's Botany," con- tained much original matter. Finding it difficult to procure the plates of this work, he procured tools and, with some slight instruction how to use them, he engraved the necessary plates himself on copper. His displays of mechanical and artistic skill caused the surprise of all who knew how little education of this kind he had obtained. He settled in 1822 in Cincinnati, and abandoning the practice of medicine, he opened a female school, and took an important part in or- ganizing the Mechanics' Institute, delivering lectures before its classes, and giving in various ways instruction in those 176 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. departments of science which bear upon the arts. In 1835, he was elected professor of chemistry in the Medical College of Ohio, and as the chemical department was then almost destitute of every means of illustration, he supplied much of the deficiency by his ingenuity and handicraft. Subsequently he visited Europe and purchased apparatus at an expense of several thousand dollars. In the department of geology, Dr. Locke occupied a high rank. In 1838, he was engaged in the geological survey of Ohio ; and his report on the phys- ical structure and the paleontology of the southwestern part of the State must be regarded as a paper of great value. In connection with. David D. Owen, he was next engaged to examine for minerals the lands of the Northwest, and in this work proved the correctness of his theory that the Cincinnati blue limestone underlies the whole Mississippi valley. Dur- ing his connection with the Ohio Medical college, he con- tributed much for the advancement of science by his im- provements in experimental physics. His communications, published in the Philosophical Magazine and Silliman's JoMrnal, afford proof of this fact. But the most valuable of his inventions was the magnetic clock, combined with the telegraphic wire, by which the longitude, regarding which there was previously an error or uncertainty of a few miles, even for places on land, could be determined as accurately as the latitude, and thus correcting to exactitude results geo- graphical and astronomical dependent on the magnitude of the earth. For this invention. Dr. Locke received from the general government $10,000. For fifteen years he filled the chair of chemistry in the college with honor to himself, and benefit to his students, but in the winter of 1849-50, this institution being dragged into the arena of political warfare he was removed, and although subsequently reelected, the indignity weakened his desire to hold his chair, and two years afterward he resigned it. Going to Lebanon, Ohio, he there opened a seminary for young ladies, but it did not succeed, and in 1855, he returned to Cincinnati. Here his health rapidly failed, and continued to do so until his death in July of the following year. No brighter student of science ever lectured a class in an Ohio college. BUSHNELL, William, physician and surgeon, Mans- field, Ohio, was born in Hartland, Hartford county, Connecti- cut, on the 20th September, 1800. His father. Sterling G. Bushnell, was a gentleman of scholarly attainments and great force of character, who removed with his family to Vernon, - Trumbull county, Ohio, in 1805. The school education of Dr. Bushnell was slight and irregular, as in the early days of the State of Ohio there were but few educational advantages available, the text-books being common place and inaccur- ate, and the teachers but slightly educated in advance of the scholars. With this condition in his childhood, it was by study at home he obtained that knowledge children now-a- days obtain in the public schools; and it was by earnest study under the paternal roof he laid the foundation for those attainments which have gained for him position and eminence in his profession. An incident that occurred in his early life made a deep impression on him. After Hull's surrender, when in his twelfth year, the ist regiment of the 3d brigade, and 4th division of the Ohio militia, on its way to the fron- tier, halted and took dinner at the residence of his father, who was adjutant of that regiment. William, believing he was old enough to go with the troops, pleaded his cause so earnestly to accompany the regiment, that he was allowed to do so, and marched with it to the vicinity of Cleveland, where the troops were encamped. A battle being imminent with the Indians, his father told him he must go back home, and very reluctantly he obeyed, as he desired ardendy to take a hand in the fighting. All alone he retraced his steps through the dense wilderness, and guided only by the trail left by the regiment. Having decided on the practice of medicine as a profession, he began its study in the office of Dr. J. C. Wilcox, of Hartford, Trumbull county, Ohio, and defrayed the expenses of his college studies by teaching in the public schools. In 1825, he attended a course of medical lectures in the old Ohio medical college, at Cincinnati, to do so having walked from the extreme northeast to the south- west of the State, and graduated in 1827. Going to Point Coupee, Louisiana, he entered upon the practice of his pro- fession, and after remaining one year he returned to Ohio, located at Mansfield, where he has ever since resided, and there established an extensive and successful practice. In 1835, Dr. Bushnell married Miss Mary, only daughter of General Robert Bentley, a man of much ability, who resided in Richland county, Ohio. Of the children born from this union only one is living, Martin B., resident in Mansfield. During his long and successful career as a physician. Dr. Bushnell has also devoted himself to public business, and held several positions of trust and responsibility. Many of the internal improvements in the northern portion of the State were either projected by him, or owe their existence to his energy and influence. He was one of the direqfors of the Atlantic and Great Western Railway, not only during its con- struction, but for some years after its completion. The con- struction of this road involved great labor and expense, and it is acknowledged to be a road equally well if not better built than any other west of the Alleghanies. Its course lies through New York and Ohio ; beginning at Salamanca, on the New York and Erie Railroad, and ending at Dayton, at the depot of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway, its entire length is about four hundred and fifty miles. In 1849, Dr. Bushnell was elected a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, and subsequently reelected and served several terms in that legislative body. After the establish- ment of the Cleveland medical college, he was connected with it as a censor for about fifteen years. He is a member of the American Medical Association, and also of the Ohio Medical Association; and as a physician and surgeon he ranks with the most eminent in the State, his personal skill and judgment being sought in consultations and operations in distant parts of Ohio, and adjoining States. Possessed of a remarkably vigorous constitution, he has been enabled to perform an unusual amount of work requiring patience and endurance. In the early days of his practice, with almost impassable roads to travel long distances and put up at the rude wayside taverns, required the exercise in a high degree of those virtues. Of fine personal appearance and distin- guished. Dr. Bushnell commands the respect of the com- munity where he has lived so long, and with satisfaction to his constituents represented them. In June, 1878, he was by Governor Bishop appointed the delegate of Ohio to the Inter- national congress on prison reform, called by and under the auspices of Sweden, to take place in Stockholm. Provided by the United States Secretary of State with a passport, Dr. Bushnell, on the 29th June, took passage on the Inman steamer " City of Chester ' ' to attend to the duties of his dele- gation, and as well make the European tour. ^^^/s^^/>-^ ^^^l^ ""^^ ^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 177 BlERCE, Lucius Victor, lawyer, was bom in Cornwall, Litchfield county, Connecticut, August 4th, 1801, and died at Akron, Ohio, November nth, 1876. His father was a Connecticut farmer. In his fifteenth year his mother ,' died, and soon after his father removed with such of his children as were unmarried to Ohio, stopping at Nelson, Portage county, where some members of his family had already settled. Lucius earned his own education and ob- tained it in the University of Ohio, after which, having chosen the profession of the law, and proceeding South, he studied assiduously and was, in 1823, admitted to practice in Athens, Alabama. He then returned to Ohio, and after another year's study was examined by the Hon. Ehsha Whittlesey, the Hon. John C. Wright, and Thomas D. Webb, and ad- mitted to practice in the courts of Ohio. The president judge of the court, tlie Hon. George Tod, becoming interested in him, in 1826 appointed him prosecuting attorney for the county, a position he subsequently held by appointment and election eleven years. Removing to Ravenna, where the court was held, he there remained until 1837, when he changed his residence to Akron, Summit county. In ]S[o- vember of that year, what was known as the Patriot war began in Canada, and, taking a strong interest in the revolu- tionary side under the lead of William McKenzie, he aided in raising men and means for their cause, and going with his volunteers among them, obtained chief military command from those who assumed to be the Patriot authorities. Dis- obedience to orders on the part of one of his general officers caused the battle at Prescott, and disaster to the Patriot arms, and, with the force of Americans, or " sympathizers," as they were called by the British officers and authorities. General Bierce made his way through western Canada toward Detroit, where, after fighting at Sandwich and Windsor, against troops largely in excess of his own, he arrived in safety. A reward of £2,000 was offered by the British authorities for his capture, but as he never again set foot on British soil he was not captured; and although twice indicted in the United States courts for violation of the neutrality laws, and respond- ing on both occasions, the matter was finally dropped, and he resumed the practice of law at Akron. The whole move- ment was an unadvised one, and plainly a violation of inter- national law that, in his more mature life, he did not take much pride in. When the war of the Rebellion' begun he was in his sixtieth year and exempt from military duty, but with the first call for troops he raised two companies of ma- rines, boarded and lodged for some days and partially clothed them at his own expense, and delivered them at the Washington navy-yard. Returning home, he raised a com- pany of one hundred men for the artillery service, and sent them into the field, being too old to take the command him- self While thus engaged, he was elected to the Ohio senate by 3,000 majority. In May, 1863, President Lincoln ap- pointed him assistant adjutant-general of volunteers, with the rank of major. He reported for duty at Columbus, and served two years, during that time superintending the mus- tering in and properly recording the names and description of over a hundred thousand men. He had received and dis- bursed over ;J 1, 000, 000, and closed his account with the gov- ernment without falling short one dollar. Subsequently he was ordered to Madison, Wisconsin, to muster out troops, and on the 7th October he, completing his labors, was himself at his request, mustered out on the 17th November, 1865, and returned to Akron, of which city he was subsequently elected mayor six successive terms. In 1875, he made his will and oy it donated his entire property, valued at )j!35,ooo, in land, as a site for new pubhc buildings. A member of the Masonic fraternity, he well earned the distinction of being elected, in 1857, grand master of the grand lodge of Ohio. Twice married, his last wife and only child both died before him. He had faults, but they were more than counterbal- anced by his merits; while his independence of character rendered him a man to be at all times found where he was generally believed to be. As a local historian, he was ex^ celled by none and equalled by few, and this trait caused him to be regarded as authority at all times. Cooke, ElEUTHEROS, lawyer, was born in the year 1780, in Granville, Washington county, New York. His an- cestors on the paternal side were among the first settlers of Massachusetts, — Francis Cooke, being one of the Pilgrim fathers, and the owner of the third house erected in Plymouth colony. He received a liberal education in his native town of Granville, and some time after leaving school commenced the study of law. He pursued his reading with such diligence and earnestness that he was enabled to pass his examination before Chancellor Kent with great credit to himself. Admit- ted to the bar in 1813, he then married Miss Martha Caswell, at Salem, Washington county. New York ; and having com- menced, continued in the practice of his profession until 1815, when he and his wife, with the late Judge Samuel B. Cald- well, and his first wife, together with the late Henry Caswell, Mrs. Cooke's brother, descended in a keel boat from Chatau- qua Lake, by the Allegheny river, to Pittsburg, and thence, by the Ohio river, to Madison, Indiana, where they all took up their residence. The next summer Mr. Cooke, having occasion to revisit his old home, made the journey by the way of Bloomingville, Ohio, and at that place met, among other old acquaintances. Colonel Charles F. Drake, who in conver- sation on the growing population, mentioned and took his friend Mr. Cooke to see the then wonder of the neighborhood, the new city of Venice, so called, located at the mouth of Cold Creek, on the south shore of Sandusky bay, about four miles from the present city of Sandusky. This settlement, under the management of Major Frederick Falley, was growing rapidly, and was by him named after the city of the Adriatic in the belief that its location favored the likeness. It so happened that on the day the friends, Cooke and Drake, visited this later Venice, the manager, Falley, had a large sale of city lots, and as he had not a title to the land, he could give the purchasers only contracts to make a title when he should be so empowered. The terms of these contracts not being alike, and most of them rather complex, it was neces- sary to have them written. This was an opportunity favoring his friend Cooke, that Drake was quick to perceive. He at once informed Major Falley that Mr. Cooke was a good law- yer and a capital penman, and he could write up these contracts to the high satisfaction of the purchasers. When he had written the first, exhibited its fine clear penmanship and read it to the parties interested, they all exclaimed : "write one for me;" and he found himself with the best day's work that, as a scrivener, he had as yet enjoyed. When all the contracts for lots had been written and paid for, Mr. Cooke was next required to write contracts for building mills, wharves, and dwelling houses, mill-dams, mill-races, roads, streets, ditches, etc., and, at the end of ten days spent in Venice thus employed, he had earned and pocketed more money 178 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. than he had acquired during the whole previous year at Mad- ison. Before proceeding further toward New York, he was so well pleased with the country and people that he bargained with the agent of the owners to purchase some hundreds of acres of land at and about the locality, a purchase that was subsequently called "Cooke's Corners." In November fol- lowing, he and his family and their friends, the Caldwells, bade adieu to Madison and arrived at Bloomingville near the close of the year, and there rested for a time. Meanwhile the prosperity of Venice had disappeared. Disease had taken many of its inhabitants to their graves and driven the re- mainder away. Neither mills nor wharves had been built, and the houses were deserted. Mr. Cooke decided to settle in Sandusky, did so, and there remained until his death. He became prominently identified with all the early enterprises of Sandusky and that part of the State, and, taking particular interest in the first railroad projected in the State, he advoca- ted the construction of it, as. the Sandusky and Cincinnati Railroad, in the Ohio legislature, of which he was for many years a member. In 1833, he was elected to the twenty -third Congress from the Sandusky district then so called. In politics he was successively a member of the Federal, Anti-Jackson, and Whig parties, but in the latter years of his life affiliated with the republicans. In 1840, during the Harrison campaign, he was, in the great celebration of the battle of Fort Meigs, orator of the day. A prominent member of the Masonic fra- ternity, he was more than once elected orator of the Grand lodge of Ohio. As an advocate he was eminently successful, whether in his appeal to the jury, or in his argument before the bench. He was an animated, fluent, and, at times, even eloquent speaker, his style florid and his manners winning. With a fondness for land speculation and agricultural pursuits, while generally successful in the former he was very seldom so in the latter. By his marriage, he became father to, respec- tively, Pitt Cooke, born in 1819, Jay Cooke, born in 1821, and Henry D. Cooke, born in 1825. He died at Sandusky on the 27th December, 1864. His sons composed the well known firm of Jay Cooke & Co., so favorably identified with the ne- gotiation of the national loans during the war of the Rebellion, having their main house in Philadelphia, under the control of Jay Cooke, the founder of the firm ; the branch house in New York City, with Pitt Cooke as resident partner, while Henry D. Cooke, who was the first governor of the District of Columbia, managed the Washington City office. Drake, Daniel, physician, professor, and author, was born at Plainfield, New Jersey, October 20th, 1785, and died at Cincinnati, November 6th, 1852. After passing his early boyhood in Mason county, Kentucky, to which his father, Isaac Drake, had emigrated in 1788, he came to Cin- cinnati, and in December, 1800, became the first student of medicine in that now great city. He entered the office of Dr. Goforth, and in 1803, began the practice of medicine; but two years afterward he went to Philadelphia, and at- tended the lectures of the celebrated Dr. Rush. From that time to the end of his life, nearly half a century, he was an active and eminent member of his profession ; fully half of the time being a professor in great medical schools. With a very active mind, impulsive character, and great ambition, he took a large part in all public enterprises, and became the founder of some institutions which have not only survived him, but have become great and useful. In the meantime he was fond of literature and science. The first work which made him distinguished was his "Picture of Cincinnati," published in 1815. This work was unpretending, but, to this day, is the best work of its kind, descriptive of a place and country. It was particularly full and excellent in the natural history and topography of the Miami valley. This made him known, and stimulated his taste for public usefulness and scientific attainments. His ambition was to found benevo- lent and educational institutions, and in this he succeeded to a degree which should make posterity grateful for his ser- vices. He was first much interested with the late Joshua L. Wilson, D. D., in founding the Lancaster Seminary, — an academy upon a new plan for the education of youth. This was finally merged into the Cincinnati College, for which he devised plans also for the medical school, and the hospital. To aid these, in the session of 1818-19, he went before the legislature of Ohio and laid his plans before the members. They were adopted at once, and charters were granted for Cincinnati College, the Medical College of Ohio, and the Commercial Hospital. Nor was he satisfied with this achieve- ment; he also procured partial endowments sufficient to put them into operation. By his unfailing energy and undaunted zeal, he made them successful. The college and the medical school are still doing good service, and the hospital has been enlarged into magnificent proportions, among the largest and best of its kind. Engaged in all these public enterprises, and interwoven, we may say, with the whole growth of so- ciety. Dr. Drake, at the age of thirty -five, had already become one of the most prominent citizens, and acquired a wide and brilliant reputation. At this period (1820-21), he became the first professor in the first medical college of Ohio, where he had been the first medical student. The controversies of medical life, caused him to retire from this institution, but he became professor, successively, in other medical colleges, so that now began what became an eminently successful career as a teacher. In 1823, he accepted the chair of materia medica in Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. There for three years he was acceptable and successful, add- ing greatly to the prosperity of the college. His feehngs, however, being strongly in favor of Cincinnati, he in March, 1827, resigned his position, the school having doubled in numbers while he was there. In 1830, he accepted a pro- fessorship in the Jefferson Medical School, Philadelphia, but, having formed the plan of reviving medical education in Cincinnati, he resigned, in the following year, and was again elected professor in the Medical College of Ohio. In 1835, resigning his chair, he began a new medical school under the charter of Cincinnati college. In this new school, Dr. Drake was the professor of the theory and practice of medi- cine. The professors were able and the school successful; but, the college having no endowment, both literary and medical departments ceased at the end of four years. After this, he accepted a professorship in the Louisville Medical College, where he remained to the last year of his life, when he re-entered the Medical College of Ohio ; but died before entering on his work there. For more than thirty years he was admired and successful as teacher, lecturer, and writer. In the midst of all his professional labors, he found dme to add largely to medical literature, and to leave at least one work which remains a monument to his genius, his industry, and learning. After the publication of the " Picture of Cin- cinnati," his next important work was the Medical and Phys- ical Journal, begun in 1827. With the motto, e sylvis nun- cius — a messenger from the woods — he was the pioneer in Lr.^iMucdhyFE Jonr?, Gincinnali BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 179 the medical journalism of the West. During several years of its publication, lie published through its pages many valuable contributions to medical literature. In the meantime, fol- lowing the instinct of his nature to teach and write, he deliv- ered many public lectures on various subjects. One of these was in the cause of temperance, of which he was a life-long and zealous advocate. In September, 1827, he called the first public meeting and delivered the first lecture, in the court house of Cincinnati, on the necessity of temperance. At a subsequent period, he formed a temperance society in the Louisville Medical College. At this time he formed the idea and the plan of his great work — on the " Diseases of the Mississippi Valley" — which he announced in the Medical Journal of April, 1827. His plan was to give a complete view of the origin and character of the diseases which pre- vailed in that vast region from the Gulf of Mexico to the lakes ; and this specially in reference to climate and topog- raphy. Such a work could derive little assistance from any previous publication. It must be original. This required personal observation, only to be made in summer traveling. He had personally to observe and note the topographical phenomena of the entire interior valley. This he did. From 1840 to 1850, inclusive, he made nine journeys and traversed thirty thousand miles. He had accurate surveys made, and topographical drawings of the hydrographic basins. Such a work was really immense in its labors, its details, and its magnitude ; and it is not too much to say that no work of his generation surpassed it in the originality and labor of its per- formance. Its germ was in the "Picture of Cincinnati," written by him in 1810. Twice it had been announced, and for thirty years lay apparently dormant. It was ten years' in preparation and publication. When it appeared, it was re- ceived, both in Europe and America, with unqualified praise by the highest medical and scientific authorities. It will remain a monument to a man who, to great natural genius, united the most benevolent designs and the most untiring labors. Dr. Drake married Miss Harriet Sisson, December. 2ist, 1807, and had five children. Charles D. Drake, jurist, his eldest son and last survivor, was born at Cincinnati, April nth, 181 1, hving at Washington, D. C, September, , 1878. He began the study of law in 1830, at Cincinnati, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. In 1834, he removed to St. Louis, where he practiced law and became prominent in politics. In 1867, he was elected to the United States Senate, resigning his seat in December, 1870, to accept the position of Chief Justice of the Court of Claims. He published in 1854, a "Treatise on the Law of Suits by Attachment in the United States." BartHOLOW, Roberts, physician and author, the son of Jeremiah and Pleasants Bartholow, was born in Harford county, Maryland, November i8th, 1831. His grandfather, an Alsatian, emigrated to the colony of Vir- ginia, under the apprentice system, and served seven years in payment of his passage. His maternal ancestors were among the original English settlers of the colony of Maryland. His literary education, obtained by great sacri- fices on the part of his parents, and largely by his own efforts, was completed at Calvert College, Maryland, whence he grad- uated, and received the degree of Master of Arts. He pur- sued his medical studies at the University of Maryland, and after graduating from that institution in 1852, he engaged in private practice for a short time ; but having decided to com- pete for an appointment in the medical staff of the regular army, he spent several years in careful preparation, partly by attendance on the lectures at the university. The result of this careful training was exhibited in the competitive exam- ination before the army medical examining board. The candidates were numerous, and only five were selected to enter the army, and of these Dr. Bartholow passed first, and was commissioned to fill the only vacancy then existing in the medical staff. His military service was for the first few years on the frontier ; in Utah during the Mormon rebellion ; in Minnesota, and in New Mexico, where he was serving when the war of the Rebellion broke out. During the Re- bellion, he served in charge of general hospitals in Baltimore, New York Harbor, Washington, Chattanooga, and Nashville. He had thus a very large and most varied professional ex- perience. In 1864, seeing that the war was about to close, and having by this time a young family growing up around him, Dr. Bartholow decided to resign his commission, and enter into private practice. He was offered a professorship in the Medical College of Ohio, which decided him to remain in Cincinnati. He is now professor of the theory and prac- tice of medicine, and of clinical medicine in the Medical College of Ohio, and dean of the faculty; physician to the Good Samaritan Hospital; and member of a great number of medical societies. Dr. Bartholow has been a very successful author. During his army service, he published a work on "Enlisting and Discharging Soldiers," which was adopted by the war department, and reached the large sale of five thousand copies. Since his entrance into civil practice he has competed in several contests for prizes, and has been invariably successful, winning no less than four : two of the Connecticut Medical Society ; one of the Fiske fund, and one of the American Medical Association. In 1868, he pub- lished a "Manual of Hypodermic Medication," from the press of J. B. Lippincott & Co., which has passed to the second edition. The most important work which he has thus far written, is a "Treatise on Materia Medica and Thera- peutics," published by D. Appleton & Co. A large edition of this work has been exhausted, and a second edition has been demanded. This work has been well received abroad by the most authoritative critics, and has sold largely in England. In this country it has been adopted as a text-book by the principal medical schools. Whether considered as a physician or author. Dr. Bartholow's career must be regarded as a very successful one. Sumner, William, a prominent capitahst of Cin- cinnati, was born in Tolland, Tolland county, Connecticut, April 3d, 1826. His father, William A. Sumner, and his mother, whose maiden name was Anna Washburn, belonged to Connecticut branches of two families well known in the annals of New England. Wilham Sumner received a good education in the public schools of his native town, and after finishing it, was for three years engaged in teaching and still better preparing himself for the more earnest duties of life. He then read law with the Hon. Z. A. Storrs, of Tolland, and was admitted to the bar in his twenty-seventh year. After his admission, he remained in his native town about two years, holding most of the time the office of clerk of the superior and county courts, Havjng determined upon seek- ing a wider field for the exercise of his abilities, he came West in 1856, and spent about two years in Chicago and the Northwest. His brotlitr, Augustus Sumner, who was engaged i8o BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. in the sewing machine business, offered him an interest, which he accepted, and located in Louisville, Kentucky, where he remained three years. Here he commenced the business of selling sewing machines from wagons through the country, a mode of selling them up to that time entirely un- known to the trade. While in Louisville, he with John R. Wright, Esq., purchased the interest of his brother, and the firm commenced the sale of the Wheeler & Wilson sewing machines in Cincinnati ; their territory embracing Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Western Pennsylvania and Western Virginia. This bold venture,— for it was bold at a time when sewing machines were so httle known, so imperfect in their construc- tion, and the invention looked upon with so little favor by the masses — proved a great success, and laid the foundation of the handsome competency he now enjoys. Under vigorous and systematic management, the business grew to immense pro- portions, the firm having salesrooms in all the principal cities and towns of the territory, and at one time about five hundred wagons on the road, selling machines. Mr. Sumner also introduced the custom of selling machines on time, and so orderly, and with such "perfect system was it carried out, that with the great business scattered over five states, collections were all made from the home office in Cincinnati, to which the notes taken were returned by the agents, and the losses did not aggregate two per cent of the money collected. He nominally retired from active business life in 1874, but his capital still gives impetus to many business enterprises in Cincinnati and elsewhere, all of which to a greater or less extent, have the benefit of his excellent judgment, large expe- rience, and thorough knowledge of men. Mr. Sumner is a man of quiet and pleasing manners, of cultured tastes, and of the finest sensibility. He gives liberally to worthy causes, but in his charities, as in his business, he exercises sound judg- ment, and is not often deceived into taking a great interest in unworthy objects. In politics, he is a republican, but in this, as in all things, he is a clear thinker, and weighs every public question as it comes up and forms his opinions, without much regard to what the party leaders or party papers say of it. He was married in 1857, to Juliette C. Bishop, of Tolland, Connecticut, and secured in his wife a companion and help- mate whose cheerful disposition, earnest interest in what- ever he undertook, and naturally buoyant spirits, contributed the wife's full share to his eminent success. Of their children, one daughter is living. They are both members of the Vine Street Congregational church, in Cincinnati. They reside on East Walnut Hills, where they have a beautiful suburban home, and where, surrounded by the evidences of refinement and wealth, they enjoy the results of Mr. Sumner's labors, while still in the prime of life. GiDDINGS, Joshua Reed, statesman, was born at Athens, Pennsylvania, in 1795, and died May 27th, 1864, at Montreal, Ontario. His ancestors were originally from New England, to which they emigrated about the middle of the seventeenth century. During his infancy, his parents moved to Canandaigua, New York, and afterward to Wayne town- ship, Ashtabula county, Ohio, where they settled permanently in 1805, three years after Ohio had been admitted into the Union as a State. The family was a good specimen of those early emigrants, whose enterprise, morality, and intelligence contributed to the growth of civilization in the Western Re- serve. The youth of young Joshua was spent in clearing and cultivating the virgin soil. His pioneer and agricultural toils gave full scope for the display of his great physical vigor; while in running and other feats of activity, he rarely or never found an equal. At the same time, all his intermissions from labor were spent in reading and study, and he endeavored to profit by all the advantages placed within his reach for men- tal improvement. In the war of 1 81 2, young Giddings, though under military age, entered the militia as a voluntf,eii and took part in a very sharp action near Sandusky Penin- sula. But Perry's naval victory on Lake Erie, together with the retreat, defeat and capture of Proctor's army, averted the storms of war from northern Ohio, and contributed much to secure, soon afterward, the blessings of an honorable peace. At the age of nineteen years, young Joshua had acquired the reputation of a scholar ; his love of books was manifested by the late hours spent by him in reading, and afterward, like many young men of the Western Reserve who became em- inent, he taught school for several winters. In 1821, he commenced the study of law with the celebrated Elisha Whit- tlesey, in whose office Senator Wade and other members of the bar obtained a knowledge of the legal profession. The time which Giddings spent in his studies, before he was ad- mitted to practice, was uncommonly short, evidently showing his great genius and application. With the powers of mind and of body which had carried him through the difficulties of early life, he now started forth under better auspices to par- ticipate in the political affairs of the world, and to make an enduring mark in the destinies of his country. In 1826, he was elected a member of the Ohio house of representatives, but he declined being a candidate for the office in 1827. He was nominated for the Ohio senate in 1828, but the election resulted in his defeat — the only one which he ever received when his claims were presented to the people. In 1838, he was elected representative to Congress, and this high position he held for more than twenty years. In politics, he was a whig until 1848, when he aided to organize the Free-soil party in Ohio, Massachusetts, and other States. His stern abolifion principles are said to have been first impressed on his mind by Theodore Weld, who made a tour through Ohio in 1836 or 1837, and in public speeches exposed the evils of slavery. The impressions which Giddings received from this agitation of the question, were much strengthened when he resided in Washington, and saw the slave traffic displayed in its most revolting and inhuman forms, as the slave pen and prison were within sight of the capitol. It was in March, 1842, that his opposition to slavery assumed a most decided form in the House of Representatives. About five months previously, a cargo of slaves, shipped on board the "Creole," took posses- sion of that vessel and made their way to Nassau, where they were received and sheltered as freedmen. In the debate on the subject, Mr. Giddings defended the course of the negroes in asserting their freedom, and opposed the demand which had been made on the British government for compensation. For his declaration in this case he received a vote of censure, without being permitted to obtain a hearing. He immedi- ately resigned his seat, and, repairing to his constituents, was reelected by a large majority, so that, in the conviction of having done his duty, he was strengthened by the calm judg- ment of the independent voters whom he represented. His subsequent attacks on the favorite institution of the South were very severe ; and though the Abolition party blamed him much for supporting Henry Clay, they soon found that he was the most steadfast friend of their cause. His philan- thropic efforts in behalf of over one hundred slaves who, aftei BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. i8i an unsuccessful attempt at freedom, were imprisoned at Washington, drew upon him demonstrations of mob violence ; but, by his stern demeanor, he repressed the storm of pas- sion and prejudice which seemed to threaten his destruction. This disgraceful eruption of popular rage took place in April, 1847. A very critical period was then on the eve of its com- mencement. The war with Mexico was at first supposed to contribute chiefly to the interest and power of the South, but as it closed soon afterward, with results which seemed favor- able for Northern ascendency, jealousy and hostile feelings gradually arose between both sections. The fugitive slave law, the abuses in its enforcement, and the disorders in Kansas and Nebraska, tended much to widen the breach between the North and South. In the winter of 1855-56, about three weeks were spent in unsuccessful attempts to elect a speaker, and ultimately Banks was elected. In the political campaign for the election of President in 1856, Giddings took an active part in favor of the free-soil movement. He remained in Congress until the 4th March, 1859, when he retired from its turbulent political scenes to the tranquillity of his home in the Western Reserve. On the breaking out of the civil war, he was appointed consul-general to the British Provinces, in which position he remained until his death. Mr. Giddings' oratorical powers required great occasions and incentives to call them into successful action. In the absence of a proper stimulus, he seemed defective in fluency as well as the power of imagination ; but on great questions, under the influence of intense convictions, or when inflamed by opposition, he was always effective, and fully sustained the reputation of an orator. Mr. Giddings also obtained considerable reputation as an author. In 1858, appeared his "Exiles of Florida," a beautiful and affecting historical sketch of the fortunes and fates of the runaway slaves who took refuge with the Semi- noles. The last years of his life were employed in the pro- duction of his " History of the Rebellion, its Authors and Causes.'' In both works he has well sustained the character of a vigorous and interesting writer. He married, in 1819, Miss Laura Waters, daughter of Hiram Waters, of Granby, Connecticut, and left two sons : Joseph Addison Giddings, a lawyer and gentleman of culture and literary ability, who, after practicing law for a time with his father, was elected probate judge, and served as such for six years. He after- ward engaged in stock-raising on an extensive scale. He edited the Ashtabula Sentinel for some time, and was a pro- nounced Unionist during the war of Secession. In 1854, he married Mary A. Curtis, of Ashtabula, and they had four children. His brother. Colonel G. R. Giddings, served with bravery and distinction throughout the war for the preserva- tion of the Union, and sacrificed his life in the cause of his country. HalSTEAD, MuRAT, journahst, was born September 2d, 1829, in Ross township, post-office Paddy's Run, near the village of New London, Butler county, Ohio, — living at Cin- cinnati. His father. Colonel Griffin Halstead, a native of North Carolina, removed in 1804 to Ohio with his parents, who, in the following year, settled upon the farm which became their grandson's birth-place. The family of his mother, Clar- issa Willits, came from Pennsylvania, and were among the early settlers on the Scioto, in central Ohio. Mrs. Halstead, who taught her son to read and write at a very early age, made him a student of history and geography before he ever visited a school-house, and his first school experience began in com- pany with " McGuffey's Third Reader" and an English grammar. In the village of New London, about the year 1840, the Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, a well-known Congregational minister, kept a select school, in which during two successive winters, Murat received instruction in the English branches. Afterward, until he was eighteen years old, he attended the common school of his district during the winters, meanwhile working upon his father's farm through the summer months. In the fall of 1848, after a short experience in school-teaching-, he entered Farmers' college, at College Hill, whence he grad- uated in 1 85 1. He at one time attempted the study of law, but having written and contributed occasional sketches to the Hamilton Intelligencer and Rossville Democrat, during his college life and while teaching school, he acquired a literary taste and facility in writing which became the means of intro- ducing him to his career as a journalist. Mr. Halstead's early literary effbrts, however, were chiefly in the department of fiction, though he attempted essays on American antiquities and current affairs. One of his pioneer romances, "A Legend of the Miamis," was published before his graduation, in the Cincinnati Gazette. In 1852, Mr. Halstead formed his earli- est editorial connection as news editor of the Daily Atlas, published by John D. Caldwell. This was followed by a brief engagement upon the Cincinnati Enquirer, as assistant local editor, and then as associate editor of the Columbian and Great West, edited by W. B. Shattuck. The Cincinnati Cdm- mercial ha.d already been established for eleven years, and was prosperous and influential, when in March, 1853, M- ^■ Potter, its chief proprietor and editorial manager, engaged Mr. Halstead as one of its corps of reporters. In the summer following, through the illness and absence of the proprietor, the direction of the paper fell into Mr. Halstead's hands. Then and afterward, as the opportunity was presented, was introduced into its management, a feature which erelong wrought a marked change in Western journalism. This was a systematic compilation of the news found in the exchange papers. Cincinnati being a central point and the telegraph then giving but a meagre outhne of daily news — often nothing more than imperfect market reports — the work that Mr. Hal- stead was enabled to do was so highly appreciated by Mr. Potter that, upon the reorganization of the firm in May, 1854, after the death of R. H. Lee, Mr. Halstead (with Henry Reed and John Straus) secured a partnership interest, the firm name becoming M. D. Potter & Co. In this reorganization it was Mr. Potter's express object to give the office stabihty of man- agement in case of his death, which, however, did not occur until April, 1866, when the firm of M. Halstead & Co. was organized. Mr. Halstead attributed his success in journalism to his quick recognition of the importance and value of news, and his skill in the use of the scissors. He possessed and ex- ercised keen discrimination between such matters offered for publication as had life and interest for to-day, and those which could wait for to-morrow. H e was, moreover, an indefatigable worker ; and was reported to have given as a recipe to make a laborer a capitalist — " Sixteen hours work per day for sixteen years." This was almost a literal translation of his own ex- perience. As a writer, Mr. Halstead was direct, earnest and forcible, with a large quality of buoyant, masculine vigor, partly the result, doubtless, of his robust bodily health gained in youth from contact with the earth and air upon his father's farm. In politics, as an editor, he professed and practiced honest independence of parties, though, having warmly up- held the Union cause in the war of secession, he afterward BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. preferred the Republican traditions, and in 1876, saw patriotic reasons for warmly supporting Rutherford B. Hayes for the Presidency. Mr. Halstead thrice visited Europe — first, in 1870, when he was present in France during the war with Prussia, and witnessed the battle of Gravelotte ; again, in 1874, when he also visited Iceland on the occasion of its millenial celebration ; and for a brief period, during the French Expo- sition, in 1878. He married, March 2d, 1857, Miss Mary Banks, daughter of the late Hiram Banks, and had ten chil- dren, seven sons and three daughters, namely; John, (who died in 1861,) Jennie, Marshal, Clarence, Robert, Albert, Mary, Hiram Banks, Clarissa, and Griffin. LbB, Robert, ex-judge and State senator, of Bucyrus, Crawford county, Ohio, was born April 20th, 1805, in Butler county, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Robert Lee, a prominent clergyman in the Presbyterian church, who was for many years pastor of Salem church in Westmoreland county, of that State, and distantly related to General Robert E. Lee, the celebrated general and chief commander of the Confederate armies in the Southern Rebellion. His mother was Sarah Lee, of Dutch extraction, whose maiden name was Swearingen. In the boyhood days of Robert, the "school- master was not abroad in the land ; " the facilities for educa- tion were exceedingly limited, especially in the rural districts. Not only were the teachers deficient in knowledge, but the text-books in circulation were lamentably imperfect. In con- sequence, nearly all the education he received was from his father, whose learning as a minister was freely and lovingly communicated to his children. None but the pioneers of the early days know the toils and disadvantages incident to that • period. Consumed by a passionate desire for knowledge, the subject of this sketch would arise at four o'clock each morn- ing for study, labor on the farm during the day, and then resume his intellectual pursuits until ten o'clock, while the rest of the family were fast asleep. Nobly he consummated his purpose, although surrounded by insuperable difficulties, and became though self-educated, well educated. During this period he studied the elementary principles of law. When eighteen years old, he removed to Richland county, Ohio, with his father, who laid out and established the town of Leesville Cross Roads. Thus pursuing his course with books and toil, he commenced business on his own account at the age of twenty -three years. Believing as a prime condition of success and happiness, that "man should not be alone," he married Miss Sarah Hall, daughter of George and Catharine Hall, of Richland county, and settled down to the active duties of life. The fruit of this happy union was seven chil- dren, only three of whom are now living, — George H. Lee, the popular agent of the C. C. C. and I. Railway Company, at Columbus, Ohio; Sarah C. Tidball, wife of John Tidball, M. D., of Booneville, Iowa, and Anna M. Cady, wiffe of L. S. Cady, wholesale and retail jewelry merchant, of Kansas City, Missouri. The farmer of this day does not understand the amount and quality of hard work necessary when the coun- try was densely wooded and thinly inhabited. With an energy characteristic of himself, Mr. Lee cleared three farms in five years, and made them fit for agriculture. But in the meantime his love of study did not desert him, for he continuously studied law for which he exhibited a natural taste. As a more congenial pursuit, shortly after marriage he opened a store at Leesville Cross Roads, embracing every line of goods from dry goods to hardware, which he continued successfully for three years. Selling his goods, he purchased a farm adjoining Leesville Cross Roads, and put it in a high state of cultivation. In connection with his brother, S. P. Lee, he purchased the steam flouring-mill, saw-mill, card- ing machines, and fulling-mill, in said village, and oper- ated the same ten or twelve years at a loss of g 10,000, — no inconsiderable sum in those days. In 1836, he was elected a member of the Ohio legislature for Richland county, by a majority of 1,000, and was honored by a reelection in 1837 by a majority of 2,400. In 1839, he was elected a justice of the peace, which office he held continuously for ten years, when he resigned. In 1842, he was elected by the legisla- ture a director of the Ohio penitentiary, and served in that responsible capacity three years. In the meantime that por- tion of Richland county in which he hved was attached to Crawford county. Elected associate judge of the court of common pleas by the legislature for. Crawford county, he served with ability and integrity in that position until the adoption of the present constitution. In 1853, he was elected State Senator from the counties of Crawford, Wyandot, and Seneca, of which body he was elected president, pro tern. Owing to the illness of the lieutenant governor, it became his duty to preside over the. deliberations of the Senate a large portion of the session. In 1854, he was admitted to practice, as an attorney and counsellor-at-law and solicitor in chan- cery, by the Supreme Court of Ohio. Engaging in 1858 in the dry goods business in Crestline, Ohio, he continued about five years. Losing his wife by death in 1861, he sold his store, and town property, and quit house-keeping, his children by this time having homes of their own ; but finding single life undesirable, in 1864, he married Mrs. Clara M. Tweed, of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana. Resuming business at Crestline, he engaged in the grocery and provision trade. In 1865-66, he served as deputy revenue assessor for Crawford county. By the suffrages of his fellow-citizens, he was elected mayor of that village. Elected probate judge for Crawford county in 1869, he was almost unanimously reelected in 1872, serving his constituents and the people generally with entire satisfaction. At the present time he is an active member of the board of education of the Bucyrus Union Schools. Thus at the advanced age of seventy -three years, "Judge Lee," as he is familiarly termed by his numerous and admiring friends, has come down from pioneer days to the present generation. His industry, success, love of learning, integrity of purpose and practice, together with an unwavering devotion to correct principles of life, make him a model for the imitation of youth. Possessing a competency of wealth against the in- firmities of age, and troops of friends to make life happy, he is enjoying his otium cum dignitate, (leisure with dignity,) the reward of a well spent life. Lee, EuSEBIUS, lawyer and ex-judge, Ashtabula, born in New Lyme township, Ashtabula county, Ohio, August 6th, 1819, was the son of Lemuel and Nancy (Dodge) Lee. Lemuel Lee, who was of Welsh descent, was born in Lyme, Connecticut, in 1796, but removed to Ohio in Sep- tember, 181 1. A farmer, he was exceedingly popular in his district, and was elected a member of the Ohio legislature for the sessions of 1827-28. He died September 24th, 1854. Mrs. Lee ( the wife of Lemuel Lee) was also a native of Lyme, Connecticut, having been born there May 2d, 1800, but is now (1878) living at Ashtabula. The subject of this sketch received his elementary training at the public schools, but ^mr^^^i^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 183 continued to work on his father's farm until he was twenty-one years of age. At twenty-two, he commenced to read law, and for that purpose entered the office of Wade & Ranney, at Jefferson, Ohio. Having been admitted to the bar in 1843, he commenced to practice his profession in his native town and there remained until 1874, when he removed to Ash- tabula. In February, 1875, he was appointed judge of the common pleas to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Judge M. C. Canfield. In 1876, he entered into partnership with Judge John Sherman, but a dissolution took place in 1877, when the latter became Secretary of the United States Treas- ury. Mr. Lee was married December 19th, 1855, to Miss Sarah J. Vernon, of Williamsfield, Ashtabula county, by whom he has had three children, Mary Elizabeth and Caro- line, who are all living at home. Mrs. Lee's father, Henry H. Vernon, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, but removed to Mercer county in the same State, about 1806, whence he emigrated to Ohio, in 1827, where he died at the advanced age of eighty-eight. Before his admission to the bar, Mr. Lee had been a thorough student, and was well grounded in the principles of jurisprudence. In the practice of his profession, his special forte is in the management of jury trials. He has quick perceptions, and an excellent memory, which being fortified by a student's knowledge of the funda- mental principles of law, render him a powerful adversary. He seldom refers to authorities in the management of a case, and never until he has consulted them, and convinced himself of their application as precedents. He has secured an extensive practice in the courts, of a character gratifying in all respects to a man of his elevated character and cultivated intellect, and has always been esteemed for his high sense of honor and strict integrity. Mr. Lee has always acted with the Democratic party, and consistently voted for their candidates, although it is always in a hopeless minority in the county in which he resides, which has an historic interest, as having been the home of such republicans as Benjami;i F. Wade and Joshua R. Giddings. COMLY, James M., joumahst. Minister Resident of the United States for the Hawaiian Islands, was descended from a Pennsylvania family of Friends, the ancestor of whom, Henry Comly, came to Philadelphia with William Penn, in 1682. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch, James, settled in Ohio in 1804, and some years after the war of 1812, located where the town of New Lexington now stands, which town he and his brother "laid out." His son, Bezaleel Welles Comly, here married Margaret Jane Stewart, born in Maryland, of whom James M. was born, in Perry county, Ohio, March 6th, 1832. He was educated chiefly in the pub- lic schools of Columbus, and studied law with Christopher P. Wolcott, attorney general. Admitted to the bar of the Su- preme Court in 1859, after a special examination claimed by himself and a comrade, he had the honor of being sworn in open court by Chief Justice Swan. He practiced his profes- sion successfully until June, 1861, when he entered the service of the United States as a private soldier, and was elected lieutenant by his company. This company did inde- pendent guard duty on the border of West Virginia for some months, developing some excellent officers, afterward promi- nent in the war. On the 12th August, 1861, Lieutenant Comly accepted the appointment of lieutenant-colonel in the 43d Ohio volunteers. After some time engaged in duty at Camp Chase, he became impatient for more active service. and begged an exchange with lower rank into some regiment in the field. Lieutenant-Colonel Stanley Matthews, of the 23d Ohio, having been promoted to 'colonel of another regi- ment. Major Rutherford B. Hayes, of the 23d, was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and Comly was appointed to the va- cancy, and was mustered in as major of the 23d Ohio volun- teers, at Camp Ewing on New River, in October, 1861. In answering a request by the editor of "Ohio in the War," for material for a personal biography. General Comly replied: "After I joined the 23d regiment, I was fortunate in having superior officers who were most of the time in command of brigade or division ; so that, as major, and all the way up to my present rank, I was with my regiment in every action of every kind, and had it under my immediate command in every battle in which it was engaged after I joined it during the entire war, except for a short time on the morning of the battle of South Mountain, where I was second in command until Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes was wounded, — Colonel Scammon being in command of the Kanawha division. The regiment was a good one. I desire no better military record than to have been with it, and worthy to command it." Gen- eral Comly remained with his command until the close of the war. In October, 1865, he became editor and senior proprie- tor of the Ohio State Journal, which position he held until sent to his present place. He still retains an interest in the paper. As editor of the State Journal, he labored zealously for the success of the Republican party. While claiming and conceding the utmost independence and individuality of per- sonal opinion, he held that no line of civil policy in a repub- hcan government can be maintained in any other way than through party organizations; he held that the Republican party represented the best and noblest interests and aspira- tions of the country, and was proud to have the State yournal designated as the " central organ " of that party in Ohio, at the same time claiming as much "independence" as the non-partisan newspapers. This claim has been recognized and generously conceded by the ablest of the independent press. The period covered by this editorial service was the most difficult in the history of journalism. The novel issues arising out of the war of the Rebellion had all to be met, and it was long before public sentiment — even party sentiment fused into something like unity and decision, under the cease- less purging and moulding of the press of the country. The young journalist who came to the front in those days must have opinions, and decided opinions ; he must be quick and prompt to decide under the most perplexing sudden exigencies or he went to the rear. New questions in the progress of reconstruction were arising every day ; the breach between Andrew Johnson and the Republican party opened and widened ; party leaders were distracted at times, and knew not whether security or danger lay this way or that. The whole future of the country depended upon the first steps, then inexorably pressing for decision, in the reconstruction of the Union ; the rights of the States lately in Rebellion ; the question of suffi-age for late slaves and late rebels in arms ; irreversible guaranties for the freedom of the race redeemed from bondage ; the security of the public debt, and its honest payment in coin ; the redemption of the greenbacks, and the uphill road back to a stable currency of unchanging value ; the National bank currency ; the tariff, internal revenue, and a thousand novel and perplexing questions of the gravest moment. These questions were apt to present sudden and anxious complications, as the news came over the wires at tVi'^ "^^^^-^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 185 him. From the commencement of his legal studies, he was an industrious worker and close student, and early learned the value of a good library. An incident occurred early in his practice, in which, after having given a client advice, and re- ceived his fee therefor, he mentally questioned the soundness of the opinion given, and searching the books in several offices, he found that his opinion was erroneous, and notified his client accordingly. That was the origin of his large library. He then determined that he would not pretend to a knowledge of which he was neither in the possession, nor had the means of obtaining. He therefore rapidly accumulated legal books, until his collection of modern and useful works and reports became known throughout the country, as being one of the largest and best private law libraries in the world, comprising upwards of eight thousand volumes. It contains a complete set of all the English reports, except a few vol- umes of criminal reports ; all the Irish reports, except one or two odd volumes, and all the American reports that have is- sued from the press. A republican in politics, he has been only prominent for the interest he has taken in endeavors to elect good men to public office. The only position of a political character he ever accepted was that of Park Com- missioner of Cincinnati. During the war of Secession, he was an uncompromising unionist, and was exceedingly active in support of the National government, by his labors to raise men and means for the prosecution of the war. Three sub- stitutes were furnished by him, and at his own expense on the last call. He is a liberal friend to charitable and benevolent purposes and institutions. Socially, he is hospitable and entertaining, and surrounded in his domestic circle by an at- mosphere of refinement and elegance, not surpassed in the West. As a lover of books, he has collected a large miscel- laneous library, comprising the best standard historical and literary works, and works of art, by the leading European authors. He has made seven trips to Europe, and traveled over the greater part of that continent, making his point of departure either from London or Paris. He married Miss Mary Clarke, daughter of Major Nathan Clarke, of the United States army, a highly accomplished lady, under whose super- vision his family have been educated in a very superior manner. Eleven children have been born to them, seven of whom are living. Lord, Willis, D. D., LL.D., the pastor of the First Presbyterian church, of Columbus, Ohio, was born at Bridge- port, Connecticut, on the 15th September, 1809. His father, Daniel Lord, a house-builder by occupation, and his mother, Anna Choate, married and residents until their decease at Bridgeport, were originally from Norwich, Connecticut. His father's grandfather, the Rev. Benjamin Lord, D. D., was for many years a trustee of Yale College. As a matter of curiosity in genealogy. Dr. Lord has in his possession a docu- ment, traced by the late Chancellor Walworth of New York, by which it is satisfactorily shown that he (Dr. Lord) is, of the twenty-eighth generation, a lineal descendant of William the Conqueror, so-called, of England. From his boyhood a persistent student, he graduated in his twenty-fourth year from Williams College, in the class of 1833, under the presi- dency of the Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D., and immedi- ately entered upon the study of theology at Princeton College. After there completing the course, he took charge of a church at New Hartford, Connecticut, but under medical advice con- cerning his health, went to Philadelphia in 1840, and there assumed the pastorate of Penn Square Presbyterian church, in which he continued until 1850, when he received and ac- cepted a call from the Broadway Presbyterian church, of Cincinnati. Here he remained four years, when, under medical advice, his health being again threatened, he ceased from labor and returned for the recuperation of the same to his native State. His health being again restored, he was invited to and accepted the charge of the Second Presbyterian church, of Brooklyn, New York, which had been vacated by the death of the Rev. Dr. Spencer, and there remained until appointed by the general assembly in 1859 '° ''^^ professor- ship of biblical and ecclesiastical history in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest, at Chicago. In 1867, he was by the same authority transferred to the chair of didactic and polemic theology in the same institution, and continued therein until, in the spring of 1870, he became the first presi- dent of the University of Wooster, Ohio, an institution that it may here be properly remarked has had, for one so young as it is, a remarkable degree of success, and in which he re- mained as president three years, when by the urgent advice of his physician he felt constrained to resign and, by a change of climate and a long period of rest, restore his health. He spent the subsequent four years in Minnesota and Colorado, his residence in the latter State being particularly beneficial, and resulting in the restoration of his health to such an extent as permitted him accept a call, in the spring of 1877, to his present ministry. During his years of comparative inaction from labor in any regular capacity. Dr. Lord produced a work which has been very favorably criticised by editors of religious newspapers of several Christian denominations, en- titled, "Christian Theology for the People." To sum up the opinions of it expressed by those editors, this work may be considered a treasury of Christian learning, the work of a clear and forcible writer who, while faithful to the standards of his church, avoids all offensive expressions of opinion, and who has produced that which is to pastor, Sunday school teacher, theological student, and private reader, a clear, strong, reliable, and exhavistive exposition of "those things most surely believed amongst us." Dr. Lord has also and more lately published a very pleasing smaller volume, en- titled, "The Blessed Hope, or the Glorious Coming of Christ." In addition to those works he has produced many highly meritorious addresses, pamphlets, and tracts. Preeminently a scholar, this fact is indicated by his every public service as in all the smaller matters of scholarship. From this results a simplicity and purity of style, clearness and force of logic, and elegant and tasteful rhetoric, embellished, at his pleasure, by a brilliant imagination, that please alike the learned and the unlearned. His manner in the pulpit is dignified and serious, his prayers fervent and childlike in their confidence and directness, his reading of the scriptures and the hymns of the church clear, impressive and beautiful. His sermons are read from manuscript, but with a freedom of elocutionary diction that leaves no complaint from the most ultra advocate of, so-called, extemporaneous delivery ; while in his lectures and expositions in week-day meetings, and ante-communion services, he exhibits his ability to interest and instruct his people without the aid of manuscript. In manners. Dr. Lord is a genial and affable gentleman, a kind and sympathetic pastor to those in sorrow and affliction, while with those who seek his society for social entertainment, he is intelligent, playful, and witty. The dignity and sacredness of his call- ing, the value of immortal life to every living soul, and the 1 86 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. immense responsibility of the present in relation to the future, are ever present to this minister of the gospel of the blessed God. These so far transcend all things earthly that, with St. Paul, he "counts all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus our Lord." In 1834, Dr. Lord married Miss Hannah W., a daughter of Deacon Ezra Bough- ton, of Danbury, Connecticut. Three living children, a son and two daughters survive, the issue of this union. The son, now a merchant, made a very gratifying record in his three years' service in the war for the Union, as a member of bat- tery A, Chicago artillery, composed of some of the finest young men of that city, and which record culminated by Mr. Lord receiving a captain's commission a few weeks before his term of service expired. The daughters are both married to clergymen, the youngest being the wife of the Rev. Samuel H. Murphy, a missionary connected with the Gaboon mission of Western Africa, where he now is, and the eldest the wife of the Rev. Thomas C. Kirkwood, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Cox, Joseph, lawyer and judge, born August 4th, 1822, at Chambersburgh, Pennsylvania, was the son of Dr. Hiram and Margaret Edwards Cox, whose ancestors were among the early settlers of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Both of his grandfathers were soldiers of the Revolutionary war, and the Indian wars prior to 1800. His father, of noble character, was a self-made, educated man, a graduate of the Ohio Medical college, and for many years a leading practi- tioner of Cincinnati. Joseph enjoyed the advantages of a classical education, and was to have entered the medical profession; but in 1840, he commenced the study of law, and in due course was admitted to the bar in 1843. Practiced his profession until 1854. Associated at different times with Henry Snow and others, and his own brother, Myron S. Cox, who in the war of rebellion served his country with great credit, entering as a private, and securing, by meritorious and gallant conduct, promotion to a captaincy. James E. Cox, another brother, also served throughout the war as a surgeon. In the year named (1854), he was elected prose- cuting attorney of Hamilton county. His term in this office was one of the most exciting in the history of the city, em- bracing the trial of thirty murder cases, among which was the celebrated Arrison trial for the murder of Allison and wife, by blowing up an infernal machine in the medical col- lege on Central avenue. It was during this term that Prose- cuting-attorney Cox broke up the Big Sandy counterfeiters gang, ten of whom he sent to the penitentiary. He likewise took a prominent part in the actions against corrupt officials and contractors who were impoverishing the county under contracts for the erection of the new court house and lunatic asylum. The prosecution resulted in the annulling of the contracts, and a saving to the county of many thousands of dollars. At the end of the term he refused a renomination, and returned to private practice. In 1866, he was elected judge of the common pleas court for the first judicial district, and was reelected to that office in 1871. In 1877, he received the recommendation of nearly every prominent lawyer at the bar of Cincinnati for the position of United States district judge, made vacant by the death of the Hon. H. H. Leavitt; this was regarded as one of the strongest endorsements ever given to a lawyer in Cincinnati. In 1877, he was again elected to the common pleas bench, but only after an exciting contest in the State senate, in which his opponent's party was proved to have committed great frauds upon the ballot-box, and which was only ended by the decision of the Supreme court of Ohio, awarding the disputed office to Judge Cox. He was a whig and then a republican in political faith. During many years he was a leading speaker in the political cam- paigns, and was considered one of the hardest and most patriotic of workers. He was regularly chosen a delegate to State and National conventions, and his name frequently recommended for high offices. But he was not an office- seeker ; the elevation to judicial position being the height of his ambition, and best suited to his capacities and tastes. In the war of the rebellion. Judge Cox was an earnest and ac- tive worker for the Union cause, devoting liberally of his means and time to its promotion. Judge Cox was a man of great versatility of talents. He was an able lawyer and just judge, whose rapid and admirable system disposed of cases with unusual celerity and economy. As a lecturer, he was attractive and popular, and was conceded to be a speaker of eloquence and forensic power. His addresses and writings which were widely published and circulated included able papers on the "Archaeology of the Mississippi Valley," "The Battle of Gettysburg,'' and the "Life of General Harrison." In private life Judge Cox was beloved by reason of his num- erous good deeds, benefactions, and Christian charity. He married in New Orleans, on the 9th May, 1848, Mary Curtis, daughter of Benjamin R. Curtis, of Richmond, Virginia, by whom he had nine children. Wood WORTH. LauRIN D., lawyer, ect., was born at Windham, Portage county, Ohio, September loth, 1837. His father, William Woodworth, was a substantial and highly respected farmer, of Portage county. He was educated first at Windham Academy, and then at Hiram Col- lege, after leaving which he commenced the study of law, at the age of eighteen, in the office of the Hon. O. P. Brown, at Ravenna. In 1859, he was admitted to the bar, but being de- sirous of perfecting himself, he then took a course at the Ohio State and Union Law College, at that time at the height of its reputation. On the completion of this course he entered into partnership with his former preceptor, the Hon. 0. P. Brown, the partnership continuing until the fall of 1861. He practiced alone some months after dissolution of this partner- ship, until, in 1862, he was appointed major of the 104th Ohio infantry. This regiment was ordered into Kentucky, where it was actively engaged for about ten months, carrying on a guerilla warfare. His exposure and hard service having brought on a disease which disabled him from further service in the field, he resigned, and for the next two years traveled, under medical advice, to various places in the endeavor to recover his health. He resumed the practice of his profes- sion, settling in Youngstown, where in a short time he secured a good legal business. During the continuance of the war he served the Union cause efficiently at home, though dis- abled from further service in the field. He devoted time and labor unsparingly to the cause in every way that his aid could be made useful. At the same time he actively interested himself in politics, uniting with the Republican party, and in the fall of 1867, was elected to the State senate, where he represented the twenty-third district, composed of Mahoning and Trumbull counties. In 186^, he was reelected, and was chosen by his fellow-senators as the presiding officer. Dur- ing his service in the senate he was chairman of the commit- tee on railroads and telegraphs, and of the committee on military affairs, and a member of the judiciary committee f^ 7^y ^^-^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY 187 and the committee on foreign relations, giving close and patient application to the business of these committees. At the close of his second term he declined a renomination, and resumed his law practice. In the fall of 1872, he was elected to Congress from the seventeenth Ohio district, composed of the populous counties of Carroll, Columbiana, Mahoning, and Stark. During his term of service in the forty-third Con- gress he was a member of the committee on manufactures, and of the committee on expenditures in the interior depart- ment. He attracted considerable attention by the ability displayed in the debate on the question of railroad transpor- tation, and also on the bill to increase the powers and duties of the bureau of statistics. In the discussion of two bills introduced by him for special modifications of the tariff law, he again acquitted himself well, and displayed a thorough mastery of the subject. His course in Congress gave so much satisfaction to his constituents that he was nominated to again represent them in the forty-fourth Congress, and although his district was a close one, and his party suffered a general de- feat in the elections of that year, he was reelected, running two hundred votes ahead of the State ticket in his district, whilst in some of the stronger republican districts the repub- lican nominees for Congress ran behind the State ticket, and some were defeated. Throughout his legislative and con- gressional career he endeavored, and with success, to faith- fully represent the interests of his constituents, and to present their views. He was a hard worker on cpmmittees, and a ready and eloquent speaker on the floor. During his second term in the State senate he gave proofs of his ability as pre- siding officer of an important deliberative body, his rule being firm and just and his decisions accurate. In Congress he was keenly alive to the interests of his immediate constitu- ents, of the State he aided in representing, and of the nation at large. He was an industrious worker and an impressive speaker. His political record was clear and honorable, and he returned to his constituents to receive from their hands, in the shape of a renomination and reelection, a substantial proof of their confidence in his honor and integrity, at a time when many of his colleagues were dropped on the faintest breath of suspicion. As a citizen, he was held in much esteem, being in social life a courteous gentleman, genial companion, and warm friend, while in the family circle his domestic virtues were in keeping with his pubhc life. He married October 6th, 1859, Miss Celia A. Clark, of Windham, Portage county, his native place, and four children have been the issue of this union. BeNNITT, John, M. D., dean of the Cleveland Med- ical College, was born March 24th, 1830, at Pultney, Steuben county. New York, as the twentieth child of Daniel Bennitt, who was the father of a family of twenty-two children, eleven sons and eleven daughters. In 1796 his father removed from Orange county to Pultney, taking with him his newly-married wife, and entered with a stout heart and strong arm upon the severe labors and hardships incident to a pioneer life. He built his log house in the depths of the primeval forests, disturb- ing the home of the bears and panthers. In 1 837, when he was seven years old, his father removed to Steuben county, Indi- ana, then a frontier settlement. Here he attended the common district school till he was fifteen years old. Then he entered the La Grange Collegiate Institute, taking the classical course, and at the same time teaching a common district school three months each winter. On the completion of the two years' course, being then seventeen, he began the study of medicine with Dr. Marsh, of Orland, Indiana, with whom he continued two and a half years, in the meantime attending a course of lectures at the Cleveland Medical College. In July, 1849, he left Orland,, and continued his studies with Dr. S. D. Rich- ardson, of Centerville, Michigan, attended a second course at Cleveland, and graduated in March, 1850, receiving the degree of doctor of medicine. Immediately on his graduation, he returned to Centerville and began the practice of medi- cine, in partnership with Dr. Richardson. During this con- nection, which continued five years, he spent some months in New York city, perfecting himself in his profession, attend- ing hospitals and lectures of the more eminent professors of the science in the different colleges, in particular the college of physicians and surgeons in Crosby street and the univer- sity in Fourteenth street. In 1855, the partnership with Dr. Richardson having been terminated, he opened an office in the same town and continued in a very successful practice till 1862, when he entered the Union army as assistant sur- geon in the 19th Michigan infantry, and in July, 1863, was promoted to the position of sui-geon in the same regiment. With this brave regiment he shared all the hardships and vicissitudes of its three years of service. He was captured near Nashville, Tennessee, with a detachment of about two hundred, and voluntarily accompanied the prisoners to Rich- mond and Libby, being unwilling to leave some that were sick, destitute of proper medical care. They were taken by way of Chattanooga, and after spending a few days in Libby, he was returned to the Union lines. His regiment was in Sherman's grand army that marched through Georgia to the sea; was present at the surrender of Johnson's army, and at the final review of our armies at Washington on the close of the war. He greatly endeared himself to the officers and men of his regiment by his devotion to the sick and wounded. No sacrifice of strength was too great in the line of duty. On one occasion he stood at the operators' table thirty-six con- secutive hours ; and in all his experiences with the soldiers, whether in camp or in the field, he was untiring in his efforts to amehorate their sufferings and add to their comfort. He returned home from the war in June, 1865, and resumed the practice of his profession, entering immediately into a greatly enlarged and rapidly increasing practice. While in the army the faculty of the Cleveland Medical College tendered him the chair of practice of medicine, which professorship he ac- cepted in the spring of 1866,' and entered on its duties in October of the same year, and still fills the positions with acceptance and distinguished ability. He is the honored head of the college, having been elected dean by the faculty on the retirement of Dr. Cassels, in 1873. He removed his family to Cleveland in March, 1867, and immediately entered on a lucrative practice. He is one of the consulting board of physicians for the Cleveland city hospital. In 1855, he united with the Baptist church at Centerville, was soon after chosen deacon and for many years was the superintendent of its Sunday school. He enters heartily into all Christian and benevolent enterprises, catholic in spirit and liberal in .his charities, giving freely of his means. He is now a member of the Tabernacle Baptist church ; is teacher of the adult Bible class, and is beloved by his associates and honored and esteemed by the general public for his abihty as a physician and worth as a man. He was married in December, 1852, to Mrs. C. M. Williams. They have had seven children, three only are now living, four having died young. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Ward, DuRBIN, was born at Augusta, Bracken county., Kentucky, February iith, 1819. The paternal ancestry, in both lines, were of English extraction, and settled on the eastern shore of Maryland and Virginia about 1734. They were engaged in agricultural pursuits, and were members of the Episcopal church. On his mother's side, his ancestry were of Welsh descent, and were also agriculturalists. They belonged to the Methodist church, and settled in Pennsyl- vania early in the eighteenth century. His father, Jesse Ward, served in the war of 1812, and fought at Bladensburgh, and iu defense of Baltimore. After the war he removed to Kentucky. Owing to the law of primogeniture, then exist- ing in Maryland, he, being a younger son, inherited no land. In Kentucky he married Rebecca Patterson, the daughter of a substantial farmer who had also served in the war of 1812, at the River Raisin, in Michigan, and afterward lost his lands by the "shingle" titles of Kentucky. The subject of our sketch was their eldest child, and was named after the famous Methodist preacher, John P. Durbin, the school-mate of Mrs. Jesse Ward, in one of the rude country school-houses of Kentucky. The family subsequently removed to near Everton, Fayette county, Indiana, and there young Ward was brought up, aiding his father in the rude labors of the farm. The avidity of the boy for reading, and the scarcity of books in this wild and uncultivated country at the time, are illustrated by the fact that the youth had read every book he had ever seen, when he was eighteen years of age. Dur- ing each winter he attended the country schools for a few weeks, and this was all the common school education he re- ceived. At eighteen, having acquired by his own unaided studies, a knowledge of the rudiments of Latin, algebra, and geometry, he entered Miami University, and by teaching during the vacations, and living economically, he managed to maintain himself there for two years, when he left it with- out graduating. Having chosen the law for his profession, he removed to Lebanon, Ohio, where he commenced study- ing under the preceptorship of Judge Smith, but instructing pupils at the same time, in order to pay his necessary ex- penses. He completed his law studies under Governor Cor- win, with whom he entered into partnership in 1843, and they remained associated in business for nearly three years. The partnership was dissolved on account of Mr. Ward's election to the office of prosecuting attorney of Warren county. After holding that office for six years, he became one of the repre- sentatives in the lower house of the Ohio general assembly, the first legislature elected under the new constitution. He was one of the most active members of the house, and distin- guished himself by drafting an elaborate report against capital punishment, as well as by delivering an eloquent eulogy on Governor Morrow, which was ordered to be spread on the journal of the house. It was during this session that Judge Bellamy Storer and the Hon. Wilham M. Corry en- deavored to induce the legislature to loan the pubhc arms to Kossuth, ex-governor of Hungary, who was then an exile in this country. Mr. Ward was one of the most vigorous in defeating the measure in the house, after it had passed the senate. At the next election he declined to be a candidate, deciding to return to the practice of his profession. Up to this time he had acted with the Whig party, and had been an active politician and a frequent campaign speaker. From the time that Zachary Taylor was elected to the Presi- dency, up to 1855, he took no active part in politics; but during those seven years he was a constant and close student of the history and politics of his country. The Whig party being dissolved, and having no sympathy whatever with the Know-Nothings, he connected himself with the democrats, being convinced of the soundness of their political doctrines. In 1856 he was, in his absence, and notwithstanding his re- monstrance, nominated on the democratic ticket for Congress in a strong republican district, and was, as a matter of course, defeated. The next year his name was mentioned for the supreme bench, but he declined to be a candidate. In 1858, he was nominated by the Democratic State convention for attorney general, but was beaten at the polls. Two years subsequently he was a delegate to the Charleston and Balti- more conventions, and he there warmly supported Stephen A. Douglas. During the canvass of i860, he published a pamphlet in support of Douglas' doctrine of popular sover- eignty in the territories. When the war broke out in 1861, he immediately joined the Union forces, going into the ranks as a common soldier. He served in West Virginia under McClellan, and afterward becoming major of the 17th Ohio volunteer infantry, served for the remainder of the war under General Thomas in Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Ala- bama, and Georgia, taking part in the battles of Rich Moun- tain, Mills' Spring, Pittsburgh Landing, Perryville, Stone river, and Chickamauga, the Atlanta campaign and Nash- ville. He never served a day in garrison duty, but was always at the front, and rose to the rank of Brigadier Gen- eral by brevet. Jle was shot through the body at Chicka- mauga, near the close of the second day's battle, and his left arm was thereby disabled for life. He was then mustered out of the service on account of permanent disability ; but he immediately went to Washington, got the order revoked, and returned to the field, commanding with his arm in a sling during the whole of the Atlanta campaign. At the close of the war he opened an office in Washington for the prosecu- tion of soldiers' claims, and remained there for nearly two years. While there he took part in the organization of the Union club, which gave support to Andrew Johnson's admin- istration, in opposition to the Republican party, which strenu- ously assailed it. He took part in the famous "Arm in Arm" convention, as it was called, in Philadelphia, and in September, 1866, while still residing in Washington, he was, without his solicitation, nominated for Congress in the third Ohio district, in opposition to General Robert C. Schenck. The district was strongly republican, but he reduced the majority from 2,700 to 1,000. In November, 1866, he was appointed United States district attorney for the southern dis- trict of Ohio, and served for nearly three years, when he was removed by President Grant. In 1868 he was a candidate for nomination to Congress, but was defeated in the conven- tion by Vallandigham. In 1870, against his consent, he was nominated and elected to the State senate for a broken term, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of the Hon. L. D. Campbell, but he declined a reelection. In 1877 he was a candidate for the nomination for governor of Ohio, but was defeated in the convention which nominated R. M. Bishop. He then aspired to the United States Senate, but was beaten by the Hon. George H. Pendleton. General Ward is acknowledged to be one of the ablest and most prominent political speakers of the day. His speeches on the Southern policy of the Republican party had a wide cir- culation. His printed speeches on the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution, on the labor question, on the Tilden and Hayes electoral contest, and especially those on the currency, BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 189 were the most able and carefully prepared of his political addresses. He married November 27th, 1866, Miss Eliza- beth Probasco, sister of Judge John Probasco, a former partner of Governor Corwin, but has no children. While the life of General Ward has been prominent and active, it has not been successful, as measured by the practical standards of wealth or emolument. His mental constitution and train- ing required him to pursue his thought to its result, without regard to its effects upon himself Freedom of thought, as a rule, is a luxury to be indulged in at the expense of worldly aims. To make the thought the means to an end, and always subordinate to it, seems best to secure what is called success. This, General Ward has not been able or willing to do ; pos- sessed with the principle in politics or morals, he battles for it, not for himself. So in his profession ; absorbed with the questions which arise in the case, he battles for his case, and not for the rewards which may attend it. General Ward is an earnest thinker and student, and also an earnest and able advocate of the results of his own thought, and would find it difficult we suspect, to modify and adjust his thought and action so as to become thoroughly identified with any party or creed. He has exhibited great foresight as to the course of events, and promptness to act, as he thought for the best. When war was upon us and the Union endangered, he im- mediately gave his services to the cause of the Union, laying aside all political differences until the vital question to be tested by arms was settled. As soon as by arms the integrity of the Union was established, he was the first to advocate those measures of peace and reconciliation which in his judgment tended to promote the future prosperity and con- cord of the nation. His orations upon these subjects abound in eloquent and beautiful passages, evincing depth of feeling as well as purity of style. All his papers on finance and other subjects are carefully prepared and thoroughly consid- ered. Summing up all: his mind is of a high order; he is frank, fearless, and outspoken ; always generous and firm in his friendships, and never malicious in his enmities. Logan, Thomas A., lawyer, Cincinnati, was born in Philadelphia, January 25th, 1828. His parents intended him for commercial life, but having shown capacity for the law, he was entered as a student with the Hon. Timothy Walker, then the leading lawyer of the West. Mr. Logan took the first honors of his class at the Cincinnati Law College, gradu- ated April 9th, 185 1, and received his diploma in a congrat- ulatory address from General Winfield Scott. The following year he was elected, and subsequently reelected, assistant city solicitor. He was then elected city prosecuting attorney, and in both positions attracted public attention favorably. While in the solicitor's office, the new constitution of Ohio was adopted, by which the charter powers and liabilities of municipal corporations were changed, especially in relation to assessments for local improvements. New and intricate questions necessarily arose, which were required to be speed- ily and definitely settled. Mr. Logan took a leading part in all these, and the decisions thus obtained were accepted as precedents throughout the State. In 1855, he was admitted to the Federal courts of his district, and in 1868 to the Su- preme Court of the United States. Since then he has devoted himself steadfastly to the practice of his profession, entirely suppressing all ambitions which would divert him from it, and repeatedly refusing political preferment tendered to him by the Democratic party, of which he has always been a vigorous adherent. Under the tuition of Judge Walker, Mr. Logan became a warm advocate of the codified system of procedure, to supercede the common law practice. He con- tended warmly for its adoption in Ohio, contributing many articles to the Western Law Monthly and other leading peri- odicals, and has constantly since been identified with all movements to promote legal reform, and to secure the ad- ministration of justice unimpeded by technicalities, and unob- structed by frivolous distinctions. Mr. Logan's qualifications as a lawyer are many, and are unstintingly conceded by the profession. As a commercial lawyer, his is among the lead- ing names of the bar, and upon all questions connected with the law of life insurance, and of public and private corpora- tions, he is recognized as an authority. As an adjunct to the law, he studied medicine and anatomy, and particularly the phenomena of insanity and mental diseases, and upon these topics the extent of his researches, and the accuracy of his information is apparently unlimited. These acquirements have caused him to be retained in a majority of the celebi'ated cases, civil and criminal, of his own and adjoining States, his notable success in all which has been achieved by his elo- quence as an advocate, as well as by his labors as a lawyer. A copious diction, with unusual purity and precision 'of lan- guage, and a power of statement of facts as convincing as it is rare, are prominent in all his speeches, and his arguments are listened to with equal respect for their legal value and their potency in securing verdicts. Aside from the law, Mr. Logan has given much attention to the study of ichthyology and kindred subjects. He is president of the Ohio State Association for the preservation of fish and game ; extensive observations in Europe having convinced him that such preservation, for food supply to the masses, will soon become a measure of vital importance in the political economy of this country. In 1853, he married Miss Jenny, daughter of Cap- tain Joseph Thornton, and their family consists of two sons. Sanders, Moses ChaPIN, physician and surgeon, was born in Milford, Worcester county, Massachusetts, on the 27th May, 1789, and died at Peru, Huron county, Ohio, on the 5th May, 1856. Having received what was considered at the time a good English education, together with some knowledge of the construction of the Latin and Greek lan- guages, he for a while taught in an academy, and while yet a youth removed with his father's family to Saratoga county. New York, where he studied medicine and attended medical lectures in the city where he graduated. When twenty-four years old he began the practice of the profession of medicine in Manchester, near Canandaigua, and from thence he re- moved to Peru, Huron county, Ohio, in 1818, where, with the exception of three years in Norwalk, Ohio, he passed the remainder of his life. Though in no sense a politician, he was conspicuously public-spirited. He was once elected representative to the State legislature in which he served his constituency faithfully and acceptably. He found, however, public life incompatible with his devotion to his profession, and never afterward accepted any political preferment. This whole period of nearly forty years, with the aforesaid excep- tion, was assiduously devoted to the duties of his profession, and which was relinquished only when illness prevented con- tinued application. He was for many years medical censor in the Cleveland Medical College, and was held in high estimation by its faculty. Dr. Sanders married twice, his first wife being Miss Harriet Maria Thompson. From this 190 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. union there were born four children, the eldest of whom, a daughter, is now Mrs. Olive Isabella Smith, resident in Illi- nois ; the second, a daughter, Rhoda, who died in infancy ; the third a son, now W. D. Sanders, D. D., of Jacksonville, Ilhnois, and the fourth, also a son, now Dr. John C. Sanders, of Cleveland, Ohio. His second wife was Mrs. Pearly C. Douglass, who bore him one daughter, now Miss Eliza- beth C. Sanders, of Norwalk, Ohio. His first wife died when her youngest child was four years old, and his second survived him only a few months. The most prominent trait of Dr. Sander's mind was force. He never seemed to think feebly ; not content with a superficial view of any given sub- ject, he grasped it as a whole, and effectively mastered it. This mental force gave him great executive power and ability to accomplish in a short time whatever he undertook. No person could be associated with him without feeling that he was in the presence of a mind possessing quick perceptions and a discriminating judgment. Hence he was not easily imposed upon, but having a very accurate knowledge of men, he soon understood those with whom he had to do, and the opinions he formed of them were generally confirmed by the developments time usually affords. Another trait of his char- acter was frankness. He could not dissemble. No one that knew him could feel that he was a man to arrive at his point by indirect means. Open in manner, ardent in tempera- ment, with warm social feelings, a kindly spirit, and vigorous common sense, he drew around him a wide circle of admiring friends, to whom he was devotedly attached. And when at length he retired from active employment, their society to him was a source of great satisfaction. In his love for his profession, which was abounding, he carefully discriminated between theory and practice. He believed that some things had by the wisdom of the past been established, and which should as landmarks be by the profession maintained ; but he also believed that while some systems and theories had the sanction of time, much yet might be learned from the ob- servation and practice of the men of our own day. He well knew that the science of medicine was susceptible of indefin- ite improvement, but, while ready to receive the light from men of experience, he readily discriminated between preten- sion and quackery and those well-established principles founded upon actual scientific knowledge. As a pioneer physician he brought with him all the knowledge known- at the time in the schools of older settled States. There were in his early day no medical societies in the West, and having been instrumental in organizing district and State medical societies, he constantly attended their meetings, being as use- ful to others in the profession as he was amiable in all the relations of his private life. He was an ardent promoter of education and chiefly through his exertions was founded the Peru Academy, conspicuous for many years for its high culture and influence. He was musical in his tastes, and for many years was the leader of the. choir of the Presbyterian church, in which he was for the later period of his life a beloved member. No cold calculations ever turned him aside from that which he regarded a duty, and if he erred it was from excessive sympathy or pity, as there was scarcely anything of personal comfort or advantage he would not sacrifice to a generous impulse. The poor shared his time, tender care, and professional ministry equally with the rich. Eminently skillful, self-sacrificing, sympathetic, and devoted to his home and children, he will long be remembered as an ornament to his profession and a Christian gentleman. BURGOYNE, John, lawyer, judge, and president of the National Insurance Company, of Cincinnati, was born August nth, 1 80 1, in Jefferson county, Virginia, and brought up to labor. At thirteen years of age he removed to Cin- cinnati, which was then in its infancy, with formidable rivals within a few miles for patronage from emigrants and settlers. In 18 14, there were no paved streets nor wharves at Cincinnati, no public buildings except a tavern and a rude market house. It required great faith, if not a prophetic vision, to perceive in that rude, small and straggling village, the embryo metropolis which now attracts strangers from all parts of the globe; It appears to have been Mr. Burgoyne's opinion from boyhood, that Cincinnati would take the front rank for commerce and manufactures among Western cities. He threw himself into the work with that opinion urging him on to do his part in advancing her destiny. He was willing to serve in any capacity, and there seemed to be a great de- mand for his services. In cities, especially, men in whom perfect trust and confidence can be placed, do not always abound, but Judge Burgoyne has been always sought, and now, as heretofore, as a faithful officer. To say nothing of strictly private service, he has held no less than thirteen different commissions from governors of Ohio ; four of them were military commissions, three were commissions as a jus- tice of the peace. He served three terms as a member of the general assembly, and was unanimously elected by the legis- lature, an associate common pleas judge, and he was once probate judge of Hamilton county. He served four terms as director of the Longview Asylum for Lunatics. For ten years he was the township treasurer, and for six years he was a sinking fund commissioner. So much for his services under the government, in all of which there never was any question of his judgment, any more than of his perfect integrity, nor a moment when the public confidence was shaken. In the church he was as entirely trusted as in the State. For many years he acted as president of the board of trustees of the First Presbyterian church, under the Rev. Joshua L. Wilson. The congregation contained many of the leading and most intelligent and worthy citizens. In civil matters, Mr. Bur- goyne was for upwards of a quarter of a century a very prom- inent and successful citizen. He was president of the Cin- cinnati Board of Underwriters, and for more than twenty years acted as president of the National Insurance Company, having arranged all its concerns to the high satisfaction of its stockholders and the community at large. It deserves to be mentioned that Mr. Burgoyne was not only a personal friend of the late General William Henry Harrison, Presi- dent of the United States, but that' he took a leading part, when he was associate judge, in giving the general the office of clerk of the court of common pleas, at a time when the salary was of the greatest importance to him. Like many great characters, the general had suffered vicissitudes of for- tune, and after having given his talents and exposed his life in many emergencies for his country, he became, in his old age, poor, and retired from the public consideration. He lived in obscurity at his North Bend homestead in strait- ened circumstances, dependent for a living upon scanty re- sources, principally from the cultivation of a moderate farm. It was then that Judge Burgoyne had him made county clerk, without any thought of the sequel, which was one of the most memorable in the life of any man. The general being brought into every-day contact with the people by the duties of his humble office, to which he gave his personal attention, //-; /•V^^. ;/.r^y/' f^y-^'-^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 191 was suddenly thought of as a most available Presidential candidate. He was soon after brought out by a mass meet- ing held in Cincinnati in the court house, where the clerk's office was situated. The public heart responded eagerly to the impulse, and a very excited canvass took place all over the Union, still known as "The log cabin and hard cider campaign" of 1840, and General Harrison was triumphantly elected. The chances are, that if the general had not been brought out of his retirement, not to call it the seclusion of his North Bend farm, he would have had no nomination or election to the Presidency; and Judge Burgoyne and his asso- ciates, have the honor, by their ofificial act making him their clerk, of having opened the page for that extraordinary pass- age in the history of politics. As little did the judge forsee the far-reaching consequences which would follow his decision on the bench of the Hamilton county probate court against the constitutionality of the fugitive slave law, which was en- acted by Congress to give effect to the compact clauses in the Federal Constitution, which bound the States to give up to their masters fugitives from labor escaping from one State into another. On what grounds that decision rested we are not informed, but it was the pioneer decision ; the first step toward slave emancipation. Some Southern statesmen held that that act of Congress was unauthorized, because the com- pact was an inter-state compact, to be executed by the States alone, according to their own special laws upon the subject, but it is possible that Judge Burgoyne held that the fugitive could not be deprived of the right of trial by jury at the place of his capture. The decision was against the opinion of the profession at the North as well as the South, and it was a memorable example of judicial independence, owing proba- bly as much to the deep human sympathies of the man, as to the logic of the judge. For all time to come that decision will be a landmark in American politics. He is a most reg- ular and temperate man in all his habits of living, thinking, acting, speaking, and discharging his personal and official duties. Few men have more friends, or better deserve them, as he is always ready to help others, and asks nothing in return. He declines public employment, although he could have his choice of offices. He was married in 1826 to Miss Frances Montgomery, the exemplary mother of seven child- ren. Of the sons John, and a grandson, Charles, are rising and prominent members of the Cincinnati bar. BrinKERHOFF, RCELIFF, lawyer and banker, at Mansfield, Ohio, was born in Owasco, Cayuga county, New York, June 28th, 1828. He is one of the Brinkerhoffs of Ohio and New York, all of whom are descended from the old Dutch family, which had its beginning with Joris Derickson Brinck- erhofif, who, with his wife, emigrated from Flushing in Zealand to New Netherlands in 1638, and settled in Brooklyn, where he obtained a grant of land by deed dated 23d March, 1646. This couple were the progenitors of the entire American family of the name. One of their sons, Hendrick, in 1685, settled on the bank of the Hackensack river, in the State of New Jersey, and became the more immediate progenitor of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Brinkerhoffs. This branch of the family is known as the Bergen branch, and is distin- guished from the Brooklyn branch by omitting the letter c from the spelling of the name, otherwise the same. Jacobus, son of Hendrick, remained upon the old homestead on the Hackensack, but his son George removed to Gettysburgh, Pennsylvania, near the close of the Revolutionary war, and his son Roeliff removed to New York State near the close of the last century, and settled near what is now the city of Auburn, and here the subject of this sketch was born, the son of George, whose father was Rceliff, thus he was one of the seventh generation from the founder of the family in America. The old homestead on the Hackensack is still in the family. Like Dutchmen generally, the Brinkerhoffs are a steady, reliable, pious people, gifted with the characteristics otherwise of their nation ; and, although solid rather than showy, there have been many of the family name eminent in the law, in medicine, and in the pulpit. In 1846, the subject of this sketch, then only eighteen years of age, went to the State of Tennessee as a teacher, remaining one year in that capacity in the family of General Daniel S. Donelson, of Sumner county, and nearly three at the Hermitage, the home of Andrew Jackson, twelve miles from Nashville. Whilst an inmate of the Jackson family he became a voter, and cast his first ballot for the democratic ticket. In 1850, he removed from Tennessee to Ohio, there to complete his course of law studies with his kinsman, the Hon. Jacob Brinkerhoff, of Mansfield. He did so, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar, and engaged in the practice of his profession until the first year of the war of the Rebellion. During four of those nine years, however, he varied the monotony of legal life by be- coming editor and proprietor of the Mansfield Herald, in which capacity he made a State reputation as a vigorous writer, and during i860 as a bold and attractive orator. In September, 1861, he entered the service of the United States as first lieutenant and quartermaster of the 64th Ohio volun- teer infantry. In November following, he was promoted to the rank of captain and assistant quartermaster of volunteers, and during the winter was assigned to duty at Bardstown, Kentucky. After the capture of Nashville, Tennessee, he was placed in charge of land and river transportation in that city, and, after the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, in April, 1862, he was put in charge of the field transportation of the army of the Ohio. Having, after the capture of Cor- inth, Mississippi, obtained sick leave of absence, he went home, and while there was ordered to Augusta as chief quar- termaster of the State of Maine. Subsequently he was trans- ferred to Washington City as post quartermaster, and re- mained there until 1865, when he was commissioned under the law enacted by Congress in 1864, a colonel and inspector of the quarter master'sdepartment of the United States army. Retained on duty at the war office by Secretary Stanton until November, 1865, he was then ordered to Cincinnati as chief disbursing quartermaster at that point for the department of the West. Here he so remained until September following, when he was by brevet made a brigadier-general of volunteers, and on the ist October, 1866, mustered out of the service at his own request. The course of promotion here shown is sufficient assurance that General Brinkerhoff performed all the duties assigned him with honor to himself and satisfac- tion to the authorities. His knowledge of all, the minutise of the particular department of the army in which he spent five full years is best indicated by his book, published by Van Nostrand, entitled, "The Volunteer Quartermaster," and which is regarded as a standard for the officers and employes of that department. After the close of his service in the army, General Brinkerhoff engaged at Mansfield in the prac- tice of law until called to the cashiership of that institution on the organization of the Mansfield Savings Bank, and in which position he has exhibited his usual financial ability fjlAi ly :B-D-U.aBIL3ijlg,^.T. (^T^iJJ (4A^Ji// 3i BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. ^91 to elude watching. To avoid observation and not permit the contents of the loaded wagon to be known, was oftentimes a difficult matter, especially when an unusual amount of coin was being conveyed, and when the roads were bad and fre- quent stops had to be made at places where was seldom seen more money than they received from their customers for a night's lodging and other accommodations. In cases like these, Mr. Quinby — then but twenty years old — would drive his team pretty close to the tavern door, and request that it remain there until morning. Having generally a friend along with him, they would arrange to have a bed spread on the floor of the tavern sitting-room, vigilantly keeping an eye on the wagon containing the coin, the bank notes being about his person. After supper, and when other travelers and the family had retired, Mr. Quinby and his friend would quickly remove the boxes, each containing from $1,200 to ;?i,5oo, from the wagon to the sitting room, and closing the doors securely they would sleep in turns until quite early in the morning, and before there was any stir upon the premises they would stealthily replace the boxes containing the coin in the wagon. After breakfast they would renew their journey, not even the landlord or any one else about the premises knowing the value of their cargo, or the amount of money they controlled, such a state of profound ignorance being, no doubt, a source of comfort to Mr. Quinby. These special precautions, it is true, were only taken in suspicious localities and strange places ; yet precaution, prudence and watchfulness was the rule at all times and under all circumstances. He never carried weapons of defense in all these perilous adventures, though often, indeed, apprehensive of molestation and rob- bery. In the autumn of 1834, he embarked in the mercantile business at Wooster, but disposed of it in the ensuing year, ^n 1836 he entered into partnership with Mr. James A. Grant, in the same town, but the principal part of the first purchases for the firm were lost on Lake Erie in a storm, by the sinking of a vessel containing the goods which were shipped from Buffalo. The vessel being subsequently raised, and the dam- aged goods recovered, they were sold at auction in Wooster at a loss of about ^[2,500, there being no insurance. Mr. Quinby immediately repaired to New York, by no means dis- heartened by the misfortune, and enjoying the confidence of the Eastern merchants, purchased a new stock of goods. The firm had a prosperous trade for three or four years which enabled them to retrieve their unfortunate loss. On the 12th October, 1837, he married Miss Catherine E. McConahay, daughter of Judge D. McConahay. She died October i8th, 1871. In 1836 to 1842 he turned his attention toward specu- lations in real estate, though still retaining and continuing his commercial interests, but in 1844 he retired from the dry goods trade, and devoted himself exclusively to the former business, for which he has peculiar capacity, and in the prosecution of which his good judgment and discriminating foresight have made him remarkably successful. In 1848 the Wayne county branch of the State Bank of Ohio was or- ganized, when he became a stockholder, and was chosen its cashier, which position he held until the expiration of the charter in 1865. The shareholders then organized under the United States National bank act in 1865, the Wayne County National bank, gf Wooster, when Mr. Quinby was elected as its cashier. The University of Wooster being projected in 1866, and an enterprise being inaugurated by the Presby- terian synods of Ohio, to locate it in any suitable town or city tvherever a reliable subscription of $ioo-fXX> should be pro- cured and placed at their disposal, a subscription list was put in circulation in Wooster and throughout the county to raise the stipulated sum, one condition of which was a site for the university building, which was to be accepted as a portion of the ^100,000 to be raised. The subscription was headed by Mr. Quinby with $10,000, which was followed by subscriptions of lesser amount. The final effort having been accomphshed, after a thorough canvass of the county and city, it appeared that the amount raised was 132,000 short of the sum required, and the prospect of the location of the uni- versity in Wooster looked gloomy, and its abandonment seemed probable. At this juncture, however, the Presby- terian synod of Ohio, being in session at Wooster, after view- ing the site proposed by Mr. Quinby for the university, ap- pointed a committee, to confer with a committee of its citizens, and offered to accept the twenty acres of land as a donation from Mr. Quinby at $25,000, and in addition $75,000 cash subscriptions, which proposition was agreed to. There hav- ing been, however, but about $58,000 of cash subscriptions that might be considered reliable, the synodical committee agreed to accept a guaranty of Mr. Quinby and other citizens of Wooster for $17,000, which would complete the $75,000 subscription required. The money was subscribed by the citizens of the city and county, and the guarantors released from their obligations ; and thus it was that the location of Wooster University was finally fixed. Since its construction and its having been opened for students, Mr. Quinby has liberally endowed a chair for a professor of the Greek lan- guage and its literature. Including other subscriptions, not referred to, he has donated to this institution a sum exceeding $55,000, besides which he has made liberal donations of real estate to churches and enterprises of public utility. Whether as office boy for his brother, clerk for Mr. Larwell, or con- veying the moneys of the government to their destination, or having charge of the receiver's office, or as merchant, or dealer in real estate, or as banker, he has discharged his duties with honesty, industry, prudence, and punctuality, as well as fidelity to every trust committed to him. These traits of character were developed in him in boyhood, and secured him the confidence of rehable and valuable friends. He be- gan well, and in his youth was careful in the business asso- ciations that he made. He first established a reputation for industry, honesty and prudence. These qualities, combined with energy, resolution, and indefatigability, prepared him for the training processes of life, and it is safe to infer that he he was an apt pupil, as unquestionably he was a successful one. When he has decided to execute a project he acts with decision, but with certainty. He is neither rash nor excita- ble, and in all his enterprises he " makes haste slowly.'' Mr. Quinby's name is indissolubly associated with the university of Wooster, for to him, far more than to any other man, is the city indebted for that noble institution. January 1 5th, 1880, Mr. Quinby was smitten with apoplexy, and after two weeks semi-unconscious helplessness breathed his last Janu- ary 30th, 1880, deeply regretted by his many friends, and those whom in his life he had shown himself their benefac- tor, by his munificient gift to Wooster University. NEWBERR'y, J. S., physician and geologist, was born in Windsor, Connecticut. The family of old Puritan stock, had resided at Windsor since 1635, when the town was founded by a colony from Dorchester, Massachusetts, and had during the two centuries of residence there furnished sev- 194 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. eral representatives to the local and State governments, and to the defense of the settlement, colony. State, and Union. In 1824, his father, Henry Newberry, removed with his fam- ily from Connecticut to northern Ohio, where he had large landed possessions, inherited from the Hon. Roger Newberry, a member of the Connecticut Land Company, and settled in Summit county, where he founded the town of Cuyahoga Falls, and died in 1854. Being quite young when brought to Ohio, our subject was educated in that State. At the proper age he was sent to Western Reserve College, at Hudson, where he graduated in 1846. He chose medicine as his profession, and graduated from the Cleveland Medical Col- lege in 1848. The two following years were spent in study and travel at home and in Europe, his studies being mostly scientific. At the close of 1850 he returned from travel, and in the following spring commenced the practice of medicine in Cleveland, continuing until 1855, and meeting with a suc- cess which, though gratifying in some respects, was a serious obstacle to further pursuit of the scientific studies, in which he had talien deep interest. In May, 1855, therefore, he con- sented to abandon his professional practice and accept an ap- pointment from the War Department as acting assistant sur- geon and geologist to the United States exploring expedition, under command of Lieutenant R. S. Williamson, whose ob- ject was the examination of the country between San Fran- cisco and the Columbia river. The results of this expedition are to be found in the sixth volume of "Pacific Railroad Reports." His own reports on the "Geology, Botany, and Zoology of North California and Oregon," were republished in a separate quarto volume of three hundred pages, with forty- eight plates. In 1857-58, he was again in the West, having accompanied Lieutenant J. C. Ives in the exploration and navigation of the Colorado river, the immediate object of which was the opening of a navigable route of communication with the United States troops in Utah. An iron steamer, built in sections, was taken from Philadelphia to the head of the Gulf of California, and there put together and launched. In this steamer the party navigated the Colorado to a point five hundred miles above its mouth, being stopped at the lower end of the Great Canon, an immense chasm through which-the river pursues its way, for hundreds of miles, be- tween nearly vertical banks ranging from three to six thou- sand feet in height. That portion of the Colorado navigated by the expedition was almost unknown to white men, but is now much used for travel. About a year was spent in explor- ing the country bordering the Colorado, the information obtained regarding it being entirely new and of absorbing interest. His portion of the report occupied about half the entire space, and was declared by the commanding officer, in his introductory remarks to contain "the most interesting ma- terial gathered by the expedition." No sooner was the work on this report completed, in 1859, than he was assigned to another exploring expedition, taking command of a party ordered to report to Captain J. N. Macomb, topographical engineer United States army, for the exploration of the San Juan and Upper Colorado rivers. The work of this expedi- tion took him over a large part of southern Colorado, Utah, northern Arizona, and New Mexico, hitherto almost or en- tirely unknown, and which were found to be rich in natural beauties and mineral wealth. Before closing its work this expedition had determined the point of junction of Grand and Green rivers, the parent streams of the Colorado, and had explored the valley of the San Juan, the Colorado's largest tributary, which, though as large as the Connecticut river, had remained almost unknown, and which, though now traversing a solitude, once flowed past the populous towns or the detached stone-built residences of a semi-civilized people, the ruins of whose homes now border the banks for hundreds of miles. The report of Dr. Newberry on the geology of the region visited by the expedition was published by the War Depart- ment in 1876. It forms a handsome volume of one hundred and forty-eight pages, quarto, with numerous plates of scenery and fossils made from the author's drawings. Soon after the breaking out of the war, the United States Sanitary Commis- sion was organized, and he was chosen a member of it. His services were immediately called into requisition to aid in organizing the Commission and setting it to work. In Sep- tember, 1 86 1, he accepted the position of secretary of the western department of the Sanitary Commission, and from that time until its work was closed with the end of the war and the returm, of the soldiers to their homes, he had the gen- eral supervision of the affairs of the Commission in the valley of the Mississippi, his headquarters being first at Cleveland and subsequently at Louisville, Kentucky. The magnitude and importance of the work done by the Sanitary Commis- sion at the West can be partially estimated by the fact that at one time there were over five thousand societies tributary to it in the loyal States of the Northwest, that hospital stores of the value of over 55,000,000 were distributed by it in the val- ley of the Mississippi, that over eight hundred and fifty thou- sand names were on the records of its hospital directory at Louisville, and that one million soldiers, for whom no other adequate provision was made, were fed and sheltered in its "homes." The Sanitary Commission at the West was an elaborate and extensive organization for the perfect connec- tion and mutual assistance of benevolent patriotism at home and fighting patriotism in the field. Throughout the war it worked with precision and to general satisfaction. In extent of territory covered at home and at the front, in the magni- tude of the work accomplished, and in the admirable results effected, it stands confessedly unrivaled. To his talent as an organizer, and his executive ability as general manager of the vast and complicated organization, this phenomenal success is largely due. A history of the work of the Sanitary Com- mission at the West, a volume of five hundred and forty-three pages, octavo, entitled, "The Sanitary Commission in the Valley of the Mississippi," was published by him in 187 1. At the close of the work of the Sanitary Commission he re- ' sumed his scientific pursuits, and in 1866 assumed the duties of professor of geology in the school of mines of Columbia College, New York city, a position tendered him whilst still on the Sanitary Commission. In 1869, he was called by the State of Ohio to take charge, as State geologist, of the geolog- ical survey of the State which had been determined upon. The work of organizing a corps was soon completed, and for the next five years the survey was vigorously prosecuted, and was finished in 1875. Several volumes reporting progress, , and a portion of the final report, have been published, with maps. The work done was of the most important character, and the reports added greatly to the practical and scientific information concerning the natural resources of Ohio. His own contributions to the geological portion of the report relate mainly to the northern part of the State, and were highly valuable, especially in regard to the coal measures, their pub- lication having stimulated the development of hitherto untried fields. The volume of the report devoted to palseontology. Z^^^^-^y^^f Cf'^^'L^ — _, BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 195 in richness of new facts and fullness and beauty of illustra- tions have rarely been equaled in a similar line of work. His additions to palaeontologjcal knowledge are numerous and important, especially in the departments of fossil plants and fossil fishes. These, and his attainments in other depart- ments of natural science, have given him an extensi\'e repu- tation. He was enrolled among the members of most of the leading learned societies in his native country and of many in Europe; he was one of the original corporators of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences, was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1867, and has been since 1866 president of the New York Academy of Sci- ences. Dr. Newberry was one of the judges in the Centen- nial Exhibition at Philadelphia, and made a special report on the " Building and Ornamental Stones ' ' exhibited there. He is a close student, an indefatigable worker, and possesses the rare combination of scientific knowledge and enthusiasm, with executive ability, practical common sense, and polished courtesy. Curtis, Henry Barnes, lawyer, Mt. Vemon, Knox county, was born near the village of Champlain, Clin- ton county, New York, on the 28th November, 1799. His father, Zarah Curtis, was born in Litchfield county, Connec- ticut, in 1762, and at a very early age entered the Continental army, in which he served five years, and to the end of the war. His first captain was his father, Jotham Curtis, of Watertown, Connecticut, descended from a family whose genealogical history is well known in that State. He subse- quently joined Captain Webb's company of Colonel Shel- don's regiment of dragoons of the Connecticut line, in which he continued to serve till the signing of the treaty of peace, when he was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant. Mr. Curtis' mother, Phalley Yale, — eldest daughter of Aaron Yale and Anna Hosmer, whom his father married in 1785, — was born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1762. She claimed a distinguished ancestry, and the published tables of genealog- ical descents of her paternal and maternal ancestry trace the lines of the two families to a remote period, embracing distin- guished persons in the reign of Henry VIII, and in the early history of New England. Mr. Curtis's parents first remove was from Connecticut to Charlotte, Vermont, where some of his sisters were bora. They subsequently settled on a farm on the west side of Lake Champlain, near the village of that name, where they resided until 1809, when they removed to Ohio, settling at Newark, in Licking county. His father, a few years later purchased a farm on the waters of the south fork of Licking, where the family resided when our sub- ject left home. He subsequently purchased and removed to a farm on the waters of the north fork, Washington town- ship, in the same county, where he died, beloved and re- spected, in 1849, ™ f^he eighty-eighth year of his age. When Mr. Curtis's parents removed to Ohio, he was only nine years of age. At that time Newark was but a small hamlet, of about fifty or sixty rude houses, all but two or three being log houses. The opportunities for his obtaining a thorough edu- cation were somewhat limited, for the country round Newark was little better than an unbroken wilderness, and an Indian village within eighteen miles of it, which subjected the set- tlers to hardships, privations and dangers. But he applied himself diligently and perseveringly to his studies, and under the preceptorship of faithful teachers and private instructors in a partial classical course, he obtained an education that was under the circumstances liberal, and he further perfected it by a continued habit of study. While pursuing his studies, he rendered his father all possible assistance in the work on his farm. At the age of seventeen, on the invitation of an older brother, who was a practicing lawyer at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, he left his father's home, on foot, and arrived in that town on the 28th April, 1817, with twenty-five cents in his pocket, determined to honestly carve out his future career, and to succeed in the attempt. With the assistance of his brother, he soon obtained a situation in the county clerk's office, and by his assiduity soon obtained the official appoint- ment of "deputy clerk." Owing to circumstances, nearly all the duties of the office were discharged by him. This offi- cial connection with the business and records of the courts brought him into immediate relation with the leading lawyers of that time, most of whom subsequently held high political stations in the State. Thus familiarized with courts and legal forms of proceedings, and the orators of the circuit being his early friends, his mind was naturally directed to the law as his business for life. Early in the fall of 1820, he entered the office of his brother, the Hon. Hosmer Curtis, as a law student, and on the 9th December, 1822, was examined by Judges Hitchcock and Pease, of the Supreme Court, and admitted to the bar. After Mr. Curti^ had retired from the deputy clerkship, and while he was yet a student, the judges appointed him to the responsible office of recorder of the county, a situation which he held for more than seven years. These advancements in the outset of life were not only of material aid to him, but they gave -him honorable position. The general acquaintance that he had secured while per- forming the duties of clerk, his familiarity with the forms of legal proceedings, a well-read knowledge of the law, and a diligent application to the study and preparation of his briefs, soon obtained for him an, extensive and lucrative practice, the fruits of which enabled him to purchase a good law li- brary, of which he well knew the advantages. The reputa- tion which he rapidly acquired led him in the conduct of his cases into intellectual tournaments with some of the most powerful intellects that have practiced in any of the courts of this State. His professional circuit embraced a very large territory, including several counties, with frequent extensions in special cases to the courts in Lancaster, Zanesville, Woos- ter. Canton, Norwalk, and Sandusky ; and in addition to these, the regular terms of the Supreme court and the United States circuit and district courts, at Columbus, were embraced in his practice. On the 9th January, 1863, he was admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court, at Washington, and in December, 1872, at a supper given by him to many of his professional friends to commemorate the fiftieth anniver- sary of his admission to the bar, announced his determination to retire from further professional engagements. On the 2d July, 1823, he married Miss Elizabeth Hogg, daughter of Per- cival and Elizabeth Hogg of Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson county, who had only recently arrived from the county of Durham, England, where she was born on the 22d June, 1803. In politics, he was a member of the Whig party, but on its dis- solution became identified with the Republican party, and took part in the convention in which it was organized. Lib- eral in his views he never allowed his party preferences to control his conviction of things or principles ; nor, except in one instance, permitted himself to become a candidate for any prominent political office. Neither did he make his pro- fession of the law a stepping-stone or half-way house to polit- 196 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. ical preferment or place. In 1840 he was selected by the whig party as their candidate for Congress from the district composed of Knox, Coshocton, Holmes, and Tuscarawas counties, but, although he reduced his opponent's majority at the preceding election by about 1,000 votes, he was not elected. In the winter of 1840-41, he represented Knox county in the State board of Equalization, of which the Hon. William Disney, of Cincinnati, was president, and for twelve years he was trustee of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum, the annual reports of which for most of that period being written by him. To Mr. Curtis is entirely due the selection of the beautiful site on which Kenyon College stands, toward the building of which, and advancing the interests of the institu- tion, he gave material and influential aid. While a member . of the board of trustees of that institution, he introduced a resolution which was adopted, recommending a survey of the surplus lands of the south section, which were brought into the market, and realized a sufficient amount to relieve the in- stitution from debt and taxes, and to give it a permanent an- nual income. In 1848, he organized and established the Knox County Bank, of Mt. Vernon, a branch of the State Bank of Ohio, was appointed its president, and continued to hold that office for the whole period of the bank's existence, during which time he was also its representative and member of the State board of control. In 1865, Mr. Curtis was mainly instrumental in organizing the Knox County National bank, of Mt. Vernon, with a capital of gi 50,000, of which he was elected president, and soon after the creation of the national banks under the law of Congress, there was organized a repre- sentative body, entitled, "The Ohio National Bank Associa- tion," of which he was elected vice president. During the civil war he took an active part in raising volunteers, giving pecuniary aid and his personal influence in behalf of the suppression of the Rebelhon. As -United States commis- sioner for the Northern district of Ohio, his judicial services were often required in disposing of cases connected with the military movements, and restraining the outbreaks of those who, sympathizing with the rebels, would sometimes venture to obstruct the operations of the laws for raising and organ- izing troops for the public service. In the spring of 1873, he received from President Grant the appointment and commis- sion of a member of the board of visitors at West Point, to attend and report upon the examination of the graduating class, and to examine into the condition and administration of the affairs of the institution generally. Finding that about eighty youths, children of professors, officers and employes, at West Point, were without the usual means of obtaining a common school education, (except as to a few who had the advantages of private instructors,) owing to the academy be- ing situated on a military reserve,he introduced and advo- cated a resolution which was adopted, recommending that Congress make provision for this want by a suitable appro- priation for maintaining, at West Point, a common school for the benefit of the children of that station. From the earliest period of his business life, he aided every public enterprise for the improvement of Knox county, and especially of Mt. Vernon. He drew up its first charter of incorporation, and got it through the legislature. He is a director in the San- dusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad, better known as the Lake Erie division of the Baltimore and Ohio, and has at all times been the foremost citizen of Mt. Vernon to aid the rail- road enterprises that were contemplated to further its pros- perity, Mr. Curtis, is a man of pronounced views, possessed of social and genial qualities, and ever accessible to the poorest member of the community. He set out in life to do his duty, and to do it well, and he has accomplished it ; " the world will be the better that he has lived." In the community with which he mingles, there is but one opinion of him, that Mt. Vernon never had, and never will have, a more honest, noble, and generous citizen. The beautiful home of Mr. Curtis, "Round Hill," is the seat of elegant refinement and hospitality. He has been the father of eight children, six daughters and two sons, three only of whom now survive, two daughters and one son. Elizabeth, widow of John Ger- shom Plimpton, deceased ; Ella, wife of the Hon. Joseph C. Devin ; and Henry Lambton Curtis, a graduate of Kenyon College, of the class of 1862, who married Miss Lucia Chit- tenden, of Keokuk, Iowa, and is the law partner of Mr. Devin, his brother-in-law. Harvey, Thomas Wadleigh, educator and author, born in New London, New Hampshire, December 1 8th, 1822, living April, 1876, at Painesville, Ohio; son of Moses S. and Sarah Wadleigh Harvey. The family removed ■to Ohio in 1833, and settled four miles from Painesville, where the father became a prominent farmer, and a leader in local politics, being an active and influential democrat un- til the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he joined the republican party. He was elected county surveyor by the democrats and afterwards twice chosen probate judge by the republicans. While serving his second term in the latter office, he was stricken by paralysis and died in 1870, univer- sally respected in the community as a man of honesty, probity and good influence. Thomas W., the second son, received his education in the district school and in the West- ern Reserve Teachers' Seminary, under Dr. Lord. He worked as a printer for six years, and then took up educa- tional matters. After attending the seminary named, he com- menced teaching in Leroy township in 1841-42, In 1845 he inaugurated the Geauga High School at Chardon, remaining there till 1848, when he took charge of the Seneca County Academy at Repubhc, Ohio. In 1851 he moved to Massil- lon, where he served as superintendent of pubhc schools, and fourteen years later he assumed charge of the public schools at Painesville, Ohio, where he served for seven years. In 1 87 1 he was appointed State commissioner of schools, and his administration of that important office gave general satisfaction, resulting in the inauguration of many important improvements in the public school system. In 1867-68 he pulDlished his elementary and practical grammars, and in , 1869-70 was engaged with General A. Von Steinwehr in pre- paring the Eclectic geographies which were published in 1870, and met with extensive recognition. The "Graded School Readers,'' in the preparation of which he was en- gaged for many years, were brought out in 1875, and in that year he wrote and published "Language Lessons." His articles contributed to the educational press and his papers read before educational associations have been numerous and valuable. Outside of his profession as an educator, he has been a man of recognized influence, but has never sought public office or notoriety. His strong common sense made him a practical man in the daily affairs of life, and the value of his advice was duly recognized; while he has faithfully discharged the duties of a good citizen. In 1848 he married Miss Louisa O. Beebe of Chardon, and six chil- dren have been the issue of this union. ^ ly-t^-t'-z^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT .GALLERY. 197 Steinwehr, Adolph Wilhelm August FRIEDRICH, Baron von, was born on the 25th September, 1822, at Blankenburg, in the Duchy of Brunswick, Prussia, and died at Buffalo, in the State of New York, on the 25th February, 1877. His father, a land baron, was a major in the ducal army, and his grandfather a lieutenant-general in the army of Frederick the Great. His family is one of the oldest military families of Prussia, the first baron of the name having been created by the then emperor in 1342, as graf, or count, of the county of Steinwehr in Pomerania, where the family estates are yet situated. As a royal compliment Fred- erick the Great, so highly did he esteem this family, stood sponsor at the christening of the father of our subject, and when three years old conferred on him the rank of captain in his army. Educated in the military academy of Brunswick, as a lieutenant, the subject of this sketch entered the army of the duke in 1841. In 1847, on leave of absence for one year, he came to the United States, then at war with Mexico, in the expectation of obtaining a commission in the American army, but in this he was disappointed, and not until near the close of that war did he obtain, in the engineer corps, an appoint- ment under which he served with the United States commis- sioners appointed to define the new boundary lines between this country and Mexico. After this service he went to Mobile, Alabama, there married a lady of local distinction, and with her returned to his native land, where he resigned his commission in the army of the duke of Brunswick, and, in 1854, returning to the United States, purchased a farm near Wallingford, Connecticut. By profession a military engineer, he was also proficient as a military architect, the arsenal at Albany, New York, having been built under his supervision, and according to his plans and designs. At the first call of President Lincoln for troops in the spring of 1861, our sub- ject went to New York, and' at once engaged in recruiting a regiment of which, as the 29th New York volunteers, he was made colonel, marched with it to and participated in the first battle of the war of the Rebellion. In October following, he was commissioned a brigadier general, and appointed to the coinmand of the 2d brigade, of Blenkers division of Sigel's corps, known subsequently as the nth, and which, first at- tached to the mountain department commanded by General Fremont, was subsequently as an army corps nearly entirely composed of Germans and other foreign-born citizens. When General Sigel assumed command of this corps, after the organization of General Pope's department. General von Steinwehr was placed in command of its second, known pre- viously as Blenker's, division, and with it he participated in Pope's campaign in Virginia. At Chancellorsville, on the 2d May, 1863, by his masterly command of his division. Gen- eral von Steinwehr prevented the memorable battle which there took place from proving a defeat for the Union arms. The demoralization of two other divisions of the iith corps, then commanded, respectively, by Generals Devens and Schurz, consequent upon the impetuous attack of three divis- sions of Stonewall Jackson's corps, was so complete that but for the firm stand made by General Steinwchr's division, that battle would have been disastrous and a sore defeat, in- stead of a victory, for the Union troops. A report made of it by General von Steinwehr to headquarters is regarded as the only faithful account of that battle ever written that has not been based upon that report. We next find General von Steinwehr, on the ist July, 1863, with his division in line of battle unsupported in the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, opposed to a division of Hill's army corps, and a second division of the same on its left within supporting distance, — the other divisions of that corps occupying Seminary ridge. Here having fought his way south through these Confederate troops, he advanced by Taneytown road to the support of the Union troops opposed to Ewell's corps at Cemetery ridge, and having arrived there on the evening of the first day of that battle, took a position with his command on the brow of Cemetery hill, which he had previously indicated to his corps commander as the key of the defense, and held it during the twenty-four hours succeeding, and until, on the third day of the fight, victory had crowned this prolonged effort of the Union arms. No better fighting nor more determined stand than this was at any time made by a division of the Union army during the war. Our space will not permit us follow our subject through the two remaining years, and until the war of the Rebellion being over, and peace proclaimed, the gal- lant Von Steinwehr sheathed his sword which was among the very first to be drawn in behalf of the Union cause, and re- signed his commission on the 3d July, 1865. He was soon afterward military professor at Yale College, which position he filled with distinction. While residing at New. Haven and connected with Yale College, he continued his studies and investigations in physical science and natural history, and labored by lectures and writings to direct public atten- tion more decidedly to those subjects. He also, about this time, projected the plan of a series of works on geography, to which science and cognate branches he had given much study and research. As a recognition of his literary and scientific qualifications, the degree of master of arts was con- ferred on him by Yale College. In the prosecution of his literary work, he removed to Philadelphia, where he edited "The Centennial Gazetteer of the United States," and super- intended the publication of maps and other educational works. He was also for three years connected with the United States engineer department, engaged making surveys in the New England States and drafting ; and it was during this period that he imparted to that branch of the public service the better taste for beauty, completeness and accurate finish in the cartography of its surveys which has ever since distin- guished the works of this character published by the govern- ment. Nor was he content to labor for the government only during these years, but he also employed a:ll of his spare time in the preparation of those school books now known as the "Eclectic Geographies," constructing on new and original principles of projection, mountain topography, and more ac- curate and clearly defined representation of the physical features and political boundaries of the country, those numer- ous fine maps for the illustration of their text, which have transmitted his name as the most excellent cartographer in America. In 1872, with his family, General von Steinwehr went to his native country on a visit, and there, as a more agreeable place of residence, leaving his wife and younger members of his family, he returned, and subsequently about once a year visited them, making his last visit in 1876. Except when absent on these visits, during the later years of his life he resided in Cincinnati, where he prepared a i-evised edition of his works; and it was while at Buffalo supervising the engraving of maps for them that he suddenly died in his hotel. A post mortem examination revealed the fact that his death was occasioned by congestion of the lungs. His last acts were to write a letter to his son, W. von Steinwehr, resident in Cincinnati, and another to h.s 198 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY, daughter, Miss Hildegard von Steinwehr, living with her mother at Coblenz. In this last he had expressed his great pleasure at the near prospect of meeting his beloved wife and children in his native land. His remains were enclosed in a casket and taken to Albany, the capital city of the State of New York, by officers and friends, several of whom served under him during the war, and bore testimony to his bravery and skill as a general officer of division, and there those remains were entombed with military honors of the highest class. Genial and affable in manners, entertaining in society, and most popular in his intercourse with his fellow- men, his life was full of adventure, and, as one accomplish- ment of the many he possessed, his gift of narrating events was as rare as it was attractive. A gentleman by birth, edu- cation and profession, he was respected by all who knew him for his high sense of honor and his never failing courtesy. FOLLETT, John FaSSETT, lawyer, Cincinnati, was born in Vermont. He is the son of J. F. FoUett, who removed to the State of Ohio and settled on a farm in Licking county, the father of nine children, three of whom are engaged in the practice of the law, one of them Judge Charles Follett, of Newark; another, Martin D. Follett, of Marietta, and the third, the subject of this sketch. The family is an old New England one, some of its members having been prominent actors in the colonial movements, and in the war of the Rev- olution. John Fassett Follett, having received his school education at Granville, Ohio, entered Marietta College, and graduated at the head of his class in 1855. Leaving this in- stitution, he became a teacher in the Asylum for the Blind at Columbus, where he remained twelve months, but on its reor- ganization, on the election of Mr. Chase as governor of Ohio, he retired, as he found he would be the only democratic teacher left in the asylum. He was then appointed principal of the High School at Columbus, where he remained one year. The income which he derived from this position, enabled him to defray the debt he had contracted in obtaining for himself a classical education. In 1857 he entered the law office of his brother Charles, in Newark, where he continued assiduously the study of law. He had from the time he left college made law a favorite study, for he had chosen it for his profession. In July, 1858, he was admitted to the bar at Newark, when he entered into a partnership with his brother, that was dissolved in 1868, when he removed to Cincinnati where he has since continued in practice. In 1865 he was elected to a seat in the State legislature, as member for Lick- ing county, and in the fall of 1867 was reelected for the ses- sions of 1868-69, and in 1868 was nominated by the democrats as speaker of the house, and elected by acclamation. He resigned his seat in 1868, on his removal to Cincinnati, to establish himself in that city in the practice of his profession. He soon attracted a considerable business, and it became evident that he was destined to stand in the front rank. -He had not been long in Cincinnati before he was engaged as junior counsel in the mail-boat colhsion case, that occurred on the Ohio, being associated with Judge Gholson, George H. Pendleton and George E. Pugh, and opposed to Judge Hoadly, Stanley Matthews and T. D. Lincoln. Among other important cases in which he has been engaged, has been that of the United States vs. Chaffee, a noted whisky case involv- ing ^250,000, in which he sustained a leading part. A verdict having been obtained twice against his client for that amount he, with Judge Hoadly, appealed it on a writ of error, and saved their client, by a verdict of f^oa being only rendered against him. In the celebrated historical Tom McGehan case, the final result of which was the death of Clement L. Vallandigham, Mr. Follett was engaged as counsel for the county. In the case of the Roll Heirs vs. Mrs. Riddle, he was engaged as counsel for the heirs, and after speedy and successful litigation, he triumphed over his opponents, exhib- iting a dexterity that his brethren of the bar were astonished at. One case that gave him notoriety was that of Piatt's Heirs vs. The Executors of Nicholas Longworth. A great deal of litigation had occurred in the case, and Judge Tilden had been engaged in it, but Mr. Follett having been employed as counsel, etc., and a verdict obtained in favor of old General Piatt's heirs, the Longworth estate compromised by paying iiS225,ooo. He has the reputation at the bar of preparing his cases with great care, and for the lucidness with which he presents his arguments to the court and jury. His ambition appears to be in connection with his profession rather than in politics, for although repeatedly solicited to be a candidate for high official positions, he has invariably refused, with the exception of the two occasions when he was elected to the legislature. Nearly in every political campaign since he arrived at manhood, he has taken a more or less prominent part, and being a powerful and fluent speaker, his services have always been in demand. He has never swerved from his thorough devotion to the Democratic party. On July 12th, 1866, he married Miss Frances D., daughter of Professor John Dawson, of the Starling Medical College of Columbus, Ohio, brother of Dr. W. W. Dawson, of Cincinnati, and from his union three living children have been the issue. Parsons, Charles C, lawyer and judge of the court of common pleas of Wayne County, Ohio ; was born near Ithaca, Tompkins county. New York, on the 25th Sep- tember, 1819. His father, Jabez Parsons, a native of New Hampshire, followed successively the occupations of shoe- maker, merchant and farmer. His grandfather was a sub- altern staff officer to General Israel Putnam, and at the battle of Monmouth, June 28th, 1778, carried orders between that officer and Generals Washington and Lee. His mother, Petronella Cutter, was a native of Vermont. In 1834, Jabez Parsons, with his family, removed to Medina County, Ohio. Our subject had previously attended the public school in his native village, and on coming to Ohio was sufficiently ad- vanced to enter the McGregor Academy at Wadsworth, where he spent the following three years, and then engaged teach- ing school near Johnston's Corners, Summit county. In 1839, he took charge of the public school of Dalton, in Wayne county, and taught it three or four years, in all spend- ing eight years in this occupation. Having read law in the office of Charles Wolcott until 1843, he was in that year by the supreme court in session at Wooster, admitted to the bar, and engaged in practice at Dalton. In 1848, he wa^ elected auditor of Wayne county, and reelected in 1850. The next year he formed a law partnership with Eugene Pardee, of Wooster, that continued until 1855, and from the latter year until 1862, he was in partnership with John P. Jeffries. In 1862, he was, to fill a vacancy, appointed clerk of the com- mon pleas, and that autumn elected, and reelected to that position in 1865. In 1869, he entered into partnership with the Hon. John McSweeny. This connection continued until October, 1876, when Mr. Parsons was elected judge of the third subdivision of the sixth judicial district, and entered ■^:.'''y./- ^HJ* l"»- J BbieTS d^^o-A^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 199 upon his official term in February, 1877. Thus as school teacher, lawyer and judge, has our subject reached regularly the position he now occupies by no adventitious circum- stances, but by his own force of character. As a teacher he learned to be methodical, logical and systematic ; as a law- yer, careful in counsel, and successful in pleading, skillful in preparing his cases, and able in presenting them to court and jury, and tlrus he won the confidence of his clients ; as a judge, he is cautious and reflective, brief in decision, wholly unimpassioned in action, and firm in his opinions, while en- tirely courteous to the members of the bar who plead before him. He thus has already as a judge become popular, and his popularity is increasing, as he never allows himself to be influenced by personal feeling or party spirit. In 1841, he married Miss Eliza Cahill, of Dalton, and from this union were born six children, all living and now engaged in busi- ness for themselves. Mrs. Parsons died on the 6th February, 1856, and on the loth September, 1857, Mr. Parsons married Miss Aurelia A. Foote, of Portage county. From this union two children have been the issue. Beer, Thomas, lawyer and judge, Bucyrus, Crawford county, was born in Wayne county, Ohio, September 7th, 1832. The Rev. Thomas Beer, his father, now residing in Ashland, Ashland county, Ohio, was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania; his mother, Margaret Cameron, was descended from the' Cameron clan, famous in Scottish history. After he had received his early education in the common school of his district, he attended the Vermillion Institute, atHaysville, Ashland county, and in 1848 commenced teach- ing school. Having chosen the practice of law for a profes- sion, he commenced its study with Mr. John C. Tidball, at Coshocton, in 1851, (teaching school at the same time, that he might earn sufficient to defray his necessary expenses, ) and remained with him as his pupil until 1853. During the en- suing five years, from 1854 to 1858, he was telegraph opera- tor at Alliance, Ohio, but in the latter year he became editor of the Stark County Democrat, at Canton, Ohio. In i86o, he removed to Bucyrus, where he assumed the editorship of the Crawford County Forum. In 1862, he was admitted to the bar, and commenced to practice law in Bucyrus. In the following year he was elected to the House of Representa- tives, from Crawford county, on the democratic ticket, and reelected in 1865, holding a seat in the house during the sessions of 1864-65 and 1866-67. In 1873, he was chosen a member of the constitutional convention, which held its sit- tings at the Spencer house in Cincinnati, presided over by Chief Justice Waite, and on the 15th August, 1874, he was appointed, by Governor Allen, judge of the court of common pleas for the fourth subdivision of the third judicial district, comprising Wood, Hancock, Seneca, Wyandot, Crawford, and Marion counties. In October, 1874, he was elected to fill an unexpired term ot, Judge Jackson, who had resigned, and in 1876, was reelected for the full term. Judge Beer for many years held the position of county school examiner, and was also" a member of the board of education. He has always acted with the Democratic party, and taken an active interest in National and State affairs. His religious views are Pres- byterian, in accord with the Scotch church. In 1856, he was married to Miss T. M. Dennison, of Ashland county, sister of the Rev. A. A. Dinsmore, a Presbyterian minister of Phil- adelphia, and Dr. David Dinsmore, a noted physician, of Kirksville, Iowa. They have had seven children, six of whom are living. In consequence of Judge Beer having been engaged in editorial and other pursuits, he had limited opportunities for becoming thoroughly grounded in all the branches of law, but, nevertheless, he very soon obtained a large practice after his admission to the bar. As a practi- tioner he was fair, honorable, and courteous, never descend- ing to trickery, or taking a mean advantage of his opponent. To the bench he carried with him the strong common sense "that had characterized him at the bar, and is always inde- fatigable in studying the law that should decide a case before he renders a judgment. He is not rapid in his decisions, but takes time to fortify himself with principles and precedents that always cause him to be regarded as a careful, impartial, and just judge. Brown, Benjamin Stanton, physician, was born on the 13th July, 1800, at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and died at Bellefontaine, Logan county Ohio, on the 19th December, 1873. His father, Aaron Brown, moved from North Carolina, at an early day, and settled in and gave his name to Brownsville, Pennsylvania. After many years spent there he went to Mount Pleasant, Ohio, and from there moved to Logan county, Ohio, where he located in what was known as the "Marmon Bottom," and there eventually died. Anna Stanton, the mother of our subject, was born in North Caro- lina. A relative of Governor Benjamin Stanton, she was also the aunt of Secretary Edwin M. Stanton. When yet a little lad, our subject helped his father on his farm, and con- tinued so to do until he was nineteen years old, when his uncle, Moses Brown, invited him to spend some time in the South. Accepting this invitation, he spent about three years in Louisiana and Mississippi ; surveying for part the time, and teaching in the families of leading gentlemen, among others that of the then governor of Mississippi. Returning home, he studied medicine in the office of Dr. James Crew, of Zanes- field, and subsequently attended the lectures of the professors in the Ohio Medical College, at Cincinnati, and there gradu- ated in March, 1828. He then went to Bellefontaine, and there remained practicing medicine until about six years be- fore he died. A member of the Ohio State Medical Society, he was successively elected its vice-president, and, in 1865, its president. He was also a member of the Logan County Medical Society, and for several years its president. A de- voted Freemason, he took high rank among his brethren ; while, rhany years before the subject of temperance became important, he advocated the practice of temperance and absti- nence from the use of alcoholic liquors. As a physician, he held a high position in the esteem of the profession in Ohio, his acquaintances among his fellow practitioners being numerous. A correct observer and keen analyzer, he communicated the results of his observation freely through the journals of the profession. On the 15th October, 1829, he married Miss Re- becca the daughter of Henry Shaw, a pioneer of Logan county and clerk ofthe first election held in it. Mrs. Brown had but few of the educational advantages of the present time. She was a witness of, and participated in all the vicissitudes of pioneer life, and almost literally lived among the Indians ; but gifted with good powers of observation, and the wife and companion of a scholarly gentleman for more than forty years she has risen far above her original opportunities, and merits and obtains the respect and affection of the com- munity amongst whom she resides. She is a devoted Chris- tian lady, and has made munificent gifts for benevolent 2oo BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. objects in carrying out the purposes of her husband ; in honor of one of them, the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, having estabhshed the " Brown professorship." But one child, a daughter, who died in February, 1864, was the issue of this marriage. An earnest worker in the cause of education. Dr. Brown was the first school examiner ever appointed in Logan county, and held his position until his death. Soon after Bellefontaine was laid out, he became town director, and held this important and responsible position for many years. He was repeatedly solicited to be a candidate for representative in the legislature and State senator, but he refused, prefering the quiet of his home and his profession to political life. In his every relation as a friend, physician and citizen, he won the respect of those who knew him best. He had a vast fund of knowledge, acquired by studious habits. His lecture on the "Geology of Logan County," is an exhaustive and authoritative discussion on the subject, and has been exten- sively published. He was withal a modest man, hesitating not to acknowledge his ignorance of things he did not know, being duly advised of the fact that but few of even the wisest have much real knowledge beyond their fellows. While de- voted to the duties of his profession, he always endeavored to to be pleasant and happy in his home, and succeeded in diffusing about him an atmosphere of contentment and peace. He was a man of acknowledged ability, profoundly learned in his profession, and beloved by all who knew him. GaRLICK, ThEODATUS, physician, surgeon and scientist, born March 30th, 1805, in Middlebury, Addison • county, Vermont, was the son of Daniel Garlick, a farmer, who married Sabra Starkweather Kirby, daughter of Abraham Kirby, of Litchfield, Connecticut, and sister of the Hon. Ephraim Kirby, who in 1804 was appointed United States judge for the territorial district of Louisiana, by President Jefferson. In 1816 he left his native State for the Western, country, traveling on foot, carrying a knapsack, and arrived at Elk Creek (now Girard), in Erie county, Pennsylvania, where he remained two years. He then removed to Cleve- land, Ohio, where he had a brother who was by trade a stone cutter. With this brother he spent some years, and became proficient in the art of carving and lettering on stone. After returning to his home in Vermont to finish his education, which had been irregularly received at the common schools and under private tutors, in 1823 he again returned to Ohio, accompanied by his father and family. His medical studies were commenced in 1829, when he entered the office of Dr. Ezra W. Glezen as a student of medicine, and were continued with Dr. Elijah Flower, a prominent physician and surgeon of Brookfield, Ohio. After some four years of assiduous study, and after attending full courses of medical and clinical lectures, he graduated at the University of Maryland, in the city of Baltimore, in 1834. For many months thereafter he had the benefit of close social and professional relations with Professor N. R. Smith, who occupied the chair of surgery in the Maryland University at that date. Declining flattering inducements to remain in Baltimore, he returned to Ohio and settled in what became the city of Youngstown, where he im- mediately engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery, making the latter science a specialty. After a successful practice of about eighteen years he removed to Cleveland, formed a partnership in surgery with Professor Horace A. Ackley, and soon took high rank among the profession in that city. He was elected a member of the Board of Censors of the Cleveland Medical College, and vice president of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences. As a surgeon he excelled, and had probably no superior in that most difficult branch of the art known as plastic surgery. His operations of this class in the Cleveland Medical College and elsewhere were numerous and important. In the case of a young lady who had lost nearly all of one side of her face and two-thirds of the upper and lower lips by sloughing of the parts, he per- formed one of the most remarkable and successful operations. The whole side of the face was restored, and the deformity removed by the perfect fitting of the flaps, which were cut up to supply the lost parts. Professor John Delamater declared that there was not a more difficult or a more successful case of plastic surgery on record, and placed its value in money at Jio,ooo. He performed the operation of lithotomy with unusual skill and success, in one case fracturing first and then extracting a stone which measured three and a half by four and a half inches ; in shape like a cocoanut. He suc- cessfully removed the half of the under jaw twice, disarticu- lating in each case, and twice tied successfully the carotid artery. He made some valuable improvements in the methods of operation for harelip and for fistula in ano ; in- troduced new splints and dressings for fractures, and applied the principle of anatomical models to animals and parts of animals, and especially to fishes. In 1853, in connection with Professor Ackley, he entered with great zeal upon the artificial propagation of brook trout and other fish, and in 1857 published his work entitled "Fish Culture," which was the standard authority on the subject. Early in his college career he displayed decided talent as a sculptor, and subse- quently made most creditable additions to this branch of American art. While at the Maryland Medical University he produced bas-reliefs in wax of five of the professors of the college, which were pronounced excellent likenesses. The statuettes in basso-relievo of General Jackson and Henry Clay, both of whom gave him sittings, were soon after completed, and were followed by a full length miniature in the same style of Chief Justice Marshall, from a portrait by Waugh. This work was pronounced by Mr. Bullock, the English vir- tuoso, as equal to the productions of Thorwaldsen. A Ufa size bust of Judge George Tod, of Ohio, was another of his productions, admired for accuracy and artistic merit. He also applied his talent as an artist to the making of over sixty anatomical models which represent all the important surgi- cal parts of the human body; also numerous pathological models representing rare forms of disease. Duplicates of these models are to be found in the medical colleges of Cleve- land, Cincinnati, Buffalo, Toronto, Charleston, and many others. These models are considered superior to those of the celebrated Auzoux of Paris. His last work of art, completed in 1874, was a life-size bust of Professor J. P. Kirtland, at the age of sixty years. It is probably his masterpiece, and was modeled partly from an alto-relievo, which he produced in 1850, and partly from sittings by the professor given in 1874. The excellence of this work is remarkable from the fact that it was attained under the most trying circumstances. A dis- ease of the spinal nerves of more than ten years' duration, and which incapacitated him from standing without the aid of crutches, kept him closely confined to a lounge, and in a recumbent position, and while suffering acute pain he mod- eled this admirable bust. This work was a labor of love, No pecuniary consideration would have induced him to un- dertake it. His deep affection for the subject of it enabled tu ^i^t BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 20I him to persevere in its completion. He made the first daguerreotype picture (a landscape) taken in the United States, and himself constructed the instrument and apparatus to take it in December, 1839, besides making in 1840 the first daguerreotype likeness ever taken anywhere without requir- ing the rays of the sun to fall directly upon the sitter's face — in other words, in the shade. The artificial propagation of fish was also first successfully practiced in this country by him in 1853. He was a skillful surgeon, an artist of such promise that, had he exclusively followed that profession, he would probably have won renown, and was a diligent student of natural history and other kindred sciences. Professor J. P. Kirtland was his first and only preceptor in natural history and was his intimate friend and associate for more than forty years. He was a man of great versatility and undoubtedly of some genius as an artist. A remarkable constitution, and an even, genial temperament, enabled him to perform an un- usual amount of work requiring endurance and patience. He married Miss Mary M. Chittenden, his third wife, in 1846, by whom he has one daughter. His first and second wives were sisters, and daughters of Dr. Elijah Flower, his medical pre- ceptor. He had two children by his second wife, one son. Dr. Wilmot H. Garlick, and one daughter. BRADSTREET, Stephen INGALLS, was born in Greenfield, New Hampshire, in 1794, and was a descendant of Governor Simon Bradstreet, of colonial fame. He spent his youth on his father's farm till, in his twentieth year, he became a very earnest Christian, and determined to devote his life to God's service alone. To do so the better, he fitted himself for and entered Dartmouth College, at his own ex- pense, and worked his way through, graduating in 1819, and from Andover Seminary in 1822. During all this time he was foremost in Christian work everywhere. Forbidden by delicate health to become a foreign missionary, he devoted himself to like labors at home, and went as a mission- ary to the valley of Virginia, and for over a year preached from place to place between Staunton and Lynchburg many times per week, and with great effect. But craving a more destitute field, he crossed the Alleghanies in 1823, traversed Ohio northwardly to the lake shore, preaching as he went, and finally selected Cleveland for his home. It was then a small village, but gave promise of its future greatness. Already there was established an Episcopal and a Presbyterian church, and with the latter he cast his lot, holding services in the old St. Clair Street Academy. The community was in need of moral and religious teaching, and for such a field he was in search. His preaching was aggressive and eloquent, and soon produced a decided effect. In 1824 he married Anna Dana Smith, of Amherst, New Hampshire, a person of such rare gifts, beauty, and virtues, as caused loving hands to cut on her tombstone the expressive words, "Useful, loved, lamented." Identifying himself at once with the Cleveland people, he strove to arouse them to a higher and better life, and to check the tide of wickedness that threatened to sweep all before it. Nor were his labors and example in vain, or confined to the young city ; the surrounding towns also felt his influence. In 1825 he was put on a committee of his Presbytery to raise money to build Western Reserve College, and contributed largely to the successful establishment of that excellent instittition, and delivered an impressive oration at the laying of its corner stone in May, 1826. The autumn of 1827 saw the opening of the Ohio and Erie canal at Cleveland, by 26 DeWitt Clinton — a great event to the growing city, but causing at first a fearful amount of chills and fever of a deadly kind. In this ordeal, Mr. Bradstreet and his devoted wife so faith- fully ministered to the temporal and spiritual wants of the sufferers as to endear them more than ever to the hearts of the survivors. In 1830 he resigned, to become a missionary in the towns along the lake west of Cleveland, for three years. In 1834 he became one of the founders, and the editor of the Ohio Observer, the first religious paper west of the moun- tains. His articles on Sunday observance were very widely read, and his wife was a valuable contributor, also. In 1835 he settled in Perrysburg, then promising to become what Toledo now is, there organized a church, and worked hard and very successfully until the unhealthy climate broke him down completely, and compelled his removal in 1836. In- vited by his old friends to Cleveland again, he hoped to still wield his able pen, and prepared to become editor of a new religious paper there. But his constitution was broken under the tremendous strain upon it, and before he had produced a single number of the proposed paper, he was cut down in the midst of his usefulness, June 8th, 1837, lamented by all, but especially by those whom he had led to a better life. He was buried in the Cleveland cemetery, and his bereaved widow followed him the next year. He was a man well adapted to the times and conditions in which he lived. To a clear and strong mind were added great knowl- edge, tireless energy, and courage to always maintain the right. But the real secret of his power was his wonderful earnestness, and unbounded faith in the truth and reality of what he taught. The wealth and honors of life were nothing to him, and with characteristic devotion to his sacred calling, he refused the gift of a building lot in Cleveland, lest it should tend to wean him from the one great object of his life. Liks Henry Martyn and Francis Xavier, his greatest joy and hij only ambition were to teach the Christian religion to those who knew it not, and this not for pay, but from love of God and his fellow-men. Of his four children, two died in child- hood — Henry Martyn, of great promise, died in 1858 in California, and the only survivor is Edward P., for many years a well known citizen and lawyer of Cincinnati. Walker, Moses B., LL.D., of Kenton, Hardin county, Ohio, was born in Fairfield county, Ohio, July i6th, 1819. John Walker, the progenitor of the family in this country, came from England with Lord Baltimore, and settled in Maryland on a part of what was subsequently called Car- roll's manor. The grandfather of our subject, Ignatius Walker, who was killed at the battle of Utah Springs, in the Revolutionary war, was an intimate friend of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and his son, the father of our subject, John Walker, came into Ohio jn 1798, a pioneer farmer. He was one of the builders of Martin's block-house in the Scioto val- ley, that refuge foi the early settlers from the attacks of the Indians. He was also a soldier in the war of 1812. The mother of our subject was Mary Davis, a native of Maryland, and the aunt of Henry Winter Davis. Her father died of the wounds he received in the battle of Utah Springs. From the time he was able to do so until his sixteenth year, our sub- ject worked on his father's farm, that father being most of the time laid up with 'rheumatism ; but in the midst of such a responsibility as being the principal support of his family, he procured school -book=, and whenever opportunity offered prepared himself to the best of his ability for college. In his 202 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. seventeenth year he entered the freshman class of Augusta College, Kentucky, upon the condition that he should bring up the studies in which he was deficient. After two years he had on account of ill-health reluctantly to return home, when his eldest brother, having resolved to assume the responsi- bility of his education, sent him to Woodward High School, Cincinnati. In this institution he remained two years, and then went to Yale College, where he remained three years, when, on account. of hemorrhage, he had to return home. After recovering his health, he entered as a law student the office of Judge William A. Rogers, of Springfield, Ohio, and was thus employed about one year. He afterward went into the office of Judge Joseph H. Crane, of Dayton, and attended lectures at the Cincinnati Law School, where he graduated with the class of 1846. Then, in connection with H. V. R. Lord, he opened an office at Dayton, and another at German- town, Ohio, the latter in charge of Mr. Lord, and he himself remaining in charge of that at Dayton. About this time the war with Mexico having begun, he raised a company with the expectation of obtaining a captaincy in an Ohio regiment, but in the allotment of troops at Camp Washington, the larger part could not be mustered in, and were sent home. He consequently returned to his law practice, in which he con- tinued until 1861, practicing in both Federal and State courts under the firm name of Walker, Holt & Walker, one of his partners being Judge George B. Holt, an eminent lawyer of Dayton, and the other his own nephew. With the muster-in of troops in Ohio, Governor Dennison offered him command of one of the regiments, and he therefore went into the war as colonel of the 31st Ohio volunteer infantry. Being offered a commission in the regular army about this time, he accepted such commission upon the condition that he should go out with his regiment, and he was thereupon appointed a captain in the I2th regiment of regular infantry. His Ohio regiment having become a part of the army of the Cumberland, he par- ticipated in every battle of that army except Mission Ridge. He was wounded three times at the battle of Chickamauga, and received the commission of a brigadier-general of volun- teers by brevet, for gallantry in the field; also the respective ranks of major and lieutenant-colonel by brevet in the regu- lar army. After four months spent in the hospital, he returned to duty as the Atlanta campaign opened, and served in every battle until its close. Being at the close of the war mustered out with his regiment, he was placed upon the retired list with the rank of colonel, for wounds received at Chickamauga, having been stricken with a piece of shell and his spine in- jured, and also shot in both legs. During the autumn of 1868 he was ordered to Texas for duty, as its president, on a general court martial, and also as president of a military commission. He was subsequently appointed district judge, and held district courts. Again ordered to Texas, he was appointed to the supreme bench of that State as the colleague of Judges A. J. Hamilton, Morrell, Lindsay, and Dennison, and served under that appointment until the State of Texas was admitted to representation in Congress. Returning North, he was reappointed by Governor Davis one of the Su- preme judges, and went back to Texas, where he served three years under the constitution of 1869, after which, again re- turning North, he settled at Kenton, and with his sons resumed the practice of his profession. It is here proper to mention that, during a critical period of the war, by order of General Rosecrans, he came back to his Ohio residence, and by his speeches delivered at various points aided in securing fresh enlistments, and this done, he returned to his command and fought in the battle of Stone river. In 1850-51, Mr. Walker was a member of the Ohio senate, and in 1864 and again in 1866 he was nominated for Congress, and beaten, first by 1,600 and next by 600 votes in the old fifth district that usually polled 8,000 majority against his ticket. On the loth November, 1842, he married Miss Maria van Skayck, a daughter of an old Knickerbocker family, then a resident of Germantown, Ohio. Mrs. Walker died in July, 1853, the mother of three children, a son and two daughters. On the 1st May, 1855, he married Miss Mary H., the daughter of Dr. Willis W. Hitt, of Vincennes, Indiana. Eight living children have been the issue of this union. During the war, Mr. Walker was often entrusted with the most dangerous and important duties. He enjoyed the full confidence of General George H. Thomas, and was with him through the entire war. He was among the brave old 14th corps regarded as an intrepid and skillful officer, no officer in that corps standing higher for merit. A ripe scholar, he possesses high ability both as a lawyer and advocate. FOLLETT, Martin Dewey, lawyer. Marietta, Ohio, was born at Enosburg, Vermont, October 8th, 1826. His father, John F. Follett, removed to Ohio in 1836, and settled at Johnstown, in Licking county, Ohio, where his sons assisted him to work the farm he there purchased. Here the subject of this sketch remained until he attained his majority, at- tending school in winter and working on the farm in sum- mer. He attended Granville Academy and College, and in 1851 he entered the junior class of Marietta College, and continued his studies in that institution until 1853, when he graduated witii the highest honors. Then, to pay for his education and to assist a brother, he for a year taught school at Marietta, went to Newark and taught for another year there, and, returning to Marietta, taught a year in Marietta College, when he was, in 1856, elected superintendent of that city's public schools, in which office he seryed two years with credit to himself and satisfaction to the school board. On the 19th December, 1856, he married Miss Harriet L., daughter of Samuel Shipman of Marietta. From this union a son, Alfred Dewey Follett was born, a youth of high promise, who graduated in his nineteenth year from Marietta College with the highest honors of his class. In October, 1873, Mrs. Follett, the mother of this son, died, and on the 6th January, 1875, his father, Mr. Follett, married Miss Abbie M., daughter of James Bailey of Lowell, Mas'sachusetts. From this union one child has been born. Having resolved to study law, Mr, Follett did so, and in 1859, was admitted to the bar. Loca- ting at Marietta, he has continued to reside and practice there, constantly .growing in the public esteem and increasing his business until he is at the present time in the enjoyment of a remunerative practice. He has always been identified with the educational interests of his city and county, and a valu- able and zealous laborer in every enterprise tending toward the public good. Being a democrat in politics, in 1864 he was a member of the convention that nominated General McClellan for the presidency, and in 1866, was the demo- cratic nominee of the fifteenth district for Congress. In 1868, the same compliment was tendered to him, but this district being always, since the formation of that party, largely repub- lican, success could not be expected, while the large vote polled by Mr. Follett indicated the high estimation in which he was held. His father having been a man of excellent BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPJEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 203 general character and sound judgment, the sons inherited much of his strong common sense and stability. John F. FoUett, of Cincinnati, whose portrait and biographical sketch appear in this work, is a lawyer of high character, the peer of any at the Hamilton county bar, while Judge Charles FoUett of Newark, Ohio, is a well-known and influential law- yer and jurist. Martin D. Follett is not less distinguished as a sound and thoroughly reliable counsellor. Like both his brothers, he is a self-made man, having by his own exertions acquired such an education as, when followed up by him, as it was, with energy, proved the stepping stone to his life success. Holt, George B., lawyer and judge, was born in Norfolk, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1790. His own inclinations according with the wishes of his parents, he early made choice of the legal profession. He entered the law school of Judges Reeve and Gould in Litchfield, and in 181 2 was licensed to practice. Ohio was then the " Far West,'' and the praises of the new and distant State kindled the en- thusiasm of the young advocate, and in 1819 he arrived in Dayton, then a village of from 500 to 700 inhabitants, and the following year opened an office as attorney at law. Railroads and even turnpikes were then unknown in the country, while the circuits extended over many counties in most of which the roads were mere bridle paths. Horse- back was almost the only mode of traveling, and as there were few or no bridges, when the streams were swollen by the spring freshets or heavy rains, members of the bar were compelled, after driving their horses across, to trust themselves to a frail canoe ; or, plunging on horseback in the stream, trust to being thus brought safely through ; then wet, chilled and weary, they were sometimes obliged to travel miles through the woods before reaching the hospitable log cabin, where they could find rest and refreshment. In 1822, Mr. Holt established, and for three years conducted the Miami Republican. In the fall of 1824, he was elected to the legislature and participated in the passage of laws which rendered that session one of the most important ever held in Ohio. Among the important measures adopted, was the ad valorem system of taxation. The columns of his paper had been employed by Mr. Holt in favor of a canal communica- tion between the lakes and the Ohio river, a measure which had excited public attention and bitter opposition. . During this session the canal law was passed, under which the Ohio and Miami canals were commenced, and the policy of the State in favor of internal improvements was considered set- tled. Mr. Holt was on the committee to which the subject of a school system was referred, and the bill reported by them passed into a law, which established the present com- mon school system of Ohio. The measure was violently opposed. It was regarded as unjust and tyrannical, a daring infringement on the rights of property, drawing money from the wealthy to educate the children of others. The poor were taught to regard these schools as pauper institutions, and so great was the opposition that Mr. Holt owed his reelection, in 1825, to his services in securing the passage of the law for the construction of the Miami canal in which his constituents felt a deep interest. In the fall of 1827, he was elected to the Ohio senate for a term of two years, and was chairman of the committee on internal improvements, one of the most impor- tant in the body. During the last session he was elected president judge of the court of common pleas, and served for the constitutional term of seven years. The district was then composed of the counties of Montgomery, Preble, Clark, Champaign, Logan, Miami, Darke, Shelby, and Mercer. After the expiration of his term on the bench, under appointment of the court, he served one year as prose- cuting attorney of Montgomery county, one year in Mercer, and two terms in the county of Van Wert. At the session of the legislature of 1842-43, he was again called to the bench, and served out the constitutional term. Part of the interval between his first and second terms on the bench was spent in agriculture and stock-growing. He spent large sums in im- proving the breed of cattle, introduced into the counties of Montgomery, Mercer, and Miami, the first thoroughbred short-horned Durham stock, and was for a time president of the Montgomery County Agricultural Society. On the break- ing out of the cholera in Dayton, in 1849, ^^ '^'^'^ chosen president of the board of health, in which capacity his ser- vices were constant, efficient and highly valued by the citi- zens. In 1850 he was elected inember of the constitutional convention, was chairman of the committee on jurisprudence and took a prominent part in framing the present constitution of the State. This service ended his official intercourse with the people. He partially resumed the practice of law, but, with advancing years, spent much of his time in gardening, a very favorite occupation. Politically, Judge Holt was for many years a democrat, but in later life had acted with the Republican party. Always opposed to the establishment of a slave power in the South, on the breaking out of the late war he was firm and decided for the Union. On the formation of the Montgomery County Pioneer Society, he was chosen its president, and retained that office till his death, which occurred on the evening of October 30th, 1 871, in his eighty-second year. Before leaving his native State, Judge Holt had united with the Congregational church, but for more than a quarter of a cen- tury was a member of the Presbyterian church of Dayton. He married, in 1821, Mary, second daughter of Dr. Wil- liam Blodget, who, with three daughters, still survives him. What wonderful changes, during his more than four score years, he had lived to witness ! Ohio as he found it, new and sparsely settled, with fev/ facilities of communication, now a net-work of railroads and turnpikes, with beautiful bridges spanning every stream. Where nov/ stands the Soldiers' Home, — the pride and ornament of the beautiful city of Dayton, — with its thousands of inmates, and the "silent city" where his remains rest, then stood unbroken forests; and the " Far West" he came to find, now removed to the regions of the Rocky Mountains. SENEY, George E., lawyer and ex-judge. Tiffin, Ohio, was born in Uniontown, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, May 29th, 1 83 1. The Seney family originally settled on the eastern shore of Maryland. His grandfather, John Seney, was a lawyer, a judge of the court of appeals, and member of Congress, from Maryland. His father's mother was a sis- ter of Albert Gallatin's wife, and his father, Joshua Seney, educated in New York City, was subsequently private secre- tary for Mr. Gallatin when he was secretary of the United States treasury. He married Anna Ebbert, the daughter of a merchant of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and in 1 831 immi- grated to Ohio, and settled in Tiffin, where he served as county treasurer, and clerk of the supreme court. He was a gentleman of fine education, and scholarly tastes, but, although a lawyer by profession, without ambition to practice 204 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. his profession. Our subject, his son, was an infant in his mother's arms when the family settled in Tiffin, then a little village of three or four hundred inhabitants, surrounded by the primitive woods. Educated in the Norwalk Seminary, whose principal at that time was the Rev. Edward Thompson, he read law in the office of Luther A. Hall, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. He then begun the practice of law at Tiffin, at which practice he has been engaged to the present time. He has never held a county, municipal, nor district office, except that of common pleas judge ; neither has he held a state office, nor been a candidate for any of these offices. In 1856 he was a candidate on the Buchanan ticket for presidential elector, and the following year was by his party elected common pleas judge for the third subdivision of the third judicial district. In this office he served five years, and then dechned reelection. In 1858 he was by President Buchanan tendered the appointment of United States district attorney, for the northern district of Ohio, but this he also declined. As a war democrat, during the late war he assisted in recruiting the loist Ohio volunteer infan- try, and was the fourth lieutenant commissioned for that reg- iment, and afterward quartermaster of it. After a service of over two years with his regiment in the field, under Buell, Rosecrans, Thomas and Sherman, he resigned in November, 1864, and resumed the practice of law at Tiffin. In 1874 he declined the nomination of the democratic party of his dis- trict for Congress, but was nominated notwithstanding, and beaten 139 votes. In 1876 he was a delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention, at St. Louis, and in 1878 the democratic nomination was again tendered him, but declined in a district where then such a nomination was equivalent to an election. Judge Seney is the author of "Seney's Code of Procedure," published by Robert Clarke & Co., of Cincin- nati, and which has had a large sale, and declared by them to be, next to Swan's works, the best seUing book on their list. As a lawyer he is highly esteemed by his brethren of the profession ; his papers are thoroughly prepared, the wit- nesses are sifted to the bottom, and the case is effectively presented to the court and jury. While he excels as an ad- vocate, being a fine speaker, and possessing naturally ora- torical gifts and graces, as an attorney and counsellor he is no less excellent, being well read upon points of law. From the fact that he is usually assigned the closing of a case, one can judge of the esteem in which he is held by those who are with him in it. As a man he is genial, and possessed of the native delicacy and refinement of the educated gentle- BURKE, Stevenson, lawyer and jurist, was born in St. Lawrence county, New York, November 26th, 1826. Of Scotch-Irish Presbyterian parentage, his' parents emigrated from the north of Ireland in 1825, arriving with but slender means at Ogdensburg, New York, on the 4th day of July. They had left their native land in the hope of finding a better home for themselves and their children in the new world; but the barren soil and long and bleak winters of northern New York quite discouraged them. In February, 1834, they removed to the then distant West; arriving in March, after a journey of more than thirty days, with a single span of horses, at North Ridgeville, Lorain county, where they pur- chased a small tract of wild land, and began the struggle incident to all the eariy settlers on the Reserve. .The com- tnon schools of that day were poor compared with those of the present time ; and the population being sparse, man)- scholars had long distances to travel. This was the case of young Stevenson Burke, the subject of this sketch. Hence the means of obtaining an education early in life were limited, but by making the best use of opportunities afforded, and especially by reading and studying evenings, and odd spells, when with others he was resting from the hard work of the farm, or when housed by rains or storms, he managed to pick up sufficient education by the time he was sixteen or seven- teen to enable him to teach a common district school. After that he attended a select school in the township of Ridgeville for a few terms, and still later he attended for two or three terms a similiar school at Elyria, the county seat of Lorain county. In the fall of 1846 he for a short time attended the Ohio Wesleyan University, in Delaware county, and about this time he began the study of law with Messrs. Powell & Buck, of that place. He returned to Elyria in 1847, and completed the preparatory study of law with the Hon. H. D. Clark, and was duly admitted to practice August nth, 1848. He entered immediately upon the duties of his profession, being especially encouraged in his early efforts by Mr. Clark who discovered in his young student the -promise of future eminence in the profession, and in March, 1849, gave him the full benefit of his own high position and prestige by taking him into partnership. This partnership continued some three years, till Mr. Clark removed his residence from Elyria. Mr. Burke subsequently continued in bus'ness, having a large and lucrative practice, for the most part of the time alone, until February, 1862, when he took his seat on the common pleas bench, having been almost unanimously elected a judge of that court in October, 1861. For ten years and more, previous to his election, his practice had been by far the largest of any lawyer in the county, having been engaged in every case of any consequence in every court of record in the county, and in every case in the supreme court taken there from Lorain county. In October, 1866, he was re- elected common pleas judge without opposition, and held the office two years, resigning in Januar)', 1869, and at once en- tered upon the practice of law in Cleveland, in partnership with the Hon. F. T. Backus and E. J. Estep, Esq. This part- nership continued till the death of Mr. Backus, in May, 1870. The firm was now changed to Burke & Estep which con- tinued till 1875, and afterward he practiced alone. His pro- fessional business in Cleveland was very extensive. He was engaged in a large number of the most important cases in northern Ohio, his practice being not confined to any one branch of his profession. From 1869 to 1872 inclusive, he devoted very much time in New York and Ohio to the fore- closure of the mortgages upon, and the reorganization of, the Atlantic and Great Western Railway, Chief Justice Waite, then at the bar, and many other lawyers of distinction, in New York and Ohio, being engaged in that litigation. He represented the Erie Railway Company, and was entrusted with the chief control not only of the litigations, but also of all negotiations for settlement, and ultimately the contending parties submitted to him and Chief Justice Waite, as arbitra- tors, all unsettled matters of difference, which involved sev- eral milhons dollars, and which they finally decided to the general satisfaction of the parties interested. It is believed that for several years after his return to the bar he argued more cases in the supreme court than any other lawyer in the State. He was often called in to assist in the more im- portant cases in many of the counties of northern Ohio. In Sngil, iizx^. ^^^^--^.-^ c BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 205 1878 he was retained in the great case or series of cases in Utah, concerning the Nez Perces and Old Telegraph Mining Companies. He went to Utah twice as counsel in these cases for Mr. L. E. Holden the owner of the mines, and, with the efiicient aid of his associates there, defeated the claimants as far as the cases had been heard. The amount involved in this litigation was said to be a million or more. In addition to his regular and general practice he devoted some time to railway business. He was for many years the general coun- sel of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Company, a member of its board of directors and chairman of its executive and finance committee. He also represented as attorney a large amount of its stock owned abroad. He was also for many years the general counsel of the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railway Company, held positions on its board of directors, and financial and i.xccutive committees, and represented, as attorney of the owners, all the stock of that company. He also for several years represented as attorney, the owners of three-fourths of tlie stock of the Shenango and Allegheny Railroad Company, and of the Mercer Mining and Manufacturing Company, quite large and important corporations in the State of Penn- sylvania He was a director in each, and was often offered the choice of all their offices, a fact complimentary to his business ability. He was also a director in the Cincinnati and Springfield Railroad Company. He was president of. the Snow Fork and Cleveland Coal Company, a corporation with a capital stock of several millions of dollars. He was also a director of the Lake Shore Foundry Company, of Cleveland. ■ He was, moreover, connected with many other business enterprises in one way or another. He was emi- nently a self-made man, and a splendid example of that large class of men of Scotch-Irish descent, who are in all our States recognized as among the very ablest and strongest, both morally and intellectually. Probably no man in the State of Ohio surpassed him in executive ability. Blessed with a vigorous constitution, he was able to attend thoroughly and well to a vast amount of general business in connection with a legal business equal to that of any lawyer in the State. He began life poor. He was able to bestow many thousands of dollars in aid of friends and worthy charities, and while yet in the vigor of manhood, is in possession of a large for- tune, the legitimate fruit of his professional labors and wise investments. As a judge he was highly esteemed. Very few appeals were taken from his decisions, and but two or three of his judgments were ever reversed. He never allowed bus- iness to accumulate, but made it a universal rule not to adjourn court until all casps ready were tried. Among his students were the Hon. George B. Lake, chief justice of Ne- braska; General Sheldon, ex-member of Congress of New Orleans ; the Hon. E. F. Poppleton, ex-member of Congress of Delaware, Ohio, and his brother, H. H. Poppleton, general attorney of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indian- apolis Railway Company. He married April 26th, 1849, Miss Parthenia Poppleton, a daughter of the Rev. Samuel Poppleton, then of Bellville, Richland county, Ohio. She died at Salt Lake City, Utah, January 7th, 1878. Married at an early age he found in his wife one richly endowed with all womanly virtues ; she gave him as only a true wife can, hope and courage in the darkest hours. Her death was the one great sorrow of his life. She was esteemed by him, as well as by a very large circle of friends, one of the truest and noblest of women, and to her he attributes his success in life. Harris, Andrew Lintner, lawyer, judge and soldier, was born in Butler county, Ohio, November 17th, 1835. His grandfather, Joseph Harris, came from Ireland about the year 1797, spent a few years in Pennsylvania, then moved to Cincinnati, where, on March 4th, 1802, he married Jane Kirkpatrick, and finally settled in Butler county, Ohio, soon after the war of 1812. His father, Benjamin Harris, was born in Cincinnati on February 3d, 1803, and married Nancy Lintner, of Butler county, Ohio, April 3d, 1829. A farmer by occupation, he was well educated, and was a prominent and very useful member of the community. Colonel Harris had a farmer's boyhood, was educated at Miami University, and read law with Messrs. Thompson & Harris (the latter an uncle, who died in 1866), of Eaton, but the war for the Union caused his admission to the bar to be postponed until April, 1865. In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private .in the 20th Ohio volunteer infantry for the three months' service, but went out as second lieutenant of com- pany C, and was mustered out as captain of his company in August following. In October, he recruited company C, of the 75th Ohio volunteer infantry, for the three years' service, was commissioned its captain November 9th, 1861, and the first engagement participated in by him was the battle of McDowell, West Virginia, on May 8th, 1862, where the Union troops bravely held their ground against six times their num- ber of the enemy, and which General Milroy reported as being the "bloodiest battle of the war for the number en- gaged." Here Captain Harris was seriously wounded by a gun shot in the right arm, by which it was permanently dis- abled. Then followed the battle of Cedar Mountain, Vir- ginia, on the 8th August, and the second engagement of Bull Run on the 28th, 29th, and 30th of the same month. Here for a time the fighting was bloody in the extreme, and com- pany C was in the hottest of the fray. As evidence of the severity of the fire, it was found that ninety odd shots took effect on the colors of the 75th during this battle. On the I2th January, 1863, Captain Harris was promoted to the rank of major, and in the terrible engagement at Chancellorsville, beginning on May 2d, 1863, the 75th was distinguished for the bravery of its officers and men. By the peculiarity of its position, it was compelled frequently to change front under a severe fire, but acquitted itself in a most gallant manner. Colonel Reilly was killed, and Major Harris was promoted to the command of his regiment, his rank dating May 3d. At the battle of Gettysburg, Colonel Harris had charge of the 2d brigade of the ist division of the nth corps, and distin- guished himself by a daring and successful charge upon the enemy occupying a ledge of rock. His command was sub- jected to a galling fire during the three days of the engage- ment, and was the first to enter Gettysburg after the battle. The 75th lost heavily, and Colonel Harris was severely wounded. On the 1 8th of the following August the Ohio brigade, to which the 75th belonged, was placed in the trenches on Morris Island, and there remained till after the fall of Forts Wagner and Gregg, on the 7th September. The heat was intense, and the troops suffered terribly. Previous to the proposed attack, the brigade was moved back to Folly Island, in order that if the attempt on Fort Wagner proved unsuccessful, the troops would not all be sacrificed. On the night of the 6th, Colonel Harris, with nine hundred select men, was detailed to make the assault on the sea front, with instructions to assault the works at daylight in the morning ; but the enemy observing operations, vacated the fort In Feb- 2o6 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. ruary, 1864, the 75th was sent to Jacksonville, Florida, and there mounted, and until its term of service expired, per- formed very efficient cavalry duty, in which may be instanced a daring raid made by Colonel Harris in the following May, to the head waters of the St. John and Kissinnee rivers, on which expedition, besides destroying a large amount of cotton and other Confederate stores, he captured and brought in some five thousand head of fine beef cattle, and that, too, without the loss of a man. On the 14th August, Colonel Harris was imprudently sent out by General Hatch on an expedition to the rear of the enemy, into the interior of Florida, with a little band of only two hundred mounted men. He obeyed orders, took a few prisoners, but was met by a much superior force, conipelling his command to ride day and night to keep out of the enemy's hands. On the morning of the 17th he halted at Gainesville to rest, suppos- ing himself temporarily secure, but was soon attacked by a force of about fourteen hundred men. As retreat was im- possible, he fought desperately for two hours and a half, when, his ammunition giving out, no alternative was left but to surrender, or to cut his way through seven times his num- ber of the enemy. Desperate as was the attempt, he suc- ceeded, taking with him about half of his little band, and by swift marches reached Jacksonville. Mr. Harris was mus- tered out as colonel of the 7Sth on January 15th, 1865. While distinguished for great prudence and caution, and the care he took of the men under his command, he never faltered when duty called to action. On the 13th March following, as a compliment for his gallant and meritorious services during the war, he was brevetted brigadier-general. In the fall of 1865 he was elected to the Ohio senate, and served two years. Here he made a reputation as an intelligent and safe legis- lator. On October 17th, 1865, he married Miss Caroline Conger, of Preble county, who has borne him one son. In the spring of 1 866, he formed a law partnership with Robert Miller, Esq., of Eaton, which continued till January ist, 1876. In the autumn of 1875, he was elected to his present office of probate judge of Preble county, and reelected in 1878. Colonel Harris possesses all the elements that con- stitute a cultured and polished gentleman, but his most prom- inent characteristic is a conscientious, unswerving adherence to principle. Hitchcock, Reuben, lawyer, the son of the Chief Justice Peter Hitchcock and his wife, Nabbie Cook, was born at Burton, Geauga county, Ohio, on the 2d September, 1806. He was prepared for college at the Burton Academy, his pre- ceptor being the Rev. David L. Coe, and in the spring of 1823, he entered Yale College, making the journey to New Haven from Burton on horseback. In September, 1826, he graduated and returned to Ohio, where for the next three years he was a teacher in the same academy where he him- self had been as a youth educated, occupying his spare time with the study of law in his father's office. Admitted to the bar in 1831, he at once removed to Painesville, and in part- nership with Stephen Matthews, commenced the practice of his profession. This partnership was in a short time dis- solved, and then alone he practiced between two and three years, when he formed a partnership with Eli T. Wilder, and continued in practice with him until in the year 1 84 1, when he was appointed by the governor, president judge of the judi- cial circuit embracing Lake county. Having fulfilled the duties of this appointment, he resumed and continued prac- tice with Mr. Wilder until the year 1846, when he removed to Cleveland, where he formed a partnership with H. V. Will- son and Edward Wade, under the firm name of Hitchcock, Willson & Wade. For several years this law firm ranked among the first in the State. In 1850 he was with his father elected to the constitutional convention, and wielded much influence in that body. He also did valuable work in de- vising a system for the liquidation of the public debt of the State. In 1851 he returned to reside at Painesville, still retaining business interests at Cleveland, and in the same year was elected judge of the court of common pleas. This position he filled with acknowledged ability until the winter of 1854, when he yielded to the solicitation of Governor Tod, and took an active part in the management of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad. Resigning his place on the common pleas bench he became vice president and general legal adviser of that railroad company, and continued to be connected with its management unlil the completion of the road. This position was an exceed- ingly onerous one, owing to the difficulties through which the company were struggling. The road being finished, Judge Hitchcock resumed practice in Cleveland in partner- ship with James Mason and E. J. Estep, his time being yet divided between the railroad company and the business of the firm. He had from an early period of his practice at- tained a high standing at the bar, and his practice, extending throughout northern Ohio, continued thus extensive until he retired from it in 1865. His familiarity with the business of railroad management and legislation led to his appointment in 1869 as receiver of the Atlantic and Great Western Rail- road. Under his administration at this time, the road was sold out, and a new company organized, which becoming embarrassed, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver in December, 1874, and Judge Hitchcock appointed as special master commissioner, a position that he still holds. In his extensive railroad connections he has secured the re- spect and confidence of all parties by the ability and unswerv- ing integrity he has displayed in the management of the great interests committed to his trust. He was not only interested as a stockholder in the railroads named, but he was also a stockholder in several incorporated Cleveland companies, held interests in banking institutions, and was one of the first trustees and president of the Cleveland Savings Society. The Lake Erie Female Seminary was always an object of much interest to him, and he contributed largely to its funds. In- deed, his largest investment is there, and its importance to northern Ohio can hardly be over estimated. He was one of its original founders, and has been president of its board of trustees since its organization. After the Buffalo convention of 1848, he joined the Free-soil party, and on the formation of the Republican party he became an active member of it, and was presented as a candidate for Congress against Joshua Giddings. In 1861 he appeared in Washington as a member of the Peace Congress, so-called, that labored to avert civil war in vain, but when hostilities actually begun he took prom- inent place on the Union side. Incapacitated by age for actual service, he promoted the enlisting and support of troops, and his oldest son, Peter M. Hitchcock, having en- listed, served honorably under General McPherson for three years. His religious connection was with the Presbyterian or Congregational church of which he has been an active mem- ber for fifty years, during the greater number of which he has held office as elder or committee-man, and is yet a member of BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 207 the committee of his church at Painesville. In 1834 he mar- ried Miss Sarah Marshall, of Colebrook, Connecticut, and they are the parents of four children all grown to maturity, two sons and two daughters. Of the sons, Peter M. resides at Cleveland, and Edward M. at Northfield, Minnesota ; of the daughters, Lizzie M. is Mrs. Morley, and living at East Saginaw, Michigan, and Helen T. is also married to a Mr. Morley, of Cleveland. Tayler, Robert Walker, first comptroller of the United States Treasury, was born in Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania, November 9th, 1812, and died of paralysis of the brain, at Washington City, February 25th, 1878. His father and mother were James Tayler and Jane Walker Tayler, whose parents had come to America from the north of Ireland. In early childhood, his father removed to Youngstown, Ohio, where he was engaged in the business of carding wool, and the subject of this narrative proved himself, as a boy, an efficient helper to his father in the labor in which he was em- ployed. His feet, at this time, were directed in the way of industry and truth, a path which in after life he never de- serted. When quite a small boy he did the work of a man while attending carding machines in his father's woolen factory. At the district school, although the smallest boy in his class, his place was always among the foremost. He spent one winter at a German school, and in 1828-29 was a student in the academy at Youngstown. Subsequently he entered the law office of Whittlesey & Newton, at Canfield, and in the fall of 183 1 he went into the office of the clerk of Trumbull county, and remaining there a year subsequently completed his legal studies and was admitted to the bar. About this time his father died, and he became, to some ex- tent, the stay of his mother, and watched with a fatherly care over the younger members of the family. In early manhood hi took a decided stand in favor of the great fundamental truth that "all men are created free and equal," and took an active part in the anti-slavery struggles of those days, standing firmly by his principles when it required no small amount of courage and independence to do so. He was the first avowed anti-slavery man in Youngstown, and for some time the only one. On one occasion he was brought into collision with his revered legal instructor, Mr. Whittlesey. Being a man of fine sensibilities and warm affections, this was extremely painful to him ; but he stood firmly at his post and came off victorious. In 1839 ^^ '"'^^ elected prosecuting at- torney of Trumbull county, and held the office for four years. He was cashier of the Mahoning County bank from 1850 to i860, and was actively engaged in the practice of his pro- fession until 1855. In 1851 he was mayor of Youngstown, and in 1855 he was elected to the State senate, in which he held a position of great prominence and usefulness for two terms, at the expiration of which he was elected auditor of the State. At this time he was major-general of militia for the district of which Mahoning county formed a part, but resigned previous to leaving for Columbus to assume the duties of auditor. On the breaking out of the war, he offered his ser- vices to the governor, and expressed a willingness to do his share toward fighting the enemies of his country. The gov- ernor, however, with a display of good sense which did him credit, and which subsequent events proved to be the part of wisdom, assured him that he preferred to keep him where he was. At no time in the history of the State have such grave responsibilities rested upon the shoulders of its principal financial officer as at the opening of the last war, and we can readily believe, in the words of Senator Fessenden, that "he saved Ohio in her darkest hour." It is but repeating the tes- timony of hundreds capable of judging, to say that he was the ablest auditor Ohio ever had. In 1863, through his ac- quaintance with Mr. Chase, then Secretary of the Treasury, he was appointed first comptroller of the United States Treas- ury, to succeed Elisha Whittlesey. The act of Congress passed in June, 1874, by which the territorial government of the District of Columbia was abolished, constituted the two comptrollers a board of audit to settle all outstanding claims against the district government; and these onerous duties, which no man in Washington seemed disposed to encounter, were performed with that degree of efficiency and conscien- tiousness which ever characterized the official acts of Mr. Tayler. He held the office a little more than fifteen years. There have been seventeen persons in the office of first comp- troller since 1789. Mr. Tayler held it much longer than any other appointee except Joseph Anderson, of Tennessee, who served from 1815 to 1836. This office has been held by Ohio men since 1849. '^'^- Tayler early gained a reputation for inflexible integrity, and a wonderfully accurate knowledge of the laws regulating the duties of his office, which are complex and extremely varied. Not a dollar can be drawn from the Treasury without the signature of the first comptroller, and in addition to the duty of examining and countersigning war- rants, various classes of claims and accounts are examined and adjusted in his office. In the matter of any claim against the Treasury, during his occupancy of the office, the question was certain at some time to be asked: "Will Mr. Tayler allow the payment?" and it came to be well known that nothing which needed more than merely ministerial action at his hands could be gotten through without the clear and specified authority of law. The number of fraudulent claims which he has stopped since the war must be very large. One or two attempts were made to get him out of office, but his character as an officer was so well established that all attacks fell harmless. A special dispatch to the New York Times said of him: "On one occasion the President of the United States and the Secretary of the Treasury both advised him to pay certain claims, but, differing from them in judgment, he replied that he would resign his office, but could not act contrary to his convictions of duty." The Cincinnati Gazette correspondent wrote of him : " He has been desig- nated the ' watch dog ' of the Treasury, and has saved the government millions by his inflexible integrity." Robert W. Tayler was no ordinary man. By the force of his own character, without liberal education or the influence of wealth or powerful friends, he worked himself into high and responsible positions. His Hfe was one of unremitting, con- scientious, effective labor; a life whose results, measured by the highest standard of usefulness, were such as to ele- vate every duty which he had to perform, and to bring to him honor and the friendship of the best men in the land. He married in March, 1840, Miss Louisa Maria Wood- bridge, daughter of John Elliot Woodbridge, who was a , grandson of Jonathan Edwards, and cousin to Aaron Burr. . By this marriage he had seven children, three of whom survive. His wife died in 1852, and in January, 1854, he married Miss Rachel Kirtland Wick, eldest daughter of Caleb B. Wick, of Youngstown. The fruit of this marriage was seven children, five of whom survive, one son and four daughters. 208 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPyEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. McClinTICK, William T., lawyer, of Chillicothe, Ross county, Ohio, was born in that city, then the capital of the State, February 20th, 1819. His father was James Mc- Clintick, Sen., whose portrait and memoir appear, elsewhere in this volume. 'His mother's maiden name was Charity Trimble. She was a sister of Major David Trimble, in 1812 an aide on the staff of General William Henry Harrison, and afterward a distinguished iron manufacturer, lawyer, and member of Congress from eastern Kentucky. Two other brothers, John and William, were also iron manufacturers in Kentucky, the latter being also a lawyer, and at one time a territorial judge by appointment of the President of the United States. Her youngest and only surviving brother is Gen- eral Isaac R. Trimble, of Baltimore, Maryland, of the late Confederate States army. Educated at the Chilhcothe Acad- emy until his fourteenth year, the subject of this sketch was then sent to the Ohio University, the then president being Dr. Samuel Wilson, and who in 181 1, while in charge of the First Presbyterian church of Chillicothe, was the officiating clergy- man at the marriage of his pupil's parents. From the Ohio University he was transferred to Augusta College, Kentucky, where he graduated in the summer of 1837. Owing to his fath- er's notions as to the value of mathematical studies, he gave special attention to them, and his proficiency in such studies while at college, was such as induced his professor to suggest a continuance of like studies, with a view to become his suc- cessor in that position. This, however, he declined, and in November, 1837, entered the law office of Messrs. Creighton & Bond, an old and distinguished law firm of his native town. In 1840, at the February term of the old Supreme court of Ohio, held at Portsmouth, Scioto county, he was admitted to the bar ; the late Theodore Sherer, formerly law partner of the Hon. Allen G. Thurman, being admitted at the same time. Hon. William V. Peck and Hon. John Welch, both afterward chief justices of the Ohio Supreme court, were members of the committee that examined these students. On the day of their return to Chillicothe, they went to the court house where a case had just been called, in which Gen- eral William S. Murphy and Judge Thurman were opposing counsel. The two newly made lawyers were invited to take part in the trial, one on either side, and thus without a mo- ment's time for any special preparation, they were introduced to actual practice, and were glad to come out of the trial without absolute failure. From that time Mr. McClintick has been steadily employed in the practice of his profession. In May, 1843, he was invited to join the law firm of Messrs. Creighton & Green, on terms of full equality in the division of earnings, — that and the firm of Allen & Thurman then occu- pying leading positions as lawyers in southern Ohio. This invitation he accepted, but at the close of the next year he withdrew from the connection, and practiced alone until 1849, when he was elected prosecuting attorney of Ross county, an office he retained during the two following years. In May, 1852, he took into partnership Mr. Amos Smith, a nephew and former pupil of Hocking H. Hunter, Esq., of Lancaster, Ohio, and the firm of McClintick & Smith has since continued to hold a prominent position in the profession. In politics, Mr. McClintick was a whig, but on the disruption of that party, following the defeat for the Presidency of Gen- eral Winfield Scott, in 1852, he found himself more nearly allied to the republican party than its opponent, the demo- cratic party, and hence he naturally at the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, in 1 861, became an earnest supporter of the Union, and as chairman of the county military commit- tee, rendered efficient aid in organizing and filling up regi- ments of volunteers for active service during the war. Since that period he has voted with the republican party, except when personal or non-political reasons warranted, in his judg- ment, a different course of action. In religion, he has ever remained a supporter of the Methodist church, in which he was born, and a firm believer in the truths of Christianity. On the death of the late Judge Emmons, of the sixth judicial circuit of the United States court, Mr. McClintick's name was submitted to President Hayes for appointment to that high office, the application being made by leading men in south- ern Ohio and supported by prominent members of the bench and bar of that section, without distinction of party. At the formation of the American Bar .Association, at Saratoga, in August, 1878, he was elected as the Ohio representative in the general council of that body. He has, though almost in- cessantly employed in the active duties of his profession, given much attention to literature, and repeatedly accepted invitations to deliver addresses before colleges and literary societies, and at many public celebrations; while to his familiar friends his cultivation of the "accomplishment of verse," and his general fondness for classical and polite liter- ature are well known. Since its reorganization in i860, Mr. McClintick has been general counsel for the Cincinnati and Marietta Railroad Company, with his office at Cincinnati, and for several years he has been associate counsel for the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad Company. He is also president, since its organization in 1870, of the Cincinnati and Baltimore Railroad Company. His name as counsel in his profession is associated with many of the most important law suits in the State of Ohio relating to railroad and other corporations, or involving important principles of commercial law. On October ist, 1845, he married Miss Elizabeth M. Atwood, of Harrodsburgh, Kentucky, and of this union six children have been the issue, three of whom only are now living, Mary Petrea and Annie Porter, residing with their parents in the family home in Chillicothe, and Elizabeth, the wife of Charles L. Pruyn, of Albany, New York. As a lawyer, Mr. McClin- tick is a sagacious counsellor, a laborious, faithful and per- sistent attorney, and a clear, direct, and persuasive advocate. Without in his court practice attempting the tricks or graces of oratory, he brings to the argument of a case on behalf of his client his very great weight of character, and which is the result of honest, single-minded and just conduct. This ena- bles him to win cases which the sky-rocket style of argument would lose. When he speaks where he is best known he is believed and trusted ; and in fine, he is both in his private and public life, in the language of Horace, " Justum et ten- acem, et propositi virum." Campbell, John Van Ausdal, lawyer and judge, is a native of Preble county, Ohio, in which he was born on the 27th December, 181 5. His father, William Campbell, was a Virginian by birth, but reared and educated in Ken- tucky, and in 1806 removed to Preble county, Ohio, when it was part of Montgomery county. There, in 1809, he married Miss Catharine VanAusdal, a native of Berkeley county, Virginia, and served as captain of a company of infantry in the war of 1812. Judge Campbell received his education as a child and youth in the log-cabin school-house of those days, with its greased paper windows and spht log floor. Subsequently in the Eaton public schools he acquired suffi- 2? /? ZhCuTti BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. cient knowledge to, when but sixteen years old, teach a school for a season near Lexington. His brother-in-law, Major F. A. Cunningham, being county clerk, he was while yet a youth employed as his deputy, and improved his spare time while thus employed by studying law in the office of Messrs. McNutt & Hawkins. Under the administration of President Tyler he was, in 1841, appointed postmaster at Eaton, and held the office nearly ten years. In 1842, he married Miss Ann E., daughter of Robert Martin, then one of the common pleas judges of Preble, and from this marriage were born a family of three sons and eight daughters, all of whom except four of the latter having deceased. Admitted to the bar in 1852, he was shortly after elected probate judge, the first elected in Preble county, and subsequently reelected. His first election was in opposition to the regularly nominated candidate, and at a time when the county polled about nine hundred whig majority, but, although a democrat, he was placed on the bench by three hundred majority. In 1858 he accepted the offer of a law partnership with Judge W. J. Gilmore, but the latter being elected to fill the vacancy in the common pleas court. Judge Campbell in the following No- vember formed a partnership with J. H. Foos, that continued for three years, when his former partnership with Judge Gil- more was revived, and continued until February, 1867, when his present partnership with James A. Gilmore was formed. In 1873, having been elected county prosecuting attorney he served one term in that office. Actively connected with all the moral and educational interests of Eaton, Judge Campbell has for many years been an official member of the Eaton School Board, a zealous supporter of temperance organiza- tions, and, since 1841, secretary and treasurer of the Preble county branch of the American Bible Society. He is re- garded as the father of Odd Fellowship by the brethren of that county, having in 1842 become a member, and in 1844, assisted by four others, organized the first lodge in Eaton, of which he was presiding officer. Subsequently twelve more lodges have been instituted in the county as the issue of this one, and for a number of years the order was represented in the grand lodge of the United States by Judge Campbell. A gentleman of superior business capacities, his experience has rendered him very efficient in probate and testamentary mat- ters. He was not only the first probate judge the county elected, but has been ever regarded as one of the best, and both as lawyer and citizen is greatly respected by all who know him. • SCHENCK, James FinDLAY, rear admiral, United States navy, was the son of General William C. Schenck, who was born in New Jersey, but came in 1795 at a very early age to Cincinnati. He served for a short time as clerk in the land office under General James Findlay, and afterward under John Cleves Symmes, as surveyor, which became his profession. In 1798 he married Betsey Rogers, of Hunting- ton, Long Island, and reached Cincinnati with his wife Janu- ary 1st, 1799, where they resided till about 1803, when they removed to Franklin, Warren county, of which place, as of Newark, Licking county, General Schenck was the founder and proprietor. He died January, 1821, on his forty-eighth birthday, at Columbus, while serving as a member of the leg- islature from Warren county. Of his numerous family Ad- miral Schenck, the Hon. R. C. Schenck, and a brother in Iowa, are the only survivors. Admiral Schenck was born in Franklin, June nth, 1807. He received his education in the 209 schools of his native village, and at the grammar school of the Rev. Matthew G. Wallace, for a short time being under the instruction of Francis Glass, A. M., a man of high literary attainments. On the 4th May, 1822, when not quite fifteen years of age, he started for West Point making the journey on horseback, and was admitted as cadet in the military school, where he remained two years, when he left without graduat- ing. In March, 1825, he was appointed a midshipman in the United States navy, and in July rode from Franklin to Wash- ington on horseback. Soon after his arrival he was ordered to report for duty on the sloop of war " Hornet," then lying at Norfolk, Virginia. In this and other ships he cruised in the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico, with occasional short leaves of absence till 1832, when he went to the Mediterra- nean, and again to the West Indies, to the coast of Africa, to the coast of Brazil, around Cape Horn to the Pacific ocean, and several times to the Sandwich islands. His, last foreign cruise was made in the United States steamer "Saginaw," in China and Japan, and terminated in March, 1862. In May of the same year he took command of the frigate "St. Law- rence," and joined the South Atlantic blockading squadron at Key West. In 1864, having reached the rank of commo- dore, he hoisted his flag on board the frigate "Powhatan," at Hampton Roads, assigned to the 3d division of Admiral Por- ter's fleet. This division was engaged in each bombardment of Fort Fisher, and after its capture he returned to Norfolk, his ship having been much injured in the engagement. In May, 1865, he took the " Powhatan " to Key West, and trans- ferred her to Admiral Stribling as his flagship ; returning to New York in a transport vessel, he has not been afloat since. In 1867 he was ordered to the command of the naval station at Mound City, Illinois, which position he retained about a year. Was made rear admiral September 23d, 1868, and in conformity with an act of Congress, having attained the age of sixty-two years, was placed on the retired list June nth, 1869. In 1829, in Smithtown, Long Island, he married Dolly, daughter of Woodhull Smith, with whom he removed to Dayton in 1836, and lived happily until her death, which oc- curred September 7th, 1876. Their surviving children are : Sarah, widow of Captain and Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Crane, United States army, who while acting as mayor of Jackson, Mississippi, before the reconstruction of that State, was assassinated June 8th, 1869, by E. M. Yerger, who plunged a bowie-knife through his heart as he was walking unarmed at midday on the street ; Jane Findlay, wife of A. Barr Irwin, of Kuttawa, Lynn county, Kentucky; Caspar, pay inspec- tor. United States navy, and Woodhull, an' officer in the Im- perial maritime customs of China. Elliott, Henderson, lawyer and judge, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Perquimans county. North Carolina, August 17th, 1827. He is of Scotch-Irish descent, and his grand- parents on both sides were Quakers. The family of Elliotts, with the Rutleges and Pinckneys were amongst the most dis- tinguished of the first settlers of the Carolinas. His father, Jesse Elliott, was a native of North Carolina, and belonged to the Southern wing of this family, now so extensively scattered throughout the country. He came to Ohio in 1831, and set- tled in Butler county, where he died in 1840, aged sixty-three. He was a farmer by occupation, and was specially distin- guished for his unassuming manners, strict, industrious habits, and upright life. His wife was Rachel Jordan, and the mother of nine children. In 1842 she moved with her BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. family to Preble county, and died in Iowa in 1863, aged seventy-four. The entire family were members of the Meth- odist denomination. Our subject was reared on a farm, and learned the trade of a millwright. At the age of nineteen he began to employ his winters in teaching, using his earnings in attending school the balance of the year, and so continued for some six years, three of which were passed in Farmer's College, Cincinnati. After completing his course there, he taught for three years, and, while teaching, studied law, under the late Felix Marsh, of Eaton, Ohio, and was ad- mitted to the bar by the Supreme Court at Columbus in 1851. After a three years' practice in Germantown, Montgomery county, Ohio, he removed to Dayton in 1855, and has since been engaged in his profession, with the exception of three years, from 1866 to 1869, in which he was editor of the Day- ion Daily Ledger. In 1859 he was a candidate for the gen- eral assembly of Ohio, but was defeated by a small majority. Upon the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, he espoused the cause of the Union, and was active in recruiting troops for the service. From 1861 to 1863 he was prosecuting attor- ney for Montgomery county. In the fall of 1871 he was elected common pleas judge of the district, comprising the counties of Butler, Preble, Darke and Montgomery, and is now serving his second term in that office. For six years he was a member of the Dayton Board of Education, most of the time on the examining committee. In politics he has always been a democrat, and while connected with the Day- ton Ledger, published in the issue of April 20th, 1869, a two- column editorial (attributed at the time by many to Vallan- digham), in which he sounded the key-note of the democratic movement in Ohio known as the "new departure." It was a very elaborate article, attracted great attention throughout the country, and was extensively copied by the press of both parties. In the year 1851, he married Rebecca, daughter of John Snavely, of Montgomery county, and has had born to him five children, two living. He has been connected with the Methodist church for upward of thirty years, and for most of the time an active worker in the Sunday school. Judge Elliott possesses a very clear, legal mind, a superior judgment, and excellent good sense. He is an original thinker, a sound reasoner, and a forcible, vigorous writer, with a style elegant and graceful. He is cautious, prudent, firm, and conscientious, and in his administrations on the bench, has given great satisfaction. He is a gentleman of sterling integrity, genial manners, and excellent social qual- ities. Allen, William, lawyer, judge and legislator, Greenville, Ohio, was born in Butler county, Ohio, August 13th, 1827. His father, John Allen, was born in Ireland, January 26th, 1800, came to America in 1812, and after residing six years in New York State, located in Butler county, Ohio, in 1818. In February, 1838, he moved his family into the sparsely settled forests of Darke county, Ohio ; erected a log-cabin, having a split-fog floor and a mud and stick chim- ney. He died on October 2d, 1858, a very much respected citizen. He possessed fine conversational powers, and in the latter part of his life was a preacher of the United Brethren persuasion. Our subject was favored with the advantages of the common school only, yet by earnest personal application he qualified himself to teach the English branches at the age of fifteen, and in this way for several years employed his winters, At the age of nineteen he began reading law under the late Felix Marsh, of Eaton, Ohio ; was admitted to the bar in June, 1849, ^'^^ '"i '^^ following October began practice at Greenville. In the fall of 1850 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Darke county, and reelected in 1852. In the fall of 1858 he was elected representative to Congress from the fourth district of Ohio, comprising the counties of Miami, Darke, Shelby, Mercer, Auglaize, and Allen, and reelected in i860, thus serving in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congress. In the winter of 1865, he was appointed by Gov- ernor Cox as judge of the court of common pleas of the first subdivision of the second judicial district of Ohio, composed of the counties of Butler, Darke and Preble, to fill an unex- pired term in place of Judge David L. Meeker, resigned: In 1872 he was a member of the Grant electoral college, and in the summer of 1878, again nominated for Congress on the republican ticket, from the fifth Congressional district of Ohio ; he declined on account of ill-health. On September 30th, 185 1, he married Miss Priscilla, daughter of John Wal- lace, a native of Pennsylvania, and an early pioneer to But- ler county, Ohio, who settled in Darke county in 1834, and died in the summer of 1863, at the age of about eighty, recognized always as an upright man and excellent citizen. The issue of this marriage was four sons and as many daugh- ters, of whom only one son survives. Four of his children died of diphtheria under the most afflictive circumstances, and within the brief space of two months. This was in the winter of 1 86 1, when he was summoned home from Washington City to the scene of bereavement. Of local positions, it may be mentioned that he is the president of the Greenville Gas Company, and vice president of the Greenville bank, a pri- vate enterprise conducted under the firm name of Hufnagle, Allen & Co. Mr. Allen began the world in poverty, was reared in a rough log-cabin, and enjoyed none of the golden opportunities for social and educational improvement which are so lavishly bestowed on the youth of to-day. His career as a lawyer has been a success, while his record as a states- man was creditable to himself, and satisfactory to his con- stituents. Meeker, David L., lawyer and judge, Greenville, Ohio, was born in Darke county, Ohio, July l8th, 1827. His father, David Meeker, was born near Newark, New Jersey, April loth, 1792, and when a lad of about ten years came to Cincinnati, where for a time he found employment at brick- making. He subsequently located on a farm in Hamilton county. His wife, N^ncy Ann Miller, was a native of Penn- sylvania. As early as 1827 he became a resident of Darke county, Ohio, and was a participant in the privations, toils, and hardships of the pioneer. He lead a quiet, useful, in- dustrious life, and was a much esteemed citizen. He died August 27th, 1852, in his sixty-first year. Our subject ex- perienced a farmer's boyhood, and received a common school education, supplemented by a brief course of academic instruction, sufficient to enable him for a number of years to employ his winters in school teaching. He read law under the direction of the late Judge Ebenezer Parsons, of Miami county, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1851. Some months of the following year were occupied in a visit to several of the Western States, and in May, 1853, he opened an office in Greenville. In the autumn of 1856, he was elected prosecuting attorney for Darke county, and reelected in 1858, thus serving four years. In the fall of 1861, he was elected common pleas judge of the first subdivision of the BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 211 second judicial district of Ohio, but after four years service, resigned in February, 1866, when Judge William Allen be- came his successor for the unexpired term. In October, 1872, he was appointed by Governor Noyes to fill a vacancy on the same bench, occasioned by the resignation of Judge J. C. McKemy, and in the spring of 1873, he was elected to the same position without opposition, upon the recommendation of the bar of both parties in all the counties, and the concur- rence of the central committees. Again in the spring of 1878 he was reelected to the same office upon the same recom- mendation, without opposition. These elections were entirely unsought by Mr. Meeker, and were accepted at a personal, pecuniary sacrifice. They constitute a high compliment to the efficiency, integrity, and dignity with which he has ever discharged the responsibilities of his office. As a further tes- timonial of Judge Meeker's popularity, it may be added here that in 1876 and 1878, his name was prominently mentioned among leading politicians of his district as a candidate for Congress, and he was the recipient of numerous letters from the same, urging his consent to such nomination, which, how- ever, he declined. Judge Meeker has twice married. On June i8th, 1857, he married Miss Mary Ann, daughter of John Deardoff, of Darke county, Ohio, from which union were born eight children. Mrs. Meeker, born January loth, 1835, died November 21st, 1876. She was an earnest, de- voted member of the Reform church in Greenville, and a leader in all moral and religious enterprises. In her charit- able works she imitated Dorcas of old, and many were the hearts of the poor and needy that were gladdened by her sympathy and aid. In the domestic circle she reigned as queen, governing by love and affection, and it was here that her real character most fully asserted itself, and her Christian virtues shone forth in their brightest lustre. Living univer- sally beloved, she died universally lamented — a truly Chris- tian friend, wife, and mother. On September 5th, 1878, Judge Meeker married a second wife, in the person of the accomplished Miss Jennie D., daughter of Albert G. Crisler, late of Eaton, Ohio, deceased. Politically, Judge Meeker is a democrat ; personally, he is a gentleman of very retiring manners, fine feelings, correct views, and strict integrity. Warner, ADONIRAM JUDSON, member of Con- • gress elect, from the thirteenth district of Ohio, was born January 13th, 1834, in Erie county. New York. His father was a native of Vermont, and his mother of Massachusetts. When twelve -years old his family removed to Wisconsin, and settled in Walworth county, where four years afterward his father died, and the management of the farm devolved upon our subject, as the eldest of four children remaining at home. After working the farm two years he determined to obtain an education, and, without assistance, by working part of the time, and by teaching in vacations, he gained a liberal edu- cation at Beloit and the New York Central College. In 1856 he married Miss Susan E. Butts, daughter of Lyman Butts, of Wayne county. New York, and, removing to Lewis- town, Pennsylvania, there became principal of the Lewistown Academy. Subsequently he was appointed county superin- tendent of the public schools of that county, but before the expiration of the term he resigned, to take charge of the union school at Mercer, Pennsylvania, where he was en- gaged on the breaking out of the war in 1 86 1. He at once offered his services to Governor Curtin, and from him ob- tained, an order to raise a company, which he enlisted in a few days partly from among young men who had been stu- dents under him. He was commissioned captain of company G, loth regiment Pennsylvania reserve corps, but, before the opening of the seven days' battle on the peninsula, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel of that regiment. Although having no previous military education he applied himself to the study of military works, and at Mechanicsville, the first of the seven days' battles, showed his good judgment by proposing the digging of rifle pits for the protection of his men. In this proposition he was by a regular army officer met with the remark that men of courage did not burrow in rifle pits; nevertheless, a ditch was hastily dug along the brow of the rising ground on which his regiment was posted, and the attacks of the enemy were repulsed, with little loss to his command. Later in the war rifle pits and breast works were never neglected, but were deemed as necessary in de- fence as artillery and bayonets in attack. At Gaines' mill, under his command the loth regiment distinguished itself and suffered severe loss in men and officers. Two days later at Charles City Cross-roads, where one wing of McCall's division was broken. Colonel Warner exhibited both skill and bravery in rallying scattered squads of men, and arresting the advance of the enemy which would have cut our army in two, by creating the impression that heavy Union supports were ready to meet them. At South Mountain, Colonel War- ner had his horse shot under him, and at Antietam, while attempting to reach the enemy's flank, and being the only mounted officer on that part of the field, became a conspicu- ous target for the enemy. Shots fell thick around him ; his horse, his saddle, and his sword were struck, and his clothing penetrated ; but he pressed on with his men till disabled by a shot in his right hip. An extract from General Meade's official report of the latter battle says : "I also wish to men- tion particularly the efficiency and gallantry of Lieutenant- Colonel Warner, of the loth Pennsylvania reserves, both in the actions at South Mountain and on the Antietam. He was detached with his regiment for special service, accom- plished by him in the most creditable manner, and in the latter battle was severely wounded." The severe wound was such that on the recommendation for his promotion to the rank of brigadier-general, action by the Secretary of War was deferred by the report that he was fatally wounded. Indeed, not until he had endured five months of great suffering, and eventually submitted to an operation for the removal of the bullet, on the 8th February, 1863, involving over four hours in its successful execution, did his friends believe that he would survive. This operation, performed by Drs. Clymer and Brinton, who had previously made two unsuccessful attempts to find the ball, involved the removal of a bullet from the pelvic arch, and the ligation of the gluteal artery, (which in the operation had been ruptured,) said by the operating surgeon to be the first successful ligation of this artery ever performed in this country. Having been pro- moted to the full command of his regiment, and although still suffering from his wound and unable to walk without crutches, he participated in the Gettysburg campaign. Sub- sequently he was by President Lincoln commissioned a colonel in the veteran reserve corpsj and assigned to duty at Indian- apolis, Indiana, where he remained until the close of the war, when he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general by brevet. Having during his residence in Pennsylvania studied law, he was admitted to practice at Indianapolis in 1865, but never engaged in the business of that profession. After the 212 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. war ended he went to Marietta, and there becoming inter- ested in the railroad projected in 1869 from Marietta north- ward, in 1870 he contracted to build that road to Caldwell, the county seat of Noble county, and subsequently became its president, and built it to Canal Dover. This work was carried through under great difficulties, the panic of 1873 having occurred when the road was not half completed ; and it was only by untiring exertions, and, in 1874, by a trip he made to Europe to raise funds, that the work was eventually accomphshed. In July, 1878, General Warner received the nomination of the democratic party, and in October was elected to represent the thirteenth district in Congress. He is the author of a work entitled "Appreciation of Money," and other pamphlets on financial subjects. DelaMATER, John, M. D., LL.D., was bom April i8th, 1787, at Chatham, New York, and died March, 1867, at Cleveland, Ohio. His family was of French origin, as the name indicates ; his ancestors having been Huguenot exiles who found refuge in Holland. There they intermarried with the people of the country, and the traces of the Dutch descent were noticeable in his features. His father was a farmer, and this son was originally destined for no other oc- cupation. A .slight injury from overlabor, when a lad, un- fitted him for farm work, and it was concluded as the next best thing to educate him for the ministry. At that early day the opportunities of good schooUng were few ; but the removal of the family to Duanesburg, Schenectady county, brought them into a neighborhood more than usually fur- nished with means of instruction. He was taught for some years by a thoroughly educated clergyman, who had himself been trained abroad. As he grew toward manhood his own inclination was toward the profession of the law ; but, yield- ing to the objections of his father, he gave up that preference, and entered with ardor on the study of medicine. At the age of nineteen he graduated, or, more exactly, was licensed to practice by the Medical Society of the County of Otsego, and entered immediately into partnership with his uncle, Dr. Dorr, a physician in Chatham. After three years he removed to Florida, a town in Montgomery county ; and, after a year spent at Albany, in 1815 he established himself in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. It was dur- ing his residence of eight years in that place that his singular professional ability began to be recognized, and in 1823 he was invited to a professorship in the Berkshire Medical In- stitute, at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Here his peculiar capa- city as a lecturer was developed and appreciated, and when, in 1827, a new medical school was opened by the Regents of the State of New York, for the benefit of the western dis- trict, at Fairfield, Herkimer county, he was called to a lead- ing position in its faculty. He was a man for new enter- prises, and readily gave himself to an almost frontier work in scientific education. For eight years he remained at Fairfield, in honorable and useful work. His reputation be- came widespread, and a place was universally accorded him in the front rank of physicians the country over. Dr. Jack- son, of Boston, then one of the first authorities in the profes- sion, in replying to a letter of a gentleman in Utica, who had sought his counsel in a peculiarly grave and obscure malady, said " You have no need to write to me. You have Dr. Delamater near at hand, than whom there is no abler prac- titioner in the country." Such was his acknowleged position at the age of forty. From Fairfield he removed to Willough- by, Ohio, having previously visited that State, and delivered a course of lectures in Cincinnati, where he was urgently solicited to remain as a permanent instructor. Following an instinct, however, which always led him to shun great cities, he chose his work in the Medical Institute at Willoughby, where he remained for about six years. In 1842 he removed to Cleveland, and took part with a corps of able coadjutors in the organization and establishment of the Cleveland Medi- cal College, the medical department of the Western Reserve College. His reputation as an instructor made him desired in regions widely separated, and the versatility of his powers, which enabled him to lecture with equal ability in almost every department of medical science, caused him to be sought for by every institution whose corps of teachers might be in any part imperfect. While regularly engaged in the profes- sorship already named, he found time to deliver full courses of lectures at Bowdoin College, at Dartmouth, at Geneva, and at Cincinnati. The manuscript notes left by him show that he had delivered at least seventy courses of lectures, treating almost every subject which belongs to medical science. He closed his labors in i860, at the age of seventy-five, having probably shared in the education of more young men in the science of medicine than any instructor of his time. When he resigned his active duties in connection with the college, he was made Professor Emeritus, and received at the same time the title of doctor of laws. Though released from stated service, he continued to practice so far as his own in- firmities permitted, and his opinion was often sought for, es- pecially in obscure and doubtful cases of disease. Consent- ing to take the place of one of the professors, absent temporarily on duties arising out of the secession war, he went on day by day till he had delivered fifty lectures, the last of his public instructions. One of his distinguishing characteristics was his absolute simplicity, simplicity even to plainness. He was plain in person, plain in attire, plain in manner, plain in thought, plain jn speech, and plain in ac- tion. It was the plainness not of sterility, but of strength and of intellectual clearness. He was a man of high culti- vation and of true refinement, but he had no taste for much which passes for refinement, and many things were super- fluous to him which to others become necessaries. He was repeatedly solicited to take prominent positions in some of the chief cities of the country, but declined, giving the reason that it would bring him into a style of life not his own. He loved the country, the plain life in which he was born. He spoke the pure Saxon of the common people, and never went about for a fine word. His style, whether in conversation or in the lecture-room, was as lucid as water, and the course of his thought equally so. As a means of conveying knowledge or of stating facts, the English language was probably never better used by any man of his time. While he spoke, few thought how well and thoroughly he was speaking and eluci- dating ; but when he had finished, it was clear that there was nothing more of importance on that subject to be said. The singleness of his intellect had its counterpart in the perfect integrity of his moral nature. In every condition, as a teacher in public institutions, as a colleague, as a friend, as a citizen, as an office-bearer in the church, the one question which with him was first and final, was the question of simple justice in the case. Toward himself he was often unjust, denying himself his own dues, depreciating his own services, abandoning his own rights, and, whatever defects he may have shared with men at large, his truth and fidelity and n A VX II AJC'^^kO'T'ZZiC-^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. honor were absolutely unblemished. Duty with him was a matter of course, and his conscientiousness of labor was es- pecially remarkable. Speaking to a young physician in the confidence of friendship, he once said, what very few men in any walk of life have ever been able to say, that "through his most active years he never went to bed without the con- sciousness that he had done that day all that any man could require of him, professionally or otherwise." His rectitude, strict as it was towards himself, was never exacting in regard to others. Toward friends, especially towards his household, it took the form of delicate and beautiful fidelity. He was unswerving in duty and affection. His high intellectual and moral qualities were tempered by an uncommon benevolence. If his excellence anywhere became, through its excess, a fault, it was that he loved his neighbor better than himself. He hardly had the sense of property as most men possess it, and his first thought always was to benefit others. What return he received was a secondary matter. In this feature of medical experience he was as preeminent as he was in his professional ability. Not only did he bestow gratuitously on the needy large amounts of labor and care, but his charges, when inade, were so moderate and so indifferently looked after, that, in the course of his more than fifty years of steady practice, the earnings which he relinquished, or made no at- tempt to collect, would in the hands of most men have ac- cumulated into a generous fortune. Nor was his liberality professional only. He had a warm heart and open hand for every enterprise which tended to the good of men. He was an early and decided advocate of temperance, and often lectured oh this subject with great force and marked success, not only in his medical courses, but whenever a fit opportu- nity presented itself. His crowning characteristic was his genuine and thorough piety. He made a public profession of religion at the age of twenty-five, and, like everything else about him, it was genuine. Religion was in him the under- lying and controlling element, and with all his native resource and acquired skill, he recognized his implicit de- pendence upon divine support in common duties. He never, it is believed, entered on any critical operation as a surgeon without having made the case a subject of special prayer, and his family devotions never were omitted, whatever might be the pressure of his professional calls. ClENDENIN, William, physician and surgeon, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was born October ist, 1829, in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. He was educated at a public school in Newcastle, Pennsylvania, and studied medicine at the Medical College of Ohio, from which he graduated in 1850. After practicing six months in Newcastle, he removed in 1852 to Cincinnati, and there in 1853 entered the office of Professor R. D. Mussey and his son, W. H. Mussey, where he remained until July, 1859, when he went to Paris, where he studied one year, and, returning to Cincinnati, opened an office of his own. In May, 1861, he visited Washington, D. C., and was examined by the medical board of the army for admission to the corps of brigade surgeons, and being passed was commissioned. He remained in the army until the close of the war, and then being appointed by President Johnson consul to St. Petersburg, he declined the appointment, mar- ried Miss Sabra Burchard, and returned to Cincinnati, where he permaneijtly settled down to the practice of his profession. In the army, aside from his professional services. Dr. Clen- denin was the author of a thorough system of registration 213 of the sick and wounded which he introduced, first into some hospitals under his own care, and which was subsequently adopted into the entire medical service of the army. Under the old regulations it was impossible to trace, from the hos- pital records, the successive stages of any particular case, where the patient had either been transferred to another hospital or granted a furlough. Under the system intro- duced by Dr. Clendenin's blank forms of registration the hospitals of the entire service could be explored, the particular case could be followed anywhere, its ultimate result rendered discoverable, and the entire multiform experience of the war thus became available for the instruction and advancement of the profession. Dr. Clendenin filled various positions in the army. He was for some time medical director of the 14th army corps under General Thomas, and finally became assistant medical director of the department of the Cumber- land. In November, 1 865, he was appointed health physician of the city of Cincinnati, and held the position until 1873. Formerly a member of the surgical section of the staff of the Cincinnati hospital, he now (1879) occupies the chair of general descriptive and anatomical surgery in the Miami Medical College, having entered upon the duties of it in 1865. He is the author of the health laws of the State of Ohio, which were passed by the legislature in 1867 as written by him, and also author of a compendium of anatomy, and of numerous papers on a variety of sanitary, medical and other subjects. He is a member of, respectively, the American Public Health Association, of the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, the Cincinnati Medical Society, and the American Medical Asso- ciation. Crane, Joseph H., an eminent lawyer and judge of the court of common pleas of Dayton, Ohio, and for several years a member of Congress, was born in Elizabeth- town, New Jersey, August 31st, 1782, and died November, 1851, the father of a large family, most of whom died young. His father was a major in the war of the revolution, and lost a limb in the service. He was a brother of Commodore William Crane, in 1846 chief of the bureau of ordnance at Washington, D. C, and of Ichabod B. Crane, a colonel in the regular army, He married early in life, Julia, daughter of John Elliott, a surgeon in the United States army, while stationed at Vincennes, when it was a frontier post. Curry, William, judgeandlegislator, Eaton, Ohio, was born in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, May 9th, 1792. His father, Matthew Curry, of Scotch-Irish descent, located with his family in Campbell county, Kentucky, in the spring of 1796, and died in Cincinnati in the summer of 1798, at the age of thirty-three, leaving his widow with two young children, our subject being the eldest. When six- teen years old, Mr. Curry came to Butler county, Ohio, and learned the tanner's trade, which he carried on for thirty-six years. He was in his country's service in the war of 1812, a part of the time under General Harrison. In June, 1813, he married Sarah Van Ausdal, a sister of Cornelius Van Ausdal, one of the earliest pioneers to Preble county. In the following winter he entered a piece of land in Preble county, near the Indiana line, built and moved into a log-cabin, with- out chimney or door, a blanket or quilt being hung up in the door space. In the vicinity he sunk a tan yard, and began plying his trade. In the spring of 1824 he moved to Eaton, erected a tannery, and conducted the business till 214 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 1844, when he sold out. During this period he was also for a while engaged in the pork trade in Hamilton. In addition to filling a number of local offices, such as justice of the peace, mayor of Eaton, etc., his name stood first on the pe- tition for a charter for the Eaton and Hamilton turnpikes, of which road he was for several years both a director and the treasurer. From 1836 to 1844, Mr. Curry filled the posi- tion of associate judge of Preble county. In the fall of 1845 he was elected to a seat in the general assembly of Ohio, and served one term. In 1850 he was appointed a deputy marshal of Ohio, and filled that office for several years. For over a quarter of a century he was an elder in the Presby- terian church, and was twice elected a delegate to the general assembly of this denomination, in 1855 to Nashville, and in 1866 to St. Louis. Originally a whig, he became a repubhcan upon the organization of that party. His children are Mrs. Josiah Campbell, and Mrs. Maria Smith, of Eaton ; and James H. Curry, of Alexandria, Preble county. His wife died April 29th, 1870, in her eighty -third year. She was an exemplary member of the Presbyterian church. Judge Curry is now in his eighty-seventh year, sixty years of which time he has been a resident of Preble county. He began the world a fatherless boy, and poor, with nothing worthy the name of an education. His long life has been characterized by the sterling qualities of industry, honesty, frugality, and benevo- lence. He has always been a model of earnestness and rectitude. He possesses strong feelings, and deep convic- tions; and when once his opinions are formed, especially upon moral questions, he is immovable. This positiveness of character has often made him enemies, but even such have found something to admire in his consistent, upright life, and sterling integrity. Though somewhat severe in his judgment • of evil-doers, his nature abounds in charity. Russell, John WaDHAMS, physician, surgeon, and banker. Mount Vernon, Ohio, was born in Canaan, Litchfield county, Connecticut, on the 28th January, 1804. His father, the Hon. Stephen Russell was repeatedly a mem- ber of the Connecticut legislature, and his grandfather, Jona- than Russell, commanded a brig under General Lafayette's letters of marque in 1778. After rendering his country much service, he was captured and imprisoned on the prison-ship at New York, where the treatment of the prisoners was so severe that after vainly endeavoring to incite them to rise and capture the ship, Captain Russell jumped overboard and in that manner effected his escape. Dr. Russell's mother was Sarah Wadhams, of Goshen, Connecticut. His educa- tion until his thirteenth year was received at the common schools of Litchfield, whither his father removed in 1808. Then he was sent to Morris Academy, and under the Rev. Truman Marsh pursued his studies, and was prepared for and admitted to Hamilton College in 1821. He pursued his classical studies with the Rev. Mr. Langdon, of Bethlehem, Connecticut, one year, as his impaired health would permit, and in the fall of 1823 went South. He took charge of an academy at Red Bank, Colleton district, South Carolina, six months, and there commenced his professional studies with Dr. Sheridan, a scientific and noble-hearted Quaker. Re- turning to Connecticut, he attended the medical lectures at Yale College one course, and then going to Pittsfield, Massa- chusetts, there attended the lectures of Berkshire Medical College. Subsequently, going to Philadelphia he was a pri- vate pupil of one of that city's greatest physicians and sur- geons, George McClellan, the father of General George B, McClellan, and graduated at Jefferson Medical College there in 1827. Returning to Litchfield he there began the practice of his profession, and continued so engaged there for one year, during which time he delivered a course of lectures on anatomy and physiology to a private class of young men. In 1828 he removed to Ohio, and began practice at Sandusky City, where he remained but a few months, when he moved to Mount Vernon in Knox county. Dr. Russell was led to locate himself in Mount Vernon on account of its proximity to Kenyon College, and his attachment to the teachings of the Protestant Episcopal church, of which he is a member; but his mind was fixed when told by the oldest practitioner of Mount Vernon, with considerable spirit, "You can't earn your salt." No sooner was this said to him than Dr. Russell resolved "I'll try," and the gentleman who thus spoke hved to see him do a more lucrative business than he did himself. Dr. Russell's specialty is surgery, and during the practice of his profession at Mount Vernon he has performed a large number of important operations in various parts of the State. He is a member of the Knox County and State of Ohio Med- ical Societies, also of the American Medical, the Rocky Mountain, and the State of California Medical Societies, also was a delegate and member of the International Medical Con- gress of 1876. During the administrations of Governors Tod and Brough, he, with Dr. Weber of Cleveland and Dr. Mur- phy of Cincinnati, performed the functions of State board of examining physicians and surgeons, of which Dr. Russell was chairman, and subsequently president of the State Medi- cal Society. On the organization of the First National bank, of Mount Vernon, he became a prominent stockholder and director, which connection he has maintained, having pre- viously been president of the Mount Vernon bank, of which the First National was the successor. In 1828, Dr. Russell married Miss Eliza, daughter of the Hon. William Beebe, of Litchfield, Connecticut. This lady died in 1871, having been the mother of five children, one died in infancy, two others, sons, both regular physicians and graduates, died at the ages of thirty-three and twenty-nine. Only one son, a druggist in Mount Vernon, and one daughter, wife of Colonel W. C. Cooper, a prominent attorney in Mount Vernon, survive. In 1872, Dr. Russell married in Sap Francisco, California, Miss Ellen M. Brown, daughter of Joseph Brown, Esq. Dr. Russell says that his success in business is the result of econ- omy, industry, and the constant study and practice of. the profession of his choice. He still maintains the confidence of the community, and is actively engaged in professional practice. BOLTIN, Samuel, lawyer, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, November 14th, 1824. His grandparents, Samuel Boltin and Elizabeth Morrison, were natives of Pennsylvania, and immigrated to, and after re- siding several years in Kentucky, became pioneers to what is now Clinton county, Ohio, about the year 1797, in which county our subject's father, Henry Boltin, was born in 1799. His mother was Phebe Homan, and he is the oldest in a family of thirteen children, eleven living. In 1802 his granHfather settled in Montgomery county, about eight miles south of Dayton, on the west bank of the Great Miami. In 1825 his parents removed to Delaware county, Indiana, and setded in the wilderness. Here they cleared a farm, on which they passed their lives, both dying in 1877, and within twelve days /^c^^^^. ^^u "^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 215 of each other. Our subject was reared in the wilds of the Hoosier State, and his early days were passed in regular pioneer style, clearing land, rolling logs, and in other primi- tive agricultural pursuits. His first instruction in reading and writing he received from his father, and up to the age of twenty he enjoyed only nine month's schooling. At this time, being set free, he came to Ohio, in October, 1844, and passed a couple of years with his uncle, Samuel Boltin, in Montgomery county, during which time he attended a private school about eight months. This finished his school privi- leges, and his subsequent education was obtained by his own personal, unaided efforts. For several years succeeding he taught school in Miamisburg and vicinity, and improved his spare time in reading law, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. In 1851 he began the practice of law in Miamisburg, where he remained till 1855, when he came to Dayton, and in February of this year was appointed deputy clerk of the common pleas court, and filled the position three years. Being a free-soiler in the days of the whig party, he was one of the earliest movers in the organization of the republican party, and towards the close of 1855, presided over the first republican meeting held in Dayton, at which were selected delegates to the Pittsburgh convention, which, in turn, re- sulted in the calling of the Philadelphia convention which nominated Fremont for the presidency. In 1857, Mr. Boltin was candidate for probate judge of Montgomery county, but was defeated. In February, 1858, upon the expiration of his term of service as deputy clerk, he entered upon the practice of his profession in Dayton. In i860 he was elected probate judge, and reelected in 1863, holding the office six years. The duties of this office he discharged with ability and gen- eral satisfaction. During the late war he was signally de- voted to the cause of the union, and in numerous speeches through the county, took a firm stand in support of the ad- ministration. For a number of years he was a member of the Dayton school board. Judge Boltin is a fine specimen of a self-made character; and although his life has not been eventful, it has been characterized by industry, energy, and close application to duty. He possesses fine professional abilities, and occupies an honorable rank at the Dayton bar. He is endowed with great mental elasticity and remarkable mirthfulness of disposition. On June 6th, 1847, he married Anna, daughter of John and Elizabeth Loy, of Montgomery county, Ohio, with the issue of three children, all deceased. Fogg, William Perry, merchant and journalist, at Cleveland, Ohio, was born at Exeter, New Hampshire, July 27th, 1826. His ancestors were among the first settlers of that town, having come over from England in 1635. His grandfather. Major Fogg, was in Sullivan's New Hampshire brigade, and stationed at West Point at the time of Benedict Arnold's treasonable attempt to betray that post to the British during the Revolution. His father was an officer in the war of 1812. He was the youngest of a family of six children, all of whom, with the grandchildren, assembled at the old home- stead to celebrate the golden wedding of their father and mother in i860. During the whole fifty years there had been no death in the family. He received a thorough classical education at one of the oldest academical institutions in New England. From 1849 'o 1851 he was a clerk in the Depart- ment of the interior at Washington. He established himself in business in Cleveland, Ohio, in 185 1, and his name has been identified with the crockery and chinaware trade since that time. He was a merriber of the board of education in 1859 '"•f'd i860, and was appointed police commissioner by Governor Cox in 1866. During the war he was colonel of a militia regiment which volunteered for the hundred days' service; he did not, however, go to the front, Governor Brough deciding that his services to the Union cause were more valuable at home. In 1868 he retired from active bus- iness to gratify a long cherished desire to travel. After a year spent in visiting every State in the Union and Canada, and a winter in the West Indies, he crossed to Cahfornia and sailed from San Francisco to Japan. He arrived there soon after the revolution in that country, in which the Tycoon was deposed, and the government assumed by the spiritual emperor, or Mikado; and was the first American who re- ceived a permit from the government to travel in the interior. From Japan he went to China and visited all that part of the celestial empire open to foreigners. Thence he continued his journey down the China Sea to Siam and Malacca, visit- ing Singapore and Penang ; crossed the Bay of Bengal to Calcutta ; sailed up the Ganges to Delhi ; thence to the Him- alayas, across the Ghauts, and down to Bombay ; thence across the Indian Ocean to Aden, and up the Red Sea to Egypt; up the Nile; through the Holy Land to Jerusalem and Damascus ; to Ephesus, Athens and Constantinople ; up the Black Sea and the Danube ; through Hungary, Ger- many and France to England. After a year spent in Europe he returned to America, having made a circuit of the globe. His "round the world" letters were published in the Cleve- land Daily Leader. In the fall of 1873 he again started for the East, visiting Egypt and Palestine ; thence down the Red Sea and up the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the mouth of the Euphrates, spending some months in Bagdad and visiting the ruins of Babylon, and other places of interest in Mesopotamia. His letters descriptive of this tour were printed in the Cleveland Herald, and extensively copied by New York and London journals. His book entitled "Ara- bistan, or the Land of the Arabian Nights," was published in 1875. It is an elegantly illustrated volume of 400 pages, and and has had a large sale in this country and in England, having been republished in London the same year. In 1875-76, Mr. Fogg again visited Europe, and in the summer of 1877 spent several weeks in Greece, in the interest of archaeological study, and thence to Constantinople, where a special firman was granted to him by the Ottoman Govern- ment, to travel through Bulgaria to the seat of war. He visited Adrianople, Philipopolis and other places of interest, and penetrated to "Shipka Pass" when the Russians were there held in check by the Turkish army, under Suleiman Pasha, who received him with honors rarely accorded to an untitled foreigner. His letters descriptive of hospital scenes and incidents in the Turco-Russian war, were extensively copied in American papers. On his return, in November, 1877, Mr. Fogg became connected as editor and proprietor with the Cleveland Herald, to which he is now devoted with characteristic energy and business ability. During all his travels in foreign lands, Mr. Fogg enjoyed perfect health, having inherited from his long-lived New Hampshire ances- try a remarkably vigorous constitution and physique. The concluding paragraph in "Arabistan" gives the key to his style as a descriptive writer. "The happiest faculty that a wanderer in strange lands can possess, is that of making the best of everything, and looking only on the bright side. I trust the reader will see no cause for regret, that the more 2l6 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. sombre tints and darker shadows have not been brought out with more prominence." Mr. Fogg is an accomplished gen- tleman, as well as an experienced traveler, and, possessing the qualities that give him ready access to all classes of men, adapts himself easily and gracefully to every circumstance and condition incident to the life of a traveler. His descrip- tions of men and scenery are vivid, yet natural, and pre- sented to the reader in a manner peculiarly interesting. His style is clear, transparent and graceful. One rests with him in the shade of the palm, or sails the sluggish waters of the Suez canal, or meets the waves of the tropical ocean, or wanders in sunny France with equal pleasure and refresh- ment. His qualities as a business man and his course as a citizen for nearly a quarter of a century, entitled him to the respect and esteem which an appreciative public freely accord him. He married. May 20th, 1852, Miss Mary Anna Gould, of Boston, Massachusetts. They have two children. His eldest daughter is married, and his son-in-law, Mr. Charles H. Thyng, has been for several years his busi- ness partner. FOULKE, Lewis W., physician, was born at Car- lisle, Pennsylvania, in August, 1809. His father, George D. Foulke, a physician and surgeon, was a graduate of Dickin- son College, Carlisle, and of the Medical University, of Maryland, one of the leading institutions of its character in the United States. The subject of this sketch was reared with all the advantages superior social position could secure, and in 1825 was sent to Dickinson College, then very exten- sively patronized, and from which he graduated in 1829. In 1832, after the usual course of attendance upon the lectures of the Medical University of Maryland, he graduated as a doctor of medicine, just thirty years after his father had done so from the same college, and which had maintained its ex- cellence, its several chairs being in Dr. L. W. Foulke's time filled by Drs. Robley, Potter, Dunglinson, Elisha Geddings, Samuel Baker, and other no less learned and talented col- leagues. Having commenced the practice of his profession at Churchtown, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, immediately after receiving his diploma, he subsequently removed to Church Hill, Maryland, and from thence to his native town of Carlisle, where he remained until his removal to Ohio in 1836, when he located at Chillicothe, where his personal demeanor and professional skill soon won for him the es- teem of the community. He rapidly acquired an extensive practice that embraced many of the influential families of the town and surJ^ounding country. He thus became in an eminent degree successful, while his reputation as a gentle- man of the old school, and in every department of life de- porting himself in the most honorable manner, soon won for him the respect and confidence of everybody. Ever atten- tive, patient and watchful in his practice, his presence in the sick chamber at once inspired hope in the patient ; while his self-reliance and assurance in his diagnosis, and orthodox treatment of his patients precluded dissatisfaction. In his consultations and intercourse with his brother practitioners he was ever careful to maintain a strict regard for the ethics of the profession. In 1837, Dr. Foulke married Miss EHza- beth, daughter of John McCoy, of Chillicothe. The issue of this union was a daughter who grew to womanhood, and be- came the wife of Dr. G. S. Franklin, a gentleman of fine literary culture, genial manners and increasing influence, a graduate of Marietta College, and subsequently of the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York City. For several years, and until his resignation in 1869, Dr. Franklin was an assistant, and, when he resigned, a full surgeon in the United States navy. He then located in Chillicothe, as a practitioner. Having lately retired from the more active and laborious duties of his profession. Dr. Foulke has prominently identified himself with many of the most important public interests of the city. Its school system, organized by himself and others, owes much of its present excellence to his energy and watchfulness ; while to him in chief degree the Chilli- cothe cemetery owes its spaciousness and beauty of plan and position. He was president of its board of trustees from the organization of that body until 1879. From 1846 to 1858 he was president of the Board of Education, and in 185 1, as one of the organizers of the Chillicothe gas-works, he was one of the original stockholders. He was also the first president of the Ross County National bank, and held the same posi- tion in the Ohio Insurance Company. In 1840, in acknowl- edgment of his professional status and literary attainments, he received from Dickinson College the degree of master of arts. During the war of the Rebellion he was ever loyal to the Federal government, and his influence always prepond- erated in favor of the Union cause. BiRCHARD, SarDIS, merchant, banker, and philan- thropist, was born in Wilmington, Windham county, Ver- mont, January 15th, 180 1, and died at Fremont, Sandusky county, Ohio, January 21st, 1874. He was the youngest son of Roger and Drusilla (Austin) Birchard. Both of his grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolutionary war ; one of them having died of a disease contracted during that war. The Birchards were among the first settlers of Norwich, Connecticut. The death of his mother caused the breaking up of our subject's family, consisting of five children, and Sardis, as the youngest, was taken by his sister Sophia, who had married Rutherford Hayes, and became one of their family, at Dummerston, Vermont, until 1817, when he, with them, removed to Delaware, Ohio. Having, by this time, acquired in the schools of Dummerston a fair English education, after arriving in Ohio, he engaged in the business of his brother-in-law, building, farming, driving, caring for stock ; varying such occupations by hunting, and was known to supply not only the family of his brother-in-law, but several other families, with turkeys .and venison. Five years after their arrival in Ohio, Rutherford Hayes died, leaving a widow with three children, and a large unsettled business. Sardis Birchard, then of age, assumed the duties of head of his sister's family, and applied himself diligently to the management of his brother-in-law's estate, and the care of his household. In the summer of 1825, while mowing, he overheated himself, and injured his health to a degree from which he never recovered, and the following winter was confined to his bed with an affection of the lungs that threatened to terminate his life, but he rallied, and subse- quently made a trip, on horseback, to Vermont, where he remained until the approach of the winter of 1826-27, when he went to Georgia, and there spent the following six months, returning, in the spring, to New York City. There purchas- ing a stock of goods, he accompanied it, when shipped, to Cleveland, with the intention of selling to the laborers on the Erie and Ohio canal. After passing down into the Tuscarawas Valley, he became dissatisfied with the business, disposed of a part of his goods to another trader, and took BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 217 the remainder to Fort Ball, now Tiffin, where he remained, successfully dealing with the new settlers, until the close of that year, when he removed to Lower Sandusky, and there began business as general storekeeper. Refusing to sell the Indians spirituous liquors, they dealt with him more freely than they otherwise would have done ; and having, in this manner, cleared $10,000 in four years, he regarded himself rich enough to retire. But he did not do so. On the con- trary, in 1831, he formed a partnership with Rodolphus Dickinson and Esbon Husted, under the firm name of R. Dickinson & Co., and, the capital being furnished by Mr. Birchard, they soon had in operation one of the largest retail stores north of Columbus and west of Cleveland, their sales amounting, in the first year, to $50,000, principally, as was the custom of the time, on credit. Having purchased for $4,000, with Richard Sears — each owning a half interest, a schooner called the John Richards, they loaded her with wheat, and this cargo was the first ever shipped at any port west of Cleveland. This wheat, grown on the Seneca county ridges, was then in good demand, as of superior quality, and brought fifty cents a bushel. In 1835, Mr. Husted died, and his place in the firm was taken by George Grant, who, since the beginning of the partnership, had been a clerk of the firm. In 1841, IMr. Grant died, and the firm was dissolved, and the business settled by Mr. Birchard. Ten years after- ward, he formed a partnership with Lucius B. Otis, and under the firm name of Birchard & Otis, the first banking house in Fremont was established. On the removal of Judge Otis to Chicago, in 1856, Mr. Birchard formed a partnership with Anson H. Miller and Dr. James W. Wilson, under the firm name of Birchard, Miller & Co., which con- tinued until 1863, when the First National Bank of Fremont was organized, as the second national bank organized in Ohio, and the fifth in the United States, and of which Mr. Birchard was elected the president, holding that position until his death. During the years that intervened between his arriving at manhood and his death, Mr. Birchard was ever conspicuous in, and the ardent promoter of, every good work designed to advance the welfare of the town of his residence. He was connected with the first enterprise that opened river and lake commerce between Fremont and Buffalo. Appropriations by the State for the construction of the Western Reserve and Maumee road had in him an early, untiring, and efficient advocate; and through his efforts, in circulating petitions through the State to influence pubhc opinion, and thus secure favorable legislative action, that work was doubtless completed many years earlier than it otherwise would have been. He next became enlisted in the enterprise of constructing the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad. The chances then were that the northern, and rival route, now known as the Northern Divi- sion, would be constructed first, and a long struggle ensued between the supporters of each route. In connection with C. L. Boalt, of Norwalk, Mr. Birchard was so effective in advancing the success of the southern route, by the pledge of every dollar of their private fortunes, and thus raising the funds to prosecute the work, that the issue turned in their favor, and the work went on to completion that, but for their extraordinary efforts, would probably not have been finished for many years afterward. Mr. Birchard was a whig while that party existed, and, subsequently, an earnest supporter of the republican party, the administration of Lincoln, and the prosecution of the war for the Union. He was among the very first to purchase, in 1862, government bonds. Hospitable, warm-hearted and friendly, in addition to his contributions to religious and benevolent objects, he cheer- fully aided all really charitable objects. A most important benefaction, affecting the public interests of Fremont, was his donation, in 1871, of two tracts of land to be devoted to the purposes of public parks ; and, in 1873, he set apart property amounting to $50,000, for the purpose of establish- ing a public library in Fremont. He appointed 'a board of trustees to take charge of this gift, and provided for the continuance of tliis board. It was estimated that, including all his bequests to the city of Fremont, he had donated one- fifth of his entire estate to the public advantage. For nearly seventeen years he had been a member, in full communion, of the Presbyterian church, and a constant contributor to its incidental expenses and benevolent objects. He also gave $7,000 to the building committee of the church in which the congregation now worships ; nor did he confine his bene- factions to the church of his own choice, but freely assisted all, without distinction of denomination. Of him, it may well be said, as the faithful steward, he received the gifts of fortune and gave, in his turn, freely as he received. McCORMICK, Andrew W., lawyer and ex-judge, was born February 3d, 1830, at Waynesburg, Pennsylvania. His father, Robert McCormick, was a farmer ; owning, near that town, a farm of three hundred acres. His mother was Lavinia Wilson, of the same place. The common schools and the Waynesburg College furnished the educational facilities of the subject of this sketch, till he became of age. As a boy, he was a great reader, and his father, seeing his in- clinations turning that way, placed him in the printing office of the Examiner, at Washington, Pennsylvania, where he staid from 1848 to 1851. About this time he taught one term in the common schools near his home. From May, 1852, to August, 1853, he and a partner published The News, at Park- ersburg. West Virginia. Then moving to Marietta, Ohio, he there engaged in the publication of the Republican. He was also appointed postmaster at Marietta in 1857, which office he held till 1861. During the war he raised a company for the 77th Ohio volunteers, and was mustered in as its captain. He was made brevet major for meritorious conduct at the battle of Shiloh ; received a severe wound in his right arm at this battle, and was taken prisoner April 8th, 1862, and sent south to Madison^ Georgia, with the other wounded offi- cers captured in the same battle. On his recovery he was sent to Libby prison, at Richmond, and paroled from there in October of that year. At the battle of Mark's Mills, Arkan- sas, he had command of his regiment, and was for gallantry in that fight brevetted lieutenant-colonel. Here he had the misfortune to be again taken prisoner on the 25th of April, 1864, and was sent to Camp Ford. He remained a prisoner till February 25th, 1865, when he was paroled at Red River, Louisiana. Once during his captivity, he with others es- caped, but were hunted down with blood-hounds and brought back. At Camp Ford they were turned into a large stockade with no shelter, though after a time the officers were allowed to build themselves rough shanties from the timber in the woods near by. In the lack of proper food his experience was severe, though not quite so bad as that of others. His regiment at last became so much reduced that he was mus- tered out about the close of the war in 1865. Mr. McCormick began the study of law before the war, in the office of Col- 2l8 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. onel Alban, of Marietta. These studies he completed with the same gentleman, after he was mustered out of the ser- vice, from 1865 to 1867, after which he was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of law. In 1870 he was made probate judge of Washington county, which position he held till 1876. During his term of office as judge, none of his decisions were ever reversed on an appeal to higher courts. In January, 1878, he removed to Cincinnati and recom- menced the practice of law. He married Miss Alice Leck- liter, on the 25th December, 1851, and six children, all living, were the issue. His oldest son is his partner in the law business. Quiet and unassuming in manners, as a lawyer he stands high ; while his presentation of claims before the pension office has made many a widow's and orphan's heart glad. HURLBUT, HiNMAN BARRETT, railroad president and capitalist, was born July 29th, 18 19, in St. Lawrence county, New York; living, April, 1879, at Cleveland, Ohio. He came of good New England stock. His father, Abiram Hurlbut, was a Connecticut farmer who had been a soldier of the Revolutionary war. On his grandmother's side he was descended from Governor Hinman, of Connecticut. Educated in the common schools and working on the farm at spare times, until he was fifteen years of age, he then went out into the world, without money, to seek his fortune. His first venture was to Waddington, in the same county, where he found employment as a clerk in a store, and re- mained about three years. In 1836 he removed to Cleve- land, where his brother, H. A. Hurlbut, was practicing law. Entering his office as a student he was admitted to the bar in August, 1839, and at once set out for Massillon, where he purposed seeking practice. His last cent was expended in journeying there and buying a few sheets of paper with which to take down the case of his first client, whenever that person presented himself He had not to wait long for business. In a very short time he had succeeded in obtain- ing a remunerative practice, and in the course of a few years was known as one of the most successful lawyers in a circuit of several counties. About 1846 he formed a law partner- ship with Hon. D. K. Cartter, chief justice of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, and the practice of the firm was very extensive and lucrative. In 1850 he retired from the profession of law, having engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Hurlbut & Vinton. He aided in the organization of two corporate banks — the Merchants, and the Union Bank, of Massillon. He was chosen director in each corporation, and represented the Union branch of the State Bank of Ohio in the State Board of Control, until he sold his interest in the bank. He after- ward represented the Bank of Toledo in the same board until the expiration of its charter. In 1852, still retaining his banking business in Massillon, he removed to Cleveland and commenced business under the name of Hurlbut & Co. He then purchased the charter of the Bank of Commerce and reorganized it for business with Parker Handy as presi- dent, and himself as cashier. In a year's time Mr. Handy resigned and Joseph Perkins became president. The capital stock of the bank was increased from time to time and its business greatly enlarged, until it was reorganized under the name of the Second National Bank, he still remaining cashier. Whilst thus managing the affairs of the bank in Cleveland, he, in company with other Cleveland capitalists, purchased the charter of the Toledo branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and aided in its management before and after its reorganization as a National bank. In November, 1865, the arduous labors and close application necessitated by these and other financial tasks he had undertaken, broke down his health. He was stricken with paralysis. Resign- ing his position in the bank, he left for Europe with the hope of regaining his health, and remained there until the fall of 1868. On resigning his position as cashier he was elected vice president of the bank. After his return, much improved in health, he remained in retirement from active business until 1871, when he was chosen vice president of the Cleve- land, Columbus, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis Railroad Com- pany. Whilst so largely interested in purely financial and commercial enterprises, and greatly successful through his close attention to business, he yet found time for the gratifi- cation of a refined taste in other fields than those where money-making is the principal object, and the means ac- quired by industry and business tact were liberally bestowed in aid of education, literature, the arts and sciences, and other kindred departments, and in benevolent enterprises. He gave largely to the Cleveland City Hospital, of which he was president and the chief founder. He founded the Hurlbut Professorship of Natural Sciences at Western Re- serve College and endowed it with jj!25,ooo, and was for many years a trustee of that institution of learning. There was probably not a charitable institution in Cleveland or its vicinity to which he did not liberally contribute. During the war of Secession he gave money freely in support of the army and of the benevolent enterprises called into existence by the struggle. In politics he was originally a whig and therefore became a republican when circumstances called that party into existence. Whilst a lawyer he took an active part in politics and was a delegate to the national convention which nominated General Taylor to the presidency. As a financier he was held in high repute wherever known, and the financial enterprises with which he was connected, were always, when under his management, remarkably successful. His indomitable energy and fearlessness enabled him to surmount the most discouraging difficulties, and his thorough knowledge of financial matters, rarely, if ever, permitted him to be at fault. But whilst in business closely devoted to his work, he was enabled in private life to indulge a fine taste in painting, music, and horticulture. In the latter, especially, he took great pride, his collection of plants being widely known for its extent and variety. In 1840 he married Miss Jane Elizabeth Johnson, of Oneida county. New York. Carey, Rev. William M., Roman Cathofic priest, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Meath county, Ireland, February 2d, 1839. His parents, Matthew Carey and Mary Halpin, emigrated to America in the spring of 1849, ^^^ '" '^5^ finally settled in 'Jackson, Michigan. They had five children, of whom our subject was the youngest. For three years after his arrival in this country, he attended the public schools near Hudson, New York. He was subsequently employed for three years as bookkeeper in a mercantile establishment in Jackson, Michigan. He then repaired to St. Thomas' College, at Bardstown, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1859. He immediately entered the seminary at Mount St. Mary's of the West, Cincinnati, and there pursued the study of theology, and was ordained a priest in April, 1862. In September following he was appointed as the first pastor of BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 219 the Catholic church of Glendale, where he remained nine years. During this time tlie interests of the church were greatly advanced. The church edifice was enlarged, nine acres of ground purchased, a parsonage erected, and a flour- ishing school established. His efficient labors here were very highly appreciated and in 1869, when he was transferred to the cathedral at Cincinnati, a petition, setting forth in very decided terms the value of his services to the community and requesting his return, was drawn up by the Hon. Stanley Matthews, signed by a large number of the leading citi- zens of Glendale, both Catholic and Protestant, and presented to the Most Rev. Archbishop Purcell, who at once acceded to tlie request, and Father Carey was immediately returned to the pastorate. In 1871 he was appointed vice rector of Mount St. Mary's of the West, and in April, 1872, succeeded Bishop Gilmour as pastor of St. Joseph's church, in Dayton. In 1873 he completed the St. Joseph public school edifice at a cost, including the lot, of some $30,000. Father Carey is a gentleman of fine intellectual culture, and decidedly progressive enterprising spirit. His exertions in behalf of temperance, good order, morality, industry, economy, and education among his people, have been so wisely and faith- fully directed, as to have produced most valuable results to all classes, and won for him the kindest regard of all ac- quainted with him. He now with marked ability attends to the spiritual wants of some four thousand souls. He also ministers to the spiritual requirements of the members of his church at the Soldiers' Home, who number upward of one thousand. Meeker, James T., lawyer and jud^^e, Greenville, Ohio, was born in Darke county, Ohio, November 2d, 1831. He is the sixth son of the family of thirteen children of David Meeker and Nancy Ann Miller, and brother to Judge D. L. Meeker, the present common pleas judge of Darke county. Our subject was favored with the educational advantages of the common school only, and although he has discharged responsible trusts in public and professional life, his quali- fications are all the result of earnest, personal effort. His early manhood was occupied in business industries of various kinds. He read law under the direction of his brother. Judge D. L. Meeker, of Greenville, finishing in 1851, but owing to other business interests requiring his attention, delayed his application for admission to practice until February, 1873, after which he entered into his present law partnership with J. K. Riffle, Esq., of Greenville. In the fall of 1868 he was elected probate judge of Darke county, to fill a vacancy of one year. In October, 1869, he was reelected for three years, and again in 1872 for three years more. During his seven years' service as probate judge, he discharged the duties of that office with marked efficiency. Mr. Meeker has always been a warm friend to the cause of education, and when a young man was engaged for a number of years in the teach- er s profession. He has served for quite a period as a mem- ber of the Greenville school board, a portion of the time filling the office of president of that body. On March ist, 1855, he married Miss Kesiah Hetzler, eldest daughter of the Rev. Adam Hetzler, of the United Brethren denomination, a resident of Darke county. Mrs. Meeker's brother. Dr. J. N. Hetzler, is a prominent physician of Mercer county, Ohio. Of a family of nine children born of this union, two are de- ceased. The eldest daughter graduated in the Greenville High School in 1877, and is now the wife of Professor G. S. Harter, of that school. The second daughter as a student entered the same institution in 1878. The eldest son, Adam H. Meeker, is a student at Ann Arbor University, Michigan. For some twenty years Judge Meeker has been a member of the Masonic fraternity. In politics, he has always been a democrat, and in the fall of 1874, in the democratic conven- tion for the fourth Congressional district, composed of dele- gates from the counties of Darke, Preble, Montgomery, and Green, his name was presented by the Darke county repre- sentation as a candidate for Congress. He is a man of taci- turn disposition, strong feehngs, and very decided views. He possesses, moreover, an excellent judgment of men and things, and by industriously attending to his business, has been rewarded by a gratifying success. Anderson, Charles Marley, lav.yer, Green- ville, Ohio, was born in Juniata county, Pennsylvania, Janu- ary 5th, 1844. His grandparents on .both sides came from Ireland at a very early day, and settled in the county just named. His father, James Anderson, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1792, but was reared in Juniata county, and there, November 15th, 1820, married Ruth Mc- Cahan, who was born in the same county January 5th, 1800. In the spring of 1855, Mr. Anderson moved his family to Ohio, and settled in Darke county, where he died April 29th, 1868, his wife having deceased November 23d, 1864. Of a family of thirteen children, our subject is the youngest. Though a lover of learning, his pecuniary circumstances pre- vented him from pursuing an extended course in the schools, yet by extensive reading and private study of literary and scientific works, he has acquired a very liberal education. In January, 1864, he enlisted as a private in company B, 71st Ohio volunteer infantry, and served two years. The princi- pal engagements participated in were the siege of Atlanta, the battle of Jonesboro', and Lovejoy station, Georgia; Col- umbia, and the memorable battle of Franklin, Tennessee, on November 30th, 1864, and the repulse of Hood at Nashville, in the following December. Early in 1865 he was in the army led by General Thomas into eastern Tennessee to co- operate with that operating in the vicinity of Lynchburgh and Richmond. In the summer of 1865, his regiment, with the 4th army corps, was sent into the interior of Texas to cooper- ate with the government in their diplomatic negotiations with France for the withdrawal of Maximilian from Mexico. This proved the most trying portion of their service, being a march of two hundred and fifty miles and back, in which they suffered terribly for want of food and water, and while traversing hot deserts under a broiling sun, the feet of the men were blistered by the burning sand, and large numbers dropped dead on the way from sun-stroke. Our subject is a sufferer to-day from the effects of that perilous campaign. He was mustered out of service in January, 1866. Mr. An- derson read law under Judge D. L. Meeker, of Greenville, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1868, and in the follow- ing autumn began practice in Greenville. On June 7th, 1870, he married Miss Ella Hart, daughter of the late Moses Hart, a prominent business man of Greenville, who died February 13th, 1873. A Freemason, Mr. Anderson has had conferred upon him the degrees of the lodge, chapter, and council, also those of the commanJery, and the thirty-two degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, besides some honorary degrees. Although urged by friends to accept a number of honorable positions, he has studiously avoided any active BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. part in politics, and has made his profession a specialty. In May, 1878, however, the democrats of Darke county saw fit to present his name to the convention of the fifth congres- sional district as a candidate for Congress. After a stormy session of two days and nights, in which were cast two hun- dred and thirteen ballots, he was beaten by a fraction over two votes, Benjamin Lefevre securing the nomination. Mr. Anderson possesses superior legal abihties, and has rapidly risen to a front rank among the members of the Darke county bar. When he entered on his profession he was pecuniarily in very moderate circumstances, but by means of a successful and lucrative practice, resulting from his ability and industry, he has collected one of the most extensive law libraries in the county, and realized a handsome competency. All local im- provements and charities have found in him their foremost friend. Rice, Harvey, LL. D., lawyer and author, was born at Conway, Massachusetts, June nth, i8oo, resident at Cleve- land, Ohio, in 1879. When seventeen years old he requested his father, who was a farmer, to give him his freedom, and allow him to acquire a liberal education as best he could by his own efforts. This he achieved, and graduated from Will- iams College, in 1824, with honor. From college he went directly to Cleveland, a stranger, and without influential friends there, or elsewhere, to aid his efforts for advancement. When he landed at Cleveland he owned nothing but the clothes he wore, and three dollars in his pocket. At that time Cleveland contained but four hundred inhabitants. He soon became employed in teaching a classical school in the old academy on St. Clair street, and about the same time commenced the study of law under the direction of Reuben Wood, then a prominent member of the Cleveland bar. At the expiration of two years he was admitted to practice, and entered into copartnership with his former instructor, which continued until Mr. Wood was elected to the bench. In 1829 he was elected justice of the peace, and in 1830 elected to represent his district in the State legislature. Soon after, without solicitation on his part, he was appointed an agent for the sale of the Western Reserve school lands, a tract of fifty-six thousand acres, situated in the Virginia Military District. He opened a land office at Millersburg, in Holmes county, for the sales, and in the course .of three years sold all the lands, and paid the avails, nearly one hundred and iifty thousand dollars, into the State treasury, as a school fund for the exclusive benefit of educating the children of the Western Reserve, the interest of which is now annually paid by the State for that purpose. In 1833 he returned to Cleveland, and was appointed clerk of the common pleas and supreme courts, an office in which he faithfully served for seven years, and in 1834 and 1836 was nominated by the democratic convention as a candidate for Congress, and re- ceived the united support of the party, though without ex- pectation of success, as the democrats were largely in the minority. He was the first democrat ever sent to the Legis- lature from Cuyahoga county, and, while serving in that body, was considered one of its ablest and most influential members. He was appointed by the house one of the select committee for revising the statutes of the State, and while in that capacity introduced and advocated with acknowledged abiUty many new provisions, which still retain their place upon the statute book. In the fall of 1 851 he was put in nomination for the State senate, and was elected by a ma- jority exceeding seven hundred votes. The general assembly to which he was then returned was the first that convened under the new Constitution. Upon this body devolved the responsibility of reconstructing the statutes of the State, and adapting them to the requisition of the Constitution, so as to secure to the people the practical benefits of the great re- forms which had been achieved by its adoption. He con- tributed quite as much as any other member to the important legislation of the two sessions held by that general assembly. It was said of him that he was always at his post. The degree of influence which he exercised as a legislator was such as few have the good fortune to wield. Among the variety of measures which engaged his attention, he took a prominent part in procuring the passage of the act which authorized the establishment of two additional lunatic asylums in the State. His course in relation to the subject of common schools attracted public attention throughout the State, and called forth from the press commendations of a very complimentary character. Another bill, of scarcely less importance than the school bill, was introduced into the Senate by him, which had for its object the establishment of a "State Reform School," expressly designed for juvenile offenders. The bill, at a subsequent session, resulted in establishing the present Reform Farm School at Lancaster. The services which he rendered the State in the founding of a new system for the public schools, and in the promotion of her educational interests, earned for him the honor of having been the father of the present school system of Ohio. While a member of the city council, in 1857, he took the lead in establishing the Cleveland Industrial School, was chairman of the committee that put it into successful opera- tion, and was active in extending its usefulness. In the same year he originated the project, and introduced the resolution into the council, authorizing the erection of the Perry Monument which now graces the public park of the city. The cost of the monument, by the terms of the reso- lution, was made to depend on the voluntary subscriptions of the citizens. He was appointed chairman of the monument committee, and, after three years of persevering effort, suc- ceeded in carrying the object of the resolution into effect. The monument was inaugurated, with imposing ceremonies, on the loth of September, i860, the anniversary of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Mr. Bancroft, the historian, delivered the inaugural address. As carefully estimated, not less than one hundred thousand people attended the inauguration. In carrying out the programme, the battle of Lake Erie was re- produced in a mock fight on the lake in front of the city. It was a proud day for Cleveland. Both the monument and the inauguration were pronounced a perfect success. In 1 86 1, being elected to the board of education, he was ap- pointed president of the board, and during his term of office rendered essential service in promoting the educational in- terests of -the city. In 1862 he was appointed by the governor of the State, with the concurrence of the War Department, a commissioner for Cuyahoga county, to conduct the first draft made in the county during the late civil war. In exe- cuting this delicate task, he acquitted himself with firmness, integrity, and discretion. While in the discharge of his duties, he found his office one morning suddenly besieged by some five or six hundred excited citizens, who were armed with pistols and other weapons, threatening to demolish the office and destroy the records. They had been instigated to make this demonstration by false rumors regarding the ^. ^^^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. fairness of the draft. He met the crisis firmly, sent to the military camp on the Heights for a detachment of soldiers, infantry, and artillery, who came to his relief and dispersed the riotous assemblage. To satisfy the disaffected that all was right and just, he proposed that they should appoint a committee of their own to investigate the state of affairs in the draft-office. With his aid an elaborate examination was made, and the committee reported that the draft had been conducted fairly and justly in all respects. Two of the com- mittee, who had been ring-leaders in getting up the demon- stration, were afterwards drafted on the spot. In 1867, wishing to express his regard for the cause of missions, as well as for the college where he graduated, he planned and erected at his own expense, and with the approval of the college authorities, a beautiful marble monument in Missions Park, at Williamstown, Massachusetts, commemorative of American Foreign Missions originated by Samuel J. Mills, a religious enthusiast. At one of the out-door prayer meetings in which Mills and others were wont to engage, a storm arose and drove the party to seek shelter under a haystack, and while thus protected from the fury of the elements, Mr. Mills suggested the idea of a mission to foreign heathen lands, as being a religious duty. In this noble and philan- thropic thought his associates all concurred, and there, while at the haystack, consecrated themselves in solemn prayer to the great work. From this circumstance originated American Foreign Missions. The monument is erected on the spot where the haystack stood, is twelve feet in height, and sur- mounted with a marble globe three feet in diameter, and cut in map lines. The face of the monument has the inscrip- tion, "The Field is the World," followed with a haystack, sculptured in bas-relief, and the names of the five young men who held the prayer-meeting, and the date, 1806. The monument was dedicated July 28th, 1867, at the maple grove in the park, and, by special request, Mr. Rice delivered the dedicatory address, which was received with a high degree of satisfaction, and afterwards published, with the other pro- ceedings, in pamphlet form. In 1869 he visited California, and while there indulged in a newspaper correspondence, which has been collected and published in a volume en- titled "Letters from the Pacific Slope, or First Impressions." In 1871 Williams College conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. In his literary career he was widely known as the author of " Mt. Vernon and Other Poems," — a work containing two hundred and fifty pages, which reached a fifth edition. His natural abilities are of a high order. His mind is thoroughly disciplined and culti- vated, and for the comparatively short time he has practiced he has obtained an enviable reputation for legal ability, dis- criminating judgment, and gentlemanly deportment. He is well known as an able contributor to many of the best peri- odicals of the day, and is a graceful and vigorous writer. In 1875 another volume, of which he was the author, was pub- lished, under the title of "Nature and Culture," and in 1878 he pubhshed a volume of " Select Poems." He was twice married, — first in 1828, and afterward in 1840. Clements, Joshua, physician, was bom in Caro- line county, Maryland, August 6th, 1795, and died in Day- ton, Ohio, January 3d, 1879. When a youth of eighteen he entered the army and served in the war of 1812 in the memorable campaign of Major-General Benson. In the fall of 1813, in company with an elder brother, he came to Ohio, making the journey in pioneer style, a board serving for his bed and his roll of baggage, for a pillow. Passing from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati on a flat boat, he found employment in Warren county, near Lebanon, first on a farm and after- wards in a woolen mill. He was subsequently employed for a short period in the cotton mill in Lexington, Kentucky. From 1819 to 1823 he served as clerk in the old Cincinnati Hotel. He then read medicine with a brother 'who was a physician in Lebanon, Ohio, and graduated from the Cin- cinnati Medical College in 1827. In September, 1828, he went to Louisiana, and for some two years was a physician on a plantation. While there he became an intimate ac- quaintance of the grandfather of Hon. Wade Hampton, the present governor of South Carohna. In June 1831, Mr. Clements settled in Dayton, where, for fifty years past, he was known as the veteran physician of that city. In 1834 he married a daughter of the late Judge Joseph H. Crane of Dayton, a short sketch of whom appears on page 213. In 1854, on the completion of the Southern Ohio Asylum for the Insane, Dr. Clements was appointed superintendent and chief physician, and conducted that office creditably till re- moved through political changes. In politics he was formerly a whig, but during the late war became a democrat, and was a warm friend of the late Hon. C. L. Vallandigham. In religious views, a liberalist. He had a successful and honorable prac- tice of nearly fifty years. Being of Virginia parentage, he retained something of the " Old Dominion " pride of ances- try, and, possessing a tall and commanding figure, with an appearance of reserve, to strangers his bearing was proud and dignified, but withal very courteous, affable and agree- able to every one, without regard to rank or station, and he enjoyed great popularity, both professionally and as a citizen. He had amassed a respectable competence by his practice, but in his latter years a series of misfortunes scattered all that the labor of the best years of his life had collected. He buried his wife in 1841, and passed the remainder of his days alone. The last few years of his life brought him but little sunshine. Few remained of those whom he knew in former days, and the infirmities of advanced age were rest- ing heavily upon him when death brought him relief in his eighty-fourth year. He had an only son. Major Joseph C. Clements, by profession a civil engineer, and at present con- nected with the Interior Department at Washington. He served with distinction through the late war, and for meri- torious services in the same, was breveted major, Novem- ber 9th, 1865. KESSLER, Henry, merchant, president insurance company, etc., was born in the city of Baltimore, July 13th, 181 1. His father Christian Kessler, a german by birth, was a cooper by trade. His mother's name was Elizabeth Miller before marriage. Before he was ten years of age he removed to Frederick, Maryland, remained there and learned the tan- ner's trade, including skin-dressing, with Christian Seaman, with whom he remained till he was nearly of age, and during several years of which period he conducted Mr. Seaman's business. Most of his early education was obtained during these ten years at the night schools. In 183 1 he commenced in a small way for himself. In 1835 he sold out and re- moved to Cincinnati. Here he began business anew as a leather dresser and fur dealer, at the corner of Third and Sycamore streets, and on Deer creek. This he continued till 1 841 when he added the wholesale and retail leather business. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. In 1856 he began tanning heavy leather, which business he still continues. The same year he started a general leather and saddlery hardware store in St. Paul, Minnesota, in addi- tion to his other business here. This venture was a great success financially, and was continued for nearly fourteen years. In 1850 he became connected with the Eagle Insur- ance Company, as one of the incorporators, and for fifteen years past' has occupied the position of president of that company. Politically he was an old line whig until the form- ation of the republican party, since which time he has worked with the latter party. In 1858 he was elected to the first office he ever held, as sheriff of Hamilton county. In 1866, he was elected to the State legislature as representative from the same county, by the republicans. In 1868 he was chosen by the same party to represent them in the State senate, and again in 1874 was reelected to the same office. In 1862 he was chosen one of the trustees of the city water works for three years, and on the expiration of that term was reelected for three years longer. While occupying this position he was by the city council authorized to close the bargain with the Hon. Joseph Longworth, by which the city became possessed of the beautiful property known as the " Garden of Eden," and which has lost none of its beauty by the use made of it by the city. In 1832, while hving in Frederick, he married Miss Priscilla Boswell. She was a daughter of one of the oldest Maryland families living on what is known as the "Western Shore." Nine children were born to them, all of whom died young except three daughters and a son. This son would have been a worthy successor of his father, as he was his partner in the store business, but for his death at the age of twenty-six. One daughter is the wife of the present United States internal revenue collector. Amor Smith, Esq., another the wife of Luke A. Staley, of Cincinnati, and the third the widow of D. W. C. Shockley, deceased. Mrs. Kessler died in January, 1878. In manners, Mr. Kessler is easy and courteous, with the dignity born of plain common sense ; not given to outside show, and in health still appar- ently but in his prime. MclLHENNY, John Joseph, physician and sur- geon, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Adams county, Pennsyl- vania, September 24, 1813. His parents, Samuel Mcllhenny and Sarah Hunter, became pioneers to Brown county, Ohio, in 1 8 1 4. Of a family of eleven children, our subj ect is the only surviving son. At the age of fifteen he was left fatherless and thrown entirely upon his own resources. He at once entered a printing office and followed that trade for about four years, during which time he acquired more valuable practical knowledge than at any other period of his life. He then spent a short time at a manual labor school in Hanover, Indiana, where he earned his way by chopping wood. Having chosen medicine as his profession, he commenced study at the age of twenty in Georgetown, Brown county, Ohio, attended medical lectures in Cincinnati, and began practice in Brown county in the spring of 1836. In the following year he moved to Fairfield, Green county, Ohio, where he remained eighteen years. In 1843 he became an alumnus of the Willoughby University near Cleveland, Ohio, now the StarHng Medical College at Columbus, Ohio. In May, 1855, he located in Dayton, which has since been his residence. May, 1856, he was appointed superintendent and physician of the Dayton Insane Asylum, and so remained for six years, during which time the duties which devolved upon him were discharged with remarkable precision and success. No man ever left an institution with a better record. His patients were much attached to him, and his employes to this day regard him with a degree of kindness seldom equalled. For three years subsequently he was in profes- sional service in the United States navy, acting as surgeon in the Mississippi squadron. He then returned to Dayton and has since been in active practice, and occupies a leading rank in the medical profession of his adopted city. He was, in connection with a few others, one of the originators of the Ohio State Medical Society, and has continued a member of the same. In politics, formerly a whig, upon the organiza- tion of the republican party, he espoused its principles, and subsequently became a liberal republican, being a great friend of Horace Greeley, but now votes independently. Re- ligiously he is a free thinker. Personally he is a man of strong, independent feelings, very decided in his convictions, and plain and positive in the expression of his views. Though in his sixty-sixth year, he possesses the activity and vigor of a man much younger, and still commands a very extensive, successful, and lucrative practice. He has ever been noted for great conscientiousness and signal promptness and fidelity in the discharge of his professional duties, with- out regard to their recompense. No worthy poor ever left his office without some professional assistance, while his disinterested benevolence, genial manners, and kindness of heart have won for him the highest esteem of his numerous patrons. On April 26th, 1837, he married Pauline J., daughter of Rev. Robert Graham, a Methodist minister of Brown county, Ohio, and has had four sons, the youngest of whom was drowned in a cistern while an infant. The others re- ceived a good English education, graduated from the Cleve- land Medical College and are now practicing physicians. Scipio Solon, the oldest, resides at Helena, Montana Terri- tory ; Julius Leonidas, the second, is associated with his father in Dayton, and Cassius Adams Mcllhenny, is settled at Zimmermanville, Green county, Ohio. JOBES, D. H. R., lawyer, and judge of probate, etc., was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, September 14th, 1829, and died in Greenville, Ohio, January 13th, 1877. He was a man of noble traits of character. His parents being poor, he was early thrown upon his own resources, but by a faithful improvement of his limited privileges, obtained a good English education, and for a number of years followed the occupation of a teacher. In October, 1857, he was elected probate judge of Darke county, and served nine years. During this time he devoted his spare time to reading law under the direction of D. L. Meeker, of Greenville, and was admitted to practice in January, 1867. Going into partner- ship with his preceptor, he so continued till 1872. On Janu- ary 1st, 1875, he formed a law partnership with C. M. Ander- son, Esq., of Greenville, which was dissolved by the death of Mr. Jobes. He was cut down in the meridian of life, arid in the height of the practice of his profession. His death was the occasion of an unusually cordial action on the part of the members of the Greenville bar, in resolutions and speeches expressive of deep regret at his demise, tender sympathy for his bereaved family and exalted appreciation of his moral worth. On this occasion among other remarks, J. R. Knox, Esq., said: " During the nine years of his service as pro- bate judge, I had frequent occasion to appear before him, and observe his conduct in that capacity, and I take pleasure BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. in this solemn hour, as I always have done, to say, that as by law recognized next friend of the widow, and guardian of the orphan, — the highest and most sacred trust which the law imposes on that officer, — and in the various duties of his position, he was a careful, impartial, and vigilant accountant, and deserving the honored name of a just and upright judge." * * * " As a practitioner at the bar, none stood fairer than he." * * * "We had not among us a more diligent oflice lawyer, nor any safer or more thoughtful coun- selor or adviser than Judge Jobes ; and when he addressed himself to the court and jury the weight of his character for integrity and fairness made his appeals forcible and influen- tial, carrying conviction." C. M. Anderson, Esq., a law partner of the deceased, as well as formerly his pupil, said : " His was a mind that did not require the light of precedents." * * * " He was a chancellor by nature, and only needed the advantages of an early education in the law to have marked him as one of the foremost and most powerful jurists of his time." Judge William Allen reverted to the fact that "the integrity, the honor, the moral worth, and no- bility of heart which made him preeminent as a public officer and private citizen during his maturer years, were the graces that adorned his life in his earlier years." * * * " Dur- ing the three consecutive terms he held the oflice of probate judge of this county no lawyer nor litigant ever called in ques- tion his integrity as an oflicer, or doubted the honesty of his motives." David Beers, Esq., said: " In his boyhood and manhood, he ever pursued a moral, upright, honorable course, which gave him a deserved and enviable position in society." C. G. Matchett said: "His many virtues and great worth are best expressed by the couplet — *None knew him but to love him, None named him but to praise.' '' He left a wife and two sons. Mrs. Jobes is a lady of talent, a leader in the Christian church of Greenville, and an active worker in moral and religious enterprise. She is a daughter of Isaac and Sarah Reed, of Darke county, Ohio, and was married to Mr. Jobes May 6th, 1858. Her father died Janu- ary i8th, 1871, aged sixty-two. Her oldest son, Charles, is attending Union Christian College, Indiana. King, Edward A., who, as colonel commanding the 1st brigade of a division of the 14th army corps, was killed at the battle of Chickamauga, was born in Cambridge, Wash- ington county. State of New York, in 1814. He was a de- scendant of James King, who settled in Suffield, Connecticut, in the year 1678. In early life he emigrated with his father's family to Ohio, where he subsequently studied law at Columbus and Cincinnati. But his predilections were de- cidedly of a military character, and during the Texan struggle for independence, he raised a company in the city of New Orleans, reported with his command to General Sam Hous- ton, and served in Texas until her independence was acknowledged. In this service his health became seriously impaired, and he returned to the United States and took up his permanent residence in Dayton, Ohio. In 1844 he went to Europe, where he remained until the breaking out of the war with Mexico, when he returned and offered his services to. his country. President Polk appointed him captain in the 15th regiment United States infantry, in which he served with distinction until the close of the war. He was with a detachment of his regiment and other troops, under command of Colonel Mcintosh in the severe guerilla fight at Tolome, on the 6th June, 1847, and in the fight under General Cadwallader, at the National bridge, June nth and I2th, 1847. He afterward participated with his regiment in the several bloody battles in the valley of Mexico, under General Scott, resulting in the capture of the City of Mexico. Colonel George W. Morgan commanded the regiment, and General Franklin Pierce the brigade to which he belonged. After the treaty of peace with Mexico, Colonel King returned to Ohio, and in the spring of 1849 crossed the plains to Cali- fornia. Returning again he was appointed postmaster at Dayton, by President Pierce, and after the election of Presi- dent Buchanan the position was again conferred upon him. So general was the satisfaction given in the discharge of his official duties, there was no competing applicant for the place. For many years, both before and after the Mexican war. Colonel King took an active part in all important matters connected with the militia of Ohio, and at the outbreak of the late war of the Rebellion, was colonel of the ist regiment Ohio volunteer militia at Dayton, which city sent several organ- ized and equipped companies into the field. On the 17th April, 1 86 1, the day of the proclamation of the governor of Ohio calling loyal men to the defense of their country. Col- onel King reported to Governor Dennison, and was immedi- ately placed in command of Camp Jackson (near Columbus), then in a chaotic state, but which he soon reduced to form and discipline. He was subsequently transferred to Camp Chase, where he remained in command until, without solici- tation on his part, he was appointed by President Lincoln lieutenant-colonel of the 19th regiment United States infan- try. His headquarters were established at Indianapolis, where he proceeded to organize and superintend the recruit- ing of his regiment. While thus engaged in the summer of 1862, when Kirby Smith invaded Kentucky, he took, at the request of Governor Morton, the temporary command of the 68th regiment Indiana volunteers (all new recruits) to resist the enemy. After a brief but severe campaign, he was sent to the assistance of Colonel Wilder, at Miinfordville, Ken- tucky, and participated in that severe engagement. He was surrendered with his regiment, and the other bodies of the federal troops, to an overwhelming force. It fell to his lot to deliver the surrender to the enemy, and the rebel general, Buckner, who while a prisoner of war had been in his charge at Indianapolis, treated him with marked consideration. A beautiful incident connected with this capitulation was after- ward developed. When the 68th regiment was sent to the field, the ladies of Greensburg, Indiana, presented it with a rich silken flag. It was highly prized, and the regiment was loath to part with it. When it was determined to surrender. Colonel King wrapped the precious colors around his body, under his clothing. He wore them thus for thirteen days, saved them, and the regiment bore them into the bloody fight at Chickamauga. After the 68th Indiana regiment was ex- changed, the command was again pressed on Colonel King, who (obtaining leave from the War Department for that pur- pose) accepted it. In the summer of 1863, his health, which had been seriously impaired, becoming somewhat reestab- lished, he again took the field, and was placed in command of the 1st brigade, General Reynolds' division, 14th army corps, commanded by General Thomas, at the head of which he distinguished himself during the advance from Tullahoma to northwestern Georgia, and in the effective crossing of the Tennessee river (his brigade being the first troops to cross,) and capture of Shellmont, in the face of the enemy. At the 224 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. battle of Chickamauga his brigade was conspicuous for its high state of discipline and gallantry. He fell at the close of the second -day's fight, shot in the forehead by a sharp- shooter. When our army fell back upon Chattanooga, Colonel King's body was buried outside our lines, and the grave carefully marked, and after the battle of Mission Ridge, his remains were recovered and brought home to Dayton for interment. On the 29th and 30th January, 1864, his body lay in state at the court house, in a handsome casket resting on a catafalque, prepared for the occasion by the members of the old Dayton light guard, with which the deceased had long been associated. The four sides of the cat- afalque were respectively inscribed: "Contreras," "Molino delRey," " Chepultepec," "Chickamauga." It was visited by thousands who called to pay their respects to the memory of the gallant dead. On the 31st January, his body was buried at Woodland cemetery with military honors, the 2d regiment Ohio volunteer militia. Colonel J. G. Lowe commanding, act- ing as escort. The pall-bearers were composed of officers of the Mexican war and the war of the Rebellion. The funeral was by far the largest evfer known in Dayton. Few men more thoroughly commanded the confidence and respect of all who knew him than Colonel Edward A. King. He was a gallant soldier, a ripe scholar, a good citizen, a man of noble character, and high sense of honor, and whose love of country was so true that he laid down his life at her call. Just before his death he had been promoted to the colonelcy of the 6th regiment United States regular infantry. EmmiTT, James, banker and capitalist, Waverly, Pike county, Ohio, was born in Armstrong county, Pennsyl- vania, on the 6th November, 1806. His father, George Emmitt, of Irish ancestry, born in the same State, in i8l 6 re- moved with his family and settled on a farm on the banks of the Scioto, in what is now Pike county, Ohio. The early education of James, his son, was confined to a few months' instruction in such schools as in those early days of Ohio's history as a State were known in country places. Indeed, so hard was the struggle of his family to support existence that every member of it had to work continually from the first day they were able to do so. Such early application, however, to persevering labor, was found of great advantage by our subject in after life. While such a struggle left him with an extremely limited education, it supplied him with experience and energy, and these, with a good moral charac- ter, he discovered to be more valuable than an abundant supply of money would be without them. In those days Ohio was entirely devoted to agriculture and stock raising ; and there being no means of transportation to a market, the cattle and hogs had to be driven to Philadelphia and New York, and other products of the soil floated down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, where everything be- ing sold, the sellers walked back with the proceeds on their persons, Mr. Emmitt had married, June nth, 1829, and his frugal and industrious wife proved a helpmate indeed, enabling the future millionaire to get that start in business he so persistently improved ; and as she now. in her hale old age, looks around her palace home, filled with every luxury, she remembers those days of early effort when the enter- tainment of travelers kept her busy, night and day, and the years which followed when hard work early and late, well performed by her, now gives her the right to exclaim : " I have done my part in the accumulation of this magnificent estate." With the construction of the Erie and Ohio canal, and the circulation among the people of the jS6,ooo,ooo which that work cost, land in the Scioto valley greatly increased in value. In September, 1832, Mr. Emmitt, in honor of the opening of the canal, gave a public dinner, at which were present Governor McArthur and General Lucas, subsequently governor, also, of the State. After the completion of the canal, 4ie bought a canal -boat, but soon exchanged it for fifteen hundred bushels of corn, and constructing a flat-boat, he loaded it with this corn, and joining a fleet of such boats, the party floated down the Scioto to the Ohio, and the Ohio to Madison, Indiana, in 1833, where he sold his corn and returned home. In that year it will be remembered the cholera prevailed on the Ohio river from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, and the people stricken by a •disease the physi- cians then knew nothing of, were dying by thousands. The great dramatist has written "there is a tide in the affairs of men which, if taken at the flood, leads to fortune,'' and this, his first transaction of any consequence, proved for Mr. Emmitt the truth of this scripture. By the straightforward manner of his dealing he won the confidence of the capitalist, McConathy, who had bought his boat load of corn at thirty- three cents a bushel, while the other flat -boatmen, refusing to sell at that price, went on down the river, and nearly all of them died of the prevailing epidemic. Impressed with the honesty and sagacity of Mr. Emmitt, in 1835 Mr. McCona- thy went to the residence of the former at Waverly, Pike county, Ohio, and placing a large sum of money in his charge, instructed him to buy grain and ship the same to him, for consumption by his distillery of two hundred bushels daily capacity — then considered an enormous establishment. At the close of his connection with Mr. McConathy, Mr. Emmitt found himself the possessor of JSio.ooo, and interested in a line of caneil boats, which he disposed of to Mr. Rowe, under whose management they became a total loss. In 1837 he purchased the one-third interest of Mr. Armstrong in a large flour-mill at Waverly, owned at the time by Rowe, Camp- bell & Armstrong. The latter retiring from the same, he engaged with Rowe in a commission business by which he lost $4,000, and Mr. Emmitt found himself engaged in a desperate struggle until in 1849 a partnership with James Davies was consummated. During the years 1838 and 1839 he kept steadily at work in the business of buying wheat at from forty to fifty cents a bushel, grinding it and shipping the flour to New York. Those years were remarkable for the extraor- dinary issue of irredeemable paper money which followed upon the general bankruptcy of 1837. The action of the government under President Jackson, in vetoing the United States bank bill, and withdrawing the government deposits from the old United States bank at Philadelphia, demoralized domestic exchange. The United States bank of Pennsyl- vania having organized upon the ruin of the old United States bank, could not exist when deprived of the government deposits, and made a disgraceful and disastrous failure that caused the financial ruin of thousands. Such wide-spread misfortune followed from this cause that, in our own days of government security, it is difficult to comprehend, and several years elapsed before business began to have again any solid foundation. In the meantime nearly every business in the whole country was bankrupt. Mr. Emmitt's investments in his mill and other property made at inflated prices had to he carried in the face of this condition, so that in 1843 he be- came seriously embarrassed, and for the next seven years the il^^^f^ ■<2::2^^-^?^' BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 225 struggle to live through his difficulties was desperate and at times seemed hopeless ; yet, during all this dark and trying period he never failed to pay his indebtedness dollar for dollar; and this fact, when bankruptcy was the rule, may be properly placed to his credit as an extraordinary circum- stance. It was believed generally that with the completion of the canal, the means of transportation to be thus provided to move crops to New York and a market would afford gen- eral relief, but this did not prove to be the case, for the crops even by this means could not be moved at a profit. Pon- dering the matter, Mr. Emmitt decided that while produce must be transported, cattle could be driven, and thereupon he resolved to erect a distillery at Waverly, where the alcohol could be extracted from grain, and the residue fed to stock. This erection he completed and got his machinery in place in the fall of 1845. He then took as a partner Mr. Shultz, of Maysville, Kentucky, a man of large means, and with him conducted the business until 1849, when not being successful as he expected, and the debts burdensome, Mr. Shultz de- sired to withdraw. To take his place, James Davies, a farmer of wealth and credit, stepped forward and purchased Mr. Shultz' interest. The business was large, and the imperfect systems of exchange and transportation that existed made a a large capital and extended credit absolutely necessary. Having purchased the interest of Mr. Shultz, and paid for the same |20,ooo, Mr. Davies put jji 5,000 additional into the business, and assumed one-half the liabilities, which were heavy ; but from this time and with the aid thus afforded, so prosperous did the business become that at the end of three years, when by hmitation the partnership expired, the part- ners found themselves in the enjoyment of large profits. Mr. Emmitt, during the partnership, had continued his interests in his other business engagements, while Mr. Davies was in- terested with him only in the work and profits accruing from the distillery. The partnership was renewed for five years, and continued after the death of Mr. Davies until 1856, when Mr. Emmitt purchased the interest of his deceased partner's estate, paying for the same $135,000. During those years the feeding of stock had afforded the chief source of profit, as comparatively a trifle had been made as profit from the sale of the liquor distilled, after charging to it the cost of dis- tillation and grain used. In 1856, after closing with the estate of Mr. Davies, Mr. Emmitt took into partnership his brothers, David and George D., dividing a half interest equally be- tween them. In i860 he purchased the interest of David, and in 1864 that of George D., since which time he has ex- ercised a personal supervision over his various business en- gagements. After being thirty-five years actively employed, and without a vacation, Mr. Emmitt in 1865 determined, by the advice of his physician, to spend a year in travel and recreation, and with this as his object he arranged his business, leaving it in charge of partners, deposited ;i!20o,ooo in New York, and sailed for Europe, where he spent a year in travel in Great Britain and on the Continent, and returned in May, 1866. An admirer of the beautiful in art, Mr. Emmitt has one of the finest collections of rare and costly statuary and pamtings to be found in any private residence in the West, if not anywhere in the United States, all selected personally in Europe. In 1826 he erected the first building in Waverly, and smce that time he has made it the handsomest village m the Scioto valley; while its population of 2,000, are to extent of one-half of their number supported by employ- ment in his various works, flour mill, lumber yard, canal boats, furniture factory, saw mill, distillery, and store houses, the principal business of the latter character being that con- ducted by Emmitt, Myers & Co., doing about $100,000 a year. As a land and property owner, Mr. Emmitt pays one- third of the taxes of the town of Waverly, and about one- tenth of the taxes of Pike county. He also owns a bottom farm of seven hundred acres in Pickaway county, and other large farms in Iowa and Missouri, that are under a high state of cultivation ; while he is engaged as well in banking and public improvements, having been mainly instrumental in building the Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Narrow Gauge Railroad to Waverly, of which he was the first presi- dent, and to which he contributed large sums without any expectation of the road being an investment of advantage to himself, but rather to the county at large. Upon the removal of the county seat from Piketon to Waverly, 1861, (a task that required three years constant application to accomplish,) he erected the large and commodious court-house at his own expense, and donated it to the county. The churches and charitable institutions of Waverly are largely indebted to him for liberal contributions, and among the public buildings he erected is the very commodious and attractive Waverly opera house. Elected to the State senate in 1867, he was reelected in 1869, and took an active part in the business of that legis- lative body. During that time his love of landscape adorn- ment found expression in his recommendation for an appro- priation to provide statuary for the capitol and the grounds around it, — a recommendation that was defeated by opposi- tion in the house. His partners are all men who have pre- viously been employed by him in the branches of business in which they are engaged, some of them from boyhood. Beginning by giving them a small interest in the branch they were employed in, he increased it as he found them competent and worthy. With him merit and capacity found their reward, and a good man was never allowed to leave his employ, while a lazy or trifling one could not leave it too soon. From this manner of handling his employes he has sustained but few losses, nor suffered from defalcation. As a financier, Mr. Emmitt stands without a superior, and the true secret of his great success has been his indomitable will-power and energy, his honorable conduct in all his dealings, and his perseverance, thus inspiring confidence, and carrying through to ultimate success engagements which in the hands of men less endowed by nature and application would have been hopeless failures. He has always exercised personal super- vision over a variety of business, but a portion of wliich would be sufficient to occupy the attention of most men, and now at that age which the psalmist accorded as man's limit of useful- ness, so prudent has been his manner of living, throughout his incessantly active life, that he is yet as fully master of his business in a general way as he ever was. Morse, David APPLETON, physician, surgeon, and superintendent of Dayton Asylum for the Insane, was born in Ellsworth, Ohio, December 12th, 1840. His parents, A. H. and Sally F. Morse, were natives of New England. He received a classical education, and graduated from the Western Reserve Medical College, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1862. After a year's practice in Edinburgh, Ohio, he entered the Federal army in March, 1863, and made a highly creditable professional record in Ohio regiments, beginning service in Rosecran's campaign in Tennessee. In September following he was sent to the United States Army General Hospital, at 226 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Madison, Indiana, and there remained until May, 1864, when he was commissioned surgeon of the i62d Ohio regiment of in- fantry, then doing guard duty over prisoners at Camp Chase. By order of the War Department, however, he was immediately detached and sent to Georgia, and served. through Sherman's campaign with the operating staff and in field hospitals. In February, 1865, he was commissioned a surgeon in the regular army, and in March was sent to the frontier. In October following he resigned, and, settling in London, Madison coun- ty, Ohio, resumed his private practice. In 1 87 5 he was elected professor of nervous disorders and insanity in the Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, and in the following year was appointed physician to the Columbus Insane Asylum. In April, 1878, he was placed in his present position, having received recommendations of qualification therefor from numerous eminent medical men throughout the country. He is connected with a large number of medical associations, , being a member, among others, of the American Medical Association, the Ohio State and the Central Ohio Medical so- cieties, the Columbus Academy of Medicine, the Columbus Pathological Society, the New York Neurological Society, the American Association of Superintendents of Idiotic Asylums, the Association of Medical Superintendents of American In- stitutions for the Insane, and corresponding member, etc., of other medical societies. He is the author of numerous pro- fessional papers which have appeared in the Cincinnati Lan- cet and Observer, the Medical atid Surgical Reporter, the Transactions of the Ohio State Medical Society, etc., many of which papers have drawn forth the highest commendation from the medical profession throughout the country. He has made nervous and mental diseases a speciality, and since May, 1876, has edited a department of the Lancet and Ob- server, devoted to nervous disorders and insanity, on which he has already become a recognized authority. He was among the first in this country to teach these subjects as a special branch in 'medical colleges. He also gave the first course heard on these .subjects in Columbus, Ohio. Much of his leisure time has, for many years past, been devoted to the study of law, chiefly medical jurisprudence, and he has frequently been consulted by eminent counsel of several states in important legal cases involving questions of insanity and medical jurisprudence. Amoi^ these may be cited the cele- brated case of the boy murderer, Jesse Pomeroy, of Boston, Massachusetts, wherein the evidence was submitted to him, and he was requested to write up the case from a medico-legal standpoint, and gave it as his opinion that the boy was irre- sponsible, and liable at any time to perpetrate similar offenses. The issue of the trial was that the boy was sentenced to be hung, but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life in the insane department of the penitentiary. To this citation may be added the well-known Blackburn case, in November, 1871, and the Bowsher trial, in February, 1878, both in Ross county, Ohio. In the latter case. Dr. Morse pronounced the criminal insane, but did not regard him as wholly irresponsible, and a post-mortem, examination revealed unmistakable evidences of insanity. He has also been an extensive contributor to the press upon subjects outside of his profession. Many of his articles have been noticed in foreign journals, and some have found a permanent place in com- pendiums of valuable literature. In November, 1875; he de- livered in Starling Medical College a lecture on " The Mind," of which 3,000 copies were printed and circulated, several copies being ordered from Europe. This and other papers upon kindred subjects, have given him a reputation through- out the United States as one of the leading psychologists of the West. He has also a work on medical jurisprudence in preparation. His executive abilities are of the highest order, and his systematic, efficient, and economical management of the institution of which he has present charge, have called forth the strongest commendations from the public. In 1862 he married Maria C, daughter of the Rev. E. Cooper, D. D., now in charge of the Presbyterian Board of Publication at Cincinnati, and had one son, Edward A. Morse. Mrs. Morse died in July, 1867. In June, 1868, he married Amanda M., daughter of Samuel Withrow, Esq., of London, Ohio. His religious connection is with the Presbyterian church. Clark, Milton Lee, lawyer, Chillicothe, Ohio, was born at Clarksburgh, Ross county, Ohio, April 21st, 18 17. He is the third son of Colonel William Clark, who was the original proprietor of, and laid out the town of Clarksburgh in 1 8 16, and the subject of this sketch was the first child born there. In the war of 1812, Colonel Clark commanded the 2d regiment, i6th division, Ohio militia, which was called into active service July 28th, 1813, and in that capacity served with distinction during the time his regiment was in the ser- vice, and when it was mustered out he returned to his home in Clarksburgh, and there resided until his death on the loth August, 1824. Having entered the service with the zeal and ardor that characterized him. Colonel Clark equipped his regiment almost entirely at his own expense, for which he was never reimbursed by the government, and this heavy loss, with others, caused by his absence in the service and otherwise, left the family of this brave and patriotic man in straitened circumstances, and the subject of this sketch, while yet a child, was thus deprived of those advantages of early training and educational privileges, which, had his father lived, would doubtless have been liberally bestowed upon him. At his father's death he was well advanced in the common school education of the time, and one of the regrets of his father was that he could not live to give him a thorough education, and remarking at the time that he was the only child he had who would make a great scholar if he had a chance. After that time his opportunities for obtaining an education were limited, for, as soon as he was large enough, he had to work on a farm to aid in maintaining the family, at which work he continued, availing himself of the few opportunities he had to go to school, until January, f833, when being then in his sixteenth year, he went to Chillicothe, and entered the store of his brother Edward B. Clark, as general clerk, where he remained a few months, and then returned with his brother, who removed his store to their native village, Clarksburgh. He remained here engaged as general clerk in the store, until December 1835, when his brother, having formed a partnership with one Williams, established a branch store in Williamsport, and Williams being inexperienced in the business, young Clark was sent to take charge of it. Here he remained until early in 1837, when he returned to Clarksburgh and taught a quarter's school, and in the fall, returning to WiUiamsport, went into the dry goods store of Ratcliff and Shaughnessey, where he remained until June, 1838;' then he went to Chillicothe, and entered the dry goods establishment of John C. Scott, who had caused him to be written to, though in another county, offering him a situation. He remained with Mr. Scott until he sold out to Douglas and Anderson, and with .,e-« yf_n Q^i/t^ ^^^^^caA. c. -rr BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 227 them until May, 1839, when, provided with excellent recom- mendations, he went to Louisville, Kentucky. Up to this time Mr. Clark had given general satisfaction to his various employers, and had made a reputation as an excellent sales- man and trustworthy clerk. Arriving at Louisville he was taken sick among strangers, and was confined to his bed for six weeks. On the second day after getting up, seeing an advertisment for a clerk, he called on Mr. John Watson, and, presenting his letters, solicited the situation. In a few min- utes the reply came : "I have had several applications, but I like your looks better than any of them," and he was imme- diately engaged as bookkeeper in Mr. Watson's wholesale establishment at a salary of ^500 per year. Here one of those incidents that strew the pathway of life with flowers occurred. Mr. Watson, looking at Mr. Clark, said "You have been sick, don't you need some money?" and being answered in the affirmative, commenced and continued counting down IS5 bills, until told to stop. But a few min- utes before he had never seen or heard of Mr. Clark. Here in a short time the principal management of this large busi- ness was committed to him, with powers of attorney to sign the proprietor's name to checks and drafts, and otherwise to take charge of the bank accounts, and a general supervision over the other employes ; Mr. Watson devoting his time and attention principally to his manufacturing operations. A position of such responsibility, acquired by so young a man and through his own unaided exertions, is evidence of a marked energy of character, and shows that Mr. Clark had thus early in life resolved not to be one of the failures of society. At the end of the first year Mr. Watson presented him with a fine suit of clothes, a copy of Dr. Adam Clark's commentaries on the Bible, and increased his salary to J650. He continued here two years longer. During this period in Louisville he improved every opportunity for mental culture, and being an eager student his spare time was spent with his books, and, having wealthy and influential relatives in and around the city, he also enjoyed the benefit of its best soci- ety. From his earliest recollection his highest ambition had been to become an able and distinguished lawyer. Many of his kinsmen were honorable members of that profession, among whom was his uncle, James B. Clark, of Alabama, a very distinguished lawyer, and at three different times chan- cellor of the middle district of that State. During his third year in Louisville he was offered through his employer, Mr. Watson, the situation of bookkeeper in the house of W. C. Fellows & Co., the largest wholesale dry goods establishment in that city, at a salary of j5i,ooo a year — a very large salary for those times — and was advised by him to accept it, as it was more than his business would justify paying, and the im- mense business of that house throughout the South and South- west, would prove of great advantage to a young man. Mr. Clark declined the offer, preferring to remain with Mr. Wat- son if he continued clerking, but he had really resolved to carry out the long cherished object of his life, and at the end of his year returned to his home in Ohio, and on August 9th, 1842, began the study of the law with Colonel Jonathan F. Woodside, formerly a member of the Ohio legislature and subsequently charge d'affaires to Denmark. He pursued his studies unremittingly, and, November 23d, 1844, was ad- mitted to the bar. He commenced the practice of law at Chillicothe, and with characteristic energy strove to reach the front rank of his profession, omitting no labors to accom- plish that end. He took an active part in the Presidential campaign of 1844, full of admiration for Henry Clay, and made quite a reputation as a political speaker. He was com- plimented by the editor of the Scioto Gazette with the remark that he need only follow the teachings of his own experience to become one of the ablest speakers in the party's behalf In 1845 1^6 was elected by the whigs prosecuting attorney of Ross county, and reelected in 1847 — serving two full terms. The bar of the district at this time contained some of the ablest lawyers of the State, yet with such care, skill and in- dustry did he discharge his duties that he seldom lost a ver- dict, and had but one indictment quashed during the four years. In 1849, having declined a reelection as prosecuting attorney, he was elected to the State legislature by a majority of over a thousand votes, and was there appointed chairman of the committee on claims. The legislature of this term was composed of many lawyers of distinction, among whom may be named Chief Justice Waite, the late George E. Pugh, A. N. Riddle, Judge William Lawrence, and several others, who at the bar and in politics have won high positions. Since leaving the legislature in 1850, Mr. Clark has devoted him- self almost exclusively to the practice of his profession, hav- ing a large practice in Ross and adjoining counties. He has been engaged in many important criminal cases, sometimes assisting the prosecution and at others defending. He prose- cuted Leach, who was convicted of murder in Vinton county. Judge Peck presiding, and was highly complimented by the judge upon his powerful summing up. He prosecuted Roads, in the same county, who was convicted of murder in the second degree. He was opposed in this case by John Welch, afterward supreme judge, Bundy & Hoffman, and William T. McClintick. It excited great interest at the time, and Mr. Clark's closing speech was spoken of by the press and peo- ple as the greatest effort of his life. He aided the prosecu- tion in the Blackburn trial at Chillicothe, being opposed by Mr. Pugh, Judge Sloan, and others. The trial lasted twenty- two days, and created wide-spread interest. His defense of Parks for the murder of Shockey ; of Ryan for the murder of Dougherty, in Jackson county ; of Larsh for the murder of Rittenhouse ; of young Binckley and young Francis, each charged with murder, and others in Ross county, were all complete victories. Of the great number Mr. Clark has de- fended, charged with penitentiary offenses, — as many as six, in one instance, at a single term of court — it is a signifi- cant, fact that not one was sentenced to the penitentiary. Of late years, he has to some extent withdrawn from the crim- inal, and devoted himself more particularly to his large civil practice. There is perhaps no man of his age in his section of the State who has tried more cases, or done more hard work in his profession than Mr. Clark. In addition to his circuit practice he has been engaged in many important cases in the supreme court and has in a large measure aided in the settlement of many disputed questions of law in the State. In the case of Famulener vs. Anderson, 15 Ohio State Re- ports, which he argued orally. Judge Thurman opposing counsel, the chief justice characterized his argument as one of "unusual force and ability." The cases of McArthur vs. Franklin, 15 Ohio State Reports; Phipps vs. Hope's Admin- istrator, 16 Ohio State Reports, and others have become the ruling authorities upon the principles there decided. In the great case of Taylor et al. vs. The Commissioners of Ross County, 23 Ohio State Reports, involving the consti- tutionality of the act of April 23d, 1872, known as the "Boesel law," and millions of dollars voted in various counties of the 228 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPJE.DIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. State, to aid in the construction of railroads, Mr. Clark's oral argument in closing, on behalf of the defendants, was perhaps the ablest effort of his life, and elicited from all who heard it the highest compliments. The case from the magnitude of the interests involved, attracted general attention, and a synopsis of the arguments was published in many of the papers throughout the State. Mr. Clark as a lawyer, is a hard worker, thoroughly read in his profession, and with a memory so tenacious that he can upon the instant refer to almost any authority he desires to use. He is a fluent speaker, often rising to a high degree of eloquence, with a quick wit and often playful humor, and ready at repartee, but at times severe in his sarcasm and invective, while always a close and logical reasoner. He thoroughly identifies him- self with his clients' interests, is most painstaking in the preparation of his cases for trial and spares no labor or exer- tion to insure success. A man of strict integrity, high char- acter, and of acknowledged ability, and standing in the front rank of the profession in his section of the State, he is recog- nized as a formidable opponent in a law suit. In the spring of 1873, Mr. Clark was elected in Ross county, delegate to the Constitutional convention, defeating both the democratic nominee and an independent republican candidate, notwith- standing the county had the fall before gone democratic by 261 majority, and in the fall following gave Governor Allen 647 majority, thus demonstrating his popularity and the high estimation in which he is held at home. He was chairman of the committee on public debt and public works, took an active part in the debates of this body of able men, and was always listened to with attention. His speech, while the con- vention was in session at Columbus, upon the report of the committee on the public institutions, attracted great attention at the time, was published in the State Journal — the first speech of the body published by that paper — and highly commended. It called forth many compliments from his brother-members, and others, and illustrated in a marked manner his fine legal abilities and statesmanship. His speeches are scattered throughout the volumes of the debates, are always able, terse and pointed, especially his opening speech, as chairman of his committee, which is a very able one, showing much research and a thorough comprehension of the important subjects discussed. Notwithstanding his devotion to his profession, Mr. Clark has not been unmind- ful of his public duties as a citizen, and in almost all the im- portant political campaigns he has taken an active part as a speaker and otherwise. Upon the disruption of the whig party, he became an ardent republican, and has acted with that party ever since its organization. In i860 he was a del- egate to the Chicago convention, and struck out boldly for Mr. Lincoln, and notwithstanding days of discussion by the Ohio delegation, refused to vote for any one else. Some others finally uniting with him, caused a break in the dele- gation, and prevented its vote being cast solid against Mr. Lincoln, thereby contributing to his nomination. During the war that followed, Mr. Clark was deeply interested in behalf of the Union and the Constitution, and lost no opportunity by word or means to aid in putting down the rebellion. In 1870 he was a candidate before the republican convention for supreme judge. The press of the State spoke of his ability and fitness for the position in the highest and most flattering terms. He received the highest vote any one from his sec- tion of the State had received since Judge Peck's time, but failed of a nomination, In the fall of 1878 he was a promi- nent candidate in his district for the Congressional nomina- tion, his only competitor being Mr. Neal, the present incum- bent then serving his first term. The convention was nearly equally divided in its choice between them, when Mr. Clark to preserve harmony in his party, and in deference to the desire of that portion of the new district which had been a part of Mr. Neal's former district, to compliment him with a second term, mounted the stand and in a stirring speech withdrew from the contest, and permitted Mr. Neal to be nominated by acclamation. On October nth, 1849, two days after Mr. Clark's election to the legislature, he was united in marriage to Jane Isabel, eldest daughter of Colonel Jonathan F. Woodside, with whom he had studied law. There were nine children from this union, seven of whom are living. The eldest daughter, Eleanor Woodside, is the wife of Mr. John A. Somers, residing at Chillicothe, and the others are unmarried. The union has proved a happy one. HUTCHINS, Wells Andrews, of Portsmouth, Ohio, was born at Hartford, Trumbull county, in that State, October 7th, i8i8. His father, Asa, and his mother, Hannah (Bushnell) Hutchins, emigrated from Hartford, Connecticut, and early in the history of this State, settled in Trumbull county. Asa Hutchins was a colonel in the war of 1812, a prominent man in the community where he lived, and of very decided force of character. He died at the age of forty-five, leaving a widow and eight children, but two of whom are now living. Wells A., the subject of this sketch, and his eldest sister, Lorena, now wife of Samuel Andrews, of Howland, Trumbull county. The mother was a most estimable woman, possessing those traits of character fre- quently met with in New England mothers, whose influence and training have given to our country many of our best men. At the death of his father. Wells, who was the fourth in the age of the children, was twelve years old. The next succeeding year he worked on a farm, receiving for his year's labor, the sum of $25 ; and from that time forth he was dependent upon his own exertions for his livelihood. Possessed naturally of a quick, active mind, he made the best use possible of meagre facilities for self-education. The age of eighteen found him qualified for teaching. In 1836 he went to Indiana, opened a select school at Corydon, Harrison county, where he remained for eighteen months, then returned to Trumbull county with $900 in money, the result of his labor and economy. This enabled him to pre- pare for his profession. He read law with the Hon. John Hutchins and John Crowell, now of Cleveland, but then residing at Warren, Ohio; was admitted to the bar in 1841, and selected as the field of his labors Portsmouth, Ohio, a city containing about 3,000 population, and considered a place of importance. Mr. Hutchins' early training had pre- pared him for the labor necessary to success, and nature had given him a mind eminently adapted to the profession he had chosen. He rapidly acquired practice and standing in his profession. In 1843 he married his present wife, Cornelia M., daughter of Joshua V. Robinson, Sr., then one of the most prominent and successful business men in that part of the State. Mr. Hutchins has three living children, Nora Cooper, the wife of the Rev. J. T. Franklin of ChiUicothe, Ohio, now of Middlebury, Vermont; Dudley Brooks and Wells Andrews Hutchins, Jr., the former eighteen and the latter sixteen. His oldest son, Clifford Van Zandt, a highly gifted and promising boy, died at Kenyon College, Ohio, ^(, -C -/ ' 'f^/ri^C yr:, iyM^j BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 229 June 6th, 1874, at the age of eighteen. In pohtics, Mr. Hutchins was an old Hne whig, until the dissolution of that party, when he became and has ever since remained a mem- ber of the democratic party. He was elected to the Ohio legislature in 1852. During the war, he was a staunch war democrat, and in 1862 was elected to Congress, in a republi- can district, by a majority of 2,000. One of those sterling men, who are always controlled by their convictions, he was the only democratic member of Congress from Ohio who voted for the amendment to the Constitution of the United States abolishing slavery. He is not a politician, has never sought political preferment, has devoted himself to his pro- fession, in which he has achieved a position of eminence, and has done much to mould the jurisprudence of his State, as shown by the Ohio reports, particularly within the last twenty years. As a lawyer, his characteristics are a thorough knowledge of the general principles of the science ; great clearness and conciseness ; an analytical, logical mind ; un- usual power of concentration of thought ; perfect control of himself; courage of the highest order, and sterling integrity of thought and purpose. These attributes enable him at once to analyze the facts of a cause, pass directly to the pith of the matter, and tersely and forcibly present it. He has little regard for mere technicalities, and despises chicanery and every semblance of unfair advantage. In his intercourse with his professional brethren he is at all times, whether in the daily walk of life or the heat of contest, a courteous gen- tlemen, yielding and commanding the respect due to the profession. He possesses great power of sarcasm and ridi- cule, but very rarely employs either; he never attempts oratory, and his eloquence is the force of clear, terse, logical statement. He possesses a depth of feeling and intensity of natuie that but few of the many who think they know him well have any knowledge of. Kind to all, generous to a fault, yet his nature admits but few to the nearer relation of friendship; while that friendship, once formed, is intense and lasting. By those few friends and the members of his own family circle alone is the real nature of the man understood ; and they know him to honor, respect, and love him. His life yet promises many years of useful labor, and, judging by his past history, we confidently indulge the hope that his future efforts will appropriately round off a useful career in life, and so impress its directness and integrity of purpose upon the jurisprudence of our country, that it will be the better for his having lived. HaRTER, George Smith, educator, Greenville, Ohio, was born in New Madison, Darke county, Ohio, November i8th, 1845. He is a son of Elias Harter of the same county, whose father, David Harter, was born in Mary- land, July 30, 1790. In 1817 he became a settler of Winches- ter, Preble county, Ohio, and in 1819 located in Darke county, where he died, October 21st, 1878, in his eighty-ninth year. His blood descendants number one hundred and thirty-nine souls: — eleven children, fifty-six grand-children and seventy- two great-grandchildren. When a boy, our subject assisted his father at the trade of blacksmithing. In August, 1862, bemg then only sixteen, he enlisted in company H, lioth Ohio volunteer infantry, and served through the war. The principal engagements in which he participated, were those of Mine Run, Culpepper Court House, Brandy Station, Man- assas Gap, the terrible siege of Winchester in June, 1863, and the battle of the Wilderness in the spring of 1864, where he was taken prisoner by the Rebels, and for four months suffered the horrors of Andersonville, and for three months more those of Florence prison. Upon his liberation on De- cember 7th, 1864, he was found reduced to a living skeleton by exposure and starvation, and was sent home to die. Under careful medical treatment, however, he recovered ; in the following April he returned to his regiment, and, in June following, was mustered out of the service. His education was obtained in a two years' course at Heidelberg College, Tiffin, and a five years' course at Western Reserve College, Hudson, Ohio, from which latter institution he graduated with honor in the summer of 1875. Mr. Harter worked his own way through college by spare-hour and vacation labor. For his first year at Hudson, he had the contract for sawing the college wood, the remaining four years, he served as college glazier. In May, previous to his graduation, he received notice that he was elected principal of the Greenville High School, accepted, and has since filled the position with abil- ity. He is a close student and devoted to his profession. On October i8th, 1877, Professor Harter married Miss Flora E., daughter of Judge James T. Meeker of Greenville, and has one son. Cole, Henry M., lawyer, Greenville, Ohio, was born in Darke county, Ohio, March 17th, 1845. His grand- father, Samuel Cole, Sr., was a native of Sussex county. New Jersey, came to Ohio at an early day, and was the first justice of the peace of Washington township, Darke county. His parents are natives of the same county. His father, Samuel Cole, Jr., is a substantial farmer. His mother was Elizabeth Cox. Of a family of eleven children, our subject is the old- est. He supplemented the privilege of the common school by private study at home, and by an industrious improve- ment of his spare time, obtained a very fair English educa- tion. He entered the service of the United States in the war of the Rebellion, in 1 864, and was fifer boy in company G, of the I52d National Guards. He read law under the supervision of Messrs. Knox and Sater, of Greenville, gradu- ated from the Cincinnati Law School in the spring of 1869, was at once admitted to the bar, and began practice in Greenville. In August 1872, he formed a law partnership with Judge A. R. Calderwood of Greenville, and is still {1879) so associated. Politically he is a republican. He possesses good legal talent, is a close student, and is very devoted to his profession. As a pleader and as an advocate, he is effective. In both legal and in general literature he is well informed, and has the manners of a polished gentleman. Acton, John Parks, merchant, Eaton, Ohio, was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, September 4th, 1812. His grandfather, John Acton, was born in Acton Place, near London, England, came to America previous to the Revolu- tionary struggle, and was a soldier in that war. For a num- ber of years he resided in Maryland, but subsequently settled in Virginia. His son, John Acton, father of our subject, was born in Maryland, October 23d, 1781, but reared in Virginia. About the year 1809, he married Miss Nancy Buchanan of Rockbridge county, of that State. In the fall of 1816, he settled in Eaton, where for a number of years, he engaged in the hatter's trade. He was a colonel in the early day militia, and also, an associate judge of Preble county. He died of cholera in Eaton, July 26th, 1849. A man of pioneer industry, he possessed great energy and an indomitable will. 23° BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. He was noted for his correctness in all business transactions and general rectitude of life. He was unusually polished in manners, and very greatly respected throughout the com- munity. He had two daughters and one son, Mrs. S. H. Hubbell, Mrs. Samuel Robeson, a widow, . and John Parks Acton, all residents of Preble county. Our subject learned his father's trade, and followed it for eight years. When a young man, he served as clerk to the county auditor, and adjutant in the militia of the county. In 1848 he embarked in the lumber business, which he has carried on very exten- sively for thirty years. On May i6th, 1841, he married Miss Parthenia M. Stephens. Her father, John Stephens, was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, October 29th, 1792, and settled in Preble county in 1817. His wife, Margaret Fisher, was born near Baltimore, February 12th, 1794. Mr. Stegjiens died in August, 1827. He was a man of earnest christian principles, and a valued member of the Methodist church. His widow survives at the advanced age of eighty-five, re- markable for her health and spirits. Mrs. Acton has had six children, three deceased. The elder surviving daughter the wife of H. C. Heistand, of the Preble County bank ; the younger. Miss Mary Isabel Acton. The son, Joseph W. Acton, is teller in the bank just named. Mr. Acton has resided in Eaton for more than three-score years, during a large portion of which time he has taken a leading part in the business interests of the county. He has been a model of industry, energy, and enterprise. His character is that of a clear-headed, sagacious and honorable business man. He possesses an open-hearted, generous nature, and great ten- derness of feeling, which qualities have often been evinced in charity to the needy, and in kindly attentions to death- bereaved families. DeVEREUX, John Henry, civil engineer and rail- road president, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, April 5th, 1832. He is a son of Captain John Devereux, of the mer- chant marine, whose family were among the first settlers of the colony of Massachusetts Bay, in New England. He had a long English ancestry, being of the twenty-sixth gen- eration in England and of the seventh in this country, in direct lineal descent from Robert de Ebroicis, or Robert D'Evreux, known in history as one of the Norman conquer- ors of England in 1066. Educated at Portsmouth ( New Hampshire) Academy, he removed to Ohio early in 1848, as .a civil engineer, having left his home in Massachusetts at sixteen years of age, a very independent, spirited boy. On arriving at Cleveland he was at once employed as construct- ing engineer on the Cleveland, Cincinnati and Columbus Railroad. After its completion he found similar employment on the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad. He went South in 1852, and uritil 1861 was engaged in his pro- fession as civil engineer in the construction of railroads in Tennessee. Prominently connected with the internal im- provements of that State, he was referee in important cases as to location and construction. He became the leading spirit in railroad affairs, and had determined upon residing there the remainder of his natural life, but on the breaking out of the war he left Tennessee regretfully and regretted, and in the spring of 1862, after having made a reconnoissance for a military railroad in the Shenandoah Valley, received the appointment of Superintendent of military railroads in Virginia, and under it had charge of all railroads out of Alex- andria, Virginia, and connected therewith. It was in the early spring of 1862 that the forward movements of the Fed- eral armies in Virginia, called for the active operation by the Government of the railroad lines centering in Alexandria and connecting with Washington. Up to this time the use of these railroads by the United States had been much restricted, and the exceedingly limited amount of equipments upon them was made up of odds and ends gathered from every quarter; whilst, to add to the general inefficiency, no organization existed, nor had much been done towards the reconstruction of machine shops and restoring the various accessories nec- essary to successful railroad operations. In fact, the rail- roads were in the most deplorable condition, and in the midst of chaos and imperative demands for endless transportation to and with the advancing armies. General McCallum was suddenly called to the department of railroads, and in turn summonded Colonel Devereux as the controller and chief of the Virginia lines. The work was neither more nor less than herculean, and its difficulties were manifold and well nigh insurmountable; the constant destructions and assaults of the enemy upon the roads, those iron arteries of the army's absolute life, being almost equally matched by the intoler- ance and ignorance of intermeddling Federal officers, whose ambition by turns extended to the special ownership and direction of every mile of track and of every car and loco- motive. No defined line was drawn between railroad man- agement, the War Department, and the army, but the un- written law was none the less exacting from quartermasters' and commissaries' departments, from ordinance and hospital departments, and the chiefs in command in the field ; whilst through the whole ran the demands and necessities of move- ments of large bodies of troops, of batteries and pontoon trains, with endless material of war, and the carriage of the sick and wounded. The roads were infested with ever/ kind of suspicious character and peddler, and the trains swarmed with these to the injury of every interest in the service. There was no time for preparation even. Colonel Devereux plunged into the chaotic mass, and, meeting unmoved each new obstacle, laid at once the foundation-stone of discipline, and with a kindly eye but stern hand brought the strictest order and obedience into almost instant action. He filled the reconstructed shops with tools and the roads with adequate equipments, quietly and patiently but persistently suggesting and developing the system of military railroad law, and making it consistent and harmonious with the regulations of each department of the government, whilst giving the strict- est heed to the minutest detail he wounded the self-love of no one. He swept away with a single stroke every peddler and leech and spy and thief from the trains, which now became indeed " through trains of government supplies,'' as the order stated, and were manned and officered with the most rigid discipline. He organized a corps of inspection and detection that shortly became a very sieve, catching and straining out all that was bad and suspicious of men and their merchandise, and making his office the recognized gate- way to the army, through which all and everything had to pass for recognition and approval. With strong practical sense he avoided clashings between the departments in the fitting of the vast machine of transportation to their wants, and thus aided all plans of General Haupt as those of his predecessor. General McCallum. With unwearied energy, sleepless and untiring, he developed the resources and abih- ties of the same ponderous machine, until Alexandria was the very heart and governor of a great system that worked w CAjrt-VC/t-^'XL BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 231 with the quiet and precision of a chronometer in the distribu- tion under his hand of countless stores, munitions, and troops. It mattered but little how bridges or roadway were blown up or destroyed by the raids of the enemy. Few armies in his- tory can match the ceaseless surging backwards and forwards upon Virginia's plains, in the obstinately contested struggles between Secession on the one side and the various leaders of the army of the Potomac on the other, with their contending hosts. But the railroad trains were never behind. Major- general Meade particularly was served in rations and forage and material "so magnificently," as he expressed it, under all circumstances, that from that time forward his own re- peatedly expressed appreciation removed the last obstacle that might have remained to cause friction to the system. He incited a zeal in the minds of his own army of em- ployes that insured the fulfillment of every pledge he made, and in the execution of duty the drilled train men would, with their lives ever in their hands, in darkness as in day- light, have "gone through on time ' or have gone to eternity as some of them did, crushed and killed by the acts of the enemy. It was a gallant thing, with Pope's army doubled back and scattered in confusion, to bring into Alexandria every car and engine, with the train and station appliances, loading up and saving these and the army stores, and in some cases working the cars up the grades by hand, and this performance going forward whilst the ground was trembling with the battle. Such work as this he more than once repeated. It was a noble labor, too, that of caring for the suffering and wounded, which was made a part of the mili- tary railroad work, and the United States Sanitary Commis- sion had in him one whom they looked to for direction, and whose constant aid they gratefully acknowledged,' whilst his head-quarters was the continual source of comfort and intelli- gence for thousands. No officer stood better with the War Secretary nor with the President, and gradually it came about that he could not be removed, stubborn as was for a time the opposition against him, as it would be against any person holding such a place of unusual power, and which could have been turned also into a source of immense per- sonal gain. But he was neither to be bribed nor bought. Mr. Stanton understood him from the time of his first reply to the Secretary's telegram about the movement of some troops. It was soon after he had gone to Alexandria, and was one of the first practical results from the reorganization there. About the midnight hour of one spring night the Secretary of War, standing at the telegraph key, suddenly flashed the query, " How soon could transportation be upon Maryland Avenue, sent from Alexandria, for ten thousand men?" He, too, was equally vigilant, and was also near the receiving key, and before the message could be completed on paper gave the reply in three words, viz. ; "Within sixty minutes." This manner of response surprised the Secretary, who expressed incredulity, but he again telegraphed, "Send them on." In an instant another astounding answer came back: "They are already on the way." The head-light of the first engine of the convoy of troop trains was already shining towards Long Bridge, and the entire convoy was upon Maryland Avenue within the designated "sixty min- utes." He directed and moved men and machines by a thorough system, — the physical and moral condition of the former and the superb mechanical completeness of the latter being equally a subject of his personal concern and unremit- ting watchfulness. The result was great perfectness in operation and precision in effective management. It was not an extraordinary thing for a locomotive and train to be peppered with mini6-balls or to receive the effect of shell or cannon-balls, and to these dangers, in store generally, were added the great vicissitudes of accident from displaced rails and other devices of the enemy, coupled with the greatest irregularity of service from army changes. Hence the promptness of movement and immunity from serious acci- dent which marked the working of these military raihoads was absolutely marvelous, and the character of the man to whom the whole matter of their development had been intrusted was stamped upon the results throughout. In the spring of 1864 the military railroad work was drawing to a close, and he felt himself at liberty to heed the calls made for his services in civil life. During his connection with the .army of the Potomac he had won the respect and good will of all, and the entire confidence of the leading men in the army and the Government with whom his position brought him into relations. His resignation was received with sin- cere regret, and he bore with him to Ohio the hearty good wishes of every person with whom he had been associated. Accepting the management of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad, he was its vice-president and general superintend- ent for five years, and under his control it was one of the most judiciously managed roads in the State. In 1866 he was invited to become vice-president of the Lake Shore Rail- road Company, and soon after accepting that position he was elected to the presidency. When the consolidation of all the connecting lines of the Lake Shore road between Buffalo and Chicago was effected under the name of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Company, he was appointed general manager, and had executive control of this great line with its iijnportant branches and leased connections. During his management the line was very successful, and its reputa- tion among railroads for safety and accommodation to the traveling and business public and prudent and economical management in the interests of the stockholders stood high. So high, in fact, was the estimate placed on his ability as a railway manager that in June, 1873, he received overtures from the owners of the Atlantic and Great Western and the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad Companies of such- a character that he could not, in justice to his own interests, refuse the offers made. He accepted the position of president of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati and Indianapolis Railroad Company, and in the same year was elected president of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company, holding both positions. At the sa:me time he was president of other railroad companies whose lines formed part of the system of the larger companies under his direction. When he assumed control of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, its fortunes were at a low ebb. Successive terms of mismanagement had embarrassed it almost- beyond extrication, and the results of the panic were felt by this as well as by all other railroads. Laboring against most discouraging odds, he succeeded in putting the hne in the best condition possible under the circumstances, but at the opening of the year 1875 it was deemed useless to continue the struggle until a change in its financial condition had been effected, and he was made receiver, shortly after- wards resigning his position as president and director, as being incompatible with that of receiver appointed by the courts. It was a gratifying evidence of his character for in- tegrity and honor, as well as of his ability as a railroad man- 232 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. ager, that all parties were satisfied with his appointment as receiver, feeling that their clashing interests were in safe and honorable hands. Although never a politician, he always manifested an active interest in public affairs, and before the war he spoke publicly in the South in behalf of the Union, making eloquent and effective speeches. Twice he was ten- dered a nomination to Congress, but declined. A member of the Episcopal church, he was very active in church affairs, and especially in missionary work, laboring zealously, giving freely, and by lay preaching, when necessary, and Sunday- school work, giving the cause of religion strong impetus. A man of large brain, seemingly unlimited capacity for work, warm heart, general impulses, and kindly speech, he is un- tiring in good deeds, and wherever known is spoken of with respect and esteem. In the Masonic Order he ranks high, and in i860 was elected grand master of the grand council Royal and Select Masters of Tennessee. In the spring of 1875 he was reelected president of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, and has since been actively engaged in the duties of his official positions. In 1851 he married Miss Antoinette C, daughter of Hon. Lorenzo A. Kelsey, former mayor of Cleveland, and of this union four children have been the issue. KiRTLAND, JaRED POTTER, M.D., LL.D., sci- entist, born November loth, 1793, in Connecticut, and died in November, 1877, at East Rockport, Ohio. He was the son of Tarhand and Mary ( Potter) Kirtland, and grandson of the late Dr. Jared Potter, a distinguished physician of Wallingford, Connecticut. In his youth he was adopted into the family of his grandfather, and from him and the common district school he received most of his early instruction. His father was largely interested in the New Connecticut pur- chase by the Connecticut Land Company, and in 1799 was appointed its general agent. In 1803 he removed his family to Poland, Mahoning county, where he became a prominent citizen, retaining his agency so long as the Company existed. From 1807 to 18 10 Jared pursued a course of classical studies in the Wallingford and Cheshire Academies, where he .early evinced the possession of a mind of very uncommon order, and that a scientific career would be his natural choice. While yet a boy he was a diligent student of nature, — a ver- itable human worm, boring his way to knowledge by a pre- cocious system of analysis and investigation applied to every- thing he touched and saw. At the age of twelve years he was an expert at budding and engrafting, and a beautiful garden, embracing almost every hardy species of popular annual and perennial, was cultivated by him. At this age, too, he began the study of the Linnaean system of botany and the system of producing new varieties of fruit by crossing, and became proficient in their practice. Assisted by his cousins, he also managed the extensive orchards of white mulberry trees established by his grandfather for the cultiva- tion of silk-worms. He well understood that the female silk- worm, hatched alone and kept alone, would lay eggs which would hatch as well as if she were domiciled with the male, — yet it was believed the worms thus produced were of no value. { This was nearly half a century before Siebold wrote on Partheno-genesis.) He was thus early initiated into a practical knowledge of the metamorphoses of insects, which ever afterwards incited him to investigate every one which passed before his eyes. In 1810 his father, having become alarmed at the state of his health, sent for him to come West, and in May of that year he started on horseback, in company with Joshua Stow, of Middletown, Connecticut. This unex- pected change interrupted his classical studies, but introduced to him new subjects for future study. During the long jour- ney his mind was industriously engaged in its prelimin- ary investigations of the natural history, botany, geology, ichthyology, and general history of the country through which he traveled. He formed theories of his own regard- ing some of the subjects of his closer investigation, and his views and deductions in many instances subsequently proved to be as well founded as they were original. At Buffalo he spent some time in dissecting fishes which he had never seen nor heard of. The fishermen were at first in- clined to make sport of " a Yankee greenhorn" who had never seen a white-fish. He went on, however, examining every- thing they brought ashore, from snout to tail, — scales, bladder, and entrails. They soon found that he could teach even a fisherman something about fishes. On the 4th of June he and his party reached Conneaut Creek, where Judge Stow had landed with General Cleveland's party, July 4th, 1786. At Painesville the party met General Simon Perkins, with whom Kirtland rode to Warren, and from thence, by way of Youngstown, another day's journey brought him to Poland, where he found his father recovered from his sup- posed dangerous illness. He was soon occupied in teaching school here, having been waited upon by leading citizens of the place, who at length persuaded him to accept the position of the school-teacher who had recently died. While attend- ing to his scholastic duties he spent much of his time in the forests, fields, and about the water-courses, examining their productions in almost every department of natural history. He also called the attention of the farmers to the new varie- ties of fruit, and instructed them in the art of propagating them by budding and grafting. It was here also that in his father's apiary he found a new field for investigation, which for sixty-five years made bee-culture a favorite study, both as an art and a science. The sudden death of his grandfather Potter, who bequeathed to him his medical library, and money enough to attend the medical school at Edinburg, Scotland, called him back to Connecticut in 181 1. Arrived at Walling- ford, he commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John Andrews, and continued it later in that of Dr. Sylvester Wells, of Hartford, Connecticut, both of whom had been pupils of his grandfather. He devoted special attention to anatomy and materia medica ; and the renewal of intimacy with his old schoolmate, Lyman Foot, at that time chief assistant of Professor Silliman, led him also to pursue a course of study in chemistry, which Professor Silli- man facilitated and encouraged, by allowing him and Mr. Foot the free use of his most desirable and necessary appa- ratus, materials, and books. In 1813 he was well prepared to enter Edinburgh College, in furtherance of his grand- father's wish. But the war with Great Britain, then in pro- gress, prevented his departure, and the medical department of Yale College going into operation the ensuing winter, re- ceived and recorded his name as the first on the matriculation book of that institution. The class of that term consisted of thirty-eight members, among whom were Beriah Douglas, father of Senator Douglas. While pursuing his medical studies at Yale, he received private instruction in botany from Professor Ives, and in mineralogy and geology from Professor Silliman, besides making considerable progress in the science of zoology, without teachers. After a year's con- m aom the commencement of the Woodward High School 1 had felt anxious to obtain a situation in it, but on the 24th October (1831) I had received no appointment, and the operations were commenced; and 1 had resolved to open a private school, but to my great joy and satisfaction, on the 12th No- vember, I received an appointment in the High School as second professor in the academic department; " and on the 14th, he says, "1 commenced teaching in the High School." The principles governing him in his new undertakings are indicated by these words in his diary, under the date of April 22d, 1832: "System is everything — let a man always rise at a certain hour (I would say five o'clock this season of the year) and attend to his business in a certain order ; have a time for every action and a place for every thing, and in this way he will accomplish enough to astonish himself." By this law he lived, and had occasion, certainly, to be aston- ished. He evidently entered upon his work with joy, seeing , clearly the channel in which his talents and labors could have their best fruits, and applying them with religious zeal. When this school (about the year 1836) was organized as a college, Dr. Ray was appointed professor of mathematics. In the year 1851 the college privileges of the institution were dropped, and it became a high school again, but as a part of the common school system of the city. Dr. Ray was then made its principal, and so continued till his death. Soon after entering upon the work pertaining to his appointment in Woodward High School he seemed to recognize that he had been assigned to his proper work. He settled down to teach in very earnest. Having learned by his already con- siderable experience what the duties of a teacher are, and impelled by a rare conscientiousness, he went, sympatheti- cally, with his pupils into the fields of science, gathering and dispensing knowledge with rare genius. He was equally de- voted as a patient analytical student, and a painstaking, in- defatigable instructor. He necessarily enlarged his sphere, and as a first step in progress, conceived the idea of improv- ing text-books, or, rather, of starting a series on a new method, in mathematics. He began at the bottom and first presented Ray's simple arithmetic, on the inductive system. His beginning was a success. He hit a popular need, and proceeding in the line of what would seem to be a discovery, he produced, in succession, the books which were needed in the fundamental course of mathematics until he reached a second series in algebra. The methods of his books indicate the great comprehensiveness of his mind, his powers of anal- ysis, and his capacity to apply them, and their extended, lasting popularity, abundantly prove the correctness of his methods. His habits of application were thorough. No one ever appropriated his hours more methodically, filled engage- ments with greater punctuality, or followed his convictions with keener conscientiousness. Accuracy was a leading characteristic of his mental as well as his moral nature. In studiousness he was nearly an ascetic, yet in social intercourse he was singularly genial, humorously mirthful, single-minded, simply pure. His labors were well rewarded; not better, however, pecuniarily in a relative sense, than in the steadily increasing appreciation and estimation of his fellow-citizens. Trusts were often tendered him that were an earnest of the faith and regard in which he was held universally. In so far only as he could see his way to be useful in them did he ac- cept them, for he was indifferent to the merely meretricious advantages of success, and consequently did nothing for effect. In stature Dr. Ray was full six feet. His head was of a decidedly strong type. His body spare. His move- ments quick, energetic, earnest. His physical constitution was good, but was not rugged enough to bear the excessive strain of his mental application ; hence, although he came of a long-lived ancestry, he early found it necessary to guard it. In this he had the affectionate help of a considerate wife, who made his home as nearly as possible the resting-place as well as the model work-shop of a steady toiler. She helped his growth intellectually whilst aiding the economy of his physical strength. With all the care, though, which his powers had, he came to their limit quite too soon, and at forty-eight years of age, firm in the Christian faith, he ceased from life's labor. His work, however, exceeded his years, and will long follow. The marriage of Joseph Ray and Catharine G. Burt took place in Cincinnati on the 15th August, 1 83 1. There were born to them three children, of whom Daniel Gano Ray — the eldest bom — only is living. The latter two died within a year of their births. Mrs. Ray sur- vived the loss of her truly noble companion but a short time; she followed him June 29th, 1855. Reeve, John Charles, physician and surgeon, Dayton, Ohio, was borne in England, June 5th, 1826. In 1832 his father's family immigrated to this country and settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where our subject was reared. He enjoyed good school privileges up to the age of twelve, when by the loss of his mother and financial reverses in the family he was thrown entirely upon his own resources, became an apprentice to the printer's trade, and spent several years in the offices of the Cleveland Advertiser, and Herald. While thus employed, by industrious personal application, and by an attendance of several winters upon common schools, and one summer at an academy, he fitted himself for teaching which he followed for a time as the best means of improve- ment and education. He then read medicine with Dr. John Delamater, professor of obstetrics in the medical department of Western Reserve College, Cleveland, Ohio, from which institution he graduated. In 1849 ^e began practice in Dodge county, Wisconsin. Some four years later he visited Europe for the purpose of further study of his profession, and after passing the winter in London, and a summer at the Univer- sity of Gottingen, Germany, returned to this country and in the fall of 1854, settled in Dayton, which has since been his residence, where he rapidly rose in the confidence and esteem of the public generally and now occupies a leading rank in the profession in that city. He has performed most of the leading operations of surgery falling to the lot of one in general practice ; among others a case of tracheotomy, by " which was successfully removed from the throat of a little girl eight years old, the largest body, with one excep- tion, ever taken from the windpipe — a shawl-pin, three and one-fourth inches in length. The case is alluded to, and a cut of the pin given, in "Gross's Surgery." He has performed ovariotomy five times, three of them being suc- cessful, and which is about the usual number. He is a mem- ber of the Montgomery County Medical Society, of which he 2SO BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. has several times been president. Also of the Ohio State Medical Society, the American Medical Association and the American Gynaecological Society, of which he was one of the founders. He has made numerous reports of important pro- fessional cases, and has been a frequent contributor to the leading medical journals of the country, especially to the re- view department of the American Journal of Medical Sci- ences, Philadelphia, and to the American Journal of Ob- stetrics, New York. He occupies the rank of a leader in the profession in Ohio, and his personal standing is that of an affable, polished gentleman. On August loth, 1849, ^^ mar- ried Emma G. Barlow of Cleveland, Ohio, and has two sons and two daughters. Whittlesey, Charles, soldier and geologist, was born in Southington, Connecticut, October 4th, i8o8, and living, April, 1879, ^' Cleveland. He was the son of Asaph Whittlesey, of that place. When his father went West in search of a new location, leaving him and his mother at home, although then but four years old, he was sent to the country school house to be "out of harm's way." In 1813 the family removed to Talmadge, Summit county, Ohio, where he was again sent to school, working on the farm in vacations until 1827, when he was appointed a cadet at West Point. Here he made good progress in his studies, passing through the regular course of instruction and graduating with honor in 1 83 1, when he was made brevet second lieutenant in the fifth United States infantry. During his cadetship at West Point an incident displayed his coolness and courage. A cadet from the South was under condemnation of death for striking a superior officer, and whilst awaiting the approval of the sentence at Washington was confined in the cadet prison. Cadet Whittlesey was standing guard outside, and when his back was turned the prisoner sprang out, seized the sentry's musket and placed a loaded pistol at his ear. The sentinel, disregarding the pistol and the order to keep quiet, called for the corporal of the guard, and when the prisoner ran, pursued him, and was about to pierce him with the bayonet, when a relief effected the capture. In the year following his graduation at West Point, he served in the Black Hawk war, and afterwards resigned to devote himself to scientific pursuits, and especially to civil and mining en- gineering and geology. Twice he offered his services to the government in his old rank as a soldier — once in the Florida war of 1838, and again in the Mexican war of 1846 — but they were not considered necessary, and until the breaking out of the war of Secession his life was wholly devoted to scientific duties. In 1837 he was appointed on the geological survey of Ohio, and for two years labored assiduously in the work of ascertaining and locating the mineral resources of the State. The survey was abandoned through the mistaken economy of the legislature, but the two years' work has had a lasting effect on the prosperity of the State in disclosing the rich coal and iron deposits of northeastern Ohio, and thus laying the foundation for the vast manufacturing indus- tries that have made that portion of the State populous and prosperous. From 1847 to 1851, both inclusive, he was em- ployed by the United States government in the survey of the country around Lake Superior and the Upper Mississippi in reference to mines and minerals. After that work was con- cluded he spent much time in the same region exploring and surveying the mineral districts of the Lake Superior basin. Still later, the State government of Wisconsin secured his services for the geological survey of that State, which was carried on during the years 1858, 1859, and i860, and which terminated only by the breaking out of the war. This em- ployment brought him again into a territory with which he had become thoroughly familiar during his earlier surveys, when he hved among Indians the wild hfe of the woods, with only guides and voyageurs, threading the northern streams in canoes and the forest On foot. In all he spent fifteen seasons on the waters of Lake Superior and the Upper Mis- sissippi, familiarizing himself with the topography and geo- logical character of their basins. All his geological work was thorough, and the development of the mineral resources of the locations he examined furnished the strongest proofs of his scientific ability and judgment. With the first signs of trouble in national affairs he abandoned his scientific pur- suits and resumed the military character. He enrolled him- self a member of one of the military companies that tendered their services to president-elect Lincoln when he was threat- ened with violence on his entry into Washington in February, 1861. The events accompanying and immediately following the inauguration of President Lincoln convinced him that war was inevitable. He urged the State authorities to put Ohio into a state of military preparation, and two days after the president's proclamation of April 15th, 1861, he joined the governor's staff as assistant quartermaster-general. As State military engineer he served in Western Virginia with the three-months' troops, under the commands of Generals McClellan, Cox, and Hill, and distinguished himself by coolness and intrepidity under fire at Scary Run, on the Kanawha, July 17th, 1861, where his horse was wounded under him. When the three-months' service had expired he was made colonel of the twentieth regiment Ohio volunteer infantry, and was detailed by General O. M. Mitchel as chief engineer of the department of the Ohio. The twentieth was one of the early volunteer regiments before the days of bounties or drafts. The men were citizens of intelligence and character. They were brought to a high state of disci- pline without severity, and therefore without that personal ill feeling which frequently exists between men and their officers. There was no emergency in which they could not be relied upon to the full extent that soldiers ought to be called upon to fill. Between them and their commander there existed a mutual regard, which is happily expressed in a sentence of the parting letter to Colonel Whittlesey, signed by all of the non-commissioned officers : "The considerate care evinced for the soldiers in camp, and, above all, the courage, coolness, and prudence displayed on the battle-field, have inspired officers and men with the highest esteem for, and the most unbounded confidence in you, as our commander." In the capacity of chief engineer he planned and constructed the defenses of Cincinnati, which, in September, 1862, he volun- teered to defend on the approach of a hostile army. In the winter of 1861 he was placed in command of the counties of Owen, Grant, Carroll, and Gallatin, Kentucky, which were in danger of rebel outbreaks, and by his firmness and con- sideration he not only succeeded in maintaining order, but in the more difficult task of securing the respect and esteem of Unionists and Secessionists alike, as shown by the public ex- pressions of regret at his departure. With his regiment he was present at the taking of Fort Donelson, and on the morning of the surrender the prisoners were placed in his charge by General Grant, with instructions to convey them to St. Louis. The consideration he showed the unfortunate BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. prisoners on the route evoked from them a letter of warm thanks for his chivalric courtesy and kindness. On the second day of the battle of Shiloh he commanded the third brigade of General Wallace's division, composed of the twentieth, fifty-sixth, seventy-sixth, and seventy-eighth Ohio regiments. It was against the line of that brigade General Beauregard attempted to throw the whole weight of his force for a last desperate charge, but fell back from the withering fire that his men were unable to face. The part that brigade and its commander played in the battle received special and honorable mention in the official reports. After the battle of Shiloh he sent in his resignation, which failing health and the critical condition of his wife rendered necessary. This step had been determined earlier, but was delayed that he might have an opportunity of participating in the decisive battle that was fought at Shiloh. The resignation was re- ceived with reluctance, and the officers and men under his command and the general officers under whom he had served were unreserved in their expressions of kindliness to- wards him and of regret at the necessity of his leaving them. General Grant endorsed his application for resignation with the words, "We cannot afford to lose so good an officer." His mihtary services ended, he was again, without loss of time, deep in his scientific labors. Further explorations were made in the Lakq Superior and Upper Mississippi basins, and new additions to the mineral wealth of the country were the result of his surveys and researches. He had always taken a deep interest in the early history of the State, and to his energetic labors were mainly due the organization and suc- cess of the Western Reserve Historical Society, of which he was president and directing mind, and whose collections " of historical rehcs, geological specimens, and works relating to the early history of the State and the Northwest are exten- sive and valuable. His researches into the subject of the mound-builders of Ohio and the Mississippi valley were ex- tensive and the results important. On this subject and on the geological character and phenomena of the region of the lakes and the Northwest he was quoted extensively as an authority in most of the standard geological and anthropo- logical works of America and Europe. His contributions to scientific hterature were numerous and valuable. His pub- lished works are to be found in the Geological Reports of Ohio, 1838-39 ; United States Geological Surveys of the Upper Mississippi, D. D. Owen, 1847, 1849; United States Geological Surveys of Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Foster and Whitney, 1850, 1851 ; Life of John Fitch, Spark's Amer- ican Biography, new series. Volume vi., 1845; Fugitive Es- says, mainly historical, published at Hudson, Ohio, 8vo, pp. 357, 1854; and in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- edge — Ancient Works of Ohio, 1852 ; Fluctuation of Lake Levels, i860; Ancient Mining on Lake Superior, 1863 ; Fresh- Water Glacial Drift, 1866. In addition to these are an essay on the mineral resources of the Rocky Mountains, 1863; a valuable and handsome volume on the early history of Cleve- land, in 1866, and from forty to fifty essays, reports, and pamphlets, besides very numerous and interesting articles in newspapers and scientific journals. He was an earnest student, original thinker, and expressed himself with clear- ness and force. On whatever subject he wrote — whether it was science, history, or public affairs — he was sure to enlist attention and to furnish food for reflection. In April, 1879, as president of the Western Reserve Historical Society, he was laboring effectually and successfully in its interests. 251 Nolan, Michael P., lawyer and soldier, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Dublin, Ireland, June i8th, 1823. His pa- rents, William Nolan and Ellen Kinslah, came to this coun- try in April, 1824, and settled near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, but located in Dayton in 1838, where our subject has since resided. On December 30th, 1847, he married Miss Ann S. Clark, of Miamisburg, Montgomery county, Ohio, and has had ten children, eight living. One of his sons is connected with his father in the practice of law. Our subject is an only son in a family of three children, and is a self-made man, having had little or no advantages of early education. Being a carriage-maker in his early manhood, he labored at his trade by day and studied law at night. He was admitted to the bar in Dayton in 1841, but, being without means, did not begin practice until 1843. By close attention to his profession he soon became distinguished as an advocate. In politics he is erratic, and never reliable as a mere party man. He was a great admirer of Lincoln, whose early life and trials were not unlike his own. When the Rebellion broke out, at the first call for volunteers, he organized company G, of the nth Ohio volunteer infantry, and his company was at once mus- tered into the United States service. He was soon appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 50th regiment of Ohio infantry, which being consoUdated, he was commissioned by Governor Tod, colonel of the 109th Ohio, which was also consolidated in February, 1863. An abolitionist, a denouncer of slavery in every form, his devotion to the Union shone brightest in the darkest days of the civil war. During the summer of 1863, he became active in organizing the " war democracy," and in September of same year met in Columbus, with Col- onel McGroarty, Barnabas Burns, and a few others, who drew up a declaration of principles, and an address to the patriotic democrats of Ohio. The other gentlemen were inclined to make a ticket, but our subject stoutly opposed this, and pre- vailed on them to adopt John Brough, who was a life long democrat, and who some weeks previously was put in nomi- nation for governor by the republican party. He then entered industriously upon the canvass, and was received by large meetings. He was invited to address the people at Mozart Hall, in Cincinnati, which meeting was arranged for him on October 7th, and was greeted by the largest audience of the season. His speech was partially reported, and portions of it were reproduced in papers throughout the country. Brough was elected by 100,000 majority. The colonel was an active and vigilant member of the " Union League," being its pres- ident in the third Congressional district, and delegate to the National Convention, at Baltimore, which nominated Lincoln and Johnson in June, 1864. He also served as United States commissioner for several years. At the 4th of July celebra- tion in Dayton, in 1876, Colonel Nolan was the orator of the day, and delivered the Centennial oration. In August, 1877, he prepared a paper on " The Present Condition of Laboring Men," which appeared in the Dayton Journal, and excited much discussion. It claimed that most of the distress among the laboring classes, was the result of the use of labor-saving machinery. The document was generally circulated and ex- tensively read, and was translated into German. In Septem- ber, 1878, he was offered the nomination for Congress in the third district of Ohio by the greenback labor party, which he accepted, with no prospect of success. He was well received at each meeting, and made several powerful and convincing speeches. He is a close student of Burke, a ripe Shakes- pearean scholar, has a wonderful memory, and in all his 252 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. speeches there is a rich vein of wit and humor. With the talent to convince, he has the honesty to be candid. A writer in the Dayton Journal says : "Colonel Nolan is in many respects the most remarkable man at the Dayton bar. When he rises to speak, every one in the court room is de- lighted, except the opposing council, who frequently wince under his lash. At times he is truly eloquent, and from any speech of his of an hour's duration, passages may be culled, which, for beauty of language and brilliancy of ideas, will compare favorably with the studied efforts of the best speeches of the day." SiNTON, David, of Cincinnati, iron-master, was born in County Armagh, Ireland. His father was John Sinton, a linen manufacturer, of Anglo-Saxon origin, the original fam- ily name having been Swinton : a name borne by not a few men of distinction in the history of Great Britain. On his mother's side he was of Scotch extraction, her maiden name being McDonnell. Coming to the United States when he was three years old, the family settled at Pittsburgh, Pa. In his boyhood David gave promise that his success in life would be rapid. He attended the district school at irregular intervals, and by close application to private study, also, he gained a fair education. Leaving home at the age of thirteen, he became salesman at $4 per month, at Sinking Springs, in the State of Ohio. Two years later he went to Cincinnati, but soon returned to the former place, where his business tal- ents shortly afterward secured him an engagement. Hav- ing succeeded in adding materially to his savings, he again went to Cincinnati and established himself in the commis- sion business ; but this venture not proving so profitable as he expected, he sold out, and, going to Washington, Fayette county, he took charge of and managed, very successfully, an extensive dry goods establishment. His next removal was to the Hanging Rock iron region, where he assumed control of the landing and river business for James Rogers & Co., and afterwards of the manufacture of pig-iron, hollow-ware, etc., of John Sparks & Co., at Union Furnace, Lawrence county, Ohio. Within two years he was appointed manager of their entire works, of which he soon became part owner. He afterwards built the Ohio Furnace, and rebuilt the Union Furnace, which, together, did a large business in the manu- facture of iron. Returning in 1849 t° Cincinnati, which he made thenceforward his permanent place of residence, Mr. Sinton established an office for selling the products of the furnaces in which he was interested. Since engaging in the manufacture of iron he had been especially successful, and the great ability and good judgment exercised in his subse- quent numerous manufacturing and real-estate operations re- sulted very prosperously. He, meanwhile, took an active part in many of the leading enterprises of Cincinnati, and added to its wealth and beauty by the erection of many sub- stantial and elegant buildings. He distinguished himself as notably, however, by several munificent public gifts. After presenting $100,000 to the Union Bethel, and ^33,000 to the Young Men's Christian Association, in order that a debt might be removed from their property, he proposed, early in 1876, as an additional and still more munificent gift to the city of his adoption, the erection, on Fifth street, between Main and Walnut streets, of a granite esplanade and ros- trum — estimated, when completed, to cost not less than JS200,- 000 — as a place for public speaking and entertainment: a work destined to be a lasting monument to Mr, Sinton's pub- lic spirit and liberality, and a great addition to the public buildings of the city. Obstacles raised by politicians and others, however, prevented its construction. Entirely a self- made man, Mr. Sinton has been always remarkable for his strong common sense and self-reliance. One of the striking features of his character was his originality ; he never wished, it is said, to do, in the same way, anything that anybody else had done before him. His opinions were his own ; his ques- tions in regard to any business undertaking always referred to the facts ; he made his own deductions. Cjjiiefly self-edu- cated, his reading embraced a wide range of subjects in all directions of literature, history, and science — his memory, which was extraordinary, retaining whatever seemed valua- ble ; and few men could converse more agreeably and intel- ligibly on a greater variety of topics than he. A republican, but no politician— aiming to cast his vote simply for the elec- tion of good men — Mr. Sinton was, during the war of Seces- sion, a strong Union man, and did his full share in support of the government, both by the use of his means and influ- ence. A leader in public, he is privately modest, retiring, and unostentatious. His practical religion is simple justice, charity, and good will toward all men ; and his public liber- ality was but the outside of his private kindness and benev- olence. Mr. Sinton married Miss Jane Ellison, of Manches- ter, Ohio, and had two children, Edward and Annie. The former died in 1869, and the latter married, December 4, 1873, Charles P. Taft, of Cincinnati, son of Hon. Alphonso Taft. Gould, Levi GaLLENTINE, editor, Eaton, Ohio, was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, December 17th, 1831. His parents were Henry Gould and Elizabeth Rice, both na- tives of the same State. The former died in Carlisle, Penn- sylvania, August 7th, 1875, in his seventy-fifth year. He was scrupulously honest in all his dealings, and bore, through a long life, an irreproachable character. He was for many years a prominent member of the Presbyterian denom- ination. His widow is upwards of eighty, with a remarkably clear, vigorous mind and buoyant spirits. When a lad of thirteen, our subject learned the printer's trade, which, with some intermissions, he has since followed. The printing- office was his college, and, outside of this, his opportunities for learning were so meagre as to be scarcely worthy the name. The family numbered thirteen children, and the parents being poor, the former were, at an early age, thrown entirely upon their own resources. In April, 1850, Mr. Gould, then eighteen, came to Eaton, and was employed for some two years in the office of the Eaton Democrat, then un- der the control of his brother, W. C. Gould. He afterwards purchased the Lebanon, Ohio, Citizen, and in the summer of 1855 traded offices with his brother, and became proprietor of the Eaton Democrat. On January 15th, 1855, he married Miss Emily Van Ausdal, daughter of Cornelius Van Ausdal, one of the earliest pioneers to Preble county. Two daugh- ters are the result of this union, Edith L. and Mary V. Gould, now pursuing their education at Mount Carroll Seminary, Carroll county, Illinois. In 1858 he retired from the Demo- crat, and for some twelve years engaged in merchandizing and speculation, in which last enterprise he not only lost all ■ his property, but was left seriously in debt. In December, 1870, Mr. Gould again became connected with the Eaton Democrat, which has been conducted with ability and suc- cess, as is attested by the fact that its circulation is more than BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 253 four-fold what it then was. Mr. Gould is now a member of the board of trustees of the Dayton asylum for the insane. Personally he is a man of rather reticent disposition, and thoughtful. His style abounds with strong language, bitter sarcasm, and cutting repartee. His wife is a leader in the social circles of Eaton. The brother of our subject, W. C. Gould, wields a vigorous pen as editor of the Jackson Her- ald, of Jackson county, Ohio. Thompson, ElIHU, lawyer, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, October 13th, 1837. His par- rents, James Fry Thompson, and Mary A. Riley, were natives of Pennsylvania, and located in Montgomery county, Ohio, some time in the second decade of the present century. Up to 1866, his father was engaged in agriculture, but in that year he embarked in merchandizing in which he continued for some seven years, when he retired to private life. During his long residence in the county he has filled various minor local offices, among which may be mentioned that of justice of the peace, in which he served for several years. In the fall of 1873, he was elected to the legislature and served two years. He cast his first vote for President Jackson, and has been a life-long democrat. He is very firm in his opinions, possesses a genial, mirthful nature, and is greatly respected for his sterling integrity and disinterested benevolence. Our subject is the oldest son in a family of five children, and his boyhood up to the age of seventeen was passed at farm labor. His education, in addition to that of the common school, was obtained at the South Western Normal School at Lebanon, Ohio. For seven years, after leaving the latter institution, he was engaged in teaching, and while thus employed he be- gan the study of law under the instruction of George W. Houk, of Dayton, attended lectures at the Ohio Union Law School in Cleveland, from which he graduated in June, 1862, and was at once admitted to the bar. In August following he enlisted in the 93rd Ohio, company E, was taken sick at Lex- ington, Kentucky, and while there confined in the hospital was made a prisoner of war by Kirby Smith. After being paroled he returned to Columbus, Ohio, when, upon exami- nation, being found unfit for service, he was -honorably dis- charged, and returned home, and after teaching for a short time, opened a law office in Dayton. In 1869, he was elected prosecuting attorney for Montgomery county, reelected in 1871, and served four years. He is at present a member of the Dayton Board of Education. He has been thoroughly devoted to his profession, and occupies a prominent rank at the Dayton bar. He has given special attention to the study of criminal law, and has in preparation a work on that sub- ject for the State of Ohio. A lover of literature in general, but possessing a special taste for subjects of a metaphysical character, he has devoted much of his leisure time to the lat- ter, also to the higher class of poetical literature. In religious views he is an independent thinker, and while holding in high regard the opinions of those who differ from him, he might be styled a rationalist. He has been twice married. His first wife was Eliza Jane, daughter of Samuel and Re- becca Gregg of Springboro', Warren county, Ohio, whom he married in May, 1864. She died in September, 1865. On September 23rd, 1868, he married Anna Bella, daughter of Jacob Whitmore, an early settler of Montgomery county, Ohio. Mr. Whitmore emigrated from Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1828, and located on a farm near Dayton, upon which he passed the remainder of his hfe. He was one of the stalwart pioneers of the Miami Valley, and patiently pursued the laborious but noble vocation of agriculture. He was endowed with great physical and mental vigor, which found their development in a life of unusual energy and in- dustry. A man of remarkable purity of life and of the most scrupulous and sterling honesty to all who knew him, his word was as good as his bond. He was quiet and unobtrusive in manners, firm in his conviction of duty, conservative in his views, agreeable and kind-hearted, and possessed a sound and discriminating judgment. He was a member of the Lutheran denomination, and a very highly respected citizen. He married Nancy Kneisly, who bore him twelve children, eight of whom at present survive — the youngest surviving daughter being the wife of Elihu Thompson, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Whitmore died January 26th, 1879, a' '^^ advanced age of eighty-three years. Godfrey, Charles Moore, physician and legis- lator, Ottawa, Putnam county, Ohio, was born in Adams county, Pennsylvania, June 17th, 1816. His grandfather William Godfrey, emigrated from Wales, in the early part of the last century, and settled . at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and on his farm General Washington made his headquarters through that memorable revolutionary winter. Here his son, Thomas Godfrey, the father of our subject, was born in 1770. He married Mary Settle, a native of Virginia, and had a family of eleven children, five living. Dr. Godfrey is the second son. Having passed his minority on a farm, enjoy- ing only the advantages of a common school, he came to Ohio in 1837 and studied medicine under Dr. C. T. Pomroy, of Ottawa, a pioneer physician of Putnam county, Ohio, at- tended lectures at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, and began practice in 1840, in Ottawa,. In 1843, he removed to Kalida, in the same county, where he remained fourteen years. In 1855 he became an honorary alumnus of the Cleveland Medical College, Ohio. In 1857, he returned to Ottawa, where, with the exception of three years spent in Allen county, he has since resided. He has been president of the Putnam County Medical Society, and also of the North Western Ohio Medical Society. He was one of the first trustees of the Cleveland Lunatic Asylum, and of the Dayton Asylum for the Insane, and is at present connected with the board of trustees of the latter institution. He is also a free- mason of long standing, and for many years was and still is master of Ottawa Lodge, No. 325. Among the local posi- tions which he has filled may be mentioned that of county treasurer, and member of the Ottawa School Board, of which he has been for a number of years the president. In 1848, he was a member of the Presidential electoral college on the Cass and Butler ticket. In politics, he was formerly a demo- crat, but upon the nomination of Buchanan espoused the re- publican cause, and has since voted with this party. In religious belief a Presbyterian, he is an elder of his church. In 1861, he was elected to the Ohio senate, and served one term. In 1863, he was commissioned examining surgeon for pensions. For nearly forty years Dr. Godfrey has been in the active practice of that profession in Putnam county, has made an honorable record in his profession, and has long ranked as one of the leading practitioners of the Maumee valley. He is a man of clear judgment, sterling good sense, fine social quahties, and of unimpeachable integrity of char- acter. He has been twice married. His first wife, an es- timable lady, whom he married in 1842, was Mary, daughter 254 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. of Matthew Chambers, of Putnam county, Ohio. She died in 1845, leaving one son, E. S. Godfrey, who graduated at West Point Mihtary Academy in 1867, is a captain of the 7th cavalry. United States army, and has since been in active ser- vice. He participated in the noted Indian fight in which the lamented Custer lost his life, and was also severely wounded in the fight at Bear Paw Mountain, Montana Territory, in 1877. In June, 1846, Dr. Godfrey married Mrs. Jane Braucher of Defiance, Ohio, who died February 6th, 1877. She was a woman of superior mental endowments, faithfully filled her sphere as wife and mother, possessed an amiable disposition, and was greatly beloved by all who knew her. She left two daughters and one son. Eveline graduated at Mansfield Female Academy in 1869, and Zoe from the Ottawa High School in 1874. Calvin is now pursuing his education in Ot- tawa High School. Dawson, William W., m. d. and surgeon, of Cincinnati, was born in Berkely county, Virginia, December 19th, 1828. He was the son of John Dawson, a manufac- turer and farmer, and a man "strong in sense, integrity and determination." The family was among the early settlers of Maryland and Virginia. His father, who was born in Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania, removed from there to Darkesville, West Virginia, and thence to Greene county, about 1830. Dr. Dawson received a good classical education, and while a student acquired considerable proficiency in scientific studies and reputation as a young lecturer of meritorious promise — chiefly on geology and natural history. He pursued a thor- ough course of study under his brother, the eminent physi- cian. Dr. John Dawson, of Columbus; and, after passing through the usual course at the Ohio Medical College, grad- uated from that institutiort in 1850. He devoted some time to special studies in the Cincinnati Hospital, and then en- gaged in the practice of medicine. Within three years of his graduation he was appointed professor of anatomy in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, which position he held for three years. From i860 to 1864 he filled the chair of professor of anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio. From 1864 to 1870 he lectured upon clinical surgery in the Cincinnati hospitals. He was then elected to the chair of surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, and still held that position in 1876. In 1871, also, he was appointed surgeon to the Good Samaritan Hospital, and among other official posi- tions he was elected president of the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine in 1869, and president of the State Medical Society in 1 87 1. In the various positions filled by him he achieved a popularity only less in degree than his professional reputa- tion, which ranked him among the first surgeons of the coun- try. His popularity was especially great among his students, and was referable as much to the deep and generous interest he evinced in their professional progress and personal wel- fare, as to the respect and admiration he commanded by rea- son of his talents and skill. He owes his success to large brain capacity, nervous power and persistent hard work. The literature of the medical profession was enriched by many able papers from his pen, which gave proof of talent for au- thorship, needing only time and application to obtain recog- nition equal to that he had secured in the chnical theater. Among his contributions to the medical journals and socie- ties were elaborate papers on "Abdominal Tumors," " Her- nia," "Graves's Disease," " Excision of Jtiints," and "Re- moval of Entire Clavicle.'' These articles, based chiefly upon operations performed by him, furnished the profession with considerable original and important information. He was author of the pamphlet on "Chloroform Deaths," published in 1 87 1, which attracted so much attention throughout Eu- rope and America, and to a favorable review of which the Edinburgh Medical Journal devoted unusual space and marked prominence. His treatise entitled "Nephrotomy" — extraction of calculus from the kidney — was a remarkable paper, published in 1873, and widely quoted in European journals. This also found its subject in the operation which he was among the first to perform — that of systematically cutting into the kidney for stone. As a statistician and an investigator of methods in all branches promotive of the progress of medical and surgical science, he was a reliable and industrious authority. In the field of surgery, as an op- erator. Dr. Dawson has probably performed as great a num- ber of operations as any surgeon in the western country, and there are but few operations known to surgical science which he has not successfully performed. As an operator, he is no- ted for nerve, rapidity, and self-reliance. An enthusiast in the science of surgery, he is very strict and punctilious re- garding the etiquette and esprit du corps of the medical pro- fession generally. Although a wealthy man when at the height of his reputation, he has continued to labor as faith- fully and unceasingly as though he had name and fortune yet to achieve. His riches not only did not deprive the poor and the community of his services, but they enabled him to practice charity to the extent which became a shining virtue in his life. To the widow and orphan and the poor he was kind and charitable, without ostentation, employing liberally for their relief. Thoroughly democratic in personal inter- course, he possesses a fund of genial humor which sparkles throughout his conversation, and at once places even stran- gers at ease in his company. He married Margaret Yates Hand, daughter of Dr. Jasper Hand, of Hillsboro, and granddaughter of General Edward Hand, a distinguished revolutionary officer, who was in the boat with George Wash- ington at the "crossing of the Delaware." Andrews, Israel Ward, d. d.,ll.d., president of Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio, was born at Danbury, Connecticut, January 3rd, 181 5. His father, a graduate of Middlebury College in 1806, was settled successively at Wind- ham, Danbury and Cornwall, Connecticut, and died at the latter place in 1838. Israel Ward was the fourth of seven children, six sons and one daughter. The sons are all living, all professional men, and five of them clergymen. Reverend William W., a graduate of Yale in 1831 ; Rev. E. W., form- erly pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York City ; Rev. Samuel J., graduate of Williams College in 1839, and author of " The Life of Our Lord ; " T. L. Andrews, M. D., of Creston, Iowa, and Ebenezer B., a graduate of Marietta College, professor of geology and chemistry in Marietta Col- lege from 1 85 1 to 1870, and subsequently connected with the geological survey of Ohio. Except one year on a farm and two years in a store, President Andrews spent his early life at home. In May, 1833, he entered Amherst College, becom- ing a member of the class in which were Governor A. H. Bullock, Rev. W. B. Homer, Drs. Hitchcock, Benjamm M. Palmer and Stuart Robinson. A year elapsed, and he was compelled to leave and take charge of an academy in his native town . He then went to Williams College and entered the first class under the administration of Rev. Mark Hop- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 255 kins. Hon. S. J. Field, one of the justices of the supreme court of the United States, was a classmate. Before he grad- uated he had been engaged to take charge of an academy in Lee, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. While there he re- ceived an invitation from the college at Marietta to which he had been recommended by President Hopkins. In the autumn of 1838 he left Lee for a tutorship in Marietta, and in 1839 he was elected professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, and entered upon the duties of his chair at the beginning of the college year i839-'4o. To those duties were added these of treasurer of the college from 1850 to 1855. Li January of the latter year, President Henry Smith having resigned, Pro- fessor Andrews was elected. But one class had completed the course when he became connected with the college, Dr. Smith having been its first president, and serving since 1846, and thus Dr. Andrews as tutor one year, professor sixteen years, and president twenty-three years (to 1878) his college work now numbers forty years. Besides his college work, instruction and administration. Dr. Andrews has taken an active interest in the general cause of popular education. He was active in the introduction of the graded system of schools into Marietta in 1848, and for six years was a member of the city board of education. For several years after its establish- ment, he was one of the editors of the Ohio Journal of Education, president of the Ohio State Teachers' Association in 1857, and has participated in the work of the National Teachers' Association, besides taking part in the instruction movements- at many teachers' institutes. Since 1867 he has been a corporate member of the American Board of Com- missioners for Foreign Missions. His publications have been chiefly educational addresses and historical sketches. In 1874 he published "A Manual of the Constitution,'' a work of four hundred pages, designed as a text-book for colleges and high schools. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Williams College in 1856, and that of LL. D. by Iowa College in 1874, and Wabash in 1876. In 1839 he married Miss Sarah H. Clark of Dahbury, who died in December, 1840. In August, 1842, he married Miss Marianne S. Clark, also of Danbury. The child of the first marriage lived less than a year. Of the three children of the second marriage a daughter died suddenly when twenty years old at Minneapolis in 1868, and a son, Wijliam C. C. Andrews, M. D., a grad- uate of Marietta College in 1870, and assistant surgeon in the United States army, was drowned on the 19th April, 1877, when twenty-four years old, in the Columbia river, near Fort Stevens, Oregon. As an educator, President Andrews is de- servedly regarded among the foremost in this country. His long term of office in one institution indicates the confidence of his associates. His mind is decidedly logical and exact, and on subjects of Christian philosophy he is clear and pro- found, in this particular resembling his eminent teacher. Pre- sident Mark Hopkins. As would seem natural, the college that has grown up under his care is a reflection of his own mind and character ; not boastful and superficial, but steady, thorough and quiet, and conducting to the completion of their course a larger number of those who enter its classes, than is known of any other western college. Brooke, John Thompson, d.d., Episcopal min- ister, was born at Frederick, Maryland, February 4th, 1800, and died at Springfield, Ohio, August 19th, 1861. His pa- rents were Roman Catholics, and he was brought up in that faith; but, having associated very freely with Protestants | during his youth, he was led, under the preaching of Bishop Johns, of Virginia, to adopt the Protestant tenets, and his conversion, which is said to have been rather sudden and striking, took place in January, 1821, when he united himself with the Episcopal church. He was educated in a good class- ical school in Frederick, and, having studied law in the office of Hon. Roger B. Taney, late chief justice of the United States supreme court, he was admitted to the bar and practiced law for two or three years, when he determined to abandon that profession and prepare himself for the ministry instead. For this purpose he entered the theological seminary at Alexan- dria, Virginia, and was ordained an Episcopal minister, by Bishop Moore, in 1826. After a ministry of three years at Martinsburg, Virginia, he accepted a call to Georgetown, District of Columbia, where he preached for six years — leav- ing that place, in 1835, to take charge of Christ church, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Here he preached with much success for twelve years, building up the wealthiest Episcopal parish in the West — at the same time always taking a prominent part in the councils of the church, and especially in the general conventions, where he was recognized as a strong Western champion of conservative churchmanship. Having become a trustee of Kenyon College, he retired, because of broken health, to Gambler, in 1847, accepting the professorship of belles-lettres in the college, and that of pastoral divinity in the theological seminary. After recruiting his health and resting for about eighteen months, he returned to his church in Cincinnati, remaining in charge for two years longer, when, believing that a stronger and more physically active minister was required, he left it finally and again retired to Gambler, where, resuming the professorships he had previ- ously held, and preaching at intervals in the college chapel, he hoped to pass the rest of his life. In 1853, however, he was induced to take charge of the Church of the Ascension, at Baltimore, Maryland, where, in twelve months, his health failed so completely that he resigned, never expecting to oc- cupy the pulpit again. But, feeling stronger in the following spring, he consented to go to Springfield, Ohio, where he had a small property, with the understanding that he should preach, only when he was able, in Christ Church, of that place. There, with the assistance of other ministers, he continued his ministry for about six years, when he was compelled to retire finally from the pulpit. Dr. Brooke was distinguished for the logical power shown in his sermons, and their rhetorical fin- ish, rather than for the eloquence or force of their delivery. His method of preparing his sermons was always peculiar and laborious. , He carefully arranged each sentence in his mind and fixed it in his memory without committing it to writing — thus composing the two sermons required for each Sabbath day, on different topics, at the same time, and then preaching them from very meager notes. He never preached a written sermon, it is said, originally, although many of his sermons were reduced to writing by amanuenses after their delivery. He left fewer written sermons, perhaps, than any minister of the Episcopal church who had ever occupied the pulpit during so long a period of time. Dr. Brooke was a man of large social as well as religious influence in the State, and, although never a partisan in politics, he did not refuse to ex- ercise the rights and duties of a citizen. He was originally an old-line whig, but in later years, being of Southern birth, his sympathies were rather with the democratic party. As a minister, he was widely revered, and, as a man, he was be- loved by all who knew him. His long term of service in the 256 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. State of Ohio, and the prominent part he took in the affairs of the church, gave him more than a local reputation. He married, during his ministry at Martinsburg, Virginia, Miss Louisa R. Hunter, daughter of Colonel David Hunter, of that place, and his wife survived him. He had seven chil- dren—Richard, Hunter, Leighton, Eleanor P., Rev. Pendle- ton (a pastor at Bartol, Tennessee), William Mead, and Rev. Frank Key Brooke, (rector at College Hill.) Hunter Brooke, the second son, vv^as born in the District of Colum- bia, May 20th, 1831. Having graduated atKenyon College, he studied law and was admitted to the bar, in Maryland, in 1853. He subsequently practiced law in Cincinnati, where he became prominent in local politics, and was a representa- tive in the Ohio legislature of 1857-58. Having enlisted as a private in the Second Minnesota volunteers, at the begin- ning of the war of Secession, he served until its close, at- taining the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1867 he resumed the practice of his profession in Cincinnati, and was afterward employed in the United States internal revenue service. He married Miss F. H. Barker, of Cincinnati, in 1857, who bore him one daughter. Baker, William, lawyer, son of Hon. Timothy Baker, was born in Norwalk, Huron county, Ohio, February 5th, 1822, and hving April, 1879, in Toledo, Ohio. He grad- uated at Dennison University, Ohio, entered the law office of General Charles P. Goddard, of Zanesville, and took the full course at the law school of Harvard University, graduating in 1844. In that year he was admitted to the Ohio bar, and commenced practice in Toledo the same year. In 1847 he formed a partnership with Hon. M. H. Tilden, which con- tinued until 1850. In 1857 he formed a partnership with Hon. W. A. Collins, which lasted until 1869, after which he remained alone, having a general practice in the courts of the State, his special and favorite field of labor, however, being in commercial and real estate law and chancery. He was concerned in many of the leading business enterprises of Toledo and the surrounding country ; was a director of the Milburn Wagon Works Company, one of the organizers, and for fifteen years director, of the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, and was one of the foremost in originating and carrying to final success the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad, which ultimately became part of the Lake Shore Railroad. He was also the regular attorney for several banks, railroads and other* business corporations. He took an active interest in political affairs, being a whig and republican, holding it the duty of a citizen to interest himself in the affairs of the country, but he uniformly declined political preferment. During the war he was active and liberal in all measures for the support of the Union. Of thorough education and fine culture, he was, as a lawyer, a quiet, indefatigable worker; faithful and scrupul- ously conscientious with his chents ; sound and well read ; a careful, trusted adviser. In political matters, although no office-seeker or ambitious politician, he was influential and threw the weight of his strong and important influence on the side of honesty and capability. As a citizen, he was public- spirited and liberal. Every Christian church in Toledo, of whatever denomination, counted him among its benefactors, and all charitable enterprises had his name upon their rolls as a liberal giver for the public good. Although chiefly identified with the Baptist church, he was liberal toward all. He married in August, 1849, l^'^s Frances C. Latimer, daugh- ter of Peter Latimer, Esq., of Norwalk, Ohio. Powers, Hiram, known as the American sculptor, he having been the first American who as a sculptor made a name in Europe, was born as the eighth child of Stephen and Sarah Powers, on the 29th June, 1805, at the home of his parents, on the upper one of two farms belonging to his father, near the town of Woodstock, Windsor county, Ver- mont. As a lad his intelligence and ability to fashion toys, or, as his father and mother said, "his knack for tinkering," — tinkering in his case meaning the invention and manufacture of many playthings for the amusement of himself and his village comrades — gained for him the reputation of being "a very smart boy.'' His executive ability also made him a great favorite with boys of his own age and even with those several years his senior, and so much so, that when any pro- ject requiring ingenuity was in contemplation he was applied to for advice and assistance, and usually installed leader of the operation. Among the things he, constructed were toy cannon, cast in a superior manner, and for which he became famous among his playmates. One of those cannon was used in the service of attempting the removal from the village of a whole family of obnoxious persons, by being loaded to the muzzle, placed between the logs of the house and dis- charged by a fuse while the family were asleep. The act in- dicated the courage of the lad who perpetrated it, while his . ready acknowledgment that he alone was guilty so pleased the investigators that he got off with but a simple reprimand. One has to be cognizant of the repulsiveness to industrious New Englanders of a whole family of lazy, dissolute persons present, to realize that so odd a mode of ridding the village of them should be adopted by even the lads and children ; and though this result was not in this instance accomplished, it was noticed that quite an improvement for the better took place in several members of the family, who eventually be- came industrious and good citizens. In consequence of be- coming security for unreliable friends, the father of Hiram Powers, while the latter was yet a lad of twelve years old, lost not only his homestead but nearly all the property he pos- sessed. In consequence he collected what he was able to save and with his family resolved to move " out West." At this time all his family except Hiram and the youngest child were grown and able to do for themselves. The eldest son, Jason, had removed to what was then known as the Holland Purchase, in the western part of the State of New York, where he had bought a farm, and here the family of his father spent the winter, and did not arrive in Cincinnati until the 5th day of May, 1818. A son, Stephen, in chopping in the wood- lot of Jason's farm, had cut his foot so badly that his mother refused to go on until he was able to travel, prefering to stay and nurse him ; and when, in the following October, she and her son Stephen reached Cincinnati, she was welcomed -by her family with the saddest greeting than can befall an affec- tionate wife— her husband had died on the 29th of the pre- ceding August. In the language of her youngest son whose memoranda furnish us the data for this sketch, " The scene I can never forget. She fell to the floor in a death-like swoon. Mother was older than father some four years, he being but fifty-five at the time of his death, and being always a re- markably athletic and healthy man, the first sickness he ever experienced had occasioned his death. Mother survived him but four years, and died on the 17th of March, 1822." In 18 18 Stephen Powers rented the farm of Colonel Bates, northwest of the city, and there Hiram lived with the -family until 1820, when a protracted attack of fever and ague induced €L^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 257 hirh to leave there for the city where he might, to use his own language, "shake off the shakes.'' His. brother Benjamin's connection with the most prominent newspaper of that time in Cincinnati obtained for him an easy situation with Colonel Andrew Mack, who had just become proprietor of the Cincin- nati Hotel that stood on the site of the present Spencer House. This was then the most prominent hotel in the city, and al- though its accomodations would be regarded quite primitive now, it was then " the hotel," and pretentious enough to keep, in addition to the public bar, a reading room in which Hiram at the age of fifteen years found employment. The stories found floating through the press since his death, making Hi- ram Powers' early life a struggle for existence, have no foun- dation in fact. His great struggle occurred at a much later period, and for money honestly earned from and due him by D'Orfeuille, the showman of Cincinnati, money he had al- lowed to accumulate in his hands, and the failure to receive which obliged him to accept from rnen who owed him nothing the means with which he went to Italy. He remained in Col- onel Mack's reading room two years, a general favorite with its visitors, and then he got a situation in the cider vinegar and produce store of a Mr. Keating on Main street, south of Columbia street. After remaining there a year he was em- ployed as a collector by a clock manufacturer. He traveled in this capacity through Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana, until the winter season rendering the roads impassable, he was put to work in the factory, there to be engaged until spring would permit him resume his collecting business. After a few weeks engaged in the factory, greatly to the surprise of his employer he began to make clocks not only after the styles in use, but with several improvements that exhibited marked ingenuity, and worked as if he had been for many years, after thorough instruction, engaged in the business of clock- making. It was while thus engaged that changes in his life occurred which forever prevented him returning to the busi- ness of collector for a clock-maker. There were in those days two museums on Sycamore street, Cincinnati, then the centre of its business interest. One was owned and operated by a Frenchman, D'Orfeuille, already mentioned, the other by a man named Letton. D'Orfeuille had ordered a reed or- gan that would work by being turned with a crank, but his workman failed to make it work, and Hiram being called in, made the proper connections and caused it to work well, much to the unhappiness of the rival museum proprietor, Letton, who, not to be outgeneraled by a crank pressure organ, ordered of the clock-maker an organ that would not only play but do so by internal machinery and a powerful main spring requiring to be wound up, and to also move automaton figures. The clock-maker was doubtful, but his collector in- sisted he could make the thing, and on this assurance it was undertaken. The figures were to be six boys and as many girls of graduated sizes, placed opposite each other on the top of the organ, and at certain parts of the tunes the boys wtre to blow trumpets and the' girls ring bells. It was very im- portant that these automata should be handsomely made and look natural, so Letton resolved to send to Philadelphia for wax hands and heads for them, but when Hiram was so in- formed he offered to make these also. He went to Professor Locke and obtaining the correct proportions -for the composi- tion of the wax, he modeled from those of living children the heads and hands required for the wax figures. The thing was a complete success and people flocked from far and near to see it. Among them was the rival museum operator, D'Or- feuille, ■who, observing with chagrin the completeness of the machine, remarked to Nathan Guilford who had accompanied him : " These heads must have been brought from Europe ; there is no one in America could make them." Guilford re- replied, " They were made by a boy in this town, sir, who works in Watson's clock factory." " Let's go and see him," responded the showman. " I don't beheve yet those heads were made here." " Nonsense ! " exclaimed Guilford, " 'Wat- son's is only two doors from my office, and I have often watched him at work." This discussion led to Hiram's ac- quaintance with D'Orfeuille, though the former did not leave Watson's for the museum for three years afterward, or in the year 1829. In 1826 Hiram became acquainted with an old Russian named Eckstein, who taught him to model or mould in plaster, and take casts from his moulds of the models he had moulded. It was this knowledge that so greatly aided him in his wax operations, in which D'Orfeuille occasionally gave him an order, but it was not until the showman had a lot of wax images nearly destroyed by careless transportation in 1829, and Hiram agreeing to make something new out of the fragments, did he regularly attach himself to the mu- seum of D'Orfeuille as mechanician-in-chief, or, in his own language, inventor, wax-figure-maker and general mechanical contriver for the establishment. Two years afterward, he for the first time, beheld a marble bust, Canova's Washington, which was for a few days on exhibition in Cincinnati. He gazed at it for a long time in perfect silence, and then ex- claimed, as if impelled by some inward intuition, " That is what I shall do." How well he carried out his conviction the cultivated world bears witness. Nevertheless he remained with D'Orfeuille until 1835, — in that time making his mu- seum the most attractive place of amusement in the West, and with many attractions unknown even to the places of its kind in the East, when, despairing of ever being paid the money due him, he determined to go to Washington City. He did so, spent two winters there, and modelled among other busts of prominent men, that of the President, General Jackson. Finding it impossible to procure tools that he required to work his marbles, he invented a machine for making them, particularly that known as a sculptor's file. He also intro- duced a new process of modeling in plaster which obviated the necessity of making a clay model of the subject. Though his talents had gained him many warm friends and patrons, he would never have been able to realize the cherished wish of his heart — study in Italy — had not Nicholas Longworth of Cincinnati and William Preston of South CaroUna, furnished him the necessary means. The kindness of these gentlemen was never forgotten, and that it should not be by those who succeeded him, he named two of his sons, the one Longworth' and the other Preston Powers. Gladly availing himself of the aid Messrs. Longworth and Preston extended to him, he left America for Italy, and, although ardently wishing to do so, never saw his native land again. In 1832 he married Miss Lizzie Gibson, a daughter of James Gibson of Cincinnati, and from this union were born several sons and daughters. His foreign patronage was greatly in excess of that of his own countrymen, thereby showing a most thorough appreciation of his genius by those best able by long culture to judge. In Europe is to be found the greatest number and variety of his works. So great were the results of his industry for a quarter of a century that, large as was his studio and the number of his workmen from the time his reputation was established by the general recognition of the excellence of his genius in the 2S8 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. production of the Greek Slave, he found it impossible to ex- ecute the orders he was solicited to accept at his own prices. Two copies of the Greek Slave sold quite recently in England, one at Jg.ooo and the other for Jio.ooo ; and Thorwaldsen, the great Danish sculptor, said of his ideal statue of Eve, " It is a work that any sculptor might be proud to call his master-piece.", Hiram Powers died at Florence, Italy, June 27th, 1873, of lung disease, after one year's illness. BiSSELL, Edward, merchant, eldest son of Epaph- ras Bissell and Jerusha Wolcott Bissell, was born at East Windsor, Connecticut, January 20th, 1797, and died Novem- ber gth, i860, at Toledo, Ohio. He left home at the early age of sixteen to enter a store in New York city, and at twenty was established for himself as a merchant in Gene- seo, New York. Here he commenced that active business life which made him, eventually, one of the most prominent business men of the West. In 1828 he removed to Lock- port, New York, where he built one of the most extensive mills, at that time, in Western New York, engaged in the business of milling, and soon became possessed of a large property and a beautiful home. In the spring of 1833 he made a Western tour, and among other places visited, came to what is now Toledo, then known as Port Lawrence and Vistula, containing at that time less than one hundred inhab- itants, and so impressed was he with the commercial import- ance and value of this point, that he made a large purchase of real estate, and soon began to make liberal expenditures in various improvements. The first improvement of Toledo had been made in 1832, by Major B. F. Stickney, who for many years had been an Indian agent, and had purchased a large tract of land, part of which, in contract with Samuel Allen and Otis Hathaway, of Lockport, he platted, calling it Vistula. In 1833, Edward Bissell entered into a similar con- tract with Stickney, which was fulfilled to the letter. A gen- tleman conversant with the history of those tiines says: " Whatever Toledo may become in the future, she will always owe her first start in life to Mr. Bissell, a gentleman of fine education and refinement, of great foresight and sagacity, an energetic worker, who knew ho such word as fail." In refer- ence to the above contract. Major Stickney, in his report, says: "Bissell set about the work of improvement in earn- est. He built wharves and houses, advanced money for making roads, and in many respects did more than his con- tract required. Vistula advanced rapidly, and soon acquired considerable reputation." In 1836, associated with a few others, he began to make the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad to Adrian, thirty-three miles, at a cost of ^300,000. The road was so far completed in July, 1837, as to commence the run- ning of cars with horses, and at a time when not a barrel of pork or flour came over the road for the first year ; but the road was in daily use to carry provisions to Adrian to feed the population of southern Michigan. It was this road that in after years proved to be the lever that finally settled public opinion in favor of Toledo as the only commercial point of any great value at the south end of Lake Erie. The final re- sult of making this road, at a time when all knew that as an investment it would not pay, was to concentrate at this point several important railroads, costing millions of dollars, and the seven hundred miles of canal, the business of which con- nected with Lake Erie was done at this point. These were the logical results of the opening of the road to Adrian, for which the State was more indebted to Mr, Bissell than to any ten other men. The financial crash of 1837 almost ruined him, making the later years of his life laborious in the efibrt to remedy the losses of that destructive year — an effort in which he was, in some degree, successful. Although disap- pointed in the slow progress of Toledo to the eminence which he'early foresaw for her, his faith was never dimmed in her final attainment of this position among the citii s of the West. He had identified his interests with hers, and had staked all his own pecuniary hopes thereon, and he never wavered in his faith that these hopes would be realized, if not by himself by the generation succeeding him. Though Mr. Bissell, among his extensive business acquaintances, commanded re- spect and regard, he was, owing to a natural reserve and dignity of character, known intimately only in the domestic circle. Honorable, just and kind among men, he was affec- • tionate and unselfish at home, where his interests all cen- tered; a man of untiring energy, great hopefulness, and indomitable perseverance, as shown in the fact that he studied law and was admitted to the bar after he was forty years of age, having at that time a young family dependent upon him. Far-seeing and thoughtful, his views of life were eminently practical and sensible, and he early advocated many of the doctrines which are now daily growing into popularity, espe- cially those pertaining to the rights of women. At a time when their defenders stood singly and alone, he advocated their equahty in law — their equal need of and right to a collegiate, and even to a business education, as a dependence for the future. In these views he was in advance of his times. He married, in 1823, Maria Reed, of East Windsor, New York; issue living in 1879 — Edward, Jr., a leading real estate law- yer of Toledo; Arthur F., M. D., a prominent practitioner; Elizabeth R., married to WiUiam A. Colhns, of Toledo; Mary, wife of A. W. Gleason, and Julia, wife of Asa Backus. Died in 1863, H. T., an officer in the army. EWING, Thomas, soldier and member of Congress, son of Hon. Thomas Ewing, was born at Lancaster, Ohio, August 7th, 1829. He had made marked progress in a lib- eral education, under competent teachers at his native place, when, in his twentieth year, accompanying his father to Washington, he attracted the favorable attention of President Taylor, who voluntarily offered to engage him as one of his private secretaries. After the death of the President, he repaired to Brown University, New Jersey, where he com- pleted his education and was graduated. For the succeeding time he was at Washington and Cincinnati, engaged in the study of the law and subordinate professional pursuits, until 1855, when he graduated at the Cincinnati Law School, and began practice in the latter city. In the following year he removed to Leavenworth, Kansas, and during the following eventful years in the early history of that State, bore a con- spicuous part at the bar, and in its agitated political councils. He was a member of the convention that framed the consti- tution, and was elected the first chief justice of the State. He represented Kansas in the peace conference held at Wash- inton on the invitation of Virginia in the winter of 1860-61. In the fall of 1862 he resigned the chief justiceship and or- ganized the nth regiment Kansas volunteersf and took the field as colonel of that regiment. His service in the field, and as commandant, first of the district of the border, and afterwards of the district of St. Louis, was marked by a mil- itary judgment, courage and gallantry that commanded the approval and admiration of his comrades and his military 'Xp^^^'^^m^bcO BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 259 superiors. There is, perhaps, no episode of the war more striking and brilliant than his defense of Pilot Knob, in Sep- tember, 1864, where, with a force of about one thousand men, he held at bay the whole of General Price's army, numbering more than fifteen thousand, and inflicting on the enemy a loss in killed and wounded exceeding the whole force under his own command. General Ewing withdrew from the untenable little fort, and in the face of the over- whelming numbers of the enemy, conducted his command, and, after four days' marching and fighting without the loss of a gun, made a junction with the Union forces at RoUa. This gallant action was far-reaching in its consequences, in- asmuch as the loss inflicted on the enemy, and the check to his march on St. Louis, gave time for better preparation there; and in effect diverted the blow from that city, and sent Price off on a fruitless campaign in the interior of the State. Dur- ing the term of his service, General Ewing commanded his regiment in the battles of Fort Wayne and Cone Hill, and was in command of a brigade at the battle of Prairie Grove. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general March lith, 1863, and to that of brevet major-general in March, 1865. Resigning his commission in the spring of 1865, he took up his residence at Washington, where he engaged in professional pursuits. Soon after his return to Washington, he was engaged as chief counsel for two of the accused par- ties in the military commission for trial of the conspirators in the assassination of President Lincoln. In 187 1 he removed to Lancaster, Ohio. In 1872 he was elected and served as a member of the constitutional convention for Ohio. In 1876 he was elected a member of Congress from the 12th (Co- lumbus) district. He married, on the 17th January, 1854, ^ Miss Ellen E. Cox, a native of Lancaster, Ohio, and has a family of three sons and two daughters. General Ewing be- gan public life an ardent republican, and was conspicuous and efficient in shaping the early political status of the new State of Kansas, but at the close of the war he differed from the policy of that party on the two leading questions of re- construction and finance ; and parting company with his old associates, he has been fully identified with the democratic party for the past ten years, and has been earnest in the advo- cacy of its principles and policy, and especially has he been prominent and persistent with the most advanced section of the party in opposition to the scheme of resumption, and in favor of the maintenance of the governmental paper money to the exclusion of all other paper currency. Grimes, Alexander, banker and legislator, Day- ton, Ohio, was born in Maysville, Kentucky, in the year 1791, and died in Dayton, January 12th, i860. Near the beginning of the present century, his father, John Grimes, as a pioneer, went to and settled in Dayton. Having availed himself of such educational advantages as the subscription schools of his day afforded. Our subject began life as a merchant, keep- ing a variety stock of goods as was a necessity at that early day, but dealing mostly in dry goods. He subsequently be- came cashier of the old Dayton bank, which position he filled for a number of years. Subsequently in no regular bus- iness, he was engaged as trustee in the settlement of the large Cooper estate of Dayton. He never sought publicity, nor was he a very enthusiastic politician, though he filled several important offices in his adopted county, and also at one time represented the same in the legislature of Ohio. He was one of those true, reliable and independent men in whose sincerity, honor and integrity, all who knew him had perfect confidence. He always formed his opinions with great care, and adhered to what he believed to be right with unflinching determination. He was emphatically a man whom the un- principled demagogue could not bribe. For more than half a century he was a resident of Dayton, and left to his family and community an honored and untarnished name. Mr. Grimes was twice married. By his first wife he had one child. His second wife was Maria, daughter of Mr. Charles Greene, who, about the year 1788, settled at Marietta, Ohio. She was born December 6th, 1781, at East Greenwich, Rhode Island, and died in Dayton, Ohio, February 26th, 1875, at the advanced age of ninety-four years. She was a cousin of General Nathaniel Greene, of Revolutionary fame. Her death was the result of a fall upon the door-steps, and had it not been for this accident, her life might have numbered a hundred years, as she was physically very healthy for her age. She possessed great natural vigor, and retained her activity to the day of her death. She was noted for her hopefulness of disposition and her remarkable cheerfulness amid all cir- cumstances. She retained the power of her mental facul- ties in an unusual degree to the last. Industrious, generous and kind-hearted, she was greatly esteemed by the commu- nity. She was the mother of two children, — Mrs. Marcus Eels of Santa Barbara, California, and Charles Greene Grimes, the senior partner of the linseed oil firm of Grimes & Keifer, of Dayton. Brown, Edwin Franklin, soldier and governor of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Day- ton, Ohio, was born in Ridgeway, Orleans county. New York, April 23rd, 1823. His parents were Jeremiah Brown and Abigail Davis. . About the year l8io, his father emigrated from North Adams, Massachusetts, to New York, and after passing some four years in Ontario county, became a pioneer to Orleans county in 1814. Here with his family he endured the hardships and braved the dangers of a new and unsettled country. It was the time when the pioneer walked forty miles to mill, and carried his grist upon his back. Mr. Brown was a soldier in the war of 1812. He possessed a strong constitution and an equally strong will, and his character for honesty was such that his word was as good as his bond. Both parents died at the age of seventy-seven, the mother in 1862, and the father in 1863. Our subject was reared upon a farm, and after receiving a common school and academic education, followed the pursuits of agriculture for a consider- able time, making a specialty of raising and shipping live stock to market. For some four years he was connected in various ways with the Erie canal, part of the time as superin- tendent. He was subsequently engaged for several years in the produce and commission business. In April, 1861, he entered the service of the Union as lieutenant-colonel of the 28th New York volunteer infantry, under Colonel Donnelly. He lost his left arm in the battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, on August 9th, 1862 ; was taken prisoner, escaped, and again falling into the hands of the enemy, he was incarcerated for three months in Libby prison. Being paroled and exchanged he returned to his regiment, and which, its colonel having fallen at Cedar Mountain, he commanded until the close of his term, and with it was mustered out at Lockport, New York, June 2d, 1863. He then entered upon duty as clerk of his native county, to which position he had been elected without opposition in the preceding November. Eariy in 1865, he 26o BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. repaired to Vicksburg and engaged in merchandizing. In 1867, Colonel Brown was appointed by General Ord, military mayor of Vicksburg, which office he filled with great honor to himself, credit to the government, and satisfaction to the citizens of that city. In November, 1868, he was commissi- oned deputy-governor of the National Central Soldiers' Home at Dayton, and confirmed in July, 1869, and was commissioned governor in September, 1873, which position he has since oc- cupied, and his administration of affairs has been character- ized by wisdom, frugality and a high order of executive abil- ity. He commands alike the respect of the soldiers, the con- fidence of the board of managers, and the universal esteem of the public. The Home farm comprises six hundred acres and forms a magnificent park beautified with lawns, avenues, lakes, shrubbery and flower-gardens, where upwards of four thousand disabled volunteer soldiers are supplied with all the comforts of a home. On the fiftieth anniversary of his birth. Governor Brown was made the recipient of a beautiful gold chain from the soldiers of the Home, as a testimonial of their high appreciation of his kind and efficient labors in their be- half; also, in the evening of the same day, he was presented with a very fine ebony gold-headed cane from his associate officers, as a token of their friendship and esteem. On Sep- tember 1 5th, 1844, Colonel Brown married Elizabeth, daughter of Oren Britt, a merchant of Medina, New York, with four sons, three living and residents of Dayton, as the issue. The second son. Will J. Brown, was lost while engaged in a buffalo hunt, on the plains of Colorado, in March, 1864. A prolonged and faithful search at the time, on the part of his father, as- sisted by Lieutenant Charles Morton of the 3d United States cavalry, with a force of sixty men, failed to discover any traces of the lost one, and up to the present time, his stricken parents have been unable to obtain any definite information concerning him. There are circumstances connected with the affair which render it one of the most mysterious occur- rences of the kind in history, and the protracted suspense of the members of his family may be more readily appreciated than described. Ashley, James M., legislator, lawyer, and editor, Toledo, Ohio, was born in Pennsylvania, November 14th, 1824. His father was a clergyman traveling on circuit in the frontier settlements of western Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and southern Ohio, and there being but few schools in those settlements, his education was wholly due to his mother, a woman of culture and ability. At fifteen years of age he set out to seek his own livelihood. After a short trial, first as cabin-boy then as steward on Western steamers, he entered a printing office in Portsmouth, Ohio, and in time passed from the composing room and became the editor and proprie- tor of the Portsmouth Democrat, and subsequently was con- nected with the Portsmouth Daily Dispatch, displaying much ability as an editor. The financial success of the paper was not great, its politics being democratic, whilst those of an over- whelming majority of the people of that section of the State were whig. Turning his attention from journalism to the law, he entered the law office of C. O. Tracy, and in 1849 was admitted to the bar. Instead of practicing his profession, he engaged in boat-building, but was only moderately success- ful. In i85i,he removed to Toledo, and opened a drug store, meeting with success until 1857, when he was burned out without insurance. He had early turned his attention to politics, his views being generally in accordance with the principles of the democratic party, except on the question of slavery. Careful study and personal observation in the South had led him to take advanced grounds in favor of the aboli- tion of slavery, which for a time alienated him from the dem- ocratic party. He was a member of the Pittsburgh conven- tion which gave the republican party a compact organization, and soon became one of the leading spirits in that movement. In 1856, he was a delegate to the Repubhcan National con- vention that nominated John C. Fremont for the Presidency, and in 1858 was himself nominated as the republican candi- date for Congress in his district, and was elected. In Con- gress he opposed the demands of the slavery interest with ability and energy, taking a leading part in the exciting debates of 1859-60, and warning the Southern members that, should they make good their threats of secession, it would become the duty of the Nation to crush out rebellion and maintain the Union. At the expiration of his term he was renominated by unanimous vote and reelected by an in- creased majority. The rebellion broke out almost immedi- ately after, and he took a prominent part in Congress in urging forward every possible measure needed for a vigorous prosecution of the war. Among the more important meas- ures introduced or advocated in the house by him, was that of minority representation, a bill being reported by him look- ing to the introduction of that principle in the territorial gov- ernments, and his speech on the subject was the first in that direction made in Congress. In connection with Hon. Lot M. Morrill, of Maine, he drew up and had charge of the bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and also had charge of the Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United States. He made several speeches on the sub- ject which attracted general attention. During the extra ses- sion of July, 1861, he prepared the first measure for the reconstruction of the Southern States presented to Congress, and, as chairman of the committee on territories, reported it to the house March 12th, 1862. The bill was tabled, on motion of Mr. Pendleton, of Ohio, by a vote of sixty-five yeas to fifty-six nays, and the subject was not again revived at that session, but the ideas contained in the bill and the line of policy it outlined, were embodied in the reconstruction 'measures finally adopted and carried into eifect. In 1865, he crossed the continent and delivered an address in Sa,n Francisco, which received general and emphatic approbation on account of its ability and statesmanlike views. His last prepared speech in Congress was delivered February 13th, 1869, in support of a proposition to limit the powers of the President and supreme court, and this was considered his finest effort. He insisted on placing an impassable barrier between the judiciary and political office. After serving five terms in Congress, he was renominated for a sixth term by the republicans, but was defeated. President Grant subse- quently appointed him governor of Montana Territory, which position he filled with signal ability and success. Returning to Toledo, he was engaged as attorney for important rail- roads. In the Presidential campaign of 1872, he took a lead- ing part in the movement that nominated Horace Greeley, which he held to represent the principles of mercy, forgive- ness and reconciliation, on which alone, he claimed, reunion and peace could be secured. After that campaign he re- mained in Toledo, practicing law. In his many years of public life, he has achieved the reputation of being one of the finest speakers and ablest public men in Ohio. He married in 1851, Miss Emma J, Smith, of Kentucky. ^:" - -_--"-"- -^-■- - - - ~* p__ ' -- * «. ""- ^^^ ii ^v. . -'^ ^ 1 - -^ r^ Hi i sHj^ ^ y-'lu * s B. ^' - N H 1 1 1 ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^ *■■' =s^ ~ — ^ -: " -. " -^- — \ - " -_:_ =- _ -—-. ":^=r - f=^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 261 Edison, Thomas Alva, of Menlo Park, New jer- sey, inventor of the various patent improvements in connec- tion with electricity and telegraphy, such as the duplex and quadruplex instrument system, the telephone and phono- graph, with many others, was born at Milan, Erie county, Ohio, on the nth February, 1847. His ancestry on his father's side two hundred years ago were millers in Holland. In 1730, members of the family emigrated to New York, and the name of one of them, Thomas Edison, appears on Conti- nental money issued in that city during the Revolutionary war. The race is long-livers. The great-grandfather of our subject lived one hundred and two, and his grandfather one hundred and three years. His father, Samuel Edison, is now living, aged seventy-four, and in perfect health. He stands six feet two inches in height, and in 1868 out-jumped two hundred and fifty men belonging to a regiment stationed at Fort Gratiot, Michigan. He learned the trade of a tailor, but subsequently entered commercial life, and engaged succes- sively in the grain, commission, lumber, nursery, and land business. He has always been in comfortable circumstances. His wife, Mary Elliot, was of Scotch parentage, born in Massachusetts, and well educated, for several years having taught in a high school in Canada, and was an industrious, capable, intelligent and ambitious woman. She died in 1862, in the sixty-seventh year of her age. His parents having re- moved from Milan to Port Huron, Michigan, when Thomas was but seven years old, circumstances prevented him going to school, and except two months he never did go to school in his life. His mother taught him at home the basis of an English education, and she being a very fine reader, he early acquired his love of reading from her, and which love was encouraged by his father who paid him for each book mas- tered. Thus encouraged, at ten years old he had read such works as "Gibbon's Rome," "Searle's History of the World," "D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation," and several works on chemistry. He read with the utmost fidel- ity, never skipping a word nor a formula, although mathe- matics are especially repulsive to him, but patiently ascer- taining the meaning of everything he read. It is this habit of concentration which has led him to the accomplishment of so many astonishing results. When twelve years old his father obtained the position of train-boy for him on the Grand Trunk Railroad, and, when the road was completed between Port Huron and Detroit, he acquired an exclusive news- dealer's right, with power to employ assistants. Attached to the mixed train upon which he sold newspapers was a freight car, having a room partitioned off for smokers. Being with- out springs or ventilation, no person would ride in this car, and Edison, then only fifteen years old, obtained a copy of Tresenius's "Quality of Analysis," bought some chemicals on the instalment plan, induced the hands at the railroad shop to jnake him some retort stands in exchange for some of his newspaper stock, and of the smoking-room made a laboratory. Having purchased sufficient old type to here print a weekly newspaper he engaged in its production, under the name of the Grand Trunk Herald, and at three cents a copy its weekly sales reached to several hundreds. It was of small size, printed on one side only, and devoted to railroad gossip, changes, accidents, and general information, but so great a curiosity was it that the great English engineer, George Stephenson, who built the tubular bridge across the the St. Lawrence at Montreal, when passing on one occasion over the road, found Edison at work and purchased an extra edition of the paper of that week for himself, and this fact and the journal was noticed by the London Times. But his operations upon the Grand Trunk Herald, and all other on the freight car were brought to a sudden termination by the evaporation of the water in his phosphorus bottle, its fall on the floor and ignition of the car. The conductor having with difficulty extinguished the fire, threw the printing mate- rials out of the car, and gave the philosophic lad a sound thrashing. Taking his printer's material home, he there in the cellar of his father's house, amused himself with it for some years afterward. His first knowledge of that business which has so largely occupied his life was obtained hanging about the office "between trains," at Detroit. He purchased a book on the subject of telegraphy, and with the assistance of one of his newsboy assistants, constructed a telegraph line between their respective homes at Port Huron. Common stove-pipe wire insulated on bottles stuck on nails driven into trees, and crossed under an exposed road by the use of a piece of abandoned cable wire captured from the Detroit river, formed the line. Their first magnets were made with wire wound with rags for insulation, and a piece of spring brass for a key ; while the first attempt to generate a current was produced by, at a stated moment, rubbing down briskly two cats, one at either end of the line. The cats did not like it, and left with almost telegraphic velocity. Then some old telegraphic instruments and battery materials were purchased and a successful short line established. About two months afterward, Edison having saved the life of a two-year old child of the telegraph operator at Mount Clements station, the latter in gratitude for this act, volunteered to assist him in the study of telegraphy, and in five months he was sufficiently advanced to secure employment in the telegraph office at Port Huron. He worked night and day to improve, but i-e- signed in six months because of the pay promised him for extra work being withheld. His next situation was in night service at Fort Wayne, and here he invented his first success- ful automatic repeater — an arrangement for transferring the writing from one line to another without the intervention of an operator. The invention was certainly an achievement for so inexperienced an operator, and the first indication of that genius for telegraphic improvement which has since made him famous. His subsequent close attention to busi- ness in the various offices he worked in made him an expert in telegraphy, but his utter neglect of his personal appear- ance, insatiable thirst for reading everything on the subject of his business, and attempts to solve what to his companions appeared impossible, earned for him the soubriquet of "luny," or crazy man, that clung to him for years, while he ever retained the personal good will of his associates. - At Memphis, in 1864, he made and put into operation his auto- matic repeater, so that Louisville and New Orleans could work directly. This was the germ of the duplex instrument, concerning which the mind of this inventor was continually occupied, while he advocated and experimented continually to perfect it at the cost of his popularity with the manage- ment. Being in consequence dismissed, he walked to Nash- ville, having loaned all the money he had saved to his asso- ciates whom he often assisted, but to lose all he loaned them. From Nashville he went to Louisville, and there found em- ployment for two years. About this time he elaborately experimented as to the best style of penmanship for a tele- grapher's use, and finally fixed upon a hand much resembling the style called French script. This, a clear, bold penman- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPy^DIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. ship, he became able to produce at the rate of about forty-five words a minute, and which is the extreme hmit of a Morse telegraph operator's ability to transmit. Having been dis- charged for destroying the carpet of the expensively furnished room beneath that in which he operated, by tipping over a carboy of sulphuric acid, he went to Cincinnati, and there obtained work as a "report operator.'' It was there he ar- ranged his first duplex instrument. Having so little to work with, it was a crude affair, but the drawings, which still exist, prove that double transmission was possible at a much earlier date than when put to practical use. His stay in Cincinnati was short, in consequence of neglecting his business to read in the Mechanic's library on electricity and other scientific subjects. From there he went home. A friend, named M. T. Adams, in the Boston office, mentioned him to the mana- ger, who offered him by telegraph a situation to work a heavy New York wire, which he accepted and in Mr. Milliken, the manager of the Boston office, he found the first superior officer who properly appreciated his character. A thorough master of his profession himself, an inventor of merit, and an accomplished gentleman, he made allowance for the gawky and hungry look of his subordinate, and, in the excitement under which he seemed to labor, recognized the fire of genius. Edison's stay in Boston was pleasant. His ideas there began to assume practical shape. He invented a dial instrument for private-wire use, and put several of such wires into prac- tical operation. He made a chemical vote-recording appar- atus, but the Massachusetts legislature would not adopt it. He experimented with vibratory telegraph apparatus, and made trial tests between Boston and Portland. He matured his private-wire printer, and put eight of them into operation. But, for lack of means to continue their manufacture, he sold out, and the Gold and Stock Telegraph company came into possession of and made it the basis of subsequent improve- ments. Having made a failure that should have been a suc- cess with the duplex instrument between Rochester and New York, he went to the latter city "dead broke," and hung around the gold room until offered an opportunity to repair the machinery of the indicator, after doing which to the sat- isfaction of the company, they gave him a situation that he lost by the Gold and Stock company purchasing the gold printer. This latter company, however, soon discovered his skill, and engaged his services for that and the Western Union at a large salary. So soon as his ability became thoroughly appreciated by the Gold and Stock company, in consequence of his inventions replacing all the old apparatus, he estab- lished electrical manufacturing shops at Newark, New Jersey, in which, with laboratories for experiment, he employed three hundred men, and devoted his time day and night to the super- intendence of the work upon his inventions. As an instance of his indomitable perseverance and power over his physical or- ganization, it may be mentioned that, having been given an order for J530,ooo worth of his improved private-wire printers, the first instruments made having failed, he took five of his best workmen to the top floor of his factory, and, saying they would never come down until the printers worked satisfacto- rily, he, with such of them as could endure to do so, labored continuously for sixty hours, and made the point he desired, but at an expense of $5,000. Afterwards he slept thirty- six hours. He made immense sums of money at these works, but it was spent on new inventions, at one time he having forty-five distinct inventions and improvements under way. At last, annoyed by curiosity-seekers, he sold the New- ark works in 1876, and moved his family to Menlo Park, New Jersey, twenty-four miles from New York, on the Pennsylva- nia Railroad, and there on the crest of a hill, remote from other buildings, he built a laboratory twenty-eight by one hundred feet, two stories high, which he has stocked with ev- ery necessary for his business that money can buy. On the upper floor of these works he experiments, assisted by four trusted and intelligent men, whom he has selected from many for their versatility and physical endurance. Described by the patent office commissioner as the young man who has kept hot with his footsteps the path to that office, Edison has been granted in this country one hundred and twelve patent rights ; while his most valuable inventions have been also patented in foreign countries. Of his American patents, thirty-five pertain to automatic and chemical telegraphs, eight to duplex and quadruplex telegraphic instruments, thirty- eight to printing telegraph instruments, fourteen to Morse telegraph apparatus proper, and the remainder relate to fire alarms, district and domestic telegraphy, electric signals, the electric pen, the speaking phonograph, and various other electric and non-electric apparatus. The printing telegraph instruments, the automatic or chemical system, by which one thousand words a minute can be transmitted for medium dis- tances on a single wire ; the quadruplex system, by which four messages at a time are sent on the same wire by the Morse method ; the electric pen, which pricks a stencil by which copies of the page so written can be rapidly produced ; the carbon telephone, which exceeds all others for its loud- ness and distinctness; the speaking phonograph and the serophone, are the most valuable of his inventions up to the present time (1879). ^^ ^'^'= discovered the lubricating prop- erty of electricity, upon which the electro-motor is based, and also upon which could be built an entirely new system of tel- egraphy. In fine, his mind is so prolific that a compara- tively small sum pays him for each invention. His business ability has become greatly improved since his most important inventions have gone largely into use, but he is honestly dis- posed to always give a full equivalent for the price he asks. In person he is rather above medium height, has black hair, a pale complexion, gray, piercing eyes, which at times seem to burn in their sockets, sharp nose and spare countenance. With a chest expansion of five inches, his powers of endur- ance are wonderful; and beginning where most persons would leave off, like a Morphy at chess, he can carry on five or six distinct lines of experiment in totally different divis- ions, never ceasing any of them until a result is reached or an impossibility proved. He keeps a careful record of each day's experiments, properly witnessed, and has numerous volumes of these records. He has no physical defect except the sense of hearing, which is seriously impaired. From this cause he was long unable to distinguish the sound produced by the telephone, and almost despaired of a successful re- sult, until he introduced the carbon improvement, by which he overcame long'distances without difficulty, and was satis- fied. The speaking phonograph followed, and was succeeded by the serophone, intended to talk from three to ten miles. Had he not been deaf, it is just possible he would not have experimented in the production of such instruments. In 1873 he married Miss Mary Stillwell, of Newark, and the influ- ence of his wife has been of much advantage to his habits of life and personal appearance. Two children, whom he has nicknamed Dot and Dash, the names of the Morse alphabet characters, are the fruit at the present time of this union. He ^%t><-^ '>^<--'<^ (^."^y^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 263 is prudent and affectionate in disposition, and has a large and comfortable residence near his laboratory. His income from his inventions is variously estimated at from jSso.ooo to $50,- 000, and as he fully expects to live to old age, he will doubt- less die a millionaire. There is no other instance on record of a single mind performing such prodigies of scientific in- vention within the first thirty years of a human life. PLATT, Edward F., Baptist minister, was born at SchroonLake, Essex county, New York, December i6th, 1821, and died November 21st, 1873, ^t Toledo, Ohio. He was the son of Daniel Piatt, a man prominent in the affairs of the town. Early in life ha determined that the ministry should be his call- ing ; and after suffering privations, and overcoming many ob- stacles, he triumphed in his purpose. He was baptized at the age of fourteen, and delivered his first sermon at Lansingburg, New York, where he finished his theological education. He commenced preaching in Cairo, New York, in 1845, not as a pastor of a church, but to aid a small band of Christians, who benefited greatly by his ministrations and encouragement. In that year he assumed a pastoral charge at Catskill, New York, and soon gave evidence of his fitness for his holy work in the increased membership and influence of his church. Six years of unremitting and unselfish labor in this place broke down his health, and compelled him to relinquish preaching for many months. Under an appointment of the A. B. Home Missionary Society he went West in 1853, leaving behind him at Catskill a powerful working Christian congre- gation as the result of his exhausting efforts. Arriving in Toledo, he immediately made preparations for a church or- ganization, but found only seven persons ready to cooperate with him. After two years of sore discouragements and trials, his extraordinary perseverance and hopeful, cheerful work resulted in the opening of the long-desired sanctuary, the First Baptist Church, the honor of founding which rightly be- longed to him. The membership steadily increased to two hundred and fifty in number, the Sunday-school to two hun- dred pupils, while the christianizing influence of his church was soon felt over a large section of country surrounding To- ledo, along the railroad lines and upon the lakes. Consider- ing that others besides his immediate flock needed spiritual help and encouragement, he remembered the poor and desti- tute beyond the limits of his parish, and, by personal efforts and through friends, he accomplished such important work that his name was widely known throughout the northwestern country. He feU, from the first, a deep interest in the moral and religious welfare of Toledo ; and though he was free from narrow sectarian feeling, he determined that, with God's help the church which he had founded should grow and prosper, at least in relat:\e proportion with the material growth and prosperity of the city. He was also specially active and in- fluential in the establishment of another church on the East Side, his executive ability and comprehensive sympathy prov- ing of great aid in the ultimate success of the undertaking. For many years a valuable member of the board of educa- tion, he was deeply interested in the cause of popular educa- tion, more especially in giving practical instruction to the teachers, by whom he was much beloved. He was also one of the board of managers, and subsequently secretary, of the Lucas County Bible Society, and was ever prominent and ac- tive in its interests. The Maumee and many other Baptist associations relied upon him for aid and cooperation in their efforts to obtain the privileges of christian and church fellow- ship, and never called upon him in vain. His capacity for work seemed unlimited ; and he was so widely known and universally revered that, at his death, many religious Baptist associations in the State, besides many out of it, together with all the organizations with which he had been connected, paid tribute to his memory in the passage of resolutions and the holding of memorial services, attesting the deep love and reverence his great labors and personal qualities had com- manded. During the war of Secession he took a decided stand in favor of the government, and probably no minister, in any denomination, labored harder for the success of the Union cause. His letters to the soldiers in the field were such as only a patriot, who adores his Maker and his country, could write, while his efforts at home were alike unceasing. He was a good minister of Jesus Christ, faithfully preaching the gospel and exemplifying it in his daily life. His rare na- tural and spiritual endowments were more effective by liberal education and generous culture, pleasing address and gentle- manly manner— all so charmingly combined and directed, so beautifully and fitly worn, so full of courtesy, of kindness and of Christian good will, that he not only secured for him- self the highest personal esteem, but commanded the pro- foundest respect for his work's sake and his Master's. He was so thorough a Christian, with a heart so full of love and charity for all, that he had none but the warmest friends, in every other denomination as well as in his own. In what es- teem he was held, and how severely his loss was felt by the Baptist association, is expressed in a letter to his Toledo con- gregation by a prominent layman. He says : " You feel his loss in Toledo, and your bereavement must be very great ; but you do not know how it will be felt throughout the whole associa- tion. He was the leading spirit in everything connected with the interest of the church. We all looked up to him with af- fection and reverence ; and in our weakness, loneliness and irresolution, it almost seemed that in his death we had lost all but our hope in Christ." A citizen of Cleveland, a lay Baptist preacher of influence and high character, who, during Mr. Piatt's entire residence in Toledo, valued him as a most cherished friend, thus speaks of him : " Mr. Piatt's strength was in his character. He left upon all who knew him the abiding conviction that he was every inch a man. Never ob- trusive ; never rash ; he yet was never timid, nor vacillating. Wise to forecast measures, he was calm, self-reliant, and per- severing in their execution. Fertile in expedients to enlist aid from others in his noble efforts, such aid — ever joyfully rendered — was always animated by his steady courage and hopefulness. He so impressed others with his innate noble- ness, that those who cooperated with him felt ennobled in furthering enterprises which he commended and maintained. There was in him a rare union in beautiful harmony of power and susceptibility. The call of duty would summon to sus- tained activity his every energy ; yet, in the midst of his most tense exertion, you never lost the impression, in his presence, of the rich loveableness of his nature. The manly and in- tellectual in him were ever so finely blended with the emo- tional, that while you could not withhold admiration, you would not withhold love. No beauty in the world without, and no truthfulness or excellence in the world within, failed to awaken in him the response of a refined and exalted en- thusiasm. Strangers may think this exaggeration ; but the friends who knew him, and who cherish his memory, will feel it to be but the just expression of their love." He was married twice ; first to Martha A. Moore, daughter of Rev. W. W. 264 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Moore, of Lansingburg, New York ; and, secondly, Decem- ber 25th, i860, to Agnes E. Barney, daughter of E. E. Bar- ney, Esq., of Dayton, Ohio. His only child was a daughter aged three years at the date of his death. Closely associated with and ever rendering material aid to him, were his younger brothers, Harvey P. and Edwin S. Piatt, lawyers, both prom- inent men of Toledo. These worked harmoniously and in- dustriously together in their various undertakings, and were generally named in the community as the " Piatt Brothers," — a combination of energy, talent and reputation productive of much permanent good. Major E. S. Piatt served with dis- tinction in the war of the rebellion, and subsequently removed to Denver, Colorado, to engage in mining operations. Sister Anthony, a sister of charity, born near Tip- perary, Ireland, became a resident of Cincinnati about 1837, having been sent to that city from Emmittsburgh in charge of a band of sisters, to take charge of the orphans. With great self-devotion, self-sacrifice and business talent she la- bored in this field of charity until she succeeded in establish- ing the Orphan's Asylum at Cumminsville, near Cincinnati. She next assumed charge of St. John's Hospital, where thou- sands received the benefit of the highest medical skill, and the tender nursing of herself and other devoted women, who gave their services for the love of suffering humanity. In the war of Secession the governor of Ohio (David Tod) called for volunteer nurses, and in particular wanted the Sisters of Charity to go to the front, and take charge of the military hospitals. Sister Anthony led a band to Nashville, Tennes- see, where she entered upon her labors which continued throughout the war, and gained for her the title of the " Flor- ence Nightingale" of America. After the war. Sister An- thony resumed charge of St. John's Hospital. Here the ac- commodations soon becoming insufficient, she endeavored to found a larger institute, and assisted by Colonel Robert M. Moore, subsequently mayor, she succeeded in raising ^30,000 toward the object, but found that her original design would require more money than she could obtain. At length, after persistent efforts to carry out her scheme, two charitable Protestant gentlemen, Messrs. Joseph C. Butler and Lewis Worthington, came to her assistance, bought what had been a marine hospital and donated it to her. Here she founded what is widely known as the Good Samaritan Hospital. John F. Maguire, M. D., thus sketches her services and character in a work entitled " Irish in America": " I elsewhere men- tioned the munificent gift made by two Protestant gentlemen to a sister of charity in Cincinnati, and as that munificent gift — of a splendid hospital — is but one, though a striking proof of the influence which the work of the sisters has had in the enlightened Protestant mind of America, something may be said of the subject of that donation. . . Though thoroughly unaffected in manner, and without the faintest trace of show, every word she utters betrays an animating spirit of piety, an ever-present consciousness of her mission — which is to do good. One feels better in her presence, lifted up, as it were, into a purer and brighter atmosphere. . . . For a considerable time Sister Anthony held a subordi- nate position, to which she thoroughly adapted herself ; but it was impossible she could continue to conceal her great nat- ural ability and talents for organization and management. Her first important work was the organization of the Hos- pital of St. John, which became so famous and so popular un- der her management, that the most distinguished physicians of Cincinnati sent their patients to her care. In the hospital Sister Anthony made herself perfect in the science of nurs- ing the sick. When the war broke out she, with twelve sis- ters, took charge of the field hospital of the armies of the Cumberland and the Tennessee, and nursed the wounded and sick in the South and Southwest during its continuance. Such was the estimate formed of the services of these and other sisters of the same institution, as well as of the Catho- lic chaplains, that the generals in command frequently wrote to Archbishop Purcell, asking for more priests and more sis- ters, they were so full of devotion to their duty. . . Her in- fluence was immense ; even the surliest official could not re- sist Sister Anthony. There was a contagion in her goodness. Protestant and Catholic alike reverenced her. At the mere mention of the name of Sister Anthony, the eye of the inva- lid soldier briightened, and a pale flush stole over the wasted cheek : and when it was mentioned in the presence of strong men, it was received with a hearty blessing and a vigorous cheer. There was no eulogium too exaggerated for her praise, or for their gratitude. She was styled ' the Minister- ing Angel of the Army of the Tennessee,' and the Protest- ants hailed her as 'an Angel of Goodness.' At a grand re- union in November, 1866, of the generals and officers of the army in whose hospitals Sister Anthony had served, her name was greeted with enthusiasm — the applause by gallant and grateful men. The United States Marine Hospital, con- structed at a cost of ;j!2 50,000, was sold for 170,000, at which price it was purchased by two Protestant gentlemen, and by them donated to Sister Anthony, and is known by the beau- tiful and felicitous title, ' The Hospital of the Good Samari- tan.' " Sister Anthony is of the highest type of the human angels of mercy whose loudest praises are sung in the silent prayers of millions throughout the world. Although a Cath- olic, in her works of charity she knows no country, no reli- gion, no color. In April, 1879, she was deeply and devot- edly engaged in her merciful and charitable works, admired and beloved by all, irrespective of religious or denomina- tional faith. We have no apologies to offer for her appear- ance, as the only woman, in our work. She has earned nobly the distinction, as this sketch of her proves, and we accord it to her with pleasure. ACHEY, John H., banker, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, September 2d, 1802. His parents were John Achey and Elizabeth Hoover, both natives of the same county. Having received a good education, mostly in the German language, he moved to Dauphin county in his native State, when about twenty-three years of age, and engaged in the lumber, grain and flour trade, the former being his chief business, and which he conducted successfully several years. In April, 1838, he came to Dayton, and opened the first lumber yard in that city, and did business there until 1849. He was one of the directors of the Dayton branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and while thus connected was made a member of the State Board of Control. He was one of the organizers of the Dayton National Bank in 1865, of which for many years past he has been the president. He has also been prominently connected with various railroads that pass through Dayton, and for several years was treasurer of the Dayton and Union line. He is a Freemason of long standing, having been connected with that fraternity nearly half a century. As a Knight Templar he was for twenty-two years in succession, commander of Reed Commandery of ^^/2i^, (^ J^^-^:^^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 265 Dayton, and for one terai grand commander of the Grand Commandery of Ohio. For over forty years he has been a member of the Methodist church, and has filled various offi- cial positions in the same. In October, 1829, he married Mary Rife of Middletown, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, and three children were the issue of this union. The only surviving one is the wife of Dr. Neal of Dayton. For nearly half a century, Mr. Achey has held a leading position in the business and social circles of Dayton. His chief character- istics are superior financial ability, remarkable caution and unquestionable integrity, which elements, with his courteous bearing and obliging spirit, have long commanded for him universal confidence and esteem. Plimpton, Billings Otis, Methodist Episcopal preacher, was born in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, March 7th, 1799, of Puritan ancestry. His grandfather, Elisha, served as a lieutenant in the revolutionary army, as did also his grandfather on the maternal side. The family migrated from Devonshire, England, to America about the middle of the seventeenth century, and settled what is now East and West Plimpton, Massachusetts. It was a characteristic New En- gland family, plain, hardy, sober, industrious, thrifty. It re- moved to Union township, Tolland county, Connecticut, in 1807, where the mother of Billings died, and where, soon af- ter, coming under religious conviction, he joined the Metho- dists, though opposed by the family, who were Presbyterian by education and profession. The young convert to what was then a comparatively new faith could not assent to the doctrines of a limited atonement, the perseverance of the saints, particular election without reference to faith or works, and other dogmas. In 1816 he went to Peacham, Vermont, where, after attending the sessions of an academy, he was engaged to teach the township school. The Universalists, who were in the majority in the township, had voted the Bible out of the schools ; but in the last week of his school term the young teacher felt it his duty to call the attention of his scholars to their spiritual interests. He related to them his own experiences, read a few passages from the Bible, and closed the exercises with prayer. He also appointed further meetings, and before the week closed a religious revival had broken out, more than half the scholars professing to have been converted, as did also many heads of families. The result was the formation of a society of Methodists, which exists to this day. In 1818 he came to northern Ohio on land agency business, upon the completion of which he again en- gaged in teaching school. While thus employed he was stricken with a severe sickness, which impressed upon his mind what seemed to him " a call" to preach the gospel. It was the custom in those days for sons to serve out the period of their minority at home, and he returned to Connecticut for the purpose of obtaining a release from parental authority for the year yet remaining of his minority, in order that he might at once enter the Methodist ministry. His request was re- fused, his father being opposed to his becoming a minister. He therefore agreed to purchase his liberty for three hundred dollars, which he earned by conducting a subscription school in New Jersey. He then returned to Ohio and reopened the school he had abandoned on account of sickness. While teaching he was licensed as an exhorter, and at the close of this school he was licensed to preach by the local district conference, and appointed junior preacher to the Cuyahoga circuit, with Rev. Ira Eddy in charge. The year's labor was 34 marked by several revivals and an addition of three hun- dred to the membership of the church. In 1824, Mr. Plimp- ton was detailed to missionary work in Michigan territory by the Ohio conference. The region over which he traveled was comparatively a wilderness. At one of his experience meet- ings General Lewis Cass and a number of Indian chiefs were present. One of the latter arose and said, with the impres- sive gravity of the Indian character: " Once I was great man, but now least of any of you. Once I hunt the white man with tomahawk and scalping-knife, but now I hunt the Lord Jesus Christ with my Bible and hymn-book." It was related that General Cass was very deeply moved by this simple testi- mony to the transforming power of the gospel. Returning to Ohio, Mr. Plimpton was in 1825 appointed to the Deerfield circuit. He received forty-five consecutive appointments in the Erie annual conference, of which he was one of the orig- inal members. He was for a number of years a presiding elder in districts extending over the most of northeastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. He represented the Erie conference in the general conference at Philadelphia in 1832, in Baltimore in 1840, and in Pittsburgh in 1848. After tak- ing a supernumerary relation to the conference, he accepted the agency of the American colonization society, and trav- eled in that cause some nine or ten years. He subsequently accepted the agency of the State Bible society of Pennsylva- nia. In the year 1867 he asked and obtained a superannu- ated relation to his conference. The life of a Methodist itin- erant at the time when Mr. Plimpton entered upon his work in Ohio was not one upon which a man would enter from any worldly motive. To be obliged, as was then the case, to travel circuits that often required six weeks to compass, through a country whose roads were little better than cow- paths, having to face the bitterest storms of winter and sum- mer, and put up with the inconveniences of new settlements, preaching here in a barn and there in a log school-house, sometimes in the open air and in the wilderness, but every- where proclaiming glad tidings to the people and carrying the Bible and the hymn-book into the cabin of the pioneer as well as into the home of the wealthy : these were no light la- bors, and in a worldly sense were poorly compensated. The average pay of Mr. Plimpton for his forty-five years of ac- tive service in the ministry was ^225 a year; and in this re- spect he fared perhaps as well as his brethren. But a Meth- odist itinerant did not stop to count the cost. His was an aggressive work — the conquest and dedication of a new coun- try to the doctrines of Wesley. The itinerant system was admirably adapted to the condition of a new country. Igna- tius Loyola himself would have approved it, for its effective- ness in detaching the evangelists from all worldly interests and keeping them devoted to their cause. Methodism had to fight its way, to overcome the prejudices of those who had brought Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist and Episcopal convictions, customs and prejudices with them into the set- tlements. Hence the preaching was largely doctrinal ; though' in the midst of a revival none knew better than the Metho- dist itinerant how to stir the profoundest depths of the heart by song and sermon, and kindle the emotions into the fiercest flames of religious enthusiasm. It was this pioneer work of Methodism to which the most active years of Mr. PHmpton's life were dedicated, and there is hardly a corner of the region extending from the river to the lake, and from Cleveland to Dunkirk, in which he did not assist in organizing societies, building churches and multiplying the agencies whereby 266 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Methodism has taken immovable hold of the soil and grown to be one of the most powerful denominations. Mr. Plimp- ton spoke altogether extemporary, notingpnly the headings of his discourses. His delivery was rapid, his action nervous and energetic, his method logical and analytic rather than diffuse and declamatory. He sought first to convince the reason and then kindle the heart. His ministry was very successful, and among those who were brought into the church through his labors were to be counted some of her foremost men. ChILDS, Thomas Perry, Baptist clergyman, Troy, Ohio, was born in Woodstock, Windham county, Connecticut, June 8th, 1817. He is the fourth child in a family of six chil- dren of Adolphus Childs and Chloe Jackson. His parents moved to Pennsylvania when the children were all young, and his father was for many years a prominent surveyor in the western part of that State. Our subject was licensed to preach at the age of seventeen, prepared himself for the min- istry at Madison University, Hamilton, New York, and was ordained in the fall of 1839. He began his ministry in Cherry Valley, Otsego county. New York, where he labored nearly five years, organized a church and secured the erection of a church edifice. On September 21st, 1840, he married Alta- zera E., daughter of Rev. Z. Eaton, of Troy, Ohio. The issue of this union was eight children, four of whom are living. In the fall of 1842, he located in Troy, and for some two years labored as a missionary evangelist. In 1844, he removed to Xenia, Ohio, and began a mission which, in four years, re- sulted in there being two churches in that town, and also in the erection of an edifice for the first church. For the six succeeding years he was located in the vicinity of Covington, Miami county, Ohio, where he was instrumental in gathering a church and building a meeting-house. In the spring of 1856, he became pastor in Troy, and in the following summer he effected the erection of a house of worship. Remaining there until the breaking out of the late civil war, in the fall of i86l he entered the army as chaplain of the 44th Ohio infantry, and served nearly three years. The four following years he labored as missionary, financial secretary and agent for the American Baptist Free Mission Society, superintending the education of the freedmen and the furnishing of necessaries for such as were left destitute by the ravages of the war. He then settled in Salem, Columbiana county, Ohio, where he remained more than four years, gathered a large congregation and erected a house of worship. While there he was severely afflicted with catarrhal consumption — the culmination of a disease that had already become chronic. In seeking relief in the use of different remedies he became acquainted with a very effectual method of treatment for this loathsome disease. Compelled to relinquish, for a time, his ministrations as pastor, he returned to Troy in 1867. In 1869, being partially restored to health, he took charge of a new interest in Piqua, Ohio, organized the Calvary Baptist church and erected a house of worship, himself donating for that purpose nearly )j54,ooo. After nearly five years service his health again failed, and he began to prepare a catarrh remedy for such of his acquaint- ances as were afflicted with it. Such was his success that he conceived the idea of manufacturing this preparation in larger quantities to meet the rapidly increasing demand. In 1877, he took in as partner, his eldest son, Abbott E. Childs, and in February, 1879, Dr. Joseph H. Green, of Troy, became a member of the firm. Mr. Childs' younger son, Frank P. Childs is employed as shipping-clerk. Mr. Childs continues to fill occasional pulpit vacancies of churches in his vicinity. During an extended ministry of nearly half a century — much of it pioneer service — he has travelled some fifteen thousand miles on horseback, baptized over one thousand persons, and has been instrumental in the erection of nine church edifices. His labors have been signally characterized by an earnest, self-sacrificing spirit and whole-souled devotion to the cause. Although realizing handsomely from the sale of his catarrh specific, he evinces no disposition to hoard up for personal ends, but dispenses with a large and liberal hand to worthy objects of benevolence. In addition to constant efforts to build up the churches around him at home, he has lately undertaken to open and support the Chao-Chow-Fu mission in China, and has already donated for that purpose the sum of $1,000. His benevolence, however, is by no means confined to this central interest, but the entire circle of foreign and domestic missions receives his sympathy and aid. WaDSWORTH, Elijah, pioneer, born in Hartford, Connecticut, November 14th, 1747, and died in Canfield, Ma- honing county, Ohio, December 30th, 1817, was a descendant of Captain Joseph Wadsworth, who hid the charter of Con- necticut in the oak tree on the 9th May, 1680. Brought up to the trade of a blacksmith, he worked at it in Hartford until 1770, when he removed to Litchfield, in the same State, and continued his work there until the breaking out of the Revo- lutionary war. He then assisted in raising Sheldon's regir ment of light dragoons and served in it through the war, end- ing his service as a captain. When Major Andre was cap- tured, he was at West Point, and was one of the guard set over the prisoner the night after the capture. After serving in several actions he returned to Litchfield, when the army was disbanded, and remained there until his removal to Ohio. In 1795 he became associated with others in the formation of the land company which, in September of that year, purchased the Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio from the State of Connecticut, he being one of the six who gave their bonds as principals and sureties for the first purchase-money. In com- pany with Ephraim Kirby and Samuel Andrew Law, he took one-half the contract, the remaining half being divided equally between Uriel Holmes, Jr., and Elijah Boardman. He was one of the original proprietors of the townships of Canfield and Boardman, in Mahoning county, Johnston, in Trumbull county, Salem (now Conneaut), in Ashtabula county. Palmyra, in Portage county, and Wadsworth, in Medina county, which last township was named after him. The summers of 1799, 1 801 and 1802 were spent on the Reserve, surveying and lay- ing out townships, and the winters of the first two years in Connecticut. In the fall of 1802 he retui:ned to Litchfield for his family and brought them to Canfield, where he took up his residence. He was instrumental in having the first mau route on the Reserve established, and was appointed the first postmaster in Canfield, in October, 1801. He resigned the office in 1803, and was again postmaster there in 1813. At the first general election after Ohio was organized as a State, in 1803, he was elected sheriff of Trumbull county. In the year following he was elected major-general of the fourth military division of Ohio, comprising all the northern part of the State, and for the two or three years following labored under great difficulties to organize a militia. At the session of the legislature in 1807-8 he was appointed one of the three commissioners to locate the seats of justice for Tuscarawas fF^^'?^^'-""' BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 267 and Stark counties. In June, 1812, the United States de- clared war against Great Britain, and on the l6th August fol- lowing General Hull surrendered Detroit, the Michigan ter- ritory, and the army under his command to General Brock, commanding the British army in Canada, and thus laid open the whole northwestern frontier of Ohio to British and Indian invasion. Information of the surrender was brought to him at Canfield on the 21st August. He immediately sent ex- presses to his several brigadier-generals to detail troops from their respective commands for the protection of the frontier, and ordered the company of cavalry belonging to the neighbor- hood into immediate service. On the 23d, with this company of cavalry and Elisha Whittlesey as his aid, he started for Cleveland, reaching that place on the afternoon of the next day, finding the place deserted by the frightened inhabitants and meeting there the surrendered troops of General Hull, who had been liberated on parole. The day following, two officers were sent to Washington with the news of Hull's sur- render and to procure supplies and munitions for the army. Orders were received to organize a brigade of fifteen hundred men from his division, put them under command of a briga- dier-general, and report them to the commander of the north- western army. After remaining in camp at Cleveland some weeks with the purpose of keeping up communication by the lake front with the advanced post at Huron, he resolved to abandon that line of communication as dangerous, and with- drew to the neighborhood of Akron, whence, with hastily collected reinforcements and supplies, he set out for Huron. Here he was visited by General Harrison, and, after a confer- ence, turned over the greater part of his command to that general, leaving the remainder under the command of Brig- adier-General Simon Perkins. In November, 1812, he re- tired from the service and returned to his home in Canfield. A misunderstanding in the War Department concerning the payment of the expense of provisioning his command when first called out, caused him some annoyance and embarrass- ment. The mistake was discovered and rectified some years afterward, and the integrity, business ability, and careful economy shown by him in the affair publicly acknowledged. The anxiety and exertion of organizing against invasion im- paired his health, already broken by age and the hardships of pioneer life. He married, February l6th, 1780, Miss Rhoda Hopkins, of Litchfield. Paine, Robert FINDLEY, lawyer, of Cleveland, Ohio, was born May loth, 1810, in the State of New York. He came of revolutionary stock on both father's and mother's side, both grandfathers having served at Valley Forge. In 1815 his father, Solomon J. Paine, removed from Cornwall, Connecticut, to Nelson, Portage county, Ohio. At that time the settlements were few and scattered. Young as he was, he had to travel a mile and a half daily to the log school- house ; and after he was nine years old, was obliged to work on the farm during all but the winter months, when he con- tinued to go to school. When he was eighteen years old his father died, leaving six children and their mother unprovided for. The whole care of the family devolved on him, all being younger except one brother who was away from home, bound out to a trade. For two years he worked hard at farm labor by the day, or chopping wood by the cord, tilling land on shares, occasionally getting a job in a joiner's shop, with now and then a chance to drive the stage between Nelson and Hudson, when it was too cold for any one else. His earnings went to the support of the family, two sisters and a young brother being sent to school and trained to become teachers. After two years of this labor, he determined to learn cabinet- making and sign-painting, and spent one year in apprentice- ship. He next opened a shop al Nelson Centre, working hard at his trade until 1837. Bjing then twenty-seven years old, and the family able to take care of themselves, he deter- mined to gratify his desire to learn the law. He had never read a page in a law-book, and made no provision for en- tering a law-office. Purchasing some law-books, he took them home and commenced a course of hard study, without any assistance, and without a single previous recitation, he pre- sented himself for examination at the September term of the supreme court, sitting in Ravenna in 1839, and was admitted to practice. He immediately removed to Garrettsville and opened a law-office there. In the fall of that year he was elected justice of the peace, and served a term of three years. In 1842 he was reelected to the position, and retained it until, in 1844, he was elected to the Ohio legislature. After serving one year, he was renominated, but declined, his declination being followed by his election as prosecuting attorney, and his removal to Ravenna, where he opened a law-office. In 1848 he removed to Cleveland, and at once took a favorable position at the Cuyahoga bar. In 1849 he was appointed clerk of the common pleas court of Cuyahoga county, and held the position until the new constitution went into effect in 1852, and vacated the office. He then returned to his legal practice, in which he met with good success. In i860 he was chosen delegate from his congressional district to the repub- lican national convention at Chicago which nominated Abra- ham Lincoln, and took an active part in that memorable gathering. He was appointed United States district attorney for the northern district of Ohio, in April, 1861, and held the position for the full term of four years. The people elected him judge of the court of common pleas of Cuyahoga county, in 1869, and he held the position five years, or until May, 1874. During his term of office an unusual number of im- portant criminal and civil cases were disposed of by him, and some new and important questions of law decided, which ex- cited discussion and comment in legal and general circles, not only in Ohio, but in other States, and gave him the repu- tation of an able, just and unflinching judge. Five death sentences were passed, and among the more notable of the other cases was that of Warren Warner, convicted of keep- ing a gambling-house, the unexpected heavy sentence and impressive remarks of the judge ehciting approving comment from the community at home, and journals throughout the country. In the case of Jay Galentine, convicted of man- slaughter, the defense of emotional insanity had been inef- fectulilly set up, and in passing sentence the judge dealt in an original and able manner with this class of defense. Per- haps the case that most widely attracted attention was that of Edward Hannin, administrator of the Roman Catholic church for the diocese of Cleveland, against John McMahon and others. In this case the nature of the title to the Roman Catholic church property in the United States, and the right of a Roman CathoHc congregation to build such a church as it sees fit without the consent of the pope, bishop, adminis- trator, or priest, were examined at considerable length, and the right of the congregation to act independently vindicated. During the whole of his public life he took an active part in political affairs, and his services were in much demand in public, as he was a ready, forcible, and entertaining speaker. 268 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. He was a self-made man, of not an ordinary kind, liaving, under the most disadvantageous circumstances that could well be conceived, worked himself up from poverty to dis- tinction, at the bar and on the bench, without even the ordi- nary help in preparation. He married three wives ; the first in August, 1846, was Miss Miranda Hazen, of Garrettsville, who died at Cleveland in August, 1848, leaving an infant daughter; the second in 1858, Mrs. H. Cornelia Harris, who died in 1870, leaving three sons; lastly, in 1872 he married Miss Delia Humphrey, of Summit county, Ohio. Freeman, Francis, common pleas judge, was born in Amenia, Dutchess county, New York, June 7th, 1779, and died in Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, September 8th, 1855. At an early age he was sent to the schools of his na- tive county, where he acquired a good education. On leav- ing school his attention was at first turned to business, and for some years he was engaged in the lumber trade. In 1803 he visited Ohio, which was at that time attracting very general attention as a desirable place for intending emigrants from the older States. After visiting and carefully examining the new territory , he became so strongly impressed with the nat- ural advantages of the neighborhood of Warren, in Trumbull county, that he decided on removing to that place and making it his home. Two years later he closed up his business in New York State, and soon after arrived in Warren. A bro- ther was induced to join him in the removal, and two exten.sive farms were purchased in the township, his own being mostly situated in what afterward became the city of Warren. He entered with zeal on his occupation as a farmer, clearing and improving the land and working assiduously to develop its resources. His energetic and intelligent labor was bounti- fully rewarded, and he soon became known and respected among his neighbors as an able and successful agriculturist, whilst his genial disposition, clear truthfulness, and upright- ness of character won for him the confidence of the people of the county, so that when, in 1832, he was appointed asso- ciate judge of the court of common pleas, the appointment gave general satisfaction. This position he creditably filled for seven years. A still higher mark of esteem and confi- dence was shown in his election by the people of Trumbull county as their county treasurer, and his reelection to the same position again and again until he had served twenty years. The duties of that post were performed with indus- try, probity, urbanity, and a manifest desire to promote the best interests of the community. The financial affairs of the county were never better nor more honestly managed than during his administration. He was one of the original stock- holders and directors of the Western Reserve bank of War- ren, and from 1812 to the date of his death, a period of forty- three years, he was one of its leading directors. The Western^ Reserve bank owed its exceptionally high reputation to the sterling integrity and far-seeing sagacity of its founders and original directors, who mostly retained their positions until death. His political affiliations were with the old whig party, for which he maintained a strong affection, and during its existence he worked actively and energetically for its success. His friendships were numerous, strong and lasting, and he was deeply interested in all movements pertaining to the moral and religious welfare of the neighborhood. He was a man of benevolence and public spirit, and his influence in the community was lastingly good. The announcement of his death, September 8th, 1855, after a brief but painful ill- ness, was received with general sorrow ; for the people, during the half century of his residence among them, had learned to value highly his character as a man as well as his patriot- ism and liberality as a citizen. In January, 1817, he married the only daughter of Samuel Leavitt, of Warren. His three children survived him: Mrs. Charles Hickox, of Cleveland, Samuel Freeman, and Mrs. Albert Morley, of Warren. His son Samuel, banker, was born at Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, March 29th, 1823, and was living there in April, 1879. He received a good education at Warren, and when of age to leave school he spent some time on his father's farm. After a few years spent in this manner he engaged in mercantile business, and for about three years was in a hardware store at Warren, where he laid the foundation for the business hab- its that afterward contributed so materially to his success in life. In 1859 he opened the banking-house of Freeman, Hunt & Co., in Warren, for the purpose of transacting a gen- eral banking business. The firm continued unchanged and in active business down to the date of this work, and had proved very successful, enjoying the confidence of the busi- ness and general community, and withstanding all financial storms without injury or impairment of credit. He was a friend to all benevolent, charitable and patriotic enterprises, and contributed liberally to those and other objects calculated to be for the public good. He took a strong interest in everything calculated to really benefit the town in which he lived. In politics he was a republican since the formation of that party, but took no active part in political affairs other than to perform his obligations as a citizen by aiding in the choice and election of good men to office. Of genial dispo- sition and honorable, upright character, he is generally es- teemed by his neighbors and acqaintances. January 20th, 1846, he married Miss Charlotte L. Tod, niece of Governor David Tod, with issue of a son and daughter, both living. Moore, Oscar FitZALLEN, lawyer, Portsmouth, Ohio, born near LaGrange, Jefferson county, Ohio, on the 27th January, 1817. He was the son of James H. Moore, a respectable farmer in easy circumstances, and by birth an Irishman. ■ His mother was of German descent. Having re- ceived the necessary primary education, he prepared for col- lege by attending the Wellsburg Academy, and graduated with honor in 1836 from Washington College, Pennsylvania. .In October, of the same year, he entered the law office of Wright & Walker, of Cincinnati, the senior partner of the firm being an eminent jurist, lawyer and author, while Tim- othy Walker was an eminent jurist also, and a man of much distinction in his profession, both gentlemen being members of the faculty of the Cincinnati Law School. During the course of 1836-37, Mr. Moore attended the lectures of this school, after which he entered the law office of D. L. Collier, at Steubenville, Ohio, where he remained until his admission to the bar in 1838. The following year he located at Ports- mouth, Ohio, and under favorable auspices commenced the practice of his profession. Being thoroughly prepared, and having strong powers of endurance and great industry, his practice became a rapidly growing one, although at that time the Portsmouth bar was composed of very able gentlemen. In 1843 he married Miss Martha B., youngest daughter of Judge Thomas Scott, of Chillicothe, a man of great native ability, and, in his days a prominent lawyer and jurist. The issue of this union was Clay B., wife of George O. Newman, the law partner of Mr. Moore, and Kate S., wife of Hon. ^ C-K^ ^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOFJSDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 269 James W. Newmaji, editor and proprietor of the Portsmouth Times. An old line whig, Mr. Moore was elected to the last session of the State legislature under the old Constitution in 1850, served with credit to himself, and was elected to the senate the following year, when he attained the front rank both in the dispatch of business and in debate. This was one of the most important sessions of the legislature which has ever been held, being the first after the adoption of the new Constitution, and new machinery for the purposes of govern- ment had to be set in motion. Mr. Moore's services were especially valuable at this time, having served the previous year in the house of representatives ; and he did valuable work in committee upon the judiciary and common schools. So highly pleased were his constituents with his conduct in the State legislature that, in 1854, they elected him to the Thirty-fourth Congress. In 1856 he supported Millard Fil- more for the Presidency, ran for Congress upon that ticket, and was defeated, owing to a division of the voters; there being three candidates in the field. Being thus free from public office, he applied himself to the practice of his profes- sion with great success at Portsmouth, and in the adjoining portions of the State, and occupied his time in this manner until the war of the Rebellion was inaugurated. As a war democrat he counselled the maintainance of the Union at all hazards, and at once tendered his services to Governor Den- nison, who appointed him lieutenant-colonel of the 33d Ohio volunteer infantry, mostly composed of men who had volun- teered from his district. The regiment did very effective ser- vice, having been engaged in most of the hard fought battles of the army of the Cumberland, namely, Perryville, Ken- tucky ; Stone River, Tennessee ; Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge. They accompanied Sherman on his famous march to the sea, and participated in all of the battles fought by him on that march. On the promotion of Colonel Sill, the com- mander of the 33d, Lieutenant-Colonel Moore became col- onel of that regiment, ,and served until ill-health, superin- duced by a wound received at the battle of Perryville, caused him to resign in July, 1864, after three years of active ser- vice, almost continuously in the face of the enemy. On vari- ous occasions during the war. Colonel Moore distinguished himself by his coolness and bravery. On retiring from his command, and after an interval of repose required for the restoration of his health, he resumed at Portsmouth the prac- tice of his professsion, in which occupation he has since been engaged. He has as a practicing lawyer gradually risen in the public esteem, until at the present time he takes rank with the foremost practitioners in the State. With quick percep- tive powers, he has a naturally legal mind. His remarkable success as an advocate is due to his legal knowledge, that enables him to grasp the strong points of his case, and his ability to make a brief, clear and convincing statement of them. He is also fertile in resources, and his intelligence and manner of meeting emergencies, make him to his client valuable, and to his opponent a formidable antagonist. Manning, Henry, M. D., physician, was bom in Lebanon, Connecticut, January 15th, 1787, and died at his residence in Youngstown, Ohio, January nth, 1869. His father was a farmer, and his ancestors were among the earlier settlers of Massachusetts. His grandmother Manning, whose maiden name was Seabury, was a direct descendant of Gov- ernor Bradford. He attended, for a period, the Bacon Acad- emy at Colchester, Connecticut. When about twenty years of age he commenced studying medicine with Dr. Hutchinson, of Lebanon, and continued thus engaged two years. He studied another year with Dr. White, of Cherry Valley, New York. At the age of eighteen he taught school, and during the years in which he was studying medicine, occasionally returned to the profession of teaching, in which he was suc- cessful. He removed to Ohio in 181 1, making the journey on horseback, and arrived in Youngstown. After Hull's sur- render, in August, 1 81 2, the ist regiment, 3d brigade, 4th division of Ohio mihtia, commanded by Colonel Rayen, went to the frontier. Our subject accompanied the regiment as surgeon on Colonel Rayen's staff. The regiment marched by way of Painesville to Cleveland, and camped about three- fourths of a mile south of the public square, on the east side of the river. Dr. Manning stayed there two weeks, and then, at General Perkins's request, went to Huron, where much sickness prevailed among the troops. He there found two surgeons, Dr. Peter Allen, of Kinsman, and Dr. Good- win, of Burton, both sick. The camp was on the east side of Huron river, near the present village of Milan. He re- mained there until some time in November. During his stay there, an incident- occurred which he has thus related : "I was going one evening when it was quite dark, from the house of Judge Ruggles, where Dr. Allen lay sick, to camp, and got on the wrong road. I was riding one horse and leading another. I heard a crack. The led horse jumped and broke the girth of his saddle, and it fell off. The horses ran a short distance and I stopped them. I heard something step off, and thought it might be some animal. I went back, and by treading round found the saddle, turned the horses in the right direction, and soon got to camp. I did not tell my adventure then, for fear of being laughed at; but next morning 1 heard that several stacks of grain had been burned by the Indians in that neighborhood, and then concluded that an Indian had snapped his gun at me." He went from Huron to Lower Sandusky, now Fremont, in November, and stayed there until March, when he returned to Youngstown, reaching home on March 13th, 1813. By his unwearied at- tention and great kindness to the soldiers who required his services, and the skill he displayed in the treatment of their diseases, he gained the affection and confidence of the men of his regiment, a large share of whom were from Youngs- town and its vicinity. His reputation had preceded him, and on his return his practice, which he immediately commenced, occupied his whole time. He continued in active practice until within a few years of his decease, when the infirmities of age, and other business avocations, induced him to with- draw from it in a great measure, although he was ever ready, when his health permitted, to aid by his counsel and personal attention, the sick who sought his assistance. In the fall of 1815, in company with Colonel Caleb B.Wick, he opened a drug-store, in which he held a one-half interest for some time. This was probably the first drug-store in that part of the Reserve, although most of the country stores, at that time, included in their miscellaneous assortment a few drugs. In iSighe was elected a representative from Trumbull county, of which Youngstown was then a part, to the State legislature. He was elected State senator in 1824, and again a represent- ative in 1843. He was elected associate judge of the com- mon pleas in 1835, and served seven years. In 1854 he was elected president of the Mahoning county bank, and in 1862, on its organization, president of the First National bank of Youngstown, its successor, "which office he held until 1866, 270 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. when he declined a reelection, but still continued a director. He was three times married : His first wife Lucretia Kirtland, a daughter of Jared Kirtland, an early settler of Poland, Ohio, and whom he married in September, 18 14, died July 13th, 1819. His second wife was Mary Bingham, of Ells- worth, Ohio, whom he married in June, 1821. She died in June, 1846. His third wife was Mrs. Caroline M. Ruggles, of Canfield, Ohio, whom he married in September, 1848. She died in May, 1862. Of his character as a business man of capacity and strict integrity, the many positions of responsi- bility and trust with which he was honored by his fellow-cit- izens is the best evidence. As a physician, he ranked with the first on the Reserve in point of professional ability and skill. Among his patients, he was regarded with affection as a true friend. As a citizen, he was public-spirited and ever ready to aid with his purse and influence, in projects of pub- lic improvement, and in the promotion of the general welfare. Perkins, William Lee, lawyer, born in Ashford, Windham county, Connecticut, January 22d, 1799, and who, in April, 1879, ^^^ living in Painesville, Lake county, Ohio, was the son of William Perkins, a lawyer of distinction in Connecticut, who held at times the office of State's attorney and State senator. The family was of English origin, his great grandfather, John Perkins, having emigrated from Lon- don and settled in Sutton, Massachusetts. His grandfather, Isaac Perkins, a respectable farmer, removed from Massa- chusetts to Connecticut. By his mother's side he was de- scended from Thomas Lee, who sailed from England with his family in 1641 and died on shipboard. The family settled in Saybrook, Connecticut. The eldest son, Thomas, mar- ried Sarah Kirtland ; their eldest child, John, married Eliza- beth Smith, of Lyme ; and the oldest child of this marriage, who was also named John, married three times, his third wife, Abigail Tully, of Saybrook, becoming the mother of Andrew Lee. He married Eunice Hall of Wallingford, their second daughter, Mary, marrying William Perkins of Ashford, Feb- ruary I2th, 1795, William Lee Perkins being the third in their family of eleven children. His early education was obtained in the district schools. He was unable, on account of ill health, to enter Yale College, where his father and brothers were educated. In 1821 he commenced the study of law, finishing in the office of Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, subse- quently United States commissioner of patents. He was ad- mitted to the bar at Hartford, Connecticut, May, 1824, and at once removed to Windsor, where he practiced four years. In 1828 he removed to Ohio, settling at Painesville. His cre- dentials from the leading lawyers and public men of Con- necticut, immediately secured a good practice, and he divided with Reuben Hitchcock the leadership of the Painesville bar, being generally engaged in opposition to him in all the prom- inent suits. He was elected by the whigs in 1840 to repre- sent the county in the legislature. In 1843 he was elected to the senate, holding the position foM- years. During his suc- cessive terms in the legislature he was chairman of the judi- ciary committee and common school committee. Among the important measures which he originated and carried through to a place on the statute book was the act relating to insur- ance for the benefit of the orphans and widows, which ena- bled the insurance of a husband's life for the benefit of his wife and children. The measure was opposed strongly and two sessions were consumed before the attempts to enact it into a law were successful. Another bill in the same direc- tion, being for the protection of the wife's interest, was that protecting the property of the wife against execution levied to satisfy the debts of the husband. This also was opposed but was carried through to the statute-book. In the legislature and out of it he was the voluntary champion of woman's rights and the zealous worker for the remedying of woman's wrongs, although not by any means an advocate of "wom- an's rights" in the later and more "advanced" acceptation of the term. The women of Ohio were placed under great obligations to him by his energetic and steadfast efforts in their behalf, and those obligations were very generally ac- knowledged by them. In 1844, he was nominated by the whigs as one of the Presidential electors, and in 1848 was a member of the whig convention that nominated Zachary Tay- lor for the Presidency. He was for many years prosecuting attorney of Geauga county, and also of Lake county after it was formed out of a portion of Geauga. He was for three years mayor of Painesville ; was an active and earnest mem- ber of the local school board, and his services were in fre- quent demand as adviser, advocate, and arbitrator in matters of local importance and controversies arising from them. In 1868, an attack of paralysis impaired his capacity for hard work and he contracted his legal practice, but without en- tirely abandoning it until 1874, when his last argument was made before the supreme court of Ohio, after a full half cen- tury of successful and honorable legal practice. He was a member of the Presbyterian church, always active in its affairs, and contributing liberally to its support. He took special interest in the Sunday-school, with which he was for many years intimately and laboriously connected. He was regarded as a peace-maker and general adviser for the set- tlement of local disputes and troubles of all kinds ; a good lawyer, quiet and unassuming, whose long and honorable career in public, professional, and private life secured him general respect and esteem. He was twice married ; first in 1827 to Miss Julia Gillette, of Connecticut, by whom he had one son, William, in the employ of Pratt & Co., of Buffalo; and again in 1837 to Margaretta S. Waite, a widow, by whom he had six children of whom four died. The survivors were, Mary L., married to Charles H. Morley, of Fort Scott, Kan- sas, and George, assistant editor of the Chicago Times. Webster, James KaIN, physician, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Butler county, Ohio, September 3d, 1835. He is the fourth son in a family of nine children, six living, of Dr. Elias Webster and Mary Kain, and brother of Dr. Will- iam Webster of Dayton. He received his education in Mon- roe Academy, and at the Ohio Wesleyan University, Dela- ware. In the fall of 1857, he became connected, as editor and publisher, with the Hamilton Telegraph, and so re- mained for four years. Subsequent to this he was engaged in various kinds of business up to 1874, when he entered upon the study of medicine, and in 1876, graduated from the Tulte Homoeopathic College, Cincinnati. He at once began the practice of his profession in Dayton, having made his res- idence there for ten years previous. He is a member and secretary of the Montgomery County Homoeopathic Medical Society, which organization covers the southwestern third of Ohio, and also of the Dayton Homoeopathic Medical Society. He is also president of the Dayton Board of Education. Politically, he is a democrat. In religious connection a Meth- odist. As a physician he enjoys a fine and rapidly growing practice, As a citizen, he is influential and greatly respected. "'*-'-'Mv!iiJ,„.I]S."J»)' '■'-"' ^(ih^. ^. 9.^M^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 271 On April i6th, 1857, he married Augusta, oldest daughter of the late Hon. Christopher Hughes, of Butler county. Ohio, and had two sons and two daughters, one of each living. Mr. Hughes was born in Baltimore county, Maryland, De- cember I2th, 1813, and died November 30th, 1872. He was the sixth child in a family of eleven children of Elijah Hughes and Sarah Muchner. The family came to Ohio, and settled in Liberty township, Butler county, in 1816. On February 6th, 1838, he married Eliza A. Young. Mr. Hughes was en- dowed with more than ordinary natural abilities. Clear in his judgment, and decidedly firm in his convictions, enter- prising and public-spirited, he acquired great influence, and for many years occupied a prominent place in social and political circles. In politics he was a democrat of the Jack- sonian type, and was four times elected to the legislature, and served eight years. He took special delight in agricul- tural pursuits, and for many years was connected with the county agricultural society, and also with the board of county commissioners. He took an active part in securing the location of the Short Line Railroad from Dayton to Cin- cinnati.. He possessed very high principles of honor, and though strong in his likes and dislikes, was by no means re- vengeful. He was very determined in his efforts to accom- plish any object which he believed to be right, but whenever unsuccessful he took his defeat like a philosopher. He was a sincere and steadfast friend, and a very highly esteemed citizen. Edwards, John Starke, lawyer, oldest son. of Pierrepont Edwards, one of the most distinguished lawyers of New England, and judge of the district court of the Uni- ■ ted States, for the district of Connecticut, and grandson of the famous Jonathan Edwards, was born in New Haven, Connecticut, August 23d, 1777, and died in Ohio, January 29th, 1813. He received a liberal education, graduating at Princeton College, New Jersey. On his return to New Haven he studied law, attended lectures at the law-school in Litch- field, Connecticut, and was admitted to the bar in New Haven. Early in 1799, after he was admitted to practice, he removed to Ohio, settling first at Mesopotamia, on the Western Re- serve. In July, 1800, he was appointed by Governor St. Clair, the first governor of the territory of the Northwest, to the office of recorder of Trumbull county, and immediately on receiving the appointment he removed to the county-seat at Warren. In October of the same year he attended the opening of the court for the Northwest Territory, held at Ma- rietta, and was there admitted to practice in the courts of the territory. He devoted himself assiduously to the duties of his office and to the practice of his profession, making occa- sional visits to Connecticut. In 1809 he became interested in the subject of merino breeding, which had been brought to public attention by the importation into New England of some Spanish merino sheep, by Colonel David Humphreys, American minister at the court of Madrid. In company with his brother Ogden, he purchased from his father Put-in-Bay island, in the southwestern portion of Lake Erie, and stocked it with merino sheep, brought at heavy expense from New England. The enterprise was not successful, although much labor and money were expended. In the war of 18 12 he re- ceived the commission of colonel in the 4th division of Ohio militia, under General Elijah Wadsworth, and after General Hull's surrender at Detroit, by which the whole northwestern frontier was thrown open to the enemy, he took an active part, with other patriotic citizens of the menaced territory, in planning and putting into execution prompt measures for the common defense. In October, 1812, he was elected one of the six representatives in Congress of the newly-organized State of Ohio, his district being numbered the sixth, and cov- ering the whole northeastern part of the State, but he never took his seat. In January, 1813, at a very inclement season, he undertook a journey through the whole northwestern frontier, and, among other places, to visit his sheep farm on Put-in- Bay island. On his way home from the island he was taken with the then prevailing fever, and after an illness of but two or three days, died at Huron, Ohio, January 29th, 1813. His death at so early an age, cut short a career that promised to be one of distinction and public value. He had won his way in professional and public life by the solid worth of his char- acter, rather than by showy brilliance or anxiety for distinc- tion. His ability was everywhere recognized; his candor and honorable conduct won him general respect and warm individual friendship ; his reputation for integrity was never suUied with a breath of suspicion. He had an unconquer- able dislike for everything in professional or private life not strictly honorable, and was not disposed to conceal his feel- ings in that respect. He married, February 28th, 1807, Miss Louisa Maria Morris, daughtei: of General Louis R. Morris, of Springfield, Vermont, by whom he had three sons, two of whom died young. The third one, William Johnson Edwards, agriculturist, was born at Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, December 26th, 1811, and is, at the present time, living at Youngstown, Mahoning county, in the same State. In his earlier years he attended the common schools of the country, afterward taking courses at schools in New York, and finish- ing at the Military Academy in Middletown, Connecticut. His hearing having been seriously affected from an early age, he labored under many difficulties in obtaining an edu- cation, but surmounted them all, although incapacitated for taking any very active part in public or professional life. He therefore at an early age turned his attention to agriculture, for which he displayed a strong predilection. In 1848 he re- moved to Youngstown, and devoted his time and attention to the improvement of his lands at that place. At the same time he felt an interest in all that concerned the welfare of the country, although studiously avoiding notoriety and court- ing retirement. He unobtrusively did his part toward sup- porting measures of a patriotic, benevolent, or public-spirited character, and by his unostentatious liberality, and his many social and personal virtues, won the esteem of his fellow-cit- izens. The only public office he consented to fill was that of member of the board of trustees, and president of the board of the Ray en school, a position he filled for a number of years with marked ability. He married, in 1839, '^'ss Mary, daughter of Dr. H. Manning. BOYNTON, Washington W., lawyer and jurist, of Elyria, Ohio, was born January 27th, 1833, in Russia town- ship, Lorain county, Ohio. He was the son of Lewis D. Boynton, a farmer who came to Ohio from the State of Maine in 1826, and who died at Elyria in 1871. His education was received at the public schools, but he apphed himself so closely and industriously to private studies, that at the age of sixteen he was employed as school-teacher, which vocation he followed until his twenty-second year. In 1855 he was appointed one of the board of school examiners for Lorain county. He conducted a select school at South Amherst for 272 BIOGRAPHICAl CYCLOPEDIA AND. PORTRAIT GALLERY. about two years thereafter, and during this period engaged in the study of the law. In 1856 he was admitted to the bar, and soon became prominent as an able jury lawyer and ad- vocate, acquiring a large practice at the Lorain county bar. He was appointed prosecuting attorney of Lorain county in 1859, to fill ^ vacancy, and was elected and reelected to that office, serving for two and a half terms. A strong republican in political faith, he early took an active part in the public affairs of his section, and was elected to the general assem- bly in 1865. During his term in the legislature he intro- duced the amendment proposing to eliminate the word "white," as applied to citizens, from the Constitution of the State, but the amendment was defeated in 1867 by 40,000 majority. He was also noted for the patience and industry with which he attended to every wish of his constituents, collectively or individually expressed. In 1869, on the resig- nation of Judge Burke, Governor Hayes appointed him to fill the vacancy thus caused in the judicial subdistrict comprising Lorain, Medina and Summit counties, and to this office he was elected and reelected by the almost unanimous vote of the district. While retaining this office, in 1876, he became the regular nominee of his party for the supreme bench of the State. As a lawyer, Mr. Boynton ranked among the ablest and most reliable in northern Ohio, his reputation resting chiefly upon a sound and intuitive knowledge and generally correct application of common law and equity. He was especially well fitted, by temperament and mental qual- ifications, for judicial position. During the war of Secession he placed the county under lasting obligation, by his strenu- ous exertions and liberal contributions for the support of the Union cause. Judge Boynton married, in 1859, Miss B. F. Tyrrell, of Ridgeville, Ohio. BUHRER, Stephen, merchant and manufacturer, of Cleveland, Ohio, was born in Tuscarawas county, December 26th, 1825. He was the son of John Caspar Buhrer, a native of Baden-Baden, Germany, who came to the United States in 1817, married Anna Maria Miller, of Wurtemburg, and died in 1829. Stephen was then but four years old, but he battled and struggled with an inherent courage and ambition through.jthe years of his minority. He labored on a farm, and attended school as often as possible until he was old enough to learn a trade. In 1844 he removed to Cleveland, and a few years after arriving he embarked in the cooperage business on his own account, with industry and character as his capital. After moderate success in this, he established himself as a rectifier and distiller of spirits, and was increas- ingly prosperous. While making his mark in business cir- cles, he was taking interest in the political necessities of the city, and rising rapidly into that position of populaiity which was destined to make him the executive head of the second city in the State. At the elections in 1855, 1863 and 1865, he was chosen trustee of the eleventh ward, in 1867 and 1869 mayor of the city, and again in 1874 trustee a fourth time. In 1869 he was nominated by acclamation for the State treas- urership, but was defeated. These preferments and honors have been entirely unsolicited and unsought by him.. At the breaking out of the war he promptly avowed himself a war democrat, and entered with patriotic zeal into the labors of supplying men and means to bring the war to a speedy con- clusion. His influence in and out of his ward was powerful and beneficial in the cause, and his money was contributed with liberality. In the spring of 1867, his fitness for the mayoralty having become marked and conceded, he was nominated and elected mayor by a good majority, although he did not belong to the dominant party; and in 1869 his services to the city had been so unusually satisfactory that he was again put forward by his friends, and again, without any seeking on his part, was. elected by one of the largest ma- jorities ever cast for a city officer. His administration was marked by untiring devotion to the public interests. Having consumed years of experience in going through the various grades of business and political life, from journeyman to proprietor, and from citizen to mayor, he was eminently qual- ified for a reelection, and this his record amply proved. Dur- ing his term of office the affairs of the city always received his first attention, and his own business received but sec- ondary consideration. The police department came under his control during the first year of his fiist term, the board of metropolitan police commissioners having been abolished. Under this superior system, which imposed an undivided re- sponsibility, the force showed much improvement both in its personnel and efficiency. His position also placed him at the head of the board of public works for city imprc^yements and other minor departments. To him is mainly due the credit of originating and urging to completion of usefulness the House of Correction, humanely intended for the re- clamation of the vicious and criminal. This institution was provided for by an act of the legislature, and was allowed to run for three years. He brought the subject and law before the councils, championed it through them, and by his indom- itable push and perseverance his labors were ultimately re- warded by the rapid erection of the necessaiy buildings. In . 1871, on vacating his office, he quietly resumed his business avocations, and would have preferred to have been left in re- tirement from political life, but he was required to succumb to the pressure of his friends and advisers, and in 1874 he was elected trustee of the tenth ward. Mr. Buhrer was pecu- liarly well suited for the position of executive of a large city. Risen from the ranks, he had known how to obey as well as to command, and he was a self-made man whose chief cap- ital from the start had been a character for integrity and honor. His administration of public affairs was signalized by impartiality, exemption from favoritism or partisanship, opposition to "rings" and "cliques," economy, prudence, foi-bearance and fine discipline. Such qualifications, backed by untiring energy and honest performance of any duty he assumed, eminently made him the right man in the right place. A public-spirited citizen, his love for his fellow-men was wholesome, and sincere. The institutions of charity and good works absorbed a large share of his attention and purse. He married, in 1848, Eva Maria Schneider, of Cleve- land. Coleman, LeIGHTON, D. D., Protestant Episcopal clergyman of Toledo, Ohio, was born in Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, May 30th, 1837. He was the son of Rev. John Coleman, D. D., a distinguished divine, author and preacher. He was educated in Philadelphia, and when about to enter the university for a collegiate course, he was offered a posi- tion in a leading mercantile house, which he accepted. After five years of thorough business training he entered the Gen- eral Theological Seminary of New York city, whence he graduated in 1861, having been ordained deacon the preced- ing year. After graduation he was called to the first rector- ate of Memorial church, Bustleton, Philadelphia, where he CmW^k^I^ / i^cXt^d/t. Kj fCf-.j'i^^^,^ "PP" €^t'^-ty>j'^^-c^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 273 caused the erection of a handsome church and school-house. In 1863, he accepted the rectorship of St. John's, Wihnington, Delaware, erected by Alexander J. Dupont, Esq. Great success attended his labors here ; the buildings were enlarged, parochial auxiliaries flourished, and a large number of con- verts were made. In search of a wider field of usefulness, in 1866, he moved to Mauch Chunk, as rector of St. Mark's church. He made this parish the center of extensive mis- sionary operations in the coal regions, and also had charge of a number of small parishgs and missions in the adjacent towns. The result of his labor here was the building of a handsome stone church in Mauch Chunk, a stone chapel at East Mauch Chunk, and the addition of various and effective aids for the spread of the gospel and the saving of souls. After declining a number of calls from different parishes, he removed, in 1875, '° Toledo, as rector of Trinity, the mother parish of the church, the largest and strongest parish in the State of Ohio. Shortly after his arrival in Toledo he was elected president of the Lehigh University, of Pennsylvania, but declined the position. In January, 1876, he was unani- mously elected first bishop of the new diocese of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, which he likewise declined. Great success also attended upon his ministerial labors in Toledo. Eighteen months after his arrival he accomplished the erection of a parish guild, constructed of stone and costing §25,000 — the finest building of its kind in the northwestern country, a large increase was made to the membership of the church, and the effects of his orthodox and genuine Christian teaching were felt throughout the city and section. He was an earnest, in- defatigable worker and a pure man. In July, 1867, he mar- ried Francis E., eldest daughter of Alexis J. Dupont of Dela- GREEN, George, soldier and county recorder, Troy, Ohio, was born in Lincolnshire, England, July 16th, 1840. His parents, David Green and Elizabeth Smith, emigrated to this country in 1852, and after a year passed in Montgomery county, Ohio, settled in Tippecanoe, Miami county, in the fall of 1853, where his father, a mechanic by trade, died, July i8th, 1856, and his mother July 15th, 1869. Having received a fair common school education, at the age of seventeen he engaged in the business of distilling, and so continued till 1 86 1 . He re- sponded to the call of President Lincoln, and enlisted in com- pany H, nth Ohio volunteer infantry as a private, and served over three years, when he was disabled for duty. The chief engagements in which he participated where those of the sec- ond Bull Run fight, South Mountain, Antietam, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. In the last named battle. May 14th, 1864, he lost the lower part of his left leg, and was honorably discharged on the 21st of the following June. From the history of the I ith Ohio regiment we take the following incident relative to the battle of Missionary Ridge : " Among the first to scale the rebel breastworks were Corporal George Green and Private H. R. Howard, of Company H, who were soon engaged in a hand-to-hand fight with the rebels. Prom- inent among the letter was a tall, gaunt sergeant, bearing the flag of the 1 8th Alabama infantry. Scarcely were our troops in possession of the works, when a ball struck the sergeant in the head, and he fell to the ground. Observing the flag fall. Green determined to have it, and starting for- ward followed by Howard, ran into the midst of. the rebels. Green stopped to secure the flag and Howard went a few steps farther, when he noticed that the sergeant had raised up 35 with a gun in his hands and was aiming at Green, who was tearing the flag from the staff. At this time the rebels were not more than fifteen feet from our boys, and Howard seeing the imminent danger to which Green was exposed, raised his unloaded gun, pointed it at the rebel sergeant and ordered him to surrender, which he did! Green secured the flag, placed it in his belt, and carried it there during the battle. The next morning the flag was presented by its brave captors to General Turchin, who turned it over to the War Depart- ment." Mr. Green's brothers, Johnson and William Green, also served through the war, the former in company A, ist Ohio, and the latter in company D, 94th Ohio. In the fall of 1865, he was elected recorder of Miami county, and has been four times reelected, having served for thirteen consecutive years. For several years he was chairman and secretary of the Miami county republican central committee, and at pres- ent is treasurer of the same. In November, 1873, he was commissioned deputy United States marshal for the southern district of Ohio, and served in that position until December, 1878. In 1872 he was grand senior warden of the Grand En- campment of Ohio, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in 1874, grand high priest of the same branch. From May, 1877, to May, 1878, he was deputy grand master of the State. On January 29th, 1871, he married Harriet E., daughter of C. T. Baer, of Troy, ex-sheriff of Miami county, and she has borne him a son and daughter. Mr. Green is favorably known throughout the county as an efficient, faithful officer, and a man of remarkably quiet, retiring disposition, sterling worth, and accommodating spirit. COWLES, K. W^., physician, born in Bristol, Connect- icut, in 1794, died in June, 1861, at Cleveland, Ohio, was the son of Rev. Giles Hooker Cowles, D. D., a pioneer clergyman, who, in 1 8 10, removed from Connecticut to Ashtabula county, Ohio, where, in 1812, he founded the first church in Ohio or- namented with a steeple. Dr. Cowles received his early education from, his father, and, like him, became imbued with the highest principles of the Christian religion. After studying in the ofifice of Dr. O. K. Hawley, of Austinburgh, he took his medical degree and was engaged in practice in Portage county until 1832, when he removed to Cleveland. From 1834 to 1838 he resided and practiced in Detroit, Mich- igan, and with the exception of these years his life was passed in the active duties of his profession in Cleveland, where he made for himself a high reputation both as a physician and a valuable citizen. His leading trait as a physician was the exercise of benevolence and fearlessness in the performance of his duties. These noble qualities in him were thoroughly illustrated during his first year's residence in Cleveland, when a virulent and fatal form of cholera visited the city and surrounding country, creating the utmost terror, and depop- ulating the city with fearful rapidity. Amid the general stampede and wholesale flight which ensued, at the risk of his own life, he stood firmly at his post, administering to the stricken ones, devoting his nights as well as days to the alle- viation of their sufferings. In one instance, the whole crew and passengers of a steamboat had suddenly become help- less victims of the plague. Disregarding the entreaties and implorings of his family and friends, he bravely boarded the ship, and there remained until everything possible had been done to relieve the sick and to fight down the death-dealing scourge. His predominating trait was his love of justice to all— the high and low, rich and poor. This sense was 274 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. strongly developed in his hatred of the system of slavery, which, as he expressed it, "violated every commandment in the decalogue, every principle of justice, all laws of human nature, and destroyed the foundation of a common hu- manity." He was an early and staunch abolitionist, a pow- erful and able debater on the subject of slavery, and was for some time a member of the old " Liberty Guard," and super- intendent of the "underground railway." Many a poor fugi- tive slave owed his freedom to his kind offices and exertions while in this position. As a politician he was somewhat prominent — supported General Harrison for President in 1840, as an old-line whig, joined the " Liberty party" in 1841, and became a member of the free-soil party in 1848. In all walks of life he was distinguished for moral rectitude, hon- esty, and incorruptible integrity. He was an active and de- vout member of the Congregational church, and one of its most valued supporters. In 1815 he married Miss Almira M. Foote, who died in 1846, leaving four children — Judge Samuel Cowles, of San Francisco, California; Mrs. Helen C. Wheeler, of Butler, Missouri; Mr. Edwin Cowles, of Cleveland, and Mr. Alfred Cowles, of Chicago. Card, \A^ILLIAM Warren, chief engineer and general superintendent of the Cleveland, Tuscarawas Va:lley and Wheeling Railroad, was born in the town of Nelson, Madison county. New York, September 6th, 1831. His father, William J. Card, was a civil engineer and surveyor, connected with public works in Pennsylvania and Ohio. His parents removed to Lancaster, Ohio, in 1837, and his educa- tion was obtained first in the common schools of that place, and finished at an academy. Both in school and at home he was a hard student, especially in those branches con- nected with engineering, and in addition to these he acquired a good general Enghsh and classical education. During his youth he assisted his father, who had been elected county surveyor of Fairfield county, Ohio, and thus obtained a prac- tical knowledge of the details of the surveyor's profession. In 1850 he taught school for one term, and the following year was admitted to a position in the engineer corps of the Cincinnati, Wilmington and Zanesville Railroad, then in progress of construction under the direction of E. W. Wood- ward, the chief engineer. Under the tuition of that experi- enced engineer, he was brought up to railroad business, spending two years in the . preliminary surveys of the line, and in 1853 was appointed to the responsible position of res- ident engineer in charge of the eastern division of the road, a post he held until the completion of the line in March, 1856. His work there being finished, he accepted an ap- pointment on the Milwaukee and Mississippi (now Mil- waukee and St. Paul) Railroad, as resident engineer of the southern Wisconsin division. This position he held until the completion of the road in 1858, laying out in the mean- time the town of Brodhead, Wisconsin, which then had about two thousand inhabitants. His work in Wisconsin having terminated, in December, 1858, he returned to Ohio. In the spring of the following year he made a survey and map of Woodlawn Cemetery, at Zanesville, one of the most tastefully arranged cemeteries in the State. In the fall of 1859 he again entered the service of the Cincinnati, Wil- mington and Zanesville Railroad Company, this time as freight bookkeeper. In the succeeding year, Superintendent B. D. Abbott died, and he was chosen to fill his place, with the title of superintendent and general freight agent. Here he remained until May, 1864, when he was tendered the posi- tion of superintendent of the Pittsburgh, Columbus and Cin- cinnati (now Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis) Railroad, and accepted it. This position he held until his resignation in the fall of 1871. In the fall of 1869, whilst superinten- dent of the Pittsburgh, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, he became acquainted with Mr. George Westinghouse, Jr., the inventor of the celebrated air-brake bearing his name. The acquaintance led to arrangements for a practical test of the brake, which had as yet existed only in model. The test was first made under his auspices on the Steubenville accommodation train, and proved the invention to be a grand success. The attention of other railroad managers was at- tracted to it, and in a short time arrangements were made for the thorough equipment of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad with the Westinghouse air-brake. Other lines rapidly followed the example of this road, and three-quarters of the railroads in the United States were equipped with the brake, besides many roads in Mexico, South America, and Europe. In September, 1871, he resigned his position on the railroad to assume the general agency of the Westing- house Air-Brake Company, and in this employment he spent twenty months, and traveled over fifty thousand miles. In May, 1873, he was induced to accept the position of superin- tendent and chief engineer of the Lake Shore and Tuscarawas Valley Railroad, now known as the Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley and Wheeling Railroad, and long held that position. His sound practical and theoretical knowledge of engineering and railway management, was demonstrated by the import- ant positions he had filled and by the frequent demands for his services. He made himself a master in his profession by unremitting study and continued hard labor. He was never idle and never neglected an opportunity for learning some- thing new that bore, even remotely, on his profession. Cour- teous and gentlemanly in manner, genial in disposition, and liberal in spirit and in action, he has won the esteem of all those with whom he has been brought into contact, profes- sionally or socially. In June, 1872, he married Miss Hattie Dinsmore, step-daughter of Rev. D. D. Mather, of Delaware, Ohio. WalBRIDGE, Horace S., banker and capitahst, of Toledo, Ohio, was born July 21st, 1828, in Oswego, New York. His father, Chester Walbridge, a quiet man of solid worth and high character, removed with his family to Toledo in 1834, and there operated largely in real estate. After re- ceiving his education in the Toledo schools, he commenced business life by serving as clerk for Stephen Marsh at JSi a week. After rapid promotion, he became, in 18^4, one of the firm of P. Buckingham & Co., which changed in 1857 to Brown, Walbridge & Co., and in 1858 to H. S. Walbridge & Co., in which he remained until 1868, when he turned his attention to real estate and other business enterprises. He was a bold and skillful operator, of keen foresight and sound judgment, prompt to seize an advantage the moment it offered itself. He founded the Northwestern Savings bank in 1868, and from that time was its president. He was also a director of the Toledo National bank, and the Toledo Sav- ings Institution. He was president of the trustees of Toledo for the construction of the Toledo and Woodville Railroad, and became very active in forwarding that undertaking, and was also one of the commissioners appointed by the legisla- ture to secure a new eastern railroad connection. In all mat- ^^^^s^4=. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 275 ters that promised to forward the interests of Toledo, he was very active, giving liberal and zealous support. In politics he was first a whig and then a republican, but never a poli- tician, holding no office other than a seat in the city council, where he attended faithfully to the interests of his constitu- ents. During the war he was very active in prosecuting measures for filling the quota of the city, serving on the mili- tary committee, and giving time and money freely to the cause of the Union. He was for many years vestryman of Trinity Episcopal church, and liberal in his contributions to its funds. A self-made man, of strong impulses, public-spirited, free hearted, and open-handed, he was noted for the readiness and generousness with which he came to the rescue of any good work that needed prompt and liberal aid, especially suchas were for the benefit of the city. He was a leader of men by nature and choice, having the strength of will, force of character, and aggressiveness of disposition that make the leader. In 1853, he married Miss Isabella D., daughter of Captain Thomas Watkins, a resident of New Bedford, Massachusetts. Thomas, William Isaac, lawyer, was bom in Philadelphia, July 4th, 1796, and died November 6th, 1869. He was of Welsh extraction, and his parents emigrated from Wales to this country shortly after the Revolutionary war, and about the beginning of the present century came to Ohio and setded in Zanesville. Our subject received his education at the Ohio University, Athens, read law under the late Hon. Thomas Ewing, Sr., of Lancaster, Ohio. After being admitted to the bar he located in Troy, Ohio, in 1818, where he Hved half a century. He was the incumbent of many local offices, among them that of postmaster and justice of the peace, each for several years. He also served for a time as prosecuting attorney. In 1836 he was elected to the State senate, and served six consecutive years, and while there was recognized as one of the staunchest and most influential of the whig leaders. In 1856 he became a democrat and advocated the election of Buchanan, and thenceforward acted with the demo- cratic party. He was a man of remarkable originality, and noted for his striking eccentricities, especially in his official relations. He was an earnest student, an indefatigable worker, and his language abounded with satire, anecdote and cutting repartee. He possessed excellent conversational powers and in social circles was a pohshed gentleman. He was especially fond of agricultural pursuits, and for a number of years in the latter part of his life retired from professional duty to his farm in the vicinity of Troy. In the latter part of October, 1869, he visited Kansas, partly on a hunting expedition and partly to look after some property. He was taken sick at Lawrence, and there died after a few days illness, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. In the action of the Miami county bar re- lative to his death, he was spoken of as " eminently conspic- uous for those attributes of intellectual power and culture, solid and varied learning, and eminent professional integrity, which merited and commanded universal respect and confid- ence during the long period of his active practice as an at- torney and counsellor at law, and in the various official trusts committed to his charge. ' ' Notwithstanding the rare force and vigor of his understanding, and the unconquerable power of his will, his intercourse with his brethren of the bar was ever distinguished by an unvarying courtesy and genial kindness. Mr. Thomas married Lucinda, daughter of Richard Neale of Parkersburg, West Virginia, who bore him eleven children, of whom five only survive. Stanley, the oldest son, is in the cotton trade in New Orleans ; L. A. and Gilmer T. Thomas reside in Troy, the former a florist and the latter an attorney and justice of the peace. Eugene B. Thomas has been a lieutenant in the United States navy since 1861, and is now in command of the naval station at Key West, Florida. Walter S. Thomas, the second son, was born in Troy, Ohio, April 8th, 1838, graduated at Miami University in i860, read law with his father, attended lectures at the Harvard Law School, Mass- achusetts, and was admitted to practice in May, 1862, since which time he has been a member of the Troy bar. In Oc- tober, 1863, he entered the United States navy as master's mate and served in the Mississippi squadron under Admiral Porter until the spring of 1865. In the fall of this year he was elected prosecuting attorney of Miami county and served two terms. For two years past he has been a member and secretary of the Troy School Board. On December i6th, 1863, he married Belle C, daughter of James CoUins, of Fair- port, New York, and has four children. He is well known throughout his own section of the State as a ripe scholar, a lawyer thoroughly read in and devoted to his profession. Successful in practice and a man of thorough integrity, he commands the respect and esteem of a large circle of frieinds and acquaintances, and bids fair in the future to take a still higher place in the ranks of the legal fraternity of his county and State. King, Leicester, merchant and judge, was born at Suffield, Connecticut, May ist, 1789, and died September 19th, 1856. His father, David King, was born April i6th, 1758, and died May 4th, 1832. Our subject commenced business as a merchant in Westfield, Massachusetts. In 181 5 he came West, and after spending some weeks in Warren, Ohio, he went South with a view of establishing him- self in business at Natchez, Mississippi, where, although the prospects of success were very bright, his impressions of the evils of American slavery were so great that he felt that he could not rear a family under its influences. He abandoned his scheme and embarked on a sailing vessel from New Orleans to New York. During his passage he was stricken down with yellow fever and narrowly escaped death. In 1817 he removed to Warren, Ohio, and was engaged in a successful mercantile business until 1833, when he became interested with General Simon Perkins and Dr. E. Crosby in the land upon which was located the town of Akron. The management of the property finally devolved upon him, and was handled with great sagacity, and with satisfaction to all. He served one term as associate judge of the court of com- mon pleas, and as a Whig represented the Trumbull county district in the State senate for two terms, 1835-39, where his early impressions of slavery induced him at each session to introduce bills for the repeal of the famous "black laws" of Ohio, and he became, one of the few ardent aboHtionists of the time in the country. He was one of the originators of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, and it was mainly by his persistent efforts that that enterprise was successfully com- pleted. In 1842 he abandoned the whig party and was nom- inated as the first candidate of the liberty party for the office of governor of Ohio. Declining the proffered nomination of his whig friends for the same office, he zealously entered the canvass and made abolition speeches in every county in the State; unintimidated by threats of mob violence, he persist- ently and powerfully protested against the encroachments of 276 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. the "slave power," and many now living date their anti- slavery convictions from the arguments so forcibly presented by him during that campaign. In 1844 he was renominated for governor by the liberty party, and presided over the first convention of that party at Buffalo, which put in nomination James G. Birney as candidate for President, and Thomas Morris as candidate for Vice-President of the United States. In 1847 he was nominated as the free soil candidate for Vice- President, John P. Hale being the nominee for President, both of whom, however, declined in favor of Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams, and who both received his active support for the respective offices. After the death of his beloved wife in 1849, he withdrew from political life, but continued in private life a warm advocate of the princi- ples for which he had battled so long and earnestly. He died just as those principles were made the foundation of a great political party that within two months after his death saw the first gleam of that hope of freedom afterward fully realized. Elder Isaac Errett says of him: "As a business man, his promptness, honesty, candor and public spirit rendered him generally popular. He had a large acquaintance with men. He was gifted with ready utterance, and was an able and accomplished speaker. Above all, he was inspired with a lofty moral purpose, and an earnestness of spirit which lifted him at once into forgetfulness of all embarrassments and gave him eloquence and power." This is the testimony of one who knew him well. He married Julia A. Huntington, October 12th, 1814, and had a family of eight children. The eldest, Hon. Henry W. King, was born in Westfield, Massa- chusetts, September 24th, 1815; came with his parents to Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, in 1816, and graduated at Washington, now Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut,' August 4th, 1836. He commenced the practice of the law at Akron, in 1839, ^"d in 1850 he was elected secretary of State and superintendent of public institutions. He was actively in- terested in the Akron school laws, and while in health was identified with all the public enterprises for promoting the prosperity of Akron. October 20th, 1842, he married Mary, daughter of Dr. E. Crosby of Akron, and he died in Akron, November 20th, 1857, leaving his wife and two children to survive him — Henry C. King, who died at the hospital on Arlington Heights, while in the hundred days service for the defence of Washington, August nth, 1864, and Julia Hunt- ington, who married H. D. Fisher of Chicago. The names of the remaining seven children were Julia A. Brown, Susan H., (died 1837), Leicester, Jr., David L., Ellen D. Atkins, Hezekiah H., and Catherine H. Pendleton. Bowler, William, manufacturer and merchant, of Cleveland, Ohio, and son of George I. Bowler, a prom- inent farmer, was born March 25th, 1822, in Carlisle, Schoharie county. New York. Whilst still young he was taken to the Western Reserve, in Ohio, where most of his education was obtained in the common and select schools. On leaving school he was engaged in learning the business of a currier and tanner until twenty-one years old, when he be- came a farmer, and remained in that avocation several years. In 1851 he removed to Cleveland, and found employment as a bookkeeper in a ship-yard, changing from that to a similar position in a marble-works. From the time of his coming of age he had taken an active part in politics, holding it the duty of all citizens to be interested in everything relating to the government under which they lived, whether local. State, or national. His zeal in looking after the public interests marked him as a proper man for a position of public trust, and in 1861, when President Lincoln's administration came into office, he was appointed deputy collector of customs at the port of Cleveland. This position he held seven years, dis- charging its duties with fidelity to the Government and cour- tesy to those with whom his position brought him in contact. In 1868 he resigned in order to attend more closely to his business interests. In 1862, whilst deputy collector, he be- came interested in a small iron foundry, which was started in that year under the name of Bowlers & Maher. Not long after, he purchased a third interest in the Globe Iron Works of Cleveland, which he held but one year, and then sold out and started the firm of Lord, Bowler & Co., machinists, in which he still remains a partner. The business of this firm mainly consisted in the manufacture of stationary engines, which have a wide reputation. All the engines of this class used by the Northern Ohio Fair Association were made by this firm. The firm of Bowlers & Maher has developed into Bowlers, Maher & Brayton, and the little iron foundry with which the firm started has become an extensive establishment, doing a very large business in the manufacture of railroad car wheels, and having a capacity of one hundred wheels daily, that number having frequently been turned out daily for long periods. In addition to this was manufactured what is known as soft work, for working with tools. The principal customers of the foundry are the railroads of Ohio, and espe- cially those connected with Cleveland, but an extensive busi- ness is also done with railroads in adjoining States. The establishment ranks in size and importance among the first- class foundries of the State, and has done a business of be- tween ^300,000 and $400,000 a year. In addition to these two iron-works, he had the principal interest in the firm of Bowler & Burdick, importers and wholesale dealers in jewelry and watches. All his business enterprises were successful. During the war he was active and liberal in the support of the Government. He furnished a substitute to the army without draft or forcing, and gave freely to all movements in aid of the soldiers in the field or in the hospital, and to their families at home. Two of his brothers entered the service, John R. Bowler as assistant paymaster in the navy, and Charles P. Bowler as member of the 7th Ohio regiment. The latter was killed at the batde of Cedar Mountain. For the past ten years he has been less active in politics than during the previous quarter of a century, although not neglecting any of the duties of a good citizen. He has transferred his active labors to the field of charitable and benevolent work, in which he' has done effective service. In 1854 he connected himself with the order of Odd Fellows, entering Lodge No. 27, among the first in the State. He became a very zealous worker, was appointed trustee, and in course of time passed all the chairs. He has always been one of the most sub- stantial, valuable and trusted members of the order in this locality. The Bethel work of benevolence has enlisted his sympathies and aid to a considerable degree, and he was chairman of the finance committee and one of the executive committee. Other enterprises of local benevolence were ben- efited largely by his cooperation and contributions. ' For thirty-five years he has been a member of the Disciples' church, to the support of which he has given freely. He served as Sunday-school superintendent, and was also a lib- eral giver to this work, and also to the support of several churches and religious objects. He was an active member of // BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. the Young Men's Christian Association. He felt it his duty to do good with the means the Ahnighty had placed in his hands, and this he did, not only by contributions to religious and benevolent enterprises, but also by aiding worthy youno- men striving honorably for advancement, many of whom in Cleveland revert with feelings of gratitude to his kindness and aid in the hour of need. His success in life was the re- sult of steady perseverance, wise economy, prudent manage- ment, and honest principle. He was married three times : First to Miss Mary B. Hubbell; next to Mrs. Annie Scar, by whom he had two children ; and lastly to Miss Mary Louisa Robison. He had one son only, Francis W., now living. His daughter Edith died in infancy. Meredith, John Luff, banker, Troy, Ohio, was born in Warren county, Ohio, August 4th, 1818. His great grandfather emigrated from Wales near the middle of the eighteenth century, and settled in the State of Delaware. His grandfather, John W. Meredith, when a young man, was earnestly importuned to go to the West Indies by a very wealthy uncle residing there, and as an inducement was offered position and heirship. He preferred, however, to re- main in this country, and, upon the breaking out of the Re- volutionary war, enlisted and served through the seven years of that war. He died in Troy, Ohio, aged nearly ninety. His maternal grandfather was a native of Massachusetts, and passed down the Ohio river on a flat-boat in the latter part of the last century, and became one of the early settlers of Cin- cinnati. Our subject is the oldest in a family of nine child- ren of Norval D. Meredith and Mary James. His mother was a descendant of the pioneer woman noticed in the early history of Massachusetts, who upon one occasion, in the ab- sence of her husband, when her cabin was attempted to be entered by Indians, barred the door and for a while kept them at bay, and upon their attempting to come down the chimney, set fire to her feather-bed and smoked them out. In 1822, when our subject was four years old, the family located in Troy, Ohio, where, at the age of ten, he entered the store of the late Judge Barbee as an errand boy. In the fall of 1832 he was sent to Goshen, Indiana, to open a store for his em- ployer, and after two years he was entrusted with the entire charge of it, being at the time only sixteen years of age. At this time the Indians far outnumbered the whites, and Goshen was quite a frontier trading post. Here young Meredith re- mained some nine years. In 1842 he became a partner with his employer in a new store in Lafayette, Indiana, under the firm name of Barbee & Meredith, and so continued till 1852, when he accepted a position as secretary of the Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad, and held the office for two years. The president of the road was Hon. Albert S. White, formerly United States Senator. In 1854 he engaged in a private banking institution in connection with Messrs. Barbee & Brown. In January, 1859, ^''- Meredith became the executor of the extensive estate of his late partner. Judge Barbee, who died in December previous. The settlement occupied some five years, and was impartially and honorably conducted. Subsequent to this, Mr. Meredith was, for a year or so, con- nected with the Miami County Insurance Company. In August, 1863, he repaired to Washington and secured a char- ter for the First National bank of Troy, which was organized the same month. In the spring of 1865, he was elected cashier, and has since remained such. On August 5th, 1840, he married Margaret E., daughter of Alexander Carr, late 277 of the State of New York. He has had no children of his own, but has adopted and reared five. His adopted son, William J. Meredith, is manager, secretary and treasurer of the Troy Spring Wagon and Wheel Works. Mr. Meredith possesses rare talents as a financier, and all his business con- ■ nections have been characterized by thoroughness and ability. His management of the Troy bank has been signally success- ful, the stock of it having been, ever since it has been organ- ized, much above par, and reaching at times as high as fifty per cent, above. He is an indefatigable worker, is strictly honorable in all business transactions, affable and agreeable in manners, and very greatly respected throughout the com- munity. Politically he is a republican, and in religious faith a Presbyterian, having been for some years a ruling elder in that church. He resides upon a finely improved farm in the vicinity of Troy, is especially fond of agricultural pursuits, particularly the raising of domestic animals. His third brother, Aaron A. Meredith, served with great honor through the Mexican war, and also through our late civil conflict. He was severely wounded at the battle of Bull Run, was subsequently commissioned major in the regular army, was captured by Stewart's cavalry in Virginia, and after being paroled was placed in charge of the United States hospital at York, Penn- sylvania, and after the war, was appointed superintendent of the public property in Madison, Wisconsin, his present res- idence. DaVIES, Edward W., lawyer, Dayton, Ohio, was born in New York city, January i6th, 1802, and died in Day- ton, December nth, 1873. I" '804, the family came to Will- iamsburg, Hamilton county, Ohio, and removed to Cincin- nati in 1806. Here our subject studied law and was admitted to practice. In 1826, he became a member of the Dayton bar. Here, during the early days of his practice, he had all the experience of the pioneer lawyer. Then the members of the profession traveled to the courts of the different counties on horseback, along Indian trails, through woods and thickets ; and many and amusing were the transactions that occurred during these journeys, in the courts and in the log-cabin taverns, where the bench and bar rested from their labors. Our subject was the last of the Dayton lawyers of that primitive period. In 1829, he married Mary, daughter of Joseph Peirce, a pioneer merchant of Dayton, and had a family of eight children, four living. In 1832, he was appointed clerk of the common pleas court, and held the office for a number of years. He was afterward professionally associated with the late Judge Joseph H. Crane, whose biography will be found in this work. For many years also, Mr. Davies was attorney for the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad. Promi- nently among the local services which he rendered his adopted city was his connection with the late Alexander Grimes, (also noticed in this work,) as agent for the ' extensive Cooper es- tate of Dayton. In this position he developed excellent judgment, enlarged views, great public spirit and striking liberality. Through the management of these gentlemen, the interests of this mammoth estate were made subservient to the interests of the city. Mr. Davies was instrumental in securing the passage of the bill creating the board of police commissioners for Dayton, was one of the organizers of the board, and president of the same for some years. Although for nearly fifty years he maintained a high position at the Dayton bar, he never courted popularity. With broad and extensive views, firm convictions and purity of motives he 278 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. was unremitting in his efforts to accomplish an object which he beheved to be right. He possessed a deep sympathy with the laboring classes^ and was ever ready upon all occasions and in every way in his power to assist them in their struggles, and to relieve their sufferings. As a friend he was steadfast and unwavering, as a husband and parent, none were more affectionate and devoted. For all occupying these relations, he was a model. The following is an extract from the testi- monial of the Dayton bar just after his death. "Mr. Edward W. Davies deserved and maintained without reproach, throughout his long, active and useful life, the character of a diligent and able lawyer, an energetic, public-spirited and patriotic citizen, a sincere and upright christian, and a pure and honest man. By unswerving integrity, and force of character, he commanded the confidence and respect of the entire public, but to those only who were intimately associated with him, were known the purity and excellence of his so- cial qualities, and those still higher and more sacred attributes that adorn with grace and happiness the domestic circle, and belong to the cultivated private christian gentleman. With a dignity that naturally pertained alike to his personal ap- pearance and his character, he blended a generous and ge- nial kindness, that never failed to respond when a proper oc- casion called it forth ; and such were the sterling qualities of his nature that no temptation could shake his fidelity to truth, manhood and duty." Crocker, Timothy Doane, lawyer and capital- ist, Cleveland, Ohio, was the son of J. Davis Crocker, of Lee, Massachusetts, a lineal descendant of the Plymouth Rock pilgrims, and of Deborah Doane, a daughter of Judge Tim- othy Doane, formerly of Connecticut. His great-grandfather Crocker is an historical character, a captain in the King's navy before the Revolution, and at one time president of Long Island under British rule. His grandfather Crocker was a leading man of Lee, owning a large tract of land in that town. Being urged by his pastor. Dr. Hyde, and others, to head a colony of emigration to the Western Reserve, he consented. Disposing of his property in Lee, he purchased large tracts in Euclid and Dover townships, a part of which lands was afterward sold to early settlers, the residue being divided among his children. He was a gentleman of ster- ling qualities of head and heart, unblemished integrity, well informed, and whose advice was sought by those who knew him. His mother's family came to Euclid township (now East Cleveland) in the year 1801, his father's a few years later. Their mode of conveyance from Buffalo to Grand river was in an open boat, rowed by Indians. They were compelled to land on account of a severe storm which over- took them and swamped the boat just before they reached shore. The mother and children were rescued by their dusky rowers and landed safely, and their goods were washed ashore during the night. Obtaining horses from set- tlers in the vicinity, they followed the Indian trail on horse- back to Euclid. There were then only three log houses where now stands the beautiful city of Cleveland. At this time the mother of our subject was but five years old, but in the month of April 1875, she was living, perfectly conversant with the growth and development of the country, especially of northern Ohio, from 1801. At an early age young Crocker exhibited traits of character for energy, integrity and perse- verance which ultimately were the beacon lights in his fu- ture career. When old enough to attend school he worked on the farm, assisting his father through the spring, summer and autumn, and attending the district school in the vvinters. At twelve years of age he exhibited a decided taste for math- ematics, and was quite proficient in the higher branches of arithmetic. In his thirteenth year he had passed through his arithmetic thoroughly, and was competent to work many of its most difficult examples mentally. From the district school he went to Twinsburg Academy, where his expenses were de- frayed by the manual labor he performed, and where by habits of industry he undoubtedly laid the foundation of his successful, exemplary life. He subsequently attended Shaw Academy, and from there went to Western Reserve College, entered the scientific department, devoting at the same time much attention to the study of Greek and Latin. He gradu- ated from this institution in June, 1843, ranking high as a scholar, correct in deportment, never having a mark recorded against his name. Here he also paid most of his expenses by his own exertions, and it was a remarkable fact that others who were in college at the same time, having abundance of money and spending it freely, had no such record as though obliged to sacrifice and save. His father, who died in 1843, left him as one of two administrators of his estate, thus prov- ing the confidence reposed in his ability and judgment. In the fall of this year he went South, and was principal of a select school near Bowling Green, Kentucky, at the same time assiduously prosecuting his classical and other studies. He remained here two years and a half, developing a high order of talent as an educator and disciplinarian. On his re- turn, in 1846, he read law in the office of Allen & Stetson for a few months. He then entered the law school of Har- vard, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was graduated from that college in 1848. After a severe course of preparation, he was examined in open court, and admitted to practice at the Middlesex bar, in Massachusetts. He returned to Cleve- land the same year, and in November again left home for Burlington, Iowa, spending the winter in the office of Grimes & Starr, thoroughly posting himself in the laws and practice of the State. In March, 1849, ^^ opened a law office, where he was engaged in the active duties of his profession till 1863. In Iowa he distinguished himself as prosecutor's counsel in important cases, in which some of the best legal talent in the State was opposed to him. His brilliant conduct of some of these cases brought him a practice which rapidly increased until it became the largest at the bar. He was also attorney for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, from the time it broke ground on the east side of the Mississippi. He became interested in other railroads and plank roads of that section, and also in the Burlington bank, of which he was a director. His investments in real estate in Iowa were highly successful. The health of his family demanding a change, he returned to Cleveland in 1863, where his private affairs and large estate engaged his whole business attention. But he was active and prominent in the local institutions of be- nevolence and charity, and in the religious educational schools. He was president for several years of the Sabbath- school union, superintendent for nine years of the Mission Sabbath-school of the First Presbyterian church, of which he was a member. The school counted but eighty pupils at the time he assumed the management, and when he resigned, one thousand were numbered on its rolls, seven hundred of whom were regular attendants. The Western Seamen's Friend Society and Bethel were also much indebted to his labors and liberality for their present flourishing condition. «-^<^0|^^^^^-t>^ ■^--z^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 279 He always eschewed politics. In the State of Iowa he was tendered the position of judge, but declined the honor. Dur- ing the war of Secession he devoted much time and money to the Union cause, and rendered valuable service in the Christian commission on the Potomac. His success in life was mainly due to a rare and striking quahty of his mind. By intuition it seemed as though he possessed the faculty of grasping the right opportunity at the right moment, and the foresight and judgment to determine accurately the probable result of an undertaking. With such power, he was always quick to decide and prompt to operate with almost a certainty of satisfactory results. As a lawyer, he gave ample evidence in the few years of his active professional career that, had he adhered to his profession, he would have ranked high among the best legal minds of the State. In September, 1853, he married Eliza P., only daughter of the late W. A. Otis, Esq., of Cleveland. Van ClEVE, John W.— The Van Cleve family came originally from the city of Cleves on the Rhine, and emigrated from Amsterdam, Holland, to Flatbush, Long Island, when the New Netherlands belonged to the Dutch. Benjamin Van Cleve, the father of John W. Van Cleve, was born in New Jersey, and came with his family to Cincinnati in 1789. On the ist April, 1796, he removed to Dayton with the first party of settlers who founded the town. Mr. Van Cleve was a man of education and public spirit, and filled the offices of postmaster and clerk of the court. On the 28th August, i8oo, he married Mary Whitten, and John Whitten Van Cleve, their first child, was born in Dayton, Ohio, June 27th, 1 801. From his earliest years he gave promise of the superior scholarship that characterized him in later life. His father writing in 181 1 to a relative in New Jersey, says: "My son John is pursuing his academic studies. He is not quite ten years old, and has made considerable progress in Latin. He promises to become a fine scholar." In 1817, he entered the Ohio University, at Athens, and so distinguished himself for proficiency in Latin and Greek that he was em- ployed to teach these branches in the college before his grad- uation. He was equally remarkable for rapid acquisition in mathematics, completing Euclid far in advance of his class. Writing home, he says, "I consider Euclid the most pleasing study I ever undertook, and have no difficulty in understand- ing the propositions." Returning to Dayton from college in 1819, he for a time assisted his father in the clerk's office, and then entered the law office of Judge Joseph H. Crane as a student. He was admitted to the bar in 1827, but finding the practice of the law uncongenial, in 1828 he purchased an interest in the Dayton yournal, and assumed the editorial control of the paper. This position he held until 1834, con- tributing in the meanwhile to other papers and magazines, articles on historical and scientific subjects. During the cel- ebrated political campaign of 1840, he contributed a series of caricatures drawn and engraved by himself, to a campaign paper called the Log Cabin which made the paper famous all over the United States. In 1834, in connection with Au- gustus Newell, he engaged in the drug business, furnishing the capital for the purpose. In 1851, selling his interest to his partner, he retired from active business. Possessed of a competence and unmarried, he could command his time and generously gave a large part to public interests. In the years 1831-32, he was elected and served as mayor of Dayton. He was also connected with the Ohio militia, at one time I commanding a company and at another acting as paymaster. He was an active member of various societies, literary, scien- tific and horticultural, and was one of the founders of the Dayton Library Association. In this connection he delivered several free lectures that were highly appreciated. It was at his suggestion that the levee was converted into a public promenade, and the trees which line it were selected by him and planted under his supervision. In 1840, he proposed the formation of a rural cemetery association which resulted in the establishment of Woodland cemetery. The fact that Woodland is one of the oldest rural cemeteries in the United States, preceding Spring Grove at Cincinnati three years, reflects great credit on his public spirit and foresight. Mr. Van Cleve surveyed, laid out and platted the grounds, super- intended the workmen and kept the records and accounts, charging nothing for his services. To his watchful care at the beginning, the association is indebted for the financial success which has attended the undertaking. Perhaps the most marked feature in Mr. Van Cleve's character was his versatility. There were few things that he could not do and do well. He turned his attention to a great variety of sub- jects, and yet was thorough in them all. His great industry was the secret of this thoroughness. With his abundant means he could have lived a life of idleness, but he loved work. Every moment of his time was employed in some congenial pursuit. He began the study of botany and geology quite early. While at Athens, he sought out all the plants and minerals he could discover in that region, painting the flowers with minuteness and accuracy. He formed a cabinet of the rocks and fossils of this region, and engraved and printed plates of the fossils found in the Dayton limestone. His herbarium contained a very full representation of the plants indigenous to the Miami valley. His geological cabi- net and several valuable geological works he presented just before his death, to the Central High School of Dayton, and his herbarium to the Cooper Female Seminary. He made many excursions north and south and to Canada for purposes of research, enjoying his trips exceedingly. He is mentioned as an authority in many of the leading geological and botan- ical works. He was quite a skillful artist, painting in oil and water colors, and delineating nature truthfully and with fine effect. He was a natural musician and had perfected him- self in the science by careful study, using almost any instru- ment with perfect ease. He was a superior linguist, under- standing both the French and German. He translated from the German the first volume of "Goldfuss" "Schiller's Rob- bers," and numerous comedies and fairy tales. He was a skillful civil engineer and draughtsman, and so highly was his knowledge estimated that his advice was often sought on difficult questions by the city and individuals. He compiled and had lithographed a map of the city of Dayton in 1839, and in 1846 compiled a map in book form for the city, re- numbering the various plats and lots as platted up to that time. Although apparently a man of vigorous constitution, he was attacked with consumption, and after a lingering ill- ness which he bore with great fortitude, died September 6th, 1858, aged fifty-seven years. Born in Dayton he grew up with the town and was identified with all its interests. Taking a leading part in many important public enterprises, his native city owes him a debt of gratitude, for substantial ben- efits conferred. His sterling integrity, unwearied industry and great kindness of heart furnish an example which all may follow with profit. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Dodge, Henry H., lawyer of Cleveland, Ohio, was born August loth, 1810. He was the son of Samuel Dodge, who, in 1797, five years before Ohio was admitted into the Union as a State, left the place of his nativity, Westmore- land, New Hampshire, and, with that spirit of enterprise which characterized many of New England's hardy sons, emigra- ted to what was then known as the " Far West." Arriving at the present city of Cleveland, he was so much struck with the beauty of the locality, and impressed with the advantages it presented for becoming a large city, that he was induced to make it at once his future home. Before locating perma- nently, he spent several months in exploring the country along the entire shore of the lake, from Buffalo up, and around the western end of the lake, to Detroit, spending sev- eral months there, also at Sandusky and Erie, then returning to Cleveland, fully satisfied with the correctness of his first impressions, settled there, and at once entered into business as a manufacturer of such articles as were necessary in build- ing up a new country. About 1805, he married a daughter of Hon. Timothy Doan, formerly from Connecticut, but then living in East Cleveland, and soon afterwards erected and moved into a log house on land he had purchased several years before. This house was on Euclid avenue, between the present residences of his two surviving children, Henry H. and George C. Dodge, and here he dug the first well ever sunk in Cleveland. Its walls were constructed of small boulders which had been brought there by the Indians, and used as fire-backs in their wigwams. This well still remains as a monument. In 1800, he built the first frame building erected in the city, being a barn for Samuel, afterward Gov- ernor Huntington, then hving at Painesville. During the war of 1812, under a contract with the United States, he built a number of boats, at Cleveland and at Presque Isle, for the naval service on Lake Erie. Soon after the war, he removed to a farm near the city, where he hved until 1847, when he returned to the very spot where formerly stood his cabin, and where he died October, 1854, aged seventy-eight years. His wife survived until 1863, and died at the age of eighty-one. Both were buried within a few rods of the place on which he had located more than half a century before. The educa- tional advantages afforded our subject were of the most lim- ited character, but he availed himself of all the facilities within his reach, until about 1824 or 1825, when Hon. Harvey Rice, then fresh from Williams College" was employed as a teacher, and under him he prosecuted his studies, devoting himself chiefly to the study of civil engineering, with a view to following it as a profession. During the construction of the Ohio canal, he was engaged as an engineer on that work between Chillicothe and the Ohio river, but his health failing, he was compelled to abandon the situation and return to Cleveland, where he soon after commenced the study of law with Hon. John W. Willey, one of the ablest lawyers in Ohio. In 1834, he was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law with his preceptor, the partnership con- tinuing until Mr. Willey's election as president judge of the fourteenth judicial district. In 1835, he married Miss Mary Ann Willey, a daughter of Newton Willey, of Boston, Mass- achusetts, and a niece of Judge Willey. Nine children, of whom two were sons and seven were daughters, were the fruits of this union. Mrs. Dodge died in 1867, at the age of forty-seven years. In 1838, Mr. D. was admitted to practice in the supreme court of the United States, and, during the same year, was appointed the disbursing agent of the United States on the public works forming the harbor of Cleveland, which position he held until a change of administration in 1841. During the Canadian "patriot war," and when con- siderable solicitude was felt on the lake frontier, he was elected by the legislature of the State major-general of the ninth division of the Ohio militia, which embraced a number of counties. The duties of this position he discharged in a manner entirely satisfactory to Governors Shannon and Cor- win, during their terms of office, and, to use General Dodge's own words, "with little honor and no emolument" to him- self. In 1850, he was appointed a State engineer in charge of the northern division of the Ohio, the Walhonding, and the Sandy and Beaver canals, which position he held, with an intermission of three or four years, until 1862. On the organization of the United States court for the northern dis- trict of Ohio, he was appointed a United States commissioner, which office he held for several years. In the many respon- sible official positions of trust to which he was called, as well as in his private life, he maintained a character for strict in- tegrity. He was regarded as a good type of the western gentleman, unassuming and affable, kind in disposition, pol- ished in manners, courteous to all but obtrusive to none. In politics he was of the old democratic school, and although prominent, active and liberal, he never sought political pre- ferment for himself. While he was recognized as a firm and able supporter of the party, he would never resort to any temporary expedient which he believed might compromise its integrity or impair the purity of its principles. He was looked upon as among the men who reflected honor upon the de- mocracy of his native State. Williams, Henry Harrison, lawyer and judge, Troy, Ohio, was born in New Carlisle, Clark county, Ohio, February 9th, 1840. His grandfather, Henry Williams, emi- grated from Virginia with his family and settled near New Carlisle, in 1806. His parents were Henry Williams and Elizabeth Pettigrew, both natives of the Old Dominion. His father was for many years a clergyman of the Christian de- nomination known as the "New Lights," and now resides near New Carlisle, in his seventy-fifth year. Of a family of five children, our subject is the third. After passing his youth upon a farm, he was favored with but a brief academic course at Linden Hill Academy, in his native town, under Professor Thomas Harrison. After teaching for a short time, he entered the law office of Messrs. Conklin & Matthews of Sidney, Ohio, in the spring of 1861, but upon the breaking out of the late civil war he enlisted as a private in the isth Ohio volunteer infantry in April of that year, and served through the following summer. In December, 1 861, he reentered the service in the 71st Ohio, and served as a private until discharged in June, 1863. The chief engagements in which he participated were the battle of Phillippi, in the McClellan campaign in 1861; the capture of Columbus, Mississippi, and the battle of Shiloh. At the last-named engagement he was wounded in the right hip, and disabled for life ; was taken prisoner by the rebels, and after four months confinement was paroled and exchanged in January, 1863, and in June following was discharged on ac- count of disability. Resuming the study of law, he was ad- mitted to the bar in Sidney, in September, 1864, and soon afterwards opened an office in Troy. On account of failing health, he was compelled the following year to suspend prac- tice, and did not resume until 1870, since which time he has been a practitioner at the Miami county bar, with his office in On <^wv-u o)| , od-tHoy^^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 281 Troy. In the fall of 1 87 1 he was elected prosecuting attorney, and reelected in 1873, thus serving four years. In December, 1877, he was appointed by Governor Young, common pleas judge of the second judicial district of Ohio, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge George D. Burgess, and in October, 1878, was elected to the same position without oppo- sition, which office he still holds. He possesses indomitable energy and is well known for close, severe application to the duties of his profession. He ranks high as a lawyer, being characterized by great thoroughness in the preparation of his cases and persistent earnestness in his arguments before a jury. His administrations as judge have reflected great credit upon himself and have given general satisfaction to the pub- he. His quick, impulsive nature is the basis of that deep earnestness and dispatch which have ever marked his profes- sional career. He is held in high regard by his professional brethren for his gentlemanly bearing, genial social nature and sterling, personal integrity. On February 25th, 1864, he mar- ried Eloise J., daughter of Nathan and Margaret Anderson, of Miami county, Ohio. He is a republican in politics, and holds his religious connection with the Methodist denomin- ation. McKlNNEY, Arthur LaYTON, clergyman, author, and lawyer, Troy, Ohio, was born in Green county, Ohio, September i6th, 1819. He is the fifth in the line of descent from Hugh McKinney, of Pennsylvania, who was one of five brothers, who, near the close of the seventeenth century, em- igrated from Scotland to this country and settled, two in the South, one in Massachusetts, and two in Pennsylvania. His ancestors, on his father's side, were of Scotch-French extrac- tion. His grandfather, Joseph McKinney, was an officer in the Revolution and after the war lived in Washington county, Pennsylvania, where his oldest son, James McKinney, father of our subject, was born July 14th, 1789. In 1 791, Joseph McKinney with his family came West, and after a few years passed in Campbell county, Kentucky, became a pioneer to Clarke county, Ohio. In 1808, James McKinney married Mary, daughter of James Flynn, who about the beginning of the present century was captain of the Western Rangers on the frontier. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, but left the service on account of ill-health and never fully recovered. He subsequently entered the ministry of the Christian church, in which he zealously labored for more then half a century. Most of his service was the rough, hard work of the pioneer, laborious, exhausting, self-denying. In all of this he was aided and cheered by the unfaltering devotion and loving heart of his gifted. Christian wife. He died November 3d, 1872, in his eighty-fourth year. He was the father of thirteen children, of whom our subject is the oldest son. The early hfe of A. L. McKinney was passed upon a farm, after which he was employed at the carpenter's trade for some six years. He entered the ministry of the Christian church when twenty- four years old, but, as his early education had been meagre, he took a regular course at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, In- diana, after he was married and had a family of three children. In his senior year he was appointed to a professorship in An- tioch College, Ohio, where he remained two years. For one year subsequently he was engaged in writing the memoir of Rev. Isaac N. Walter, a prominent clergyman of the Christian church. In the fall of 1857 he located in Troy, Miami county, Ohio, and organized the Christian church at that place, and remained its pastor till 1862. In March of that year he was 36 appointed chaplain of the 71st Ohio volunteers and served three years. In the fall of 1866 he was elected treasurer of Miami county, and filled that office four years. In Septem- ber, 1 87 1, he became publishing agent of the Western Chris- tian Publishing Association, in Dayton, Ohio. In the fall of 1872 he was elected probate judge of Miami county, and served six years. In i860 he pubhshed a volume, " Positive Theology," which went through several editions. He has also acquired a reputation as a public speaker and debater, and has held nine pubhc discussions, most of them upon re- ligious topics. While residing at Yellow Springs, in 1855, he held a public debate with the well-known scientist, William H. Denton, on the genuineness and authenticity of the Bible. It was planned to last thirty-two evenings, but was brought to a close on the nineteenth evening by the withdrawal of Denton from the contest, he having been thoroughly vanquished. In March, 1879, Mr. McKinney was admitted to the bar and soon afterwards opened an office in Troy. He has been a Free- mason since 1845, ^nd for eight years master of Franklin lodge. No. 14, Troy, Ohio ; is eminent commander of Cole- man Commandery, Troy; a member of the Grand Comman- dery of the State, and has served as chaplain of the Grand Chapter. Mr. McKinney possesses a very vigorous, active mind, strong logical powers, and remarkably acute intuitions. He is a vigorous, graceful writer, an earnest, forcible speaker, and when thoroughly aroused upon a subject, is a very for- midable adversary in debate. In social circles he is known as an educated, polished gentleman. On March 7th, 1 841, he married Maria, daughter of John and Elizabeth McFall McGregor, of Wilmington, Ohio. Eight children were born from this union, five Hving. The only son, John M. Mc- Kinney, is partner with his father in the drug business in Troy. Laurena McKinney, oldest daughter, is a teacher of superior ability, and has been engaged in the profession for several years. Olive is wife of W. H. McFarland, of Dayton, Ohio; Lillie is the relict of W. H. Bull, a druggist of DeGrafi", Ohio, who accidentally shot- himself while hunting, and Maggie is pursuing her education in the Troy public schools. Green, Joseph Harvey, physician and surgeon, Troy, Ohio, was born in Miami county, Ohio, August 23d, 1833. He is a son of William Green and Cassa Sayers, of Miami county, and the oldest in a family of seven children. Up to the age of nineteen, our subject passed his time upon a farm, gathering the rudiments of an education from the com- mon district school. He completed his literary course at An- tioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, under the superintend- ence of the late Hon. Horace Mann. He then read medicine with Drs. Abbott and Harter, of Troy, supporting himself in part, in the meantime, by teaching school, attended medical lectures in Cincinnati, and graduated from the Medical Col- lege of Ohio in i860. He at once opened an office in Troy, and began the practice of his profession. In the latter part of 1861 he entered the United States army as acting assistant surgeon, and served through the war. He passed nearly the whole time at the hospitals at Nashville, Tennessee, being for two years the executive officer of a hospital containing about nineteen hundred couches, and in that capacity was the ref- eree as to the feasibility of various critical surgical operations. He also performed the second successful operation of resection of the shoulder joint, effected in that city. His entire army record was one of great professional efficiency and credit, and he was honorably discharged from service in September, 1865. 282 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Returning home, he resumed practice in Troy, and has so continued to the present time. He has held the position of health officer of Troy, ever since the creation of the board. He is a member, and has been secretary, of the Miami County Medical Society, is also connected with the Ohio State Medi- cal Society, and with the American Medical Association. He has been assidiously devoted to his profession, has had a very extensive and successful practice, and occupies a leading rank both as physician and surgeon. A large proportion of the surgical operations in the community have been per- formed by him. The medical literature of the day, moreover, has been enriched by some original and very valuable papers from his pen. His political opinions are republican, and his religious faith that of the regular Baptist church, with which for many years he has been connected. His personal char- acteristics are those of a professional gentleman. On Novem- ber 23d, 1865, he married Almira C, daughter of Rev. T. P. Childs, a Baptist minister of Troy, Ohio, and has had one daughter. For many years past. Dr. Green has made a special study of catarrh, and in February, 1879, formed a partnership with his father-in-law for the treatment of this dis- ease. He is now making a specialty of affections of the air passages affected by it, and diseases of the ear. Perkins, Henry Bishop, banker of Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, was born there, March 19th, 1824. He was the youngest son of General Simon Perkins, noticed elsewhere in this work. His education was obtained at the local academies. On the death of his father, which occurred in the year 1844, he assumed the immediate charge of his business and property, though then a year short of being of age. Remaining at the old homestead and managing the estate connected with it, he identified himself with the inter- ests of Warren, and throughout his life devoted time, money and labor to its improvement. His interest in education was great, and for fifteen years he served on the board of educa- tion of Warren, part of the time being secretary of the board, and transacting its executive business, and another portion of the time being president. In connection with his brothers he endowed a professorship in Western Reserve College, and in other ways manifested his interest in educational matters. For a number of years he was a member of the city council of Warren, and was one of the most active and conscientious in urging forward many improvements. From his youth he had been interested in agriculture, and his large farms, in Warren and elsewhere, were personally managed by him. For many years he served as a member of the county board of , agriculture, and was twice chosen its president. He was also twice a member of the Ohio State board of agriculture, and was appointed by the governor a member of the first board of trustees of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. Like his brothers, he was a heavy stockholder in the Cleve- land and Mahoning Railroad Company, and was one of its directors. In 1852, he was elected one of the directors of the Western Reserve bank at Warren, and retained that position until the reorganization of the institution in 1863 as the First National bank of Warren, when he was chosen president, and was year after year reelected to the presidency. This bank had a notable history. It was chartered as the West- ern Reserve bank in the winter of 1811-12, and the company was organized November 24th, 1813, with the following board of directors: Simon Perkins, Turhand Kirtland, Francis Freeman, John Ford, Wilham Rayen, Calvin Austin, Com- fort S. Mygatt, Calvin Pease, Henry Wick, Leonard Case, David Clendenen, William Bell, jr., and Richard Hayes. General Simon Perkins was chosen president, and Zalmon Fitch cashier. Two banks had previously been chartered in the State, but these were closed up in the course of years, leaving the Western Reserve bank the oldest in Ohio. Gen- eral Perkins remained president until April 5th, 1836, when he resigned, and Zalmon Fitch was promoted from the cash- iership to the presidency. He resigned January 2d, 1838, when George Parsons succeeded him. Ralph Hickox was chosen cashier on the promotion of Mr. Fitch, and on the death of Mr. Hickox, George Taylor was elected cashier April 2 1 St, 1840. The original tharter was renewed on its expiration, and at the close of the period of the second char- ter, December 31st, 1842, its affairs were gradually terminated. In July, 1845, '' W'^s reorganized as an independent bank. In 1863 it was again reorganized as a National bank, the original capital of $100,000 being increased to $300,000. Its credit has always stood high. During the general suspension of specie payments in 1814 and 1836, it suspended for a few months. In 1836, when the New York banks resumed pay- ments, it also resumed, but when, a few weeks after, the New York banks again suspended, it did not follow their example. When there was igain a general suspension in 1857, it stood firm, and came out of that period of disaster with unimpaired credit. The reputation of the" Western Reserve bank, not only in the immediate sphere of its operations, but also throughout the State and beyond, always stood very high. Its notes were taken without question when those of by far the larger proportion of banks were looked upon with suspi- cion. Its deposits were heavy, and the confidence of its de- positors remained unshaken in periods of general distrust and disaster. "As sound as the Western Reserve bank" was for many years a proverbial expression in the neighborhood. General Simon Perkins had been a whig in politics, and his son inherited those principles. At the formation of the re- publican party, he became a member of it, and warmly ad- vocated the cause of the government during the Rebellion, contributing freely to its support. In September, 1861, he was appointed by Salmon P. Chase an agent for the sale of the first National loan. He was appointed by Governor Bishop in 1878 on a commission of three persons from Ohio, with a like numlDer from Pennsylvania, to reestablish the boundary line between the two States. In religious connexion, Mr. Perkins is a Presbyterian, and has given liberally to the First Presbyterian church of Warren, and in aid of the religi- ous and benevolent works in which it is interested. In busi- ness and social life he is esteemed for his strictly honorable character, kindly disposition and modest worth. He married October loth, 1855, Miss Eliza G. Baldwin, daughter of N. C. Baldwin of Cleveland, with issue of four children. Weaver, James MoNFORT, physician and sur- geon. National Home for disabled volunteer soldiers, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Decatur county, Indiana, April 9th, 1838. His father was Rev. J. S. Weaver, a Presbyterian clergyman of Philadelphia, and his mother, Amanda Hurin, of Lebanon, Ohio. Having received an academic education, he read medi- cine with Drs. Firestone and Robison of Wooster, Ohio, at- tended lectures at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, and at Western Reserve College, Cleveland, by the medical de- partment of which he was graduated in 1861. After some- thing over a year's practice in Jackson, Wayne county, Ohio, BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 283 he entered the United States service in August, 1862, as as- sistant surgeon of the g3d Ohio volunteer infantry, and made a highly creditable professional record. In 1864, he was pro- moted to surgeon of his regiment, and served till honorably discharged in June, 1865. He was for a time in charge of the hospital of the 3d division, 4th army corps. He followed the fortunes of his regiment throughout, and was with them in all the hard-fought battles of the army of the Cumberland. He was taken prisoner by the rebels, and suffered with others, the horrors of Libby prison. While thus incarcerated, he did all that professional skill and cheerfulness of mind could to contribute towards relieving the distress of his fellow-sufferers. At the close of the war he resumed his profession, in partner- ship with his former precepter, Dr. Robison, in Wooster, Ohio. In November, 1874, he was appointed to his present position, the duties of which he has performed with credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of the officers of the Home, and board of managers. In politics, Dr. Weaver is a republican, and in religious belief, a Presbyterian. On September 6th, 1865, he married Sarah J., daughter of William Jacobs, a merchant of Fort Wayne, Indiana, and has had a family of four children, three living. Coleman, Asa, pioneer physician, Troy, Ohio, was born in Glastenbury, Connecticut, July 2d, 1788, and died in Troy, Ohio, February 25th, 1870. He was a descendant of Thomas Coleman, an English emigrant to the pilgrim colony in 1630, and who was one to whom land was set off, by origi- nal survey of Naubuc, in 1639 and 1640. For six generations the name of Coleman has been identified with local and gen- eral positions in the various relations of church, state, medi- cine, surgery and masonry ; and the same patriotic spirit which led the ancestor to enroll himself under the Continental flag, moved the descendants in later wars to lead the charging column, or alleviate distress in the field or the crowded hospi- tal. The hne of descent of our subject from this American ancestor, is Noah Coleman, first, second and third. Noah Coleman, third, was born in Hatfield, Massachusetts, in 1704, married Mary Wright, of Colchester, and had a family of seven children, named respectively Mary, Sibyl, Noah, Ozias, Daniel, Asaph, and Zenos. Asaph Coleman, fourth son, and father of our subject, was born in Massachusetts, in 1747, and married Eunice Hollister, of Glastenbury, Connecdcut, by whom he had six children : Julius, Eunice, Asa, Pameha, Clarissa, and Maria. He was a prominent physician and surgeon in the Continental army. After receiving an aca- demic education in his native town, our subject turned his attention to medicine and surgery, pursuing his studies to a great extent, under the instruction of his father, and on May 23d, 1810, he received a diploma from the Connecticut State Medical Society. Having made a prospecting tour to the new State of Ohio in the fall of 1807, he resolved to make that his future home, and accordingly, in May, 181 1, left his native State, and during the summer located in Troy, Miami county, Ohio. In November, following, he received a diploma from the Ohio Board of Medical Examiners, and established himself in the practice of medicine and surgery in the town just named, where he pursued his calling for more than half a century with constant success till the close of his career. Like other enterprising pioneers, he took an active and lead- ing part in all the early improvements of this now beautiful county seat. On September 24th, 1808, he had been com- missioned surgeon of the 6th Connecticut militia, and on the same date of 181 1, he was made surgeon of the Ohio militia, and in this position he was constantly on the round of duty, visiting the sick and wounded at the block-houses and posts along the northern boundary of Miami, then the frontier set- tlement next to the Indian Territory. Other commissions fol- lowed, as surgeon and major, May 20th, 1816, and lieutenant- colonel July 27th, 1818, from Governor Worthington. In Oc- tober, 1816, he was elected to represent his district in the State legislature, and served as a member of the first session ever held in the city of Columbus, December, 1816. He was reelected in the following year, and served a second term, declining a third, although strongly urged to become a candi- date. Elected to the office of associate judge, he was com- missioned February 4th, 1827, by Governor Allen Trimble, for a period of seven years. Chosen as a director of the Miami county branch of the State Bank of Ohio at its organ- ization, in 1846, he served as an officer until«its close, in 1866. He was instrumental in the organization of the First Na- tional Bank of Troy, was elected the first president, served nearly two years, and then resigned through failing health. He was made a Freemason in 1809, was a charter member of Franklin lodge, Troy, Ohio, in January, 1812, and was first master of the same. At the time of his death, in his eighty-second year, he was the last surviving charter mem- ber. He was also a charter member of Franklin R. A. Chapter, Franklin Council, R. and S. M., and Coleman Com- mandery, K. T. The last mentioned, in honor of his masonic worth, bears his name. For six years he served as director and physician of the county infirmary, and submitted the plan for the present building. He was prominent in estab- lishing the Protestant Episcopal church in Troy, and elected first senior warden of Trinity church in 1830. Afterwards he was annually reelected up to the time of his death, for the uninterrupted period of forty years. Fond of agricultural pursuits, he gave much of his time to operations on his farm, and retired thither during the last few years of his life. He was above medium height, straight and well-proportioned, and as erect in his advanced years as in his youthful man- hood. His bearing was dignified, his step firm, and his hair silver-white as the snow. He lived a long, acdve, useful and blameless life, and died as one who, wearied with his labors, "wraps the drapery of his couch about him, and Hes down to pleasant dreams." He was thrice married. His third wife was Mary Keifer, whom he married October 24th, 1822. She was born in Sharpsburg, Maryland, and came with her parents to Clark county, Ohio, in 1812. She survived her hus- band but a few months, and died on December 5th, 1870. By the last marriage he reared six children. Horace, Pame- lia Hale, Augustus Henry, Asa, George Edwin, and Julius Adams. All the above-named sons served in the Union ranks in the war of the RebeUion. Of these, the record of Ohio in the war fitly speaks of Colonel A. H. Coleman, who was killed at Antietam, as one of the best and bravest. Edu- cated at West Point, upon the opening of the war, he enhsted as a private, recruited company D, Iith Ohio, was made cap- tain and subsequendy advanced through the grades to colonel. He was superior as a drill-master, and brought his regiment up to a high standard of discipline. Especially vigilant in times of danger, faithful in the discharge of duty, however hazardous, and scrupulously attend ve to the needs of his men, he was universally respected and beloved. Dr. Horace Cole- man, oldest son of Asa Coleman, was born in Troy, Ohio, December 27th, 1824. He was educated at Gambler, Ohio, 284 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. studied medicine under his father, and graduated from the Medical College of Ohio, in 1849. After a few months prac- tice in Troy, he located in Logansport, Indiana, in the spring of 1850, where he remained eleven years, three of which he was a partner of Dr. G. N. Fitch. In October, 1861, he en- tered the army as surgeon of the 46th Indiana, and served nearly three years, either as medical director or surgeon- in-chief of his division. In May, 1864, he became surgeon of the 147th Ohio. His services in the army were distin- guished throughout for efficiency, fidelity and signal devotion to the needs of the sick and wounded. At the close of the war he returned to Troy, and engaged in practice. He was subsequently appointed assessor of internal revenue for the fourth district of Ohio, and filled the office during its con- tinuance. In 1868 he was a republican delegate to the Chi- cago Presidential convention that nominated Grant and Col- fax. Among the local positions which he has filled are those of director in the First National bank, member of the city council, and president of the board of education. For a third of a century he has been connected with the Masonic fraternity, and has occupied high positions of honor and trust therein. He is a gentleman of reserved, yet affable manners, fine social qualities, and is highly esteemed by the community for his sterling personal worth. On November 9th, 1847, he married Mary L., daughter of C. Aldrich, an early settler of Troy, Ohio, but a native of Rhode Island. Seven children resulted from this union, five living. The oldest, Horace Coleman, Jr., is a professional druggist, and is connected with a St. Louis firm. Jessie L. graduated at Glendale, and is Mrs. Samuel Davis, of Kansas City, Missouri. Everett, AZARIAH, M. D., banker, of Cleveland, Ohio, was born in Trumbull county, Ohio, November 24th, 1821. His father, Samuel Everett, was a merchant and man- ufacturer in that county. He was educated in the common schools of his native place, and afterward studied medicine at Jefferson College, Philadelphia, graduating in 1846. On leaving college he removed to Cleveland, where he com- menced the practice of his profession in partnership with his brother, Henry Everett, meeting with immediate success, and building up an extensive business, principally in the treat- ment of opthalmic diseases, in which he was very successful, and obtained a wide-spread reputation. His skill as an oc- ulist was so generally known that patients visited him for treatment from every State in the Union, and his successful operations for cataract especially bringing him fame and patients. Unremitting study and the demands of so large a practice impaired his health, and in 1854 he was compelled to relinquish the active duties of his profession, and make a winter trip to the West Indies, repeating the visit in the win- ters of 1855 and 1856. In the end he found it necessary to entirely abandon the medical profession and devote himself to other business in which he had already partly engaged. The banking-house of Brockway, Wason, Everett & Co. had been established in 1854, he being one of the partners. Hjs attention had been given to this business to some extent be- fore he abandoned the practice of medicine, and he noyv became the working man of the firm. Six years after the e^r tablishment of the firm, the style was changed to Wason, Everett & Co., and this was continued some years until changed again to Everett, Weddell & Co., doing a business equal, probably, to that of any banking-house in the State, and being quite as widely and favorably known as the best; whilst, by his ability and judgment he built up a reputation as a financier at least equal to that he had acquired in the practice of his special department in medicine and surgery. Engaging in other successful enterprises, he became largely interested in the East Cleveland Railroad Company, having very soon after its organization, become its president, and for eleven years he held that position, during which time the lines of the company had been greatly extended and its affairs had been uninterruptedly prosperous. Although he never sought office, he held several public positions of trust and responsibility. When it was decided to build the county court-house, he was elected one of the commissioners having to provide the means for its erection, and to superintend its construction. In 1863 and 1864 he served in the State legis- lature, having been elected by the republicans of his county, and his course there was highly honorable" to himself and useful to his constituents. During the war of the Rebelhon, he was appointed by President Lincoln one of the allotment commissioners, authorized to arrange with soldiers for the transfer of stated portions of their pay to their families, his fellow commissioner being Judge Hessenmueller. When the formation of a board of park commissioners for the manage- ment and improvement of the parks of Cleveland was deter- rnined on, he was one of the first commissioners appointed, and his enterprise and judgment contributed largely to the adoption of the liberal policy pursued by the board, and of the results of which the people expressed decided approval. In most enterprises for the public benefit for benevolent and charitable purposes, he has been an active worker or a liberal helper. During the war he was one of the most zealous — though unobtrusively so — in furnishing soldiers to the Union armies, and in aiding by money and personal efforts all movements for the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers at the forts, and their families at home. In manufacturing and other undertakings, calculated to enhance the prosperity of the city and its people, he took considerable interest, and was a stockholder in several of such corporations. He won his way by untiring industry, and by winning and retaining the confidence of every one with whom he had relations, business or social. No citizen of Cleveland stood higher, with those who knew him, as a business man, a citizen, or a friend and neighbor. He was twice married. Armstrong, William W., journahst, Cleveland, Ohio, was born in New Lisbon, Columbiana county, Ohio. He was the youngest son of General John Armstrong, a well known and prominent citizen of that place. At the age of fourteen years he commenced Hfe alone on his own account and removed to Tiffin, Seneca county, where he learned the printing business in the office of the Seneca Advertiser, then edited by John G. Breslin, who was afterward elected State treasurer. In 1852, Mr. Breslin appointed him register of the bank department in the treasury office at Columbus. Having but little taste for the mere routine and clerical duties of th3.t position, in May, 1854, he returned to Tiffin, and pur- chased the Seneca Advertiser, the paper on which he learned his trade, and the controlling interest of which he retained. His efficiency and energy brought the Advertiser to the front rank of the democratic journals of the State. In 1862, he came more prominently before the people of Ohio as the dernocratic candidate for secretary of State, to which import- ant office he was elected by about five thousand majority. He served one year as secretary of State under Governor BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 28s Tod, and one year under Governor Brough, both of whom were elected by overwhehning republican majorities. In 1864, when Abraham Lincoln was running for his second presiden- tial term, and party spirit ran high, he failed on that account of being reelected, although he had been unanimously re- nominated by his party. He was among the youngest, if not the youngest man ever elected to a State office in Ohio. He was frequently spoken of in connection with the congressional nomination in the tenth district, where he held his residence. In 1868, he was a delegate at large from Ohio to the national democratic convention which nominated Horatio Seymour for the Presidency. In 1872, he came within a few votes of receiving the nomination, and two years later might have been nominated by an almost unanimous vote, but he had concluded to devote his entire time to his profession. In 1865, he went to Cleveland and purchased the daily Plain Dealer, which at that time, through mismanagement, had run down so that the publication was suspended, the successors of J. W. Gray being inexperienced in journalistic matters. He soon brought it to rank among the most influential democra- tic newspapers of the country. In 1867, Hon. F. W. Green, ex-clerk of the United States courts, purchased a half interest in the paper, but he retired in 1873, and left the sole control of the journal once more in Mr. Armstrong's hands. His jour- nalistic labors were successful in a degree which could not be otherwise than gratifying to himself and to his party. Al- though wielding a trenchant pen and sparing not his political opponents, nevertheless he is personally popular among men of all parties, being liberal, enterprising and public-spirited. Ely, HeMAN, pioneer, was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts, April 24th, 1775, and died at Elyria, Lorain county, Ohio, February 2d, 1852. He was the youngest son of Justin Ely, of West Springfield, and descended from a family of honorable repute, whose ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Plymouth colony. His early life was de- voted to mercantile training, and after leaving New Eng- land he settled in New York city, where he was engaged in commercial business. In the early part of 1817 he, in com- pany with several others, formed a small colony for the set- tlement of a part of the Western Reserve. On the i8th of March, in that year, they arrived in Lorain county, and the settlement of Elyria was formed, this settlement being named after him. At that time the Western Reserve was almost an unbroken forest. He secured the land of the township which bears his name, and set about making it as attractive as possible to settlers. The regularity, convenience and beauty of the village bear testimony to his correct judgment and good taste. He lived to see the dreary wilderness become a pleasant and fruitful country, the abode of civiliza- tion, industry and prosperity. Of Puritan principles as well as of Puritan descent, he was a strong believer in the church and in the school-house, and ample provision for both was included in his plan for the settlement of the township. He not only made such provision, but he was liberal and con- stant in his gifts for rehgious, benevolent and educational purposes. His business affairs were characterized by punc- tuality, accuracy and system. Everything was done in order and done well. His promises were punctually performed. His temper was uniform, disposition genial, and manner courteous and kindly. He was reserved without seeming to be so, especially with strangers, but was frank and commun- icative with his intimate friends. He was strong in his con- victions, and allowed no considerations of convenience or profit to swerve him from a course which he believed to be honest and right. His judgments were formed after mature deliberation, and rarely proved erroneous. He was very hospitable. His residence was the welcome home of friends and strangers, especially of the clergy of all denominations, it being known as the "Minister's Home." In 1850 he re- tired from active business, and devoted himself more par- ticularly to his spiritual welfare. After several attacks of ill- ness he was, on the 31st January, 1852, rendered speechless and unconscious, and after one or two brief lucid intervals died, leaving a widow and children. Ely, HeMAN, landowner of Elyria, Lorain county, Ohio, son of Heman Ely, and grandson of Justin Ely, who under the Connecticut Land Company was one of the original purchasers of the Western Reserve, was born in Elyria, October 30th, 1820. His education was obtained partly in Elyria and partly in Connecticut. Leaving school he entere^ his father's office in 1841, remaining there until his father's death, when he succeeded to the management of the estate. He took an active interest in all matters of local concern, and in various ways contributed to the public welfare. A re- publican in political principles, he labored zealously for the advancement of that party and its principles. In the legisla- ture of 1870-71, he was a representative from Lorain county, where he labored so faithfully for the interests of his constit- uents and of the State, that he was reelected to the legisla- ture of 1872-73. During his term of service he took a prom- inent part in the important legislation affecting insurance matters, working diligently upon the various measures intro- duced, and rendering valuable service in shaping legislation for the greatest good of the public. He was also upon the committee on benevolent institutions, where his duties were onerous and his services valuable. During the war of the Union he was very active in its support, furnishing a substi- tute to the ranks, and giving liberally and continuously to all the objects designated for the aid of the Union cause. Among his other business connections he was a director of -the Lorain branch of the State Bank of Ohio, and on the reorganization of that institution as the First National bank of Elyria, he retained his interest and directorship. From the year 1838 he was a member of the Presbyterian church of Elyria, to which he gave liberally. In all j-elations of life he enjoyed a fine reputation. As a legislative representative he knew no ambition save the strict performance of his duty. In business matters he was in the highest degree honorable. He was married twice, the first time September ist, 1841, to Miss Mary Monteith, daughter of Rev. John Monteith, of Elyria, who was one of the early missionaries to the West, by whom he had two children, one of whom, George Henry, was, in November, 1875, hving and engaged in business. The second marriage was on May 27th, 1850, to Miss Mary Day, daughter of Hon. Thomas Day, of Hartford, Connecti- cut. There were four children by this marriage : Edith Day, Charles Theodore, Albert Heman and Harriet Putnam, all living. GiLMORE, James, of the late banking-house of James Gilmore & Co., of Cincinnati, was born September 21st, 1814, at Bridgehampton, Long Island, New York. His father, Gor- don R. Gilmore, was born at Bailieboro', in the county Cavan, Ireland, and his mother, Phoebe Sandford, was a native of 286 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Bridgehampton. In 1821, his father and his uncle John (his father's brother,) moved to Cincinnati, and there estabhshed the earhest private banking-house in that city, under the firm name of J. & G. R. Gihnore. It was located on Main street. Vilest side, near the present, Madison House. On the 21st October, 1832, his father died, a victim to the cholera, which in that year spread such desolation among the people of the western country. James Gilmore entered Yale College in 1830, and graduated in 1834, and subsequently studied law, but the death of his father induced him to join his uncle in the banking business, and subsequently to establish on the 1st January, 1840, the banking-house that up to his retirement from the same, on the ist December, 1878, he continually en- gaged in the business of conducting. On the i8th July, 1842, Mr. Gilmore married Miss Mary Jane Stibbs of Cincinnati, from which marriage there were born five children, of whom the second son, Virgil G., became a partner with his father in the banking business. EeLLS, Dan PaRMELEE, banker, of Cleveland, was born in Westmoreland, Oneida county. New York, April i6th, 1825. His father. Rev. James Eells, was a Presby- terian clergyman, and nearly all the male descendants of his ancestor. Colonel Samuel Eells, a British officer, who came from Barnstable, England, in the seventeenth century, and settled in New England, were brought up for the min- istry. He was educated at Hamilton College, New York, but removing to Cleveland in 1846, before his course had been completed, he continued his studies in Cleveland and graduated with the class of 1848. He then took the position of accountant in a commercial house in Cleveland, and re- tained it until March, 1849, when he was given a place in the Commercial branch of the State Bank of Ohio. There he remained until the spring of 1857, during which time he manifested so much financial ability and won so many friends among commercial and financial men that a proposition to become a partner in a private banking firm was made him and accepted. The firm of Hall, Eells & Co., was very suc- cessful, the business rapidly becoming prosperous and steadily increasing in extent and value. The managers of the Com- mercial branch bank, being desirous of regaining his valu- able services, on the ist November, 1858, elected him cashier, and offered such inducements that he withdrew from the banking firm and returned to the bank where he had first won reputation as a financier. In his new position he re- mained, steadily adding to the business of the bank and to his own financial reputation, until the expiration of the bank charter in 1865. The Commercial National bank was or- ganized in that year under the national banking law, and the business of the Commercial branch bank was transferred to it. Of this bank he was made vice-president, the presi- dent being W. A. Otis. On the death of Mr. Otis he was elected president, and remained in that position. No bank- ing institution was more prosperous than the Commercial National bank under his managemant. Its affairs were al- ways in a flourishing condition, its deposits large, and its loans profitable and safe. It never failed to pay a semi- annual dividend of five per cent. It was one of the leading banks of the city in point of importance, having a capital stock of $1,250,000, with )j25o,ooo surplus. Under his con- trol the policy pursued was prudent and liberal, and the wis- dom of that policy was demonstrated in the large and profit- able business. In addition to his bank connection he was interested in many other business enterprises— a director in the Republic Iron Company, a heavy stockholder and direc- tor in the Otis Iron and Steel Company, and had invest- ments in numerous manufacturing and other undertakings. Although his business interests required close and assiduous attention, he found time to engage in most of the local pa- triotic and benevolent enterprises, and was a hard worker in religious organizations. During the war of Secession he gave freely of time, labor and money to all the movements for the encouragement and relief of the defenders of the Government. He was treasurer and an active helper of the Cleveland Orphan Society. The Bethel Home had the ben- efit of his zealous assistance, he having been a director of that benevolent institution. The Cleveland Bible society was organized about the year 1851, and he was elected its treasurer. He was a member of the Second Presbyterian church, and for many years was an officer of the church and one of its most zealous supporters. He was regarded as one of the most valuable of citizens, always ready to aid in good works to the extent of his ability in the way of time and means, and bore a very high social and moral reputa- tion. As a financier he was considered to stand in the front rank. In political matters he took but little part other than as a private citizen, ready to do his duty at the polls, the only office he ever held which partook of the nature of politics being that of member of the board of education, which he filled for some years. He married twice, his first wife being Miss Mary Howard, eldest daughter of Colonel George A. Howard, of Orwell, Ashtabula county, who died in October, 1859, leaving two children. In January, 1861, he married Miss Mary Witt, eldest daughter of Stillman Witt, Esq., of Cleveland, two sons and a daughter being the fruit of the second marriage. Reynolds, John Russell, retired business man, Dayton, Ohio, was born in Mercersburg, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, March 9th, 1831. He is the youngest of the family of six children of Thomas B. Reynolds and Mary Spear. He was educated in the academies of Mercersburg and Westchester in his native State, and upon attaining his majority repaired to Natchez, Mississippi, and was occupied for a year in the dry-goods trade under the firm name of Boyd & Reynolds. He then engaged in the forwarding and commission and steamboat business, and in the ice and coal trade, the firms being, respectively, Smythe & Reynolds and Reynolds, Green & Co. In 1859 ^^ retired from both houses, and purchased of his uncle, James M. Reynolds, a half interest in a very extensive property near Natchez, known as the Southwood Lodge plantation, of which, upon the death of his uncle in April, 1864, Mr. Reynolds became sole owner. In this year, also, as the results of the war, his plantation was laid waste and his slaves liberated. Returning to his native place, he learned the painful fact that his father had died a year previous, which intelligence could not be conveyed through the lines on account of the state of the country. The same summer he made a trip to the old world and traveled extensively through Europe, visiting the noted places of in- terest, such as Rome, Venice, Paris, London, Moscow, St. Petersburgh, etc. Returning home in February, 1865, he married, April 6th, same year, Miss Jennie C, daughter of A. Smith McCoy, of Springfield, Ohio. After passing a year in New York city, at the earnest solicitation of those surviv- ing of his former slaves, he resumed the operation of his BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Mississippi plantation in partnership with his brother, James M. Reynolds, but finding it unprofitable under the new regime, he gave up his interest to his brother in the latter part of 1867, and, returning to Ohio, purchased a fine subur- ban property near Dayton, where he has since resided in retirement from active business. He is connected with the Merchants' National bank of Dayton as director, and also in the same capacity with the Firemen's Insurance Company of the same city. In politics he is a Jeffersonian democrat. He was uncompromisingly opposed to secession of the South- ern States from the Union, and at the beginning of the late conflict, and during the war suffered in common with other Union men of the South, a very heavy financial loss. Mr. Reynolds is a gentlemen of fine feelings, generous impulses, and excellent social qualities, and enjoys a reputation as a good, honorable citizen, and an upright man. McKeE, Robert R., business man and banker. Up- per Sandusky, Wyandot county, Ohio, was born in West- moreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1815, His father died when our subject was only three months old. When quite a young lad he was bound out to learn the tailor's trade. Be- fore arriving at his majority, however, he became dissatisfied under what he regarded as unfair treatment on the part of his employer, and at the age of about twenty, started on a trip to the South, where he had a brother and two sisters resid- ing. Arriving at Bellevue, Huron county, Ohio, in the winter of 1835, he learned that the Ohio river, on which he proposed to make his journey, was frozen over. His worldly effects at this time consisted of fifty cents. Messrs. Chapman and Hark- ness, proprietors of a dry goods establishment in Bellevue, becoming acquainted with his circumstances, were so favor- ably impressed with the promising elements of manhood in the youthful wanderer, that they invited him to tarry with them for the winter, and offered him the use of the rear of their store for his business, which offer young McKee accepted. His steady habits and close attention to his business during this time so enlisted the interest and won the confidence of these gentlemen, that in the following spring they prevailed upon him to remain, and erected a building which they rented to him for his business. He subsequently formed a partner- ship in the dry goods trade with W. K. Harkness, nephew of the one just mentioned, and conducted that business in Belle- vue for a number of years. While here he married Eliza F. Follett, a sister-in-law of his former employers, and who bore him six children, of whom only one survives. Messrs. McKee and Harkness subsequently removed to Republic, Seneca county, Ohio, where they continued their business for some years. About the year 1857, Mr. McKee moved to Upper Sandusky, Ohio, where for several years he engaged in the business of distilling spirits in partnership with others under the firm name of R. R. McKee and Company. In 1863, he engaged in a private banking institution and so continued until his death, which occurred January 20th, 1873. He was in all respects a self-made man, having in his early life en- joyed very limited facilities for education. Starting in the world with nothing, he by his energy, industry and financial abilities, became possessed of a handsome competency. He was at one time offered the nomination for State treasurer, but declined. At another time he was the democratic candidate for nomination for the State senate. He displayed great shrewdness and caution in all business transactions, formed his opinions with care and adhered to them with tenacity. 287 He was possessed of a high order of intelligence and great force cf character. Dignified in manners and with a coun- tenance indicative of deep thought, he was nevertheless so- cial, and enjoyed a good joke as well as any man. While ex- ercising a scrupulous regard to the rights of others, he main- tained his own with unyielding determination. He possessed great moderation and excellent good sense, enjoyed a wide influence and was greatly respected in the community. His wife was one of nine children of Eliphalet Follett of Vermont, an early pioneer to Huron county, Ohio. She died in the fall of 1874, at the age of fifty-eight. Their wedded life was char- acterized by unusual harmony and happiness. John D. Mc- Kee, his only surviving son is a native of Huron county, Ohio. After graduating from Antioch College, Ohio, under the late Horace Mann, in 1858, he was associated with his father in the distillery, and subsequently in the banking busi- ness. In February, 1873, the bank was incorporated as the Central Bank of Upper Sandusky, since which time Mr. Mc- Kee has been vice-president, and John S. Rappe, his father- in-law, president. In the fall of 1867, Mr. McKee came to Dayton, and engaged in the wholesale grocer trade under the firm name of McKee, Woodward and Weakly, Mr. Wood- ward withdrawing from the business in 1870, since which time the house has been McKee, Weakly and Company. They conduct a large and flourishing trade and hold a prom- inent rank among the leading wholesale firms of Dayton. His wife is Mary L., only surviving daughter of John S. Rappe, of Upper Sandusky. Her mother died in the fall of 1875. In politics, Mr. McKee is nominally a democrat, but never voted a straight ticket, always holding principles above party. He possesses all the elements of a capital business man, and his manners are those of an affable, agreeable gentleman. His family consists of a son and a daughter. SWAYNE, Wager, soldier and lawyer, was born in Columbus, Ohio, November loth, 1834, son of Chief Justice N. H. Swayne. He was educated at Yale, graduating in 1856 ; he also graduated at the Cincinnati Law School, and in the fall of that year he commenced the practice of law in partnership with his father, Hon. N. H. Swayne. He entered the army as major of the 41st regiment Ohio Volunteers, at Camp Chase, on the 31st August, 1861, and for his activity and energy in recruiting the regiment he was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel. The regiment, then under the command of General Pope, participated in the actions against New Madrid, Missouri, Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, and after the battle of Shiloh, in the taking of Corinth, in the pursuit of Beauregard's forces, and in the battles of luka, Corinth, etc. He was made colonel of the regiment for distinguished gal- lantry and efficiency. In the spring of 1863 he was appointed provost-marshal of Memphis. This duty was performed with an administrative ability and just discrimination which afterward became more widely known. He reenlisted his regiment for the three years' service, and it formed part of Sherman's army in the march to the sea. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier-general for gallant and meritorious ser- vices, and soon after was struck by an exploding shell, from which he suffered the loss of his right leg. March 4th, 1865, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, vice An- drew Johnson, resigned, and on his return to Columbus was presented by his fellow-townsmen with a magnificent sword, belt and sash, in token of their admiration and esteem ; and before he had quite recovered from his wound he was BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. selected by General Howard as one of the assistant commis- sioners of freedmen's affairs, sent south, and placed in charge of the State of Alabama. The military command of the forces in that State was afterward added to his charge ; and a little later he was appointed colonel of the 45th regiment of infantry in the regular army of the United States, in which he afterward received the brevet rank of a general officer. In June, 1872, he removed to Toledo, Ohio, where he at once formed a partnership with John R. Osborn, of that city, in the practice of law, and afterward took a very active part in developing and increasing the railroad facihties, and as a member of the board of education in promoting the educa- tional interests of the city. In December, 1868, he married Miss Ellen Harris, daughter of Alfred Harris, Esq., of Louis- ville, Kentucky. King, ZeNAS, inventor and president of the Bridge Stock Company, of Cleveland, was bom May ist, 1818, at Kingston, Vermont. His father was a farmer in comfortable circumstances, and removed in 1823 to St. Lawrence county. New York. Here he worked on his father's farm until twenty-one, and had only such advantages for acquii'ing an education as the common schools afforded. He was a cjuiet, studious and gentle-mannered boy, but gave no certain promise of the mechanical powers with which nature had en- dowed him. When about twenty years of age a slight at- tack of paralysis of the right side unfitted him for manual labor and turned his thoughts to other pursuits. At twenty- two he came to Ohio, and settled in Milan, Erie county, then growing very rapidly and giving promise of a prosperous fu- ture. Although just fresh from his father's farm, and having learned not even a carpenter's trade, he immediately entered into contracts for the erection of buildings of all kinds and classes, and continued in this business four or five years with an energy and skill that secured success, and demon- strated his superior mechanical and business ability. In 1848 he formed a partnership with Mr. C. H. Buck, and en- gaged in mercantile business in Milan, prosecuting it suc- cessfully for about eight years, when, on account of failing health, and the necessity for a more active life, he sold out his interest and engaged as a traveling agent with Messrs. Scott & Hedges, of Cincinnati, manufacturers of agricultural implements. He was with this concern about two years, and gave entire satisfaction to his employers. He then became connected with the Mosely Bridge Company, and for two years acted as their agent for the introduction of what is known as the Mosely bridge. While this was in the main a good structure, and perhaps equal to most wooden bridges, it failed to meet the reasonable demands of the public. He was impressed with the defects unavoidably attaching to all wooden bridges, and while considering the subject, invented the iron bridge, widely known as " King's iron bridge." The patent for this invention was issued in 1861 to Messrs. King & Frees. He removed his family to Cleveland in i860, and erected the large and commodious works, at the corner of St. Clair and Wason streets, for the manufacture of bridges and steam boilers. The partnership with Mr. Frees was dis- solved after a few years, Mr. Frees taking the boiler and he the bridge department. Its introduction to the public proved a herculean task, demanding the patience and indomitable energy and perseverance, that only an intelligent conviction of the value of the invention could give. The failure of the Mosely bridge, with which he had been identified, was a serious ob- stacle ; moreover, the public was not ready to believe that he could build an iron bridge for fifteen hundred dollars, when heretofore no less than twenty thousand dollars had been the cost of iron bridges, which had been made so heavy as to almost break down of their own weight, and so were nearly or quite useless; and, besides, mechanics were hard to be convinced that Ijis light and apparently frail structures could sustain the pressure to which they must be subjected. But he knew the value of his invention, and with a perseverance worthy of success, pushed its claims until his most sanguine expectations were realized. His bridges are now spanning rivers, creeks, and smaller streams, from Maine to Texas. He has erected more than sixty miles of bridges. In 1871, the business having become so extensive, he secured the formation of a joint stock company, under the name of "The King Bridge Manufacturing Stock Company," of which he is president and active manager. Among the stockholders and directors are some of the shrewdest and most wealthy business men of Cleveland. He is also pres- ident of the St. Clair and CoUamer Railroad Company, and for many years has been vestryman of St. Paul's church. He is a thorough business man, strictly honorable and up- right in his dealings, and highly esteemed by his associates. His invention and its successful introduction, while it is an enduring monument of his mechanical and business ability, is also a public benefit which only future generations will realize. In 1844 he married Miss M. C. Wheelock, of Og- densburg, New York. They have four children living. Two sons are engaged with their father in the bridge business. Hays, Michael W., physician and soldier, Troy, Ohio, was born in Brown county, Ohio, February 28th, 1840. His grandfather, Benjamin Hays, was a pioneer from what is now West Virginia, to Brown county, Ohio, about the be- ginning of the present century. His father, Gabriel Hays, was born in Virginia, in 1805, and was brought with the family to Ohio, and has since been a resident of Brown county. He has been a life-long member of the Methodist church, and is greatly respected throughout the county for his valuable ^ifts and virtues. His wife was Elizabeth Hanna, who died in August, 1876, aged sixty-five. She was one of the noblest and best of women, and was in the highest sense of the term, a wife and mother. She had eleven children, of whom our subject is the fifth son. Young Hays passed nineteen years of his minority at farm labor with only the meagre facilities of the early-day common school. He then entered upon the study of medicine, under his brother, Dr. James Hays, an eclectic physician of Dayton, which was interrupted by the breaking out of the late war, when he entered the service in July, 1861, in Captain John S. Foster's independent cavalry company. In November, 1861, he was captured, with ten others, by the rebel bushwhackers under Captain Walker, of General Poindexter's command, was robbed of everything except the clothes on his person, and turned out at two o'clock in the morning to find his way back to his camp as best he could. In June, 1862, he was discharged on account of dis- ability. Returning home he resumed the study of medicine, attended lectures at the Eclectic Institute and Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, and again in July, 1864, entered the service of the United States navy, on board the receiving ship Grampus, at Cincinnati, where he was retained as as- sistant by the surgeon-in-chief. Dr. J. J. Mcllhenny (now of Dayton). In July, 1865, he returned from the service, and in rJ' :/ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 389 the following fall began the practice of his profession in Ben- tonville, Adams county, Ohio, in partnership with Dr. John Gaskins. In 1866 he removed to Casstown, Miami county, Ohio, and became associated with his brother. Dr. James Hays. On February 14th, 1869, he married Sarah, daughter of Joseph H. Stafford of Miami county. The issue of this union is two children. In 1869 he located in Troy, where he pursued his profession until August, 1875, when he suspended practice to take charge of the farm of his father-in-law, whose health had failed. Since then he has been chiefly engaged in superintending his agricultural interest. In January, 1878, he was elected president of the Miami County Agricultural Society and has since held the position. In April of the same year he was elected mayor of Troy, without opposition, on the republican ticket. He is a Knight Templar in the Masonic fraternity, and an officer of Coleman Commandery of Troy. He is a gentleman of pleasing address, genial manners, and sterling integrity. Sellers, Harvey G., a lawyer of Troy, Ohio, was born in Warren county, Ohio, September 28th, 1819. He was one of twin brothers in a family of seven children, of John Sellers and Elizabeth Gallaher. He was educated at Springboro Academy, in his native county, studied law under the instruction of the late Judge George J. Smith of Lebanon, Ohio, and was admitted to practice, after examination at the supreme court on the circuit in that place, in the spring of 1842, being in his twenty-third year. In the following autumn he located in Troy, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. On April 24th, 1848, he married Mary, daughter of Rev. Richard Brandrifif, a Methodist clergy- man of Troy, now retired from service and residing in Piqua, Ohio. The issue of this union were two daughters, one sur- viving, Annie A., wife of Charles R. C. Dye, of Miami county, Ohio. Mrs. Sellers died January ist, 1851. In politics, Mr. Sellers was formerly a whig, but in 1856, voted for Buchanan, and has since acted with the democratic party, but has never been an active politician. He now might be styled a hard- money democrat. He was one of the charter members of the first lodge of Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Troy. Mr. Sellers has made a specialty of his profession, and has applied himself to the same with great industry and energy. He has held himself aloof from office, with the exception of serving the county as prosecuting attorney in the first decade of his residence in Troy. His cases are prepared with great care and thoroughness, and he has long occupied a leading rank in his profession. His habits of close study have some- what increased his natural reticence of disposition, so that he is less noted for his sociability than for his sound and safe judgment as a counselor. He is greatly esteemed by all who know him, for his excellent good sense and unquestion- able integrity. HURD, Frank, lawyer, was born at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, December 25th, 1841, and living at Toledo, Ohio, May, 1879. He is a son of the distinguished jurist and author, Hon. Rollin C. Hurd, and grandson of Hon. Asahel Hurd, a prominent and influential citizen, who represented Bennington county in the Vermont legislature, and filled other responsible and honor- able public positions. The family was of the old Puritan stock, descended from John Hurd, who came from England in the "Mayflower," He was educated at Kenyon College, whence he was graduated in 1859, and immediately entered upon the study of law. Soon after his admission to the bar in 1862, he was elected prosecuting attorney of Knox county, the duties of which office he performed with ability. His po- litical affiliations were with the democratic party, and he early became an. influential and zealous worker for the supremacy of its principles. He was elected to the State senate, and served two years, during which he secured marked im- provements in some of the Ohio laws. He was the author of the Ohio criminal code of procedure, and obtained the pas- sage of the bill for its adoption. While chairman of the judiciary he introduced a code of offenses and punishments. In 1867 he removed to Toledo to engage in the practice of law, but retaining his prominence in politics he was elec- ted, the year following, city solicitor and filled that office for four years. He was, in 1872, the candidate of his party for a seat in Congress and was defeated by General Sherwood, but in the memorable election of 1874, being again nominated he was elected. In Congress he was a member of the ju- diciary committee and made the majority report on the Hallet- Kilbourne case, as to the power of Congress over recusant witnesses, and the report of a portion of the committee on the distribution of the Geneva awards. He favored the pay- ment of the awards to the insurance companies, a matter of great importance, particularly in the Eastern States. In 1876, he published a second edition of his father's work on "Ha- beas Corpus,'' and one of his own on "Homestead and other Exemptions.'' In the State Democratic convention held in Cincinnati, in June, 1876, he was the acknowledged champion of the "specie basis," and made a brilliant speech against the adoption of the so-called inflation platform. In 1878, he was elected member of the Forty-sixth Congress, from the seventh (Toledo) district. Hart, James H., lawyer, soldier and legislator, was born in Troy, Ohio, October ist, 1814, and died in Piqua, Ohio, December 20th, 1867. He was the third son of Levi Hart of New Jersey, who moved as a pioneer to Miami county, Ohio, in 181 1. He was educated at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, and studied law in Troy with his brother, R. S. Hart, now a retired lawyer of Montgomery county, Ohio, and at one time judge of the common pleas court of the Troy district. For twenty-five years our subject was a prominent member of the Miami county bar, and at one time represented the district of which this county was a part, in the Ohio senate. Early in 1862 he entered the service of the late civil war as Adjutant of the 71st Ohio volunteer infantry, was promoted to lieuten- ant-colonel in April, 1864, and to colonel in 1865. He was severely wounded at the battle of Nashville. On March 13th, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. He was a brave soldier and gallant officer and very popular with his men. General Sherman is reported to have said of him that he had no braver man in his army. After the war he served as assessor of internal revenue for the fourth district of Ohio, and was filling this office at the time of his death. Mr. Hart's personal characteristics were those of a very genial, social gentleman, generous in his impulses and firm and steadfast in his friendships. He was favorably known throughout the county, and ranked high in his profession. In politics he was a republican. He married Mary, daughter of Benjamin P". Powers, and niece of Hiram Powers the celebrated sculptor, and became the father of three children. The only surviving one is Kate, wife of Charles C. Barnett, present auditor of 290 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. Miami county. Mr. Barnett is a native of Circleville, Picka- way county, Ohio. When he was quite young, his father, Martin L. Barnett, removed to Piqua, Ohio. Here young Barnett, after receiving a good education was engaged for several years in the lumber trade, and subsequently, for some time, followed the business of an architect and builder. On October 17th, 1865, he married Miss Hart. In the spring of 1861, he answered the first call of President Lincoln, and entered the service in the nth Ohio volunteer infantry, and subsequently enlisted in the Ohio National Guards, and was, during the latter service, stationed at Washington City. In the fall of 1877, he was elected to the position he now oc- cupies as county auditor. He is a gentleman of fine natural abilities, affable manners and enjoys the reputation of being an honest and efficient civil officer. Kinsman, John, pioneer settler and capitalist, was born at Lisbon, Connecticut, May 7th, 1753, and died August 17th, 1813. His father, Jeremiah Kinsman, being descended from Robert Kinsman, who arrived from England in 1634, and settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts; and his mother, a sister of General John Thomas, one of the first brigadier- generals (afterward promoted to major-general) appointed by Congress, being a descendant of John Thomas, who came from England in 1635, in the ship " Hopewell." At the breaking out of the Revolution he was twenty-three years old, and on the call of Governor Trumbull for nine regiments to defend New York, he joined a Connecticut company as ensign, and was in Colonel Huntington's regiment at the battle of Long Island. He fell into the hands, of the Hes- sians, and was imprisoned in the Jersey prison-ship. The miseries endured in that dungeon permanently injured his health. At length he and two companions were released on parole, and until their exchange, nine months after, were al- lowed to mess together in a room in New York. Here he formed the acquaintance of a hatter, and learned the leading features of his business. On being exchanged he employed an experienced workman and opened a store, selling largely to the army, and becoming very successful. In 1797 he was elected a representative to the Connecticut legislature, where he remained for three years. In that connection, at Hart- ford, he formed the acquaintance of the officers of the Con- necticut Land Company, and many of the stockholders, and made extensive purchases of the lands. In 1799 ^^ made his first visit to Ohio to examine his purchases. Having bought what is now the township of Kinsman, he determined on making his residence on it, and built a log house and saw- mill on what was there called a prairie, there being over five hundred acres with but little timber. It had been an old In- dian hunting ground which was yearly burned over by the Indians, and part of which gave evidence of having been used to raise corn. This land, without timber and free from roots, was soon put into cultivation, and fine crops were raised thereon, much in advance of the settlements upon the heavily timbered lands that surrounded it. These crops were of great service to the less favored settlers, who drew their needed supplies from the Kinsman tract. In 1804 he brought his family from Lisbon, and with the products of the saw-mill soon provided them with better dwellings. In 1805 his sales of land were paid for mainly in specie, little paper currency then being used. During the year he made his deposits in Pittsburgh, and late in the season went there to provide for its transfer to Boston, exchange being out of the question. He found more than he could carry on one horse, so pur- chased another, and with the specie packed On two horses, one of which he rode and led the other, he made the transfer to Boston. He was a man of much kindness and indulgence to the purchasers of land, and also to those in his employ ; and in business affairs exhibited great energy and activity. He was appointed justice of the peace under the territorial, and an associate judge under the State government, was prominent in county organization and all matters of pub- lic interest, and continued his mercantile business in Ohio until his decease. He was one of the many projectors of the Western Reserve bank, subscribing for one-fifth of the whole capital stock of ^100,000, but did not live to see its or- ganization, which took place three months after his death. His life and business were marked with great activity and toil, he having to ride often on horseback to New England, New York and Philadelphia, to purchase goods, and through the Western Reserve looking after his land and' aiding the improvements of the new settlements. He exerted and ex- posed himself beyond his powers of endurance, and sank under the exposures, cares, and fatigues of a life too labori- ous for his constitution, being at the time of his death but sixty years old. September 27th, 1773, he married Miss Re- becca Perkins, sister of General Simoj Perkins, of Lisbon, Connecticut, who died May 27th, 1854, in her eighty-first year. Five children were the fruits of this marriage. Joseph, the second son, was a young man of promise, who entered Yale College and died of consumption whilst in his senior year, June 17th, 1 8 19, aged twenty -four years. Olive Douglas, the daughter, married George Swift, son of Chief Justice Zeph- aniah Swift, of Connecticut, and who was a member of the State legislature. She died June 24th, 1835, aged thirty-five years. Of the other three sons, John, the eldest, was a prom- inent merchant, and was born at Lisbon, Connecticut, Sep- tember 20th, 1793, and died Feburary 4th, 1864. In 1804 he removed to Kinsman, Trumbull county, and on reaching a sufficient age was associated with.his father in the farming and mercantile business at that place, succeeding to the homestead and business upon his father's death. His fine business qualities called to him many positions of trust and responsibility in the county, and he devoted much of his time and means to the development of its resources in various ways. For fifteen years he was a director of the Western Reserve bank. He took an active interest in all benevolent enterprises, and administered largely by advice and means to the wants of those around him. In his extensive business large credits were freely given to relieve the wants of the early settlers at a time when such credits were deemed almost indispensable to their success. He held a high place in the esteem of his neighbors and associates, and his death, which occurred at Warren, in the seventy-first year of his age, was widely mourned by his numerous friends throughout the State. Thomas was born in Kinsman, Trumbull county, Ohio, being the third son of John Kinsman the elder, noticed above, and the first of the family born after their removal from Connecticut to Kinsman, in 1804. When he grew up he chose a farming life, anti became one of the most exten- sive farmers in northern Ohio. His lands of two thousand acres were mostly under fine cultivation, well watered, and very productive. His large dairy of from sixty to eighty cows, with the necessary machinery for manufacturing the cheese, formed an interesting and important feature of his business ; but the chief attraction on his farm were the full- BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 291 blooded Durhams. His life from childhood to old age was peculiarly marked by kindly relations with all with whom he had to do. Buoyant in spirits, and with a strong mind abounding in wit and humor, he drew around him a large circle of friends ; this, connected with his marked integrity, consistent Christian character, and a modesty that withheld him from any aspirations for fame or official position, placed him prominently as a counselor and adviser with his neigh- bors and friends, and in every work of progress or benevo- lence. He was eminently social and hospitable, easily ap- proached, while his genial presence cheered every one who came under its influence. He was an affectionate and faith- ful husband and father, a devoted and consistent Christian, a citizen of liberal and progressive views, free-hearted and open-handed when charity sought his aid. His life, as a cit- izen of Kinsman, numbered more years than those of any one that had preceded him, and at his death he was the old- est native inhabitant. At home with his family, on his large and well-cultivated farm, his worldly happiness seemed to center. He died at his home in Kinsman, where he had re- sided for so many years, April 26th, 1875, in the seventy-first year of his age. Kenton, Simon, pioneer of the valley of the Ohio, and a soldier of the Revolution, was born in Fauquier county, Virginia. His father was of Irish and his mother of Scottish descent, her ancestors having been among the first settlers in* Virginia. He was employed till the age of sixteen in the cultivation of his father's farm. About that period an inci- dent occurred which changed his simple course of life into one of thrilling adventure and enterprise. The son of a neighbor had married the girl to whom he was attached, which led to a series of quarrels between the two young men, and finally to a personal rencontre which ended in his ' adversary's defeat, who was left on the ground for dead. This determined young Kenton to flee from home, which he did without the knowledge of his parents or friends. Chang- ing his name to that of Simon Butler, he crossed the Alle- ghany mountains April 6th, 1771, and, at Ise's P'ord, meeting three men who were about to descend the Ohio river, he joined them, and proceeded as far as Fort Pitt, now Pittsburgh. At this spot he met the notorious renegade, Simon Girty, whom he had known previously. Accompanied now by a single companion, he descended the Ohio as far as the great Kanawha river, and, ascending a short distance the Elk river, they formed a camp and passed the winter in trapping. They remained here until the spring of 1773, when they were attacked by the Indians, and became separated. Kenton, with a companion, reached the mouth of the great Kanawha, where they met another party. A Mr. Briscoe was then endeavoring to form a settlement on this river, and they entered his employ. Kenton's adventurous spirit was not long satisfied with so quiet a life, and he soon after joined a party of trappers who were proceeding to the Ohio. In 1774, an Indian war breaking out, he made his way back to Fort Pitt. Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, determined to punish the aggressors, had raised an army with that object, and employed Kenton as a spy to precede the troops, and report the state of the country. He was again employed in a similar capacity under Colonel Lewis, in a second effort to chastise and subdue the enemy. Eventually receiving his discharge, he resumed his old pursuit of trapping. In the following spring, the American Revolution being now in progress, Kenton joined Major (afterward General) George Rogers Clarke, who had been sent out by Virginia to protect the settlers against the Indians, who were encouraged by the British to destroy the infant settlements. Kenton again accepted the position of spy or scout, and proved himself worthy of the confidence reposed in him, always giving the fort timely notice of a meditated attack, and assisting in the defense. After accompanying Colonel Clarke on several adventurous expeditions, in which he rendered good service and was generally successful, he joined Daniel Boone, and signalized his courage to the entire satisfaction of that cele- brated pioneer and patriot. In 1778, he joined Alexander Montgomery and George Clarke in an expedition to Ohio, with the avowed purpose of obtaining horses from the Indians. Near the old Indian town of Chillicothe they fell in with a drove of horses, took away seven, and made for the river. They were soon overtaken by the Indians, who killed Mont- gomery and captured Kenton ; Clarke escaped. Kenton was taken back to Chillicothe, and there subjected to the most horrible tortures, preparatory to being burnt at the stake. This latter sentence was to take place at Sandusky, and Kenton reached there just as the renegade Girty returned from an unsuccessful expedition. Girty struck the weak and suffering prisoner to the ground, and was on the point of committing further violence, when Kenton called him by his name, demanding his protection. For once this infamous wretch, who never before nor after was known to show mercy, listened to this appeal. Kenton, indeed, had a claim upon him, which he could not but recognize, for in their youth he had saved Girty's life. Remembering this, the white savage interceded for the captive, and saved him from the stake. When he had recovered his strength, the Indians repented of their leniency, and holding another council, they again con- demned him to be burned. Fortunately a British agent was present, who had him transferred to himself as a prisoner of war, when he was conveyed to Detroit. With two American patriots he escaped from Detroit, and with the risk of recap- ture and certain death, again crossed the Indian country, and after a month's travel through the wilderness reached Ken- tucky. This was in July, 1779. Kenton then proceeded on foot to Vincennes, to join his old commander. General Clarke. During the invasion of Kentucky by the British in 1779, he was appointed a captain of volunteers, and distinguished himself in that campaign. In 1782 he heard for the first time of his long-abandoned parents, and of his former opponent, who had recovered from the effect of their mutual encounter. He now resumed his own name, and concluded to make a settlement on a fertile spot at Salt river, south of Louisville. A few families joined him, and having helped to gather their first crop of corn, he resolved to visit his parents. His glowing description of Kentucky induced them to accompany him on his return, but his father died before reaching their destination. He remained at Salt river until 1784, and then removed to near Maysville, where he formed the first permanent station on the northeast side of the Lick- ing river, and called it Limestone, many emigrants being attracted to the spot. In 1793, Major Kenton joined the army under General Wayne, and was variously employed. Kenton was regarded as a large real-estate owner, but, like Boone, through ignorance or dislike of legal forms, had neglected to secure his title, and his lands, for ^^hich he had fought and suffered through many years, were taken from him by later settlers, and in poverty he retired to a tract of moun- 292 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. tain land which had not yet tempted the farmer or the spec- ulator. But even this was at length claimed by the State, and in 1824 the old pioneer, in tattered garments, appeared in Frankfort to petition the legislature to release the State's claim. He at first met only with ridicule ; but when he proved himself to be the Simon Kenton, the story of whose exploits in the early days of Kentucky had long been familiar among old and new settlers, he was treated with due respect, his lands were released, and a pension obtained for him from Congress. He died in Logan county, Ohio, April 3d, 1836, aged about eighty-two years. Everett, Sylvester T,, financier and banker, was born in Liberty township, Trumbull county, Ohio, No- vember 27th, 1838, and living in April, 1879, ^' Cleveland, Ohio. Until 1850, he lived on his father's farm and attended district school. In that year he removed to Cleveland, living with his brother. Dr. Henry Everett, and attending public school until 1853, when he entered the employ of S. Ray- mond & Co. In March the succeeding year, he was admit- ted to a clerkship in the banking house of Brockway, Wason, Everett & Co., where he developed such marked ability and judgment in financial matters that within three years of enter- ing the establishment he was promoted to the responsible position of cashier. In 1859, ^^ ^^^ called to Philadelphia to aid in settling up the affairs of his uncle, Charles Everett, Esq., a well known merchant, who was about to retire from active life. A year was spent in this work, after which he re- turned to Cleveland and resumed his position in the banking house. In 1867, the composition of the firm having changed by the retirement of two of the partners, the style was altered to Everett, Weddell & Co., and he became one of the part- ners. In 1869, the republicans nominated him for city treas- urer, and he was elected by a decided majority. At the end of his first year, he presented to the council a complete ex- hibit of the financial affairs of the city in all its several de- partments, so clearly arranged as to be easily understood by those unskilled in the mysteries of finance. This had not been done for several years before. The outstanding obliga- tions of the city were at the same time managed with such ability that the outlay for interest was largely reduced, and the credit of the city so greatly improved that the municipal bonds were eagerly sought for by investors, at a decided ad- vance, and in many instances at a premium — a new feature in the city's financial experience. This improved condition of the city's financial management continuing, he was re- nominated by the republicans at the end of his term of two years, and reelected by a very large majority. In 1873, at the end of his second term, he was nominated by both the republican and democratic conventions, and was again elected, receiving the largest vote that had ever been polled for one candidate, from the organization of the city to that time. In 1875, the same compliment was paid him, and he was again the nominee of both the republican and demo- cratic parties, and was elected by their unanimous votes. Under his management, the credit of the city of Cleveland stood in the money markets of the country equal to the very best, and its securities were eagerly sought after for invest- ment. The popular confidence in his financial ability and strict integrity, was shown not only by the repeated and twice unanimous election to one of the most responsible positions of trust in the city government, but also by the other posi- tions of fiducial power to which he was chosen without his seeking. Whilst managing the affairs of the bank and being city treasurer, he served as treasurer of the Lake Shore and Tuscarawas Valley Railway Company, of the Valley Rail- way Company, and of the Northern Ohio Fair Association, and all of these enterprises found him an efficient and valu- able officer. In addition to these, other enterprises of a pub- lic character requiring the handling or managing of much money, secured his cooperation, feeling confident the trust confided to him would be wisely and faithfully managed. His capacity for work seemed unlimited, his ability to master the most difficult financial problems unquestioned, and the able manner in which he managed the trusts confided to him, and the uniform good temper displayed in all cases, made him one of the most popular of Cleveland's citizens. He is public-spirited in all enterprises affecting the welfare of the city, and very liberal and benevolent in regard to the charitable institutions and causes. In i860 he married Miss Mary Everett, of Philadelphia. BOWEN, George, physician, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, August 15th, 1796, and died at Waterford, Wash- ington county, Ohio, May 24th, 1874. While yet a youth, his father, Consider Bowen, removed to Pittsford, Vermont, and here George received the benefit of the earlier New Eng- land district school education and training, which taught him that professional success can be achieved by energy and perseverance, and that prudence, economy, and industry are the highways to wealth. In 1818, having removed to Ohio, he stopped at Waterford, on the Muskingum river, to visit his brother, engaged there in the practice of medicine, who advised him to study and prepare himself to engage in that profession as his life business. He did so, and in due course of time, having graduated, he commenced practice at Water- ford, and continued in partnership with his brother until the latter removed to Rochester, New York, in 1835. Taking up his own and his brothers practice then at Waterford, he re- mained there during the remainder of his life, except a few of the late years of it, exclusively engaged as a physician. From the beginning of his practice he had grown, in the es- teem of the public, and by his skill and care in the discharge of his professional duties. Dr. Bowen received a large and influential patronage, which he retained as long as he was able to attend to his professional calls. He married Miss Mary J. Wheeler, of Bridgeport, and who bore him in course of years five children, three sons and two daughters. The latter have become, respectively, the wives of E. E. Case, Jr., of Kansas City, Missouri, and General H. F. Devol, of Waterford, Ohio. The sons are also living and reside, the two eldest at Centreville, Iowa, and the youngest at Zanes- ville, Ohio. Dr. Bowen's political affiliations were originally with the whig party, but, subsequently, upon the organization of the republican party, he affiliated with it. His love of country, and respect for the constitution and laws entered into and moulded every act of his life. During the war of the Rebellion he took the side of the Federal government, from patriotic principles, and supported the same by freely loaning his money when the prospect seemed darkest, and its securities regarded by many with distrust. Not a mem- ber of any religious denomination. Dr. Bowen was a man of strong religious convictions, and a faithful student of that sacred book upon which the Christian religion is founded. Distinguished for his upright and honorable disposition, few have better merited or received more fully the confidence BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. and respect of tlieir fellow-citizens, and few have discharged the duties imposed upon them with greater fidelity. A pub- lic-spirited man, he was the first to propose the organization of a national bank at Beverly, Ohio. In this he succeeded and was for several years its president. His labors in the alleviation of human suffering endeared him to all he served. He inherited great physical powers, with a mind singularly penetrating and analytical, and his personal appearance was commanding and dignified. He was ever ready to respond to the calls of the poor as freely as to those of the wealthy, and until physically incapable he never failed to meet any professional engagement. His good works will cause him to be long remembered. Prentice, Noyes Billings, physician and sur- geon, of Cleveland, was born November 25th, 1827, at Union- ville. Lake county, Ohio. He was the third son of N. B. Prentice, sen., who was a saddler by trade, and for many years captain of a cavalry company — a man highly esteemed for his natural ability and social qualities. The family removed to Harpersfield, Ashtabula county, when the subject of this sketch was about twelve years old. At this period of his life a disastrous change in his father's affairs made it abso- lutely necessary for him not only to care for himself but to assist in the maintenance of the family. A less noble nature would have shrunk from the responsibility and toil connec- ted with such a necessity, but with a manly energy above his years, he grappled with and overcame the difficulties lying in his path. The errand boy's duties honestly performed, the laborer's toil cheerfully submitted to, the clerk's position earnestly and faithfully filled ; these were to him only pre- parations for higher walks of life, and the traits of character developed at this formative period gave indications of no common future. His educational advantages were very lim- ited, but during the winter months he attended the common schools and academy. When about nineteen, in order to ac- complish a cherished purpose to become a physician, at the suggestion of Dr. James Stoddard, who took a kindly in- terest in him, he began the study of dentistry, designing by the practice of it to obtain means to secure a medical educa- tion. He was with Dr. Stoddard studying and practicing for two years, and at the age of twenty-one began the study of medicine with Dr. John C. Hubbard of Ashtabula, and at- tended lectures at the Cleveland Medical College in the term of 1850-51. In the Spring of 185 1 he went to Canfield, Ma- honing county, where he read and practiced medicine for a year with an elder brother, Walter M. Prentice. Removing to Ravenna, he formed a partnership with Dr. Alvin Belding of that place, and while associated with liim attended lectures at the Starling Medical College at Columbus, Ohio, graduat- ing in March, 1854, with the honorary degree of doctor of medicine. Immediately after he went to Cleveland and formed a partnership for the practice of medicine with his brother mentioned above, who had previously removed from Canfield, and opened an office on the west side of the city. This connection continued until 1863, at which time his brother, Walter M. Prentice, went into the army on the staff of General Frye, and became distinguished as a surgeon of rare ability. The appointment of city physician was held by him for many years, but as he was compelled to be fre- quently absent — spending his winters in the South on account of his health — the position was filled by Noyes to the en- tire satisfaction of the authorities. The latter was also ap- 293 pointed surgeon at the commencement of the war, under Colonel George B. Senter, and was stationed at Camp Taylor and afterward at Camp Cleveland, on the " heights." In 1862, he was appointed acting assistant surgeon in the United States army, and had charge of one of the divisions in the general hospital. In this position it was his duty to examine recruits and also drafted men at the office of the provost marshal ; and more than ten thousand men were examined by him. In the same year he was made chief surgeon in charge of the marine hospital at Cleveland, and continued in that position till appointed United States marshal, July ist, 1872, with the exception of nine months. During this short period he was superseded by Dr. Blair, but was reinstated in his old position in a manner that was grati- fying both to himself and his friends, and which must have had its foundation in real personal worth and distinguished professional ability. He was a great admirer of Henry Clay even from his boyhood, and on the formation of the repub- lican party supported its distinguishing principles. He stood firmly by President Lincoln's administration, and in the dark- est days of the conflict never doubted its issue. For many years he has taken an active part in local politics, occupy- ing responsible positions on important committees, always with great acceptance to the public who honor his conscien- tious devotion and superior ability. He is an attendant of the Episcopal church, and is liberal in his charities, contributing freely to worthy objects. May 20th, 1853, he married Miss Georgia A. Crary, of Monroe, Michigan. SeWALL, Frank, pastor of the New (Swedenborgian) church, Urbana, Champaign county, Ohio, and president of the Urbana University, was born in Bath, Maine, September 24th, 1837, the son of William D. Sewall, a leading citizen of Bath, and an eminent ship-builder and ship-owner. His mother, Rachel AUeyn Trufort, sprang from an old family of Bath. Henry Sewall, an ancestor, came from England in 1640, and settled in Massachusetts. Judge Sewall, famous in the trials for witchcraft, was also an ancestor of the subject of this sketch, and Colonel Dummer Sewall, an officer in the British army during the old French war of 1753, was his great-grandfather. Educated at the High School in Bath, our subject graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1858. In the fall of that year he traveled on the continent of Europe, spent six months in Rome, and then entered the University of Tubingen, at Wurtemburg. Here he pursued a variety of studies, and eventually entered as a theological student. During vacations he resumed his travels, and ulti- mately spent a short period (a semestre, or six months,) at the famous University of Berlin. Among the professors to whose teaching he was indebted, were the eminent and distinguished Christian Bauer of Tubingen, and Professors Hengstenberg and Ranke of Berlin, also Professor Bopp, the linguist. iJe also attended the lectures of Professor Michelet, and the lec- tures at the Sorbonne in Paris. At St. Amand.Cher, he en- joyed the society of M. Le Bays de Guayo, a man of great note in the Swedenborgian, or New church. Returning to this country he applied himself to the study of theology under Rev. S. F. Dyke, D. D., of Bath, and received a license to preach from the Maine Association of the New church. He then entered upon a charge at Glendale, near Cincinnati, and in 1863, receiving ordination, he entered upon the full pas- torate, remaining here until he was called, in 1870, to the presidency of the Urbana University. This institution was 2 94 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. founded under the auspices of the New church, and received its charter in 1850. For the first ten years of its history it was in a flourishing condition, but dechned during the late civil war. After drifting down from a college to a seminary, it has been resuscitated under Mr. Sewall's administraticm, and again placed upon a college foundation. Its endowment being small, Mr. Sewall projected the idea of raising $50,000, which he successfully accomplished, and the institution has now a faculty adequate to the college curriculum. The uni- versity has a valuable property of thirty acres, a library of five thousand volumes, and is composed of two collegiate buildings. This is the only chartered college of the New (Swedenborgian) church in America. The subject of our sketch married, October 28th, 1869, Theodosia B. Gilchrist, of New York City, by whom he has a family. Mason, Sampson, soldier, lawyer and legislator, was born at Fort Ann, Washington county. New York, July 24th, 1793, and died at Springfield, Ohio, February ist, 1869. In the war of 1812 he was, at the age of nineteen years, an enlisted soldier and participated in the battle of Sackett's Harbor, where his colonel was shot. After the war of 1812- '15 closed he was honorably discharged, and at once entered upon the study of law in Onondago county, under the pre- ceptorship of Thaddeus Wood. In 1818 he removed to Ohio, first going to Cleveland, which he then found to be a town of seventy houses and about five hundred people, situ- ated on the Cuyahoga river flats, near its mouth. Not being pleased with the location, as it could not fail to be unhealthy, he went to Steubenville and thence to Zanesville. Finally going to Chillicothe, then the capital of the State, he was after the length of residence required to become a voter and being vouched for by Caleb Atwater, then of Circleville, admitted as a lawyer to practice. The next year Clarke county was organized, with Springfield the county seat and thither Mr. Mason removed, and the year following, 1823, married the youngest daughter of Dr. Needham, and there made his home. Elected that autumn to the Ohio legislature, he continued to be reelected and served several terms in both house and senate. In 1830 he was chairman of the commit- tee which revised the statutes of the State. A great admirer of Henry Clay, he was the Ohio senatorial elector on the Clay ticket for the election of 1836, in which year he was himself elected to Congress and served through four consec- utive reelections. In 1840 he refused to be nominated, but he was elected nevertheless. During the Presidency of Mil- lard Fillmore he was United States district attorney for Ohio. A prominent member of the Ohio Constitutional convention in 1850 and 1851, he was again elected to the State senate in 1861. Actively interested in the State militia, he was first commissioned captain of a very fine cavalry company, and afterward became successively a colonel, a brigadier-general, and eventually a major-general. As a lawyer General Mason was considered among the first members of the pro- fession, and his circuit extended throughout Clarke, Greene, Champaign, Union, Logan and Madison counties. For one entire year, strange to say, he was engaged in every case tried in this whole territory, and gained them all. An honest law- yer, he was a faithful manager of all business entrusted to him. A man of great mental power and public spirit, he stoutly advocated the cause of the city schools, and withered with his sarcasm those who exerted what he termed their "malign influence" in opposing those important institutions. In all public and private engagements he ever took a promi- nent part and rendered important services to the town of his residence and the State at large. A Christian gentleman of . the older school, of elegant manners, always courteous, man- ifesting in all his relations that regard for the service of God and the interests of humanity that stamps the true and earn- est professor of the religion of Christ, he held his member- ship with the First Presbyterian church of Springfield, of which he was a ruling elder, and he died as he lived, a lover and humble follower of his Savior. In his old age he was gently gathered, not plucked, from amidst his friends, and so serene was his departure that he seemed to be only withdrawn, as the sun at its setting departs, not darkened but no longer seen. Scott, Frank J., of Toledo, Ohio, was born in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1828, son of Jesup W. Scott, and educated in the villages of Perrysburg and Maumee, Ohio. He was associated with his father in the office of the Toledo Blade, or in the care of property, until 1850, when he commenced the study of architecture. From childhood an enthusiast in scenery, and by nature a landscape artist, his tastes led him in the higher walks of horticultural art, and in 185 1 and 1852 he was laying out grounds for wealthy gentlemen in Toledo. In the same years he spent some time as a student in the office of the celebrated horticultural writer and architect, A. J. Downing, of Newburg, New York. In 1852 he opened the first architectural office in Toledo, and was soon occupied on railroad structures for the "Middle Ground " in Toledo, and on residences for Hon. M. R. Waite, and many other citizens. In 1854 and 1855 he spent two years in Europe, mostly in Paris, in travel and the study of architecture. His letters from Europe, published at that time, were marked by a vigorous independence of expression, in matters of politics and art, which attracted attention. On his return to Toledo, in 1855, he resumed the practice of archi- tecture. The residences of the Hon. John Fitch and Mr. Joel Kelsey are his work of that time. In 1859 ^^ ^"'^ '^'^ brother Maurice A., purchased the main part of the estate of their father, and assumed its management and improvement, when he relinquished his profession as architect. In Decem- ber, 1859, h^ ^^'- "'^^ ^'-"' Chili, South America, to marry Miss Anna Marie Walch, a native of Havre, France, with whom, as his wife, he returned in June, i860. From his youth, he has been a prominent citizen, though holding no public office. Inheriting the mental vigor which distinguished his father, it has in him found a direction toward the arts which adorn life, and he has been constant in his effijrts to awaken action by his city to promote the highest interests in connection with projects to promote its beauty. Since 1871, as president of the cemetery board, he has been signally useful in beautify- ing the city cemetery. His political opinions gave early in- dication of his independence of both parental and party in- fluence; for while his father was a strong whig, at theage of eighteen the son decided that the question of circumscribing or denationalizing slavery was the only vital political question before the country. He, therefore, denounced both of the old parties, and resolved for life to cast his vote wherever it might tell most effectively against slavery. When a sectional war became imminent, he was unhesitating in advocating that the whole physical power of the government should be thrown against the Rebellion, and that the government should at once make the war in such a way as to do away ^QrauA Y ))G Mills, John, merchant and banker, was born De- cember 2d, 1795, at Marietta, Washington county, Ohio, his father, WiUiam Mills, having removed thither from Massa- chusetts in 1792. The subject of this sketch received a good common school education, and when eighteen years of age entered the general store of Dudley Woodbridge as clerk. He remained there until 1816, when he commenced business for himself in connection with Mr. Woodbridge, under the firm name of John Mills & Co. At the end of four years he purchased the interest of his partner, and afterward, for thirty years, pursued a successful mercantile career, estab- lishing and carrying on branch stores in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Jackson, Ohio, and Coolville, Athens county, Ohio. He retired from active mercantile life in i860, since when he has been connected with the First National bank of Ma- rietta as a director, and has also assisted in promoting some of the most successful manufacturing enterprises of the town. The Marietta Chair Company, one of the largest establish- ments of the kind in southeastern Ohio, owes its success largely to his financial management. During nearly the en- tire history of Marietta, its various industries have felt the influence of his superior business talents. The moral and educational interests of his native town have ever received his anxious consideration and aid ; for these, he has always maintained, are the foundation of all true public prosperity. At the inception of Marietta College, in 1832, Mr. Mills was made a trustee, and continues (1879) ably to fulfil the duties of that office. His donations to that institution have been in the neighborhood of $25,000, given without ostentation, and as the needs of the college required. For seventeen years he was president of the Washington County Bible So- ciety, and, with others, helped to make it one of the most efficient country auxiharies of the American Bible Society. He first married, in 1824, Deborah Selden Wilson, a sister of the late Noah L. Wilson. She bore him two daughters, and died in 1842. He next married Dorothy Webster, daughter of James Webster, of Newburyport, Massachusetts, by whom he has two sons, John and William. MaSSIE, Nathaniel, pioneer settler, was born in Goochland county, Virginia, December 28th, 1763. His father, a farmer in easy circumstances, gave his sons a prac- tical business education. For a short time in 1780, Nathaniel was in the army of the Revolution. He afterward studied surveying, and in 1783 we find him seeking his fortunes in Kentucky. Here he practiced his profession. He soon acquired the adroitness of the backwoodsman, more espe- cially in hunting. He was cool and fearless, and soon became acknowledged as a leader. In his business as a surveyor he often risked his life — in fact, his business was a continual risk from the opposition of the Indians. Prior to 1795 much of this work was obliged to be done by stealth. In 1791 he founded the settlement of Manchester, in Adams county, by offering premiums to immigrants. In the fall of 1793 he went on a surveying tour on the Scioto. He was accompanied by the celebrated Duncan McArthur as a chainraan or marker. He endured the most extreme privations in this and other expeditions of alike nature. In 1798, with the aid of Duncan McArthur, he laid out the town of Chillicothe on his own land. This was the origin of the settlements of the Scioto valley. It was through his exertions that the militia of this region was organized. He was a member of the convention which formed the State Constitution ; was afterwards elected 38 • senator from Ross county ; and at the first session of the State legislature, was elected speaker. He also became a major-general of militia under the State constitution. He was one of the largest land- owners in the State, and one of the most popular citizens. In 1807 he was candidate for governor against Hon. R. J. Meigs. His opponent was elected by a small majority, but the election was pronounced invahd because Meigs had not resided long enough in the State to render himself eligible. Under the circumstances, General Massie declined to accept the office. He died No- vember 3d, 18 13, and was buried on his farm in Ross county, from which his remains were removed some years ago and now rest on a commanding eminence in the beautiful ceme- tery of Chillicothe, with a granite obelisk marking his family burial-place. SHERWIN, Nelson BoYNTON, lawyer, of Cleve- land, was born May 2 1st, 1832, at Weathersfield, Windsor coun- ty, Vermont. He was the youngest of six children of John Sherwin, a well-to-do farmer, and highly esteemed by his neighbors and townsmen for his sterling qualities of head and heart. His mother was a woman of superior natural endowments, of the family of Lelands, some of whom have been conspicuous as authors, patriots and preachers. His early education was not neglected. He was sent to the common district school when quite young, and afterward to the acad- emy. At the age of nineteen he entered West Randolph Academy, with the view of fitting himself for a collegiate course. Here he spent two years, entering at twenty-one the freshman class at Williams, and graduating with credit to himself and his instructors. During his college course, he made the study of natural history a specialty, and, with a few other undergraduates, was sent by the natural history society of Williams College to Florida, to collect specimens. On one occasion while engaged in this pursuit, in a boat, off shore, they were overtaken by a storm, and for a time their lives were in great danger. Happily they were rescued from their extreme peril. This trip was successful; and they accom- plished much for the enrichment of the college cabinets. During his preparatory course he taught school, and also one winter while in college ; with this exception, his vacations were spent in the law office of Shepard Thayer, Esq., of North Adams, Massachusetts, as a student. Immediately on his graduation, in 1857, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, and con- tinued his studies with Messrs. Carter & Thayer, eminent attorneys ; and at the same time attended the Ohio State and Union Law College. Here his superior abilities were at once recognized, and placed him among the first in his class. At the end of one year he graduated, receiving the honorary degree of bachelor of laws. He then entered upon the prac- tice of his profession, forming a partnership with Hon.William Slade, son of Governor Slade, of Vermont, under the name of Slade & Sherwin, and this partnership continued until Mr. Slade was appointed consul at Nice, in 1862. In the fall of that year he was appointed by Commissioner Boutwell, assistant assessor under the internal revenue law enacted by Congress, and continued to discharge the duties of that office with marked ability till removed in 1866, by President An- drew Johnson, because he refused to give in his allegiance to the "Johnson party." In the autumn of 1867 he was elected by the republican party to the legislature. He was appointed to serve on several important committees, always bringing to the discharge of imposed duties legislative ability 298 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. of no common order. During the last session of the legis- lature he was frequently called to the speaker's chair ; his thorough knowledge of parliamentary law and his genial and upright bearing making him an excellent and popular pre- siding officer. Soon after General Grant was inaugurated President of the United States he was appointed internal revenue assessor for the eighteenth district of Ohio, em- bracing Cuyahoga, Summit and Lake counties, which position he held for four years, till June, 1873, when the office was abolished by Congress. On his final settlement with the government he was highly complimented by the department, the administration and management of affairs in his district being declared to be among the very best in the country. He returned to the practice of law and continued till January, 1875, when he was appointed postmaster of the city of Cleve- land. In politics he was an earnest republican ; coming from the progressive wing of the whig party, he heartily supported the issues presented to the country in the Fremont campaign. During the war for the integrity of the Union, the govern- ment had few abler and no more earnest and hearty sup- porters ; foreseeing the magnitude of the struggle he early advocated strong and efficient measures. His convictions found expression in active efforts for recruiting the armies. His position on questions affiscting public morals was never doubtful; and all measures looking to the general welfare found in him a warm friend and supporter. In his later years he took an active interest in strictly religious work, uniting about five years ago with the Euclid Avenue Congre- gational church, and identifying himself cheerfully and earn- estly with all its activities. He was chiefly instrumental in securing the erection of the Union Chapel on Euclid avenue, and in the organization of the Sunday school, and was chosen its first superintendent, serving several years in that capacity. July nth, i860, he married Miss Lizzie Kidder, of Weathers- field, Vermont. They have had born to them five children. Scott, William, merchant and banker, Piqua, Ohio, was born in Jessamine county, Kentucky, September 25th, 1 801. A brother and himself are all that survive of the family of seven children of Hugh Scott and Mary Moffatt. His father came from North Carolina to Kentucky in 1784, and in 1808 became a pioneer to Piqua, Ohio, where, for many years, he filled the office of justice of the peace. He died in 1850, aged about eighty. In the pioneer log school- house he received his early education. Upon attaining his majority he embarked in business as a merchant, which he has carried on for a period of more than fifty-six years. Since 1854 he has dealt chiefly in dry goods. In 1847 he was made president of the Piqua branch of the State bank of Ohio, and remained such till the State bank was merged into the Piqua National bank, in the spring of 1865, of which he was elected president, and has so continued to the pres- ent time. During an uninterrupted mercantile career of fifty-six years, he has never experienced a failure in business, and during nearly a third of a century in which he has been a bank president, his. name has never been on any of its discounted paper, either as indorser or principal. It is ques- tionable whether such a record can be found in the history of any business man in the country. He has ever been a warm friend to educational progress, was for about twelve years a member of the Piqua board of education, and while serving in that capacity took a very prominent part in secur- ing the erection of the union school building of that city, furnishing the money for that purpose, and very materially assisting in the success of the enterprise. He holds his reli- gious connection with the Episcopal church of Piqua, and has been a leading member of that denomination for many years. He was formerly a member of the whig party, but latterly a republican of the staunchest caste. He was for- merly connected as director and treasurer with the Piqua and Columbus section of the Pan-Handle Railroad, and also a stockholder in the Dayton and Michigan line. Public- spirited and enterprising, he has been a very liberal sup- porter of local enterprises of merit ; and has contributed to the improvements of the place in the erection of valuable buildings, prominent among which is the structure known as Scott's block, on the corner of Main and Ash streets, to which has lately been removed the Piqua National Bank. Mr. Scott is one of the oldest and most thoroughly respected citizens of the county. He has been specially distinguished for his inflexible integrity and promptness in all his dealings, coupled with great caution and more than ordinary shrewd- ness in business. The quiet and unostentatious manner in which he has contributed to worthy objects of charity, has also been very marked. On October 4th, 1826, he married Jane, daughter of John Morrow, of Baltimore, Maryland. This union resulted in the birth of seven children, of whom four are living. The oldest surviving son, John Morrow Scott, is a partner with his father in the dry goods business. James Scott is a hardware merchant in Piqua. Mary, the oldest daughter, is wife of Collin Jordan, a business man of Chicago. The other daughter, Sarah, resides at home. Gray, Samuel S., of Piqua, Ohio, physician and surgeon, was born February 25th, 1828, in Montgomery county, Ohio. He is the sixth son in a family of eleven children of Amos Gray and Sophia Christman. His father emigrated on foot from New Jersey to Ohio about the year 1809, starting with only jtio, and having $1.50 in his pocket when he arrived in Deerfield, Warren county. Here he re- mained until 1824, when he removed to Montgomery county, and in 1839 became a resident of Miami county, where he died in 1876, at the age of eighty-eight. He was universally esteemed for his excellent traits of character, and is not known to have had an enemy. His widow still survives, at the advanced age of eighty-eight. Her father left North Car- olina on account of slavery, and came to Ohio about the be- ginning of the present century. Reared till his eighteenth year on a farm, our subject, after receiving an education at Augusta College, Augusta, Kentucky, engaged in teaching for five years, and then commenced the study of medicine under the late Dr. J. A. Smith, of Piqua, Ohio. He attended lectures in Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, where he graduated in 1854. After four years' practice in Lock- ington, Shelby county, Ohio, he removed to Piqua in 1858, where he has since resided. He is a member of the Ohio State Medical Society, and from 1872 to 1878 was its treasurer and librarian. He is also a member of the Miami County Medical Society, in which he has held nearly every office. For a number of years past, he has made a special study of quinine, as a curative agent in diseases for which it has not been administered, and claims to have discovered its efficacy in the first stages of pneumonia and croup, and in lung dis- eases generally. Using it in pneumonia, in 1855, he publicly announced his experience, in 1868, at a meeting of the alumni of Starling Medical College ; also before the Mj^mi County BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPAEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 299 Medical Society, the Piqua Medical Association, and the pro- fession generally. In 1873 he read a paper before the Ohio State Medical Society, in which he foreshadowed its use in inflammatory and tuberculous diseases, and drew the follow- ing conclusions: " ist. That the effects of quinine may be very much assisted by the use of warm drinlcs, warm foot- baths, and by keeping the patient in a warm bed. 2d. That its beneficial effects are more certainly obtained by large doses at long intervals, than by small doses at short inter- vals. 3d. That they are strongly indicated in cases of de- bility, and in most diseases of delicate females. 4th. That its use is not contra-indicated in many cases of pain in the head, but often relieves. 5th. That in croup we may expect great benefit, and it will often supersede the necessity of any other treatment. 6th. That we may give it in the first stage of pneumonia, with much hope of success, as in ordinary in- termittents. 7th. That it may be given with benefit in the inflammatory stage of pneumonia, if combined with veratrum viri." This paper awakened much interest and discussion, and he was requested to prepare another paper for 1874, in which he took advanced ground. He has received many compliments for his researches. He feels that his own child, four years old, was saved from that terrible disease, mem- branous croup, by the use of quinine, administering to him fourteen grains in ten hours, four grains at a single dose. In April, 1856, Dr. Gray married Rachel A., daughter of Thomas R. Bowne, of Miami county, Ohio, with issue of five children, four living, to whom he is furnishing opportunities of a liberal education. He has been a Freemason since 1850. He is a republican in politics, and in religion a Methodist, having been a member of that church nearly forty years, and for a con- siderable time an officer therein. He is a gentleman of very genial disposition, fine social qualities, and is highly respected as a citizen. Mrs. Gray is a lady of culture and refinement, and an earnest worker in the cause of religion and tem- perance. She was actively prominent in the late women's crusade, and is a warm friend of the later temperance move- ment. Her talents, and unselfish devotion to the welfare of others, render her a true helpmeet to her husband, and a very valuable member of the community. Wilcox, Aaron, banker, of Painesville, Ohio, was born in North Killingworth, Connecticut, March 8th, 18 14. His father, Moses Wilcox, and uncle, Aaron Wilcox, were twins, and had a singular history. In personal appearance they were alike to the minutest detail, and their resemblance was the occasion of innumerable mistakes. In physical and mental conditions, also, they were the counterparts of each other. Whether together or separated, they were as one in the fluctuations of health and the varying moods of disposi- tion. If one sickened, the other was affected by similar ill- ness. When one recovered, the other regained health. If one brother was in grief, the other sympathized in sorrow ; when one rejoiced, the other was light-hearted without know- ing why. They served together as officers in the war of 1812; they were both prominent merchants and manufac- turers. At one time they both taught schools in Middletown, Connecticut, and frequently changed schools without the fact being discovered. They married sisters, and both had large families — each having nine children. In 1824, the brothers with their families removed to northern Ohio, and settled at Twinsburg, that name being given to the settlement by them. They engaged in farming together, having purchased a quar- ter of the township, and by their industry, correct lives, in- tegrity, benevolence, and strong religious feeling, exercised a beneficial influence in the settlement. The manner of their deaths was no less remarkable than their lives. Both had been ailing for some time, and were in bed at their homes half a mile apart, suffering from the same disease. Within a few moments after the death of Aaron at his home, Moses arose in his bed, exclaiming, "My brother Aaron is dead, and I shall die, too.'' A little later in the day he died. The brothers were buried together, and in the same grave. Tlie son of Moses, who had been named after his uncle, came from Connecticut in 1827, and attended the schools of the neighborhood, after leaving which he became clerk with Mr. Isaac Gillette, in Painesville, and at the age of twenty-one was taken into partnership under the firm name of Gillette & Wilcox, doing a general merchandizing business. Two years afterward the partnership was changed, and with many changes of the firm name, he always being the senior partner after the retirement of Mr. Gillette, the business was con- tinued in the same place for over thirty years. In 1865, hav- ing acquired considerable property in the course of his busi- ness, he retired from the firm and established the widely known Lake County Bank, for the transaction of a legiti- mate banking business. In 1873, Messrs. Wilson and S. K. Gray were admitted as partners, the firm name being changed to A. Wilcox & Co., and the operations of the firm extended so that it became the leading banking-house of the county. In addition to his mercantile and banking-house business, he was for many years a director of the Bank of Geauga, and its successor, the First National Bank of Painesville. He took a strong interest in all local enterprises and move- ments for the improvement of the place ; served many years in the council, and was twice elected mayor. In educational matters he was especially active, being for many years a member of the school board, giving time and means in sup- port of the schools. He was a zealous friend of the Lake Erie Female Seminary, of which he was one of the founders, and at first the treasurer, working energetically to place it on a sound financial foundation. His religious connection was with the Episcopal church, of which he was thirty-three years a member, giving freely to its support. He took an active part in politics, holding very decided views and work- ing energetically to sustain them, being at first a whig and then a republican when that party was organized. He was a thorough and consistent temperance man. He was chosen one of the presidential electors to cast the vote of the State for J. C. Fremont, and again on the second election of Gen- eral Grant to the presidency. He served for five years as associate judge of the court of common pleas, giving satis- faction by his course on the bench. During the war of the rebellion he was an ardent supporter of the cause of the union, working hard for its support and contributing freely to that end. His devotion to business was unremitting, and his regard for commercial honor very high. His reputation for personal and business integrity and scrupulous adherence to his word once given was untarnished by a single blot. His individual and business affairs were regulated with mathe- matical precision, which may account in a measure for the invariable success of his undertakings. In 1837 he married Miss Ehza Jane Morley, of Weedsport, New York, and had seven children : A. M. Wilcox, of Cleveland, Ohio, of the firm of Cleveland, Brown & Co. ; C. S. Wilcox, engaged in the same office, and five daughters. 300 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. COWLES, Edwin, editor and printer, of Cleveland, Ohio, was born in Austinburgh Ashtabula county, Ohio, September 19th, 1825. The son of Dr. E. W. Cowles, else- where noticed, he is of Puritan and Huguenot parentage, and descended on the Cowles's side, from one of three brothers who emigrated to this country about 1635, and set- tled in the town of Farmington, Connecticut, where his grand- father, Rev. Giles Hooker Cowles, D. D., was born. Rev. Thomas Hooker, the first clergyman of Connecticut, was one of his ancestors. On the side of his grandmother, Abigail White, a native of Stamford, Connecticut, he was descended from Perigrine White, who was the first white child born in New England. His great-grandmother, on the Whites' side, was descended from a Huguenot family by the name of De Grasse, which name was subsequently changed to Weed, that being the English for "De Grasse." On his mother's side he is a descendant of Nathaniel Foote, the first settler of Wethersfield, Connecticut. He accompanied his father to Cleveland in 1839, on the removal of the family to that city, was there educated and learned the trade of a printer. At the age of nineteen years, in partnership with a Mr. Smead, he embarked in the printing business on his own ac- count. This copartnership lasted until 1853, and upon its dissolution he became a member of the firm of Medill, Cowles & Co., established as the publishers of the Forest City Democrat. This journal was the result of a consolida- tion of the True Democrat and Forest City, which, as losing ventures, had been published separately by Messrs. Joseph Medill and J. C. Vaughan. On the formation of the firm of Medill, Cowles & Co., the printing office of Smead & Cowles was added to the Forest City Democrat property, and in 1854 the name of the journal was again changed to the Cleveland Leader. The year following, his partners disposed of their interest in the business to him, emigrated to Chicago and purchased the Chicago Tribune — of which his brother, Alfred Cowles, became the business manager — leaving him sole proprietor of the Leader. During the winter of 1854-55, the germ of the great republican party was first formed iii the editorial room of the Leader, resulting in the first repub- lican national convention ever called, being held in Pitts- burgh. The gentlemen who were first connected with the movement were Messrs. John C. Vaughan, Joseph Medill, J. F. Keeler, Richard C. Parsons, Judge R. P. Spald- ing, and some others. This movement resulted in the con- solidation of the know-nothing, whig and free-soil parties all into one great party — the history of which is well known. He carried on the paper alone until 1866, when he organized the Leader Printing Company, in which he retained the con- trolling interest. For several years he acted only as business manager of the i>aper, and it was not until 1859 that he as- sumed the chief editorship. From this time he steadily rose to prominence as an editor because of the strength and bold- ness of his editorial utterances ; and his progressive and de- cided views on popular topics soon made his journal one of the most powerful in the West. His pen was especially po- tent in the cause of republicanism immediately after the elec- tion of President Lincoln, when he was among the first of the editors of the country to take a firm stand in favor of using the army and navy of the United States to suppress the heresy of secession. He was severely denounced by republican, consei;yative and democratic journals for what they termed his precipitate action ; but he held on unflinchingly until the subsequent history of the nation had justified his course. In 1861 he was appointed postmaster of Cleveland, an office he ably filled for five years. During his administration he es- tablished and perfected the system of free delivery of mail matter by carriers, and under discouraging circumstances succeeded in making it so effective that the returns to the de- partment showed a larger free delivery business than did those of almost any other city of the size of Cleveland, and was held up by the department at Washington as the pattern for other poit-offices. He claimed to have been the first to come out in print in favor of the nomination of David Tod for governor of Ohio in 1861, and to have been the first to publicly auggest the name of John Brough for the same office in 1863. It was in 1861, shortly after the battle of Bull Run, that he wrote and published, in the columns of the Leader, his article entitled "Now is the time to abolish Slavery," which called forth the severest denunciations of numerous journals of both shades of politics. Some of them even called upon the President to remove him from the postmas- tership as a peace offering to the South, for his having doubted the immunity of slaves, over all other property, from inter- ference by Federal military authority. In the article named, he took the ground that the South, being in a state of war against the general Government, it had a right to abolish sla- very, as it had to capture and destroy property, burn towns, etc., as a military policy. In less than one year after the publication of this article, Mr. Lincoln issued his emancipa- tion proclamation, which embodied precisely the same views as were contained in Mr. Cowles's editorial. In the winter of 1870-71, he was the first to suggest, in his journal, the erection of a high bridge, at a cost of jjS 1,000,000, to connect the west side of Cleveland with the east side, and thus avoid the necessity of crossing the "valley of death" — a name given to the flats on account of the great danger incurred in crossing the numerous railroad tracks which traverse them. His plan met with the strongest opposition at first, but it was ultimately submitted to a popular vote and adopted almost unanimously. From the date of his assuming the editorial control of the Leader, a rapid success was achieved, and the influence of the paper was made apparent in a circulation which reached one hundred and fifty thousand readers. His chief characteristic as an editor was his fearlessness in treat- ing all questions of the day, and, like most men of his de- cided views and determined character, he had bitter enemies as well as warm friends. It was his aim and ambition to have the Leader take the lead in the promulgation of ad- vanced and progressive ideas; to elevate humanity to as high a scale as" possible, and to oppose in every shape tyr- anny and injustice, whether of church, state, capital or trades- union. His success in life has been attained under ex- traordinary disadvantages. From his birth he was afflicted with a defect in hearing which caused so peculiar an impedi- ment of speech that no parallel case was to be found on record. Until he was twenty-three years of age, the pecu- liarity of this impediment was not discovered. At that age, professor Kennedy, a distinguished elocutionist, became in- terested in his case, and after a thorough examination it was found that he never heard the hissing sound of the human voice, and consequently had never made that sound. Many of the consonants sounded alike to him. He never heard the notes of the seventh octave of a piano or organ, never heard the upper notes of a violin, the fife in martial music never heard a bird sing, and had always supposed that the music of the birds was a poetical fiction. After this discovery, -^wt^^ J ■^■^■^ BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. 301 he experimented in a room where there were twenty canary birds, by placing his ears close to their cages, and endeavor- ing to catch the sound of their singing, but not a note could be heard. While in the country, he would get up at five o'clock on a June morning, and go out into the fields, and endeavor to hear the music of the birds, but with no better success, although he could hear the low notes in music, but not a note in the seventh octave. He could hear low-toned conversation, but he never heard a note of a bird's singing, nor a hissing sound from the mouth. This discovery of his curious physical defect enabled him to act accordingly. After much time spent in practicing under Professor Ken- nedy's tuition, he was enabled to learn arbitrarily how to make the hissing sound, but he never hears the sound himself. Owing to his deafness and peculiarity of speech, he was the butt of the office in which he learned his trade, and many a hard-fought battle did he have to go through to defend him- self from abuse. He fought grown-up journeymen printers, as well as apprentices of his own age. Out of the ten or twelve printers who were in the habit of abusing him on ac- count of his physical impediments, not one prospered in life, and most of them were their own worst enemies. As a cit- izen he was ever active in all benevolent and charitable en- terprises, giving liberally to them according to his means, and devoting the influence of his journal to their support and encouragement. In 1849 he married Miss Elizabeth C, daughter of Hon. Mosely Hutchinson, of Cayuga, New York, and had issue of five children. OSBORN, John R., lawyer, was born at Circleville, Pickaway county, Ohio, April ist, 1813; living, September, 1876, at Toledo, Ohio. He was the son of Hon. Ralph Os- born, an able public man, who held the office of auditor of the State of Ohio from 1813 to 181 5. His mother was a de- scendant of a notable Virginia family, distinguished among the old settlers of that State. He received his education at the Ohio University at Athens, Ohio, whence he was gradu- ated in the class of 1831. Soon after his graduation he en- tered upon the study of the law at the celebrated law school in Lexington, Kentucky. These studies were continued in Cincinnati, Ohio, until 1835, when he located in the practice of his profession at Norwalk, Huron county, Ohio. He re- mained there until 1838, when he removed to Toledo, Ohio, and at once became associated in practice with Hon. M. H. Tilden, afterward of Cincinnati. In 1839, however, he returned to Norwalk, where he became politically prominent, and was elected and reelected prosecuting attorney of Huron county, serving for seven years in this office. He was elected to the senate in the general assembly, from the district which comprised the counties of Erie and Huron, and creditably served from 1844 to 1846 in that office. In 1853 he was ap- pointed to manage the legal affairs of the Wabash Company, then organized to build a railroad from Toledo and St. Louis, Missouri, so far as they applied to the road in Ohio. He was subsequently appointed regular counsel for the road. In 1870 he became associated in the practice of the law with General Wager Swayne, under the firm name of Osborn & Swayne. Politically he was a Henry Clay whig, and natur- ally drifted into the republican ranks when the party was organized. He was a delegate to the National republican convention held in Philadelphia in 1856, which nominated John C. Fremont for the Presidency. Mr. Osborn has been one of Toledo's best citizens. As a professional man he ranks among the leading lawyers of Ohio, and is noted for a strictly conscientious discharge of his duties toward his clients. He was a member of the Presbyterian church, a member of the board of education, a consistent temperance advocate, and a charitably-minded and liberal man. Novem- ber 26th, 1839, l'"2 married Miss Elizabeth P. Hartwell, of Columbus, with seven children as the issue, of whom Hart- well Osborn, the eldest son, is at the head of the well-known manufacturing firm of Osborn, Swayne & Co., of Toledo. DORSEY, Godwin VOLNEY, physician, surgeon and ^x-State treasurer, Piqua, Ohio, was born in Oxford, Butler county, Ohio, November 17th, 1812. His ancestors settled in Maryland more than two centuries ago, and the name has ever since been prominently connected with matters of church. State and national interest through many portions of the country. He is the only son of James Maxwell and Martha McComas Dorsey. His father emigrated from Balti- more to Cincinnati in 1809, and in 1810 became a pioneer to Oxford. He was a major in the war of 1812. He was for many years treasurer of the board of trustees of Miami Uni- versity, and superintended the erection of the college build- ing. Our subject was educated at Miami University, gradu- ated from the Medical College of Ohio in 1836, and at once settled in Piqua, where, with the exception of a few years in which he has been in public office, he has since resided. He ranks among the leading physicians and surgeons of the State. He was for several years president of the Miami County Medical Society, is a member of the Ohio State Medical Society, and was chairman of its committee on sur- gery in 1851. He is the author of various important profes- sional papers which have appeared in the medical journals of the country. Originally a Jefifersonian democrat, he was a member of the committee on resolutions, in the democratic convention in 1848, which drafted the celebrated anti-slavery resolution of that year ; and still later a Presidential elector on the Cass ticket. In 1849 he was elected from the strong whig district comprising the counties of Miami, Darke and Shelby, a senatorial delegate to the Constitutional convention of 1850 and 1851. He introduced and carried through that body the present self-regulating apportionment scheme which has given general satisfaction to all parties, and has prevented the constantly recurring scenes of bitter partisan strife which had previously obtained in a periodic reappointment of dis- tricts with a view to continue in power the party dominant at that time. He drew up that clause of the Constitution found in section 7, article 13, regulating the investiture of associations with banking powers. He was also a member of the Consti- tutional convention of 1873. In the memorable know-noth- ing contest of 1854, he was defeated for Congress, as was every congressional candidate of his party in the State. In 1856, he was a delegate to the National democratic convention in Cincinnati, and advocated Mr. Buchanan for President. He was again nominated for Congress, when Mr. Buchanan was the standard bearer of the democratic party, and although he polled more votes in his district than did that gentleman, he sustained another defeat. In 1857 he was the democratic candidate for State auditor upon the ticket with Hon. R. P. Ranney for governor. In i860 he supported Douglas for President. From the opening of the late Rebellion to its close, he was a bold, uncompromising Union man, and wrote the celebrated "Statesman" letter which was copied by every paper in the State, advocating the formation of a Union 302 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. party, and which, perhaps, did more than any other one thing in effecting its organization in Ohio. In 1861 he was elected State treasurer by the largest majority of any candi- date on the Union ticket, reelected in 1863, and resigned the office in 1865. In 1864 he was a senatorial delegate to the Baltimore convention that nominated President Lincoln ; also in 1863 and 1864 was chairman of the republican State exe- cutive committee. In 1868 he was chosen by the electoral college on the Grant and Colfax ticket to fill the place made vacant by the death of Governor Tod. For twenty years he was a member of the board of trustees of Miami University, the first president of the Piqua Hydraulic Company, and is president of the Citizen's National bank of that city. Dr. Dorsey's ability in his profession, in the field of politics, his education and business enterprise, may be fairly estimated from this record. Few, perhaps, ever discharged the varied and responsible duties imposed upon them with greater en- ergy or fidelity, or have so fully merited the confidence and respect of their fellow-citizens. He is a gentleman of super- ior scholarly attainments, and has long been known as one of the finest linguists in the country. His translations froni Horace, from the Greek tragedies and from some of the Latin Mediaeval hymns, which have been published in sev- eral of the leading journals of the country, were received with great favor. In July, 1836, he married the daughter of Hon. John McCorkle, of Piqua. She died in 1855, having been the mother of eight children, three living. Walker Mc- Corkle Dorsey is teller in the Citizens' National bank of Piqua. Margaret M. Dorsey is Mrs. Robert D. Moores, of Clarke county, Ohio, and Mary L. is the wife of Dr. W. S. Parker, of Piqua, Ohio. In November, 1856, Dr. Dorsey married Mrs. L. P. Morrow, daughter of D. Tuttle, Esq., of Indianapolis. Johnston, Stephen, lawyer and legislator, Piqua, Ohio, was born in Piqua, September 29th, 1812. His ancestors were from the north of Ireland. His father, Stephen John- ston, and his uncle. Colonel John Johnston, came as pioneers to Ohio in 1808. The former was government storekeeper at Fort Wayne in the war of 1812, and in August of that year was killed by the Indians. Mary Caldwell, of Kentucky, one of the remarkable women of her day, was the mother of our subject. She was cotemporary with Daniel Boone, Little Turtle and Tecumseh, was personally acquainted with them, and was of great service to the white population of her com- munity. She was married in 1810 in Miami county, Ohio, and died in September, 1 861, at the ripe age of seventy-three. At an early age her son, our subject, learned the saddler's trade, and worked at it fourteen years. In 1841 he was elected sheriff of Miami county, and served four years, during which time he began reading law. In 1845 he was elected repre- sentative from Miami county to the State legislature, and at the expiration of the session he engaged in farming and lumbering, being thus engaged for the five subsequent years. In 1850 he was admitted to the bar, and opened a law office in Piqua, where he has since been engaged in practice. On April i8th, 1861, he entered the army as captain in the nth Ohio volunteer infantry, but resigned his commission in the following September. He was early identified with the Co- lumbus, Piqua and Indiana Railroad, and now merged into the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis line, drafted its first charter in 1849, ^"^ ^^s for more than twenty years attorney for the road. In 1868 he was elected president of the Piqua Hydraulic Company, an organization formed to carry out a project which had been in contemplation for more than thirty years. The scheme of furnishing water for the city had been deemed impracticable in consequence of the magnitude of the work in proportion to the means within reach to com- plete it. But, under Mr. Johnston's supervision, and in a large measure owing to his tact and energy, the enterprise was accomplished, and in various instances has been the salvation of the city. These works, for economy and effi- ciency, are not equalled by any in the State. The plan for them was foreshadowed by Mr. Johnston in specifications, embodied in the preface to a directory published in 1870, at which time no other citizen of Piqua had any definite idea of such an enterprise. Originally a whig, he was one of the first to join the republican party, and in 1864, was presidential elector for the fourth Ohio district on the Lincoln ticket. In 1869, in consequence of the passage of the bill to strengthen the public credit, he cut loose from the republican party, and voted with the democratic party until the nomination of Mr. Tilden in 1876, when he ceased to cooperate with the democratic party, and supported Mr. Cooper, the greenback candidate for President, and has continued to act with that party, with an abiding faith in the justice of its principles. In 1877 he was brought out by the greenback party as their candidate for governor of Ohio, and at the election for United States Senator was supported by the national greenbackers in the legislature next ensuing. An episode in the life of our subject somewhat resembles the cases of claimants in chan- cery. His father having been killed by the Indians, as be- fore related, the savages afterward made what atonement they could, by providing, in a treaty with the government, that the children of the murdered man should have a certain piece of land. The government ignored the treaty stipula- tion and resisted the claim. For thirty years Mr. Johnston has spent much of his time in Washington, fighting the de- partment single-handed. Three bills were passed for the relief of the heirs of his father, but their provisions were thwarted by the departmental injustice of the government. At last, in 1863, after a thirty years' struggle, he accepted a compromise. He has been a very valuable man to his native city, having taken a leading part in every enterprise of im- portance. He is energetic, determined and persevering. His personal characteristics are those of an agreeable, cour- teous gentleman. In April, 1837, he married Uretta, daugh- ter of Chester Garnsey, of Piqua, formerly of Rochester, New York. The issue of this union has been seven children, four living. His oldest son, Stephen C. Johnston, has been for ten or eleven years engaged in the development of a gold mine near Charlotte, North Carolina. He is a man of very superior abilities in this direction. Johnston, William C, lawyer and judge, Troy, Ohio, second son of Stephen Johnston, was born in Troy, Miami county, Ohio, July 24th, 1842. After receiving a com- mon school education, he began the study of law while yet a youth under the supervision of his father, and was for several years employed at office work. Upon the breaking out of the late war in April, 1861, he enlisted in company F, nth Ohio infantry, and at the expiration of the three months' service, reerilisted as private in the same regiment for three years. He was subsequently promoted to second lieutenant and placed upon the staff of General O. M. Mitchel, but on account of failing health, was discharged from the service. BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. In December, 1867, he was admitted to practi.ce, and imme- diately opened an office in Piqua, where he continued to be engaged in the business of his profession twelve years. During several of those years he was city solicitor of the city of Piqua. He was also for some time employed as at- torney for the First National bank and the building and loan associations of that city. In 1864 he was employed by Col- lector Wright, of the fourth internal revenue district, as deputy collector for Miami county, without the requirement of a bond, and served two years, collecting large amounts of money which were promptly handed over to the government. In the fall of 1878 he was elected to his present position, as probate judge of Miami county. In politics he is a republi- can. Mr. Johnston has applied himself with great industry to his profession and has attained a very reputable rank at the Miami county bar. Both as counsellor and advocate he is careful, thorough and reliable, and during his residence in Piqua had a very fine and successful practice. His legal abil- ities, excellent social qualities and sterling integrity, have rendered him deservedly popular. On April i8th, 1870, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Alonzo Wheelock, D. D., a Baptist clergyman of Fredonia, New York. The issue of this marriage has been two children, one living. RaYEN, William, merchant and judge, was born October 21st, 1776, in Kent county, Maryland, and died at Youngstown, Ohio, April 5th, 1854. His early years were passed in Maryland, and while yet a youth he became a clerk in a country store. In 1802 he removed to Youngstown, Ohio, where he opened a store, and also, shortly after, com- menced keeping a public house. The first township meeting, as we find from the township records, was held at the "Inn of WiUiam Rayen." He kept public house only a few years, but continued engaged in mercantile business until 1837. From the time of his removal to Ohio, he became a promi- nent citizen of the Western Reserve, and in the later portion of his life, of the State of Ohio. He was repeatedly honored by being placed in positions of public trust, a few of which we will notice. In 1804 he was elected township treasurer of Youngstown. In 1805 he was elected township clerk, and annually reelected until 18 10. In August, 1812, as colonel of the 1st regiment, 3d brigade, 4th division of Ohio militia, and in command of his regiment, he spent several months on the northern frontier, serving with distinction. On No- vember 22d, 1819, he was commissioned a justice of the peace. On August 27th, 1820, he was commissioned by Governor Ethan Allen Brown, as an associate judge of the court of common pleas of Trumbull county. In 1840 he was elected by the legislature a member of the board of public works of the State for five years from April ist, 1840, and served in that office during his term. In February, 1850, he was elected president of the Mahoning county bank, then com- menced, and was annually reelected until his death. Soon after he came to Youngstown he purchased of the proprietor, John Young, a considerable tract of land, near the village, which he improved, and was thenceforth largely engaged in agriculture, and always manifested great interest in agricul- tural improvements, both in the methods of farming and in improved machinery. He, with others, was instrumental in forming an agricultural society early in the present century, which was one of the first formed in the State. He was a lover of horses, and, by his efforts in that direction, effected great improvements in the stock of that useful animal in the 303 vicinity of his residence. He always manifested great inter- est in public improvements and enterprises of a public nature. He was one of the corporators named in the act chartering' the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company, passed by the legislature of Ohio in 1827, and was subsequently a stock- holder and director of the company. He was also one of the original stockholders of the Cleveland and Mahoning Rail- road Company, whose road has done so much for the pros- perity of his adopted home. Although childless, he was always much interested in the education of youth, and was liberal in his support of schools. This interest he manifested more particularly near the close of his life^ and carried into effect in his will, leaving a legacy to the township in which he spent the larger part of his long life, which will bear his name down to posterity as a public benefactor. His will contained the following clause: "As this school is designed for the benefit of all youth of the township, without regard to religious denominations or differences, and that none may be excluded for such or the like reasons or grounds, I hereby prohibit the teaching therein of the peculiar religious tenets or doctrines of any denomination or sect whatever; at the same time, I enjoin that no others be employed as teachers than those of good moral character and habits." He thus founded the Rayen High School. To enable the provisions of the will to be carried out, the legislature of the State passed " an act to provide for the government of schools and acade- mies specially endowed." By virtue of the provisions of said act, at the June term, 1857, of the court of common pleas of Mahoning county, Jonathan Warner for one year, Charles Howard for two years, Charles C. Cooke for three years, James Mackey for four years, and Robert W. Tayler for five years, were appointed and incorporated as trustees of the fund ; and it was ordered, " that the corporate name of said trustees be the trustees of the Rayen School," each to give bond in IS.ooo, and a new trustee, in place of the one retiring, to be appointed yearly by the court. On July 7th, 1858, the executors delivered to the trustees money, stocks, etc., amounting to the nominal sum of $31,390.90. A lot was purchased by the trustees, a large and commodious school building erected, and, in 1866, the school was opened, with Professor E. S. Gregory as principal. The school opened with forty scholars, and the number in 1876 was one hundred and twenty. The permanent fund, under the excellent man- agement of the trustees, acting according to the directions of the will, had increased, at the time of their last annual report to the court of common pleas, at its October term, 1874, to ^^60,940.79. He was married when he came to Youngstown, where his estimable wife died, April 17th, 1826. Morris, Isaac S., editor and puWisher, Piqua, Ohio, was born in Chester township, Clinton county, Ohio, Febru- ary 7th, 1825. His parents, John Morris and Ruth Stanley, were natives of North Carolina, and came to Ohio quite early in the present century. His father now resides in Har- veysburg, Warren county, Ohio, in his eighty-second year. Our subject is the oldest son in a family of seventeen children. His early educational privileges were those of the common school. He then took a brief course at Friends' Academy in Martinsville, in his native county, and subsequently gradua- ted from Farmers' College, near Cincinnati, in 1850. The means for securing an education were acquired almost wholly by his own efforts. At the age of twenty he began teaching winter schools, working on a farm during the other portions 304 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA AND PORTRAIT GALLERY. of the year, to earn the funds to defray his necessary expen- ses. After graduating he entered regularly upon the profes- sion of teaching, was engaged for a few years in Clinton and Warren counties, Ohio, and in 1853 became superintendent of the public schools in Eaton, Preble county, and so con- tinued for seven years. In 1861 he became editor of the Eaton Register, and maintained his connection with that journal until January, 1874. In July of that year he located in Piqua, Ohio, at once began the necessary steps for the establishment of a new paper, and in August following issued the first number of the Miami Helmet, of which he has remained editor and proprietor. It is a well-conducted jour- nal, devoted to temperance, education, morals and local and general news, and is in all respects a satisfactory family paper. Mr. Morris is an independent thinker, and in polit- ical matters writes and votes exclusively for principles, not for men. He was reared a Quaker, but subsequently became a Methodist, in which denomination he has for many years held various official positions. He is a zealous Sunday-school worker, and for a quarter of a century has been a teacher of a bible class. He is an agreeable, unpretentious gentleman of fine social qualities and great kindness of heart. On October i6th, 1851, he married Edith T., daughter of Jacob and Hannah Jenkins, of Clinton county, Ohio. The issue of this union has been four children, three living. Perkins, Joseph, capitalist, was born in Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, July 5th, 1819, and living June, 1880, at Cleveland, Ohio. He was the son of Simon Per- kins, a portrait and sketch of whom appear elsewhere in this work. He was educated at Marietta College, Ohio, where he graduated at the age of twenty years. On leaving college he entered his father's office, and after his father's death was concerned in the settlement of the estate until 1852, when he removed to Cleveland, and at once identified himself with the business projects and enterprises of the city. At the organization of the Bank of Commerce, he was elected president, and retained the position until the reorganization of that institution as the Second National bank, when he was again elected president, and held the office until he resigned in 1872. He was actively interested in the affairs of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad, which owes its existence mainly to his brother Jacob ; became a director, and on the death of Governor Tod was chosen president, a position which he retained until the road was traitsferred by sale to the Atlantic and Great Western Railway Company. He was also for many years closely identified with the man- agement of the Society for Savings, of Cleveland, and as chairman of the building committee of that institution, and also of the building committee of the National bank build- ing, was the first to propose and secure the erection of the first fire-proof buildings in Cleveland. He served as trustee of the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, for twenty years, taking a prominent part in the management of its affairs. As a member of the board of State charities he contributed greatly to its efficiency by the thoroughness with which the work of investigating the condition of the prisons and charitable institutions of the State was performed. He devised and urged the adoption of the new and improved methods of construction, which were gradually introduced. The Woman's Retreat was deeply indebted to his energy and liberality for its existence and sucess. Among the enterprises of a public character with which he was identi- fied, the Lake View Cemetery was not the least important. This cemetery, one of the finest in the State, bears testimony in its beauty and variety to his taste and judgment, which were displayed in the plans for laying out the grounds. He has for forty years, been connected with the Presbyterian church, in which he has been an active and influential worker, taking a deep interest in Sabbath-school work, and for many years was a superintendent. In all religious, benevolent and moral enterprises he takes a strong and gen- erally very active interest. He has very positive convictions on the subject of temperance, and manifested his sympathies during the crusade of 1874 by acting as chairman of the committee under whose council the crusade against the liquor traffic was undertaken and conducted. During the war of Secession he contributed liberally to the support of the national cause. On October 19th, 1844, he married Miss Martha E. Steele, of Marietta, Ohio. END OF VOLUME I. M^^OiM/ Ci'.; Nri' 't'rf;/.*;,' F If. ft LiM